Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ispiece Front 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture ication Miscellaneous Publ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 423 Washington, D. C. May 1942 FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA BY oe THOMAS H. KEARNEY ROBERT H. PEEBLES LIBRAR RECEIV® ie AUG 121949 Collaborators B. $. Department of Agriciiture UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1942 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - += + = = Price $2.00 Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona By Tuomas H. Kwarney, principal physiologist, and Roperr H. PEEBLES, associate agronomist, Division of Cotton and Other Fiber Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, and collaborators CONTENTS Page - Page AimitnocuGti ON = ee ee ee Sees ee aa 1} Annotated list of the plants of Arizona, with Collaborators aes eee ee eee eee 2 1 CEN Sete eo ae ee ee > Ae oe RS 24 Blan fcheswOnksen= =e. S555 soe, 3 Btendophytass asf. iat ls ee ee eee 24 HW ConomictntoOrmagone = ee ee 5 SHOW MIME OO 2 45 Botanical exploration of Arizona_____________- Sy PAC end aes aaa ee secceeee ase E Ce ee oe _ 1034 Geographical relationships of the flora________- 7 | Literature consulted _ eS ee eee eee 1036 iiheiveretationoAni Zonas ease ee = : 10 Vegetation of Avizona_ 2.2) SiS. 1036 bvpesion veretation-= =e = = ig 12 Uses and popular interest - eee Pe 1037, Vegetation of the Grand Canyon_- =e PRS AUENG VSS: oe Se en ee eee eee ee (Yi INTRODUCTION Arizona ranks very high among the States in the richness and diver- sity of its flora. Approximately 3,200 species of flowering plants and ferns, growing without cultivation, are known to occur within its limits. Many other species have been collected so near the borders of Arizona that they are almost certain to be found in the State. Fur- thermore, much of the area has not yet been explored thoroughly, so it 1s highly probable that the Arizona flora will be found, eventually, to comprise not fewer than 3,500 species of higher plants, even with the conservative conception of what constitutes specific rank that the authors have sought to maintain. : The number of families of flowering plants represented in this flora is 121, in addition to 7 families of ferns and fern allies. The 10 fami- lies comprising the largest number of species are as follows: 5 Number of k Number of Family: species Family: species — Wompositdes =222 4.50 ose. 518 Poly,somaceaes= 2 4-521 __ 91 Graminede. 252500 Se 2c. . 22 325 Cyperacenes 25. =. 6s ee 89 MeguimraO sae 2 hems ees) 2 ele DSB Euphorbiaceae_ -_------_- RSD Scrophulariaceae-__-______-__-_ 108 Cactaceae _____-_-_- i eee SiG @rciferaes 2) = #222 =e eas) 2 97 Rocaceaictq-eee)_ = anh. pee (tA OG The leading families, it will be noted, are mainly those occupying this rank in other North American local floras and, to a large extent, in all temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The outstanding ex- ception is the family Cactaceae. No other State of the Union, save Texas, has so rich a representation of this group, and 11 of the 76 species occurring in Arizona have not. been found hitherto beyond its borders. It is surprising that there has never been a comprehensive publica- tion dealing with this extraordinarily interesting State flora. In the 1 Z MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE absence of such a publication, identification of plants collected in Arizona is very difficult, requiring access to an extensive herbarium and botanical library. Approximately two-thirds (67.2 percent) of the total area of the State is controlled by the Federal Government, 48.2 percent being administered by the Indian Service, Forest Service, National Park Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service, and 19 percent being classified as vacant public land. Many of the native plants of Arizona are economically important, and the scientific staffs of the services mentioned, as well as of other branches of the Federal Govern- ment, frequently require accurate identification of plants collected by them. It therefore seems appropriate that the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture should undertake publication of a flora of Arizona. COLLABORATORS Authorities on many difficult families and genera have contributed treatments of their specialties, adding greatly to the value of this publication. The writers are most grateful for the collaboration of ae botanists, whose names, and the group or subject contributed, follow: Benson, Lyman, University of Arizona. Genus Ranunculus. Blake, 8. F., Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Family Compositae. Epling, Carl, University of California at Los Angeles. Family Labiatae. Ewan, Joseph, University of Colorado. Genus Delphinium. Hermann, F. J., Division of Plant: Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Genus Juncus. Hitcheock, C. Leo, University of Washington. Genus Draba. Johnston, I. M., Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Family Boraginaceae. Keck, David D., Carnegie Institution of Washington, Genus Penstemon. Killip, Ellsworth P., Smithsonian Institution. Genus Passiflora (key). Mathias, Mildred E., and Constance, Lincoln, University of California. Family Umbelliferae. Maxon, William R., Smithsonian Institution. Ferns and fern allies. McVaugh, Rogers, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Family Cam- panulaceae. - Morton, C. V., Smithsonian Institution. Genera Datura and Nicotiana (keys). Muller, Cornelius H., Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Genera Quercus and Choisya. Munz, Philip A., Pomona College. Family Onagraceae. Rollins, Reed C., Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University. Genus Arabis. Shreve, Forrest, Carnegie Institution of Washington. ‘The vegetation of Arizona. Stacey, J. W., California Academy of Sciences. Genus Carez. Svenson, H. K., Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Genus Eleocharis. Swallen, Jason R., Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Family Gramineae. Wheeler, Louis C., University of Pennsylvania. Family. Euphorbiaceae. Wherry, Edgar T., University of Pennsylvania. Genus Phloz. Yuncker, T. G., DePauw University. Genus Cuscuta. The writers also wish to express their sincere appreciation of the courteous assistance rendered by the curators of herbaria and members of the botanical staff of the following institutions: National Her- barium, Smithsonian Institution; the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture; Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; New York Botanical Garden; Field Museum; Missouri Botanical Garden; Rocky Mountain Herbarium, University of Wyoming; Uni- versity of Arizona; Museum of Northern Arizona; Desert Botanical FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA ec Laboratory, Tucson, Ariz.; Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Acriculture, Tucson, Ariz.; National Park Servi ice, United States Department of Interior, Grand Canyon, Ariz.; Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences; University of California; Stanford Uni- versity ; Pomona College. C. V. Morton, of the Smithsonian Institution, has kindly reviewed the manuscript and has contributed many helpful suggestions. Finally, to Mrs. Rose E. Collom, Payson, Ariz., the writers are in- debted for the privilege of using her manuscript notes on the habitat, time of flowering, and economic uses of Arizona plants. PLAN OF THE WORK Keys are provided to the families, the genera of each family, and the species of each genus. These are for the most part artificial. Each pair of contrasting paragraphs in a key has the same indention and the same introductory number (at the left) and this number is not again repeated in the same key. Each paragraph ends (at the right) with the name of a family, genus, or species, or else with a number in parentheses, the latter indicating the pair of paragraphs next to be referred to. Thus, if the characterization in the first paragraph numbered 1 does not apply to the plant in hand, the user of the key goes on to the second paragraph numbered 1. If this ends in a number in parentheses, for example (4), the two paragraphs numbered 4 are to be referred to next, and so on, until a paragraph ending in a name and corresponding to the plant in hand is reached. The sequence of families, genera, or species in the keys usually does not correspond to their sequence in the text, but the number preceding the name of the family, genus, or species in the key indicates its posi- tion in the text. Thus, in the key to the families of seed-producing plants (Spermatophyta) “5. Naiadaceae’’ stands third in the key, but is the fifth family in the = Brief descriptions are given of each family and genus; these, as well as the characterizations in the keys, being worded, in the main, so as to apply only to forms occurring in Arizona. Limitation of space has made it impracticable to give descriptions of the species, but the characterizations in the keys to species are usually ample, and in many cases additional characters are mentioned under the species in question. Under each species are given the geographical and altitudinal range within the State, usually also the habitat and time of flowering, and the general geographical distribution of the species. Type speci- mens are cited, with few exceptions, only if the type was collected in Arizona. Synonymy is limited, in the main, to (1) the name- bringing synonym, (2) synonyms based on Arizona types, and (3) names used in works often consulted in identifying Arizona plants, such as Wooton and Standley, Flora of New Mexico... Many species included in this flora are not known definitely to occur in the State but have been collected so near its borders as to make their occurrence in Arizona highly probable. Such species are indicated by an asterisk preceding the name. References are given, under many of the genera, to recently pub- es Wooton, E.O.,andSTaNDLEY, P.C. FLORAOFNEWMEXICO. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herbarium 19: 1-794. 15- 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lished monographs and revisions that have been consulted in prepar- ing the text. These citations should be helpful to those who may desire further information on the groups in question. As a rule, NAVAJO CO. APACHE CO. NEVADA FT. DEFIANCE FLAGSTAFF e WINSLOW YAVAPAI CO. HOLBROOK OL GAmRe. RIVER PR ES COT YUMA CO, MARICOPA CO. < FL, aw O we =) < OF PHOENIX O) GREENLEE CO, ARIZONA SCALE-STATUTE MILES Figure 1.—Sketch map of Arizona, showing the boundaries of the counties, the principal rivers, and some of the more important towns. comprehensive and generally accessible works such as the Synoptical Flora of North America, North American Flora, and Das Pflanzenreich are not included in these references; nor has it seemed necessary to cite floras of neighboring States and of Mexico, although, of course, these works have been consulted freely. ~ FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA » In order to save indexers the labor of reviewing so large a work, no new names or combinations are published here. A sketch map of Arizona, showing the boundaries of the counties, the principal rivers, and some of the more important towns, is pro- vided (fig. 1). ECONOMIC INFORMATION Under the several families and genera and occasionally under a _ particular species, there are some brief statements of economic uses by the Indians and others, including such particulars as food value for man and livestock, timber value, soil-binding utility, medicinal and poisonous properties, and possibilities as cultivated ornamentals. These notes have been compiled from many sources, including personal observation. It has not seemed necessary to cite the authority for each statement, but a list of publications from which the information was obtained will be found at the end of the volume (pp. 1036-37). BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF ARIZONA? Botanical exploration of territory now comprised in the State of Arizona may be said to have begun with the military expedition of 1846-47 led by Lt. W. H. Emory, from Santa Fe, N. Mex., to Cali- fornia, during the Mexican War. His route followed the Gila River from near its source to its mouth. In the early 1850’s, the naturalists of the United States-Mexican Boundary Survey, J. M. Bigelow, C. C. Parry, Arthur Schott, George Thurber, and Charles Wright, collected extensively in the extreme southern part of what is now Arizona. In 1851, S. W. Woodhouse, surgeon-naturalist of Capt. L. Sitgreaves’ expedition across northern Arizona to the Colorado River, obtained botanical specimens. J. M. Bigelow, accompanying Lt. A. W. Whipple on his exploration for a railway to the Pacific in 1853-54, brought back important collections from the same general region. The geolo- gist, J. S. Newberry, as a member of the expedition of Lt. J. C. Ives, in 1858, up the Colorado River and across northern Arizona via the Grand Canyon and Hopi pueblos to Fort Defiance, collected many plants. These early collections were studied and reported upon by such eminent botanists as John Torrey, Asa Gray, and George Engel- mann. In the 1860’s two distinguished ornithologists, J. G. Cooper and Elhott Coues, collected plants, the first in the vicinity of Fort Mohave, the second chiefly around Prescott. Dr. Charles Smart obtained numerous specimens in the Mazatzal Mountains and along the Verde River. It was in this decade that an indefatigable collector, Edward Palmer, began his botanical explorations of Arizona, first in associa- tion with Coues and afterward alone, collecting at intervals until 1890 and traversing nearly all parts of the State. The large number of species named for him attests the importance of his discoveries. The most important contribution to the knowledge of the Arizona flora during the 1870’s was made by the forester, J. T. Rothrock, bota- nist of Lt. George M. Wheeler’s expedition (United States geograph- ical surveys west of the one-hundredth meridian). Dr. Rothrock collected extensively in southeastern Arizona, chiefly in 1874. In 2 For citations of literature see JOSEPH EWAN. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF ARIZONA. Amer. Midland Nat. 17: 430-454. 1936. 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the same decade Mrs. E. P. Thompson brought to light many botanical novelties in extreme northern Arizona, near Kanab, Utah, and P. F. Mohr collected around Fort Huachuca. The 1880’s witnessed great botanical activity in many parts of the State. Southern Arizona was intensively explored by those outstand- ing collectors, J. G. Lemmon and wife (1880-82) and C. G. Pringle (1881-84). In 1884 the Lemmons shifted their attention to the north- ern part of the State. H.H. Rusby explored the Clifton region in 1881 and collected extensively in Yavapai and Coconino Counties in 1883, obtaining the first adequate representation of the flora of the San Francisco Peaks. W. F. Parish collected around Camp Lowell, near Tucson, in the early 1880’s. G. R. Vasey made large collections around Tucson and Yuma in 1881. Marcus E. Jones, whose name is indelibly stamped upon the Arizona flora, began collecting in the State in 1884 and continued his activities there at intervals until 1930. Although the northern counties were his chosen field, he also made several collecting trips to the southern mountains. An Army surgeon, EK. A. Mearns, made large collections in Yavapai and Coconino Counties in 1888, and, in the early 1890’s, as naturalist of the second United States-Mexican boundary survey, along the southern border. In 1889 F. H. Knowlton made a fruitful exploration of the San Fran- cisco Peaks and E. L. Greene collected less extensively in the same region. From 1890 to the present, so many persons have collected plants in Arizona that only a few of those who made large collections may be mentioned here. During the 1890’s, outstanding collectors were: A. Davidson in Greenlee County; E. A. Mearns and F. X. Holzner along the Mexican border; Walter Hough in Apache and Navajo Counties (continuing into the next decade); D. T. MacDougal in Coconino, Yavapai, and Gila Counties; G. C. Nealley in the Rincon Mountains; C. A. Purpus in Coconino and Yavapai Counties; J. W. Toumey in many parts of the State; T. E. Wilcox in the Huachuca Mountains; N. C. Wilson in the northern and central counties; E. O. Wooton in many parts of the State, at intervals from 1892 to 1914; and Myrtle Zuck in Navajo and Pima Counties. The work continued actively during the 1900’s, in which period extensive collections were made by: J. C. Blumer, chiefly in the Chiri- cahua Mountains; H. D. Burrall and J. S. Holmes, in the same area; F. V. Coville, in the White Mountain region; E. A. Goldman, in nearly all parts of the State; David Griffiths, in Pima County, the White Mountains, and elsewhere; J. B. Leiberg on the San Francisco Peaks; G. A. Pearson, in Coconino County;J. J. Thornber, chiefly in Coconino and Pima Counties; Ivar Tidestrom at several localities from the northern to the southern boundary; and L. F. Ward in the Little Colorado River and Grand Canyon regions. Among those who collected during the decade 1910-19 the follow- ing may be mentioned: Alice Eastwood, in many parts of the State (continuing at intervals until 1938); W. W. Eggleston in eastern Ari- zona (also in the next decade); L. N. Goodding, chiefly in the White Mountains and the southern counties (continuing until the present time); J. A. Harris in the Santa Catalina Mountains; A. S. and A. E. Hitchcock in the Grand Canyon region; Alfred Rehder in many parts of the State; Forrest Shreve chiefly in the Pinaleno and Santa Catalina FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 7 Mountains (continuing until the present time); and P. C. Standley in the Carrizo Mountains. In the 1920’s, in addition to some of those who began their work in the preceding decade, the following made important collections: W.N. Clute in the Painted Desert region; Mrs. Rose E. Collom in Gila and Coconino Counties (continuing until the present time); M. F. Gilman and F. A. Thackery, chiefly in the Baboquivari Mountains; W. W. Jones chiefly in Yavapai County; Susan D. McKelvey in many parts of the State (continuing in the 1930’s); Pauline Mead on the Kaibab Plateau; and the writers and their colleagues, with headquarters at the United States Ficid Station, Sacaton, throughout the State (con- tinuing until the present time). The last decade (1930 to 1939) was notable for the large number a persons engaged in collecting plants in Arizona. Among these were: H. C. Cutler in northern Arizona: Alice Eastwood and J. T. Howell in Coconino, Navajo, and Apache Counties; J. W. Gillespie in Mari- copa and Pinal Counties; Elbert L. Little, Jr.,on the San Francisco Peaks; Bassett Maguire chiefly north of the Colorado River and in Graham County; Aven Nelson in many parts of the State; M. J. A. Wetherill in the vicinity of Navajo National Monument; A. F. Whiting and his colleagues of the Museum of Northern Arizona in Coconino and Navajo Counties; and Jra L. Wiggins in southwestern Arizona. GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FLORA The geographical position of Arizona and its great diversity of topo- graphic and climatic conditions make it a veritable ‘melting pot,”’ where floral elements from nearly all parts of the North American continent are to be found, if not side by side, at least within a few miles of one another. It is the only State in which occur both alpine and subalpine plants, of which some 50 species are found on the higher mountains of the northern part of the State, and representa- tives of genera and families that are mainly tropical, in the lower country near the Mexican boundary. It may surprise those who know Arizona only in its semidesert aspect that no fewer than 20 species of those humus-loving plants, the terrestrial orchids, are found within its borders. The diversity of life forms is remarkable. First and foremost are the Cactaceae, culminating in the huge sahuaro (Cereus giganteus) which Arizona has chosen, appropriately, as its State flower. In southern and western Arizona, especially, one is impressed by the bizarre forms of Yuccas, Agaves, crucifixion-thorn (Holacantha), ele- phant tree (Bursera), and ocotillo (Fouquieria). In the southwestern corner occur two remarkable parasitic flowering plants, the tiny Pilo- styles thurberi, of the mainly tropical family Rafflesiaceae, and the sandfood (Ammobroma sonorae), one of the very few members of a strictly American family. Even a species of palm (Washingtonia) is native in Arizona. The 3,200 species of flowering plants, ferns, and fern allies known definitely to occur in Arizona may be classified roughly, on the basis of their distribution outside the State, into 12 geographical categories. Obviously these are not hard and fast, and many species have been placed somewhat arbitrarily in one or the other of them. Table 1 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE gives the percentages of the total number of species in the State that are represented in the several categories or in various combinations of 2 categories. The species are classified on the basis of their distri- bution as a whole, regardless of the fact that some of them are repre- sented in Arizona only by a variety of more limited geographical range. TaBLE 1.—Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona, classified according to their geographical ranges outside the State, the number of species referred to each category meg expressed as a percentage of the total number of species known to occur in the tate ; Repre- F f s Repre- Geographical category pen ishion | Geographical category . ae ‘ Percent Percent EINGe MiG zee 222 Law eee ee eee Gy, Ik ||| Abtoyoreny| CrP SelowioyoyGal_ 6.6 PACiiGz ae eas ater _ Bi Renee Bees ky eae YD, Sy Mi Leoeay IMMoprarviNS oe 13.0 Colorad ane ae eee Reena 8.4 || Rocky Mountain and Pacific____________ 9.0 Sonoran®= =e. ae ee b/ Pep LE LEE LONG sl WGreateel anise eee eee es ee 2.5 Sonorantands© oloradane =a ee 2G | eAttlaniticn S828 oa ee ee SNe TNE ere a $8 @hihuahwane sew ea eee NEL) il) INGOT N VION es ee 12.0 Chihuahuan and Coloradan—__________- LO la] STAT SO CORT Cas 5 emer ee oe eee 4.8 Chihuahuan and Sonoran_-_--_..-_---___- S514 PAGVentivie.. Soe: soem So ee eee 6.0 The geographical categories of the flora are defined as follows: Enpemic.—There are 163 species not known to occur elsewhere than in Arizona. Of these, 45 are limited to the northern part of the State, - 33 to the central portion, and 69 to the region south of the Gila River, the remaining 16 endemic species being more widely distributed. Many of the southern endemics occur so close to the Mexican border that they will almost certainly be found, eventually, in Sonora or Chihuahua. Some of the northern species probably occur also in southern Utah, Nevada, or Colorado. PaciFric.—Species ranging throughout all or a part of the region from British Columbia to Baja (Lower) California. The number of Pacific coast species extending into Arizona, excluding plants of the deserts of southeastern California, is not large, but the group is of interest as comprising several species found only from southern Oregon to northern Baja California, and in south-central Arizona, principally in the Pinal and Mazatzal Mountains. Notable examples of this interrupted distribution are: Dryopteris arguta, Ribes quercetorum, Cercocarpus betuloides, Lupinus succulentus, Rhus ovata, Rhamnus crocea, Fremontodendron californicum, Lonicera interrupta. Cotorapan.—Occupying all or a part of the Colorado River drain- age basin, from southwestern Colorado to southeastern California. Most of the species of this category that reach California do not occur west of the Mohave Desert and the Death Valley region. In Arizona they are found mostly in the northern part of the State, commonly in treeless areas or with the juniper-pinyon association, at elevations below 8,000 feet. The large genera Hriogonum and Astragalus are well represented in this category. Sonoran.—Species confined mainly to the deserts at low elevations in southeastern California, Baja California, northwestern Sonora, and southwestern Arizona. The perennial plants of this category are mostly pronounced xerophytes. This highly specialized flora reaches its northeastern limit in Maricopa and Pinal Counties with such con- spicuous representatives as Colubrina californica, Horsfordia new- berryi, Abutilon palmeri, and Beloperone californica. - FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 9 CurInuAHUAN.—The center of distribution of species of this category is the Rio Grande drainage basin in western Texas, southern New Mexico, and northern Mexico, but many of them reach Arizona, especially the southeastern part ‘of the State, and some of them extend into the second tier of States of the Republic of Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, Durango, Sinaloa). This is the largest single geographical category of the Arizona flora, unless the Rocky Mountain category be considered as including species found also in the Pacific Coast States. TROPICAL OR SUBTROPICAL.—Species ranging farther southward in Mexico than those of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan categories, many of them extending to Central or South America and several occurring also in the West Indies and the subtropical portion of the eastern United States. Because of the relatively low latitude and altitude of southern Arizona, subtropical species are much more numerous than in any. other State west of Texas. A number of species, mostly belonging to the Pacific category, that are found in temperate North America and in southern South America but not in the intervening Tropics, are, of course, not included here. Rocky Mountarn.—Many species of this category range from the Canadian Rockies to the Sierra Madre in northern Mexico, but not a few of them are known only from Arizona and New Mexico. There are also many Rocky Mountain species that extend westward into the Pacific Coast States. The higher mountains of Arizona and the elevated plateaus in the northern part of the State offer congenial habitats for characteristic plants of this category. Such genera as Penstemon, Erigeron, and Artemisia are well represented. GREAT Piains.—Species found chiefly east of the Rocky Moun- tains, including some that extend even farther eastward into the prairie States. This is a relatively small component of the Arizona flora, confined chiefly to grassy plains in the eastern part of the State. ATLANTIC. —Species mainly of the southeastern United States, extending often as far west as central Texas and in some cases along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico into Mexico, but absent in western Texas and New Mexico. The following 11 species, all of which occur only in the southern part of Arizona, have this peculiar distribution: Ophioglossum engelmannii, Corallorrhiza wisteria na, Hexalectris spicata, Cerastium teranum, Crotalaria sagittalis, Clitoria mariana, Acalypha ostryaefolia, Chimaphila maculata, Isanthus brachia- tus, Galium pilosum, Cyclanthera dissecta. NortH AMERICAN.—Species of wider distribution on this continent than those of any of the foregoing categories. A large number of these range across the continent in Canada and the northern United States, reaching lower latitudes only in the higher mountains. TRANSOCEANIC.