FLORULA BOSTONIENSIS.

COLLECTION

PLANTS OF BOSTON

AND

ITS VICINITY,

WITH THEIR

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, PRINCIPAL SYNONYMS,

DESCRIPTIONS, PLACES OF GROWTH, AND

TIME OF FLOWERING,

AND

OCCASIONAL REMARKS.

By JACOB BIGELOW, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY, MEMBER
OF THE LINTfiEAN SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND PARIS.

THIRD EDITION ENLARGED,
AND CONTAINING A •

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

BOSTON:

CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN.

1840.
SOSTOK COLLEGE LIBRAKT
CfiESTKUT HILL,

ASa.

p 5 O

CO zi
Of) trl

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by Jacob
BiGELow, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachu-
setts.

BOSTON:
PRINTED BY FREEMAN AND BOLLES,

WASHINGTON ''TRBBT,

oliOfM

J..

PREFACE

TO THE THIRD EDITION

The taste for botanical studies which for many years has
prevailed in this quarter of the Union, may with some truth
be said to have had its origin about the time of the publica-
tion of the first edition of this work. The principal use of a
local Flora is that it enables botanical inquirers to direct
their attention chiefly to the objects, with which they are
most likely to meet in their researches about home, and
saves them from the more extended labor of searching for
the names of these objects through the pages of general
works.

Since the publication of the former editions of the Florula
Bostoniensis, much progress has been made in the knowledge
of the structure and relations of plants. A revolution ap-
pears to be taking place in regard more particularly to two
things. Firstly, the terminology of the science has been
greatly extended by the introduction of more precise and
definite terms to express the numerous forms of vegetable
organic structure. This is rendered necessary by the vast
additions, which are continually making, to the catalogue of
known plants, to distinguish and describe which, language
itself is often at fault. Secondly, a preference among bo-
tanical writers, greatly preponderates at the present day,
in favor of the arrangement of plants by natural orders and

iv PREFACE.

systems, rather than by the artificial method of Linnaeus.
To those who cultivate botany extensively as a science, there
can be no question that the natural method is far more exact
and satisfactory. On the other hand, to beginners in study,
the artificial mode is more easy of comprehension, and is
more readily made available for the first steps in the identi-
fication of plants.

As the present is not a new work, but an enlarged edition
of one commonly used in this vicinity for the last twenty
years, it has not been thought expedient to make many al-
terations, either in the nomenclature or arrangement of its
contents. Very few of the names have been altered, that
confusion in reference might be avoided. A considerable
number of additions will be found in the pages of this edi-
tion, consisting of plants noticed in this vicinity since the
former editions, or communicated by the kindness of various
botanical friends, whose names will be found in their re-
spective places. The Glossary of botanical terms at the
end is much enlarged.

To the cultivators of American botany on a more exten-
sive scale, I take the liberty of recommending the Flora of
North America now in course of publication by Drs. Torrey
and Gray of New York, a work which does justice to the
great learning and extensive opportunities of its authors ;
also to the Flora Boreali- Americana of Sir W. J. Hooker, a
most important work on the plants of Northern and North-
western America.

Boston, May, 1840.

PREFACE

TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The first edition of the Florula Bostoniensis was pub-
lished in 1814, for the use of a botanical class in this city.
It was intended to contain intelligible descriptions of the
more common and interesting plants found within a circuit
of about ten miles around Boston. Its publication was at
that time rendered necessary by the great deficiency of
books relating to American plants, and by the difficulty of
obtaining foreign works of a character suited to supply this
deficiency. Similar causes afterwards led me, in conjunc-
tion with my friend, Dr. Francis Bobtt, to begin the collec-
tion of materials for a Flora of the New England states.
In the pursuit of this object we performed several botanical
tours, both on the sea coast and in various parts of the inte-
rior. The most remarkable mountains of New Hampshire
and Vermont, which, from their position and elevation, af-
ford a different vegetation from other parts of the United
States, were visited by us, and some progress was made in
the proposed undertaking. The design, however, was sub-
sequently relinquished, having been rendered more difficult
by other engagements, while it became less necessary, in
consequence of the appearance of various American botani-
cal works. The publications of Muhlenberg, Pursh, Elliott,
Nuttall, Eaton and Torrey, with other works of a more
limited character, have certainly contributed much to fill
the void which existed in American botany ten years ago.

The materials formerly collected towards a Flora of New
England not having been published, and the first edition of
the Florula Bostoniensis having been long out of print, I have

Vi PREFACE.

been desired by the publishers of the latter work to prepare
an enlarged edition for the press. The nature of my occu-
pations, however, has prevented me from giving the requisite
attention to this object, until the present period. Perhaps
the value of the work will not be diminished by this delay.

The second edition contains about twice the number of
plants which were included in the first. Many of the former
descriptions have been enlarged or amended from reexami-
nations of living plants, and many have been written out
anew. Although the work more immediately applies to
Boston and its environs, yet I have inserted in this edition
all such plants as I have formerly collected and described
in any part of the New England states.

I have in general preferred to retain the older names of
genera, especially such as were in the first edition of this
Avork, introducing as subgenera the divisions of later bota-
nists, together with some others, to which future distributors
will, no doubt, give names. It is vain to attempt keeping
pace with the continually shifting nomenclature of plants ;
and it may justly be questioned whether the benefit which
results from making generic distinctions more precise, is not
more than counterbalanced by the load of synonyms which
it brings with it, and the discouraging necessity which it im-
poses on students of the science, to unlearn continually
what they have acquired.

The field of vegetation, which has already been explored,
is so vast, that an universal botanist is a character now un-
known. The most useful and satisfactory pursuit of the sci-
ence, for persons with common advantages, will be found in
attention to the native plants of a limited district. Even the
Flora of the United States is now too extensive to come easily
within the grasp of an individual ; and that of any consider-
able section of our territory may furnish full occupation for
years,

Boston, June, 1824.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ait. Aiton.

JBr. R. Brown.

Curt. Curtis.
Desf. Desfontaines.
De Cand. De Candolle.

Ell

Elliott.

Erh.

Ehrhart.

Eat.

Eaton.

Fred.

Froelich.

Gmrt.

Gaertner.

Gron.

Gronovius.

Hook.

Hooker.

Huds.

Hudson.

L.

Linnaeus.

Lam.

Lamarck.

Lamh.

Lambert.

VHer.

I'Heritier.

Less.

Lessing.

Mich. 31x. Michaux.

Mich.f. Michaux the younger.

Mill.

Miller.

Muhl.

Muhlenburg.

Nutt.

Nuttall.

Pcrs.

Persoon.

Ph.

Pursh.

Poir.

Poiret.

Reich.

Reichard.

Salish.

Salisbury.

Sibth.

Sibthrope,

Sm.

Smith.

Sjpreng

. Sprengel.

Sw.

Svvartz.

Tor.

Torrey,

Walt.

Walter.

Wang.

Wangenheim.

Willd.

Willdenow.

Sub. syn. Under the synonym.

Abr. Abridged.

M. t. The terms being changed.

ERRATA.

Page 31 J line 32 for aurundinacea read arundinacca.

71, " 18 " Ligustrium read Ligusticum.

72, " 22 " Araria read Aratia.
116, " ]9 *' lataaum vea.d lanatu7n,
144, " 11 " Denscansis read Dens Canis.
231, " 20 " JVijmpcea read JVi/inphcsa.

" 246, " 13 " Teucricum read Teucrium.

" 268, " 22 '' .myssujn read Ahjssiim.

FLORULA BOSTONIENSIS.

Class I. MONANDRIA. One Stamen.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

1. Salicornia. Calyx inflated, entire ; petals none ;
stamens one or two ; seed one, inclosed in the calyx.

2. HippuRis. Calyx entire, very small ; corolla
none; style received into a groove of the anther;
stigma simple ; seed one.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

3. PoDosTEMUM. Calyx of two or three scales;
corolla none ; filament forked ; anthers two ; style
none ; stigma reflexed ; capsule two celled, two
valved.

4. Callitrtche. Calyx none ; petals two ; seeds
four, compressed, naked, with a margin on one side;
flowers sometimes monoecious.

5. Blitum. Calyx three cleft; petals none; seed ^
one, covered with the berried calyx.

1

2 CLASS I. ORDER II.

MONANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.

1. SALICORNIA.
Salicornia herbacea. Common Samphire^ or Pigeon's

foot.

Herbaceous, spreading ; joints compressed at the
top, truncated ; spikes linear with obtuse scales.

Stem erect, leafless, somewhat four-sided, the joints widened
at top, and truncated, not emarginate. Branches numerous,
compound or decompound, sometimes double. Spikes lateral
and terminal, linear, from twelve to twenty times longer than
they are wide in fruit. Scales rather obtuse with a slight mem-
branous border. Flowers three on each side, the highest being
largest. — Salt marshes. — August. — Annual.

At the latter end of the season the lower part of the stem
shrinks, and becomes woody ; the plant, however, is strictly
annual.

This plant agrees exactly with specimens from England and
the continent of Europe. It is, however, more branched and
slender than the engravings usually published of the European
plant.

*Salicornia mucronata. Dwarf Samphire.

S. humilis, herhacea — articidis inferne tetragonis,
superne compressis^ truncatis — sjnculis oblongis^ squa-
mis miicronatls.

Low, herbaceous ; joints quadrangular at bottom,
compressed and truncated at top; spikes oblong with
mucronated scales.

Stem erect, leafless, the joints quadrangular at bottom, widen-
ed and entire, not emarginate at top. Branches few, compound,
in small plants simple. Spikes lateral and terminal, oblong,
four or five times as long as they are wide when in fruit. Scales
very acute or mucronate with a slight membranous border. —
Salt marshes. — August.— Annual.

CLASS I. ORDER II. 3

This plant is less than half the height of the preceding, but
thicker in all its parts, and always distinguishable at sight.
Spikes very thick, with remarkably acute scales. It is wholly
unlike S. ambigua Mx., of which I have southern specimens
with slender branches and spikes and obtuse scales.

Dififerent species of Salicornia are among the maritime plants
employed in the manufacture of soda. They are used at table
as pickles.

2. HIPPURIS.
HiPPURis VULGARIS. L. Mares tail.

Leaves in whorls of eight, linear-lanceolatej acute.

An aquatic plant, partly floating, partly emerged; the emerg-
ed leaves smallest. Flowers axillary; calyx minute, with a
lateral stamen, the style passing through the anther. I have
specimens from Vermont and Canada. — June. — Perennial.

DIGYNIA.

3. PODOSTEMUM.

PoDosTEMUM CERATOPHYLLUM. Mx. Thread foot.

Leaves bristly, many-parted.

An obscure, tough plant, with setaceous leaves, growing under
water, with the roots attached to stones at the bottom. Flowers
solitary, pedicelled, monoecious. — Amherst. — Hitchcock.

4. CALLITRICHE.

Callitriche aquatica. Sm. Water starwort.

Stem floating ; upper leaves spatulate, obovate.
Synonym. Callitriche veena. L.

The stem is filiform, floating, and composed of a double tube.
The leaves are small, opposite, inversely ovate or wedge-shaped,
rounded at the end, (not acute as in the European ;) the upper
ones forming star-like tufts on the ends of the stem. Flowers
minute, axillary, solitary, sessile. It grows in fresh water, sup-
ported by its floating upper leaves ; flowering above, but ripen-
ing its seeds under water. — Found in Roxbury. — Annual.

4 CLASS II. ORDER I.

5. BLITUM.
Blitum capitatum. Strawberry BUte.

Leaves triangular-hastate ; heads ahernate, form-
ing a terminal leafless spike.

A weed in cultivated grounds, with a fruit resembling some of
the esculent, compound berries, but unpleasant. — June. — Annual.

Class IT. DIANDRIA. Tivo stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

A. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular.

6. LiGusTRUM. Corolla four cleft; berry two celled,
four seeded.

B. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular, fruit capsular.

7. Yeronica. Calyx four parted ; corolla four
cleft ; rotate, the lowest division narrow ; capsule
superior, two celled ; obcordate.

8. Leptandra. Calyx live parted ; corolla tubular
campanulate ; stamens much exserted ; capsule ovate,
acuminate.

9. Gratiola. Corolla resupinate, four cleft, two
lipped; calyx mostly seven leaved; stamens four,
two of them barren ; capsule two celled.

10. Lindernia. Calj^x five parted ; corolla resupi-
nate, upper lip reflected; filaments four, the two
longer ones forked and barren ; capsule two celled.

11. Utricularia. Corolla ringent, spurred; calyx
two leaved; capsule one celled.

C. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular : seeds naked.

12. Lycopus. Corolla four cleft, nearly equal, one
of the divisions notched , stamens distant ; seeds four.

CLASS II. ORDER I. 5

13. MoNARDA. Corolla ringent; upper lip linear,
involving the filaments ; seeds fonr.

14. CuNiLA. Corolla ringent; upper lip flat; sta-
mens four, two of them barren ; seeds four.

15. CoLLiNsoNiA. Corolla somewhat ringent; lower
lip many cleft, capillary ; seed, one.

16. Crypta. Calyx two leaved; corolla two or
three petalled, closed ; style almost wanting, stigma
obtuse ; capsule two or three celled, two or three
valved, cells four or five seeded.

D. Flowers superior.

17. CmcMA. Calyx two leaved ; corolla two pe-
talled ; petals inversely heart shaped ; capsule two
celled ; cells one seeded.

DIANDRIA.
MONOGYjVIA.

6. LIGUSTRUM.

LiGusTRUM vuLGARE. L. Pi^ivet Or Prim.

Leaves lanceolate, acute ; panicle crowded.

An ornamental shrub with smooth, opposite, spear shaped
leaves, thickening at the ends of the branches. Remarkable in
summer for its panicles of small white flowers, and in autumn
for its conical bunches of black berries. — Frequent in woods and
near fences, particularly in Roxbury. — May, June.

7. VERONICA.

Veronica officinalis. Common Speedwell^

Spike lateral ; leaves broad ovate or oval, hairy ;
stem procumbent ; capsule deeply obcordate.

Stem branching, spreading ; leaves opposite, rough ; flowers
pale, blue, veined. — Woods and fields. — May, July. — Perennial.

1^

6 CLASS II. ORDER I.

All the species here mentioned are common to Europe, and
probably most of them introduced.

Veronica serpyllifolia. L. Smooth SjJecdwell.

Raceme terminal, somewhat spiked ; leaves ovate
somewhat crenate, three nerved, glabrous ; capsules
obcordate, shorter than the styles.

A small plant, hardly distinguishable among the grass except
when in flower. Stem decumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves
opposite, roundish ovate ; flowers bluish white with violet
stripes ; capsules inversely heart shaped. — Pastures and road
sides. — May, June. — Perennial.

Veronica scutellata. L. Marsh Speedwell.

Racemes lateral, alternate ; partial flower stalks
divaricated ; leaves linear, slightly indented.

Stem weak, leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate slightly toothed ;
racemes axillary, consisting of a few small flowers of a pale flesh
color with purplish stripes. Stalks of the fruit bent backward.
Found very common in wet places, varying in size according to
the quantity of water, flowering all summer. — Perennial.

Veronica anagallis. L. Water Speedwell.

Racemes opposite, leaves lanceolate serrate, stem
erect.

Stem somewhat quadrangular ; racemes many flowered, with
short petioles ; flowers purplish. The leaves sometimes ap-
proach to ovate. — In ditches all summer. — Perennial.

Veronica beccabunga. i. BrooMime.

Racemes opposite; leaves elliptical, obtuse, sub-
serrate, glabrous; stem procumbent, rooting at base.

A fleshy, succulent species with blue flowers. — Ditches and
brooks. — June, July. — Perennial.

Veronica agrestis. L. Procumbent Speedwell.

Flowers axillary ; leaves petioled, heart-ovate, cut-
serrate, shorter than the peduncles; stem procum-
bent.

CLASS II. ORDER I. " 7

Stem branched; lower leaves opposites, the rest alternate;
flowers bluish white, striated. — Roads and fields. — May, July. —
Annual.

Veronica arvensis. L. Small Speedwell.

Flowers axillary; leaves heart-ovate, serrate, the

lower ones petioled ; floral leaves lanceolate, longer
than the peduncles.

A pubescent plant, rather smaller than the foregoing. Corolla
pale blue, shorter than the calyx. — May, June. — Annual.

8. LEPTANDRA.
Leptandra Virginica. Nutt. Leptandra.

Stem erect ; smooth ; leaves in whorls of from four
to six ; spikes terminal.

Syn. Veronica Virginica. L.

A tall plant with white spikes and verticillate leaves. Stem
erect, five feet high, smooth. Leaves whorled, lanceolate, un-
cinately serrate, pubescent beneath. Spikes axillary and termi-
nal, of two or three hundred flowers, which are nearly sessile,
with acute bractes. Calyx of five acute leaves, three of them
external. Corolla white, tubular with four cordate acute seg-
ments, villous inside. Stamens twice as long as the corolla,
with hairy filaments. — Connecticut. — July. — Perennial.

9. GRATIOLA.
Gratiola aurea. MuM. Hedge Hyssop.

Smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, with few teeth, half
clasping ; sterile filaments minute.
Syn. Gratiola officinalis. Mich.

Stem smooth, upright or ascending at base, half a foot high.
Leaves opposite, sessile, somewhat clasping, smooth, dotted
under a magnifier, oblong-lanceolate, with a slight tooth or two
on each side toward the end. Peduncles axillary, alternate,
slender. Calyx leaves seven, linear-lanceolate, two of them
external, perhaps more properly bractes. Corolla irregular,
yellow, its tube curved, and hairy within. Filaments four,

8 CLASS II. ORDER I.

inserted in the sides of the corolla, the two sterile ones minute.
Style long, persistent. — Borders of ponds and muddy places. —
September.

10. LINDERNIA.
LiNDERNiA PYXiDARiA. PursJi. CommoTi lAndcmia.

Smooth ; leaves oblong ovate, obsoletely toothed,
sessile; peduncles axillary, one flowered; corolla
twice as long as the calyx ; capsule shorter than the
calyx.
^yn. Gratiola anagallidea. Mx.

LiNDERNIA DILATATA. Muhl.

Stem square, smooth. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, ovate,
hardly toothed. Peduncles axillary. Calyx leaves five, linear,
acute. Corolla pale blue, the upper lip very short, the lower of
three deflexed roundish lobes. Capsule oblong, acute.

It is a small annual plant, variable in habit, found in damp
rich soils, flowering in the latter part of summer.

11. UTRICULARIA.

Utricularia vulgaris. L. _ Bladder wort.

Floating ; nectary conical ; scape with few flowers.

An aquatic plant, appearing above water only with its stalk
and flowers. The roots are slightly fixed to the mud at bottom,
the rest of the plant floats in the water by means of numerous
small air bladders attached to its immersed portions. Stem and
peduncles round, shining. Bractes ovate, scarious. Calyx of
two ovate concave leafets, the lower one widest and sometimes
bifid. Corolla yellow, personate, the upper lip irregularly ovate,
the lower with a projecting palate veined with brown. Spur
of the nectary striated with parallel angular lines, curved up-
ward, as long as the lower lip, acute, sometimes emarginate.
Stamens two attached to the upper lip near its insertion, short,
incurved. Germ globular, style clavate, stigma concave, mem-
branous, incurved against an opposite tooth.

This is exactly the U. vulgaris of Europe by Sowerby's figure.
The horn is sometimes acute and emarginate in the same plant,

CLASS II. ORDER I. 9

and sometimes furnished with lateral teeth. — Pitches and stag-
nant waters. — June, July. — Perennial.

Utricularia cornuta. 3Ix. Horned Utricularia.

Scape rooting, erect, slender, rigid; flowers two or
three, subsessile ; lower lip of the corolla very wide,
three lobed ; spur porrected, very acute.

A terrestrial species, never floating. Scape erect, straight,
filiform, round, smooth, leafless; furnished with ovate, acute,
appressed scales. Flowers two or three, at the top on very
short peduncles, yellow, issuing from between three acute
bractes of which one is larger and ovate, the two others linear.
Calyx of two leaves which are ovate, acute, and yellowish.
Upper lip of the corolla reflexed, roundish, yellow ; lower lip
much larger, inflated, emarginate, with a small projecting ter-
minal lobe. Spur as long as the upper lip, rigid, acute, slightly
curved.

Wet grounds. Sandwich, Chelmsford, fee. Sometimes so
abundant as to give the ground a yellow appearance at a dis-
tance.

Utricularia inflata. Walt. Whorled bladder wort.

Floating, leaves whorled, inflated; pinnatifid at
the extremity.
Syn. Utricularia ceratophylla. Mx.

Stem slender, with vesicular roots or fibres. At the surface
of the water is a single whorl of about six oblong inflated leaves,
branched at the extremity. Flowers three or four on a stem
pedunculated, with sheathing bractes, yellow. Upper lip round-
ish, mostly entire. Lower lip three lobed, its inflated portion
small. Spur short, compressed, obtuse, appressed to the corolla,
three striate, emarginate. — Ponds, Charlestown. — August.

Utricularia purpurea. Walt. Purple bladder wort.

Floating ; scapes mostly one flowered ; spur flatten-
ed, appressed to the lower lip and half its length.

Bractes sheathing. Calyx obtuse, gibbous. Flowers purple,
yellow inside. Upper lip entire, lower lip much inflated, three

10 CLASS II, ORDER I.

lobed, its middle-lobe pressed upward by the spur, which is short,
greenish, obtuse, and bending upward, compressed transversely,
not carinate, and shorter than the upper lip. Sent from Dan vers
by Dr. Nichols. — August.

Utricularia resupinata. Greene, 31. S. Greene's blad-
der ivort.

Scape setaceous, mostly one flowered ; nectary
resupinate.

A small delicate species with purple flowers, discovered by
B. D. Greene, Esq. at Tewksbury. The nectary is short, some-
what obtuse, and in the young flowers, erect.

The scape stands erect in the mud, very slender, with minute,
oppressed bractes ; a few vesicles are found among the roots.

Utricularia gibe a. Willd. Gibbous Utricularia.

Nectary gibbous, segments of the corolla roundish,
scape about one flowered.

Very small with yellow flowers. Bladders few. Lips obtuse.
Spur obtuse and gibbous in the middle. Plymouth. — July. —
Mr. Tuckerman.

12. LYCOPUS.
Lycopus EuROPiEus. Water horelwund.

Lower leaves cut, upper leaves lanceolate, serrate ;
calyx acuminate-prickly.

Stem square ; leaves opposite, lower ones deeply, upper ones
more slightly toothed. Flowers in whorls. This plant, as Dr.
Smith observes, resembles the mints, but has no aromatic smell.
Taste bitter. — Wet ground, flowering all summer. — Perennial.

Lycopus Virginicus. L. Virginian Water Jioreliound^

Bugle weed.
Leaves broad lanceolate, serrate, narrowed at base;
calyx shorter than the seed, not prickly.

Stem obtusely quadrangular. Leaves opposite, smooth, vari-
ously toothed. Flowers in small whorls, the calyx short and
unarmed. Between this and the preceding there are all inter-
mediate varieties. — Wet grounds. — July, August.— ^Perennial,

CLASS II. ORDER I.

11

These plants have much popular reputation as a temporary
remedy in haemoptysis, a disease which it is more easy to arrest
for a time, than to prevent permanently.

13. MONARDA.
MoNARDA ALLOPHYLLA. Mich. Soft Mouarda.

Leaves oblong, sharply serrate; head terminals-
calyx bearded at the edge; corollas slender, elon-
gated.
Syn. MoNARDA oblongata. Ait.

Stem square, commonly purple or spotted, two feet high ;
leaves soft and downy, dotted under a magnifier, rounded at
base, serrate on the sides, entire towards the point. Petioles
and smaller branches downy. Bractes and calyxes ciliate.
Flowers, in terminal heads, blue or flesh colored. Corolla
downy, upper lip linear, lower lip with two lateral lobes and a
linear middle segment. Style longer than the stamens ; stigma
bifid. — Chelsea beach island. Waltham. — July, August, — Pe-
rennial.— The taste of the whole plant resembles that of thyme.

A second variety has deep purple flowers and bractes of the
same color; leaves a little more villous. This appears to be the
M. Kalmiana of Pursh. I am inclined with Michaux to con-
sider many of the supposed species as mere varieties.

14. CUNILA.

Subgenus Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous at base— fertile stamens as
long as the corolla.
CuNiLA puLEGioiDES. L. Pennyroyal.

Leaves oblong, few toothed ; flowers whorled.

Syn. Hedeoma pulegioides. Pers.

A well known pungent and strong scented plant. Leaves op-
posite ; lanceolate-oval, with a few teeth on each side. Flowers
in numerous whorls ; calyxes with the upper lip ending in three
points, the lower in two bristles.

This plant, having found its way into England, was described
as a new species of mint, under the name of mentha exigua,
until Dr. Smith detected the error.

In dry grounds. — July, August. — Annual.

12 CLASS 11. ORDER I.

15. COLLINSONIA.
CoLLiNsoNiA Canadensis. L. Horse weed.

Leaves heart-ovate ; stem smooth : teeth of the
calyx subulate, shorter than the tube.

Plant three or four feet high. Stem smooth, furrowed on four
sides, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, very large, serrate
and acuminate, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper pair
sessile. Panicle terminal, its branches opposite. Flowers dull
yellow; lower lip of the corolla fringed. Stamens distant, slen-
der, very long. Style very long, dark purple ; stigma bifid. —
Roxbury, road side. — July, August. — Perennial.

16. CRYPTA.

Crypta minima. Nutt. Small Crypta.

Syn. Peflis Americana. j p^^^j^
Herpestis micrantha. j

A minute plant, creeping and rooting in the mud and sand. —
Leaves wedge-obovate, opposite, entire, obtuse. Flowers axil-
lary roundish, very minute, white. Calyx leaves oval, concave.
Petals two or three concave. Stamens two or three. Cap-
sule globular. — Banks of Fresh Pond. — Mr. Tuckerman.—
August.

17. CIRC^A.

Circjea lutetiana. L. Enchanter' s nightshade.

Stem erect ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed, opaque,
pubescent.
Syn. Circ^a Canadensis. Muhl.

Stem round ; Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal racemes ;
petals inversely heart shaped, reddish white ; capsules roundish,
covered with minute hooks; stalks of the capsules bent back-
ward.— Moist woods, particularly on Chelsea beach island. —
June, July. — Perennial.
CiRC^A alpina. L. Alpine enchanter's nightshade.

Stem branched ; leaves broad-heart shaped, mem-
branous, toothed.

CLASS III. ORDER I., II. I3

A smaller and more humble plant than the preceding, with
very distinct heart shaped leaves. Capsules reflexed, pubescent.
— In old woods. — July. — Perennial.

Class III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

A. Flowers superior.

18. Iris. Corolla six parted, the divisions alter-
nately reflected; stigmas petal form.

B. Floioers inferior.

19. Xyris. Corolla three petalled ; calyx two
valved ; capsule three celled.

C. Flowers grassy.

20. ScHCENus. Corolla none ; calyx of fascicled,
chaffy scales ; seed one, roundish.

21. Cyperus. Corolla none ; calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate two ways ; seed mostly naked.

22. SciRPUs. Corolla none ; calyx of chaffy scales
imbricate every way ; seed mostly naked.

23. Eriophorum. Corolla none; calyx of imbri-
cate scales ; seed invested with long woolly hair.

24. Spartina. Calyx two valved, compressed, one
valve larger, longer, and carinated ; corolla two
valved.

25. Oryzopsis. Calyx two valved, the valves obo-
vate, one flowered ; corolla two valved, the outer one
awned ; nectary two leaved.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

A. Flowers scattered, one in each calyx.

26. Milium. Calyx two valved, the valves ventri-

2

14 CLASS III. ORDER II.

cose, nearly equal ; corolla two valvedj mostly shorter
than the calyx.

27. Alopecurus. Calyx two valved, one flowered ;
corolla one valved ; flowers spiked.

28. Trichodium. Calyx two valved, one flowered;
corolla one valved, awnless ; flowers panicled.

29. MuHLENBERGiA. Calyx minute, one valved ;
corolla two valved, hairy at base, outer valved awned
at the tip.

30. Anthoxanthum. Calyx two valved ; corolla
two valved, acuminate, awned; stamens two.

31. Phleum. Calyx two valved, one flowered,
sessile, linear, truncate, ending in a point, inclosing,
and longer than the corolla.

32. Agrostis. Calyx two valved, one flowered ;
the valves acute ; corolla two valved, unequal, larger
than the calyx.

33. CiNNA. Calyx two valved, one flowered; co-
rolla linear, naked at base ; stamen one.

34. Leersia. Calyx none ; corolla two valved,
closed.

35. Phalaris. Calyx two valved, the valves cari-
nate, equal ; corolla two valved, included, hairy at
base. Rudiments resembling valves.

36. Aristida. Calyx two valved, corolla one
valved with three terminal awns.

37. Stipa. Calyx two valved ; corolla two valved,
the valves involute, truncate ; awn terminal, very
long, twisted at base.

B. Flowers more than one in each calyx.

38. AiRA. Calyx two valved, two or three flow-
ered without the rudiment of an additional flower ;
corolla two valved.

CLASS III. ORDER II. 15

39. Uniola. Calyx many valved ; spikelet ovate,
carinate.

40. Dactylis. Calyx of two valves, many flow-
ered, one of the valves larger, longer, compressed,
carinate.

41. AvENA. Calyx two valved, many flowered,
with a twisted awn on the back.

42. PoA. Calyx two valved ; spikelet rounded at
the base ; corolla two valved, the valves ovate, some-
what acute, awnless.

43. Briza. Calyx two valved; corolla inflated, its
valves heart-shaped, mostly obtuse.

44. Festuca. Calyx two valved ; spikelet oblong,
roundish, with pointed glumes.

45. Bromus. Calyx two valved ; spikelet oblong,
roundish, two ranked ; awn from below the top of
the valves.

46. Arundo. Calyx two valved ; corolla woolly at
the base, awnless.

. C. Flowers polygamous.

47. Panicum. Calyx of two very unequal valves,
containing two flowers, the outer one barren ; corolla
cartilaginous, investing the seed.

48. Andropogon. Flowers double ; one pedicelled,
barren ; the other sessile, containing two florets, one
barren, the other perfect, its corolla furnished with a
twisted awn.

49. HoLcus. Calyx two valved, two or three flow-
ered; corolla two valved, barren floret mostly awned.

D. Flowers spiJced on a long slender receptacle.

50. LoLiuM. Calyx one valved, many flowered.

51. Triticum. Calyx two valved, many flowered.

IQ CLASS III. ORDER III.

52. Elymus. Involucre four leaved, two flowered ;
flowers compound.

53. HoRDEUM. Involucre six leaved, three flow-
ered ; flowers simple.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Tliree styles.

A. Floioers inferior.

54. Lechea. Corolla three petalled; calyx three
leaved ; capsule three celled, three valved.

^^. MoLLUGO. Corolla none ; cal^^x five leaved ;
capsule tliree celled.

B. Floivers superior.

56. Proserpinaca. Corolla none ; calyx three part-
ed ; seed one, three celled.

TRIANDRIA.

3IONOGYNIA.

18. IRIS.
Iris versicolor. L. Blue Flag.

American Medical Botany, PI. xvi.

Leaves ensiform, stem acute on one side, capsules
oblong, three sided, with obtuse angles.
Syn. Iris Virginica. 1st edit.

The most common and showy ornament of our meadows in
the early part of summer. The root is fleshy, horizontal, send-
ing down a multitude of fibres. Stem two or three feet high,
round on one side, acute on the other, frequently branched, and
bearing from two to six flowers. Leaves sword shaped, striated,
sheathing at base. Bractes becoming scarious. Peduncles of
various length, flattened on the inside. Germ three cornered,
with flat sides and obtuse angles. Outer petals of the flower
spatulate, beardless, the border purple, the claw variegated with

CLASS III. ORDER III. XT'

green, yellow, and white, and veined with purple. Inner petals
erect, varying in shape from spatulate to lanceolate, usually
paler than the outer, entire or emarginate. Style short, con-
cealed ; stigmas three, petal-form, purple or violet, resting on
the outer petals, their extremities bifid, crenate, and more or less
reflexed; their lower lip short. Stamens concealed under the
stigmas with oblong-linear anthers. Capsule three celled, three
valved ; when ripe, oblong, turgid, three sided, with roundish
angles. Seeds numerous, flat.

Borders of swamps and wet meadows. — June. — Perennial. —
The root is a violent emetic.

The Iris Virginica of Linnaeus, characterized by an ancipital
stem and ensiform leaves, is probably identical with this species.

Iris prismatica. Pursh. Boston Iris.

Iris imberbis ; foliis linearibus ; caiile tereti, pluri-
floro ; germinibus trigonis, lateribus trisulcis.

Flowers beardless ; leaves linear ; stem round,
many flowered j germs triangular, twice grooved on
the sides.

Syn. Iris gracilis. \st edit.
Iris Virginica. Torrey.
This plant was first described by me in the former edition of
this work under the name of I. gracilis. Two years afterwards,
Mr. Pursh gave it the name of I. prismatica, which name I am
willing to adopt, the other ^having since been bestowed on an
African plant. When I sent it to the late Dr. Muhlenberg, he
at first pronounced it I. Virginica, but afterwards agreed that it
was new. Having a round stem and linear leaves, it certainly
wants the Linnsean characteristics of I. Virginica. Its best dis-
tinctive character is the doubly grooved germ, which Pursh has
overlooked.

Root fleshy, sending out short runners, from which new plants
arise ; stem round, smooth, slender, from one to two feet high,
branching at top, bearing several alternate leaves, and from two
to eight flowers. Leaves linear, erect, sheathing at their base
Bractes or involucres close, becoming dry. Peduncles flattened

2#

18 CLASS III. ORDER III.

on the inside, varying in their proportions to the bractes, but
commonly longer. Outer petals slender, spreading, purple at
the edge, yellow, and veined in the middle, the yellow portion
much greater than in the last species. Inner petals lanceolate,
slightly emarginate. Germs oblong, three sided; sides with
two deep parallel grooves, the whole representing a cylinder
with three smaller ones attached to its sides. As the germ en-
larges, the distance between the two furrows does not increase,
and they are nearly obliterated in the capsule, which is triangu-
lar and turgid with its three rows of seeds.

Found at South Boston and Cambridge, in the same places
with Iris Virginica, but much less frequent. — June. — Perennial.

19. XYRIS.
Xyris Jupicai. Mich. Yellow eyed grass.

Leaves linear, somewhat obtuse ; scape near the
head dilated, two edged ; scales rounded.
Syn. Xyris Caroliniana. Lam. Poir.

Root bulbous ; leaves grassy, shorter than the scape ; scape
erect, two edged, twisted, a little widened at top. Heads round-
ish, rather acute, supporting a number of small yellow florets
projecting out of the scales, hairy within, and consisting of three
ovate, crenate petals. — Meadows. — July, August. — Perennial.

20. SCHCENUS.
ScHOENus MARiscoiDEs. 31uM. Water Bog rush.

Culm round ; leaves channelled ; umbel terminal,
spikes fascicled.

A firm rush a foot or two high. Leaves half cylindrical, chan-
nelled. Fascicles about three together, each containing a dozen
lanceolate, brown spikes. — Edges of Fresh Pond. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

^ Subgenus Rhyncospora. Seed surrounded with Iristles — style
persistent.

ScHCENus ALB US. L. White headed Bog rush.

Culm three sided, leafy ; flowers fascicled ; leaves
setaceous.

CLASS III. ORDER III. I9

Syn. E.HYNCOSPORA ALBA. Vahl.

A smooth, grassy plant, with white heads of flowers. Stem
half a foot or more in height, three sided, mostly smooth.
Leaves mostly belonging to the stem, alternate, sheathing, the
sheaths tubular or entire. Flowers in fascicles on footstalks,
terminal and axillary, erect. Glumes white, afterward becoming
brownish. Seeds surrounded with short hairs. — In low woods
and swamps. — Brighton. — July. — Perennial.

21. CYPERUS.
Cyperus inflexus. Muhl. Infiected Cyperus.

Heads roundish, glomerate ; spikelets linear, about
eight flowered ; glumes squarrose at the tip.

Syn. CypEKUS uncinattjs. Pursh.

Two or three inches high, with soft, crowded, ascending, slen-
der spikelets; the glumes recurved at the tip. — Wet grounds. —
August.

Cyperus flavescens. L. Yellow Cyperus.

Spikelets linear-lanceolate, crowded, three or four
together ; involucre three leaved, longer than the
umbel.

Spikelets from fifteen to twenty flowered, yellowish green. —
Wet grounds. — August, September. — Perennial.

Cyperus castaneus. Chesnut Cyperus.

Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, involucre three leaved,
longer than the umbel.

Syn. Cyperus flavescens, (?. castaneus. Pursh.

Smaller than the preceding ; spikelets broader, chesnut color-
ed, fifteen to twenty flowered. — Wet grounds. — August.

Cyperus diandrus. Torrey. Diandros Cyperus.

Umbel sessile, or one to two rayed, shorter than
the involucre; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, about fif-
teen flowered ; stamens two.

From eight to twelve inches high, the umbel sometimes re-

20 CLASS in. ORDER III.

sembling a small panicle. — Wet grounds and salt marshes. —

September.

Cyperus dentatus. Torrcy. Toothed Cyperus.

Umbel compound, six to ten rayed, shorter than the
involucre ; spikelets three together, ovate compressed,
eight flowered.
Syn. Cyperus parviflorus. Muhl.

Ten or twelve inches high. Spikes very much compressed,
the tips of the glumes spreading so as lo give a serrate appear-
ance to the edge as remarked by Dr. Torrey. — Edges of water. —
September.
Cyperus strigosus. L. Narrow spiked Cyperus.

Spikelets linear, spreading or reflexed, ten or
twelve flowered ; root globose.

A foot or more in height. Umbel mostly simple, the spike-
lets numerous, narrow, and inserted into their common stalk
nearly at right angles. — Low grounds. — August, September. —
Perennial.

Cyperus mariscoides. Ell. Tuberous Cyperus.

Umbel simple with one or two rays ; spikelets
seven or eight flowered, collected into dense spherical
heads ; root globose.

Eight or ten inches high. Root a solid bulb. Spikelets
crowded into hard, dense heads. — Plentiful on the barren sand in
the lower part of Watertown.— July, August. — Perennial.

§ Subgenus Dulichium. Spikelets racemed, style bifid.

Cyperus spathaceus. L. Sheathed Cyperus.

Culm round, leafy ; leaves alternate, with entire
sheaths : racemes axillary and terminal.

Sy7l. SciRFUS SPATHACEUS. Mlch.

Dulichium spathaceum. Reichard.
A tall, leafy grass. Stem smooth, hardly three sided, covered
with numerous short, flat, smooth, spreading leaves, proceeding

CLASS III. ORDER III. 21

from sheaths which are perfectly entire or tubular, the part op-
posite the leaf ending in a rounded point. The lower leaves,
not the sheaths, are deciduous. Racemes mostly axillary. Pe-
duncle compressed, bearing from five to eight alternate, sessile,
narrow spikelets of about six flowers. Glumes two ranked.
Seeds surrounded with hairs. — Borders of ponds and rivers. —
August. — Perennial.

22. SCIRPUS.
§ Subgenus Eleocharis. Seed surrounded ivith bristles — style
articulated to the seed, conical and persistent.

SciRPus TENUIS. Muhl. Slender Cluh rush.

Culm filiform, quadrangular, leafless; spike termi-
nal, oval, acute at both ends; glumes obtuse ; sta-
mens three, styles three cleft.

A slender, leafless, acute-angled species. — Common in wet
grounds and shallow water. — May, June.
SciRPUs PALusTRis. L. MarsTi Cluh rush.

Culm rounded, inflated; spike terminal, oblique,
oblong, acute; gliimes acute ; root creeping.

Culms stout, slightly compressed, many from the same root, a
foot high, leafless, with blunt sheaths at base. Lower glumes
larger. — AVet meadows and ditches.^ July. — Perennial.
SciRPus CAPiTATus. WHld. Headed Cluh rush.

Culm roundish ; spike terminal, roundish ovate,
obtuse, seed smooth.

Distinguished from the foregoing by its obtuse and almost
globular heads. — Small ponds, &c. — July.

SciRPus TRicHODEs. MuM. Hair Cluh rush.

Culm setaceous compressed, grooved; spike termi-
nal, ovate, acute, naked, stamens three, style bifid.

An exceedingly slender and hair-like species, three or four
inches high, related to <S. acicularis of Europe, and considered
by Dr. Torrey to be identical with it. — About shallow water. —
July.

22 CLASS III. ORDER III.

SciRPus PLANiFOLius. Mulil. Flat leaved Club rusk.

Culm triangular; leaves linear, flat, about equal to
the culm ; spike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter
than its bractes.

A small species in wet grounds, the radical leaves as high as
the culm. Bractes cuspidate, the outer one longer than the
spike. — May, June.

SciRPus c^spiTOSus. L. Scaly Club rush.

Culm rounded, sheathed at base with rudiments
of leaves; spike terminal, the two outer glumes as
long as the spike.

Var. ^. callosus. The two outer glumes obtuse and fleshy at
the tips.

A low plant with very small spikes. The truncated glumes
with fleshy whitish tips, had led me to consider this a distinct
species, until I received similar specimens from Europe. — On the
"White mountains. — July. — Perennial.

§§ Subgenus Scirpus. Seed surrounded with bristles — style
filiform, deciduous.

Scirpus Americanus. j^ers. Three sided Cluh rush.

Culm nearly naked, triangular; spikes few, lateral,
conglomerate sessile ; glumes ror.-.rcl-ovate, mucronate.
Syn. Scirpus triqueter. Mx.

Culm two or four feet high, sharply three cornered with con-
cave sides. It resembles S. triqueter of Europe, very much, but
the spikes are fewer and farther from the top. — Salt marshes. —
July. — Perennial.

Scirpus debilis. Pursh. Weak stemmed Club rush.

Culm round, striated ; spikes few, lateral, crowded,
sessile, short-ovate.

About a foot high ; glumes broad, carinate. — "Wet ground and
edges of ponds. — August. — Perennial.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 23

SciRPUS MARiTiMus. L. Sea Club rush.

Culm triangular, panicle clustered, leafy, terminal ;
glumes pointed, torn into three segments.

Syn. SciRPTJS hacrostachyus. Lam. Muhl.
SciRPUs EOBUSTUS. PursJi.

Culm erect, smooth, one or two feet high, leafy at base.
Leaves linear, acute, rough on the margin. Bractes or floral
leaves several, very unequal in length. Panicle resting on these,
crowded, consisting of large sessile and pedunculated spikes,
ovate, conspicuous by their dull, chesnut color and yellow an-
thers. The glumes are ovate, shining, slightly carinated, divided
into three small segments at tip, the middle one of which is pro-
longed into a short, setaceous awn. — Salt marshes and ditches. —
July. — Perennial.

I do not discover sufficient grounds to separate this from the
European plant.

SciRPUs AcuTus. Mulil. Pointzd Sullrush.

Culm round, leafless, equal ; spikes several, below
the top, oblong, somewhat umbelled. -

Syn. SciRPUS validus. Pursh ?

SciRPds LACusTRis. Torrey ?

This nearly resembles the large bullrush, {Scirpus lacustris)
but difiers in its fructification, which is lateral, never terminal.
Culm sheathed at base, erect, round, smooth, naked, filled with
light, spongy pith, often spotted, five or six feet high, uniform
in size for a great part of its length, ending in an acute point.
Spikes several, in a cyme or umbel about an inch below the tip,
oblong and closely imbricate. Peduncles rough, compressed,
unequal; scales ovate, mucronate, scarious at the edges, pubes-
cent.— In deep water at Fresh Pond and elsewhere. — June,
July. — Perennial.

This is the largest rush in the vicinity. The name acutus
was given it by Muhlenberg.

§§§ Subgenus Trichophorum. Seed surrounded with bristles
much longer than itself. Style filiform, deciduous.

24 CLASS III. ORDER III.

SciRPUs ERioPHORUM. 3Iic7i. Rccl Cottoii grciss.

Culm obtusely triangular, leafy ; panicle decom-
pound, prolifcroLis, nodding.

Syn. Eeiofiiorum cyperinum. L. and first edit.
Trichophorum cyperinum. Pers.

A common, rank, tall, meadow grass. Culm smooth, strong,
roundish, compressed on three sides. Leaves very long, rough
at the edge. Panicle terminal, urabelled, nodding, proliferous,
with a long leafy involucre. Spikelets in heads very numerous,
small, ovate, covered by the red, projecting, woolly hairs. —
August. — Perennial.

^^^^ Subgenus Isolepis. Seed naked at base — style simple,
not articulated, deciduous.

SciRPus CAPiLLARls L. Capillary Cluh rush.

Culm capillary, triangular ; spikes ovate, two or
three pedunculate and one sessile.

A very delicate species, two or four inches high, sending up
many stems from a root. Leaves setaceous. Spikes somewhat
umbelled, oblong, reddish. — Dry, sandy fields. — August.

SciRPus AUTUMNALis. X. Autumnal Cluh rush.

Culm compressed ; ancipital ; umbel compound ;

spikes lanceolate, somewhat four sided.

Grows in bunches from five to ten inches high. Leaves flat.
Involucre two leaved. Spikes crowded, a few together at the
ends of the umbel. — Muddy grounds. — August, October.

23. ERIPHORUM.
Eriophorum alpinum. L. Alpine Cotton grass.

Culm triangular, naked; leaves shorter than the
sheaths ; spike solitary, oblong ovate.

A slender species, half a foot high with a single small spike,
to which is attached a thin tuft of white crisped hairs. When
young, it resembles Scirpus csespitosus. — On the White moun-
tains, N. H. — July. — Perennial.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 25

Eriophorum angustifolium. Willd. Narrow leaved

Cotton grass.

Culm somewhat triangular, leaves linear, grooved;
spikes many, on smooth stalks.

This species and the following are well known by their white
woolly spikes among the meadow grass in summer. This grass
has narrow channelled leaves, ending in a triangular point, and
simple peduncles. — Wet grounds. — June.— Perennial.

Eriophorum polystachyon. L. Broad leaved Cotton grass.
Culms triangular, leaves broad-linear, flat; spikes
many, on rough stalks, nodding.

Leaves broader and more flat than in the foregoing ; and the
wool shorter. Spikes on long drooping peduncles, which are
sometimes branched. — Wet meadows. — June. — Perennial.

Eriophorum Virginicum. L. Virginian Cotton grass.
Culms roundish below, three sided above; spikes
nearly sessile, clustered, erect ; involucre two or three
leaved.

Leaves very long. Wool of a reddish color, short. — Wet
meadows and swamps. — July. — Perennial.

24. SPARTINA.
Spartina Cynosuroides. Muhl. Rough grass.

Spikes numerous, alternate, or scattered; pedun-
cles rough; outer valve of the calyx rough with
minute teeth on the back.

Syn. Dactylis cynosuroides. L.

Trachynotia cynosuroides. Mich.

Stem three feet high, round and smooth. Leaves very long,
smooth, somewhat rough on the margin, the edges convolute
when the plant grows near the sea. Spikes numerous, on rough
peduncles, given off successively from the three sides of a trian-
gular common stalk. Flowers closely imbricated, in a double
row, leaning to one side of their flexuous receptacle. Inner valve

3

26 CLASS III. ORDER III.

of the calyx very small; outer valve much larger, carinated, and
rough with minute prickles on the keel. — Marshes. — August. —
Perennial.

Spartina juncea. Mulil. Short Rough grass.

Spikes from one to three; peduncles smooth ; outer
valve of the calyx rough with minute teeth on the
back ; leaves convolute-setaceous.
Syn. Trachynotia juncea. Mich.

A much smaller grass than the preceding, which it resembles
in the form of its spikes. Stem round, smooth, about a foot
high. Leaves alternate, somewhat two ranked, acquiring, when
rolled up, a filiform appearance. Spikes about two, on smooth
stalks, shorter than in the foregoing species, but similar in shape.
Outer valve of the calyx nerved, rough on the keel like the last.
Anthers purplish. — ^Salt marshes. — July. — Perennial.

Spartina glabra. Muhl. Ditch grass.

Spikes nurnerous, sessile, somewhat imbricated ;

valves of the calyx mostly glabrous.

A large rank grass, common about muddy shores and in salt
water ditches. Stem round, smooth, three or four feet high.
Leaves very long, smooth, acute. Spikes ten or a dozen, sessile^
lying over each other, with their backs successively applied to
the three sides of a long triangular, smooth, common stalk.
Flowers closely imbricated, iri a double row, leaning outward, as
in the former species. Inner valve of the calyx linear. Outer
valve many times larger, compressed, and to the naked eye gla-
brous. Through a glass it is found ciliated on the keel. An-
thers straw colored. — August, September. — Perennial.

25. ORYZOPSIS.
Oryzopsis asperifolia. 3Ix. Mountain Rice.

Leaves erect, rigid, pungent at the point ; panicle
simple.

This grass is remarkable for its large seeds, which, it has been
suggested, may render it worthy of cultivation. It is a foot or

CLASS III. ORDER III. 27

more in height, with a panicle of a few racemose branches.
Seeds greenish white. The single style is the chief character
which separates it from some species of milium. — In old woods
in the interior. — May. — Perennial.

DIGYNIA.

26. MILIUM.
Milium racemosum. Sm. Black seeded Millet grass.

Panicle simple, its branches racemose ; calyx ellip-
tical, acute, ribbed ; corolla hairy at base ; awn as
]ong again as the valves.

8yn. Oryzopsis melanocakpa. Muhl.
PiPTATHERUM Ni&RUM- Torrey .

A tall grass with large black grains. Culm two or three feet
high. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle of a few long,
simple, racemose branches, erect at first, but afterwards spread-
ing. It resembles Oryzopsis, but is distinguished by its distinct
styles, dark seeds, taller stature, and later period of flowering. —
Woods, in the interior of the state. — August. — Perennial.

It may, perhaps, be found worth cultivation.

Milium pungens. Torrey. Dwarf Millet grass.

Leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, at length
involute ; panicle contracted, branches mostly in pairs,
corolla hairy ; awn uncertain.

Culm slender, a foot high, with a few very short leaves. Pan-
icle small, the branches rather erect. Calyx obtuse or truncate.
Corolla as long as the calyx, hairy. In all my specimens a part
of the flowers have an awn about half as long as the corolla. —
"Woods, Sudbury. — May.

27. ALOPECURUS.
Alopecurus pratensis. L. Common Foxtail grass.

Culm erect, smooth ; sheaths swelling ; spike cy-
lyndrical, obtuse ; calyx glumes acute, connate ; co*
rolla equal to the calyx.

28 CLASS III. ORDER III.

Common foxtail grass is well marked by the upper sheaths,
which appear as if inflated. Culm two or three feet high.
Spike lobed. Calyx acute, villous. Corolla nearly equal to the
calyx. Awn twisted. — Fields, &c. — May.

An early, excellent grass, probably introduced.

Alopecurus geniculatus. L. Floating Foxtail grass.
Culm ascending, bent at the joints ; spike somewhat
compound, cylindrical ; glumes obtuse, hairy. Sm.

Stems of various lengths, ascending, forming knees or angles
at the joints, and rooting from the lower ones, when the plants
grow in the water. Leaves rather smooth and short, their
sheaths a little swelling. Spike cylindrical, obtuse, divisible
into lobes. Glumes of the calix obtuse, fringed with long hairs.
Corolla awned at base. — Ponds and ditches. — July. — Perennial.

2S. TRICHODIUM.
Trichodium laxiflorum. Mich. Thin grass.

Culms erect ; leaves narrow, short ; sheaths some-
what rough. Pei's.

This grass is readily known by its very thin, spreading, capil-
lary panicle. Stem erect, smooth, slender. Leaves short, gla-
brous, on roughish sheaths. Panicle consisting of very long,
straight, rough branches, of a purplish color, hardly larger than
hairs, and very flexible. These are given off in half whorls,
and are repeatedly subdivided into three or four branchlets at a
time. Flowers minute, scattered at the ends of the branches.
Glumes lanceolate, acute.— Roadsides. — July. — Perennial.

29. MUHLENBERGIA.
§ Subgenus Brachyelytrum. Upper valve of the corolla with
a clavate rudiment at base.

MuHLENBERGiA ERECTA. Schreh. Erect Muhlcubergia.
Culm erect, simple ; leaves pubescent ; panicle lax ;
calyx with a long awn.
Syn. Brachyelytrum aristatum. Beauv.

DiLEPTRUM ARISTOSTJM. Mx.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 29

A simple, slender grass, two or three feet high. Flowers few,
remote, long-awned. — On the sides of Wachuset Hill — June.

DIGYNIA.

30. ANTHOXANTHUM.
Anthoxanthum odoratum. L. Sweet scented Vernal

grass.

Spike ovate-oblong ; flowers longer than their awns,
standing on short stalks.

Stem about a foot high. Leaves short, flat ; sheaths some-
what swelling ; stipule lanceolate, scarious. Spike terminal,
solitary; calyx glumes unequal, rough on the back; corolla
shorter than the calyx, awned on the back.

This grass, when partly faded, is exceedingly fragrant, whence
its name. It grows on farms, where it was formerly introduced
from Europe. — May, June. — Perennial.

31. PHLEUM.
Phleum pratense. L, Herds grass or Cafs tail grass.

Spike cylindrical, very long; glumes fringed at
the back, longer than the awns. Sm.

Culm upright, round, smooth. Leaves flat, pointed, rough on
the upper side; sheaths long, striated; stipules blunt. Spike
long, cylindrical, upright. Calyx of two glumes fringed with
hairs on the back, square or truncated at the end, with two short
awns. — June, July. — Perennial.

This grass is extensively cultivated, forming a chief constitu-
ent of what is with us called English hay. It is usually denom-
inated herds grass, and sometimes improperly /oa: tail grass. In
England it is known by the name of cafs tail, and Timothy
grass, the last burlesque appellation derived from Mr. Timothy
Hanson, one of its early propagators. It is said to have fallen
there into disrepute, although its reputation is good in this coun-
try. Professor Blartyn and Mr. Curtis speak of it as a harsh,
coarse grass, in all respects inferior to the true fox tail grass,
(Alopecurus pratensis.)
3^

30 CLASS III. ORDER III.

32. AGROSTIS.
Agrostis vulgaris. WitJi. Red top. Fine Bent grass.
Panicle spreading with divaricated, capillary branch-
es ; calyx valves equal ; inner petal obtuse, half as
long as the other. >S'm.

A pretty common grass in dry mowing land and pastures,
usually entering into the composition of our English hay. Stem
erect, smooth, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, acute, Avith long
sheaths. Panicle erect, red, its branches very numerous and fine,
arranged in half whorls, flexuous and variously divided. Flow-
ers numerous and very small. Calyx valves lanceolate, acute,
spreading, purple at base, scarious on the margin. Inner valves
of the corolla half as long as the outer. — June, July. — Perennial.

Agrostis alba. L. White Sent grass.

Panicle loose; culm creeping; calyx valves equal,
lanceolate, polished, rough on the keel. Sm.

Stems spreading, ascending, rooting at the lower joints.
Leaves rough, their sheaths smooth. Panicle loose, consisting
of somewhat distant half whorls, its branches much subdivided
and roughish. Flowers lanceolate, shining, white or purplish
brown. Valves of the calyx equal, acute, rough on the back
only. — Meadows. — June, July. — Perennial.

Agrostis canina. L. Dogs Bent grass.

Calyx elongated; corolla with a dorsal, crooked
awn ; culms procumbent, somewhat branched.

In mowing lands and about the borders of fields, probably
from Europe. — July.
Agrostis clandestina. Muhl. Hidden Bent grass.

Panicle spiked, partly concealed ; corolla much

longer than the calyx, hairy, shghtly awned ; leaves

rigid, very long.

A long, hard grass with concealed spikes. — Found by road
sides and on dry soils. — September.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 31

§ Subgenus Polypogon. Calyx and corolla terminating in
bristles.

Agrostis racemosa. Mich. Racemed Bent grass.

Panicle dense, interrupted ; bristles of the calyx
scabrous ; corolla awnless, hairy at base ; culm
branched.
Syn. Polypogon racemosus. Nuttall.

Culm compressed, erect. Leaves erect, rigid. Panicle formed
of many conglomerated spikes. — In wet meadows. — August. —
Perennial.

33. CINNA.
CiNNA AURUNDiNACEA, L. Recdy Cluna.

Panicle large, capillary, loose ; culm smooth ;
leaves broad linear.
Syn. Agrostis cinna. Schreb.

A large rank grass, three or four feet high, resembling some
species of Arundo, and differing from most other grasses in
having a solitary stamen in each flower. — Wet shady grounds. —
August. — Perennial.

. 34. LEERSIA.
Leersia oryzoides. Swartz. Cut grass.

Panicle loose ; spikelets triandrous ; keel of the
glumes ciliate. Sio.
Syn. Phalaris oryzoides. L.

Stem about two feet in height. Leaves exceedingly rough
backward, so as to cut the hands if drawn across them ; narrow,
on long rough sheaths. Panicle erect, spreading^ with slender,
rough branches. Flowers very distinguishable by their oval
figure and white color. Glumes of the corolla compressed, the
two valves shut together, so as to assume an elliptical form, with
the curvature on one side greatest. Keel of the valves ciliated,
giving the circumference of the flower a fringed appearance. —
Wet places. — August. — Perennial.

32 CLASS III. ORDER III.

Leersia Virginica. Willcl. Virginian Cut grass.

Panicle simple ; flowers monandrouSj sparingly cil-
iate on the keel.

Smoother than the preceding species, the flowers considerably
smaller and less ciliate, white. — Damp woods, Oak island. —
August.

35. PHALARIS.

Phalaris Americana. Ell. American Canary grass.
Panicle oblong, spiked ; glumes of the calyx boat-
shaped, serrulate; corolla unequal ; rudiments hairy.

Syn. Phalakis arundinacea. Mx.

Calamagrostis colorata. Nutt.

A large, rank, aquatic grass, three or four feet high with a
panicle of pubescent flowers. — In Muddy brook, near Jamaica
plain road. — July.

36. ARISTIDA.

Aristida dichotoma. Mx. Forked Aristida.

Cespitose; culms dichotomous ; flowers subspiked;
lateral awns very short, the intermediate one con-
torted.

A slender grass with short, lateral branches and setaceous
leaves. Spikes or racemes slender, with twisted awns.
Road sides in gravelly soils. — September.

37. STIPA.
Stipa avenacea. L. Feather grass.

Leaves striated, smooth ; panicle spreading some-
what one sided, its branches verticillate ; calyx as
long as the seed ; awn naked, finally contorted.

Remarkable for the length of its awns. Culm two or three
feet high, slender, naked above. Leaves narrow, smooth below,
inclining to roll up. Panicle long, few-flowered, nodding when
young. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal, acuminate. Corolla
stipitate, its lower valve terminating in a twisted awn two or
three inches long, at first straight, but at length contorted. Seed

CLASS III. ORDER III. 33

a third of an inch long. Dry woody hills near the Andover
turnpike, Medford, — June, July.— Perennial.

38. AIRA.
AiRA FLExuosA. L. Wood Hair grass.

Panicle spreading, trichotomoiis ; peduncles flex-
uoiis, awns geniculate; leaves setaceous, culm nearly-
naked.

A tall thin grass found in old woods, one or two feet high.
Glumes membranaceous, purplish. Corolla with a bent awn
near the base. — Sides of Wachusett hill. — June.

AiRA TRUNCATA. 3Iuhl. Truncate Hair grass.

Panicle oblong, racemose; calyx unequal, three
flowered, one abortive ; lower glume obtuse, corolla
glabrous.
Syn. KoELERiA truncata. Torrey,

Woods, Watertown. — June.

39. UNIOLA.
Uniola spicata. L. Spike grass.

Somewhat spiked ; leaves involute, rigid. L.

A common grass of the salt marshes. Stem a foot high,
round, smooth. Leaves of the stem numerous, short, smooth,
increasing in frequency upward, the upper ones hardly an inch
apart, rolled up so as to acquire a setaceous form, commonly
investing, and often overtopping the spike. Spike irregular,
about an inch long, consisting of ten or a dozen small, com-
pressed, crowded spikelets. Glumes flattened, sharp on the
back. — July. — Perennial.

40. DACTYLIS.

Dactylis glomerata. L. Orchard grass.

Panicle crowded, leaning one way. JSrn.

Root perennial. Culms round, rough toward the top. Leaves
very rough. Stipules cloven or torn. Panicle of flowers con-
sisting of close bunches on rough and rigid peduncles ; leaning

34 CLASS III. ORDER III.

toward one side. Calyx pubescent and rough, the inner valve
twice as large as the outer, and shortly awned. — June. — Peren-
nial.

A coarse, but extremely hardy and productive grass, said to be
much more luxuriant here than in Europe. — By fences, thickets,
&c. — June, July.

41. AVENA.

^ Subgenus Danthonia. Lower valve of the corolla two toothed^
with the awn between.
AvENA spicATA. L. Spiked Oat grass.

Panicle simple, few flowered ; spikelets six or seven
flowered, shorter than the calyx ; lower valve of the
corolla hairy ; leaves subulate, the lower ones hairy
at the neck.
Syn. Danthonia sncATA. Nittt.

A common grass in dry sunny pastures. Culm a foot high,
slender, with short setaceous leaves. Calyx nerved, acute,
longer than the spikelet. Outer valve of the florets ending in
two bristles or teeth with a contorted awn between them. —
June. — Perennial.

§§ Subgenus Arrhenatherum. Calyx two flowered^ one bar-
ren and awned.

AvENA ELATioR. L. Tall Oat grass.

Panicle equal, nodding ; awn twice as long as the

flower ; culm geniculate, smooth ; root nodose,

Syn. HoLcus avenaceus. Sm.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Beauv.

A large valuable grass introduced by cultivation from Europe.
Panicle lax with brownish spikelets. Awn of the barren flower
much twisted. — Naturalized in some parts of the state. — June.

42. POA.
PoA pratensis. L. Common Spear grass.

Panicle spreading ; spikelets of four flowers ; glumes

CLASS III. ORDER III. 35

lanceolate, five nerved, connected by a web ; stipule
short and blunt. Sm.

Spear grass or meadow grass is found in all situations, consti-
tuting a considerable portion of the common turf in pastures,
road sides, &c. Culms leafy, slender, smooth, often stoloniferous.
Leaves spreading, blunt, with obtuse or truncated stipules. Pan-
icle large, loose, of horizontal fine branches, bearing many ovate
spikelets of about four flowers. — June.---Perennial.

This is an excellent and useful grass.

PoA coMPREssA. L. JBIue grass.

Panicle condensed, its branches leaning one way;
erect, before and after flowering. Culm ascending,
compressed. Sm.

Root creeping. Stem decumbent at base, erect above, very
much compressed, whence the name. Leaves commonly glau-
cous, narrow, with long sheaths. Panicle erect, crowded, tend-
ing to one side, obtuse ; its branches short and rough, appressed
to the stem except at the time of flowering. Spikelets ovate.
Florets closely imbricate j varying in number, connected at base
by a thin web. — Dry grounds. — July, August. — Perennial.

Po A ANNUA. L. Annual Spear grass.

Panicle divaricated; spikelets ovate ; florets a little
remote, five ribbed, destitute of a web ; stem oblique,
compressed. S?n.

A smaller grass but equally common with the first. It is
annual in duration, but rapid in increase, and commonly the first
grass to appear on new grounds. Culms smooth, flattened,
spreading obliquely. Leaves flaccid, obtuse, their margin waved
in the middle. Stipules sharp. Panicle erect, with its branches
depressed when old.

PoA NERVATA. JVUM. Meodow Spear grass.

Panicle diff'use, weak, nodding, spikelets five flow-
ered ; florets seven nerved, obtuse.

A tall slender meadow grass, the panicle commonly nodding,

36 CLASS III. ORDER III.

the spikelets small and purplish. — Wet grounds. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

PoA AQUATiCA. /?. Tor. Water Spear grass.

Panicle erect, diffuse, its branches flexuous, smooth;
spikelets linear, six to eight flowered; flowrets ovate,
obtuse ; leaves broad linear, smooth.

A tall rank reedy grass, four or five feet high, with a panicle
nearly a foot long. — Wet soils. — August.

PoA MARiTiMA. Sea Spear grass.

Panicle branched, somewhat crowded; spikelets
cylindrical, about five flowered, leaves involute, root
creeping.

About a foot high, rigid and glaucous. Panicle erect, spike-
lets linear, nerved. When in flower this grass has a beautiful
glaucous or purplish appearance. — Salt marshes, Cambridge,
Dorchester. — June. — Perennial.

PoA OBTUSA. Muhl. Obtuse Spear grass.

Panicle ovate, contracted, spikelets ovate, tumid,

five to seven flowered; corolla ovate, smooth, obtuse ;

leaves smooth, as long as the culm.

An aquatic poa with a small dense panicle of large swelling
spikelets. — Borders of Fresh Pond. — August.

Poa hirsuta. Mx. Hair Spear grass.

Panicle very large, loose, capillary ; bearded in the
axils ; spikelets about five flowered ; culm erect, com-
pressed ; sheaths hairy.

An elegant grass, with a capillary branching panicle a foot or
more in length. Sheaths very hairy. Leaves linear, flat, nerved.
Branches of the panicle straight, hairlike. Spikelets oblong,
purple. — Dry soils. — August.

Poa capillaris. L. Capillary Spear grass.

Panicle very large, loose, capillary ; not hairy ;
spikelets about three flowered, ovate, acute.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 37

Resembles the preceding ■which is perhaps only a variety of
this. Pursh states that this plant is very subject to variation.
The chief distinction of this seems to consist in its smaller size
and its panicks not being hairy in the axils. — Dry grounds. —
August.

PoA ERAGROSTis. L. Branching Spear grass.

Panicle equal, spreading; spikelets oblong, com-
pressed, ten to twenty flowered; florets obtuse.
Syn. Briza erageostis. Muhl.

A very elegant species with a large panicle of sea green
spikelets. These are long, tumid, numerous, and remarkably
even, the two rows being separated by a nearly straight line. —
Sandy soils, rare. — August.

43. BRIZA.
Briza Canadensis. Mich. Rattlesnake grass.

Panicle lax, spikelets erectj with from four to ten
florets ; calyx very small ; outer valve of the corollas
oval, acute.

A large grass found in meadows and readily recognized by its
swelling spikelets. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves rough on the
back. Panicle loose, with slender branches, nodding. Spike-
lets numerous, on distinct footstalks, ovate, erect or nodding.
Valves of the calyx short and narrow. Outer valve of the co-
rolla oval, inflated, acute, with a scarious point and margin.
Inner valve obtuse. — July.

Briza media. L. Smaller Quahing grass.

Panicle erect ; spikelets cordate, about seven flow-
ered ; calyx smaller than the florets.

A light slender grass, a foot high. Spikelets at first ovate,
afterwards cordate, shedding the florets easily. — Pastures, South
Boston, Dorchester. — June.

Probably introduced from Europe.

4

38 CLASS III. ORDER III.

44. FESTUCA.
Festuca elatior. L. Tall Fescue grass.

Panicle drooping, spreading loosely every way,
much branched ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute :
florets cylindrical, obscurely ribbed. Sm.

Stem three or four feet high, glabrous. Leaves wide and
long, smooth, with a rough margin. Panicle large, decompound,
loose and nodding. Spikelets numerous, pedunculated, ovate-
oblong, acute. Glumes of the calyx unequal, acute, keeled,
glabrous. Florets numerous, two ranked, glabrous. — Meadows
and thickets. — June. — Perennial.

This is a very productive and useful grass.

Festuca tenella. Willd. Small Fescue grass.

Panicle spiked, very simple, secund ; spikelets
about nine flowered ; florets subulate, longer than
the bristles ; culm filiform, angular above ; leaves
setaceous.

A small and exceedingly delicate festuca. — Found in dry pas-
tures at Dorchester. — June.

§ Subgenus GrLYCEiiiA. Corolla unarmed ; nectaries collateral
connate.

Festuca fluitans. X. ' Floating Fescue grass.

Panicle slightly branched, leaning; spikelets linear,
eight to twelve flowered ; florets very obtuse, seven
nerved.

Sijn. Glyceria fluitans. R. Brown.
Poa fluitans. Smith.

A thrifty aquatic grass, found in wet meadows and the edges
of ponds and streams. Stems rooting at base, tall, rdund,
smooth. Leaves flat, smooth, the lower ones loose and floating.
Sheaths long, compressed. Panicle very long, nearly erect, with
alternate branches pressed near to the stalk. Spikelets linear,
round, upright. Calyx unequal, smooth, not very acute. Co-
rollas very obtuse. Antliers short and round. This grass thrives

CLASS III. ORDER III. 39

in inundated grounds, and is very grateful to horses and cattle. —
June, July. — Perennial,

Festuca acutiflora. Acute Fescue grass.

Panicle simple, elongated, appressed; spikelets

linear ; florets distinct, attenuated, acute, indistinctly

nerved.

Syn. Glycee-ia acutiflora. Torrey.

This grass in size and habit resembles the preceding, but the
leaves are shorter, and the glumes of the corollas are attenuated
to a sharp point, the upper valve bifid. In my specimens the
spikelets are about twelve flowered. — Ditches. — Dorchester. —
June.

45. BROMUS.
Bromus secalinus. L. Rye Brome grass.

Panicle spreading ; peduncles but little branched ;
spikelets ovate, compressed, of about ten distinct,
somewhat cylindrical florets. Sfn.

Stem erect, three feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, rough at the
edge and underneath, somewhat hairy above. Sheaths smooth.
Panicle spreading, its branches rough, unequal, mostly simple,
and one flowered. Spikelets large, flattish, nearly oval, of about
ten florets. Calyx unequal, smooth. Outer glume of the corol-
las swelling, with a rough awn inserted at the back a little be-
low the tip. — June. — Perennial.

Bromus purgans. L. Meadow Brome grass.

Panicle nodding ; spikelets lanceolate, terete, florets

hairy ; bristle straight; leaves smooth, sheaths hairy.

Three or four feet high and somewhat glaucous. — Wet grounds.
— July, August.

Bromus mollis. L. Soft Brome grass.

Panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets oblong-ovate,

somewhat compressed, pubescent ; bristle straight,

nearly as long as the corolla ; leaves softly pubescent.

40 CLASS III. ORDER III.

The leaves appear somewhat less soft and the bristle shorter
than in the European. — Fields. — June, July.

Bromus ciliatus. L. Ciliated JSrome grass.

Panicle nodding, spikelets oblong, terete, eight or
ten flowered ; glumes acute ciliate ; corolla hairy and
ciliate ; bristles short.

Spikelets rather large and strongly fringed with hairs. — "With
the foregoing there are intermediate species or varieties difficult
to separate.

46. ARUNDO.
Arundo Canadensis. Mx/ Canada reed.

Panicle oblong-lax; glumes rough, pubescent, as
long as the corolla ; corolla awned on the back ; hairs
as long as the val\res ; culm and leaves smooth, slen-
der.

Syn, Arundo Cinnoides. MuKl.

Calamagrostis Mexicana. Nutt.

Found in low grounds, two or three feet high, with the habit
of Cinna arundinacea. — August. — Perennial.

Arundo coarctata. Tor. Glaucous reed.

Panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate; calyx a
little longer than the corolla, carinate ; corolla longer
than the hairs, awned a little below the tip.

Syn. Arundo glauca. Muhl.

Four or five feet high, very slender, with a somewhat glaucous
hue. — In wet grounds. — August. — Perennial.

§ Suhgenns Psamma. Nectaries linear-lanceolate, longer than
the seed ; stigmas three.

Arundo arenaria. L. Beach reed, Beach grass.

Panicle spiked ; calyx acute ; hairs a third as long
as the corolla ; leaves involute.
Syn. Psamma arenaria. Beauv.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 41

Found on the sea beach among the drifting sand ; two or three
feet high, glaucous, with long narrow leaves and a whitish pani-
cle.— Nahant, Cape Cod. — August. — Perennial.

A coarse paper has been made from this grass.

§§ Subgenus Phragmites. Calyx from five to seven flowered.

Arundo Phragmites, L, Common reed.

Calyx containing five florets, panicle loose. L.

A native of wet situations. Culm of the height of a man,
very erect and smooth. Leaves lanceolate, long and broad, flat
and sharp pointed. Panicle erect or nodding, conspicuous for
the long, slender, shining hairs which project from the flowers,
and give the whole a bright, silvery appearance. — Found at the
edges of deep waters, particularly on the north side of Fresh
Pond, where it resembles at a distance a field of standing corn.
— Flov/ers in July and August. — Perennial.

47. PANICUM.
§ Siih genus ^'E^A.7^lIL. Flowers mostly spiked ; spihelets furnish-
ed with a hristly involucre.

Panicum GLAucuM. L. Glaucous Pauic grciss.

Spike oblong ; involucre of many bristles, rough
forward ; corolla of the fruit transversely wrinkled.
Syn. Set ARIA glauca. JR. <^ S.

PeNNISETUM GLAUCUM. Nutt.

Culm round, striated, grooved at top. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, flat, with striated sheaths and hairy stipules. Spike cylin-
drical, its pedicels mostly two flowered, with involucres often or
a dozen yellowish bristles which are rough upward. Corolla
inclosing the seed corrugated. — Cultivated and low grounds. —
July. — Annual.

Panicum verticillatum. L. Whorled Panic grass.

Spike whorled ; spikelets in fours ; involucres of
two bristles, rough backward, single flowered.

Syn. Setaria verticillata. R. <Sf S.
Pennisetum verticillatum. Nutt.
4#

42 CLASS III. ORDER III.

Culm spreading, rough near the spike. Leaves broad, rough
forward ; stipules hairy. Spike single, rather cylindrical, com-
posed of crowded spikelets arranged in whorls. The spike feels
rough when drawn downward, being in this respect the reverse
of the former species, the bristles of which are differently beard-
ed.—Cultivated grounds. — July, August. — Annual.

§§ Subgenus Echinochloa. Flowers in a compound clustered
panicle ; louder valve of the barren floret awned or acuminate.
Panicum crus galli. L. Cocksfoot Panic grass.

Racemes compound, alternate and in pairs ; their
stalk five angled ; gkiraes terminating in hispid bris-
tles.
Syn. Echinochloa crus galli. R. 6f S.

A large annual grass, two or three feet high, with broad flat
leaves. Panicle made up of compound crowded racemes, the
rachis five angled. Upper glumes terminating in awns of vari-
ous length. — A common weed in cultivated ground. — August,
September. — Annual.

§^^ Subgenus Digitaria. Flowers in digitate or fascicled
spikes, without bristles.
Panicum sanguinale. Purple Panic grass.

Spikes digitate, about four; leaves and sheaths
somewhat hairy; flowers oblong, pubescent on the
margin.
Syn. Digitaria sanguinalis. Mx.

A common weed. Culm ascending at base and rooting from
the lower joints. Leaves a little waved and hairy. Spikes
linear, radiating from the top of the culm, their rachis compres-
sed, serpentine, with spikelets of two, three, or four flowers in
its depressions. — Cultivated grounds. — July, August. — Annual.

§^^^ Subgenus Panicum. Flowers panicled, perfect florets car-
tilaginous, unarmed.

Panicum capillars. L. Hairy Panic grass.

Sheaths very hairy ; panicle capillary, branching.

CLASS III. ORDER III. ^ 43

decompound, lax ; flowers minute, all pedicelled. sol-
itary, oblong-ovate, acimiinate, awnless.

A large branching grass, the culm, leaves, and especially the
sheaths, covered with thick, rigid, horizontal hairs. Panicle
often a foot long and nearly as wide, its branches long, straight,
stiff, slender, given off at right angles, knotted at base. Pedun-
cles capillary, supporting solitary, scattered, naked flowers. —
Frequent in cornfields, &c. — July, August. — Annual.

Panicum latifolium. L. Broad-leaved Panic grass.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping; sheaths hairy
at the neck; panicle nearly simple.

Remarkable for its broad leaves. Culm a foot high, smooth,
giving out branches from its joints. Leaves rough at the edge,
acuminate, clasping, hairy where they unite with the sheaths.
Panicle small or of middling size, its branches -mostly simple,
the lower ones a little divided. Stigmas purple. — Woods.—
May, June. — Perennial.
Panicum nervosum. Muhl. Nerved Panic grass.

Leaves lanceolate, clasping; sheaths and nodes
smooth ; panicle much branched, many flowered. ,

Much taller than the preceding, with narrower leaves and a
larger panicle. — Meadows, Cambridge. — July. — Perennial.

Panicum viRGATUM. L. Reedy Panic grass.

Panicle spreading ; glumes acuminate, smooth, de-
hiscent; leaves arundinaceous.

A tall, hard, reedy grass, growing about the edges of marshes,
where its dry stems and leaves stand through the winter. Culm
three or four feet high, smooth. Leaves linear, firm, rough at
the edge. Panicle large, stiff, with remote flowers, the glumes
gaping open, and very acute. — On Cragie's road. — August.— Pe-
rennial.

Panicum discolor. Muhl. Variegated Panic grass.

Panicle spreading ; calyx roundish, larger valve
striate ; culm erect ; sheaths hairy ; lower leaves
oval.

44 CLASS III. ORDER 111.

A slender, erect, pubescent species, with a small capillary
panicle. Sheaths and sometimes the culm hairy. Leaves lan-
ceolate, the uppermost close to the panicle, the lower ones close
to the ground, very short, ovate, acute. Smallest glume often
purple. — AVet meadows, and sometimes dry grounds, varying in
pubescence. — July. — Annual.

Panicum nodiflorum. Lam. Dense Panic grass.

Panicles very small, lateral and terminal ; glumes
ovate, pubescent; leaves lanceolate; culm procum-
bent.

A procumbent species, invested with thin hairs. Leaves short
lanceolate, crowded in tufts on the ends of the branches, and
nearly concealing the small panicles. — Dry fields. — July, August.

It appears to be the P. nodiflorum of Pursh, excluding Mi-
chaux's synonym.

Panicum dichotomum. Pursh. Forked Panic grass.

Panicle simple, few flowered; glumes obovate ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, divaricate, glabrous; culm
dichotomous, procumbent.

Procumbent like the foregoing. Leaves of the culm lanceo-
late ; those of the branches much smaller, linear, and divaricated.
Panicle with few scattered flowers. — Dry fields and woods. —
July.

48. ANDROPOGON.

Andropogon nutans. L. Chesnut Beard grass.

Panicle compressed, nodding; calyx hairy; barren
flower caducous ; perfect floret with a long twisted
awn.
Syn. Andropogon avenaceus. Mx.

A tall grass with a long panicle of hairy, chesnut colored
flowers. Culm four or five feet high. Leaves rough on the
edge. Panicle slightly nodding. Calyx villous; corolla red,
with a long shining awn twisted and bent. —Borders of Dry
Woods. — August, September. — Perennial.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 45

Andropogon furcatus. Muhl. Forked JBeard grass.
Spikes digitate, about four ; barren floret awnless ;
perfect floret awn ed ; rachis hairy.

Four or five feet high, divided at top into a few diverging hairy
spikes. Rachis, pedicels of the barren flowers, and calyx of the
fertile ones, hairy. Awns twisted, slightly bent. — Dry fields. —
August, September. — Perennial.

§ Subgenus Pollinia. Barren florets awned.
Andropogon purpurascens. 3Iu1il. Broom grass.

Branches straight, appressed, each with from two
to four spikes on smooth pedicels of different lengths j
rachis ciliate.

Very common in dry barren soils, its spikes having a hairy
appearance. Culm three feet high, very slender. Branches
deeply divided into several stalks, one usually very short and
axillary, another long and slender, each bearing a small leaf.
Rachis and calyx very hairy, corolla nearly smooth, with a
twisted awn. — August, September. — Perennial.

49. HOLCUS. '
HoLCus LANATus. L. " Velvet grass.

Panicle equal ; calyx two flowered ; lower floret
perfect, awnless ; upper floret barren, with a recurved
awn included in the calyx ; root fibrous.

An exceedingly soft grass covered throughout with a whitish
downy pubescence, sometimes tinged with purple. Culm two
or three feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx glumes
mucronate. Upper floret barren, with a short awn which is
straight at first, but at length recurved. Meadows, Watertown.
— June. — Perennial.

^ Subgenus YiiE^ocn.'LO A. Calyx three flowered ; lateral ones
triandrous, barren; central one diandrous, perfect.

HoLcus ODORATus. L. ScTieca grass.

Panicle glabrous; florets ciliate, about as long as
the calvx.

46 CLASS III. ORDER III.

ST/n. HoLCUS BOEEALis. Sckrader.

HOLCUS FRAGRANS. WiU(L?
HiEROCHLOA BOREALIS. R. <^ S.

This is one of our earliest grasses, and distinguished by the
delightfully" fragrant odor it exhales while drying. Culm one or
two feet high, smooth, invested with very short, remote lanceo-
late leaves. Panicle erect, sometimes one sided, with large,
distinct, chesnut colored flowers. Calyx, two valved, acute,
scarious, containing three florets about as long as itself. Two
lateral florets barren, strongly ciliate on the inside. Middle
floret perfect, ciliate at the end. There are no awns, unless the
longest hairs be so called. — Meadows, Cambridge, Dorchester. —
May. — Perennial.

This grass agrees with H. odoratus of Europe much better
than with H.fra grans of Willdenow, if indeed the latter be any
thing more than a variety.

^§ Subgenus Torresia. Calyx three flowered, two harren
florets awned on the hack.

HoLcus ALPiNus. WaM. Alpine soft grass.

Panicle small ; calyx oblong ; florets hairy with a
geniculate awn on the back.

Syn. Hierochloa alpina. R. S^ S.

This grass I found in 1816, and, not having seen Wahlenberg's
Flora Lapponica, named it H. monticola. Its habit resembles
that of H. odoratus, but it is shorter, smaller, and more fragrant.
Calyx smooth, purplish, acute, longer than the florets. Florets
three, two outer ones obtuse, crested, slightly ciliate within,
awned on the back. Central floret perfect.— On the White
mountains of New Hampshire. — July.

50. LOLIUM.
LoLiuM PERENNE. L. Ray grass. Darnel.

Spike awnless ; spikelets compressed; longer than
the calyx. Sm.

Stem a foot or more in height, round, smooth. Leaves smooth,
with short stipules clasping the stem. The stem terminates iu

CLASS III. ORDER IIL 47

a long, smooth, flexuous rachis or receptacle, to the two sides of
which the spikelets are fixed, alternately, and at some distance
from each other. Calyx sessile, of one valve, containing a flat
ovate, acute sharp edged spikelet of close lanceolate florets. —
May, June. — ^Perennial. — Introduced, rare.

51. TRITICUM.
Triticum repens. L. Couch grass.

Calyx subulate, many nerved, five flo-^ered ; florets
sharp pointed ; leaves flat ; root creeping. Sm.

Syn. Agropye-On repens. Beauv.

This grass has a long, creeping root, penetrating deeply into
the earth, and very tenacious of life, which renders it a trouble-
some weed in cultivated grounds. Stem about two feet high.
Leaves spreading, flat, rough on the edge and upper surface.
Stem ending in a flexuous receptacle, bearing two rows of alter-
nate, sessile spikelets, more numerous and crowded, than in Lo-
lium perenne. Glumes all lanceolate, subulate, and acuminate.
— Flowers all summer. — Perennial.

52. ELYMUS.
Elymus Virginicus L, Lyme grass.

Spike erect; involucres striated, four or six leaved;
spikelets two or three together, each containing two
or three flowers, mostly smooth.

The large erect spikes of this grass resemble at a distance
heads of barley. The stem is round and smooth. Leaves
smooth, somewhat rough on the margin. The stem ends in a
compressed, flexuous, toothed receptacle ; each tooth supporting
an involucre of four or six striated, rough, lanceolate glumes,
ending in short awns. Each involucre contains two or three
flowers. Calyx lanceolate with a straight terminal awn. —
Marshes. — July. — Perennial.

Elymus striatus. Willd. Striated Lyme grass.

Spike erect ; involucre four leaved, nerved ; spike-
lets two together, each one or two flowered, hispid.

48 CLASS III. ORDER III.

Much smaller and more slender than the preceding, in its as-
pect resembling small spikes of rye. Leaves and sheaths vari-
able from smooth to pubescent. Involucre four leaved, deeply
nerved, two flowered, one floret commonly abortive. Awns
three or four times as long as the corolla. — Woods. — July. —
Perennial.

^ Subgenus Gymnosticum. Involucre uncertain, spikelets di-
varicate.

Elymus hystrix. L. Hedgeliog grass.

Spikes erect ; involucre of four bristles or callosi-
ties ; spikelets in pairs, divergent, at length divari-
cate.

Syn. AsPRELLA Hystrix, Cavan.

Gymnostichum Hystrix. Schreb.

This singular grass is known at sight by its pairs of diverging
spikelets placed almost at right angles with the rachis. It differs
from the genus Elymus, in the apparent absence of the invo-
lucre. The lower pairs of spikelets, however, have commonly
a short setaceous involucre of four bristles springing from the
same number of callosities at base. Upwards, the bristles dimin-
ish in size and number, leaving only the callosities in their
place. Spikelets in pairs, widely divergent, three flowered.
Awn three or four times as long as the corolla. — Woods. — July

By an oversight, the late Dr. Muhlenberg has called the spike-
lets six to nine flowered.

We have two varieties.

a. Three or four feet highj sheaths smooth, spikelets about
twenty, pubescent.

^. One or two feet high, sheaths rough, spikelets about ten
glabrous,

53. HORDEUM.
HoRDEUM JUBATUM. Ait. Squivvel tail gvass.

Lateral florets abortive, their awns many times
shortest, involucres setaceousj six times as long as
the flower.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 49

This grass is remarkable for the length and fineness of its
awns, which give to its spikes a hairy appearance. Stems slen-
der, smooth, and round, two feet high. Leaves rather short,
rough on the back and edge. Sheaths smooth. Receptacle com-
pressed, ciliate on the edges, jointed, breaking at the joints as
the plant dries. Flowers two ranked, one at each joint or tooth
of the receptacle. Each perfect floret is surrounded at its base
by an involucre of six long capillary awns, two of which are
distinct; the other four unite in pairs a short way from their
insertion, each pair with a minute, abortive floret in its fork.
Outer glume of the calyx lanceolate, ending in an awn six times
its length, and equalling those of the involucre. — Marshes.—-
June.

TRIGYNIA.

54. LECHEA.
Lechea major. L. Large Pin weed.

Hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, flowers in fasci-
cled racemes, unilateral, on short stalks.

An upright hairy plant, found upon rocks, dry hills, and sandy
fields exposed to the sun. Stem from one to two feet high, stiff",
brittle, purple, covered with hair. Leaves nearly oval, reflexed
at qie margin, downy, whitish underneath. Flowers small.;
obscure, crowded upon the ends and sides of the branches, fol-
lowed by roundish capsules of the size of a large pin head.—
July, August.

Lechea minor. L. Small Pin weed.

Smoothish, leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle

leafy, its branches elongated, flowering on all sides.

Grows with the last in dry sterile situations, and is about half
its size, its branches finer and more spreading. Leaves narrow,
revolute at the margin. Branches numerous, mostly simple.
Flowers minute, in small lateral and terminal racemes. Cap-
sules round, not larger than mustard seed. — July, August.

Lechea racemulosa. Mx. Clustered Pin weed.

Covered with close hair ; leaves linear, acute, cili-

50 CLASS III. ORDER III.

ate; panicle slender, pyramidal; flowers alternatCj

pedicelled.

About the size of the last, but more hairy, and its clusters
more naked. — Dry fields. — July, August.

55. MOLLUGO.
MoLLUGO VERTiciLLATA. L. Carpet weed.

Leaves whorled, wedge-form, acute; stem subdi-
vided, decumbent ; peduncles one flowered, h.

A small, flat, spreading plant common in cultivated ground.
Stems prostrate, jointed, simple, or compound, giving off at each
joint a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves, and a few
small flowers on simple footstalks. — Flowers at midsummer and
after. — Annual.

56. PROSERPINACA.

ProserpinAca palustris. Ij. Spear leaved Proserpinaca.

Lower leaves subpinatifid or cut-serrate ; the rest
linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Mich.

An aquatic, remarkable for its very hard, triangular, axillary
fruit. The leaves stand alternately on the stem, are narrow,
pointed, with very acute serratures. When the plant grows in
the water, its immersed leaves are cut into linear segments.
Flowers two or three in the axil of each leaf. Nut bony, three
sided, three celled. — Found in meadows and ponds. — June, July.

Proserpinaca pectinata. Lam. Fine leaved Proserpinaca.
Leaves all pectinate.

This is a smaller species than the foregoing, and by some is
thought a variety. Leaves all pinnatifid, with linear segments.
Angles of the fruit somewhat obtuse. — Gathered in low grounds
at Plymouth by Mr. Tuckerman. — July, August.

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 51

Class lY. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

57. Cephalanthus. Proper calyx superior, funnel
form ; common receptacle globular ; seed one, downy.

58. Plantago. Calyx four cleft; corolla four cleft,
inferior, with a reflected border ; stamens very long ;
capsule two celled, opening transversely.

59. Centaurella. Calyx four parted ; corolla four
parted, somewhat bell shaped ; capsule invested with
the permanent corolla and calyx, one celled, two
valved.

60. MiTCHELLA. Corolla monopetalous, superior,
two on each germ ; stigmas four ; berry bifid, four
seeded.

61. HousTONiA. Corolla monopetalous ; calyx four
toothed ; capsule two celled, two valved.

62. Ammannta. Calyx inferior, tubular, eight tooth-
ed ; capsule four celled.

63. Galium. Corolla flat, superior ; seeds two.

64. CoENus. Calyx four toothed ; corolla four pe-
talled, superior ; drupe with a two celled nut.

65. IcTODEs. Spathe one leaved ; spadix oval,
covered with flowers ; calyx wedge shaped ; seeds
numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix.

66. LuDwiGiA. Calyx four parted, superior ; petals
four ; capsule quadrangular, four celled.

67. IsNARDiA. Calyx campanulate, four cleft, per-
manent ; corolla none ; capsule four celled.

68. SwERTiA. Calyx flat, four or five parted ; co-
rolla four parted, segments spreading with two nec-
tariferous, ciliate pores at the base of each. •

52 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

69. Alchemilla. Calyx persistent, eight cleft, the
alternate segments smaller. Corolla none. Style
from the base of the germ.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

70. Hamamelis. Involucre three leaved ; proper
calyx four leaved ; petals four ; nut two celled, with
two horns.

71. Sanguisorba. Calyx two leaved, inferior; co-
rolla flat, four cleft, superior ; capsule four cornered.

Order IV. TETRAGYNIA.

72. Ilex. Calyx four toothed ; corolla monopeta-
lous ; styles none; berry four seeded.

73. Sagina. Calyx four leaved ; petals four ; cap-
sule four celled, four valved, many seeded.

74. Potamogeton. Calyx none; corolla four pe-
talled ; seeds four, sessile.

75. RuppiA. Calyx none; corolla none; seeds four,
pedicelled.

TETRANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.

57. CEPHALANTHUS.
Cephalanthus occidentalis. L. Button husJi.

Leaves opposite or in threes. L.

Button bush or river bush is a frequent ornament of the water
side, its insulated thickets furnishing a safe retreat for the nests
of the black bird (Icterus phoeniceus.) The shrub rises five or
six feet out of the water, its leaves are tough, spreading, pointed,
and entire. In the month of July it puts forth its spherical
heads of flowers, which at a distance appear not unlike the balls
of the plane tree. Receptacle globular, of the size of a large
pea, covered with whitish funnel shaped flowers. The long pro-

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 53

jecting styles give to the whole a bristly aspect. The appear-
ance of this shrub on elevated ground, often indicates the pre-
sence of springs of water.

58. PLANTAGO.
Plantago major. L. Large Plantain,

Leaves ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed with
rather long footstalks ; scape round ; flowers imbri-
cated ; seeds numerous. Sm.

This vegetable, which grows at every one's door, and not the
less for being trampled under foot, is in considerable repute
among many people as a refrigerant external application. Leaves
spreading on the ground, on channelled footstalks containing
strong fibres, like others of the genus, which draw out when the
stalks are broken. Spikes very long and close. As in others of
the kind, the flowering commences at bottom and proceeds very
gradually toward the top. — Flowers most of the summer. —
Perennial.

Plantago lanckolata. L. Ribwort or field Plantain.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end : spike
ovate, naked ; scape angular. >S'm.

Distinguished from the last by its narrow leaves, short spikes,
and furrowed stalk. The leaves are lanceolate, acute, entire,
and strongly ribbed. Stalk upright, deeply channelled. Spike
dark colored, ovate, with a circle of projecting, whitish sta-
mens.— Pastures and road sides. — From May to October. —
Perennial.

Plantago maritima. L. Sea Plantain.

Leaves linear, mostly entire, channelled, woolly at
the base ; spike cylindrical, scape round. Sm.

Found on salt marshes and known by its leaves, which are
fleshy, linear-subulate, and hollowed out on their inner side.
Spike cylindrical, of short or moderate length, — Flowers in July
and August. — Perennial.

5^

54 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

59. CENTAURELLA.
Centaurella paniculata. Mich. Late Ccntaurella.

Stem branching above ; branches subdivided ; pan-
icle erect, many flowered ; segments of the corolla
oval ; style much shorter than the germ. Mich. A

Syn. Bartonia paniculata. Miihl.

A slender, upright plant, found in meadows, flowering about
August. Stem square, often twisted. Leaves opposite, minute,
subulate, resembling scales. Flowers small, white, on the ends
of the branches, which are erect and simple or compound.

60. MITCHELLA.

MiTCHELLA REPENS. L, CJiequev berry.

A handsome little creeping plant, the only species of its genus.
It is found in woods about the roots of trees, creeping in the de-
cayed leaves. Stems furnished with opposite, round, or heart
shaped, smooth, petioled leaves, about the size of the finger nail.
Corollas purplish white, funnel form, foar cleft, hairy within,
bearing the stamens in their sinuses. The two calyxes and
corollas stand on a common germ, so that two apparent flowers
produce only one berry. The blossoms are exceedingly fragrant,
and the leaves sometimes variegated. — June, July. — Perennial.

61. HOUSTONIA.

HousTONiA ccERULEA. L. Bluisli Housfoiiia.

Root leaves ovate ; stem compound ; first pedun-
cles two flowered. L.

Common among the grass in moist ground, flowering in May
and afterward. The stems are slender, repeatedly forked, the
divisions supporting single flowers. The root leaves are spatu-
late or oval, tapering into footstalks ; those of the stem opposite,
situated at the forks and elsewhere, lance-oval, the upper ones
sessile. Flowers smaller than violets, with which they grow.
Segments of the calyx erect, . pointed. Corolla bluish white,
yellow at the centre, consisting of a slender tube with four ovate,
acute, spreading segments. Anthers inserted at the mouth of
the tube. — Style exserted, stigma bifid. — Perennial.

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 55

HousTONiA LQNGiFOLiA. WUld. Long leaved Houstonia.
Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at each end ; flowers
corymbed. WUld.

Found in dry soils at Blue hills and elsewhere, not commonly
exceeding four or five inches in height. Stem erect, six sided,
branching toward the top. Leaves smooth, opposite, lanceolate,
somewhat obtuse. Flowers purplish, in a terminal corymb. —
Calyx segments, oblong, acute; corolla funnel shaped, divided
into four acute spreading segments, pale striped with purple in-
side ; stamens inserted in the tube ; style as long as the corolla,
stigma two cleft. — Blue hills, Milton. — June, July. — Perennial.

62. AMMANNIA.
Ammannia humilis. Lolo Ammannia.

Stem procumbent, leaves lanceolate narrowed to a
petiole, flowers solitary opposite sessile.

Stem ascending, leaves oblong lanceolate, rather obtuse, acute
at base, and nearly sessile. Flowers small, red, closely sessile
in the axils. In wet meadows and on the muddy banks of
rivers. — August, September. — Perennial.

63. GALIUM.
Galium asprellum. 3Iich. Pointed Cleavers or Clivers.
Stem decumbent, rough backward ; leaves in sixes,
oval-lanceolate with a flaccid point; flowers on very
short pedicels ; frnit smooth. Mich. abr.

Found in thickets and low grounds. Stem weak, supported
by plants around it, like many others of the genus; rough with
minute refiexed prickles, as are also the ribs and margins of the
leaves. Leaves in whorls of six, lanceolate, with a slender, sca-
rious, curved point. Flowers white. Fruit smooth, very mi-
nute.— June, July. — Perennial.

Galium septentrionale. R. Sf S. Northern Galium.
Stem erect, smooth ; leaves in fours linear-lanceo-
late, acute, with the margin and midrib rough ; pani-
cle terminal ; fruit hispid.

56 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

Syn. Galium bokeale. Pursh.

The stem of this species is erect, square, and perfectly smooth.
Leaves narrow lanceohue, acute, the margin rough and often
revolute. Flowers numerous, white, in a terminal panicle with
trichotomous hranches. Fruit covered with minute bristles. —
AVoods. — July, August. — Perennial.

It approaches very near to G. boreale of Europe, and may per-
haps be a variety. But on comparing it with specimens from
England and Germany, I find it constantly differs in the smooth-
ness of its stem, and its narrower, longer, and more acute
leaves.

Galium tinctorium. L. Dyers Cleavers.

Leaves linear, those of the stem in sixes, of the
branches in fours; stem flaccid; peduticles two
flowered; fruit smooth. L.

A weak, branching plant, rough with reflexed prickles. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, whorled, the larger ones in sixes, smaller
ones in fours. Peduncles very small, supporting minute white
flowers, which are succeeded by smooth fruit. ^—Thickets and
low ground. — June, July. — Perennial.

According to Kalm the roots dye a permanent red.

*Galium obtusum. Obtuse Galium.

G. caule Icevi, procitmbente ; foliis quaternis^ ohlance-
olaiis, oblusis, margine nervoqiie asprellis fructu Icevi.

Stem smooth, procumbent ; leaves in fours, oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, rough on the edge and midrib ; fruit
smooth.

Stem slender, diffuse, much branched, quadrangular, entirely
smooth. Leaves universally in fours, linear-lanceolate, very
obtuse, a little rough at the midrib and margin. Peduncles
slender, three flowered. Petals acute, white. Fruit globular,
smooth. — On the banks of Muddy brook, Roxbury. — July. —
Perennial.

I should not have added another species to this numerous
genus, but I find no character applying to this in the extensive

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 57

list of Rcemer, and Schultes. It is a larger and more open
plant than G. tinctorium.

Galium verum. L. Yellow JBedstraw.

Leaves eight in a whorl, channelled, entire, rough;

flowers in dense panicles ; fruit smooth. JSm.

Grows at Roxbury in dry, open pastures. Stem upright,
slender, pubescent. Leaves linear, rough, with the edges rolled
back, pointing downward. Branches opposite, unequal, leafy,
many flowered. Flowers small, yellow, followed by minute
smooth fruit. — June, July. — Perennial.

Probably introduced from Europe.

Galium circ^zans. Mx. Cross Cleavers.

Stems erect ; leaves in fours, oval, ciliate ; pedun-
cles divaricate, few flowered ; fruit bristly.
Syn, Galium brachiatum. Muhl. nee Pursh.

Found in woods. Stem upright, smooth, minutely pubescent.
Leaves an inch, or an inch and a half long, and more than half
as broad, three nerved, hairy at the margin and nerves. Branches
few, near the top, opposite, few flowered. Peduncles nearly sim-
ple, bent in various directions, making angles at every flower,
and giving off at the same time a minute leaf. Fruit a little burr
with its short footstalk reflected, as in Circeea, with uncinate
bristles. — June, July. — Perennial.

*Galium Torreyi. Acuminate Galium.

G. caiile erecto ; foliis qiiaternis lanceolatis acumin"

atis ; pedunculis paucifloris ; fructu hispido.

Stem erect ; leaves in fours, lanceolate acuminate :
peduncles few flowered ; fruit hispid.
Syn. Galium ciRCiEZANs var, lanceolatum, Torrey. N. Y. Cat.

This species is a congener of the preceding, and closely re-
sembles it in its mode of flowering and fruit. Its leaves, how-
ever, are narrower, twice as long, and attenuated to a long
point, giving it a very different aspect. It is generally less
ciliatg. From G. septeutrionale it diflers in its leaves beinS

58 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

lanceolate, not linear, and three or four times as large. The
fruit also is scattered, and nearly sessile on virgaled stalks, not
forming a thick panicle as in that species. — Woods. — June, July.
— Perennial.