—Species that are believed to be indigenous in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. A large majority of them are temperate or circumpolar, occurring in the northern part of Europe, or of Asia, or of both continents, and have a distribution in North America similar to that of many species in the North American category. Some of them, however, are found in the tropical and sub- tropical parts of both hemispher es. It is always uncertain, of course, whether plants having the latter distribution are really indig enous 1n both hemispheres. Some of the aquatic and marsh plants of the Transoceanic category are of almost world-wide distribution (cos- 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE mopolitan). Remarkable examples of discontinuous distribution are afforded by two ferns, Asplenium exiguum and Cetarach dalhousiae, found only in a few widely separated localities in North America and in the Himalaya Mountains. Both species are extremely local in Arizona. ADVENTIVE.—Plants introduced by the agency of man from other parts of the world, chiefly from Eurasia. The category includes numerous species that have become naturalized in Arizona and others of sporadic occurrence that have not yet established themselves as components of the flora. A large majority of the introduced weeds are common in California and probably reached Arizona from that State. There are also a few species of central Asiatic origin that occur here and there in the Great Basin region and in Arizona. It seems probable that these were introduced with seeds of alfalfa from Turkistan and Siberia, there having been formerly rather extensive importations of such seed into the western United States. THE VEGETATION OF ARIZONA 3 Contributed by Forrest SHREVE In whatever direction one might traverse the United States he would continually encounter new species of plants and new types of vegeta- tion and would look in vain for some of the ones that had previously been familiar in the landscape. Many plants would be seen again and again for long distances, whereas others would be found only in restricted localities. If time were taken to travel completely around the area occupied by each species, it would be found that scarcely any two of them coincide exactly. The traveler would also find that changes in temperature conditions are encountered on going from north to south, and that changes in moisture conditions are found on passing from east to west. Any scheme of representing these gradations of conditions on a map would result in a gigantic checkerboard with squares perhaps 150 miles in diameter, the symmetry of which would be greatly modi- fied by the mountains and elevated plains. No one plant species would be found to occur in all of the squares of a map of the western United States. Although there would be no two of the squares on which the conditions for plant life would be identical, nevertheless there would be many plants found on a large number of the squares. Indeed, there would be very few plants found on just one or two of them. Some plants are able to adjust themselves to a wide range of conditions, so that they are able to grow in many of the squares. Per- haps they range widely in a northern and southern direction, en- countering great differences in temperature, or perhaps their greatest extension is from east to west, showing them to be capable of with- standing a considerable range of moisture conditions. The character of the physical conditions of each square serves to admit or exclude and thereby rigidly to control the plant population of the area. The modifications in the symmetry of the checkerboard caused by mountains and other elevations are due to the existence in every elevated place of a set of conditions that would not prevail there if the land were flat and at sea level. In the warmer latitudes an elevated 3 Citations to literature on the vegetation of Arizona are given on pp. 1036, FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA | plateau exhibits conditions that are similar to those at sea level in some other place, although never exactly like them. By reason of its size and rugged topography Arizona comprises a great many squares on the checkerboard. In fact, there are only two or three States that would comprise more than Arizona does. It is 395 miles from the southern boundary of the State to the northern, which would make considerable difference between the climate of the northern part and that of the southern part, even if the State were flat. In fact, the State covers one-third of the distance from Mexico to Canada, and because of the mountainous character of some of it and its position with reference to major climatic provinces, the diversity of conditions is multiplied many times. As a result the vegetation is rich and di- versified. Arizona is essentially a desert State. Its plains and valleys are desert, in both a physical and a biological sense, from the lowest elevations to an altitude of about 4,000 feet in the south and to nearly 6,000 feet in the north. To the ameliorating conditions of the higher altitudes are due the areas of grassland and forest that are so often likened to islands surrounded by asea of desert. A close acquaintance with the vegetation of the higher altitudes brings to light many features in which the nearness of the desert and the fringe of desert conditions are of considerable moment in the life of a vegetation that is other- wise so much like that of moist regions. Not only do the hills and mountains carry plants to higher and less arid levels, but even at low elevations they afford habitats that are more favorable than the outwash plains, although not so favorable as the flood plains of the larger valleys. The soil of aslope that is covered with stones has more favorable moisture conditions. The pockets of soil filling the depressions and cracks in the buried rocky surface of a hill are very favorably located for the infiltration of rain water and for its retention. Innumerable localities might be cited in which the vegetation of an outwash plain is replaced on the adjacent hillsides by a different type of vegetation of much higher water requirement. Approximately 60 percent of the surface of Arizona is desert. The vegetation in the various parts of the desert is far from being uniform; in fact, it is much more varied than that of the forested areas. Every- where the perennial plant covering of the desert is made up of a small number of species. Passing beyond the distributional limit of any one of these will bring a striking change in the appearance of the vegetation and in the character of the landscape. Uncommon in Arizona are the areas of shifting sand or barren rock that are commonly called to mind by the word ‘‘desert.’”? The regions of low and uncertain rainfall are covered by bushes, dwarf trees, half woody per ennials, and cacti erowing in an abundance, which is tr uly remarkable in view of the low rainfall, the high temperature, and the almost continual sunshine in daytime. The nonsucculent and the succulent desert plants grow side by side in varying relative abundance. The latter are less ubiqui- tous than the former, as they are sparsely represented in the driest and also in the coldest parts of the desert. Where they are at their best, however, the cacti are the dominant plants in some of the most striking landscapes in the State. The peculiar character of the vegetation of southern Arizona is largely due to the close mingling of plants, which differ greatly in size, form, habit of growth, and manner of adjustment to the adverse 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE conditions of an arid climate. Plants are closely associated in which the vegetative organs are so unlike as to indicate the possession of very dissimilar relations to climate and soil. In some cases the physiological behavior of these plants has been found very different. Survival under conditions that are very favorable for short periods and very unfavorable for longer ones is assured in a great variety of ways. The most common examples are reduction of leaf size, assumption of leaf functions by the stem, storage of water, and development in the annuals of rapid growth and early maturity. The principal types of vegetation are more clearly marked in Arizona than in the States that were originally heavily forested or in those covered by different types of grassland. The dominant plants of the desert, the grassy areas, the open woodlands of juniper and pinyon, and the forests of pine, spruce, and fir, all differ greatly in stature, density, foliage, and seasonal habits. In any place where it is possible to see two of these types of vegetation in the landscape it is easy to distinguish them and to be certain of their identity at a distance of several miles. Almost all of the characteristics distinguishing the great communities of plants are related, in ultimate analysis, to the amount and seasonal distribution of their water supply. In considering plant life as ‘‘vegetation,” attention is focused on the anatomy and physiology of the plants, and the relation of their structure and life processes to the environmental conditions. It is also possible to view the plants from the standpoint of their phylo- genetic relationships, and to investigate the distribution of the ‘“‘flora.”’ Maps of the vegetational areas of Arizona and of the floristic areas would not be identical. Between the two maps, however, there would be a strong general resemblance, for the differences in vegetation are very commonly accompanied by differences in flora. There are many plants, however, that occur only in part of each vegetational area, and many others that occur in at least two of them. In order to describe the plant areas of Arizona from a vegetational standpoint, without reference to floristic differences or the controlling climatic conditions, a modification of the classification and nomen- clature adopted in describing the vegetation of the United States from the same standpoint will be used.* Nine major types of vegetation are found in Arizona. Three of these are desert, one an arid grassland, and one an arid chaparral. There are small areas of true grassland, two types of forest, and one small area of alpine vegetation above timber line. These nine types are as follows: California microphyll desert, Arizona succulent desert, Great Basin microphyll desert, Desert-grassland transition, Grassland, Arizona chaparral, Western xeric evergreen forest, Northern mesic evergreen forest, Alpine summits. 3 These types of vegetation are described briefly in the following pages. TYPES OF VEGETATION CaLiIFoRNiA MicropuHytu Drsert.—There is much in common be- tween the vegetation of the parts of Arizona and California that lie within 50 to 100 miles of the Colorado River south of the confluence of the Virgin River. On the Arizona side there is a somewhat greater 4 SHREVE, FORREST. A MAP OF THE VEGETATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Geog. Rev. 3:119-125, map. 917. PEATE t . of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept pydoun f) ‘punorso1oj ‘Dyppnyyods oy} Uy ‘wnpioyf wnipioway PUB ‘snajuDbib snada) ‘suapuajds piwaimnbnoy JO S[BnplATpUL podoyyBos puB DSOWNDP DUISUDA YT PUB DIDJWIPL DILMD'T JO puvys osuvds B YQIM *J00J OOO'T OpNgNTR ‘AjUNOS) BVUIN A ‘SYUBT, O[NT, MoU yLosop [Aydoworpy SSG SANs ‘ gue me ‘ * ‘ Re iy i : % ¥ + 8. ty vr 7. 4 7 es & : x adh oe, My Wy, " - A ns ; gh CH mos S v = TaN % x se 4 A u é ad , y Ahi yg? ¢ Yi) i ats Shs 3 Ponact hit mins ROS dor z5 x ‘ e , er | Ht hy, he Z ad me ; 7 Vi) FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 13 number of trees along the streamways, and a notably greater number of cacti, which is doubtless due to the increasing amount of summer rainfall encountered on going eastward from the Mojave Desert. Sahuaro (Cereus giganteus) 1s very nearly limited in its westward distribution by the Colorado River, but there are no other important plants for which the river serves as a boundary. Several species of Opuntia (O. echinocarpa, O. bigelovii, O. basilaris) are frequent in the microphyll desert of Arizona but rare in that of California until the desert slopes of the Chocolate, Chuckawalla, and Cuyamaca Moun- tains are reached. Over much of the microphyll desert the surface of the ground is far less stony than in the other types of desert, resulting in greater erosion by wind and water. The sparse vegetation of the microphyll desert is to be attributed chiefly to the low rainfall of 4 to 6 inches per year, of which 70 percent falls in winter, and partly to the very adverse conditions for seedlings. In the part of Arizona under consideration a very high percentage of the total land surface is occupied by outwash slopes and slightly tilted plains or bajadas. Over many areas of this character Larrea tridentata (creosotebush) and Franseria dumosa form 80 percent of the plant population. Usually the two are found together, but in general Franseria is the more abundant. The monotony of the vege- tation is occasionally broken by plants of Acacia constricta, Fouquieria splendens (ocotillo), Echinocereus engelmanniu, Opuntia echinocarpa, or QO. ramosissima. Perennial grasses are infrequent, except for colonies of Hilaria rigida (big galleta) on sandy soil, and several species of Aristida (pl. 1). Some of the volcanic mountains near the mouth of the Colorado River are unusually bare of vegetation, supporting little more than occasional clumps of Heteropogon contortus (tanglehead grass), Bebbia guncea, and Encelia farinosa (incienso). On the granite mountains are to be found Cereus giganteus, Cercidium microphyllum (paloverde), Olneya tesota (ironwood), Bursera microphylla, Echinocactus acanthodes (bisnaga), Opuntia basilaris (beavertail cactus), and other plants, which are either confined to this part of Arizona or else are found farther east on the outwash slopes. In the latter case is seen an excellent example of the common phenomenon of the occurrence of a plant in the more favorable habitats of an unfavorable region and also in the unfavorable habitats of a more favorable climate. . Some very sharp contrasts of vegetation are to be seen in the microphyll desert by reason of the great river, which carries past it such a large volume of water derived from a distant region of dissimilar character. In many places the alluvial flats of the Colorado support a forest of Populus fremonti (cottonwood) within a few yards of the low sparse stands of Franseria. Along the Colorado and Gila Rivers there are broad swamps of Typha angustifolia (cattail) and Scirpus olneyr, and dense thickets of Pluchea sericea (arrowweed), the latter often 10 to 12 feet in height. Where the moisture of the soil is more deep-seated there are low forests of Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) or Prosopis pubescens (screwbean). Along the small streamways there are often remarkably large trees of Cercidium floridum (paloverde), 30 to 40 feet in height, as well as Olneya, and the smaller but very striking Dalea spinosa (smoketree). The mesquite often grows in circular clumps from 30 to 50 feet. 14 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE in diameter, in the midst of which the soil is usually built up several feet above the surrounding level. All of the visible branches of such a clump are small, but underground they are connected by large limbs, and in fact the whole is a single large, nearly buried, tree. The inhabitants of the region often dig for wood. ARIZONA SuccuLeNtT Dersert.—This type of vegetation extends south into Mexico, and its rich display of succulent plants is scarcely equaled elsewhere in the United States. In the open plains and low mountains of southwestern Arizona there is a very gradual transition from the microphyll desert to the succulent desert. The broad plains, or lower bajadas, are in fact often poor in succulents in regions where the upper bajadas and low hills are covered with heavy stands of them. From its poorly defined western edge the Arizona succulent desert extends eastward and northward to a very irregular boundary, which lies between 3,000 and 3,500 feet elevation in southern Arizona, but somewhat lower in Yavapai and Mohave Counties (pl. 2). The matrix of the vegetation is Larrea, usually accompanied on coarse soils by heavy stands of Franseria deltoidea. Over extensive plains Larrea retains its dominance in communities where the number of succulents is large. It is only on upper bajadas, and particularly those of granitic mountains, that Larrea is replaced by Cercidium microphyllum and C. floridum, Acacia constricta, Olneya, and Prosopis, plants which in turn form the matrix for the still heavier stands of cacti clothing the upper bajadas and the lower hills. Only rarely and very locally do the cacti form even as much as 75 percent of the plant population. The heaviest stands of either the arborescent opuntias, O. fulgida, O. spinosior, O. versicolor, or the pricklypears, O. engelmannii and O. phaeacantha, are never without their accompanying non- succulent shrubs. The local distribution of shrubs is relatively uni- form and bears a more or less obvious relation to the topographic and soil features. The occurrence of the heaviest stands of cacti appears, however, to be random and fortuitous. This circumstance undoubt- edly has its basis in the vegetative multiplication to which so many individuals of Opuntia owe their existence, as well as to the partial independence of soil-moisture conditions, which is given them by their water-storing tissue. The Arizona succulent desert is given its most distinctive character- istic by the abundance and variety of the cacti, but it is also marked by a large number of plants that differ greatly from one another in form, mode of branching, character of foliage, and seasonal habits. It is on the upper bajadas, the hills, and the lower slopes of the mountains that this type of vegetation is seen in its best development (pl. 3). The commonest perennials found throughout the area, in the approxi- mate order of their abundance, are: Larrea tridentata, Franseria deltoidea, Cercidium microphyllum, Acacia constricta, Opuntia fulgida, O. spinosior, Fouquieria splendens, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia greggit, Opuntia engelmannu, Cereus giganteus, Opuntia phaeacantha, Celtis pallida, Lyerum anderson, Simmondsia chinensis, Opuntia versicolor, Cercidium floridum, Olneya tesota, Jatropha eardiophylla, Krameria parvifolia, and Echinocereus engelmannii. The smaller perennials persist from season to season by survival of roots or larger branches. They form a conspicuous element of the vegetation in favorable localities that have not been heavily grazed. . Among the abundant and characteristic smaller cacti are Mammullaria Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PeAme eo Succulent desert on a coarse outwash plain in the Tucson Mountains, Pima County, altitude 2,200 feet, with Cereus giganteus, Olneya tesota (right), Cer- cidium microphyllum (center), Celtis pallida (left center), Opuntia fulgida (right center). The low shrubs are Franseria deltoidea. Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 3 Upper edge of the succulent desert at the south end of Hualpai Mountain, Mohave County, altitude 3,000 feet, with Yucca brevifolia (right), Yucca baccata (left), | Cereus giganteus, Juniperus utahensis, Amphipappus fremontii, and Hilaria | mutica. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 15 microcarpa, Echinocereus engelmannii, and Opuntia leptocaulis. Even in such a relatively small area as the one under consideration several species of cacti are conspicuous elements of the vegetation in certain parts of the area and wholly absent from the rest of it. This is true of Echinocactus leconter, Opuntia echinocarpa, O. acanthocarpa, and O. stanlyr. The habitats in which cacti are least abundant, and sometimes absent over large areas, are the flood plains and the level or nearly level areas of fine soil subject to sheet floods and consequent deposition. The flood plains of the succulent desert area were originally clothed with heavy stands of large trees of mesquite or else with thickets of Atriplex canescens (saltbush), and Sporobolus wrightii (sacatén). The texture of the soil, the depth to ground water, and the relative quantity of soluble salts seem to have determined this difference. The largest tree of the desert lowlands is Populus fremontii (cotton- wood), which usually occurs singly or in small groups but forms a veritable forest for several miles along the Gila River in the vicinity of Hayden and at several places along the Verde River. Other common trees of streams and streamways are Salix gooddingi (willow), Platanus occidentalis (buttonwood), Sambucus mexicana (elder or tapiro), and several species of Fraxinus (ash). Among the shrubs common in these situations are Baccharis glutinosa, Condalia lycioides, Chilopsis linearis, and Hymenoclea spp. In both the larger and smaller valleys there are nearly level central areas through which in many cases there is a very poorly defined drainage system, frequently resulting in flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Such valleys are occupied by saltbush in some cases and by Larrea in others, the only common associates of these plants being mesquite, as a bush or small tree, Acacia greggu (catclaw), and several species of Lycium. In soils of high salt content Swaeda torreyana and Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood) are common. The lower bajadas, as already stated, are the optimum habitat for Larrea, which in some places covers them in nearly pure stands for many square miles. The plants which most commonly break the uniformity of these areas are Acacia constricta, A. greggir, Opuntia fulgida, O. phaeacantha, Koeberlina spinosa (crucifixion-thorn), and Lycium andersonii. A striking feature of the vegetation in the microphyll and succulent deserts is the large number of short-lived herbaceous plants that appear in the early spring and late summer, following the principal rainy seasons. In favorable years these plants carpet the desert, often completing their life cycle in 6 to 9 weeks. Brilliant displays of color often result from the simultaneous flowering of large pure or mixed stands, especially on sandy soil. There are several hundred species of ephemeral herbaceous plants, each of which is confined to one of the two growing seasons. Great Bastin Micropuyti Desert.—Lines drawn north and east from Flagstaff would define the northeastern corner of Arizona, in which a high percentage of the surface is occupied by microphyll desert of the type prevailing throughout the Great Basin. The range of elevations is greater here thanin the southern desert areas of Arizona (from 3,000 to 6,000 feet), the rainfall is less but somewhat more evenly distributed through the year than in the south, and the vegetation is more desertic 286744°—49-__9 16 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE in aspect. The soils are varied and have even more influence than differences of altitude in determining the vegetation, but through the entire area only 16 species of perennials are abundant. These are low in stature and usually widely spaced or else occurring in clumps. The perennials are chiefly semishrubs—much branched, with soft wood, indeterminate growth, and evergreen leaves—whereas true shrubs with winter-deciduous or drought-deciduous leaves are few. Cacti are represented by a few low-growing species, and the yuccas by two acaulescent species. In many respects there is a sharp contrast between the deserts of the southwestern and northeastern corners of the State (pl. 4). The southern edge of the Great Basin Microphyll Desert, from Wide Ruin to the mouth of the Little Colorado, has a very poor plant cover. In the areas of the Painted Desert the topography is in an early stage of active erosion, and the poverty of the vegetation makes visible the brilhant display of color in the various layers of old lacustrine deposits that have been exposed. Where erosion is less active Atriplex con- fertifolia, A. canescens, and Sporobolus wright are the only common lants. North and east of the broad valley of the Little Colorado River, the Great Basin Microphyll Desert is a network occupying the inter- vals between the lightly forested sandstone or limestone mesas. The soils in this network are prevailingly sandy, sometimes with a level stabilized surface or quite as often with a poorly stabilized one in which the large plants occupy small hummocks, separated by bare spaces in which the wind is constantly moving the sand. There are no active dune areas involving large masses of sand. Below 6,000 feet the stabilized surfaces are occupied by scattered colonies of Bouteloua gracilis and Hilaria jamesvi, and by Ephedra wridis, E. cutleri, Atriplex confertifolia, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Yucca angustissima, Opuntia hystricina, and Lycium pallidum. ‘The principal hummock- forming plants on sandy bajadas and plains are H’phedra viridis and E. cutleri, which in some localities form 90 percent of the perennial vege- tation over many square miles (pl. 5). On very loose sand are found E’phedra viridis, E. cutleri, E.. torreyana, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Poliomintha ancana, Parryella filrfolia, Yucca angustissima, and Oryzopsis hymenoides. After copious spring rains many annuals and small herbaceous perennials appear on the sandy areas, including species of Oenothera, Cryptantha, Euphorbia, Stephanomeria, Abronia, Lygodesmia, Allium, Astragalus, Calochortus, and Festuca. Above 6,000 feet the plains and bajadas on which soil has accumu- lated are occupied by pure stands of Artemisia tridentata, varying in height with the depth of the soil and the supply of moisture. Few perennials are associated with the Artemisia, save occasional plants of Yucca baccata and small root perennials. Where rocks other than sandstone have given rise to the soil the bajadas are smooth, with gravelly surface, and are dominated by nearly pure stands of Coleogyne ramosissima. North of Tuba and Tyende (Kayenta), and along the Chinle Wash, there are innumerable areas of bare rock, varying in size from a few square yards to many acres, and devoid of plants. In favorable spots there are crevice plants, notably Aplopappus spp., Eriogonum aureum, Fraxinus ano- mala, Amelanchier utahensis, and small trees of Juniperus utahensis PLATE 4 Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture ‘VbbaLB pIBDIY PUB “DIDJUapL/] DILID'T ‘SISUAADYOU DION X JO STRNPTLATPUL podozZPBOS ITM ‘punhasioy vipaydsy pue ‘suassauva viufiposjay, “Unpopnovospf wWmnuUoboisy ‘nussrsounds aufiboajoy Jo purys uodo Uy “Yooys OOS’'E 9PNANTB ‘AJVUNOD OABYOT SOPMOTYL) JO JSoMYILOU YLosop [[AYdOsOTUL UISBE, 4VBOLY) MM Wy GWYu“ufy JYfyy yy Yj tg Uy y Yyyy ARN PLATE 5 Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture ‘KX Arqeqoad) -ds van x “JOoF YOS'G OPHIR “YSeM 1d0YU90 JT ‘saprouauhiy sisdozhsg Jo 198 YYNOS ‘yuepunqe osye st ‘(tfa770q syn} poi0yyeos puB 2/a7)7nNd Dupaydy JO SyoouruINY AQ pojsolle SI PUBS OIL], Suryooy ‘AjuNO,D OUTUODO,: “BVqny, JO 4SBo So[IUT G }LoSop yAydosotur uiseg 4eorh FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 17 and Pinus edulis, here found at the lower edge of their altitudinal ranges. It is characteristic of the Great Basin Microphyll Desert that the smaller drainageways are without distinctive plants and do not have a marginal fringe of upland plants growing more densely than elsewhere. Forestiera neomexicana and Sarcobatus vermiculatus aresometimes found in such situations, but there are no perennials that assume the role played in southern Arizona by Populus, Prosopis, Cercidium floridum, and Baccharis. In the flood plains of large streams Sarcobatus, Forestiera, and Atriplex canescens are characteristic. The first of these forms dense thickets in favorable places. DeEsERT-GRASSLAND TRANSITION.