This plant and the preceding are sometimes called Liquorice
by the country people.
Galium trifidum. Willd. Small Cleavers.

Stems procumbent, rongh backward; leaves of the
stem in fives, of the branches in fours, linear, ob-
tuse, rough on the edge; flowers mostly trifid : fruit
smooth.
Syn. Galium Claytoni. Mx.

This is our smallest species, and its corollas have frequently
but three segments. It agrees sufficiently well with the Euro-
pean plant figured by Oeder, though some have separated it. —
Wet grounds. — July.

Galium triflorum. Mx. Three Jloioered Cleavers.

Stems procumbent, smoothish ; leaves in sixes,
obovate-lanceolate, smooth, scarcely ciliate ; branches
elongated, three flowered; flowers pedicelled, fruit
hispid.

A well marked species with rather large leaves and small
flowers. The fruit forms a sort of umbel of three rays. — Woods,
Chelsea beach island. — July. — Perennial.
Galium Aparine. L. Common Cleavers.

Leaves in eights, lanceolate, carinate, rough, prick-
ly backwards; stem flaccid; fruit bristly. Sm.

Stem brittle, weak, much branched, prickly backward, leaning
upon other plants for support. Leaves in whorls of about eight
together, lance-obovate, their margin and keel rough backward.
Flowers numerous, small, white, on axillary and terminal pedun-
cles. Fruit hispid. — In moist thickets. — May, June. — Annual.

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 59

64. CORNUS.

^ Subgenus ■■ . Flowers umhelled, with a four leaved

involucre.

•^CoRNus Canadensis. L. Dwarf Cornel.

Herbaceous ; upper leaves in whorls, slightly peti-
oled, veined. Willd.

A handsome plant of half a foot in height. Root creeping,
stem simple, ascending, surmounted at top with a single whorl
of six oval leaves, two of which are lower and larger. The una-
bel of flowers is surrounded by a large white involucre of four
leaves, which at first sight is taken for the petals of a simple
flower. The berries or drupes are globular and red. Among the
fertile stems are found a multitude of barren ones, supporting
whorls of four leaves. — Woods, Brookline, Cambridge. — May,
June. — Perennial.y

CoRNus Florida. Dogwood tree.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxviii.

Arboreous, flowers in heads, surrounded by an in-
volucre of obovate leaves with recurved points.

A conspicuous and very ornamental tree, covered • early in
June with a profusion of large white flowers. It is below the
middle size, is of slow growth, and possesses a very compact wood,
covered with a rough broken bark. The branches are smooth,
covered with a reddish bark, marked with rings at the place of
the former leaves. The leaves, which are small at the flowering
time, are opposite, petioled, oval acute, entire, nearly smooth,
paler beneath, and marked as in others of the genus with strong
parallel veins. The flowers, which are very small, grow in
heads or sessile umbels, upon peduncles an inch or more in
length. At the base of each bunch is the large spreading involu-
cre, constituting the chief beauty of the tree when in flower.
This involucre is composed of four white, nerved, obovate leaves,
having their point turned abruptly down or up, so as to give
them an obcordate appearance. The point has frequently a red-
dish tinge. Calyx superior, somewhat bell shaped, ending in
four obtuse spreading teeth. Petals four, oblong, obtuse, reflex-

60 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

ed. Stamens, four erect, the anthers oblong, with the filaments
inserted in their middle. Style erect, shorter than the stamens,
with an obtuse stigma. The fruit is an oval drupe of a glossy-
scarlet color, containing a nucleus with two cells and two seeds.
The bark of this tree is a bitter tonic, used in medicine. — Woods,
Quincy, Dedham. — June.

§§ Subgcjius . Flowers cymed, without an involucre.

CoRNUS ALTERNiFOLiA. T Hev. Alternate leaved Cornel.
Branches warty ; leaves alternate, ovate, acute,
whitish underneath ; cymes spreading.

A small tree somewhat resembling the next species, but larger,
its leaves somewhat smaller, and arranged about the stem with-
out order. Fruit purple, smaller than in C. alba. — Swamps —
rare. — June.

CoRNus ALBA. L. Wliite berried Cornel.

Branches recurved ; leaves opposite, broad, ovate,
hoary underneath ; cymes naked, flat. VHer.

A shrub Or small tree with spreading branches, and ovate,
acuminate leaves, whitish underneath. Cymes without involu-
cres, as are the rest of this subgenus. Flowers white, succeeded
by white fruit. In rich ground it sometimes blossoms twice a
year. — Roxbury, Cambridge.
CoRNUS ciRCiNATA. V Herit. Round leaved Cornel.

Branches warty ; leaves opposite, orbicular, white-
downy underneath ; cymes naked, flattened. VIIei\
Syn. CoRNUS tomentulgsa. Mich.

An erect, slender shrub, distinguished by its spotted or warty
branches, but particularly by its large, rounded, acuminate leaves,
which are white and downy, almost woolly underneath. Cymes
terminal, flattened. Fruit bluish. — On Brighton road. — June.

CoRNus PANicuLATA. V Herit. Panided Cornel,

Branches erect, leaves opposite, ovate, hoary un-
derneath ; cymes panicled. VHer.

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 61

A more common shrub than the two last, sufficiently distin-
guishable by its smaller leaves. The cymes are numerous upon
the branches, more or less oblong, and decidedly panicled when
in fruit. Calyx very minute, so as to be hardly perceptible to
the naked eye. The berries or drupes are white, as in Cornus
alba. — Low grounds. — June, July.

65. ICTODES.

IcTODES FcETiDus, SkuTiIc Cabbage.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxiv.

Syn. Dra€Ontium fcetidum. L.

POTHOS FCETIDA. Mx.
SyMPLOCARPUS FCETIDA. Nutt.

A strong scented, repulsive plant, exceedingly meritorious of
the name it bears. The root is large and abrupt, with numerous
crowded, fleshy fibres. The spathe, which emerges from the
ground some time before the leaves, is ovate, swelling, various
in width, cucullate, spotted, and sometimes nearly covered with
dull brownish purple; the top acuminate and incurved, the edges
infolded, auriculate at base, and at length coalescing. Within
this is the oval spadix, on a short peduncle, covered with perfect
tetrandrous flowers, and of the same color with the spathe.
Calyx leaves four, fleshy, wedge shaped, truncate, the top and
edges inflected, the whole crowded so as to form a compact cov-
ering for the spadix. Stamens four, opposite the calyx leaves,
with subulate filaments equal in length to the calyx, and oblong
four celled anthers. Style four sided, tapering; stigma minute,
pubescent; germ roundish, concealed within the spadix. After
the spathe decays, the spadix continues to grow, and with it
every part of the flower except the anthers. When the fruit is
ripe, the spadix has attained many times its original dimensions,
while the calyx, filaments, and style are larger, very prominent,
and separated from each other. Within the spadix, at the base
of each style, is a round, fleshy seed, as large as a pea, white,
tinged with green and purple, invested with a separate mem-
branous coat, and with a prominent corculum situated in a de-
pression at top.

The leaves, which spring up some time after the flowers, are
6

62 CLASS IV. ORDER L

numerous, large, and crowded, oblong heart shaped, acute,
smooth, with numerous fleshy veins of a paler color. They
grow from the root on long petioles, hollowed in front, and furn-
ished with large oblong sheaths. They continue to increase in
size for a month or two after the flowering period is past, and
are conspicuous in summer in every meadow, swamp, and brook
side.

The odor depends on a volatile principle not separable by dis-
tillation. There is besides an acrid principle, which remains in
the root when dried. This plant has been found useful in asth-
ma and some other diseases, but is not safe in large quantities^

66. LUDWIGIA.
LuDWiGiA ALTERNiFOLiA. L^ CommoYi Ludwigia.

Erect, smooth ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, pale
beneath ; peduncles axillary, one flowered ; capsules
globose, four cornered, crowned with the calyx.
Syn. Ludwigia macrocarpa. Mx.

Stem erect, round, with a tough, fibrous bark. Leaves scat-
tered, on Very short petioles, lanceolate, entire, pale, and veined
underneath. Flowers on short, axillary stalks. Calyx of four-
ovate acute leaves, investing the germ at base, which is square^
with winged angles. Petals orbicular, yellow. — Shady swamps,
Cambridge. — July, August.— PerenniaL

67. ISNARDIA,

isNARDiA PALUSTRis. L. Isiiardict.

A weed swimming in ditches and streams of water, or creep-
ing on wet grounds. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate, smooth.
Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves, without beauty.
^— June. — Annual.

68. SWERTIA.

SwERTiA PusiLLAi Ph. Alpine sitertia.

Corolla rotate, twice as lorig as the calyx ; stem
simple, one flowered ; leaves oblong*

A small plant, hardly exceeding an inch in height with a blue
flower of considerable size^ having the habit of a Gentian. It

CLASS IV. ORDER I. 63

has one or two pairs of small oblong leaves. — Said by Pursh to
grow upon the White mountains.

69. ALCHEMILLA.
Alchemilla alpina. Lady^s mantle.

Leaves digitate, serrate at the end, white and silky
underneath.

Leaves five parted, the lobes or leafets serrate at the extremity,
covered underneath with a white satiny down. Stem erect,
flowers panicled, calyx silken on the outside. — On the high
mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. — Pursh. — July.

DIGYNIA.

70. HAMAMELIS.

HamameLiIs VrRGiNicA. L. JVitch hazel.

The variegated appearance of the American forest during the
months of autumn, has been repeatedly noticed by travellers.
Among the crimson and yellow hues of the falling leaves there
is no more remarkable object than the Witch hazel, in the mo-
ment of parting with its foliage, putting forth a profusion of
gaudy, yellow blossoms, and giving to November the counter-
feited appearance of spring. It is a bushy tree, sending up a
n,umber of oblique trunks, about the size of a man's arm or
larger. The leaves are oval or obovate, loosely waved or toothed
upon the margin. Flowers sessile, about three together, pro-
ceeding from a gemmaceous involucre. Calyx double, pubes-
cent, ths first of three roundish, short, bracteiform leafets ; the
second larger, of four ovate, acute, recurved segments. Petals
four, very long, linear, transversely corrugated, in the bud rolled
inward. Nectaries four scales, wedge shaped, truncate, adnate
to the claws of the petals. Filaments erect, clavate, with ad-
nate anthers opening on each side by oval, concave, vertical
valves like doors. Germs two, ovate, hairy, with divergent
styles. Capsule roundish, its lower half invested by the persist-
ent calyx with four recurved points ; its upper half naked, with
a partial fissure and two short recurved points. Nuts two,
double shelled, the outer shells growing together, bursting elas-
tically at top ; inner shells free, oblong, glossy, and blackish ;
seed or kernel oblong, the corculum very distinct and nearly as

64 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

long as the seed. — Not uncommon in damp woods. — October,
November.

The wood is white, its fibres fine and flexible. The twigs
were formerly used in the imposture of the diving, or mineral
rods, supposed to indicate the existence of precious ores.

71. SANGUISORBA.
Sanguisorba Canadensis. L. Canada Burnet.

Spikes very long, cylindrical ; stamens many times
longer than the corolla.

Stem erect, two feet high, round, smooth, striate, two or more
feet high. Leaves pinnate, the leafets oblong, unequal at base,
serrate, very obtuse. Spikes terminal, very long, with white
flowers. Calyx two leaved, minute. Corolla of four obtuse
segments. Stamens several times longer than the corolla.
Germ oval between the calyx and corolla. — On the Newburyport
turnpike, twelve miles from Boston, in wet meadows. — July. —
Perennial.

TETRANDRIA,

72. ILEX.
Ilex opaca. Ait. American Holly.

Leaves oval, evergreen, with strong spreading spi-
nous teeth ; fascicles of flowers lax, peduncles com-
pound ; calyxes rather acute, smooth \ fruit ovate.
Mich.

This tree is more interesting, from being one of the few ever-
green trees, which we possess, that are not of the coniferous
tribe. Its leaves are tough, smooth, and shining, furnished at
the edge with short, rigid, acute spines. The flowers are nu-
merous, small, of a greenish white, growing in bunches around
the branches. Berries red, falling very late. — Quincy, Cohas-
set.— June.
Ilex Canadensis. Canadian Holly.

Leaves deciduous, oval, entire or slightly toothed
at the tip ; peduncles subsolitary, one flowered ; fruit
slightly four cornered.

CLASS IV. ORDER I. - 65

A slender shrub six or seven feet high. Leaves smooth, oval,
entire, or slightly toothed, often mueronated. Flowers small,
green, on long slender peduncles. Corolla of four spreading,
acute segments. Stamens four, as long as the corolla. Germ
round, pointed in the barren flowers ; longer and bearing a four
lobed stigma in the perfect ones ; the shrub being strictly poly-
gamous. Berries deep red. — Swamps, Cambridge.— May.

73. SAGINA.
Sagina procumbens. L. Pearl wort.

Perennial ; stems procumbent, smooth ; petals very
short.

A small spreading plant, the stem branched and throwing out
roots. Leaves opposite, linear subulate, connate at base.
Peduncles axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves. Petals half
as long as the calyx, sometimes wanting. — In wet places mostly,
^July.

74. POTAMOGETON.

PoTAMOGETON NATANs. L. Floating Pond weed.

Upper leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base,
petioled, floating. Stu.

A very common species of pond weed, growing near the mud-
dy banks of deep waters. Leaves oblong, sometimes a little
hearted at base, two inches long, floating on the surface, on foot-
stalks accommodated to the depth of the water. In June the
spikes of dull flowers emerge on solitary round footstalks, sur-
rounded at base by lanceolate bractes or stipulse,

PoTAMOGETON FUJiTANS. L. Long Uaved Pond weed.
Leaves petioled, lower ones linear, very long, up-
per ones lanceolate, nerved, coriaceous.

Leaves narrower than the preceding, the immersed ones very
long and linear. — Ponds. — June.

PoTAMOGETON PERFOLTATUM. L. Perfoliate Pond loeed.

Leaves cordate-ovate, clasping, all immersed ;

spikes terminal ; flowers alternate,

6^

66 CLASS V. ORDER I.

This has no floating leaves, the flowers only appearing above
water. — July.

PoTAMOGETON LucENS. Mx. Shining Pond weed.

Leaves lanceolate, snbsessile with a thick midrib ;
spikes long, cylindrical.

A very long, large leaved species. Leaves immersed. —
Ditches, &c. — July.

PoTAMOGETON sETACEUM. WHld. Sctaceous Pond weed.

Upper leaves opposite, lanceolate, five nerved, on

short petioles ; lower ones alternate, fih form; spikes

dense, shorter than the leaves.

Very different in size from any of the preceding, the whole
plant being small and slender. — July.

PoTAMOGETON PAuciFLORUM. SlioH headed Pond weed.
Leaves sessile, linear, flat ; heads about four flow-
ered.

This species is not spiked, the flowers forming a little termi-
nal head or whorl, a few together. — July.

75. ^ RUPPIA.

RuppiA MARiTiMA. L. Sea Ruppia.

An immersed, grass like plant, of salt water ditches and ponds.
Leaves linear, all under the surface. Spike or head above
water, about four flowered. Seeds four or five on pedicels. —
South Boston, &c. — ^July.

Class V. PENTANDRIA. Five starnens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

A. Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with four naked seeds.

76. EcHiuM. Corolla irregular, bell shaped, with
the throat naked : stigma two cleft.

77. LiTHosPERMUM. Corolla infundibuliform with
the throat naked ; calyx five parted.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 67

78. Onosmodium. Calyx with five linear segments ;
corolla subcampanulate, border ventricose, half five
cleft, segments connivent, acute, throat naked ; style
much exserted.

79. Lycopsis. Corolla infundibuliform with a curv-
ed tube ; its throat closed with convex scales.

80. Cynoglossum. Corolla funnel form, the throat
closed with arched valves; seeds depressed, fixed
laterally to the style.

81. Myosotis. Corolla salver shaped, five cleft,
lobes slightly notched ; throat closed with concave
valves.

B. Flowers monopeialous, inferior ; seeds in a vessel.

82. Hydrophyllum. Corolla campanulate with five
internal, longitudinal, nectariferous stripes ; capsule
one celled, two valved.

83. Anagallis. Corolla wheel shaped ; stamens
hairy ; capsule opening transversely.

84. Lysimachia. Corolla wheel shaped ; stigma ob-
tuse ; capsule one celled, mostly ten valved.

85. Sabbatia. Tube of the corolla urceolate, bor-
der from five to twelve parted ; stigma two parted,
the divisions spiral ; anthers at length revohite.

86. HoTTONiA. Corolla hypocrateriform, stamens
inserted on the tube ; stigma globose ; capsule one
celled.

87. Menyanthes. Corolla hairy inside ; stigma
cloven, capsule one celled, two valved.

88. ViLLARSiA. Corolla rotate, the segments beard-
ed at base and inflexed at the margin ; five glands
alternate with the stamens ; capsule one celled with-
out valves.

89. Convolvulus. Corolla campanulate, plaited;

68 CLASS V. ORDER I.

Stigmas two ; capsule two or three celled ; the cells
two seeded.

90. Datura. Corolla funnel form, plaited ; calyx
tubular, deciduous ; capsule two celled, four valved.

91. Hyoscyamus. Corolla funnel form, irregular ;
stamens inclined; stigma capitate; capsule two cell-
ed, covered with a lid.

92. Verbascum. Corolla wheel shaped ; stamens
declined, bearded ; stigma simple; capsule two celled.

93. Azalea. Corolla bell, or funnel form ; stamens
inserted in the receptacle ; stigma obtuse ; capsule
five celled.

94. DiAPENsiA. Corolla hypocrateriform with a
short tube; calyx five parted, bracted at base; stigma
three lobed ; capsule three celled, three valved, many
seeded.

95. SoLANUM. Corolla wheel shaped; anthers
slightly cohering, opening by two pores at the top;
berry two celled.

C. Floivers monopetalous, superior.

96. Samolus. Corolla hypocrateriform ; stigma
capitate ; capsule one celled, five valved at top.

97. Campanula. Corolla bell shaped, closed at the
bottom by valves bearing the stamens ; stigma three
cleft ; capsule three or five celled, opening by lateral
pores.

98. Lobelia. Corolla irregular, cloven; anthers
united ; stigma capitate ; capsule two or three celled.

99. LoNicERA. Calyx five toothed; corolla long,
tubular, its border five cleft; berry distinct, three
celled, many seeded.

100. Xylosteum. Calyx five toothed; corolla fun-

CLASS V. ORDER I. 69

nel shaped ; berries two, connate at base, two celled,
many seeded.

101. DiERviLLA. Calyx oblong, five cleft; corolla
twice as long, funnel shaped, five cleft ; capsule ob-
long, four celled, many seeded.

102. Triosteum. Corolla monopetalous, five lobed,
unequal; calyx as long as the corolla; berry three
celled ; cells one seeded.

D. Flowers five peialled, superior,

103. RiBEs. Calyx bearing the corolla; style bifid;
berry many seeded.

E. Floivers five petalled, inferior.

104. Rhamnus. Calyx tubular ; petals five con-
vergent scales opposite the stamens ; berry superior.

105. Ceanothus. Calyx tubular; petals five, vault-
ed ; berry dry, three seeded.

106. Celastrus. Calyx flat; corolla five petalled,
spreading; capsule three angled, three celled; seeds
covered with a hood.

107. YiTis. Petals five, shrivelled, mostly cohering
at top ; style none ; berry five seeded.

108. Impatiens. Calyx two leaved; corolla irregu-
lar, with a hooded, spurred nectary ; anthers united ;
capsule superior, five valved, elastic.

109. YioLA. Calyx five leaved ; corolla irregular,
spurred; anthers cohering; capsule one celled, three
valved.

110. Claytonia. Calyx two valved; corolla five
petalled ; stigma three cleft ; capsule three valved,
one celled, three seeded.

F. Floivers incomplete.

111. Glaux. Calyx inferior, one leaved, five lobed,

70 CLASS V. ORDER I.

colored : capsule one celled, five valved, five seeded,
surrounded by the calyx.

112. Thesium. Calyx five cleft, bearing the sta-
mens ; corolla none ; seed one, covered.

113. QuERiA. Calyx inferior, connivent, five part-
ed ; segments oblong, hollowed at tip ; corolla none ;
capsule membranous, not opening.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

A. Corolla monopetalous.

114. Apocynum. Corolla bell shaped ; five necta-
reous filaments alternating with the stamens ; follicles
two.

115. AscLEPiAS. Corolla reflected; nectaries five,
ovate, concave, with a little horn projecting from
each ; follicles two.

116. Gentiana. Corolla tubular at the base, with-
out nectariferous pores; capsule two valved, one
celled, many seeded ; number of parts variable.

117. CuscuTA. Calyx four or five cleft; corolla
four or five cleft; capsule two celled, opening trans^
versely at the base.

B. Flowers five petalled, inferior.

118. Heuchera. Petals five, inserted on the calyx ;
capsule two celled, two beaked.

C, Flowers incomplete,

119. Salsola. Calyx five parted; corolla none;
capsule one seeded ; seed spiral.

120. Chenopodium. Calyx five parted, five cor-
nered ; corolla none ; seed one, lenticular, invested
■with the calyx.

121. Ulmus. Calyx five cleft ; corolla none ; seed
one, inclosed in a flat membranous capsule.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 71

D. TJmhelliferous. Floivcrs five petalled, superior, two seeded.

122. Hydrocotyle. Umbel simple ; involucre four
leaved ; petals entire ; fruit orbicular, compressed.

123. Sanicula. Umbels in heads ; flowers of the
centre abortive ; seeds muricate.

124. Daucus. Involucres pinnatifid ; outer florets
abortive ; fruit hispid, cohering.

125. Heracleum. General involucre deciduous;
flowers radiant ; petals notched, with the point in-
flected ; fruit elliptic, notched, compressed, striate,
with a dilated margin.

126. CoNiuM. Involucres general and partial, the
partial half wanting ; petals heart shaped, equal;
fruit ovate, gibbous, five ribbed on each side.

127. Angelica. Involucres general and partial;
petals incurved ; styles reflected ; fruit roundish,
solid, with three wings on each side.

128. LiGUsTRitJM. Involucres general and partial,
fruit oblong, five furrowed on each side, corollas
equal, petals involute, entire.

129. SiuM. Involucres general and partial, many
leaved ; petals heart shaped ; fruit nearly oval, com-
pressed, striate.

130. Uraspermum. Involucres few leaved ; central
florets barren ; fruit stipitate, oblanceolate, polished,
partly hispid.

131. Pastinaca. Involucres none ; petals involute,
entire ; fruit elhpital, compressed, flat.

132. Smyrnium. Involucres none ; petals acumi-
nate, carinate ; fruit somewhat compressed, gibbous,
striate.

133. ^THUSA. General involucre hone; partial
involucre but half; fruit roundish ovate, striate.

72 CLASS V. ORDER I.

134. SisoN. Involucres about four leaved ; umbel
of few rays unequal ; petals inflected ; fruit ovate or
oblong, striate.

135. CicuTA. Partial involucres without the gene-
ral; petals somewhat flat; fruit subovate ; grooved.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.

136. Viburnum. Calyx five parted, superior; co-
rolla five cleft ; berry one seeded.

137. Sambucus. Calyx five parted, superior ; co-
rolla five cleft ; berry three seeded.

138. Rhus. Calyx five parted, inferior; corolla
five petalled ; berry one seeded.

139. Staphylea. Calyx inferior, five parted; pe-
tals five ; capsules inflated, connate ; nuts two, glo-
bose.

140. Sarothra. Calyx five parted ; corolla five
petalled ; capsule one celled, three valved.

Order IV. TE TRA G YNIA. Four styles.

141. Parnassia. Calyx five parted; petals five;
nectaries five, cordate, crowned with globular headed
filaments ; capsule two celled, four valved.

Order V. PENTAGYNIA. Five styles.

142. Araria. Flowers umbelled, with involucres ;
calyx five toothed, superior ; corolla five petalled ;
berry five seeded.

143. LiNUM. Calyx inferior, five leaved ; petals
five ; filaments coalescing at base ; capsule ten celled,
five valved ; seeds solitary.

144. Drosera. Calyx five parted, corolla five
petalled, inferior; capsule one celled, three or five
valved, opening at top ; seeds many.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 73

145. Statice.. Calyx one leaved, entire, plaited •
petals five ; seed one, invested by the calyx.

PENTANDKIA.
3IONOGYNIA.

76. ECHIUM.

ECHIUM VULGARE. L. VipCTS BugloSS.

Stem bristly and tiiberculated ; stem leaves lanceo-
late and rough with stiff hairs ; flowers in lateral
spikes. Sm..

Stem erect, round, covered with firm bristles standing on little
protuberances. Leaves rough, covered with the same kind of
bristles. Spikes of flowers axillary, recurved, gradually straight-
ening, bearing a row of crowded purplish flowers. — Road side,
Roxbury. — June. — July. — Biennial.

77. LITHOSPERMUM.
LiTHOsPERMUM OFFICINALE. L. Common Gromwell.

Seeds smooth ; calyx nearly equal to the corolla ;
leaves lanceolate, acute, veiny.

A rough branching plant introduced from Europe. Leaves
entire, rather acute. Flowers small, yellowish, in recurved
leafy spikes. Seeds white. — Dry pastures. — June. — Perennial.

LiTHOsPERMUM ARVENSE. L. Com Gromwell.

Seeds wrinkled; calyx nearly equal to the corolla;
leaves obtuse, veinless.

Leaves rough, oblong, obtuse, with only the central vein.
Flowers white. — Dry hills, introduced. — Annual.

LiTHOsPERMUM MARiTiMUM. Sea Gromwell.

Smooth ; stems procumbent, branched ; leaves
fleshy, oval-spatulate; corolla hardly twice the length
of the calyx.

7

74 CLASS V. ORDER I.

A very smooth, spreading plant of the salt marshes. Pedun-
cles lateral. Flowers blue. Corolla subcampanulate. — Shores
of Plymouth. — July. — Mr. Ptussell.

It is considered by some a Cynoglossum.

78. ONOSMODIUM.
Onosmodium hispidum. Mx. Hairy Onosmodium.

Hispid ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, papillose ; seg-
ments of the corolla subulate.

&yn. LiTHOSPERMUM V1E.GINIANUM. L.

The whole plant is hairy, the hairs proceeding from minute,
elevated dots or prominences. Leaves two or three inches long.
Racemes leafy, nodding in flower, erect in fruit. Corolla yel-
lowish-white ; style twice as long as the corolla. Nantucket. —
Hitchcock's Catal. — August. — Perennial.

79. LYCOPSIS.
Lycopsis Virginica. L. Virginian Lycopsis.

Small, hispid ; lower leaves spatulate, upper ones
linear-oblong, entire ; racemes solitary ; flowers pe-
dunculated.

A small hairy plant, found with Krigia Virginica in dry woods
and on hills. Root leaves spatulate or obovate, those of the
stem oblong, closely sessile or half clasping. Stem erect, square,
Ui me larger ones branched. Flowers in a leafy raceme, each
one pedunculated and given off from the side of a leaf. Calyx
segments acute, slightly unequal, corolla white or purplish, the
segments rounded, the tube contracted at top and bottom, and
swelling in the middle. Stamens short, concealed in the tube.
— May, June. — Annual.

Lycopsis arvensis. L. Wild Bus- Joss.

Hispid ; leaves lanceolate, repand-toothed; racemes
double ; flowers sessile.

A very bristly plant with small blue flowers, probably intro-
duced from Europe.— Dry hills.— June, July.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 75

80. CYNOGLOSSUM.
Cynoglossum officinale. L. Common Hounds tongue.

Stamens shorter than the corolla ; leaves broad
lanceolate, downy, sessile. L.

An erect, downy plant, exhaling an unpleasant odor. Stem
about two feet high, round, hairy. Leaves covered on both sides
with a grayish down, lanceolate, entire, somewhat waved, the
lower ones petioled, upper ones sessile, clasping, inclining to an
oblong heart shape. Flowers in several racemes, which are re-
curved at the end. Calyx downy. Corolla dull purple. Seeds
furnished with small hooks serving for their dispersion. — Road
side. — Charlestown. — June. — Biennial.

Cynoglossum amplexicaule. Mx, Clasping Hounds

tongue.

Hairy; leaves oval-oblong, the upper ones clasp-
ing ; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long stalk.

A tall, erect, hairy plant, with large leaves and a small distant
corymb or panicle of handsome flowers. Calyx segments acute,
hairy. Corolla purple, hypocrateriform, with oblong, obtuse
lobes, the throat crowned. — Woods, Vermont and New Hamp-
shire.— June. — Perennial.

81. MYOSOTIS.
Myosotis arvensis. Sibth. Field Mouse ear.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy, racemes long; pe-
dicels short, spreading in fruit ; limb of the corolla
about as long as the tube.

An annual plant covered with grey pubescence, half a foot in
height. Leaves oblong, rather acute. Flowers very small,
white, on short pedicels; calyx acute; seeds smooth, shining. —
Pry hills, Chelmsford, Plymouth. — Mr. Russell.

Myosotis palustris. Pursh. Water Mouse ear.

Perennial ; seeds smooth ; calyx subovate, glabrous,
nearly as long as the tube of the corolla ; stem slightly
branched, leaves lanceolate.

76 CLASS V. ORDER I.

Syn. Myosotis scorpioides. 1st edit.

This plant is by many of our botanists considered a variety of
M. scorpioides. It is found about the edges of ditches and
streams. Stem rooting at base, ascending, mostly smooth.
Leaves scattered, broad lanceolate, sessile, nearly smooth.
Racemes terminal, rolled back at the end. Flowers pointing
one way, small, rose colored. — From June to October. — Pe-
rennial.

^ Subgenus Rochelia. Seeds echinate.
Myosostis Virginiana. L. Virginia Blouse ear.

Hairy, seeds bristled with hooks, lea-ves ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, racemes divaricate.

Syn. Rochelia Virginiana. R. 4" S.

Stem erect, farrowed, hairy, with numerous branches. Leaves
large, the lower ones petioled, lanceolate, entire, roughish, hairy.
Flowers small, in numerous short racemes. Calyx segments
oblong, subacute. Corolla white, roundish, entire, as long as the
calyx, crowned at the mouth. Seeds covered with short adher-
ing hooks or bearded points.

A weed in cultivated ground and rubbish. — July. — Annual.

82. HYDROPHYLLUM.
Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. Virginian Hydropliyllum.
Smooth ; leaves pinnatifid and pinnate, the seg-
ments oval-lanceolate, cut-serrate; fascicles conglom-
erate.

Root fleshy, fibrous, very sweet to the taste. Leaves pinnate;
leafets ovate, cut and toothed acuminate, nearly smooth, the up-
per ones running together. Petioles clasping the stem. Stem
a foot high, somewhat semi-cylindrical. Flowers in a crowded
tuft at the top. Segments of the calyx linear, pectinate with
hairs. Corolla bluish white, bell shaped, divided into five obtuse
segments, having each a triangular bivalved nectariferous cavity
running down its inside. Stamens twice as long as the corolla.
Germ covered with close, erect hairs. Style as long as the
stamens, bifid at top. — On the sides of the Ascutney mountain^
Windsor, Vermont. — June. — Perennial.

CLASS V. ORDER I. ^7

Hydrophyllum Canadense. L. Canadian Hydrophyllum,
Leaves simple, lobed, angular, flowers in crowded
fascicles.

Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about seven lobed,
cut and toothed. Flowers much as in the preceding. — Collected
in the western part of the state.

83. ANAGALLIS.

Anagallis arvensis. L. Scarlet Pimpernel.

Leaves ovate, dotted beneath ; stem procumbent.

A humble but very delicate flower. Stem square, procum-
bent. Leaves ovate, covered on the under side with purple dots.
Flowers on axillary footstalks, bright scarlet. Capsule spherical,
bursting crosswise, a character at any time ascertained by press-
ing it. In England it has received the name of "Poor man's
weather glass," from the circumstance that the flowers close in
bad weather, being very sensible to changes of the air. — Com-
mon at South Boston. — June and after. — Annual.

84. LYSIMACHIA.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora. L. Tufted Loosestrife.

Racemes lateral, pedunculated.

Syn. Lysimachia capitata. Piirsh.

Stem simple, smooth. Leaves sessile, opposite, lanceolate,
acute, somewhat revolute at the edges, paler and somew^hat
downy beneath. Flowers small yellow in short rounded racemes
or heads supported by axillary peduncles. The American plant
does not appear to me to differ from the European. The seg-
ments of the corolla and stamens often vary to'six and seven, as
in the European. — Swamps. — June. — Perennial.

^ Subgenus Seleucia. Capsule Jive valved, intermediate barren
filaments five.

Lysimachia ciliata. L. Heart leaved Loosestrife.

Leaves opposite, heart-oval, petioles ciliated, flow-
ers chiefly in pairs, drooping.

7#

78 CLASS V. ORDER I.

This Lysimachia is distinguishable from the subsequent spe-
cies by its broader leaves obtuse at base, and its larger flowers.
It rises fron:i one to two feet in height, gives off opposite, oblong,
pointed leaves somewhat heart shaped at base. The upper pairs,
which have flowers in their axils, are so near together, as to ap-
pear quarternate. Petioles fringed with hairs extending round
the stem. Flowers in pairs, crossing so near as to appear
whorled in fours, yellow. Calyx acute ; segments of the corolla
ovate, toothed and mucronated, covered with minute glands at
base. Anthers sagittate, obtuse; filaments shorter than the
anthers, inserted in a glandular ring at the base of the corolla,
with five intermediate, subulate, filamentous bodies covered with
glandular pubescence. Germ globose, style straight, stigma
simple. Capsule five valved.— Grows on Chelsea beach island.
— June, July. — Perennial.

Lysimachia hybrida. Mich. Hybrid Loosestrife.

Leaves opposite, petioled. lanceolate, acute at base ]
flowers drooping.

A more common species than the last, which it resembles.
Stem erect, with opposite branches. Leaves of the stem long,
reflexed, narrow, tapering at both ends. Petioles ciliate as in
the former species, the row of hairs extending round the stem.
The flowers in every respect resemble those of the preceding
species, and indeed I can observe no permanent difference except
in the form of the leaves, which are narrow and lanceolate. —
Orows among the grass in wet meadows, Roxbury, flowering in
July.

^^ Subgenus Cassandra. Capsule five valved, verrucose ; sta-
mens monadelphous, two long and three sliort.

Lysimachia quadrifolia. L. Four leaved Loosestrife,
Leaves in fours, nearly sessile, peduncles in fours,
one flowered. L.

A plant of singular regularity, having its long simple stem
surrounded by whorls of four oval-lanceolate leaves, with the
same number of yellow flowers on capillary footstalks in their
axils. Calyx segments acute, half as long as the corolla. Seg-

CLASS V. ORDER 1. 79

HQfints of the eorolla entire, acute, spotted at base. Stamens un-
equal, two long and three short, united at base, and covered with
glandular hairs. G-erm globose, dotted. Style straight. Cap-
sule spherical, five valved, punctate with black warts. — Some-
times the number of flowers and leaves in a whorl varies to
three or five. — Common in various soils. — June.

Lysimachia stricta. Ait. Upright Loosestrife.

Racemes terminal; petals lanceolate, spreading;
leaves lanceolate, sessile. Ait.

Syn, Lysimachia racemosa. Lam. Mich.
Lysimachia btjlbifera. Curtis.

A very elegant species, its long, upright raceme appearing
like a hollow cylinder of flowers. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves
glabrous, dotted acute. Raceme often half a foot in length.
Tlowers on horizontal, capillary footstalks an inch in length.
Calyx acute. Segments of the corolla lanceolate, yellow, black
at base. Filaments pubescent, monadelphous, three short and
two long; anthers sagittate. Germ globose, style ascending,
longer than the stamens ; capsule five valved. This species pro-
duces stem bulbs in the axils of the leaves. — Wet grounds. —
July. — Perennial.

85. SABBATIA.

.Sabbatia CHLrOROiDES. PH. Scihhatia.

Slender, leaves lanceolate, erect ; branches few,
one flowered ; flowers ten or twelve parted, calyx
segments linear, shorter than the corolla.

Syn. -Chlora dodecande.a. L.
Chironia chloroides. Mx.
Stem a foot or more in height, erect, smooth, four angled, with
opposite branches, the branches often higher than the stem and
dichotomous. Leaves opposite, short, smooth, clasping, lanceo-
late, entire, erect. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles.
Calyx divided into about twelve linear segments. Corolla much
larger than the calyx, divided to the base into about ten seg-
ments, which are oblong, obtuse, red, with a large yellow spot
at base, edged with brown. Stamens about twelve, anthers yel-

80 CLASS V. ORDER I.

low, oblong-linear, rolled up at the tip as they grow old. Germ
oval, style declined, stigmas two, linear, as long as the style,
slightly twisted. The parts of the flower are very variable in
number. — Plymouth, wet ground. — June. — Biennial.?

86. HOTTONIA.
HoTTONiA iNFLATA. Ell. Inflated Hottonia.

Leaves pinnatilidj peduncles inflated, jointed, many
flowered.

Stem immersed, round, fragile, sending out roots. Leaves in
a whorl at or near the surface of the water, pinnatifid with linear
segments. The peduncles which constitute the most conspicu-
ous part of the plant grow several together in a sort of umbel.
They are from half a foot to a foot long, pubescent, jointed, and
inflated between the joints to nearly the size of the little finger.
Within they are smooth and empty. Flowers in numerous
whorls with short stalks, and linear, obtuse bractes exceeding
them in length. Calyx segments linear, obtuse, persistent. Co-
rolla white, very small, hypocraterilbrm, the tube a little swell-
ing, the segments obtuse or slightly emarginate. Stamens very
short, converging, inserted in the tube of the corolla opposite
the segments. Anthers roundish, two lobed. Germ subglobu-
lar ; style short, erect; stigma globose. Capsule one celled, five
valved. Receptacle globular. Seeds minute oval, shining, red,
with a blackish tip. — Grows in ditches at Milton and Dorches-
ter.— June. — Perennial.

87. MENYANTHES.
Menyanthes TRiroLiATA. L. Buck Bean.

American Medical Botany, PL xlvi.

Leaves ternate. L.

The root of this plant penetrates horizontally in the bog earth
to a great distance. It is regularly intersected with joints at the
distance of about half an inch from each other, these joints being
formed by the breaking off" of the old petioles and their sheaths.
The leaves proceed from the end of the root on long stalks,
furnished with broad sheathing, stipules at base. They are tri-
foliate, nearly oval, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, and slightly

CLASS V. ORDER I. gX

repand, or furnished with minute irregularities at the edge, which
hardly prevent them from being entire. Scape round, ascend-
ing, smooth, bearing a conical raceme of flowers. Peduncles
straight, scattered, supported by ovate, concave bractes. Calyx
erect, subcampanulate, five parted, persistent. Corolla funnel
shaped, tube short, border five cleft, spreading and at length
revolute, clothed on the upper part with a coating of dense,
fleshy, obtuse fibres. The color in the American variety is gen-
erally white, with a tinge of red, particularly on the outside.
Stamens five, shorter than the corollary, and alternate with its
segments ; anthers, oblong arrow-shaped. Germ ovate ; style
cylindrical, persistent, as long as the corolla; stigma bifid, com-
pressed. Capsule ovate, two valved, one celled. Seeds nu-
merous, minute, attached to two lateral receptacles. — Margins
of ponds and brooks, Cambridge. — May. — Perennial.

88. VILLARSIA.

ViLLARSiA LACUNOSA. Vent. Commofi Villarsia.

Leaves heart shaped, angular behind, entire, pitted

beneath ; umbels on the petioles ; corollas glabrous.

Syn. Villarsia aquatica. Gmel,

Menyanthes trachysperma. Mich.

An aquatic with small floating leaves. The petioles are very
slender and flexible. Leaves one or two inches in diameter,
heart shaped, the lobes somewhat angular, like those of Nym-
phaea odorata ; entire, smooth, dotted underneath. Flowers small,
white in umbels growing on the side of the petiole, about half an
inch below the leaf. The umbel is generally immersed in the
water, but one or more flowers rise above the surface, and
expand each day. Calyx in five lanceolate acute segments.
Corolla five parted, emarginate and curled upon the margin.
Anthers inserted at the divisions of the corolla, separated by
small glandular bodies upon pedicels, which appear like stamens
and may occasion a mistake in the class. Germ oval. Style
short, erect. At the place of the umbel is frequently a knot of
solid, oblong, acute bodies, resembling stem bulbs, and tending
downward. — Fresh pond. — July.

This species appears somewhat different from V. cordata and
V. trachysperma of Elliott,

82 CLASS V. ORDER I.

89. CONVOLVULUS.
Convolvulus sepium. L. Large Bindweed,

Leaves arrow shaped with the posterior lobes trun-
cated; peduncles square, one flowered ; bractes heart
shaped, close to the flower. Stu.
Syn. Caltstegia sepium. Pursh.

The American variety of Convolvulus sepium is one of the
finest of the genus. It climbs about fences and bushes in low
ground, its large red and white blossoms expanding in June and
July. Stem twining, a little angular, smooth. Leaves large,
arrow shaped, the hinder lobes cut off, particularly in the upper
leaves. Flower stalks square, axillary, bearing a pair of heart
shaped bractes so close to the flower as to appear like its calyx. —
Perennial.

Convolvulus arvensis. L. Small Bindweed.

Leaves arrow shaped, the lobes acute; ilowers
generally solitary; bractes minute, remote from the
flower. Sni.

Not more than half the size of the last. Stems numerous,
twining. Leaves arrow or halbert shaped, with acute lobes.
Peduncles angular, with a pair of very small acute bractes aboiit
their middle. Flowers nearly white. — Dorchester. — June.

Convolvulus stans. Mx. Doumy Bindweed.

Erect, downy ; leaves oblong lanceolate, hearted,
acuminate ; peduncles elongated, one flowered ; brac-
tes ovate, acute; segments of the calyx lanceolate;
stem flowering below.
Syn. Caltstegia tomentosa. Pursh,

About half a foot high with leafy branches, never twining.
From the lower part of the stem proceeds a long peduncle,
(sometimes two,) bearing a large white flower. — In dry woods^
Fryebur^, Maine. — July.

CLASS V. ORDER I. §3

90. DATURA.
Datura stramonium. L. Thorn Apple.

American Medical Botany, PI. i.

Capsules thorny, erect, ovate ; leaves ovate, angu-
lar, smooth.

Stem erect, simple at bottom, much branched at top by re-
peated forks, smooth or slightly pubescent, hollow in the large
plants, often solid in small ones. Leaves given off from the
forks of the stem, five or six inches long, acute, irregularly
sinuated and toothed, with large acute teeth and round sinuses,
the sides of the base extending unequally down the petiole.
Flowers single, axillary, on short stalks, erect or nodding.
Calyx composed of one leaf, tubular, with five angles, and five
teeth, deciduous by breaking off from its base. Corolla funnel
shaped with a long tube, five angled, its margin waved and
folded, and terminating in five acuminate teeth. Stamens grow-
ing to the tube by their filaments, with oblong, erect anthers.
Germ superior, hairy with the rudiments of spines, ovate ; style
as long as the stamens; stigma obtuse, parted at base. Capsule
as large as a small hen's egg, ovate, fleshy, covered with thorns,
four valved, four celled, opening at top. Seeds numerous, reni-
form, black, attached to a longitudinal receptacle, which occupies
the centre of each cell. — Among rubbish. — August, September. —
Annual.

A variety much more common than the last, and considerably
larger in size, has a uniformly hollow stem, purple, covered
with light dots ; the flowers light purple or blue, striped on the
inside. It answers in every respect to the description of Datura
tatuJa^ as laid down in botanical books. I incline to think the
two species should be incorporated into one, if there are no bet-
ter discriminating marks than those usually laid down. The
dots in the purple cuticle of the American plant do not appear
to result from warts, or any inequalities in its structure, but
simply from the variation of color. The sensible qualities of the
two varieties are the same.

The poisonous properties of this plant, as well as its applica-
tion to medicine, are well known. As a remedy in asthma it
has acquired great reputation.

84 CLASS V. ORDER I.

91. HYOSCYAMUS.

Hyoscyamus NIGER. Henbane.

American Medical Botany, PI. xvii.

Lower leaves sinuated and clasping; flowers ses-
sile.

Of the natural order of hiridcB like the last, equally poisonous,
and of no less utility in medicine. The whole herb has a glau-
cous or sea-green color, is hairy and viscid, and emits a rank,
oflfensive smell. The stalk is one or two feet high, round branch-
ing and rigid. The first leaves spread upon the ground, and have
some resemblance to a young thistle. They are large, oblong,
frequently contorted, clasping, cut into acute lobes, and pointed ;
the upper ones generally entire.

The flowers form a revolute, one sided spike at the end of the
stem or branch, leaving, as they fall off, a straight row of cap-
sules. The calyx has five short acute segments. The corolla
is funnel shaped, irregular, with five spreading, obtuse segments,
of a pale yellow or straw color, with a beautiful net work of
purple veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, with
large oblong anthers. Style slender, longer than the stamens,
declined with an obtuse stigma. Capsule two celled, roundish,
covered with a lid, and invested with the persistent calyx, the
segments of which extend beyond it, and become rigid and prick-
ly. The seeds are numerous, small, unequal, brownish, and are
discharged by the horizontal separation of the lid. — Road sides,
&c. — June and July. — Biennial.

92. VERBASCUM.

Verbascum Thapsus. Common 3IuUei?i.

Leaves decurrent, woolly on both sides ; stem

simple. L.

Every body knows this tall, woolly, and very common plant.
Stem erect, straight, woolly, winged by the decurrent base of the
leaves. Leaves exceedingly woolly on both sides, ovate-lanceo-
late, sessile, slightly serrate or waved on the margin. The stem
terminates in a long, thick, cylindrical spike, with handsome
five parted yellow flowers. — Dry pastures. — July, August. —
Biennial.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 85

Verbascum blattaria. L. Moth Mullein.

Leaves clasping, oblong, glabrous, serrate; pedun-
cles one flowered, solitary.

Two or three feet high. Leaves smooth, oblong, obovate,
doubly serrate, the radical ones somewhat lyrate. Flowers in a
long, terminal raceme, pedunculated, yellow or white, marked
with purple. Stamens covered with purple hairs. — Road sides,
not common. — Annual.

93. AZALEA.
Azalea nudiflora. L. Naked Azalea.

Flowers naked : leaves lanceolate-oval, pubescent,
the nerve hairy ; corolla hairy ; stamens much longer
than the tube.
Syn. RHODODENDROisr nudiflorum. Tor.

An exceedingly beautiful shrub with rose colored leaves. I
have never seen it wild very near to Boston, but have observed
it in woods in Worcester, Princeton, Douglas, &c. Several va-
rieties occur in the length and color of the flowers. — June.

Azalea viscosa. L. Wild Honey sucMe, Swamp PinTc.

Leaves with a rough margin ; corollas viscid, hairy;
stamens but little longer than the corolla. L.
Syn. Rhododendron viscosum. Tor.

A fine flowering shrub, very common among the brushwood
in low land. The small branches and peduncles are commonly
more or less bristly. Leaves crowded, lance-obovate, nearly en-
tire, ciliated, hairy on the midrib and margin. Flowers in ter-
minal, umbel-like corymbs. Corollas funnel shaped, varying in
color, but commonly white, hairy and glutinous on the outside.
— June, July.

Several varieties occur hi the color of the leaves, parts of the
flower and small branches. The leaves are sometimes quite
glaucous.

Azalea procumbens. JL. Procumbent Azalea.

Leafy flovv^ered ; stems diffusely procumbent ; leaves

8

^5 CLASS V. ORDER I.

opposite, elliptical, glabrous, revoliitc at the margin;
corollas compaiiulatc, glabrous; filaments equal in-
cluded.

CEespilose. Stems procumbent, spreading in tufts. Leaves
opposite, oblong, obtuse, strongly revolute at the edges, upper
side glabrous, green, under side glaucous and nearly concealed
by the edges and midrib. Flowers axillary, peduncles red. Ca-
lyx leaves ovate, subacute. Corolla purple, campanulate, the
segments ovate, tapering to an obtuse point, glabrous. Stamens
longer than the tube, filaments white with roundish black an-
thers. Style erect, longer than the stamens; stigma two parted.
— On the alpine summits of the "White mountains, N. H. — July.

Azalea Lapponica. L. Northern Azalea.

Leaves oblong oval, pitted ; stamens irregular in
"number.

<Syn. Rhododendron Lapponicum. Wahl.

A beautiful, low, alpine shrub. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen,
scattered, oblong-oval, covered above with fine white pits, the
under surface paler and dotted with black. Flowers subumbel-
led. Peduncles and calyx red, covered with light green glands.
Segments of the calyx ovate, ciliate. Corolla deep purple, cam-
panulate with oblong, obtuse segments. Stamens from five to
ten curved, with purple filiments and oblong green anthers.
Style longer. — On the alpine regions of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire. — July.

Wahlenherg refers this shrub to Rhododendron, with which its
habit certainly agrees. The variable number of stamens leaves
it doubtful between that genus and Azalea.

94. DIAPENSIA.

Diapensia Lapponica. Ij. Northern Diapcnsia.

C"3espitose, flowers pedunculated.

A hardy ca^spitose plant, found only in northern latitudes or
on high mountains, forming dense solid tufts in the crevices of
the rocks, and flowing within a few inches of the snow and ice.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 87

Stems short, diffuse, concealed in the leaves. Leaves crowded,
linear obtuse, fleshy, evergreen. Calyx leaves five, oblong, ob-
tuse. Corolla hypocrateriform, v^^hite, the border in five flat
segments. Stamens inserted in the tube. Style exserted ; stig-
ma obtuse.

On the highest summit of the White mountains, where it
forms moss-like tufts among the rocks, beautifully spangled in
July with showy white flowers. — Perennial.

95. SOLANUM.
SoLANUM DULCAMARA. L. Biftcrsweet, Woody Nightshade.
Stem shrubby, fiexuoiis, without thorns; upper
leaves hastate ; clusters cymose. Sm.

American Medical Botany, PI. xviii.

Stem woody, climbing upon fences and bushes. Lower
leaves heart shaped, entire ; upper ones ovate, furnished with
two ears at the base, giving them a hastate form. Clusters on
the sides and ends of the stem, on branching and spreading stalks,
drooping. Flowers with five acute, spreading or reflexed, purple
segments. Anthers forming a yellow tube projecting from the
flower. Berries oval, bright red. This plant is common in low
grounds, by the side of brooks, &c. As a medicinal article it
holds a place in most dispensatories. — July.

SoLANUM NIGRUM. L. BlacTc Nightshade

Stem herbaceous, without thorns ; leaves ovate,

bluntly toothed and waved. Umbels lateral, droop-
ing. S'm.

Much more ordinary in its appearance than the last. Stem
erect, branching, angular, and sometimes winged. Leaves ovate
alternate. The umbels come out from the sides of the stem, re-
mote from the leaves. They consist of drooping white flowers,
with yellow anthers. Berries round, black. This variety was
probably imported from Europe. It grows among rubbish, and
has the aspect and reputation of a poisonous plant.

88 CLASS V. ORDER 1.

96. SAMOLUS.
Samolus valerandi. L. Water Pimpernel.

Leaves obtuse, raceme many flowered, pedicels
bracteolate.

A smooth plant about a foot high. Stem erect, round. Leaves
alternate, subsessile, obovate, obtuse, entire, those of the root
petioled. Racemes terminal, many flowered. Pedicels often
two together, one flowered, geniculate, with a small lanceolate
bracte at the bend. Flowers small, white. — Brook sides. — July.
— Perennial.

97. CAMPANULA.
Campanula rotundifolia. L. Harebell.

Radical leaves roundish-heart shaped, leaves of the
stem linear.

This handsome little plant is apt to deceive the inexperienced
botanist, from the circumstance that the root-leaves, from which
the plant is named, wither early, and are therefore often want-
ing. Stem erect, round, smooth, with one or more flowers.
Root-leaves few, on long petioles, reniform, cordate or oblong,
crenate ; stem-leaves linear, alternate, sessile. Flowers bluish
purple, drooping. Corolla with broad, acute segments, bell
shaped. Style longer than the stamens. Damp rocky woods,
rare.. — June, July. — Perennial. — This plant is common to both
hemispheres and is the Harebell of the poets.

Campanula perfoliata. L. Clasping Bell flow er.

Stem simple; leaves heart shaped, toothed, clasp-
ing ; flowers sessile, aggregate. L.

Syn. Campanula amplexicaulis. Mich.
Specularia perfoliata. Hooker.

Found by the road side in Medford and elsewhere. Stem
erect, leafy, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves small, alter-
nate, reniform-heart shaped, tooth-crenate, clasping the stem.
Flowers axillary, sessile. Segments of the calyx lanceolate,
very acute, with a distinct middle rib. Corolla bluish or purple,,
spreading. — June. — Annual.

CLASS V. ORDER I. gg

Campanula erinoides. L. Slender Bell jlower.

Stem triangular, the angles rough backward; leaves
linear-lanceolate ; flowers terminal.
Syn. Campanula flexuosa. Mich.

Found in meadows among the high grass, supporting itself like
a Galium on surrounding plants. Stem from eight to twenty in-
ches in height, very slender and flexible, uniformly triangular,
the angles rough with minute reflexed prickles. Leaves given
off successively from the three sides, linear, sessile, nearly en-
tire, the midrib and margin rough backward. A variety occurs
with lanceolate leaves with a few minute teeth. Branches few,
near the top, axillary, leafy, one or two flowered. Flowers
small, terminal. Corolla very small, twice or thrice the length
of the calyx, deeply five cleft, white with pale blue veins. Fila-
ments valve like, hairy. Stigma trifid. Capsule globular, three
celled. — Found at Medford and Brighton. Variety 2d at Sudbu-
ry.— June, July.

98. LOBELIA.
Lobelia Cardinalis. L, Cardinal Jlower.

Stem erect; leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate; spike
terminal, pointing one way. L.

This superb plant, cultivated and much prized in Europe, is a
native of our meadows and brooksides. It rises to the height of
two feet and upward, with a simple, erect, leafy stem. Leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and serrate. Raceme
terminating the stem, consisting of large flowers, more or less
inclining to one side, of a bright scarlet color. Corolla with a
long tube ending in five spreading segments, the three lower
ones widest. Tube of Stamens curved in at the top. — June,
July. — Perennial.

Lobelia pallida. Mulil. Pale Lobelia,

Somewhat hairy ; stem erect, simple ; leaves ob-

long-spatulate, dentate ; flowers spiked.

Syn. Lobelia spicata. Lam.
Stem upright, smooth, or a little hairy. Leaves spatulate, ob-
8^

00 CLASS V. ORDEIi I.

tuse at the end, tapering at base, slightly toothed or crenate,
pubescent at the edge and under side, sessile. Flowers in a long
terminal spike, on short peduncles, blue. — Moist pastures and.
road sides. — July. — Perennial.

Lobelia Kaoiii. L. Kalms Lobelia.

Slender erect, simple ; radical leaves spatnlate ;
stem leaves linear, very slightly toothed ; flowers
alternate, remote, pedicelled.

Found in the western parts of the state. More slender and
delicate than any of the others. Flowers blue. — July.

Lobelia inflata. L. Indian Tobacco,

American Medical Botany, PI, xix.

Branching and hairy. Leaves serrate, ovate; cap-
sules turgid.

This plant varies in height from six inches to two or three
feet. The small plants are nearly simple, the large ones much
branched. Root fibrous. Stem erect, in the full sized plant
much branched, angular, very hairy. Leaves scattered, sessile,
oval, serrate, veiny and hairy. Flowers in spikes or racemes,
pedunculated, each one in the axil of a small leaf. Segments of
the calyx linear, acute, standing on the germ, which is oval
and striated. Corolla bluish purple, the tube prismatic and
cleft above, the segments spreading, acute, the two upper ones
lanceolate, the three lower ones oval. Anthers collected into
an oblong, curved body, purple ; filaments white. Style filiform ;
stigma curved and inclosed by the anthers. Capsules two celled,
turgid, oval, compressed, ten angled, covered with the calyx.
Seeds numerous, small, oblong, brown. — Fields and road sides. —
Midsummer. — Annual.

The whole plant operates as a violent emetic.

Lobelia Dortmanna. L. Water Lobelia.

Leaves linear, two celled, entire ; stem nearly
naked. L.

A very singular aquatic plant. The leaves grow in a single
tuft at the bottom of the water. They are from one to three

CLASS V. ORDER I. 91

inches long, recurved, blunt, and of a fleshy appearance. On
cutting them across, they are found to consist of two empty par-
allel tubes. The stem rises out of water, bearing a few remote
pendulous flowers of a pale blue color. Segments of the calyx
acute, persistent. Tube of the corolla prismatic, its segments
lanceolate. Capsule partly superior and inferior, tipt with the
style, two celled. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed, black.
The whole plant gives out a milky juice on being broken. —
Found in Fresh Pond. — July.

99. LONICERA.
LoNiCERA PARViFLORA. Small yellow Honeysuckle.

Whorls of the spike snbsessile ; corollas short, riii-
gent, gibbous at base ; filaments bearded ; leaves all
connate, glaucous beneath, deciduous, the upper ones
perfoliate, and much exceeding the flowers.

Syn. LONICERA DIOICA . L.

An erect shrub with pale, rough bark. Leaves oblong, undu-
late and revolute at the edge^ white-glaucous underneath, mostly
sessile, the upper ones connate. Flowers in a terminal head or
whorl, Germs aggregate, ovate, supporting a minute calyx of
five subacute teeth. Corolla yellow, the tube gibbous at base,
the border irregular, with its segments commonly curled or re-
volute at the edge. Stamens exserted, as long as the segments
of the corolla, smooth above, growing to the corolla, and slightly
hairy below. Style nearly as long as the stamens, curved ; stig-
ma capitate. — Found in woods in the western parts of the state.
— June.

LoNicERA HiRsuTA. EatOTi. Hairy Honeysuckle,

Corollas ringent, hairy ; filaments bearded ; leaves
hairy, the lower ones obovate, upper ones connate.
8yn. Caprifolium pubescens. Goldie, Edin. Journal.

A woody vine said to twine upon trees to the height of twenty
or thirty feet. My specimens, given me by Mr. Eaton half a
dozen years since, and published in his Manual, are very hairy,
the leaves obovate, finely ciliate, some of them abruptly acumi-

92 CLASS V. ORDER I.

nate, the upper ones roundish and connate. Flowers yellow^
larger than in the last species. — Woods, Williamstown. Said to
grow also in Worcester. — June.

100. XYLOSTEUM.

Xylosteum ciliatum. Fly Honeysuckle.

Berries distinct, leaves ovate, subcordate, slightly
ciliate ; corollas slightly spurred, the tube ventricose,
segments short, acute; style exserted.
&yn. Xylosteum tartaricum. Mr.

LONICERA CILIATA. Muhl.

A shrub with opposite leaves and yellow funnel shaped flow-
ers hardly an inch long. Leaves thin, ovate, a few heart shaped
at base, slightly ciliate, somewhat pubescent when young. Flow-
ers in pairs with a nectariferous projection on one side of the
base. Berries in pairs, ovate. — Woods, Vermont, New Hamp-
shire.— May, June.

Xylosteum villosum. Hairy Fly Honeysuckle.

Berries connate, young branches villous ; leaves ob-
long, obtuse, hairy on both sides : peduncles short.

A much smaller shrub than the preceding, with very obtuse,
oblong or obovate leaves. These, when young, are quite hairy,
but grow smoother by age. Flowers yellow, about half as long
as in the preceding, germs united, styles exserted. Berries in
pairs, united at base. Sent from Williamstown by Professor
Dewey. — Found on the borders of alpine ponds on the White
mountains by Mr. Greene. — June, July.

101. DIERVILLA.

DiERViLLA Canadensis. Muhl. Yellow Diervilla.

Racemes terminal ; leaves serrate.
Syn. LoNicERA Diervilla. L.

This shrub with us is usually of small size. Leaves opposite,
on short petioles, ovate, smooth, serrate, acuminate. Flowers of
a pale yellow ; small, funnel shaped, with five roundish, unequal
segments. They grow in the axils of the upper leaves. — Woods,
Cambridge, Brookline. — June.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 93

102. TRIOSTEUM.

Triosteum perfoliatum. L. Fever root.

American Medical Botany, PI. ix.

Leaves connate, flowers sessile, whorled.
Syn. Triosteum ma jus. Mx.

The root of this plant is perennial and subdivided into nume-
rous horizontal branches. The stem is erect, hairy, fistulous,
round, from one to four feet high. Leaves opposite, the pairs
crossing each other, connate, ovate, acuminate, entire, rather
flat, abruptly contracted at base into a sort of neck, resembling
a winged petiole, of variable width. In general this is narrow
when the plant is in flower, and wider when it is in fruit. The
flowers are axillary, sessile, five or six in a whorl, the upper
ones generally in a single pair. Each axil is furnished with
two or three linear bractes. The calyx consists of five segments
which are spreading, oblong-linear, colored, unequal, persistent.
Corolla tubular, curving, of a dull brownish purple, covered with
minute hairs, its base gibbous, its border open and divided into
five rounded, unequal lobes. Stamens inserted in the tube of
the corolla; stigma peltate. The fruit is an oval berry of a
deep orange yellow, hairy, somewhat three sided, crowned with
the calyx, containing three cells, and three hard, bon}'", furrowed
seeds, from which the name of the genus is taken. — Woods,
Mount Auburn, Cambridge. — June. — Perennial.

The root is medicinal.

103. RIBES.
RiBEs TRiFLORUM. Willd. Wild Goosehevry.

Thorn subaxillary ; leaves smooth, three or five
lobed, cut-toothed; peduncles about three flowered;
pedicels elongated ; petals spatulate, undulate, style
hairy, semibifid, exserted ; berries smooth. Willd.

The buds of this species produce at flowering time a small
tuft of leaves with two or three bell shaped flowers. Petioles
ciliate. Leaves smooth above, pubescent beneath. Calyx green,
its segments reflexed. Petals white, erect, nearly truncated.

94 CLASS V. ORDER I.

curled. Style hairy below, smooth above. Fruit somewhat re-
sembling the common gooseberry. — Woods. — May.

RiBES RiGENS. Mx. Mountain Currant.

Unarmed, leaves lobed and toothed, the veins pu-
bescent beneath ; racemes erect, lax, berries hispid.

Stems procumbent, rooting. Leaves mostly five lobed, tooth-
ed, smooth on both sides, the veins of the younger ones pubes-
cent beneath. Racemes erect, the peduncles and germ^ covered
with glandular hairs. Calyx hemispherical, the segments patu-
lous, greenish, with purple strise. Petals wedge shaped, shorter
than the calyx. Stamens converging, anthers black. Style as
long as the stamens, bifid. Berries hairy.

The berries, when bruised, have the odor of Ictodes foetidus.

On the Wachusett, Monadnock, and White mountains. — June.

RiBES FLORiDUM. V Herit. Large jloivering Currant.

Unarmed ; leaves dotted on both sides ; racemes
pendulous ; flowers cylindrical ; bractes longer than
the germ. Willd.

This is a common, wild currant, having its leaves generally in
five lobes, toothed at the edge, and covered on both surfaces
with small, whitish, glandular points, just visible to the naked
eye. Petioles fringed with compound hairs. Racemes pendu-
lous, downy, many fliowered. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with
recurved segments. Petals greenish white, straight, a little re-
flexed at point. Fruit black, watery and insipid. — Woods. —
May. *

RiBES Cynosbati. ^ Prickly Gooseberry.

Subaxillary thorns about two ; leaves lobed, cut
and toothed, downy; racemes nodding, few flowered;
calyxes erect, campanulate ; fruit prickly.

Subaxillary spines from one to three. Petioles downy. Leaves
soft and downy on both sides, cleft into three or five lobes, which
are cut and toothed. Racemes few flowered. Calyx whitish,
bell shaped, contracted at the mouth, the segments reflexed.
Petals very small, obovate ; germ hispid. Berry covered with

CLASS V. ORDER I. . 95

long prickles so as to resemble a burr. — Woods. — Walpole, Han-
over, N. H. — June.

RiBEs LACUSTRE. Pevs. Swamp Gooseberry.

Subaxillary thorns few ; stem hispid-aculeate ;
leaves divided into lobes beyond the middle ; petioles
villous ;• berries racemose, hispid.

A handsome shrub with dissected leaves. The older branches
are smooth with one or more deflexed axillary spires. Young
branches hispid with small reflexed prickles. Petioles slender,
villous, with fine scattered hairs. Leaves deeply five lobed, the
lobes cut and toothed, like those of some Geraniums. Peduncles
slender, hispid. Fruit on rather long pedicels, hispid. — In the
Notch of the White mountains, by the side of the Saco river.

104. RHAMNUS.
Rhamnus catharticus. SucJctJiorn.

Spines terminal ; flowers four cleft, dioecious ; leaves
ovate; berry four seeded.

This shrub, which probably came from Europe, is now natu-
ralized about woods and fences, though not common. It is a
rigid bushy shrub, with its branches terminating in short, strong
thorns. Leaves smooth, serrated, with several lateral ribs.
Flowers small yellowish-green, mostly but not always dioecious.
Stigma four cleft. Berries round, black, medicinal. The Buck-
thorn is found to make a good hedge, being less liable to be at-
tacked with worms, than the other thorns. — Brookline, Wal-
tham. — May.

105. CEANOTHUS.
Ceanothus Americana. L. Jersey Tea.

Leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, triply nerved ; pan-
icles axillary, elongated. Willd.

A small wliite flowering shrub, not unfrequent in dry or
sandy soils. Leaves two or three inches long, and one broad,
finely serrate and tapering into a long point. From the axils of
the upper leaves come out leafless branches bearing crowded

96 CLASS V. ORDER I.

bunches of minute white flowers, on very slender white pedicels.
Calyx segments live, inflexed between the petals. Petals hooded
at the end, on slender claws which project, together with the
stamens, between the segments of the calyx. Nectary a small
dark green circle around the germ. Stamens opposite the pe-
tals, bent inward at first, finally erect. Germ triangular, style
three cleft. Fruit a dry, three celled, blackish, somewhat trian-
gular berry, growing in close bunches.

The leaves were used, among other substitutes, for tea, during
the American revolution. — Flowers in June.

*Ceanothus ovalis. Oval Ceanothus.

C. foliis ovalibus, glandidoso-serraiis, triplinerviis^
nervis piibescent'ibus ; paniculis corymbosis, abbreviatis.

Leaves oval with glandular serratnres, three nerved,
the veins pubescent underneath ; panicle corymbose,
abbreviated.

Leaves from one to three inches long, petioled, elliptical, some-
times oblong, obtuse or subacute, crenately serrate, the serratm^es
tipped with small black glands which are most conspicuous in
the young leaves, the veins slightly pubescent beneath, and some-
times the under surface covered with glands. Peduncles or flow-
ering branches shorter than in the last species ; often very short.
Flowers larger than in the last, in short hemispherical panicles
resembling corymbs, white. Fruit blackish. — On the shores of
Lake Champlain, gathered by Dr. Boott.

It appears to me distinct from C. intermedius of Elliott and
Pursh, and much larger. Dr. Hooker thinks them identical.

106. CELASTRUS.
Celastrus scandens. L. Climhing Staff tree. Waxwork.
Unarmed ; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate ; ra-
cemes terminal ; stem twining. Willd.

A strong woody vine, twining round small trees and climbing
to a great height. Flowers of a greenish white, in small racemes
on the ends of the young shoots. The fruit is a berried capsule.
When ripe, the three valves turn backward, disclosing a bright

CLASS V. ORDER I. 97

scarlet berry. The valves are of a light red color, partitioned in
the middle and finally waved on the edge. About fences and
thickets. — June.

107. VITIS.
ViTis Labrusca. Common icild Grape Vine.

Leaves heart shaped, somewhat three lobed, den-
tate, downy underneath. Willd.

This vine is dioecious, a fact which Michaux affirms of all the
species observed by him in America.* The leaves are very
broad and white underneath. Flowers small, greenish, in pani-
cles made up of small umbels opposite to leaves, as are also the
tendrils. Fruit large, purple, and pleasantly flavored. Found
in woods and in low ground. Often climbing to the tops of high
trees. — June.

ViTis vuLPiNA. L. Fox Grape.

Leaves heart shaped, acuminate, cut-toothed,
smooth on both sides ; racemes loose, many flowered.

Syn. VlTIS CORDIFOLIA. Mx.

The leaves of this species are variously cut and toothed, and
abruptly acuminate, the veins sometimes a little pubescent.
Panicles opposite to leaves, sweet scented. Fruit small, rather
sour, ripening ]ate. Found in various parts of the state. — June.

ViTis ^STiVALis. Mx. Summer Grape.

Leaves broad heart shaped, lobed, Avith a rusty
down underneath, sinuses rounded; racemes oblong.

Less common than the preceding. The sinuses of the leaves
are obtuse, the veins and under surface covered while young
with a ferruginous down. Fruit small, and agreeable to the
taste. — Northampton. — June.

ViTis HEDERACEA, WUM. Common Creeeper.

Leaves quinate, ovate, acuminate, dentate. Willd.

* Excepting those placed in his genus Ampclopsis.

9

98 CLASS V. ORDER I-

Syn. Hedera quinque folia. L.

VlTIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Lam. (Sf Sm.
AmPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Mich.

The common creeper is much cultivated as an ornament of
walls. The stems climb to a great height, supported by radi-
cating tendrils. Leaves in fives, petioled, smooth. Flowers in
branched clusters ; petals green, not united at their summit.
Berries of the size of peas. — Found growing wild in woods and
about fences. — June.

108. IMPATIENS.
Impatiens noli tangere. Mich. §. Touch me not.

Flower stalks solitary, many flowered ; leaves
ovate ; joints of the stem swelling. L.

Syn. Impatiens maculata. Mvhl.
Impatiens fulva_. Nutlall. ?

Found about brooks and in moist shades, flowering from June
to September. The flowers are of a tawny yellow, spotted on
the inside, and resembling small cups or pitchers, hanging on
slender footstalks. Nectary horn shaped ; petals spreading, the
two lower ones large. The capsule, when ripe, bursts and scat-
ters its seeds by an elastic power like the common balsamine
of the gardens, another of the genus. Height of the plant about
two feet; stems succulent, smooth; leaves ovate, toothed. —
AnnuaL

109. VIOLA.*
Viola lanceolata. L. Spear leaved Violet.

Stemless; root creeping; leaves lanceolate, flowers
white.

* The great attention which this genus has received from botanists,
especially in this country, may be attributed to the early and almost
simultaneous period when most of its species are in flower, and when
there is less to attract botanical notice than at other seasons. Most
of the species are cliangeable and polymorphous, and the attention
which has been paid them has resulted in a multiplication of names,
considerably exceeding the real species. Unfortunately the charac-

CLASS V. ORDER I. 99

Hoot creeping and fibrous. Leaves lanceolate, varying in
width, smooth, crenate, somewhat obtuse. Petioles semicylin-
dric, variable in length. Scape tetragonous with two acute
bractes near the middle. Ctilyx mostly acute. Petals white,
greenish at base, the lower and sometimes the two lateral ones
striate with purple, the two lateral ones bearded or smooth. —
Common in wet meadows. — May. — Perennial.

Viola blanda, JVilld. Sweet scented white Violet.

Stemless ; root creeping ; leaves heart shaped and

ovate, smooth ; flowers white.

Root fibrous and in the older plants creeping ; leaves smooth
and crenate, sometimes broad heart shaped with a deep sinus, at
others ovate with the base truncate or acute. Petioles semicy-
lindrical. Scape and bractes as in the preceding species. The
flowers exactly resemble those of the former species, both be-
ing found smooth and bearded. Both are somewhat fragrant,
the hlanda most distinctly so. — Meadows. — May. — Perennial.

These two violets, with almost every intermediate form of
the leaf, grow together abundantly in wet, open situations about
this city. I am not without suspicion, that they are all descend-
ants of one species ►

ters used by botanists to distinguish the species, are most of them?
more liable to variation, than in other plants. For example, the
width of the leaves and the form of their base are often liable to
vary ; the cucullation, or rolling in, is a character common to most
of the genus; the pubescence depends greatly upon soil ; the beard-
ing of the petals is uncertain; the comparative length of the stalks is
fallacious, being influenced by situation and earliness of flowering, so
that the same violet growing in the water shall have a petiole twice
as long as the leaf, while in drier ground it shall be shorter than the
leaf; the scapes also being longer or shorter than the leaves, as they
appear early or late. On these accounts much care is requisite in
admitting, as distinct species, those which are not sufiiciently con^
slant, independently of accidental influences, to be entitled to ai
distinctive character.

100 CLASS V. ORDER I.

*VioLA ACUTA. Acute Violet.

Acaidis ; foliis ovatis, glabris, pe/alis acutis, albis ;
hracteis 'petala long'itudine subcequantlbiis.

Stemless ; leaves ovate, glabrous; petals acute,
white; bractes nearly as long as the petals.

This is our smallest native violet, and after observing it for
several years I ana satisfied that its characters are sufficiently
permanent to render it a distinct species. Among the other
white violets it is noticeable by its even and always acute petals,
and likewise well distinguished by its long linear bractes which
greatly exceed those of any similar violet. Root creeping. Sti-
pules linear subulate, sometimes a little ciliate-toothed. Leaves
ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse. Petioles mostly smooth^
and shorter than the leaves, hardly winged, but in dry soils cili-
ate with reflexed hairs. Scapes four sided, supporting a pair of
linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, incurved bractes, which are nearly
as long as the petals. Calyx smooth, acute. Petals oval, re-
markably even or flat, and acute, the odd one obovate, striate
with purple at base, the lateral ones slightly striate, and rarely
bearded. Stigma capitate, rostrate. — Grows in Cambridge, par-
ticularly about the pine trees on Cragie's road, in moderately
damp soil. — May, June. — Perennial.

Viola palmata? Willd. Fdlmated Violets

// Stemless ; pubescent, leaves cordate, hastate-lobate
or palmate, the divisions toothed ; segments of the
calyx lanceolate, smooth.

Root denticulate. Petioles hairy. Leaves pubescent, veiny^
with a long crenate, subacute middle lobe, and one or two lateral
lobes, the base cordate. The first leaves are simply cordate.
Stipules lanceolate, ciliate-serrate. Bractes linear, about as long
as the calyx. Flowers of a fine purple, the two lateral petals
furnished with a glandular beard, and nearly resembling those of
V. cucullata, from which this plant is possibly derived. — Up-
lands.— May, June. — Perennial.

Viola pedata. JL. Pedate Violet,

Stemless ; leaves pedate, seven parted. L.

CLASS V. ORDER I. XQl

A large flowering species, very distinct from the other Ameri-
can violets. Root fleshy, furnishing the best example we pos-
sess of the premorse or abrupt form. Petioles furnished at the
base with long, ciliate stipules. Leaves perfectly pedate, con-
sisting of from five to nine segments-, which are wedge-formed
and lanceolate, and mostly toothed at the end, the middle one
distinct, the lateral ones connected. Segments of the calyx very
long and linear. Petals pale bluish purple, white or yellowish
at base, all of them beardless and without striae. Stigma com-
pressed, its apex obliquely truncate, perforated. — Woods and dry
soils. — May, June. — Perennial.

Viola sagittata. Aif. Arrow leaved Violet

Stemless ; leaves mostly smooth, oblong, heart-
arrow shaped, cut at the base, serrate, petals bearded.

Leaves in. most plants smooth, oblong or ovate, obtuse or
acute, bluntly serrate, the lower serratures large and divergent,
giving the leaf a hastate appearance. Petals dark purple, white
at base, strongly bearded. Flowers rather erect. — In low grounds
near the colleges, Cambridge. — May, June. — Perennial.

YioLA ovATA. Nutt. Spade leaved Violet

Stemless ; leaves ovate, crenate. hairy ; petiole

margined.

Syn. Viola primulifolia. ? Pursh.-

This violet grows on dry hills and pastures, and is nearly re-
lated to the foregoing, from which it has probably descended un-
der the influence of a dry soil. The leaves are hairy on both
sides, ovate, sometimes cut at the base like V. sagittata. Flow-
ers paler purple, and very numerous. The whole plant is highly
mucilaginous. — Common in barren soils. — May.— Perennial.

Viola cucullata. Ait. Hood leaved Violet.

Stemless; leaves heart shaped, rolled, in cU basej,

petioles not margined.

^yn. Viola striata. ? Schweinitz.
The most common blue violet of our wet meadows and low

grounds. The leavesJ are strongly heart shaped and cr^nate ;.
9#

102 CLASS V. ORDER L

the petioles commonly much longer than the leaves. Both are-
sometimes hairy, and sometimes smooth. Scapes four angled.
Flowers large, purple, the lateral petals bearded, the beard glan-
dular or not so. I have not been able to satisfy myself of a per-
manent difference between this plant and V. striata. — May. —
Perennial.

Viola palustris. L, Marsh Violet.

Stemless ; leaves reniform-cordate, stipules broad-
ovate, acuminate ; stigma margined; calyx ovate,
obtQse; capsule oblong, triangular.

Common to this country and Europe. Leaves smooth, cre-
nate. Flowers pale blue or purple, smaller than those of V.
cucuUata. — On the White mountains. — Dr. Boott. — Mr. Oakes. —
June.

Viola rotundifolia. Mx. Round leaved yellow Violet.

Stemless; leaves orbicular-cordate with the sinus
closed, slightly toothed, smoothish ; petiole pubescent;
calyx obtuse.

A yellow violet of small size when in perfect flower in May,
but becoming larger with coriaceous leaves and apetalous flow-
ers in summer. — In old woods in the western parts of the state.
— Perennial.

A cospecies or variety is found with somewhat longer leaves,
which is perhaps the »S. dandestina of Pursh about which there
seems to be much confusion among botanists. The same plant
bears sometimes reniform, cordate and oblong leaves.

Viola debilis. Mx, Spreading Violet.

Caulescent ; smooth, leaves reniform-cordate, some-
what acuminate, crenate ; peduncles twice as long as
the leaves; stipules ciliate-serrate.
Syn. . Viola Muhlenbergiana. /9. Hooker.

Stems angular. Leaves heart shaped, crenate, nearly smooth.
Stipules linear-lanceolate, with loose spreading teeth. Peduncles
longer than the petioles with two linear bractes. Calyx leaves

CLASS V. ORDER I. 103

smooth, lanceolate, acute. Petals pale purple, the two lateral
ones bearded inside. Stigma rostrate. — On the Concord turn-
pike in Cambridge. — June.

Viola Canadensis, i. Canada Violet.

Caulescent ; smooth ; leaves cordate, acuminate,
serrate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; stipules
short, entire.

A large species often more than a foot in height. Leaves
heart shaped, the largest ones strongly acuminate, the lower ones
acute or obtuse, in some plants all obtuse. Flowers parti-co-
lored, the two upper petals purple without, the lower petals pale
— In woods, Windsor and Woodstock, Vermont. — June.

Viola rostrata. Ph. BeaJced Violet,

Glabrous ; stems numerous ; leaves cordate, the
upper ones acute, serrate; stipules serrale-ciliate f
petals beardless, spur longer than the corolla.

More easily distinguished than the others, by the very long
spur of the flowers. Stems ascending, round from four to six
inches high. Flowers large, pale bluish purple with deeper veins.-
— In Burlington, Vermont, Mr. Tuckerman. — Massachusetts,.
Prof. Hitchcock »

Viola pubescens. Ait. Yellow Violet..

Stem erect, villous ; leaves heart-shaped, pubescent;
stipules oblong, serrulate at tip. Ail. abr.
Syn. Viola Pei^nsylvanica. Mich.

Stem simple, pubescent, somewhat triangular. Leaves alter-
nate, broad heart shaped or deltoid, with a tapering base, point-
ed, crenate, hairy, longer than their petioles. Stipules large,
unequally ovate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, hairy,
furnished with two subulate bractes. Calyx smoothish. Petals
yellow, streaked with dark purple, and slightly bearded inside.
On the Concord turnpike, Cambridge. — June.

104 CLASS V. ORDER I.

110. CLAYTONIA.
Claytonia Virginica. L. Linear Claytonia.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; racemes solitary ; calyx
acute ; petals obovate, retuse ; root tuberous.

A delicate spring flower chiefly found in old moist woods.
Stem about six inches high with a pair of opposite linear leaves
about half way up. Racemes bearing about a dozen flowers on
slender pedicels an inch long. Calyx subacute. Corolla white
veined with purple. — In Connecticut. — Miay. — Perennial.

Claytonia spathulata. ? PwrsA. JBroad leaved Claytonia,
Leaves spatulate ; raceme solitary ; calyx obtuse ;
petals roundish, retuse ; root tuberous.

Specimens gathered by Dr. Boott on the Camel's Rump moun-
tain in Vermont, agree tolerably well with the foregoing char-
acter. The root leaves are spatulate and obtuse ; those of the*
stem opposite, lance-oval, and subacute.

111. GLAUX.
Glaux maritima. L. Sea BBlkwort, Saltwort..

A low branching, maritime plant with small leaves. Root
fibrous, fleshy. Stems erect, half a foot high, round, thickly
furnished with opposite, oval, entire,, smooth leaves. Flowers
axillary, solitary, subsessile, reddish. Gathered at Plymouth by
Mr. Tuckerman. — June, July.

112. THESIUM.
Thesium umbellatum. L. Umhelled Thesium.-

Flowers umbelled; leaves oblong. L.

Syn. Thesium corymbulosum. Mich\

COMANDRA UMBELLATA. NuttttlL

Stem round, slender, seldom exceeding a foot in height. Leaves
oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, akern ate, smooth. Branches near
the top, few, alternate. Umbels of few flowers, terminal, with
an involucre of about four leafets. Flowers on short peduncles.
Calyx five cleft, the tube green, segments white. Stamens inr-
serted on the calyx. Seed one.- — Dry woods .^— June-

CLASS V. ORDER II. 105

A tuft of pubescence connects the anthers with the segments
of the calyx. According to Mr. Nuttall, the germ is three seed-
ed and becomes afterwards one seeded by abortion. He consid-
ers the calyx as terminating in a glandular ring, the segments
above being petals. These characters form his genus Comandra.

113. QUERIA.
duERiA Canadensis. L. Queria,

Stem erect, dichotomoiis ; leaves oval; stipules
scariose.
Syn. Anychia dichotoma. Mx.

A very slender branching plant. Stem dividing by forks into
numerous, filiform branches, the joints furnished with a pair of
very small oval, subsessile leaves, and several minute membra-
nous stipules. Flowers minute. Stamens variable from three
to five. — Dry woods. — July, August.

DIGYNIA.

114. APOCYNUM.
Apocynum androstEmifolium. Dog's Bane.

American Medical Botany, PL 36.

Glabrous; stem erect and branching; cymes late-
ral and terminal ; corolla spreading.

This grows often to the height of five or six feet, though its
common elevation is three or four. Its stalk is smooth, simple
below, branching repeatedly at top, red on the side exposed to
the sun. Leaves opposite, smooth on both sides, paler beneath,
ovate, acute, on short petioles. The flowers grow in nodding
cymes from the ends of the branches and axils of the upper
leaves, furnished with minute acute bractes. Calyx five cleft^
acute, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla white tinged with
red, monopetalous, campanulate, with five acute spreading seg-
ments. Stamens five, with very short filaments, and connivent,
oblong, arrow-shaped anthers, cohering with the stigma about
their middle. The nectary consists of five oblong, glandular
bodies alternating with the stamens. Germs two,^ ovate, conceal-

106 CLASS V. ORDER 11.

ed by the anthers. Stigma thick, roundish, agglutinated to the
anthers. The fruit is a pair of slender linear-lanceolate follicles,
containing numerous imbricated seeds each crowned with a long
pappus, and attached to a slender central receptacle. These are
often found with their beaks caught in the arrow shaped anthers
of the flowers. The root is very bitter and has emetic proper-
ties.—Road sides and borders of woods.— June, July.— Perennial.
Apocynum cannabinum. L. Indian Hemp.

Stem erect; leaves oblong-ovate, pale and downy
beneath ; segments of the corolla erect.

Different from the preceding in its narrower leaves, and small-
er, straighter flowers. Stem erect, smooth, branching. Leaves
opposite, on short petioles, oblong-ovate, acute, glabrous above,
paler and downy underneath. Cymes terminal, the peduncles
smooth or downy, and furnished with linear bractes. Calyx seg-
ments acute. Corolla small, greenish, its segments obtuse and
erect. The fibres of the bark are strong, like hemp. — Woods
and meadows. — July. — Perennial.

115. ASCLEPIAS.
AscLEPiAS TuBEROSA. Butterjly weed.

American Medical Botany, PI. 26.

Hairy; leaves alternate, oblong, lanceolate; branches
cymose.

The root of this plant is large, fleshy, branching, and often
somewhat fusiform. It is only by comparison with the other spe-
cies that it can be called tuberous. The stems are numerous,
growing in bunches from the root. They are erect, ascending,
or procumbent, round, hairy, green or red. Leaves scattered,
the lower ones pedunculated, the upper ones sessile. They are
narrow, oblong, hairy, obtuse at base, waved on the edge, and in
the old plants sometimes revolute. The stem usually divides at
top into from two to four branches, which give off crowded um-
bels from their upper side. The involucrum consists of nume-
rous short subulate leaflets. Flowers numerous, erect, of a
beautifully bright orange color. Calex much smaller than the
corolla, five parted, the segments subulate, reflexed, and conceal*

CLASS V. ORDER II. 107

-ed by the corolla. Carolla five parted, reflexed, the segments
oblong. The nectary or stameneal crown is formed of five erect
cucullate leaves or cups, with an oblique mouth, having a small
incurved acute horn proceeding from the base of the cavity of
each, and meeting at the centre of the flower. The mass of
stamens is a tough, horny, somewhat pyramidal substance, sep-
arable into five anthers. Each of these is bordered by membra-
nous, reflected edges, contiguous to those of the next, and termi-
nated by a membranous, reflected summit. Internally they have
two cells. The pollen forms ten distinct, yellowish, transparent
todies, of a flat and spatulate form, ending in curved filaments,
which unite them by pairs to a minute, dark tubercle at top.
Each pair is suspended in the cells of two adjoining anthers, so
that if a needle be inserted between the membranous edges of
two anthers and forced out at top, it carries with it a pair of the
pollen masses. Pistils two, completely concealed within the
mass of anthers. Germs ovate, with erect styles. The fruit, as
in other species, is an erect lanceolate follicle on a sigmoid pe-
duncle. In this it is green with a reddish tinge and downy.
Seeds ovate, flat, margined, connected to the receptacle by long
silken hairs. Receptacle longitudinal, loose, chaffy. — Dry soil. —
Woburn, Newton. — August. — Perennial.

AscLEPiAs Syriaca. L. Common Silkioeed or 3Iincw€ed,
Stem simple ; leaves lance-oblong, gradually acute,
downy underneath ; umbel somewhat nodding ; fol-
licles muricate.

Very common byroad sides and borders of fields. Stem three
or four feet high, undivided. Leaves opposite, large, oblong.
Umbels of flowers lateral and terminal, nodding. Calyx seg-
ments lanceolate. Corolla green and red, reflexed quite back.
Nectaries red, truncated obliquely inward, and cleft with an
oblique ridge on each side the fissure, the horns moderately in-
curved. Mass of anthers cylindrical with black corpuscles at the
top of the wings, each of Avhich draws out a pair of yellow obo-
vate pollen masses. Pods or follicles oblong, acute, covered with
soft spinous projections. They contain large quantities of a fine

108 CLASS V. ORDER II.

silken down attached to the seeds, for which the plant has been
cultivated in Europe and America. It is used as a substitute for
feathers, fur, cotton, &;c. — July. — Perennial.

AscLEPiAs OBTUsiFOLiA. Mich. Bluut lettvcd Silk weed.
Leaves closely sessile, oblong, obtuse, waved ; um-
bel terminal, on a long peduncle ; corollas smooth.
Mich. abr.

Leaves opposite, ovate, heart shaped at base, sessile, apparent-
ly clasping, very much waved on the margin, obtuse at the end,
mucronated. Stem erect, supporting a terminal umbel at a dis-«
tance from the leaves. The flowers are larger than in any spe-
cies here described. Calyx leaves ovate, acute, a quarter as
long as the petals. Corolla spreading, afterwards reflexed,
greenish white tinged with red. Nectaries paler, large, cylin-
drical, obliquely truncated inward, cleft inside, with acute in-
curved horns rising from their centres. Mass of anthers more
cylindrical than in some other species, its summit discoid, umbi-
licate, with five rounded teeth. Pollen masses resembling those
in A. phytolaccoides. — Cambridge, Mount Auburn. — July. — Pe-
rennial.
AscLEPiAs PHYTOLACCOIDES. PursJi. PoTce Uaved Silk weed.

Stem erect, simple ; leaves ovate, acute ; umbels
lateral, on long stalks, nodding; nectaries truncated
obliquely outward.
Syn. AscLEPiAS exaltata. Muhl.

A tall, large flowering species, more delicate in its appearance
than A. Syriaca. Stem erect, slender, smooth, four or five feet
high. Leaves large, opposite, on short petioles, ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent under-
neath. Umbels somewhat nodding on rather long peduncles,
given off" at the upper pairs of leaves. Involucre irregular, of
short linear leafets. Flowers large. Petals green. Nectaries
white or flesh colored, truncated obliquely outward, and toothed
at the top inside, with long horns curving inward. Mass of an-
thers cylindrical, green with black dots, white on the summit.

CLASS V. ORDER II. jQg

At the top of the wings of the anthers are five minute black cor-
puscles, which, being drawn out with a pin, bring with them
pairs of yellow, narrow obovate pollen masses. — Low grounds. —
June. — Perennial.

AscLEPiAs PURPURASCENS. L. DavTc Jlowered Silk weed.
Stem nearly simple ; leaves ovate, hairy beneath ;
corymbs erect; horns of the nectary resupinate.

This species is well defined by the peculiar curvature of the
horn. Stem erect, smooth, with a barely perceptible down,
slightly branched at top, three or four feet high. Leaves oppo-
site, glabrous above, paler and downy beneath, the midrib purple
above. Umbels terminal, on stout footstalks with flowers about
the size of A. Syriaca. Calyx small, very acute. Corolla re-
flexed, acute, of a dark crimson purple, sometimes lighter if the
plant grows in the sun. Nectaries of the same color, truncated
very obliquely inward, the horns bent inward at a right angle so
close to the stigma that they appear at first view to be wanting.
Mass of anthers greenish, variegated with brown, and about half
as long as the nectaries. — In different soils, Cambridge, Newton,
rare. — July. — Perennial.

AscLEPiAs PULCHRA. JViIM, Water Silk weed.

Leaves lanceolate, pubescent underneath ; stem

divided toward the top; umbels erect, in pairs.
WUld.

Common in wet ground, by the sides of ponds, &c. Stems
commonly in bunches, erect, downy, subdivided near the top.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, sometimes
hairy on both sides, as is also the stem. Umbels many, small,
on downy peduncles. Involucre many leaved, deciduous. —
Flowers small, half the size of A. Syriaca. Corolla crimson-
purple, acute Nectaries paler, truncated obliquely inwards,
almost to their base ; horns erect incurved. Mass of anthers
greenish, as long as the nectaries ; stigma whitish. Flowers
purple. — July. — Perennial.

The bark is very strong and fibrous.
10

1X0 CLASS V. ORDER II.

AscLEPiAS QUADRiFOLiA. Fouv Icaved Asclepias.

Stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, petioled, the middle ones in fours : umbels few,
lax, filiform.

A delicate species growing in dry woods. Stem about a foot
high, smooth, or slightly pubescent. Leaves in fours, slightly
petioled, ovate, acute, paler underneath. The upper and lower
ones are most frequently opposite. Umbels few, axillary and
terminal. Petals flesh colored. Nectaries nearly white with
the horns curved inward. — Roxbury, Brookline. — June. — Pe-
rennial.
Asclepias verticillata. L. IVJwrled Asclepias.

Leaves revolute, linear, whorled ; stem erect. L.

This very neat species is altogether different in its habit from
those already described. Stem slender, marked with downy
stripes. Leaves in whorls of five or six, linear, revolute at the
margin, paler beneath. Umbels several, small, coming out from
among the upper whorls. Corolla greenish with a central trans-
parent line. Nectaries white, scarcely half as long as their
horns, auriculated at base inside, concavely truncate, with an
acuminate tooth each side the fissure within. Horns arching
and meeting at a distance from the stigma. — On a hill near the
Dedham turnpike, Roxbury.— July.— Perennial.

^ Subgenus Acerates. Horn of the 7iectary wanting.
Asclepias viridiflora. Pursh. Green Jloioered Asclepias.

Stem simple, erect, hairy ; leaves oblong, snbses-
sile, downy on both sides ; umbels lateral, solitary,
subsessile, nodding, dense and globose ; horn wanting.

An inelegant species with small greenish umbels. — In Leices-
ter, Massachusetts.— In New Haven, Dr. Ives.— July.

116. GENTIANA.

Gentiana saponaria. L. Soapwort Gentian.

Stem round ; leaves lanceolate-oval, three nerved ;

CLASS V. ORDER II. HI

flowers sessile, fascicled, axillary and terminal ; co-
rollas ventricos6, segments obtuse, inner folds toothed.
A very fine plant, distinguished by its large purple flowers,
which are so nearly closed at the top as to resemble buds.
Stem erect, simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, smooth, three and sometimes five nerved. Flowers
sessile in bunches at the top, and frequently on the sides in the
axils of the upper leaves. Corolla bell shaped, purple and white,
slightly five cleft, its segments subdivided and folded together
so as to close the mouth. — Found in moist woods, Cambridge. —
September, October. — Flowers sometimes white or variegated.

Gentiana pneumonanthe. L. Marsh Gentian.

Stem round ; leaves linear lanceolate, rather ob-
tuse ; terminal flov/ers fascicled, lateral ones solitary ;
corollas five cleft, campanulate; segments rounded;
inner folds one toothed.

Allied to the foregoing, but much more slender in all its parts,
besides the difierences of character. — Swamps near Portland. —
August.

Gentiana quinqueflora. FroeJ. Five flowered Gentian.
Stem square, branching; leaves lance-ovate, three
nerved acute. Flowers somewhat in fives, terminal
and axillary, corolla tubular campanulate, with five
segments setaceously acuminate.

About a foot high, branching from the base. Leaves of the
stem somewhat clasping, very acute; calyx very short ; corolla
pale blue, slightly inflated, the segments terminating in a bris-
tle.— In Sheffield, Mass. — Mr. Russell. — September.

^ Subgenus Crossopetala. Corolla four deft, hypocrateri-
form, throat naked.

Gentiana crinita. Froel. Fringed Gentian.

Corollas four cleft, the segments cut-ciliate ; leaves
lanceolate, acute; stem erect, round. Froel.

This gentian is exceeded by few native plants in the delicacy

112 CLASS V. ORDER II.

and beauty of its flowers. The stems are divided towards the top
into several erect branches. The leaves are opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, smaller than in the first species. Flowers erect, on
the ends of the branches, remote from the leaves. The stamens
are four in number, as are the segments of the calyx and corolla.
Calyx square with acute angles and segments. Segments of the
corolla of a deep fine purple, fringed at the end, expanded in
the sun, erect and twisted at other times, contracted below, with
four large internal glands at base. Germ lanceolate, stigmas
two, thin, roundish, ovate. — On the Concord turnpike. — Septem-
ber, October.

117. CUSCUTA.

CuscuTA Americana. L. Dodder.

Flowers peduncled, umbellate, five cleft. Willd.

A small, yellowish, leafless vine, twining round other plants,
which it penetrates with lateral roots so as to derive nourish-
ment from their juices. Its small umbels of flowers appear in
June and July, and are followed by crowded, roundish depress-
ed, mostly four seeded capsules, tuberculated under a magnifier,
and having a terminal cavity.

118. HEUCHERA.
Heuchera Americana. L. Alum Root,

Viscid-pubescent ; leaves rough, round-lobed and
toothed ; stalks of the panicle divaricate ; calyx ob-
tuse; petals as long as the calyx, lanceolate; sta-
mens much exserted.
Syn. Heucheea cortusa. Mx.

Found in Connecticut, but not within my knowledge in Mas-
sachusetts.— June.

119. SALSOLA.
Salsola Caroliniana. Mich. American Saltitwrt.

Herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spinous,
smooth, dilated and entire at base ; calyx axillary,
margined.

CLASS V. ORDER II. H3

A stiff, prickly plant of the sea shore. Stems much branched,
angular, smooth. Leaves cylindrical while young, tipt with a
spine, sessile. The lower leaves are deciduous, so that when
the fruit is ripe, only the floral leaves remain. These are three
in number to each flower, resembling the other leaves, but short-
er, their base dilated and perfectly entire, not repand as in Sal-
sola Kali. The calyx is externally compressed into a broad,
membranous margin, flattish, but rising in the centre. Seed en-
closed in the calyx, cockle-shaped from its spiral cotyledons. — •
Salt marshes. — July, August.

Plants of this genus are used in the manufacture of Soda.

Salsola salsa. Mich. Smooth Salt Wort.

Herbaceous, decumbent, smooth; leaves linear,
unarmed, fleshy; fructification crowded, somewhat
spiked.

Stem somewhat erect with numerous spreadingbranches nearly
smooth, furrowed. Leaves linear, fleshy, semicylindric, some-
what of a glaucous hue, not prickly. Flowers obscure, sessile,
two or three together in the axil of each leaf. Calyx leaves ob-
tuse, connivent. Stamens slightly projecting. Seed small, spi-
ral.— Salt marshes. — August. — Annual.

120. CHENOPODIUM. -
Chenopodium album. L. TVJiite Goosefoot. Hog-weed.
Leaves rhomboid-ovate, eroded, entire behind, the
upper ones oblong, entire ; seeds smooth. S^n.

A common weed in cultivated and waste ground. Stem chan-
nelled, branched ; leaves mealy, the lower ones unequally tooth-
ed above, the upper ones smaller, entire. Bunches of flowers
erect, green or mealy. — July. — Annual.

Chenopodium rubrum. L. Red Goosefoot.

Leaves triangular, approaching to rhomboid; deep-
ly toothed, and somewhat sinuated; clusters upright,
compound, leafy. Sm.

More green, fleshy, and compact than the last. Leaves sinu-
10=^

114 CLASS V. ORDER II.

ated tapering at base. Clusters of flowers, close, interspersed
with small leaves. — Among rubbish, especially in low ground. —
Annual.

Chenopodium hybridum. L. Tall Goosefoot.

Leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; ra-
cemes branched, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leaf-
less.

A tall species with large leaves. Stem slender, upright.
Leaves spreading, bright green, with a few large teeth on each
side, heart shaped at base, tapering into a long point. Clusters
compound, branching, open, remote from leaves. — Wastes and
rubbish. — July. — Annual.

Chenopodium botrys. L. Cut leaved Goosefoot.

Leaves oblong, sinuated ; racemes naked, many
cleft. L.

Stem short, branching, somewhat rigid, leafy. Leaves peti-
oled, oblong, deeply sinuated, slightly pubescent. Flowers in
numerous short axillary racemes, covering the ends of the
branches, and giving ihem the appearance of long leafy spikes.
The whole plant has a strong, peculiar smell when bruised. —
Woods, Brighton. — Annual.

121. ULMUS.

Ulmus Americana. L. Common Elm.

Leaves equally serrate, unequal at the base. L.

This stately tree is distinguished at sight from the cultivated
English elms by its long pendulous branches. It also loses its
leaves in autumn several weeks sooner. The flowers which
appear in April, have commonly from six to eight stamens.
They are small, of a dull purple color, and grow in bunches on
slender footstalks. Germs orbicular, compressed. Styles two,
recurved, hairy on both sides. The seeds are contained in a flat,
oval, winged capsule or samara, which is ciliated at the edge.
The leaves grow alternately on opposite sides of the branches ;
they are more smooth, and more uniformly serrated than those
of the English elm. The wood of the elm is tough, and princi-
pally used to form the naves or hubbs of wheels.

CLASS V. ORDER II. X15

Ulmus fulva. 3Ix. Slippery Elm.

Branches rough ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate,
nearly equal at base, unequally serrate, pubescent
both sides, very rough ; buds covered with fulvous
down ; flowers sessile.

The slippery elm is well known for the mucilaginous qualities
of its inner bark. Leaves rough on the upper side. Calyx and
anthers purplish. Stamens from five to eight. Samara reticu-
late and ciliated. It is found in different parts of Worcester
county, but I have not met with it nearer Boston. — April.