—Between elevations of 4,000 and 6,000 feet are found large and small areas of this vegetation, perhaps forming one-tenth of the area of the State. The desert grassland is the best grazing land in Arizona, and has great potential value under more careful management than has commonly been practiced in the past. Over this region there is an annual rainfall of 12 to 18 inches, which is intermediate between the precipitation of the desert and that of the forest. Although the vegetation is favored by somewhat higher rain- fall, there is a lower range of temperatures than in the desert, which serves as a limiting condition to exclude the great majority of desert plants. In the desert-grassland areas there is, in general, a good soil of sufficient depth to favor root development i in deep-rocting types of plants. There are a number of areas, especially in the central part of the State, which occupy the same elevations as the desert grassland and have similar climatic conditions, but possess a scanty and shallow soil. Some of these are limestone areas, whereas others are volcanic, locally known as “‘mallapy” (mal pais). The largest area of desert grassland is found in the drainage of the Little Colorado River in Apache, Navajo, and Coconino Counties. Other large areas occur in Yavapai, Graham, and Cochise Counties. The typical communities of the desert orassland are made up of perennial grasses, these commonly occurring as separate bunches with intervening bare ground. The dominant grasses are species of Boute- loua, Sporobolus, Aristida, Muhlenbergia, Hilaria, and Stipa. With one or more grasses forming the matrix of the vegetation there are asso- ciated with them a large number of species of root perennials and a few annuals. Cacti are by no means absent, although the number of species is small. Several species of Yucca are a characteristic feature of this vegetation, Y. elata and Y. baccata being the most common. Dasylirion and Nolina are frequent but have their greatest abundance where the soil is relatively shallow. Shrubs occur sporadically, usually in restricted localities. Where the desert grassland borders on the xeric evergreen forest there is no line of demarcation between the two. Throughout northern Arizona there are hundreds of square miles on which a very open stand of low junipers is found in typical desert-grassland country, and in south- eastern Arizona the same conditions are found on passing into the evergreen oak forest. Higher rainfall, or better conditions for retention of soil moisture, favor the occurrence of a few trees without permitting the growth of a stand sufficiently dense to break the continuity of the desert grassland. 18 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT: OF AGRICULTURE GRASSLAND.—The areas in which grasses form a nearly continuous cover lie between 5,000 and 7,000 feet and usually close to the margin of xeric or mesic forest. In fact, some of the best areas of grass lie within the borders of the forest, and, therefore, can scarcely be regarded as true grassland. Along the northern edge of the mesic forest which covers the Mogollon Mesa is found a belt of grassland that lies partly in the open and partly inside the margin of the forest. Under virgin conditions there were large areas in Apache, Navajo, and Coconino Counties that then merited the designation of grassland but now must be regarded as desert-grassland transition. Smaller areas also occurred in Chino Valley, Yavapai County, in Sulphur Springs Valley, Cochise County, and in other elevated valleys in Cochise and Santa Cruz Counties. : In Navajo and Coconino Counties the characteristic grasses are: Festuca arizonica, Sporobolus interruptus, Muhlenbergia montana, Agropyron smithu, Bromus ciliatus, Bouteloua simplex, Muhlenbergia richardsonis. In the Chino Valley, Yavapai County, the commonest grasses are: Muhlenbergia torreyi, Bouteloua gracilis, Stipa comata, Bouteloua hirsuta, B. eriopoda, Aristida ternipes. In the southeastern counties the grasses that are most important are: Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, B. rothrocku, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Bouteloua eriopoda, B. hirsuta, Leptochloa dubia, Sporo- bolus wrightii. — - Both in the north and the southeast the grasses are accompanied by scattered individuals of a large number of species of herbaceous root perennials, as well as by more infrequent small shrubs. ARIZONA CHAPARRAL.—This type of vegetation is found throughout the semiarid foothills of the Mogollon Mesa from the eastern border of the State to the vicinity of Ash Fork and Skull Valley, and locally farther west. In its typical form it usually occurs in belts or relatively small areas between elevations of 4,000 and 6,000 feet. In the general vicinity of Prescott it occupies slopes of all exposures between 5,000 and 6,000 feet, but at any given elevation there are differences in its composition on slopes of different aspect. Open chaparral occurs on north slopes as low as 3,500 feet in the vicinity of Roosevelt Lake and small stands of it on south slopes are found exceptionally as high as 7,000 feet northeast of Pine, Gila County. Chaparral occurs on slopes with stony or shallow soil just below the xeric forest. Its lower edge is in contact with grassland northwest of Prescott and with succulent desert southeast of Payson. None of the characteristic plants of the chaparral are found in the succulent desert, but many of them occur in the xeric or mesic forests, locally in close stands but more commonly as scattered individuals. The dominant plant in the Arizona chaparral is Quercus turbinella (scrub oak), which forms 80 percent of the stand in many localities. Common associates are Arctostaphylos pungens (manzanita), Rhus trilobata (squawbush), Cercocarpus breviflorusand C. betuloides (moun- tain-mahogany), Ceanothus greggit (buckbrush), Garrya wrightia (silk tassel), and Fallugia paradoxa (Apache-plume). These shrubs have a relatively uniform height of 3 to 6 feet, occasionally broken by taller shrubs or by yuceas. The leaves of the dominant plants are small and thick and are evergreen in all but Rhus trilobata. The physiognomy of the Arizona chaparral, and the sclerophyllous character of the leaves 8 FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 19 of its dominant plants, link it closely with the same type of vegetation in California, although there are very few species common to both regions. A number of shrubs, semishrubs, and other plants are infrequent in the chaparral or only locally abundant, including, in order of abun- dance: Rhus ovata, Cowania stansburiana, Quercus palmeri, Arcto- staphylos pringler, Garrya flavescens, Nolina microcarpa, Berberis haematocarpa, Agave parryi, Mimosa biuncifera, Eriodictyon angusti- foium, Aplopappus spp., Eriogonum wrighti, Quercus gambelii, Brick- ellia californica. WESTERN XERIC EVERGREEN Forest.—This type of vegetation is widely distributed in central and northern Arizona, forming a zone which surrounds the mesic evergreen forest or occurs in large and small isolated stands. Its limits are seldom sharply defined, for it stretches down in attenuated form into the grassland, and its charac- teristic trees extend upward to altitudes at which they mingle with the larger trees of the mesic forest. So far as its dominant plants are concerned it has the simplest composition of any of the vegetations of the Southwest. There is a wide floristic difference: between the xeric forest of southern Arizona, often composed solely of evergreen oaks, and that of central and northern Arizona, composed almost wholly of juniper and pinyon. Also, there are greater variations in density and stature in the xeric forest than in any of the other types of vegetation, the low and open stands being at lower altitudes, and the dense tall ones at higher elevations. The type of xeric evergreen forest in which the oaks are dominant is nearly confined to the eastern part of the State south of the Gila River, where rainfall is somewhat greater in summer than in winter. It occurs chiefly on hills and mountain slopes between altitudes of 4,000 and 6,500 feet, and in many localities extends from the moun- tain base out onto the upper bajada but does so only above 5,000 feet. The most extensive oak forests are found in the foothills of the lar ger mountains of the southeastern counties. The commonest tree is Quercus emoryi (bellota), which appears to be the most drought resistant of the evergreen oak trees. Quercus arizonica (Arizona oak) and Q. oblongifolia (blue oak) are less abundant than the bellota at lower elevations, but are equally common above 5,500 feet. Juniperus monosperma (oneseed juniper) is of sporadic occurrence and is seldom an important associate of the oaks, but J. pachyphloea (alligator juniper) is abundant, usually mingled with the oaks, sometimes occurring in limited nearly pure stands, or again growing» in company with Pinus cembroides (nut pine). The oak type of xeric forest is rarely closed, being commonly an open or a very open community, with many associated shrubs, succulents, and semisucculents. Among the commonest of these associates in Cochise, Graham, Pima, and Santa Cruz Counties are: Yucca elata, Y. schotti, Nolina microcarpa, Dasylirion wheeleri, Agave palmeri, Cercocarpus bremflorus, Mimosa biuncifera, Dalea wislizeni, Rhus trilobata, Echinocactus wishzeni, Opuntia spinosior, Garrya wrightit, Arctostaphylos pungens, Aplopappus spp. Juniper and pinyon mingle extensively with the evergreen oaks in the xeric forest of southern Arizona, but on passing northward the oaks become less frequent. Throughout the northern half of the State juniper is more abundant than pinyon below 6,500 feet. Above that 20 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE elevation pinyon is the dominant or, in some places, the only tree. A narrow belt of xeric evergreen forest surrounds the Mogollon Mesa, stretches over wide areas in Coconino County, and covers the plateaus and mesas of Navajo and Apache Counties at elevations between 6,000 and 7,200 feet. The alligator juniper, common in the moun- tains of the southern part of the State, is less frequent in central Arizona and absent from the northern part. The oneseed juniper is the common form along both edges of the Mogollon Mesa. Junip- erus utahensis (Utah juniper) is the commonest form in the extreme north. In Yavapai County and some of the adjacent regions all of these junipers may be found, together with J. scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper). Pinus cembroides, the common pinyon of the southernmost counties, is absent from the northern half of the State where the commonest form is P. edulis (pl. 6). There are no other trees that deserve mention as common, or even infrequent, components of this type of forest. Along the streams and drainageways are found several deciduous trees, notably Fraxinus velutina (ash), Quercus gambelit (Gambel oak), Platanus wrightii (sycamore), Populus fremontit (cottonwood), Acer grandidentatum var. brachypterum (maple), and Acer negundo var. interius (boxelder). NortHERN Mestc EverGreen Forest.—The mesic forests of Arizona are predominantly made up of needle-leaved evergreen trees, and in their physiognomy and ecological characteristics are very similar to the coniferous forests that cover the higher elevations of the Rocky Mountain region. This is predominantly a pine forest, and, as represented in Arizona, presents some marked differences in its floristic composition from the forests of the States to the north and northeast. The mesic forest is confined to the mountains and higher elevations of the State and is commonly surrounded by xeric evergreen forest. The larger bodies of mesic forest extend from northwestern to eastern central Arizona, over the region of highest altitude, and smaller bodies of it occur in the extreme northeast, in the central counties, and in the southeast. Some of the smallest bodies are found in small mountain ranges, where they are very effectively isolated from the larger areas (pl. 7). From both the physiognomic and floristic standpoints the mesic forest is naturally divisible into drier and more open pine forests and moister closed spruce and fir forests. The lower limit of pine forest varies from 6,000 to over 7,000 feet, according to local conditions, and its upper limit is about 9,000 feet. ‘The spruce and fir forest ranges from about 7,000 or 7,500 feet to about 11,000 feet, at which elevation it is open and stunted. The pine forests are dominated north of the Gila River by Pinus ponderosa (western yellow pine) and in the south by Pinus arizonica (Arizona pine). With respect to the plants associated with these trees there are some striking differences between the forest of the desert mountains south of the Salt River and those of the Mogollon Mesa. In the former are to be found many plants that have their principal areas in Mexico and reach their northern limits in southern Arizona. In the desert mountains the lower limit of the pines is formed by Pinus latifolia (Apache pine) or by P. leiophylla (Chihua- hua pine) and the upper limit by P. strobiformis (Mexican white, pine), all of which are confined to the southern half of the State. A consider- able number of shrubs and root perennials that are found in the pine | Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6 Xeric evergreen forest on Black Mesa, Navajo County, altitude 7,150 feet. Juniperus utahensis and Pinus edulis are the principal trees. ‘The commonest shrub in the open forest is Artemisia tridentata. Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 7 Mesic evergreen forest between Elden Mountain and San Francisco Peaks, Coconino County, altitude 7,400 feet. The trees are Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga taxifolia. The clean floor of the forest is heavily carpeted by the grasses Festuca arizonica, Muhlenbergia rigens, Sporobolus interruptus, and Agropyron smithii. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA a forests of the southern counties are rarely seen north of Salt River. The trees most commonly associated with the pines in southern Arizona are Juniperus pachyphloea, Quercus hypoleucoides, Arbutus arizonica (madrono), and Quercus gambelii. The large shrub Q. diversicolor is frequent in the forest and often forms extensive thickets where trees are absent. Along the streams are found Alnus oblongi- folia (alder), Acer negundo var. interius, Acer grandidentatum var. brachypterum, and shrubby willows. In late summer the floor of the pine forests is richly covered with a large number of species of root perennials, in which grasses, legumes, and composites predominate. There are very few species of annuals, and likewise none of the herbaceous perennials are active in the late winter, at a time when the desert is often covered with flowering an- nuals. Some of the commonest root perennials in the pine forests of southern Arizona are: Pteridium aquilinum, Poa fendleriana, Muhlen- bergia virescens, Panicum bulbosum, Potentilla subviscosa, Lupinus palmeri, Lathyrus graminifolius, Cologania longifolia, Apocynum andro- saemifolium, Lithospermum multiflorum, Monarda_ austromontana, Hedeoma hyssopifolium, Houstonia wrightii, Solidago sparsiflora, Erigeron spp., Hymenopappus mexicanus, Helenium hoopesii, Tagetes lemmoni, and Achillea lanulosa. In northern Arizona the pine forests are somewhat poorer in the number of associated trees and in the variety of root perennials but . have a greater abundance of shrubs. ‘The floor of the forest is much more heavily carpeted with grasses in the northern counties, and young pines are themselves more abundant. Large openings or parks, dom- inated by grasses and sedges, are a characteristic feature of the forests throughout the most heavily wooded part of the State. The commonest tree associated with the pines is the deciduous oak Quercus gambelii, which seldom reaches more than half the height of the tallest pines and is found singly or more often in close groups of 10 to 50 small trees. Another locally very abundant deciduous tree is Populus tremuloides (aspen), the largest stands of which occupy north slopes or old burns, usually above elevations of 7,500 feet. In rocky situations and on north slopes Pseudotsuga tarifolia (Douglas-fir) may be found at all elevations above 7,000 feet, and pinyon and juniper are frequently found among the pines below that elevation. The floor of the pine forests in northern Arizona is sometimes very bare in appearance prior to the summer rains, but under virgin con- ditions bore a light or heavy cover of perennial grasses, in addition to scattered shrubs, perennial composites, and smaller root perennials. The commonest and most widespread of the grasses are Festuca arizonica, Muhlenbergia montana, Bouteloua gracilis, Blepharoneuron tricholepis, and Aristida arizonica. Other common grasses are Sporo- bolus interruptus, Agropyron smithii, Muhlenbergia rigens, Bromus ciliatus, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, and M. wrightii. Among the herbaceous perennials of common occurrence in the pine forests of northern Arizona may be mentioned: Jris missouriensis, Comandra pallida, Eriogonum alatum, E. racemosum, Silene laciniata, Potentilla thurberi, Lupinus spp., Trifolium fendleri, Psoralea tenui- flora, Dalea albiflora, Oxrytropis lambertii, Lathyrus spp., Cologania longifolia, Phaseolus angustissimus, Gayophytum ramosissimum, Frasera speciosa, Asclepiodora decumbens, Gilia aggregata, Phacelia heterophylla, Monarda menthaefolia, Penstemon barbatus, P. linarioides, P, virgatus, ee 22. MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Castilleja spp., Cordylanthus wright, Aster commutatus, Erigeron spp., Antennaria rosulata, Achillea lanulosa, Artemisia dracunculoides. In many localities in the northernmost part of the State Artemisia tridentata occurs in extensive colonies in the xeric or mesic forest, often accompanied by Chamaebatiaria millefolium, Cowania stansburiana, and Fallugia paradoxa. The type of northern mesic evergreen forest dominated by spruce and fir is represented by very small areas on the desert mountains of southern Arizona, by a large area in the White Mountains, by small areas on the San Francisco Peaks, and by an area of considerable extent on the Kaibab Plateau. This is a closed forest of large trees reaching heights of 60 to 100 feet with a floor, which is sometimes open, sometimes occupied by shrubbery. At elevations of 10,500 to 11,000 feet, the size of the trees becomes less and the stand more open. The lowest bodies of this forest occupy north slopes at 7,000 to 7,500 feet elevation, and it is found on level ground or south slopes only above an elevation of about 9,500 feet. The dominant trees of this type of forest in Arizona are Pseudotsuga tarifolia (Douglas-fir), Abies concolor (white fir), Picea engelmanni (Engelmann spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pinus flerilis (lim- ber pine), Abies lasiocarpa, and A. arizonica (corkbark fir). The Douglas-fir is found at lower elevations and in drier situations than the other forms mentioned. Pinus flerilis is confined to the San Francisco Peaks and Navajo Peak. The spruces are found only at the highest altitudes. Abies lasiocarpa is abundant on the Kaibab Plateau and on a few high mountain peaks. On the whole, the spruce-fir type of mesic forest exhibits greater variety in its composition than the pine type does (pl. 8). South of the Mogollon Mesa, Douglas-fir and white fir are the dom- inant trees, with Mexican white pine playing a minor role. Above 9,500 feet in the Pinaleno Mountains the dominant trees are Picea engelmanmi and Abies sp. (A. arizonica?). Near the summit of these mountains (10,500 feet) the forest is somewhat open, the trees retain their branches down to the base of the trunk, and the crowns are pointed, all indicating an approach to the limiting conditions for tree erowth. The highest elevation in the White Mountains (Baldy Peak, 11,470 feet) is forested to the summit by Picea engelmanni, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, and Abies concolor. The summits of the San Francisco Peaks are surrounded by a belt of spruce-fir forest, in which the limber pine'is found in addition to the trees last named. On the summit of the Kaibab Plateau there is an area of spruce forest esti- mated to be about 375 square miles in extent. The dominant trees are Picea engelmanni and P. pungens. The aspen (Populus tremu- loides) occurs in scattered or nearly pure stands, and Quercus gambelii, Betula fontinalis (water birch), and Acer negundo var. interius are the commonest deciduous trees. The prostrate shrubby mountain juni- per, Juniperus communis var. montana, is locally abundant on the Kaibab Plateau. ALPINE Summits.—The summit of the San Francisco Peaks is the only truly alpine area in Arizona. The timber line varies from about 11,000 to 11,400 feet, according to slope exposure, above which the slopes are steep, poorly watered during the latter part of the growmg Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 8 Kaibab Plateau, Coconino County, altitude about 8,200 feet. A, A natural Opening in the mesic evergreen forest. The trees are chiefly Picea engelmannt. B, A thick stand of young Populus tremuloides. The coniferous seedlings are Picea pungens and Pseudotsuga taxifolia. = FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA «ae season, and mainly covered with loose voleanic cinders in which it is difficult for plants to become established. It seems very certain, in fact, that timber line on the San Francisco Peaks is not a truly climatic line, but one in which the character of the substratum cooperates to bring the tree limit down to a somewhat lower level than would exist on a mountain that presented favorable soil condi- tions. An approach to timber-line conditions is found on Baldy Peak (Mount Thomas) in the White Mountains and on Mount Graham, in the Pinaleno Mountains. The vegetation of the summits of the San Francisco Peaks is of interest on account of the character of the few plants that are able to persist there and also on account of their distributional relation- ships. No species is very abundant and there are few spots in which the vegetation covers the substratum. The most abundant species are those forming mats in the crevices of rock, as Silene acaulis, Sazifraga caespitosa var. lemmonii, and Potentilla sibbaldi. Small size and low habit are characteristic, but large flowers make many of these plants conspicuous. In common with other alpine areas in the United States the flora above timber line on the San Francisco Peaks embraces several plants that range north to the Arctic Circle, and a few that have very close relatives in the high latitudes of Europe and Asia. The following list includes the most characteristic and abundant species; an asterisk indicates plants found also in the Arctic regions of North America. Poa rupicola, *Phleum alpinum, Carex bella, *Luzula spicata, *Oryria digyna, *Cerastium beeringianum, *Arenaria sajanensis, *Arenaria verna, *Silene acaulis, *Ranunculus eschscholtzii, Thlaspi fendleri, Draba crassifolia, Saxifraga caespitosa var. lemmonii, *S. flagellaris, Potentilla diversifolia, *Potentilla sibbaldi, Epilobium sarimontanum, Pseudocymopterus montanus, *Moneses uniflora, Primula parryi, *Androsace septentrionalis var. subumbellata, Gentiana monantha, Polemonium confertum, Penstemon whippleanus, Pedicularis parryi. VEGETATION OF THE GRAND CANYON The scenic grandeur and geological interest of the Grand Canyon have long made it the most outstanding natural feature of Arizona. In the present-day distribution of plant and animal life from the rim to the river the Canyon is equally remarkable. Crowded into the vertical space of 1 mile and the horizontal space of 10 to 20 miles are nearly all phases of environment and vegetation to be found in the entire State. It is possible to descend in a few hours from pines and firs to mesquites and cacti. At the same time that the Canyon is an epitome of the vegetation of the State, its conditions and the distribution of its plants are very complicated. The climatic differ- ences due to altitude are modified by slope exposure, by the shade of the great cliffs, by seepage of water, and by the ever-changing cur- rents of warm and cool air. Plants may be found growing near each other that have very different life requirements and are elsewhere found only many miles apart. Only a very few of the plants of Arizona appear to be peculiar to the Canyon, but on its walls may be eee a large percentage of the species of plants known to occur in the tate. 24 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ANNOTATED LIST OF THE PLANTS OF ARIZONA, WITH KEYS Key to the phyla Plants without flowers, producing spores, not seeds_________ __ PTERIDOPHYTA. Plants wath Howerss producinsysced|s sy aaessans ene ween SPERMATOPHYTA. PTERIDOPHYTA. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Contributed by WiLu1am R. Maxon Plants exhibiting a life cycle of two well-marked phases, sporophyte and gametophyte. The former, known commonly as a fern or fern ally, is differentiated into root, stem, and leaf, is provided with vascular tissues, and bears spores asexually, these either alike or of two kinds called megaspores and microspores. On germinating, the spore produces the gametophyte or minute sexual stage (prothallium). The large growth phase developing from the impregnation of an egg cell of the prothallium by a single coiled motile male element (spermatozoid) is the sporophyte. Key to the families 1. Leaves very numerous, spirally arranged in many ranks upon freely branched creeping stems, minute, lance-subulate or bractlike, sessile, never united; plants heterosporous, producing megaspores and microspores. 7. SELAGINELLACEAE. 1. Leaves fewer, mostly much larger, or, if small, united in short sheaths upon the stem or its branches; plants either homosporous or heterosporous (2). 2. Stems jointed, fluted, mostly hollow, simple and rushlike or with numerous whorled branches; leaves minute, united in toothed sheaths at the nodes; sporophylls small, borne in terminal cones________ 6. EQuISETACEAE. 2. Stems not jointed or fluted, solid, without whorled branches; leaves mostly large, simple to compound; sporophylls never in cones (8). 3. Plants terrestrial, homosporous (4). 4, Sporangia very large, sessile, united in a simple fleshy apical spike or borne in a loose terminal panicle, the sterile blade (simple to com- pound) Pappearme laterals ee ee 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 4. Sporangia minute, mostly long-stalked, borne in clusters (sori) on the backwotordinamyc leaves. a2 aoe 2. PoLYPoODIACEAE. 3. Plants aquatic or of wet situations, producing both megaspores and micro- spores (5). 5. Leaves grasslike, tufted upon a very short trunk, the sporangia borne within their expanded hollow bases_-_-____-____- 5. ISOETACEAE. 5. Leaves not grasslike; sporangia not borne within hollow leaf bases (6). 6. Plants rooting in mud; sori 4 to many, borne within large free, bony, septate, basal conceptacles______________-_ 3. MARSILEACEAE. 