122. HYDROCOTYLE.

Hydrocotyle Americana. L. Pennywort.

Leaves reniform, somewhat lobed, crenate. L.

A small plant found in moist ground under the shade of bushes,
&c. Stem creeping. Leaves kidney shaped, double crenate,
light green, very smooth and thin. Flowers minute, in very
small umbels or bunches, sessile. — July. — Perennial.

Hydrocotyle umbellata. L. Umbelled Hydrocotyle.
Leaves peltate, crenate, emarginateatbase ; umbels
pedunculated, maffy flowered, flowers pedicelled.

An aquatic, larger and firmer than the preceding species.
Leaves reniform and peltate, floating in deep water, or erect in
shallow. Umbels found only in shallow water, or wet ground. —
Fresh pond. — July.

Hydrocotyle lineata. 3Ix. Linear Hydrocotyle.

Leaves sessile, linear-cuneate ; umbels pedunculate.
Syn. Crantzia lineata. Nutt.

Found creeping on the muddy banks of ponds. Whole plant
very smooth. Leaves about two at each joint, an inch or more
in length, obtuse, succulent; marked with about five transverse
nerves. Umbels eight or ten flowered. Fruit roundish. Com-
missure excavated, seeds unequal. — July. — Perennial.

116 CLASS V. ORDER II.

123. SANICULA.

Sanicula Marilandica. L. Sanicle.

Barren flowers on peduncles, perfect ones sessile.

Gr.

Stem upright, smooth, furrowed, divided into a few erect
branches. Leaves divided somewhat in a pedate manner, acutely
serrate, the upper ones generally ovate-lanceolate resembling
heads, with an involucre of short ovate leaves. Umbels simple,
few flowered, the barren flowers on short peduncles, the perfect
or fruitful ones sessile. Seeds furnished with hooked bristles. —
About thickets in low ground. — June.

124. DAUCUS.

Daucus carota. L. Carrot.

Fruit hispid, petioles nerved underneath.

The common carrot, in its wnld state, grows at Chelsea and
elsewhere, and is known at sight when in fruit by the cohesion
of the whole umbel, forming a concave surface. Involucre pin-
natifid. — June, July. — Biennial.

125. HERACLEUM.
Heracleum latanum. Mich. Cow Parsnep.

Leaves ternate, woolly underneath, leafets petioled
roundish-heart shaped, lobed ; fruit orbicular. Mich,
abr.

One of the largest of our umbelliferous plants. Petioles and
nerves of the leaves channelled, bristly. Leafets large, woolly
on the under side, deeply cut into lobes, which are again cut,
and unequally serrate. Umbels radiate, often a foot wide. Pe-
duncles furrowed. Leafets of the involucres lanceolate, tapering
to a very long point, deciduous. Flowers white. Petals heart
shaped with a very deep inflected sinus. Seeds thin, round-oval,
emarginate, marked with three short lines. — South Boston, Dor-
chester.— June. — Perennial.

CLASS V. ORDER II. 117

126. CONIUM.
CoNiuM MAcuLATUM. L. HemlocTc.

American Medical Botany, PI. xi.

Fruit unarmed, with the ridges undulated.

A well known poisonous plant used as a narcotic in medi-
cal practice. Root biennial, somewhat fusiform and generally
branched. Stalk round, very smooth, striated, hollow, jointed,
and more or less marked with purplish spots. Leaves two or
three times pinnate, of a very bright green, with long sheathing
petioles inserted on the joints of the stem ; the leafets pinnatifid
and toothed. Flowers in terminal umbels, the general involucre
with half a dozen lanceolate, reflected leafets, the partial invo-
lucre with three or four situated on the outside. Flowers very
small, white. Petals five, oval with their points inflexed. Sta-
mens five, spreading, about the length of the corolla. Germ in-
ferior. Styles two, reflexed outwardly. Fruit roundish-oval,
compressed, ribbed, the ribs being transversely wrinkled or cre-
nate, separating into two oblong hemispherical seeds. — In waste
ground and road sides. — June. — Biennial.

127. ANGELICA.
Angelica triquinata. Mich. Common Angelica.

Petiole three parted, its divisions pinnate-five leav-
ed; leafets cut-toothed, of the terminal leafets the odd
one rhomboid, sessile, the lateral ones decursive. Mich.

Syn, Angelica ATROPtrRPUREA. ? N. Y. Cat.

A very large umbellate plant, well known for its fine aromatic
flavor. Stem five or six feet high and an inch or more in thick-
ness, hollow, purplish, smooth throughout. Stipules large and
swelling. Petioles roundish, slightly furrowed on the upper side.
Leaves mostly twice ternate, smooth, pale and veiny beneath,
the terminal leafet sessile and sometimes three lobed, the highest
lateral ones decurrent ; all of them sharply and irregularly ser-
rate. Umbels three, terminal, spherical, without general invo-
lucre. Partial stalks angular, with subulate involucres, shorter
than the pedicels. Petals greeu with a tinge of red on the out-

IXS CLASS V. ORDER II.

side. Seeds oblong-hemispherical, three winged on the back. —
Cambridge, meadows. — June.

The circumstance that the terminal leafet is sessile, never pe-
tioled, is evidence that this plant is not A. atropurpurea of
Linnaeus, as many of our botanists suppose.

12S. LIGUSTICUM.

LiGusTicuM scoTicuM. L. Sett Lavage.

Stem leaves twice ternate, the upper ones trifoliate;
umbels straight ; involucre and involncels linear,
many leaved.

Stem purple or green, flexuous, striated, a foot or two high and
larger than a goose quill. Petioles with large sheaths. Leaves
twice ternate ; the leafets sessile, and sometimes connected at
base, oval or rhomboidal, smooth, shining, veiny, and somewhat
fleshy. Umbels with general and partial involucres. Flowers
white. Fruit oblong-oval, separating into seeds which have
three strong ridges on the back. — On the borders of Charles
river, Cambridge, and other parts of the edge of salt marshes. —
August, September. — Perennial.

LiGusTicuM ACTiEiFOLTUM. Mx. ActcBa lettvecl Lavage.
Leaves twice ternately cut, segments oval, equally
toothed ; umbels somewhat whorled, the lateral ones
barren.

Syn. Thapsium ACTiEiFOLiuM. De Cand.

More than three feet high. Side leaves tripeziform, end leaves
rhomboidal. General and partial involucre linear, many leaved.
Umbels numerous. Fruit with ribs which are slightly winged.
— Topsfield and Scituate.~Mr. Oakes. Mr. Russell— Perennial.

129. SlUM.
SiuM LATiFOLiuM. L. Water Parsnep.

Leaves pinnate; leafets oblong-lanceolate, equally
serrate. Sni.

A tall aquatic plant common in ditches and muddy brooks.
Stem erect, hollow, smooth, with deep furrows, and sharp, prora-

CLASS V. ORDER II. 1X9

inent angles. Leaves pinnate; leafets in half a dozen pairs,
with an odd one, ovate-lanceolate, equally serrate, or laciniated
if under water. Umbels solitary, mostly terminal. General in-
volucre of many Reaves lanceolate, and occasionally serrate.
Partial involucres small. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, striated.
— From July to September. — Perennial.

SiuM LiNEARE. Mx. Navvow Uaved Slum.

Leaves pinnate; leafets linear-lanceolate, finely
serrate.

Stem angular and grooved ; leaves simply pinnate, much nar-
rower than the foregoing species which it resembles. Umbels
terminal; involucre eight or ten leaved. Flowers white ; fruit
ovate, ribbed. — Wet places. — June, July. — Perennial.

130. URASPERMUM.
Uraspermum Claytoni. Nutt. Siveet Uraspermum.

Stem smooth ; leaves decompound, leafets cut-
toothed ; styles of the fruit filiform, divergent.

Syn. ScANDix dulcis. Muhl.

Myrrhis Claytoni. Mx. ?

OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS. Dc Cuild.

Root fleshy, fusiform or branching, with an agreeable sweet,
spicy flavor, like that of Anise. Stem about two feet high,
smooth when full grown, striated. Leaves ternate, the divisions
pinnate or ternate, the lower ones on long, smooth petioles, the
upper ones sessile. Stipules hairy at the edge. Leafets ovate,
toothed and cut, slightly pubescent, shining underneath. Um-
bels of a few long rays. General involucre of from two to four
deciduous lanceolate leaves. Partial ones five leaved, shorter.
Partial umbels few flowered, the central flowers abortive. Fruit
stipitate, clavate, oblanceolate, blackish and tasteless, covered,
especially on its lower part and stipe, with appressed, aculeate
bristles. The styles which crown the fruit are filiform and de-
flected, not parallel as in the following species. The dry seeds
are tasteless, and have a caudate appendage at base. — In rich
woods, Oak island, Watertown. — June. — Perennial.

120 CLASS V. ORDER 11.

*Uraspermum iiirsutum. Hairy Uraspermum.

U. hirsntum ; foUis decompositls^ folioUs innnatifl-
lo-incisis ; stylis f nidus pyramidatis^ approximatis.

Hairy; leaves decompound, leafets ciit-pinnatifid ;
styles of the fruit pyramidal, approximate.

Syn. OsMORHizA brevistylis. De Cand,

This plant differs from the preceding in the taste of its root,
which is not sweet and anisate, but rank and unpleasant, some-
what like that of Aralia nudicaulis. Its more hairy aspect when
adult, and its more pinnatifid leaves, make it distinguishable at
sight. Stem, stalks and veins, clothed with divergent hairs at
all periods. Leaves resembling those of the foregoing species,
but always more deeply cut, and covered with scattered hairs.
General involucre of two or three leafets, deciduous. Partial
involucre of five oval acuminate leafets. Barren flowers central ;
fertile ones four or five external. Fruit stipitate and bristly as in
vhe last, but differing in the styles which are pyramidal or ovate,
only half as long as in the last, and appressed so as to form one
point, instead of diverging. — Woods on the Concord turnpike. —
June. — Perennial.

The difference of this species was first pointed out to me by
Dr. Martyn Paine, in specimens sent from Montreal.

13L PASTINACA.

Pastinaca sativa. Parsnep.

Leaves simply pinnate, pubescent underneath.

The parsnep in its wild state is abundantly naturalized in
waste grounds. The root is materilly changed by difference of
soil. It becomes strong, acrid and virose. Stem three or four
ibet high, smooth, angular. Umbels with yellow flowers and
large flat fruit. — July. — Biennial.

132. SMYRNIUM.
Smyrnium aureum. Golden Alexanders.

Leaves twice ternate, leafets ovate-lanceolate, ser-
rate ; rays of the umbel short.

CLASS V. ORDER II. 222

Syn. Thapsium aueeum. Nutt.
ZiziA AUNEA. De Cand.

About two feet high. General involucre none, partial involu-
cre of about three short lanceolate leafets on one side. Flowers
orange yellow, in umbels of moderate size. Fruit oval with
membranous ridges. — At Walpole, New Hampshire. — June.

133. ^THUSA.
^Ethusa cynapium. L. Fools Parsley.

Leaves similarj bipinnate, leafets pinnatifid.

This plant has at first sight considerable resemblance to Co-
nium maculatum, although smaller, and has been often gathered
by mistake for that plant by druggists. Stem about two feet
high, striated, not spotted. Leaves bipinnate and at length pin-
natifid. The distinguishing mark of this plant is in the partial
involucres which consist of only three leafets which are exter-
nal, linear, long and pendulous. — Common about the streets of
this city, probably introduced from Europe. — July, August. —
Annual.

134. SISON.

SisoN Canadense. L. Honeioort.

Leaves ternate ; umbels irregular.

Syn. CHiEEOPHTLLUM Canadense. Pursh.
Mtrrhis Canadensis. Nutt.
Crtptot^nia Canadensis. De Cand.

Stem smooth. Leaves in threes, the radical ones cleft, those
of the stem doubly toothed, rhomboidal, smooth or shining. Um-
bel branched, unequal, of few rays, with no general involucre.
Partial umbels unequal, close, few flowered, with a minute in-
volucre. Flowers small, white. Seeds smooth, oblong. — Chel-
sea beach island. — July.

135. CICUTA.
CicuTA Maculata. L. American Hemlock.

American Medical Botany, PI. xii.

Root fascicled, leaves oblong, with mucronate ser-
ratures.

11

122 CLASS V. ORDER II.

The root is composed of a number of large, oblong, fleshy
tubers, diverging from the base of the stem, and frequently being
found of the size and length of the finger. The root is peren-
nial, and has a strong, penetrating smell and taste. In various
parts of the bark it contains distinct cells or cavities, which
are filled with a yellowish resinous juice. The plant is from
three to six feet high. Its stem is smooth, branched at top, hol-
low, jointed, striated, and commonly of a purple color, except
when the plant grows in the shade, in which case it is green.
The leaves are compound, the largest being about three times
pinnate, the uppermost only ternate. Most of the petioles are
furnished with long obtuse stipules, which clasp the stem with
their base. Leafets oblong, acuminate, serrate, the serratures
very acute or mucronated. The veins end in the notches, and
not at the points of the serratures. The flowers grow in um-
bels of a middling size, without a general involucre. The par-
tial umbels are furnished with involucres of very short, narrow,
acute leafets. The distinctness or separation of these umbels
characterizes this plant at a distance among other plants of its
kind, whose umbels are more crowded. Calyx of five very
minute segments. Petals five, white, obovate, with inflected
points. Fruit nearly orbicular, compressed, ten furrowed,
crowned at top, and separating into two semicircular seeds. —
Common in wet meadows. — July, August. — Perennial.

This is probably the most dangerous of all our poisonous ve-
getables, and various instances of speedy death have taken place
in children who have unwarily eaten the root. See a particular
account in the American Medical Botany, volume 1.

CicuTA BULBiFERA. L. Bulhifevous Ciciita.

Leaves decompound, linear ; branches bulbiferous.

Stem about three feet high, round, hollow, striated, green,
with a slight glaucous powder. Leaves thrice compound ; leafets
smooth, linear, with divergent teeth. Stipules membranous,
gradually lost in the petiole. Branches numerous, covered with
small oval, acuminate, scaly bulbs, invested by the dilated base
of leafets, resembling bractes. These bulbs are in whorls when
young, but are afterwards scattered by the growth of the branch-

CLASS V. ORDER III. 123

lets, which support them. Umbel small, terminal. General in-
volucre none, partial of short, acuminate leafets. Flowers white.
Petals small, ovate, acuminate with the point inflexed. Fruit
suborbicular, compressed, striate. — Ditches and ponds. — July,
August. — Annual.

TRIGYNIA.

136. VIBURNUM.
Viburnum Lentago. L. Sweet Viburnum.

Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate,
petioles margined, curled. Ait.

A tall shrub in low grounds. Leaves very finely serrate, the
serratures sharp, a little turned inward. Petioles with a mem-
branous margin, widest in the upper leaves, waved or curled.
Flowers in cymes, as are all the subsequent species. Fruit
pleasant to the taste. — South Boston, Cambridge. — June.

Viburnum pyrifolium. 1 L. Pear Leaved Viburnum.
Smooth; leaves oblong-oval, subacute, subserrate ;
c^^mes subpedunculate.

Leaves opposite, oblong-oval extended into an obtuse point,
smooth on both sides, coriaceous, slightly serrate or eroded.
Petioles and peduncles covered with minute black glands. Cymes
nearly sessile, furnished with linear deciduous bractes. Calyx
segments short, acute. Segments of the corolla orbicular. —
Sides of Monadnock mountain, New Hampshire. — June.

Viburnum nudum. L. Naked Viburnum.

Glabrous: leaves oval, revolute at the edge, nearly
entire, petioles smooth; cymes pedunculated.

Leaves smooth and coriaceous, oval, obtuse or acute, many of
them acuminate, obsoletely crenate and slightly revolute. Cymes
on peduncles an inch or two long and covered with minute dots.
Bractes caducous. — Swamps, rare. — June.

The leaves have an evergreen and coriaceous appearance and
turn black in drying. — Low woods, Cambridge, Weston. — June.

124 CLASS V. ORDER III.

Variety ^ parvifolium. Leaves not half the size of the fore-
going, mostly acuminate. — At Sandwich. — Mr. Greene.

Viburnum dentatum. L. Arrow icood.

Leaves ovate, dentate-serrate, plated. L.

A more common shrub than the foregoing. The shoots are
slender and very straight, from whence it has received the name
of Arrow wood. Leaves roundish or oval, very regularly tooth-
ed, the veins parallel and prominent underneath. — Moist woods.
— June, July.

Viburnum acerifolium. L. 31aple Viburnum.

Leaves three lobed, acuminate, sharply serrate;

petioles without glands, hairy; cymes not radiate.

Leaves rounded or hearted at base, broad, divided into three
lobes with large teeth, very soft with minute down underneath.
Cymes on long peduncles. — Dry woods, Roxbury. — June, July.

Viburnum lantanoides. 31x. Hobble bush.

Petioles and nerves pulverulent and downy ; leaves
roundish-heart shaped, abruptly acuminate, unequally
serrate ; cymes radiate, closely sessile ; fruit ovate.

Young leaves roundish and mealy in appearance, older leaves
very large. Outer florets of the cyme very large, white, hypo-
craterifoim and barren, the segments obovate ; inner florets
small, bell shaped, fertile, the segments ovate. Berries large. —
In old woods, Princeton, Jaffrey, New Hampshire. — June.

Viburnum oxycoccos. Pursh. Tree Cranberry.

Leaves three lobed, three nerved, lobes divaricate,
acuminate, toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes radi-
ate.

Leaves paler underneath with large, unequal, bluntish teeth.
Petioles smooth with about two glands in front at the base of the
leaf. Outer florets barren, with large white hypocrateriform
corollas. Fruit large, red, ripening late, and remaining after the
leaves have fallen, intensely acid and somewhat bitter. — In Lan-
caster, New Hampshire, and in Maine. — July.

CLASS V. ORDER III. 125

The different species of Viburnum are fine flowering shrubs,
and with the Elder next described, constitute a principal orna-
ment of our woods and thickets during the first part of summer.

137. SAMBUCUS.

Sambucus Canadensis. L. Common Elder.

Cymes five parted ; leaves nearly bipinnate, stem
shrubby. Willd.

Michaux says he could observe no difierence between this spe-
cies and the Sambucus nigra of Europe, except in size, the latter
being a tree, the former a shrub. Leaves pinnate, the lower
leafets double or ternate, and all of them oblong-oval, sharply
serrate, tapering to a very long and acute point. Flowers white ;
berries blackish ; both considered medicinal. — June, July.

Sambucus pubescens. Mx. Panicled Elder.

Bark verrucose ; pairs of leafets two, oval-lanceo-
late, subpabescent underneath ; cymes panicled.

A smaller shrub than the preceding. Leaves pinnate. Leafets
five, lanceolate, sharply serrate and acuminate. Flowers white,
in a panicle, with opposite, divaricated branches. Calyx teeth
acute, spreading. Segments of the corolla oval, revolute. Sta-
mens inserted on the corolla. Style very short, ending in three
brownish stigmas.

Common in Vermont and the interior of New England, though
I have not seen it near the sea coast. It is hardly to be distin-
guished in the dried specimen, from S. racemosa of Europe.

138. RHUS.
Rhus glabrum. L. Sinooth Sumach.

Glabrous; leaves pinnate, of many pairs, leafets
lance-oblong, serrate, whitish underneath, flowers
dioecious.

A common species of Sumach found about fences and borders
of fields. Petioles and leaves unarmed and smooth. The flow-
ers are dicEcious. Barren panicle much larger and spreading.
Petals twice as long as the calyx, subacute, green. Stamens

11^

126 CLASS V. ORDER III.

five, with oblong green anthers, and the rudiments of three styles.
Fertile panicle more crowded ; corolla about as long as the calyx,
green ; germ reddish with three styles. The leaves of this and
the two following species are astringent and used in tanning.
Berries crimson, astringent, and acid. — June, July.

Rhus typiiinum. L. Stag's Morn or Velvet Sumach.

Branches and petioles hairy; leaves pinnate, of
many pairs, hairy underneath ; leafets lance-oblong,
sharply serrate ; flowers dioBcious.

A larger species than the last ; its leafstalks and young
branches covered with thick bristly hair. Bunches of berries
crowded, purple, velvet like. This species is also dioecious. — In
low ground. — June.

The bark and leaves give out a milky juice on being broken,
both in this and the other species.

Rhus copallinum. L. 3Iou7ifain or Dwarf Sumach.

Leaves pinnate, entire ; petioles membranous, joint-
ed ; flowers dioecious.

A smaller shrub than the preceding. The young branches
and petioles are downy. Leafets oval-lanceolate, acute, entire.
Between each pair the petiole spreads out into a broad leafy
expansion, contracted at the insertion of the leafets. Flowers
dicEcious.

Rhus Vernix. L. I^oison Sumach or Doguwod.

American Medical Botany, PI. x.

Leaves annual, pinnate, glabrous ; leafets oblong,

entire, acuminate ; panicle lax, flowers dioecious.

Syn. Rhus venenata. De Cand.

This species grows in swamps, where its fine smooth leaves
give it the air of a tropical shrub or tree. The trunk is from
one to five inches in diameter, branching at top, and covered
with a pale greyish bark. The wood is light and brittle, and
contains much pith. The ends of the young shoots and the pe-
tioles are usually of a fine red color, which contributes much to
the beauty of the shrub. The leaves are pinnate, the leafets ob-

CLASS V, ORDER III. ^ X27

long or ova], entire, or sometimes slightly sinuate, acuminate,
smooth, paler underneath, nearl}'' sessile, except the terminal
one. The flowers, which appear in June, are very small, green,
in loose axillary panicles. Where they appear not axillary, it is
because the leaf under them has been detached. The barren
and fertile flowers grow on different trees. The panicles of bar-
ren flowers are the largest and most branched. They are fur-
nished with short, oblong bracies, and downy pedicels. The
calyx has five ovate segments, and the corolla five oblong, sig-
moid petals. The stamens are longer than the petals, and pro-
ject through their interstices. The rudiment of a three-cleft
style is found in the centre. In the fertile flowers the calyx and
petals resemble the last, while the centre is occupied by an oval
germ, ending in three circular stigmas. The fruit is a bunch of
dry berries, or rather drupes of a greenish white, sometimes
marked with slight purple veins, and becoming wrinkled when
old. They are roundish, a little broadest at the upper end, and
compressed, containing one white, hard furrowed seed.

The effluvium of this shrub is a violent poison to certain con-
stitutions, producing in them a distressing cutaneous eruption,
when it is handled or even approached. On others, and I believe
on a majority, it exerts no influence. The leaves have been
rubbed, chewed, and swallowed without injury. Their taste is
simply herbaceous and astringent, and does not indicate any ex-
traordinary quality.

In Japan a fine varnish is said to be prepared from the juice
of the Rhus vernix, 3. tree, whose identity with the present is
doubtful. De Candolle has separated the American from the
Japanese plant, giving the former the name of R. venenata, which
name is adopted by Hooker and others.

Rhus radicans. Poison lvy>

American Medical Botany, PI. xlii.

Leaves ternate ; leafets petioled, ovate, naked, en-
tire; stem rooting; flowers dioecious.

A hardy climber, frequently seen running up trees to a great
height, supporting itself by lateral roots, and becoming nearly
buried in their bark. The leaves of the Rhus radicans are ter-

128 CLASS V. ORDER III.

nate, and grow on long semicylindrical petioles. Leafets ovate
or rhomboidal, acute, smooth and shining on both sides, the
veins sometimes a little hairy beneath. The margin is some-
times entire and sometimes variously toothed and lobed, in the
same plant. The flowers are saiall and greenish white. They
grow in panicles or compound racemes on the sides of the new
shoots, and are chiefly axillary. The barren flowers have a calyx
of five erect, acute segments, and a corolla of five oblong recurv-
ed petals. Stamens erect with oblong anthers. In the centre
is a rudiment of a style. The fertile flowers, situated on a dif-
ferent plant, are about half the size of the preceding. The calyx
and corolla are similar, but more erect. They have five small,
abortive stamens and a roundish germ, surmounted with a short,
erect style, ending in three stigmas. The berries are roundish,
and of a pale green color, approaching to white.

This species, like the last, is poisonous to many persons. The
juice stains linen a black color. Common about the borders
of fields, &c. — June.

139. STAPHYLEA.
Staphylea trifolia. L. Bladder tree.

Leaves trifoliate, racemes pendulous ; petals ciliate
below; fruit ovate.

A handsome shrub from six to ten feet high, remarkable for its
large inflated capsules. Leaves ternate, somewhat hairy ; leaf-
ets oval, serrate, acuminate, paler underneath. Flowers in a
short, nodding panicle or raceme. Bractes minute, lanceolate,
scarious. Calyx five parted, erect, tinged with red, its segments
oblong, obtuse; its base contracted into a stalk which forms a
joint with the peduncle. Petals white, obovate, obtuse, concave.
Stamens erect, Avilh downy filaments. Germ oval, triangular.
Styles three, cohering into one. Capsule large, inflated, ovate,
triangular, three parted at top, supporting the three styles, three
celled; seeds obovate, fixed to the central receptacle. — In woods
at Weston ; also in the western parts of the state. — May, June.

140. SAROTHRA.
Sarothra Gentianoides. L. Pine iceed.

Syn. Hypericum Sarothra. Mich.

CLASS V. ORDER IV., V. 129

A small, erect, branching plant. Leaves appressed, scale-like,
so small, that the plant appears leafless. Branches numerous,
subdivided, erect. Flowers small, yellow, with from five to tea
stamens and three styles. Capsule oblong, colored. — On sandy
soils exposed to the sun. — July, August.

TETRAGYNIA.

141. PARNASSIA.
Parnassia Carolintana. 3Ix. Grass of Parnassus.

Radical leaves suborbiculate, nectaries of three bris-
tles. Mx.

Radical leaves roundish ovate, entire, smooth, veined, tapering
at base. Scajpe a foot high, smooth, with five sharp angles, fur-
nished, about its middle with one ovate, half clasping leaf. Calyx
leaves oblong, obtuse, nerved, brown at the tips. Petals ovate,
much longer than the calyx, white, with ten or twelve green
nerves, reticulated on the sides at base. Nectaries five, alter-
nating with the stamens, each consisting of three equal, filamen-
tary branches, ending in yellow, glandular heads. Anthers ob-
long. Germ ovate ; style none, stigmas four, sometimes five, at
first indistinct, but afterwards prominent and recurved. Capsule
ovate, one celled, four or five valved ; receptacles lateral, aflSxed
to the valves. Seeds numerous, ovate. After the anthers have
fallen, the nectaries are easily inistaken for stamens by the inex-
perienced.— Wet meadows, Rhode-Island and Connecticut. —
August. — Perennial.

PENTAGYNIA.

142. ARALIA.

Aralia nudicaulis. L. Wild Sarsaparilla.

Stemless, leaves decompound, scape leafless.

Willd.

A well known aromatic root. It has no stem unless the ter-
mination of the root be so considered. Leaves on long stalks,
generally subdivided into three times three, or three times five

130 CLASS V. ORDER V.

leafets, which are oblong-qyate, finely serrate, acuminate, veined
and slightly hispid. The scape rises between the leaf stalks, and
supports a few simple umbels of greenish flowers. Involucre
scarcely any. Calyx with five very short, acute teeth. Petals
five, green, with a central nerve, acute, reflexed. Stamens five,
whitish, erect. Styles five, much shorter, acute, incurved. —
Woods and thickets. — May, June. — Perennial.

Aralia racemosa. L. PtttymorreJ. Spikenard.

Stem herbaceous, smooth ; leaves decompound ;
peduncles axillary, branching, umbelled. Willd.

Tall and irregularly branched. Stem smooth, dark green or
red. Leafets large, ovate or heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers in
small umbels, which are again arranged in branching racemes,
from the axils or forks of the stem. — In woods. — June, July.

It is aromatic and in high estimation with people of the coun-
try.

Aralia hispid a. Mich. Bristly Aralia.

Stem shrubby at base, hispid ; leaves twice pin-
nate ; leafets cut serrate ; umbels on long peduncles.

The lower part of the stem endures the winter, and has a
shrubby appearance, but most of the herb is annual. The stem
is set with thick and stiff bristles at the base. Leafets much
smaller than in the preceding, sharply and unequally serrate,
ending in a long point. Umbels several, on long peduncles.
Calyx teeth very short, subacute. Corolla greenish white with
a prominent rib on the upper side of each petal. Stamens as
long as the petals. Styles erect in the flower, but recurved and
tipt with black in the fruit. — Woods, Cambridgeport. — June.

143. LINUM.
LiNUM Virginianum. Virginian Flax.

Calyx leaves acute ; panicle terminal ; flowers alter-
nate, remote ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolatej tho
radical ones ovate.

Stem ascending, smooth, very slender, about a foot long.
Leaves scattered, sessile, lanceolate, the lower ones obovate,

CLASS V. ORDER V. 131

smooth. Flowers small, in a dichotomous panicle ; segments of
the calyx unequal, acuminate. Petals ohovate, yellow. Cap-
sules spherical. — Woods. — July. — Perennial.

144. DROSERA.
Drosera rotundifolia. L. Round leaved Sun-dew.

Leaves orbicular, radical depressed; petioles hairy;
scape bearing a simple raceme. Sm.

The thick glandular hairs, which cover the leaves of this and
other species, will readily distinguish them from other plants.
Leaves small, round, spreading on the ground in a flat circle.
Scape smooth, bearing a one-rowed, curved raceme of small
white flowers. — Wet, boggy land. — July, August.

Drosera longifolia. L. Long leaved Sun-dew.

Leaves spatulate-obovate, radical ; petioles naked ;
scape bearing a simple raceme.

More slender than the last species. It has sometimes creep-
ing roots which throw out a succession of leaves, and appear,
when gathered, like leafy stems. Swamp, Charlestown, near
Craigie's road. — July.
Drosera tenuifolia. Muhl. Linear Sun-deto.

Leaves filiform, scape radical, raceme mostly sim-
ple, styles about six.
Syn. De,osee.a FiLiFOKMis. ? Ph. Nutt.

Leaves rolled inward when young, long and linear or filiform,
smooth and deeply channelled on the back, covered with glandu-
lar hairs in front and sides. Scape erect, smooth, round, mostly
simple. Raceme unilateral, recurved, mostly simple. Flowers
on short pedicels, erect, large. Calyx oval, hairy, its segments
subacute. Petals five, purple, obovate, denticulate. Stam.ens
ten ; anthers oblong, yellow, crowded. Styles six, whitish, de-
clined from the germ so as to stand without the stamens, which
they exceed in length.

Borders of ponds, abundant, Plymouth, Massachusetts, where
it was found by Judge Davis, twenty years ago, and lodged in
Professor Peck's herbarium.

132 CLASS V. ORDER V.

It will be seen that the foregoing description disagrees, in sev-
eral respects, with that of Mr. Nuttall under D. filiformis. I
am inclined, however, to believe them varieties of the same spe-
cies.

145. STATICE.
Statice Caroliniana. Marsh Rosemary.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxv.

Scape round and panicled ; leaves obovate-lanceo-
late, smoothj obtLise, mucronatedj and flat on the
margin.

A purple flowering plant of the salt marshes, very conspicuous
about midsummer. The root of this plant is perennial, large,
fleshy, fusiform or branched. Several tufts of the leaves and
scapes are often produced from the same root. The leaves are
narrow-obovate, supported by long petioles, smooth, veinless,
obtuse, mucronated by the prolongation of the middle rib, level
and flat on the margin, in which respect they differ from >§. limo-
niuin, which is undulated. Scape round, a foot high, smooth,
furnished with a few scales, flexuous at top, giving off numerous
branches, which end in spikes of flowers ; the whole forming a
large panicle. The base of each branch and flower is supported
by an ovate, mucronated scale. The flowers are alternate, erect,
consequently one sided in the horizontal branches ; mostly in
pairs, but appearing single from one expanding before the other.
They grow on a short forked peduncle, which is concealed by
several sheathing scales, part of which are common to the two,
and part peculiar to the upper one. The calyx is funnel shaped,
five angled, the angles cili^te and ending in long acute teeth with
sometimes, not always, minute intermediate teeth. The upper
part of the calyx is scarious and of a pink color. Petals spatu-
late, obtuse, longer than the calyx, pale bluish purple. Stamens
inserted in the claws of the petals, anthers heart shaped. Germ
small, obovate, with five ascending styles shorter than the sta-
mens. Seed oblong, invested with the persistent calyx. — Pe-
rennial.

The root is strongly astringent, and with us is an officinal
article of considerable consumption.

CLASS VI. ORDER I. ;j^33

Class YI. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

146. Leontice. Calyx inferior, six leaved ; petals
six, opposite to the calyx ; capsule berry-likCj mostly
inflated, one celled.

147. Berberis. Calyx six leaved, inferior; corolla
six petalled ; two glands at the base of each petal ;
berry two seeded.

148. Prinos. Calyx six cleft, inferior ; corolla six
parted, wheel shaped ; berry six seeded.

149. Allium. Spathe many flowered; corolla in-
ferior, six parted, spreading ; umbel crowded ; fruit
capsular.

150. Pontederia. Corolla inferior, ringent, six
cleft ; stamens inserted three in the tip, and three in
the tube of the corolla; capsule three celled.

151. Hypoxis. Spathe two valved; corolla supe-
rior, six parted ; capsule narrower at the base.

152. Aletris. Calyx none ; corolla half superior,
tubular, six cleft, wrinkled, persistent ; stamens in-
serted in the top of the tube ; style triangular; cap-
sule opening at top, three celled, many seeded.

153. Streptopus. Calyx none ; corolla inferior,
six petalled, subcampanulate; berry roundish, three
celled : seeds few, hilum naked.

154. CoNVALLARiA. Calyx none ; corolla six cleft,
inferior ; stigma three sided ; berry three celled.

155. UvuLARiA. Calyx none; corolla inferior, petals
six, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at their base ;
stamens very short.

156. Asparagus. Corolla inferior, six parted, erect;

12

134 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

Style short, stigmas three; berry three celled, cells
two seeded.

157. DRACiENA. Calyx none; corolla inferior, six
petalled ; filaments a little thickened in the middle,
berry two or three celled,

158. Erythronium. Calyx none ; corolla inferior
six petalled; the three inner petals with a callous
prominence on each edge near the base.

159. Ornithogalum. Calyx none ; corolla six pe-
talled spreading above the middle; filaments dilated
at base ; germ superior three celled.

160. LiLiuM. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, six
petalled, the petals with a longitudinal groove from
the middle to the base.

161. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, covered with
flowers ; corolla six petalled ; style none ; capsule
Ithree celled.

162. Orontium. Spadix cylindrical crowned with
flowers ; corolla six petalled, naked ; style and stigmas
hardly any ; follicle one seeded.

163. JuNcus. Calyx six leaved, inferior, perma-
nent ; corolla none : capsule three valved ; stigmas
three.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles,

164. Helonias. Corolla six parted, spreading, the
segments without glands; capsule three celled, three
horned, cells few seeded.

165. Medeola. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, six
parted, revoliite; berry three celled.

166. Trillium. Calyx three leaved, inferior; corolla
three petalled ; berry three celled.

167. ScHEucHZERiA. Calyx six parted ; corolla uouc ;

CLASS VI. ORDEIi I. 1^35

anthers linear ; stigmas sessile, lateral ; capsules in^
flated.

168. Triglochin. Calyx three leaved, inferior ;
corolla three leaved, resembling the calyx ; styles
none; capsule bursting at the base; seeds solitary.

169. RuMEx. Calyx three leaved inferior; petals
three connivent ; stigma man}^ cleft ; seed one, tri-
angular, naked.

Order Y. FOLYGYNIA. Many styles.

170. Alisma. Calyx three leaved ; corolla three
petalled ; capsules numerous, clustered, one seeded.

HEXANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

146. LEONTICE.
^ Subgenus Caulophyllum. Fruit scarcely inflated, opening
when ripe.

Leontice thalictroides. Mx. JPoppoose root.

Glabrous ; leaves supradecomponnd ; leafets oval,
the lower ones petioled and lobed, the terminal one
three lobed.

Syn. Caulophyllum thalictroides. Mx.

A smooth plant with leaves resembling a Thalictrum, but
many times larger. Flowers in a small racemose panicle at the
division of the leaf stalks. Fruit stipitate, dark blue. Accord-
ing to Mr. Nuttall the germ is two seeded, and the fruit becomes
one seeded by abortion ; so that it appears hardly necessary to
separate Caulophyllum from Leontice.^ — Woods, Deerfield l
Woodstock, Vermont. — May.-^Perennial.

* See also DecandoUe Res. ves^ ii. 24.

X36 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

147. BERBERIS.
Berberis vulgaris. L. Barberry busk.

Flowers in racemes; spines three forked; serratures
of leaves terminated by soft bristles. Sm.

Few shrubs are better known or more common by road sides
and fences, in gravelly soils. Branches clotted and armerl with
triple thorns. Leaves inversely ovate, serrate, the teeth and
point ending in short bristles. The yellow flowers appear in
June in hanging clusters ; succeeded by oblong, acid berries of a
deep red color. — This plant agrees almost precisely with the
European.

A very remarkable degree of irritability, not exceeded by the
sensitive plant, exists in the flowers of the Barberry. When
these are fully expanded, the stamens are found spread out on
the inner side of the corolla. In this situation, if the inside of
the filament be touched with a pin or straw, it instantly contracts
and throws the anther violently against the stigma. This fact,
which has been particularly described by Dr. Smith in the Eng-
lish Barberry, is not less remarkable and distinct in the Ameri-
can variety of the shrub.

It is a commonly received opinion, both here and in Europe,
that the barberry is injurious to cultivated grain. Wheat, rye,
&c., growing in its neighborhood, are said to be blighted. But
some distinguished philosophic agriculturists, among whom
are Duhamel and Broussonet, have assured us that the opinion
is without foundation. May not the supposed fault belong to
the peculiar soil and situation which the barberry frequents ?

148. PRINOS.

Prinos Verticillatus. Black Alder.

American Medical Botany, PI. Ivi.

Leaves deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, slightly
pubescent beneath ; flowers axillary, aggregate.

This shrub is irregular in its growth, but most commonly
forms branches six or eight feet in height.. Leaves alternate or
scattered, on short petioles, oval orobovate, acute at base, sharply
serrate, acuminate, with some hairiness, particularly on the veins

CLASS VI. ORDER I. fg/

underneath. Flowers small, white, growing in little tu,fts or
imperfect umbels, which are nearly sessile in the axils of the
leaves. Calyx small, six cleft, persistent. Corolla monopeta-
lous, spreading, without a tube, the border divided into six obtuse
segments. Stamens erect, with oblong anthers. In the barren
flowers they are equal in length to the corolla, in the fertile ones
shorter. Germ in the fertile flowers large, green, roundish, with
a short neck or style, terminating in an obtuse stigma. Berries
of a bright scarlet, in irregular bunches, roundish, supported by
the persistent calyx, crowned with the stigma, six celled, con-
taining six long seeds, which are convex outwardly, and sharp
edged within. These berries are bitter and unpleasant to the
taste, with a little sweetness and some acrimony. — Swamps. —
July.

PkiNos AMBiGuus. Mx. Loug hcivecl Black Alder.

Leaves deciduous, oval, acute at both ends, barren
flowers crowded, fertile ones solitary.

Leaves more oblong, and less sharply serrate than in the last.
Flowers often four or five cleft. — Roxbury. — June.

Prinos glaber. L. Evergreen Winter herry.

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at tip.

Distinguished from the former by its smooth coriaceous, ever-
green leaves, which are of a bluntish lanceolate form, with a few
small remote teeth at the end. Flowers axillary.— Swamps.— -
Manchester, Abingdon. — June, July.

149. ALLIUM.
Allium Canadense. L. Canada Garlic.

Scape nakedj round ; leaves linear ; head bearing
bulbs.

Leaves radical, smooth, channelled above. Scape smootH,
round. Spathe ovate, acute. The scape supports a head of
bulbs with a short leaf under each, and a few pedunculated'
whitish flowers. — Woods, Chelsea beach island.— June, — Pe*-

rennial.

12^

138 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

Allium tricoccon. Willd. Lanceolate Garlic.

Scape naked, half rounds leaves oblong lanceolate,
flat, smooth ; iiiiibel globose ; seeds solitary.

This garlic, with broad lanceolate leaves, I have met with ia
the woods at Berwick, Maine.— July.— Perennial.

150. PONTEDERIA.

PoNTEDERiA coRDATA. L. JPicJcerel-weed.

Leaves heart shaped, flowers spiked. L.

During the month of July, the tall blue spikes of Pontederia
are very conspicuous on the borders of ponds and rivers of deep
water and muddy bottoms. Stem erect, fleshy, cylindrical.
Leaves long, heart shaped, very smooth, with convergent nerves.
Stem leaf sheathing at the base of its stalk. Flowers in a cylin-
drical spike, proceeding from a short spathe. Corollas blue,
irregular, the tube curved, pubescent, channelled, green at base,
the border in six divisions, the three uppermost united, with,
commonly, not always, a yellow spot in the middle. The
flowers roll themselves up when old. Capsule oblong, curved,
with six acute, unequal toathed angles. Seed one, oblong, acu-
minate.— Perennial.

151. HYPOXIS.
Hypoxis erecta. L. Yellow Bethlehem Star,

Hairy ; scape about four flowered, shorter than the
leaves ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; peduncles twice as
long as the flower.
Syn. Hypoxis Caroliniana. Mich.

The yellow, starlike flowers of this plant appear among^the
grass in pastures, in June and after. Root bulbous. Leaves
grass-like, hairy. Scape slender, hairy, divided at top into about
four peduncles, with subulate bractes or spathes at their base.
Corolla wheel shaped, of six lanceolate petals or segments, hairy
on the outside. — Perennial.

¥

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 139

152c ALETPJS.

Aletris farinosa. Star Grass^

American Medical Botany, PI. 1.

Flowers pedicelled, oblong-tubular, somewhat
wrinkled in fruit ; leaves broad lanceolate.

This plant has a single circle of radical leaves, sessile, nerved,
lanceolate, smooth. Stem or scape from one to three feet high,
invested with remote scales, which sometimes expand into sma?t.
leaves. The flowers form a slender, scattered spike with very
short pedicels and minute bractes. Calyx none. Corolla white,
oblong bell shaped, divided at the mouth into six acute, spread-
ing segments. The outside, particularly as the flower grows
old, has a roughish, wrinkled or mealy appearance, by which the
specific name was suggested. Stamens short, inserted near the
mouth of the corolla at the base of the segments. The circum-
stance of their being opposite to the segments, and not alternate
with them, affords a distinguishing mark of this genus. An-
thers soraewhat heart shaped. Germ pyramidal, half inferior,
tapering : style triangular, separable into three. Capsule invest-
ed with the permanent corolla, triangular, three celled, three
valved at top. Seeds numerous, minute, fixed to a central re-
ceptacle.— The root is intensely bitter. — In low grounds. Bridge-
water.— July. — Perennial.

153. STREPTaPUS.
Streptopus distortus. 3Ix. Curling Streptopus.

Smooth, leaves clasping ; pedicels solitary, genicu-
late and contorted in the middle.

Syn. UvuLARiA amplexifolia. Willd.

Whole plant glabrous. Stem round, branching. Leaves
clasping, to appearance perfoliate, oblong acuminate, glaucous
underneath. Peduncles opposite the leaves, turning downwards,
filiform, contorted. Flowers bell shaped, greenish white, the
petals reflexed, gibbous at base, where the stamens are inserted.
Fruit scarlet, oblong, many seeded. — Woods, in the w^estern
parts of Massachusetts. — June. — Perennial.

140 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

Streptopus roseus. Mx. Red flowering Streptopus,

Smooth, leaves clasping, serrulate-ciliate, anthers
short, two horned.

The species a good deal resembles the last, but the leaves ap-
pear ciliate, and when viewed with a magnifier are found to be
edged with short cartilaginous filaments. Flowers reddish. — In
Vermont and New Hampshire. — June. — Perennial.

154. CONVALLARIA.

§ Subgenus Smilacina. Corolla four or six parted, spreading ;
flowers terminal.

GoNVALLARiA BiFOLiA. L. Two Uaved Solomon's Seal.
Stem two or three leaved, leaves heart shaped,
flowers tetandroiis. Mich.
Syn. Smilacina Canadensis. Pursh.

The creeping roots of this little plant cause it to spread exten-
sively in the moist situations where it grows. Its stem is an-
gular and furnished with two or three smooth, thin, delicate
leaves,. oblong heart shaped and sessile, the lower one sometimes
pedunculated. Flowers white, in a short erect cluster. Corolla
four cleft ; stamens four. Germ round, depressed, style straight.
The unripe berries are white and spotted, a circumstance said to
be common to all the species.— Flowers in May. — Perennial.

Convallaria trifolia. L. Three leaved Solomon's Seal.

Stem pubescent with three alternate leaves ; leaves
oblong lanceolate ; raceme terminal, lax.

Syn. Smilacina trifolia. Pursh.

Stem round. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, clasping. Spike
terminal, erect, simple. Peduncles short with minute concave
bractes. Corolla rotate with six lanceolate reflexed petals. Sta-
mens' six, straight, spreading. Germ triangular-ovate ; style
straight, stigma triple. — Near the Monadnock mountain, Mr,
Nuttall. — Cambridge, near Fresh pond. Mr. Tuckerman. — May.
— Perennial.

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 141

CONVALLARIA STELLATA.

Stem clothed with alternaie, clasping, lanceolate
leaves; raceme simple, terminal, few flowered.
Syn. Smilacina stellata. Pursh.

About a foot high. Stem round, smooth, flexuous. Leaves
alternate, two ranked, oblong or lanceolate, clasping, smooth
above, glaucous or downy underneath. Raceme terminal erect,
simple, consisting of a few white flowers with six oblong petals
and six stamens. — Low grounds, South Boston. — June.

CoNVALLARiA RACEMOSA. L. Clustered Solomon's Seal.

Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, oval, acimiinate ;
raceme terminal, compound.

A large species, every part of it covered with fine down. Root,
fleshy, sweet and mucilaginous. Leaves alternate, oblong, large,
nerved, smooth in appearance, tapering to a long point, their
base narrowed into a sort of petiole. The stem terminates in a
compound raceme of white flowers on peduncles generally of
the same color. Corolla rotate, of six small linear divisions.
Stamens longer than the petals, with conical filaments. Germ
round. Style straight, short. — In low ground. — June. — Peren-
nial.

§^ Subgenus Polygfonatijm. Flowers cylindrical.
CoNVALLARiA MULTiFLORA. L. Many Jlowered Solomon's

Seal.

Leaves alternate, clasping; stem round; peduncles
axillary, many flowered. L.

Syn. POLTGONATITM MULTIFLORUM. Pursh.

A smaller plant than the preceding species. Stem about two
feet high, smooth, round, simple, nodding at top. Leaves alter-
nate, oval, nerved, pale and pubescent underneath, slightly
clasping at base. Flower stalks axillary, drooping, branched,
supporting several pendulous green flowers. Corollas long,
funnel shaped, somewhat cylindrical, six cleft. Anthers oblong,
acute, filaments growing to the corolla; style as long as the

X42 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

stamens. — About fences and shady places. — May, June. — Pe-
rennial.

CoNVALLARiA CANALicuLATA. Channelled Solomon's Seal.
Stem channelled, leaves alternate, clasping, ob-
long, pubescent at the edge, peduncles axillary, two
flowered.

Syn. POLYGONATUM CANALICtJLATUM. Pursh.

Resembles the last, but is distinguished by its angular stalk.
Resembles greatly C. polygonatum of Europe, and is by some
considered identical. — Woods. — June. — Perennial.

155. UVULARIA.
UvuLARiA PERFOLiATA. L. Perfoliate Bellwort.

Leaves perfoliate ; segments of the corolla granular
within, capsule truncated. Mich.

Has the habit of the last genus. Stem smooth, round, running
through the leaves. Leaves oval, smooth, perforated by the
stem near their base, furnishing a good example of the perfoli-
ate leaf, the sides reflexed when young. Branches axillary.
Flov^ers pendulous, pale yellow, of six petals, their inside cov-
ered with small tubercles, dilated toward the bottom and termi-
nating in a hollow nectary. Filaments short, fleshy; anthers
twice as long, terminating in a slender point. Germ obovate;
style longer than the stamens and separating into three diverging
stigmas, bell shaped. Capsule three cornered, appearing as if
cut off in the middle. — Woods. — Watertown, Brookline. — May.
— Perennial.
UvuLARiA GRANDiFLORA. Sm. Large fioweved JBellivovt.

Leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute ; petals smooth

inside ; anthers obtuse ; nectaries roundish.

Similar to the foregoing, but larger, the leaves narrower, the
flowers brighter yellow and smooth inside. — Woods, Vermont. —
May. — Perennial,

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 143

XJvuLARiA sEssiLiFOLiA. L. SessiU Uavcd Bellwort.

Leaves sessile, lance-oval, glaucous underneath ;
capsule pedunculated ; ovate. Pers.

Stem slender, smooth, dividing at top into two branches, one
bearing only leaves, the other leaves and a flower. The leaves
are alternate, thin, smooth, paler underneath. The flower pale
yellow or greenish, on a slender axillary peduncle. Petals ob-
long-linear with an obscure tooth on each side at base. Anthers
longer than the filaments. Germ oval, triangular, pedicelled.
Style longer than stamens, dividing into three stigmas. Capsule
ovate, contracted at base. — Woods, Brookline. — May. — Peren-
nial.

156. ASPARAGUS.
Asparagus officinalis. Common asparagus.

Stem herbaceous, unarmed, erect, round, much
branched. Leaves setaceous, fascicled ; peduncles
jointed in the middle.

This well known plant has become naturalized about culti-
vated grounds; flowering in June and ripening its bright scarlet
berries toward the end of summer.

157. DRAC^NA.

Brac^na Borealis. Ait. Northern Dracmna,

Leaves oblanceolate ; scape umbelled ; berries two
celled.

Leaves radical or nearly so, half a foot long, oblanceolate,
smooth and shining, ciliate with fine loose hairs. Scape round,
supporting a terminal umbel of a few handsome green bell
shaped flowers. Petals six, lanceolate, spreading, gibbous at
base. Stamens erect, anthers oblong. Style erect. Stigma
semilunar, compressed. Germ superior, oval. Fruit an oblong
berry, two celled, few seeded, and of a deep amethystine blue.

This plant has been improperly associated by Desfontaines
with his genus Smilacina, from which it differs in its campanu-
late corolla, entire semicircular stigma, and two celled fruit, as
well as in habit and color. I have preferred leaving it where it

144 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

was placed by Alton, though it difiers from the rest of the Dra-
caenas in some respects. It might with propriety form a new
genus. — Woods. — Gloucester — on the Wachusett, Monadnock
and White mountains. — June. — Perennial.

158. ERYTHRONIUM.
ERYTHRONiuai Americanum. CommoTi Erythronium.

American Medical Botany, PI. Iviii.

Scape naked, leaves lanceolate and involute at the
point ; style club-shaped and undivided.

Syn. Erythronium lanceolatum. Pursh.

Erythronium Denscansis. Mx.

A delicate liliaceous plant with spotted leaves. The root is a
solid bulb, situated deep in the ground, brown outside, white and
homogenous within. The whole plant is smooth and glossy.
Scape naked, slender. Leaves two, nearly equal, lanceolate,
veinless, of a dark brownish green, clouded, with irregular spots,
sheathing the scape with their base, and terminating in an ob-
tuse callous point. Flower solitary, drooping. Petals six, lan-
ceolate, yellow, the three outermost partly crimson on the out-
side, the three innermost having an obtuse tooth on each side
near the base. In a clear sun the petals are expanded and revo-
lute, but at night and on cloudy days they are nearly closed.
Filaments flat, anthers oblong-linear. Germ obovate, style
longer than the stamens, club-shaped, three lobed at top and
terminating in three distinct, but not detached stigmas. Cap-
sule oblong obovate, somewhat pedicelled. — In rich, moist soils,
South Boston, Cambridge. — May. — Perennial.

^Erythronium bracteatum. Bracied Erythronium.

E. scapo hracteato ; foliis lanceolatis inceqiiaUbus.
Scape brae ted ; leaves lanceolate, unequal.

Leaves very unequal, the primary one being two or three
times as large as the secondary. Scape shorter than the leaves
with a narrow lanceolate bracte about an inch long, situated an
inch or two below the flower. Corolla yellow, half as large as
in the preceding species, petals gibbous at base. Stamens half
as long as the corolla. Style clavate; stigmas united ? Discov-

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 245

ered by Dr. Boott on the Camel's Rump mountain, Vermont, and
by him designated by the foregoing name. — June.

159. ORNITHOGALUM.
Ornithogalum umbellatum. L. White Bethlehem Star.
Corymb few flowered ; peduncles longer than the
bractes ; filaments subulate.

Naturalized in moist grounds. Root bulbous. Leaves radical,
linear, channelled, smooth. Scape round, bearing six or eight
flowers with a membranous bracte at the base of each pedicel.
Petals white, greenish in the middle outside, anthers large, yel-
low.— May, June.

160. LILIUM.

LiLiuM Canadense, L. Common yellow Lily.

Leaves in whorls ; flowers terminal, drooping,
petals spreading.

A great portion of our meadows are embellished with the
flowers of this lily in the first part of summer. Stem green,
varying in height from one to three feet, with lanceolate leaves
surrounding it in distant whorls. Flowers sometimes one, and
frequently three on a plant, bell shaped, pendulous, yellow, spot-
ted inside ; petals lanceolate, turned outward, but hardly reflex-
ed. — June, July. — Perennial.

LiLiuM suPERBUM. L. Supevh Lily,

Leaves linear-lanceolate, three nerved, glabrous
lower ones whorled, twice as long as the internodes •
upper ones scattered ; flowers in a pyramidal raceme,
corollas reflexed.

One of the m^st magnificent of our native plants. Stem erect,
straight, from three to six feet high, bearing a large pyramid of
orange colored flowers, amounting not unfrequently to thirty or
forty in number. In low grounds, rare, July.

By cultivation in a rich soil, L. Canadense approaches in cha-
racter to this species.

13

146 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

LiLiuM PiiiLADELPiiicuM. L. CommoTi red Lily.

Leaves in whorls ; flowers erect; corolla bell shap-
ed, petals with claws. L.

The red lily is a less shewy, but equally beautiful species with
the first. It frequents a drier soil, and is commonly found about
the margins of fields, among bushes, &c. Leaves whorled, a
few sometimes scattered. Flowers one, two, or three, upright,
of a dark vermilion color, spotted. The petals are supported
on long claws, which gives the flower an open appearance. —
June, July. — Perennial.

161. ACORUS.
AcoRus Calamus. L. Sweet Flag.

Summit of the stalk above the flowers very long
and leaf like. Sm.

Sweet flag root is an officinal article in considerable estima-
tion. At times when the plant is not in flower, the aromatic
flavor of the root will readily distinguish it from the other spe-
cies of flag, a name indiscriminately applied here to plants with
sword shaped leaves, as Iris, Typha, &;c. When in flower, the
long, round, solitary spadix, projecting from the side of an ap-
parent leaf, is a sufficient mark. The spadix is closely covered
with small, green flowers with six petals, and as many stamens*
— Meadow^s.-— June, July. — Perennial.

162. ORONTIUM.

Orontium aquaticum. L. Golden Club,

Leaves lance-ovate ; scape cylindrical, spiked.

An aquatic plant with a long spike or spadix of yellow flow-
ers. Leaves radical, smooth, entire, pale underneath, half a foot
long when fully grown. Spathe radical. Spadix erect, va-
riously colored. Calyx yellow, the lower flowers with six leaves
and stamens, the upper with four. — Southwick. Dr. Porter.
Derby, Ct. Mr. Oakes.

This plant, very common in the Middle States, is but seldom
met with in the eastern parts of the Union.

CLASS VI. ORDER I. X47

163. JUNCUS.
JuNcus EFFUsus. L. Soft Rush. Bulrush.

Culm naked, straight ; panicle lateral, loose, thrice
compounded ; capsules obtuse. Sm.

Found every where in moist land, growing commonly in
bunches. Stems perfectly simple, smooth, round, and leafless,
sheathed at the base and filled with spongy pith. Panicle pro-
ceeding from a fissure in the side of the stem, much branched,
and bearing many small green flowers. — June, July. — Perennial.

JuNCus FiLiFORMis. L. FiUform Rush,

Culm naked, filiform, nodding, panicle lateral,
bracted, nearly simple, capsule roundish.

Resembles the foregoing, but more slender, nodding, and the
panicle further below the top. — On the borders of alpine ponds
on the White mountains. Mr. Greene.

JuNcus TRiFiDus. L. Trifid Rush.

Culm naked, terminated by three leaves and three
flx)wers.

A small rush, abundant near the summit of the White moun-
tains, having a sessile spikelet of a few flowers supported by
long bractes or terminal leaves. — July. — Perennial.

JuNcus TENUIS. WUlcl. Slender Rush.

Culm roundish, undivided ; leaves linear, channel-
led; corymb terminal; leaves of the calyx acuminate,
larger than the obtuse, three sided capsule. Willd.

A small, hardy species, common about foot paths and road
sides. Stem roundish, leafy at base. Leaves slender, channel-
led on the upper side. Corymb or cyme terminal, unequal,
invested with a long leafy involucre. Capsule obtuse, a little
shorter than the calyx. — June. — Perennial.

JuNcus BUFONius. L. Tottd Rush.

Culm leafy, dichotomous ; leaves angular, subseta-
ceous ; flowers oblong, solitary, sessile.
A small rush of wet grounds, sometimes viviparous. — July.

148 CLASS VI. ORDER I.

JuNcus BULBOsus. L. Hulbous Rush, Black Grass.

Culm compressed, undivided; leaves linear, chan-
nelled, panicle cymed ; calyx obtuse, shorter than the
capsule ; capsule roundish, obtuse.

A common rush of salt marshes, often giving, when in fruit, a
dark color to the tracts where it prevails. It makes good hay. —
July.

* JuNGus MiLiTARis. JBayouet Rush.

J. folio unico, articulator culmiim siiperante ; pani-
cula termijiali, prolifero ; capitulis suhqiimquefloris.

Leaf one, jointed, longer than the culm; panicle
terminal, proliferous ; heads about five flowered.

Root creeping, scaly. Culm as large as a goose quill, two or
three feet high, smooth, with a long sheath or two at base, and
commonly another above the leaf. Leaf cylindrical, erect, jointed
with internal partitions, inserted below the middle of the culm,
and exceeding it in height by half a foot or more. Panicle ter-
minal, erect, of half a dozen smooth branches, most of them pro-
liferous, invested with sheathing, lanceolate bractes at base.
The branchlets end in small heads of from four to six sessile
flowers. Calyx segments acute, brown, edged with green. The
unripe capsule is acuminate. — Discovered by Mr. Greene grow-
ing plentifully in a pond at Tewksbury.

JuNCus POLYCEPHALOs. Mich. Many headed Rush.

Culm few leaved, erect; leaves somewhat knotty;
heads round, many flowered, panicled ; calyxes linear;
stamens six. Mich. ahr.
Syn. JuNCUs echinatus. Muhl.

Common in meadows and low ground. Stem erect, firm,
round, smooth. Leaves round, smooth, interrupted with nu-
merous transverse partitions or joints. Heads resembling small
burrs, sessile and pedunculated, in a proliferous panicle or um-
bel, with very unequal branches. Calyx leaves crowded, linear-
lanceolate, very acute. — Perennial,,

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 149

This plant sometimes undergoes a singular alteration in its
fructification from the bile of an insect.

JuNcus cAMPESTRis. L. Field Rush.

Culm leafy. Leaves flat, hairy: spikes terminal,
sessile, or pedunculated; capsules obtuse. Srn.

Syn. LuzuLA campestris. Willd.

Hardly half a foot high in dry ground, but in wet situations
much taller. Stem upright, round, leafy. Leaves short, grass
like, flat, acute, the edges fringed with fine, loose hairs. Spikes
terminal, umbelled, most of them on peduncles, irregular ovate,
obtuse, erect or nodding. Calyx leaves lanceolate, acute. Cap-
sules three seeded, inversely ovate, obtuse, shorter than the
calix. — May. — Perennial.

JuNcus MELANOCARPUS. Mx. BlacTc fruited Rush.

Culm leafy, leaves sublanceolate, smooth ; panicle
capillary, lax; flowers pedicelled.
Syn. LuzuLA melanocarpa. Desvaux.

Culm a foot or more in height, smooth, leafy. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, glabrous, those of the root eight or ten inches long.
Panicle large, nodding, decompound, many flowered. Ultimate
corymbs of from four to six flowers, of which one is sessile, the
rest on capillary pedicels. Calyx acuminate. Capsule with a
short beak. — At the cascade of New river in the White moun-
tains.— June.

JuNcus spicatus. L, Spiked Rush.

Leaves flat ; spike racemed, nodding, compomid at
base ; capsules acute.
Syn. LuzuLA spicata. De Cand.

Culm slender, with an oblong, nodding head. — On the summit
of the White mountains, its only American locality with which
I am acquainted. — July.
13^

150 CLASS VI. ORDER IIL

TRIGYNIA.

164. HELONIAS.
Helonias dioica. Ph. Unicorn Root.

Dioecious scape leafy ; raceme spiked, nodding ;
pedicels short, scarcely bracted; filaments longer than
the corolla ; petals linear ; leaves oblong-lanceolate.
Syn. Veratrum luteum. Willd.

Stem one or two feet high, smooth, angular. Leaves lanceo-
late acute. Barren flowers white, petals narrow linear, short-
er than the stamens. Fertile flowers with abortive stamens.
Germ ovate, stigmas three. Capsule oblong-ovate, opening
at the summit. — In various parts of Connecticut. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

165. MEDEOLA,

Medeola Virginica. L. Cucumber Root.

Leaves in whorls.

Syn. Gyromia Virginica. Nutt.

Few plants exceed this in geometrical regularity of structure
and appearance. The stem is erect, smooth, and commonly
invested with loose tufts of cotton-like down. The leaves are
in two whorls, the lowermost a few inches from the top, con-
sisting of about seven or eight broad lanceolate leaves, the upper-
most of three, and rarely four ovate ones. The flowers are ter-
minal, and bend down through the interstices of the upper leaves.
Petals lanceolate, greenish white, revolute. Stamens erect, slen-
der. Germ single oval, stigmas three, rarely four, reflexed,
twice as long as the stamens, of a reddish color as well as the
stamens. Berry three celled, many seeded. The root is tube-
rous, with a flavor resembling the cucumber. — In low woods and
swamps. — June, July. — Perennial.

166. TRILLIUM.

Trillium cernuum. L. Nodding Trillium.

Flower on a footstalk, drooping. Willd.
This is the only species I have observed in the immediate

CLASS VI. ORDER HI. 151

neighborhood of Boston. Leaves three, large, roundish, or rhom-
boid, pointed. Flower terminal, from the bosom of the leaves,
bending down so as to be sheltered beneath them. Calyx leaves
ihree. Petals three, alternate with the calyx leaves, nearly
white, reflexed. Stigmas three, recurved. — In shady thickets. —
May, June. — Perennial.

Trillium erectum. L. Erect Trillium,

Peduncle inclined; flower nodding; petals ovate;
aciiminatej flat, spreading; much broader, but scarcely
longer, than the calyx ; leaves broad, rhomboidal, acu-
minate, sessile.

Flowers dull brownish purple, greenish outside ; odor offensive.
Root used in medicine. — In old woods in the middle and western
parts of the state. — May. — Perennial.

Trillium pictum. JPursJi. Painted Trillium,

Peduncle somewhat erect, petals oval-lanceolate,
acute, recurved, twice as long as the calyx ; leaves
ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, and abruptly pe-
tioled.

Petals white, striped at base with purple, undulate at the
edge. A very handsome species. — On the Ascutney mountain,
Vermont. — May, June.

Trillium grandiflorum. >S^aZ2s6. Large jlowering Trillium.
Peduncle slightly nodding ; petals spatulate-lanceo-
late, erect at base and spreading at top, much longer
than the calyx ; leaves broad rhomboid-ovate.

A fine plant, larger than any of the preceding. Leaves sessile,
acute at base, abruptly acuminate. Peduncle an inch and more
in length. Flowers white, turning dark red. Berries dark pur-
ple.— June. — Burlington, Vermont, Mr. Russell.

My specimens are from the natural bridge in Virginia.

152 CLASS VI. ORDER III.

167. SCHEUCHZERIA.

ScHEUCHZERiA PALusTRis. L. Schcuchzer'' s Rush.

A plant of wet marshes and ponds, found in both continents.
Stem angular, hardly a foot high. Leaves linear semiterete,with
a small depression or pore on the upper surface near the tip.
Flowers racemed, greenish yellow. Belchertown. Prof. Hitch-
cock.

168. TRIGLOCHIN.

Triglochin maritimum. L. Sea Arrow Grass.

Capsule six celled, grooved, ovate. Willd.

The leaves of this plant are rush-like, smooth, fleshy, flexible,
and semicylindrical. They have a sweetish, not unpleasant taste.
Stalk solitary, bearing a long, dense spike of greenish flowers on
very short pedicels. They have six leaves, three of which may
pass for calyx and three for petals. Anthers nearly sessile. —
Salt marshes and ditches. — June. — Perennial.

The cultivation of this plant for cattle has been recommended.

169. RUMEX.
RuMEX CRispus. L. Curled Dock,

Calyx valves ovate, entire, all bearing grains ;

leaves lanceolate, waved, acute.

Root fusiform. Stem furrowed, smooth. Leaves lanceolate,
rather acute, waved and curled on the margin. Racemes of half
whorls, leafy towards the base. Valves enclosing the seed heart-
shaped, reticulated, very slightly serrate or repand on the mar-
gin, each bearing a grain, of which one is much larger than
the other two. — Rubbish and cultivated grounds. — June. — Pe-
rennial.

RuMEX oBTusiFOLTus. L. Broad leaved Dock.

Valves toothed, one chiefly graniferous ; root leaves
heart shaped, obtuse; stem ronghish. Sm.

Grows in the same places as the last, but is somewhat later
in its appearance. Root more divided. Stem furrowed, rough
near the top. Leaves large, oblong, heart-shaped, obtuse at

CLASS VI. ORDER III. ]53

the end; the petiole and midrib often red on the upper side.
Calyx leaves heart-shaped, reticulated, furnished with long, sub-
ulate teeth, one only bearing a full, distinct grain. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

These two species, originally from Europe, are among our
most troublesome weeds.

* RuMEx Pallidus. White Dock.

R. foliis lineai^i-lanceolatis, aciitis ; spicis graciU-
bus ; valvulis ovatis, integris, gramim vix superaiiii-
bus.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender ;
valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the grain.

Stems numerous, ascending, smooth, round, slightly furrowed.
Leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, acute, petoled, more or less
waved on the margin. Spikes slender, owing to the shortness
of the pedicels, the largest with a leaf at base. Calyx linear,
acute. Petals ovate, obtuse, erect. Stamens six, anthers whitish,
two lobed. Styles three. Fruit crowded, the valves ovate, en-
tire or furnished with a single tooth at base, with a large, white,
fleshy, obtuse grain nearly covering the back of each. — Salt
marshes. — June. — Perennial.

First sent by Dr. Nichols from Danvers.

RuMEx Britannica. L. Yellow rooted Water Dock.

Valves very entire, all of them graniferons ; leaves
lanceolate with obsolete sheaths.

A tall species growing in deep mud in watery situations.
Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth and even. Stem furrowed, sur-
rounded above the joints with torn sheaths, a character which
distinguishes it from Rumex verticillatus, another aquatic spe-
cies with tubular sheaths. Valves of the Calyx large, heart-
shaped, entire, each bearing a grain. — July. — Perennial.

Rumex Acetosella. L. Sorrel. Sheep's Sorrel.

Flowers dioecious, leaves lanceolate, hastate ; calyx
valves without grains.

154 ' CLASS vii. orders;'!.

A common and unprofitable intruder into every species of
ground, but particularly such as are dry and sandy. The root
leaves furnish a good example of the halberd shape or hastate
form. Flowers in panicled racemes small, with stamens and
styles on distinct plants. Valves ovate, entire, destitute of
grains. The acid properties of the plant are well known. —
May. — Perennial.

POLYGYNIA.

170. ALTSMA.
Alisma Plantago; L. TVaier Plantain.

Leaves ovate, acute, capsules obtusely three cor-
nered. Sm.

Common in small ponds and ditches. Leaves radical, peti-
oled, ovate, acute, smooth, nerved, entire. Panicle decompound,
its branches given off in whorls with bractes. Flowers with
three calyx leaves and three deciduous petals of a purplish
white. Capsules three cornered, obtuse. — June, July. — Peren-
nial.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Seven stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

171. Trientalis. Calyx seven leaved ; corolla
seven parted, equal ; berry one celled ; juiceless.

HEPTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

171. TRIENTALIS.
Trientalis Americana. Ph. American Trientalis.

Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate; petals acu-
minate.
Syn. Trientalis Europea. Mx.

CLASS VIII. ORDER I. ;I55

A plant seldom exceeding half a foot in height, having its
leaves chiefly in a tuft or whorl at the top, with one or more
white star-like blossoms above. Leaves lanceolate, minutely
serrate, shining, acuminate, pointed. Flowers on filiform pedun-
cles. The number of stamens and divisions of the calyx and
corolla is commonly seven, but often varies to six or eight ;
segments of the calyx linear. Petals ovate, acuminate. — In low
woods, particularly among the pine trees on Craigie's road. —
May, June. — Perennial.

On comparison of specimens I am satisfied that the American
species is distinct from the European in having the leaves
minutely serrulate, and the petals acuminate ; though these
marks are not noticed by Pursh.

Class YIII. OCTANDRIA. Eight siafuens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

172. Epilobium. Calyx four cleft, tubular, su-
perior; corolla four petalled ; capsule oblong; seeds
feathered.

173. CEnothera. Calyx four cleft, tubular, supe-
rior ; corolla four petalled ; capsule four celled, four
valved ; seeds naked.

174. Rhexia. Calyx four cleft, inferior; corolla
four petalled; anthers curved; capsule four celled,
in the body of the calyx.

175. Menziesia. Calyx one leaved; corolla mo-
nopetalous, ovate; filaments inserted in the receptacle;
capsule four celled, divided by the inflexed edge of the
valves ; seeds numerous.

176. DiRCA. Calyx none ; corolla tubular, the bor-
der obsolete; stamens longer than the tube; berry
one seeded.

177. Yaccinium. Calyx superior, four toothed;

156 CLASS VIII. ORDER I.

corolla monopetalons ; stamens inserted on the recep-
tacle ; berry four celled, many seeded.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Tioo styles.

178. Chrysosplenium. Calyx four cleft, colored ;
corolla none; capsule two beaked, one celled, many
seeded.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.

179. Polygonum. Calyx five parted, resembling a
corolla ; corolla none ; seed one, angular, inclosed in
the calyx ; stamens and pistils irregular in number.

OCTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

172. EPILOBIUM.
Epilobium angustifolium. L, Spiked Willow Herb.
Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, entire, veiny ;
flowers unequal. Ait.

Syn. Epilobium spicatum. Pers. Muhl.

A tall plant bearing a profusion of blue flowers. Stem round,
erect, with alternate branches near the top. Leaves narrow,
lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath, nearly sessile. Racemes
terminal, leafless. Flowers on footstalks, irregular ; calyx linear,
acute ; petals light bluish purple, obovate, unguiculate, standing
on the long, glaucus or whitish germ. Stamens unequal, four
long and four short, with oblong anthers. Style at first club
shaped, but at length separating into four revolute branches.
When the pods are opening, the plant appears covered with the
downs of the seeds. — In woods and low grounds. A large quan-
tity grows near Brighton new road. — June, July. — Perennial.

Epilobium lineare. Muhl. Linear Willmo Herb.

Stem terete, pubescent, branching at top; leaves
linear, entire, revolute at the margin.

CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 157

Stem round, a little downy, branching. Leaves scattered,
linear, entire, revolute at the edge. Flowers axillary, on short
stalks. Germs downy, square, green. Calyx leaves oblong,
acute. Petals inversely heart shaped, white with a reddish
tinge. Stigma capitate. — Moist woods. — August. — Perennial.

Epilobium coloratum. 3IuhL Colored Willow Herh.

Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, petioled, opposite, the
upper ones alternate ; stem round, pubescent.

A more branching plant than the foregoing. Stem erect,
round, with opposite pubescent branches. Leaves lanceolate,
glabrous, their veins often of a red color, on short petioles, the
bases of which unite round the stem in an elevated line. Flow-
ers axillary, purple, regular, with very long, linear germs. —
Meadows and swamps. — July, August. — Perennial.

Epilobium alpinum. L. Alpine Epilobium.

Stem simple, roundish, one or two flowered; leaves
opposite, elliptical, entire; flowers sessile.

Leaves rather more ovate than in the European plant. — On
the White mountains of New Hampshire. — July.

173. CENOTHERA.
CEnothera biennis. L. Tree Primrose.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat ; stem a little rugged
and villous; stamens shorter than the corolla. Willd.

The large, yellow flowers of this plant are frequently seen
overtopping the fences by which they grow, during most of the
summer. In the country it is vulgarly known by the name of
Scabish, a corruption probably of Scabious, from which however
it is a very different plant. Stem from three to five feet high,
rough, hairy, and branching. Root leaves petioled ; stem leaves
sessile ; both pubescent, slightly toothed. Flowers solitary, ax-
illary. Germ sessile, four grooved, surmounted by the long,
tubular calyx, which divides into four reflexed segments; petals
large, roundish, sometimes emarginate. This plant, originally

14

158 CLASS VIII. ORDER I.

American, is now naturalized, and very common throughout
Europe. — Biennial.

CEnotiiera ruMiLA. L. Dwarf Tree Primrose.

Leaves lanceolate, very entire, obtuse ; capsules
slightly pedicelled; elliptic-obovate, angjilar. Willd.

Stem oblique at base, ascending, round, slender, about a foot
high. Leaves sessile, blunt. Flowers yellow, small, nearly ses-
sile, in a leafy spike. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Stamens
shorter than the coroHa. Capsules inversely ovate, with eight
angles. — Pastures. — Perennial.

This plant is exactly the CE. pumila of Custis' magazine,
t 355.

174. RHEXTA.
Rhexia Virgtnica. L. Virginian Rhexia.

Stern with four winged angles; leaves sessile,
oval-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, calyx with glandular
hairs.

Stem square with membranous angles. Leaves opposite, oval,
three nerved, with scattered hairs on both sides and on the mar-
gin. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Calyx urn-shaped, hairy,
with four acute segnients; petals purple and finely contrasted
with the long, crooked, yellow anthers. Style declining. — Low
grounds. — July, August. — Perennial.

175. MENZIESIA.
Menziesia ccerulea. Stcz, Purple Menziesia.

Leaves scattered, crowded, linear, obtuse, cartila-
ginoiisly denticulate ; peduncles terminal, aggregate,
one-flowered; flowers campanulate, decandrous ; ca-
lyx acute.
Syn. Erica ccerulea. Willd.

A beautiful alpine shrub, resembling a heath in its foliage and
flowers. The leaves are not unlike those of the fir tribe. Pe-
duncles and calyx pubescent. Calyx in five segments, purplish,
oblong-linear, obtuse. Corolla purple, cylindric-ovate, divided

CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 159

at the mouth into five auriculated emarginate segments. Fila-
ments roundish, purple, nearly as long as the corolla, inserted in
the receptacle. Anthers oblong, bifid at top. Style erect, green,
as long as the stamens. Germ globular. Capsule roundish,
with five longitudinal depressions, five celled, the dissepiments
formed by the inflexed margins of the valves. Seeds oblong
ovate. — On the barren summit of the White mountains. — July.

176. DIRCA.
DiRCA Palustris. Leather Wood.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxxvii.
This is an irregular shrub, somewhat distinguished by the
horizontal tendency of its branches and leaves. The branches
have an interrupted or jointed mode of growth. They are flexi-
ble and exceedingly strong and tough. Leaves scattered or
alternate, with very short petioles, oval, entire, subacute, downy
when young; smooth and membranous when fully grown, and
pale on the under side. The flowers appear much earlier than,
the leaves. Previously to their emerging they exist in minia-
ture within a small hairy bud, which occupies a sheath or cavity
in the end of each flowering branch. They are commonly in
bunches of three together with their peduncles cohering. Each
flower is about half an inch long, of a yellow color and without
calyx. The corolla is funnel shap^ed, with a contraction near
the base, and another in the middle, its border dilated, and
slightly and irregularly toothed. Stam^ens eight, much longer
than the corolla, the alternate ones longest, the filaments capil-
lary and inserted into the tube ; anthers roundish. Germ ovate,
placed obliquely, the style appearing to issue from one side.
Style capillary, curved, and longer than the stamens. The fruit
is a small, oval, acute, red, one-seeded berry. — Low woods and
marshes on Kennebec river, also at Keene, New Hampshire. —
April and May. — Perennial.

177. VACCINIUM.

Vaccinium resinosum. L. JBlack Whortleherry ^ or

HucMeberry .

Racemes bracted ; corollas ovate; leaves elliptic,

1(50 CLASS VIII. ORDER I.

somewhat acute, entire, deciduous, sprinkled with
resinous dots underneath. Ait.

The leaves of this very common shrub are oval, the young
ones acute, the older ones blunt ; their under surface covered
with shining, adhesive, resinous particles. Flowers in lateral
clusters. Corolla five cornered, ovate, contracted at the mouth,
of a dull reddish green. Fruit globular, black, sweet. — Woods
and hills. — June.
Vaccinium tenellum. Low Blueberry.

Leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrulate, shining ; fas-
cicles crowded, snbterminal, sessile; corollas ovate.

A low early flowering shrub upon hills and pastures, growing
in beds or bunches. Leaves numerous, broad-lanceolate, serru-
late, shining on both sides. Flowers in short, crowded clusters.
Segments of the calyx ovate, acuminate, spreading. Corolla
reddish white, ovate cylindrical. Anthers included. Style as
long as the corolla. Berries early, large, blue, eatable. — May.

Vaccinium corymbosum. Blue Bilberry.

Leaves oblong-oval, rather smooth ; racemes sub-
sessile ; corollas cylindrical ; style subexserted.
Syn. V. AMCENUM. Ait.

This shrub is six or seven feet or more in height when full
grown, though it flowers when of but small size. The bark of
the young twigs is of a light green or purplish, minutely dotted
with while. Leaves at flowering time generally about half
grown, pale green or purplish, oblong, acute, nearly entire, per-
fectly smooth on both sides, or with the veins hairy underneath.
Flower in short-nodding racemes or corymbs with smooth pedi-
cels, very numerous, large and white. Segments of the calyx
rather acute, with a glaucous cast. Corolla oval or cylindrical,
contracted at the mouth, with spreading segments. Filaments
hairy, anthers included, long awned. Style slightly exserted.
Berries large, covered with blue powder, acid and sweet. —
Swamps. — May.

The flowers are acid, and contain much honey.

CLASS VIII. ORDER I. jgj

This is our common large bilberry. It differs from V. corym-
bosum of Pursh, in having a glaucous fruit and some other marks
of less importance. As a variety it may be called glaucocarpum.
The V. coryrabosum of Elliott, with lanceolate leaves and awn-
less anthers, seems a different species.

Vacinium disomorphum. Mz. Black Bilberr-i/.

Leaves oblong-oval, acute ; clusters bracted with
scales; calyx obtuse; corolla ovate.

Shrub about five feet high, its twigs reddish or ash colored.
The leaves, which hardly begin to unfold until flowering time,
are oval, acuminate, nearly entire, quite hairy underneath.
Flowers small, in very short racemes, with green or purplish
peduncles. Calyx segments obtuse. Corolla ovate, white with
a reddish cast, contracted at the mouth. Anthers included.
Style exserted. Berries small, polished black, crowned with the
erect cylindrical calyx. — Swamps. — May.

This species resembles the preceding in its general habit, size,
and places of growth. Its flowers and fruit are about half the
size, and its calyx obtuse. In fruit the calyx becomes more
acute and remarkably long. I have preferred applying the name
of Michaux to the present species, rather than introduce new
names into this uncertain and variable genus.

Vaccinium hirtellum. Ait. Hairy WJiertlehtrry .

Hairy ; leaves obovate oblong, entire ; racemes
long, bracted ; corollas angular, campanulate ; fruit
hispid.

Leaves oblanceolate, or wedge shaped and acute, entire, mu-
cronate, ciliate, hairy, shining above, covered with resinous dots
underneath. Racemes long, hairy, erect. Each pedicel proceeds
from the axil of an oval leafet or bracte, and is furnished about
its middle with from one to three bracteolse. Calyx hairy with
half ovate segments. Corolla large, white, globular or bell-
shaped, remarkable for its distinct, five angled form, its segments
a little recurved. Anthers included. Style as long as the corolla.
Berry hairy, black, watery and insipid. — In the edge of Richards'

pond, Brookline. — June.
14#

X52 CLASS VIII. ORDER I.

Very nearly allied to V. dumomm of Pursh, and perhaps only a
variety. Its aquatic growth and hirsute berries, which I do not
find mentioned by American botanists, have led me to separate
it from that species, with which it is usually considered synony-
mous.
Vaccinium virgatum. Mulil. Blue Whortlelerry.

Leaves elliptical, acute, smooth, serrulate or entire;
flowering branches elongated, with sessile racemes;
corollas oval.

Bark of the twigs generally of a yellowish green color and
warty. Leaves smooth on both sides, oval, entire, or slightly
serrulate, of a pale green inclining to glaucous. Flowers in
short racemes on the ends of the twigs which project beyond the
leaves. Segments of the calyx rather obtuse, thin and spreading.
Corolla oval with acute reflexed segments. Style as long as the
corolla. The calyx turns blue in drying. Berries large, cov-
ered with blue powder very sweet, and commonly known by
the name of blue huckleberries. — Dry woods and woody hills. —
June.

This is the V. virgatum of Muhlenberg, though probably not
of Pursh.
Vaccinium frondosum. L. Late Whortleberry.

Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous
beneath with minute, resinous dots ; racemes loose,
bracted ; pedicels filiform ; corolla globose-campanu-
late ; anthers inchided.

Distinguished by its loose mode of flowering, the pedicels be-
ing very long and slender, with small lanceolate bractes. Flow-
ers short, campanulate, about half as long as those of V. resino-
sum. The leaves under a magnifier exhibit small resinous dots
on their lower surface. Berries large, bluish, sweet, few in
number and ripening with us later than the other species. — Low
woods, Cambridge. — June.

Vaccinium stamineum. L. Green Whortleherry . Deer

Berry.

Leaves oval, acute, entire, glaucous beneath; pedi-

CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 163

eels solitary, axillary, filiform ; corollas spreading-
campanulate ; anthers exserted, awned on the back ;
fruit ^yriform.

Leaves large, mostly smooth, those of the flowering twigs
much smaller. Pedicels long and slender. Corolla white and
very open, with the anthers projecting far beyond it, a character
which distinguishes it from the other species here described.
Style longer than the stamens. The berries which I have not
seen are said to be greenish white. — Grows in the western parts
of the state. — June.

* Vaccinium uliginosum, ^ alpinum. Mountain Whortle-
berry.

V. procmnbens ; foliis obovatis^ integris ; floribus
siibsolitariis ; baccis oblotigis, stylo coronatis.

Procumbent ; leaves obovate, entire ; flowers sub-
solitary ; berries oblong, crowned with the style.

Stem procumbent, growing to the size of the finger. Leaves
small, obovate, roundish-obtuse, entire, smooth both sides, pale
above, glaucous and reticulated beneath. Flowers single or ia
pairs, nearly sessile. Segments of calyx obtuse, corolla ovate,
short, ending in four or five revolute segments. Anthers about
eight, included, two horned. Style shorter than the corolla.
Berries oblong, deep blue, crowned with the connivent calyx
and persistent style. — On the alpine tops of the highest moun-
tains. Moose Hillock, Camel's Rump, and the White mountains.
— The leaves vary to oblong and orbicular.

This little shrub resembles V. uliginosum of Europe, and is
probably a variety. Externally the fruit resembles in shape that
of Gaultheria procumbens.

Vaccinium Vitis Id^a. L. Coic Berry.

Stem creeping; leaves evergreen, obovate, denticu-
late, revohUe, dotted underneath ; racemes terminal
nodding.

This plant has some resemblance to the common cranberry,
but is larger. Stem creeping with herbaceous, angular branches.

164 CLASS VIII. ORDER II.

Leaves small, coriaceous, shining, dotted beneath, revolute at
the edge, obsoletely serrulate. Flowers campanulate-cylindrical,
reddish, four-cleft. Berries red, acid.— On the Monadnock and
other mountains. In Danvers, Mr. Oakes. — June.

Subi^cnus OxYcoccus. Corolla four parted with linear y revolute
segments.
Vaccinium macrocarpon. Ait, Craneherry^,

Leaves evergreen, entire, oval-oblong, obtuse ; stems
filiform, creeping. Ait. abr.
Syn. Vaccinium oxtcoccus ohlongifolius. Mich.

The craneberry vine spreads in large beds at the bottom of the
grass in boggy meadows. Stems slender, creeping. Leaves
numerous, small, dark above, whitish underneath. Flower
stalks axillary, slender; corollas white, their segments long and
reflexed. Anthers projecting. The fruit is large, and esteemed
superior to the European craneberry.— Perennial.

Vaccinium oxycoccus. L. European Cranberry.

Leaves evergreen, ovate, acute, entire, revolute,
stems filiform, creeping.
Syn. Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pers.

This plant is common to the northern parts of both conti-
nents, and is mentioned by most American botanists. It con-
siderably resembles the preceding, but is smaller with ovate,
acute leaves, reddish flowers and smaller fruit. — In Massachu-
setts. Hitchcock.

DIGYNIA.

178. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. L. Golden Saxifrage.

Leaves opposite, roundish, narrowed to a petiole,
slightly crenate.
Syn. Chrysosplenium Americanum. Hooker.

A small, early, smooth plant in wet places. Stem quadrangu-
lar. Leaves opposite, sometimes single, reniform, crenate. Seg-
ments of the calyx four, roundish-rhomboidal of a green color

CLASS VIII. ORDER III. 165

marked with purple. Anthers scarlet before opening. Nectary
a dark, purplish, elevated ring, growing to the corolla, and sur-
rounding the two conical germs. The terminal flower is often
decandrous. Considered by Sir W. J. Hooker as a distinct spe-
cies from the European, from its different size and habit, and
from its flowers not being corymbed. — Wet places. — April, May.
— Perennial.

TRIGYNIA.

179. POLYGONUM.
Polygonum aviculare. L. Knot Grass.

Stem procumbent, herbaceous ; leaves lance-oval ;
flowers axillary, subsessile, with eight stamens and
three styles. .

A hardy weed growing every where, and even common among
the bricks and paving stones. Stem slender, spreading, striated,
interrupted with frequent joints, branching; the joints furnished
with short stipules. Leaves oblong-oval, smooth. Flowers
minute, white, in the axils of the leaves. — All summer. — Pe--
rennial.
Polygonum tenue. Mx, Slender Polygonum.

Leaves linear, straight, acuminate; sheaths tubu-
lar, villous at top ; stem slender, erect, branched,
acute angled ; flowers alternate, subsolitary.
Syn. Polygonum linifolium. Miihl,

A small erect species with scattered, axillary, nearly sessile
flowers. — Dry soils. — July. — Annual.
Polygonum hydropiper. L. Water Pepper.

Stamens from six to eight; styles two, half united ;
leaves lanceolate, spotless, waved ; spike filiform,
nodding; stem erect.
%n. Polygonum hydropiperoides. Pursh.
Polygonum punctatum. Ell.

Well known for its intense acrimony. Leaves lanceolate,

166 CLASS VIII. ORDER III.

chiefly smooth, with pellucid points. Stipules loose, glabrous,
fringed with hairs at top. Spikes of flowers, slender and nod-
ding. Michaux observed eight, and never less than seven sta-
mens in this plant in America. — Rubbish in low grounds, ditches,
&c. — August, September. — Annual.

It appears perfectly similar to the European plant, which is
punctate with pellucid dots, and varies from six to eight stamens.
See Rees' Cyclopedia, &c.
Polygonum hydropiperoides. Mx. Hairy Polygonum.

Stamens eight, styles three, half imited; stipules
hairy and ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, some-
what hairy; spikes linear, weak; bractes stibimbri-
cate, ciliate.

This plant, which is occasionally found about Boston in low
grounds, is not the P. hydropiperoides of Pursh, nor P. mite of
Elliott. The whole stem is hairy and branched, and the spikes
numerous. The rest agrees exactly with Michaux's description,
except that the flowers, as far as I have observed, have fewer
stamens. — July.

Polygonum Persicaria. L. Spotted Polygonum.

Stamens six ; styles two, half united ; spikes ovate-
oblong, erect ; peduncles smooth ; stipules ciliate.
Curt.

This plant is without acrimony. Leaves spreading, lanceo-
late, acute, and commonly marked with a dark spot, somewhat
heart-shaped, in the centre. Stipules tubular, short, ciliated at
top. Spikes terminal, on smooth footstalks, erect, oblong.
Flowers rose colored. — In the same soils as the last. — July,
August. — Annual.

Polygonum viviparum. L. Alpine Polygonum.

Stem simple, one spiked; leaves lanceolate, revo-
lute at the edge.

A small species with a few linear-lanceolate leaves and a
slender spike which generally bears stem bulbs at its lower
part. — On the White mountains, New Hampshire. — July.

CLASS VIII. ORDER III. 1^7

Polygonum Virginicum. Virgated Polygonum.

Flowers pentandrons, digynous, Tineqnal, leaves
broad-oval; spikes virgated with remote flowers.

This species is distinguished by its very long, virgated, flow-
ering branches. Stem two or three feet high, somewhat hairy.
Sheaths hairy, ciliate, entire or split. Leaves on short petioles,
ovate lanceolate, acuminate. Peduncles or flowering branches
often a foot long. Flowers small, greenish, scattered, with gen-
erally five stamens. Seed compressed, tipt with the deflected
cloven style. — Woods. — June, July. — Perennial.

Polygonum amphibium. L. Amphibious Polygonum.

Stamens five, styles tvva, half united ; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, acute, rough at the edge ; spike
cylindrical.

Syn Polygonum amphibium. /9. emersum. Mx.

Distinct from the following species by its leaves, which are
generally lanceolate, though sometimes rounded at base, the
edges ciliate-serrulate, so as to feel rough, the veins also having
sometimes the same character. Stem fleshy, decumbent, root-
ing. Sheaths tubular, smooth, entire, the lower ones sometimes
ragged or ciliate. Spike solitary, terminal, at first ovate, at
length cylindrical. Flowers large, rose colored. — Borders of
ponds and ditches, growing above water. — August. — Perennial.

It agrees perfectly with European specimens.

Polygonum coccineum. Willd. Floating Polygonum.

Stamens five, slides two, half united; leaves ob-
long, smooth throughout, lucid; spike cylindrical.
Syn. Polygonum amphibium. a. natans. Mx.

A more perfectly aquatic species than the last, better distin-
guished from it by the entire smoothness of its leaves than
by the characters usually given. Stem rooting at the joints.
Leaves mostly floating, green and shining above, purplish be-
neath, without hairs, commonly oblong and obtuse at both ends
sometimes hearted at base and subacute. Sheaths entire, the
lower ones sometimes ragged. Spike terminal, ovate by the

158 CLASS VIII. ORDER III.

expanding of the lower flowers first, at length cylindrical. Flow-
ers rose colored. — In deep waters. — August. — Perennial.

Polygonum articulatum. L. Jointed Polygonum.

Stamens eight, styles three ; spikes panicled, fili-
form; flowers solitary, pedunculated; bractes imbri-
cate, truncate ; leaves linear.

A delicate, erect species, with numerous spikes. Stem straight,
slender, branching, with truncated sheathes. Leaves small,
linear. The spikes are jointed by a succession of imbricate
sheathing bractes, from each of which proceeds a capillary, nod-
ding peduncle, bearing a handsome, reddish white flower. — Dry
hills and pastures. — August. — Annual.

Polygonum sagittatum. Ij, Scratch Grass.

Stem prickly backward; leaves sagittate; flowers
in heads, with eight stamens and three styles. Mich.

Stem slender, four angled, the angles rough backward with
small prickles. Leaves arrow-shaped, oblong, on short petioles,
the petiole and mid rib rough backward. Flowers in small heads
on the ends of the branches, white or purplish. — Wet ground. —
July. — Annual.

Polygonum arifolium. L. Hastate Polygonum.

Stem prickly backward ; leaves hastate ; spikes
few flowered, flowers distinct, with six stamens and
two styles, Mich.

Stem as in the last. Leaves halberd-shaped, twice as large as
the last, thin and tender. The stem terminates with a few sep-
arate, pale, reddish flowers. — Found in a marshy spot near Mount
Auburn, Cambridge. — June, July. — Annual.

Polygonum convolvulus. L. Black Bindiaeed.

Leaves heart-arrow shaped ; stem twining angular;
segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. Sni.

Stem twining, climbing on other plants. Leaves alternate,
petioled, heart-shaped, with the hinder lobes acute. Branches
axillary. Flowers in terminal, interrupted spikes whitish, the

CLASS IX. ORDER I. I59

three principal segments of the calyx furnished with a keel, but
not winged. Flowers all summer in waste and cultivated
ground. — Annual.

Polygonum scandens. L. Climbing Polygonum,

Leaves heart shaped ; stem twining, angular ; seg-
ments of the calyx winged.

Stem smooth, climbing. Leaves petioled, heart shaped, with
a deep sinus, acuminate. Branches axillary. Flowers in long
leafy racemes. Calyx much larger than in the last species, with
three broad, membranous expansions, corresponding to the an-
gles of the seed. — Cambridge. — August. — Perennial.

Polygonum cilinode. Mx. Running Polygonum,

Leaves heart shaped ; stipules subacute, ciliate at
base, stem angular, running or climbing, roughish '^
calyx obtusely carinate.

Stem purplish, running or twining, with a ring of hairs at each
joint; calyx of the fruit without wings. — About woods, &c. —
July, August. — Annual.

Polygonum fagopyrum. L. Buckwheat.

Racemes panicled, stem erect, unarmed ; leaves
heart sagittate, angles of the seed equal.

Common buckwheat is sure to remain as a weed about lands
where it has been cultivated. — June. — Annual.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Nine stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

180. Laurus. Calyx none; corolla six parted, re-
sembling a calyx; nectary three glands, surround-
ing the germ, each ending in two bristles ; inner fila-
ments with two glands each ; drupe one seeded.

15

170 CLASS IX. ORDER I.

ENNEANDRIA.
310N0GYNIA.

180. LAURUS.
§ Subgenus Euosmus. Polygamous or dicecious. Six cor-
puscles instead of the nectary.

Laurus Benzoin. L. Fever Bush. Spice Wood.

Leaves obovate, entire, annual ; flowers dioecious.
Syn. Laurus Pseudo-benzoin. Mich.

An aromatic shrub with a flavor resembling Benzoin. Early
in May, before the leaves are fully expanded, it puts forth small
sessile umbels of pale greenish flowers. Calyx of six oblong
segments. Stamens nine, six exterior and three interior, sepa-
rated by six short clavate bodies resembling the filaments with-
out anthers. The leaves are oval or inversely ovate, acute at
base, slightly acuminate, nearly smooth, pale underneath, and
somewhat pubescent. Berries red. It grows in low situations
at Brighton and elsewhere, but it is not very common in the en-
virons of Boston.

Laurus Sassafras. L. Sassafras Tree,

Leaves diciduous, entire^ and lobed ; flowers di-
oecious. Mich.

In favorable situations the Sassafras rises into a pretty large
tree. The bark of the young twigs is smooth and green. The
leaves are partly oval, and partly in two or three large lobes, en-
tire on their margin, and downy underneath. The oval ones
appear first. Flowers greenish yellow, appearing in May and
June in clusters at the end of the last year's shoots. Bractes
linear, pubescent. Petals oblong, obtuse. Stamens in the per-
fect flowers six. Style much longer than the stamens. Germ
globular. The barren flowers are more umbelled with longer
stamens, six exterior and three interior, with six glandular cor-
puscles at base. Fruit oval, blue, on fleshly incrassated stalks.

The whole of the Sassafras tree has a strong, spicy flavor,
which is most powerful in the bark of the root. The young

CLASS X. ORDER I. 171

twigs, and especially the pith, abound in mucilage. When first
Introduced into Europe it acquired great medicinal reputation,
and was sold at the high price of fifty livres per pound. An
express treatise entitled Sassafrasologia was written to celebrate
its virtues. Its properties however appear to be those which are
common to other warm aromatics.

Class X. DECANDRTA. Ten stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style,

A. Flowers monopetalous.

181. EpiGiEA. Calyx double ; the outer three leaved,
the inner five parted ; corolla salver shaped ; capsule
five celled.

182. Gaultheria. Calyx double ; the outer two
leaved, the inner five cleft ; corolla ovate ; capsule
five celled, covered by the inner calyx, which becomes
similar to a berry.

183. Arbutus. Calyx five parted ; corolla ovate,
pellucid at the base ; berry superior, five celled.

184. Andromeda. Calyx five parted ; corolla ovate ;
capsule superior, five celled, the partitions from the
middle of the valves.

185. Rhododendron. Calyx five parted ; corolla
somewhat funnel form ; stamens declined ; capsule
five celled.

186. Kalmia. Calyx five parted ; corolla salver
shaped, with ten prominences underneath, and the
border five horned ; capsule five celled. ♦

B. Flowers many petalled.

187. PoDALYRiA. Corolla papilionaceous ; keel com-
pressed, somewhat longer than the banner; legume
inflated, many seeded.

188. Cassia. Corolla unequal, five petalled; three

172 CLASS X. ORDER I.

upper anthers barren, three lower ones beaked ; loment
flat.

189. Rhodora. Calyx five toothed ; corolla three
petalledj unequal ; stamens declined ; capsule five
celled.

190. Ledum. Calyx minute, five toothed ; corolla
flat, five parted ; capsule five celled, opening at base.

191. Clethra. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ;
stigma three parted ; capsule three celled, three
valved.

192. Pyrola. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ; cap-
sule superior, opening at the angles, many seeded.

193. MoNOTROPA. Calyx none ; petals ten, the five
outer ones gibbons at the base ; capsule five valved ;
a fifth part of the fructification often wanting.

Order II. DIGYNIA, Two styles,

194. Sgleranthus. Calyx five cleft, inferior; corolla
none ; seeds two, inclosed in the calyx.

195. Saxifraga. Calyx five parted; corolla five
petalled ; capsule two beaked, one celled ; many
seeded.

196. Tiarella. Calyx five parted ; petals five,
entire, inserted on the calyx ; capsule one celled, two
valved, one valve largest.

197. MiTELLA. Calyx five cleft; petals five, pinna-
tifid, inserted on the calyx ; capsule one celled, two
valved ; valves equal.

198. Saponaria. Calyx tubular, naked; petals
five, with claws; capsule oblong, one celled.

199. DiAMTHUs. Calyx tubular with scales at the
base; petals five, with claws; capsule cylindrical,
superior, one celled.

CLASS X. ORDER I. I73

Order 111, TRIGYNIA. Three styles,

200. Arenaria. Calyx five leaved, spreading;
petals five, entire ; capsule superior, one celled, many
seeded.

201. Stellaria. Calyx five leaved, spreading;
petals five, deeply cloven; capsule superior, one
celled, many seeded.

202. SiLENE. Calyx one leafed, swelling; petals
five, with claws, crowned at the mouth ; capsule su-
perior, three celled, many seeded.

203. CucuBALUs. Calyx one leafed, inflated ; petals
five with claws, not crowned; capsule superior, three
celled.

Order N. PENTAGYNIA, Five styles,

204. Penthorum. Calyx five or ten cleft; petals
five or none ; capsule five celled, five beaked.

205. Cerastium. Calyx five leaved ; petals five,
cloven ; capsule superior, one celled, ten toothed.

206. Spergula. Calyx five leaved; petals ^vq^
undivided ; capsule superior, ovate, one celled, five
valved.

207. Agrostemma. Calyx one leaved; tubular,
five cleft ; petals five, unguiculate, limb obtuse, undi-
vided ; capsule one celled, opening with five teeth,

Order VI. DECAGYNIA. Ten styles.

208. Phytolacca. Calyx five leaved, resembling
a corolla ; corolla none ; berry superior, ten seeded.

15=^

X74 CLASS X. ORDER I.

DECANDRTA.
MONOGYNIA.

181. EPIG-^A.
EpiGiEA REPENs. L. Grouud Laurel.

Leaves heart-ovate, entire ; corollas cylindrical.
Siv.

Stem woody, trailing, hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, heart-
ed at base, hairy and rough, with hairy petioles. Flowers fra-
grant, purple, flesh colored, or white, in terminal or axillary
bunches, of from two to six, on very short hairy peduncles. Ca-
lyx double. Corolla salver shaped, longer than the calyx, hairy
within. Filaments inserted in the bottom of the tube, hairy ;
anthers oblong. Germ ovate, hairy; style straight; stigma with
five points. — In woods, Gloucester. — April, May.

182. GAULTHERIA.
Gaultheria procumbens. Partridge Berry,

American Medical Botany, PI. xxii.

Stem prostrate with branches ascending. Leaves
in a terminal tuft, obovate with a few ciliate serra-
tiires. Flowers axillary.

The stem, or as it might be called root, of this plant is hori-
zontal, woody, often a quarter of an inch in thickness. The
branches are ascending, but a few inches high, round, and some-
what downy. Leaves scattered, near the extremities of the
branches, evergreen, coriaceous, shining, oval or obovate, acute
at both ends, revolute at the edge, and furnished with a few
small serratures, each terminating in a bristle. Flowers axillary,
drooping, on round downy stalks. Outer calyx of two concave
heart shaped leafets, which may perhaps with more propriety
be called bracles. Inner calyx monophyllous, white, cleft into
five roundish subacute segments. Corolla white, urceolate, five
angled, contracted at the mouth, the border divided into five short,
reflexed segments. Filaments white, hairy, bent in a simicircular
manner to accommodate themselves to the cavity between the

CLASS X. ORDER I. 175

corolla and the germ. Anthers oblong, orange colored, ending
in two double horns, bursting outwardly, for their whole length
above the filaments, and not opening by pores as in Pyrola.
Pollen white. Germ roundish, depressed, five angled, resting on
a reddish, ten toothed, glandular ring. Style erect, straight.
Stigma simple, moist. The fruit is a small, five celled capsule,
invested with the calyx, which becomes large, round, and fleshy,
having the appearance of a bright scarlet berry. — Dry woods. —
May and August. — Perennial.

The leaves have a well known agreeable spicy taste.

Gaultheria hispidula. Bluhl. Creeping Gaultheria,

Stem creeping, hispid; leaves roundish oval, acute,
flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile, octandrous; co-
rollas short-bell shaped.

Syn. Vaccinium hispidulum. Mx.

Stems creeping, filiform, woody, hispid with appressed bristles.
Leaves evergreen, small, roundish oval, rather acute, with scat-
tered hairs. Flowers solitary, on recurved peduncles, with two
concave bractes. Calyx in four acute segments. Corolla cam-
panulate, somewhat quadrangular, ending in four subacute seg-
ments.— A delicate evergreen growing close to the ground in old
woods in various interior parts of the state. — May, June.

The taste of the leaves precisely resembles that of G. pro-
cumbens.

183. ARBUTUS.

Arbutus Uva Ursi. Bear Berry.

Stem procumbent ; leaves entire. L.

American Medical Botany, PI. vi.
This is a shrubby plant, which trails upon the ground, putting
out roots from the principal stems, and tending upward with the
young shoots only. The cuticle is deciduous, and peels off from
the old stems. Leaves scattered, obovate, acute at base, attached
by short petioles, coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous, shining above,
paler beneath, entire, the margin rounded, but scarcely reflexed,
in the young ones pubescent. Flowers in a short cluster on the
ends of the branches. Peduncles reflexed, furnished at base

176 CLASS X. ORDER I.

with a short acute bracte underneath, and two minute ones
at the sides. Calyx of five roundish segments, of a reddish
color and persistent. Corolla ovate or urceolate, white with a
reddish tinge, transparent at base, contracted, at the mouth,
hairy inside, with five short reflexed segments. Stamens in-
serted at the base of the corolla with hairy filaments, and an-
thers with two horns and two pores in each. Germ round ; style
straight, longer than the stamens ; stigma simple. Nectary a
black indented ring, situated below the germ, and remaining till
the fruit is ripe. Berries globular, depressed, of a deep red,
approaching scarlet, containing an insipid mealy pulp, and about
five seeds, which in the American plant cohere strongly together,
so as to appear like the nucleus of a drupe. — On the summit of
Blue hills, Milton, and elsewhere. — May, June. — Perennial.
The leaves are astringent and medicinal,

184. ANDROMEDA.

Andromeda hypnoides. L. Mossy Andromeda.

Stems filiform, spreading ; leaves acerose, crowded ;

peduncles solitary ; flowers campanulate.

This truly delicate and beautiful Andromeda is a native of the
northernmost regions of both continents. It grows on the sum-
mits of the White mountains of New Hampshire, the only lo-
cality which to ray knowledge it inhabits within the United
States. The root and lower part of the stem are woody and
firm. The branches numerous, filiform and spreading. Leaves
very short, sessile, subulate, crowded so as to conceal the stem,
evergreen. Peduncles solitary, from the ends of the branches,
elongated, erect. Flower nodding. Calyx purplish, acute. Co-
rolla bell shaped or hemispherical, half five cleft, purplish white.
Fruit erect, globular, five valved, crowned with the style. — This
is the smallest shrubby plant with which I am acquainted, and
has. the habit of a moss or smallest lycopodium. — June.

Andromeda calyculata. L. Dwarf Andromeda.

Racemes leaning one way, leafy; corollas subcy-
lindrical", leaves alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, dotted.
L.

CLASS X. ORDER 1. 177

A low, evergreen, early flowering shrub. Leaves oblong, co-
riaceous, obsoletely serrate, shining, and covered with white
dots above, pale underneath. Flowers in terminal racemes,
each flower proceeding generally from the axil of a small leaf.
Calyx calyculated or double, the outer of two, the inner of five
pale, acute leaves. Corolla ovate-cylindrical, white or purplish,
the segments reflexed. Anthers brownish, two horned. — Milton,
near Neponset river, and elsewhere. — April.

Andromeda polifolia. L. Water Andromeda.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, re volute, white under-
neath ; flowers aggregate, terminal, globose.

This most delicate shrub is found in wet bogs and at the edges
of ponds. The leaves are very shortly petioled, lanceolate,
strongly revolute at the edges, dark green, smooth and veined
above, and of a pure, bluish white color underneath. Flowers
in nodding corymbs with white peduncles. Calyx short, white,
its segments acute, tipt with red. Corolla nearly globular, with
five angles, pale flesh color. Stamens short, with brownish
awned anthers. Germ globular, style straight. — In the edge of
Richards's pond, Brookline. — June.
Andromeda paniculata. 3Iich. Panicled Andromeda,

Racemes somewhat panicled ; corollas depressed-
globular, slightly pubescent; anthers short, ovate,
obtuse, awnless. Mich, abr,

A pretty tall shrub. Leaves deciduous, ovate, mostly entire,
somewhat downy. Racemes panicled. Flowers small, white,
somewhat spherical, succeeded by globular capsules, which re-
main through the winter. This plant often bears a large, irregu-
lar, spongy excrescence of a yellow color, the effect of disease. —
Swamps. — June.

Andromeda racemosa. L. Clustered Andromeda,

Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, glabrous ;
racemes terminal, one ranked, elongated ; calyx
acute ] corolla cylindrical.

178 CLASS X. ORDER I.

The great regularity of the clusters of flowers in this species
causes them to resemble rows of teeth. Leaves on short petioles,
thin, oval serrulate, acute or acuminated, smooth, the veins a
little downy beneath. Flowers racemed, on the ends of the
branches, all pointing downwards. Pedicels short, smooth.
Bractes two, ovate, acuminate. Calyx of five acute segments,
variously colored. Corolla white, oblong oval, contracted at the
mouth; the segments convex, diverging or revolute. Style just
exserted. Filaments converging. Anthers cleft, four awned.
Capsule globular, splitting into five incurved valves and support-
ed by the persistent bractes and calyx. — Low woods, Roxbury.
Not common. — June.

Andromeda Mariana. JVilld. Maryland Andromeda.

Leaves oval, subacute, entire, smooth, snbcoriace-
ous, paler beneath; flowering branches nearly naked,
pedicels fasciculate ; corollas cylindric-ovate ; anthers
awnless.

A low shrub with rather large flowers. Leaves sometimes
lanceolate. Calyx foliaceous, deeply five parted. Corolla white
or pale red. Capsule somewhat conoidal. — Near Providence, —
Mr. Eddy.— June.

185. RHODODENDRON.
Rhododendron maximum. L. American Rose Bay.

American Medical Botany, PI. li.

Leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath ; umbels
dense, terminal ; corollas, somewhat bell-shaped, pe-
tals rounded.

A magnificent, flowering shrub, common in the mountainous
regions of the middle states, but more rare toward the north.
Several varieties of it are met with in different parts of the
country. The Rhododendron of the northern states is a large,
straggling shrub, very irregular in its mode of growth. The
bark is of a greyish color, cracked and broken. Leaves in tufts
at the ends of the branches, evergreen, coriaceous, on round,
fleshy petioles, oblong oval, entire, revolute at the edges, pale

CLASS X. ORDER I. 179

underneath. Both leaves and petioles, when young are cov-
ered with a light woolly substance. The flowers form a ter-
minal cluster or thyrsus immediately above the leaves, the
stalks and calyxes of which are covered with a glutinous pubes-
cence. Previous to its expansion, the whole bud forms a large
compound bud, resembling a strobilus or cone, each individual
flower-bud being covered by a rhombodial bracte, which falls
off when the flower expands. Calyx small, of five unequal ob-
tuse segments. Corolla monopetalous, funnel shaped, with a
short tube, the border divided into five large, unequal segments,
which are white shaded with lake, the upper and largest having a
collection of orange colored spots at its centre. Stamens decli-
nate, unequal ; filaments white, thickened and hairy at base ;
anthers two celled, opening by two pores at top ; pollen white.
Germ ovate, hairy, glutinous; style declinate, equal to the long-
est stamens, thickened upwards ; stigma a rough surface with
five points. Capsule ovate, obtusely angular, five celled. Seeds
numerous, minute. — In a swamp at Medfield, also near Portland.
—July.

186. KALMIA.
Kalmia latifolia. Mountain Laurel.

American Medical Botany, PI, xiii.

Leaves scattered, petioled, oval, and smooth; co-
rymbs terminal, viscid and pubescent.

A large and very ornamental shrub, sometimes attaining to the
altitude of a small tree. Its leaves are evergreen, coriaceous,
very smooth, with the under side somewhat palest. Their form
is oval, acute and entire ; their insertion by scattered petioles,
on the sides and extremities of the branches. The flowers vary
from white to red ; they grow in terminal corymbs, simple or
compound with opposite branches, and made up of slender pe-
duncles. These are invested with a glutinous pubescence, and
supported at base by ovate, acuminate bractes. The calyx is
small, five parted, persistent, with oval, acute segments. The
corolla is monopetalous, with a cylindrical tube, a spreading disc,
and an erect, five cleft margin. At the circumference of the disc,
on the inside, are ten depressions or pits, accompanied with cor-

ISO CLASS X. ORDER I.

responding prominences on the outside. In these depressions
the anthers are found lodged at the time when the flower expands.
The stamens grow from the base of the corolla, and bent out-
wardly so as to lodge their anthers in the cells of the corolla.
From this confinement they liberate themselves during the peri-
od of flowering and strike against the sides of the stigma. The
germ is roundish, the style longer than the corolla and declined,
the stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, depressed, five celled and
five valved, with numerous small seeds. — Woods, Gloucester,
Princeton, &c. Not common near Boston. — June.

Kalmia ANGusTiFOLiA. L. Navrow leaved Laurel.

Leaves lanceolate ; corymbs lateral. L.

A low shrub with rose colored flowers, very common in low
grounds, and known by the names sheep poison, lambkill, low
laurel, &c. Leaves on short petioles, scattered or in threes, lan-
ceolate, obtuse, smooth, evergreen. Flowers in lateral corymbs,
proceeding from the axils of the leaves, and forming a sort of
whorl round the stem. — June.

Kalmia glauca. L. Glaucous Kalmia.

Branches ancipital ; leaves opposite, subsessile, lan-
ceolate, revolute at the margin, glaucous underneath ;
corymbs terminal, with smooth stalks.

A small shrub of northern bogs and mountains. The young
branches are two edged. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, revolute
at the margin, white underneath. Corymbs terminal. Pedun-
cles filiform, each issuing from a pair of concave, obtuse, smooth
bractes. Segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse, reddish with a
white margin. Corolla purple with five lobes and ten depres-
sions. Anthers oblong, blackish. Style longer than the sta-
mens.— Keene, New Hampshire ; on the White mountains, &c.
— June.

187. PODALYRIA.

PoDALYRiA tinctoria. WUld. Wild Indigo.

Glabrous ; stipules setaceous j leaves subsessile ;

CLASS X. ORDER I. X81

ieafets wedge-obovate ; flowers in terminal spikes.
Mich. abr.

Syn. SopHORA tinctoria. L.

Baptisia tinctoria. Nutt.

A very common, bushy plant, found in woods and dry soils.
Stem smooth, very much branched. Leaves in threes on a short
petiole ; Ieafets rounded at the end, and tapering to an acute
base. Stipules very small, caducous. Flowers in a loose spike,
on slender peduncles, yellow ; banner rather shorter than the
wings and keel. Legumes short, rounded, of a bluish cast. —
August. — Perennial.

For the medicinal properties of this plant, see Dr. Thatcher's
Dispensatory.

188. CASSIA.
Cassia CnAMiECRisTA. L. Dwarf Cassia.

Leaves in many pairs ; petiole with a pedicelled
gland ; stipules ensiform. L.

Leaves pinnate, with ten or a dozen pair of Ieafets ; the peti-
ole with a small gland supported on a footstalk near its base.
Flowers often in pairs, near the stem, yellow, two of the petals
spotted at base. Like others of its family it shuts its leaves at
night, or after an injury. — Road sides. — August. — Annual.

Cassia nictitans. L. Sensitive Cassia,

Stem spreading. Leaves in many pairs, linear;
petiole with a pedicelled gland; flowers pentandrous;
stamens equal. ^ '

About a foot high, erect or procumbent, much branched.
Leaves small, oblong-linear, raucronate. Flowers very small^
above the axils, dark yellow, fascicled. Stamens all fertile. —
Waltham, Duxbury. Mr. Russell. — July, August.— Annual.

Cassia Marilandica. American Senna*

American Medical Botany, PI. xxxix.

Leafets in eight or nine pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
16

182 CLASS X. ORDER I.

mncronate ; an obovate gland on the petiole ; racemes
axillary and terminal ; legumes linear and curved.

The stems, which grow in bunches and often attain the height
of five or six feet, are round, striated, and invested with a few
scattered hairs. Petioles compressed, channelled above, bearing
from eight to ten pairs of leafets, which are oblong, smooth,
somewhat hairy at the edges, pale on the under side, supported
by short, crooked pedicels, and mucronated with a rigid bristle
at the end. On the base of the petiole is a large obovate pedi-
celled gland, of a shining green, terminating in a dark point at
top, which is sometimes double. Each petiole is also furnished
with a pair of linear-subulate, ciliate, deciduous stipules. The
flowers grow in axillary racemes, extending quite to the top of
the stem. The peduncles are slightly furrowed, pedicels sup-
ported by bractes like the stipules, and marked with minute,
blackish, glandular hairs. Leaves of the calyx yellow, oval, ob-
tuse, the lateral ones longest. Petals five, bright yellow, spatu-
late, concave, very obtuse, three ascending and two descending.
Stamens ten, with yellow filaments and brown anthers. The
three upper have short abortive anthers; to these succeed two
pairs of deflexed linear anthers ; the remaining three or lower-
most are much longer, crooked, and taper into a sort of beak,
the middle one being shortest. The anthers open by a terminal
pore. G-erm descending with the lower stamens, hairy. Style
ascending, stigma hairy, moist. The fruit consists of long le-
gumes, which are pendulous linear, curved, swelling at the seeds,
and furnished with slight hairs. — Banks of Quinebaug river,
Massachusetts. — July, August. — The root resembles Senna in its
medicinal properties.

189. RHODORA.

Rhodcra Canadensis. L. Canadian Rliodora.

A small shrub with beautiful purple flowers on the tops of the
branches, which appear in the spring before the leaves are per-
fectly expanded. Its height is one or two feet. Leaves alter-
nate, oval, mostly entire, pubescent and glaucous underneath.
The flowers are in umbels on the ends of the twigs. The corol-
la consists of three unequal petals, the largest of which is broad,

CLASS X. ORDER I. X83

and divided into three segments or lobes at the end, the other
two are equal, lanceolate, and obtuse. Stamens unequal, curved,
purple, with small anthers. Germ pubescent. Style purple,
longer than the stamens. — Low grounds. — Maiden, Cambridge.
— May. In the Notch of the White mountains, June.

190. LEDUM.
Ledum latifolium. Labrador Tea.

Leaves linear-oblong : folded under at the margin,
woolly underneath ; stamens as long as the petals.

A low shrub of our northern mountains and bogs. The
youngest part of the stem is green and woolly. Leaves on short
woolly petioles, lanceolate, strongly revolute at the sides, smooth,
above, covered with thick reddish wool underneath. Flowers in
terminal corymbs with slender peduncles. Bractes obovate con-
cave, covered with shining resinous dots, as are the peduncles
and germ. Calyx minute with five obtuse teeth. Petals five,
oblong, obtuse, white. Stamens from five to ten, as long as the
petals. Germ oval; style as long as the stamens, a little de-
clined.— ^On the Monadnock, White mountains, &c. — July.

The leaves are astringent, and are said to have been used as a
substitute for tea.

191. CLETHRA.
Clethra alnifolia. Ij. Alder leaved Clethra.

Leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent underneath ;
racemes simple, bracted. Willd.

A tall, elegant, white flowering shrub. Leaves about three
inches long, and from one to tw^o broad, inversely ovate, serrate,
downy underneath in one variety, glabrous in another. Flowers
in long racemes or loose spikes with downy stalks. Bractes
linear-subulate. Calyx greenish white; petals roundish oblong ;
stigma trifid. — Grows in low soils, Cambridgeport. — July, August.

192. PYROLA.

§ Subgenus . Stamens ascending, style declinedy

stigma annular.

184 CLASS X. ORDEK I.

Pyrola ROTUNDiFOLiA. L. Round leaved Winter green.
Leaves prolate-orbicalar, flowers raceined, calyx
reflexed, style declined.

A very common species. Root creeping, putting up erect or
ascending, angular stems. Leaves spreading near the ground,
petioled, roundish ovate and obovate, subacute, scarcely serrate,
much larger than in the following species. Scape angular, with
one or more sheathing scales. Flowers in a large terminal ra-
ceme with nodding pedicels, white, fragrant. Calyx segments
ovate with the points reflexed. Stamens tending to the upper
side, and styles to the lower ; stigma truncately-conical surround-
ed with a ring at base, persistent. — Common in AVoods. — June.

Pyrola asarifolia. Mx. Broad leaved Winter green.

Leaves oblate orbicular, flowers racemed, calyx ap-
pressed, style declined.
Syn. Pyrola chlorantha. Nuttall ?

This species is in flower two or three weets earlier than the
last, and has leaves which are broader in proportion to their
length, but scarcely half as large. Primary leaves reniform,
sometimes obcordate, sometimes orbicular, obtuse, dark green
and coriaceous. Scape more slender and fewer flowered than in
the last. Flowers greenish with the segments of the calyx
short and appressed. Stamens, style, and stigma much as in the
last. — Dry woods, less common than the last. — June.

Pyrola elliptica. Nutt. Oval leaved Winter green.

Leaves elliptic-ovate, membranaceous ; calyx very
short with reflexed points ; style declined.

The affinity of this and the two foregoing species seem to
render it not improbable that they may all have descended from
the same stock. Leaves thin and membranous, serrulate, rather
acute. Scape angular, with about one bracte or scale. Flowers
white smaller than in P. rotundifolia. — Woods. — Hubbardstown.
— Mr. Russell. — June.

^^ Subgenus . Stamens spreading, style straighty

stigma peltate^

CLASS X. ORDER I. 185

Pyrola secunda. L. One sided Winter green.

Flowers racemed, leaning one way. L.

Less frequent than the former, but resembling it in habit.
Stem as in the last. Leaves petioled, spreading, ovate, acute,
(not obtuse like the last,) minutely serrate, smooth. The flow-
ers all tend to one side of the stem, whence the name. Stamens
equal and uniform ; style straight, permanent. — Woods. — June.

Pyrola uniflora. L. One flowered Pyrola.

Leaves suborbiculate, serrate ; scape one flowered,

style straight.

A small and very delicate plant. Leaves nearly orbicular, pe-
tioled, smooth, crenate. Scape round, short, invested at base
with a few roundish concave scales or bractes, supporting a single
large fragrant flower. Calyx segments oblong, obtuse. Petals
obtuse, white. Style short, straight, stigma large, peltate, five
rayed.

I have only met with this interesting species in a wood at
Keene, N. H. — Mr. Oakes has sent it from Wenham. — June.

§§'5' Subgenus CniMArHiLA. Stamens spreading, style imbedded,
stigma peltate.

Pyrola umbellata. L. Umhelled Winter green.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxi.

Leaves wedge shaped and toothed, flowers some-
what umbelled, calyx five toothed, style immersed.
Syn. Chimaphila corymbosa. Pursh.

A very common and handsome species. Root woody, creep-
ing, sending up stems at various distances. The stems are as-
cending, somewhat angular, and marked with the scars of the
former leaves. The leaves grow in irregular whorls, of which
there are from one to four. They are evergreen, coriaceous, on
very short petioles, wedge shaped, subacute, serrate, smooth,
shining, the lower surface somewhat paler. The flowers grow
in a small corymb, on nodding peduncles, which are furnished
with linear bractes about their middle. Calyx of five roundish
subacute teeth or segments, much shorter than the corolla. Pe-

16^

186 CLASS X. order: r.

tals five, roundish, concave, spreading, cream colored, with a:
tinge of purple at base. Stamens ten. Filaments sigmoid, the
lower half fleshy, triangular, dilated, and slightly pubescent at
the edges; the upper half filiform. Anthers two celled, each
cell opening by a short, round, tubular orifice, which points
downward in the bud, but upward in the flower. Pollen white.
Germ roundish, depressed, furrowed, obscurely five lobed, with
a funnel shaped cavity at top. Style straight, half as long as the
germ, inversely conical, inserted in the cavity of the germ, and
concealed by the stigma. Stigma large, peltate, convex, moist,
obscurely five rayed. Capsules erect, depressed, five celled,,
five valved, the partitions from the middle of the valves. Seeds
linear, chaffy, very numerous and minute. — Dry woods. — June
and July.

Pyrola maculata. L. Spotted Pyrola.

Leaves lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely ser-
rate, marked with a longitudinal stripe ; scape two or
three flowered ; filaments woolly.
Syn. Chimaphila maculata. Pursh.

A beautiful plant, abundantly distinguished from the other
species by its variegated leaves. The stalk divides at top into
two or three nodding incrassated peduncles, each furnished with
a small subulate bracte near its middle, and bearing a single
flower. Calyx five leaved, the leaves ovate, rather obtuse, finely
ciliate, overlaying each other at base. Petals five, white, ob-
long, obtuse, contracted at base, reflexed. Filaments sigmoid,
the lower half fleshy, angular, and covered with thick hair. An-
thers two celled, opening by two tubular orifices. Germ round-
ish, depressed, furrowed. Style short, thick, inversely conical,
about two thirds exseited. Stigma very large, convex, obscurely
five lobed. — Woods, near Newton upper falls, rare. — On Mount
Holyoke, Northampton. — July.

193. MONOTROPA.

Monotropa uniflora. Common Monotropa. Tobacco Pipe.

Stem erect, single flowered.

The whole plant is of a clear white, turning black at the tips

CLASS X. ORDER I. 187

as it decays. Stem erect, fleshy, glabrous. Leaves scattered,
sessile, lanceolate, semitransparent. Flower large, solitary, ter-
minal, drooping, afterwards erect. Petals five, wedge shaped,
concave, gibbous at base with a corresponding nectariferous
cavity within, glabrous externally, a little downy on the inside.
Stamens ten, those which are alternate with the petals longest.
Filaixients bearded. Anthers consisting of two horizontal folds,
cloven outwardly. Between the filaments are ten short, reversed
horns extending from the base of the germ downward by pairs
into the five nectaries. Germ large, ovate-globular, with ten
ridges between the filaments which unite in pairs at the top.
Style, if any, short, inversely conical. Stigma funnel shaped,
somewhat five angled, glutinous at the edge. Capsule erect,
five valved. — Woods. — July.

On mature examination I am induced to consider the species
with drooping flowers, and that with erect flowers, called M.
morisoniana by Michaux, to be the same plant. It is not un-
common to find erect and drooping flowers in the same bunch.
§ Subgenus Hypopithys. Bractes calyciform, styles cylindric.
MoNOTROPA LAUNGiNOSA. Mx, Pine sap.

Flowers spiked ; bractes and flowers woolly.
Syn. Hypopithys launginosa. Nuft.

A white plant like the last, extremely similar in its habit and
fructification, though by some made a distinct genus. The root
in this plant and the last consists of a mass of agglomerated
brownish fibres, said to be parasitic on the roots of trees. The
lower part of the stem, which is under ground, is turgid and
covered with closely imbricated rhomboidal scales. The part
above ground is furnished with more remote, scattered, oblong,
concave scales, the uppermost of which become bractes to the
flowers, and are by some considered as a calyx, giving rise to a
generic distinction. The stem and scales are pubescent below
and somewhat woolly at top. Flowers in a terminal raceme,
which is drooping in the young plant, but afterwards becomes
erect. It is generally simple, though I have found specimens in
which it was compound with several branches. Outer petals of
the flower spatulate, rounded at the end, gibbous at base with a

lyS CLASS X. ORDER II.

nectariferous cavity within. Their number is four, and in the
terminal one four or five. Inner petals alternating with these,
but part of them usually wanting, lanceolate, acute. Stamens
about eight. Germ ovate furrowed, style straight, as long as the
germ, stigma peltate, concave. From the base of the germ are
horns reversed by pairs into the nectaries. — Woods. — July.

DIGYNIA.

194. SCLERANTHUS.
ScLERANTHus ANNuus. L. CommoH Knmvel.

Calyx of the ripe fruit with sharp, spreading teeth;
stems spreading. Sm.

A small, obscure plant in gravelly soils, road sides, &c. Stems
spreading, decumbent, short. Leaves linear, acute, short, oppo-
site. Flowers green, sessile, in terminal, leafy clusters. Calyx
with five acute, spreading, permanent segments. Stamens from
five to ten. — July. — Annual.

195. SAXIFRAGA.
Saxifraga vernalis. Willd. Early Saxifrage.

Pubescent; leaves oval, somewhat petioled, cre-
nate ; flowers erect, panicled, nearly sessile, alternate.
Syn. Saxifraga Virginiensis. Mich.

One of the earliest flowers upon rocks and dry hills. Leaves
mostly radical, spreading, fleshy, elliptical, a little pubescent,
crenate or serrate, and tapering into a broad petiole. Stem
erect, fleshy, hairy, nearly destitute of leaves. Flowers numer-
ous, crowded, white, arranged in corymbs on the ends of the
branches, which, collectively, form a sort of panicle. — April,
May. — Perennial.

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica. L. Pennsylvanian Saxifrage.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, a little hairy, denticulate ;
stem naked ; peduncles alternate, forming corymbed
heads. Willd.

A tall, green plant, of little beauty, growing in meadows.
Leaves all radical, many times larger than in the preceding

CLASS X. ORDER II. 189

species, oblong, approaching to oval, very slightly toothed.
Stems large, erect, rank in their growth, hollow, hairy, bearing
heads of small, green flowers, disposed in a sort of panicle ; ca-
lyx segments ovate, acute, reflexed ; petals linear reflexed. The
root is extremely astringent. — May. — Perennial.

196. TIARELLA.

TiARELLA coRDiFOLiA. L. CommoTi Tiavella,

Leaves cordate, lobedand toothed, teeth mucronate,

scape racemed.

Root creeping and sending out runners. Leaves on long hairy
petioles, heart shaped, lobed and toothed, hairy on both sides.
Scape round, hairy, often furnished with a leaf. Flowers en-
tirely white in a long raceme, with very minute subulate bractes.
Segments of the calyx oblong, obtuse. Petals lanceolate, acute,
clawed. Filaments longer than the corolla, anthers orange.
Germ oval, tapering into two acute unequal styles, which are so
closed together as to appear like one. Capsule two valved, the
lower valve much the longest, acute, and concave upward, with
the upper valve shutting into its cavity. Seeds obovate, smooth,
fixed to the sides. — Woods in the interior of the state. At
Keene, New Hampshire. — June.

197. MITELLA.
MiTELLA DiPHYLLA. L. CommoH BUtella.

Leaves lobate-angular, toothed ; stem erect with a
pair of opposite leaves near the top.

Root leaves on long bristly petioles, heart shaped, lohed, and
toothed, covered with scattered bristles. Stem erect, round,
bristly, with generally a pair of opposite, ovate cut and toothed
leaves half way up. Flowers in a long terminal spike with
short peduncles. Calyx hemispherical, with short, acute seg-
ments. Petals five, white, beautifully pinnatifid or pectinate,
inserted on the calyx between its segments. Stamens ten,
short, converging. Styles two, short, diverging. Capsule com-
pressed, of two equal semiorbicular valves tipt with the styles.
Seeds black, obovate, acute at base. — Woods, Windsor, Ver-
mont, at the foot of Ascutney mountain. — June. — Perennial.

1

190 CLASS X. ORDER III.

MiTELLA PROSTRATA. 3Ix, Trailing Mitella.

Root creeping ; stems prostrate • leaves alternate,
roundish cordate, subacute, with slight obtuse lobes.

A small, delicate creeping species. Stems prostrate. Leaves
small, on slender hairy petioles, reniform and heart shaped,
doubly crenate as in Hydrocotyle Americana. Scape filiform,
hairy, with a thin raceme, of few flowers. Calyx acute. Petals
pinnatifid. — In Barre, Vermont. Sent by Dr. Paddock. — June.

198. SAPONARIA.

Saponaria officinalis. L. Soap ivorf.

Calyxes cylindrical, leaves ovate-lanceolate.

A foot or more high, with opposite leaves and numerous flow-
ers resembling pinks with entire petals. — Road sides, natural-
ized.— July, August. — Perennial.

199. DIANTHUS.

DiANTHus Armeria. L. Wild Pink'

Flowers aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx
lanceolate, villous, equal to the tube. Sm.

This small species of pink has a leafy, pubescent stem, ending
in erect branches. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire,
pubescent, the lower one spatulate. Flowers terminal, in bunch-
es, erect, scentless, ephemeral. Calyx equalling the tube of the
corolla ; petals small, red, with white dots, a little toothed. —
On. the rocky hills in Roxbury and Salem. — July. — Annual.

TRIGYNIA.

200. ARENARIA.

Arenaria rubra. L. Common sandwort.

Leaves linear, slightly mucronate, stipules membra-
nous, sheathing; seeds compressed, angular, roughish.

A spreading plant, with small, delicate, red flowers. Stems
prostrate, slender, smooth, pointed, branching. Leaves small,

CLASS X. ORDER III. 191

narrow, ending in a short bristle. Stipules surrounding the stem,
whitish, dry. Flower stalks and calyx hairy. Petals small, not
exceeding the calyx. — Pastures and road sides. — June, July.

Arenaria marina. Sm. Sea Sandioort.

Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, awnless ; stipules
scarioiis, sheathing ; seeds compressed, margin gla-
brous. Sm.
Syn. Arenaria Canadensis. Pers.

A more succulent, fleshy plant than the last. Stems prostrate
or decumbent, smooth. Leaves short, fleshly, roundish, not end-
ing in a bristle. Flowers pale red, expanded as well as the last
in clear weather, and closed in foul. — Salt marshes. — July. — By
some this is considered a variety of the last.

Arenaria stricta. Mx. Straight Arenaria.

Glabrous, erect, many stemmed; leaves linear subu-
late ; flowers panicled, calyx segments lance-ovate,
acute, striate, much shorter than the petals.

Stems filiform, erect, jointed. Leaves linear, sessile, with a
tuft in each axil. Branches of the panicle opposite, bracted,
elongated. Calyx very acute, five nerved. Petals oblong, ob-
tuse, longer than the calyx. — On the borders of Lake Champlain ;
gathered by Mr. Boott. — Perennial.

Arenaria glabra. '2d. edit. Mountain Arenaria.

Glabrous, with crowded filiform stems; leaves linear-
subulate, spreading, flat; pedicels elongated, one flow-
ered ; calyx leaves oval, obtuse, smooth.
Syn. Arenaria Grcenlandica. Spreng.

This plant differs from the preceding in its smaller height,
fewer leaves, and obtuse smooth calyx. Stems crowded so as to
cover the ground with tufts of flowers, smooth, filiform. Leaves
shorter, and without the axillary tufts of the last species, con-
nate, linear, shining. Flowers large, white. Segments of the
calyx gibbous at base, ovate, obtuse. Petals twice as long as
the calyx emarginate, white. Stamens yellow. Germ ovate.

192 CLASS X. ORDER III.

Styles three. — On the summits of the White mountains, abund-
ant.— August. — Perennial.

Arenaria serpyllifolia. L. Thyme leaved Arcnaria.

Stem dichotomous ; leaves ovate, acute, subciliate,
calyx acute; petals shorter than the calyx.

Stems numerous, procumbent, downy. Leaves often closely
sessile, very acute, about three nerved. Flowers axillary. Ca-
lyx leaves three nerved, acute. — Road sides; naturalized. — June.
— Annual.

Arenaria lateriflora. L. Side flowering Sandwort,
Leaves ovate, obtuse ; peduncles lateral, two flow-
ered. L.

A slender, delicate species, with white flowers. Stem erect,
with hairy veins, filiform, from four to ten inches high. Leaves
opposite, oval, smooth, nearly sessile. Peduncles or flowering
branches axillary, very slender, divided about half way, their
fork furnished with two minute leafets. Each part of the fork
bears a flower. — In wet, shady places. — June. — Perennial.

Arenaria peploides. L. Beach Arenaria.

Stem dichotomous, fleshy, leaves ovate, acute,

fleshy.

This plant grows on sandy beaches in various parts of the sea
coast, particularly at Plumb island, near Newburyport, where it
forms large crowded tufts resembling islets. Stems as large as
small quills, smooth, fleshy, pellucid, furrowed on opposite sides.
Leaves opposite, half clasping, ovate, entire, acute, fleshy,
smooth, the veins only discoverable by their transparency.
Branches few, sometimes dichotomous. Flowers axillary, nearly
sessile. Calyx erect, the segments fleshy, nerveless, subacute.
Petals white, membranous, spatulate. Stamens as long as the
calyx, anthers roundish. Germ ovate, styles short. A fifth part
of the fructification is wanting in some of the flowers. — May,
June.— Perennial.

CLASS X. ORDER HI. 193

201. STELLARIA.
Stellaria media. Sm. Chickweed.

Leaves ovate, stems procumbent, with an alternate,
lateral, hairy line. iS'm.
Syn. Alsine media. L.

Chickweed grows in almost every situation, even between the
bricks in the side walks. Its spreading stems are remarkable
for a hairy line extending from joint to joint, and occupying the
two sides alternately. On breaking the stem an elastic, fibrous
substance is drawn out, which retracts when liberated. Leaves
opposite, ovate, petioled, entire. Peduncles axillary and termi-
nal, one flowered. Petals white, deeply cleft, so as to appear
ten in number. Stamens three, five, or ten. Capsules opening
into six segments. — Flowers from the beginning of spring to the
end of fall. — Annual.

Stellaria longifolia. Muhl. Stichivort.

Leaves linear, entire ; panicle terminal, spreading,
capillary: calyx three nerved, about equal to the pe-
tals. Sm.

Syn. Stellaria graminea. 1st. edit.

A small, starry, white flower. Stems decumbent, square,
compressed, smooth, very slender. Leaves linear-lanceolate or
nearly linear, tapering to a point, opposite, smooth. Segments
of the calyx three ribbed, lanceolate acute, as long as the petals.
Petals appearing in ten white, fine segments, like those of Stel-
laria media. Grows among the bushes on Cragie's road. — June,
July. — Closely allied to S. graminea of Europe, and perhaps
only a narrow leaved variety.

* Stellaria borealis. Northern Stellaria.

S. foliis oval-Ian ceolatis ; pedimcuUs axillaribus^
elongatis^ uiujloris ; jietalls calyci subcBqiiallbus.

Leaves oval-lanceolate, peduncles axillary, elongat-
ed, one flowered ; petals about equal to the calyx.
17

194 CLASS X. ORDER III.

Si/n. Stellaria lanceolata. Torr.

Stein spreading, angular, dichotomous. Leaves slightly con-
nate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, nerveless. Peduncles solitary,
axillary, elongated, angular. Segments of the calyx five, ovate,
acute nerveless. Petals white, deeply cloven. Stamens ten,
alternately longer and shorter. Anthers roundish. Germ ovate;
styles three. Capsule oblong-ovate, one celled, many seeded.

This plant generally occurs without petals, in which state I
discovered it on the White mountains in July, 1816. I have
since received it several times from the same place, but always
in the apetalous state, until the last year, when Messrs. Greene
and Little found it there in August with complete flowers.

202. SILENE.
SiLENE Pennsylvanica. Mick. Catchjiy.

Viscid-pubescent; root leaves wedge form, stem
leaves lanceolate ; partial stems few flowered ; petals
slightly emerginate, subcrenate. Mich.

Sometimes called wild pink, from its similarity in habit to some
of that genus. Leaves of the root spatulate, acute at top, and
tapering into a long base; those of the stem lanceolate, opposite.
Flowers in upright, terminal bunches. Calyxes nearly cylindri-
cal, hairy, and exceedingly glutinous. Corollas purplish white ;
petals wedge shaped, entire or slightly crenate. — Found in dry,
sandy soils. — June.

SiLENE ANTiRRHiNA. L. Snapdragon Catchjiy.

Leaves lanceolate, subciliate; peduncles trifid ;
petals emarginate, calyx ovate.

A slender, tall species, which in the day appears destitute of
flowers. Stem smooth, erect, a foot high. Leaves opposite,
lanceolate, subciliate at base, dotted under a magnifier. Panicle
forked, with intermediate flowers. Calyx ovate. Corolla proba-
bly nocturnal. I have never found it expanded by day. — Dry
road sides. — July. — Annual.

SiLENE NocTURNA. L. Niglit floweving Catchjiy.

Flowers spiked, alternate, sessile, unilateral ; pe-
tals bifid.

CLASS X. ORDER V. 195

Lower leaves ovate, concave, rigid. Flowers rather large,
white, greenish beneath. — Fields, Cambridge, &c. Mr. Tuck-
erman.

203. CUCUBALUS.
CucuBALus Behen. JI2 Bladder Campion.

Calyx nearly globular, smooth, reticulates^ with
veins ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, glaucous, smooth.
>S'/^. Engl. Bot.
Syn. SiLENE INFLATA. Sm. Flor. Brit.

The inflated, bladder-like calyx at once distinguishes this plant
from every thing about it. Radical leaves spatulate, stem leaves
opposite, ovate, acute, entire. Stems one or two feet high,
smooth, panicled. Flowers nodding. Calyx oblong-spherical,
thin, elegantly veined. Petals white, spreading, bifid. — About
fences and way sides. — July. — Perennial.

CucuBALus STELLATus. L. Star Campion.

Pubescent, erect ; leaves in whorls of four, oval-
lanceolate, acuminate.

Petals white, about four cleft. — Woods, Connecticut. — July. —
Perennial.

PENTAGYNIA.

204. PENTHORUM.

Penthorum SEDOiDES. L. PcntJiorum.

The only species of its genus. Stem about a foot high, angu-
lar. Leaves alternate lance-oval, serrate, acute, green on both
sides. Flowers terminal, in a few re volute spikes, of a greenish
yellow. Capsule with five beaks at top. — Wet ground, brook
sides, &c. — July. — Perennial.

205. CERASTIUM.

Cerastium vulgatum. L. Mouse Ear Chickweed.

Hairy, viscid, forming tufts ; leaves ovate ; petals

equal to the calyx; flowers longer than their stalks.

196 CLASS X. ORDER V.

Stems spreading, round, dichotomous. Leaves ovate, oppo-
site. Flowers from the forks of the stem, crovi^ded at the ends,
on peduncles shorter than themselves. Petals oblong, white, a
little longer than the calyx, — In cultivated ground. — May. —
Annual.

Cerastium viscosum. L. Viscid Cerastium.

Hairy, viscid, diffuse; leaves lanceolate-oblong.

In dry fields, &c. Introduced. — May, &c.
Cerastium semidecandrum. L. Small Cerastium.

Hairy, viscid, flowers pentandrons, petals emargi-

nate.

A small species, sometimes of a reddish cast. — Sandy soils. —
Introduced. — May.

Cerastium arvense. L. Field Chichveed.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate at base,
petals twice as long as the calyx.

Flowers large, white. Naturalized in the same situations as
the others. — May, August.

Cerastium tenuifolium ? Pursh. Narrow leaved Ceras-
tium,

Pubescent, csespitose; leaves linear, mostly longer
than the internodes ; petals obovate eniarginate, three
times as long as the calyx.

Stems round, hairy, ascending. Leaves narrow-lanceolate,
tapering upwards, subacute, pubescent, the lower ones longer
than the internodes. Segments of the calyx acute, hardly nerved.
Petals not very deeply cleft. — On the precipice, near Bellows'
falls, New Hampshire. — June.

206. SPERGULA.
Spergula ARVENSis. L. Com Spurrey.

Leaves whorled ; stalks of the fruit reflexed ; seeds
kidney shaped, angular, rough. Sm.

A weed in corn fields, by many of our farmers denominated

CLASS X. ORDER VI. 197

tares. Stems spreading, becoming erect, smooth, round, swell-
ing at the joints. Leaves linear, obtuse, in Avhorls at the joints.
Panicle terminal, forked, the peduncles bent downward as the
fruit ripens. Petals little larger than the calyx, white. — June
and after. — Annual.

207. AGROSTEMMA.
Agrostemma githago. L. Corn Cochle.

Hairy; calyx much longer than the corolla; petals
entire without a crown.
Syn. Lychnis githago. De Cand.

A handsome, purple flower, noticeable at sight for its calyx
which is twice as long as the petals. The whole plant is hairy,
of a pale green color, one or two feet in height. Leaves oppo-
site linear-lanceolate. Flowers terminal. Calyx ribbed, with
five long linear-lanceolate spreading points. Petals half as long
as the calyx, obcordate at the end. Introduced from Europe and
found in cultivated grounds. — July. — Annual.

DECAGYNIA.

208. PHYTOLACCA.
Phytolacca Decandra. L. Poke.

American Medical Botany, PI. iii.

Leaves ovate, acute at both ends; flowers with ten
stamens, and ten styles.

A common plant, known also by the names of Garget, Cocum^
Jalap, &c. The root is of large size, frequently exceeding a
man's leg in thickness ; and is usually divided into two or three
principal branches. Its substance is fleshy and fibrous, and
easily cut or broken. Internally it is distinctly marked with
concentric rings of considerable thickness, while its outer surface
is covered with a very thin, brownish bark, which seems to be
little more than a cuticle. The stalks, which are annual, fre-
quently grow to the height of six, and even nine feet. They
are round, smooth, and very much branched. When young
their usual color is green, but in most plants, after the berries

17^

X98 CLASS XI. ORDER I.

have ripened, they are of a fine purple. Leaves scattered, pe-
tiolate, ovate-oblong, smooth on both sides, ribbed underneath,
entire, acute. The flowers grow in long pedunculated racemes
opposite to leaves. Peduncles nearly smooth, angular, ascend-
ing. Pedicels divaricated, sometimes branched, green, white
or purple, furnished with a small linear bractate at base, and two
others in the middle. Calyx none. Corolla resembling a calyx,
whitish, consisting of five round-ovate, concave, incurving petals.
Stamens ten, rather shorter than the petals, with white, round-
ish, two lobed anthers. Germ greenish, round, depressed, ten
furrowed. Styles ten, short, recurved. The flowers are suc-
ceeded by long clusters of dark purple berries, almost black,
depressed or flattened, and marked with ten furrows on the
sides. — ^^Road sides. — July, August. — Perennial.
The root is a violent emetic.

Class XL DODECANDRIA. Tioehe stamens.
Order T. MONOGYNIA. One style.

209. AsARUM. Calyx three cleft, superior ; corolla
none ; capsule six celled.

210. PoRTULACA. Calyx two cleft; corolla five
petalled ; capsule one celled, opening transversely.

211. Lythrum. Calyx twelve toothed; petals six,
inserted into the calyx; capsule two celled, many
seeded.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.

212. Agrimonia. Calyx five toothed, invested with
an outer one; petals five, inserted in the calyx; seeds
two in the bottom of the calyx.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.

213. Euphorbia. Calyx inflated, inferior; petals
or nectaries four or five, standing on the calyx ; cap-
sule three lobed, supported by a pedicel.

CLASS XI. ORDER I. X99

DODECANDRTA.

MONOGYNIA.

209. ASARUM.
AsARUM Canadense. L. Wild Ginger,

American Medical Botany, PI. xv.

Leaves two, reniform ; calyx woolly, cleft to the
base : its segments spreading at top.

A low plant with two leaves and an axillary flower growing
close to the ground. The root is creeping, fleshy, and some-
what jointed. Leaves kidney shaped, pubescent on both sides,
with long, round, hairy petioles. Flower solitary, growing from,
the fork of the stem on a pendulous, hairy peduncle, and some-
times nearly buried in the ground. Calyx very hairy or woolly,
consisting of three broad, concave leafets, which are mostly of a
brownish or dull purple on the inside at top and bottom, and ter-
minated by a long, spreading, inflected point, with reflexed sides.
The color varies greatly, according to the amount of light
which the plant enjoys, being sometimes nearly green. Sta-
mens twelve, inserted on the germ at a distance from the ca-
lyx, the alternate ones longer. Anthers growing to the filaments
below their extremity. Near the divisions of the calyx are
three short, curved, filamentary substances, which may perhaps
be called nectaries. Germ inferior, somewhat hexagonal, marked
at top inside, with a dark red line; style conical, striate, parted
at top into six recurved, radiating stigmas. — Dry woods, in the
western and northern parts of the state. — May to July. — Per-
ennial.

The root has an agreeable, aromatic flavor, not unlike that of
ginger.

210. PORTULACA.

PoRTULACA OLERACEA. L. Purslaue.

Leaves wedge shaped ; flowers sessile. L.

A succulent, annual plant, common in gardens, cultivated fields,
and waste grounds. Stems procumbent, spreading, smooth, fleshy.
Leaves wedge shaped, rounded at the end, fleshy, smooth, sessile..

200 CLASS XL ORDER IL

Flowers sessile, scattered, yellow. Capsule opening transversely.
Flowers all summer. — Annual.

2U. LYTHRUM.

Lythrum vertigillatijm. L. Grass Poly.

Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate, petioied;
flowers axillary, forming a sort of whorls.
Syn. Decodon verticellatus. Ell. Hooh.

Stems woody at base, two feet high. Leaves opposite or in
threes, lanceolate, entire. Flowers on axillary, subdivided pe*
duncles, nearly surrounding the stem. Calyx ending in tenor
twelve teeth, accompanied by the same number of long stamens.
Petals five or six, of a fine purple, spreading, inserted on the ca-
lyx, short in duration. In watery places near Fresh pond. —
July, August.

Lythrum hyssopifolium L. Dwarf Grass Poly.

Leaves alternate, linear lanceolate ; flowers axilla-
ry, solitary, hexandrous.

Stem slender, six to ten inches high, square with spreading
branches, which are mostly opposite, at base. Leaves linear ob-
long, obtuse, sessile, the lower ones deciduous. Flowers small,
axillary, sessile, appressed to the stalk, with three minute brac-
tes. Calyx subcylindrical, angular, with twelve minute seg-
ments, the alternate ones longer. Corolla small, purple. Sta-
mens commonly six, rarely five. — In low grounds and dried
ponds. — August, September. — Annual.

This plant was returned to me by the late Dr. Muhlenberg as
L. lineare of Michaux. Are the two plants different ?

DIGYNIA.

212. AGRIMONIA.
Agrimonia Eupatoria. L. Agrimony.

Stem leaves pinnate, the odd one petioled, fruit
hispid. L.

Rises to the height of two feet, with an angular, hairy stem.
Leaves uninterruptedly pinnate, hairy. Leafets ovate, serrate,

CLASS XI. ORDER HI. 201

all sessile except the terminal one. Stipules large, semicircular,
cut-serrate. Spike long, erect, hairy. Flowers thinly scattered,
on short stalks, yellow. Calyx persistent armed with liooked
bristles. The plant is astringent and tonic. — By fences and
thickets. — June, July. — Perennial.

TRIGYNIA.

213. EUPHORBIA.
Euphorbia helioscopia. L. Sun Spurge.

Umbel five rayed, then three rayed and forked ;
involiicels obovate ; leaves wedge form, serrate. L.

A weed in rich ground, lactescent, as are the other species.
Stem upright, round. Leaves scattered, obovate, or wedge
shaped, slightly serrate at the end. Umbel of five rays, sup-
ported by a large involucre like the leaves. Rays branching,
first into three, then into two divisions. Capsules smooth. —
Annual.

Euphorbia polygonifolia. L. Knot Grass Spurge,

Leaves opposite, quite entire, lanceolate, obtuse;
flowers solitary, axillary ; stems procumbent. L.

A flat spreading plant, abounding with milky juice. Stems
smooth, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, oblong, linear-lanceo-
late, blunt, nearly sessile. Flowers small, proceeding from the
divisions of the stem. — In sandy places^ near the sea shore. —
June, July. — Annual.

Euphorbia maculata. L, Spotted Spurge.

Leaves serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary, soli-
tary ; branches spreading.

A flat plant like the last. Stems spreading close to the ground.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrulate on the upper part,
edged with hairs, and frequently with a dark spot in the centre.
Flowers very small, capsule hairy. — Found in sandy soils. — June,
July. — Annual.

Euphorbia hypericifolia. Oval leafed Spurge.

Smooth, branching, erect and spreading; branches

202 CLASS XII. ORDER I.

divaricate; leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub-
falcate ; corymbs terminal.

Larger than the last. Leaves unequally ovate-oblong. — In
rich grounds. — July, &c. — Annual.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Twe7ity or more sta-
?nens, inserted on the calyx.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

214. Cactus. Calyx superior, one leafed, imbri-
cate ; petals numerous ; stigma many cleft ; berry one
celled, many seeded.

215. Prunus. Calyx inferior, five cleft; corolla
fivepetalled; drupe with a smooth or slightly seamed
stone.

Order \l. DIGYNIA. Two sfijles.

216. Crat^gus. Calyx superior, five cleft; petals
five ; berry two seeded.

Or^^er III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles.

217. SoRBus. Calyx superior, five cleft; petals
five ; berry three seeded.

Order lY. PENTAGYNIA. Five styles.

218. Pyrus. Calyx superior ; five cleft ; corolla
five petalled ; pome five celled ; cells two seeded.

219. SpiRiEA. Calyx inferior, five cleft; corolla
five petalled ; capsules two valved, many seeded.

Order Y. POLYGYNIA. Many styles,

220. Rosa. Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted
at the orifice, five cleft ; corolla five petalled ; seeds
numerous, bristly, fixed to the inside of the calyx.

CLASS XII. ORDER 1. 203

221. RuBus. Calyx five cleft; corolla five petalled;
berry composed of several one seeded graniilatiotis.

222. Dalibarda. Calyx spreading, five cleft; petals

five; pistils from five to eight; styles deciduous; fruit
juiceless.

223. Fragaeia. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five pe-
talled ; seeds smooth, fixed to a deciduous, berry-like
receptacle.

224. Comarum. Calyx ten cleft; corolla five pe-
talled ; seeds smooth, fixed to an ovate, spongy, per-
manent receptacle.

225. PoTENTiLLA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five
petalled ; seeds naked, wrinkled, afiixed to a small,
juiceless receptacle.

226. Dr'^as. Calyx eight or ten cleft; segments
equal ; petals from five to eight ; seeds from five to
eight with long feathery awns.

227. Geum. Calyx ten cleft; corolla five petalled;
seeds with a jointed, bent awn ; receptacle columnar.

ICOSANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.

214. CACTUS.
Cactus opuntia. L. Prickly Pear.

Proliferous in joints, which are compressed, ovate;
spines setaceous, fruit succulent, smooth.

A fleshy plant, destitute of proper leaves, the place of vrhich is
supplied by large compressed joints, three or four inches long,
prickly with small spines. Flowers large, yellow, growing from
the margins of the joints. Stamens numerous. Fruit obovate,
eatable.— Found at Nantucket. — June, July.

204 CLASS XII. ORDER I.

215. PRUNUS.
Prunus Virginiana. L. Wild Cherry.

Racemes erect, elongated ; leaves deciduous, oval-
oblons:, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth on both
sides ; petioles with about four glands.
Syn. Cerasus Virginiana. Mich.

The wild cherry is with us a tree of middling size, although,
further to the south and west it attains to a magnitude of the
first rate. Michaux mentions trees on the banks of the Ohio,
which are from eighty to a hundred feet high, and their trunks
from twelve to sixteen feet in circumference. The wood is a
well known material in cabinet work, approaching mahogany in
its color and qualities. Leaves alternate, smooth, oval-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, with commonly two pair of glands at the top
of the petiole in front. Flowers in terminal clusters, white.
Fruit small, black, somewhat bitter. The bark has a strong,
bitterish, spicy taste, and has been found a useful tonic. — May,
June.
* Prunus obovata. Dwarf Choke Cherry.

P. racemis iiatentihus ; foliis obovatis^ acutis, acu-
tissime serratis, glabris.

Racemes spreading ; leaves obovate, acute, very
sharply serrate, smooth.
Syn. Prunus serotina. Pursh. ? nee Willd.

A shrub common about fences and woods, rarely rising to the
size of a small tree. The leaves are much broader than those
of P. Virginiana, obovate, acute, generally obtuse at base, and
sometimes hearted finely, equally, and very sharply serrate, serra-
tures not glandular, glabrous on both sides except sometimes a
small tuft of down in the axils of the lower veins beneath. Pe-
tioles commonly furnished with two glands near the top. Flow-
ers white, in divergent, smooth racdfoes, considerably larger and
a fortnight earlier than those of P. Virginiana. Fruit small, red,
bitter, strong, and astringent. — May.

CLASS XII. ORDER I. g05

It differs from P. Virginiana, and P. Serotina of Muhlenberg
and Willdenow, in its obovate and sharply serrated leaves, small
size, early flowering and red fruit.

Prunus borealis. Pursh. Northern Wild Cherry.

Corymbs with elongated pedicels ; leaves oval-
oblong, acnminate, slightly eroded, membranous,
smooth ; fruit subovate.
Syn. Cerasus borealis. Mx.

A small tree, with very thin, delicate leaves, and small, red,
astringent fruit. — On Blue hills, Milton. Common in Maine,
where it succeeds to pine forests, which have been cut down. —
May.
Prunus depressa. Pursh. Sand Cherry.

Umbels sessile, aggregate, few flowered ; branches
angular, prostrate ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly
serrate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; fruit ovate.
Syn. Cerasus pumila. Mx.

A small, trailing shrub, spreading its branches close to the
ground. — On the shores of Lake Champlain. — May.

* Prunus littoralis. Beach Plum.

P. umhellis conglomeratis^ pmicifloris : pedunculls
calycihusqiie siibpvbescentibus ; foliis ovalibus acutis,
serralis, venis siibtus pubescentibus.

Umbels crowded, few flowered ; peduncles and ca-
lyxes somewhat pubescent ; leaves oval, acute, ser-
rate, the veins pubescent beneath.
Syn. Prunus sPHiEROCARPA. Mx. ? nee Willd.
Prunus pubesceks. Ph. ?

A shrub with stout, straggling branches. Leaves scattered,
crowded, oval or obovate, acute, single and doubly serrate,
smooth or rugose above, slightly pubescent or tomentose beneath.
Petioles short, pubescent, and biglandular. The flowers appear
before the leaves on the sides near the extremities of the last

18

206 CLASS XII. ORDER II.

year's branches, in numerous umbels of from two to five flowers.
Peduncles short, filiform, pubescent under a magnifier as well as
the calyx. Corolla small, white. Fruit large, globular, eatable,
with the flavor of the common plum. — Always near the salt
water; abundant on Plum island. — May. — Fruit ripe in August
and September.

Variety a. Fruit an inch in diameter, purple, with a glaucous
bloom.

/$. Fruit similar, but smaller.

y. Fruit crimson, shining.

This is our common Beach plum, much prized for its agreeable
fruit, and deserving attempts at cultivation. I do not find it cer-
tainly described by any author, unless possibly by Michaux,
under the name of P. sphasrocarpa, a name previously appropria-
ted by Swartz to a West Indian species. From P. maritima of
Pursh it appears widely different in its inflorescence, acumina-
tion, and fruit. Dr. Torrey, and some others, consider it the
P. pubescens of Pursh, from whose description it seems to me to
difier.

DIGYNIA.

216. CRAT^GUS.

CRATiEGUs CRus GALLi. L. CommoTi Tliom JBusJi.

Thorny ; leaves obovate, subsessile, shining, coria-
ceous; leafetsof calyx lanceolate, subserrate. Ait. abr.

A strong, branching, thorny shrub. Leaves inversely ovate,
sharply and irregularly serrate, sometimes cleft, tough, smooth.
Thorns two or three inches long, rigid, acute. Flowers white,
in terminal corymbs. Calyx leaves linear. — About fences and
thickets. — May, June. There are several varieties of this
species.

Crataegus coccinea. L. Red Thorn.

Thorny; leaves on long petioles, ovate, subcordate,
acutely lobed and serrate, smooth ; calyx pubescent,
glandular ; styles five.

A large shrub with a few long spines. Flowers in corymbs,
white. Fruit rather large, red, eatable. — Sudbury. — May.

CLASS XII. ORDER III., IV. 207

TRIGYNIA.

217. SORBUS.

SoRBUS Americana. Muhl. Mountain Ash.

Leaves pinnate, leafets glabrous, acute, subequally

serrate, petioles glabrous.

Syn. SoRBUs aucuparia, §. Mx.

PyRCJs Americana. De Cand.

A small tree, common in mountain woods in the northern
parts of New England. It is more slender and irregular in its
growth than the cultivated S. aucuparia of Europe. Leaves
pinnate, smooth ; leafets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base,
sharply serrate, pale underneath. Flowers white, in terminal
corymbs. — I have not seen it nearer to Boston than Wachusett
hill, where it flowers the first of June.

PENTAGYNIA.

218. PYRUS.

Pyrus arbutifolia. Willd. Choice Berry.

Leaves obovate, acuminate, serrate, downy under-
neath, the midrib glandular above ; flowers in co-
rymbs.

Syn. Mespilus arbutifolia. Lin. Mich.
Aronia arbutifolia. Pers.
A slender shrub. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, finely ser-
rate, the midrib spotted on the upper side, with small, dark
glands. Flowers white, in compound, downy corymbs. Pedun-
cles and calyx more or less downy. Petals roundish, concave.
Filaments white, anthers crimson. Germ woolly, styles five,
straight; stigmas capitate. Fruit with five cells and ten seeds,
of the size of large whortleberries, rough, and astringent to the
taste. — Low woods and thickets. — May, June.

Pyrus ovalis. Willd. Swamj) Pyrus.

Leaves oblong, acute, downy when young; flowers
racemed ; petals obovate ; calyx pubescent.

208 CLASS XII. ORDER IV.

Syn. Mespilus Canadensis, «. Mx.

Aronia ovalis. Pers.

Amelanchier ovalis. De Cand.
This species and the two following were considered by Mi-
chaux as varieties only. But though closely allied, they differ
considerably in habit. The present is a shrub of moderate size,
very common in swamps, and conspicuous for its white flowers
in the early part of May. Leaves oblong,'serrate, acute, very
downy and whitish underneath when young, but glabrous when
old. Flowers in long racemes, the pedicels and germs downy,
the tips of the calyx smooth. Petals oblong-obovate. Fruit dark
blue, of the size of whortleberries, pleasant to the taste, ripe in
June.

Pyrus botryapium. Willd. Wood Pyrus.

Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, acute, glabrous;

flowers racemed ; petals linear ; calyx mostly smooth.

Syn. Mespilus Canadensis, (?? Mx.

Mespilus Arborea. Mx. f.

Aronia botryapium. Pers.

Amelanchier botryapium. De Cand.
This is a small tree found in upland woods. Leaves ovate,
sometimes cordate, finely and acutely toothed, very acute, gla-
brous both sides. The racemes are shorter and more spreading
than in the foregoing species with from four to seven flowers.
Peduncles brownish, smooth. Calyx smooth with the segments
downy within. Petals white, linear-obovate, more spreading
than in P. Ovalis. — Roxbury, Brookline. — May.

Pyrus SANGuiNEA. Pu?'sh. Round leaved Pyrus.

Leaves oval, obtuse, finely serrate, subcordate at
base ; racemes few flowered ; calyx glabrous ; petals
linear, obtuse.

Syn. Amelanchier sanguinea. De Cand.

I have specimens agreeing with the above character, formerly
collected in the western parts of the state, from trees of middling
height. — May.

CLASS XII. ORDER V. 209

219. SPIR^A.
Spirjea alba. Ehr. White Sjnrcea. Meadow Siveet.

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; flowers
panicled.

Syn. SpiRiEA SALICIFOLIA. Midi.

A slender shrub three or four feet high, bearing large, terminal
bunches of white flowers. Stems smooth, reddish. Leaves broad
lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, smooth and thin, acutely serrate,
tapering at base. Panicle terminal, composed of small flowering,
branches at the top of the stem, and from the axils of the upper
leaves. Flowers small, crowded. — Meadows and wet pastures.
— July, August.
Spir^a tomentosa. L. Downy Spirma. Hardhaclc.

Leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy nii-
derrHBath ; flowers twice racemed. Willd.

A very common shrub in pastures and low grounds, about the
size of the last. Among its purple flowers the dead tops of the
last year's fructification are conspicuous. Leaves nearly oval,
thick, and tough, dark green above, whitish and downy under-
neath. Flowers small, bhie or purple, in long conical bunches
on the end of the stems. — July, August. — Very astringent.

POLYGYNIA.

220. ROSA.
Rosa rubiginosa. L. Sweet Briar. Eglantine.

Fruit obovate, fruit and peduncles hispid ; prickles
hooked; leafets oval, with reddish glands beneath.

Stem from three to four feet high, the younger ones reclining
at top, the old ones much branched, armed vvith strong, hooked
prickles. ^ Leaves pinnate, with oval serrate leafets, which give
out an agreeable, strong scent on being rubbed. The under sur-
face in most plants is slightly glandular, though less so than
in the European sweet briar. Flowers red. Fruit scarlet,
somewhat obovate, bristly or smooth. — Road sides. — June. — lu"
troduced.

18#

210 CLASS XII. ORDER V.

Rosa micrantha. Sm. Small flowered Sweet Briar.

Fruit ov^te ; fruit and peduncles somewhat hispid ;
prickles hooked ; leafets ovate, acute, with reddish
glands beneath.

This species is more common than the last, which it resem-
bles in the odor of its leaves. It is a larger bush, being fre-
quently six feet high. When in flower its appearance is quite
different, the flowers being white, and hardly more than half the
size of the former. Common in dry soils, road sides and pas-
tures.— June.

Rosa Caroliniana. L. Swamp Rose.

Germs globular, hispid ; peduncles some\\^hat his-
pid; stem with stipular prickles; petioles prickly. L.

This rose grows in swamps and in woods, sometimes form-
ing thickets of itself. The stems vary greatly in the number
and size of their prickles, even those which spring from the
same root. They are commonly of a reddish color, and their
prickles nearly straight. Leaves pinnate, with fiv^e or seven
oval leafets, sharply serrate and paler on the under side. Flow-
ers red, growing in a sort of corymbs. Fruit spherical, flattened
at the ends. — June, July.

221. RUBUS.
RuBus occiDENTALis. L. Blttch Raspherry . Thimhleberry .

Leaves trifoliate, downy underneath, stem prickly,
petioles round. L.

Frequent about fences, thickets, «fec. The stems are prickly,
long and slender, bending over in the form of an arch, and cov-
ered with a bluish or glaucous powder, which readily rubs off,
Leafets in threes, oval, loosely serrate, acuminate, green above,
whitish and downy underneath, the two lateral ones nearly ses-
sile. Petioles roundish, prickly. Flowers white, in terminal
lacemes. Fruit black, sprightly, and pleasant to the taste. —
May.

RuBUS STRiGosus. Micli. Wild Red Rttspherry.

Unarmed, strongly hispid, leafets in threes, or five

CLASS XII. ORDER V. 211

pinnate, oval, obtuse at base, lined and white downy
underneath, the odd one sub-cordate. Mich.

A more delicate fruit than the last, found in similar places.
The stem and branches are without prickles, but covered with
thick stiff bristles. Petioles hispid, bearing one or two pairs of
lateral leafets and a terminal one; the lateral leafets sessile.
Flowers white, in terminal clusters with hispid peduncles. Fruit
red, richly flavored. — May.

* RuBus SETOstJS. Bristly Raspberry.

R. caide erecto^ reclinato, hispido ; foliis ternatis
quinatisve^ utiinque g-labris, concoloribus.

Stem qiTBct, reclining, bristly; leaves ternate or qui-
nate^ smooth and green on both sides.

• '^.tem woody, erect at base, reclining, without prickles, but
thickly covered with strong bristles. Petioles semicylindrical,
channelled. Leaves ternate, a few younger ones quinate ; leafets
rhomboid-lanceolate, acute at base, smooth, or with the veins
pubescent underneath, unequally serrate, the odd one petioled.
Stipules long and linear. Flowers in racemes with bristly pedi-
cels. Petals white, linear-obovate, distant. Fruit red, ripening
late. — In a swamp at Sudbury. — June. Received also from Dr.
Payne, Montreal.

RuBus ViLLOsus. Tall Blackberry .

American Medical Botany, PI. xxxviii.

Pubescent, bristly and prickly; leaves in threes or
fives, leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, with the peti-
oles prickly ; racemes naked, about twenty flowered ;
petals lance-ovate.

This shrub has a tall, branching, prickly stem, more or less
furrowed and angular. Leaves mostly in threes, on a channelled,
hairy petiole. A few are solitary and some quinate. Leafets
ovate, acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, covered with
scattered hairs above, and with a thick, soft pubescence beneath.
The terminal leafet is pedicelled, the two side ones sessile.
The petiole and back of the middle rib are commonly armed

212 CLASS XII. ORDER V.

with short recurved prickles. The flowers grow iu erect ra-
cemes, with a hairy prickly stalk. The pedicels are slender,
an inch or two in length, covered with glandular pairs, and sup-
ported by lanceolate bractes. Calyx divided into five ovate,
concave, hairy segments, ending in an acuminate point or a lan-
ceolate leafet. Petals five, white, ovate or oblong, concave,
contracted into a short claw at base. Stamens very numerous
with roundish anthers and slender white filaments. Germs nu-
merous, covering a conic central receptacle. Styles capillary,
arising from the sides of the germs, persistent. Fruit a black,
shining compound berry, formed of pulpy acini attached to the
receptacle, each containing a single oblong seed. — Road sides.
Flowers in June. — Fruit very pleasant, ripe in August and Sep-
tember.— Perennial. ">

* RuBus FRONDOsus. J^^^fy Raspberry.

R. caule aciileato^ erecto ; foliis teriiatis^ qvinatisve^
piibe shnpUci ; racemo folioso^ suh-decemfioro^ petalis
orhiculatis.

Stem prickly, erect; leaves ternate or qninate ; pu-
bescence simple ; racemes leafy, about ten flowered 5
petals orbicular.

Stem erect, reddish, armed with straightish or slightly recurv-
ed prickles. Young branches covered with simple pubescence,
and ending in leafy racemes. Leaves on short peduncles, mostly
ternate, the lower ones sometimes five digitate, and upper ones
simple ; leafets ovate, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath,
nearly glabrous above, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal one
on a short stalk. Racemes leafy, having a leaf at the base of
most of the pedicels, about ten flowered, the upper flowers ex-
panding first. Calyx segments ovate, acuminate. Petals orbic-
ular, ovate, large, white. Fruit black, agreeable.

Approaches R. villosus, and has perhaps descended from it,
but differs in the following marks, as well as in its habit, by
which it may be distinguished at sight.

Pubescence glandular.

Racemes nearly naked, about
twenty flowered, the lower
flowers opening first.

Petals lance-ovate with wide
intervals when expanded.

CLASS XII. ORDER V. 213

R. villosus. R. frondosus.

Pubescence simple.
Racemes leafy, about ten flow-
ered, the terminal flowers
opening first.
Petals orbicular-ovate, much
larger, and nearly in contact
with each other when ex-
panded.

Besides the above marks, R. frondosus is smoother, leaves
more flat, and the terminal leafet on a longer stalk. — Road sides
in Roxbury. — May, June.

First observed by my pupil, Mr. H. Little.

RuBus TRiviALis. MicJi. Low OT running BlacTcberri/.

Dewberry,

Stems procumbent ; leafets three or five, oval, ser-
rate, nearly smooth ; flower stalks mostly solitary.
Syn. RuBUs procumbens. Muhl. ^

Stems prickly, slender, flexible, running severlil yards upon
the ground, but seldom putting out roots, unless accidentally
covered. Leaves nearly smooth, green on both sides. Pedun-
cles long, slender, mostly undivided, furnished with minute
prickles. Flowers solitary, while Fruit large, black, sweet.- —
Common in barren sandy soils. — May.

* RuBus SEMPERViRENS. Evergreen Raspberry.

Rubus sarmentoso-procumbens ; caiile aculeolato ;
foUis ternatis, foliolis obovatls, ser rails, nitidis, sem-
pervirentibus.

Stem procumbent, covered with minute prickles,
leaves ternate, obovate, serrate, shining, evergreen.
Syn. RuBus obovatus. Hooker.

A small, trailing species, found in damp woods and swamps.
Stem woody, smooth, commonly covered with minute reflexed
prickles, as are also the petioles. Stipules lanceolate. Leaves
of the size of the strawberry, of a dark shining green, tapering
and retuse at base, unequally serrate. They last through the

214 CLASS XII. ORDER V.

winter, and exhibit a dark or purplish appearance the ensuing
spring. Flowers few, in a sort of raceme, with alternate, slen-
der stalks. Calyx leaves ovate, acute, glabrous. Petals white,
oblong, distinct. Berries small, black, sour. — July.

RuBus ODORATus. L. FloiceHng Raspberry.

Leaves simple, palmate ; stem unarmed, many

leaved, many flowered. L.

A superh, flowering shrub, commonly cultivated. I have not
seen it growing wild in the immediate vicinity of Boston, though
it is plentiful at the distance of thirty or forty miles to the west-
ward. Leaves simple, large, mostly five lobed, serrate ; petioles
and peduncles hairy. Flowers large, purple, forming a sort of
corymb. Fruit dry. — Flowers in June and after.

RuBus sAXATiLis. Mx. Stone Raspberry.

Herbaceous, pubescent ; leaves ternate, leafets

rhomboidal, acute, cut-toothed, naked, the odd one

petioled ; flowers about three, with elongated pedicels.

The stems of this species are annual, whereas those of most
of the preceding are biennial, not flowering till the second year.
About a foot high, with white flowers. — On dry hills, Danvers.
■ — White mountains. — June.

RuBus ChamtEmgrus. L. Cloud Beri^y.

Herbaceous; stem erect, unarmed, one flowered;
leaves simple, somewhat reniform, roundish lobed.

A small and pretty alpine species, found in both continents.
Leaves heart shaped at base, veined, plaited. Flower on a long
downy stalk, white, handsome. Berry amber colored, pleasantly
acid. — White mountains. Mr. Tuckerman.

222. DALIBARDA.
Dalibarda repens. PursJi. Wliite Dalibarda.

Villous; shoots creeping; leaves simple, cordate,
crenate ; peduncles one-flowered.

Syn. Dalibarda viol^oides, Mxs
RuBus Dalibarda. Willd.

CLASS XII. ORDER V. 215

A creeping plant, with white flowers. Leaves on long peti-
oles, heart shaped, obtuse, crenate, covered with thin hairs.
Peduncles as long as the petioles, terminating in a single flower.
Calyx segments ovate, ciliate, somewhat toothed. Petals oval,
stamens capillary ; styles few. — Among the decayed leaves in
woods. Princeton. — June.

Dalibarda fragarioides. 3fx. Yelloio Daliharda.

Leaves ternate, leafets wedge shaped, cut serrate,
ciliate : scapes many flowered ; tube of the calyx
conical.

Syn. CoMAROPSis fragarioides. De Cand.

Considerably larger than the foregoing, with some resem-
blance to the strawberry. Leaves in threes, lobed and toothed,
nearly smooth, ciliate. Scapes slender, furnished with a few
simple or ternate, lanceolate bractes. Panicle few flowered ;
pedicels elongated, slightly hairy. Germs acute at base; calyx
acute ; petals oblong, yellow. Filaments numerous, persistent
after the anthers have fallen. Woods, Hanover, New Hamp-
shire.— June.

223. FRAGARIA.

Fragaria Virginian a. Ehr. Wild Strawberry.

Calyx of the frnit spreading ; hairs of the petioles

erect, of the peduncles appressed ; leaves smooth

above. Willd.

The common wild strawberry is a very delicious fruit, and
when cultivated is inferior to few imported species. The ber-
ries ripen early, are of a light scarlet color, exquisitely flavored,
but more soft and perishable than the other kinds. The herb-
age is more smooth and even, than in other species, the pedun-
cles shorter, so that the fruit is commonly concealed under the
leaves. Flowers white, appearing in May.

Wild strawberries are frequently sour from the circumstance
of their ripening in the shade among the high grass.

216 CLASS XII. ORDER V.

224. COMARUM.

Com ARUM TALUSTRE. L. Morsk Cinqurfoil,

A genus nearly related to the last, with only one species.
Stem round, rising from one to two feet. Leafets three, five or
seven, oblong, serrate, whitish underneath. Flowers dark, dull
purple, every part permanent. Calyx ten cleft, every other seg-
ment Inrger. Corolla of five small petals. Fruit enclosed in the
flower, resembling a strawberry, but spongy and permanent. —
Found in Neponset river and in Brighton. — June. — Perennial.

225. POTENTILLA.
PoTENTiLLA FLORiBUNDA. JPursIi. BusJiy PotentUla.

Shrubby, erect, branching, hairy; stipules ovate,
entire ; leaves five-pinnate, leafets linear-oblong, revo-
lute; corymbs terminal, dichotomons, dense-flowered,
calyx-segments subequal, as long as the petals.

Syn. POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA. Auct.

Stems erect or ascending, shrubby, a foot high, covered with
a deciduous, reddish bark, and with long fine hairs. Stipules at
the base of the leaves and branches ovate, nerved, scarious,
clasping, some bifid. Leaves pinnate, with slender, hairy peti-
oles ; leafets five, in a sort of tuft, sessile, lanceolate, revolute at
the edges, hairy, paler underneath. Flowers in close, compound
corymbs on the ends of the branches. Calyx hairy, its segments
subequal. Petals obovate, as long as the calyx. — In low grounds,
Danvers ; sent by Dr. Nichols.

On comparison with specimens of P. fruticosa, it has smaller
and more numerous flowers. Drs. Hooker and Torrey consider
the two as indentical.
PoTENTiLLA ANSERiNA. Zi. SUvcv Weed. Wild Tansey.

Leaves interriiptedl3r pinnate, serrate, silky nnder-
neath, stem creeping, peduncles one flowered. Sm.

A handsome plant, common on the marshes at South Boston
and Cambridge. Stems hairy and reddish, creeping extensively
among the grass. Leaves pinnate, the large leafets alternating
with small ones, green above and of a line silvery appearance

i

CLASS XII. ORDER V_. 217

beneath. Flowers yellow, solitary, on long, axillary peduncles.

June. — Perennial. — With us this is always a raaritime plant.
PoTENTiLLA ARGSNTEA. L. Hoavy CinquefoU.

Leaves qiiinate, wedge form, cut, downy under-
neath, stem nearly erect.

A small, humble species, frequent on Boston common and
elsewhere in dry soils. Stems spreading, half erect, white and
downy. Leaves alternate, consisting of five Avedge form or
spatulate leafets, cut into a few lobes or large teeth at the end,
white and downy underneath. Flowers numerous, on the ends
of the branches, small, yellow. — From June to September. —
Perennial.

PoTENTiLLA SIMPLEX. Mich. CommoTi CinqupfoU or

Fivefinger.
Erect, simple, hairy; leaves five digitate, oblong,
oval; peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, one flow-
ered. Mich.

Root abrupt. Stem erect at base, reclining at top, rough, hairy.
Leafets in fives, oval, deeply serrate, the nerves hairy underneath.
Stipules cut into lanceolate lobes. The primary leaves are nearly
sessile having in the axil of each a petioled leaf or two, a long
filiform peduncle, and sometimes also the rudiment of a branch.
Flowers yellow. Petals roundish, inversely heart-shaped, longer
than the calyx. — Pastures and woods. — May, June. — Perennial.
PoTENTiLLA SARMENTOSA. MuM. Running CinquefoU.

Stem sarmentose; leaves qurnate, leafets obovate,
obtuse, serrate, glabrous above, hairy beneath, petals
roundish, longer than the calyx.
Syn. PoTENTiLLA CANADENSIS. Hookev ?

A very delicate species extremely common in dry pastures,
spangling the grass with its yellow flowers from April till the
middle of May. Root somewhat abrupt. Stems procumbent,
very short, at the time of the first flowering, but extending a foot
or more along the ground during the summer. Leaves quinate
19

218 CLASS XII. ORDER V.

with hairy petioles. Leafets obovate, obtuse, their upper half
deeply serrate^, glabrous above, paler and hairy underneath.
Stipules hairy, acute, those of the stem about six cleft. Pedun-
cles solitary, slender, hairy, longer than the petiole whicb springs
from the same joint. Calyx segments hairy, acute, some of them
furnished with a small tooth or two. Petals roundish, retuse, a
little longer than the calyx. Anthers sagittate.

During the summer a fleshy thickening often takes place in
various parts of the stem, apparently caused by insects. The
flowers reappear in October.

Very distinct from P. simplex, though quoted by Pursh and
Torry as synonymous. It is much smaller, flowers a month
earlier, and is never erect.

PoTENTiLLA NoRVEGicA. L Noricay Clinquefoil.

Leaves ternate; stem dichotomous ; peduncles axil-
lary. L.

An erect, hairy plant. Stem round, straight, forked at top.
Leaves in threes, oval, cut-serrate, their petioles and veins cov-
ered with long hairs. Stipules ova»e, acute, somewhat toothed.
Flowers numerous, axillary and terminal, somewhat crowded.
Petals yellow, shorter than the calyx. — By road sides and thick-
ets.— July. — Perennial.

PoTENTiLLA TRTDENTATA. L. Mountain Potentilla.

Leaves ternate, evergreen ; leafets wedge-shaped,
three toothed at the end ; peduncles few flowered.

A suffruticose alpine plant of all our northern mountains.
The lower part of the stem is woody, prostrate, rooting, with
subulate stipules at the top, below the leaves. Petioles short,
slightly hairy. Leafets three, sessile, smooth, coriaceous, ob-
long-wedge shaped, uniformly ending in three nearly equal teeth.
Flowering stalk hairy, with several small, ternate, lanceolate
leafets. Flowers few. in a sort of irregular corymb. Calyx acute,
the narrow segments more obtuse. Petals oblong, white, longer
than the calyx. — Abundant on the summit of Wachusett. On
the White mountains, Moosehillock, Sec. In the college yard at
Brunswick. — June.

CLASS XII. ORDER V. . 219

PoTENTiLLA ARGUTA. Puvsli Suppl. Croiochd Pote.ntUla.
Stem erect, lower leaves pinnate, hairy and downy;
flowers in small <:orymbs, nearly sessile.

Syn. PoTENTiLLA coNFERTiFLORA. Tovrey.
BooTiA SYLVESTRis. 2d edition.

This plant, formerly proposed as a genus, is on more mature
inspection, withdrawn. According to Dr. Hooker it is the P. ar-
gutaof Pursh, by Bradbury's specimen.

The whole herb is covered with hairy down. Root leaves and
lower stem leaves pinnate, leafets sessile, oval, acute, doubly
toothed and slightly cut, the lower ones and sometimes the inter-
mediate ones smaller. Stem two feet high, rigid, erect, round,
furrowed. Stipules half ovate, acuminate, mostly entire. Upper
leaves ternate or simple. Flowers terminal, in small crowded
corymbs. Calyx segments downy, alternately lanceolate and
ovate. Petals orbicular, white, as long as the calyx. Anthers
compressed, roundish. Nectary a stellate cavity surrounding the
base of the receptacle of the germs, having pits in its five points
opposite the narrow segments of the calyx, distinct in the young
flower, obliterated in fruit. Seeds oblong, pointed, awnless.
Receptacle hairy.

Found in June 1816, on the precipice behind Bellows' Falls,
N. H. Also in Deerfield, Mass.

226. DRYAS.
Dryas integrifolia. Vahl. Mountain Avens.

Leaves elliptic-ovate, entire ; calyx segments lin-
ear.

Syn. Dryas tenella. Pursh.

A low, csespitose, suffruticose, alpine plant. Leaves alternate,
petioled, smooth, evergreen, wrinkled above, white-pubescent
beneath, re volute at the margin. Flowers large, white, on soli-
tary, elongated peduncles. Seeds with long, plumose, silkea
awns. I have seen speciaiens from the White mountains, but
have not found it there myself.

220 CLASS XII. ORDER V.

227. GEUM.
Geum rivale. Ij. Water Avens.

Radical leaves lyrate ; stipules ovate, acute, cut ;
flowers nodding, awns featliery, twisted. Sm.

A fine plant conspicuous in meadows for its high, nodding,
dark colored flowers. Stem round, erect, drooping at top.
Radical leaves lyrate or interruptedly pinnate, the terminal
leafet large and lobed, the whole serrate and hairy. Flowers
terminal, two or three on a stalk; calyx reddish brown, closed ;
petals erect, hardly exceeding the calyx, inversely heart shaped,
veined and shaded with yellow purple. The fruit becomes erect,
and is crowned with long, feathery, contorted awns. — May,
June. — Perennial.

Geum Virginianum. L. Virginian Avens.

Leaves trifoliate, upper ones lanceolate ; petals
shorter than the calyx ; seeds hairy, with naked awns,
twisted at top.

Stem erecj^, one or two feet high, branching, hairy. Lower
leaves in threes, sometimes in fives ; the upper ones simple,
oval, or lanceolate, the whole unequally serrate. Stipules large,
ovate, few toothed. Flowers nodding, fruit erect. Petals white,
not longer than the calyx. — Thickets. — June, July. — Perennial.

Geum album. Willd. White Avens

Pubescent, leaves of the root pinnate, of the stem

tern ate ; stipules cut; flowers erect; petals not longer

than the calyx. ♦

Stem erect, hairy, branching at top. Leaves variable, those
of the root and lower part of the stem pinnate, or ternate, or
simple, with appendages on the petiole, all of them hairy. Sti-
pules large, toothed, and lobed. Flowers small. Calyx acute,
hairy. Petals shorter than the calyx, entire, whitish. Seeds
hairy. Awns reflected, smooth, geniculated or uncinate and
hairy at tip. — About hedges. — July. — Perennial.

Between this and the foregoing there are intermediate varieties.

CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 221

Geum strictum. Willd. Yellow Avens.

Hairy; leaves all interruptedly pinnate, leafets
ovate, toothed, the terminal one largest ; flowers erect,
petals longer than the calyx.

A tall, hairy species with yellow flowers. Terminal leafet
large. Alternate segments of the calyx linear. Flowers yel-
low.— On Prospect hill, Charlestown. — June. — Perennial.

In a specimen gathered in Bretton woods, near the White
mountains, the stem leaves are triiid and the petals hardly longer
than the calyx. — Perhaps a new species.

Gecjm Peckii. Pursh. Peck's Geum.

Leaves reni form, the petiole pinnately appendaged ;
flowers several on a stalk; petals twice as long as the
calyx.

Root leaves large, pinnate, the lateral leafets minute, terminal
one very large, reniform, cut and toothed, glabrous, slightly cili-
ate. Petioles long, ending in broad ciliate stipules. Stem round,
pubescent, four or five inches high, furnished with a few small,
cut, and toothed leafets, and bearing from one to^ve flowers.
Calyx segments acute, the alternate ones minute and linear.
Petals orbicular, yellow, twice the length of the calyx. Sta-
mens numerous, slender, yellow. Styles very short. Seeds
hairy. Awns erect, slightly hooked at tip.

Discovered by the late Professor Peck on the summit of the
"White mountains. Very distinct from Geum montanum, with
which I have compared it. Pursh, probably from seeing bad
specimens, represents it as one flowered, and with petals equal-
ling the calyx. — July.

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Many stajneiis.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.

228. Chelidonium. Calyx two leaved ; petals four
19^

222 CLASS XIII. ORDER X.

siliqne superior, two valved, one celled, linear; seeds
crested.

229. AcT^A. Calyx four leaved; petals four; berry
one celled, many seeded ; seeds nearly flat.

230. CisTus. Calyx five leaved, two of the leaves
smaller : capsule superior, three valved, opening at top.

231. HuDsoNiA. Calyx three parted, tubular; petals
five ; capsule one celled, three valved, three seeded.

232. Sarracenia. Calyx double ; the lower three
leaved, the upper five leaved ; petals five ; stigma
shield like ; capsule five celled.

233. TiLiA. Calyx five parted ; petals five ; cap-
sule superior, coriaceous, five celled, five valved, open-
ing at the base.

234. Sanguinaria. Calyx two leaved caducous ;
corolla eight petalled ; capsule two valved, many
seeded.

235. Podophyllum. Calyx three leaved caducous;
corolla from six to nine petalled ; berry one celled,
crowned with the stigma.

236. NuPHAR. Calyx five or six leaved ; corolla
many petalled, very short ; petals and stamens trun-
cated, inserted in the receptacle ; stigma a disc mark-
ed with prominent rays.

237. Nymfh^a. Calyx four or five leaved; corolla
many petalled, petals and stamens subacute, mserted
on the germ ; stigma a tubercle surrounded with an-
theroid rays.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Tic o styles.

238. Menispermum. Calyx none; outer petals four,
inner petals eight; stamens from six to sixteen; styles
two or three; berry one seeded; dioecious.

CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 223

Order V. PENTAGYNIA. Five styles.

239. Aquilegia. Calyx none; petals five; nectaries
five, horn shaped, alternate with the petals.

240. CiMiciFUGA. Calyx four or five leaved ; petals
four to eight, cartilaginous; capsules several, oblong,
opening by a lateral suture, many seeded.

Order Yl. POLYGYNIA. Many styles.

241. Clematis. Calyx none; petals from four to
six; seeds with tails; receptacle capitate.

242. Atragene. Calyx none ; corolla from four to
six petalled ; nectaries four, spatulate, alternate with
the petals ; seeds with tails.

243. Thalictrum. Calyx none ; petals four or five ;
seeds without tails.

244. CoPTis. Cal3''x none ; petals five or six, ca-
ducous ; nectaries five or six, cucullate; capsules five
or six, stipitate, rostrate, many seeded.

245. Caltha. Calyx none ; petals five ; nectaries
none, capsules many.

246. Hydropeltis. Calyx none ; petals six, three
external shortest ; nectaries none ; capsules several,
one celled, two seeded, invested with the permanent
corolla.

247. Hepatica. Calyx three leaved ; petals from six
to nine; seeds naked.

248. Anemone. Calyx none ; petals from five to
nine; seeds numerous.

249. Trollius. Calyx none ; petals from five to
eight, deciduous; nectaries from five to eight, linear;
capsules many, sessile, many seeded.

250. Ranunculus. Calyx five leaved; petals from

224 CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

five to eight, with a pore or scale bearing honey at
the base of each, inside; seeds naked.

251. Magnolia. Calyx three leaved; petals from
six to nine ; capsules two valved, clustered ; seeds
pendulous.

252. LiRioDENDRON. Calyx three leaved ; petals
six : seeds ending in a scale, imbricated into a cone.

POLYANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

228. CHELIDONIUM.

Chelidonium majus. L. Celandine.

Peduncles umbelled. L.

Found among rubbish, under fences, &c. attaining the height
of one or two feet. Leaves pinnate, spreading; leafets lobed,
pale green, smooth, their stalks winged where they join the
main petiole. Flowers yellow, in a remote umbel, proceeding
from the axils of the leaves. The calyx, petals, and stamens
are extremely deciduous, which occasions perplexity in exam-
ining the plant. Every part of this vegetable abounds with a
bright yellow, or saffron colored juice. — May, June. — Perennial.

229. ACT^A.
AcT^A RUBRA. Willd. Red Acfcea. Cohush.

Raceme hemispherical ; petals shorter than the
stamens, acute; pedicels of the fruit smaller than the
peduncles.

Syn. AcTiEA SPICATA. Mt.

ACTJEA BRACHYPETALA. De Caud.

AcT^A Americana, /9, rubra. Pursh.

Stem roundish, glabrous, covered with a slight glaucous bloom.
Leaves several times ternate, on long smooth petioles, with
swelling bases partly sheathing the stem. The extreme divis-

CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 225

ions are slightly pubescent, and channelled above. Leafets heart
shaped, cut and toothed, the odd one usually three lobed, veined,
glabrous, the veins slightly pubescent underneath. Raceme
hemispherical, or half ovate. Peduncles round, smooth, slightly-
pubescent at top. Pedicels pubescent, largest at the extremities.
Calyx leaves four, oblong, green, striate, concave, caducous.
Petals often eight or ten, white, oval, acute, unguiculated, decid-
uous. Stamens numerous. Filaments twice as long as the
petals, filiform, subclavate, white. Anihers, before bursting,
cordate, acute, compressed, white. Pistil smooth, white. Germ
oval, placed obliquely, with a furrow on one sid,e. Style none.
Stigma oval, two lobed, recurved at the ends. "Berries shining,
cherry red, about sixteen seeded, on long filiform pedicels, a
fourth part as large as the common peduncle. — Woods. — May. —
Perennial.

*AcT^A ALBA. White Aetata. White Cohush.

A. racenio ohlongo ; petalls stamiiiibus ceqitalibus,
t7^U7icatis ; pediceUls fiucius pediincuU instar.

Raceme oblong ; petals equal to the stamens, trun-
cate; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncle.

Syn. AcT^A spicata, j^, alba. Mx.

AcT^A Americana, «, alba. Pursh.

ACTJEA PACHYPODA. ElUott.

Stem and leaves like the preceding, but somewhat larger and
smoother. Raceme ob!ong, twice the length and half the
breadth of the preceding ; the pedicels being shorter and thicker.
Calyx leaves four, white, oblong, concave, caducous. Petals
four to eight, as long as the stamens, white, oval, unguiculated,
dilated upwards, and truncated. Stamens white, as long as the
petals, filaments as in the last but shorter, anthers heart shaped,
obtuse, white or yellowish. Germ and stigma as in the preced-
ing. Berries milk-white, tipt with red, smaller and about eight
seeded, on short, red, incrassated pedicels as large as the com-
mon peduncle. — Woods. — May. — A week or two later than the
foregoing. — Perennial.

' First published as a distinct species in my name, in Eaton's
Manual of Botany, afterward by Mr. Elliott under another name.

226 CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

It is rernarl^ably distinct in its truncated petals, large pedicels,
and white, few seeded fruit. The herbage of these two species
and of A. spicata of Europe is precisely similar.

230. CISTUS.

§ Suhgenua Helianthemum. Capsule one celled; septa in the
middle of the valves.
CisTus Canadensis. L. Canadian Cisius.

Herbaceous, without stipules ; leaves alternate,
lanceolate, stern ascending. L.
Syn. Helianthemum Canadense. Mich.

Stem slender, downy, hardly a foot high. Leaves small, nearly
sessile, lanceolate, obtuse, downy, white underneath. Flow-
ers lateral, solitary, yellow. Stamens inclined to the upper side.
Petals very tender and deciduous ; after they have fallen, the
plant has the appearance of Lechea major, for which it has been
mistaken. — Sandy pastures and hills. — June. — Perennial.

At the beginning of frosts, the bark cracks and rolls backward,
at w^hich time the fragments are found connected by a mass of
fibrous, icy crytals.

231. HUDSONIA.
HuDSONiA tomentosa. JVutt. Downy Hudsonia.

Canescent, tomentose; leaves ovate, imbricated,
shorter than the intervals of the stem ; flowers siib-
sessile ; calyx obtuse.

A native of the sandy sea shore at Nantucket, Plum island,
and other places, forming dense, clustered thickets. The whole
plant is covered with whitish down. Stems ascending, studded
with short branches, which are covered with minute, acute, im-
bricated leaves. Flowers small, on short, lateral, leafy stalks.
Calyx of three leaves, two of which are bifid. Petals five, obo-
vate, bright yellow. Stamens about twenty; filaments a little
contorted, anthers roundish. Germ ovate, style crooked. — July.

232. SARRACENIA.

Sarracenia purpurea. L. Sidesaddle Floicer.

Leaves decumbent, shorter than the scape, inflated ;

CLASS XIII. ORDER 1. 227

ventral wing arched : appendix broad heart shaped,
waved.

The whole of this genus are plants of very singular structure.
The Sarracenia purpurea is the only one which endures our
climate. The leaves, which are all radical, are formed by a
large hollow tube, swelling in the middle, curved and diminish-
ing downward, till it ends in a stem, contracted at the mouth,
furnished with a large, spreading, heart shaped appendage at
top, which is hairy within, the hairs pointing downwards; and
a broad, wavy wing extending the whole length on the inside.
The full grown leaves will contain a wine glass of water, and
are rarely found empty. The scape is long, smooth, and cylin-
drical, supporting a large, nodding flower. Exterior calyx of
three small leaves; interior of five ovate, obtuse leaves, shining,
and of a brownish purple. Petals five, panduriform, obtuse, re-
peatedly curved inward and outward, and finally inflected over
the stigma, brownish purple above, green below, deciduous.
Stamens numerous, with short filaments and large bilocular,
oblong, peltate, yellow anthers. Style short, cylindrical sup-
porting the broad, spreading stigma, divided, at its margin, into
five bifid lobes, alternating with the petals. Properly speaking,
this curious plant has five stigmas, which are projecting points
with moist tops situated under the notches of the lobes. —
Swamps and meadows. — June. — Perennial.

233. TILIA.
TiLiA Americana L. Lime Tree or Bass Wood.

Leaves roundish heart shaped, abruptly acuminatej
sharply serrate, smooth; petals truncated at top; nut
ovate. Mich. f.

A tree of the middle size, remarkable for the neatness of its
foliage, and the singularity of its flowering. The leaves are
large, roundish, heart-shaped at base, finely serrated. The foot-
stalk, supporting a bunch of flowers, proceeds from the centre of
an oblong, pale, floral leaf or bracte, as in the others of the genus.
Flowers greenish white, succeeded by small, hard, greyish cap-
sules. The wood of this tree is white, smooth, and soft. It is

228 CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

used in the manufacture of certain kinds of furniture, and of the
pannels of carriages. The bark is fibrous, strong, and flexible,
and makes tolerable ropes. — July.

234. SANGUINARIA.

Sanguinaria Canadensis. L. Blood Root.

American Medical Botany, Pi. vii.

This is one of our earliest spring flowers. The flower and
leaf proceed from the end of a horizontal, fleshy, abrupt root,
fed by numerous radicles. This root makes offsets from its
sides, which separate as the old root decays, acquiring by this
separation the abrupt or premorse form.

Externally the color of the root is a brownish red. Inter-
nally it is pale, and when divided emits a bright orange colored
juice from numerous points of its surface. The bud or hyber-
naculum, which terminates the root, is composed of successive
scales or sheaths, the last of which acquires a considerable size,
as the plant springs up. By dissecting this hybernaculum in the
summer or autumn, we may discover the embryo leaf and flower
of the succeeding spring, and with a common magnifier, even
the stamens may be counted.

The Sanguinaria is smooth throughout. The leaves grow on
long channelled petioles. When spread out, they are reniforra
or heart shaped, with large, roundish lobes separated by obtuse
sinuses. The under side is strongly reticulated with veins, it is
paler than the upper, and at length becomes glaucous. The
scape is round, rises in front of the petiole, and is infolded by
the young leaf. The calyx consists of two concave, ovate,
obtuse leaves, which are perfect in the bud, but fall off when
the corolla expands. Petals eight, spreading, concave, obtuse,
the alternate or external ones longer, so that the flower has a
square appearance. This is its natural character, although
cultivation sometimes increases the number of petals. Stamens
nurnerous, with oblong yellow anthers. Germ oblong, com-
pressed; style none; stigma thick, somewhat two lobed. Capsule
oblong, acute at both extremities, two valved. Seeds numerous,
roundish, compressed, dark shining red, half surrounded with a
peculiar white vermiform appendage, which projects at the lower
end.

CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 229

After the flower has fallen, the leaves, continue to grow, and
by midsummer have acquired so large a size as to appear like a
different plant. — Woods and thickets, South Boston and Cam-
bridge.— April. Perennial.

The root is a violent emetic.

235. PODOPHYLLUM.
PoDOPHYLWJM PELTATUM. May Apple.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxiii.

Leaves two, peltate, lobed.

The May Apple has a jointed running root about half the size
of the finger, by which it spreads extensively in rich grounds,
where it gets introduced. The stem is about a foot in height,
and invested at its base by the sheaths which covered it when
in bud. It is smooth, round, and erect, dividing at top into two
round petioles from three to six inches long. Each petiole sup-
ports a large peltate, palmate leaf, smooth above, slightly pubes-
cent beneath, deeply divided into about seven lobes, which are
wedge-shaped, two parted and toothed at the extremity. On
the inside the leaf is cleft almost to the petiole. In barren stems
which support but one leaf this does not take place, and the leaf
is very perfectly peltate. In the fork of the stem is a solitary
flower on a round, nodding peduncle one or two inches long.
Calyx of three oval, obtuse, concave leaves, cohering in the bud
by their scarious margins, and breaking off at base when the
flower expands. Petals from six to nine. Linnaeus makes them
nine in his generic character, but in this climate I have found
them more frequently seven even in luxuriant specimens grow-
ing in very rich soil. They are obovate, obtuse, concave,
smooth, white, with slight transparent veins. Stamens shorter
than the petals, curving upwards ; anthers oblong, twice as long
as their filaments. Germ oval, compressed, obscurely angular.
Stigma nearly sessile, convex, its surface rendered irregular by
numerous convolutions and folds. The flower is succeeded by
a large acid, ovate, yellowish fruit, which is one celled, many
seeded and crowned with the stigma. Its early period of ripen-
ing has given it the trivial name of May Apple. The root is

20

230 CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

medicinal, answering as a substitute for jalap. — It is found native
at Med way, twenty-five miles from Boston. — May. — Perennial.

236. NUPHAR.
NuPHAR ADVENA. Ait. Yellow Water Lily.

Calyx six leaved; petals numerous; capsule fur-
rowed ; stigma crenate ; leaves heart shaped, the lobes
divaricate.
Syn. Nymph^a advena. Ait. Kew. \st. Edit.

This plant is usually considered distinct from the Nuphar
lutea of Europe, though there is still some confusion in the dis-
criminating marks laid down by authors. The present species
certainly partakes the character of both. Are they in reality
more than varieties ?

Roots very large, creeping and irregular, like those of Nym-
phsea. Leaves oblong-heart shaped with rounded lobes, polished
on the upper surface, always floating in deep water, and erect in
shallow. Petioles exactly semicylindrical. Scapes round, spongy,
made up of equal longitudinal tubes, which are hairy within, as
seen by a magnifier. Calyx of six concave leafets, the three out-
ermost green and roundish or ovate ; the three inner ones resem-
bling petals, somewhat wedge-shaped, retuse, yellow shaded
with dull crimson, sometimes with green.