6. Plants floating, minute; sori indusiate, borne in pairs on the sub- mersed lower lobe of the leaves______--_---~- 4. AZOLLACEAE. 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ApDDERSTONGUE FAMILY Sporophytes herbaceous, with short fleshy rhizome and long fleshy roots; leaves (fronds) 1 or several, consisting of a simple, pinnatifid, or dissected sterile blade and (if fertile) a stalked sporebearing spike or panicle, borne at the apex of a common stalk; sporangia marginal, in 2 rows, sessile, opening by a transverse slit; spores uniform; gametophytes (prothallia) hypogean, tuberlike. Key to the genera 1. Sterile blade simple, with reticulate veins; sporangia united in a simple slender fleshy spike 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 1. Sterile blade 1 to 4 times pinnately divided, witn free veins; sporangia globose, distimnet> loorme) tay orate leas meee ee ee eee 2. BoTRYCHIUM, FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 25 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM. ApDDERSTONGUE Mostly small terrestrial herbs, the rhizome ending in an erect exposed bud; leaves erect; sterile blade simple, entire, linear-lanceo- late to ovate, with reticulate venation, the areoles simple or compound; sporophyll a simple, slender, long-stalked spike, the large globose sporangia coalescent in two ranks. Key to the species 1. Fronds usually sclitary; sterile blade with a pale median band, not apiculate; Sreoles Small npimerolise. et 2 eye ta Be 1. O. VULGATUM. 1. Fronds two or several; sterile blade lacking a median band, apiculate; areoles large, including numerous secondary ones_ ~~ ------ 2. O. ENGELMANNIL. 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L., Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753. A single specimen, said to have been collected in the Huachuca Mountains, is cited by Clausen (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 126. 1938). Prince Edward Island to Alaska, south to northern Florida, the Gulf States, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico; Eurasia. 2. Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl, Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell. 1: 351. 1883. Huachuca Mountains and near Hereford (western Cochise County), Mustang Mountains and Sonoita Valley (Santa Cruz County), 4,000 feet or higher, in damp places, usually in calcareous soil. Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. 2. BOTRYCHIUM. GrAPEFERN Succulent terrestrial herbs; rhizome erect, the bud for the following year wholly or partially enclosed in the base of the common stalk; leaves erect, 1 to 3; sterile blade 1 to 3 times pinnately or ternately divided or compound, the divisions small, with free veins; sporophyll solitary, usually a long-stalked, 1- to 5-pinnate panicle, the large globose sporangia sessile or nearly so, free. Key to the species 1. Sterile blades large, ternately decompound, membranous; bud at base of common stalk partially exposed, pilose___________-_ 1. B. VIRGINIANUM. 1. Sterile blades small, once or twice pinnately divided, fleshy; bud completely enclosed in base of common stalk, glabrous (2). 2. Blades deltoid, acute, once or twice pinnately divided, the segments narrow and acute; sterile blade and sporophyll bent down in vernation. B. LANCEOLATUM. 2. Blades oblong or triangular-oblong, once pinnate, the segments flabelliform to lunate or renifcrm; sterile blade and sporophy]l erect in vernation. 3. B. LUNARIA. 1. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz, Jour. Bot. Schrad. 1800 *: Pi tSOr. Osmunda virginiana L., Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753. Santa Rita Mountains (Pringle). Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Florida, the Gulf States, Arizona, and Mexico; Eurasia. 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 2. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs., Bot. Notiser 1854: 68. 1854. Osmunda lanceolata S. G. Gmel., Nov. Comment. Acad. Petrop. WP Ne IOs San Francisco Peaks, 11,000 feet, subalpine meadows (Little 4679, 4740). Newfoundland and Quebec to northern Maine; Alaska, southward in the mountains to Colorado and Arizona; Greenland; Eurasia. The var. angustisegmentum Pease and Moore is found from Newfoundland to West Virginia, westward to Wisconsin. 3. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz, Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18007: 110. 1801. Osmunda lunaria L., Sp. PI. 1064. 1753. San Francisco Peaks, 11,000 feet, open spruce-fir forests (Kearney and Peebles 12123, Little 4741, Collom 890). Labrador and Newfound- land to Alaska, southward in two or more varietal forms to Maine, New York, Michigan, Colorado, Arizona, and southern California; Argentina; Greenland; Eurasia; Australia; New Zealand. 29, POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY Leafy vascular plants of varied habit, the rhizomes paleaceous or hairy, creeping to erect; fronds usually stalked; blades simple to several times pinnatifid or pinnate, coiled in vernation; sporangia (in our species) borne in clusters or lines (sori) upon the back of the blades, mostly long-stalked, provided with an incomplete vertical ring of thickened hygroscopic cells (the annulus), splitting transversely ; sorl with or without a membranous protective organ (indusium); prothallia green, epigean. Key to the genera 1. Sori dorsal upon the veins, separate, not marginal (2). 2. Indusium attached to receptacle beneath the sporangia, its divisions spread- ing: on all sides: = Agee ee es oe ee a eee 1. Woopsta. 2. Indusium, if present, centrally peltate or attached at the sinus (3). 3. Sori round to oval (4). 4. Stipes jointed to the rhizome; blades deeply pinnatifid; indusia wanting. . Pouypopium. 4. Stipes not jointed; blades 1- to 3-pinnate; indusia present (5). 5. Indusium orbicular, centrally peltate (6). 6. Sori in a single row at either side of the midrib. 3. PoLystTicHum. G2 Soriany, 2Or MOE LOW Sea 4. PHANEROPHLEBIA. 5. Indusium not as above (7). 7. Indusium firm, roundish-reniform, attached at its sinus. 5. DRyYOPTERIS. 7. Indusium membranous, hood-shaped, attached by its base at one sides early, thrustback= 3s sae eee ees 6. CYSTOPTERIS. 3. Sori oblong or linear to lunate or hippocrepiform (8). 8. Venation partially areolate, the large tumid sori borne in a chainlike row; ClOSE.6O, Che maT Ss eee 7. WoopWARDIA. 8. Venation free; sori oblique (9) 9. Rhizome scales with thin-walled cells; blades large, delicate; sori mostly lunate or hippocrepitorna= aa 10. ATHYRIUM. 9. Rhizome scales with dark-walled cells; blades small; sori oblong to linear, straight or nearly so (10). 10: Blades sinuate=piama tite) seen ee eee 8. CETERACH. 10.-Bladeés pinnate. ssa a es = ee eee eer 9. ASPLENIUM. '_— —_ tl hn Ee oT FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA . 27 . Sori submarginal or the sporangia borne in naked lines along the veins (11). u, Sporangia following the veins throughout (12). . Blades densely ceraceous beneath_______-_-__-_~- 11. PiryrRoGRAMMA. Blades conspicuously hairy________________________. 12. BomMeErta. iG ries borne at or near apex of the veins (1S)2 13. Plants large, coarse; sporangia borne on a v einlike receptacle connecting the vein exis 1 DT TO 8 13. PTERIDIUM. 13. Plants mostly small and rock-loving; sporangia not borne on a special transverse receptacle (14). 14. Sporangia borne on under side of sharply reflexed membranous lobes enine lenfon = eee Seer ae ee re 2a Os 14. ADIANTUM. 14. Sporangia not borne on the back of reflexed lobes (15). 15. Vein ends distinctly thickened; proper marginal indusium often Prose eeeee 2 eee Se een Oe ER Le. 15. CHEILANTHES. 15. Vein ends searcely or not at all enlarged; proper membrancus indusium invariably wanting (16). 16. Margin of segments widely reflexed or revolute, usually modified; blades glabrous or nearly so________________- 16. PELLABA. 16. Margin of segments narrowly or not at all revolute; blades variously hairy, paleaceous, or ceraceous beneath. 17. NOTHOLAENA. 1. WOODSIA Small rock ferns, the rhizomes tufted; fronds many, fasciculate, suberect; blades linear to lance-ovate, 1- to 2-pinnate, the segments lobed or pinnatifid, hairy or subglabrous, free-veined; sori dorsal, roundish, often confluent with age; indusia inferior in attachment, the spreading divisions cleft to filiform, often concealed at maturity. Key to the species 1. Blades bearing numerous flexuous, flaccid, hyaline, septate hairs beneath. 1. W. SCOPULINA. 1. Blades devoid of flexuous septate hairs (2). 2. Indusia ample, consisting normally of a few short, broad, coneave lobes; blades obviously glandular-pubescent_____________ 2. W. pLUMMERAE. 2. Indusia consisting of hairlikc segments; blades glabrous or nearly so (3). 3. Segments of indusium numerous, truly capillary, flaccid, greatly exceeding the sporangia; leaf tissue coriaceous; segments sharply dentate, with whitish-crustose margins, the teeth ending in several hairlike processes. 3. W. MEXICANA. 3. Segments of indusia few, short, turgid, moniliform from a broader base, often obscure at maturity; leaf segments herbaceous, the margins not LATED 1 Net oe a Ml PBS) ois aloe | ee ae ee 4. W. OREGANA. 1. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton, Canad. Nat. II. 2: 90. 1865. Recorded for Arizona on the basis of a collection purporting to be from the Huachuca Mountains (Lemmon in 1882) and one from ‘‘Mari- copa” (Pringle in 1882). Quebec to the Great Lakes region and Alaska, southward to western Oklahoma, Colorado, Arizona, and California; also northwestern Virginia to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. 2. Woodsia plummerae Lemmon, Bot. Gaz. 7: 6. 1892. Woodsia obtusa var. glandulosa D. C. Eaton and Faxon, Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 9:50. 1882. Springerville (Apache County), Kaibab Forest (Coconino County), to the mountains of Cochise, Santa Cruz, Pima, and Yuma Counties, 2,000 to 9,000 feet; shaded ledges and cliffs. Western Texas to Ari- zona and northern Mexico. 28 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Woodsia mexicana Fée, Mém. Foug. 7: 66. 1854. Mountains of southern Coconino, Yavapai, Greenlee, Gila, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 3,500 to 8,000 feet, crevices of cliffs and rocky slopes. Western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 4. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton, Canad. Nat. II. 2: 90. 1865. Navajo Mountain, Kaibab Plateau, Grand Canyon, San Francisco Peaks, etc. (Coconino County), 5,500 to 11,500 feet, from the pinyon belt to timber line; rock crevices. Gaspé Peninsula to British Colum- bia, south to northwestern Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. 2. POLYPODTMUM> Poryropy, Plants of varied habit, the rhizomes paleaceous, mostly slender and creeping; fronds several, articulate to the rhizome; blades once pinnate: or pinnatisect in the Arizona species; sor1 round or oval, large, dorsal, separate, nonindusiate. Key to the spectes tp Blades naked: “veins reels: «ithe See ai ees ae Ee ea 1. P. HESPERIUM. 1. Blades copiously scaly beneath; veins areolate__-_-_-__ 2. P. THYSSANOLEPIS. 1. Polypodium hesperium Maxon, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 13: 200. 1900. Polypodium prolongilobum Clute, Fern Bul. 18: 97. 1910. Polypodium vulgare var. perpusillum Clute, Fern Bul. 18: 98. 1910. Mogollon Escarpment (southern Coconino County), Sierra Ancha (Gila County), Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Cata- lina Mountains (Pima County), 7,000 to 8,000 feet, sides of canyons. South Dakota to Yukon, south to New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and Baja California. Variable, its relation to P. vulgare L. not well understood. 2. Polypodium thyssanolepis A. Br. ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 392. 1847. Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Babo- quivari Mountains (Pima County), at 5,000 to 6,000 feet, among rocks in canyons. Western Texas to Arizona, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia; Jamaica; Hispaniola. 3. POLYSTICHUM. Ho.uiyrerRn Rigid ferns of talus slopes and rocky forests, the woody rhizomes stout, copiously paleaceous; fronds stiffly ascending; blades uniform, simply pinnate in the Arizona species, of harsh texture, with sharply toothed margins; veins free; sori round, dorsal, the indusium orbicular, centrally peltate. 1. Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth, Roem. Arch. Bot. 2°: 106. 1799. Polypodium lonchitis L., Sp. Pl. 1088. 1753. Pinaleno Mountains, above sawmill (Thornber and Shreve 7767). Newfoundland to Alaska, southern Ontario, Michigan, and Montana, and in the mountains to Colorado, Arizona, and California; Greenland ; Eurasia, FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA ees, 4. PHANEROPHLEBIA Coarse ferns of rocky situations, similar in general to Polystichum; fronds rigidly ascending, the blades simply pinnate, with spinulose margins; veins several times branched, free in P. auriculata; sori borne in 2 or several rows on either side of the midvein; indusia orbicular, centrally peltate. 1. Phanerophlebia auriculata Underw., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 26: 212. pl. 360. 1899. Superstition Mountains (Pinal County), Chiricahua Mountains (Cochise County), Sycamore Canyon near Ruby (Santa Cruz County), Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), Kofa Mountains (Yuma County), 2,000 to 6,000 feet; damp shaded walls of canyons. Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 5. DRYOPTERIS. WoopFrern Mostly woodland ferns of upright habit, the rhizomes various, paleaceous; fronds borne singly or in a crown, mostly pinnate to decompound, glabrous, pubescent, or paleaceous; sori roundish, dorsal, mostly indusiate, the indusium (if present) roundish-reniform, fixed at its sinus. Key to the species 1. Blades subternate; equilateral, the large deltoid basal pinnae nearly equaling the terminal portion; indusia wanting____________-__- 1. D. LINNAEANA. 1. Blades oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-ovate; indusia present (2). 2. Rhizome slender, creeping; segments of pinnae subentire; veins simple. 2,02). FRET: 2. Rhizome stout, decumbent or erect; segments of pinnae toothed to subpin- nately divided; veins freely forked (8). 3. Blades deltoid-ovate, nearly tripinnate at base, noticeably glandular- POS C He 1s cease et se Bags oy 8 ie et pr ok py “DD; -PATULA. 3. Blades oblong-lanceclate to narrowly ovate (4). 4, Pinnae mostly sessile, oblong-lanceolate; veinlets spreading, all ending in Salient spinelike teeth = 22. 36 Se ete So ‘ae 3: D_oARGUTA: 4. Pinnae mostly stalked, deltoid-lanceolate; veinlets oblique, fewer, end- ing in oblique, usually curved, acute teeth__-__-__ 4. DD. FILIX-MAs. 1. Dryopteris linnaeana C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 275. 1905. Polypodium dryopteris L., Sp. Pl. 1093. 1753. Phegopteris dryopteris Fée, Gen. Fil. 243. 1852. Bonito Creek, White Mountains (Apache County), on steep shaded slopes (Goodding 1222). Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Virginia, Indiana, Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oregon; Greenland; Eurasia. 2. Dryopteris feei C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 89, 264. 1905. Aspidium puberulum Fée, Mém. Foug. 10: 40. 1865. Not | Gaud., 1827. Santa Maria River, southwestern Yavapai County (Hester in 1936), Aravaipa Canyon, Graham County (Mohr in 1873). Southern Ari- zona and the coastal canyons of southern California; Baja California and Mexico generally. 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt, Canad. Nat. II. 3: 160. 1866. Aspidium argutum Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 242. 1824. Dryopteris rigida var. arguta Underw., Our Native Ferns, ed. 4, IGS Ike Dae Queen Creek Canyon above Superior, Pinal County (Harrison 2089, 3180), Superstition Mountains, Pinal County (Goodding 6151), Sierra Ancha, Gila County (Little 4221), 4,000 to 5,000 feet, along streams. Extreme southwestern Washington to southern California and Arizona. 4. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834. Polypodium filiz-mas L., Sp. Pl. 1090. 1753. Aspidium filix-mas Swartz, Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 106. 1801. White Mountains (Apache County), San Francisco Peaks and vicinity (Coconino County), and mountains of Graham, Gila, Cochise, and Pima Counties, 7,000 to 10,000 feet, in rich soil among rocks and along streams. Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Ver- mont, Michigan, and in the mountains to western Oklahoma, western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and Mexico; Greenland; Eurasia. From this species, known from the time of the old herbalists as male- fern, is derived the drug aspidium, used extensively as a vermifuge, especially for tapeworm. It is a violent poison, and grave consequences have resulted from overdoses. 5. Dryopteris patula (Sw.) Underw., Our Native Ferns, ed. 4, 117 1893. Aspidium patulum Swartz, Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 38: 645) LS. Variable; widely distributed in tropical America. It is represented in the United States (Arizona only) by var. rossi C. Chr.; canyons of the Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County (Lemmon in 1882, Goodding 1328), in moist swales; Mexico. 6. CYSTOPTERIS. BuiappERFERN Delicate small ferns of rocky or alluvial shaded. situations, the rhizomes slender and creeping; fronds ascending or recurved; blades 1- to 4-pinnate, the fertile ones commonly longer stalked and less leafy than the sterile; veins free; sori roundish, dorsal, separate; indusium membranous, hoodlike, attached at the inner side of the broad base, at first concealing the sporangia, soon thrust back. Key to the species 1. Blades narrowly triangular-lanceolate, the greatly elongate apex usually bearing bulblets beneath_____________ ih eine tok 1. CC. BULBIFERA. 1. Blades broadly lanceolate, the apex acute; bulblets wanting__ 2. C. FRAGILIS. 1. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh., Neues Jour. Bot. Schrad. 17: 10. 1806. Polypodium bulbiferum L., Sp. Pl. 1091. 1753. Filix bulbifera Underw., Our Native Ferns, ed. 6, 119. 1900. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA et! Oak Creek, Coconino County, 5,400 feet (Goldman 2188). New- foundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas, and in the mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. 2. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Neues Jour. Bot. Schrad. 17: 27. 2 f.9. 1806. Polypodium fragile L., Sp. Pl. 1091. 1753. Filiz fragilis Gilib., Exerc. Phytol. 558. 1792. White Mountains Ars County), San Francisco Peaks (Coconino ~ County), and mountains of Graham, Gila, Cochise, and Pima Counties 6,000 to 11,000 feet, rich moist shaded soil, among rocks and ar ound springs. Brittlefern. This is the most widely distributed of all ferns, being nearly cosmopolitan. In North America the typical form of the species ranges from Greenland to Alaska, south to northern New England, the Great Lakes region, Missouri, and in the mountains to western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. Other varieties occupy adjacent regions or partially overlap the range of the typical variety. Most of the Arizona specimens are referable to var. tenuifolia (Clute) Broun, a singularly delicate and beautiful large form. 7. WOODWARDIA. CHAINFERN Coarse ferns of moist shady situations, the stout woody rhizomes paleaceous; fronds several, in a large crown, the blades leafy, pinnate- pinnatifid; sori linear-oblong, nearly straight, borne singly on the outer vein of a continuous series of elongate costal areoles, sunken, facing inward and occupying the areoles, the elongate arching indusia persistent. 1. Woodwardia fimbriata J. E. Smith ex Rees’s Cyclop. 38: no. 6. 1818. Woodwardia chamissoi Bile in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. 16: 138. 1854. Willow Spring (southern Apache County), Sierra Ancha and Mazatzal Mountains (Gila County), Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains (Pima County), 5,300 to 7,200 feet, rich soil in canyons. British Columbia to Nevada, Arizona, and California. 8. CETERACH Small, strongly xerophilous ferns of distinctive form and habit, the rhizome short and conspicuously paleaceous; fronds rotate, the short stipes imbricate-paleaceous; blades deeply sinuate- pinnatifid, spongi- ose-coriaceous, the veins free (in the Arizona species) or partially areolate; sori linear: indusium lateral, as in Asplenium. 1. Ceterach dalhousiae (Hook.) C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 170. 1905. Asplenium dalhousiae Hook., a Pl. gl. 106; 1837. Asplenium alternans Wall. ex ’ Hook. swop. Pil. 3: 92; 1860. Asplenium ferrissi Clute, Fern Bul. 16: 1. 1908. Asplenium rupium Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 92. 1912. Mule and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), about 6,000 feet; shaded moist soil and 286744°—42—_3 32 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE rocky canyons. Known otherwise only from Abyssinia and the mountains of southern Asia. A similar instance of discontinuous range is that of Asplenium exiguum Bedd. This species is of doubtful systematic position. In habit it closely resembles the Old World type species of Ceterach (C. officinarum DC.), but differs in its free veins and well-developed indusia and thus might almost equally well be referred to Asplenium, as was long done. 9. ASPLENIUM. SpLeenwort Ferns of moist cliffs and rocky woods, of various habit, the rhizome scales with dark partition cell walls; fronds uniform, the blades once to several times pinnate or pinnatifid, the rachises often dark and shining; veins free; sori oblong to linear; indusia always present, attached laterally. Key to the species 1. Plants grasslike, densely tufted; blades short, alternately divided into a few very oblique, narrowly cuneate segments_______ 1. A. SEPTENTRIONALE. 1. Plants not grasslike; blades with simple or pinnately cleft or parted, spreading pinnae (2). 2. Blades narrowly lanceolate or triangular (3). 3. Leaf tissue herbaceous; blades narrowly lanceolate; pinnae subequal, narrowly,oblone, sherpliyg ime¢i1se dae 6. A. EXIGUUM. 3. Leaf tissue coriaceous; blades triangular; pinnae much larger, unequal the large basal ones deltoid, once or twice pinnately parted. A. ADIANTUM-NIGRUM. 2. Blades linear; pinnae subentire to crenate or dentate (4). 4. Sori few (1 to 3), confined to the proximal side of the pinnae. . A. MONANTHES. 4. Sori numerous, in pairs, i. e. those of the distal and proximal sides about equal in number (5). 5. Pinnae distinctly toothed; fronds mostly recurved and rooting at tip. A. PALMERI. 5. Pinnae subentire or crenulate; fronds not radicant (6). 6. Stipes blackish; pinnae oblong, coriaceous, auriculate; sori short, nearer the margin than the midvein___-_____~_ 4. A. RESILIENS. 6. Stipes dark castaneous or purplish brown; pinnae oval to broadly oblong, herbaceous, not auriculate; sori narrowly oblong, medial. A. TRICHOMANES. 1. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., Deut. Fl. 2: 12. 1795. Acrostichum septentrionale L.., Sp. Pl. 1068. 1753. White Canyon, San Francisco Peaks, 8,000 feet, in crevices of rocks (MacDougal 68), Elden Mountain near Flagstaff (Wherry in 1940). Black Hills of South Dakota to western Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Baja California; Eurasia. 2. Asplenium monanthes L., Mant. 1: 130. 1767. Asplenium monanthemum Murray, Syst. Veg. 933. 1784. Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County (Lemmon in 1882, Pringle in 1884, and others), about 8,000 feet, on shaded cliffs. Known in the United States only from southern Arizona; Mexico to Chile; West Indies; Africa; Hawaiian Islands. 3. Asplenium palmeri Maxon, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herbarium 13: 39. 1909. Asplenium parvulum var. grandidentatum Goodding, Muhlen- bergia 8:92. 1912. ) Mule Mountains, Cochise County (Goodding 976), Sycamore Can- yon near Ruby, Santa Cruz County (Goodding 6148), Baboquivari FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 3e Canyon, Pima County (Gilman 11, Harrison 3531), moist sheltered rocky situations. New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala. 4. Asplenium resiliens Kunze, Linnaea 18: 331. 1844. Asplenvum parvulum Mart. and Gal., Mém. Acad. Roy. Belg. 15 °:60. 1842. Not Hook., 1840. Near Flagstaff (Coconino County), Blue River Canyon (Green- lee County), Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Kofa Mountains (Yuma County), 2,000 to 7,000 feet, among boulders and in crevices of cliffs. Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Kansas and Arizona; Mexico to Argentina; Jamaica; Hispaniola. 5. Asplenium trichomanes L., Sp. Pl. 1080. 1753. Flagstaff (Coconino County), White River (Apache County), Chiricahua Mountains (Cochise County), Rincon and Santa Cata- lina Mountains (Pima County), 7,000 to 8,000 feet, sheltered crevices of cliffs. Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Georgia, Alabama, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona; Eurasia. — 6. Asplenium exiguum Bedd., Ferns South. India, pl. 146. 1863. Asplenium glenniet Baker in Hook. and Baker, Syn. Fil., ed. 2, 488. 1873. Conservatory Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County (Lemmon in 1882), Sycamore Canyon, near Ruby, Santa Cruz County, about 3,500 feet (Goodding in 1937). In the United States known only from southeastern Arizona; northern Mexico; Asia. The Arizona specimens collected by Lemmon were distributed as ‘* Aspleni- um fontanum, var.”’ and Mexican material was the basis of A. glenniez. American specimens are indistinguishable from the Himalayan A. exiguum, a similar case of sporadic distribution being that of Ceterach dalhousiae. 7. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 1081. 1753. Asplenium andrewsii A. Nels., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 17: 174. 1904. . Mountain slopes near Flagstaff, in rocky crevices (Whitehead 2051). Known otherwise in the United States only from Zion National Park, Utah, and from Boulder Canyon, Colorado, the type locality of A. andrewsii; Eurasia and Africa. 10. ATHYRIUM Large ferns of graceful upright habit; rhizomes stout, paleaceous, the scales membranous, with thin-walled cells; fronds ample, erect- spreading, the blades elongate, 2- to 3-pinnate, thin-herbaceous; sori dorsal, oblique, oblong or crossing the vein and recurved, becoming lunate or hippocrepiform; indusia shaped like the sori, delicate, facing outward. 1. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth, Roem. Arch. Bot. 2': 106. 1799. Polypodium filia-femina L., Sp. Pl. 1090. 1753. A polymorphic Eurasian species, ranging from Newfoundland and Quebec to Alaska, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and California, the typical form being ascribed to the region from British Columbia to Wyoming, Colorado, and Oregon. 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ladyfern. Arizona specimens pertain to var. californicum Butters, which extends trom southern Idaho and western Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. White Mountains (Apache County), Chiri- cahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Catalina Mountains (Pima County), 7,000 to 8,000 feet; rich shaded ground about springs and along streams. 