Petals ? about fourteen, less than half the length of the calyx,
yellow, wedge shaped, truncated, fleshy, impressed by the sta-
mens, but without any thing like nectariferous furrows. Sta-
mens numerous, linear, flat topped, erect in the bud, recurved in
the flower, inserted into the sides of the receptacle below the
germ. Anthers of two longitudinal cells on the upper side of the
filaments. Germ large, ovate, furrowed on the outside. Stigma
peltate, sessile, circular, its border slightly undulated or crenate,
its upper surface with a central depression, from which pro-
ceed about twenty slightly prominent rays, which, by their ap-
pearance, are so many distinct stigmas, each one corresponding
to a cell in the germ. — Ponds and ditches. — May, June. — Peren-
nial.

The furrowing of the petals and germ, and the crenatures of

CLASS XIII. OEDER I. 231

the stigma, are merely produced by the apposition of the sta-
mens in the bud. The petals and stamens are also truncated, in
consequence of the depressed and globular form of the bud ;
which is one of the best generic marks.

In the number of its calyx leaves, and its undulated stigma,
this plant is N. advena. In its semicylindrical petioles and num-
ber of rays of the stigma, it is N. lutea. In northern latitudes
where the roots can only exist in deep water, the leaves are al-
ways floating ; in southern, where they can live in shallow
water, the leaves are erect.

NuPHAR KALMiANA. Alt. Kalm^ s Water Lily.

Leaves cordate ; the lobes snbapproximate ; calyx
five leaved ; stigma cut with from eight to twelve
rays.

A small species appearing like a diminutive offspring of the
preceding. Mr. Eddy has observed that the submersed root leaves
are very large, membranous and waved. — In Sudbury river.— Dr.
Boott. — June.

237. NYMPHiEA.
Nymp^ea odorata. Sweet scented Water Lily,

American Medical Botany, PI. Iv.

Leaves orbicular-cordate, entire ; the lobes acumi-
nate, and veins prominent beneath ; calyx four leaved,
equal to the petals.

Few plants possess a more exquisite fragrance than the com-
mon white water lily. It is found only in deep waters, where its
roots are secured from the frosts in winter by a sort of natural
hotbed being thus provided for it. The roots creep through the
muddy bottoms of ponds to a great extent. They are very
rough, knotted, blackish, and as large as a man's arm. The
stalks, both of leaves and flowers, spring directly from the root.
They vary in length, from one foot to five or six, according to
the depth of the water. Petioles somewhat semicircular, scapes
round. Both are perforated throughout by long tubes, or air ves-
sels, which serve to float them. The leaves, which swim on
the surface, are nearly round with a cleft or sinus extending to

232 CLASS XIII. ORDER II.

the centre, at which the petiole is inserted in a peltate manner.
The lobes on each side of this sinus are prolonged into an acute
point. The upper surface is of a bright glossy green, almost
without veins ; the lower surface is reddish and marked by a
multitude of strong prominent veins diverging from the centre.
The calyx has four lanceolate leaves, green without and white
within. Petals numerous, lanceolate, of a delicate whiteness,
with sometimes a tinge of red on the outside. Stamens numer-
ous, yellow, in several rows, inserted on the germ ; filaments
dilated, especially the outer ones, so as to resemble petals ; an-
thers in two longitudinal cells growing to the filaments and
opening inwardly. The stigma is surrounded by from twelve to
twenty-four rays, resembling abortive anthers, at first incurved,
afterwards spreading. At the centre is a solid, moist, hemis-
pherical protuberance, which has been usually called a nectary,
but which appears to me to be the true stigma. — Fruit a large,
roundish, many celled berry, impressed with the marks of the
petals and stamens, ripening under water. Seeds numerous,
small.

Common in deep rivers and ponds. — July. — Perennial.

DIGYNIA. Two Styles.

238. MENISPERMUM.
Menispermum Canadense. Willd. Moon Seed

Leaves peltate, heart shaped, ronndish-angular, ra-
cemes compound.

A climbing plant with dioecious flowers. Leaves broad roundish
with about five angular lobes. Flowers small, greenish yellow,
in compound racemes above the axils. Calyx of the barren flow-
ers about four or five leaved; petals smaller than these, roundish.
Stamens numerous. Drupe black, frosted, gibbous or curved. —
Amherst. Professor Hitchcock. — July.

PENTAGYNIA.

239. AQUILEGIA.
Aquilegia Canadensis. L. Wild Columbine.

Nectaries straight ; stamens longer than the corolla.
L.

GLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 233

This early flower is more delicate in its habit and colors than
the common garden species. Root somewhat fusiform, pene-
trating the clefts of rocks. Stem erect, branching. Leaves
once or twice ternate, lobed. Flowers on the ends of the
branches, pendulous, scarlet without, and yellow within. The
nectaries resemble straight horns, alternating with the petals,
which are oval and acute. Stamens numerous, yellow, pro-
jecting. Filiments filiform, unequal; anthers oval. Germs
oblong, acute, pubescent, appressed together. Styles filiform.
After flowering the fruit becomes erect. — Dry hills, rocks, and
pastures. — ^April, May. — Perennial.

240. CIMICIFUGA.

CiMiciFUGA RACEMOSA. Ell. Blttck Snake root.

Racemes very long; leafet^ ovate-oblong, incisely
toothed.

Syn. AcT^A racemosa. L.

Macrotrys racemosa. Eat.

ClMlCIFUGA SERPENTARIA. PuTSh.

Three feet or more in height. Leaves thrice ternate. Ra-
ceme branching. Flowers fetid. Caljrx greenish white ; petals
from four to eight. Capsules smooth, round-ovate. — In Vermont
and Rhode Island. Mr. Eddy.

POLYGYNIA.

241. CLEMATIS.
Clematis Virginiana. L. Traveller's Joy. Virgin's

Bower.

Leaves trifoliate ; leafets heart-shaped, sublobate-
angular, climbing ; flowers dioecious. L.

A climbing hardy vine. The stem gives oiTat intervals a pair
of opposite petioles, which twine round objects of support, serv-
ing the purpose of tendrils ; each bears three heart-shaped leaf-
ets, which are variously toothed and lobed. Peduncles axillary,
bearing cymes of white flowers, which are dioecious, the fertile
flowers having imperfect anthers. The most remarkable ap-
pearance of this plant is when in fruit ; the long feathery tails of
20^

234 CLASS XIII ORDER VI.

the seeds appearing like tufts of wool. Grows in low ground.—
Very abundant on the banks of the Neponset river, Milton.—
August.

242. ATRAGENE.
Atragene Americana. Sims. Atragene.

Leaves in whorls of fours, ternate ; leafets cordate,
SLibentire ; nectaries acute.
Syn. Clematis veeticillaris. De CandoUe.

An elegant climbing vine with large flowers. The stem gives
off opposite axillary buds, out of each of which proceed two
ternate leaves and a fine purple flower. Petals four, oblong-
ovate, ciliate, an inch or more in length. — In Brooklyn, Connec-
ticut, and in Vermont. — June.

243. THALICTRUM.
Thalictrum dioicum. L. Early Thalictrum.

Flowers dioBcious ; filaments filiform ; leafets round-
ish, with obtuse lobes.

A small species, flowering in woods early in May. Stem
smooth, very slightly furrowed, jointed. Leaves compounded
twice or more; leafets smooth, thin, roundish or reniform, paler
beneath, with rounded lobes and teeth. Flowers panicled. Co-
rolla of about five oval, obtuse, purplish petals. The barren
flowers have many stamens with capillary filaments, and oblong,
brown or purplish, and sometimes yellow anthers. The fertile
flowers are smaller and less crowded. Germs from four to
twelve, with curved stigmas. Seeds oval, furrowed, tipt with
the style.

Thalictrum corynellum. De Cand. Meadow Thalictrum.

Flowers polygamous; filaments clavate; fruit ses-
sile, striate ; leafets obtusely three lobed, pale under-
neath.
Syn. Thalictrum polyganum. Muhl?

A tall plant, common in meadows. Stem erect three or four
feet high, smooth, furrowed, jointed. Leaves more than decom-

CLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 235

pound, with jointed petioles; leafets rounded, obtuse or hearted
at base, smooth, green above, pale underneath, ending in several
obtuse lobes. Flowers panicled. Corolla of four or five white
or greenish petals, deciduous. The barren plants contain about
forty stamens in each flower with white, club shaped filaments
and oblong yellow anthers. The fertile plants have a few sta-
mens of the same kind, surrounding a bunch of oval greenish
germs, each of which bears a white recurved stigma. Seeds
oval, ribbed. — June, July.

244. COPTIS.

CoPTis TRiFOLTA. Gold thread.

American Medical Botany, PI. v.

Leaves ternate ; scape one flowered.

Syn. Helleborus trifolius. L.

The roots of this plant, from which the name of Gold thread
is taken, are perennial, and creeping. On removing the moss
and decayed leaves from the surface of the ground, they discover
themselves of a bright yellow color, running in every direction.
The bases of the new stems are invested with a number of yel-
lowish, ovate, acuminate stipules. Leaves ternate, on long,
slender petioles ; leafets roundish, acute at base, lobed and cre-
nate, the crenatures acuminate; smooth, firm, veiny. Scape
slender, round, bearing one small, starry, white flower, and a
minute, ovate, acute bracte at some distance below. Calyx
none. Petals five, six or seven, oblong, concave, white. Nec-
taries five or six, inversely conical, hollow, yellow at the mouth.
Stamens numerous, white, with capillary filaments and roundish
anthers. Germs from five to seven, stipitate, oblong, compress-
ed ; styles recurved. Capsules pedicelled, umbelled, oblong,
compressed, beaked, with numerous black, oval seeds attached
to the inner side. — Woods, Brookline. — Perennial. — The root is
a strong bitter, used in medicine.

245. CALTHA.

Caltha Palustris. L. Marsh Marigold. Meadow Cowslip.

Stem erect ; leaves round, heart shaped. Forster.

Brought to market in the spring under the name of Cowslips.

236 CLASS xm. order vi.

At that season .its bright yellow blossoms are very common and
conspicuous in meadows and wet situations. Stem upright, fur-
rowed. Leaves smooth, heart or kidney shaped, crenate, the
radical ones on petioles, those of the stem nearly sessile. Flow-
ers on axillary stalks, with large, roundish, glossy petals of a
bright yellow, as are the stamens. The young buds are some-
limes substituted for capers. — Perennial.

246. HYDROPELTIS.

Hydropeltis purpurea. Mich. Wafer Target.

Syn. IxoDiA PALusTRis. Solander.

Brasenia hydropeltis. Muhl.

An aquatic plant, the only species of its genus. Its leaves,
which can hardly be mistaken for any thing else, are perfectly
elliptical, with the leaf stalk inserted exactly in their centre, form-
ing a centro-peltate leaf. Their upper surface is smooth and
shining, like those of the water lilies, among which they float.
Flowers dark purple ; petals six, the three outermost shortest.
Stamens numerous. Germs oblong with incurved styles. The
immersed portions of the plant, particularly the stalks and young
leaves, are clothed with a thick gelatinous substance, transpa-
rent, and insipid to the taste. — In Fresh pond, and other stagnant
waters. — July. — Perennial.

247. HEPATICA.
Hepatica triloba. Willd. enum. Hepatica. Early Anemone.

Leaves mostly three lobed, the lobes entire ; scape
one flowered.
Syn. Anemone hepatica. L.

This delicate little plant is one of the earliest visitors in spring,
flowering in sunny spots before the snow has left the ground.
The flowers appear before the leaves on hairy scapes. Calyx of
three ovate, obtuse, hairy leafets, situated on the scape at a dis-
tance below the petals. Petals oblong, obtuse, purple, some-
times white. Seeds numerous, sessile, ovate, acute, hairy, sup-
ported by the persistent calyx. The leaves are heart shaped at
base, and divided into three, rarely five, entire lobes.

CLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 237

Variety a. Lobes of the leaves obtuse. Mount Auburn,
Brookline. — April, May.
§. Lobes acute. On the Ascutney mountain. — May,
June.

248. ANEMONE.
Anemone nemorosa. 3Iich. Wood Anemone.

Seeds pointed ; leaves three ; leafets lobed ; stem
one flowered.

This species and the next are among the earliest flowers of
spring, appearing in April, and continuing through the month of
May. In this the root is creeping. Stem erect, supporting a
single flower on its summit, and three compound leaves given off
in a whorl below. Leafets toothed and lobed, paler underneath.
Flower of five petals, which are white, shaded with purple on
the outside. The whole plant is acrimonious to the taste. — In
woods and about fences, very common. — Perennial.

Anemone Thalictroides. L. Rue leaved Anemone.

Flowers umbelled ; stem leaves simple, whorled ;
root leaves twice ternate. L.
Syn. Thalictrum Anemonoides. Mich.

Readily distinguished from the last by its number of flowers.
Root tuberous. Stem upright, simple, divided at top into a sort
of umbel, of several flowers accompanied by a number of simple
heart shaped, three lobed leaves, the petioles of which coalesce
so as to form a sort of involucre. The leaves which proceed
from the root are compound, usually three times ternate. Flow-
ers white, petals varying in number ; the largest flowers having
eight or ten. — Woods and pastures. — April, May. — Perennial.

" A plant of doubtful genus." Hooker.

Anemone Virginiana. L. Tall Anemone.

Stem branched ; petioles three leaved, leafets ciit-
lobed, serrate ; flower stalks wand-like ; seeds in an
oblong ovate head, woolly. Mich.

A tall, very straight plant, unlike in its habit to those described.
Stem two or three feet high, round, hairy ; leaves ternate, deeply

238 CLASS XIII. ORDER VI.

cut and lobed, hairy, paler underneath. Peduncles very long,
straight, erect, parallel. Flowers terminal, green, solitary. Petals
oblong, acute, covered outside with silken down. Stamens and
styles very numerous. The seeds form an oblong cylindrical
head. Found in dry woods, road sides, &c. — June, July. — Pe-
rennial.

249. TROLLIUS.
Trollius laxus. Salisb. American Trollius.

Petals five, oblong, spreading; nectaries shorter than
the stamens.

Syn. Trollius American us. Donn.

This plant resembles a Ranunculus, and is easily passed by for
one of the common species of that genus. Leaves palmate,
lobed, cloven almost to the petiole into five segments or leafets,
the middle one distinct, all of them smooth, cut, and toothed.
Petals yellow, round-obovate. Capsules about six, erect, crowned
with the persistent styles. Gathered in Hanover, N. H. — June.
— Perennial.

250. RANUNCULUS.
Ranunculus flammula. L. Small Spearwort.

Smooth ; stem declining ; leaves lanceolate, the
lower ones petioled ; peduncles terminal and axillary,
one flowered; calyx somewhat reflexed.

Stem somewhat decumbent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire
or toothed, smooth. Flowers small, solitary, yellow ; half an
inch in diameter. Peduncles round. Calyx reflexed. — In ditches,
&c. rare. Introduced. — June to August. — Perennial.

Ranunculus filiformis. Mx. Filiform Crowfoot,

Smooth and very small ; stems filiform, creeping ;
geniculate ; joints one flowered ; leaves linear-subu-
late, obtuse. Mx.

Syn. Ranunculus reptans. §. De Cand.
Ranunculus flammula. y. Hooker.
A very delicate, creeping species. Stem round, filiform, sar-

CLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 239

mentose, sending out roots and leaves from the joints. Leaves
linear, compressed, fleshy, obtuse. Flowers solitary. Calyx
leaves roundish, obtuse, concave, spreading. Petals obovate,
emarginate. Scale of the nectary elevated, adnate at the sides,
forming a cavity underneath it. — Low grounds, Topsfield, Bart-
lett, New Hampshire. — June, July. — Perennial.

Variety §. ovalis. Leaves oval and lanceolate. Petals from
five to eight. Sent from Dan vers by Dr. Nichols.

Ranunculus Cymbalaria. Ph. Sea Crowfoot,

Stem sarmentose, leaves reniform -heart shaped,
smooth, crenate ; petals spatulate.

Stem sarmentose, filiform, round, smooth, putting out roots
and shoots at the joints. Leaves radical, on long compressed
petioles, reniform, toothed or crenate, very smooth. Scape round,
two or three flowered, with spatulate, obtuse bractes. Calyx
leaves smooth, ovate, acute, yellowish, spreading, at length re-
flexed. Petals spatulate, bright yellow. Nectary a small pit
with its lower margin elevated. Fruit oblong. Seeds numerous,
unequally ovate and acute. — Salt marshes, Chelsea, Cambridge.
— Perennial.

Ranunculus abortivus. L. Small flowered Crowfoot.
Radical leaves heart-shaped, crenate; stem leaves
ternate, angular ; stem about three flowered. L.

This species is easily distinguished by its small flowers, and
undivided, radical leaves. The leaves which grow from the root
are heart or kidney shaped, crenate, the largest ones sometimes
lobed. Stem leaves in threes or fives, at the base of each pe-
duncle, nearly sessile, the upper ones lanceolate. Stems erect,
smooth, few flowered. Flowers small, yellow. Calyx leaves
obtuse, concave, a little shorter than the petals. Petals yellow,
lance-ovate ; nectaries tubular and emarginate, or funnel-shaped
and obliquely truncate. Seeds in a globular head, roundish, flat,
tipt with the recurved style. — Woods. — May, June. — Perennial.

Ranunculus sceleratus. L. Celery leaved Crowfoot.

Lower leaves palmate; uppermost in finger like
divisions ; fruit oblong.

240 CLASS XIII. ORDER VI.

A smooth, branching plant, with small flowers. Stem thick,
round and hollow. Lower leaves divided deeply, but not so far
as the petiole, the segments toothed and lobed. Upper leaves
sessile, divided to the bottom. Flowers numerous, on petioles
of unequal length. Calyx pubescent, somewhat deflected. Pe-
tals small, concave, yellow. Seeds small, in a close, cylindrical
head. — Grows in watery places. — June, July. — Perennial. — It is
very acrid, when fresh, and may be made to produce blisters.

Ranunculus fascicularis. Muhl. Early Crowfoot.

Leaves ternate, subpinnate ; root fascicled.

An inhabitant of dry, rocky hills, flowering in April and May.
The root consists of numerous fleshy divisions, among which are
found dead portions of the last year's root, swollen like tubers,
and frequently pierced through their whole length by the new
or living roots. The leaves are pubescent, but have a smooth
appearance. Those of the root grow on long stalks, and are ter-
nate. Leafets three lobed, remote, the terminal one deeply
cleft, appearing like three distinct leafets, so that the leaf has a
pinnate form. Peduncles a little angular, hairy, narrow. Calyx
spreading, hairy underneath, yellow inside. Petals longer than
the calyx, transparent at base. Nectary a wedge formed, flat
scale as wide as claw of the petal. Seeds smooth with an acumi-
nate incurved point. — Perennial.

Ranunculus bulbosus. L. JBulbous Crowfoot. Buttercups.
Calyx reflexed ; flower stalks furrowed ; stem up-
right, many flowered ; leaves compound. L.

Very frequent among the grass in pastures, road sides, &c.
The root is solid, and fleshy, acrimonious and almost caustic.
Stems erect, furnished with leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves
hairy, in three or five principal divisions, variously toothed and
cut. Flower stalks upright and furrowed. Flowers of a bright,
glossy yellow ; calyx leaves bent downward against the flower
stalk, hairy. Petals roundish, wedge shaped. Nectary a round-
ish wedge formed scale, convex above and hollow underneath.
Fruit in globular heads. — May and after. — Perennial.

Ranunculus acrts. L. Tall Crowfoot.

Calyx spreading ; flower stalks round and even ;

CLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 241

leaves in three divisions with many segments, the
upper ones hnear.

Distinguished by its superior height, being usually about two
feet high. Root fleshy, resembling the last, but smaller in pro-
portion to the plant. Root leaves large, hairy divided into
three or five diverging lobes, which are again repeatedly sub-
divided, ending in acute segments and teeth. Petioles hairy,
especially at their ends. Uppermost leaves in three entire,
linear segments. Stem erect, branching. Flower stalks round,
not furrowed. Calyx spreading under the petals, not reflexed.
Petals large, shining, yellow. Seeds in globular heads. This
plant spreads rapidly, and is exceedingly troublesome in mead-
ows and mowing ground. Being cut with hay it would no doubt
be pernicious to cattle, were not its acrimony lost by drying. It
flowers all summer. — Perennial.

Hanunculus repens. L. Creeping Crowfoot.

Calyx spreading; flower stalks furrowed; scions
creeping ; leaves compound. L.

The flowers of this and the two last are very similar, and con-
founded under the common name of Buttercups. An attention
to the calyx and flower stalks readily distinguishes them. In
this the leaves are mostly ternate, lobed and toothed, often
marked with a light spot at their sinuses. The plant sends out
long, prostrate stems or runners, which sufficiently distinguish
it from the others. Flower stalks furrowed as in Ranunculus
bulbosus, calyx spreading as in Ranunculus acris. Petals bright
yellow, often emarginate. — Shady places. — Flowering all sum-
mer.— Perennial.

Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus. L. Bristly Crowfoot.
Rigidly hispid; stem erect; leaves ternate, trifid;
cut and toothed ; calyx reflexed ; styles of the fruit
straight.

A large, branching, small flowered species, covered throughout
with stifi" horizontal bristles. Petals yellow, not longer than the
calyx. Fruit in oblong heads. — In woods and meadows. — June,
21

242 CLASS XIII. ORDER VI.

August. The plant, intended by Pursh under this name, is pro-
bably a different species.

Ranunculus recurvatus. Poir. Iloohed Crowfoot.

Erect, hairy; leaves three parted, segments cut-
toothed; calyx refiexed, longer than the petals; style
of the fruit hooked.

About a foot high, with few, small, pale yellow flowers with
narrow petals. Fruit roundish, ovate, with short hooked styles.
— Woods. — Oak island, &c. — June, July.

Ranunculus aquatilis. L. White Water Ranunculus.
Stem floating; submersed leaves filiform, dissected,
emersed ones three parted, lobes .wedge-shaped and
toothed.

A floating species common to the stagnant waters of this coun-
try and Europe. The leaves above water are somewhat peltate
in their appearance, those under water capillary and many cleft.
Flowers white ; petals oblong-obovate. Seeds wrinkled. — In a
pond at Newton. — July. Between this and the two following
aquatic species there are many varieties and much confusion.

Ranunculus fluviatilis. River Ranunculus.

Stem filiform, floating ; leaves all immersed and
capillary; petals five, oblong, remote.

Stem long, slender, round, smooth, jointed, hardly tubular,
floating. Each joint gives off a leaf which is petioled, repeatedly
ternate and capillaceo-multipartite. There are usually two
roots, one on each side the petiole, and an axillary branch or leaf,
or peduncle. Stipules oblong, clasping. Peduncles opposite to
leaves, smooth, compressed, not furrowed. Calyx of five con-
cave striate leaves. Petals five, oblong- wedge form, narrow,
with spaces between them, white with a yellow base. Nectary
a truncated tube. — In deep brooks. — July, August. — Perennial.

Hooker and some other botanists consider this a variety of R.
aquatilis.

CLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 243

Ranunculus multifidus. PursTi. Yellow Water Ra-
nunculus.

Floating, leaves capillary, many-cleft, with axillary
leafets ; peduncles opposite to bractes ; petals from
five to eight, obovate-wedge shaped.
8yn. Ranunculus fluviatilis. Flor. Bost. 1st. edit.

Stem floating, three or four feet long, round, smooth, tubular,
a little branched at top, and sending out very long thread shaped
roots from the lower joints. Leaves immersed, alternate, with
short concave petioles, cleft into innumerable capillary, flattish
segments, at first ternately, and afterward by forks. In the axil
of each leaf is commonly a similar leafet on a long petiole, or
sometimes a small branch. Stipules thin, oblong, obtuse. Brac-
tes oblong, sometimes three cleft, and now and then subdivided
into linear segments like the leaves, but broader and shorter.
Peduncles opposite to bractes, large, slightly furrowed. Calyx
of five yellowish, obtuse, concave, caducous leafets. Petals five,
and often more, obovate-wedge shaped, yellow, shining, twice
as long as the calyx and as large as R. bulbosus. Nectary ovate,
concave, with erect edges. Seeds smooth, with conical, erect,
recurved points. — Found in stagnant waters. — May, June. — Pe-
rennial.

This species was first described in the former edition of this
work under the name of R. fluviatilis, of which it was then con-
sidered a variety. Mr. Pursh has since described in his supple-
ment, under the name of R. multifidus, a plant found in Upper
Louisiana, agreeing in most respects with this, and which, I am
informed, on comparison of specimens, turns out the same. The
R. multifidus of Rees' Cyclopedia is a wholly difierent, Egyptian
plant. De Candolle, who adopts Pursh's name for tlie American
plant, applies the appellation, R. Forskoehlii, to the Egyptian
species. Hooker considers our plant the same as his B. Purshii,
which to me appears dissimilar in size, petiolation and habit, by
his figure.

244 CLASS XIII. ORDER VI.

251. MAGNOLIA.
Magnolia Glauca. L. Small Magnolia.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxvii.

Leaves oval, glaucous underneath; petals obovatC;
narrowed at base.

This I believe is the only species of its superb genus, which
has been found native in New England. The bark of the young
twigs is of a bright-smooth green, with rings at the insertion and
scars of the leaves. Leaves scattered, petioled, regularly ellip-
tical, entire and glabrous. Their under side, except the midrib,
is of a beautifully pale, glaucous color, by which the tree may
be distinguished at a distance. When young, this surface is
covered with a silken pubescence. Flowers solitary, terminal,
on a short, incrassated peduncle. Calyx of three spatulate, ob-
tuse, concave segments. Corolla of from eight to fourteen obo-
vate, obtuse, concave petals, contracted at their base. The
stamens are very numerous and inserted in common with the
petals on the sides of a conical receptacle. Filaments very
short; anthers linear, mucronated, two-celled, opening inwardly.
Germs oval, collected into a cone, each one divided by a furrow,
and tipt with a brownish linear, recurved style. The fruit is a
cone, consisting of imbricated cells, which open longitudinally
from the escape of the seed. Seeds obovate, scarlet, connected
to the cone by a thread, which suspends them some time after
they have fallen out. It grows plentifully in a sheltered swamp
at Gloucester, twenty-five miles from Boston, which is perhaps
its northern boundary. — Flowers in July. — Bark aromatic and
bitter.

252. LIRIODENDRON.
LiRioDENDRON TuLiPiFERA. TuUp Tree..

American Medical Botany, PI xxxi.

Leaves lobed and truncated.

One of the noblest trees, both in size and beauty, of the Amer-
ican forest. The branches of the Tulip tree are of a greyish
color, inclining to red. The buds, which terminate them in

CLASS XIII. ORDER VI. 245

winter are obovate, and flattened or compressed into a sharp
edge at the extremity. These buds are made up of a number
of concentric sheaths, each of which contains a single miniature
leaf between it and the next interior sheath, which is folded up
and bent down upon one side of it. In the spring the sheaths
swell to a large size before bursting, and then.Hberate the leaves
one at a time, the remains of each sheath becoming converted
into a stipule. The leaves are divided into four pointed lobes,
and terminated by a shallow notch, the extremity being nearly
square, and the middle rib ending abruptly as if cut off. In the
large leaves the two lower lobes are furnished with a tooth or
additional lobe on their outside. They are attached by long
peduncles, and have a beautifully smooth and bright green sur-
face. There is one variety of this tree which has the lobes of
its leaves not pointed, but very obtuse. The flowers are large,
solitary, and terminal. The outer calyx has two triangular
leaves which fall ofi" as the flower expands. The inner calyx
consists of three large, oval, concave, veined leaves, of a pale
green color, spreading at first, but afterwards reflexed. Petals
six, sometimes more, obtuse, veined, concave, of a pale, yellow-
ish green, marked with an irregular, indented crescent of bright
orange, on both sides towards the base. Stamens numerous,
with long linear anthers opening outwardly, and short filaments.
Pistil a large conical, acute body, its upper half covered with
minute, blackish, recurved stigmas ; its lower furrowed, being a
mass of coalescing styles and germs. The fruit is a cone of im-
bricated seed vessels, which are woody and solid, their upper
portion formed by a long lanceolate scale. Seeds two, blackish,
ovate, one or both often abortive. — Cultivated about Boston for
ornament, and found native in the southern parts of Massachu-^
setts and in Connecticut. — June. — The bark is aromatic.

21=^

246 CLASS XIV. ORDER I.

Class XIY. DIDYNAMIA. Four stamens,

two long and tivo short.

Order J. GYBIN08PERMIA. Seeds naked.

A. Calyxes mostly five cleft,

253. Glechoma. Anthers approaching each other
in pairs, each pair forming a cross.

254. Mentha. Corolla nearly equal, four cleft;
the broadest segment notched ; stamens straight, dis-
tant.

255. Hyssopus. Lower lip of the corolla three
parted, its middle segment crenate ; stamens straight,
distant.

256. Teucricum. Corolla without any upper lip ;
stamens projecting through a fissure in the upper side
of the tube ; sides of the fissure divaricate.

257. Lamium. Upper lip of the corolla entire,
vaulted ; lower lip two lobed ; throat toothed each side.

258. Leonurus. Corolla with the upper lip erect,
concave, undivided, hairy ; lower lip three parted,
with the middle segment undivided : stamens longer
than the orifice.

259. Stachys. Corolla with the lateral segments
of the lower lip reflected at the side ; stamens when
old bent outwards.

260. Galeopsis. Upper lip of the corolla subcre-
nate, vaulted ; lower lip two toothed above.

261. Ballota. Calyx funnel shaped, ten striate ;
upper lip of the corolla concave.

262. Nepeta. Corolla with the lower lip crenate ;
the orifice with a reflected margin ; stamens approxi-
mate.

CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 247

263. Brachystemum. Tube of the corolla as long
as the calyx ; orifice without hairs ; stamens nearly-
equal, very short, included in the corolla.

264. Pycnanthemum. Tube of the corolla as long
as the calyx; upper lip mostly entire; stamens dis-
tant, two as long as the upper lip, two shorter ; heads
with many bractes.

265. Yerbena. Calyx with one tooth truncated ;
corolla nearly equal, curved; stamens two or four;
seeds two or four.

B. Calyxes iivo lipped.

266. Clinopodium. Involucrum of many bristles,
under the whorl ; upper lip of the corolla flat, obcor-
date, straight.

267. Scutellaria. Calyx furnished with a lid,
which closes after flowering,

268. Prunella. Filaments forked ; one point of
the fork bearing the anther ; stigma cloven.

269. Trichostema. Corolla with the upper lip
falcated; stamens very long.

270. Phryma. Calyx cylindrical, the upper half
longer and three cleft, lower half two toothed ; upper
lip of the corolla emarginate, the lower lip largest ;
seed one.

Order II. ANGIOSPER3IIA. Seeds in a vessel

271. LiNN^A. Calyx double, one inferior, two
leaved; the other superior, five leaved; corolla cam-
panulate ; berry dry, three celled.

272. Melampyrum. Calyx four cleft; corolla per-
sonate, compressed at top ; capsule two celled ; seeds
double, gibbous, smooth.

248 CLASS XIV. ORDER I.

273. ScHWALBEA. Calyx tubular, ventricose, four-
cleft, its upper segmeut short, its lower large, emar-
ginate ; capsule two celled, two valved, with a double
dissepiment; seeds chaffy.

274. LiMosELLA. Calyx five cleft ; corolla four or
five lobed, equal; stamens approximating by pairs;
capsule two valved, mostly two celled, many seeded.

275. RmNANTHUs. Calyx ventricose, four cleft ;
corolla ringent, the upper lip compressed ; capsule
two celled, compressed, obtuse.

276. ScROPHULARiA. Calyx five cleft ; corolla
somewhat globular, reversed ; the middle segment of
the lip placed internally; capsule two celled.

277. Antirrhinum. Calyx five parted, corolla per-
sonate, with a prominent nectary underneath ; capsule
two celled.

278. Bartsia. Calyx two lobed, emaginate, color-
ed ; corolla smaller than the calyx, its upper lip long-
est; capsule two celled ; seeds angular.

279. Orobanche. Corolla ringent; capsule one
celled, two valved, many seeded; a gland under the
base of the germ.

280. Pedicularis. C alyx'^fesF©: .-cleft ; corolla with
the upper lip compressed and emarginate ; capsule
two celled, oblique, pointed ; seeds few.

281.. Gerardia. Calyx five leaved; corolla some-
what salver-shaped, two lipped ; lower lip three lobed,
lobes emarginate, middle one two parted; capsule
two celled, bursting at base.

282. MiMULus. Calyx prismatic ; corolla with the
upper lip reflected at the sides ; capsule two celled,
many seeded.

283. 1515H.ONE. Calyx five leaved, corolla inflated.

CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 249

the lips closed ; rudiment of a fifth glabrous, filament
between the upper stamens.

DIDYNAMIA/
GY3INOSPER3IIA.

253. GLECHOMA.

Glechoma hederacea. L. Ground Ivy. Gill.

Leaves reniform, crenate.

A creeping plant, usually found about fences or in shady
places. Stems square, procumbent. Leaves opposite, petioled,
heart or kidney shaped, crenate,^ hairy. Flowers in whorls, a
few together. Calyx striated, ending in five unequal, pointed
segments. Corolla blue, the upper lip straight, the lower ex-
panded, three lobed, the middle lobe emarginate. Each pair of
anthers meet, forming a cross. Ground ivy has a peculiar
strong taste and smell, and possesses some medicinal reputa-
tion.— May, June. — Perennial.

254. MENTHA.
Mentha borealis. 3Iich. Horsemint.

Ascending, low, pubescent ; leaves petioled, oval-
lanceolate, acute at both ends; flowers in whorls,
stamens projecting. Mich.

Inhabits the banks of rivulets and ditches. Stem square, hairy
backwards. Leaves opposite, on downy petioles, oval, acute,
serrate, the upper ones lanceolate. Flowers in regular, axillary
whorls, on short peduncles. Corolla pale purple. Stamens
twice as long as the corolla. — June, July.— Perennial. The
taste and properties resemble those of Pennyroyal.

Mentha viridis. L. Spearmint.

Spikes interrupted; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute,
naked ; bractes setaceous, and, with the calyx teeth,
somewhat hairy. Sm,

250 CLASS XIV. ORDER 1.

This well known mint spreads rapidly by its creeping roots
in moist places. Stems erect, smooth, acute-angled. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrate, smooth. Spikes long, acute,
consisting of distinct, remote whorls. Pedicels glabrous. Flow-
ers purple. The whole plant has a pleasant, aromatic flavor,
well known. — Flowers in August. — Perennial.

255. HYSSOPUS.

Hyssopus nepetoides. L. Tall Hyssop.

Spikes formed of whorls, cylindrical, leaves subcor-
date, ovate, dentate, acuminate.

One of our tallest labiate plants. Stem large, square, smooth,
three to six feet high. Leaves opposite, with large teeth. Co-
rollas small, pale purple, with exserted stamens and styles. —
Woods, Chelsea beach island. — July. — Perennial. The charac-
ters of H. scrophularifolius and H. nepetoides are blended in this
plant; and I am convinced, with Mr. Eaton, that they are pro-
bably varieties.

256. TEUCRIUM.

Teucrium Canadense. Wild Germander.

Stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves lanceolate serrate,
whitish underneath ; spike crowded, many flowered,
long. Mich.

Stem erect, square, downy, a foot or more in height. Leaves
opposite, soft with fine down, lanceolate, acute, serrate. Spike
formed of small whorls of flowers, furnished with short bractes.
Calyx downy, its segments rather blunt. Corolla pale red, the
stamens issuing from a fissure in the upper side. — Road side,
Cambridgeport. — July. — Perennial.

257. LAMIUM.

Lamium amplexicaule. L. Henbit.

Floral leaves sessile, clasping, obtuse.

Not larger than Glechoma hederacea. Leaves opposite,
roundish, heart shaped or reniform, crenate and cut, the upper
ones clasping. Calyx hairy. Corolla red, or white. — Natural-
ized in cultivated ground.— May.— Annual.

CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 251

258. LEONURUS.

Leonurus cardiaca. L. 31otherivort.

Upper leaves lanceolate, three lobed or entire. Sm.

A common plant among rubbish and about walls. Stem two
or three feet high, large, square, downy. Lower leaves lobed
and broad, the upper ones narrower, the highest of these lanceo-
late, entire ; all of them spreading or bent downwards, downy
underneath. Flowers in many whorls. Calyx teeth rigid and
prickly; corolla hairy without, variegated with white and red
within. The herb has a strong, pungent odor, and is a popular
remedy in considerable request. — July. — Perennial.

259. STACHYS.
Stachys aspera. 3Iich. Hedge Nettle. IVoiindioort,
Stem erect, hairy backward ; leaves somewhat pe-
tioled, lanceolate, sharply serrate; spike of whorls,
which are about six, flowered ; calyx with firm
prickles. Mich.

Stem square, a foot high, the angles furnished with reflexed
hairs. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, somewhat heart shaped at
base, the upper surface and nerves underneath covered with
hairs. Flowers in whorls, constituting a leafy, terminal spike,
red. Calyx teeth prickly. Stamens in the old flowers bent
outward, forming an angle over the edge of the corolla. —Road
sides, Chelsea, Brighton. — June, July. — Perennial.

Stachys hyssopifolia. 3Ix. Slender Hedge Nettle.

Smooth, slender, erect ; leaves sessile, linear-lance-
olate, shghtly few-toothed ; whorls about four flow-
ered.

Stem erect, square, simple, about a foot high. Leaves oppo-
site, from one to two inches long, narrow-lanceolate, a little ob-
tuse. Flowers in a few small sessile whorls at top. Calyx
teeth very acute. Corolla blue ? — Found at Plymouth. Messrs.
Tuckerman and Russell. — Perennial.

252 CLASS XIV. ORDER I.

260. GALEOPSIS.
Galeopsis tetraiiit. X. Common Hemp Nettle.

Stem hispid, internodes thickened at top; corolla
twice as long as the calyx, its upper lip straight.

Stem square, a foot or more high, swelling below the joints,
bristly. Leaves ovate, serrate, hispid. Calyx hispid and
prickly. Upper lip of the corolla concave, extended, purple,
lower lip trifid, variegated. — Naturalized in waste grounds. —
July, August. — Annual.

Galeopsis ladanum. X. Red Hemp Nettle.

Stem hairy, internodes equal ; leaves lanceolate,
subserrate, hairy ; upper lip of the corolla obsoletely
ere n ate.

Smaller than the preceding. Stem branched and of uniform
thickness. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or serrate, marked
with deep veins. Calyx hairy with prickly teeth. Corolla vari-
able, red, white, or variegated. — On Chelsea beach. — July. —
Annual.

261. BALLOTA.
Ballota nigra. L. Black Horehound.

Leaves ovate, undivided, serrate ; calyx dilated
above, subtruncate, with spreading teeth.

Two or three feet high and universally pubescent. Leaves
ovate, a little cordate. Whorls axillary. Calyx infundibuli-
form, ten ribbed. Corolla purple or white. — At Hull. — July. —
Perennial.

262. NEPETA.
Nepeta cataria. L. Catmint or Catnep.

Flowers spiked; the whorls slightly pedunculated.
Leaves on footstalks, heart shaped, tooth serrated.

This well known plant grows every where in dry soils, about

CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 253

fences and buildings. Its name is derived from the great par-
tiality of cats for the odor of the plant. Stem two or three feet
high, square and downy. Leaves long-heart shaped, serrate, pale
underneath, covered with soft down. Calyx ribbed. Corolla
tubular, upper lip straight, lower lip with the middle lobe spread-
ing, crenate, elegantly dotted. — July.— Perennial.

263. BRACHYSTEMUM.
Brachystemum Virginicum. 31icli. Virginia Thyme.

Stem erect; somewhat pubescent ; leaves lanceolate
or linear, entire, smooth ; heads somewhat fascicled.
Mich abr.
Syn. Thymus Virginicus. L.

An erect plant with fastigiate branches. Stem square, downy
at the angles. Leaves opposite, rigid, very narrow, rounded at
base, and tapering to a long, acute point. Under a magnifier
they appear covered with fine, black dots. Flowers in numer-
ous small heads, mostly terminal. Calyxes downy. Corollas
white, dotted with purple. Taste like pennyroyal, — By fences
and woods. — July, August. — Perennial.

264. PYCNANTHEMUM.
Pycnanthemum incanum. Mich. Wild Basil.

Stem pubescent ; leaves petioled, oval, acuminate,
serrate, white-downy; heads componnd, terminal and
lateral ; bractes setaceous. Mich. abr.
Syn. Clinopodium incanum. L.

A white looking plant, covered with soft down. Stem one or
two feet high, covered with soft down, especially toward the top.
Leaves oval, pointed, with a few remote serratures on the sides,
soft and velvet-like, white underneath. Flowers on white,
branching footstalks, in lateral and terminal whorls or heads.
Bractes numerous, white, the inner ones setaceous. Corollas
projecting, pale, spotted with purple. — Woods and mountains. —
July, August. — Perennial.
22

254 CLASS XIV. ORDER L

Pycnantiiemum aristatum. Mich. Wild Basil.

Whitish ; leaves lance-oval, somewhat serrate, on
short petioles ; whorls and terminal head sessile ;
bractes linear, awned. Mich. abr.

Sljn. NePETA ViRGINICA. L.

Stem erect, a foot or more in height, downy. Leaves oppo-
site, ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, dotted under a magnifier,
the upper ones hoary with white down. Each branch has one
or two downy, sessile whorls, and a terminal head. Bractes acu-
minated with a sort of awn. Flowers small. Both these species
have a strong, pungent taste, much like pennyroyal. — Chelsea,
road side.— July, August.— Perennial.

265. VERBENA.
Verbena hastata. L Common blue Vervain.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, the lower
ones lobed ; spikes erect, filiform, panicled ; stamens
four.

A tall, shewy plant, common by road sides in low ground.
Stem three or four feet high. Leaves opposite, rough, sharply
serrate, tapering to a long point ; the lower ones broader, with
commonly a lobe on each side at base, giving them somewhat a
hastate form. Spikes numerous, erect, slender. The flowering
commences at their base, and is long in reaching their summit.
Flowers close, of a dark purplish hue, with four stamens. — July,
September. — Perennial.

Verbena urticifolia. L. Nettle leaved Vervain.

Leaves oval, serrate, acute, petioled ; spikes diverg-
ent, filiform, panicled ; stamens four.

Common among rubbish, about fences and buildings. Stem
erect, two or three feet in height. Leaves broad, oval or ovate,
rough, undivided. Panicles of long, very slender, flexile spikes,
diverging or divaricated, with distinct, somewhat remote flowers,
not imbricate like the last. Flowers small, white. A weed of
no beauty. — July, August. — Perennial.

CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 255

266. CLINOPODIUM.
Clinopodium vulgare. L. Wild Basil.

Whorls hispid; bractes setaceous; pedicels branch-
ed; leaves obsoletely serrate.

Stem hairy, obtusely quadrangular. Leaves ovate, rather
obtuse, slightly serrate and hairy. Flowers in terminal and ax-
illary whorls with hairy stalks and narrow hairy involucres.
Calyx nerved, hairy ; corolla purplish.— Woods, Windsor, Vt. —
July. — Perennial.

267. SCUTELLARIA.
Scutellaria lateriflora. L. Side jioicering Scullcap.

Leaves smooth, rough on the keel ; racemes lateral,
leafy. L.

Stem square, branching. Leaves on petioles of considerable
length, ovate, acute, toothed, mostly smooth. Racemes on long,
axillary stalks. Flowers small, blue, numerous, interspersed
with small leaves. The singularity of this genus consists in the
form of the calyx, which is furnished with a ridge on the upper
side, the part beyond this serving as a lid. After the corolla falls
this lid shuts down against the opposite side, so as perfectly to
inclose the seeds. By lateral pressure the lid opens, discovering
the four seeds within. — Meadows. — July. — Perennial.

Scutellaria galericulata. L. Common Scullcap.

Leaves cordate-lanceolate, crenate, wrinkled ; flow-
ers axillary.

A foot high with a square, branching stem. Leaves slightly
petioled. Flowers larger than in the preceding, blue, projecting
in pairs, one from each axil of the opposite leaves. Calyx closed
like the foregoing. — Meadows. — July.

268. PRUNELLA.
Prunella vulgaris. L. Self Heal.

Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; upper
lip of the calyx truncated, three awned; stem ascend-
ing.

256 CLASS XIV. ORDER I.

Syn, Prunella Pennsylvanica. 1st Edit.

A handsome plant, native of meadows and moist pastures.
Stem nine or ten inches in height, hairy. Leaves opposite,
broad-lanceolate, slightly toothed, their nerves and petioles hairy,
the upper pair close to the spike and sessile. Spike short, ovate.
Bractes reniform, ciliate, acuminate. Flowers ringent, purplish.
Calyx two lipped, the upper lip broad and abrupt, with three
straight, short bristles or awns ; the lower lip ending in two
acute teeth. Upper lip of the corolla arched, lower lip three
lobed, the middle lobe fringed. — July, August. — Perennial.

This plant agrees exactly with European specimens, and I am
now doubtful whether P. Pennsylvanica of Willdenow be any
more than a variety.

269. TRICHOSTEMA.

Trichostema dichotoma. L. TricJiostcma.

Stamens very long, exserted. L.

An annual plant, remarkable for its long, arching stamens.
Stem round, somewhat four sided, hairy. Branches opposite,
subdivided in a brachiate manner, their last divisions commonly,
though not always, dichotomous. Leaves oval-lanceolate, obtuse,
entire. Flowers numerous, terminal. Calyx swelling, its upper
lip of two short, acute teeth ; lower lip twice as long, three
toothed. Corolla purple, with two long, slender stamens pro-
jecting from one side and arching over to meet the other.
Seeds with an indented surface. In sandy pastures and hills. —
August. — Annual.

270. PHRYMA.
Phryma leptostachya. L. Lopseed.

Leaves ovate, toothed, petioled ; spikes terminal,
slender ; flowers opposite.

Remarkable for its slender spikes of reflexed fruit. Stem two
or three feet high. Leaves large, ovate, acute, largely toothed.
Spikes virgated, on long slender stalks. Flowers small, oppo-
site, nearly sessile, purplish. Upper lip of the calyx with three
very long, subulate teeth with the tips at length reflexed. In

CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 257

fruit the calyx shuts up and bends backward into close contact
with the peduncle. — Chelsea beach Island. — July. — Perennial.

ANGIOSPERMIA.

271. LINN^A.
LiNN^A BOREALis. LiuncBa.

Stem prostrate ; flowering branches erect, two flow-
ered ; leaves roundish, crenate.

Stem creeping, woody with a brownish, pubescent bark, giv-
ing off roots and branches at regular intervals. Leaves opposite,
petioled, hairy with a glabrous appearance, suborbicular, acute
at base, with about five obtuse teeth. Peduncles filiform, cov-
ered with very minute, glandular hairs, two flowered. Bractes
two, linear, opposite. Flowers very fragrant, drooping, with
two calyxes, one inferior, four leaved, two of the leaves minute;
the other superior, five parted. Corolla campanulate, five cleft,
red, tinged with white, the inside red and hairy. Stamens
shorter than the corolla. Style declined.

This interesting and delicate plant is common to the northern
parts of both hemispheres. — Woods, Lynn. — Often met with in
New Hampshire and Vermont. — June.

272. MELAMPYRUM.

Melampyrum Americanum. Mich. Cow-TVheat.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, the uppermost with a few

setaceous teeth at base ; flowers axillary.

Pretty common in woods. Stem erect, branching, less than
a foot in height. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, smooth,
entire, with a long obtuse point, the upper ones furnished with
several bristle-like teeth at base. Flowers axillary, w^hitish,
slender, the lower lip yellow on the inside. Capsules, flat,
acute, pointing downward, containing four seeds. — June, July. —
Annual.

22^

258 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

273. SCHWALBEA.
ScHWALBEA Americana. WlUcI. Clioff secd.

Simple, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate; raceme ter-
minal, with alternate flowers.

Stems simple, clothed with numerous lanceolate entire leaves.
Flowers an inch long. Calyx ventricose, the lower lip eraargi-
naie, or bidentate. Corolla yellowish brown, upper lip entire,
arched, lower lip three lobed. Seeds winged. — Plymouth, Mr.
Greene. — July. — Perennial.

274. LIMOSELLA.

LiMOSELLA TENUIFOLIA. Nutt. Mudwort.

Leaves linear and very narrow, scarcely dilated at the
points: scape one flowered, about as long as the leaves.

A small plant of the marshes. Flower solitary, white, bluish
outside. — Sea shore. — Plymouth. — August.

275. RHINANTHUS.
Rhinanthus CRISTA GALLi. Yellow Rattle.

Upper lip of the corolla vaulted; calyx smooth;
leaves lanceolate, serrate.

About a foot high, branching and smooth. Leaves opposite,
cordate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, rough. Calyx large, infla-
ted, compressed, nerved and reticulated, contracted at the mouth.
Corolla yellow, much longer than the calyx, the upper lip
curved, the lower three cleft. In meadows, at Plymouth, Mass.,
abundant. — July. — Annual.

276. SCROPHULARIA.
ScROPHULARiA Marilandaca. L. Figwort.

Leaves cordate, serrate, acute,, rounded at base;
stem obtuse-angled. L.

A tall, erect plant with flowers resembling capsules. Stem
square with bluntish corners, smooth except at the joints, where
there is a slight pubescence between the petioles. Leaves op-

CLASS XIV. ORDER 11. 259

posite, ovate-oblong, obtuse at base, tapering to an acute point,
serrate. Panicle erect, with opposite branches. Flowers small,
somewhat globular. Calyx teeth obtuse, appressed. Corolla
greenish outside, of a dark brown within, divided into five une-
qual, rounded segments, the shortest of which is reflexed. Sta-
mens declined. Style bending over the short segment of the
corolla. Between the two upper segments is a small, internal
prominence which may be mistaken for a fifth stamen, at the
base of which the honey is situated. Capsule globular, tipped
with a style. — Chelsea beach island. — August. — Perennial.

277. ANTIRRHINUM.
Antirrhinum Linaria. L. Toad Flax.

Leaves linear-lanceolale, crowded ; stem erect ;
spikes terminal, sessile ; flowers imbricate. L.

The yellow spikes of this plant are very common by road-
sides, though it is not probable, that the species is indigenous.
Stem one or two feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves numerous,
narrow, and pointed, smooth. Branches numerous, axillary,
bearing tufts of leaves. Spike long, crowded with yellow flow-
ers, the corolla furnished with a long, hollow spur below. The
mouth is closed with a protuberant palate from the under lip,
and gapes open upon lateral pressure, a character which has
given the genus the name of Snap dragon. — July. — August. —
Perennial.

Antirrhinum Canadense. L. Canada Snap Dragon.
Leaves alternate, linear, remote, glabrous ; flowers
racemed ; stem simple: scions procumbent. Willd.

A slender, annual plant, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
Stem erect, smooth. Leaves small, scattered, erect, linear, ob-
tuse. Flowers in a loose, terminal raceme, small, blue. Upper
lip of the corolla reflexed, the lower much larger, spreading,
with a white centre and three roundish, blue lobes. Spur fili-
form, acute. Some leafy, procumbent scions occasionally pro-
ceed from the root. — Road sides.— July, August.

260 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

278. BARTSIA.
Bartsia pallida. L. Pale Bartsia.

Leaves alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones
lanceolate, the floral ones subovate, slightly toothed
at the end, all three nerved ; calyx teeth acute.
Willd.
Syn. Castilleja septenteionalis. Hooker.

Stem ascending, furrowed, pubescent. Leaves alternate, ses-
sile, lanceolate, three or five nerved, nearly smooth. Bractes
straw colored, oblong-ovate, five nerved, with a tooth or two at
the end. Flowers straw colored. Calyx two cleft, the divisions
emarginate. Corolla pubescent, its upper lip long and tapering,
entire; lower lip short, three cleft. Style longer than the sta-
mens.— On the barren summits of the White mountains. — Au-
gust.— Perennial. It also inhabits Siberia.

Bartsia coccinea. L. Painted Cup.

Leaves alternate, linear, cut-pinnatifid with linear

segments ; bractes dilated, mostly three cleft, longer

than the flowers ; calyx teeth obtuse.

Syn. EucHROMA coccinea. Nutt.

Castilleja coccinea. Kunth.

Stem reddish, pubescent, angular. Leaves alternate, sessile,
pinnatifid with a few long, linear segments. Flowers in a ter-
minal spike. The bractes, which constitute the chief beauty of
this plant, are three or five cleft, the segments oblong, obtuse,
and of a bright scarlet color at top. Calyx tubular, two cleft,
the segments truncate, slightly emarginate, yellowish, tipt with
scarlet. Corolla dull yellow, tubular, with two oblong lateral
pits at base ; its lower lip very short, curved, with three small
ovate lobes ; upper lip straight, somewhat truncate. Stamens
as long as the upper lip. Germ ovate, style filiform, projecting,
incurved ; stigma capitate. — Wet meadows near Fresh pond. —
June.

CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 261

279. OROBANCHE.
Orobanche uniflora. L. Single jloivered Broomrape.
Scapes in pairs, naked, one flowered.

8yn. Oe-obanche biflora. Nutt.

As the part of this plant which appears at sight is one flow-
ered, I have preferred retaining the Linusean name. At the top
of the root is a short stem or caudex, sometimes nearly wanting
and sometimes several together^ clothed with a few obtuse
scales, and producing each two scapes. These are simple, erect,
hairy, leafless. Calyx hairy, erect, one leafed, parted half way
down into fi.ve acute segments. Corolla tubular, striated, hairy,
incurvated, of a purplish white color, its mouth divided into five
roundish segments, its tube furnished on the under side with two
yellow lines which are prominent and hairy within. Stamens
crossing. Germ oval, surrounded with a gland or flat ring at
base. Style straight ; stigma reflexed. — Woods, Waltham ; par-
asytic ? — June, July.

§ Subgenus Eeifagus. Flowers polygamoics, capsule opening on
one side.

Orobanche Virginiana. L. Beech Drops.

Stem branching ; flowers alternate^ remote ; corol-
las deciduous, four toothed.

Syji. Epifagus Americanus. Nutt.

A parasitic plant, said only to be found attached to the roots
of the Beech tree. Root fleshy and scaly. Stem a foot high,
branched, leafless, with small ovate scales. Flowers alternate,
remote, small. The fertile corollas, according to Mr. Nuttall,
are deciduous in consequence of the obliquity and rapid enlarge-
ment of the germ ; the barren ones larger, white striped with
purple. — In Beech woods, Maine. I have not seen it near Bos-
ton.— August.

280. PEDICULARIS.
Pedicularis Canadensis. L. Lousewort.

Stem simple, spike somewhat leafy; helmet of the

262 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

corolla with two setaceous teeth ; calyx truncated
downward. L.

Stem erect, under a foot in height, downy at top. Leaves
dark green, lanceolate, with crenate lobes, obtuse. Spike ter-
minal, short, crowded, leafy. Calyx cut off in an oblique direc-
tion downward. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip forming a
long helmet, its point square, with a small acute tooth on each
side; lower lip three lobed. The flowers turn to the right, so
that the spike has a twisted appearance. — Pastures. — May.- —
Perennial.

' 281. GERARDIA.
Gerardia flava. Zr. Yellow Gerardia,

Pubescent ; stem nearly simple ; leaves sessile, lan-
ceolate, entire or toothed and cut ; flowers subsessile.

One of the most showy of our wild wood flowers. Stem erect,
one or two feet in height, pubescent. Leaves opposite, the lower
ones more or less pinnatifid and cut, the upper ones lanceolate,
entire or serrate, obtusely pointed. Spike terminal, few flow-
ered. Flowers opposite, trumpet shaped, large, yellow. Pe-
duncles short, downy. Stamens somewhat woolly ; anthers with
two points at the base. Style slender, longer than the stamens.
The whole plant turns black in drying. — Woods. — August. — Pe-
rennial.
Gerardia glauca. Eddy. Tall Gerardia.

Glabrous ; stem panicled ; leaves petioled, pinnati-
fid, paler beneath, the upper ones lanceolate; flowers
pedicelled.
Syn. Gerardia quercifolia. Pursh.

A. taller and handsomer plant than the last, which it gready
resembles, so that it might pass for a cultivated variety. The
stem is smooth and more branched, leaves petioled and pinnati-
fid, flowers pedunculate. In other respects it resembles the last
species. — Woods. — August. — Perennial.

CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 263

Gerardia Pedicularia. L. Bushy Gerardia.

Leaves oblong, twice serrate ; stem panicledj ca-
lyxes crenate. L.

A tall, bushy plant, which would be oae of the most ornamen-
tal, were not its flowers very perishable, and deciduous. Stem
erect, with numerous, opposite branches. Leaves pinnatifid,
with serrate lobes. Peduncles hairy. The structure of the
flowers is very elegant. The calyx ends in five spreading leaf-
ets, indented on their margin. Corolla yellow, downy without,
trumpet shaped, with spreading lobes. Stamens crossing, the
two longer filaments with loose hairs on their inner side. An-
thers hairy, dependent, two lobed, the lobes ending in seta-
ceous points. Style longer than the stamens. The leaves and
flowers turn black in drying. — Dry woods. — Very common at
Mount Auburn, Cambridge.— August. — Perennial.

Gerardia PURPUREA. L. Purple Gerardia.

Stem with many opposite branches ; leaves narrow-
linear; flowers scattered, purple, sub-sessile. Mich.

An annual species, much smaller than the preceding. Stem
erect, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, linear, entire, rough-
ish, curling when the plant droops. Flowers purple, opposite,
on very short peduncles. Calyx teeth acute and separated by
acute sinuses. Corolla purple, usually without spots on the in-
side. Stamens woolly ; anthers sagittate. — Common in pastures
and road sides in moist ground. — August. — Annual.

Gerardia maritima. Nutt.. Salt Marsh Gerardia.

Leaves linear, fleshy ,■ calyx truncate, upper seg-
ments of the corolla fringed.

^yn. Gerardia purpurea, ^. crassifolia. Pursh.

Stem smooth, with opposite branches. Leaves linear-lance-
olate, obtuse, fleshy, veinless, dotted under a magnifier. Flow-
ers axillary and terminal on elevated peduncles. Calyx smooth,
its segments ending abruptly as if cut off". Corolla purple, dot-
ted inside toward the base, its two larger segments cihate.
Stamens hairy; anthers sagittate. Capsule globose.— On salt

264 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

marshes. — July, August. — Perennial.— Resembles G. purpurea,
but is smaller and more fleshy. The truncate calyx is an un-
failing mark of distinction.

Gerardia tenuifolia. Stalked Gerardia.

Branching, leaves linear,, flowers axillary on stalks

longer than themselves.

Stem erect, smooth with opposite branches. Leaves linear,
entire, rough, curled in drying. Flowers opposite on long fili-
form peduncles. Calyx teeth short, acute, separated by obtuse
sinuses. Corolla subcampanulate, purple, spotted inside. Sta-
mens woolly, anthers sagittate. — Lo>v grounds, Cambridgeport.
— August, September. — Annual. — Resembles G. purpurea.

282. MIMULUS.
MiMULus RiNGENS. L. Moukey Floioer.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sessile ;
peduncles longer than the flower. Wllld.

A handsome plant, fond of wet soils, where it attains the
height of two feet and upward. Stem erect, smooth, angular.
Leavqs opposite, closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute.
Pedu^les aiillary, quadrangular, curving upward. Calyx tu-
bular, with five acute angles and as many pointed teeth. Co-
rolla twice as long as the calyx, pale purple with the palate
yellow, upper lip reflexed at the sides, lower lip much larger,
irregularly three lobed. Lower stamens longer than the upper.
Style clavate; stigma bifid, membranous. — July, August. — Pe-
rennial.

283. CHELONE.
Chelone Glabra. L. Snake-Head.

Glabrous ; leaves oval or lanceolate, unequally ser-
rate; flowers spiked. Mich.

Found in brooks and wet ground, where it forms bunches, and
rises two or three feet. Stem smooth, bluntly four cornered.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, dark green and polished
above. Flowers in a terminal spike, a few only expanding at

CLASS XV. ORDER I. 265

once. Calyx nearly sessile, with five short, rounded segments
calyculated with three similar scales at base. Corolla large
white, inflated, contracted at the mouth, not unlike the head of
a serpent; the lower lip in three small segments, with two
woolly stripes within. Filaments hairy below. Anthers en-
tangled together by a woolly covering. A short, smooth rudi-
ment of a fifth filament is found between the two upper stamens.

Style long, slender, curving downward. — Roxbury, Cambridge.

August, September. — Perennial.

Class XV. TETRAD YNAMIA. Six stamens, four
long and two short.

Order I, SILICULOSA. Seeds in a silicle.

284. Draba. Silicle entire, OA?-al -oblong, the valves
flat, parallel to the dissepiment.

285. Lepidium. Silicle elliptic, emarginate, the
valves carinate, but not margined.

286. Thlapsi. Silicle inversely heart shaped, the
valves carinate and margined.

287. BuNiAs. Silicle deciduous without opening,
somewhat four sided, two of its angles more acute.

288. CocHLEARiA. Sillcle turgid, wrinkled, many
seeded, valves gibbous, obtuse,

289. Camelina. Silicle obovate or subglobose,
valves swelling, opening with a part of the style, cells
many seeded, seeds oblong, not bordered ; style fili-
form.

Order II. SILIQUOSA. Seeds in a silique.

290. Arabis. Silique compressed. Four nectarife-
rous glands like scales, reflected between the leaves
of the calyx.

23

266 CLASS XV. ORDER I.

291. Raphanus. Silique cylindrical, swelling at
the seeds, somewhat jointed.

292. Cardamine. SiHque bursting elastically, the
valves revohite, and equal to the partition.

293. Sisymbrium. Silique cylindrical, opening with
nearly straight valves ; valves equalling the partition.

294. Erysimum. Calyx closed ; stigma capitate ;
silique columnar, square.

295. SiNAPis. Calyx spreading; silique cylindri-
cal, with the partition longer than the valves.

296. Dentaria. Silique opening elastically, the

valves revolute ; stigma emarginate ; calyx connivent.

297. Cleome. Petals all ascending; glands three,

one at each sinus of the calyx except the lowest ; germ
stipitate ; silique one celled, two valved.

TETRADYNAMIA,

SILICULOSA.

284. DRABA.
Draba verna. L, Whitlow Grass.

Scape naked; leaves oblong, acute, subserrate,
hairy; petals bifid ; stigma sessile.

A small, very early, white flowering plant. Leaves all radical.
Scape two or three inches high with a raceme of small flowers.
Calyx spreading ; petals half cleft. Pod oval, flat. — Among the
grass in fields, &:c. in the southern parts of the state. Not seen
near Boston. — April, May.

285. LEPIDIUM,
Lepidium Virginicum. L. Wild Cress or Peppe/rgrass.

Radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves linear-lanceo-
late, serrate; flowers with four petals and two stamens;
silicic lenticular. Mich. ahr.

CLASS XV. ORDER I. 267

Syn, Thlaspi Virginianum. Poir.

Frequent by road sides, flowering during most of the sum-
mer and autumn. Stem woody and branching, round, smooth.
"Branches numerous, alternate. Leaves of the root pinnatifid, of
the stem lanceolate, glabrous, furnished with a remote tooth or
two. Racemes terminal, long, naked. Pedicels capillary. Flow-
ers very small, diandrous, white. Silicles flat, orbicular, with a
deep notch in the end. Taste like common Garden cress or
peppergrass.

286. THLASPI.

Thlaspi Bursa pastoris. L. Common Shepherds Purse.

Hairy, silicle inversely heart shaped, somewhat tri-
angular; radical leaves pinnatifid. S^n.

Equally common with the last, in pastures and road sides con-
tinuing to flower during most of the vegetating season. Stem
branching, round. Root leaves numerous, spreading, pinnatifid,
toothed, somewhat hairy. Stem leaves oblong, toothed, arrow
shaped at base, closely sessile. Flowers small, white. Silicle
smooth, inversely heart shaped, crowned with the short style. —
Annual.

287. BUNIAS.

* BuNiAs EDENTULA. Flor. Bost. Ist Edit. American Sea

Rochet.

Bunias foliis obovatis, simiatis ; siliculis glabris,
articidis binis, mo7iospermis, edentulis.

Leaves obovate, sinuate ; silicles with two smooth,
one-seeded, toothless joints.
Syn. Cakile Americana. Nutt.

A fleshy, maritime plant, found on various parts of the sea
coast. Stem glabrous, flexuous, deeply and irregularly furrowed,
very much branched. Leaves fleshy, smooth, obovate, toothed
and sinuated, caducous. Branches axillary, leafy. Spikes or
racemes terminal. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles. Calyx
gf four erect, fleshy segments. Petals spreading, rounded at the

268 CLASS XV. ORDER II.

end. Stamens nearly equal, longer than the calyx. Stigma
concave. Silicles smooth, roundish, consisting of two one-seed-
ed joints, the lower one somewhat globular, without teeth or
prominences, marked on each side with a longitudinal, depressed'
line, sometimes abortive. Upper joint ovate, round, marked on
each side with an elevated line, terminating in a flat, emargin-
ate, or three toothed beak. Seeds facing different waj'^s. The
silicle is drupaceous, and in drying becomes quadrangular. The
plant is succulent and heavy. — Grows abundantly at Cape Ann.
Found also at South Boston. — July. — Annual.

288. COCHLEARIA.
CocHLEARiA ARMORAciA. L. Horse radisJi.

Root leaves roundish, stern leaves oblong, somewhat
sinuated ; silicles globose.

Common horse radish is naturalized in various places, about
roads and old gardens. The root leaves are on long petioles,
those of the stem sessile. The stalks are in corymbs of numer-
ous white flowers. — May, June.

289. CAMELINA.

Camelina sativa. Crantz. Common Camelina.

Syn, Myagrum sativum. X. •
Allyssum sativum. Smith.

Stem herbaceous; leaves lanceolate, sagittate,
clasping ; corymbs terminal, racemose ; silicle obo-
vate.

An annual plant, introduced from Europe. Stem a foot and a
half high, round, leafy. Leaves alternate lanceolate, obsoletely
toothed, roughish, arrow shaped at base. Corymb made up of
long racemes, with numerous small yellow flowers. Calyx
spreading. Petals obtuse. Silicles erect, obovate, inflated,
smooth, crowned with the style, which is about half as long as
the silicle, — Roads and cultivated grounds. — June, July.

CLASS XV. ORDER II. 269

SILIQUOSA.

290. ARABIS.
Arabis falcata. Mx. Sickle Pod.

Leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed, sessile ; si-
liques pendulous, two edged, falcate.

Stem two or three feet high, round, smooth. Leaves sessile,
mostly lanceolate with a few remote teeth; the lower ones
sometimes sagittate and clasping. Raceme terminal. Flowers
very small, white. Pods long and curved, resemhling a crooked
sword blade, articulated to a knob at the end of the pedicel,
acute, fiat, pendulous. — Woods, Chelsea beach island. — August.

Arabis rhomboidea. Khomhoidal Arabis.

Leaves smooth, rhomboidal, repand. or obsoletely

toothed, the lower ones on long petioles ; root tuberous.

Root tuberous and farinaceous. The leaves which spring
from the root are generally heart shaped, the lower stem leaves
oblong or ovate, repand, obtuse, smooth ; the upper ones becom-
ing quite narrow. Flowers white, in a terminal raceme. Pe-
duncles smooth, slender. Calyx of four erect, obtuse leaves.
Petals roundish, unguiculate. Anthers sagittate with microsco-
pic glands at the base of the filaments. — Wet meadows, Roxbu-
ry. — May. — Perennial.

291. RAPHANUS.

Raphanus Raphanistrum. L. Wild Radish.

Pods round, jointed, smooth, of one cell. L.

A hardy weed, frequent in the gravel by road sides, but most
troublesome in cultivated fields. Stem branching, round, bristly,
glaucous. Leaves rough, lower ones lyrate, upper ones toothed.
Calyx bristly. Petals spreading, yellow, turning white as they
grow old, not unfrequently of a light blue. Pods erect, knobbed,
tapering, smooth, ending in a long beak. When dry, they are
striated, and abruptly contracted between the cells, which are
hard and somewhat bonv. On cutting the pod across between
23^

270 CLASS XV. ORDER II.

the seeds, it appears two celled. The seeds. however are con-
tained between the laminae of the apparent partition.

292. CARDAMINE.
Cardamine BELLiDiFOLiA. L. Round leaved Cardamine.
Leaves simple, fleshy, subovate, entire ; stems sim-
ple, weak, procumbent, pedicels filiform.

Syn. Cardamine eotundifolia. 2d Edit.

Cgespitose. Stems ascending, branched. Leaves ovate, ob-
tuse, submucronated, smooth, on long petioles. Flowers fasci-
cled or corymbed. Calyx leaves oblong, obtuse, spreading. Pe-
tals oval, subacute. Filaments subulate, hollow above. Capsule
linear. — On the highest summit of the White mountains. — July.

Cardamine Pennsylvanica. Muhl, American Water

Cress.

Smooth, branching; leaves pinnate, leafets round-
ish-oblong, obtuse, angular, toothed; siliques erect.

Found in brooks and ponds, growing under water, except its
upper leaves and flowers. Leaves alternate, smooth, pinnate ;
leafets oblong, rounded at the end, with a few large teeth on
each side, the terminal leafet much exceeding the rest in size.
The leafets in the upper leaves are entire. Flowers small,
white. Pods narrow, erect, an inch or more in length. —
Brighton. — May.

Cardamine Virginica ? i. Virginian Cress.

Smoot?! erect ; leaves pinnate, leafets spatulate,
obtuse; siliques erect.

Found on dry hills, much smaller than the preceding. Leafets
oblanceolate, lower ones obovate, some of them with a tooth on
one side ; ciliate under a magnifier. Flowers white. — May.

293. SYSYMBRIUM.
Sisymbrium amphibium. L. Amphibious Cress.

Siliques declined, oblong-ovate ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate or pinnatifid, serrate ; petals larger than the
calyx.

CLASS XV. ORDER II. 271

Stem erect, furrowed, hairy when out of water. Leaves hairy
clasping at base, lyrate or pinnatifid, toothed. Flowers in ter-
minal racemes, small, yellow. Fruit oblong-oval, swelling,
compressed, obtuse at both ends, tipt with the style, supported
by slender, spreading pedicels. — Ponds and wet places, the lower
leaves sometimes capillary. — July. — Perennial.

294. ERYSIMUM.
Erysimum officinale. L. Hedge Mustard.

Pods pressed close to the main stalk ; leaves runci-
nate. L.

The whole plant is more or less hairy, and attains the height
of about two feet. Stem round ; branches given off at a large
angle, and curving. Leaves lyrate-runcinate. The fruitful
branches are long and slender, covered with close, sessile pods,
and ending in yellow flowers. — About rubbish and cultivated
ground. — All summer. — Annual.

295. SINAPIS.

SiNAPis NIGRA. L. Common Mustard.

Pods smooth, four cornered, pressed close to the

raceme; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth.

Sm.

Very common in cultivated and waste grounds ; usually re-
garded as a weed, though its seeds furnish the common table
mustard. Stem round, striated, smooth, three or four feet high,
branching. Leaves variously lobed and toothed, the lower ones
rough, upper ones smooth, deflexed, the highest narrow, small,
entire. Flowers numerous and showy. Calyx and corolla yel-
low. Pods erect, close to the stalk, quadrangular, ending in a
short beak. — June, July. — Annual.

296. DENTARIA.
Dentaria l acini at A. Willd. Toothwort.

Leaves three, three parted, the divisions linear-ob-
long, cut-toothed ; root moniliform.

272 CLASS XVI. ORDER I.

Syn. Dentaria concatenata. Mx.

Root formed of a string of tubers. Stem about a foot high,
giving off three leaves near together at its upper part. These
are deeply divided into three segments or leafets which are ob-
long, divergent, cut and toothed. Flowers large, purplish, in a
terminal raceme. Woods, Hampshire. — June. — Perennial.

Dentaria diphylla. 3Ix. Pepper root.

Leaves of the stem two, each ternately divided ;
leafets ovate-oblong, unequally cut and toothed ; root
toothed.

Root (rhizoma) creeping, branched, and covered with project-
ing teeth, acrid to the taste. Flowers purplish white. — Amherst,
Prof. Hitchcock. — Perennial.

297. CLEOME.
Cleome dodecandra. L. Cleome.

Leaves ternate, elliptical ; flowers axillary, solitary,
dodecandrous.

A viscid, strong scented plant. Stem, branching, pubescent
and glutinous. Leaves petioled, ternate ; leafets oblong-spatu-
late, smooth. Flowers racemed, white, with ten or a dozen
stamens. Pods lanceolate, turgid, hairy and viscid, two valved
without a dissepiment. — On the shores of lake Champlain, near
Burlington. — July. — Annual.

Class XYL MONADELPHIA. Stamens united by
their filaments into one 'parcel.

Order I. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.

298. SisYRiNCHiuM. Spathe two leaved; petals six,
nearly equal; capsule inferior, three celled.

Order V. DECANDRIA. Ten stamens.

299. Geranium. Calyx five leaved ; petals five,

CLASS XVI. ORDER I. 273

regular; nectary five glands on the base of the longer
filaments; fruit beaked, separating into five one seed-
ed capsules.

300. OxALis. Calyx five leaved ; petals five, con-
nected at base; capsules superior, five celled, five an-
gled, opening at the angles.

Or^er VIII. POLYANDRIA, Many stamens.

301. SiDA. Calyx simple, angular; style many
cleft; capsules many, one seeded.

302. Malva. Calyx double, the outermost two or
three leaved; capsules numerous, one seeded, disposed
in a flat ring.

303. Alth^a. Calyx double, the outermost from
six to nine cleft ; capsules numerous, one seeded, in a
flat ring.

304. Hibiscus. Calyx double, the outermost many
leaved ; capsule five celled, many seeded.

MONADELPHIA.
TRIANDRIA.

298. SISYRINCHIUM.
SiSYRiNCHiuM anceps. Blue eyed Grass.

Stem two edged, spathe longer than the flowers,
petals mucronated, germs glabrous.

Syn. SlSYRINCHIUM GRAMINEUM. Cuvt.

The small, delicate, blue flowers of this plant are not unfre-
quent among the grass in moist ground. Stem two edged, the
edges extending into a wide margin ; smooth, with one or two
branches, often a foot high. Leaves linear, grass like, sheathing
at base. Spathes swelling, pointed, the outermost inclosing
several others, each producing a flower. Peduncles filiform.

274 CLASS XVI. ORDER V.

Flowers shorter than the spathe, purple. Germs smooth or a
little villous. Petals six, spreading, terminated by a point. —
June, July. — Perennial.

DECANDRIA.

299. GERANIUM.
Geranium maculatum. L. Spotted Geranium or Craneshill.

Peduncles two flowered; stem forked, erect ; leaves
five parted and cut, the upper ones sessile. L.

American Medical Botany, PI. viii.

No family of plants is more extensively cultivated for orna-
ment than the Linnsean genus Geranium, since divided by L'He-
ritier into three genera, Erodium, Pelargonium, and Geranium.
It must be confessed that a great number of exotic species are
carefully propagated in green houses and parlors, which are
altogether inferior to the present very beautiful native. It is
very common about fences and the edges of woods, preferring a
soil that is somewhat moist. Stems erect, hairy, dividing by
forks, or more numerous branches, one or two feet high. Leaves
large, spreading, hairy, divided in a palmate manner into five or
seven lobes, which are variously cut and toothed at their ex-
tremities, the lower ones petioled, the upper ones nearly sessile.
As the leaves grow old, they are usually marked with pale spots
about the sinuses. Peduncles long, hairy, supporting about two
flowers. Calyx five leaved, those edges, which are outermost in
the bud, k^iry. Petals rounded, purple. Fruit ending in a long
beak, containing five awns, which spring out and scatter the seeds
when ripe. The root is perennial, very astringent, and useful
for its medicinal properties. — May, June. — Perennial.

Geranium Robertianum. L. Herb Robert.

Peduncles two flowered; leaves somewhat pedate,
pinnatifid, five angled ; calyx ten angled, capsules
rugged. Sm.

A branching plant, much smaller in its flowers and leaves than
the preceding. Stem spreading, fragile, commonly of a reddish
cast. Leaves somewhat hairy, petioled, ternate or quinate, the

CLASS XVI. ORDER V. 275

divisions mostly pinnatifid. Peduncles long, somewhat hairy,
with two terminal flowers. Calyx hairy. Petals rounded, pale
purple. The whole plant has a peculiar, strong smell. — Road
sides. Maiden. — Flowering most of the summer and autumn. —
Annual.

Geranium dissectum. WiUd. Wood Geranium.

Diffuse, pubescent, leaves opposite, five parted, the
lobes three cleft and cut ; peduncles two flowered,
elongated ; petals emarginate, as long as the awned
calyx ; beak hairy.

A delicate plant with small flowers. Stem a foot high, pubes-
cent. Leaves cut almost to the base into about five segments,
these again subdivided and variously cleft. Petioles hairy. Pe-
duncles axillary, forked, with four minute linear bractes at the
bifurcation. Calyx hairy, awned. Petals short, pale red. Beak
hairy, a part of the hairs glandulai*;- On Medford hills, near the
Andover turnpike. — June, July. — Annual.

300. OXALIS.

OxALis ACETOCELLA. L. ^ CommoYi JVood Sorrel.

Stemless ; scape one flowered, longer than the
leaves ; leaves ternate, broad-obcordate with rounded
lobes ; styles as long as the inner stamens ; root den-
tate. Wilid. ^

Root dentate, with truncated projections. Petioles semicylin-
drical. Peduncles roundish, pubescent, with two opposite, acute
bractes. Segments of the calyx oblong, acute. Petals oblong,
obliquely imarginate, white, striate, with purple, yellow at base.
Stamens alternately long and short. Styles equal to the longer
stamens. — Woods. — May, June. — Perennial.

Not found about Boston, but very abundant in woods from fifty
to one hundred miles to the north and west. The American
plant has the petals oblong and unequally bilobate, a character
which might be considered specific, did not the European plant,
as I find from specimens, sometimes present the same figure.

276 CLASS XVI. ORDER VIII.

OxALis vioLACEA. L. VioUt Wood Sovvel.

Stemless ; scape umbelliferous, pedicels somewhat
pubescent; flowers nodding; leaves ternate, smooth;
tips of the calyx fleshy ; styles shorter than the outer
stamens.

A handsome species with red or purplish flowers. Leaves
inversely heart shaped as in the other species. — Brookline and
elsewhere. — May. — Perennial.

OxALis STRICTA. L. Upright Wood Sorrel.

Peduncles umbelliferous ; stem branching, erect ;
leaves ternate, obcordate ; styles as long as the inner
stamens. L.

This plant is pretty common about the borders of fields and
cultivated grounds. Stem erect, varying greatly in height, ac-
cording to the soil in which the plant grows. Leaves ternate
inversely heart shaped, very thin and delicate ; their common
petiole long and slender, without stipules. Peduncles axillary,
generally longer than the petioles, (in which respect the plant
differs from that of Willdenow,) supporting small, terminal
umbels of yellow flowers. Fruit beaked, erect. — Flowers all
summer.

POLYANDRIA.

301. SIDA.

SiDA ABUTiLON. L. India Malloics.

Leaves roundish-heart shaped, toothed, downy;
peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles ;
capsules spherical, of numerous, abrupt, double
beaked cells.
Syn. Abutilon AvicENNiE.

Originally introduced from India, but now become a weed in
gardens. Stem one or two feet high, branched. Leaves pubes-
cent, pointed. Flowers yellow, half an inch or more in width,
followed by larger roundish capsules, with radiated tops. — Flow-
ers from June to September. — Annual.

CLASS XVI. ORDER VIII. 277

302. MALVA.
Malva ROTUNDiFOLiA. L. Round lecwed 3Ialloiv.

Stern prostrate ; leaves roundish, heart shaped, ob-
tusely five lobed. Fruit stalks bent downward. L.

Hoot fusiform. Stems lying upon the ground, branching.
Leaves roundish, somewhat reniform, crenate, with five or seven
imperfect lobes. Petioles long, hairy. Stipules lanceolate,
ciliate. Flower stalks axillary, shorter than the petioles, several
together, hairy. Outer leaves of the calyx linear, inner ones
ovate. Petals purplish white, deeply emarginate. Fruit flat,
with numerous capsules forming its circumference, the stalks
commonly deflexed. — In cultivated ground, about houses and
side walks. — All summer.

303. ALTHiEA.

Althaea officinalis. L. Marsh Blallow.

Leaves downy, oblong, ovate, obtusely three lobed,
toothed. Willd.

This plant grows spontaneously on the marshes at South Bos-
ton, and is said to be found at other places on the sea coast. It
is probably not originally native, but imported from Europe.
Root perennial, long, white. Stem erect, firm, covered with
thick, woolly down. Leaves alternate, ovate, with three or
more imperfect lobes, toothed, exceedingly dov/ny and velvet-
like to the touch. Flowers large, axillary and terminal. Calyx
downy. Petals light, purple, inversely heart shaped. The
whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage, and is
much used as a demulcent remedy. — August, September. —
Perennial.

304. HIBISCUS.

Hibiscus palustris. L. Marsh Hibiscus.

Stem herbaceous, simple ; leaves ovate, somewhat
three lobed, downy underneath ; flowers axillary.
Willd.

A tall, handsome plant. Stem erect, four or five feet high,
somewhat downy. Leaves ovate or three lobed, green above,
24

278 CLASS XVII. ORDER II.

whitish and soft with down underneath, obtusely serrate, acumi-
nate. Flowers nearly as large as the hollyhock, showy, pale
purple. The peduncles are long, axillary and someiirnes con-
nected with the petioles, geniculated toward the top. Outer
segments of the calyx about twelve, downy, linear; inner seg-
ments five, half ovate. Petals very large. — Found in Newton,
near the banks of Charles river. — August. — Perennial.

The bark is fibrous and very strong, and is capable of affording
a tolerable substitute for hemp.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Stamens united

in ttvo distinct sets.

Order II. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.

305. FuMARiA. Calyx two leaved; corolla irregu-
lar, spurred at base ; filaments two, each with three
anthers ; capsule one celled, without valves, one
seeded.

306. CoRYDAUs. Calyx two leaved; corolla rin-
gent ; filaments two, membranous, each with three
anthers; capsule siliquose, many seeded.

Order III. OCTANDRIA. Eight stamens.

- - 307. PoLYGALA. Calyx five leaved, two of the
leaves wing shaped and colored ; corolla with a cylin-
drical banner ; legume inversely heart shaped, two
celled.

Order IV, DECANDRTA. Ten stamens.

308. Genista. Calyx with the upper lip two
toothed, the lower three toothed ; banner oblong, re-
flected back by the pistil and stamens ; stigma invo-
lute; stamens all united.

CLASS XVII. ORDER II. 279

309. LupiNus. Stamens all united ; anthers alter-
nately rounded and oblong; legume coriaceous, swell-
ing at the seeds.

310. Crotalaria. Banner cordate, large ; keel acu-
minate ; filaments connate, with a dorsal fissure; le-
gume pedicell«^, turgid.

311. PhaseoiSw^ Keel with the stamens and style
spirally twisted. %^, '

312. Lathyrus. Style flat, villous above, broader
upward ; two upper segments of the calyx shorter.

313. VicTA. Calyx with two teeth above and three
longer straight teeth below; banner emarginate ; stig-
ma transversely bearded on the 'under side,

314. Trifolium. Legume hardly longer than the
calyx, falling off entire ; flowers mord'or less in heads.

315. Lespedeza. Calyx five parted?; keel of the
corolla obtuse ; legume lenticular, ufiarmed, one
seeded.

316. Hedysarum. Calyx five cleft; keel of the
corolla obtuse ; loment jointed, the joints compressed
and one seeded.

317. Glycine. Calyx two lipped ; keel of \the co-
rolla turning back the banner at the tip; legume
many seeded.

318. RoBiNiA. Calyx four cleft, the upper segment
two parted ; banner roundish ; legume compressed ;
elongated.

319. Tephrosia. Calyx teeth subulate, subequal ;
stamens monadelphous ; legume compressed, coriace-
ous.

320. Medicago. Legume spiral, compressed, push-
ing the keel from the banner.

280 CLASS XVII. ORDER 11.

DIADELPHIA.
HEXANDRIA.

305. FUMARIA.
FuMARiA OFFICINALIS. L. Common Fumitory.

Spikes loose ; capsules globose, emarginate ; stem
spreading; leafets wedge lanceolate.

A small glaucous plant not uncommon about gardens and cul-
tivated grounds. Leaves twice pinnate, the leafets dilated up-
ward. Flowers rose colored with crimson lips. Pod one seeded.
— Flowers all summer. — Probably introduced. — Annual.

306. CORYDALIS.
CoRYDALis GLAUCA. PuTsJi. Glaucous Corydolis.

Stem erect, branching, leaves glaucous, those of the
stern biternate ; bract^s minute; nectary single; si-
liques linear, three times as long as their stalk.

Byn. FUMARIA SEMPERVIVENS. L.

This delicate plant is found upon rocky hills in Roxbury and
Brookline, beginning to flower in the early part of May. The
whole plant has a smooth, glaucous appearance. Root fusiform.
Stem erect, hollow, minutely dotted with purple and green, and
covered with fine glaucous bloom. Leaves from the root and
stem, subdivided in a pinnate manner; the leafets smooth, and
variously cut, often tipped with purple. Flowers in a panicle
or compound raceme, beautifully shaded with flesh color and
yellow. Calyx of two serrate, ovate, acuminate leaves. Corolla
placed transversely, its base a single rounded spur, its mouth
closed and consisting of four lips, the two lateral ones cohering
at their tips. Stamens in two bundles of three each. Germ
long, linear, curved upward. Siliques linear, slender. — Biennial ?

CoRYDALis FUNGOSA. Pers. CUmhing Corydcdis.

Stem climbing; leaves furnished with tendrils;.

CLASS XVII. ORDER II. 281

racemes axillary; corymbs nodding, corollas monope-
talous, bigibbous at base.
Syn. FuMARiA fungosa. Willd.

FUMAE-IA RECTA. Mx.

Adlumia cirrhosa. De Cand.

Stem smooth, striated, climbing. Leaves decompound-pin-
nate, the segments twice ternate, the leafets obtusely three
lobed, smooth, paler beneath ; the partial petioles reflexed, and
serving the purpose of tendrils. Flowers in axillary racemes,
pale flesh colored. Peduncles clavate. Calyx of two minute
deciduous leaves. Corolla flesh colored, oblong ovate, com-
pressed, slightly hearted at base, fungus or cellular with two
internal cavities, tapering to a nec'k and ending in two cordate
lips, and two smaller lateral spatulate lips cohering at top, with
two bundles of three or four stamens each inside. Germ linear,
with a bifid, four toothed, flabelliform stigma. Silique many
seeded. Brought to the Botanic garden from the state of Maine*
It flowers all summer, forming handsome festoons and bowers. —
Perennial.

CoRYDALis cucuLLARiA. Pevs. Dutchman' s Breeches,

Scape naked; raceme simple, one sided; nectaries
two, di\raricatej. as long as the corolla ; style included ;
root tuberous.
Syn. FuMARiA cucullaria. L.

DiELYTRA CUCULLARIA. De Caud.

A delicate, fine leaved plant. Root solid, being a collection of
small, solid bulbs or tubers, of different sizes inclosed in a com-
mon scaly sheath. Leaves radical, somewhat glaucous, ternate,
the divisions bipinnate, the last subdivisions linear-oblong. Flow-
ers in a short, unilateral raceme, white with yellowish tips.
Calyx small, of two linear and two ovate leaves. Nectaries
two, obtuse, diverging sacs, longer than the peduncle, united to
form the corolla above. Petals or lips of the corolla two, each
giving rise to three stamens. Capsule narrow-ovate. — Woods. —
Jafirey, New Hampshire. — June — PerenniaL
24^

282 CLASS XVII. ORDER flT.

CoRYDALis FORMOSA. PIi. Red fioioevecl CorydaUs.

Scape naked ; raceme nodding, many flowered, nec-
taries two, short, incurved, style exserted ; root tuber-
ous.

Syn. DiELYTRA FORMOSA. De Cand.

An exceedingly beautiful plant, somewhat larger than the pre-
ceding. Leaves divided as in the foregoing species, very glau-
cous underneath. Scape and peduncles of a fine purplish red.
Corolla rose colored, somewhat resembling that of the last, but
larger, and with the nectaries very obtuse, and much shorter
than the peduncles. On the sides of Ascutney mountain, Ver-
mont. In Hanover, New Hampshire. — July. — Perennial. ^

OCTANDRIA.

307. POLYGALA.
PoLYGALA SANGUINEA L. Caducous Polygala.

Stem branching at top; leaves alternate, linear;
spikes headed ; flov/ers beardless. Mich. abr.

The purple, or rose colored heads of this plant are very ob-
servable in moist ground, during the months of August and
September. Stem erect, angular, its branches exceeding the
main stem in height. Leaves alternate, smooth, linear-lanceo-
late. Flowers in terminal, cylindrical heads. As these heads
increase at their summit, the lower flowers fall off, leaving a
ragged or squarrous peduncle, on which Linnseus founded his
specific character.

Polygala rubella. Muhl. Bitter Polygala.

American Medical Botany, PL liv.

Stem simple, leaves linear-oblong, mucronate ; flow-
ers racemed, those of the stem winged, those of the
root apterous.
8yn. Polygala polygama. Hooker.

Root somewhat fusiform, perennial, branching. Stems nume-
rous, ascending, smooth, angular, simple. Leaves scattered,

s

CLASS XVII. ORDER III. 283

smooth; the lower ones obovate, smaller; the upper ones linear-
lanceolate, obtuse mucronated, sessile. Flowers purple, short,
crested, in terminal racemes. Bractes small, ovate-lanceolate,
caducous. Wings of the calyx rhomboid-oval, obtuse, with a
slight middle nerve. Corolla small, closed, of three segments,
the middle one largest and crested by the division of its sides
and extremity. Anthers eight, forming a double row, the fila-
ments coalescing. Germ compressed, inversely heart shaped ;
style deflexed ; stigma bearded inside with a prominence below
it. Capsule inversely heart shaped, nearly smooth and invested
with the wings of the calyx. Seeds two, obovate, hairy, with a
transparent appendage or strophiole on the inside. From the
base of the stem proceed a number of prostrate shoots situated
upon, and sometimes nearly under the ground, bearing a row of
incomplete, fertile flowers. These flowers have a calyx without
wings, a minute corolla and stamens and a short style. The
germ and fruit precisely resemble those of the more perfect
flowers. — Dry fields, Salem. — June, July.— Perennial.
The whole plant is strongly bitter and used in medicine-

PoLYGALA SENEGA. Seueca Snake Koot.

American Medical Botany, PL xxx.

Stems erect, smooth, simple. Leaves alternate,
lanceolate, broadest at base. Flowers slightly crested.

The Polygala senega has a firm, hard, branching, perennial
root, consisting of a moderately solid wood, and a thick bark.
This root sends up a number of annual stems, which are simple,
smooth, occasionally tinged with red. The leaves are scattered,
nearly or quite sessile, lanceolate, with a subacute point, smooth,
paler underneath. Flowers white, in a close terminal spike.
The calyx, which in this genus is the most conspicuous part af
the flower, consists of five leafets, the two largest of which, or
wings, are roundish-ovate, white and slightly veined. Corolla
small, closed, having two obtuse, lateral segments, and a short
crested extremity. Capsules obcordate, invested by the per-
sistent calyx, compressed, two celled, two valved. Seeds two,
oblong-obovate, acute at one end, slightly hairy, curved, black-
ish, with a longitudinal, bifid, white appendage on the concave

284 CLASS xvir. order hi.

side. The spike opens gradually, so that the lower flowers are
in fruit while the upper ones are in blossom. On the banks of
Lake Champlain. — July.— Perennial.

The root of this species is extensively used in medicine.

PoLYGALA CRUGiATA. L. Cross Icavccl Polygola.

Stem erect, branching, winged at the angles ; leaves
in fours, linear-lanceolate; heads spiked, sessile.

Stem short, with four membranous angles, and opposite
branches. Leaves in whorls of four, sessile, smooth, lanceolate-,
very obtuse, slightly raucronated. Flowers in a terminal, oblong
head. The two I'onger leaves of the calyx heart shaped, acute,
purple. In low grounds, rare, flowering in the latter part of
summer. — Annual.

PoLYGALA VERTiciLLATA. L. Whorl lettvcd Polygttla.

Stem erect, branched; leaves verticillate, linear;
spikes pedunculated, linear; flowers alternate, approx-
imate.

A very slender species. Stem erect, quadrangular, branched,
the branches usually exceeding the main stem in height. Leaves
liaear-lanceolate, in whorls of five or six. Spikes slender ; flow-
ers small, whitish, the lower ones usually scattered.^ — On dry
hills, Roxbury. — July. — Annual.

"PoLYGALA PAuciFOLiA. Willd. Fringed Polygola.

Stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves ovate^
acute, glabrous; terminal flowers large, pencilled;
radical flowers apterous.

A beautiful low plant with purple flowers, larger than in most
other native species of this genus. The leaves grow mostly at the
top of the stem, and immediately above them are three or four very
handsome, crested, purple flowers. Calyx leaves flve, the upper-
most gibbous at base and somewhat acute, the two next longer
than the corolla, narrow at base, wider and obtuse at top, the
two remaining ones small, acute and white. Corolla purple, the
middle lobe white with a purple crest.

CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 285

This plant likewise produces horizontal, radical shoots with
small greenish flowers like those in P. rubella, which see.—
Woods, Brookline, rare. — May. — Perennial.

DECANDRIA.

308. GENISTA.

Genista tinctoria. L. Wood Waxen. Dyer^s Weed.

Leaves lanceolate, smooth ; branches round, stri-
ate, erect, unarmed. S7n.

Root woody, tough, creeping extensively. Stems or branches
numerous, erect or ascending, round furrowed, smooth. Leaves
alternate, sessile, lanceolate, acute. Flowers on the upper part
of the branches, axillary, solitary, nearly sessile, bright yellow.
This plant has overrun the hills on the south side of Salera, so
as to give them, in the month of July, an uniformly yellow ap-
pearance at a distance. It was probably imported originally
from Europe. The whole plant is said to dye a fine yellow
color,

309. LUPINUS.

LupiNus PERENNis. L. Common Lupine.

Calyxes alternate without appendages, upper lip
emarginate, lower entire. L.

This elegant flower grows wild very plentifully in the woods
at Watertown. Stems erect, somewhat hairy. Leaves digi-
tate, consisting of about eight or ten lanceolate-wedge shaped
leaves, arranged like rays around the end of the petiole. They
are somewhat hairy and pale underneath. Flowers blue, in a
terminal spike or raceme. — Perennial.

310. CROTALARIA.
Crotalaria sagittalis. L. Rattle Pod.

Hairy, erect, branching ; leaves simple, lanceolate ;
stipules opposite, acuminate, decurrent; racemes op-
posite to leaves, about three flowered; corollas smaller
than the calyx.

2S6 CLASS XVII. ORDER IV.

A small, hairy plant with turgid pods. Stem from four to
eight inches high, branching. Leaves alternate, sessile, oblong
or lanceolate. Stipules opposite and decurrent, so that the pair
appear inversely sagittate. Calyx segments long, lanceolate,
acuminate, hairy. Corolla small, yellow. Legume shortly stip-
itate, oblong, inflated, few seeded. — Dry grounds. — Cambridge.
— July. — Annual.

311. PHASEOLUS.
Phaseolus trilobus Mx. Three lobed Bean Vine.

Twining, pubescent, lower leafets rhomboid-oval,
upper ones three lobed; heads on long stalks; legumes
linear.

Stem twining, angular. Stipules oblong. Leaves ternate,
the leafets broad, ovate, entire, the upper ones, especially the
terminal one, three lobed. Peduncles longer and larger than
the petioles, with a head of flowers. Banner spreading, white
tinged with red ; wings small, whitish ; keel slightly twisted,
tipt with purple. Legumes linear. — South Boston. — July. —
Annual.

S12. LATHYRUS.
Lathyrus maritimus. Reach Pea,

L. caule compressor tetragono ; stipulis sagittatis ;
foliolis numerosis, siibalteniis, obovatis ; pedunculis
folio brevioribus, subse/jlernjloris.

Stem compressed, four angled; stipules sagittate;

leafets numerous, subalternate, obovate ; peduncles

shorter than the leaves, about seven flowered.

Syn. Pisuivt maritimxjm. Pursh.

Lathyrus pisiformis. Hooker.

This plant, which has very much the habit and aspect of a
pea, is only found on the borders of the beach and salt marsh,
whence it has been usually taken for the Pisum maritimum of
Europe, with which it may be identical. It is, however, decid-
edly a Lathyrus. The whole plant has a glaucous aspect.

CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 287

Stems rigid, compressed, four angled. Stipules arrow shaped,
meeting each other round the stem, a little toothed at base.
Petioles with a double channel above, and ending in a branched
tendril. Leafets about ten, nearly oval, mucronated, reticulated
with transparent veins. Flowers large and showy. Racemes
six to eight flowered with a long, angular peduncle. Calyx
ventricose, the two upper segments broadest and shortest. Ban-
ner reflexed, obcordate, purple. Wings paler, with a large tooth
above. Keel also pale and toothed above. Stamens united into
a tube. Germ oblong-lanceolate, compressed. Style ascending,
flat, never carinated, pubescent above for about half its upper
side. Legumes oblong, subfalcated, turgid. Seeds globular,
as large as pepper, turning dark when dry. — Beach, Dorchester,
Chelsea. — May, July. — Perennial.

Lathyrus palustris. L. Marsh Lathy r us.

Stem winged; stipules semisagittate, lanceolate;
leafets six, lanceolate; peduncles about three flow-
ered.

Stem slender, broadly winged, supported by the tall meadow
grass among which it grows. Leaves pinnate, the leafets ob-
long-lanceolate, acute or slightly obtuse and mucronated, the
common petiole ending in a branched tendril. Peduncles much
longer than the leaves, with a few drooping, purple flowers.
Wings of the corolla with a tooth at base. Wet meadows,
South Boston, Brighton. — June. — Perennial.

313. VICIA.
ViciA CRACCA. L. Tufted Vetch.

Peduncles many flowered; flowers imbricate, leaf-
ets lanceolate, pubescent; stipules semisagittate,
mostly entire.

Stem square, slender, somewhat downy. Leaves of many
pairs, the leafets often alternate, linear lanceolate, mucronate,
downy or villous, the petiole terminating in a branched tendril.
Peduncles about twenty flowered ; the flowers purple ; forming
long, crowded, recurved, unilateral racemes. In fences, &c.
Cambridge, Maiden. — July. — Perennial.

28S CLASS XVII. ORDER IV.

ViciA sATivA. L. ' Common Vetch.

Flowers two, subsessile ; stipules toothed, marked
with a spot ; leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronated;
legumes erect, roundish, glabrous.

Stem slender, quadrangular. Petioles bearing five or six pairs
of lanceolate, truncated, mucronate leafets. Stipules semisagit-
tate, toothed, with a remarkable scar on the outside. Flowers
two or three, axillary, purple. Calyx prismatic with five long
teeth. Banner straight, keel very short. Legume rough, com-
pressed. About cultivated grounds, probably introduced. — June
— Annual.
ViciA pusiLLA. Willd. Slender Vetch.

Peduncles solitary, capillary, one flowered. Stipules
semisagittate, entire; leafets about six, linear lanceo-
late, obtuse ; legumes small, oblong, toothed.

A small and very slender species. Stem square, supported by
the tendrils at the ends of the petioles. Leafets small, linear,
very obtuse. Flowers very small, whitish, solitary, on slender,
axillary peduncles. Legumes oblong, with four or five roundish
seeds. — About fences. South Boston. — July. — Annual.

314. TRIFOLIUM.
Trifolium arvense. L. Field Trefoil.

Heads very hairy, C3dindrical : teeth of the calyx
bristle shaped, longer than the corolla ; leafets nar-
rov/-obovate. Sm.

This annual species of trefoil is exceedingly common in roads
and dry fields, flourishing in the most barren and gravelly soils^
Stem erect, round, hairy, branching. Leaves on short footstalks,
consisting of three narrow, inversely ovate, hairy leafets. The
floAvers grow in long, cylindrical heads, or spikes; the calyx
teeth ending in feathery hairs, which project beyond the corolla,
give the heads a downy and grayish appearance. Pod very small,
one seeded. — July. — August.

CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 289

Trifolium repens. L. White Clover, or Honeysuckle,
Heads like umbels ; legumes four seeded ; stems
creeping. L.

Common in pastures, flowering from May to September. Root
perennial. Stems spreading, leafy, smooth. Leaves on long
petioles ; leafets roundish, acute at their base, finely serrate,
commonly marked with a white, semicircular spot. Flowers
white, in a dense umbel, resembling a head ; corollas persistent,
enclosing the pod, which contains three or four seeds. — White
clover increases rapidly, and resists drought. Cattle are very
fond of it, and it forms one of the best materials for feed in
pastures.

Trifolium procumbens. L. Yellow Clover.

Spikes oval, imbricate; banner furrowed, reflexed,
persistent ; stem procumbent, leafets obovate.

Stem spreading. Leafets smooth, obovate, denticulate. Heads
of flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculated, roundish or oval.
Calyx hairy; corolla yellow, turning dull with age. Dry fields,
Waltham. — July. — Annual.

Trifolium pratense. L. Red Clover. Honey sucMe.

Spikes dense; stems ascending; corollas unequal ;
four of the calyx teeth equal ; stipules awned. Sm.

Stem oblique, somewhat branching, hairy toward the top.
Leafets ovate, with usually a white spot on the upper side, some-
what hairy underneath. Stipules broad, membranous, ribbed,
ending in a point or awn. Flowers red, in large ovate spikes
resembling heads, somewhat sweet scented. Calyx of five seg-
ments, the lowest longest. Banner of the corolla longer than
the wings and keel. The excellence of red clover for hay is
well known. It is extensively cultivated here, alone, or in com-
bination with herds grass, (Phleum pratense.) In its wild state
it grows every where, and flowers from May to September. — Pe-
rennial.

Trifolium medium. L. Zigzag Clover.

Spike lax ; stem flexuous, branched ; corolla mono-
25

290 CLASS XVII. ORDER IV.

petaloiis, nearly equal ; two upper calyx teeth short-
est ; stipules linear.

This is an inferior kind of clover, distinguished by its zigzag
stem, long narrow stipules, loose spikes and fringed oval leafets,
somewhat glaucous beneath. — On dry hills. Naturalized. — Dan-
vers. — Mr. Oakes.

§ Subgenus Melilotus. Legumes longer than the calyx ; flow-
ers racemed.

Trifolium officinale. X. Melilot.

Legumes in racemes, naked, two seeded, wrinkled,
acute, stem erect. L.
Syn. Melilotus officinalis. Pursh.

Stem upright, furrowed, two feet high. Leafets oblong or
lance-obovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes axillary and terminal,
on footstalks, many flowered. Flowers nodding, mostly to one
side, yellow. Calyx and pedicels hairy. Pods pendulous, oval,
tapering at both ends, hairy. This trefoil in drying exhales an
agreeable scent, similar to the sweet scented vernal grass.
Horses are said to be very fond of it. — June, July. — It grows in
great plenty on the borders of the marsh at South Boston, where
it was probably introduced from Europe. Flowers sometimes
while.

315. LESPEDEZA.

Lespedeza capitata. Mx. Shruhhy Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky beneath ;
stipules subulate ; racemes axillary, ovate, shorter
than the leaves ; legumes hairy, shorter than the
calyx. Willd.
Syn. Hedysarum frutescens. Willd.

A slender, whitish, woody plant, found in dry woods at Brigh-
ton and elsewhere. Stems erect, covered with soft hair, very
leafy. Leaves on very short petioles ; leafets oblong, blunt,
miucronated, their upper surface smooth, under surface covered
with silken down, especially the edges and midrib. Racemes

CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 291

ovate, hardly so long as the leaves, but projecting beyond them,
on axillary footstalks. Calyx leaves long, lanceolate, pointed,
hairy enclosing the pods. — September.

Lespedeza polystachya. 3Ix. Hairy Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, round-elliptic; stipules subulate;
racemes axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves ; le-
gumes hairy. Willd.

Syn. Hedysarum hirtum. Willd.

More frequent in woods than the last ; resembling it in color
and habit. Stems simple, shrub like, whitish, hairy, two or
three feet high. Leaves on very short, scattered stalks; leafets
oval, obtuse, whitish and hairy underneath. Racemes ovate,
exceeding the leaves, on hairy stalks which considerably exceed
their own length. Calyx shorter than in the last species, about
equal to the corolla, or to the pods, which are ovate, hairy, and
pointed. — September.

Lespedeza sessiliflora. Mx. Reticulated Lespedeza*
Leaves ternate, linear, hairy underneath ; racemes
axillary ; legumes ovate, reticulated, longer than the
calyx. Willd.
Syn. Hedysarum reticulatum. Willd.

Stem erect, slightly pubescent. Petioles slender, somewhat
hairy. Leafets small, oblong, obtuse at both ends, mucronated,
pubescent underneath. Flowers small, violet colored, in axillary
bunches. Pods ovate or obovate, acute, reticulated with promi-
nent lines. — Woods. — August.

Lespedeza violacea. JPers. Violet Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, elliptical, obtuse ; racemes umbel-
led, as long as the petiole ; flowers in pairs ; legumes
rhomboidal, reticulated, glabrous. Willd.
Syn. Hedysarum violaceum. Willd.

Stem erect. Leafets small, oval, mucronated, nearly smooth.
Flowers numerous, violet colored, growing mostly in pairs, form-
ing racemes which are somewhat urabelled. Pods one seeded,
flat, smooth, rhomboide^l. — Woods. — Brighton. — August.

292 CLASS XVII. ORDER IV.

Lespedeza divergens. Pers. Spreading Lespedeza.

Leaves ternate, oblong, obtuse ; racemes longer
than the petiole ; flowers in pairs; legumes ovate, re-
ticulated, glabrous. Willd.
Syn. Hedysarum DivERCEisfs. Muhl.

Stem erect, nearly smooth. Leafets narrow, oblong, obtuse at
both ends. Flowers violet colored, in axillary racemes, the up-
permost of which are somewhat longer than the petioles of the
leaves, the lower ones short, and few flowered. The plant has
many axillary branches with small leaves and flowers. Pods
oval, acute, flat, one seeded. — "Woods. — August.

Lespedeza prostrata. Muhl. Trailing Lespedeza.

Prostrate ; leaves ternate, leafets roundish-ellipti-
cal ; racemes axillary ; legumes ovate, acute.
Syn. Lespedeza procumbens. Pursh.

Stem prostrate, covered with whitish hair. Petioles, vein«
and edges of the leaves hairy. Leafets varying from oblong to
orbicular. Racemes axillary, capitate, the lower ones nearly
sessile, the upper ones on long capillary stalks. — Woods. — E,ox-
bury. — August.

Characters drawn from the length of the peduncles are obvi-
ously fallacious.

316. HEDYSAUUM.

Hedysarum rotundifolium. Mich, Round leaved Hedy^-

sarum.

Stem prostrate, hairy ; petioles hairy ; stipules
round-heart shaped, reflexed ; leaves ternate, orbicu-
lar, hairy on both sides; racemes few flowered; joints
of the loment subrhomboidal. Mich.
Syn. Desmodium rotundifolium. De Cand.

Stem trailing, moderately hairy. Leaves on hairy stalks,
leafets round, pale underneath, ciliate at the lower edge, with a
few fine hairs on both surfaces, from one to two inches in diam-
eter. Stipules of the leafets small, lanceolate; of the leaves
ovate, acuminate, bent backward ; both hairy. Racemes axillary

CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 293

and terminal, few flowered. Peduncles longer than the petioles,
nearly smooth. Flowers purple. Corolla twice as long as the
calyx. Loments with five or six subrhoraboidal joints, hispid
and cohesive. — Woods. — Waltham. — August.

Hedysarum humifusum. 3IuhI. Running Hedysarum.
Stem prostrate, subglabrous; leaves ternate, leafets
ovate, sliglitly hairy, racemes elongated ; joints of the
loment subrhomboidal.
Syn. Desmodium humifusum. De Cand.

A co-species with the last, but altogether a smoother plant,
with its leafets oval or ovate and subacute. Racemes panicled,
elongated, many flowered. Loments much as in the last. —
Woods, Waltham. — August.

Hedysarum nudiflorum. L. Naked Jioivering Hedysa-
rum.

Leaves ternate, ronndish-ovate, acuminate ; scape
panicled, smooth, radical; joints of the loment romid-
ish-triangnlar, somewhat smooth. Willd.
Syn. Desmodium nudiflorum. De Cand.

This is a remarkable species. The flower stalk stands by
itself, and seems to constitute a distinct, leafless plant. On
pulling it out of the ground, the root is found to be connected
with a leafy stem, which is frequently at some distance from the
scape. Leaves at the top of the stem on long stalks, nearly
smooth, whitish underneath, ovate, with a short point. Scape
smooth, slender, longer than the stem. Flowers purple, in a
panicle or raceme, on capillary stalks. — Woods. — August.

Hedysarum acuminatum. Blich. Pointed Hedysarum,
Erect, simple, leafy at top ; leaves ternate, oval,
long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal ; pani-
cle terminal, on a very long peduncle. Mich.
Syn. Desmodium acuminatubi. De Cand.

A larger plant than the last, which it resembles in habit.
Leaves on long stalks from the top of the stem, green above,

25^

294 CLASS XVII. ORDER IV.

paler underneath; the side leafets ovate, the terminal one larger,
broad, roundish, three inches in diameter; all ending in a long
point. Panicle very long, proceeding from the top of the stem
above the leaves. Peduncles nearly glabrous, with slender, re-
mote branches. Flowers purple. Loments of two or three
slightly connected joints. These are large, triangular, rounded
in front, and hollowed out at top, their two posterior angles
very acute, the anterior obtuse. — On the Concord turnpike, near
Fresh pond. — July, August.

Hedysarum Canadense. L. Canadian Hedysarum.

Leaves ternate, oblong-lanceolate; stipules filiform ;
flowers racemed ; joints of the loment obtusely trian-
gular, hispid. Willd.
Syn. Desmodium Canadense. De Cand.

A tall, handsome species, flowering in July. Stem erect,
striate, hairy. Leaves ternate. Leafets long and narrow, broad-
est at base, gradually tapering to the point, which is not very
acute. E-acemes from the top of the stem and axils of the upper
leaves. Pods hairy, consisting of four or five joints, which are
imperfectly triangular, their sides curved, and their angles ob-
tuse.— Woods. — Perennial.

Hedysarum paniculatum. L. Panicled Hedysarum.

Erect, glabrous ; leaves ternate, oblong lanceolate ;
stipules subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of the lo-
ment rhomboidal.
Syn. DESMaDiuM paniculatum. De Cand.

Stem erect, striate, smooth. Leaves smooth; leafets linear-
oblong, tapering to a point, about three inches long. Joints of
the loment about five, imperfectly rhomboidal. — Dry woods. —
Sudbury. — July.

Hedysarum cuspidatum? Willd. Large Hedysarum^

Erect, stuooth ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, acumi-
nate; joints of the loment rhomboid-triangular.

Syn. Desmodium cuspidatum. Torrey?
Stem four or five feet high, roundish, smooth. Leaves ter-

GLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 295^

nate ; leafets large, smooth, ovate, acuminate. Stipules of the
leaves ovate, with a very long point ; those of the leafets subu-
late. Flowers large, purple, in racemes terminating the stem
and branches. Loments larger than in any of the other species,
long, pendulous, composed of about half a dozen diamond-shaped
joints. Both the loments and peduncles are rendered adhesive
by a covering of minute hooks. — Woods, Oak island, Chelsea. —
July. — Perennial.

317. GLYCINE.
§ Subgenus Apios. Germs with, a cylindrical sheath at base.
Glycine monoica, L. Pea Vine^

Leaves ternate, naked ; stems hairy ; fertile flowers
without petals. L.
Syn. Amphicarpa monoica. Nut(..

A very delicate wood vine, twining upon the bushes, and flow-
ering in July and August.. Stems slender, covered with minute
hairs pointing backward. Leaves in threes, ovate, acute, smooth,
and very thin. Flowers in small, axillary, pendulous racemes,.
with the calyx and corolla nearly white. Legumes short, flat-
tish, pointed. — Annual.

Glycine apios. L. Tuberous Glycine. Ground Nut.
Leaves pinnate, wfth seven ovate-lanceolate leaf-
ets ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; stem herba-
ceous, twining. Willd.

Syn. Apios tuberosa^ Pursh.

Not unfrequent in moist woods and thickets. Root tuberous,
consisting of fleshy oval knobs, tapering at the ends, arranged at
certain distances, like beads, on a principal running root. Stems
round, twining. Leaves pinnate, consisting of five or seven
ovate, acuminate, smooth leafets. Flowers in axillary racemes,,
blackish purple, crowded, and not inelegant in their appearance.
— July, August. — Perennial.

318. ROBINIA.
RoBiNiA PSEUDACACiA. L. Locust Tree.

Leaves pinnate with one odd leafet ; stipules prick-

296 CLASS XVII. ORDER IV.

ly ; racemes pendulous ; calyx teeth unarmed ; le-
gumes smooth.

Leaves pinnate, smooth. Leafets numerous on short petioles,
oblong ova], minutely mucronated, smooth both sides. Stipules
of the leafets minute, linear, passing in front of the petioles.
Flowers in long, pendulous racemes. Calyx ventricose, greea
and purple, four toothed or cleft, the upper segment notched.
Corolla white. Sides of \he banner reflexed. Keel of two dis-
tinct, cohering petals. Legume broad and flat, with a few kid-
ney shaped seeds. I have observed that in this species, together
with R. viscosa and R. hispida, the keel of the flower consists of
two distinct petals, inserted by separate claws, slightly cohering
at tip and sometimes on a part of their under side ; as takes
place in Ulex, Spartium, &c.

The Locust tree, exceedingly valued for the hardness and du-
rability of its timber, is not, I believe, found native in the New-
England states, though abundantly naturalized near habitations
and roads. — June.

319. TEPHROSIA.
Tephrosia ViRGiNiCA. Tcphrosia.

Erect, villous; leafets numerous, oblong, acumi-
nate ; raceme terminal, short; calyx woolly ; legumes
retrofalcate, villous.
8yn. Galega Virginica. L.

The root of this plant is very long, slender and tough, whence
it has acquired the name of catgut.^ The whole plant is covered
with a pale green down. Stem a foot high, round. Leaves al-
ternate, pinnate, with from eight to twelve pair of oblong, mu-
cronate leafets and an odd one. Flowers very beautiful, in a
short terminal raceme. Calyx hairy, red, with very acute seg-
ments. Banner of the corolla whitish yellow, downy; wings
red, keel whitish and red. Stamens in two sets. Stigma bearded
inside. Pods linear, crooked backward. A very handsome plant,
growing in bunches in the driest sandy woods. — June, July. —
Perennial.

CLASS XVIII. ORDER lY. 297

320. MEDICAGO.
Medicago lupulina. L. Nonesuch.

Spikes ovate; pods kidney shaped, veiny, rugged,
single seeded, stems procumbent. Sm.

Occurs frequently by road sides, in pastures, &c. Stems
spreading, angular, leafy. Leaves resembling clover, but small-
er. Leafets obovate, finely toothed. Spikes or heads ovate, of
yellow flowers. The pods are black and rugged, with an evi-
dent spiral or cockle like structure, which characterizes the genus.
"When cultivated it is said to form a valuable grass, especially
for sheep. In its wild state, however, its size is rather insignifi-
cant.— Flowers all summer. — Biennial.

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Stamens tiniied
in more than tiuo sets.

Order lY. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens.

321. Hypericum. Calyx five parted, inferior ; pe-
tals five ; styles one, three, or five ; capsules many
seeded.

POLYADELPHIA.
POLYANDRIA.

321. HYPERICUM.
Hypericum ascyroides. Willd. Giant Hypericum.

Flowers with five styles, terminal ; stem erect, four
sided, branching; leaves sessile, oblong, acute, gla-
brous ; styles as long as the stamens.
Syn. Hypericum macrocarpum. Mr.

A large flowering species. Stem two or three feet high.

298 CLASS XVIII. ORDER IV.

Leaves oblong ovate, doited with minute, pellucid points, only
visible with a strong magnifier. Segments of the calyx ovate;
petals yellow, nearly an inch long. Stamens very numerous.
Capsules nearly as large as nutmegs, ovate, five valved. Seeds
oblong, very numerous. — At Barlington, Vermont. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

Hypericum perforatum. L. Common St. John's Wort.

Flowers with three styles ; stem two edged ; leaves

obtuse, with pellucid dots ; calyx leaves lanceolate.

A hardy and very common weed in pastures and dry soils.
Stems numerous, erect, round, with a slight, prominent line on
each side, brachiate. Leaves opposite, oblong-oval, entire, paler
beneath, covered with small, transparent dots, which when held
against the light appear like perforations. Flowers numerous,
terminal, bright yellow. Petals oval; stamens numerous;
styles three. — July, August. — Perennial.

Hypericum corymbosum. TVilld. Shotted St. John's Wort,
Flowers with three styles, dotted ; stem erect,
branching; leaves clasping, oblong oval, obtuse, dot-
ted with black ; corymbs terminal, brachiate, crowd-
ed; calyx segments lanceolate.
Syn. Hypericum maculatum. Mx.

Somewhat smaller than the preceding, but with larger leaves.
Flowers smaller, pale yellow. — Damp woods, Chelsea beach
island. — July. — Perennial.

Hypericum Canadense. L. Canada St. John'' s Wort.

Flowers with three styles, axillary, pedunculated,
solitary ; leaves sessile, linear, narrowed at base ;
stem herbaceous, square, dichotomous above. Willd.

A small species, generally frequenting a soil which is some-
what moist. Stem round, with four prominent lines, formed by
the decurrent base of the leaves. Lower branches opposite,
upper ones in forks. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with transparent

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 299

dots. Flowers axillary and terminal, small, yellow, on short
pedicels. Capsules of a brownish color, twice as long as the
calyx. — July, August. — Annual.

Hypericum parviflorum. L. Small flowered St. John's

Wort.
Flowers with three styles; stem four sided, erect,
branching, glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse,
subcordate, sessile ; panicles dichotomously corym-
bose ; petals shorter than the calyx.

Grows in the same situations with the last, and is somewhat
shorter with larger leaves. Flowers small, yellow. — Cambridge-
port. — July, August. — Annual ?

§ Subgenus E lode a. Petals with nectariferous claws. Glands
between the divided stamens.

Hypericusi Virginicum. L. Virginian St. JoJm's Wort.
Flowers with three styles, enneandrous, terminal :
leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat heart shaped, clasp-
ing; stem herbaceous, compressed. Willd.

This plant has much larger leaves than the preceding spe-
cies. They are opposite, oblong, smooth, entire, heart shaped
at base, closely sessile or clasping, very obtuse, paler on the
under side. Flowers in terminal bunches, their color partak-
ing of a mixture of yellow and purple. Stamens nine united in
three parcels.— In low ground. — August.— Perennial.

Class XIX. SYNGENESTA. Anthers united

into a cylinder ; flowers compound.

Order I. JE QUA LIS. All the florets with
stamens and pistils, and all fertile.

A. Semifloscular, all the florets ligulate.

322. CicHORiUM. Receptacle chaffy; calyx in-
vested with scales ; seeds surrounded with numerous
short teeth.

300 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

323. Apargia. Receptacle naked ; calyx imbri-
cale ; down feathery, sessile.

324. Leontodon. Receptacle naked; calyx imbri-
cate, with flaccid scales ; down simple, pedicelled.

325. Prenanthes. Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple; calyx in\^ested with scales; florets few, in one
row.

326. Lactuca. Receptacle naked; down simple,
pedicelled ; calyx imbricate, cylindrical, scarions at
the margin.

327. HiERAciuM. Receptacle naked, dotted ; down
simple, sessile ; calyx imbricate, ovate.

328. Krigia. Receptacle naked ; down of five
membranous leaves, alternating with five bristles ;
calyx simple, many leaved.

329. SoNCHUs. Receptacle naked; down simple,
sessile ; calyx imbricate, swelling at the base.

B. Flowers in heads.

330. Arctium. Receptacle chafl'y ; down bristly
and chafl'y; corolla floscular ; calyx globular with
hooks on the top of the scales.

331. Cnicus. Receptacle villous; down feathery;
corolla floscular; calyx swelling, with spinous scales.

332. Onopordon. Receptacle cellular ; down ca-
pillary; corolla floscular ; calyxswelling with spinous
scales.

333. LiATRis. Receptacle naked; down feathery,
colored; calyx oblong, imbricated.

334. Vernonia. Receptacle naked; down double,
the outer chafl'y, inner capillary; corolla floscular;
calyx ovate, imbricate.

C. Florets tubular.

335. BiDENs. Receptacle chafl'y, flat; seeds angu-

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 301

lar ; down consisting of awns prickly backward ;
calyx nearly equal, invested with leaves.

336. MiKANiA. Receptacle naked; down simple;
calyx four or six leaved, and four or six flowered.

337. EuPATORiuM. Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple or rough ; calyx imbricate, oblong ; style longer
than the corolla, cloven half wav down.

Order II. SUPERFLUA. Florets of the
disc with stamens and pistils, those of the ray with pistils
only ; all fertile.

338. Artemisia. Receptacle mostly naked ; down
none; ray none ; calyx imbricated with roundish con-
nivent scales.

339. Tanacetum. Receptacle naked ; down some-
what marginate ; florets of the ray obsolete, three
cleft ; calyx imbricate, hemispherical, with acuminate
scales.

340. CoNYZA. Receptacle naked ; down simple or
rough ; calyx imbricate, roundish ; florets of the mar-
gin three cleft.

341. Gnaphalium. Receptacle naked ; down feath-
ery or rough; calyx Avith scarious, colored scales;
florets of the margin subulate.

D. Flowers radiate.

342. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle naked ; down
none; calyx hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales
dilated, and membranous at the margin.

343. Inula. Receptacle naked ; down simple ; ca-
lyx imbricate; rays numerous; anthers with two
bristles at base.

344. Erigeron, Receptacle naked; down simple;

26

302 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

florets of the margia very numerous and narrow,
linear.

345. TussiLAGo. Receptacle naked, down simple;
fertile flowers ligalate, or toothless ; calyx simple, its
scales equal, somewhat membranous, equalling the
disc.

346, SoLiDAGo. Receptacle naked, pitted ; down
simple ; florets of the margin from five to ten, remote ;
calyx imbricate, closed.

- 347. Senecio. Receptacle naked ; down simple ;
calyx invested with scales, many leaved, equal ; the
scales dead at their tips.

348. Aster. Receptacle naked; down simple;
calyx imbricate, with the lower scales spreading;
florets of the margin commonly more than ten.

349. Helenium. Receptacle naked ; rays chaff'y ;
down five awned ; florets of the ray three cleft ;
calyx simple, many parted.

350. Anthemis. Receptacle chafly ; seeds crowned
with a slight border ; calyx hemispherical ; florets of
the ray more than five, oblong.

351. Achillea. Receptacle chafl'y; down none;
calyx ovate, imbricate, unequal; florets of the ray
from five to ten, inversely heart shaped or roundish.

Order III. FRUSTRANEA. Florets of
the centre with stamens and pistils ^fertile ; those of the ray
ivith pistils only, barren.

352. Helianthus. Receptacle chaff'y ; seeds crown-
ed with two lanceolate, chafl^y scales; calyx imbri-
cate, somewhat squarrous.

353. Coreopsis. Receptacle chaff'y ; seeds com-
pressed, emarginate, with two unarmed arms; calyx
double, each many leaved.

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 303

354. RuDBECKiA. Receptacle conical, paleaceous;
down with a four toothed margin ; calyx with a dou-
ble row of scales.

355. Centaurea. Receptacle bristle; down hairy ;
rays funnel-shaped, irregular ; calyx various.

Order IV. NECESSARIA. Florets of the
centre with stamens and pistils, barren ; those of the ray
with pistils only^ fertile.

356. IvA. Receptacle hairy ; seeds naked, obtuse :
down none; calyx three leaved; florets of the ray
five.

SYNGENESIA.
MQVALIS.

322. CICHORIUM.

CiCHORIUM INTYBUS X. SuCCOTy .

Flowers in pairs, sessile ; leaves runcinate.

The large, blue flowers of this elegant plant are extremely
common in pastures and road sides every where in the vicinity
of Boston. Stem two or three feet high, strong, angular bristly.
Leaves roughish, the radical ones runcinate, those of the stem
heart shaped, acuminate, and sessile. Flowers mostly in pairs,
sessile upon the sides of the stem. Calyx leaves erect, rough
on the back, reflexed as they grow old. Florets of the corolla
ligulate, ending in about five minute teeth. — From July to Sep-
tember.— Perennial.

323. APARGIA.
Apargia autumnalis. JVilld, Autumnal Hawhoeed.

Scape branching, peduncles scaly; leaves lanceo-
late, tooth-pinnatifid, smoothish. L.

304 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

Syn. Leontodon autumnale. L.

HeDYPNOIS AUTUMNALIS. Sm.

This plant, probably an emigrant from Europe, has overrun
the vicinity of this place, and grows in almost every kind of
soil. It begins flowering in June and July, and is nearly the
last plant that yields to the frosts of November. Root abrupt.
Leaves all radical, spreading, lanceolate, more or less toothed
and pinnatifid, according to the soil in which they grow, usually
curving to one side. Scape spreading, bending upwards, fur-
rowed, branching into a few peduncles, which are furnished
with scattered, remote scales, and are hollow, like many others
of the class, with a minute tuft, like cotton or cobweb, at the
base of their cavity within. Flowers yellow, resembling those
of the dandelion. The scales on the stalks and calyx are less
numerous than in the European variety.

324. LEONTODON.

Leontodon taraxacum. L. Dandelion.

Outer scales of the calyx refiexed ; leaves runcinate,
toothed, smooth.

The leaves of this very common plant are usually cited as ex-
amples of the runcinate form . The supposed resemblance to a
lion's teeth will appear sufficiently obvious, to those who are
fond of tracing etymologies, in any of its names leontodon, dens
leonisy dent de lion, dandelion. The stalks or scapes are simple,
hollow, smooth, and round. Flowers single, of a bright yellow.
Calyx leaves entire, the outermost bent backwards. Florets
ligulate, numerous. Down of the seeds on a pedicel. — Peren-
niaL

325. PRENANTHES.
Prenanthes ALBA. L, White fiomeriug PvenantTies.

Calyxes many flowered ; leaves angular-hastate,
toothed; flowers nodding; racemes panicled. Willd.
Syn. Nabalus albus. Hooker.

A tall, smooth, lactescent plant, flowering in August and Sep-
tember. The large, radical leaves are conspicuous much earlier

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 305

in the season. They are more or less triangular or halberd
shaped, and lobed or toothed. The leaves of the stem are more
regularly ovate and toothed, the upper ones lanceolate. The
stem is commonly of a dark reddish color, three or four feet
high. Flowers panicled, drooping ; calyx white, containing ten
or a dozen florets, surrounded with a dull reddish down.—
Woods, low land, &;c. — Perennial. — The root is intensely bitter.

Variety ^. nana. From four to fifteen inches high. Leaves
successively thi:ee parted, hastate, ovate and lanceolate; in the
smallest plants all simple. Racemes panicled or simple. Calyx
ten or twelve flowered. — On the upper region of the White
mountains. — August. — Mr. Little.

No genus is more prone to vary than this. It is highly pro-
bable that many of the species described by Pursh are only vari-
eties.

326. LACTUCA.
Lactuca elongata. MuJil. Tall Lettuce.

Leaves smooth, the lower ones runcinate, clasping;
the upper ones lanceolate, sessile; flowers panicled.

This plant, I am informed, sometimes appears in great abun-
dance on grounds which are newly burnt over, and on this ac-
count it has received the name of Fire weed in some parts of the
interior. The whole plant is lactescent. Stem erect, four or
five feet high. Lower leaves long, spreading, runcinate, clasp-
ing the stem. Upper leaves sessile. The stem terminates in a
large, spreading panicle of yellow flowers, which remain ex-
panded but a short time. — July, August.

Variety ^. lineaiis. When the top of the plant is destroyed
by accident, young branches shoot up with entire linear leaves,
appearing like a different species.

* Lactuca IiVtegrifolia. Arrow leaved Lettuce.

L. foUis sagitlatis^ inlegTis, inermibus^ anrplexicau-
Ubus ; jloribus jjanicidatls.

Leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed, clasping : flowers
panicled.

26=^

306 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

Stem three or four feet high, round, smooth, striated. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, sagittate at base, entire, the lower ones a
little eroded, pale underneath, the middle rib smooth. Panicle
more compact than in L. elongata. Calyx cylindric-urceolate,
the scales tipt Avith brown. Corolla yellow.

The uniformly entire leaves of this plant seem to distin-
guish it from L. elongata, from which it may nevertheless be
possibly descended. — Road sides. — July. — Biennial.

* Lactuca sANGuiNEA. Wood Lettuce.

L.foliis aiwplexicaulihus^ riincinatis^ subtus glaucis,
carina Jilamentosa ; floribus pajiiculatis.

Leaves clasping, nmcinate; glaucous underneath,
with the midrib filamentous ; flowers panicled.

Stem erect, smooth, two or three feet high, mostly of a dark
reddish purple color. Leaves all clasping, runcinate, the lobes
somewhat toothed, glaucous underneath, smooth, with the mid-
rib filamentous or hairy. Flowers panicled with short, acumi-
nate bractes. Calyx dark purple, cylindrical, tapering upwards,
imbricated, the inner scales scarious upon the margin; ligules
of the corolla crimson ; down stipitate ; seeds oblong oval, black-
ish, with a middle rib and dilated margin. — In dry woods. — July,
August. — Biennial ?

Lactescent like the other species. The filaments on the back
of the leaf are sometimes wanting, but generally present.

327. HIERACIUM.
HiERAciuM VENOSUM. L. Veiny leaved Hawhweed.

Scape naked, branching ; calyx smooth ; leaves
obovate, somewhat acute, entire, ciliate, their veins
colored. Willd.

A singular and beautiful plant, found upon dry hills and pas-
tures. Leaves radical, spreading on the ground, narrow-obovate,
elegantly variegated with dark red veins and dots, downy under-
neath, somewhat ciliate, tapering into a short, hairy petiole.
Scape erect, slender, one or two feet high, of a dark brown color,
smooth, commonly naked, but sometimes furnished with a small

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 307

leaf or two. Flowers panicled, on very slender stalks, yellow. —
June, July. — Perennial.

HiERACiuM MARiANUi\r. Rougli Hmclcweed.

Stem erect, villous ; leaves elliptic-obovate, with
stiff bristles, villous on the midrib, the lower ones
slighly toothed ; peduncles and calyx downy.
Syn. HiERAciUM scabrum. Mx.

Stem two feet high, very rough. Flowers yellow, in a small
irregular panicle at top, the stalks and calyx hispid with glandu-
lar hairs. — Borders of woods. — August. — Perennial.

HiERAciuM Kalmii. L. Kahii' s Haickiveed.

Stem erect, many flowered ; leaves lanceolate, tooth-
ed ; peduncles downy. L.

Stem erect, tall, nearly smooth, downy at top. Leaves alter-
nate, subsessile, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, with acute, diverg-
ing teeth. Flower stalks axillary and terminal, round, covered
with down. Flowers erect, yellow. Calyx somewhat downy,
with linear-lanceolate scales. — Borders of fields. — August. — Pe-
rennial.

HiERAciuM PANicuLATUM. JVUM. Pttnicled Hawhweed.
Smoothish ; stem erect, leafy, panicled, whitish-
downy below ; pedicels capillary ; leaves lanceolate,
naked, toothed, membranous.

Found in damp, shady woods. Stem slender, a foot high.
Leaves thin, sessile, lanceolate, slightly toothed, paler beneath.
Panicle much branched, its branches elongated and very slender.
Flowers numerous, small, yellow. — Waltham. — August. — Pe-
rennial?

328. KRIGIA.

Krigia Virginica. Willd.

Scape one flowered ; leaves lanceolate, lyrate,
smooth.
Syn. Htoseris Virginica. L.

One of the smallest compound flowers. The first leaves are

308 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

generally elliptical or lanceolate. The rest are pinnatifid or ly-
rate, with scattered, irregular segments. Scapes erect, long and
slender, a little striated, smooth, with a few, fine, scattered hairs.
Flowers small, solitary. Calyx composed of a simple row of
smooth leafets. Corolla yellow. Seeds oblong, blackish, crowned
with a border of five short, roundish, membranous scales, sepa-
rated by bristles several times their length. — On sandy hills and
road sides, flowering in June and July. — Annual.

329. SONCHUS.
SoNCHus OLERACEUS. L. Commou Sow-Thistle.

Peduncles downy; calyx smooth; leaves rimci-
nate, toothed. Sm.

Appears late in the season, in every species of waste ground
and rubbish. Stem erect, three feet high, round, smooth, brittle,
hollow. Leaves smooth, toothed and lobed in a runcinate man-
ner, clasping the stem, their lobes bordered with- teeth or spines.
Peduncles axillary and terminal, covered with a white, fine,
deciduous down. Calyx smooth, swelling out at base. Corolla
yellow. Flowers about half the size of the dandelion. Down
fine and smooth. — September.— Annual.

* SoNCHus spiNui.osus. PvicMy Sea Sonchus.

S. FoUis amplexlcaulibiis^ oblong is, tmdulatis spinu-
losis ; Jloribus subunibellatis.

Leaves clasping, oblong, waved, prickly ; flowers
somewhat nmbelled.

Stem smooth, few angled, two feet high. Leaves smooth, ob-
long, heart shaped at base, the lobes curling backward and clasp-
ing the stem, the edges waved, acutely toothed, the teeth ending
in short spines. Flower somewhat umbelled, small, yellow.
Peduncles smooth, sometimes furnished with very few glandular
hairs. Calyx swelling at base, smooth, its scales acuminate and
appressed. — Salt marshes. — August. — Annual.

Sonchus acuminatus. JVilld. Blue Sonchus.

Peduncles somewhat scaly; flowers panicled ; lower

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 309

leaves runcinate, upper ones ovate, acuminate, pe-
tioled, toothed in the middle.

This plant differs from the species before described, in having
blue flowers. These are rather small and numerous. — Low
grounds, rare. — August. — Biennial.

330. ARCTIUM.

Arctium lappa. L. BurdocTc.

Leaves heart shaped, unarmed, petioled. L.

No plant is better known than this. Its very large, heart
shaped, wavy leaves cover the ground for some extent around it.
The stem, which rises three or four feet, is branching, round,
furrowed, and rough. Flowers numerous, terminal, purple.
This plant intrudes itself on every one's acquaintance by the
sharp, firm hooks at the end of the calyx scales, which attach
themselves to the clothes, and serve as a remarkable mechanism
for dispersing the seeds. — Common in waste and cultivated
ground. — July, August. — Perennial.

331. CNICUS.
Cnicus arvensis. Willd. Canada Thistle.

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; stem panicled ;
calyx ovate, its spines minute; down feathery. Sm.

Syn. Carduus arvensis. Sm.
Serratula arvensis. L.

This species is easily distinguished from the rest of our this-
tles by its small flowers, and its thornless calyx scales. It com-
monly forms beds by its perennial, creeping roots, and is exceed-
ingly difliicult to extirpate. The stems are two or three feet high,
smooth, many flowered. Leaves alternate, sessile, pinnatifid,
with numerous lobes, and very thorny. Flowers terminal, pur-
ple ; the scales of the calyx ending in a short, weak bristle, rather
than a spine. This plant seems to have come to us from the
westward, where it is exceedingly troublesome. The name of
Cursed thistle has been given it in England. — July.

310 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

* Cnicus glutinosus. Glutinous Thistle.

C. folUis pinnatijidis, laciniis divaricatis ; calyce
ovato^ sqitawAs muiicis, gltitinosis.

Leaves pinnatifid with divaricate segments ; calyx
ovate with unarmed ghitinous scales.

Stem from four to six feet high, branching, more or less downy.
Leaves sessile, somewhat clasping, more or less downy, pinnati-
fid; the segments subdivided, divaricating spinous. Flowers
small, deep purple, on slender stalks or branches. Calyx ovate;
the scales appressed, glutinous on the back, of a brownish color,
connected by a white web, so as to appear speckled, ending in a
short, softish point, which is longest in the uppermost. — In
damp, rich soils. — August, September. — Biennial.

It is one of the handsomest of the genus. — Nearly allied to
Cirsium muticum of Mich^x, but appears to diflfer in its leaves
and its ovate glutinous calyx.

Cnicus horridulus. Yellow Thistle.

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, thorny ; in-
volucre many leaved, one flowered.

Stem fleshy, hollow, covered with long, fine wool. Leaves
clasping, pinnatifid, woolly and hairy, their lobes rather short,
ending in short rigid spines. Flowers large, axillary and termi-
nal, invested at base by an involucre of linear leafets, which are
edged with short, firm thorns. Calyx oblong, its scales loosely
erect, mucronated, ending in spines and connected by a web.
Florets yellowish white. Anthers reddish. — Low fields, &c. —
Biennial.

Cnicus lanceolatus. Willd. Spear Thistle.

Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid ; the segments
divaricate ; calyx ovate, villous ; stem hairy. Srn.
Syn. Carduus lanceolatus. L.

"Very common by road sides and in waste ground, usually three
or four feet in height. Stem upright, furrowed, hairy, and winged
by the decurrent base of the leaves. Leaves white and woolly

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 31 J

underneath, pinnatifid, half the lobes divaricated, lipt with long
and very acute spines. Flowers terminal, purple, numerous,
above the middle size. Calyx ovate, contracted to a small neck,
its scales tipt with sharp, ascending spines, and connected with
a downy web. Receptacle hairy. Seed down feathery. — Flow-
ers from June to September. — Biennial.

Cnicus discolor. Willd. Tall Thistle.

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, hairy, downy under-
neath ; the segments two lobed, divaricate, spinous ;
calyx globular, pubescent, with ovate, appressed
scales, the spines spreading.

A very slender, erect thistle, five or six feet high. Leaves
whitish-downy underneath ; flowers small, purple. — About thick-
ets.— August. — Biennial.

Cnicus pumilus. Nutt. Pasture Thistle.

Stem hairy ; leaves green on both sides, clasping,
oblong-lanceolate and pinnatifid, the segments irregu-
larly lobed, ciliated and spinous ; calyx round-ovate,
naked ; scales spinous.

Very common in dry pastures and by road sides. Stem thick,
about a foot in height, with a few very large purple flowers. —
August. — Biennial.

332. ONOPORDON.

Onopordon Acanthium. L. Cotton Thistle.

Calyx scales spreading every way, awl shaped;

leaves ovate-oblong, sinuated, woolly on both sides.

Frequent in waste grounds, and readily distinguished from
the other thistles by its white appearance and the large size of
its leaves. Stem erect, tall, winged by the decurrent base of
the leaves. Leaves oblong, broad, sinuated, toothed and spi-
nous, covered on both sides with a loose, white, cottony sub-
stance. Flowers purple. Calyx globose, wider than it is long,
with lanceolate, spreading, cottony, spinous scales. Recepta-

312 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

cle cellular, like a honeycomb. Down rough, short. The Cot-
ton thistle was probably introduced from Europe. — It flowers in
July and August.

333. LIATRIS.
LiATRis scARiosA, WUlcl. CommoTi Liatris.

Stem simple, somewhat pubescent; leaves lanceo-
late, attenuated at both ends, smooth with a rough
margin ; flowers racemed, alternate, distant ; calyx
loose with spatulate scales, having a membranous,
colored margin.
Syn. Liatris squarrulosa. Mx.

SeRRATULA SCARIOSA. L.

A very beautiful plant, with a long, erect raceme of bright
blue flowers. — In Danvers and other parts of Essex county. —
August. — Perennial.

334. VERNONIA.

Vernonia Noveboracensis. JVilld. Vernonia.

Leaves lanceolate, rough, serrulate ; corymb fasti-

giate ; scales of the calyx filiform at top. Willd.

Syn. Vernonia pr^alta. HooTier.

Serratula Noveboracensis. L.

A tall plant, bearing a multitude of dark purple flowers,
which turn nearly black in decay. Stem about four feet high,
furrowed, purplish, branching at top. Leaves peduncled, lan-
ceolate, finely serrate, acuminate, paler underneath. Flowers
terminating the stem and branches, in a compound, flat topped
corymb. Scales of the calyx ending in a fine, slender awn. —
Found in moist situations. — September. — Perennial.

335. BIDENS.
BiDENS frondosa. L. CommoH Bun- Mary gold.

Flowers discoid ; outer calyx six times as long as
the flower, its leaves ciliate at base; lower leaves pin-
nate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. Willd.

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 313

A frequent and troublesome weed in corn fields, especially
■where the soil is moist. Stem smooth, three or four feet high.
Lower leaves five-pinnate, sometimes ternate, leafets lanceo-
late, serrate. Flowers terminal, erect, flosculous, surrounded
by a large, leafy inyolucrum or outer calyx. Florets small,
yellow. Seeds oblong, flat, tipt with two barbed awns, by
which they adhere to the clothes, and to the coats of animals. —
August, September. — Annual.

BiDENS TRIPARTITA. L. Trifid Buvr Mary gold.

Flowers discoid ; outer calyx longer than the flower;
seeds with three awns ; leaves trifid.

Stem two or three feet high, branching; leaves opposite,
mostly three parted with lanceolate, serrate segments ; the lower
leaves frequently pinnatifid, the upper ones in the American
plant generally simple. Calyx short in comparison with the pre-
ceding. Seeds resembling those of the last with commonly a
third short awn between the other two. — Swamps and ditches. —
August. — Annual.

BiDENs Crysanthemoides. Midi. Large flowered Bidens.
Flowers erect, radiate; outer calyx waved, much
shorter than the ra]^ ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, con-
nate.

The large, golden flowers of this plant are very conspicuous in
wet situations in autumn. Its tops are usually eaten off" when
accessible to cattle, who appear fond of it. Stem erect, round,
smooth. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate, slightly toothed, tapering
at both ends, slightly connate at base. Flowers erect. Leaves
of the outer calyx oblong, obtuse, waved up and down on the
margin ; those of the inner calyx shorter, oval, acute. Ray very
large, spreading, yellow. Seeds with commonly four awns, in
which circumstance our plant seems to difler from that of Mi-
chaux. — September, October. — Annual.

27

314 CLASS XIX. ORDER I.

336. MIKANIA.
MiKANiA SCANDENS. Willd. CUmMng Mihania.

Stem climbing, glabrous ; leaves heart shaped, re-
pand toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, une-
qual ; flowers corymbed. Willd.
Syn. EuPATORiuM scandens. Mich.

Stem twining, smooth. Leaves opposite, on long petioles,
glabrous, somewhat triangular or halberd shaped, their lower
half toothed, the upper tapering into a long, even, and very acute
point. Branches opposite, axillary, bearing small, terminal
corymbs. Flowers purplish white. Calyx with about four
leaves, and as many florets. — Wet places. — August, September.
— Perennial.

337. EUPATORIUM.
EuPATORiuM SESsiFOLiuM. L. SessiU Icaved Eupatorium.
Leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, ovate-lanceolate,
rounded at base, serrate, smooth ; stem smooth. Willd.

An erect plant with corymbed flowers, as are all the subse-
quent, species. Stem slender, smooth. Leaves opposite, closely
sessile, circular at base, tapering to a very long, acute point, fur-
nished with small teeth or serratures, and paler underneath. Pe-
duncles downy. Flowers white, in a terminal corymb. Calyx
containing about five florets. — Found in the woods atRoxbury. —
August. — Perennial.

EuPATORiuM Verben^folium. 3Iich. Vervain leaved

Eupatorium.

Leaves sessile, lance oval, acute, obtusely cut-
toothed, pubescent ; calyxes pubescent, awnless, five
flowered. Mich.

The name is taken from the resemblance of the leaves to the
upper ones of the officinal Vervain. Stem round, downy at top.
Leaves opposite, closely sessile, pointing upward, rounded at
base, acute, but not acuminate like the last, the sides cut into
very large, and rather blunt teeth. Corymb compound, termi-

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 315

nal, pub€scent. Flowers white. — Grows at Cambridgeport and
elsewhere in low ground. — August, September. — Perennial.

EuPATORiuM PUBESCENS. IV^ilM. Httiry Eupatorium.
Leaves sessile, distinct, rough, veiny, the lower
ones doubly serrate, the upper ones subserrate, stem
panicled, pubescent, the branches fasti giate. Willd.

Stem hairy, two feet high. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate,
toothed, hairy. Upper leaves nearly entire, w^lh a tooth or two
at base, alternate ? Branches of the corymb alternate ? Calyx
cylindrical, hairy ; florets about five. In a swamp at West Cam-
bridge.— July.

As it agrees pretty well with the character above quoted from
Willdenow, I have assigned it to his species pubescens. The
upper leaves in my specimens are all alternate. Should this
character be found constant, it may deserve the name of alterni'
folium.

* Eupatorium ovatum. Ovate Eupatorium.

E. hirsutum scabnim ; foliis opposiiis, sessilibus,
ovatis, obttise, dentatis ; corymbo fastigiato ; calycibus
sub-GctoJioris.

Hairy, rough ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, ob-
tusely toothed ; corymb fastigiate, calyxes about eight
flowered.

A stout, rough species, three or four feet high. Leaves per-
fectly ovate, the upper ones somewhat deltoid, all of them fur-
nished with simple, obtuse teeth, rough and veiny. Corymb
flat, topped with white flowers. Calyx imbricated with hairy,
acute segments. Florets about seven or eight. — In low grounds
at Sudbury, twenty miles from Boston. — July, August. — Peren-
nial.

Eupatorium perfoliaturi. L. Thorough Wort.

American Medical Botany, PI. ii.

Leaves perfoliate-connate, downy. L.

Syn. Eupatorium connatum. Mx^

316 CLASS XIX. ORDER 1.

The stems are erect, round, hairy, branched at top only. The
leaves, which are perforated by the stem, are rather perfoliate
than connate, since they have not the character of two leaves
joined together, but of one entire leaf, having its four principal
veins proceeding at right angles from the four quarters of the
stem, two of them being situated in the place of the supposed
junction. The upper leaves, however, are generally divided
into pairs. The main leaves are acuminate, decreasing gradu-
ally in breadth from the stem, where they are widest, to the ex-
tremities. They are serrated, wrinkled, pale underneathj and
hairy, especially on the veins. Flowers in corymbs with hairy
peduncles. Calyx cylindrical, imbricate, the scales lanceolate,
acute, hairy. Each calyx contains about twelve or fifteen
florets, which are tubular, with five spreading segments, and
surrounded with a rough down. The stamens in each consist
of five soft filaments, with blackish anthers united in a tube.
Style filiform, divided into two branches, which project above
the flower. Seeds oblong on a naked receptacle. — In low
lands and meadows, common. — August.— Perennial. — The
whole plant is bitter and used as a tonic.

EuPATORiuM PURPUREUM. L. Tvumpet Weed.

Leaves petioled, four or five in a whorl, ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, wrinkled and veiny, somewhat
rough ; stem fistulous. Willd.

A tall plant, growing about the borders of thickets in wet land.
Stem five or six feet in height, straight, round, purplish, hollow
throughout its whole length, its tube not being interrupted by
joints. Leaves in whorls of four, five, or six ; ovate, rugged
with veins, acute. Flowers purple, in a large, branching, termi-
nal corymb. Calyx containing about eight florets, with very
long styles. — August, September — Perennial.
EuPATORiuM vERTiciLi.ATUM. MuliL Wkorled Eupa-

torium.

Leaves petioled, in whorls of three or four, ovate-
lanceolate, wedge shaped at base, unequally serrate,
smoothish ; stem solid, smooth. Willd.

CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 317

Syn. ExjPATORiUM purpureum. Mich.

A very tall species, much resembling the last in habit. Stem
smooth, round. Leaves about four in a whorl, large and spread-
ing, serrate, the lower part entire and tapering to the petiole.
Flowers in a large, terminal corymb. Flowering branches also
proceed from the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx whitish.
Corollas purplish. — Wet thickets. — August, September. — Peren-
nial.

Between this and the foregoing there are several intermediate
species, or more probably varieties.

§ Subgenus . Calyx simple.

EuPATORiuM AGERATOiDES. WilM. Nettle Uttved Eupa-

torium.

Stem glabrous ; leaves on long petioles, subcordate-
ovate, acuminate, toothed, smoothish ; calyx about
twenty flowered.

Syn. EUPATORIUM urticifolixjm. Mx.

Stem round, smooth. Leaves opposite, the lower ones on
long petioles, sharply serrate, acuminate, somewhat hearted,
nearly smooth. Flowers numerous, small, white, in small pani-
cled corymbs or heads. Calyx mostly simple, with from twenty
to thirty florets. — About the base of the White mountains. Mr.
Little. — August.

EuPATORiuM AROMATicuM. WHld. Aromatic Eupatorium.
Stem roughish ; leaves petioled, ovate, acute ; ob-
tusely toothed, roughish; calyx about twenty flow-
ered.

A beautiful species with a small corymb of large, white, aro-
matic flowers. Compared with the preceding it has a rougher
stem, shorter petioles, leaves not sharply toothed nor acuminate,
flowers more than twice the size, but much fewer in number. —
Dry woods, Roxbury. — August. — Annual ?
27^

318 CLASS XIX. ORDER 11.

SUPERFL UA.

338. ARTEMISIA.

Artemisia Canadensis. Mx. Sea Wormwood.

Stem decumbent; leaves linear-pinnalifid; branches

bearing spikes; flowers hemispherical; calyx scarious.

Stem somewhat woody, smooth or pubescent. Leaves com-
pounded of linear segments, once or twice pinnatifid. Flowers
small, very numerous, in terminal panicles resembling spikes. —
On the sea beach, Plum Island. — August. — Perennial.

339. TANACETUM.

Tanacetum vulgare. L. , Tansy.

Leaves doubly pinnatifid. doubly serrate, naked.

Common tansy is naturalized on banks and road sides, where
its deep yellow flowers make a handsome appearance. It is a
leafy plant, two feet high with flattish terminal corymbs. Odor
strong, somewhat aromatic. — August. — Perennial.

340. CONYZA.

CONYZA CAMPHORATA. MuJlI. SpiCy Cojll/Za.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute,
serate, serratiires mucronate ; flowers in crowded co-
rymbs.
Syn. Erigeron Camphoratum. L.

CONTZA MaRILANDICA. MicJl.

An erect, rather succulent plant, of low stature. Stem thick,
fleshy, pubescent. Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate. Branches
axillary, leafy, bearing close corymbs of oblong, purple flowers.
The plant, when bruised, exhales a strong, spicy, but rather dis-
agreeable odor. — Salt marshes. — Cambridgeport. — August.

341. GNAPHALIUM.
Gnaphalium margaritaceum. Common Life Everlasting.
Herbaceous ; leaves linear lanceolate, acuminate,

CLASS XIX. ORDER 11. 319

alternate ; stem branched at top ; corymbs fasti-
giate. L.

No object in the fields is better known than the dry, pearly,
.and almost incorruptible heads of the Life Everlasting. The
whole plant has a white appearance derived from its downy
covering. Stem erect, round, from one to two feet high, woolly.
Leaves numerous, sessile, growing without order round the stem,
green above with a slight down, whitish, with very thick down,
or wool, underneath. Branches forming a flat topped corymb
of crowded flowers. Calyx hemispherical, its scales of a clear
white. Florets five cleft, yellow. The plant has a slight, pleas-
ant odor. — August. — Perennial.

Gnaphalium polycephalum. Fragrant Life Everlasting.
Herbaceous, erect ; leaves lanceolate, woolly be-
neath ; stem wolly, panicled ; corymbs terminal,
crowded.

A branching, downy, strong scented species. Root perpen-
dicular, tapering. Stem covered with whitish woolly down and
much branched. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, woolly underneath,
green and somewhat downy above. Flowers ovate, in thick
terminal clusters. Calyx scales imbricate, ovate and whitish.
Florets funnel form, yellow at top. The scent is much stronger
than in the last species. — Fields, salt marshes. — August, Sep-
tember.— Annual.

Gnaphalium decurrens. Ives. Decurrent Life Ever-
lasting.

Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, acute, decur-
rent, somewhat scabrous above, downy beneath ; stem
leafy, branched.

This species discovered by Dr. Ives at New Haven, is distin-
guished by the decurrent base of the leaves, which extend a short
way down the stem. It is one or two feet high and spreading. —
Brookline. Mr. Green. — August. — Perennial.

Gnaphalium plantagineum. L. Mouse Ear.

Shoots procumbent; stem simple; radical leaves

320 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

oval, obtuse, mucronated, three nerved ; flowers dioe-
cious.

This species flowers early, and is pretty common in pastures
and dry hills. The whole plant is at first covered with white,
cotton-lilve down. The root sends out a number of runners fur-
nished with oval leaves, exceeding the rest considerably in size,
rounded at the end, and tapering into a footstalk. Their upper
surface is at first downy, but becomes nearly glabrous, and of a
dark brown color. Stem leaves oblong, woolly, sessile. Stem
undivided, terminating in a simple corymb of white, woolly
flowers ; barren florets white with revolute segments, anthers
brownish. Fertile flowers on separate plants, cylindrical. —
April, May. — Perennial.

Gnaphalium uliginosum. L. Cudweed.

Stem herbaceous, branching, diffuse, woolly ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, downy ;
flowers terminal, crowded. Willd.

A small, branching, whitish plant. Stems spreading, subdi-
vided, covered with white, woolly down. Leaves alternate,
linear-lanceolate, less woolly than the stem. Flowers in dense,
terminal corymbs or heads. Scales of the calyx yellowish.
Road sides. — August. — Annual.

342. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. X. Wliite Weed.

Leaves clasping, oblong, blunt, cut, pinnatifid at
base ; the radical ones on footstalks, obovate. Sm.

This plant, which has come to us, no doubt from Europe, is
exceedingly frequent and troublesome in pastures and mowing
land. Stems about two feet high, round, furrowed. Lower
leaves petioled, inversely ovate, serrate, and cut ; upper ones
sessile, irregularly pinnatifid and toothed. Flowers terminal,
solitary, large, and flat. Calyx closely imbricated. Disc yel-
low ; ray white, consisting of many oval, oblong ligules, ending
in three teeth. — June, July. — Perennial.

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 321

343. INULA.
Inula Helenium. L. Elecampane.

Leaves clasping, ovate, wrinkled, downy under-
neath ; scales of the calyx ovate.

A tall, rank, yellow flowering plant. Stem three or four feet
high, straight, branching at top. Leaves very large, ovate,
serrate, veiny and downy beneath, those of the root petioled,
those of the stem clasping. Flowers somewhat like those of
Helianthus. Florets of the ray numerous, yellow, linear, three
toothed at the end. — Road sides, introduced from Europe. —
July, August. — Perennial.

Inula falcata. Ph. Sickle leaved Inula.

Woolly and hairy ; leaves sessile, linear, very acute,
falcated ; peduncles corymbed.
Syn. Chrysopsis falcata. Bech

A small erect species, covered with thick downy wool on the
stem, and fine hairiness upon the veins of the leaves, flower-
stalks and calyx. Leaves several inches long, very narrow,
curved laterally, many of them falcated at the end. Flowers
showy, yellow. Calyx leaves acute. — In Smithfield, R. I. — Mr.
Eddy. — August. — Perennial.

344. ERIGERON.
Erigeron BELLTDiFOLiuM. Willd. Robin's Plantain,
Hairy ; radical leaves obovate, subserrate, stem
leaves distant, lanceolate, entire ; stem about three
flowered ; ray elongated.
Syn. Erigeron pulchellxjm. Mx.

Stem erect, simple, hairy, furrowed. Root leaves spatulate,
or obovate, sessile, hairy, wiih a few teeth toward the end*
Stem leaves oblong, half clasping, hairy, entire, waved, the
upper ones acute. Flowers few in number, on short, simple,
hairy stalks. Bractes ovate, acuminate. Calyx cylindrical,
hardly imbricated, its scales acute, appressed. Ligules of the
ray numerous, linear, pale purple. Disc yellow, shorter than the

322 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

ray. Receptacle naked, dotted. — Dry fields, Cambridge. — Pe-
rennial.
* Erigeron integrifolium. Entire leaved Erigeron,

E. caule simpllci, folioso^ glabra ; foli'is lanceolatis ^
integris^ irinervibus ; jioribus corymbosis ; calyce
hemisjyhcerico^ squa7nis acutis.

Stem simple, leafy, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, en-
tire, three nerved ; flowers corymbed ; calyx hemis-
pherical, with acute scales.

Stem two feet high, simple, furrowed with a barely percepti-
ble pubescence. Leaves lanceolate, slightly clasping, three
nerved, entire with rarely a tooth or two in the lower ones,
pubescent. Peduncles somewhat leafy, branched, furrowed,
rough. Calyx hemispherical, flattened, the leafets acute, ap-
pressed. Ray crowded, white. — Sides of roads and woods. —
June to August. — Perennial.

Erigeron strigosum. Willd. Hairy Erigeron,

Hairy or bristly, leaves lanceolate, with a few
large teeth in the middle or entire ; flowers in a pan-
icled corymb.

Stems erect, channelled, hairy, with loose scattered bristles.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate, with remote teeth and scattered hairs.
Flowers on leafy, branched, hairy peduncles. Calyx flat-hemi-^
spherical ; leafets pilose with long flaccid points. Ray capillary,
longer than in the last species, white. — About woods and
fences, — July, August. — Perennial.

Erigeron Philadelphicum, L. Philadelphia Flea Bane,
Stem many flowered; leaves lanceolate, subserrate,
those of the stem half clasping ; florets of the ray
capillary, as long as the disc. L.

Stem erect, two or three feet high, much branched at top, the
branches somewhat downy. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile
and partly clasping, the lower ones toothed. Flowers numerous,
panicled, erect. Calyx flattened or hemispherical. Florets of

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 323

the margin very numerous and fine, pale blue or purplish. Road
sides, flowering in July and August. — Perennial.

§ Subgenus CiENOTUS. Calyx ohlong ; ray minute; down simple.

Erigeron Canadense. L. Annual Flea Bane.

Stem hairy ; flowers panicled; leaves lanceolate,
lower ones serrate. Sm.

One of the most hardy and common annual weeds. It propa-
gates itself rapidly, and since the discovery of America, has
been introduced, and spread through most countries in Europe.
Stem erect, furrowed, very hairy, branching. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, edges rough and ciliate. Flowers small, of no beauty,
very numerous, arranged in a sort of racemes on the branches.
Calyxes cylindrical, longer than they are wide, somewhat imbri-
cate. Ray very short and obscure, white, crowded, erect. In
pastures, road sides, and cultivated grounds, varying in height
from one to four feet, according to the soil. — August.

345. TUSSILAGO.

TUSSILAGO FRIGIDA. L, Wild CoW S foot.

Leaves triangular-heart shaped, unequally toothed,
downy underneath.
Syn. Nardosmia frigida. Hooker.

Found in mountain woods, Vermont and Massachusetts, pro-
ducing a corymb of white flowers with a pale purplish disc.

346. SOLIDAGO.*

SoLTDAGO LANCEOLATA. L. Spear leavcd Golden Rod.

Stem glabrous, branching ; leaves lance-linear, en-

* This genus is exceedingly abundant in the United States, and
with the genus £ster predominates in August and September over all
other vegetables then in flower. Among the species there are a vast
variety of hybrids and subspecies which the labors of botanists have
not yet been able to reduce under permanent characters, though
names without number have been applied to fugitive varieties. The
single species found in Great Britain is acknowledged to be one of
the most difficult plants " to define or understand." The same re-

324 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

tire, three nerved, glabrous; corymbs terminal ; ligules
as high as the disc. Ait.

This species of golden rod is distinguished from the succeed-
ing ones, by its inflorescence. Stem tall, leafj^ branching.
Leaves numerous, long and narrow, marked for their whole
length with three distinct nerves, very rough on the edge.
Flowers yellow, in large, flat topped corymbs, composed of small
heads. Ray very short and obscure. The whole plant is plea-
santly aromatic. — Woods and road sides, in low ground. — Au-
gust, September. — Perennial.

SoLiDAGO Odora. Swcet scented Golden Rod.

American Medical Botany, PI. xx.

Stem nearly smooth, leaves linear lanceolate, entire,
smooth, with a rough margin, and covered with pel-
lucid dots. Racemes panicled, one sided.

This has a smooth appearance, and is among the smaller
species of its family. The root is woody, much branched, and
creeping. Stem slender, from two to three feet high, smooth
or slightly pubescent below, pubescent at top. Leaves linear
lanceolate, closely sessile, broad at base, entire, acute, with only
the midrib distinct, rough at the margin but otherwise smooth,
and covered with pellucid dots like Hipericum perforatum. The
flowers grow in a compound, panicled raceme, with each of its
branches supported by a small leaf. These branches or peduncles
are very slender and rigid, each giving oiT a row of ascending,
downy pedicels, with small linear bractes at their bases. Scales
of the calyx oblong, acute, smooth, or slightly pubescent, the
lower ones shorter and closely imbricating the rest. Florets
of the ray few, with oblong, obtuse ligules. Those of the disc
funnel shaped, with acute segments. Down simple to the naked
eye, feathery under the microscope. Seeds oblong. — Woods and
fields. — September.

mark is applicable to a great part of the American species. In this
work I have inserted only the more distinct or leading species, from
which a great part of the others in this vicinity are probably de-
scended.

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 325

The leaves have a very pleasant anisate odor and yield by dis-
tillation a fragrant, volatile oil.

Solid AGO altissima. L, Tall Golden Rod.

Stem erect, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, the lower ones
deeply serrate, rough, wrinkled ; panicle leaning to
one side. Willd.

The varieties of this tall, well known weed, are very frequent
about the borders of fields. Stem erect, stiff, rough, and hairy,
branching at top. Leaves numerous, sessile, lanceolate, rough,
irregularly veined, serrate or toothed, the serratures div^ergent.
Panicle consisting of many recurved branches, with the flowers
tending upward ; the whole inclining to one side. Flowers nu-
merous, yellow. — September. — Perennial.

SoLiDAGO NEMORALis. WUld. Grey Golden Rod,

Stem erect, downy ; stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly-
entire, root leaves somewhat wedge-shaped, serrate ;
racemes panicied, one sided.

Common in dry, sandy fields, where it appears as if stunted by
drought. The whole herb has a greyish, downy or pulverulent ap-
pearance. Leaves of the root obovate, serrate, those of the stem
lanceolate, scarcely serrate. Panicle small, leaning, yellow. —
August, September. — Perennial.

SoLiDAGo MACROPHYLLA. PursJi. Large leaved Golden

Rod.

Leaves roundish-ovate, acuminate, narrowed at
base, sharply and unequally serrate ; racemes axillary.

This has broader leaves than any of the other species. They
are generally smooth, sometimes rough, paler underneath, ovate,
roundish or elliptical, the upper ones sometimes lanceolate, all
much attenuated at base, edged with large, acute, diverging ser-
ratures. Flowers yellow, in short axillary racemes. — In woods
near the White mountains. Mr. Locke. — August.

28

326 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

SoLiDAco c^siA. Ait. Blue stemmed Golden Rod.

Stem glabrous : leaves lanceolate, acuminate ser-
rate, glabrous, paler underneath ; racemes axillary.

An elegant species, remarkable for the brightness and variety
of its colors. Stern slender, smooth, of a dark bluish color,
somewhat flexuous. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, tapering to a
long point, smooth, green above, pale, and somewhat glaucous
underneath. Racemes numerous, situated, one in the axil of
each leaf, for a great length upon the stem. Flowers of a very
bright and durable yellow. — Woods. — September. — Perennial.

SoLiDAGO L^viGATA. Ait. MarsJi Golden Rod.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, fleshy, en-
tire, smooth in all parts ; racemes panicled, erect ;
peduncles scaly, villous ; ligules elongated. Ait.

A tall, rank inhabitant of the borders of salt marshes, where
its large, yellow tops are very conspicuous in September. Stem
thick, round, smooth, leafy, from four to six feet high. Leaves
thick, fleshy, clasping, perfectly smooth, and without serratures.
Racemes numerous, crowded, somewhat recurved. Flowers
large, yellow, the ligules of the ray nearly as long as the disc. —
Perennial.

SoLiDAGO BicoLOR. L. White Golden Rod.

Stem and leaves hairy ; leaves elliptical, the lower
ones serrate ; branches bearing leafets ; racemes erect ;
calyx leaves obtuse. Ail.

This species differs considerably in its aspect from the prece-
ding ones. Stem erect, nearly simple, pubescent, especially to-
ward the top. Leaves sessile, lance-oval, rough, somewhat
hairy. Racemes axillary, crowded, numerous. Flowers small,
without beauty. Disc yellow. Ray very short, obscure, white.
— Dry woods. — Cambridge. — Perennial.

SoLiDAGo viRGAUREA. L. European Golden Rod.

Stem erect, round, pubescent at top ; stem leaves
lanceolate, serrate, the lower ones oval, attenuated at
both ends ; racemes erect, ray elongated.

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 327

This plant is the only species common to the two continents.
It is distinguished from those previously enumerated by its much
larger flowers. Stem flexuous, from one to three feet high.
Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, often with a long narrow base,
serrate. The upper ones nearly entire. Panicle of large yellow
flowers with from five to ten rays.

Variety (?. alpina. A few inches in height, with obovate or
lanceolate, mostly entire leaves, and a few large flowers.

In woods on the sides of the AVhite mountains. Var. (9, on
the alpine summits. The last resembles S. Cambrica of Hudson.

Sqlidago speciosa. Nutt. Elegant Golden Rod,

Stem smooth, simple ; leaves lanceolate, entire,
rough on the margin, lower ones broader, radical ones
slightly serrate ; racemes terminal, erect, compound,
pubescent ; peduncles mostly shorter than the calyx ;
rays about five, elongated.

A very tall and showy species, sometimes five or six feet high.
Radical leaves on long petioles, the cauline on short, all of them
somewhat fleshy. The flowers grow in a pyramidal bunch of
twice compound racemes, and are very conspicuously bright and
yellow. — About woods, Ipswich. Mr. Oakes.

SoLiDAGO TENNiFOLiA. Ph. Slender leaved Golden Rod.
Stem rough, angular; leaves narrow-linear, spread-
ing, obsoletely three nerved, rough ; axils leafy ; co-
rymbs terminal, fastigiate, the branches capitate ; ray
hardly higher than the disc.

A slender species, with small stem, leaves and flowers.
Branches fastigiate, most of them bearing small corymbs of in-
conspicuous yellow flowers. — In dry grounds. — Plymouth. Mr.
Tuckerman.

347. SENECIO.
Senecio vulgaris. L. Common Groundsel.

Flowers without ray, scattered; leaves pinnate-
sinuate, clasping, toothed. Sm.

328 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

A weed about houses, rubbish, and cultivated grounds. Stem
erect, branching, leafy, smooth. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid,
and toothed, those of the stem clasping. Flowers terminal, scat-
tered, yellow. Calyx somewhat cylindrical, calyculated, scaly,
the scales acute and black at the tip. Flowers floscular. Down
sessile, white. — All summer. — Annual.

Senecio hieracifolius. Mich. llawkweed Groundsel.
Flowers without ray ; leaves clasping, oblong,
acute, unequally torn and serrated ; calyxes oblong,
smooth, bristly at base.

A rank, tall, annual plant, called Fire vjeed in many parts of
the interior, from the readiness with which it appears in grounds
newly burnt over. Stem three feet high, fleshy, succulent,
branching at top. Leaves large, clasping the stem, deeply and
irregularly divided, and acutely toothed. Flowers terminal,
erect, crowded. Calyx cylindrical, its base swelling, and invest-
ed with many small leaves or bristles. Florets small, pale,
gradually filling the calyx. The whole plant has a strong, nau-
seous odor. — Road sides. — August, September. — Annual.

Senecio aureus. L. Golden Senecio,

Flowers radiate ; radical leaves crenate, heart-
shaped, petioled ; upper ones pinnatifid; lyrate ; pe-
duncles incrassated, somewhat umbelled.

This is a handsome species, and makes a fine appearance in
meadows, in May and June. Stem upright, simple, smooth,
from one to three feet high. Leaves of the root on slender foot-
stalks, heart-shaped, rounded,^ crenate, smooth; middle leaves of
the stem lyrate and crenate; upper ones pinnatifid. Corymb
terminal, somewhat umbelled, the flower stalks thickening up-
ward. Calyx smooth, dark, often striped. Flowers yellow.
Ligules oblong, spreading. — Perennial.

Senecio obovatus. Willd. Obovate Senecio.

Flowers radiate ; radical leaves obovate, crenate-
serrate, petioled ; stem leaves pinnatifid, toothed ; pe-
duncles elongated ; somewhat nmbelled.

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 329

Resembles the foregoing species closely ; but the root leaves
are obovate, and the peduncles not incrassated. — Meadows, Dan-
vers. Dr. Nichols. — June.

Senecio balsamit^. yVilld, Oblong Senecio.

Flowers radiate ; radical leaves oblong, serrate,
petioled ; upper ones lyrate or pinnatifid ; peduncles
somewhat umbelled.

The taste of the root in this and the two preceding species,
resembles that of Aralia nudicaulis. This is smaller than the
others, and has distinctly oblong root-leaves. — In dry, rocky
pastures, Stoneham, near the marble quarry. — June.

348. ASTER.*

Aster solidagineus. Midi. -White topped Aster.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, obsoletely

three nerved, rough on the margin; corymb fastigiate ;

flowers sessile, aggregate, five rayed.

Syn. CoNTZA linifolia. L.

Seriocarpus solidagineus. Nees.

An early species, with white flowers. Stem simple, smooth.
Leaves oblong, narrow, obtuse at the end, tapering at base, gla-
brous, with the margin rough. Flowers in a flat topped corymb,
collected in sessile tufts. Calyx oblong, imbricated, the scales
obtuse, whitish, with green tips. Ligules of the ray oblong,
white, five in number, by which circumstance the plant varies
from its genus. — Woods. — July. — Perennial.

Aster linarifolius. L. Savory leaved Aster.

Leaves linear, entire, mucronated, rough, carinat-
ed; peduncles leafy. L.
Syn. DiPLOPAPPUs linaeiifolius. Less.

A rough, woody, plant, growing in bunches, about a foot high.
Stems decumbent, rigid, purplish, covered with white down.

* The remarks made under tlie head of Solidago, apply with equal
force to the genus Aster.

28^

330 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

Leaves numerous, linear, obtuse, with a small point, very rough
and rigid, upright, but reflexed as the plant grows old, without
uerves or dots. Peduncles few, near the top, alternate, short,
furnished with small leaves, one flowered. Flowers purple. —
Woods and dry hills. — August, September. — Perennial.

Aster subulatus ? Mx. Annual Sea Aster.

Smooth ; stem fistulous, panicled ; leaves linear,

the upper ones subulate; calyx cylindrical; ray

minute.

Stem about two feet high, smooth, fleshy, somewhat reddish^
Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, smooth, with a
very little roughness at the edge. Branches very numerous and
much divided, a small one frequently issuing between a leaf and
the main branch in its axil. Flowers num.erous. Calyx cylin-
drical, its scales long, acute, appressed. Ray very short, bluish
white. Disc yellow, — Salt marshes.— September.

This plant may possibly be different from the A. subulatus of
Michaux, whose description is imperfect. The name, however,
is retained by our other botanists. Mr. Nuttall properly notices
its affinity to Conyza.

Aster salicifolius. Ait. Willow leaved Aster.

Leaves linear-IanceoIate^ entire, glabrous; calyxes
imbricated, lax; stem smooth. Ait.

A very tall^ slender species. Stem five feet high, smooth,
somewhat flexuous. Leaver long, linear, acute, entire, sessile,
smooth, with a rough edge. Branches alternate, slender, smooth
Flowers on short stalks, blue. — Found in the woods on Concord
turnpike, Cambridge. — September. — Perennial.

Aster cyaneus. C. Muhl. Blue flowered Aster..

Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, cordate, ser-
rate; stem panicled, glabrous; scales of the calyx
lanceolate, closely imbricate. Wllld. sub. syn.

Syn. AsTEE, amplexicaulis. Willd.

This is one of the most common and beautiful species. Stem
erect, perfectly smooth. Leaves oblong, tapering to an acute

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 331

point, smooth, and even, with a rough edge, slightly serrate
about the middle, clasping, the lower ones contracted at base.
Branches of the panicle furnished with a few small leafets.
Flowers on distinct peduncles, purplish blue. — Borders of woods
and fields. — August. — Perennial.

Aster umbellatus. Ait. Umhelled Aster.

Leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base, acumi-
nate, rough on the margin ; stem simple, corymbed
at top ; calyx scales lanceolate, lax. Willd.

Syn. Aster Amygdalinus. Midi.

DiPLOPAPPUs UMBELLATUS. Hooker.

A very tall, erect, species, with white flowers. Stem four or
five feet high, furrowed, smooth, sometimes rough at top, leafy.
Leaves numerous, large, lanceolate, rough at the edge, paler
underneath. Stem branching at top into a large, compound, flat
topped corymb. Calyx scales lanceolate, obtuse. Ray of a
middle size, white. — In low grounds. — August, September. — Pe-
rennial.

Aster Nov^ ANGLiiE. L. New England Aster.

Leaves lanceolate, clasping, entire, appendaged at
base; stem hairy, straight ; flowers terminal, crowd-
ed \ calyx scales loose, colored, lanceolate, longer
than the disc. Willd.

A tall, and very beautiful plant. Stem three feet high, brown,
very hairy. Leaves very numerous, linear-lanceolate, entire,
acute, continued at base into a pair of small, rounded lobes,
clasping the stem. Flowers large, on short stalks, crowded at
the top of the stem. Calyx scales linear-lanceolate, of a dark
brown on the inside. Ray of a deep purple, crowded. — Road
sides. South Boston, Brookline, &c. — September. — Perennial.

Aster MISER. L. Small jlowered Aster.

Leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, smooth; calyx
imbricated with acute scales ; disc equal to the ray ;
stem pubescent.

A variable species, with small, white flowers. — Dry fields and
road sides. — July, August. — Perennial.

332 CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

Aster dumosus. L. Bushy Aster.

Leaves linear, glabrous ; those of the branches very
short ; branches panacled ; calyx cylindrical, closely
imbricate.

A polymorphous white Asler, with a yellow disc, which turns
brown, and the ray sometimes approaching to violet.

Aster diffusus. Ait. Spreading Aster.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ;
branches spreading ; calyxes imbricate, stem pubes-
cent. Ait.

A common, bushy Aster, with a profusion of white flowers.
Stem branching, slightly pubescent. Branches numerous, long,
and slender, spreading, leafy, many flowered. Leaves lanceo-
late, rough at the edge, slightly serrate in the middle ; those of
the branches small, entire. Flowers small, very numerous,
somewhat racemed, white. — Woods and road sides. — August,
September. — Perennial.

Aster conyzoides. Willd. Conyza Aster.

Leaves oblong, three nerved, narrowed at base,
acute, the upper ones sessile, nearly entire, the lower
ones petioled, serrate ; stem simple, corymbed at top ;
calyx cylindrical, squarose ; rays five, short.

Stem mostly smooth. Lower leaves frequently obovate or
spatulate. Calyx of whitish scales with green tips as in A. soli-
dagineus. Ray white. — Woods. — July, August. — Perennial.

Aster acuminatus. Mx. Acuminate Aster.

Leaves broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at
bottom, serrate, acuminate ; stem simple, flexuous,
angular, panicle corymbose, divaricately dichotomous;
scales of the calyx lax, linear, shorter than the disc.

Stem rough, pubescent. Leaves shortly petioled, narrowed
for a great length at base, the edges furnished with remote,
divergent teeth, the point long, acuminate. Corymb terminal,

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 333

with a few rather large white flowers. — In old woods, New
Hampshire and Maine. — August. — Perennial.

Aster puniceus. L. Red stalhed Aster.

Leaves clasping, lanceolate, serrate, rongh ; branch-
es panicled ; calyx lax, longer than the disc ; stem
hispid. Ait. abr.

A tall, handsome plant. Stem rigid, angular, flexuor.s, cover-
ed with stiff hairs, often, but not always red, three feet high.
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, tapering at both ends,
acuminate, furnished with large serratures in the middle, rough
on the margin and upper surface. Branches panicled, with blue
flowers, rather above the middle size. Calyx leaves uniform. —
On the Dedham turnpike, Roxbury, and elsewhere. — September.
— Perennial.

Aster amplexicaulis. Mich. Clasping Aster,

Leaves clasping, nearly perfohate, oblong-heart
shaped, not contracted below, entire ; panicle lax, few-
flowered. Mick.

Stem erect or ascending, a little downy and rough. Leaves
numerous, alternate, rough, somewhat waved on the edge, ob-
long, tapering to a bluntish point, broad at base, and clasping
quite round the stem. Branches few, near the top, slender, fur-
nished with several minute, clasping leafets. Flowers erect,
somewhat remote, blue. — "Woods, Brighton. — September. — Pe-
rennial.

Aster diversifolius Mich. Various leaved Aster.

Leaves downy, slightly serrate and waved, the
lower ones oblong-heart shaped, with winged peti-
oles, upper ones oval-lanceolate, clasping; stem hispid,
panicled ; branchlets leafy, one flowered, tending to
one side.
Syn. Aster undulatus. Ait.

This species is remarkable for the gradation of its leaves from
one distinct form to another. Stem pubescent, rough. Lower

334 ' CLASS XIX. ORDER II.

leaves oblong-heart shaped, pointed, serrate, downy underneath,
supported on long petioles, which are winged or dilated at the
base. Middle leaves panduriform, clasping. Upper leaves ovate
or lanceolate, nearly entire, clasping. Panicle lax, with slender
branches, covered with small leaves. Peduncles generally, but
not always, inclining one way. Flowers blue. — August, Sep-
tember.— Perennial.

Aster L^evis. Willd. Smooth Aster.

Leaves somewhat clasping, remote, oblong, entire,
shining, those of the root subserrate; branches sim-
ple, one flowered ; calyx imbricated ; the leafets
somewhat wedge-shaped, acute, thickened at tip;
stem smooth, angular.

A smooth plant throughout, with somewhat fleshy leaves and
large purple flowers. — In wet grounds. — September, October. —
Perennial.

Aster spectabilis. WiUd. Showy Aster.

Leaves lanceolate, roughish, somewhat clasping;
the lower ones serrate in the middle ; branches co-
rymbed ; calyx leaves lax, foliaceous, somewhat
wedge-shaped and acute.

This species is about two or three feet high with fine large
blue flowers. — Found in moist woods. — August, September.

Aster Cornifolius. Muhl. Cornel leaved Aster.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, entire, petioled,
smooth, rough on the edge; stem smooth, panicle few
flowered ; calyxes somewhat imbricated. Willd.
Syn. DiPLOPAppus cornifoliijs. Less.

A pretty early species. Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves on
very short petioles, narrow oval, acute at base, acuminated at
point, nearly smooth, the margin entire, rough, and slightly cili-
ated, the under surface pale. Panicle few flowered. Flowers
white. — Found in woods. — July, August.— Perennial. ,

CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 335

Aster coRDiFOLius. L. Heart leaved Aster,

Leaves heart shaped, hairy beneath, sharply ser-
rate; petioles winged; stem panicled, hairy; calyxes
loosely imbricate. Willd.

Stem erect, somewhat flexuous, in some plants a little hairy,
in others quite smooth. Leaves heart shaped, with a deep sinus,
acutely serrate, acuminate, downy underneath. Petioles with a
membranous edge. Panicle terminal, many flowered. Flowers
small, purplish white, the disc varying from red to yellow. —
Woods. — September. — Perennial.

Aster corymbosus. Ait. Corymbed Aster,

Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate, the lower
ones heart shaped, petioled, naked; stem ending in a
fastigiate corymb ; branches hairy; calyxes oblong,
imbricate, its scales closely pressed. Willd.

Syn. EuRTBiA cortmbosa. Hooker,

A pretty large, white, flowering plant. Stem smooth, frequently
of a dark reddish color. Lower leaves heart shaped, petioled,
smooth, toothed ; upper ones ovate, acuminate, subsessile. Flow-
ers white, in a large, flat topped corymb, the branches of which
are slightly pubescent. — Woods and shades, Roxbury, Brookline.
— August. — Perennial.

Aster macrophyllus. L. Large leaved Aster.

Leaves ovate, petioled, serrate ; the upper ones
ovate-heart shaped, sessile; lower ones heart shaped,
petioled : petioles somewhat margined ; stem branch-
ing, diffuse ; calyxes cylindrical, closely imbricate.
Willd.
Syn. EuRYBiA macrophylla. Hooker.

The root leaves are uncommonly large, heart shaped, serrate
and acute, rather smooth. Stem furrowed, scarcely rough. Up-
per leaves sessile, ovate, a little hearted at base. Scales of the
calyx closely appressed. Ray pale blue. — Woods. — September.
— Perennial.

336 CLASS XIX. ORDER U.

349. HELENIUM.

Helenium autumnale. L. Fall Sun Flower.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, somewhat decurrent ;
stem corymbed ; flowers of the disc five cleft, those of
the ray flat, reflexed.

Resembles a small sun flower ; two or three feet high, flowers
bright yellow. — Found in Berkshire. Prof. Hitchcock.

350. ANTHEMIS.

Anthemis cotula. L. May Weed.

Receptacle conical, its scales bristle shaped ; seeds
without any border ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, smooth-
ish. Sm.

The road sides are full of the white blossoms of this common,
annual weed, from midsummer to the end of autumn. Stem
upright, smooth, much branched. Leaves alternate, sessile,
nearly smooth, divided and subdivided into linear segments.
Flower stalks solitary, striated. Calyx scales narrow, slightly
margined. Florets of the ray white, spreading, a dozen or more
in number. Disc yellow, convex. Receptacle nearly cylindri-
cal. The plant has a strong, peculiar smell, and reputed
medicinal virtues.

351. ACHILLEA.

Achillea ptarmeca. L. Goose tongue.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate.

Introduced from Europe. Stem erect, leafy, two feet high.
Leaves simple, narrow lanceolate, sharply and regularly serrate,
smooth. Flowers terminal, corymbed, white. Calyx somewhat
hemispherical, imbricated, hairy. Florets of the ray eight or
ten, flat, obcordate. — Danvers. Mr. Oakes. — July, August.

Achillea millefolium. L. Common Yarroiv.

Leaves bipinnatifid, hairy, their divisions linear,
toothed, niucronate ; stems furrowed. Sni.

Common Yarrow is a frequent inhabitant of dry pastures and

CLASS XIX. ORDER III. 337

fields. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy, branched at top. Leaves
alternate, cut into a multitude of very small, .linear subdivisions.
Flowers white, forming a large, flat topped, crowded corymb.
Calyx ovate. Disc convex. Florets of the ray four or five
The plant has a strong, penetrating taste and smell, and is used
m-edicinally. — July, August. — Perennial.

FRUSTRANEA.

352. HELIANTHUS.
Helianthus divaricatus. L. Small^ rough Sunfiower.
Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong, three nerved ;
panicle dichotomous. L.

A showy plant, not uncommon in woods and thickets, flower-
iag in August and September. Stem erect, round, smooth, gen-
erally covered with glaucous powder. Leaves opposite, narrow-
ovate, rounded at base, tapering to a long point, slightly serrate,
three nerved, and very rough. Flowers yellow, in the wild
plant but few in number, in the cultivated one numerous.
Branches of the panicle either forked or three parted. — Perennial.

This plant has an agreeable, somewhat spicy odor.

Helianthus decapetalus. Willd. Ten rayed Sunflower,
Leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, rough •
scales of the calyx subequal ; rays ten or tv/elve.

Three or four feet high. Leaves triply nerved. Scales of the
calyx lanceolate, nearly equal. Flowers showy, yellow. Dry
woods in the interior of the state. — August.

353. COREOPSIS.
Coreopsis trichosperma. Mich. Tichseed Sunflower.
Leaves mostly five pinnate ; leafets lanceolate ; re-
motely cut-serrate ; leafets of the outer calyx ciliate;
ray entire ; seeds wedge form. Mich. abr.

Stem about two feet high, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, pin-
nate. Leafets fiv^e or seven, distant, linear-lanceolate, ending in
a long, slender point, furnished with a few deep serratures or

29

338 CLASS XIX ORDER III.

segments, the larger ones pinnatifid. The branches and leaves
are opposite, the upper ones alternate. Flowers large, erect,
yellow. Outer calyx leaves about eight, oblong, rounded at the
end and fringed with setaceous teeth at the edge. Inner calyx
leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, yellowish and membranbus. Flo-
rets of the ray large, entire. Florets of the disc five toothed,
yellow with brownish anthers, and separated by scales longer
than themselves. — On the east side of Fresh pond. — September.

Coreopsis rosea. Nutt. Red Coreopsis.

Stems mostly simple; leaves linear, entire; pedun-
cles terminal ; rays unequally three toothed ; seeds
entire, naked.

About a foot high, smooth, simple or slightly branched. Leaves
opposite, connate, with tufts of leaves or branchlets in the axils.
Flowers few, small, pale red, with a yellowish disc. — At Ply-
mouth. Mr. Russell. — August.

354. RUDBECKIA.

RuDBECKiA LAciNiATA. WUld. CommoTi JRudbccJcia.

Lower leaves pinnate; divisions three lobed, the
upper ones ovate; stem smooth ; down crenate.

A tall plant, resembling the sunflower. Stem erect, round,
glabrous, six or eight feet high, branching. Leaves rough, the
lower ones petioled, pinnate or pinnatifid with about five lan-
ceolate, cut or toothed segments ; upper ones nearly sessile,
ovate or three cleft. Calyx mostly simple of about eight ovate,
acute segments. Florets of the ray large, yellow, lanceolate,
drooping. Disc conical, its florets greenish yellow, with their
short segments erect or incurved. Receptacle large, down pa-
leaceous, crenate. — Wet meadows on the Newburyport turn-
pike.— August. — Perennial.

355. CENTAUREA.

Centaurea NIGRA. L. Knapivecd.

Scales of the calyx ovate, with an erect, capillary
fringe ; lower leaves lyrate-angular, upper ones ovate.

CLASS XX. ORDER I. 339

Stem about two feet high, branching, angular. Lower leaves
lyrate or irregularly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers pur-
ple, solitary, terminal. Calyx round-ovate, the scales black,
ovate, with a stiff fringe. Florets all fertile.

This plant, not long since introduced from Europe, has be-
come very abundant and troublesome in Charlestown and Med-
ford. — July, August. — Perennial.

NESCESSARIA.

356. IVA.
IvA Frutescens. L. High Water Shrub.

Leaves lanceolate, rough, with dots, deeply serrate;
stem shrubby. Willd.

A fleshy shrub, about the borders of salt marshes. Annual
shoots erect, furrowed. Branches axillary, or a little above the
leaves. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, three nerved, some-
what rough, upper ones entire. Flowers in a sort of leafy ra-
cemes, small, drooping, green, without beauty.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated on the

pistil.

Order I. MONANDRIA. One stamen.

357. Orchis. Corolla five petalled, the upper petal
arched ; lip with a spur from its base ; anther ter-
minal, parallel and affixed to the style.

358. Neottia. Corolla five petalled ; the external
petals joining round the base of the lip ; anther parallel
to the style and affixed to it behind.

359. Epipaotis. Corolla erect, spreading; lip with-
out a spur, flat, pendulous, bifid at tip ; anther re-
sembling a lid, persistent.

360. Malaxis. Corolla spreading, resupinate; lip

340 CLASS XX. ORDER I.

\

concave, spreading^ ascending ; anther resembling a
lid.

361. Arethusa. Corolla five petal led, somewhat
ingent ; lip without a spur ; anther resembling a lid,

persistent.

362. Cymbidium. Corolla five petalled, erect or
spreading; lip concave at base, without a spur; an-
ther resembling a lid, deciduous.

363. CoRALLORHizA. Pctals five, equal and conni-
vent ; lip mostly prolonged at base ; style free ; pollen
masses four, oblique.

^y? Order II. DIANDRTA. Two stamens.

364. Cypripedium. Corolla four petalled, spread-
ing ; lip inflated, hollow ; capsule three valved, one
celled, many seeded.

Order III. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.

365. Aristolochia. Corolla monopetalous, tubular,
crooked, with a swelling base and miequal border ;
capsule hiferior, six celled.

GYNANDRIA.
MONANDRIA.

357. ORCHIS.
Orchis blephariglottis. Willd. Fringed white Orchis.

Lip lanceolate, ciliate, as long as the upper petal ;
spur longer than the germ.
Syn. Habenaria blephariglottis. Br.

This very delicate species resembles O. ciliaris in its habit,
and would be difficult of distinction but for its color. Spike
rather short with snow white flowers. Germs slender, longer

CLASS XX. ORDER I. 341

than the bractes, twisted, tapering upward. Outer petals round-
ish, concave, the upper one erect, tlie two lateral ones reflexed.
The two inner petals much smaller, linear, fringed at the end.
Lip of the nectary lanceolate, fringed at the edge. Spur longer
than the germ, being nearly an inch in length. — In swamps and
meadows, rare. Cambridge, &c. — Perennial.

Orchis ciltaris. L. Fringed yellow Orchis.

Lip oblong lanceolate, pinnately ciliate, twice as
long as the petals ; spur longer than the germ.

Syn. Habenaria ciliaris. Br.

Less common here than at the south. It nearly resembles
the preceding species in structure, but the lip is somewhat
larger in proportion to the petals. Flowers of a bright, orange
yellow. — Found at Northborough. — July. — Perennial.

Orchis psycodes. TVilld. Ragged Orchis.

Lip three parted, capillary, man)^ cleft ; petals ob-
tnse ; spur filiform-club shaped, as long as the germ.
Willd.

Syn. Orchis lager a. Mich.

Habenaria psycodes. Br.

This is our most common species. Stem two feet high,
smooth. Leaves oblong, smooth, tapering to a point. Flowers
numerous, of a faint yellow, in a large, terminal spike. Germs
appearing like flower stalks, long and slender, arched, furrowed,
and swelling in the middle. Petals five, the three outer ones
ovate, the two inner ones oblong. Lip of the nectary reflexed,
divided into three narrow, wedge shaped segments, fringed at
the end. Spur as long as the germ, curving, and thickened
toward its extremity. — Pastures and meadows. — July. — Perennial.
Orchis herbiola. Dwarf Orchis.

Lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at base ; palate one-
toothed, spur filiform, shorter than the germ ; bractes
longer than the flowers.
Syn. Habenaria herbiola. Br,

29

342 CLASS XX. ORDER I.

An inelegant species about a foot high, with small yellowish
or greenish flowers. Leaves lance-ovate, upper ones linear-
lanceolate. — About Fresh pond. — June. — Perennial.

Orchis orbicijlata. Pursh. Round leaved Orchis.

Lip linear, entire, obtuse ; the three upper petals
connivent, the two lateral ones spreading, oblique at
base; spur longer than the germ; scape with two
flat, orbicular leaves at base.
Syn. Hebenaria orbiculatia. Br.

A remarkable species, with two large, round leaves spreading
flat upon the ground, their form sometimes varying to ovate.
Scape a foot or two high, bearing a spike of greenish flowers
with long, linear lips. — In Danvers. Dr. Nichols. — In Hallo"
well, Maine, and Conway, New Hampshire. — July. — PerenniaL

Orcitis dilatata. Pursh. Tall Orchis..

Lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated and rounded at
base ; spur as long as the lip, shorter than the germ ;
bracles as long as the flowers ; stem leafy.
8yn. Habenaria dilatata. Br.

A very tall species with numerous lanceolate leaves, and green
or whitish flowers without beauty. — Common on the sides of the
White mountains by the margins of brooks. — July. — Perennial.

Orchis bracteata. JVilld. Bracted Orchis.

Lip linear, emarginate, obsoletely three toothed ;

petals subconnivent, lateral ones ovate, broader ; spur

obtuse, scrotiforrn; bractes twice as long as the flower.

Spi. Habenaria bracteata. Br.

Root approaching to palmate ; the divisions fewer. Lower
leaves somewhat obovate ; upper leaves lanceolate. Bractes
linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the flower. Petals green,
ovate, converging, the two lateral ones longest. Lip green,
linear oblong, ending in three teeth, the middle one shortest.
Spur obtuse, inflated, transparent, half as long as the lip. —
Woods, Vermont, Szc — June. — Perennial..

CLASS XX. ORDER I. 343

Orchis fimbriata. Ait. Fimbriated Orchis.

Lip spreading, scarcely longer than the petals, fla-
belliform, fimbriate, three parted, the divisions nearly-
equal and flat; lateral petals fimbriate-toothed, spur
filiform, club-shaped, longer than the germ ; leaves
lanceolate.
Syn. Habenakia FIMBRIATA. Br.

A very beautiful plant. Stem tv/o feet high, with several
broad-lanceolate, smooth leaves, and ending in a large spike of
purple flowers. Germs incurved, thickened in the middle. Pe-
tals five, spreading, the two inner ones fringed. Lip of the nec-
tary somewhat exceeding the petals, divided into three segmentSj
which are wedge shaped, spreading like a fan, three parted, the
segments nearly equal, fringed, flat and not connivent. Upper
lip entire. Spur considerably longer thacL the germ. — Meadows.
— July. — Perennial.

I have ascertained that this is the 0. fimbrita of Pursh by his
herbarium, and also of Willdenow, ^(ie Muhlenbergii.

* Orchis grandiflora. Large flowering Orchis.

O. lahello depeiidente petalis duplo longiore^ trijmr-
tito^ laciniis cuneiforniibus, inciso-fi^nbrlatis interme-
dio ; maximo Jinibriis conniventibus ; petalis laterali-
bus dentato-fimbriatis ; cornu adscendenfe^ clavato^ g er-
mine longiore ; foliis ovato-oblongis.

Lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, three
parted, the divisions wedge-shaped and fimbriate, the
middle one largest with connivent fimbriae ; lateral
petals fimbriate; spur ascending, clavate, longer than
the germ ; leaves oval-oblong.
Syn. Habenaeia grandiflora. Torr. Sj-c.

This elegant plant grows to the height of two feet and upwards.
Stem thick, angular, fistulous. Lower leaves oblong-oval, ob-
tuse; upper ones and bractes lanceolate, acuminate. Spike oval-

344 CLASS XX. ORDER I.

oblong, many flowered. Petals all contiguous, pale, purple, the
three outer ones ovate, concave, entire; the two inner ones ovate,
unguiculate, cut or fringed on the whole of their sides, but scarcely
so at the ends. Lip deeper purple, more than twice the length
of the petals, being sometimes nearly an inch long, divided into
three segments, the two lateral ones cuneiform, cut and fringed
to the middle or farther, the middle one twice as large, flabelli-
form, cut and fringed to the middle, but not emarginate, the fim-
briae on each side the middle converging in front of the lip. Up-
per lip with a notch between the two anthers. — Found at Lan-
caster, Leominster, Deerfield, &c. Abundant in Enfield, New
Hampshire. At Ipswich, Mr. Oakes ; at Newton, Mr. Hag-
gerston.

This plant is perhaps the largest and most beautiful of all the
species of Orchis. The spike sometimes consists of a few large
flowers, but in favorable situations it is five or six inches long
and three in thickness. The flowers are more than twice the
size of 0 . fimbriata, paler, and very different in the form of the
lip, which has a very large middle segment with a part of its
fringe always bent inwards. Its lower leaves also are very ob-
tuse. It differs also from O. incisa, which is a small flowering
species, and from O. Jissa, with large cleft flowers, of which I
have specimens from the Alleghany mountains.

Orchis spectabilis. Willd. Shewy Orchis.

Lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse ; petals
straight, the lateral ones longer; spnr clavate, shorter
than the germ; bractes longer than the flower; stem
leafless.

A low species with large, fine flowers. Root fascicled. Leaves
radical, large, oval. Stem half a foot high, very acute angled.
Bractes lanceolate. Flowers few and among the largest of the
genus. Petals converging, ovate-lanceolate, purple. Lip of the
nectary whitish, ovate, crenate or repand, as long as the spur.
Spur shorter than the germ, large, white. — Woods, Vermont and
New Hampshire. — June.

CLASS XX. ORDER I. 345

358. NEOTTIA.

^ Subgenus Spiranthes. Spike twisted, pollen granular'.
* Neottia gracilis. Slender Neottia.

N. follis radicalibus ovatls ; scapo vaginato^ Jloribiis
spiraliter secundis ; labello obovato^ crispo.

Leaves radical, ovate; scape sheathing ; flowers in
a spiral row ; lip obovate, curled.

Root fascicled. Leaves radical, on short petioles, ovate, acute,
nerved, caducous. Scape erect, slender, eight to twelve inches
high with a few sheathing scales or leafets. Flowers white in a
twisted spike. Bractes closely applied to the germ, ovate, acu-
minate. Germs obovate. Petals linear, crystalline, parallel,
the three upper ones cohering. Lip obovate-spatulate, curled,
its base swelling with the lateral petals connected before it.
Anther parallel to the style. — In dry, hilly woods. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

The leaves falling off frequently cause the plant to appear leaf-
less at the time of flowering.

Variety (9. secunda. Spike unilateral, hardly twisted; flowers
more slender. Perhaps a difierent species. — In Conway, New
Hampshire. — July.

Neottia cernua. Willd. Drooping Neottia. Ladies^

Traces.

Leaves lanceolate, three nerved; stem sheathed;
flowers recurved-drooping ; lip oblong, entire, acute.
Willd.
Syn. Ophrts cernua. L..

This plant is also distinguished, like several others of its genus,
by the spiral arrangement of its flowers. Lower leaves very
long, linear-lanceolate, nerved. Stem round, somewhat fleshy,
invested with short, alternate, leafy sheaths; pubescent at top.
Spike dense, oblong. Flowers curving, downward, of a dull
white color. Germs ovate. Petals pubescent. Lip of the nec-
tary minutely crenulate, somewhat acute. — In moist ground,—
August, September. — Perennial.

346 CLASS XX. ORDER I.

^§ Subgenus Goodyera. Lip gibbous, undivided above; pollen
angular, (Brown,) sectile. (Reichard.)

Neottia pubescens. Willd. Veined Neottia. Rattle-
snake Plantain.

Radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulated ; scape

sheathed, scape and flowers pubescent ; lip ovate,

acuminate ; petals ovate. Willd.

Syn. Sattrium re pens. Mich.

Goodyera pubescens. Nutt.

A singular plant, remarkable for its dark leaves, reticulated
on their upper surface with white veins. They proceed from
the root or base of the scape on short petioles, are ovate, acute,
entire, and generally endure the winter. Stem or scape erect,
invested with a number of acute sheaths, distinctly pubescent.
Spike oblong, downy. Flowers white, from all -sides of the stem.
Petals five, the three upperm.ost agglutinated, the two lateral
ones spreading, concave, acuminate. Nectary swelling, inflated,
with its point extended. — Woods. — July, August. — Perennial.

Neottia repens. Willd. Creeping Neottia.

Radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulated ; scape
sheathed ; scape and flowers pubescent ; flowers uni-
lateral; lip and petals lanceolate.

Syn. Satyrium repens. L.

Goodyera repens. Brown.
A smaller plant than the preceding, and less distinctly reticu-
lated.— Low woods . — July. — Perennial.

359. EPIPACTIS.
Epipactis convallarioides. Willd. Heart leaved Epi-

pactis.

Stem two leaved; leaves opposite, heart shaped,
roundish, acute; spike few flowered; lip oblong, ob-
tusely two lobed ; germ roundish ; root fibrous.

CLASS XX. ORDER I. 347

Syn. Ophrys cord at a. Mx. ?

LiSTERA CONVALLARIOIDES. JVutt.

Root fibrous. Stem erect, furrowed, furnished half way with
two opposite, sessile, broad-heart shaped leaves. Flowers in a
short spike, the three outer petals green, the two inner ones
purplish. Lip bifid, with two appendicles at base. — In woods
and near mountain brooks remote from the sea coast, particu-
larly on the sides of the White mountains ; three or four inches
high. — July. — Perennial.

360. MALAXIS.

Malaxis unifolia. 3Ix. One leaved Malaxis,

Leaf solitary, ovate, clasping; scape- five angled;
lip cleft at the tip.

Syn. Malaxis ophioglossoides. Willd.