11. PITYROGRAMMA Ferns of dryish banks and ledges, the stoutish rhizomes paleaceous; fronds clustered, long-stipitate; blades 1- to 3-pinnate, deltoid-pentag- onal in the Arizona species, densely ceraceous beneath; sporangia following the short, spreading, branched veinlets throughout, conflu- ent with age. 1. Pityrogramma triangularis (Kaulf.) Maxon, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium l7= 173%. 093: Gymnogramma triangulare Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 73. 1824. The typical form ranges from British Columbia (Vancouver Island) to Nevada and Baja California. . Goldfern. In Arizona the species is represented by var. mazonii Weatherby, which is not uncommon in Gila, Maricopa, Pinal, and Pima Counties, 2,000 to 2,500 feet, on rock ledges; type from Rincon Mountains (Blumer 3271). This variety occurs also in southern Cali- fornia, Sonora, and Baja California. 12. BOMMERIA Small ferns of rocky situations, the rhizomes wide-creeping; fronds uniform; blades palmately divided, broadly pentagonal, the divisions bipinnatifid, conspicuously hairy; sori linear, following the course of the veins, nonindusiate. 1. Bommeria hispida (Mett.) Underw., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 29: G35. 902% Gymnogramme hispida Mett. 1 Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 72. 1869. Mountains of Yavapai, Gila, Graham, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 4,000 to 6,000 feet, on shaded cliffs. Western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 13. PFERIDIUM. Bracken Coarse ferns, the slender, woody rhizome wide-creeping under- eround; fronds borne singly, large; blades deltoid-ovate, pinnately de- compound; veins free; sori linear, borne on a continuous transverse receptacle connecting the vein ends; indusium double, the conspicu- ous outer one formed by the reflexed membranous leaf margin, the inner one minute, facing outward beneath the sporangia. 1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Decken, Reisen, III. Bot. Ost-Afrika 11. 1879. Pieris agnling te Spr Pls A075s Wiad. Viewed broadly, this is a nearly cosmopolitan species, the type European. Arizona material is referable to var. pubescens Underw., which occurs in Quebec and the Great Lakes region, and from Alaska south to South Dakota, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 39 In Arizona it is very common in open pine forests, 7,000 to 8,000 feet; Kaibab Plateau (Coconino County), and White Mountains (Apache County), to the mountains of Cochise and Pima Counties. This fern is reported to be poisonous to cattle and horses when eaten in large quantities, but the poisonous properties may be elimi- nated by cooking. and the rootstocks and young fronds have been utilized for food. 14. ADIANTUM. MaIpENHAIR Delicate graceful ferns of moist situations, the slender creeping rhizome paleaceous; fronds clustered, ascending or pendent, the stipes purplish black, polished; blades 2- to 3-pinnate at base; sori appear- ing marginal, the sporangia borne on the underside of sharply reflexed lobes. 1. Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Sp. Pl. 1096. 1753. Adiantum modestum Underw., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 28: 46. 1901. Adiantum rimicola Slosson, Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 41: 308. 1914. ; Throughout most of the State, 1,600 to 6,000 feet, mostly on moist cliffs and in springy places. Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri, Utah, southern California, and the Mexican border region; also western South Dakota and southern British Columbia; widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. 15. CHEILANTHES. Liprern Small xerophilous ferns, mostly with pubescent, tomentose, or im- bricate-paleaceous foliage; fronds uniform; blades 1- to 4-pinnate, the ultimate segments commonly minute; sori borne at the enlarged tips of the veins, usually numerous and narrowly confluent, protected by the recurved, more or less modified leaf margin or (as in C. lendigera) by an introrse membranous proper indusium. Key to the species 1. Rhizomes massive, multicipital, the divisions erect or decumbent, scarcely ereeping (2). 2. Leaf blades devoid of seales (3). 3. Blades deltoid-ovate, subpentagonal, membranous, reddish-glandular be- neath, otherwise glabrous throughout_____-______ 1. C. PYRAMIDALIS. 3. Blades linear-oblong to ovate, herbaceous, laxly whitish-villous above, densely fulvous-tomentose beneath____________------- 2. (C. FEEI. 2. Leaf blades scaly, at least along the primary rachis (4). 4, Pinnae copiously imbricate-paleaceous beneath, the large whitish ovate scales concealing the segments; segments coarsely villous above, the featE Lele ala huisil. GORGUOUS 252° 2S. ee ee 3. CO. VILLOSA. 4. Pinnae imbricate-paleaceous along the rachis, the scales not concealing the segments; segments not coarsely villous above (5). 5. Segments hoary above, densely tomentose on both surfaces, the en- tangled hairs closely enveloping and joining the fragile segments. 4. (CC. BATONI. 5. Segments green and delicately villous-tomentose above, glabrescent with age, separate, not entangled (6). 6. Seales of rachises nearly capillary, pale cinnamomeous, lax. C. TOMENTOSA. 6. Scales more abundant, extending to the minor rachises, narrowly lan- PeOlsbes CosGaneOuse = oo oe ee su 3>2'6.\ ‘CL GASPANRA. 36 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Rhizomes slender, creeping, often widely so, or if condensed the branches elongate (7). 7. Blades devoid of scales (8). 8. Segments round to obovate, beadlike, glabrous above, beneath (together with rachises) densely clothed with long ferruginous hairs; indusium membranous, very broad, covering most of the segment. . C. LENDIGERA. 8. Segments elongate, not beadlike, glabrous throughout; indusium firm, narrow (9). 9. Stipe and rachises black, terete, shining; sori subcontinuous, the indusium NMG aT SoS. ie 2 se hee ee 8. C. ALABAMENSIS. 9. Stipe and rachises light brown, with a broad deep ventral groove, dull; sori distinct, at end of ultimate lobes, the indusia short. 9. C. WRIGHTII. 7. Blades copiously paleaceous, at least upon the rachises (10). 10. Pinnae closely canescent-tomentulose above, the hairs persistent, en- HENAN ONE se a ON e ee ee ee 10. C. LINDHEIMERI. 10. Pinnae glabrous (11). 11. Scales of blade invariably long-ciliate, widely imbricate, wholly cover- ing or exceeding the segments (12). 12. Rhizome scales persistent, narrow, attenuate, rigid, dark brown, strongly sclerotic; scales of blade lightly attached above the sinus of the deeply cordate base, the lobes overlapping. C. COVILLEI. 12. Rhizome scales deciduous, relatively broad, acuminate, membran- ous, usually pale brown, never strongly sclerotic; scales of blade firmly attached at the subcordate or cordate base. 12. C. woorTont. 11. Seales of blade slightly sinuate-denticulate, nonciliate, loosely imbri- cate or spreading (13). 13. Blades mostly oblong-lanceolate; scales large, firm, straight, borne on ali the vascular parts and nearly covering the segments; leaf tissue CORIACEOUS H 2.2 ess eee eee 13. CC. FENDLERI. 13. Blades roundish-ovate or deltoid; scales much smaller, very delicate, lax, flexuous, borne only on the rachises, not at all concealing the pinnules; leaf tissue membrano-herbaceous___ 14. CC. PRINGLET, 1. Cheilanthes pyramidalis Fée, Mém. Foug.7: 38. 1857. A highly variable species, widely distributed in Mexico and Central America, represented in the United States by var. arizonica (Maxon) Broun, confined to the Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County (Lem- mon in 1882, Goodding 760, 1327, type), rich, moist soil, slopes and canyons. 2. Cheilanthes feei Moore, Ind. Fil. xxxvii. 1857. Myriopteris gracilis Fée, Gen. Fil. 150. 1852. Cheilanthes gracilis Mett., Abhandl. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell. 3: 80. 1859. Not Kaulf., 1824. Almost throughout the State, 2,000 to 7,000 feet, on dry rocky slopes and cliffs. Illinois and southern Minnesota to British Colum- bia, south to the Mexican border region from Texas to southern California. 3. Cheilanthes villosa Davenp., Cat. Davenport Herbarium Sup. 45. 1883. Sierra Estrella (Maricopa County), Mule and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains (Pima County); graniticor limestone slopes and ledges. Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA » Be 4. Cheilanthes eatoni Baker in Hook. and Baker, Syn. Fil. 140. 1867. Holbrook (Navajo County), Elden Mountain (Coconino County), and mountains of Graham, Gila, Pinal, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, on dry rocky slopes and cliffs, often in chaparral. Oklahoma and central Texas to Colorado, Arizona, and Mexico. 5. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 42. 1833. Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Rita, Santa Cata- lina, and Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), in shaded rocky places. Virginia to Georgia and northern Arkansas, west to Arizona; Mexico. 6. Cheilanthes castanea Maxon, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 32: 111. 1919. Mule Mountains and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), near Nogales (Santa Cruz County), Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, and Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), 4,000 to 6,000 feet, on rocky slopes and cliffs. Oklahoma and western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 7. Cheilanthes lendigera (Cav.) Swartz, Syn. Fil. 128. 1806. Pteris lendigera Cav., Desc. Pl. 268. 1802. Pomatophytum pocillatum M. E. Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 16: £2. 71930: Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), about 6,000 feet, under dry cliffs, rare, the type of Pomatophytum pocillatum from Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains (Jones 24690). Also in western Texas; Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador. 8. Cheilanthes alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze, Linnaea 20: 4. 1847. Pteris alabamensis Buckl., Amer. Jour. Sei. 45: 177. 1843. Conservatory Canyon, Huachuca Mountains (Lemmon in 1882). Virginia to Alabama, west to southwestern Missouri and Arizona; Mexico; mountains of Jamaica. 9. Cheilanthes wrightii Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 87. 1852. Mountains of Greenlee, Graham, Gila, Maricopa, Pinal, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 2,000 to 6,000 feet, rocky slopes and ledges. Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 10. Cheilanthes lindheimeri Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 101. 1852. Myriopteris lindheimerit J. Smith in Seem., Bot. Voy. Herald 340. 1854. Mountains of Graham, Gila, Maricopa, Pinal, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 2,000 to 8,000 feet, dry slopes among rocks; common. Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 11. Cheilanthes covillei Maxon, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 31: 147. 1918. Black Mountains (Mohave County) to mountains of Cochise, Gila, and Pinal Counties, 2,000 to 5,000 feet, cliffs and rock ledges. South- western Utah and Arizona to southern California, and Baja California. 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 12. Cheilanthes wootoni Maxon, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 31: 146. 1918. Clear Creek (Coconino or Navajo County), and mountains of Yavapai, Graham, Gila, Pinal, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 3,000 to 6,500 feet, rock ledges and among boulders; com- mon. Oklahoma, southeastern Colorado, and western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico (Sonora). 13. Cheilanthes fendleri Hook., Sp. Fil. 2:103. 1852. Slate Mountain (Coconino County), Hualpai Mountain (Mohave County), to the mountains of Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 4,000 to 8,000 feet, dry rocky slopes and cliffs. Western Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 14. Cheilanthes pringlei Davenp., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 10: 61. 1883. Cheilanthes sonorensis Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 92. 1912. Mazatzal Mountains (Gila County), Chiricahua Mountains (Cochise County), Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), 3,000 to 5,000 feet, at base of cliffs. Known only from Arizona, the type collected by Pringle in 1883, and northern Mexico. 16. PELLAEA. C.LIFFBRAKE Rather small, rock-inhabiting ferns, with erect, nearly glabrous foliage; fronds uniform, the blades 1- to 4-pinnate; segments cori- aceous, varying in shape and size; veins free; sori terminal on the veins, laterally confluent in a broad intramarginal line, usually concealed at first by the reflexed or revolute, continuous, indusiform margin, the border modified or not. Key to the species 1. Rhizomes cordlike, creeping, often widely so; stipe and rachises buff or pale bro wanishit Se0e hee Coane bE eee ne ee ee ee 1. P. INTERMEDIA. 1. Rhizomes thick, multicipital; stipe and rachises castaneous to atropurpureous (Oye 2. Seales of rhizome concolorous, light to dark ferruginous (8). 3. Blades once pinnate, or the basal pinnae sometimes ternately cleft or divided at base; rachises smooth_____________- 2. P. SUKSDORFIANA. 3. Blades bipinnate nearly throughout; rachises scabrous. 3. P. ATROPURPUREA. 2. Seales of rhizome bicolorous, i. e., with a sharply defined, linear, blackish median stipe (4). 4. Blades triangular-ovate; pinnae with 6 to 10 pairs of segments, these sessile or short-stalked, articulate, grayish-pruinose. 4. P. LONGIMUCRONATA. 4. Blades linear to narrowly lanceolate; pinnae ternately divided or with 1 to 4 pairs of semiadnate or sessile segments (5). 5. Stipe and rachis castaneous; pinnae commonly with 2 or 3 pairs of spaced segments or, if ternately divided, the apical segment stalked. 5. P. WRIGHTIANA. 5. Stipe and rachis atropurpureous, glaucous; pinnae ternately cleft or divided or, if (rarely) pinnate, the 3 segments subequal, the apical one Sometimes, stalked2s=" i eee ee 6. P. TERNIFOLIA, 1. Pellaea intermedia Mett. in Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 84. 1869. Sierra Ancha and Mazatzal Mountains (Gila County), Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), near Patagonia (Santa Cruz County), Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), 3,500 to 7,000 FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA . 39 feet, dry rocky slopes and in crevices of limestone ledges. South- western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 2. Pellaea suksdorfiana Butters, Amer. Fern Jour. 11: 40. 1921. Pellaea glabella var. simplex Butters, Amer. Fern Jour. 7: 84. OL Near Jacobs Lake, Kaibab Plateau, 8,000 feet, on rocky southern slopes (Korstian and Baker in 1917). British Columbia and Washing- ton, south to Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. 3. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link, Fil. Sp. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. Pteris atropurpurea L., Sp. Pl. 1076. 1753. Heber (Navajo County), and mountains of Cochise and Pima Counties, 5,000 to 6,500 teet, on cliffs. Vermont and Ontario to Wisconsin and western South Dakota, south to northwestern Florida, the Gulf States, New Mexico, and Arizona; Mexico and western Guatemala. 4. Pellaea longimucronata Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 143. 1858. Pellaea wrightiana var. longimucronata Davenp., Cat. Daven- port Herbarium Sup. 46. 1883. Pellaea truncata Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 94. 1912. Grand Canyon (Coconino County) to Kingman (Mohave County), south to the mountains of Cochise and Pima Counties, 2,000 to 6,000 feet, among rocks and on cliffs; very common. Colorado and New Mexico, west to Nevada and Arizona; northern Mexico (Chihuahua). The type of P. truncata is from the Mule Mountains (Goodding 977). 5. Pellaea wrightiana Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 142. 1858. Near Flagstaff (Coconino County), mountains of Graham, Gila, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 5,000 to 8,000 feet, among rocks and on cliffs. Southwestern Oklahoma and central Texas, west to Arizona. 6. Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link, Fil. Sp. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. Pieris ternifolia Cav., Desc. Pl. 266. 1802. Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, on dry cliffs (Patzky in 1899, Goodding 766). Western Texas and southeastern Arizona; Mexico to Peru; Hispaniola. 17. NOTHOLAENA. CLOAKFERN Small, rock-loving, xerophilous ferns, with glandular, ceraceous, paleaceous, or hairy foliage; fronds rigid, the blades 1- to 4-pinnate, linear to deltoid or pentagonal; sori mostly submarginal, roundish or oblong, borne at or near the end of the veins (in some species decur- rent), somewhat confluent laterally. Indusia wanting, the margins mostly recurved and partially covering the sporangia. Key to the species 1. Blades simply pinnate (2). 2. Pinnae coarsely lobed, deciduously stellate-paleaceous above, very densely imbricate-paleaceous OMe R Uli teen ee Peel as eee 1. N. SINUATA. 2. Pinnae pinnatifid (segments narrow), villosulous above, densely tomentose Peer Or Wine reerer aes ern or iy ee an | Se el Se She eS SINGS Ree 40 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Blades 2- to 4-pinnate, or barely bipinnate in Nos. 5 and 7 (3). 3. Pinnae ak above, beneath densely paleaceous or hairy, not obviously cera- ceous (4). 4. Stipes stout, scaly; blades bipinnate; segments large, linear-oblong, thinly stellate-hairy above, beneath covered with imbricate ciliate scales. 3. N. ASCHENBORNIANA. 4. Stipes slender, wiry, hirsute; blades tripinnate; segments small, roundish or ovate-oblong, coarsely grayish-hirsute-tomentose above, buff- tomentose. beneath "2.2 S22 Ue Sey LRU pe eee 4, N. PARRYI. 3. Pinnae glabrous or minutely glandular-pulverulent above, ceraceous beneath except in N. jonesii, sparsely paleaceous also in N. grayi (5). 5. Blades linear to narrowly oblong (6). 6. Rachis light brown, bearing numerous attenuate, yellowish-brown scales, these extending to the minor rachises and the midveins beneath. 5s INS Gains 6. Rachis atropurpureous, naked; no scales upon the pinnae. N. LEMMONI. 5. Blades ovate, triangular, or pentagonal (7). 7. Blades barely bipinnate, the basal pinnae bipartite; rachis free only PEEL OS Yo (e Wt pmo Re SY heer OINURY RIN Don Rr PN aye ae aes ea 7. N. STANDLEYI. 7. Blades fully 2- to 4-pinnate (8). 8. Segments devoid of ceraceous covering________-__ 8. N. JONESII. 8. Segments densely ceraceous beneath, sparingly glandular-ceraceous above (9). 9. Pinnae and pinnules long-stalked____________ 9. N. LIMITANEA. 9. Pinnae and pinnules sessile (10). 10. Stipes reddish brown; blades broadly pentagonal; rhizome Scaleskconcolonous = see 10. N. CALIFORNICA. 10. Stipes black; blades narrower, acuminate; rhizome _ scales bicolorouses 2a 2 was ae one 1) No NEGLECTA. 1. Notholaena sinuata (Lag.) Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 135. 1824. Acrostichum sinuatum Lag. ex Swartz, Syn. Fil. 14. 1806. Canyons of the Colorado (Coconino and Mohave Counties), to the mountains of Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 3,000 to 7,000 feet; dry rocky slopes and crevices, often on limestone; very common. Western Oklahoma and Texas to southern California; Mexico to Chile; Jamaica; Hispaniola. This species is highly variable. A form with narrow blades and small few-lobed pinnae is var. crenata Lemmon, having substantially the same range in Arizona as the typical form, with which it intergrades. It was long known erroneously as N. sinuata var. integerrima Hook.., a name properly belonging to a Mexican form. More recently it has been described as N. cochisensis Goodding (Muhlenbergia 8: 93. 1912) on specimens from the Huachuca Mountains (Goodding 373). 2. Notholaena aurea (Poir.) Desv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 219. S22 Pteris aurea Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: 710. 1804. Acrostichum bonariense Willd., Sp. Pl. 5: 114. 1810. Notholaena bonariensis C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 459. 1906. Willow Spring (southern Apache County) and mountains of Cochise and Pima Counties, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, dry ledges and rocky slopes. Texas to Arizona; Mexico to Argentina; Jamaica; Hispaniola. 3. Notholaena aschenborniana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 417. 1847. Mule Mountains, Cochise County (Goodding 1387), Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County (Pringle in 1884), dry rocky slopes. West- ern Texas to Arizona and Mexico. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 4d 4. Notholaena parryi D. C. Eaton, Amer. Nat. 9: 351. 1875. Grand Canyon (Coconino County), Pagumpa and Yucca (Mohave County) to Maricopa, Pinal, and Yuma Counties, 2,000 to 4,000 feet, dry hot situations, crevices of canyon walls and among rocks; very common. Southwestern Utah and Arizona to the desert region of southern California. 5. Notholaena grayi Davenp., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 7: 50. 1880. Notholaena hypoleuea Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 24. 1912. Near Clifton (Greenlee County), mountains of Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 4,000 to 6,000 feet, dry rocky slopes; type from southeastern Arizona (Courtis); the type of N. hypoleuca is from the Mule Mountains (Goodding 1004). Western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 6. Notholaena lemmoni D. C. Eaton, Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 7: 63. 1880. Rincon, Santa Catalina, and Santa Rita Mountains (Pima County), about 4,000 feet. Known only from Arizona (the type, Lemmon in 1880) and northern Mexico. 7. Notholaena standleyi Maxon, Amer. Fern Jour. 5: 1. 1915. Notholaena hookeri D.C. Eaton in Wheeler, U.S. Survey 100th Merid. Rpt. 6: 308. 1879. Not Lowe, 1856. Greenlee, Gila, Maricopa, Pinal, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 1,100 to 6,500 feet, among rocks; common. Western Oklahoma and Texas to Colorado, Arizona, and Mexico. 8. Notholaena jonesii Maxon, Amer. Fern Jour. 7: 108. 1917. Vasey’s Paradise, Coconino County (Clover and Jotter 2254), near Superior, Pinal County (Whitehead 1806), crevices of limestone cliffs. Southern Utah and Arizona to southern California. 9. Notholaena limitanea Maxon, Amer. Fern Jour. 9: 70. 1919. Clear Creek Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park (Coconino County), and mountains of Pinal, Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, hillsides and cliffs. Western Texas to southern Utah and Arizona. The var. mexicana (Maxon) Broun, founded on matérial from Chi- huahua, Mexico, is represented by a collection from the Chiricahua Mountains, 6,000 feet (Blumer 2390). It differs in its narrower and less divided blades and its larger segments. Northern Mexico; several collections. 10. Notholaena californica D. C. Eaton, Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 10: 27. 1888. Near Congress Junction, Yavapai County (Wooton in 1892), Tule Tank, Yuma County (Wiggins 6577), Tinajas Altas, Yuma County (Whitehead in 1936), 1,000 to 3,000 feet, dry rocky slopes and canyons. Arizona, southern California, and Baja California. 11. Notholaena neglecta Maxon, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herbarium 17: 602. 1916. Cochise County in the Mule Mountains (Goodding 1384) and Hua- chuca Mountains (Lemmon in 1882), south faces of limestone cliffs. Southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico. 42 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. MARSILEACEAE. Prprrrwort FAMILY Aquatic or semiaquatic, perennial plants with long-creeping, branched, hairy rhizomes, rooting in mud; leaves in 2 rows, circinate in bud, herbaceous, the long-stipitate blades 4-foliolate, cloverlike; sporocarps borne at base of stipe, large, bony, 2-celled vertically, containing both megaspores and microspores. 1. MARSILEA. Prprrrwort 1. Marsilea vestita Hook. and Grev., Icon. Fil. 2: 159. 1831. Prescott, Yavapai County, about 5,000 feet, in a pond (Kearney and Peebles 12784), and near Fort Huachuca (Lemmon 2896). South Dakota to British Columbia, south to Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and Mexico; naturalized in Florida. 4, AZOLLACEAE. AZOLLA FAMILY Fugacious, very small, floating, mosslike plants, the stems bearing roots below; leaves minute, green or reddish green, borne alternately in 2 rows upon short branches, deeply bilobed, the lower lobe sub- mersed; sori completely indusiate, borne in pairs on the submersed lobes, one acorn-shaped, containing a single megasporangium, the other globose, containing numerous microsporangia. 1. AZOLLA 1. Azolla caroliniana Willd., Sp. Pl. 5: 541. 1810. Camp Lowell, near Tucson, Pima County, in running water (Roth- rock 714). New York to Alaska, south to Florida, Arizona, and California; tropical America; sporadic, perhaps owing to escape from cultivation. Mosquito-fern. >. ISOETACEAE. QvuILLwortT FAMILY Small, submersed or partially emersed plants of ponds, streams, or moist depressions; stems short, cormlike, crowned by numerous crowded, subulate, inflated leaves; sporangia axillary, borne within the enlarged hollow leaf bases, producing large subspherical mega- spores and very numerous, powdery, angled microspores. 1. ISOETES. QvuILLWorT 1. Isoetes bolanderi Engelm., Amer. Nat. 8: 214. 1874. In a small lake about 2 miles east of Tunnel Road, Black Mesa Forest Reserve (Coville 1053). Mountain ponds and lakes, British Columbia to Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and California. The var. pygmaea (Engelm.) Clute (lsoetes pygmaea Engelm.) was collected in the Huachuca Mountains by Lemmon; known otherwise only from Mono Pass, Calif., and Walker Lake, Nev. It differs from ie typical form of the species in its stouter and somewhat shorter eaves. 6. EQUISETACEAE. HorseETaIL FAMILY Rushlike plants of low places, the rhizomes perennial, wide-creeping; stems mostly erect, cylindric, fluted, siliceous, simple or with whorled FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA | 43 branches at the solid sheathed nodes; leaves minute, united lengthwise to form nodal sheaths, the tips free or connivent, persistent or de- ciduous; fruit a terminal cone formed of stalked peltate bracts, these bearing a few sporangia beneath; spores uniform, provided with 4 hygroscopic bands; gametophytes minute, dioecious, green. 1. EQUISETUM. MHorseErai. Key to the species 1. Aerial stems dimorphous, the fertile ones flesh-colored, succulent, withering; sterile stems green, with numerous slender branches in dense verticils. 1. E. ARVENSE. 1. Aerial stems uniform, simple or sometimes a few branches borne basally or in irregular whorls (2). 2. Spikes blunt or acutish; aerial stems annual_-_--_---_-_---- 2. KE. KANSANUM. 2. Spikes rigidly apiculate; aerial stems evergreen, persisting 2 or more sea- sons (8). 3. Sheaths distinctly longer than broad, dilated upward, the lower ones with aadarkespandOeplOW = ss eee es ee Yas 3. EE. LAEVIGATUM. 3. Sheaths nearly or quite as broad as long, nearly cylindric, tight, mostly ashy at maturity, with 2 dark bands (4). 4. Ridges of the stem with a row of elevated cross bands of silica; leaves sharply 3-carinate, the central keel sometimes grooved. 4, HK. PREALTUM. 4. Ridges usually with 2 distinct rows of silica tubercles; leaves 4-carinate, the central groove usually well defined_---_-__- 5. HE. HYEMALE. 1. Equisetum arvense L., Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753. Near Flagstaff (Coconino County), Ryan Ranch, White Mountains (Apache County), Sierra Ancha (Gila County), 6, 000 to 7,000 feet, moist soil along streams. Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, southward nearly throughout the United States; Greenland; Eurasia. 2. Equisetum kansanum Schaffn., Ohio Nat. 13: 21. 1912. Coconino, Yavapai, Gila, Cochise, and Pima Counties, 5,000 to 8,000 feet, marshes and springy places; sometimes a weed in cultivated land. Ontario to British Columbia, southward to Ohio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California; northern Mexico (Chi- huahua). 3. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br., Amer. Jour. Sci. 46: 87. 1844. Equisetum hyemale var. intermedium A. A. Eaton, Fern Bul. 10: 120s. 1902. Equisetum intermedium Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 1053. 1917. Tuba and near Flagstaff (Coconino County), near Fort Huachuca (Cochise County), 5,000 to 7,000 feet; moist alluvial thickets and sandy banks. New York to British Columbia, south to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, and the Mexican border region to southern Cali- fornia; Mexico and Guatemala. 4, Equisetum prealtum Raf., Fl. Ludovic. 13. 1817. Equisetum robustum A. Br., Amer. Jour. Sci. 46: 88. 1844. Chinle Creek (Apache County), Oak Creek Canyon (Coconino County), Sierra Ancha (Gila County), Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Catalina Mountains (Pima County), 5,000 to 7,000 feet, springy places and along streams. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, southward nearly throughout the United States; Mexico. A4 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 5. Equisetum hyemale L., Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753. A Eurasian species, represented in Arizona by var. californicum Milde, in moist alluvial situations: Coconino County, at Navajo Mountain (Wetherill), Cedar Ranch (MacDougal 394), and Oak Creek (Fulton 7379), 6,000 to 7,000 feet, springy places. Alaska to Cali- fornia, Arizona, and New Mexico. 7. SELAGINELLACEAE. SELAGINELLA FAMILY Low, depressed or creeping, leafy terrestrial plants of mosslike habit; leaves (in the Arizona species) arranged spirally in many ranks, imbricate, minute; sporangia borne in quadrangular sessile terminal spikes of modified leaves (sporophylls), axillary, of 2 kinds, the larger ones containing 3 or 4 large megaspores, the smaller ones very numerous minute, reddish or orange, powdery microspores. 1. SELAGINELLA Key to the species 1. Plants strongly dorsiventral, all the divisions flattish; leaves unequal, those of the under ranks obliquely imbricate, upecurved and clasping. 1. S. ARIZONICA. 1. Plants not at all dorsiventral; leaves alike, equally ascending or appressed- imbricate on all sides (2). 2. Stems widely creeping, rooting sparingly throughout (8). 3. Plants bright green; leaves oblique, 2 to 3 mm. long, subulate-attenuate, distantly short-ciliate, ending in a long, greenish-white, scabrous Seas 2 et eA are eee eee ee eee 2. S. UNDERWOODII. 3. Plants grayish green, the divisions cordlike; leaves closely appressed, 1.5 to 2 mm. long, ovate-oblong, freely longer-ciliate, acutish, the seta -obsoletes2 2252 Doe. Se ae ee ee eee 3. SS. MUTICA 2. Stems rigidly ascending or erect, rooting only at extreme base (4). 4. Leaves whitish-marginate, lance-acicular, evenly attenuate to a very long, Stith, ayellowuish=wihiteisetaa s2e = ee es ee 4. §. RUPINCOLA. 4. Leaves not marginate, subulate-attenuate to an acutish apex, giving rise rather abruptly to the short whitish-hyaline seta__5. S. NEOMEXICANA. 1. Selaginella arizonica Maxon, Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 72°: 5. 1920. Graham, Gila, Maricopa, Pinal, Pima, and Yuma Counties, 2,000 to 4,500 feet, rocky ledges and cliffs; type from the Santa Catalina Mountains (Shreve in 1914). Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 2. Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzen- mon, ees (Ala IG ONIL San Francisco Peaks, Walnut Creek, and Oak Creek (Coconino County), Pinaleno Mountains (Graham County), Chiricahua Moun- tains (Cochise County), Santa Rita and Baboquivari Mountains (Pima County), 5,500 to 7,500 feet, cliffs and rock ledges. Western Texas to Wyoming and Arizona. 3. Selaginella mutica D. C. Eaton ex Underw., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. De M7435. ester. Navajo County, probably near Pence (Wetherill 536), Grand Canyon, Coconino County (several collections), Chiricahua Moun- tains (Toumey in 1894), 6,500 feet or lower, damp cliffs. Western Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 4. Selaginella rupincola Underw., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 25: 129. 1898. Chiricahua and Dragoon Mountains (Cochise County), Patagonia Mountains (Santa Cruz County), Santa Rita and Santa Catalina FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA Ad Mountains (Pima County), 3,000 to 6,000 feet, dry cliffs and ledges. Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 5. Selaginella neomexicana Maxon, Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 72 °:2. 1920. Paradise, Cochise County, about 5,000 feet (J. H. Ferriss in 1904). Westernmost Texas to southern Arizona. SPERMATOPHYTA. FLOWERING PLANTS Seed-producing plants, the first phase of the life cycle very brief and concealed. Pollen grains (microspores) borne in anther sacs (micro- sporangia). Ovules (macrosporangia) enclosed in an ovary (except in the Gymnospermae), each ovule containing an embryo sac (macro- spore). Embryo resulting from the union of an egg cell in the embryo sac and a pollen grain, the ovule thereupon developing into a seed containing the embryo, the latter usually consisting of 1 or more leaves (cotyledons), a hypocotyl and radicle, and a terminal bud (plumule). KEY TO THE CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES 1. Stigma none; ovules and seeds not enclosed, borne on the face of a scale or [pave a ale Oa a ha Se ene ae eee ee ee a Class GYMNOSPERMAE. 1. Stigma or stigmas present; ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary). Class ANGIOSPERMAE (2). 2. Cotyledon usually 1; flower parts commonly in 3’s; stem not differentiated into bark, wood, and pith (endogenous); veins of the leaves mostly longi- tudinally parallel (sometimes with netted veinlets between the parallel Principal Wels) ees jes A ty Subclass MonocoTYLEDONEAE. 2. Cotyledons usually 2; flower parts commonly not in 3’s; stem differentiated into bark, wood, and pith (exogenous); veins of the leaves seldom parallel (commonly branching at a greater or less angle from the mid- vein, this alone extending the whole length of the leaf). : Subclass DicoTyYLEDONEAE (8). 3. Perianth none, or single or appearing so, with segments all much alike in Lemigie ane seOlone on ee ee Fe SE Series 1. APETALAE. 3. Perianth present, evidently double, the outer segments (calyx) and the inner segments (corolla) usually conspicuously different in texture and color (4). 4. Petals separate or united only at base______~_ Series 2. PoOLYPETALAE. A. Petals united well above the base__________-_ Series 8. GAMOPETALAE. GY MNOSPERMAE Key to the families 1. Stems not jointed; leaves narrowly linear or needlelike, or else scalelike, crowded, and imbricate; fruits in woody cones, or berrylike___1. PINACEAE. 1. Stems jointed; leaves reduced to scales, these distant, opposite, or in whorls 6ts srliLs 1m smallest nin-scaled: cones... 2-2-2. - 2. GNETACEAE. ANGIOSPERMAE-MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Key to the families 1. Plants strictly aquatic, immersed in or floating on the surface of water; perianth none or inconspicuous (2). 2. Flowers perfect, in spikes, 4-merous; leaves alternate, with or without broad floating blades: Genus Potamogeton_____ ~~~ 5. NAIADACEAE. 2. Flowers unisexual (3). 3. Stems elongate; leaves narrowly linear or filiform, mostly opposite or whorled; flowers axillary, solitary cr in small umbellike clusters. - 5. NAIADACEAE. 5 In this key, as well as in the keys to the families, the genera in each family, and the species in each genus, the characterizations are restricted so as to apply only to forms that oceur in Arizona. 46 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Stems very short or none, the plants floating; inflorescences subtended by spathes (4). 4. Plants reduced to small frondlike floating bodies without differentiation of stem and leaf; inflorescence 2- or 3-flowered, borne on the edge of -the) Hiromdle. = 82 a2). 2 ES a er 12. LEMNACEAE. 4, Plants differentiated but stem very short; leaves in a rosette, with broadly obovate blades and short petioles; inflorescence several flowered; -spathe *\winile: :pss5 2 at eee eee 11. ARACEAE. 1. Plants terrestrial or semiaquatic or, if strictly aquatic, then the perianth relatively large and showy (5). 5. Perianth none or very rudimentary, reduced to bristles or minute scales (6). 6. Flowers not individually subtended by scales or assembled in spikelets, unisexual, very numerous in a dense cylindric spike with the staminate Howersaboved Nisa) boo.) he, Leer ee 3. TYPHACEAE. 6. Flowers individually subtended by scales (glumes) and assembled in spikelets, these sometimes reduced to 1 flower; leaves with a sheathlike basal portion enclosing the stem (7). 7. Stems round or flat, usually hollow except at the joints; leaves 2-ranked, the sheath commonly split; flowers with a 2-nerved scale (palea) NOXG CO CHE AMIS oy ee nee ee 8. GRAMINEAE. 7. Stems often triangular, usually solid; leaves 3-ranked, the sheath not split; flowers without a 2-nerved scale next to the axis. 9. CYPERACEAE. 5. Perianth evident, at least in the pistillate flowers (8). 8. Divisions of the perianth not showy, greenish or brownish; plants mostly of wet ground (9). 9. Perianth relatively large, regular, the 6 divisions resembling the glumes of grasses in) texture; flowers perfeet__=_-__-=_2— 16. JUNCACEAE. 9. Perianth small (10). 10. Flowers unisexual, in dense round heads, the fruiting inflorescences burlike; perianth of the pistillate flowers irregular, the divisions chaffy, the staminate flowers naked_-_-___-_-_ 4, SPARGANIACEAE. 10. Flowers perfect, in slender elongate racemes; perianth regular, the divisions not chaffy or glumelike__________ 6. JUNCAGINACEAE. 8. Divisions of the perianth (at least the inner ones) showy, petallike (11). 11. Plants trees, with a tall trunk; leaf blades fan-shaped, many ribbed, eepliyn Tobe dL capa a ats ta a ae Be ahs 10. Paumag. 11. Plants not trees or, if treelike, then the leaves not fan-shaped or lobed (12). 12. Plants epiphytic (growing on the branches of trees). 13. BROMELIACBEAE. 12. Plants terrestrial (rooted in soil), or aquatic (18). 13. Pistils several or many, in a head or ring; ovary 1-celled; flowers perfect/or jumMisextiale- 22. Sei eee ee 7. ALISMACEAE. 13. Pistil one; ovary usually 3-celled, or the ovules on 3 placentae; flowers mostly perfect (14). 14. Stamens more than 3, commonly 6, some of them (in genus Commelina) often imperfect (15). 15. Perianth adnate below to the ovary and appearing as if borne ponsite 2 222s eae 18. AMARYLLIDACEAE. 15. Perianth free from the ovary or nearly so (16). 16. Segments of the perianth sharply differentiated, the outer ones green, sepallike, the inner ones petallike, fugacious, not bearing glands; flowering stems not from a Koil io ore ae se 14. COMMELINACEAE. 16. Segments of the perianth not sharply differentiated or, if so (in genus Calochortus), then the inner ones bearing a conspicuous fringed gland and the flowering stems POT FAO UL gis Ss pe al ee 17. LiILIAcEAE. 14. Stamens 3 or fewer (17). 17. Perianth very irregular, adnate below to the ovary; stamens 1 or 2; flowers not subtended by spathes. 20. ORCHIDACEAE. 17. Perianth regular or very nearly so; stamens 3; flowers sub- ° tended by spathelike bracts (18). FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA A7 18. Ovary superior; plants aquatic or semiaquatic; leaves TDs LIL | os ee a a 15. PONTEDERIACEAE. 18. Ovary inferior; plants terrestrial; leaves equitant (in 2 ranks, enfolding one another) __--_--_-_ 19. IRImDAcEAE. ANGIOSPERMAE-DICOTYLEDONEAE Series 1. APETALAE Key to the families i. Flowers (of one or both sexes) in catkins or catkinlike racemes or spikes; plants mostly trees or shrubs (2). 2. Pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters, the staminate flowers in catkins (3). 3. Fruit small, achenelike, enveloped by a winged calyx; leaves narrow, entire, fleshy: Genus Sarcobatus__________-_ 34. CHENOPODIACEAE. 3. Fruit large, nutlike; leaves large, not fleshy (4). 4. Leaves pinnately compound; nut with a thick hard shell; cotyledons ro DE ee oe ee ee ee 23. JUGLANDACEAE. 4. Leaves simple (sometimes deeply lobed); nut (acorn) with a relatively thin shell, partly enclosed in a cuplike involucre; cotyledons entire. 25. FAGACEAE. 2. Pistillate (and usually the staminate) flowers in catkins or catkinlike in- florescences (5). 5. Flowers monoecious, the pistillate ones subtended by conspicuous bracts; Seish IE CTE ae a 24. BETULACEAE. 5. Flowers dioecious or, if monoecious, not conspicuously bracted and the pistillate catkins fleshy at maturity (6). 6. Perianth none; fruit a capsule; seeds with a conspicuous tuft of silky Tot ES ee eee ee eee mar eee Ae, 2S oe See ES 22. SALICACEAE. 6. Perianth present, at least in the staminate flowers (7). 7. Fruits numerous, fused into a compound fleshy fruit, or dry and subtended by conspicuous papery bracts; leaf blades usually RET te COU ye thee ards 9s ee Senet Signe Dae eee eS 27. MoORACEAE. 7. Fruits, remaining separate; leaf blades entire, thick: Genus Garrya. 92. CORNACEAE. 1. Flowers not in catkins (8). 8. Ovary inferior or appearing so, wholly or partly adnate to the perianth tube or in fruit very closely enveloped by it (9). 9. Plants aquatic (the stems wholly or partly immersed in water); leaves entire and in whorls, or the immersed ones filiform-dissected; flowers PORUANE RMN be 89. HALORAGIDACEAE. 9. Plants not aquatic (10). : 10. Perianth really double but appearing single and corollalike; calyx with tube wholly adnate to the ovary and the limb obsolete or reduced to a mere border: Families properly of theseries Polypetalae and Gamopetalae (11). 11. Fruit a pair of contiguous, 1-seeded carpels (12). 12. Flowers in umbels; leaves alternate or basal, mostly compound. 91. UMBELLIFERAE. 12. Flowers in cymes or solitary in the axils; leaves appearing ver- ticillate, simple: Genus Galium____________ 116. RUBIACEAE. 11. Fruit achenelike, not paired (13). 13. Flowers in heads subtended by an involucre; corolla tubular, funnelform, or strap-shaped, not spurred; anthers often connate. 121. ComposITAk. 13. Flowers not in involucrate heads but sometimes in rather dense clusters; corolla spurred; anthers not connate: Genus Plectritis. 118. VALERIANACEAE. 10. Perianth evidently in one series, calyxlike or corollalike (14). 14. Plants parasitic on the stems of trees and shrubs (15). 15. Stems well developed, much branched; leaves with well-developed blades, or reduced to small scales; fruit a 1-seeded berry. 29. LORANTHACEAE. 286744°—42—__4 48 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 15. Stems almost none outside the bark of the host, only the flowers and a few imbricate bractlike leaves apparent; fruit several- seeded: 2 SUL). 22 a2. eee ee 32. RAFFLESIACEAE. 14. Plants terrestrial, autophytic, or exceptionally root-parasitic (16). 16. Perianth very irregular, with the segments united below into a {| Oe) A 2 NAS A a ee are ee MI oe 31. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 16. Perianth regular or nearly so (17). 17. Fruit of 2 partly separate beaked carpels: Genus Heuchera. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 17. Fruit of a single carpel (18). 18. Ovules 2 or more; ovary truly inferior, crowned in fruit by thejpersistent perianth 22. ==) == ae 30. SANTALACEAE. 18. Ovule solitary; ovary technically superior, but in fruit very closely enveloped by the base of the perianth tube and appearing inferior (19). 19. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent; pubescence not stellate; perianth campanulate, funnelform, or salverform, usually corollalike in texture; fruit dry__ 36. NyYcTAGINACEAE. 19. Plants shrubby; pubescence stellate-scurfy; perianth urn- shaped, not corollalike, its base fleshy in fruit. 86. ELAEAGNACEAE. 8. Ovary superior, free or very nearly free from the perianth when the latter is present (20). 20. Pistils commonly more than 1; stamens numerous; fruits indehiscent (achenes) or longitudinally dehiscent on one suture (follicles). 42. RANUNCULACEAE. 20. Pistil 1, simple or compound (21). 21. Style and (or) stigma 1 (22). 22. Plant aquatic (the stems immersed in water); leaves in whorls, finely -disseeted(= 4.52 yare=: eee emer 41. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. 22. Plants not aquatic, the stems not immersed (28). 23. Fruit a circumscissile crested several-seeded capsule: Genus Prianthema=2 2c. = ea 5 ae ee ee 38. AIZOACEAE. 23. Fruit not a circumscissile several-seeded capsule (24). 24. Plants herbaceous (25). . 25. Fruit berrylike; flowers in terminal racemes; perianth- segments 4: Genus Rivina______- 37. PHYTOLACCACEAE. 25. Fruit not berrylike (26). 26. Ovary 2-celled; fruit a flat, obcordate capsule: Genus Lepidvumyies eae ese wes ey Cone 46. CRUCIFERAE. 26. Ovary l-celled; fruit a 1l-seeded, indehiscent utricle or achene (27). 27. Leaves pinnate; stamens usually 2; achene enclosed in an urn-shaped, 4-winged hypanthium: Genus San- QUTSOTDGS Ys 5 FoR as [en ee 53. ROSACEAE. 27. Leaves simple; stamens usually more than 2 (28). 28. Stipules present or absent; inflorescences loose, axillary; perianth not scarious_________- 28. URTICACEAE. 28. Stipules none; inflorescences dense, terminal or axillary; perianth often scarious____ 35. AMARANTHACEAE. 24. Plants shrubs or trees (29). 29. Stamens 10 or more, or, if fewer than 10, then the leaves bipinnate (30). 30. Leaves simple; flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles: Genera Cercocarpus, Coleogyne--_~---- 53. ROSACEAE. 30. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate; flowers in heads, spikes, or spikelike racemes: Subfamily Mimosoideae and genus Parnell oi eee Pee a eee 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 29. Stamens 5 or fewer; leaves never bipinnate (31). 31. Ovary 4- or 5-celled; fruit a capsule; stamens 5, the fila- ments united below into a tube: Genus Fremontodendron. 75. STERCULIACEAE. 31. Ovary 2-celled; fruit a samara or a drupe; stamens 2 or 4, separate; leaves simple or pinnate____ 98. OLEACEAE. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 49 21. Styles and (or) stigmas 2 or more, exceptionally 1 in family Euphorbiaceae ie 32. Stems woody, the plants shrubs or trees (33). 33. Fruit a drupe (34). 34. Style none; stigmas 2, elongate, spreading or recurved, plumose or tomentose; ovary 1-celled; drupe with 1 stone; leaf blades very unequal at base and very scabrous above. 26. ULMACEAE. 34. Style present (often very short); stigmas not recurved or plumose; ovary 2- or 3-celled; drupe with 1 to 3 stones; leaf blades not conspicuously unequal at base or scabrous: Genera Condalia, Rhamnus_____--___-~- 71. RHAMNACEAE. 33. Fruit not a drupe (35). 35. Leaves palmately lobed or divided, or pinnate with few leaflets; fruit a pair of samaras, united at base, each with a 1-sided EEE Toe an oe AL sete BU RS ee es ee oe 69. ACERACEAE. 35. Leaves simple (palmately lobed in certain of the family Euphor- biaceae) ; frutt not a pair of samaras (86). 36. Fruit acornlike with 1 large seed; leaves entire, coriaceous. 66. BUXACEAE. 36. Fruit not acornlike (37). 37. Ovary 2- to 4-celled (exceptionally 1-celled in the family Euphorbiaceae); fruit a capsule, commonly longitudi- nally dehiscent; flowers unisexual, in Dodonaea by abortion (38). 38. Capsule not winged; leaves not viscid, entire to palmately Parea= fo tee =e Bae) Sane Bik 64. EUPHORBIACEAE. 38. Capsule conspicuously 2- to 4-winged; leaves somewhat viscid, narrow, entire: Genus Dodonaea. 70. SAPINDACEAE. 37. Ovary 1-celled; fruit not longitudinally dehiscent (39). 39. Flowers perfect, subtended by a cylindric, turbinate, or cup-shaped, gamophyllous involucre; stamens 9; fruit a 3-angled or winged achene: Genus Eriogonum. 33. POLYGONACEAE. 39. Flowers perfect or unisexual, not with an involucre as in the foregoing, but the pistillate flowers often sub- tended by 4 pair of accrescent bractlets; stamens 5 or fewer; fruit a utricle.._ 34. CHENOPODIACEAE, 32. ‘Stems herbaceous or nearly so (40). 40. Inflorescence of many small naked flowers in a dense cylindric spike subtended by a conspicuous involucre of white petallike bracts, the whole appearing like a single large flower. 21. SAURURACEAE. 40. Inflorescence not as in the foregoing (41). 41. Plants aquatic; stems wholly or partly immersed; stipules none; fruit at maturity separating into 4 nutlets. 65. CALLITRICHACEAE. 41. Plants not aquatic or, if so, then the stems jointed and the stipules united into a sheath around the stem (42). 42. Ovary completely or incompletely 2- or more-celled, ex- ceptionally 1-celled in the family Euphorbiaceae (48). 43. Fruit a depressed-globose, several-seeded berry; plant a coarse herb with large leaves: Genus Phytolacca. 37. PHYTOLACCACEAE. 43. Fruit a capsule (44). 44. Flowers unisexual, with or without a perianth. 64. EUPHORBIACEAE. 44. Flowers perfect, with a perianth___-_-__ 38. AIZOACEAE. 42. Ovary 1-celled (45). 45. Fruit a many-seeded, longitudinally dehiscent capsule: (Genus agra. ol. 2 40. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 50 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 45. Fruit a 1-seeded achene or utricle (46). 46. Flowers subtended by an involucre (this campanulate, turbinate, or cylindric, and several-toothed or -cleft, or consisting of a single 2-lobed bract), or, if without an involucre, then the stipules present and united into a sheath around the stem; fruit an achene, usually triangular but sometimes, in genus Polygonum, lentremlartet) 2S 50 5 ye a eee 33. POLYGONACEAE. 46. Flowers not subtended by an involucre or this con- sisting of a pair of appressed bracts; stipules none, or not united in a sheath; fruit not triangular (47). 47. Stipules present; flowers perfect, in axillary clusters: plants small, with spreading, prostrate, or densely cespitose stems_________ 40. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 47. Stipules none; flowers perfect or unisexual (48). 48. Bracts and perianth not scarious; plants often fleshy, scurfy, or mealy; filaments separate. 34. CHENOPODIACEAE. 48. Bracts and perianth usually scarious; plants not fleshy, scurfy, or mealy; filaments commonly more or less united_-____ 35. AMARANTHACEAE. SERIES 2. POLYPETALAE Key to the families 1. Corolla distinctly irregular (2). 2. Leaves compound, rarely reduced to a single leaflet (3). 3. Sepals 2; corolla conspicuously spurred, not pealike; leaves decompound with numerous narrow segments, glaucous; plants herbaceous: Genus Corydalis. 02 SL Lee 2 oe es eee See 45. PAPAVERACEAE. 3. Sepals or calyx lobes more than 2; corolla not or inconspicuously spurred, usually pealike (reduced to 1 petal in Amorpha); leaves variously COMPO UMA Ye bay ae se Le Bh ee RYE ea 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 2. Leaves simple, sometimes palmately lobed or parted (4). 4. Carpels normally more than 1, separate, in fruit becoming several-seeded follicles; leaf blades palmately cleft to parted; flowers showy, normally blue or bluish, very irregular, the sepals larger than the petals and similarly colored: Genera Delphinium, Aconitum. 42. RANUNCULACEAE. 4. Carpel solitary or, if more than one, united to form-a single fruit (5). 5. Stems mostly woody; leaf blades entire; petals purplish red; fruit spiny, turgid, indehiscent, and the leaf blades narrow, or fruit a flat, dehiscent pod, and the leaf blades round-cordate: Genera Krameria, Cerets 6525 EI ST a Sel Sea 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 5. Stems mostly herbaceous; fruit not spiny; leaf blades not round-cordate and entire or, if so, then the corolla spurred, white, yellow, or violet (6). 6. Leaf blades palmately cleft or parted; fruit a thick-walled capsule, 2 cm. long or longer; stamens many__ 80. CoCcHLOSPERMACEAE. 6. Leaf blades entire or with shallowly toothed margins; fruit thin- walled, much less than 2 em. long; stamens 12 or fewer (7). 7. Stipules present; sepals, petals, and stamens 5__ 82. VIOLACEAE. 7. Stipules none or reduced to glands (8). 8. Filaments separate, borne on the calyx: Genus Cuphea. 87. LYTHRACEAE. 8. Filaments more or less united (9). 9. Petals 2; stamens 3; capsule turgid, 4-lobed. 48. RESEDACEAE. 9. Petals commonly 3; stamens 6 to 8; capsule flat, 2-celled. 63. POLYGALACEAE. 1. Corolla regular or nearly so (10). 10. Ovary inferior, at least the lower part distinctly adnate to the hypanthium or calyx tube (11). 11. Petals and stamens indefinitely numerous; stems very thick and succulent, flat or cylindric; leaves none or greatly reduced and terete. 85. CACTACEAE. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 51 11. Petals 10 or fewer, usually not more than 5; stems not succulent or only moderately so; leaves well developed (12). 12. Flowers in umbels or dense round heads, very small (13). base rwin ay several-seeded berry 22520 2.2 2 bt ee 90. ARALIACEAE. 13. Fruit dry, of 2 closely contiguous carpels, these 1-seeded. 91. UMBELLIFERAE. 12. Flowers not in umbels or dense round heads, if the inflorescence sub- capitate, then the plant armed with barbed stinging hairs (14). 14. Herbage very rough-pubescent, the hairs commonly barbed, some- PEmes abingine chen meee SR Sse tape te aes. 84. LoAsSACcEAE. 14. Herbage not rough-pubescent, or the hairs not barbed (15). 15. Stems herbaceous or merely suffrutescent (16). 16. Plants aquatic; leaves (or some of them) finely dissected; Alowersomunibe-22 = a Se 2h Sk 89. HALORAGIDACEAE. 16. Plants not aquatic or, if so, then the flowers showy; leaves simple, sometimes pinnatifid (17). 17. Stems and leaves more or less succulent; fruit a circumscissile capsule: Genus Portulaca___-______ 39. PORTULACACEAE. 17. Stems and leaves not succulent; fruit not circumscissile (18). 18. Styles 2 or 3; stamens 5 or 10; ovary of 2 or 3 partly separate “CET O12) (SN Ma ee ay eee ee ee 50. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 18. Style 1; ovary entire (19). 19. Stamens commonly 4 or 8 (seldom only 2); fruit a 2- to 5-celled capsule, or sometimes indehiscent and nut- Ae palette rh eps Pas, han ss 88. ONAGRACEAE. 19. Stamens 3; fruit 1l-celled, large and gourdlike: Genus Apodanther 7 ee oe ROR Spee a 119. CucURBITACEAE. 15. Stems woody (20). 20. Fruit dry, follicular or capsular (21). ZAPWPLAINeNS & OF MOTE fe oe te ee 50. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Zale, DeaMENSo) OF Mees = dt en 71. RHAMNACEAER. 20. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe, pome, or berry (22). 22. Flowers small, in many-flowered compound cymes; leaves simple, entire: fruit a drupe, the stone containing 1 or 2 seeds; calyx limb minute: Genus Cornus. 92. COoRNACEAE. 22. Flowers in relatively few-flowered racemes or corymbs or, if in many-flowered compound cymes, then the leaves pinnate; fruit several-seeded; calyx limb well-developed (23). 23. Leaves palmately lobed; stamens not more than 5; fruit a beteya Gens hibes.2 2 228 2 50. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 23. Leaves not palmately lobed, simple or pinnate; stamens numerous; fruit a pome (the carpels embedded in the thickened. receptacle) = b. Le.) s k 53. RosacEAb. 10. Ovary superior, free from the calyx or very nearly so (24). 24. Anthers opening by terminal valves or pores (25). 25. Plants shrubs or undershrubs; leaves compound; stamens 6; ovary Eres WEG ee NS RR Se eee ee Se ee 43. BERBERIDACEAE. 25. Plants herbaceous or nearly so; leaves simple; stamens 8 or more; ovary several-celled (26). 26. Flowers with petals of unequal width and stamens dimorphic; leaf blades palmately cleft or parted; stems from,a large tuberlike root; stamens numerous__-_-_--_--_- __ 80. CocHLOSPERMACEAE. 26. Flowers regular or very nearly so; leaf blades not lobed (sometimes reduced to scales and the plant without chlorophyll); root not iubpenuike=-siamens)S to 00.2... eee ck 94. ERICACEAE. 24. Anthers opening longitudinally (27). 27. Flowers very numerous in dense globose heads; plant a tree; leaves lnree Gpaimately lobed. - 242... 2 joe) eee Oe 51. PuLATANACEAE. 27. Flowers not in dense globose heads, or the plant not a tree with pal- mately lobed leaves (28). 28. Flowers with a more or less thickened disk surrounding or under the ovary or ovaries, this often bearing the stamens, or the stamens numerous and borne in one or more circles on the throat of the calyx (29). 52 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 29. Pistil more than 1; stamens usually numerous (30). 30. Seeds with a fimbriate aril and a copious endosperm, reniform; plants shrubby; leaves without stipules. 52. CROSSOSOMATACEAE. 30. Seeds not arillate, the endosperm scanty or none; plants small trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves usually with stipules. 53. ROSACEAE. 29. Pistil 1 (exceptionally 2 or 3in genus Purshia), simple or compound (if the carpels several and almost separate, then the plant a very thorny shrub with the leaves reduced to scales) ; stems commonly woody (31). 31. Ovary 1-celled; plants mostly shrubs or small trees (32). 32. Leaves reduced to small scales, these imbricate and covering the twigs; flowers minute, in elongate spikelike inflores- GETIC ES ts ree are ya OE) Oa Pe ee 78. TAMARICACEAE. 32. Leaves with well-developed blades (33). 33. Styles 3; fruit a small drupe; leaves compound or simple. 67. ANACARDIACEAE. 33. Style 1 or none; fruit dry, an achene or follicle; leaves simple, sometimes deeply cleft (34). 34. Stamens more than 10; flowers with a turbinate or funnel- form hypanthium, or the pistil enclosed in a sheathlike extension of the disk: Genera Purshia, Coleogyne. 53. ROsAacBAE. 34. Stamens 10; hypanthium none; pistil not enclosed in a sheath: Genus Forsellesia______ 68. CELASTRACEAE. 31. Ovary with 2 or more cells (35). 35. Leaves reduced to small seales; plant with sharp-pointed rigid spiny branches; carpels 5 or more, nearly separate, in fruit a circle cf 1-seeded drupes_________ 60. SIMARUBACEAE. 35. Leaves with well-developed blades (36). 26. Plants vinelike, the stems climbing or trailing; fruit a berry. VITACEAE. 36. Plants not vinelike (37). 37. Leaves punctate with translucent glands; fruit a capsule or a nearly orbicular samara_______ 59. RUTACEAE. 37. Leaves not punctate with translucent glands (38). 38. Fruit a pair of laterally winged samaras, these united near the base; leaves simple and palmately lobed, or palmately divided, or pinnate with few leaflets. 69. ACERACEAE. 38. Fruit not a pair of samaras (39). 39. Leaves simple (40) 40. Fruit not fleshy; stamens alternate with the pebalsians SA iie Rea 68. CELASTRACEAE. 40. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe; stamens opposite The petals ow ee eee ee 71. RHAMNACEAE. 39. Leaves pinnate; fruit drupelike or berrylike (41). 41. Fruit 3-angled, dry; bark and foliage strong- scented eink See weGue 61. BURSERACEAE. 41. Fruit globose, with translucent pulp; bark and foliage not strong-scented: Genus Sapindus. 70. SAPINDACEAE. 28. Flowers without a disk, or this represented by separate glands or scales, or rudimentary; stamens not borne on the throat of the calyx cr, if so, not more than 12 (42). 42. Filaments united, at least at base (43). 43. Plants vinelike, the stems climbing or trailing; calyx throat bearing a conspicuous fringed crown_ 83. PASSIFLORACEAE, 43. Plants not vinelike; calyx throat not with a fringed crown (44). 44, Carpels adnate to a central column, from which they or the persistent styles become more or less detached at maturity. 55. GERANIACEAE. 44. Carpels not adnate and separating as in the foregoing Si 45. Leaves compound, often sensitive (46). FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 53 46. Stamens more conspicuous than the small petals; leaves bipinnate, with several or numerous small leaflets; fruit a flat 1-celled pod: Subfamily Mimosoideae. 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 46. Stamens less conspicuous than the petals; leaves digi- tately compound with 3 or more wedge-shaped leaflets; fruit a turgid 5-celled capsule___ 56. OxXALIDACEAE. 45. Leaves simple (47). 47. Flowers mostly unisexual (monoecious); pubescence (if any) commonly of hairs affixed at the middle (mal- pighiaceous); stamens usually 10, the anthers in 2 whorls: Genus Ditazis______- 64. EUPHORBIACEAE. 47. Flowers perfect (48). 48. Pubescence (if any) of simple hairs; filaments united only at base (49). 49. Stamens 5; ovary 4- or 5-celled (or apparently 8- to 10-celled) ; leaves not glandular-punctate. 57. LInAcEArE. 49. Stamens numerous; ovary 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 placentae; leaves glandular-punctate. 76. HyPERICACEAE. 48. Pubescence at least partly of forked or stellate hairs (50). 50. Leaves opposite, the blades entire; stems trailing or twining, woody below; fruit nutlike or winged. 62. MAaALPIGHIACEAE. 50. Leaves alternate; stems not trailing or twining (51). 51. Stamens much more numerous than the calyx lobes; anthers 1-celled; fruit of several or numerous finally separate carpels, or a several- celled capsule____________ 74. MALvacEaz. 51. Stamens (fertile ones) of the same number as the sepals or calyx lobes; anthers 2- or 3-celled; fruit a 1-celled or 5-celled capsule. 75. STERCULIACEAE. 42. Filaments separate (52). 52. Carpels more than 1, becoming separate or nearly separate fruits (53). 53. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary, exceptionally solitary in family Crassulaceae (54). 54. Leaves decompound; petals with long spurs: Genus Aquzle- SOT ot DS a a Dee es 42. RANUNCULACEAE. 54. Leaves simple; petals not spurred (55). 55. Carpels more than 5, becoming torulose and, at maturity, breaking transversely into indehiscent l-seeded joints: Genus Platystemon___________ 45. PAPAVERACEAE. 55. Carpels 5 or fewer, not becoming torulose or breaking transversely (56). 56. Plants more or less succulent; carpels 3 to 5; fruits Th (ic [oe ene aE 49. CRASSULACEAE. 56. Plants not succulent; carpels 2; fruits follicles or "EL Cis[v Ue San ona le en 50. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 53. Ovule solitary (57). 57. Stems twining; flowers dioecious, small; sepals 6, in 2 series. 4 MENISPERMACEAE. 57. Stems not twining; flowers mostly perfect; sepals rarely more than 5 (58). 58. Plants herbaceous; calyx of separate sepals, deciduous; hypanthium none___________ 42. RANUNCULACEAE. 58. Plants woody or, if herbaceous, then the calyx of more or less united sepals, persistent; hypanthium usually presemb tS ni see Ps) ee? sh 53. ROSACEAE. 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 52. Carpel 1, or, if carpels more than 1, these united at least until maturity (59). 59. Leaves compound, or the blades pinnatifid or deeply palmately lobed (60). 60. Fruit juicy, berrylike (61). 61. Plant not vinelike, the stems erect; leaves large, decom- pound; stamens numerous: Genus Actaea. 42. RANUNCULACEAE. 61. Plant vinelike, the stems climbing or trailing; leaves digitate, with 5 to 7 leaflets; stamens 5: Genus Par- LNENOCISSUS 42 SLE) LUO OEE 2 eee 72, VITACEAE. 60. Fruit dry (62). 62. Fruit a 2-valved pod, or sometimes dehiscent by apical valves in family Papaveraceae, rarely transversely multicellular and indehiscent in family Cruciferae (63). 63. Sepals 2 or 3; plants herbaceous; leaves decompound with narrow segments, or sinuate-pinnatifid and prickly; stamens numerous__ 45. PAPAVERACEAE. 63. Sepals or calyx lobes 4 or 5 (64). 64. Calyx gamophyllous with 4 or 5 teeth or lobes; stamens numerous; leaves bipinnate; plants most woody: Subfamily Mimosoideae. 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 64. Calyx of 4 separate sepals; plants herbaceous (65). 65. Ovary 2-celled, stipitate or sessile; stamens 6, tetradynamous (2 shorter, 4 longer, barely so in genus Stanleya) ; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. 46. CRUCIFERAE. 65. Ovary commonly 1-celled, stipitate; stamens 6 or more, not tetradynamous; leaves digitately 3- tor 5-foliolatel == 47. CAPPARIDACEAE. 62. Fruit a 3- to 5-celled, or apically 3-valved, capsule (66). 66. Ovary not lobed, appearing externally as one carpel; flowering shoots from rootstocks bearing bulblets: Genus Lithophragma__-____- 50. SaXIFRAGACEAE. 66. Ovary lobed, of 5 carpels, these becoming more or less separate in fruit after maturity; bulblets none (67). 67. Styles separating at maturity from the central column; leaves palmately lobed, or pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets____-_2"__ 55. GERANIACEAE. 67. Styles not separating from the column; leaves pin- nate or digitately 2- or 3-foliolate, the leaflets Cli tires] SNe aes Ee 58. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 59. Leaves simple, never pinnatifid or palmately lobed (68). 68. Plants shrubby; sepals or calyx lobes 4 to 6 (69). 69. Leaves with well-developed blades, these narrow, emar- ginate at apex, otherwise entire, lepidote beneath; plant not spiny; fruit berrylike: Genus Atamisquea. 47. CAPPARIDACEAE. 69. Leaves reduced to small scales; plants very spiny (70). 70. Petals, stamens, and carpels 5; fruit a dry turgid 5- valved capsule: Genus Canotia. 68. CELASTRACEAE. 70. Petals 4; stamens 8; carpels 2; fruit a globular berry. 8 KOEBERLINIACEAE. 68. Plants herbaceous or, if somewhat woody, then the sepals usually 2, or the plant succulent, or the fruit a 2-valved capsule (71). 71. Sepals united most of their length (72). 72. Styles 2 to 5; stamens 10, free from the calyx. 40. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 72. Style 1; stamens and petals borne on the calyx. 87. LYTHRACEAE. 71. Sepals separate to the base or nearly so (73). 73. Petals more numerous than the sepals, the latter commonhyeZ=s 25 ee 39. PORTULACACEAE. ~-— FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA TS) 73. Petals not more numerous than the sepals, the latter usually more than 2 (74). 74. Stamens usually more than 10; petals yellow or salmon-colored (75). 75. Style 1; fruit a long slender 2-valved pod; leaves NGG WUSIALS <= >. 2S ._ - 73. TILIACEAE. 75. Styles 3; fruit a short capsule, 3-celled or the ovary with 3 placentae; leaves glandular- eeiaset ie Ei 76. HyYPERICACEAE. 74. Stamens 10 or fewer (76). 76. Stamens 6, tetradynamous (2 shorter, 4 longer, barely so in genus Stanleya); fruit a 2-valved pod or, if 1-celled, then flat, indehiscent, and containing a single seed___ 46. CRUCIFERAE. 76. Stamens commonly 10, 5, or fewer, not tetra- dynamous (77). 77. Ovary 1-celled; plants not aquatic; petals often notched or cleft__. 40. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 77. Ovary 2- to 5-celled; plants semiaquatic; petals “oT Ly a ar err 77. ELATINACEAE. SERIES 3. GAMOPETALAE Key to the families 1. Corollas (or some of them) distinctly irregular (2). 2. Stamens with the filaments or the anthers connate, or the filaments not attached to the corolla (3). 3. Ovary supericr; anthers separate (4). 4, Leaves compound (rarely reduced to 1 leaflet); stamens commonly 10; petals usually 5; fruit a 2-valved pod________ 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 4, Leaves simple; stamens 6 or 8; petals 3; fruit a flat 2-celled capsule. 63. PoLYGALACEAE. 3. Ovary inferior; stamens 4 or 5, the anthers separate or united (5). 5. Flowers not in heads; involucre none; calyx limb well developed; fruit a turgid many-seeded capsule: Subfamily Lobelioideae. 120. CAMPANULACEAE. 5. Flowers in dense heads subtended by an involucre; calyx limb reduced to bristles, scales, teeth, etc.; fruit a 1-seeded achene. 121. ComposITAb. 2. Stamens separate from one another, the filaments attached to the tube or the throat of the corolla (6). 6. Ovary inferior; leaves opposite (7). 7. Calyx limb obsolete; corolla bearing a well-developed spur; plants herbaceous; fruit achenelike: Genus Plectritis. 118. VALERIANACEAE. 7. Calyx limb well developed; corolla not spurred, the tube sometimes gibbous on one side; stems woody; fruit a berry. 117. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. §. Ovary superior (8). 8. Fruit at maturity separating into 2 or 4 dry nutlets or, if a fleshy drupe, then the flowers in headlike clusters (9). 9. Ovary entire or longitudinally grooved; style apical; fruit of nutlets or drupelike; corolla only slightly irregular. 107. VERBENACEAE. 9. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising between the lobes; fruit of nutlets; corolla nearly regular to strongly bilabiate____ 108. LaABrarak. 8. Fruit not separating into nutlets; fruit a capsule, this somewhat fleshy and partly indehiscent in genus Martynia (10). 10. Plants root parasites without chlorophyll, the leaves reduced to LED OTR ST Co eae I chs ee, apa 113. OROBANCHACEAE. 10. Plants not or weakly parasitic, with chlorophyll; Jeaves with well- developed blades (11). 11. Anther-bearing stamens 5; capsule usually 3-celled. : 104. PoLEMONTACEAB. 56 MISC. PUBLICATION -423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 11. Anther-bearing stamens 4 or 2; capsule 2-valved (12). 12. Ovary J-celled; fruit large, ending in a long incurved hooked Bea eee ib i. ad AER AS NPS te are 112. MARTYNIACEAE. 12. Ovary 2-celled; fruit not with a long hooked beak (18). 13. Capsule long and slender; seeds comose or winged. 111. BIGNONIACEAE. 13. Capsule not long and slender; seeds not comose, rarely winged (14). 14. Seeds usually indefinitely numerous, commonly sessile, with copious endosperm; cotyledons narrow. 110. ScROPHULARIACEAE. 14. Seeds not more than 10 (often only 2) in each cell, stalked, the endosperm scanty or none; cotyledons broad. 114. ACANTHACEAE. 1. Corollas regular or nearly so (15). 15. Ovary inferior (16). 16. Flowers in heads subtended by an involuere; fruit an achene; calyx limb reduced to bristles, scales, teeth, ete__________- 121. ComposITAE. 16. Flowers not in heads subtended by an involucre (17). 17. Stamens free from the corolla or very nearly so (18). 18. Corolla lobes and stamens indefinitely numerous; plants very succulents iy aie aie ee ee rere teeny e 85. CAcTACEAE. 18. Corolla lobes not more than 5; stamens 10 or fewer; plants not or scarcely succulent (19). 19. Plant shrubby; corolla cylindric or urceolate; anthers opening by terminal pores; fruit a berry: Genus Vaccinium. 94. ERICACEAE. 19. Plants herbaceous; corolla campanulate or rotate; anthers splitting longitudinally (20). 20. Flowers unisexual (rarely perfect); stamens commonly more or less united; stems climbing or trailing; corolla yellow or whit- HSNO EDU SOS ae ee 119. CuUcURBITACEAE. 20. Flowers mostly perfect; stamens separate; stems erect; corolla normally blue or violet; fruit a capsule, opening by pores or valves: Subfamily Campanuloideae_ 120. CAMPANULACEAE. 17. Stamens borne on the corolla (21). 21. Calyx limb reduced to bristles, these elongate and plumose in fruit; Dlantsiherbaccols] aeons mn aera 118. VALERIANACEAE, 21. Calyx limb not reduced to bristles (22). 22. Fruit dry, a capsule, or achenelike, or separating at maturity into 2 or 4 usually closed! carpelstes. 2 seme 116. RUBIACEAE. 22. Fruit berrylike or drupelike or, if achenelike, then the stems creep- ing and the flowers in pairs, nodding on ee slender peduncles. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 15. Ovary superior (free from the calyx) or very ee us (23). 23. Stamens more or less united by the filaments or the anthers (24). 24. Leaves bipinnate; stamens much more conspicuous than the small corolla; flowers in heads or spikes: Subfamily Mimosoideae. 54. LEGUMINOSAE. 24. Leaves simple, sometimes pedately cleft or parted (25). 25. Flowers unisexual; seeds carunculate: Genus Jatropha. 64. HKUPHORBIACEAE. 25. Flowers perfect; seeds not carunculate (26). 26. Corolla only slightly gamopetalous; stamens numerous; fruit of several separating carpels, or a several-celled capsule. 74. MAatvacBaAk. 26. Corolla strongly gamopetalous; stamens 5 (27). 27. Ovaries 2, connected only by the united stigmas; pollen grains in masses; filaments united into a column; fruit a pair of Hi) UG) Kersh ea ea pepe une ce Sch eka 102. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 27. Ovary 1, usually 2-celled; pollen grains separate; anthers more or less connate; fruit a perry: Genus Solanum. 109. SOLANACEAE. 23. Stamens separate (28). 28. Filaments free from the corolla or very nearly so (29). . 29. Leaves bipinnate; stamens much more conspicuous than the small corolla: flowers in dense heads or spikes: Subfamily Mimosoideae. 54, LEGUMINOSAE. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 57 29. Leaves simple; stamens less conspicuous than the corolla; flowers not in dense heads or spikes (30). 30. Anthers awned or opening by pores or both; plants shrubs or else saprophytic, without chlorophyll, the leaves reduced to scales; corolla urceolate or subglobose _________-_~_ 94. ERICACEAE. 30. Anthers not awned, splitting longitudinally; plants suffrutescent, always with chlorophyll and well-developed leaf blades; eorolla-salveronm= = 951.22 44.222 96. PLUMBAGINACEAE. 28. Filaments attached to the corolla (31). 31. Plants without chlorophyll, parasitic; leaves reduced to scales (32). 32. Stems mostly subterranean, thick and succulent, attached to the roots of the host plant; corolla lobes and stamens 6 or more; flowers small, very numerous, crowded on a dilated saucer- shapeditecepvacliess 2-2 22-08 ase 93. LENNOACEAE. 32. Stems above ground, twining, slender, yellow, attached to the stems of the host plant; corolla lobes and stamens not more than 5; flowers in cymose clusters: Genus Cuscuta. 103. CONVOLVULACEAE. 31. Plants with chlorophyll and with well-developed leaf blades (33). 33. Fruit at maturity separating into 2 to 4 dry nutlets, or by abortion only 1 (384). 34. Stamens and corolla lobes 5; stems not 4-angled. 106. BORAGINACEAE. 34. Stamens 2 or 4, if 4 then in 2 pairs; stems often quadrangular 35. Ovary entire or longitudinally grooved, the style apical. 107. VERBENACEAE. 35. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising between the lobes. ; 108. LABIATAE. 33. Fruit not separating into nutlets (36). 36. Plants shrubs or small trees, usually thorny or spiny; fruit a drupe containing 1 stone (37). 37. Stamens 5, with 5 petaloid staminodia; corolla with a pair of lobelike appendages in each sinus of the 5 true lobes; flowers inconspicuous, in axillary clusters. 97. SAPOTACEAE. 37. Stamens 4; staminodia none; corolla without appendages; flowers showy, in terminal headlike clusters: Genus LOTRUIICH O03 EES ee es 107. VERBENACEAE. 36. Plants various; fruit not a drupe, if berrylike, then several- seeded (38). 38. Stamens 10 or more (39). 39. Plants herbaceous, succulent, with a rosette of relatively large basal leaves, the stem leaves bractlike, persistent; carpels normally 5, separate or nearly so: Genus HL CILCD CIM Cert OE ang SO eg Ll 49. CRASSULACEAE. 39. Plant a thorny shrub with long whiplike branches; stem leaves not bractlike, soon deciduous; carpels 3, united. 79. FOUQUIERIACEAE. 38. Stamens fewer than 10, seldom more than 5 (40). 40. Fruit a samara with the wing mostly terminal, or a didy- mous capsule-stamens 2-or 422-2) 22 _ 98. OLEACEAE. 40. Fruit not a samara or a didymous capsule (41). 41. Ovaries 2, united only by the common style or stigma; fruit a pair of elongate follicles; seeds often comose. 101. APOCYNACEAE. 41. Ovary 1, sometimes deeply parted; fruit a single capsule or berry; seeds not comose (42). 42. Ovary 1-celled or sometimes imperfectly 2-celled by introflexion of the placentae (48). 43. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes; style 1; stigma entire. bu 224. 5025.2. 96. - PRIMULACHAR. 43. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (44). 44, Style 1 and entire, or none; stigma 1, more or less distinctly 2-lobed or bilamellate, or the stig- mas 2; plants mostly glabrous; leaf blades entire; inflorescerce not scorpioid. 100. GENTIANACEAE. 58 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 44. Styles 2, or single and 2-cleft; plants mostly pu- bescent; leaf blades seldom entire; inflorescence commonlyscorpioid_ 105. HybDROPHYLLACEAE. 42. Ovary with 2 or more cells or, if 2-celled only at base (in genus Limosella), then the plant a small semi- aquatic herb with small solitary flowers, a 5-lobed corolla, and 4 stamens (45). 45. Fruit a circumscissile capsule; flowers small, in dense terminal spikes__ 115. PLANTAGINACEAE. 45. Fruit not circumscissile (46). 46. Plants shrubby; flowers small, in dense axillary clusters, these often forming leafy interrupted Spikesen css 6 oS ie ane 99. LOGANIACEAE. 46. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent or, if shrubby, then the flowers solitary or in few-flowered loose axillary clusters, in genus Lyciwm, or inscor- pioid terminal racemes, in genus EHriodictyon (47). 47. Stigmas 3; style 1, often 3-cleft. 104. POLEMONIACEAE. 47. Stigmas 1 or 2, or sometimes 4 in family Con- volvulaceae (48). 48. Styles 2, entire or cleft, or the style 1, 2-cleft (49). 49. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary; stems often twining; flowers not in scorpioid nacemes = 103. CONVOLVULACEAE. 49. Ovules more than 2 in each cell; stems never twining; flowers often in scor- pioid racemes. 105. HyDROPHYLLACEAE. 48. Style 1, entire (50). 50. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 103. CONVOLVULACEAE. 50. Ovules several or many in each cell of the ovary (51). ol. Anther-bearing stamens normally 5 or, if 4 and arudimentary stamen present, then the flowers lateral, solitary, or in small clusters; inflorescence never an elongate terminal spike. 109. SOLANACEAE. 51. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4 or, if 5, then the inflorescence an elongate terminal spike. 110. ScROPHULARIACEAE 1. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, narrowly linear, or else scalelike, crowded, and imbricate; flowers unisexual; perianth none; staminate inflorescences with numerous spirally arranged stamens; pistillate inflorescences. with scales arranged spirally or in pairs alternately crossing at right angles (decussate), these bearing at base 2 or several naked ovules; fruits in cones, these sometimes berrylike. Key to the genera 1. Leaves in the adult state closely imbricate, minute, scalelike or, if not closely imbricate and scalelike, then the cones berrylike, juicy; scales of the pistillate flowers without bracts (2). 2. Cones globular, dry at maturity, the scales woody and finally separating, the cones long-persistent on the branches after the seeds have fallen; seeds — numerous under exch scale, winged= === 2" =.= = 5. CUPRESSUS. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 59 2. Cones berrylike, the scales fleshy and remaining fused at maturity, the cones not long-persistent on the branches; seeds few, not winged. 6. JUNIPERUS. 1. Leaves in the adult state not closely imbricate, elongate, needlelike or linear; cones dry at maturity; scales of the pistillate flowers in the axils of per- sistent bracts (3). 3. Leaves sheathed at base, at least when young, usually in fascicles of 2 or more, mostly needlelike; cone scales very thick and woody, umbonate on the back; bracts minute, much shorter than the scales; fruit maturing mitne/second (rarely thind).peason. 20) 2 os bee 1. Pinus. 3. Leaves not sheathed or fascicled, linear or subulate; cone scales not very thick and woody, not umbonate; bracts relatively large; fruit maturing in the first season (4). 4. Cones erect, the scales falling from the axis at maturity and much longer than the bracts; leaves sessile, flat or somewhat 4-sided___ 4. ABIEs. 4, Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis; leaves stalked (5). 5. Branchlets roughened by the persistent, hard, peglike leaf bases; leaves mostly 4-sided, deciduous in drying; bracts shorter than the cone scales, erose-dentate or nearly entire____________ 2. PIcEA. 5. Branchlets not roughened by persistent leaf stalks; leaves compressed but strongly ribbed and channeled, persistent in drying; bracts longer than the cone scales, conspicuous, 2-lobed and aristate TUN CP ES ee el aS Ee ee eee eee eee 3. PsEUDOTSUGA. 1. PINUS.* PIne Trees; leaves in fascicles subtended by a sheath, rarely solitary, needle-shaped or narrowly linear; scales of the pistillate flowers in the axils of minute persistent bracts; cones in fruit with thick woody scales, these umbonate on the back; fruit maturing in the second or third season; seeds winged or wingless. This genus comprises some of the most valuable timber trees of the world. The western yellow pine (P. ponderosa), in Arizona as in most of its range, is by far the most important species economically. Itis the only species forming extensive nearly pure stands in readily ac- cessible localities. LLuumbering is rated as a $5,000,000 industry in Arizona, and yellow pine constitutes about 95 percent of the total of sawed lumber. Annual production in the State during the past 10 years has varied from about 55 to 165 million board feet. Sold locally as ‘‘native pine,”’ the wood is heavy, hard, and brittle but not coarse-grained, yellow to reddish brown in color. The sapwood, known as ‘‘western white pine,” is easily worked and is much used for finishing. The wood of this and several other pines that occur in Arizona is used locally for rough construction, poles, fence posts, railway ties, and fuel. Seeds of all pines are important food of squirrels and other rodents and of birds. The well-flavored seeds of the pinyons or nut pines (Pinus cembroides, P. edulis, P.. monophylla) are used by the Indians for food, and in recent years those of P. edulis, by far the most abun- dant and widely distributed of the three species, have become an article of commerce. This is an important source of revenue to the Indians of northern Arizona and New Mexico. The seeds are picked up on the ground, taken from the nests of rodents, or extracted by roasting the nearly ripe cones. The resin of P. edulis is used by the Indians to waterproof bottles for holding water and to cement the turquoise stones in their jewelry. § Reference: SUDWORTH, GEORGE B. THE PINE TREES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 460. 47 pp.,illus. 1917. 60 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Pines suffer considerably from the ravages of bark beetles. Species of the white pine group, with normally 5 needles in the fascicle (P. aristata, P. flexilis, P. strobiformis), are likely to be attacked by blister rust if that destructive fungus should reach Arizona. Key to the spectes 1. Leaves commonly less than 5 cm. long, usually strongly incurved, the margins entire or very nearly so; trees small (2). 