A small plant with a single clasping leaf. Flowers in a ter-
minal raceme with short, ovate, acuminate bractes. Peduncles
about half an inch long, many of them abortive. Germ obovate,
furrowed. Petals five, the two upper ones half heart shaped,
the two inner ones, filiform, the lowest deflexed and revolute at
the edges. Lip erect, heart shaped, cleft at top with a tooth in
its division. Column or style minute, extended in front of the
lip. — Woods, rare. — June. — Perennial.

Malaxis liliifolia. Willd. Two leaved 3Ialaxis.

Leaves two, ovate-lanceolate; scape triangular;
inner petals filiform, reflexed ; lip concave, obovate,
acute at tip.

Leaves oval or lanceolate, radical. Scape about six inches
high. Flowers in a short raceme ; the three outer petals white,
linear, acute ; the two inner ones capillary, yellowish, reflexed.
Lip wedge shaped or obovate, mucronate, larger than the petals.
— Woods, Cambridge. — Perennial.

361. ARETHUSA.

§ Subgenus Arethusa. Lip and petals adnate to the style ;
pollen angular.

34S CLASS XX. ORDER I.

Arethusa bulbosa. L. Bulbous Ardhusa,

Root globular ; scape sheathed ; spathe two leaved.
L.

The root of this beautiful plant is a tuber or solid bulb, with
the sleni ascending from one side. In small plants the stem ap-
pears perfectly leafless, and only invested with a few alternate
sheaths. In large plants the upper sheath expands into a short
lanceolate leaf. This leaf is always found when the plant is ia
fruit. Stem erect, smooth, bearing one flower, rarely two, in-
vested at base with a minute, two leaved spathe. Germ fur-
rowed. Petals five, of a bright, crystalline purple, cucullate or
curved forward, three exterior and two interior, all successively
adnate to the style above the germ. Style wedge shaped, in-
curved, supporting the anther near its end. Lip spreading,
deflexed, curled and crenate, bearded in the middle, variegated
with purple, yellow and white. Capsule oblong-lanceolate, six
ribbed, six valved. — Wet m^eadows, Brookline, West Cam-
bridge.— May, June.

§^ Subo-enus Pogonia. Lip sessile; petals distinct; pollen
farinaceous.

Arethusa ophioglossoides. L. Adders' Tongue Arethis a.
Root fihrous; scape furnished with an oval leaf,
and a lanceolate spathe-like leafet. L.
Syn. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Brown.

The root has no appearance of a bulb. Stem erect, with two
remote leaves, one about' midway of the stem, oval and sheath-
ing at base ; the other near the flower, ovate-lanceolate, much
smaller. Flower pale purple, nodding, its petals spreading more
than in the last species. Lip of the nectary spreading, fringed at
the edge. Pistil bearing the anther near its end, and shorter
than in the foregoing. — Meadows. — June.
Arethusa verticillata. L. Whorhd Arethusa.

Leaves five, oblong-lanceolate, whorled; flower
single; the three outer petals very long and linear,
the inner ones lanceolate, obtuse; lip three lobed : the
middle lobe undulated.

CLASS XX. ORDER I. 349

Byn. PoGONiA verticillata. Brown.

From six to twelve inches high, with a single whorl of smooth
oval-lanceolate leaves at the top of the stem. Above this is a
single flower, the three outer petals of a greenish brown, linear,
and about two inches long ; inner petals short, oblong, obtuse.
Lip spreading, crested in the middle, undulated at the end.— At
Medfield, and at Brooklyn, Connecticut. — July. — Perennial.

362. CYMBIDIUM.
Cymbidium pulchellum. Sw. Tuberous Cymhidium.

Leaves radical, ensiform, nerved ; scape few flow-
ered ; lip erect, narrowed at base, with an expanded
border, and a concave hairy disc. Sw.
Syn. LiMODOiiuM tuberosum. L.

This fine plant is found in meadows at Cambridge, and else-
where, flowering in July. Root bulbous. Stem one or two feet
high, sheathed at base. The plant has only one, long, grass
like sheathing leaf. The spike contains several alternate, pur-
ple flowers. Petals five, spreading. Lip of the nectary erect,
increasing in width upward, and furnished toward the top inside
with yellow, glandular hairs. Style opposite to this, concave,
dilated, supporting a terminal anther. — Perennial.

363. CORALLORHIZA.

CORALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA. Nutt. DragOll' S ClttW.

Lip entire, ovate, obtnse, crennlale ; spur obsolete,
adnate to the germ ; stem leafless.
Syn. Ctmbidium: odontorhizon. Willd.

A singular, erect, leafless, fleshy plant of the woods. Stem
fleshy, particularly at the root, smooth, somewhat furrowed, leaf-
less, with several close sheaths. Spike many flowered. Germs
inversely ovate, compressed, striated. Petals five, of a brown-
ish green, erect or spreading. Lip of the nectary as long as the
petals, ovate, declined, a little curled at the edge, white with
irregular, purple spots. — In dark, moist woods. — July, August. —
Perennial.

30

350 CLASS XX. ORDER II.

diandria]

364. CYPRIPEDIUM.
Cypripedium acaule. Ait. Ladies^ Slipper.

Scape leafless, one flowered ; root leaves two, ob-
long, obtuse ; lobe of the style roiind-rhoinboidal, acu-
minate, deflexed ; petals lanceolate ; lip longer than
the petals, cleft before. Willd. sub. syn.
Syn. Cypripedium humile. Siv. Salisb. Willd.

This singular genus are readily known by their large, inflated
nectary. The present species differs from the rest in having no
stem leaves. The leaves are two, springing from the root, large,
oval-lanceolate, plaited, downy. Flower commonly single, ter-
minal, nodding. Spathe lanceolate. Petals four, spreading,
green with a tinge of purple, the upper and under ones lance-
ovate, the two lateral ones narrower, longer, hairy inside, slightly
waved and twisted. Nectary a large, purple, inflated bag, veined,
villous, and longer than the petals. Style over the base of the
nectary, supporting two lateral anthers on the inside, and ending
in a broad, roundish, deflexed, acute lobe, carinated on the inside.
Capsule oblong, acute, it sides unequally curved, crowned with
the style, opening at the three principal angles by a double fis-
sure, between which the suture or frame work is included. —
Woods. — May, June. — Perennial.

Cypripedium parviflorum. Willd. Yellow Ladies' Slipper.
Stem leafy; lobe of the style triangnlar, acute;
exterior petals ovate-oblong, acuminate ; inner petals
linear, twisted: lip shorter than the petals, com-
pressed.
Syn. Cypripedium calceolus. Mx.

Stem erect, downy. Leaves alternate, clasping, oval, nerved,
downy. Upper and lower petal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
green, striped and spotted with dark purple; lateral petals linear,
twisted, striped and spotted, hairy inside at base. Nectary ob-
long-oval, yellow, dotted inside, its aperture roundish with an
inflexed margin. Lobe of the style triangular or deltoid, de-

CLASS XX. ORDER III. 351

pressed in the middle with a double keel underneath, yellow.
Stigma rounded. Filaments growing to the sides of the style,
projecting over the anthers. — Woods, Vermont, New Hampshire,
&c. — On the borders of a remarkable marl pond in Barnard, Ver-
mont.— June. — Perennial.

Cypripedium spectabtle. TVilld. Tall Ladies^ Slipper.

Stem leafy; lobe of the style elliptic-heart shaped;
outer petals broad-ovate, obtuse; lip longer than the
petals, cleft before.

Syn. Cypripedium Canadense. Mx.

A stout plant about two feet high, the stem and leaves hairy.
Leaves oval lanceolate, plaited, exactly resembling those of Ve-
ratrum viride. Flowers two or three, large, the lip much inflated
and variegated with stripes of purple and white. — In Augusta,
Maine; Woodstock, Vermont. — July. — Perennial.

§ Subgenus . Petals Jive, lip of the nectary acute.

Cypripedium arietinum. Ait. Ram's Mead.

Stem leafy; lobe of the style orbicular; petals five,
the two lower ones linear lanceolate, deflexed, the two
lateral ones linear, spreading, the upper one oblong-
ovate, acute; lip as long as the petals, inversely conical.

Stem six or eight inches high with a few alternate, lanceolate
lieaves. Flower much smaller than in any of the foregoing spe-
cies. Petals greenish brown, the upper one much broadest.
Lip small, inflated, acute, reticulated with red and white. It has
been compared in shape to a sheep's head, the lateral petals
representing the horns. — In Hallowell, Maine. — May.

HEXANDRIA.

365. ARISTOLOCHTA.

Aristolochia Serpentarta. Virginia Snake Root.

American Medical Botany, PI. xlix.

liCaves heart shaped, oblong, acuminate ; stem flex-
uous ; peduncles radical.

352 CLASS XXI. ORDER I.

The root is extremely fibrous, and sends up a number of stems,
simple or slightly branched, less than a foot in height, jointed,
fiexuous, and often of a reddish tinge. Leaves alternate, on
short petioles, oblong, entire, acuminate, heart shaped at base
and three nerved. The flowers grow close to the ground ; they
have a stiff, leathery texture, and a dull brownish purple color.
The peduncle has one or more leafets, and gradually enlarges
into a furrowed, obovate germ. The corolla consists of a long?
contorted tube, bent in the form of the letter S. swelling at its
two extremities, having its throat surrounded by an elevated
edge or brim, and its border expanded into a broad, irregular
margin, forming an upper and under lip, which are closed in a
triangular manner in the bud. Anthers, twelve, growing in
pairs to the sides of the fleshy style, which is situated at the
bottom of the corolla,, and covered by a firm, spreading, convo-
luted stigma, which extends over the anthers. Capsule obovate,
six angled, six celled, with numerous, flat, small seeds. — Woods
near New Haven. — June. — Perennial.

Class XXI. MONOECIA. Staminiferous and pis-
tiliferoiis, or barren and fertile flowers on the same
'plant.

Order I. MONANDRIA. One Stamen.

366. Najas. Barren flowers; calyx cylindrical,
two cleft, stamen long, anther with four spreading
valves. Fertile flowers, calyx none ; style one, stig-
mas two, nut four seeded,

367. Chara. Barren flowers, calyx none, corolla
none; fertile flowers, calyx four leaved, corolla none;
stigma three cleft; berry many seeded.

368. ZosTERA. Spadix linear, bearing the fructifi-
cation on one side ; calyx none; corolla none ; anther
sessile, parallel to the germ ; stigmas two ; capsules
one seeded.

CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 353

Order IT. DIANDRIA, Two stamens.

369. Lemna. Calyx one leafed ; corolla none ;
style one ; capsule many seeded.

Order III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.

370. Eriocaulon. General calyx an imbricate
head ; corollas three petalled ; seed one, crowned
with the corolla.

371. Carex. Spike imbricate ; calyx glume one
valved; corolla none; stigmas two or three; seeds
covered with a swelling tunic.

372. Sparganium. Ament roundish; calyx three
leaved ; corolla none ; stigma cloven ; drupe dry, one
seeded.

373. Typha. Ament of barren flowers cylindrical,
hairy ; anthers about three on each filament. Ament
of fertile flowers cylindrical; seed one, on a feathery
pedicel.

374. Comptonta. Aments imbricated ; in the bar-
ren flowers, calyx two leaved ; corolla none ; anther
two parted. In the fertile flowers, calyx six leaved ;
corolla none ; styles two ; nut ovate.

375. SicYos. Barren flowers, calyx five toothed,
corolla five petalled, anthers cohering. Fertile flowers,
calyx five toothed, corolla five parted, style three
cleft ; fruit prickly, one seeded.

Order lY. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.

376. Urtica. Barren flowers, calyx four leaved ;
corolla none; nectary central, cup shaped. Fertile
flowers, calyx two leaved; corolla none; seed one,
superior, shining.

377. BcEHMERiA. Barren flowers, calyx four part-

30=^

354 CLASS XXI. ORDER I.

ed ; corolla none. Fertile flowers, calyx of crowded
scales with no corolla, and a germ between each
scale ; style one ; seed one, compressed.

378. Alnus. Barren flowers, ament composed of
wedge shaped, three flowered receptacles; corolla
four parted. Fertile flowers, scales of the ament two
flowered ; corolla none ; styles two ; seed compressed,
ovate.

Order V. PENTANDRIA. Five stamens.

379. Xanthium. Barren flowers, calyx common,
imbricate ; florets funnel form, five cleft ; receptacle
chaff'y. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved, two flow-
ered ; corolla none; drupe dry, prickly, cloven ; nu-
cleus two celled.

380. Ambrosia. Barren flowers, calyx common,

one leaved ; florets funnel form, three to five cleft ;
receptacle naked. Fertile flowers, calyx one leaved,
one flowered ; corolla none ; nut toothed, one seeded.

381. Amaranthus. Barren flowers, calyx three
leaved ; corolla none ; stamens three to five. Fertile
flowers, calyx three leaved; corolla none; styles
three; capsules one celled, opening transversely;
seed one.

Order VI. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.

382. ZizANiA. Barren flowers, calyx none ; corolla
glume two valved, awnless. Fertile flowers, calyx
none ; corolla glume two valved, hooded, awned ;
style two parted ; seed one, invested with the corolla.

Order Y III. POLYANDRIA. Higlit or more stamens.

383. Sagittaria, Calyx three leaved; corolla three
petalled. Barren flowers with about twenty-four sta-

CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 355

mens. Fertile ones with numerous pistils ; capsules
many, swelling, one seeded.

384. Myriophyllum. Calyx four leaved, corolla
four petalled. Barren flowers with eight stamens.
Fertile ones with four stigmas; seeds four, coated.

385. Ceratophyllum. Calyx many parted; corolla
none ; anthers tricuspidate ; stigma nearly sessile, nut
one seeded.

386. Arum. Spathe one leafed ; spadix cylindrical,
naked at top, with stamens in the middle and germs
at the base ; berries one celled.

387. Calla. Spathe ovate; spadix covered with
flowers ; corolla none ; berry many seeded.

388. Fagus. Barren flowers, calyx campanulate,
five or six cleft, corolla none; stamens from eight to
twelve. Fertile flowers, calyx from four to six tooth-
ed, hairy; corolla none; germs two ; nuts two, con-
tained in the coriaceous, four cleft, prickly calyx.

389. Oastanea. Barren flowers, anient naked ; ca-
lyx none ; corolla five or six petalled ; stamens from
five to twenty. Fertile flowers, calyx five or six
leaved, muricated ; corolla none ; germs three ; styles
six ; stigma pencil form ; nuts three, contained in the
prickly calyx.

390. QuERcus. Barren flowers, ament naked ;
calyx four or five cleft ; corolla none ; stamens from
four to ten. Fertile flowers, calyx commonly six
toothed; corolla none; styles from one to five; nut
coriaceous, surrounded at base by the persistent
calyx.

391. JuGLANs. Barren flowers, ament imbricate ;
calyx scale form; corolla six parted; filaments about
eighteen. Fertile flowers, calyx four cleft, superior j

356 CLASS XXI. ORDER I.

corolla four parted ; styles two ; drupe coriaceous,
with a grooved nut.

392. Betula. Barren flowers, ament imbricate,
scales peltate, three flowered; calyx a scale; corolla
none ; stamens from ten to twelve. Fertile flowers,
ament imbricate ; calyx scale two flowered ; corolla
none ; seed one, winged.

393. CoRYLUs. Barren flowers, calyx a scale of
the ament, three cleft ; corolla none ; stamens eight.
Fertile flowers, calyx two cleft, lacerated; styles two;
nut ovate, smooth, surrounded with the persistent
calyx.

394. Carpinus. Barren flowers, calyx the scale
of an ament, roundish ; corolla none; stamens from
eight to twenty. Fertile flowers, calyx the scale of
an ament, oblong; germs two with two styles on
each ; not angular one celled.

395. OsTRYA. Barren flowers, ament imbricate;
calyx a scale ; corolla none ; filaments branched.
Fertile flowers, ament naked ; calyx none ; corolla
none ; capsules inflated, imbricated, one seeded at base.

396. Platanus. Aments globular. Barren flow-
ers, corolla hardly visible ; anthers growing round tlie
filament. Fertile flowers, corolla many parted ; stig-
ma recurved ; seeds roundish, with a capillary down
at the base.

Order IX. MONADELPHIA. Stamens united.

397. PiNus. Barren flowers, calyx four leaved,
corolla none ; stamens many. Fertile flowers, ament
a cone; calyx scale two flowered; corolla none; pis-
tils two ; nuts two, winged.

398. CupREssus. Barren flowers, ament imbri-

CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 357

cate ; calyx a scale ; corolla none ; anthers four, with-
out filaments. Fertile flowers, anient a cone ; calyx
scale one flowered ;, corolla none ; stigmas two ; nut
angular.

399. Thuya. Barren flowers, calyx the scale of
an ament ; corolla none ; stamens four. Fertile flow-
ers, calyx a two flowered scale of a cone ; corolla
none ; pistils two : nut one, winged.

400. AcALYPHA. Barren flowers, calyx three or
four leaved ; corolla none ; stamens about twelve.
Fertile flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ; cap-
sules three grained, three celled ; seeds solitary.

MONCECIA.
MONANDRIA.

366. NAJAS.

Najas Canadensis. Mx. Canada Naiad.

Slender, filiform, smooth ; leaves narrow linear.

Syn. Caulinia flexilis. Nutt.

An obscure floating plant with dichotomous stems, and crowd-
ed linear leaves about an inch long, serrulate under a magnifier.
Flowers minute, axillary, sessile. Fruit ovate, tipped with the
three parted style. — In Fresh pond, Mr. Eddy.

367. CHARA.

Chara vulgaris. Common Char a.

Stems and branches naked at base ; branchlets
round with leafy joints ; leaves oblong-subulate ; brac-
tes shorter than the fruit.

An immersed plant growing at the bottom of muddy ponds
and ditches, with a foetid smell. Stems numerous, a foot long,
slender, brittle. Leaves about eight in a whorl, subulate, acute.

358 CLASS XXI. ORDER II., III.

Anther sessile. Germ surrounded with four leaves, and followed
by a many seeded berry. — July.

368. ZOSTERA.
ZosTERA MARINA ? L. Eel Grass . Sea Wrack.

Pericarps sessile. Sm.

The plant, usually denominated Eel grass in this section of the
the country, and continually thrown ashore in large quantities
by the sea, is probably the Zostera of Europe. The leaves are
very long, linear, obtuse, and when carefully broken, discover a
multitude of fine internal filaments. The fructification said to
grow on a spadix at the base of the leaves, I have never been able
to discover.

DIANDRIA.

369. LEMNA.
Lemna minor. L. Duck Meat.

Leaves sessile, nearly flat on both sides ; root soli-
tary. L.

This minute plant, resembling a small floating scale, multi-
plies extensively in stagnant ponds and ditches, frequently giv-
ing a green appearance to their whole surface. The leaves,
which constitute most of the plant, cohere two or three together,
are small, ovate, entire, smooth, and slightly convex under-
neath. Root long, solitary, undivided, terminating in a small
sheath. Flowers minute, proceeding from a marginal fissure.

TRIANDRIA.

370. ERIOCAULON.
Eriocaulon pellucidum. Mich. Transparent Pipewort,
Glabrous; leaves subulate, channelled, pellucid,
five nerved ; stem solitary ; head somewhat apple-
shaped ; involucre hardly distinct, with obtuse scales.
Mich. abr.

CLASS XXI. ORDER III. 359

Syn. Eriocaulon septangulare ? Sm.

Found in ponds, growing under water, a part of the stem only
projecting above the surface, and supporting a small, flat head
of obscure flowers. The whole plant appears made up of a mass
of cells, whose reticulated appearance is very obvious, particu-
larly in the root. The leaves grow in a tuft at the bottom.
They are one or two inches long, narrow, tapering to a point,
transparent at base, like the root. Stem erect, furnished with a
sheath at base, simple, with six and sometimes seven angles,
terminating in a small, hemispherical head of close flowers. —
August.

371. CAREX. '

§ Subgenus . Stigmas tivo.

Carex cephalophora. Willd. Headed Sedge Grass,

Spikes androgynous, aggregate in an elliptic head ;
fruit ovate, compressed, bifid, margined; ciliate-ser-
rate above.

A slender sedge with a single spike or head, barren at top. —
Found in woods. — June. — Perennial.

Carex stipata. Willd. Close spiked Sedge.

Spikes androgynous, about five, oblong, aggregate;
fruit spreading, ovate, acuminate, two pointed, flat
and convex, nerved ; culm triangular, rough.

A stout, but not very tall species, common in wet meadows,
forming tufts. Spikelets five or six, barren above, crowded into
an irregular, interrupted spike. — May, June. — Perennial.

Carex sparganioides. Burr Reed Sedge.

Spikes androgynous, many flowered, about eight,

ovate, rather approximated ; fruit ovate, compressed,

margined, bifid, ciliate-serrate at the edge, horizontal.

A tall sedge with a long interrupted, spike. — Ditches and wet
grounds. — May, June. — Perennial.

360 CLASS XXI. ORDER III.

Carex scoparia. Brown Sedge,

Spikes androgynous, about five, alternate, ellipti-
cal, obtuse, subapproximate ; fruit ovate-lanceolate,
margiued, two pointed ; bractes oblong, mucronate.

Rather below the middle size, with a few small, sessile, oval
spikes or heads near together. — In moist and sometimes dry
ground. — June. — Perennial.

Carex Curta. Loose Sedge.

Spikes androgynous, about six, alternate, cylindri-
cal ; fruit ovate, flat and convex, rather acute, entire
at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute scale.

Forms tufts in wet meadows. — June. — Perennial.
Carex ciESPiTOSA. Turfy Sedge.

Barren spike one ; fertile spikes about three, cylin-
drical, obtuse, distant, the lower one with a short ex-
serted peduncle ; fruit ovate, obtuse, longer than the
oblong, obtuse scale.

Slender, with dense, hard, blackish spikes. Forms tufts in
boggy meadows. — Common. — May. — Perennial.

Carex crinita. C'Aq^y Sedge.

Barren spikes two ; fertile spikes four, distant, pe-
dunculated, pendulous, cylindrical; fruit roundish-
elliptical, ventricose, short-beaked, entire at the
mouth, shorter than the oblong awned scale.

About three feet high, distinguished by its very long, pendu-
lous, bristly spikes. — In wet swamps and ditches. — May, June.
— Perennial.

Carex stellulata. Gooden. Prickly Sedge.

Spikes androgynous ; about three, remote ; diver-
gent, acuminate, entire at the mouth. Swj.

Found in w^et meadows. It has three or four roundish spikes
with divergent fruit, resembling small burrs. — June. — Perennial.

CLASS XXL ORDER IIL 351

^§ Subgenus . Stigmas three.

Garex marginata. Eai^ly Sedge.

Barren spike one; fertile spikes about two, approx-
imated, roLindish, snbsessile; fruit globular, downy,
two toothed, longer than the oblong-ovate scale ; radi-
cal leaves, when old, longer than the cnlm.

A small species, three or four inches high, and the earliest
grass which flowers in this vicinity. The fertile spikes are
small and ovate or oblong when in flower, but globular in fruit.
— Dry woods. — April. — Perennial.

Carex lupulina. Hop Sedge.

Barren spike one; fertile spikes three, on included
peduncles, oblong, approximate; bractes very long,
foliaceous ; fruit ovate, ventricose, nerved, with a
long, conical, two pointed beak, many times longer
than the ovate, mucronate scale.

Very noticeable in meadows and ditches for its large, oblong,
nodding, turgid spikes of fruit. — June, July. — Perennial.

Carex folliculata. Round spiked Sedge.

Barren spike one ; fertile spike commonly one,
about six flowered, with a visible footstalk ; stigmas
three; fruit ovate, inflated, nerved, its beak with a
two parted mouth; scale ovate, shorter than the fruiL

Rather smaller than the last, with commonly a single, short,
subsessile, inflated, fruit-spike. — Swamps. — June. — Perennial.

Carex flava. Yellow Sedge.

Barren spike one ; fertile spikes about three, sub-
approximate, elliptical, with included peduncles; fruit
ovate, reflexed, with a curved two- toothed beak, lon-
ger than the ovate-lanceolate scale.

A slender carex of the middle size, with short, oval, yellowish
fruit spikes. — Moist ground. — June. — Perennial.
31

362 CLASS XXI. ORDER III.

Carex plantaginea. Broad leaved Sedge.

Barren spike one; fertile spikes four, distant; fruit
elliptical, three cornered, pedicelled, smooth, shorter
than the ovate, pointed scale; root-leaves lanceolate,
nerved.

A low species with very broad, lanceolate, spreading leaves. —
Woods, May. — Perennial.

Carex anceps. Sharp edged Sedge.

Barren spike one ; fertile spikes three, remote, the
lower ones pedunculated ; fruit ovate, nerved, mem-
branous at the mouth, longer than the oblong, mucro-
nate scale.

Below the middle size. Angles of the culm extended and
almost winged. Leaves linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds. —
May, June. — Perennial.

Carex flexxjosa. Slender Sedge.

Barren spike one; fertile spikes about four, remote,

filiform on drooping stalks; fruit distant, alternate,

oblong, beaked, bifid, twice as long as the ovate, mu-

cronate scale.

Syn. Carex debilis. Mx.

Carex tenuis. Rudge.

A very slender carex with flaccid spikes. — Found in wet mead-
ows, &c. — June. — Perennial.

Carex Pseudo-cyperus. Large spiked Sedge.

Barren spike one ; fertile spikes four, geminate, pe-
dunculated, pendulous, cylindrical ; fruit ovate-lan-
ceolate, two pointed, reflexed, equal to the setaceous
scale.

Very large with long, stout, cylindrical, pendulous spikes, ex-
ceeding in size those of any species here mentioned. — Ditches
and ponds. — June, July. — Perennial.

CLASS XXI. ORDER III. 353

Carex lacustris. Lake Scdse.

Barren spikes four ; fertile spikes two, erect, cylin-
drical, pedunculated; fruit oblong, many nerved,
beaked, forked, longer than the oblong, mucronate
scale.

A very stout carex, three feet high, with commonly four bar-
ren spikes at top. Ditches and brooks, Roxbury. — May, June. —
Perennial.

372. SPARGANIUM.
Sparganium ramosum. Sm. Burr Reed.

Leaves triangular at the base, their sides concave ;
common flower stalk branched ; stigma linear. Sm.

Readily distinguished from other Reeds and Flags, by the round
burrs or heads of flowers on its branches. The radical leaves
are three sided at base, erect, at length becoming sword shaped,
with rather obtuse points. Stem leaves concave and sheathing.
The stem is erect, round, and smooth, with several branches.
Heads of flowers alternate, sissile; the lowermost fertile, the
uppermost barren, smaller and more numerous. — In ditches at
Cambridgeport, and elsewhere. — July. — Perennial.

Sparganium angustifolium. Mx. ? Narrow Sparganium.

Leaves flat, narrow-linear, longer than the stem.

Specimens are found in this vicinity, which answer generally
to Michaux's description, but not having seen them in deep wa-
ter, I am unable to say whether the leaves are ever floating.

373. TYPHA.
Typha latifolia. L. Water Flag. Beed Mace.

Leaves somewhat ensiform ; barren and fertile
spikes approximated. L.

The Typha latifolia is an inhabitant of a great variety of cli-
mates and countries. It is common in deep waters, about the
margin of rivers and ponds. Leaves erect, linear-sword shaped
and very long. Stem five or six feet high, round, straight, and

364 CLASS XXI. ORDER Iir,

smooth. The fertile flowers form a large, very compact, cylin-
drical spike or ament, over and adjoining which is a spike of
barren flowers. The leaves of this plant are much used in the
manufacture of chairs. — July. — Perennial.

TypiiA ANGusTiFOLiA. L. Narvow Flag.

Leaves linear, channelled; barren and fertile spikes
remote, both cylindrical.

In similar situations with the last. Leaves smaller. Barren
and fertile spikes at different heights on the stem, separated by
a short interval. — July. — Perennial.

a74. COMPTONIA.
CoMPTONiA ASPLENiFOLiA. Alt, Swect Fem,

S'l/n. LiQUIDAMBAR ASPLENIFOLIUM. L.

This handsome shrub possesses a peculiar, and somewhat spicy
scent. It is pretty common on hills and in dry woods, attaining
to the height of about two or three feet, the branches covered
with a brownish red bark^ which is hairy or downy in the young
shoots. The leaves are numerous, alternate, inserted by short
petioles, somewhat hairy, linear-lanceolate, having their sides
cut almost to the middle rib into numerous, roundish lobes
marked by parallel veins. The middle vein is prominent be-
neath and hairy. At the base of each leaf is a pair of half heart
shaped, acuminate stipules, and frequently an additional pair of
ovate ones below them. The barren flowers form erect, cylindri-
cal aments, which bend over as they decay. They appear in
May, and occupy the extremities of the branches. Each ament
is composed of brownish, hairy, concave, reniform, acuminate
scales, closely imbricating each other. Each scale contains six
m eight oblong, crowded anthers, supported on the inside by a
minute calyx of two oblong, scarious leafets, which frequently
remain on the rachis when the scale is detached,, and thus escape
observation. The fertile flowers are situated lower upon the
branches, forming a crowded and almost globular ament, resem-
bling a small burr. Each stem of this ament contains a calyx
of about six linear leaves which extend far beyond the scales
so as generally to conceal them. The calyx contains an oval

CLASS XXI. ORDER IV. 355

germ surmounted by two capillary, diverging styles. The fruit
is a small, ovate, chesnut colored, one celled nut. The leaves
and fruit have a strong and somewhat fragrant scent.

375. SICYOS.

SiCYOs ANGULATA. L. One seeded Cucumber.

Leaves heart shaped, five angled, denticulate, acu-
minate, rough ; fruit hispid, in heads.

A climbing plant with spiral divided tendrils, and somewhat
the aspect of a cucum^Der vine. The fruit, which grows in heads,
contains a single seed, as large as that of a watermelon. About
cultivated grounds. — July. — Annual.

_ TETRANDRIA.

376. URTICA.

Urtica dioica. L. Large stinging Nettle.

Leaves opposite, heart shaped ; clusters much
branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious. S?}i.

The sensible qualities of this plant are so convincing, that a
botanical description would hardly be necessary to identify it
did not some others of the genus possess similar properties. Its
power of stinging resides in its minute, tubular hairs or prickles,
which transmit a poisonous fluid. It grows commonly in bunches
about the road sides. Stem erect, obtusely quadrangular. Leaves
opposite, heart shaped, toothed. Racemes axillary, in pairs,
spreading, branched. Flowers small, obscure, green. — July.
August. — Perennial.

The plant varies in the length and base of its leaves.

Urtica urens. L. Small Nettle.

Leaves opposite, elliptical, somewhat five nerved,
racemes nearly simple.

The whole plant is covered like the preceding with stinging
bristles. Leaves three or five nerved. Racemes axillary, mostly
simple, and generally shorter than the leafstalk.

An annual weed introduced from Europe.
31#

366 CLASS XXI. ORDER IV,

Urtica Canadensis. L. Canada Nettle.

Leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate,
hispid on both sides; panicles axillary, mostly gemi-
nate, with divaricate branches, the lower ones barren,
longer than the petioles, upper ones fertile, elongated;
stem hispid and stinging.

Five or six feet high with large leaves. — On the banks of Con-
necticut river, in Orford, New Hampshire. — This appears to be
the plant formerly proposed by Mr. Whitlow as a substitute for
hemp.

Urtica Pumila. L. Richweed.

Leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, three nerved,
serrate ; lower petioles as long as the leaf; flowers
monoecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads, shorter
than the petioles. Willd.

A weed about houses, distinguished by its stem^ which is
fleshy and almost transparent. Leaves smooth and shining,
regularly toothed or serrate, very distinctly three nerved, with
long petioles. Flowers in short axillary racemes or heads, re-
peatedly forked and recurved. — August. — September. — Annual.

377. BCEHMERIA,
BcEHMERiA CYLiNDRicA. Willd. Common BceJimeria.

Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate, dentate,
glabrous; flowers dioecious ; barren spikes interrupt-
ed, fertile ones cylindrical ; stem herbaceous. Willd.
Syn. Urtica ctlindrica. L.

Stem erect, round, channelled, hairy or subglabrous. Leaves
opposite, petioled, ovate, toothed, three nerved, acuminate.
Spikes axillary, simfle, of many whorls, leafy at top. The bar-
ren flowers, while young, apj>ear like white buds or seeds, and
consist of a four leaved calyx and four elastic stamens. Fertile
flowers more numerous, with ovate germs and pubescent styles*
— Edges of swamps, on the Concord turnpike. — July. — Pe-
rennial.

CLASS XXL ORDER V. 367

378. ALNUS.
Alnus serrulata. Willd. Common Alder.

Leaves obovate, acuminate, the veins and their axils
hairy underneath ; stipules elliptical; obtuse. Willd.
Syn. Betula serrulata. Ait.

The Alder grows in wet grounds, and forms large thickets in
swamps and about the edges of streams and ponds. Considered
as a tree it ranks with those of the smallest size. Its leaves are
oval or inversely ovale, serrate, acute, or slightly acuminate, fur-
nished underneath with prominent, parallel, hairy veins. Bar-
ren aments pendulous, each scale containing about three flowers
which have four petals and four stamens.. Fertile ones short,
rigid, forming a persistent cone. — Match, April.

Alnus Glauca. Mx. f. Glaucous Alder.

Leaves roundish, elliptical, doubly serrate, glaucous
underneath.
Syn. Alnus incana. Willd.

Michaux thinks this species to be about a third taller than the
preceding. It is distinguishable at sight by its larger and coarser
leaves, which are of a pale bluish green underneath. — Swamps*
— West Cambridge and elsewhere. — April.

PENTANDRIA.

379. XANTHIUM.
Xanthium strumarium. L. Sea Burdock.

Stem unarmed ; leaves heart shaped, three nerved.
L.

A very rough plant, growing at the edges of beaches, &c.,
near the salt water. Stem erect, spotted, bristly. Leaves hard
and rough like a file, heart shaped, serrate, on long petioles.
The fruit is an oval burr, or nut of two cells, covered with stiff
thorns, and ending in a pair of strong points, like horns. —
August.

368 CLASS XXI. ORDER V.

380. AMBROSIA.
Ambrosia elatior. L. Tall Ambrosia. RomanWormwood.
Leaves twice pinnatifid, smoothish, petioles ciliated;
racemes terminal, panicled ; stem wandlike. Willd.
A troublesome weed in cultivated grounds, hardly entitled to
the character which its name might imply. Stem erect, branch-
ing, from one to three feet high. Leaves bipinnatifid, the upper
ones pinnatifid, with parallel segments gradually decreasing in
length toward the point. Barren flowers nodding, small, in ter-
minal racemes. Fertile flowers lower down, sessile about the
axils of the upper leaves. — August, September. — Annual.

Ambrosia trifida. L. Giant Ambrosia,

Hairy, rough ; leaves three lobed, serrate, the lobes
oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit with six spines be-
low the lip.

Much larger in all its parts than the preceding, and sometimes
six or seven feet high. — On the banks of Connecticut river,
Northampton. — August. — Annual.

381. AMARANTHUS.
Amaranthus hybridus. L. Hybrid Amaranth.

Racemes pentandrous, decompound, crowded, erect;
leaves ovate-lanceolate. Willd.

This is a common weed in waste and cultivated grounds.
Stem erect, furrowed, somewhat hairy. Leaves alternate, on
long petioles, green, ovate, mostly entire, mucronated, the lower
ones retuse at the end. The flowers are crowded, small, and
obscure, forming large, green clusters, axillary and terminal,
which turn to a dull red as the plant grows old. — Annual.

Amaranthus blitum. Willd. Low Amaranth.

Racemes triandrous, somewhat spiked ; flowers

three leaved ; leaves ovate, retuse; stem spreading.

Found in the same places as the last. A smaller plant,
spreading or prostrate. — July.

CLASS XXI. ORDER VI., VIII. 3^9

HEXANDRIA.

382. ZIZANIA.
ZizANiA AQuiTACA. Ph. Canada Rice. Water Oats.
Panicle pyramidal, the lower branches divaricate
and barren, the upper ones spiked and fertile ; pedi-
cels clavate ; flowers long awned ; seed linear.

Syn. ZlZANIA CLAVULOSA. Mr.

This interesting plant grows in deep water at the edges of
ponds and sluggish streams. It resembles, at a distance, slender
shoots of Indian corn, but often grows to the height of five or
six feet from the bottom. Culm jointed, as large as the little
finger. Leaves broad-linear, panicle a foot or more in length,
the lower branches with Spreading, barren flowers, the upper
with appressed, erect, fertile ones. The seeds are blackish,
smooth, narrow, cylindrical, about three quarters of an inch long,
deciduous ; within they are white and farinaceous.— In a brook
near the Punch-bowl, Brookline ; in the brook which divides
Cambridge from AVest Cambridge. — July, August.

The Zizania will probably at some day be an object of culti-
vation, since it afibrds a means of rendering useful large tracts
of inundated ground, and stagnant water. Horses appear to be
fond of it, and no plant, now employed as forage, offers a larger
crop. The grain afforded by this plant has the qualities of rice,
and is yielded in large quantity. It is, however, very deciduous,
and on this account difficult to collect, since the seeds drop into
the water almost as soon as they are ripe. The Indians collect
them for food on the lakes, by pushing their canoes among them
and beating the rice into the boat, while the plant is standing.

POLYANDRIA.

383. SAGITTARIA.

Sagittaria sagittifolia. L. Arrow Head.

Leaves sagittate, acute. Lf.

Common in meadows, by the sides of brooks and ditches, put-
ting out its white flowers in July and August. The root is
fleshy, and has been used as food in times of scarcity. The
leaves are radical, large, smooth^ and entire, very distinctly ar-

370 CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII.

row shaped, with an acute point and lobes. Scape somewhat
triangular, bearing whorls of three flowers each, on simple foot-
stalks. Petals three, roundish, very thin and deciduous, and dif-
ficult to preserve. Stamens in the upper flowers; pistils in the
lower. Fruit in globular heads. — Perennial.

SaGITTARIA AUCL'TIFOLIA.

Leaves lanceolate-subulate, sheathing at base, con-
vex on the back ; scape few flowered ; bractes dilated,
acuminate.

Root fibrous, its branches white and reticulated, by numerous
transverse partitions. There is generally a tuber among these.
Leaves very small, linear-lanceolate, fleshy, concave. Petioles
six times as long, smooth, round, sheathing at the base. Scape
erect, round, simple, bearing its flowers in whorls of about three
together. Flowers monoecious petioled, with membranous brac-
tes. Calyx leaves concave, obtuse. Petals roundish, white.
Anthers short, roundish. Germs numerous, ending in small de-
pressed heads of acute seeds. — Edges of Fresh pond. — August. —
Perennial. .

384. MYRIOPHYLLUM.
Myriophyllum spicatum. Z,. Spiked Water Millfoil.

Leaves all pinnate, capillary ; spike terminal,
whorled, naked. Willd.

This plant grows in deep ponds and rivers, where it is fre-
quently drawn up by the lines of anglers. Stems long, smooth,
floating. Leaves in whorls of four or five together, finely divided
or pectinate, always under water. The flowering spikes, which
are the only part that emerges, are solitary, bearing their flow-
ers in small sessile whorls. Bractes three to each flower, ovate,
acute, the middle one much largest. Calyx leaves short, acute.
Petals oblong, obtuse, brownish green, caducous. — July, August.
— -Perennial.

* Myriophyllum tenellum. Slender Water Millfoil.

M. erectum, aphylUim ; hracteis integris, obtiisis ;
petalis linearibus conduplicatis et revolutis.

CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII. 371

Erect, leafless ; bractes entire, obtuse ; petals lin-
ear, condiiplicate and revolute.

Root creeping. Stem simple, erect, four to twelve inches
high, round, smooth, leafless. Flowers alternate, sessile, with
oblong-obovate, obtuse, concave bractes, twice as long as the
flower. Calyx leaves very short, acute. Petals white, oblong-
linear, obtuse, three times as long as the calyx, doubled back-
ward and afterward revolute. Stamens in the upper flowers,
erect, as long as the petals ; anthers oblong. Germs in the lower
flowers, four, adnate; stigmas four, persistent, recurved, pubes-
cent, becoming feathery. Capsules four, growing together. — In
the edge of Fresh pond, also at Tewksbury and Plymouth. It is
sometimes quite out of water and is then very small. — July. —
Perennial.

* Myriophyllum procumbens. Dwarf MyriophyUum..

M. caiile procumbente ; foliis pinnatifidis , subsexji-
dis ; floribus axillaribus, soliiariis, sessilibus.

Stem procumbent ; leaves pinnatifid, about six
cleft; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile.

Stem slender, round, flexuous, rooting, branched. Leaves
alternate, pinnatifid, with five or six narrow, fleshy segments ;
the lower ones sometimes linear. Flowers axillary, solitary, ses-
sile. Calyx segments four, oblong, concave. Anthers four, ob-
long. Germs four, oblong, tapering upward; stigmas curving
outwardly. — July.

This minute plant grows upon the mud about ponds, and was
first sent to me from Danvers by Dr. Nichols. A specimen
which Dr. Boott received from the herbarium of Michaux,
marked "iW. scabraium,'''' resembled this nearly, except in being
somewhat larger. Mr. Nuttall's M. limosum is perhaps a variety.

385. CERATOPHYLLUM.

Geratophyllum echinatUxM. Gray. Hornwort.

Fruit elliptical, slightly compressed, with three

short spines, strongly muricated ; margins armed

with blunt teeth, which finally become weak spines.

372 CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII.

Syn. Ceratophtllum demersum. Pursh.

An aquatic, submersed plant like some of the Myriophylla.
Stems slender, branched, floating. Leaves whorled, linear di-
chotomous, toothed on the beak. Flowers axillary, sessile, ob-
scure. Fruit armed with the persistent style, and usually two
other spines. It has been considered a variety of C. demersum of
Europe.

3S6. ARUM.
Arum triphyllum. L. Dragon Roof. Indian Turnip.
Stemless ; leaves trifoliate ; leafets oval, entire.
Mich.

American Medical Botany, PI. iv,

A singular and not inelegant plant, native of our swamps and
wet woods. The root is round and flattened, its upper part tu-
nicated like the onion, its lower and larger portion tuberous and
fleshy, giving ofi" numerous, long, white radicles in a circle from
its upper edge. It is covered on the under side with a dark,
loose, wrinkled skin. Leaves usually one or tw^o, on long, sheath-
ing footstalks, composed of three oval, mostly entire, acuminate
leafets, which are smooth, paler on the under side, and becoming
glaucous as the plant grows older, the two lateral ones somewhat
rhomboidal. Scape erect, round, green or variegated with pur-
ple, invested at base by the petioles, and by acute sheaths. This
supports a large, ovate, acuminate spathe, convoluted into a
tube at bottom, but flattened and bent over at the top, like a
hood. Its internal color is exceedingly various, even in plants
growing together. In some it is wholly green, in others, dark
purple or black. In most, it is variegated, with pale greenish
stripes on a dark ground. The spadix is much shorter than the
spathe, club, shaped, rounded at the end, green, purple, black
or variegated, suddenly contracted into a narrow neck at base,
and surrounded below by the stamens or germs. In the barren
plants its base is covered with conical, fleshy filaments, bearing
from two to four circular anthers each. In the fertile plants it
is invested with roundish, crowded germs, each tipped with a
stigma. Plants which are perfectly monoecious, and which are
the least common, have stamens below the germs. There are

CLASS XXI. ORDER Vlll. 373

also frequently found irregular reniform substances, much larger
than the anthers, of which they seem to be a disease. The
upper part of the spadix withers with the spathe, while the
germs grow into a large, compact bunch of shining scarlet
berries.

Every part of the Arum, and especially the root, is violently
acrid, and almost caustic. Applied to the tongue, or to any se-
creting surface, it produces an effect like Cayenne pepper, but
far more powerful, so much so, as to leave a permanent soreness
of many hours' continuance. This acrimony is of a volatile
nature and disappears upon boiling or drying. It consists of an
inflammable substance, volatile at low temperatures, and not
combining with water, or alcohol.— May. — Perennial.

387. CALLA.
Calla palustris. L. Northern Calla.

Leaves heart shaped ; spathe flat; spadix covered
with perfect flowers.

A handsome aquatic plant. Root as large as the finger, joint-
ed, creeping. Leaves on long stalks, smooth, entire, heart
shaped, acuminate with an involute point. Scape smooth, a
little compressed. Spathe oval, spreading, recurved, clasping at
base, ending in a cylindrical or involute point ; green on the
outside, white within. Spadix oblong-oval, covered with flow-
ers which present the appearance of large, crowded, greenish
germs, surrounded with white stamens.

The root is acrid like that of Arum, but the pungency disap-
pears in drying. Linnaeus says the Laplanders use it for bread.

Calla Virginica. Mich. Virginian Calla.

Leaves sagittate-hastate, with obtuse lobes; spathe
elongated, incurved. Mich.

Syn. Arxjm Virginicum. L.

The leaves of this plant may be mistaken at sight for those of
Sagittaria, from which they differ in their shorter and more ob-
tuse lobes, and the different distribution of their nerves. They
are radical, numerous, large and smooth, with semicylindricai
petioles. Spathe erect, green, fleshy, cylindrical, acuminate, and
32

374 CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII.

waved at its edge. Spadix shorter than the spathe, tapering to
a point, and covered with flowers. Anthers oblong-hexagonal,
covering the upper part of the spadix. Germs below, roundish,
tipt with the stigma. — Borders of ponds. — June, July.

3S8. FAGUS.
Fagus ferruginea. Aif. Beech Tree.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, down 7 underneath, with
large teeth, ciliate at the margin. Willd.

The Beech tree is known in winter by its smooth bark, its
narrow, acute buds, and marcescent leaves. The leaves are
ovate, fringed with fine hairs at the edge, furnished with paral-
lel veins like those of the chesnut, and with indentations of
moderate depth at the edge. Calyx investing the fruit some-
what ovate, muricated, with soft, short prickles. Nut triangular.

The wood of the beech is not accounted very durable, when
exposed to the vicissitudes of weather.

389. CASTANEA.
Castanea vesca. JVilld. Chesnut Tree.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-
serrate, naked underneath. Willd.

A very large and majestic tree. The bark of the trunk is
coarsely divided by longitudinal fissures. Leaves half a foot
long, lanceolate, smooth on both sides, with simple, prominent,
parallel veins ending in large, pointed teeth at the margin,
which are separated by obtuse indentations. Aments as long as
the leaves, yellowish. The calyx investing the fruit forms a
large, globular burr, with acute, compound, crowded spines.
Nuts two or three, their upper part villous.

The American Chesnut tree is generally considered a variety
of the European. Its wood is coarse grained, but light and du-
rable. It is principally employed in fencing, for which use it
furnishes one of the best materials.

CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII. 375

390. QUERCUS.
QuERCus ALBA. L. White Oak.

Leaves somewhat equally piiinatifid, their seg-
ments oblong, obtuse, mostly entire ; cup bowl-shaped,
rough with tubercles ; acorn ovate. Mich. abr.

The white oak has long been recognized among us as one of
the most valuable productions of our forests. Its name is derived
from the whiteness of the bark, a character by which it may be
distinguished at any season of the year. The leaves are divided
at their sides into a number of oblong, rounded lobes, which are
perfectly obtuse or entire, not terminating in points or bristles.
They are acute at base, their under side pale or glaucous, and,
when young, pubescent. The acorns are pretty large, ovate,
contained in the enlarged calyx, which forms a cup of a hemis-
pherical form, scaly and uneven on the outside.

The wood of the white oak is superior to any species in the
northern states for strength and durability. Its timber is much
used in ship building, in frames, in mills, in wagons, ploughs,
&c., and for the staves and hoops of casks. The great consump-
tion of it for these purposes, has rendered it comparatively
scarce, so that poorer species are often substituted in the work-
shops of mechanics.

QuERCus BicoLOR. WUId. Swamp White Oak.

Leaves oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath,

largely toothed, entire at base, the teeth unequal and

dilated ; fruit on long peduncles. Mich. f. sub. syn.

Syn. QuERCus prinijs tomentosa. Mich.

QuERCUS PRINUS DISCOLOR. Mlch. f.

This species grows exclusively in swamps and low grounds.
It is often brought to market as fuel, and is easily distinguished
by its bark, which separates into large, flat scales or plates.
The leaves are inversely ovate or wedge shaped, not sinuated,
but bordered with a serpentine line, producing large, obtuse
teeth. They are smooth above, but white and downy underneath.
The acorns grow in pairs or single, on long stalks. They are
large, oval, with a rather small, hemispherical cup.

376 CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII.

The wood of the swamp oak is strong, heavy, and flexible,
easy to split, and in point of durability approaches the while oak.

duERCus TiNCTORiA. Bartram. Black Oak.

Leaves slightly lobed, the lobes angular ; cup some-
what saucer shaped, acorn depressed-globular. Mick,
sub. V. angiilosa.

The black oak grows to a large size, and is uniformly charac-
terized by the rough and very dark colored outer bark of its
trunk. The leaves have their sides divided into a number of
large, broad, but rather short lobes, furnished with a few mucro-
nated teeth and angles. Their base is obtuse, and their under
surface, while young, is slightly pubescent, or glandular. The
cup of the fruit is thick, somewhat terbinated and not deep.
Acorn short and round, with its summit depressed.

The bark of this oak furnishes the Quercitron used in dying.
It is also one of the best species used in the tanning of leather.
The wood is much inferior to that of the white oak, but is often
used as a cheaper substitute.

QuERCus cocciNEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak.

Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate,
glabrous, the lobes toothed, acute; cup very scaly;
acorn short, ovate. Mich. f.

A large species of oak. The leaves are divided into long, acute
lobes, by very deep and large sinuses ; the lobes ending in nar-
row teeth, which aremucronated with long, bristle shaped points.
Both sides of the leaves are of a bright, shining green. The
acorn is short and ovate, contained in a cup with prominent
scales, and tapering at base. The wood of this species, as well
as of the next, is more open and porous, also less durable, than
that of the white oak.

Qercus rubra. L. Red Oak.

Leaves on long petioles, glabrous, obtusely sinuate ;
cup saucer shaped, nearly smooth ; acorn nearly
ovate. Mich. f.

The red oak is one of the largest of its genus. Its leaves are

CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII. 377

smooth and shining on both sides, divided into narrow lobes,
which end in mucronated teeth, and are separated by wide and
rounded sinuses. The acorns are very large, and contained in a
remarkably flat, superficial cup, the scales of which are so com-
pact as to produce a comparatively smooth surface.

The foregoing species constitute a considerable portion of the
growth in the common woodlands of this vicinity. Their bark
is the chief material used in tanning, and is occasionally applied
in medicine to the purposes of an astringent and antiseptic. Next
to walnut, their wood is esteemed the best fuel, and large quan-
tities are consumed in town, brought from the south. shore, the
Middlesex canal, and the adjacent country.

QuERCus MONTANA. Willd. Rock Chcsnut Oak.

Leaves obovate, acute with large, nearly equal
teeth; cup terbinate, rough, acorn oblong.
Syn. QuERcus prinus monticola. Mx.

This species has more entire leaves than the others here de-
scribed, being not sinuate, but edged with large, numerous,
roundish teeth. Its wood resembles that of the white oak in
strength, and its bark is in much request for tanning> — On rocky
hills in Hampshire county. Not often observed in the immedi-
ate vicinity of Boston.

QuERCus CHINQUAPIN. Pit. Dwarf Chesnut Oak.

Leaves on short petioles, obovate, acute at base,
largely toothed, pale underneath, teeth subequal, cal-
lous at tip ; cup hemispherical, aconi ovate.

A shrubby species, one of the smallest of our native oaks. —
Found at Attleboro', Mr. Emerson, and near Providence, Michaux.

duERCus iLiciFOLiA. WUlil. Shruh Oak or Scruh Oak.

Leaves on long petioles, with five acute lobes, en-
tire at the margin, ash colored on the underside; cup
somewhat top shaped ; acorn roundish. Mich. f.
sub. syn.
Syn. QuERcus Banisteri. Mich. etf.

The leaves of the shrub oak are small, commonly divided into
32^

378 CLASS XXI. ORDER Vllf.

five, and sometimes three acute lobes, terminated by a bristle.
They are of a pale color underneath, and downy on the same side
when young. The acorns are small, short, dark colored and
striated.

The shrub oak grows on dry hills and barren plains, and is
comtnonly considered an indication of a sterile soil. On account
of its small size, it is rarely appropriated to any important use.

391. JUGLANS.
JuGLANs CiNEREA. Buttemut, OUnut.

American Medical Botany, PI. xxxii.

Leafets numerous, oblong lanceolate, rounded at
base, downy underneath, serrate. Fruit oblong-
ovate with a terminal projection, viscid and hairy;
nut oblong, acuminate, with a rough, indented and
ragged surface.

The leaves of the Butternut, when fully grown, are very long,
consisting of fifteen or seventeen leafets, each of which is two
or three inches in length, rounded at base, acuminate, finely ser-
rate and downy. The flowers appear in May, before the leaves
are expanded to their full size. The barren flowers hang in
large aments from the sides of the last year's shoots, near their
extremities. The scales which compose them are oblong and
deeply cleft on each side into about three teeth or segments.
The anthers are about eight or ten in number, oblong and
nearly sessile. The fertile flowers grow in a short spike at the
end of the new shoot. They are sessile, pubescent, and viscid.
When fully grown, they seem to consist of a large oblong germ
and a forked feathery style. The top of the germ presents an
obscurely four toothed calyx. Within this is a corolla of four
narrow lanceolate petals, growing to the sides of the style. The
style divides into two large, diverging, feathery stigmas nearly
as long as the germ. These flowers are somewhat later than
the aments in their appearance. The fruit is sessile, several
together on the sides and extremity of a long peduncle. It is of
a green color, brown when ripe, oblong-oval, pointed, hairy
and extremely viscid. It contains a nut which is of a dark

CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII. 37^

color, carinated on both sides, sharp pointed, its whole surface
roughened by deep indentures and sharp prominences. The
kernel is more regular than in most nuts of its kind, is very oily,
pleasant to the taste when fresh, but acquires a rancid taste by
age.

The wood is lighter and weaker than that of the Hickories,
but is said to be durable. The sap affords sugar, and an extract
made from the bark is in great estimation as a laxative medicine.

§ Subgenus Cary A. Afnents 171 threes, with three parted scales^
and no corolla. Pericarp four valved. Hickory.

JcTGLANS ALBA. WHld. White Walnut. Common Hickory.
Leafets seven, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, pubescent and rough underneath, the odd one
sessile; fruit somewhat four angled, smooth. Willd.

Syn. JuGLANS TOMENTosA. Mich. et f.

The trunk of this walnut, in young trees, is covered with a
smooth bark; in old trees the bark becomes cracked, rugged,
and thick, but never scaly. The buds in winter are large, hard^
and of a greyish white. The leaves are pinnate, with seven or
nine large leafets, which are serrate and acuminate, nearly ses-
sile, their under side and common stalk hairy. The barren
flowers are in long, pendulous, downy aments, connected three
together, with a pair of acuminate bractes, connate on one side,
at their junction ; calyx scales three parted, the middle segment
acute, the lateral ones obtuse or toothed ; anthers oval brownish,,
from six to eight. Fertile flowers on the ends of the branches;
calyx of four acute, downy leaves. The nut is hard, thick
shelled, commonly with four prominent angles, the kernel toler-
ably good, the green shell rather thick, opening two thirds of its
length in autumn, when the fruit is ripe.

JuGLANS GLABRA. MuM. Pig Nut. Hog Nut.

Leafets seven, ovate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous
on both sides, with resinous dots nnderneath, the odd
one sessile ; fruit and nut oblong or obcordate.

380 CLASS XXI. ORDER VIIL

Syn. JcTGLANS PORCINA. Mich. f.

This species of walnut has its young twigs in winter, accord-
ing to the observation of Michaux, of a brown color, and smaller
by half than those of the white walnut and shagbark. The buds
are also small. The leaves are pinnate, with seven, sometimes
five, nearly sessile, serrate, acuminate leafets, smooth on both
sides, not hairy. Aments in threes, long, and pendulous. Nut
small, thick shelled, hard, smooth; the outer, green shell thin,
frequently pear shaped or tapering al base, its quarters separating
half way down when the fruit is ripe.

JuGLANs SQUAMOSA. MicJi. f. Shelbavh. Shagbark.

Leafets five, on long petioles, ovate-acuminate, ser-
rate, villous underneath, the odd one sessile ; aments
of barren flowers compound, glabrous, filiform ; fruit
globular, depressed ; nut compressed. Mich. f. abr.

Syn. JuGLANS COMPRESSA. G(:E7't. Willd.

The bark of this tree separates into long, flat scales or plates,
with loose, detached ends, giving its trunk a rugged appearance
at a distance. Michaux observes that the buds are distinguished
by the shortness of the two outer scales, which extend but half
their length. The leaves are pinnate; leafets five or seven,
large, oblong, acuminate, pubescent and soft underneath. The
fruit is large, roundish, depressed at top, the green shell exceed-
ingly thick, and separating completely into quarters. The nut,
which constitutes but a small part of the whole fruit, is white,
angular, flattened, thin shelled, its kernel greatly superior to
either of the preceding, and in considerable request.

The wood of the three foregoing species of walnut possesses
similar properties. It is hard, compact, heavy, and of very great
strength. At the same time it is liable to warp and decay, espe-
cially if exposed to the weather. It is principally used for pur-
poses where strength is required, as in hoops, bows, the handles
of tools, &c. It furnishes one of the best kinds of fuel known,
and commands a higher price in our markets than any other
species of wood»

CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII. 381

392. BETULA.
Betula papyracea. 3Ix.f. Canoe Birch.

Leaves oval, acuminate, subeqnally serrate ; petioles
glabrous; veins hairy beneath. Ma:, f.

This tree, which is called also Large white lirch and Paper
hirch, atFords a great portion of the eastern wood consumed as
fuel in this city. It is abundant in the northern and eastern
parts of New England. Leaves ovate, much less acuminate
than those of the following species. Fertile aments nodding.
The trunk is covered with a tough, white cuticle of many layers,
from which the Indians manufacture their canoes. The wood is
hard, close grained, and used in furniture.

Betula popuLiFOLiA. Aii. Common White Birch.

Leaves extensively acuminate, unequally serrate,
glabrous. Mich. f.

The name of white birch is indiscriminately applied to this
species, and to Betula papyracea. The present species is com-
mon here in swamps, and multiplies very fast in moist lands
that are not properly cleared. Like the paper birch, its trunk is
covered with a white, smooth, outer bark, separable into thin
layers, and very inflammable. Its young twigs are flexible, of
a dark brown, spotted with white. The leaves are heart shaped,
tapering to a long point, glutinous, smooih on both sides. The
flowers, both barren and fertile, are in long, pendulous aments.
The wood is white, soft, and very perishable, decaying sooner
than the bark.

Betula nana. L. Dwarf Birch.

Low, smooth; leaves orbicular, crenate, reticulated
underneath ; scales of the ament deeply three parted,
seeds orbicular, nearly wingless.

A very small, alpine species, found on the summit of the
White mountains.

Betula lenta. L. Black Birch. Mahogany Birch.

Leaves heart-ovate, acutely serrate, acuminate,

glabrous. Mich. f.

382 CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII.

Syn. Betula carpinifolia. Mich.

This fine tree, sometimes also denominated Sweet birch, and
Cherry birch, is well known for its fragrant and aromatic bark.
Its young twigs are dark colored, and spotted with white. Its
leaves are smooth, ovate, heart shaped at base, ending in a long
point, with very acute, double serratures at the edge, and dis-
tinct, parallel veins underneath. The barren aments are pendu-
lous ; scales of the calyx three cleft ; corolla three petalled ;
anthers many ; the fertile ones straight.

The wood of the black birch possesses many valuable qualities.
It is compact, smooth, of a reddish color, very strong, and not
liable to warp and crack. It is considerably used in cabinet
work, particularly for bedsteads.

Betula excels a. Ait. Yellow Birch.

Leaves ovate, acute, serrate ; petioles pubescent.
Mx. f. sub. syn.
Syn. Betula lutea. Mx.f.

Common in the eastern parts of New England, and brought to
Boston for fuel. It has considerable resemblance to B. lenta, but
the cuticle has a yellowish color. Fertile aments ovate, erect.
Bark slightly fragrant. Wood valuable.

393. CORYLUS.
CoRYLus Americana. Walt. Common Hazel.

Calyx of the fruit rounded and bell shaped, larger
than the nut, its border dilated, tooth-serrate; leaves
roundish, heart shaped, acuminate. Willd.

The common hazel nut is a slender shrub, usually growing in
bundles about the borders of fields. The barren flowers grow
in long, pendulous aments ; the scales of the calyx ciliated with
the middle portion acuminated. Anthers about eight. The fer-
tile flowers grow in a sort of buds, on a different part of the
branch. The nuts, which are nearly equal in quality to the Eu-
ropean, grow in large bunches, each one invested with a large,
hairy calyx, extending considerably beyond the nut. — April*

CLASS XXI. ORDER VIII. 383

CoRYLUs ROSTRATA. AiL Beaked Hazel.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; stipules linear-
lanceolate ; calyx of the fruit campanulate-tubular,
longer than the nut, two parted, with toothed segments.

A smaller shrub than the foregoing. Leaves ovate or obovate,
somewhat hearted, unequally and sharply serrate, downy under-
neath. Calyx inclosing the nut, densely hispid, round at base,
contracted like a bottle into a long, narrow neck which is cut and
toothed at the extremity. — Sudbury. — May.

394. CARPIINUS.
Carpinus Americana. JVillcl. Hornbeam.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate;
calyx of the fruit three parted, the middle segment
oblique, toothed on one side.

A small tree with sharply serrated leaves. Barren and fertile
aments small. The fruit is a leafy spike formed from the en-
larged ament, having alternate pairs of calyx leaves, which are
large, oblique, auricula te at base, toothed on the lower, and en-
tire on the upper side. Seed or nut naked, dark colored, heart
shaped, acute, ribbed. — Woods, Roxbury, rare. — April, May.

The name Hornbeam is often applied in this state to Nyssa

aquatica.

395. OSTRYA.

Ostrya Virginica. Hop Hornheam. Iron Wood.

Cones oblong-ovate; leaves oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate ; buds acute.

This tree is generally of small size, and remarkable for the fine
division of the outer bark of its trunk. The leaves are alternate,
ovate, a little hearted at base, finely and acutely serrate, acumi-
nate. Barren flowers in pendulous aments ; scale of the calyx
entire, acuminated, strongly ciliated; anthers many, bearded at
tip. Fertile ones enlarging into a sort of oblong cone, in appear-
ance resembling the common hop. The fruit is extended, not
pendulous, and composed of oval, compressed, mucronated vesi-
cles or inflated capsules, bristly at base, lying over each other,
and containing a compressed, ovate seed at bottom.

384 CLASS XXI. ORDER IX.

The wood is hard, close grained, and heavy. In some parts of
the country it has acquired the name oi Lever wood, from the use
to which it is applied.

396. PLATANUS.

pLATANUS occiDENTALis. L. Plane Tree. Button Wood.

Sycamore.

Leaves lobed-angular; branches whitish. Mich.

This tree, commonly known by the name of Button wood, at-
tains to an extraordinary size. Trees are said to be found in
the western states, whose trunks measure from forty to fifty
feet in circumference. With us it is one of the largest native
trees. The leaves are broad and lobed, with many acute seg-
ments. When young they are downy at the veins underneath.
On breaking off the petiole, the next year's bud is found con-
cealed within its base. The flowers grow in balls or globular
aments, and are succeeded by long seeds, furnished with a fine
reddish down at base. The receptacle of the seeds, constituting
the nucleus of the ball, is hard and woody, and closely enveloped
by a regular net work, which may be easily detached. The balls
are retained all winter on the trees by their tough, fibrous stalks.
Each year the outer bark of the branches scales off to a deter-
mined extent, leaving a white surface beneath it. This circum-
stance distinguishes the tree at sight from all others around it.

The wood is fine grained, and is susceptible of a good polish.
It is however said to be liable to warp, and by no means durable
when exposed to the weather.

MONADELPHIA.

397. PINUS.
PiNus RESiNOSA. Norway Pine.

Leaves in pairs, elongated, with long sheaths;
cones conic-ovate, rounded at base, half as long as the
leaves; scales unarmed, dilated in the middle.
Syn. PiNus KUBRA. Mx. f.

A tall tree, sometimes called Red pine from the cast of color
exhibited by its bark. The timber is heavy, impregnated with

CLASS XXI. ORDER IX. 335

turpentine, and useful for various purposes. — At Brookline. Mr.
Emerson. — Also in various parts of the interior.

PiNus RiGiDA. L, Pitch Pine.

Leaves in threes ; cones ovate, clustered ; spines of
the scales reflexed ; sheaths of the leaves short. Lamb,

The Pitch Pine is a very common inhabitant of barren, sandy
tracts of land. Its bark is very thick, and rough with deep, irre-
gular clefts. The leaves are of moderate length, needle shaped,
and united three together in a common sheath. The cones are
ovate or pyramidal, the scales rigid, each one armed with a
short, acute, reflexed spine.

The wood abounds in turpentine, and contains a large portion
of alburnum or sap. It is occasionally employed in building, but
is chiefly used as a light fuel, under the form of*' split pine."

PiNus STROBTJS, L, Wliitc Pine,

Leaves in fives ; cones cylindrical, longer than the
leaves, loose. Ait

This noble and very useful tree rises with a straight trunk to
an uncommon height. Its bark is comparatively smooth, and in
young trees it is without fissures. The branches are given off
in whorls or circles. The leaves are much finer and more deli-
cate than in the last species. They grow in fascicles of five
together, with hardly any sheaths. The cones are very long,
cylindrical, curved, and pendulous ; composed of large, smooth,
loose scales.

The trunk possesses very little resin, and its portion of sap
wood is comparatively small. The texture of the wood is fine
and soft. No tree is more extensively employed in building, or
for the ordinary purposes of carpenters' and joiners' work. The
large trees are particularly in request for the masts of ships, and
vast quantities of the wood have been annually exported from
the eastern coast in the form of timber and boards.

PiNus BALSAMEA. L. SUvcv Fir,

Leaves sohtary, flat, entire or emarginate, glau-
cous underneath, somewhat two ranked and recurv-
33

386 CLASS XXI. ORDER IX.

ed ; cones cylindric, erect; scales obovate, miicronate,

serrulate.

Syn. Abies balsamifera. Mx.

The Silver Fir is a small tree, forty or fifty feet high, much
cultivated for its beauty, but not very valuable for its wood.
The branches are clothed with lateral leaves, which exceed in
length those of the species which follow, and appear whitish un-
derneath. Cones large, erect, bluish. — In Maine and New
Hampshire, common.

PiNus NIGRA. Ait. Black or double Spriice.

Leaves solitary, four cornered, erect, straight;
cones ovate, scales elliptical^ waved at the edge,
erect. Lamb.

Syn. Abies nigra. Mich.

The branches of the double Spruce are thickly covered on all
sides with short, dark colored, linear leaves, inserted laterally
and singly. The cones are small, oval, pendulous, composed of
thin scales, which are waved and crenate, or partially cleft on
the edge.

This tree is not very common, unless cultivated, in the envi-
rons of Boston. At the eastvi^ard it is frequent. Its wood is
light, strong, and elastic, and much used for the smaller spars of
vessels.

PiNus ALBA. Ait. White or single Spruce.

Leaves solitary, four sided, incurved; cones sub-
cylindric, lax ; scales obovate, entire.
Syn. Abies alba. Mx.

A smaller tree than the black Spruce, and its wood deemed
inferior. — Principally found in the parts of New England east of
Boston.

PiNus Canadensis. L. Hemlock Spruce.

Leaves solitary, flat, denticulate, nearly in two
rows; cones ovate, terminal, hardly longer than the
leaves. Lamb.

CLASS XXL ORDER IX. 387

Syn. Abies Canadensis. Mich.

The Hemlock spruce occurs frequently in woods in the vicinity
of Boston. It is a straight tree, remarkable for the horizontal
arrangement of its branches and leaves. The leaves are in two
rows, close, linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly flat beneath, a little
convex above. When examined with a glass, they are found
edged with minute teeth. Cones ovate-oblong, very small.

The wood of the Hemlock is occasionally substituted for Pine,
to which it is inferior, in building. The bark possesses the tan-
ning principle in great perfection, and is used in the preparation
of leather as a substitute for, or in combination with the bark of
the oaks.

PiNus MiCROCARPA. Lamb. Red Larch. HacmatacTc.
Leaves fascicled, deciduous ; cones roundish, few
flowered, with inflected scales ; bractes elliptic, ob-
tusely acuminate. Lmnh.
Syn. Larix Americana. Mich.

The Larch is a fine tree, differing remarkably from the Pines,
already mentioned, in its leaves, which fall at the approach of
winter. They grow in tufts or fascicles, on the sides of the
branches, which are mostly horizontal. The tree flowers with
small aments, the barren ones containing two anthers under
each scale, and the fertile ones two germs. These last are
succeeded by small cones, with soft scales, inflected at the edge.
Seeds small, winged. This tree attains the height of eighty or
ninety feet. Its wood is strong and durable, and is used in ship
building. It frequents a low, moist soil.

398. CUPRESSUS.
CuPRESsus THUYOiDEs. L. White Cedar.

Branchlets compressed; leaves in four rows, imbri-
cated, ovate, tuberculated at base. Willd.

The White Cedar grows naturally in wet situations, some-
times occupying considerable tracts of marshy land, known by
the name of Cedar swamps. The small branches are finely sub-
divided, their last divisions compressed, and covered by four

388 CLASS XXI. ORDER IX.

rows of short, minute leaves, the two lateral rows longest. Each
leaf is furnished with a minute tubercle or gland on the back,
near its base. Cones extremely small, angular, and somewhat
spherical.

The wood is light, soft, and very durable. It is used for
shingles, for wooden vessels, also for fencing and other pur-
poses where durability is required. This tree and the last are
found occasionally, but not frequently^ in the neighborhood of
Boston.

399. THUYA.
Thuya occidentalis. L. Arbor vifce. Hacmatack.

Branchlets ancipital ; leaves imbricate four ways,
ovate-rhomboidal, appressed, naked, tuberculated ;
cones obovate, the inner scales truncated, and gibbons
below the tip.

This tree, remarkable for the flat or two edged form of its
twigs, is known in different parts of the country by the name of
White Cedar and Hacmatack. The twigs are much broader than
those of Cupressus Thuyoides, the cone loose with few long
scales, unlike the globular fruit of the Cedar. Wood soft, but
very durable. — In Maine, New Hampshire.

400. ACALYPHA.
AcALYPHA ViRGiNicA. L. Three seeded Mercury.

Pubescent, leaves on short petioles, lance-oblong,
serrate ; involucres subsessile, axillary, nerved, cut
into acute, crested segments. Mich. abr.

An annual plant of ordinary appearance. Branches pubescent.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with a rather obtuse point, remotely
serrate or crenate at the edge, somewhat three nerved. Involu-
cres of the fruit axillary, hairy, on short stalks, their edge cut
into a number of long, acute, ciliated segments oj teeth. —
WoodSj Cambridge. — August.

CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 389

Class XXII. DIGECIA. Barren and fertile

flowers on different plarits.

Order II. DIANDRIA. Two stamens.

401. Yallisnerta. Barren flowers, spa the two-
parted ; spadix covered with florets ; corolla three-
parted. Fertile flowers, spathe cloven, one flowered;
calyx three parted, superior; corolla three petalled;
stigma three parted ; capsule one celled.

402. Salix. Calyx scale of an ament ; corolla
none. In the barren flowers, from one to five sta-
mens, with a nectariferous gland at the base. In the
fertile flowers, two stigmas; capsule one celled, two
valved ; seeds downy.

Order III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.

403. Empetrum. Calyx three parted; corolla three
petalled. Barren flowers, stamens from three to nine,
very long. Fertile flowers, styles from three to nine;
berr}^ from three to nine seeded.

Order IV. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.

404. Myrica. Calyx a concave scale of the ament ;
corolla none; styles two; berry one seeded.

Order V. PENTANDRIA. Five stamens.

405. HuMULus. Barren flowers, cal yx five leaved ;
corolla none. Fertile flowers, calyx an oblique, en-
tire scale of an ament ; corolla none; styles two; seed
solitary, coated.

406. Acnida. Barren flowers, calyx five leaved;
corolla none. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved ; co-

33^

390 CLASS XXII. ORDER II.

rolla none; styles five; seed one, covered with the
succulent calyx.

Order VI. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.

407. Smilax. Calyx six leaved ; corolla none j
styles three ; berry three celled ; seeds two.

408. DioscoREA. Calyx six parted ; corolla none.
Fertile flowers, styles three ; capsules three celled,
compressed ; seeds two, membranaceous.

Order XII. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens.

409. PopuLus. Calyx a lacerated scale of the
ament; corolla turbinate, oblique, entire. In the fer-
tile flowers, stigma four cleft ; capsules two celled,
many seeded.

Order Xlll. MONADELPHIA. Stamens united.

410. JuNiPERUs. Barren flowers, calyx the scales
of an ament ; corolla none ; stamens three. Fertile
flowers, calyx scales of an ament, fewer, three parted,
becoming fleshy, united into a three seeded berry.

411. Taxus. Barren flowers, calyx none; corolla
none ; stamens numerous ; anthers peltate, eight cleft.
Fertile flowers, calyx cup shaped, entire ; style none ;
seed one, imbedded in the fleshy calyx.

DICECIA.
DIANDRIA.

401. VALLISNERIA.
Vallisneria Americana. Mx. Vallisneriav

Leaves linear ; stalks of the barren and fertile flow-
ers straight.

CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 391

The long, linear, obtuse leaves of this plant are found at the
bottom of stagnant waters stretching upward toward the surface.
I have not seen it in flower, but have repeatedly collected what,
I have no doubt, are the leaves. In the European plant, of which
this appears to be a co-species, or variety, the fertile flowers float
on the surface, being connected with the root by spiral stalks.
The barren flowers grow near the bottom, but break off", and rise
to the surface before shedding their pollen.— In Fresh pond, Cam-
bridge.

402. SALIX.

Salix ERiocEPHALA. MicTi. Swamp Willow.

Diandrous ; twigs downy ; leaves oblong-oval,
somewhat reliise at base, serrulate; aments oval, ex-
ceedingly villous. Mich.

A small tree, common in low, moist grounds, where its woolly
aments expand during the month of March, and are usually in
flower the first week in April. The scales of both the barren,
and fertile aments are covered with very long, even, smooth,
silken hairs, which at a distance give them a woolly appearance.
In the barren aments each scale produces two long, yellow an-
thers ; in the fertile ones, which exceed the last in length, they
support an oblong, tapering, downy germ. Leaves oval- oblong,
nearly entire, green above, glaucous and somewhat downy be-
neath. Stipules half cordate, deciduous.

Salix longirostris. Mx. Sage Willow.

Leaves narrow, wedge-lanceolate, nearly entire,
cinerous-pubescent on both sides while young ; germs
pedicelled, acuminate ; style elongated ; capsules
diverging, long-beaked.
Syn. Salix RE CUR VAT A. Pursh,?

This is a common small shrub, growing in dry sandy woods.
The young branches and leaves are pubescent, giving to the
whole a greyish look. The leaves are small, somewhat revolute,
and become nearly smooth when old, under surface veiny.

392 CLASS XXIT. ORDER II.

Aments appearing before the leaves, small-oval. Fruit pubes-
cent, with long, silken down.
Salix discolor. Willd. Bog Willow.

Leaves oblong, rather obtuse, smooth, remotely ser-
rate, entire at the end, glaucous underneath; stipules
deciduous, lanceolate, serrate ; aments nearly cotem-
porary, diandrous, oblong, downy, the scales oblong,
acute, black, hairy; germs subsessile, lanceolate,
downy ; stigma two parted.

This willow with dark colored branches, and a whitish under-
side to the leaves, grows in wet swamps at Dedham. — April.

SALI3t VITELLINA. L. YelloW WUloW.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, closely serrate,
smooth above, paler beneath ; stipules none; aments
nearly cotemporary, cylindrical, the scales ovate-lan-
ceolate, pubescent outside; germs sessile, ovate-lan-
ceolate, smooth, stigmas subsessile, two lobed.

This tree, distinguished by the yellow bark of its twigs, and
now become extremely common in all soils, was probably first
introduced from Europe. — May.

Salix viminalis. L. Osier. Basket Willow.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate,
entire, silken underneath ; branches virgated ; style
elongated. Sm. *

This is one of the most beautiful species, remarkable for its
long, slender, flexile twigs, and the silken, silvery pubescence
which covers the under side of the leaves. — In swamps, at Dan-
vers and elsewhere. — May.

Saltx repens.? L. Creeping Willow.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire, acute, smooth,
silken underneath ; stem prostrate.

A humble species, as the name implies. The stems are pro-
cumbent, woody, spreading, and throwing out roots. Leaves on

CLASS XXII. ORDER III., IV. 393

short petioles, quite entire, acute, or submucronate, glaucous
with a silken down underneath. Aments ovate, with obovate
reddish scales. Capsules pubescent when young, smooth when
old. Subject to many varieties. — White mountains. — June.
Many alpine co-species have been described, the discrimination of
which involves much difficulty.

TRIANDRIA.

403. EMPETRUM.
Empetrum nigrum. L. Crowberry . Crakeberry.

Stems procumbent; leaves scattered, imbri<;ated;
flowers axillary, solitary.

A prostrate shrub, with small, dense, evergreen foliage, like
that of the Heaths. Leaves imbricate, scarcely petioled, oblong,
obtuse, revolute at the edge. Flowers axillary, very small^ red-
dish. Berry roundish, black. — On the summits of the White
mountains. — June.

Empetrum Conradi. Torr. Conrad's Empetrum.

Stems procumbent, leaves verticillate, imbricated,
flowers aggregated, axillary and terminal.

A spreading shrub with Heath-like branches, resembling the
preceding species. Leaves linear, firm, not half an inch long,
crowded, and mostly verticillate, as may be seen by inspecting
the scars on the lower parts of the branches, from which the
leaves have fallen off. Barren flowers sessile in the axils of the
leaves at the summit of the last year's branches, with crimson sta-
mens projecting beyond the leaves. Fertile flowers in small in-
conspicuous, terminal heads. — Found at Plymouth by many of
our botanists, flowering early in April.

TETRANDRIA.

404. MYRICA.
Myrica Gale. L. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle.

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate above;
barren aments imbricate, the scales ciliate ; fruit in
scaly heads. Mich.

394 CLASS XXII. ORDER IV.

A branching shrub, about four or five feet in height. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate-wedge shaped, (their termination much
more obtuse than in the European variety,) serrated and nearly
smooth. Aments alternate, from the axils of the last year's
leaves, short, oblong-ovate. The fruit has a strong, penetrating,
spicy scent. — About the edges of Fresh pond. — April.

Myrica Cerifera. Bayherry. Wax Myrtle.

American Medical Botany, PI. xliii.

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, with a few serratures at
top; barren aments lax ; fruit spherical, naked, dis-
tinct. Mx.

The Wax Myrtle is found in dry soils, bearing fruit at every
size, from the height of one foot to that of six or eight. The
top is much branched, and covered with a greyish bark. The
leaves are wedge-lanceolate, varying in width, sometimes entire,
but more frequently toothed, particularly toward the end. They
are somewhat pubescent, a little paler beneath, and generally
twisted or revolute in their mode of growth. They are inserted
in a scattered manner by short petioles. The flowers appear
in May before the leaves are fully expanded. The barren ones
grow in catkins, which are sessile, erect, about half or three
quarters of an inch long; originating from the sides of the last
year's twigs. Every flower is formed by a concave rhomboidal
scale, containing three or four pairs of roundish anthers on a
branched footstalk. The fertile flowers, which grow on a dif-
ferent shrub, are less than half the size of the barren ones, and
consist of narrower scales, with each an ovate germ, and two
filiform styles. To these aments succeed clusters or aggrega-
tions of small globular fruits resembling berries, which are at
first green, but finally become nearly Avhite. They consist of a
hard stone inclosing a dicotyledonous kernel. This stone is
studded on its outside with small, black grains resembling fine
gunpowder, over which is a crust of dry, white wax, fitted to
the grains, and giving the surface of the fruit a granulated ap-
pearance. Botanically speaking this fruit has been improperly
called a berry and a drupe ; since it is always dry and never
invested with a cuticle, or any thing but the grains and wax.

CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 395

The wax is procured for use by boiling the berries in water
till it melts and floats on the surface. See American Medical
Botany, volume iii.

PENTANDRIA.

405. HUMULUS.
HuMULus LupuLus. Common Hop.

American Medical Botany, PI. Ix.

The root of the Hop vine is perennial. Stems annual, twin-
ing from right to lift, angular, rough, with minute, reflexed
prickles. Leaves opposite, on long winding petioles, the smaller
ones heart shaped, the larger ones three or five lobed, ser-
rated, veiny and extremely rough. Flowering branches ax-
illary, angular and rough. Stipules two or four, between the
petioles, ovate, reflexed. Flowers numerous and of a greenish
color. Those of the barren plants are very numerous and pan-
icled. Their calyx has five oblong, obtuse, spreading, concave
leaves. Corolla wanting. Stamens short ; anthers oblong, and
bursting by two terminal pores. The fertile flowers, growing on
a separate plant, are in the form of an ament, having each pair
of flowers supported by a calyx-scale, which is ovate, acute, tu-
bular at base. Corolla of one scale, obtuse, smaller than the ca-
lyx, and placed one on each side of it, infolding the germ by
their edge. Germ roundish, compressed; styles two, short;
stigmas long, subulate, downy. The scales of the calyx and co-
rolla swell into a kind of persistent cone or strobile, each flower
producing a roundish seed. The hop vine appears to be a na-
tive of this continent, being found wild in all parts of the United
States.

406. ACNIDA.

AcNiDA CANNABiNA. L. Sea Hemp.

Leaves lanceolate ; capsules smooth, acute angled.

A green-flowering plant of the salt marshes. Stem erect, fur-
rowed, smooth, fleshy. Leaves petioled with a long, obtuse
point. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary and terminal. Barren
and fertile flowers on different plants. Calyx of the fertile flow-
ers three leaved ; gerrn ovate; stigmas three. — Marsh near the
Punch-bowl, Brookline. — August. — Annual.

396 CLASS XXII. ORDER VI.

HEXANDRIA.

407. SMILAX.
Smilax rotundifolia. L. Green Briar.

Stem prickly, round ; leaves unarmed, heart shaped,
pointed, five or seven nerved.

A hardy and very troublesome vine, climbing upon trees and
bushes, and forming, with its thorny branches, almost impas-
sable thickets. Stem smooth, woody, strong, armed with short,
straight, rigid thorns, proceeding from the wood. Leaves large,
smooth, roundish-heart shaped, ending in a short point, com-
monly five nerved. Tendrils very strong, from the top of the
stipules. Umbels of flowers small, on short, axillary stalks.
Berries small. — Moist woods. — June.

Smilax peduncularis. Muhl. Long stalked Smilax.

Stem round, unarmed ; leaves roundish-ovate, acu-
minate, nine nerved, peduncle of the fertile umbel
longer than the leaves.

A rank, herbaceous, climbing plant. Stem round, smooth, at-
taching itself to other plants by its stipular tendrils. Leaves
of the stem large, heart shaped, with a short point, petioled,
smooth, with about nine nerves. Flowers small, greenish, with
an offensive odor, in simple umbels, on very long, axillary-
peduncles. The fertile ones are succeeded by large bunches
of rounded, compressed, crowded, bluish berries. The axils of
many of the leaves give rise to short, barren branches, support-
ing half a dozen ovate, five nerved leafets. — June. — Perennial.

408. DIOSCOREA.
DioscoREA viLLOSA. . VUlous Dioscorett,

Leaves alternate, opposite and whorled, cordate,
acuminate, pubescent underneath, nine nerved, the
lateral nerves simple.
Syn. DioscoREA taniculata. Mx.

A delicate, slender-twining vine. Stem twisted and winding

CLASS XXII. ORDER XII. 397

from right to left. Petioles reflexed, contorted, channelled.
Leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire, beautifully marked with
long, distinct, single nerves, glabrous above, smooth or villous
beneath. Flowers minute, alternate, sessile, on long, filiform,
axillary peduncles. Calyx in the barren flowers in six ovate
segments, witli six minute anthers. Fruit inversely heart
shaped, three winged. — Woods on the Concord turnpike, rare. — ■
May, June. — Perennial.

POLYANDRIA.

409. POPULUS.
PoPULus TREMULOiDEs. MicTi. American Aspen.

Leaves roundish, abruptly acuminate, serrulate,
pubescent at the edge. Mich. f.

The small, tremulous leaves of this Poplar have great affinity
to those of the European Aspen, whose quivering foliage has
long been proverbial. The tree somewhat exceeds the middle
size. The flowers appear in April, long before the leaves, ia
pendulous, silken aments; the calyx of the barren flowers of a
dark, chesnut color with a fringe of white hairs. Corolla white.
Anthers numerous, deep brown with white pollen. The leaves
are small, compared with other species, light, roundish, scarcely
hearted at base. The bark is smooth, and the wood light, fine,
soft, and perishable.

PopuLus GRANDiDENTATA. MicJi. Large Aspeu or Poplar,
Petioles compressed; leaves round-oval, smooth
both sides, unequally sinuate, with large teeth, the
younger ones villous. Mich. f.
Syn. PopuLUs trepida. Muhl.

This tree is occasionally met with in our woods, but is much
less common than the preceding species. It is easily distin-
guished from the various cultivated poplars by the large, unequal
indentations on the margin of the leaves. The leaves, as Mi-
chaux observes, are covered when young with a white down,
which disappears as they grow older. In many instances they
are furnished with a pair of glands at base. The aments, which
34

398 CLASS XXII. ORDER XIII.

are two or three inches long, appear in May. Wood much like
the last. — Cambridge, Milton.

PopuLus CANDicANs. Alt. Bulm of Gilcad Tree.

Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and un-
equally serrate, whitish and somewhat three nerved
beneath; petioles hairy; buds resinous; branches
round.

This poplar is abundantly cultivated in New England, and
proves troublesome by the rapidity w^ith which it spreads. I
have never seen it in woods.

MONADELPHIA.

410. JUNIPERUS.
JuNiPERUs Virginia NA. Red Cedar.

American Medical Botany, PI. xlv.

Trunk arboreous, upper leaves imbricated in four
rows, ovate, pungently acute.

The Red Cedar, sometimes called in this vicinity by the name
of Savin, is a common tenant of dry. rocky hills. When full
grown, it is a middling sized tree. Trunk straight, decreasing
rapidly from the ground, and giving off many horizontal branch-
es. Its surface is generally unequal and disfigured by knots.
The small twigs are covered with minute, densely imbricated
leaves, which increase in size as the branch grows, till they are
broken up and confounded with the rough bark. These leaves
are fleshy, ovate, concave, rigidly acute, marked with a small,
depressed gland on the middle of their outer side, in pairs,
united at base to each other and to the pairs above and below
them. A singular variety sometimes appears in the young shoots,
especially those which issue from the base of the trees. This
consists in an elongation of the leaves to five or six times their
usual length, while they become spreading, acerose, considera-
bly remote from each other, and irregular in their insertion, be-
ing either opposite or ternate. These shoots are so dissimilar
to the parent tree, that they have been repeatedly mistaken for
individuals of a different species. The barren flowers grow in
small oblong aments, formed by peltate scales with the anther

CLASS XXII. ORDER XIII. 399

concealed within them. The fertile flowers have a proper peri-
anth, which coalesces with the germ and forms a small, roundish
berry, with two or three seeds, covered on its outer surface with
a bright blue powder. The wood of the Red Cedar is light and
very durable. It constitutes an excellent material for posts, to
which use it is commonly appropriated with us. The leaves re-
semble Savin in their medicinal properties, and are particularly
used as a topical stimulant.

JuNiPERus CoMMONUNis. CoTTimoji Jumper.

American Medical Botany, PI. xliv.

Leaves ternate, spreading, rnucronate, longer than
the berry.

Variety depressa. Stems prostrate.
Syn. JuNiPERUs repens. Nutt.

The Juniper is with us always a shrub, never rising into a
tree. The stems are prostrate, rooting, and forming large beds.
The tips of the branches are smooth and angular. Leaves in
threes, linear-acerose, sharply rnucronate, shining green on their
lower surface, but with a broad glaucous line through the centre
of the upper. The leaves always resupinate, and turn their
upper surface toward the ground. The barren flowers grow in
small axillary aments, with roundish, acute, stipitate scales,
inclosing several anthers. The fertile flowers, growing on a
separate shrub, have a small tbree parted calyx growing to the
germ ; and three styles. The fruit is a fleshy, roundish, oblong
berry, of a dark purplish color, formed of the germ and con-
fluent calyx, marked with three prominences or vesicles at top,
and containing three seeds. It requires two seasons to arrive
at maturity from the flower. — In dry woods, Roxbury,Brookline.

411. TAXUS.
Taxus Canadensis. Willd. Dicarf Yew,

Leaves linear, two ranked, revolute at the edge;
receptacles of the barren flowers globose.
Syn. Taxus baccata, minor. Mx.

A low, spreading shrub, known in Maine by the name of

400 CLASS XXIII. ORDER I.

Ground hemlock. The leaves, in their arrangement, resemble
those of Pinus Canadensis, but are larger. The fruit resembles
a berry, the seed being imbedded in the fleshy calyx. — Hollowell,
Maine.

Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Perfect flowers to-
gether with barren^ or fertile^ or both^ on the same
or distinct plants.

Order I. MONCECIA. Barren, fertile , and perfect
flowers, found on one plant.

412. Celtis. Perfect flowers, calj^x five parted ;
corolla none ; stamens five ; styles two ; drupe one
seeded. Barren flowers, calyx six parted; corolla
none ; stamens six.

413. Atriflex. Perfect flowers, calyx five parted ;
corolla none ; stamens five ; style two parted ; seed
one depressed. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved ;
corolla none; style two parted ; seed one compressed.

414. Veratrum. Calyx none ; corolla six parted;
stamens six. Perfect flowers, pistils three ; capsules
three ; many seeded. Barren flowers containing the
rudiment of a pistil.

Order II. DICECTA. Barr en ^ fertile, and perfect flowers
on different plants.

415. Panax. Umbel simple. Perfect flowers, ca-
lyx five toothed, superior ; corolla five petalled ; sta-
mens five ; style two ; berry two seeded. Barren
flowers, calyx entire ; petals five ; stamens five.

416. Xanthoxylum. Calyx inferior, five parted ;
corolla none ; flowers barren, fertile, and perfect ; cap-
sules from three to five, one seeded.

CLASS XXIII. ORDER I. 40J

417. Acer. Calyx fi\Ae cleft: corolla five petalled;
stamens eight ; capsules two or three, one seeded, ter-
minated by a wing. Barren flowers without germ or
style.

418. Nyssa. Perfect flowers, calyx five parted;
corolla none ; stamens five ; pistil one ; drupe inferior.
Barren flowers, stamens ten.

419. Fraxinus. Perfect flowers, calyx none or
four parted ; corolla none or four petalled ; stamens
two ; pistil one ; capsule flattened ; seeds mostly soli-
tary, pendulous. Fertile flowers, pistil one, lanceo--
late.

POLYGAMIA.

MONCECIA.

412. CELTIS.
Celtis occidentalis. L. Nettle Tree,

Leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, une-
qual at base, rough on the upper side, hairy under-
neath ; fruit solitary.

This tree, known in some parts of the United States by the
names of Hoop Ash and Beaver tree, is rarely in this vicinity. I
have only met with it at Squantum and on Bear hill at Waltham.
The leaves are nearly as large as those of the Elm and re-
markably oblique at base. Flowers small, whitish. Fruit dark
purple, pedunculated, not larger than the whortleberry. — May.

413. ATRIPLEX.

Atriplex patula. L. Spreading Orache.

Stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves, deltoid-lance-
34=^

402 CLASS XXIII. ORDER I.

olate, somewhat hastate; calyx of the seed somewhat
muricate on the disc. Sm.

Stem spreading, very much branched. Leaves powdery un-
derneath, the lower ones mostly hastate, the upper ones lanceO'-
late. Racemes axillary and terminal. The seed is inclosed be-
tween two large, triangular valves, furnished on their back with
an irregular number of short, conical points. — Salt marshes. —
August. — AnnuaL

414. VERATRUM.

Veratrum viride. Ait. Poke Root. American Helle-
bore.
American Medical Botany, PI. xxxiii.

Panicle downy ; partial bractes longer than their
pedicels. Segments of the corolla thickened on the
inside at base.

A large, green, leafy plant, not uncommon in meadows and
swamps. The root is thick and fleshy, its upper portion tuni-
cated, its lower half solid and sending forth a multitude of large,
whitish radicles. The stem is from three to five feet high,
roundish, solid, striated and pubescent. Throughout the greater
part of its length it is closely invested with the sheathing bases
of the leaves. The lower leaves are large, from half a foot to a
foot long, oval, acuminate, pubescent, strongly plaited and nerv-
ed ; the lower part of their edges meeting round their stem.
The upper leaves become gradually narrower, and the upper-
most, which perform the office of bractes, are linear-lanceolate.
The flowers are numerous and distributed in compound racemes,
axillary from the upper leaves, and terminal ; the whole form-
ing a sort of panicle. Peduncles roundish, downy. Bractes
boat-shaped, acuminate, downy. The pedicel of each flower is
many times shorter than its bracte. Calix none. Corolla divid-
ed into six green, oval, acute, nerved segments, of which the
alternate ones are longest. All the segments are contracted at
base into a sort of claw with a thickened or cartilaginous edge.
Stamens six with recurved filaments and roundish, two labed

CLASS XXIII. ORDER II. 403

anthers. Germs three, cohering, with acute recurved styles as
long as the stamens. A part of the flowers are barren, and have
only the rudiments of styles, so that the plant is strictly polyga-
mous. The seed vessel consists of three capsules united toge-
ther, separating at top and opening on their inner side. Seeds
flat, imbricated. — June. — Perennial.

The root of this plant, when taken internally, produces violent
effects, and is dangerous in considerable quantities. It is chiefly
used in the country as an external application in cutaneous affec-
tions. From its great affinity in habit to the Veratrum album,
an European species, which has lately acquired considerable
celebrity as a remedy in gout; the American plant is particu-
larly entitled to the attention of physicians.

DICECIA.

415. PANAX.
Panax Quinquefolium. Ginseng,

American Medical Botany, PI. xxix.

Root fusiform; leaves three, quinate; leafets ovaJ,
acuminate, serrate, petioled.

The root of the Ginseng consists of one or more fleshy, oblong
and somewhat fusiform portions, of a whitish color, transversely
wrinkled, and terminating in various radicles. Its upper portion
is slender and marked with the scars of the former shoots. Stem
smooth, round, green, with often a tinge of red, regularly divided
at top into three petioles, with a flower stalk at their centre.
Petioles round, smooth, swelling at base. Leaves three, com-
pound, containing five, rarely three or seven leafets. The partial
leafstalks are given off in a digitate manner, and are smooth,
compressed and furrowed above. Leafets oblong, obovate,
sharply serrate, acuminate, smooth on both sides, with scattered
bristles on the veins above. The flowers, which are small, grow
in a simple umbel on a round, slender peduncle, longer than the
petioles. The involucrum consists of a multitude of short subu-
late leafets, interspersed with the flower stalks. These stalks or
rays are so short as to give the appearance of a head, rather than
an umbel. In the perfect flowers the calyx has five small, acute

404 CLASS XXIII. ORDER II.

teeth; the corolla five petals, which are oval, reflexed and decid-
uous. Stamens five, with oblong anthers. Styles two, reflexed,
persistent; germ large, inferior, ovate-heart shaped, compressed.
The berries are kidney shaped, retuse at both ends, compressed,
of a bright scarlet color, crowned with the calyx and styles, and
containing two semicircular seeds. In most umbels there are
flowers with only one style, in which case the berry has a semi-
cordate form. Sometimes there are three styles and three seeds.
The outermost flowers ripen first, and their berries often obtain
their full size before the central ones are expanded. The middle
flowers are frequently abortive. There are also barren flowers,
on separate plants, which botanists describe as having larger
petals and an entire calyx. — In Northampton and on the Ascut-
ney mountain. — June, July. — Perennial.

The root of Ginseng is in high estimation among the Chinese,
and formerly constituted a profitable article of export to Canton.

Panax trifolium. L. Dwarf Ginseng,

Root tuberous ; leaves three, ternate or quinate ;
leafets wedge- lanceolate, subsessile, serrate.

The herb considerably resembles that of Anemone nemorosa.
Root tuberous, deep in the ground, globular, of the size of a pis-
tol bullet. Stem smooth, simple. Leaves compound, three in
number, given oflFin a whorl. Petioles smooth, channelled above.
Leafets three, four or five, nearly sessile, wedge-lanceolate, ser-
rate, smooth, with generally a few short bristles from the upper
side of the veins. Peduncle a little angular, terminating in a
simple umbel of small white flowers. Involucre many leaved.
The barren umbels have a short white calyx, scarcely toothed,
five obovate petals, five stamens, growing upon the calyx, and
one style. The fertile umbels have a greenish calyx, white,
deciduous petals, no stamens, and three styles. Berry three
celled. — Low grounds, rare. — Sent from Danvers by Dr. Nichols.
— Found at Maiden by Mr. Little. — Perennial.

CLASS XXIII. ORDER II. 405

416. XANTHOXYLUM.
Xanthoxylum Fraxineum. Prickly Ash.

American Medical Botany, PI. lix.

Prickly; leaves pinnate; leafets ovate, subentire,
sessile, equal at base; umbels axillary.

The branches of this shrub are covered with strong, sharp
prickles, arranged without order, most frequently in pairs, at the
insertion of the young branches. Leaves pinnate, the common
petiole sometimes unarmed and sometimes prickly on the back.
Leafets about five pairs, with an odd one, nearly sessile, ovate,
acute, with slight vesicular serratures, somewhat downy under-
neath. The flowers appear in April and May, before the leaves
are expanded. They grow in sessile umbels about the origin of
the young branches, are small and greenish. I have observed
them of three kinds, making the shrub strictly polygamous. In
the staminiferous flower, the calyx is five leaved, leaves oblong,
obtuse, erect. Stamens five, with subulate filaments and sagit-
tate four celled anthers. In the place of the pistils are three or
four roundish corpuscles supported on pedicels from a common
base. The perfect flowers growing on the same plant have the
calyx and stamens like the last ; the germs are three or four,
pedicelled, and having erect, converging styles nearly as long as
the stamens. The pistiliferous flowers grow on a separate shrub.
Calyx smaller and more compressed. Germs about five, pedi-
celled ; styles converging into close contact at top, and a little
twisted. Stigmas obtuse. All the flowers are destitute of co-
rolla. Each fertile flower produces an umbel of as many stipi-
tate capsules as there were germs in the flower. These cap-
sules are oval, covered with excavated dots, varying from green
to red, two valved, one seeded; seed oval, blackish. — Woods,
Medford. — April, May. — Perennial.

The rind of the capsules has an agreeable leraon-like scent.
The bark is pungent, and is used in rheumatism.

417. ACER.

Acer rubrum. L. Stvamp 31aple. Red Maple.

Leaves palmate-five lobed, unequally toothed, pu-

406 CLASS XXIII. ORDER II.

. bescent, and at length glaucous nnderneath, the si-
nuses acute ; fertile flowers aggregate, with rather
long stalks. Mich.

This maple grows plentifully in our swamps and low woods.
The flowers appear in April and May, each bud producing a fas-
cicle or sessile umbel of about five crimson flowers. In the
barren flowers the calyx is about five parted, with oval segments.
Petals five, narrower and inflected. Stamens twice as long as
the calyx. Perfect flowers on separate trees, later and smaller,
the stamens included ; styles two, exserted, recurved, pubescent.
Germs compressed, united, succeeded by a red fruit, known by
the name of maple keys, consisting of a pair of small capsules,
each terminated by a long, membranous appendage, resembling
the wing of an insect. The leaves are opposite, rounded, or
hearted at base, and divided into three or five principal lobes,
separated by a large, acute notch. They are irregularly toothed,
and glaucous underneath.

The wood of this species is close grained, smooth and hard.
It is much used in the manufacture of tables, chairs, and other
kinds of furniture. A variety, denominated Curled Maple, oc-
casioned by the serpentine course of the fibres in some old trees,
has a beautiful, shaded appearance in cabinet work, and is also
used for gun-stocks, on account of its solidity and toughness.