2. Fascicles mostly 5- leaved; bark of young trees smooth, white; sheaths per- sistent 1 or 2 years, soon rey olute; leaves very densely crowded toward the ends of the branches, stout, deep green; cones 6 to 10 em. long, commonly at least 1% times as long as wide, cylindric or cylindric-ovoid, at maturity deep brown purple; scales bearing a slender, deflexed, de- ciduous prickle about 5 mm. long ppery A Aenean Poa rar. 4. P. ARISTATA. 2. Fascicles seldom more than 3-leaved; bark of young trees not white; sheath soon deciduous, short, revolute; cones usually less than 6 em. long, little if any longer than wide, broadly ovoid or nearly globular, light brown at maturity; scales usually muticous, the prickle, if any, very stout, strongly deflexed, and not more than 1 mm. long; seeds edible: Pinyons, nut pines (3). 3. Leaves commonly in 3’s, seldom more and often less than 1 mm. wide, deep bluish green (at least on young trees) and strongly glaucous on the ventral face, usually very crowded toward the ends of the branches: 2 ac.) s. 20) 9) hae ae ae Oe ae eee 1. P.CEMBROIDES. 3. Leaves commonly in 2’s or single, commonly more than 1 mm. wide, yel- lowish green or sometimes moderately glaucous, usually not very crowded (4). 4. Leaves commonly in 2’s, semiterete, deeply channeled__ 2. P. EDULIs. 4. Leaves mostly single, terete.in(: ur 2p teehee ee 3. P. MONOPHYLLA. 1. Leaves usually more than 5 cm. long, straight or only slightly incurved (5). 5. Fascicles 5-leaved; leaves slender, the margins entire or very obscurely and remotely serrulate; sheaths deciduous; cones at maturity cylindric or cylindric-ovoid, at least 1% times as long as wide, 8.5 to 25 em. long, pendent; scales muticous; bark of young trees silvery gray; branches often drooping: White pines (6). 6. Cone scales broadly truncate at apex, the tip not or scarcely reflexed; trunk short, branched nearly from the ground; leaves yellowish preehe le. Bebec- ele. SU ee ee ee ee ee 5. P. FLEXILIS. 6. Cone scales narrowed toward the rounded apex, the tip strongly re- flexed; trunk of mature trees well developed and clear of branches to a considerable height, often tapering rapidly; leaves bluish PTEEN so SP ROR oe eee ee ee 6. P. sTROBIFORMIS. 5. Fascicles normally 3-leaved (except in P. arizonica); leaves dark yellowish green, the margins minutely but distinctly and closely serrulate; cones at maturity ovoid to nearly globular, seldom more and usually less than 114 times as long as wide; scales bearing a short, stout, deflexed prickle; Berle of young trees not silv ery gray, that of older trees deeply and nar- rowly furrowed (7). 7. Sheaths soon deciduous; leaves 5 to 12 em. long, about 1 mm. wide; cones 4 to 7 cm. long, on a stalk 10 to 15 mm. long, this often falling with the cone; prickles of the cone scales gradually deciduous___ 7. P. LEIOPHYLLA. 7. Sheaths persistent; leaves 10 cm. long, or longer; cones 5 to 15 cm. long, subsessile, the basal scales usually persistent on the branch after the cone falls; prickles of the cone scales persistent: Yellow pines (8). 8. Leaves usually more than 25 (up to 37) cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; sheaths 20) to. 35) mim, longs = ee eee 10. P. LATIFOLIA. 8. Leaves 10 to 20 (rarely 25) cm. long; sheaths mostly 10 to 20 mm. long (9) 9. Fascicles commonly 3-leaved; leaves mostly 1.5 mm. wide; cones 7 to 15-em 2 1omeee se ee ee 8. P. PONDEROSA. 9. Fascicles mostly 5-leaved; leaves about 1 mm. wide; cones 5 to 9 Cm. longs: 252 2220s See eee 9. P. ARIZONICA. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 61 1. Pinus cembroides Zucc., Akad. Wiss. Miinchen Abhandl. 1: 392. 1832. Chiricahua Mountains to the Baboquivari Mountains (Cochise, Santa Cruz, and Pima Counties), 5,000 to 7,500 feet. Western Texas to Arizona and nortbern Mexico. Mexican pinyon. The trees attain a height of 50 feet (15 m.) and a trunk diameter of 14 inches (35 cm.), but are usually smaller. The trunk is commonly very short, the crown compact and conic in young trees, wide and rounded with mostly horizontal main branches in older trees. The bark of old trunks is thin, scaly, reddish brown. 2. Pinus edulis Engelm. in Wisliz., Mem. North. Mex. 88. 1848. Widely distributed and abundant in northern and central Arizona, _ from the Carrizo Mountains (Apache County) to the Kaibab Plateau (Coconino County), southward to the White Mountains (Apache and Greenlee Counties), Pinal Mountains (Gila County), and Prescott (Yavapai County), 5,000 to 7,000 feet, sometimes occurring in con- tinuous stands of considerable extent. Western Oklahoma and Texas to Wyoming, eastern Utah, Arizona, and Baja California. Pinyon, nut pine. The trees are commonly straggling, with usually short and often crooked trunks, attaining a height of 10.5 m. (35 feet) and a trunk diameter of 75 cm. (30 inches) but usually smaller. The crowns are broadly conic in young trees, rounded or flat-topped in older trees. The old bark is yellowish or reddish brown, irregularly furrowed, and broken superficially into small scales. Pure stands have been likened to an old apple orchard. 3. Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frém. in Frém., Exped. Rocky Mount. Rpt. 319. 1845. Occurs sporadically in Coconino, Mohave, Yavapai, Greenlee, Gra- ham, and Gila Counties, 4,000 to 6,500 feet. Utah and Arizona to California and Baja California. Singleleaf pinyon. As it occurs in Arizona, this pine scarcely differs from the ordinary pinyon (Pinus edulis) except in its solitary leaves, and may be only a variant of that species. Presumably typical P. monophylla, in California and Nevada, has thicker and more rigid leaves and larger cones than the Arizona form. 4, Pinus aristata Engelm., Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2., 34: 331. 1862. Occurs in Arizona only on the San Francisco Peaks (Coconino County), 9,700 to 12,000 feet. Colorado and northern New Mexico to northern Arizona, Nevada, and California. Bristlecone pine, foxtail pine. This tree reaches a height of 12 m. (40 feet) and a trunk diameter of 75 cm. (30 inches) but is usually smaller. The crown is pyramidal in young trees and in dense stands, but older trees growing in exposed situations are characterized by long, more or less erect upper limbs and long, drooping lower branches. The deep-green leaves are very crowded and appressed at the ends of the branchlets. The young bark is smooth and nearly white, the older bark dull reddish brown and not deeply furrowed. 5. Pinus flexilis James in Long, Exped. 2: 34. 1823. San Francisco Peaks and Navajo Mountain (Coconino County), probably also in the White Mountains (Apache County) and Pinaleno 62 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Mountains (Graham County), 8,000 feet or higher. Alberta to western Texas, Arizona, and California. Limber pine. In Arizona the trees reach a height of at least 15 m. (50 feet) and a trunk diameter of 0.9 m. (3 feet). The trunk is relatively short and the crown widely branched, with drooping limbs. The bark is smooth and grayish white in young trees, but on old trunks it is nearly black and split by deep furrows into wide plates. This species affords a small quantity of sawed lumber in Arizona. 6. Pinus strobiformis Engelm. in Wisliz., Mem. North. Mex. 102. 1848. Pinus reflera Engelm., Bot. Gaz. 7:4. 1882. White River watershed above Fort Apache (Apache or Navajo County) to the Pinaleno Mountains (Graham County), Chiricahua ° and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), and Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains (Pima County), 6,500 to 10,000 feet. Southern New Mexico, southern Arizona, and northern Mexico. The type of P. refleva was collected in the Santa Rita Mountains. Mexican white pine. This tree attains a height of 18 to 30 m. (60 to 100 feet) and a trunk diameter of 0.5 to 0.9 m. (20 to 36 inches). The bark of the trunk is dark gray or dull reddish brown, somewhat deeply and irregularly furrowed and narrowly ridged. The absence of stomata on the backs of the leaves is said always to distinguish this pine from its close relative, the limber pine. 7. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham., Linnaea 6: 354. 1831. Pinus chihuahuana Engelm. in Wisliz., Mem. North. Mex. 103. 1848. White River (southern Apache or Navajo County), Pinaleno Mountains (Graham County), Pinal Mountains (Gila County), Chiricahua Mountains (Cochise County), and west to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains (Pima County), 5,000 to 7,500 feet, mostly on dry slopes and benches, fairly common in most of its range. Southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. Chihuahua pine. A relatively small tree, reaching a maximum of 18 m. (60 feet) in height and 0.6 m. (2 feet) in trunk diameter, with wide- spreading limbs, dark brown, deeply furrowed older bark and very persistent cones (pl. 9). 8. Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson, Agr. Man. 354. 1836. Pinus brachyptera Engelm. in Wisliz., Mem. North. Mex. 89. 1848. Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.in 8. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 126. 1880. Widely distributed in Arizona, from the Carrizo Mountains (Apache County) to the Kaibab Plateau (Coconino County), southward to the Pinaleno Mountains (Graham County), Pinal Mountains (Gila County), and the Prescott region (Yavapai County), sometimes, especially in Coconino County, occurring in nearly pure stands of great extent, 5,500 to 8,000 feet, rarely as low as 3,600 feet or as high as 9,000 feet. Widely distributed in the United States and Canada from the Rocky Mountains to the States of the Pacific coast. eee ee eee Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Apriculture PLATE 9 Pines in the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, the Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla) at the left, and the Arizona pine (P. arizonica) at the right. Miscellaneous Publication 423, U. S. Dept. of Agriculuture PLATE 10 Western yellow pines (Pinus ponderosa) on the Defiance Plateau, Apache County, altitude 7,600 feet. The parklike appearance of this forest, with reproduction reduced to the minimum, apparently is the result of overgrazing. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF ARIZONA 63 Western yellow pine, ponderosa pine. In Arizona this species attains a height of 38 m. (125 feet) and a trunk diameter of 0.9 m. (3 feet) ormore. The massive straight trunk, free from branches to a great height in mature trees, and the long narrowly pyramidal or nearly cylindric crown with upturned branches, are characteristic. The bark is gray brown to black in young trees, warm russet brown and split into broad plates covered with small concave scales, in older trees. The leaves vary from 2 to 5 in the fascicle, but 3 is the pre- vailing number (pl. 10). 9. Pinus arizonica Engelm. in Wheeler, U. S. Survey West 100th Merid. Rpt. 6: 260. 1878. Pinus ponderosa Lawson var. arizonica Shaw, Pubs. Arnold Arboretum 1: 24. 1909. Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains (Pima County), 6,000 to 9,000 feet, type from the Santa Rita Mountains. Southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. Arizona pine. This tree attains a height of 30 m. (100 feet) and a trunk diameter of 1.2 m. (4 feet). It is very similar to the western yellow pine (P. ponderosa), differing chiefly in its usually more slender leaves and in having these commonly 5 in the fascicle. Specimens from the mountains of Cochise and Pima Counties that have been identified as P. ponderosa, having fewer than 5 leaves in the fascicle, are perhaps properly referable to P. arizonica. In the Huachuca Mountains trees with 3 and with 5 needles, respectively, have been observed growing together (see pl. 9). 10. Pinus latifolia Sarg., Gard. and Forest 2: 496. 1889. Pinus apacheca Lemmon, Erythea 2: 103. 1894. Pinus mayriana Sudworth, U. S. Dept. Agr., Forestry Div. foal, 14-°21, 1897. Chiricahua, Huachuca, and Dragoon Mountains (Cochise County), Santa Rita Mountains (Pima County), infrequent, 5,000 to 8,200 feet, type of P. apacheca from the Chiricahua Mountains (Lemmon in 1881), type of P. latifolia from the Santa Rita Mountains (Mayr in 1887). New Mexico and Arizona (probably also northern Mexico). Apache pine, Arizona longleaf pine. The great length of the leaves gives young trees a rather striking resemblance to the longleaf pine of the Southeastern States (Pinus palustris), but mature trees have much the habit of western yellow pine (P. ponderosa). This species is reported to attain a height of 23 m. (75 feet) and a trunk diameter of 75 cm. (30 inches). The bark of the trunks is described as darker colored than in P. ponderosa. The lumber is reported to be of fine quality, but the tree is not sufficiently abundant to have commercial importance. 2. PICEA.’ Spruce Trees; leaves evergreen, narrow, 4-sided, short stalked, blue green or whitish, often silvery in young trees, deciduous in drying; branchlets rough with the persistent, peglike bases of the leaves; cones pendulous, 7 Reference: SUDWORTH, GEORGE B. THE SPRUCE AND BALSAM FIR TREES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 327. 1916. 286744°—42 5 64 MISC. PUBLICATION 423, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE cylindric, with large, relatively thin, persistent scales longer than the erose-dentate or nearly entire bracts: seeds small, winged. On the Kaibab Plateau, in the White Mountains, and on the summit of Mount Graham the Engelmann spruce occurs in extensive stands which afford protection to “the headwaters of streams. Present con- ditions are unfavorable to commercial exploitation in this State, but elsewhere the wood, which is rather weak and knotty, is utilized to some extent, chiefly for making boxes. Both species that occur in Arizona are ‘valuable ornamentals but thrive only in a cool moist climate. They are in demand for Christmas trees. Some species of spruce are very Important as a source of paper pulp. Key to the species 1. Young branches and petiolelike leaf bases commonly pubescent or puberulent; leaves not rigid, acute or acutish at apex; cones commonly about 5 em. long, the scales more or less rounded and distinctly thinner at apex. 1. P. ENGELMANNI. 1. Young branches and leaf bases commonly glabrous; leaves rigid, spinescent- acuminate at apex; cones commonly about 8 em. long, the scales truncate and not distinctly thinner at 2) 0)
3 25 ee a ee 266 5(264))3|"\@lad iis ae es eee ee oe ee ee 168 as)
Ambrosloid@S: 2 =, fe tee ee 2657263): MCGladotnrit. === 2 ae Soa ee
STIZOMi CUIMEs 2 es eens ce) a ae eee 26 7s(264)))\ Clair ea ee 2S Se eae res 623 (620, ea)
berlanqierigs.c 322s see eae 266::(264)\| Clavigenas 22) S555 a eee ee
DOUIEV S22 ss San sae ate eae a 6) (CED) | MOIST oma. ee 300 (297, 299, aa)
Capitatumy: eee ee 265\(263)) |; Clematise-s2c 4 5. = lie Be ee ees eee 323 (316)
COP MUU oe aaa ne, a 265 || RELEMENES TOs Se ass ee ee ey ee 375
Cesiccatums. 22S ae ee 266) \Clegiie <5 22 2 ee een ee ers 371 (341)
{NEMON TE = ee ee eh 2667(264) |iGleomella 22 oes aa ee ee ee 372 (371)
SIAUCUIMEs ove se oe Se Soa 265264) Cling po dims == ness sae ee eee ee 783 cae)
IANS See ea ay Sk eee Ory (Clee) || (CUO OR ee ee
LAT OC TUITE see oes eee eee 2661264) .4|- Chlitonlas= 22.322 5-5 eee ee 500 (9, $5)
TED CAT UT S62 SOUP a oer teeter OI Se on re 266n(264)h)| = CLOT C7 O CONT Ca ee oe epee
TT CASUITU es ee eae aoe 2651 (264)s |k@ie117d0 pha COs ee 477 (a8)
Werou@ lawAlibhen ee D651 C64 le@nrcus sss aa we pee 1013 (1014, 1015)
muUTalen ls Sees Ss oI Dei eee 2655 (264) 5 Cid oscoliss sass = een ee eee eee 532 (524)
MEEOLGT C2 AG He Nee aad ene ere 266 ODae ass se an SE I ae ee ne ae 712
PTOLETICOLG === See eee ee oe 566) Cocculuss2==t2 2.22 > as eee ee ee
INDEX 1047
Page | Cryptantha—Continued. Page
@ochlospermacese _..22222225 5.222 oe se 584 (50, a TOV ACETISIS een ane Be Soe Rhee ees 757 (751)
(GOCLOGLOSSUNTV Em = es Sena AUB a DLCLOCALY Aue ee ee Se ee ee Te 756 (750, 751)
Catienmecess = ee Lt Sls Lek 3 et re DUIS ares ey ee ee ees Oe 755 (750)
(CORI ANT eS ies eee eS ee ee ee 656 racemosa--_-_-.- Sob AS tc kp en apm ries 754 (750)
@Woldeniae es Shs a ee, eet ETAT C720) ROUNTOSO Sse ke, SONS el Dh ee 755
Coleorymems as hs i eae = 4071016390) FeCUMVabass. = tate eae OO)
Colcosanthus 2s 5.2 eas eee ee 889 (890-893) SCOT SO zee a eae ae Ft IS PES 756
(CONTA EY 2. ee ee nae ese pee eae A 804 (800) SELOSISS ITM Givers e areas A eee eee aes 753 (749)
(COMO a Be See ee es ee 716 (712, 720, 721) IGA GTISIS see oes oe ee ea oe 756 (751)
SUR oe eine tiene oo _.. 600 (21, 431) VAP OTIC TSS ee te ee ayes i i Zor s 753 (749)
GOL U re ita ee ee re 59)(Syond) ie Gueunbitas. s--2- 2 SON A U5 SE ORE SRO Eh ORES 862 (860)
Woman dra aoe 2 a Bo ee Oe es PB ysy (PAL) || Ouwierbidoviiiereet Yes pe ees Ce 860 (51, 56)
GOTIUAT CLG ene aie aie ee SMe oe Bee AQOS EC wp ledss eats eee bent Fe ee PS 619 (618)
Rirmimctinncsks oot eee a Baki G73) alk CUpreSsUShe eae ca ee eS ee 67 (58)
@ommelinaceae ==) oe See le (46) RC USCA a eo a wn aes Ce ees 699 (698)
ComiIniCanp Us. 2-—-2 2s Se ee 292 (285) ADDLAN ALL ss eee eae aha ee ee ee 703 (700)
(Compositae rs Se ae see eee 869 (1, ft ae 56) ORDCTUS TS er ean ee oe ee ee ee 700
Won Gallia yikes Aes See eee eee eee WS Ss By 4 (15) CaAlTOTMICAS as oe sar eee eee 701 (699)
@omioselinwyas is22 ee ee ee Be 620 (641) CAMPOS TISi st Sees Js Baa ee oe 700
(Oma ees at te ee es nn ong De Ae 640 cCeplalanthis Os ia ats ste See eee 700 (699)
(CWonGbacae tas 2 ee eS eye Bo 822 (801) COny kes sae era es es ee 701 (699)
@onopholish ss = Ae eee ee eed 836 dentatasgiamatassss. - 22) eee 703 (700)
(Conringiaes Sot oe i eee eee _- 370 (338, 340) GentiCtlalae soe = See See ee 702 (700)
COV CRCHTTTNG 2 eee ee ee eee ee 200 (201) CHO SA ae eeeeren et 2 PRA NS eS aE ee ee 702 (700)
Won volwulacege..-. es et Ss 698 (57, 58) CRONOVMI Ree eae ee ee ee ee 702 (700)
Wonvo lulls eee eran we eet Lee 706 (699, 711) AMM CON mae ae eee et wee ee Ee 701 (699)
On 7 ae eeraee om ei ees eee 931 (876, 930) THUGRAC OMIM Here ee Ne ey See eee 702 (700)
Worallormhiza sf. 2 ee eee ey 212( 9, 208, a OdontolepsisaG i= =F. o 2 kos ee 703 (700)
Wonrehoruisesees 26 2 Ge a ee es DCNELU OIL sno ee ee on ee eee 700
G@ordylanthuss-= 22 ese ee 829 (22, eno) Celia: SU ae ge Bete aeeligeyE ! 701 (699)
WORCOCARDUS2 ==. ee ae ns eee 962 (881) GUO GTC UT aia te Se oe ee ee 703 (700)
Woréopsis-ess222. 2 ase Se 8 961 (870, 880, 966, 967) UM pellatawess ea oy Eee Le re ee 703 (700)
@onlanaiiia ss eS ee ee 644 (640) WHO i ae ee Ee eee ee A 702
GorispermUins == 22s eee A ae Hila (AB). | CHO WOT Se eR ee a 943
WOTNACER Cetera os cree ee be oe 657 (47, buy Cyclanthera__-____- pen 5 Panera ere ge 865 (9, 861)
@onntusteees ses ee er Sc Ss setae sete ORO Ott se ee ee eee eee 267 (262)
Cornbadentgs 226 cee ae ote ee Crlindnopunin Ges ae ee as eee 614
Cony GalisHen Me ut hbk poe een ale eS 337 (3345 Cyan ODterusi eas se = etes eee Te 651 (640, 641, 650)
ODT TOP UU eee el see eens 2 el GIST (G14) MGymaraaes see Sees ee eee 1015 (870, 873, 875)
Cony phanth awe Ao ae eee ol ee) 6045 (G05) BAC ynodonee se soe eee 133 (78, 80)
(Cosmosm este) wre ee SG6Gi(S7ONSS0)s | MCymomanathnuils seen =e eee ee 656
GC ae ees ee ee el OS GOR(S2) NRC TOStin Gee eee aw. nS See Se 97 (133)
@OtLEdOT Een! Pe eee ea ere OM Se) MICU TULL nets ecen een an e O n e 2 ie ee eee 1020
Coumsetiaeees 26 ee ee a Se AGM (430) nC ViDChaACeaes so Sea ee sees ee 155 (1, 46)
Gouiile met ee Sie ok en ess Soe ee LOI Crys CTULS eee ae = = a aor ree oe eS ree. 156 (155)
(GOR Aaah GS a ee Se ee ae ee 405 (19, 22, 390) ACUI aiiSwee Sates ee pe ee See 159 (157)
ra ceaaiie ies ee Fk SS oS i 467 (431, 464) albomanrcinatise see ee eee 159 (156)
GRESSUTO eee a Be es Oe 949 ED ITS ee een en See ee Ee 159 (157)
(@rassumiaceae. 2... eae eee ce te ee 374 (53, 57) AnIStAbUISEs eee meee ek 2c 2a 160 (157)
Grae cuss seeee* a eee se ae 394 (389) COM ONIVCTUST SE ee tae ae at a ey 161
(CURATOR NOTE HE SO PS 9 EES ete tela 1032 CONG ESLUS Rae ee eee oa nen eR eee 160
CRED IS see Sa ne Rees heh 1031 (872, 1021) CUTLLOLE Di Smme ame phe t= Sh ROE pe SL Sees 159
resale eo ee by Se ee ee ee 706 (698) GUSitahist ess = a a Se ee are 161
Gra ee a ee 909 CELLO RTOS Sues sk Pete Ree eo 159 (158)
ORAS 1 ee aed a tS ON 572 CRY CONOTLMIZOSHs = See ee 158
(Cronaneiumes sons 2 Boe eee ee ae a 384 ESCuUlentiSHee eee e at ee 158 (156, 157)
(CLOSSOSOMIG = at a8 SS eee See Se ee 387 ftendleriantise 2a scenes 2 toe anes _ 160 (157)
@nrossosomataceae 2.522 soe See eee 387 (52) LOT OKae See pret Se Seen OW stehs FE 161 (157)
Grotalaniane se se ek eee 433 (9, 428) WETILOUILCS COIS en ee ee 161
@rolon meee Sa se Se oe a 525 (524) LOUICOTIUU GS Spats ae nS San Se aoe 159
(Orimcifenae ees a) 2 ee oe ew ee - 337 (1, 48, 54, 55) LQUOTILORTS CUS an ae ee eee 161
CRU TOCUII SS eee 2 ONS Me re SES ye 301 TLVULS Ee ore eee pean eee ew 161 (158, 1034)
(Coe UESE Eh te a a. ee ee ec ____ 848 (846) UTULE TT, Sune eee aaa cs ttle Ea Sha 161
COOP OSS IS Sw ts Fp OR EE ah Sg eee 139 WAGVAP AGUS eh oan ort sed Bete TE 159 (158)
Orypotanunaeese 5 asi ee ue on 748 (16, 740) LOLCRTTLOT ALS Paes eee ete ee es eee ee ee 159
Alb meet e see a ee 2s ee 755 (750) OOS) ODO: NE aes le ety em 22 16057)
aneustifolia-=-—-_—-- = aN eee 755 (750) CLONVOSECIY Senn ae eae 159
DAnbicenaices Ske sees ee Es dot (751) TTT See oe eee a ee Bee ee ee 1034
Cali ai ame. 25 estes ee ee 751 (749) MLC CIs Meee ot eee Met Oe kee eee 159 (156)
CIECUIMSCISSA=: ate ee ee 753 (749) Danis ieee et ee Ss ee _ 160 (158)
COnfeRGINOTa =< one see ee oe 752 (749) oyeayes (Nhe he Ta Re 160 (158, 1034)
COSA Attn, Oe. = hee ee eR A we Dag BO 756 (750) ROCUMOUS ee ee ee ke 158 (156, 157)
Cnassisepalas-. = = 225) ee cs 755 (748, 750) TUS Dyes ee ae eee Ses - 160 (157)
GSECIDIENS#= = Sa en Pe 757 (751) SCHOOL ee eee 160
ETUUUCULOLO Us ee ee SE ee 757 Seslerioidesmean as wee See es Ree 159 (157)
GUMe TORRE eae ae en aes 755 (750) SBCLOSU Senne be eer Boe ees SERS 161
fer Gilerie ste eae ete mesa Le ee 754 (749) SDRACOLALUS =e we we ease eee Se ee 160
fl SV eRe es a a et go ae 752 (749) SUD a DIAS See a eee eee een 161 (158, 1034)
HUVOCANESCENS <2 = See se 751 (748) LEURUG OTUS ere bene 2S er BPN oe 160
DT ACHIS We ct anne 2) ere Bae yc te 754 (749) UR OTIS ee see Ct Ee BE ay Tee 161 (158)
Noloptenrast ee esa on oe eee ae 756 (751) LCG eenee st Swe a See Pee ee 160 (157)
RUDI ES eee een EAE eas ES ve ee USS (CM MO ing O10 OT is a ee 208 (213)
ANAGQUALAE ss ee ee es ae SS OOM OU BIENGU SL LLIN meee sine 28 Se Re ae ed eee 4 486 (487)
ANCCTATLCUA Dart ee ee ES ad MOUM MO VSUOMUGRISet ce. staat we ee 30 (26)
ATMOS eee ee eee a Se te, UE OPAL) IPIDACUVIISH Ua kebs 2a a ee Se ee 96 (83)
DOAN eee eke ee Woda (eono0) a woachwloctemlum—-2--50 noc ee 133 (81)
TUM CTONIG AE ee eee ee re la Phys eX ROGET ENON IG Maik ee a ee re eee 870
TNO CLES fey meena th eo Bae a he OCA CLE) aL LOG ce see Stn Se rs ee ee 453 (480)
MI CAL ee eo ace 756 (750, 751) SUDO RAY Meee eee Re ie 462 (21, 456)
1048 INDEX
Dalea—Continued. Page Page
glopécuroidess=. == =2 2 eee ABO DOM Sie Sin Seek ae ee ee 275
SULTIO GTN Lo ee eee ce 457 oo Dine alias 2.262" 2s es eee oan, ee 374
CNUs e Diphy sass. 2- 22 Se se Ee 466 (430)
UU OA ora he eel ae pe ae ele eee 460 Gea Diplach ne 2 se 5-23 es Se ee ee 1
brachystachiyseo5 = ss—= == eee eae 459 (>) Diplonap pus. 22 ie. ee See 899 (919)
Galifornical. = 0) 2 eee Diplotaxise 23 site ee eee ee 351 (340)
Cally GOS be eee See ee Siemens 458 (454) Dipreracanthy so eee 839
Githisae we = ee CUS (C1529) || JOM OAT OAT UO Coe a ee 193
CIMOD Yin eee ee eee 4571 (454) | Oiscanther@s2eees a= ee 865
filiformis' <2 ©2598 ease ee 459, (455) spisellan 222 = = 22 se eh ae Ween se ee 575 (576)
formosa: soe ee AGI (56) 9) Sp ORUNT= eee 201 (186)
{PETNONTM Se a hs ae oe eee ee 456454) | DDISLOS1S ea ee ee ee eee ae 927
STA sacs eee Se eee AG1= (456) yest chilis eae ae el a eee 96 (82)
rep piles i Pe eee eee eee AGI (456) 5) Ditaxisees Se Soe obey! ee ae ee ee 527 (524)
husehinsoniqgs =e 2 ee eee 459) (460) | Withyres a> ae see ee ee 356 es)
Apsue CY VULes = eateaie pe Lamia ey eee S AC ANG) (CEN) || JOUR OCs =
lachnostachySse s==. == ee Zkete} (Cis) || IDYooen Woes 2 oe 668 665)
lag O PUSH esse ne oe ee eee eee 459 (454, 40) Modoniea 22.20. a ole kee ena
1 EW 0s nc et pe eet ty oe aes 9 2 Dolicholwso. 8. 2026 = 0 ee ea
lemimoni= 2255)... ee 459 Gs DONG = Oa EL NS ee ald
IES oY a) er wk eeepc A ae eta 2 ee ee 459;(455))| Doma. 2253 as ase | eee ae eam
am OG 2118 ee es a ee eee AG13(456) | Drabde= 22 2 ts Se os aera 360 (338, 389)
TTL O Li See ee a es ine 458 (455) albertiniags— 5: - > a8 re ee
TATA ote SOE Sos en cae ee 460 (455) asprella: 20-2 Sete ae ees 361 Gran
meomexicana-2 02 hss See ee 459 QUIN C a ee ee 361 (360)
OUGIAG ee See ea Ae aa a 462 QUTCIOTINIS= = 2 ee eee
DALY a Re eee ree ee 458 (454) brachy Carpas ss s02 es ko ee een en ee 363 G6)
poconatherass 2-6 a= ee eens 461 (456) CONOMNIONG- 255) See ee te ee
POlyadeniast es Fee ae ee ee 457 (454) Grassifolia. | 02 se eee 362 (23, 361)
DOV LOM OG Es eee eee eee ee ee 460 (455) Cuneligliaa==229— =. ee ee 363 (361)
PRIN eS: 28s eee ee eee 461 (456) Gilgiana= So EO EUE ee eee are
PUT DUR CUS a 2 pee seen Ne ee eee ese 4 nelleniana sass 250s SIS es Vel ee eee 362 (361)
SCHO EGA Se eee a Se ee ee eee 457 (454) ANLEOTU OU! 22 oo ee ee ee 363
SCODATIGS S222 ae ae 52 See ee ee 457 (454) MONLONG 4 La Se ee 362
SpInOSa_- == =e ee ee 457 (13, 454) VOL OTUS eee se ee edges Sh ee 362
terminaliss oes) see ae seo eee 460 (454, 455) petrop hil see ee ee ees 362 (360)
ChOMpSsOnaes Lt ee en eee 458 (454) platycarpa l=. 2 281 ei Se oe 362 (361)
LD 6150) (2 Fe ee = ee, Resa RE SIT 459 (455) BECUUTU Cla ae ee See one ieee 362 (361)
RAOUL Ray's Kee Meee ees Ce ES Bee 458 (454) TEDCANS 22 ee oe on See ee, Ae 362 (361)
WISTIZ GTN ee ee. Re a es eee 461 (19, 456) SONLOTOG 8 ne So Eee ee eee ae 363
SUvTeL eG Tie ce Te che ce 460 (455) Spectabilis: 22s ss aie! See eee 1035
Danthonia s 3252s) ae Ue ee 109 (82) Standleyias2 2s 222 ae oe ee ee 361 (360)
Da pT Os Pee pi cos eee el Te aay eS el 468 DinIdiS). = os 558 tee ee ee ee 362
OSU PROTO. eB oe ae ee ee 1D) EL COCE P Lr Ua eae ee 775 (ery
ID ASV lin OMe eee ee 200 (17, 19, 186, 129) Drejeng so aos oe 9a Val ee Se ee eee
DASYOCHhIOGSE SS - A ee ee ea a ee ID Ty mMari ase se tees See ee i em 310 (a3)
Dasystephanas— sess See ee eee os Drymocallig. 2 2.2.8 susie: Lee eee 399 (400)
Da GUT ate et ia See a ee a eee 797, @86)h|_Drvopetalon = eee 353 (340)
DOUUDENEONIG 2 ook ee ed ay tbs i ee AGG SD EVODtCrisess_.2 = se ee eee 29 (8, 26)
SUL CUS Se ae ibe pees Sees arn ley ne ee ned ge 657. (640)! |SDudleyas 2 = at a ee ee 377
ID elo himiumet 2s eee eee ee SISi(15) | POG oleic Se ee eee 988
IDEeschampsiay ase = ea sen ee ae ee 107,(82).| aD ySchoristes= a eee 839 (838)
ID ESCULA INIA Baye ee aA eee oer SRL (GREE BuO) || IDA ESOGIRY ee 991 (874, 876, 877, 878, son
Desmanthus 2222 Ake Se eee ATS (418) | PE OTLCOCUS Sta eee ee ee
Desmodium: 22 22 8a Soa ee a ee AQ3 (429) "| SHaLONIO = 2 Se Ae a ee ee
ANUS tito li ase eee AQSK (494) Cheveriaee 20s estan eee eee lems 376 (374)
PW ON Hd 0 ei ra Sle ie ee eal ea Oe A9G | “Chi d ocaiy Gs a= = = es ee eas ee
AEIZ OT CUT se ee AQ7a(495)ii| EL ChinO CAC its == eee 599 (594, 1035)
DatOCA UO ee eee ee eee eens 497 (495) acanthodes%25 =o = es eee 601 (13, 600)
bigelouinees 24 Ss eC ra Ue Se: ee eee 496 COWilleteees hee ea ha ane neue 601 (600)
CLHGraSCGNS=722) 2 Tae ee eee ees 497 (495) CMON YU Ss PaaS oS ee Ee ae ee ens 60
CLIGUALITV SS. se Se ee eee 496 erectocentruss 22. s = is ee 602 (600)
Sra ams eee ee eee ee 497 (494) Rertrichitc. 222 oe ee ee ee eee 601
OR GMAUMLCU AT Se nee ee horizonvhalonitisess eee ee 599
IN tOrt UM os ee eae 495 (494) ImberbexGuss-2=- s=—te ee ee 602 (600)
IME CCAlLC Ie ba) eee San ees Se ee ee eee 497 (495) johnsonik == ~