Acer saccharinum. L. Rock Maple. Sugar Maple.

Leaves five parted-palmate, glabrous, entire at the
margin, glaucous underneath ; flowers pedunculated,
pendant. Mich. f.

The Rock Maple, though common in the interior, is rarely
met with in the vicinity of Boston. Some young trees occur in
the woods at Roxbury. The flowers of this species are yellow-
ish, small, and supported by slender, drooping footstalks. The
fruit is larger than in the Red Maple, and of a light greenish
color. The leaves have three or five principal lobes, separated
by a sinus or notch, which is rounded, not angular, at bottom.
They are pale, and sometimes downy on the under side.

The wood is hard, compact, and smooth. It is much used ia

CLASS XXIII. ORDER II. 407

cabinet work, particularly a beautiful variety denominated Bird's-
eye Maple, and a curled variety like that in the last species. It
makes good fuel, though inferior to walnut and oak ; and, with
the Betula papyracea, it constitutes a greater portion of our east-
ern wood.

But the peculiar value of this tree consists in the sugar which
is obtained from its sap. A tree of the ordinary size will yield
from twenty to thirty gallons of sap in a season. This sap is
collected by boring holes in the trees, and affixing to them small
troughs, which convey it into reservoirs prepared for its recep-
tion. It is then put into large kettles, and boiled down until it
is sufficiently inspissated to crystallize or grain. It thus forms
the raw sugar, which may be purified in the usual way.

Acer dasycarpum. Willd. White Maple.

Leaves palmate-five lobed, truncated at base, nne-
qnally cut toothed, white and smooth underneath,
with obtuse sinuses; flowers crowded, with short
pedicels and downy germs.
Syn. Acer eriocarpum. Mx.

A tall tree with large leaves remarkably white underneath.
Wings of the fruit very large, exceeding those of any species here
mentioned, greenish. Wood softer and more perishable than in
the other kinds. — Hanover, New Hampshire, and Maine.

Acer striatum. L. Striped Maple. 3Ioose Wood.

Leaves rounded at base, with three acuminate
lobes, sharply serrate, smooth; racemes simple, pen-
dulous.

Syn. Acer Pennsylvanicum. Willd.

A beautiful small tree with striped bark. Leaves more sim-
ple in their structure than those of the other species, being sim-
ply three lobed. Flowers yellowish green, in simple pendulous
racemes. Petals from eight to ten, obtuse. Stamens about eight.
Fruit in long hanging clusters with pale greenish wings. Com-
mon in Worcester county. — June.

408 CLASS XXIII. ORDER 11.

Acer montanum. L. Mountain Maple*

Leaves about five lobed, acute, toothed, pubescent,

underneath ; racemes erect, compound.

A shrub with pale greyish bark. Leaves three or five lobed,
toothed, rugose, slightly pubescent underneath. Racemes erect
with compound branches. Calyx segments short, acute. Petals
five, linear, greenish white. Stamens shorter than the petals ;
anthers yellow. Germ compressed, inversely heart shaped or
triangular. Style erect. Fruit winged, in compound, pendulous
racemes. — Woods in the interior of Massachusetts, &c. — June.

418. NYSSA.
Nyssa villosa. Mich. Tupelo Tree. Swamp Hornbeam.
Leaves oval, entire, the petiole, middle nerve, and
margin villous ; fertile stalks about three flowered ;
nut short-obovate, obtusely striate. Mich.

This tree grows in swamps, and is frequently of a pyramidal
form, with horizontal branches. The leaves are oval, entire,
acute, tough and firm, paler on the under side, slightly pubescent
on the margin and petiole, two or three inches in length. The
flowers are small, obscure, of a green color, collected on the end
of a long peduncle. Each fertile peduncle produces two or three
small, oblong drupes, of a deep blue color, each containing an
exceedingly hard, striated stone.

The wood of this tree is white, and moderately hard. Its
fibres are closely interwoven, so as to render it extremely tough
and difficult to split. In Massachusetts it is generally called
Hornbeam, a name properly belonging to the genus Carpinus.

419. FRAXTNUS.

Fraxinus Americana. Mich. f. White Ash.

Leafets elliptic, acuminate, slightly toothed, petio*

led, glaucous underneath.

Syn. Fraxinus discolor. Muhl,

Fraxinus acuminata. Lam.
This very valuable tree grows to the height of seventy or

CLASS XXIV. ORDER I. 409

eighty feet. Its branches are opposite, and covered with bark
of a very light color. Leaves pinnate, consisting of about
seven oval, acuminated leafets, whitish underneath, entire or
slightly toothed. The flowers grow in loose panicles from the
axils of the last year's leaves. Their stalks have opposite
branches with bracles at base. The barren flowers consist sim-
ply of two large, oblong, reddish anthers, proceeding from a
minute dentated tubercle which seems to be a calyx. The fer-
tile ones have a small calyx, an ovate germ, and a long style
ending in two stigmas. They are succeeded by winged capsules,
which are cylindrical at base, but dilated at their end into a
long, flat appendage, somewhat lanceolate in form, but blunt or
emarginate at the end. The wood of the common Ash is ex-
ceedingly durable, firm, and elastic, with a tolerable degree of
lightness. It is the principal material used in the manufacture
of carriage frames, of light agricultural implements, of oars,
blocks, boxes, &c. — May.

Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. Fructification
anomalous or concealed.

Order I. FILICES. Ferns.

420. Equisetum. Floral receptacles peltate, many
angled, collected into a spike; indusiam corniculate ;
stamina four ; style none ; seed one.

421. Lycopodium. Capsules reniform, one celled,
two valved, many seeded; seeds very minute, resem-
bling powder.

422. BoTRYCHiuM. Capsules subglobose adnate to
the rachis of the compound raceme, separate, naked,
one celled ; valves two, connected behind, opening
transversely.

423. Lygodium. Spikes unilateral; capsules in two
series, opening on the inner side from the base to the

35

410 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

summit; indusium (or veil) squamiform, covering
each capsule.

424. OsMUNDA. Capsules subglobose, pedicellate,
striate, semibivalvular and paniculated; indusium
none.

425. PoLYPODiuM. Sori (or small clusters of cap-
sules) roundish, scattered ; indusium none.

426. WooDsiA. Sori roundish, scattered; indusium
calyciform, open, with a hairy margin, including the
pedicellate capsules.

427. AspiDiuM. Sori roundish scattered ; indusium
umbilicate or opening on one side.

428. Onoclea. Capsules densely covering the back
of the frond ; indusia squamiform, connate in the form
of berries and not expanding.

429. Struthiopterts. Capsules densely covering
the back of the frond ; indusia squamiform, marginal,
opening internally.

430. AsPLENiuM. Sori linear, transversal, scatter-
ed; indusia arising from the lateral veins, and open-
ing towards the rib.

431. Pteris. Sori continuous, linear, marginal;
indusium from the inflected margin of the frond,
opening inwards.

432. Woodwardia. Sori oblong, distinct, straight,
parallel with the ribs of the frond on either side ; in-
dusia superficial, arched, opening inwards.

433. Adiantum. Sori oblong or roundish ; indusia
membranaceous, arising from the margin of the frond
and opening inwards.

434. DicKsoNiA. Sori punctiform, marginal, round-
ish, and distinct; indusium double, one superficial,

CLASS XXIV. ORDER I. 411

opening outwards, the other marginal and opening
inwards.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

FILICES.

420. EQUISETUM.
Equisetum hyemale. L. Rough Horsetail. ScouringRusH.

Stem naked, very rough, mostly branched at base;
sheaths whitish, black at the base and summit.

Found in moist woods at Lynn and elsewhere. Stems erect,
without branches, except at base, hollow, naked, furrowed, the
ridges rough with minute teeth, which are hardly visible without
a glass. The joints of the stem are surrounded with short
sheaths, colored with black and white rings, and toothed at the
top. The fruit grows in an ovate, terminal ament, composed of
peltate, six sided scales, bearing the seeds inside.

The whole surface of the stem is rough, like a file, and is
used in scouring and polishing metallic vessels. Its cuticle, ac-
cording to Sir H. Davy, contains a considerable portion of sili-
ceous earth.— Perennial.

Equjsetum uligjnosum. Muhh Pipes.

Stems somewhat branched ; branches from the

middle joints, unequal.

A very tall, slender species, growing in the water at the edges
of rivers and ponds. Stems erect, round, furrowed, nearly
smooth. Joiots invested with smooth sheaths ending ip evep,
acute, black teeth. Both the barren and fertile stems are fur-
nished with a few short branches, chiefly from about the middle
joints. The lowermost and uppermost of these are generally
single or in pairs, the rest in unequal whorls. Ament terminal,
oblong-ovate. — Banks of rivers, &c. — Perennial.

Under the name oi pipes ^ this plant is prized by farmers as a
valuable food for cattle, who are extremely fond of it.

412 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

Equisetum arvense. L. Field Horsetail.

Fertile scape naked; barren frond with whorled
branches, decumbent. L.

The fruiiful stems of this plant appear in April, and soon de-
cay. They are erect, smooth, furrowed, and without branches,
their joints surrounded with large, swelling sheaths, which end
in long, blackish teeth. Spike terminal, oblong-ovate, with a
membranous border below it. The barren stems are taller and
more durable ; they are erect, or ascending at base, roughish,
their joints furnished with sheaths and large whorls of simple
ascending branches. These branches are three or four cornered,
with sheaths at their joints, ending in the same number of teeth.
— Moist ground, South Boston. — Perennial.

Equisetum sylvaticum. L. Wood Horsetail.

Branches compound, curving downward, rough.

The fertile stems are erect, round, furrowed, jointed. Joints
invested with large, loose sheaths, which divide into a number
of broad teeth at top. Branches very slender, in a whorl pro-
ceeding from the upper joint, immediately below the sheath,
divaricated and curving downward. The second joint from the
top is furnished with a whorl of shorter branches, and sometimes
also the third. Ament ovate, terminal, composed like the rest,
of peltate, hexagonal scales. The barren stems are smaller and
higher, their joints all furnished with whorls of branches, which
are much longer, and considerably subdivided. — Low grounds,
Roxbury, Cambridge. — Perennial.

Equisetum scirpoides. Mx. Small Horsetail.

Stems simple, ascending, smooth, filiform, with
spikes at top; sheaths three toothed, blackish, teeth
awned, the tips caducous.

A very small species, not larger than the leaves of the fore-
going. Stems simple, crowded, three or four inches high. — In
Plainfield, Dr. Porter.

CLASS XXIV. ORDER L 413

421. LYCOPODIUM.
Lycopodium Carolinianum. JVilld. Carolina Club Moss.
Stem creeping; leaves two ranked, spreading, lan-
ceolate; peduncle erect, solitary, elongated, one spiked;
bractes snblanceolate.

A creeping species, keeping close to the ground in muddy
soils, the peduncle being the only erect part. This is iong^ slen-
der, and bears a single spike. — Faund at Sandwich.

LYCoroDiuM CLAVATUM. L. Common Club Moss.

Leaves scattered, ending in hairs; spikes in pairs
cylindrical, pe/diinciilated, the scales ovate, acuminate,
toothed.

Stems very long, trailing and rooting. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, spreading, nerveless, ending in a curved bristle. Flower*
ing stalks erect, with two or three spikes. Scales or bractes
dilated at base.— rWoods, Mount Auburn.

Lycopodium complanatum, L. Flat Club Moss.

Leaves two rowed, united, superficial ones soli-
tary; spikes in pairs, pedunculated.

A common, trailing evergreen. The stems, which creep on
the ground for a considerable distance, are furnished with dis-
tinct, somewhat remote scales or leaves. Branches spreading,
subdivided by regular forks, flattened, two edged. Leaves v^ry
short and acute. Peduncles elongated, forked at top, and usually
supporting four erect, cylindrical spikes. Bractes closely im-
bricated, heart shaped, acuminate. — Woods and pastures, — Pe-
rennial..

Lycopodium rupestre. L. MocTc Club 3Ioss.

Stems branching, rooting ; branches subdivided, as-
cending; leaves scattered, imbricated, linear-lanceo-
late, ciliate, tipt with bristles ; spikes solitary, sessile.

A little plant, remarkable for the square form of its spikes.
Leaves many rowed. Spikes terminal, four rowed, barely dis-

35^

414 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

tinguishable from the leafy stem below them. — On rocks and
dry hills.

Lycopodiujm obscurum. L. Radiated Club Moss.

Erect ; branches spreading; leaves in six unequal

rows; spikes one or few, solitary, sessile.

The shoots of this species are erect, ascending at base, covered
with small, imbricated, lanceolate leaves. Branches alternate,
dividing by successive forks, the branchlets diverging like rays
from a centre. Leaves in six rows, those of the lateral rows
longest. Spikes terminal, solitary, sessile, cylindrical. Like
others of the genus, they give out, when ripe, a great quantity of
minute seeds, resembling a fine, yellow powder, and very inflam-
mable.— Woods. — Perennial.

Lycopodium dendroideum. Mx. Tree Club Moss.

Erect ; branches erect ; leaves in six equal rows ;
spikes numerous, solitary, sessile.

Commonly quoted as a synonym of the preceding, but very
distinct. The branches are always erect, and appear cylindrical
from the equality of the leaves, whereas in the former they are
spreading and appear flat from the unequal rows of leaves.
Spikes in this numerous, in the other most frequently one. —
Woods, Sudbury.

Lycopodium selago. L. Fir Club Moss,

Leaves scattered, entire, lanceolate, awnless, in
eight equal rows ; stems dichotomous, erect, fastigi-
ate; fruit axillary.

A dense, leafy species, distinguished from the following by its
smaller size and entire leaves, while it resembles it in being des-
titute of spikes, the capsules growing in the axils of the leaves.
— On the highest summit of the White mountains.

Lycopodium lucid ulum. Mich. Shining Club Moss.

Stems assurgent with a few longish branches; leaves
spreading, shining, linear-lanceolatCj serrate; fructifi-
cation axillary, Mich.

CLASS XXIV. ORDER I. 415

Stems nearly erect, simple or dichotomous. Leaves in about
eight rows, longer than in any of the preceding species, linear-
lanceolate, somewhat reflexed, distinctly serrate, very acute, pol-
ished on both sides. Capsules axillary, semicircular. A small
stem bulb is sometimes found occupying the place of a leaf. —
Shady borders of ponds, &c.

422. BOTRYCHIUM.
BoTRYCHiuM FUMARiOTDES. WUld. Small BotrycMum.
Stipe naked ; frond glabrous, radical, three parted-
bipinnate ; segments crenate ; spikes bipinnate.

A rather small fern with a single frond given oif from the
stipe near the root. This frond is petioled, more or less com-
pound according to the size of the plant, but commonly ternate,
the divisions pinnate and pinnatifid. Capsules globular, sessile,
in two rows on the branchlets of a bipinnate panicle. — Dry pas-
tures, Cambridge.

BoTRYCHiuM ViRGiNicuM. WUld. Rattlesnake Fern.

Stipe bearing the frond in the middle; frond three
parted-bipinnatifid, segments cut-toothed ; spikes bi-
pinnate. '

Many times larger than the foregoing. The frond, which is
given off about half way up the stem, is nearly sessile, divided
into three principal branches, which are twice pinnate, the divis-
ions pinnatifid and the segments toothed. Capsule in a twice
pinnate, terminal panicle of little spikes. — Woods, Chelsea beach
island.

423. LYGODIUM.
Lygodium palmatum. Sw. Climbing Lygodium.

Stem flexuous, climbing; fronds conjugate, cordate,
palmate with five lobes, lobes entire, obtuse ; spike-
lets oblong-linear, in a compound terminal panicle.

Syn. Hydkoglossum palmatum. Pursh.
Cteisium paniculatum. Mr.
An exceedingly delicate plant, and, I believe, the only climb-
ing fern in our latitudes. Stem slender, smooth. Petioles

416 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

alternate, forked near the stem, supporting two leaves of fronds,
which are palmately divided into from five to nine lanceolate or
oblong, obtuse segments, paler underneath. The fructification
is found on the upper fronds, which grow like the lower on
forked stalks, but are subdivided by alternate branches into a mul-
titude of small, oblong-linear segments, having the fruit in two
imbricated rows on the back. — At the Botanic garden, Cam-
bridge, brought from Granby, Massachusetts. — On the Blackstone
canal. — Mr. Eddy.

424. OSMUNDA.
OsMUNDA ciNivAMOMEA. L. Toll Osmunda.

Barren fronds pinnate; divisions elongated, pinna-
tifid ; segments nearly oval and entire; fertile fronds
with opposite racemes. Mich.

This noble fern grows in large bunches in damp woods and
low grounds, sometimes attaining to the length of a man. The
greatest part of the plant is composed by the barren fronds,
which are pinnate, their divisions cut into oblong, tapering,
rounded, and somewhat acute segments. The fruit grows on a
small separate frond, resembling a cluster of minute, brownish
seeds. Its stipe is invested with loose, reddish wood, its divis-
ions opposite, and completely covered with small, two valved,
globular capsules. — Perennial,

Osmunda interrupta. Mich. Interrupted Fern,

Fronds pinnate; divisions opposite, pinnatifid ; seg-
ments nearly oval and entire ; some of the intermedi-
ate divisions fruitful. Mich, ahr,

A pretty large, smooth fern, in habit resembling the last.
The divisions of the frond are principally opposite, or nearly so,
and subdivided into segments, much like the last species. Only
a few pairs of the divisions, occupying a central part of the
frond, become fruitful. These are much shorter than the rest;
when full grown, they resemble compound, pyramidal racemes,
and are covered on all sides with minute, brownish capsules.-—
Low grounds. — Perennial.

CLASS XXIV. ORDER 1. 417

OsMUNDA REGALis. L. Osmund Royal. Flowering Fern.

Frond twice pinnate, terminating in a compound
cluster of fructification.

A handsome, branching fern, found in meadows and moist
grounds. Stipe smooth. Divisions pinnate. Leafets or seg-
ments perfectly distinct and remote, oblong, very slightly ser-
rated, the lower half of base longest. Capsules small, globular,
two-valved, like the preceding species, arranged in a large, com-
pound raceme at the top of the stipe. — Perennial.

425. POLYPODIUM.
PoLYPODiuM vuLGARE. L. Common Polypody.

Frond pinnatifid; segments linear-oblong, obtuse,
slightly serrate.

A handsome fern, not uncommon on the sides of rocks and
steep, shady hills, forming beds by means of its creeping roots.
The stalk or stipe is perfectly smooth, grooved in the upper
side. Fronds about half a foot long, divided in a pinnate man-
ner almost to the stalk or midrib, by sinuses which are more
acute than in the European variety. Segments of the frong ob-
long, parallel, rounded at the end, very slightly serrate, fur-
nished on the back with a double row of large, round, yellowish,
granular, naked dots of fructification. — Perennial.

PoLYPODiuM coNNECTiLE. Mx. Connected Polypody.

Fronds twice pinnate, ciliate, the divisions oppo-
site, contiguous, adnate ; segments subeliptical ; stipe
chaffy, sori minute.

A middle sized fern, having its divisions connected at base, so
as to form a contiguous frond. Fructification in minute dots on
the back. — Woods, Hallowell, Maine.

PoLYPODiuM DRYOPTERis. L. Teruute Polypody.

Frond ternate, twice pinnate; branches defiexed;
segments obtuse, subcrenate ; root filiform.

A tender and beautiful fern found in mountain woods. Stipe
slender, smooth, less than a foot long. The frond divides into

418 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

three branches, wliich are spreading and somewhat reflexed.
Each of these is pinnate, the divisions pinnate or pinnatifid, wiili
the larger segments crenate. Fructification is very small, dis-
tinct dots. — Near Hanover, New Hampshire.

426. WOODSIA.

WooDSiA iLVENSis. Puvsh ? Hairy Woodsia.

Fronds pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid ; segments
obtuse ; fructification near the margin, at length con-
fluent ; stipe villous.
Syn. PoLYPODiUM ilvense. Willd.

This little plant is the Polypodium ilvense of Muhlenberg's
catalogue, but seems somewhat different from the plant of Brown
and Pursh. Stipe from three to six inches high, chaffy below,
villous and woolly above. Frond pinnate, woolly underneath,
the margin covered with fructification. Barren rocks and dry
woods,

427. ASPIDTUM.

AspiDiuM AcRosTiCHOiDES. MuM. Terminal Sill eld Fem.

Stipe chaffy ; frond long, pinnate, its divisions
alternate, subsessile, auriculated on one side at base,
slightly serrate, ciliate; only the upper ones fruitful,
Mich. sub. syn.
Syn, Nephrodium Acp^ostichoides. Mich,

Remarkable for the difference between its lower and upper
leaves. The stipe is covered with loose, membranous, chaflfy
scales. The leaves or pinnse are numerous, oblong, somewhat
acute, edged with small, mucronate serratures, furnished with
an angular lobe on their upper side at base. The lower leaves
are without fruit ; the upper ones much smaller, covered with
dots of fructification, which unite, so as to overrun the whole
under surface. — Rocks and hills, Roxbury. — Perennial.

AspiDiuM NovEBORACENSE. Sm. New York Shield Fern,

Frond pinnate ; divisions linear-lanceolate, pinna-

CLASS XXIV. ORDER I. 419

tifid, segments oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliate ; fruit

marginal ; stipe smooth.

Syn. PoLTPODiuM Noveboracense. L.

About the middle size, smooth and even, with obtuse segments,
mostly entire. — Roxbury, Bussey's hill. — Perennial.

AspiDiuM Thelypteris. Srn. Meadow Shield Fern.

Frond pinnate, its divisions pinnatifid, subcrenate,
distinct at base, decussating; dots of fructification
confluent. JSm.

Common in low, racist grounds, about the edges of meadows
and swamps. Stipe glabrous. Divisions of the frond long and
slender, the lower pairs frequently decussating, or crossing each
other; a circumstance which Dr. Smith has noticed in his spe-
cific character. They are pinnatifid, or deeply cut into oblong,
roundish segments, which are slightly crenate at the edge, and
revolute when in fruit. The first segments of each division are
at a little distance from the stipe, and seem to form a parallel
line on each side of it, running through the whole length of the
frond, a character well represented in the figure of Plukenet.
The fruit commences in small dots, and finally overruns the
whole under surface of the frond. — Perennial.

AsPiDiuM Lancastriense. 3Iuhl. Lancaster Shield Fern.
Frond pinnate ; divisions nearly opposite ; segments
triangular-ovate, acutely serrate; stipe naked.

Rather long and narrow. Fructification chiefly confined to
the upper divisions, and in large, blackish dots. — Wet meadows,
West Cambridge. — Perennial.

AsPiDiuM MARGiNALE. Sw. Marginal Shield Fern.

Frond pinnate, its divisions subpinnate, glabrous,
with oblong, entire lobes, sinuate-repand at the base;
dots marginal.

Syn. POLYPODIUM marginale. L.

Nephrodium marginale. Mich.
A larger fern than either of the preceding. Stipe chafiy. Di-

420 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

visions of the frond nearly pinnate. Subdivisions or segments
distinct, oblong, obtuse, crenate, contracted at base, afterward
decurrent, so that their common stalk becomes slightly winged,
or the division pinnatijfid. Dots of fructification distinct, round,
close to the margin. Their umbilicated involucre is very obvi-
ous.— Woods, Roxbury. — Perennial.

AspiDiuM AsPLENioiDEs. MuM. Dark SMeM Fcm.

Stipe glabrous; frond twice pinnate; segments ob-
long, cut, toothed ; dots reniform, arranged near the
nerve.

This is a large, smooth, brittle fern. Divisions of the frond
pinnate ; the segments oblong, acute, with distinct teeth, sepa-
rated by deep indentations. The teeth are again denticulate, and
the lower ones somewhat obtuse. Fructification with reniform
or lunulate involucres, at first resembling lines, as in Asplenium,
afterwards extending over the whole under surface of the frond,
giving it a brownish appearance. — Moist woods.

AsPiDiuM BULBiFERUM. L. JBulbiferous Fern.

Frond twice pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, segments
opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower ones pin-
natifid, midrib bulbiferous.

A delicate, thin leaved fern, with small roundish fructification,
and stem bulbs attached to the midrib in the upper parts of the
plant. — Norwich, Connecticut, Mr. Eddy.

428. ONOCLEA.
Onoclea SENsiBiLis. L. Sensitive Fern.

Barren fronds pinnate ; segments cut, the upper
ones united ; fertile fronds doubly pinnate, with re-
curved, globular subdivisions.

A great difference, in appearance, exists between the barren
and fertile fronds of this plant. The barren frond is composed
of large, broad, oblong, sinuated leaves or divisions, the lower
ones distinct, the upper ones connected by their base. The fer-
tile frond is much narrower, its divisions short, its segments

CLASS XXIV. ORDER I. 421

nearly globular, enclosing the fruit, and forming a sort of raceme.
— Low grounds. — Perennial.

429. STRUTHIOPTERIS.
Struthiopteris Pennsylvanica. Willd. Ostrich Fern.
Barren fronds twice pinnate; segments entire, ob-
tuse, the lowest elongated, acute.
Syn. Onoclea nodulosa. Schkiihr.

One of our largest native ferns. Stipe of the barren frond re-
markably channelled or hollowed out in front. Divisions of the
frond pinnatifid, the segments curved forward and subacute,
those next the stipe curved backward, falcate and acute. Fer-
tile frond a sixth part as large, composed of a multitude of dense,
turgid, brownish segments, the edges recurved, and the back cov-
ered with fruit. — Low grounds, Hanover, New Hampshire,

430. ASPLENIUM.
AsPLENiUM RHizoPHYLLUM. L. Walking Leaf.

Frond lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate, auriculate-
cordate at base, the point very long, linear, rooting.

A curious fern, striking root at the extremity of the frond, from
which root new plants arise. — In rocky woods in the western
parts of the state.

AsPLENiUM TRicHOMANES. 3Ix. Divarf SpUenwort.

Frond pinnate ; divisions roundish, crenate, wedge
shaped at base.
Syn. AsPLENiUM melanocaulon. Muhl.

An extremely small and delicate fern. Frond pinnate. Stipe
smooth, of a shining black color. Divisions or leafets sessile,
nearly round, crenate upon their outer edge, entire and acute
at base. Fructification in about five or six linear, divero-insr
dots, which become roundish when old. — Found among hi2:h,
shady rocks in Roxbury. — Perennial.

On comparison of the European with the American plant I do
not find any specific difference.

36

422 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

AsPLENiuM EBENEUM. Alt. EboTii/ Splccnwort.

Frond pinnate ; divisions lanceolate, somewhat fal-
cate, serrate, auricled at base ; stem quite smooth.

S]/n. ASPLENIUM TEICHOMANOIDES. Mich.

Considerably larger than the last. Stipe slender, of a smooth,
polished, jet black. Divisions or leafets sessile, oblong, tapering
to a point, sometinoesa little curved, somewhat serrate, furnished
with an acute lobe on each side at base, which gives them a sort
of hastate form. Fructification in short, diverging lines, arranged
in a double row on the back of the divisions. — Dry woods and
hills. — Perennial.

AsPLENiuM THELYPTERoiDES. MicJi. SUvery SpUenwort.
Frond pimiate; divisions pinnatifid ; segments oval,
round-obtuse, slightly denticulate; fructification in
short, equal, oblique, parallel lines. Mich. abr.

This most beautiful fern grows to a pretty large size. Stipe
smooth, pale. The divisions of the frond are long and pinnatifid.
Segments oblong, close, even, parallel, rounded at the end and
nearly entire. Fructification in two rows of short, oblique, close
parallel lines, the opposite pairs forming nearly a right angle.
The involucres, when young, have a bright, silvery appearance.
— Found by a brook in Roxbury. — Perennial.

AsPLENiuM RUTA MURARiA. Li. Dwavf Splecnwort.

Fronds twice pinnate at base, simply pinnate at
top ; segments rhomboid- wedge shaped, obtusely den-
ticulate.

A very small spreading fern foiind on dry rocks and hills in
the western parts of the slate.

AsPLENiuM ANGusTiFOLiuM. WilM. Swamp Splecnwort.
Fronds pinnate, the divisions alternate, upper ones
opposite, linear-lanceolate, somewhat repand, their
base trimcated on the upper, and rounded on the
lower side.

CLASS XXIV. ORDER I. 423

About a foot high with broad, entire leafets, with the fructifi-
cation diverging like veins from the midrib. — Swamps and low
woods.

431. PTERIS.
Pterts aquilina. Ij. Common Brake.

Frond more than decompound; divisions pinnate;
segments oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones pinnatifid,
upper ones entire and smaller.

Very common in woods, and about the borders of fields and
pastures. Stipe erect, smooth, dividing by large, opposite
branches, which are again subdivided. Segments or leafets ses-
sile, oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, the lower ones largest,
their edge divided into large, obtuse teeth, by a sort of serpen-
tine line ; upper ones entire, obtuse. The fructification grows
in a continued, narrow line at the edges of the frond, and is cov-
ered by its reflexed margin. — Perennial.

432. WOODWARDIA.
WooDWARDiA oNOCLEOiDEs. Willd. Simple Woodioardia.

Barren fronds pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate,
repand, slightly serrulate; fertile fronds pinnate;
segments linear, entire, acute.

Syn. Onoclea nodulosa. Mx.

About a foot high. Stipe smooth or slightly paleaceous. Bar-
ren frond composed of oblong-lanceolate segments connected at
base, the lower ones often distinct, the edges minutely but sharp-
ly serrulate. Barren fronds about the same length with linear
divisions, revolute at the edge, bearing the fruit in oblong masses
on the back, parallel to the middle rib. — Wet swamps. — Pe-
rennial.

WooDWARDiA ViRGiNicA. JVUld. Virginian TVoodivardia.
Frond pinnate ; the divisions pinnatifid ; fructifica-
tion in interrupted lines near the midrib of the divis-
ions and segments. Ma;, sub. syn.

424 CLASS XXIV. ORDER I.

Syn. WooDWARDiA Banisteriana. Mr.

About two feet high. Segments obtuse, oblong, nearly entire,
the edges not more revolute than in other ferns. — Tewksbury.
Mr. Greene.

433. ADIANTUM.

Adiantum pedatum. L. Maidenhair. Mowhair.

Frond pedate; divisions pinnate; segments rhom-
boid-oblong, somewhat lunate, cnt-lobed.

Few vegetables possess a greater delicacy of structure than
is exhibited by the glossy stems, and fine, regular leaves of the
Maidenhair. The stipe, which is of a shining, jet black, divides
by a large fork into two principal branches, each of which gives
off several successive branches from its upper side; so that the
whole frond has the appearance of a pedate leaf without its
middle division. The segments or leafets are alternate, oblong,
entire on the lower edge, cut and toothed on the upper. The
fruit grows in semicircular points at the margin of the leaf,
covered by the folding back of its edge. — Found in moist, rocky
woods. — Perennial.

434. DICKSONIA.

DiCKSONiA pilosiuscula. WUld. Small fruited DicJcsonia,

Frond twice pinnate; divisions pinnatifid ; seg-
ments toothed ; stipe somewhat hairy.
Syn. Nephrodium punctilobulum. Mich.

A pretty large, thin, and very delicate fern. The common
stalk is smooth, with the exception of a few fine, short hairs,
which also invest its divisions. The divisions of the frond
are pinnate or pinnatifid, the segments decurrent, oval-oblong,
deeply cut or pinnatifid, the partial segments again toothed upon
their edge. Dots of fructification minute, near the margin. —
Road sides and pastures. — Perennial.

GLOSSARY

BOTANICAL TERMS

NoTE.^The figures in the American Medical Botany, by the author,
are occasionally referred to for farther illustration of the terms.

Abnormal. Departing from the usual structure.

Abortive. Producing no fruit.

Abrupt. Terminating suddenly, as if cut off; as in the root of

Sanguinaria Canadensis. Med. Bot. PI. 7.
Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate with even pairs only. Wanting the

odd or terminal leafet.
Accumbent cotyledons. Having the radicle lying along the cleft

between them.
Acerose. Stiff, linear and sharp, as in the leaves of the Pines.
Acheniiim. A one seeded fruit with a permanent, indehiscent

shell.
Acicular. Needle shaped.
Acinaciform. Shaped like a scimetar. Linear, crooked and

sharp edged.
Acinus. One of the protuberances which make up a compound

berry, as in Rubus villosus. Med. Bot. PI. 38.
36^

426 GLOSSARY.

Acotylcdonous. Having no cotyledons or seed lobes ; as ferns.
Aculeate. Prickly.

Aculeus. A prickle, growing to the bark, not to the wood.
Acuminate. Ending in a long, produced, sharp point. More thaa

acute ; as in the leaves of Gilleniu trifoliata. Med. Bot.

PI. 41.
Acute. Ending in a sharp point. Less than acuminate; as ia

the leaves o{ Phytolacca decandria. Med. Bot. PL 3.
Adnate. Growing to. Affixed laterally.

JEslivation. The mode in which the parts of the calyx and co-
rolla are arranged in the flower bud.
Agamous plants. Same as the Cryptogamous.
Agglomerated. Bunched. Crowded together.
Aggregate. Standing together, many on the same receptacle,

but not compound.
Aigrette. The downy or feathery appendage of certain seeds.

Same as Pappus.
Alated. See Winged.
Albumen. A tough, hard or fleshy substance which forms the

bulk of certain monocotyledonous seeds.
Albumiiious. Partaking the nature of albumen.
Alburnum. The external, or sap wood.
AlgcB. An order of the class Cryptogamia, containing the sea

weeds, &;c.
Alternate. Placed alternately on opposite sides of the stem.
Alveolate. With cells like those of a honey comb.
Ament, or Catkin. A collection of small scales, serving for ca-
lyxes, on the side of a slender stalk ; as in Juglans cinerea,

Med. Bot. PI. 32.
Amphisarca. A superior, indehiscent fruit, which is many celled

and many seeded, hard externally and pulpy within.
AmplexicauL See Clasping.
Ancipital. Two edged.
Androgynous. Having barren and fertile flowers on the same

spike, or the same plant, but no perfect ones.
Anisate. Having the odor of ajiise.
Annual. Living but one year, during which it produces flowers

and seed.
Anther. That part of a stamen which contains the pollen.

GLOSSARY. 427

Antheroid. Resembling anthers.

Anthodium. A compound flower.

Apetalovs. Without petals.

Apex. End, tip, or sharp extremity.

Aphyllous. Without leaves.

Apocarpous. When ovaries are distinct or unconnected.

Appendiculate. Having some appendage.

Appressed. Pressed against or close to.

Apterous. Without wings ; as in the radical flowers of Poly gala
rubella. Med. Bot. PL 54.

Arachnoid. Resembling a spider's web.

Arboreous. Like a tree.

Arborescent. Approaching to the size of a tree.

Aril. An outer covering of certain seeds, which is deciduous or
separates; as in Geranium maculatum. Med. Bot. PL 8.

Aristate. Awned. Ending in a bristle.

Armed. Furnished with thorns or prickles.

Aroma. The aromatic quality of plants.

Arrow shaped. Like the head of an arrow.

Articulated. Jointed.

Arundinaceous. Resembling reeds, or stiff large grass.

Ascending. Rising from the ground obliquely.

Aspergilliform. Having hairs growing in whorls around it.

Attenuated. Gradually diminished or tapering.

Auriculate. Furnished with lateral projections, or leafets resem-
bling ears, at base; as in the leaves of Solanum dulcamara.
Med. Bot. PL 18.

Awn. A stiff bristle, frequently rough or bearded; as in the
flowers of certain grasses, and in the anthers of Gaultheria
procurnbcns. Med. Bot. PI. 22.

Aivned. Having awns.

Awnless. Without awns.

Axil. The angle between a leaf and stem on the upper side.

Axillary. Growing in or from the axil.

B

Balausta. A many celled, many seeded, inferior indehiscent
fruit ; the seeds with a pulpy coat, and attached ; as in
Pomegranate.

428 GLOSSARY.

Banner. The upper and commonly largest petal of a papiliona-
ceous flower.

Barren. Producing no fruit. Containing stamens only ; as ia
the barren flowers of Rhus vernix. Med. Bot. PL 10.

Bearded. Crested with parallel hairs.

Bell shaped. Rounded and hollow at base, without a tube; as in
the corolla oi Apocynum androscemifolium. Med. Bot. PL 36.

Berry. A juicy fruit without valves, with the seeds imbedded in
the pulp, without any intermediate covering; as in. Phyto-
lacca decandra. Med. Bot. PI. 3.

Bicuspidate. With two points.

Biennial. Living two years, in the second of which the flower
and fruit are produced; as in Conium maculatum. Med. Bot.
PI. n.

Bifarious. In two rows, pointing in difierent directions.

Bifid. Two cleft. Cut nearly into two parts.

Bi glandular. Having two glands.

Bilocular. Having two cells.

Bijugate. Bearing two pairs.

Bilabiate. Having two lips and an open throat.

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. When both the leaf and its subdi-
visions are pinnate.

Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. Both the leaf and its segments
being pinnatifid.

Biternaie. Twice ternate. The petiole supporting three ternate
leaves.

Bivalve. Two valved.

Bloom. A superficial coloring substance which easily rubs oflf;
apparently a fine powder.

Border. The brim, or spreading part of a corolla.

Brachiate. Branches opposite, and each pair at right angles with
the preceding.

Bracte, or Floral leaf. A leaf near the flower which is different
from the other leaves of the plant.

Bracteate. Furnished with bractes.

Bulb. A solid, coated or scaly part of a plant, capable of contin-
uing its existence ; usually found at the root, but sometimes
on the stem.

Bulbous. Formed of a bulb.

GLOSSARY. 429

G.

Caducous. Falling early ; sooner than deciduous.

CcBspitose. Forming tufts.

Calcarate. Resembling, or furnished with a spur.

Calyciform. Shaped like a calyx.

Calyculated. Furnished with an additional outer calyx.

Calyx. The lowest portion of a flower, or that which forms
its outer covering in the bud ; usually of a green color.

Campanulate. Bell shaped ; which see.

Canescent. Whitish. Hoary.

Capillary. Hair like.

Capitate. Shaped like a head , or bearing a head.

Capitulum. See Head.

Capsule. A hollow seed vessel, which opens by valves and be-
comes dry when ripe.

Carcerulus. A superior, many celled fruit, the cells dry, inde-
hiscent, and few seeded^ cohering by a common style round
a common axis; as in Mallows.

Carinated. Keeled. Furnished with a sharp or prominent back
like the keel of a vessel.

Carnose. Fleshy in consistence.

Carpel. A little fruit. The integrant part of a compound fruit.

Cartilaginous. Hard and tough, like gristle.

Caryopsis. A grain, or fruit like wheat and the seeds of grasses.

Catkin. See Ament.

Caudate. Having a tail.

Caudex. The upper part of a root, which gives rise to the stem.

Caulescent. Having a true stem, or caidis.

Cauline. Growing on the stem.

Cell. A cavity or compartment of a seed vessel or anther

Cellular. Made up of little cells or cavities.

Cernuous. Drooping or nodding.

Cespitose. See Csespitose.

Chaffy. Made of short membranous portions like chaflf.

Chartaceous. Resembling paper.

Ciliate. Fringed with parallel hairs.

Cinereous. Ash colored.

430 GLOSSARY.

Cirrose» Bearing a tendril.

Clasping. Surrounding the stem partly or quite, with the base

of the leaf.
Clavate. Club shaped. Larger at top than bottom.
Claw. The narrow part by which a petal is inserted or attached.
Cleft. Split or divided less than halfway.
Club shaped. Larger at top than bottom.
Coadunate. United at base.

Collet, or Neck. The dividing point between the root and stem.
Colored. Different from green, which is the common color of

plants.
Columella. The axis of a fruit.
Column. The central pillar of a capsule. Also the style of

gynandrous plants.
Compound. Made up of similar simple parts.
Compound flower. A flower of the class Syngynesia, consisting

of florets with united anthers.
Compressed. Flattened.

Cone. A scaly fruit like that of the pine. See Strobilus.
Conglomerate. Crowded together.
Coniferous. Bearing cones.
Connate. Opposite with the bases united or growing into one ;

as in Triosteum perfoliatum, Med. Bot. PI. 9.
Connectivum. The part which separates the cells of an anther.
Connivent. Converging. The tips inclining towards each other.
Contorted. Twisted. Bent from a common position.
Convolute. Rolled into a cylindric form.
Corculum. The embryo or miniature of the future plant, which

is found in seeds, often between the cotyledons.
Cordate. Heart shaped, with the stalk inserted in the largest

end.
Coriaceous. Resembling leather. Tough and thick.
Cormus. A roundish, subterranean, stationary body, which sends

branches or leaves upward, and roots downward, as the

solid bulbs of tulips, &c.
Corneous. Horny. Having a consistence like horn.
Corniculate. Horn shaped.
Corolla. The secondary covering of a flower, being the part

GLOSSARY. 431

which is usually colored. When the calyx is wanting, the
corolla is then the primary covering.

Cortical. Belonging to the bark.

Corymb. A mode of inflorescence in which the flowers form a
Bat top, while their stalks spring from different heights on
the common stem; as in Eupatorium perfoliaiiim. Med..
Bot. PL 2.

Costate. Ribbed.

Cotyledons. Seed lobes. The fleshy part of seeds, which in
most plants rises out of ground, and forms the first leaves.

Creeping. Running horizontally or close to the surface of the
ground. Examples of a creeping root are found in Coptis
trifoha. Med. Bot. PL 5. And of a creeping stem in Gaul-
theria procumbens. PL 22.

Cremocarpium. An inferior fruit, from two to five celled, the
cells dry and indehiscent, separating when ripe from a com-
mon axis.

Crenate. Scolloped. Having sharp notches on the edge, sepa-
rated by round or obtuse dentures ; as in the leaves of Coptis
trifolia. Med. Bot. PL 5.

Crenulate. Finely or minutely crenate.

Cristate. Having a crest.

Croioned. Having a circle of projections round the upper part of
the tube of a flower, on its inside.

Cruciform. Consisting of four petals placed like a cross.

Crypto gamous. Belonging to the class Cryptogamia, the last of
the Linnsean arrangement, in which neither stamens nor
pistils are visible.

Cucullate. Hooded or cowled. Rolled or folded in; as in the
spathe oi Arum triphyllum. Med. Bot. PL 4.

Cucurbitaceous. Like gourds or melons.

Culm, or Straw. The stem of grasses, reeds, and similar plants.

Cuneiform. Shaped like a wedge, with the stalk attached to its
point.

Cupule. The cup of an acorn.

Cuspidate. Prolonged into a gradual, straight point.

Cuspidate. Having a sharp, straight point.

Cuticle. The outside skin of a plant, commonly thin.

Cyathiform. Shaped like a common wine-glass.

Cylindrical. Round, and not tapering. Cylinder shaped.

432 GLOSSARY.

Cyme. A mode of inflorescence in which the flower stalks arise
from a common centre, but are afterwards variously subdi-
vided ; as in Elder and Viburnum.

Cymose. Bearing or flowering in cymes.

Cynarrliodum, Acheuia inclosed within the fleshy tube of the
calyx ; as in the fruit of the Rose.

Cypsda. An Acheniura invested with the membranous tube of
the calyx, as in the seeds of compound flowers.

!>•

Decagynous. Having ten styles.

Decandrous. Having ten stamens.

Deciduous. Falling ofi". In opposition to persistent and ever-
green. Later than caducous.

Declined, or declinate. Tending downwards, as the stamens
and style of Rhododendron maximum. Med. Bot. PI. 51.

Decompound. Twice compound. Composed of compound parts.

Decumbent. Leaning upon the ground, the base only erect.

Decurrent. When the edges of a leaf run down the stem or stalk.

Decursive. See Decurrent.

Decussated, or Decussating. In pairs crossing each other.

Deflected. Bent off".

Dehiscent. Gaping, or cracking open at maturity.

Deltoid. Nearly triangular. Leaves of this form approach in
shape to an isoceles triangle with the base projecting where
the petiole is inserted.

Dentate. Toothed. Edged with sharp projections separated by-
notches. Larger than serrate.

Denticulate. Minutely toothed.

Dentures. Teeth. The sharp parts which separate notches.

Depauperated. Few flowered.

Depressed. Flattened or pressed in at top,

Diadelphous. Having the stamens united in two parcels or sets.
Flowers of this kind have commonly a papilionaceous corol-
la and a leguminous fruit.

Diandrous. With two stamens.

Dichotomous. Forked. Dividing into two equal branches.

Diclesium. An indehiscent, one seeded pericarp, inclosed within
an indurated perianth, as in Mirabilis.

GLOSSARY. 433

Diclinous. Having stamens and pistils on different flowers,

whether in one or in two plants.
Dicoccous. Containing two grains or seeds.
Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons or seed lobes.
Didymous. Twin.
Didynamous. Belonging to the class Didynamia, with two short

and two long stamens and a ringent corolla.
Digitate. When a petiole gives off five or more leafets from a

single point at its extremity ; as Panax quinquefolium. Med.

Bot. PI. 39.
Digynous. Having two styles.
Dimidiate. Halved.
Dioecious. Having the barren and fertile flowers on different

plants.
Diplotegia. A capsule invested with a membranous calyx-tube,

as in Campanula.
Disc. The surface or top in distinction from the edge.
Discoid. Having a disc covered with florets, but no ray.
Dissepiment. The partition or internal wall of a capsule.
Distichous. Growing in two opposite ranks or rows.
Divaricate. Diverging so far as to turn backward.
Divergent. Spreading. Separating widely.
Dodecandrous. With twelve stamens.
Dorsal. Growing on, or belonging to, the back.
Down. The hairy or feathery appendage of certain seeds. Also

a short, soft pubescence.
Drooping. Inclining downward. More than nodding.
Drupe. A fleshy fruit inclosing a stone or nut ; like the cherry.
Drupaceous. Bearing, or resembling, drupes.

E.
Echinate. Beset with prickles. Hedgehog like.
Elliptic. Oval; as the leaves of Magnolia glauca. Med. Bot.

PI. 27.
Elongated. Exceeeding a common or average length.
Emarginate. Having a notch in the end.
Endocarp. The inner lining of a fruit.

37

434 GLOSSARY.

Endogenous. Stems or trunks in which the wood consists o(
bundles of vessels and fibres, promiscuously imbedded in
cellular substance ; and the growth takes place about the
centre^ as in the Rattan.

Enneandrous. With nine stamens.

Ensiform. Sword shaped, two edged ; as the leaves of Iris ver-
sicolor. Med. Bot. PI. 16.

Entire. Even and whole at the edge ; as the leaves of Rhus
vernix. Med. Bot. PI. 10*

Ephemeral. Lasting but a day.

Epicarp. The outer coating of a fruit*

Epidermis. See Cuticle.

Epigynous. Situated on the upper part of the ovary or gerra^

Epiphyllous. Growing upon the leaf.

Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, but not deriving nourish-
ment from them.

Episperm. The skin, or the integuments of a seed.

Eroded. Appearing as if gnawed at the edge.

Esculent* Eatable.

Evergreen. Remaining fresh through the winter. Not decidu-
ous.

Exogenous plants. Those whose wood increases annually by
the addition of an external ring or cylinder to those which
previously existed ; as in the oak and most of our trees.

Exserted. Projecting or extending out of the flower or sheath.

F.

Falcate. Sickle shaped* Linear and crooked*

Farina. The pollen. Also meal or flour.

Farinaceous. Mealy.

Fascicle. A bundle.

Fascicled, or fasciculate. Collected in bundles*

Fasti giate, Flat topped.

Favose. Resembling a honey comb.

Ferns. An order of cryptogamous plants bearing the fructification

commonly on the back of the leaf, or in spikes, made up of

minute capsules opening transversely.
Fertile. Containing perfect pistils and yielding fruit.

GLOSSARY. 435

Filices. Ferns.

Filiform. Thread like, or very slender.

Fimbriate. Finely divided at the edge like fringe.

Fistulous. Hollow or tubular.

Fldbelliform. Spreading like a fan.

Flagelliform. Like a whip lash.

Flexuous. Serpentine or zigzag.

Floral leaf. See Bracte.

Floret. A little flower. One in an aggregate or compound
flower.

Floscular. A floret in a compound flower which is tubular, not
ligulate.

Follicle. A seed vessel which opens lengthwise or on one side
only ; as in Apocynum androscBmifolium. Med. Bot. PI. 36.

Frond. The leaf of cryptogamous plants.

Fructification. The flower and fruit with their parts,

Frutescent. Becoming shrubby.

Fruticose. Shrubby.

Fungi. The order of cryptogamous plants to which the mush-
rooms belong.

Fungous. Growing rapidly and preternaturally, with a soft
texture like the fungi.

Funiculus. A little cord which attaches the seed to its recep-
tacle.

Funnel shaped. Tubular at bottom and gradually expanding at
top ; as the flowers of Datura Stramonium, Med. Bot. PI. 1.

Furfuraceous. Resembling bran.

Fusiform. Spindle shaped. When a root is large at top and
tapers downward, as in the carrot and radish.

G.

Galls. Excrescences caused by the bite of an insect.
Gemmaceous. Belonging to a bud. Made of the scales of a bud.
Generic. Belonging to a genus.
Geniculate. Bent like a knee.

Genus. A family of plants agreeing in their flower and fruit.
Germ. The lower part of the pistil, which afterwards becomes
the fruit.

436 GLOSSARY.

Germination. The sprouting of a seed.

Gibbous. Swelled out, commonly on one side.

Glabrous. Smooth, as it regards hairiness or pubescence.

Gland. A small roundish appendage, apparently performing

some function of secretion or excretion.
Glandular pubescence. Hairs tipped with little heads or glands.
Glaucous. Sea-green. Pale bluish green.
Glume. The scales, valves or chaff, which make the calyx and

corolla of grasses.
Glutinous. Adhesive, viscid, covered with an adhesive fluid.
Gramina. Grasses and grass like plants.
Gramineous. Resembling grasses.
Granular. Formed of grains, or covered with grains.
Gymnospermous. Having naked seeds.
Gynandrous. Having the stamens growing on the pistils.

H.

Habit. The general external appearance of a plant, by which it

is known at sight.
Halbert shaped. See Hastate.
Hastate. Shaped like a halberd. It differs from arrow shaped in

having the barbs or lateral portions more distinct and di-
vergent.
Head. A dense, round collection of flowers, which are nearly

sessile.
Helmet. The concave upper lip of a labiate flower.
Heptandrous. Having seven stamens.
Herb. All that portion of a plant which is not included in the

root or fructification ; as the stem, leaves, &c.
Herbaceous. Not woody.
Hermaphrodite. See Perfect.
Hesperidium. A plant like the orange, many celled, few seeded,

superior, indehiscent, with a separate spongy rind.
Hexandrous. With six stamens.
Hilum. The scar or mark on a seed, where it was attached to

the plant or seed vessel.
Hirsute. Rough with hairs.
Hispid. Bristly. More than hirsute.

GLOSSARY, 437

Hoary. Grayish white pubescent.

Hooded. See Cucullate,

Horn. See Spur.

Hybrid. A mongrel or intermediate species between two others,
from which it is descended,

Hypocrateriform. Salver shaped. With a tube abruptly ex-
panded into a flat border.

Hypogynous. Inserted under the ovary, or germ, but not adher-
ing to it, nor to the calyx.

Hypogcean. Under ground.

Hysteranthous. When the flowers appear before the leaves «

I.

Icosandrous. Having about twenty stamens growing on the
calyx and not on the receptacle. Belonging to the class
Icosandria.

Imlricate. Lying over each other like scales, or the shingles of
a roof.

Jncanous. Hoary.

Included. Wholly received or contained in a cavity. The op-
posite of exserted.

Incrassated. Thickened upward. Larger toward the end.

Incumbeni;. Lying against or across.

Indehiscent. Not opening, or gaping, at maturity.

Indigenous. Native. Growing originally in a country.

Indusium. Plural Indusia. The involucre or veil which covers
the fruit of ferns.

Inferior. Lowermost. Used to express the relative situation of
thfi calyx and germ. An inferior flower is one in which the
calyx and corolla are below the germ.

Inflated. Tumid and hollow. Blown up like a bladder.

Inflorescence. The manner in which the flowers are situated or
connected with the plant, and with each other.

Infundihidiform. Funnel shaped, which see.

Innate. Growing to the apex or extremity.

Inserted into. Growing out of.

Intcinwde. The space between jointg.
37^

438 GLOSSARY.

Interruptedly pinnate. "When smaller leafets are interposed

among the principal ones.
Involucre or Involucrum. A sort of general calyx serving for

many flowers ; generally situated at the base of an umbel,

or head; as in Conium maculatum. Med. Bot. PI. 11, and

Cornus florida, PI. 28. Also the Indusium.
Involucel. A partial involucre.
Irregular corolla. Having its upper and lower sides unlike.

K.

Keel. The under petal of a papilionaceous flower. Also the

lower side of the midrib of a leaf.
Keeled. Shaped like a keel.
Kernel. The nucleus or seed of a nut.
Kidney-shaped. Heart shaped without the point, and broader

than long.

Labiate. Having an upper and lower lip, as in flowers of the

class. Didynamia.
Laciniate. Cut, torn and jagged.

Lactescent. Yielding a white, or milkly juice, when wounded.
Lacunose. Having pits or depressions.
Lamellated. In thin plates.
Lamina. The border or flat end of a petal, in distinction from

its claw. Also a thin layer, plate or membrane of any kind.
Lanate. Woolly.
Lanceolate. Spear shaped. Narrow, with both ends acute, as

in the leaves of Erytlironiam Americanum. Med. Bot,

PI. 58.
Lanuginous. Woolly.
Lateral. At the side.

Leafet. A partial leaf. A constituent of a compound leaf.
Legume. A pod or seed vessel having its seeds attached to one

side or suture ; commonly of a long form and not jointed.
Leguminous. Bearing legumes.
Lenticels. The spots upon cuticle of young twigs.
Lenticular. Shaped like a convex lens.

GLOSSARY. ' 439

Lepidote or Leprous, covered with minute scales.

Liber. The inner bark.

Ligneous. Woody.

Ligulate. Ribbon shaped. A kind of corolla found in compound
flowers, consisting of a tube at bottom, continued into a
long flat portion at top; as in the florets of the Dandelion.

Liliaceous. Resembling the lily. -

Limb. The border or spreading p"art of a monopetalous corolla.

Linear. Long and very narrow with parallel sides; as the leaves
of grasses.

Lif. The upper or under side of the mouth of a labiate corolla,
or nectary. In Orchideous plants the lower lip of the nec-
tary is usually the most conspicuous part of the flower.

Lohe. A large division or distinct portion of a leaf or petal.

Lobed. Divided into lobes ; as the leaves of Laurus sassafras.
Med. Bot. PI. 35.

Loculicidal dehiscence. "When the carpels of a compound fruit
open inwardly at their backs.

Loment. A pod resembling a legume, but divided by transverse
partitions.

Lorate. Same as ligulate. '

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large roundish leafet at the end.

M.

Marcescent. "Withering.

Maritime. Growing near the salt water.

Medulla. The pith.

Membranous. Very thin and delicate.

Midrib. The large central vein of a leaf which is a continua-
tion of the petiole.

Monadelphous. Having the stamens united into a tube at base.'

Monandrous. Having one stamen.

Moniliform. Arranged like the beads of a necklace.

MoncEcious. Having barren and fertile flowers on the same
plant.

Monogynous. "With one style.

Monojjetalous. Having but one petal, i. e. the corolla of one
piece.

Monophyllous. Consisting of one leaf, or piece.

440 GLOSSARY.

Mosses. The second order of the class Cryptogamia. Small

plants with lids on the capsules.
Mucronate. Having a small point projecting from an obtuse end.
Multipartite. Many parted.
Muricate. Covered with sharp spines or prickles.
Musci. See Mosses.

N.
Nectariferous. Bearing honey.

Nectary. The part of the flower which produces honey. The
term is also applied in certain instances to any internal,
supernumerary part of the calyx or corolla.

Nerves. Parallel veins.

Nerved. Marked with nerves.

Nodding. Inclining to one side. Partly drooping.

Nucleus. The kernel or seed of a nut.

Nuculanium. A fruit like the grape, which differs from a berry
in being superior.

Nut. A seed inclosed in a hard shell,

0.
Oh. A particle, which when prefixed to any other term, denote^

the inversion of the usual position ; as obovate, obcordate,

&c., i. e., inversely ovate, inversely cordate, &c.
Ohconic. Conic with the apex downward.
Obcordate. Heart shaped with the point inward, or downward.
Oblong. Longer than oval with the sides parallel.
Obovate. Ovate, but inverted.
Obsolete. Indistinct. Appearing as if worn out.
Obtuse. Blunt, rounded, not acute.
Ochroleucous. Whitish yellow.
Octandrous. With eight stamens.
Officinal. Kept for sale as medicinal.
Opaque. Not transparent.

Operculum. The lid which covers the capsules of mosses.
Opposite. Standing directly against each other on opposite sides

of the stem ; as the leaves of Spigelia Marilandica. Med.

Bot. PI. 14.
Orbicular. Circular.

GLOSSARY. 441

Orchideous plants. A natural order of plants in the class Gynan-
dria, having irregular flowers, a remarkable lip, and gluti-
nous pollen. Related to the genus Orchis.

Oval. Elliptical; as the leaves of Magnolia glaiica. Med. Bot.
PI. 27.

Ovary, The same as the Germ, which see.

Ovate. Egg shaped. Oval with the lower end largest; as the
leaves of Sabbatia angularis. Med. Bot. PI. 57.

Ovules. The rudiments of future seeds.

P.

Palate. A large obtuse projection which closes the throat of a
personate flower.

Paleaceous. Chaffy.

Palmate. Hand shaped. Deeply divided into spreading and
somewhat equal segments ; as the leaves of Podophyllum
peltatum. Med. Bot. PI. 23.

Panduriform. Contracted in the middle like a violin.

Panicle. A loose, irregular bunch of flowers, with subdivided
branches ; as in Statice CaroUniana. Med. Bot. PI. 25.

Papilionaceous. Having an irregular corolla like the pea blos-
som ; consisting of four petals, of which the uppermost is
called the banner; the two lateral ones ivings ; and the
lower one, which is commonly boat shaped, the keel. Mostly
belonging to the class Diadelphia.

Papillose. Pimpled.

Pappus. The down of seeds. A feathery appendage.

Parasitic. Growing on another plant and drawing nourishment
from it.

Parenchyma. The cellular substance of vegetables.

Partial. This term is applied to small or constituent parts in
distinction from general.

Partition. The dividing wall in seed vessels.

Parted. Deeply divided ; more than cleft.

Pectinate. Like the teeth of a comb. Intermediate between
fimbriate and pinnatifid.

Pedate. Having a central segment or leaf which is simple, and
two lateral ones which are compound.

442 GLOSSARY.

Pedicel. The ultimate branch of a peduncle. A little stalk.

Peduncle. A stem bearing flowers or fruit, which is the branch
of another stem.

Pellicle. A very thin stratum or coat.

Peltate. Having the stalk attached to some part of the surface
or disc, and not to the margin.

Pendulous. Hanging down.

Pencilled. Ending like a painter's pencil or brush.

Pentandrous. Having five stamens.

Pepo. A fruit like the Melon, one celled, many seeded, inferior,
indehiscent, fleshy, with the seeds attached to pulpy recep-
tacles outwardly.

Perennial. Lasting more than two years.

Perfect jiower. One which possesses stamens and pistils, and
produces fruit.

Perfoliate. Surrounding the stem on all sides and perforated by
it. It differs from connate, in not consisting of two leaves.

Perianth. A sort of calyx which is immediately contiguous to
the other parts of fructification.

Pericarp. A seed vessel, or whatever contains the seed.

Periclinium. The calyx of a compound flower.

Perigynous. Growing from the calyx, surrounding the pistil.

Pe7^manent. See Persistent.

Persistent. Not falling off". Those parts of a flower are persis-
tent which remain till the fruit is ripe.

Personate, Masked. Having the mouth of the corolla closed
by a prominent palate.

Petal. The leaf of a corolla, usually colored.

Petaloid. Resembling petals.

Petiole. The stalk which supports a leaf.

Phccnogamous. Not Cryptogamous. Applied to all plants which
have visible stamens and pistils.

Phyllodium. A spurious leaf, formed by the spreading of the
petiole.

Pilose. Hairy. With a stiff* pubescence.

PinncB. The leafets or divisions of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate. A leaf is pinnate when the leafets are arranged in two
rows on the sides of a common petiole ; as in Bhus vernix.
Med. Bot. PL 10.

GLOSSARY. 443

Pinnatijid. Cut in a pinnate manner. It differs from pinnate in

consisting of a simple or continous leaf, not compound.
Pistil. A constituent part of a flower including the germ, style,

and stigma. In a regular flower it forms the central part.
Pistillate. Having pistils, but no stamens.
Placenta. The part of the pericarp to which seeds are attached.
Plaited. Folded like a ruffle or fan ; as the leaves of Veratfum

viride. Med. Bot. PI. 33.
Plumose. Feathery. Feather like.
Plumula. Part of the corculum of a seed, which afterwards forms

a new plant with the exception of the root.
Pod. A dry seed vessel, not pulpy ; most commonly applied to

legumes and siliques.
Pointal. See Pistil.
Polyadelphous. Belonging to the class Polyadelphia, in which

the stamens are united into several parcels.
Polyandrous. Having many disconnected stamens inserted into

the receptacle.
Polycarpous. Many fruited.

Polycotyledonous. Having seeds with more than two cotyledons.
Polygamous. Having some flowers which are perfect, and others

which have stamens only, or pistils only.
Polygynous. Having many styles.

Polymorphous. Changeable. Assuming a variety of forms.
Polypetalous. Having many petals.
Polyphyllous. Having many leaves.
Pome. A fruit like the apple in which the seeds are inclosed in

cartilaginous coverings, and imbedded in the thickened

and pulpy calyx.
PrcEfloratium. Same as JEstivation.
Prcefoliation. The manner in which the young leaves are folded

together in the bud.
PrcEmorse. Bitten off". The same as alrupt.
Prickle. The prickle differs from the thorn in being fixed to the

bark only and not to the wood.
Prismatic. Having several parallel, flat sides.
Procumbent. Lying on the ground.

444 GLOSSARY.

Proliferous. An umbel or flower is said to be proliferous when

it has smaller ones growing out of it. A proliferous stem

has joints growing one out of another.
Proteranthous. When the leaves appear before the flowers.
Pseudopinnate. Falsely or imperfectly pinnate.
Pubescent. Hairy or downy.
Pulp. The soft, juicy, cellular substance found in berries and

similar fruits.
Pulpy. Filled with pulp.
Pulverulent. Dusty. Composed of powder, or appearing as if

covered with it.
Pulvinate. Like a cushion.

Punctate. Appearing as if pricked full of small holes, or dots.
Punctiform. Resembling dots.
Pungent. Sharp, acrid, pricking.
Putamen. A hard shell.
Pyxidium. A one celled, many seeded, superior fuit, with a dry,

or thin pericarp, opening transversely, as in Anagallis.

Q.

Quaternate. Four together.
Quinate. Five together.

R.

Raceme. A cluster ; a kind of inflorescence in which the flowers
are arranged by simple pedicels on the sides of a common
peduncle.

Rachis. The common stalk to which the florets and spikelets of
grasses and other plants are attached. Also the midrib of
some leaves and fronds.

Radiate. Having ligulate florets placed like rays at the circum-
ference, as in certain compound flowers ; or having the outer
petals largest, as in certain cymes and umbels.

Radical. Growing immediately from the root.

Radicle. The part of the corculum which afterwards forms the
root. Also the minute branch of a root.

Ray. The diverging florets or petals which form the outside of
radiate flowers, cymes and umbels.

GLOSSARY. 445

Receptacle. The end of a flower stalk, being the base to which
most or all the parts of fructification are attached.

Reclined, or Reclining. Bending over, with the end inclining to-
ward the ground.

Recurved. Curved backwards.

Reflexed. Bent backward, more than recurved.

Regma. A few seeded, superior dry fruit, with three or more
cells, bursting from the axis elastically, and separating into
two valves, as in Ricinus.

Reniform. Kidney shaped. Heart shaped without the point.

Repand. Slightly wavy or serpentine at the edge ; as the leaves
of Menyanthes trifoliata. Med. Bot. PI. 46.

Resupinate. Turned upside down ; as the leaves of Juniperus
communis. Med. Bot. PI. 44.

Reticulate. Netlike. Having veins distributed like net work.

Retrorse. Turned backward.

Retuse. Having a slight sinus, or superficial notch in the end.
Less than emarginate.

Revolute. Rolled backward or outward.

Rhizoma. A horizontal part, partly or wholly subterraneous,
which produces roots and stems, and increases by its ante-
rior extremity.

Rhizocarpous. Perennial plants, in which the stem dies annually
and the root only endures.

Rhomboidal. Having four sides, with unequal angles.

Ribbed. Marked with parallel ridges or veins.

Ringent. Irregular, with an upper and under lip. See labiate.

Rooting. Sending out lateral roots.

Root stock. Same as Rhizoma.

Rostellum. See radicle.

Rostrate. Furnished with a beak.

Rotate. Wheel shaped. Flat without a tube ; as in the flowers
of Solanum dulcamara. Med. Bot. PI. IS.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Ruminated. Wrinkled as in the Nutmeg. Applied to the
albumen of seeds.

Runcinate. Having large teeth pointing backward ; as the leaves
of the dandelion.

38

446 GLOSSARY.

S.

Sagittate. Arrow shaped. Like the head of an arrow.

Salver shaped. See Hypocrateriform.

Samara. A seed vessel not opening by valves, having a winged
or membranous appendage, as in the Maple, &c.

Sarcocarp. The fleshy inner coating of a fruit; as the Walnut.

Sarmentose. Running on the ground and striking roots from the
joints, as the Strawher'ry.

Scape. A stalk Avhich springs from the root, and supports flow-
ers and fruit but no leaves.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scarious. Having a thin membranous margin.

Scions. Lateral shoots or offsets from the root.

Scrohiculate. Covered with deep, round pits.

Seed vessel. A vessel enclosing the seed.

Segment. A part or principal division of a leaf, calyx or corolla.

Semihivalnular. Half divided into two valves.

Seminal leaves. The first leaves of a plant, or those formed from
the cotyledons.

Sepals. The divisions of the calyx, corresponding to petals of the
corolla.

Septicidal. Dehiscing or opening through the dissepiment.

Sericeous. Silky.

Serrate. Notched like the teeth of a saw, the points tending up-
ward ; as in strawberry and rose leaves.

Serrulate. Minutely serrate.

Sessile. Placed immediately on the stem, without the interven-
tion of a stalk; as the leaves of Spigelia Marilandica. Med.
Bot. PI. 14.

Setaceous. Bristle like.

Sheath. A tubular or folded leafy portion inclosing the stem.

Silicle. A seed vessel constructed like a silique, but not longer
than it is broad.

Silique. A long pod or seed vessel of two valves, having its
seeds attached to the two edges alternately.

Siliquose. Having siliques.

Simple. Not divided, branched, or compounded.

Sinuate. Having sinuses at the edge.

GLOSSARY. 447

Sinus. A large, rounded indentation or cavity.

Sort. Plural of Sorus. The most common fruit of ferns, con-
sisting of small clusters of minute capsules on the back of
the leaf.

Sorosis. A spike or raceme converted into a fleshy mass, as in.
the Mulberry.

Spadix. An elongated receptacle of flowers, commonly proceed-
ing from a spathe ; as in Arum triphyllum. Med. Bot. PI. 4.

Spathe. A sheathing calyx opening lengthwise on one side, and
consisting of one or more valves. See Spadix.

Spatulate, or spathidate. Obtuse or large at the end, and gradu-
ally tapering into a stalk at base ; as in the leaves of Stactice
Caroliniana. Med. Bot. PI. 25.

Species. A group or subdivision of plants agreeing Avith each
other not only in their fructification, but in all other essen-
tial and permanent parts ; and always reproducing the same
kind.

Specific. Belonging to a species only.

Sphalerocarpium. A one seeded, indehiscent pericarp enclosed
within a fleshy perianth, as in Taxus.

Spike. A kind of inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile
or nearly so on the sides of a long peduncle.

Spikelet. A small spike.

Spindle shaped. See Fusiform.

Spine. A thorn, or sharp process growing from the wood.

Spores, or sporules. The substances produced by cryptogamous
plants answering to seeds.

Spur. A sharp hollow projection from a flower, commonly the
nectary.

Squamiform. Scale shaped.

Squarrose or Squarrous. Ragged. Having reflected or divergent
scales.

Stamen. The part of the flower on which the Linnaean classes
are founded. It commonly consists of the yzZame/ji or stalk,
and the anther which contains the pollen.

Staminate. Having stamens, but no pistils.

Staminoids. Bodies resembling stamens.

Standard. See Banner.

Stellate. Like a star.

448 GLOSSARY.

Stem. A general supporter of leaves, flowers and fruit.

Stemless. Having no stem properly so called, but only a scape*

Sterile. Barren.

Stigma. The summit or extremity of the pistil.

Stipe. The stem of a fern or fungus , also the stem of the down

of seeds; also a particular stalk of germs, seeds &;c., which

is superadded to the pedicel; as in the Coptis trifolia. Med.

Bot. PI. 5.
Siipitate. Supported by a stipe.
Stipule. A leafy appendage situated at the base of petioles or

leaves.
Stipular. Belonging to stipules.
Stoloniferous. Having scions or running shoots.
Striate. Marked with fine parallel lines.
Strigose. Bristly.
StroUle. A cone; an ament with woody or rigid scales, as in

the fruit of pines, firs, &c.
Style. The part of the pistil which is between the germ and

stigma.
Sub. A particle prefixed to various terms, to imply the existence

of a quality in a diminutive or inferior degree, as
Subacute. Somewhat acute. Less than acute, &c.
Subcoriaceous. Somewhat like leather.
Suberose. Like cork.
Subsessile. Nearly sessile.
Subserrate. Slightly serrate, fee.

Subulate. Awl shaded. Narrow, stiff, and sharp pointed.
-Succulent. Juicy.

Sucker. A shoot from the root, or lower part of the stem.
Suffruticose. Somewhat shrubby. Shrubby at base.
Sulcate. Furrowed.

Swpradecompound. More than decompound. Many times sub-
divided.
Suture. The line or seam formed by the junction of two valves

of a seed vessel.
Synanthous. When leaves and flowers appear at the same time

as in the Apple tree.
Syncarpium. A fruit in which the ovaries cohere into a solid

mass, on a slender receptacle, as in Magnolia.

GLOSSARY. 449

Si/ncarpous. When the ovaries are connected or grown together.
Synconus. A fruit like the Fig, which is a fleshy rachis, having
the form of a hollow receptacle or flattened disc.

T.

Tendril. A filiform appendage of certain vines, which supports
them by twining round, or adhering to other objects.

Tei'ete^ Round, cylindrical.

Terminal. Extreme, situated at the end.

Ternate. Three together ; as the leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata.
Med. Bot. PL 46.

Tetradynamous. Having four long and two short stamens.

Tetrandrous. Having four stamens.

Thec(£. The little capsules of Ferns.

Thorn. See Spine.

Throat. The passage into the tube of a corolla.

Thyrse. A close, compact panicle.

Tomentose. Downy. Covered with fine matted pubescence.

Torose. Knobby.

Torus. The same as Receptacle.

Triandrous. With three stamens.

Tricuspid. Having three points.

Trifid. Three cleft.

Trifoliate. Three leaved. See Ternate.

Trilobate. Three lobed.

Trilocular. Three celled.

Tripartite. Three parted.

Trivial name. The specific name.

Truncate. Having a square termination as if cut ofi*, as the
leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera. Med. Bot. PL 31.

Tryma. A fruit like the Shagbark, superior, by abortion one
celled, one seeded, with a two valved indehiscent endocarp,
and a coriaceous or fleshy sarcocarp.

Tuber. A solid, fleshy knob.

Tuberous. Thick and fleshy, containing tubers ; as the roots of
the Potatoe, PcEony, &c.

Tubular. Shaped like a tube. In a compound flower, the flor-
ets which are not ligulate, are called tubular.

Tunicated. Coated with concentric layers ; as the Onion.
38=^

450 GLOSSARY.

Turbinate. Shaped like a top or pear.

Turion. A young shoot from the Rhizoma, as in Asparagus,

V.

Valves. The segments or parts of a seed vessel, into which it
finally separates. Also the leaves which make up a glume
or spathe.

Variety. A subdivision of a species, distinguished only by char-
acters which are not permanent ; and which does not with
certainty reproduce its kind; as the varieties of tulipSf
peaches, &c.

Vaulted. Arched over ; with a concave covering.

Veined. Having the divisions of the petiole irregularly branched
on the under side of the leaf.

Venation. The veining of a leaf.

Ventricose. Swelling. Inflated.

Vei-nicose^ Varnished in appearance.

Verrucose. Warty. Covered with little protuberances.

Vertical. Perpendicular to the earth.

Verticillaie . Whorled. Having leaves given off in a circle
round the stem.

Vesicular. Made of vesicles or little bladders.

Villous. Hairy, the hairs long and soft.

Virgate. Long and slender. Wandlike.

Virose. Poisonous, nauseous and strong to the smell.

Viscid. Thick, glutinous, covered with adhesive juice.

Vitellus. A part of certain seeds distinct from the albumen^ bat
not rising out of the ground at germination.

Viviparous. Producing a collateral offspring by means of bulbs.

U.

Umbel. A kind of inflorescence in which the flower stalks di-
verge from one centre like rays ; as in Conium maculatum.
Med. Bot. PL 11.

Umbelliferous. Bearing umbels.

Umbilicate. Marked with a central depression.

Unarmed. Without prickles or thorns.

Uncinate. Hooked, hook shaped.

GLOSSARY. 45 i

Undulated. Wavy, serpentine, gently rising and falling.

Unguiculate. Inserted by a claw.

Unilateral. Growing all on one side, or with the flowers lean."

ing to one side.
Urceolate. Pitcher shaped. Swelling in the middle and slightly

contracted at top.

W.

Wedge shaped. Formed like a wedge, and commonly rounded

at the largest end.
Wheel shaped. See Rotate.

Wings. The two lateral petals of a papilionaceous flower.
Winged. Having the sides extended into a leafy expansion.

INDEX OF THE GENERA,

WITH ACCENTS.

The Subgenera and Generic Synonyms are in Italics.

Abies

Acalypha

A'cer

Acerates

Achillea

Acnida

A'corus

Actaea

Adiantum

Adlumia

^thusa

Agrimonia

Agropyron

Agrostemma

Agrosiis

Aira

Alchemilla

Aletris

Alisma

A'llium

A'lnus

Alopecurus

Althaea

Page.

386

388

405

110

336

395

146

224

424

281

121

200

47

197

31

33

63

1S9

154

137

367

27

277

Page.

Alyssum

268

Amaranthus

368

Ambrosia

368

Amelanchier

208

Ammannia

55

Ampelopsis
Anagallis

98
77

Andromeda

176

Andropogon
Anemone*

44
237

Angelica

117

Anthemis

336

Anihoxanthum

29

.Antirrhinum

259

Anychia
Apargia
Apios

105
303
295

Apocymim

Aqnifegia

Aralia

105

232
129

A'rabis

269

A'rbiitus

175

A'rctium

309

Avsiimrj. The usual English pronunciation is Anemone.

454

INDEX.

Aren^ria

190

Caltha

235

ArethOisa

347

Calystegia

82

Arethusa

347

Cameiina

268

Aristolochia

351

Campanula

88

Aristida

32

Caprifolium

91

Aronia

208

Cardamine

270

Arrhenatherum

34

Carduus

309

A'rum

372

Carex

359

Artemisia

3J8

Carpi nu3

383

Arundo

40

Carya

379

A'sarum

199

Cassandra

78

Asclepias

106

Cassia

181

Asparagus

143

Castanea

374

Aspidiurn

418

Caslilleja

260

Asplenium

421

Caulinia

537

A'Sier

329

Caulophyllum

135

Atragene

234

Ceanothus

95

A' triplex

401

Celastrus

96

Avena

34

Celtis

401

Azalea

85

Centaur^a

338

Centaurella

54

B.

Cephalanthus

52

Ballota

252

Cerastium

195

Baptisia

181

Cei'asus

204

Bartisia

260

Ceralophyllum

371

Bartonia

54

Chara

357

Berberis

136

Chelidonium

224

Beiula

381

Cheloae

264

BiHens

312

Chenopodium

113

Blitum

4

Chimaphila

185

Boehmeria

366

Chironia

79

Bootia

219

Chcerophyllum

121

Botrychium

415

Chlora

79

Brachstemum

253

Chrysanthemum

320

Brachyletrum

28

Chrysopsis

321

Brasenia

246

Chrysosplenium

164

Briza

36

Cichorium

303

Brornus

39

Cicuta

121

Bunias

267

Cimicifuga

233

Cinna

31

C.

Circea

12

Cactus

203

Cist us

226

C(Enotus

323

Claytonia

104

Cakile

267

Clematis

233

Calamagrostis

40

Cleome

272

Calla

373

Clethra

183

Callitriche

3

Clinopodium

255

INDEX.

455

Ctiicus

Cochlearia

Collinsonia

Comandra

Comaropsis

Coinarum

Comptonia

Coniiim

Convallaria

Convolvulus

Conyza

Conyza

Coptis

Corallorhiza

Coreopsis

Coriius

Corydalis

Corylus

Crantzia

Crataegus

Crossopetala

Crotalaria

Crypta

CryplotcETiia

Cuc-ubalus

Ciinila

Cupressus

Cuscuta

Cynibidium

Cynoglossum

Cyperus

Cyprip^dium

Dactyl is

Dalibarda

Danihonia

Datura

Daucus

Dentaria

Desmodium

Dianthus

Diapensia

Dicksonia

Ditlytra

Diervilla

Digiiaria

D.

309

Dioscorea

268

Diplopappus

]2

Dirca

104

Draba

215

Dracena

216

Dracontium

364

Dilepyrum

117

Dry as

140

Drosera

82

Dulichium

318

3-29

235

Echinochloa

349

E'chium

337

Eleocharis

59

ELodea

280

E'lyraus

382

EMiipetrum

115

Epifagus

206

Epigaea

111

Epilobium

285

E})ipactis

12

Equisetum

121

Erica

195

Erigeron

11

Eriocaulon

387

Eriophorum

112

Erysimum

349

Ery thro Ilium

75

Euosmus

19

Euchroma

350

Eupatoriura

Euphorbia

Eurybia

as

214

34

Fagus

83

Festuca

116

Fragaria

271

Fraxinus

293

Furuaria

190

86

424

Galega

281

Galeopsis

92

Gaultheria

42

Galium

E.

G.

396

331

159

266

143

61

28

219

131

20

42
73
21

299
47
393
261
174
156
346
411
158
321
358
24
271
144
170
260
314
201
335

374

38

215

408
280

296

252

174

55

456

INE

)EX.

Genista

285

I.

Gentiana

110

Ict6des

61

Geranium

274

Mex

64

Gerardia

262

Inipatiens

98

GJeum

220

1 nula

321

Glaux

104

I'lis

18

Gleclioma

249

Isnardia

62

Glycine

295

Isolepis

24

Glyceria

38

I'va

339

Gnaphalium

318

Ixodia

246

Goodyera

346

Grat 61a

7

J.

Gymnostichum

48

Juglans

378

Gyromia

150

Juncus

147

Juniperus

398

H.

Hamam^lis

63

K.

Hedeoma

11

Kalmia

179

Hedera

98

KopJeria

33

Hcdypnois

304

Krigia

307

Hedysarum

292

Heleninm

336

L.

Helianihemum

226

Lactuca

305

Helianthus

337

Laniium

250

Helonias

150

Larix

387

Hepatica

236

Lathyrus

286

Herpestis

12

Laurus

170

Heracleum

116

Lechea

49

Heiichera

112

Ledum

183

Hibiscus

277

Leersia

31

Hieracium

306

Lemna

358

Hierochloa

45

Ltontodon

304

Hippuris

3

Leoniirus

251

Holcus

45

L( ontice

135

Hordeutn

48

Lepidium

266

Hottonia

80

Leptandra

7

Hudsonia

226

Lespedeza

290

Huraulus

395

Liatris

312

Houston ia

54

Limodorum

349

Hydrocotyle

115

Linnaea

257

Hydrophyllum

76

Ligusticum

118

Hydropeltis

236

Ligustrum

5

Hyoscyamus

84

Lilium

145

Hypericum

297

Lirnosella

258

Hypopithys

187

Linum

130

Hypoxis

138

Lindernia

8

Hyssopus

250

Liriod^ndron

244

INDEX.

457

Listera

347

N^peta

252

Litliospermum

73

JVtphrodium

418

Lobelia

89

Nuphar

230

Loliiiin

46

Nyinpha^a

231

Lonicera

91

Nyssa

408

Lud wigia

62

Lupin us

285

O.

Lychnis

197

QEnothera

157

Lycopodium

413

Onoclea

420

Lycopsis

74

Onopordon

311

Lycopus

10

Onostnodiiim

74

Lygocliiim

415

Ophrys

347

Lysiinachia

77

O' re his

340

Ly thrum

2C0

Ornithogalum

145

Orobanche

261

M.

Oroniium

146

Macrotrys

2133

Oryzopsis

26

Magnolia

244

Osmorrhiza

119

Malaxis

347

Osinunda

416

Malva

277

O'Strya

383

Medeola

150

O'xaiis

275

Medicago

297

Oxycoccus

164

Melarnpyrum

257.

Melilotus

290

P.

IV'Jenispermuni

2:i2

Panax

403

Mentha

249

Panicum

41

Menyanthes

80

Panicum

42

Menztesia

158

Parnassia

129

MespUus

208

Pastinaca

120

Mikania

314

Pedicularis

261

Milium

27

Penthorum

195

Mimulus

264

Peplis

12

Mitciiella

54

Phalaris

32

Mitella

189

Phaseolus

286

Mollugo

50

Phleum

29

Monarda

11

Phragmites

41

Monotropa

186

Phryma

256

Muhlenbergia

28

Phytolacca

197

Myagrum

268

Pin us

384

Myoi^otis

75

Piptatherum

27

Myiica

393

Pisum

286

Myriophyllum

370

Planfago

53

Myrrhis

121

P an tan us

384

I'oa

34

N.

Podalyria

180

Najas

357

Podo|)hyllum

229

Neottia

345

Podostemum

3

39

458

INDEX.

Poo^onia

348

S.

Pollinia

45

Sahhkia

79

Polyfjala

282

Sfigiiia

65

Polyfi^onurn

165

Sagirtaria

369

Polypodiura

417

Snliconiia

2

Polypogon

31

Salix

391

Poh/gonatum

141

Salsola

112

Poniederia

138

Sail) hue us

125

Popiilus

297

Sa mollis

88

Portiilaca

199

Sanguinaria

238

Potainog^ton

65

Saiiguisorba

64

Pot«ntilla

216

Sanicula

116

Pothos

61

Saf)onaria

190

Prenanthes

304

Saioihra

128

Prinos

136^

Sarracenia

226

Prose rpinaca

50

Satyrium

346

Prunella

255

Saxifraga

188

Prunus

204

Scandix

121

Psamma

40

Scheuchzeria

152

Pteris

423

Scho^nus

18

Pycnanthemum

253

Scliwalbea

258

Pyrola

183

Scirpus

21

Pyrus

207

Scleranthus

188

Scirpus

22

Q.

Sfro()hul^ria

258

Quercus

375

Scutellaria

255

Q,u6ria

105

Seleucia

77

Seii^cio

327

R.

Striocarpus

329

Ranunculus

238

Serratula

312

Raphanus

269

Setaria

41

Rhamnus

95

S icy OS

365

Rhexia

158

Sida

276

Rhinanthus

258

Sil^ne

194

RhoHoflendron

178

Sinapis

271

Rhododendron

85

Sison

121

Rhodora

182

Sisymbrium

270

Rhus

125

Sisyrinchium

273

Rhyncospora

18

Slum

118

Rihps

93

SmilarAna

40

Robinia

295

Srnilax

S96

Rochelia

76

Smyrnium

120

Rosa

209

Solanum

87

Rulius

210

Solidago

323

Rudbeckia

338

Soiichus

308

Rutnex

152

Sophora

181

Ruppia

66

Sorbus

207

INDEX.

459

Sparganium

S parti n a

Specularia

Spergula

S})iraea

Spiranthes

Stachys

Staphylea

Statice

Steliaria

Stipa

StrejJtopus

Struihiopteris

Swertia

Symplocarpus

Tanacetum

Tax us

Tephrosia

Teucrium

Thalictrum

Thapsium

Thesiiim

Thlaspi

Thuya

Thymus

Tiai^lla

Tilia

Torresia

Trachynotia

Trichodium

Trichophorum

Trichostema

Trientalis

Trifoliurn

Triglochin

Trillium

Triosteum

Tiiticum

363

Tiollius

25

88
J 96

Tussilago
Typha

209

U'lmus

345

Uniola

251
128

Uraspermuni
U'ltica

132

Utricularia

193

Uvularia

32

139

421

Vaccinium

62

Vallisneria

61

Veratrum

Verbascum

Verbena

318

Vernonia

399

Veronica

296

Viburnum

250

Vicia

234

Villarsia

118 121

Viola

104

Vitis

267

388

253

Woodsia

189

Woodwardia

227

46

25

Xanthium

28

23

256

154

Xanthoxylum

Xylosteum

Xyris

288

152

Zizania

166

Zizea

93

Zosteria

47

u.

V.

w.

X.

238
323
363

114
33
119
365
8
143

159

390

402

84

254

312

5

123

287

81

98

97

418
423

367

405

92

18

369
121
358

ENGLISH INDEX.

Agrimony
Alder

Alum Root
Alpine Enchanter's

shade
Alpine soft Grass
Alpine Swertia
Amaranth
Ambrosia
American Trollius
Ammannia
Andromeda
-Anemone
Angelica
Arabis

Aralia Bristly
Arbor Vitse
Arenaria
Arethusa
Aristida
Arrow Grass
Arrow Head
Arrow Wood
Asclepias
Ash

Asparagus
Aspen
Aster
Atragene
Balm of Gilead
Barberry
Bartsia

Night-

405,

200

Basil

253, 255

367

Bass Wood

227

1L2

Bayberry
Beach Pea

394
286

11

Beach Plumb

205

46
62

Beach Drops
Bean Vine

261

. 288

36S

Beard Grass

44

363
238

Bearberry
Bed&traw

75
57

55

Beech Tree

374

176

Bellflower

88

236

Bellwort

142

117

Bent Grass

30

269

Bethlehem star-

138, 145

130

Bidens

313

388
191

Bilberry
Bindweed

160

82, 168

348

Birch

381

32

Bitter Sweet

87

152

Black Alder

136

369
124

Blackberry
Black Grass

211
148

110

Black Snake Root

233

408

Bladder Tree

128

143

Bladder wort

8

397

Bloodroot

228

329
234

Blue Berry
Blue eyed Grass

160
273

398

Blue Flag

15

136

Blue Grass

35

260

Bcehmeria

366

39^

462

INDEX.

Bog Rush

18

Chestnut Tree

374

Boston Iris

17

Chickweed

193, 196

Botrychium

415

Chokeberry

207

Brake

423

Cicuta Buibiferous

122

Brome Grass

39

Cinna

31

Broom Grass

45

Cinquefoil

216

Broom rape

261

Cistus

226

Buckthorn

95

Claytonia

104

Buckwheat

169

Cleavers

55

Buck Bean

80

Clethra

183

Bugle Weed

9

Cleome

272

Bugloss

73

Clivers

55

Bulrush

23, 147

Cloud Berry

214

Burdock

309

Clover

289

Burr Marygold

312

Club Moss

413

Burr Reed

363

Club Rush

21

Butter Cups

240

Cohush

225

Butterfly Weed

106

Columbine

232

Butternut

378

'Coltsfoot

323

Button Bush

52

Conyza

318

Button Wood

384

Corncockle

197

Calla

373

- Coreopsis

338

Camelina

268

Corydalis

280

Campion

195

Cornel

59

Canary Grass

32

Cotton Grass

24

Canada Reed

40

Couch Grass

47

Canada Burnet

64

Cow Berry

163

Canada Rice

369

Cow Parsnep

116

Canada Naiad

357

Cowslip

235

Cardaraine

270

Cow Wheat

257

Cardinal Flower

89

Crakeberry

393

Carpet Weed

50

- Cranberry

164

Carrot

116

Cranesbill

274

Cassia

181

Creeper

97

Catchfly

194

Cress

270

Catmint

252

Crow Berry

393

Catnep

252

Crowfoot

238

Cat's Tail Grass

29

Crypta

12

Cedar, Red

398

Cucumber

365

Cedar, White

387

Cucumber Root

150

Celandine

224

Cud Weed

320

Centaurella

54

Currant, Mountain^

94

Cerastium

196

Cut Grass

31

Chaffseed

258

Cymbidium

349

Chara

357

Cyperus

19

Chequer Berry

54

Dalibarda

215

Cherry Tree

204

Dandeliott

304

INDEX.

463

Darnel

Deerberry

Dewberry

Diapensia

Dicksonia

Diervilla, Yellow

Dioscorea

Diich Grass

Dock

Dodder

Dog's Bane

Dogwood

Dracaena

Dragon's Claw

Draofon Root

Duck Meat

Dutch Myrtle

Dutchman's Breeches

Dyer's Weed

Eel Grass

Eglantine

Elder

Elecampane

Elm Tree

Empetrum

Enchanter's Night Shade

Epilobium

Epipactis

Erigeron

Eryihronium

Eupatorium

Feather Grass

Fern

Fescue Grass

Fever Bush

Feverwort

Fever Root

Figwort

Flag

Flag, Blue

Flag, Sweet

Flax, Virginian

Flea Bane

Flowering Currant

Fools' Parseley

Forked Aristida

Fox Tail Grass

Fumitory

46
162
213

86
424

92
396

26
152
112
105
59, 126
143
349
372
358
393
281
285
358
209
125
321
114
393

12
157
346
322
144
314, 316

32
415, 417, 418

38

170

89

93

258

364

16

146

130

322

94

121

3-2

27

280

Galium

Garlic

Gaultheria

Gentian

Gerardia

Geranium

Germander

Gill

Ginger, Wild

Ginseng

Glycine

Golden Alexanders

Golden Club

Goldenrod

Goldthread

Goosefoot

Goose Tongue

Grape

G rass Poly

Gromwell

GRASS.

Alpine Soft
Arrow
Beard
Bent

Black seeded Millet
Blue

Blue eyed
Brome
•Broom
Canary
Cat's tail
Cotton
Couch
Cut
Darnel
Ditch
Feather
Fescue
Foxtail
Hair

Hedgehog
-Herds
Knot
Lyme
Millet
Oat

Grass

55
137
175
111
263
275
250
249
199^
403
295
120
146
323
235
113
336

97
200

73

46
152
44
30
27
35
273
39
45
32
29
24
47
31
48
26
32
38
27
33
48
29
165
47
27
34

464

INDEX.

Orchard Grass

Panic

Quaking

Rattlesnake

Ray

Red Top

Reed

Rough

Rye Brome

Soft

Spear

Spike

Sedge

Scratch

Seneca

Squirrel Tail

Star

SweetscentedVernal

Thin

Tiniothy

Truncate Hair

Velvet

Wood Hair

Yellow eyed

Gooseberry

Grass of Parnassus

Green Briar

Ground Ivy

Ground Laurel

Groundnut

Groundsel

Hackmatack

Hair Grass

Hairy Onosmodium

Hairy Uraspermum

Hardback

Harebell

Hawkweed

Hazel

Hedgehog Grass

Hedge Hyssop

Hedge Mustard

Hedge Nettle

Hedysarurn

Hellebore

Henoilock

33 Hemlock, American 121

— 41 Hemlock, Spruce 386

— 37 Hemp, Indian 106

— 37 Hemp Nettle 252

— 46 Hemp, Sea 395

— 30 Henbane 84

— 40 Henbit 250

— 25 Hepatica 236

— 39 Herb Robert 274

— 46 Herds Grass 29

— 34 Hibiscus 277

— 33 Hickory 379

— 359 High water Shrub 339

— 168 Hobble Bush 124

— 45 Hogweed 113

— 45 Hog Nut 379

— 139 Holly 64

— 29 Honewort 121

— 28 Honeysuckle 91

— 29 Hop 397

— 33 Horehound, Water 9

— 45 Horehound, Black 252

— 33 Hornbeam 383, 408

— 18 Horned Utricularia 9
Horn wort 371

93 Horse Mint 249

129 Horseradish 268

346 Horsetail 412

249 Horseweed 12

174 Hotlonia 80

295 Hound's Tongue 75

327 Houstonia 54

387, 388 Hudsonia 226

33 Hydrocotyle 115

74 Hydrophyllum 76

120 Hypericum 297

209 Hyssop 250

88 Indian Hemp 106

303, 306 Indian Tobacco 90

382 Indian Turnip 372

48 Indigo, Wild 180

7 Inula 321

271 Iris 16

251 Iron Wood 383

292 Isnardia 62

402 Ivy 127

117 Jersey Tea 92

INDEX.

465

Juniper

399

Menziesia

158

Kalmia

130

Mercury, Three seeded

388

Knapweed

338

Mikania

314

Knawel

18S

Millfoil

370

Knot Grass

155

Milk Weed

107

Labrador Tea

183

Mint

249

Ladies' Mantle

63

Mitella

189

Ladies' Slipper

350

Monarda

11

Ladies' Traces

345

Monkey Flower

264

Lathyrus

287

Moon Seed

232

Laurel

179

Moose Wood

407

Leather Wood

159

Mother Wort

251

Leptandra

7

Mountain Ash.

207

Lespedeza

290

Mountain Currant

94

Lettuce

305

Mountain Rice

26

Liatris

312

Mouse Ear

75

Life Everlasting

318

Mowhair

424

Lily

145

Mudwort

258

Lime Tree

227

Muhlenbergia

28

Lindernia

8

Mullein

84

Linnsea

257

Mustard

271

Lobelia

89

Myriophyllum

371

Lop seed

256

Myrtle, Dutch

393

Locust Tree

295

Myrtle, Wax

394

Loose Strife

77

Neottia

M5

Louse Wort

261

Nettle

366

Lovage

118

Nettle Tree

401

Ludwigia

67

Nightshade, Enchanter's

12

Lupine

285

Nightshade, Black

87

Lycopsis

74

Nightshade, Woody

87

Lygodiura

415

Nonesuch

297

Lyme Grass

47

Oak

875

Magnolia

244

Oat Grass

84

Mares' Tail

3

Oil Nut

378

May Weed

336

Orache

401

Maiden Hair

424

Orchard Grass

33

Malaxis

347

Orchis

340

Mallow

276

Osier

392

Maple

405

Osmunda

416

Marsh Marigold

235

Oval Ceanothus

96

Marsh Mallow

277

Painted Cup

260

Marsh Rosemary

132

Panic Grass

41

May Apple

229

Parsnep 116

,120

May Weed

336

Parnassus, Grass of

]29

Meadow Cowslip

235

Partridge Berry

174

Meadow Sweet

209

Pearl wort

65

Meiilot

290

Pea Vine

295

466

INDEX.

Peck's Geum

221

Rattlesnake Plaintain

346

Penny Wort
Pennyroyal

115
11

415
285

Rattle Pod

Penthorum

195

Ray Grass

46

Peppergrass

266

Redtop

30

Pepper Root

272

Red Actaea

224

Petty Morel

130

Red Larch

387

Pickerel Weed

138

Reed

41

Pig Nut

379

Reed Grass

40

Pinapernel

77,88

Reed Mace

363

Pine

384

Reedy Cinna

31

Pine Sap

187

Rhodora

182

Pine Weed

128

Rib Wort

53

Pink

190

Rich Weed

366

Pin Weed

479

River Bush

52

Pipe Wort

358

Robin's Plaintain

321

Pipes

411

Roman Wormwood

368

Plane Tree

1384

Rose

210

Plantain

53

Rose Bay

178

Plum, Beach

205

Rough Grass

25

Poke Root

402

Rudbeckia

338

Poke Weed

197

Rush

147, 152

Polygala

282

Sabbatia

79

Polypody

417

Saltwort

104, 112

Poly, Grass

200

Samphire

2

Polygonum

165

Sandwort

190

Pond Weed

65

Sanicle

116

Poplar

397

Sarsaparilla

129

Poppoose Root

135

Sassafras

170

Potentilla

216, 218

Saxifrage

164, 188

Prenanthes

304

Scouring Rush

411

Prickly Ash

405

Scratch Grass

168

Prickly Pear

203

Scullcap

255

Prim

5

Sea Burdock

367

Primrose

157

Sea Hemp

395

Privet

5

Sea Lovage

118

Proserpinaca

50

Sea Arrow Grass

152

Purslane

199

Sea Rocket

267

Pyrola

185

Sea Ruppia

66

Pyrus

207

Sea Wormwood

318

Quaking Grass

37

Sea Wrack

358

Queria

105

Sedge

359

Radish

269

Self Heal

255

Ram's Head

351

Seneca Grass

45

Ranunculus

242

Seneca Snake Root

283

Raspberry

210

Senecio

328

Rattlesnake Grass

37

Senna, American

181

INDEX.

467

Shagbark

380

Swamp Rose

210

Shield Fern

418

Sweet Fern

364

Shepherd's Purse

267

Sweei Flag

146

Shrub

339

Sweet Gale

393

Sickle Pod

269

Sweet Briar

210

Side-Saddle Flower

226

Sweet Uraspermum

119

Silk Weed

108

Sweet Viburnum

123

Silver Fir

385

Sycamore

384

Silver Weed

216

Tansy

318

Sium

119

Tephrosia

296

Skunk Cabbage

61

Thalictrum

234

Smilax

396

Thesium

104

Snake Head

264

Thimble Berry

210

Snake Root, Virginia

351

Thin Grass

28

Snap Dragon

259

Thistle

309

Soap Wort

190

Thorn Apple

83

Soft Grass

46

Thorn Bush

206

Soft Monarda

11

Thoroughwort

315

Solomon's Seal

140

Threadlfoot

3

Sonchus

308

Thyme

253

Sorrel

275

Tiarella

189

Sow Thistle

308

Toothwort

271

Spear Grass

34

Tobacco

90

Spearmint

249

TobScco Pipe

186

Spearwort

238

Touch-me-not

98

Speedwell

5

Toad Flax

259

Spice Wood

170

Traveller's Joy

233

Spike Grass

33

Tree Primrose

157

Spikenard

130

Tree Cranberry

124

Spiked Willow Herb

156

Trefoil

288

Spleenwort

421

Trichostema

256

Spruce

386

Trientalis

154

Spurge

201

Trillium

150

Spurrey

196

Trumpet Weed

"516

Squirrel Tail Grass

48

Truncate Hair Grass

33

Star Grass

139

Tulip Tree

244

Stellaria

193

Tupelo Tree

408

Stitchwort

193

Unicorn Root

150

St. John's Wort

298

Uraspermum

120

Strawberry

215

Vallisneria

390

Elite

4

Velvet Grass

45

Streptopus

139

Vernal Grass

29

Succory

303

Vernonia

312

Sumach.

125

Vervain

254

Sundew

131

Vetch

287

Sunflower

336

Viburnum

123

Swamp Pink

85

Vine

97

468

INDEX.

.Violet 98

Viper's Bugloss 73

Virgin's Bower 233

Virginian Lycopsis 74

Virginian Rhexia 158
Virginian Water Horehound 10

Villarsia 81

Walking Leaf 421

Walnut 379

Water Cress 270

White Dock 153

Water Flag 363

Water Horehound 10
Water Lily 230, 231

Water Millfoil 370

Water Oats 369

Water Parsnep 118

Water Pepper 165

Water Plantain 154

Water Starwort 3

Water Target 236

Water Pimpernel 88

Wax Myrtle 394

Waxwork 96

White Dock 399

White Weed 320
White headed Bog Rush 18

Whitlow Grass 266

Whortleberry 159

Wild Bugloss 74

Wild Cress 266

Wild Ginger 199

Wild Indigo 180

Wild Tansey 216

Willow 391

Willow Herb 155

Winterberry 137

Wintergreen 184

Witchhazel 63

Woodsia 418

Wood Sorrel 275

Woodwardia 423

Wood Waxen 285

Wood Hair Grass 33

Woody Nightshade 87

Woundwort 251

Yarrow 336

Yellow eyed Grass 18

Yellow Rattle 258

Yew 399

Date Due

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