UC-NRLF 7S3 5?4 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA* DAVIS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/foddercropsofpunOOdouirich 85 16 S7J/ FODDER CROPS OF THE PUNJAB. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS INDEX. l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 81 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 CHAPTER I.— Food of Cattle. Introductory ... ... £73 Constituents of food ... Wild plants ... ... ... Meaning of fodder crops Classification of dry fodder ... ... Cattle feeding in different parts of the Punjab Karnal ... ... ,,. ... Gurgaon ... ... ... ... Rohtak ... ... ... ... Ferozepore ... .i( Ludbiana ... ... ... ... Jullundur ... Lahore ... ... ... vrujrau ... ... ... ... Rawalpindi ... ... Montgomery Multan ... ... ... ... Multan and Muzaffargarh ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... CHAPTER II.— Cereals. Cereals and pulses Ilakki or maize Jowar ... Bajra Kangni ... Cbina Sanwak ... Kuria Guinea grass Dban or rice Mandwa . . . Kodra Kanak or wheat Jau or barley Jawi or oats • •• • •• • • • ... ... ■•■ .<• ... ... • • 1 ... ... ..a • .t ... ... ■ »* • • • ... • •• • •• ■ a. • »• ... ... • a. .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • •• ... CHAPTER III.— Pulses. Value of mixed crops of cereals and pulses The kharif pulses ... ... Gwar ... Arhar ... ... ..• Mash Mung ... ... ... Moth ... ... ... Kulath ... ... ... Rawan ... ... ... Rabi pulses Gram ... . •. ••• Masri ... ... ... Cbural ... ... Matar ... ... •»• Senji Methra ... Maina ... ... ••• Lucerne ... ... ... Shaftal ... ... •>• The grounduut ... ... Bbut or Soybean ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... r— ' • •• ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ib. 2 ib. 3 ib. ib. ■ •• 4 • »t ib. • a. ib: 5 ••• .a* ib. • •« 6 7 »•• «•• 3 .*• ib. • •a ib. • a . 9 _ 9 ■•• ib. • •• 10 ..a 11 • •• ib. • •a 12 ... ib. 13 • •• ib. ■ •a ib. ■ a. 14 • •• ib. 15 16 • •• ib. #•• 16 • a. 17 • •• ib. *». ib. • •• 18 ... 19 • •• ib. • •* 20 ib. t *. 21 • a. ib. • •• 23 ib. • •a 24 t*« ib. ib. ... ib. ib. ib. 25 a • . ib. *. y s-i /~7 11 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 I II CHAPTER IV.— Oilseeds, Turnips and Carrots. • • • • •• Crops included in chapter Sarson Toria Other sources of oil-cake Turnips Ahur or mustard Taramira ... Carrots ... • a. • • r • • • • •• ■ « t • •• • a ■ »aa aaa • 90 • •• • •• CHAPTER V.— Other Crofs. Cotton Sugarcane,.. ... Sani ... ... Halon Kasni (chicory) Kusumbh (safflower) .., Melons ... ... Indigo Acknowledgments ••• • •• •• • *•• • a* • a. • •• a • . • a* • •a ••a 4 • a • •a • a* ... 1*4 i«l at* ... • •• i • a • •a ■ •a • aa • •a aa* a** STATEMENTS. Area, population and cattle ... ..". ... 7.. Crops (compiled partly from table in annual report of Department of Agriculture and partly from copies of statements in the district revenue registers). 25 ib. 26 27 ib. 28 ib. 29 29 ib. 39 ib. ib. ib. 31 ib. ib. 11 — HI iv — vii THE FODDER CROPS OF THE PUNJAB. CHAPTER I.— Food op Cattle. 1. From the nature of the country, agriculture must always be the introductory. cmef occupation of the people of the Punjab. According to the recent census the population of the 29 districts was nearly 20 millions. In round figures the cultivated area in 1906-07 amounted to 28 million acres, and pasture lands including Government forests to 18 millions. The well-irrigated area was 5 million acres, dependent on quarter of a million masonry and from 30 to 40,000 kachcha wells. The area protected by canals was 6f millions of acres— an area to which large additions will be made. An area of 275,000 acres was recorded as abi, and the unirrigated area exceeded 16 million acres. Accord- ing to the cattle census of 1909 there were in that year 2,169,000 ploughs aad 288,000 carts. The horned cattle available for draft were — 4,247,000 bullocks, and 625,000 male buffaloes. The former figures include bulls, and if we exclude animals used for breeding, we may say there are 4 J- millions of animals available to plough the land, work the wells, thresh the corn, draw the carts, and work sugar, oil and Hour mills. Camels are used for ploughing to some extent in Hissar and Ferozepore, and in Rawalpindi a donkey or a cow is sometimes seen yoked with a bullock. The milch kine consisted of 3,384,000 cows and 2,241,000 buffaloes, and the young stock, male and female, was returned as amounting to 3.820,000. Female buffaloes are far more valuable than cows, and are steadily growing in favour. They are also coarser feeders. The only districts in which little attention is still paid to them are a group of four in the north- west of the province, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock and Mianwali, and two of the south-western districts, Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan (see for details statement I). Roughly there are 14 \ millions of horned cattle depend- ent for natural grazing on 18 million acres of waste, much of it of poor quality, which they have to share with 4 million sheep and 5|/ million goats. The large areas of waste are found in a few districts, mostly in the west of the province and in the hills. In the four plain districts of the Jullun- dur division the waste is only equal to 12 per cent, of the cultivation, in the Lahore division excluding Gujranwala it is 20, and in the Delhi division excluding Simla 21 per cent. The products of the waste are supplemented by those of the fallow and by the grasses and other plants weeded out of the cropped fields. It is obvious that in the Punjab a very large acreage must be devoted to raising food for cattle, and that fodder crops must be of vast importance. Broadly speaking, the province is now secure from widespread food famines, but fodder famines can still inflict enormous losses on the people. 2. The following extracts from Moreland's Agriculture of the United „ . Provinces are worth quoting as an in- Constituents of food. -, ,. , ,, 1 • t troduction to the subject : — '" This food is produced in the parent plant from the materials that it has collected from the soil or the air and passes into the developing seed ; large numbers of different substances are stored in this way by different plants, but they can be grouped in two main classes according as they do or do not contain combined nitrogen .... The non-nitrogenous matter is usually either starch or oil, while the nitrogenous matter is in various forms which are known collectively as albuminoids or proteids _ Animals are made Up of precisely the same elementary substances as plants, though they require to consume these substances in different forms, and convert them into such things as skin, bones and muscles, not leaves, flowers, or seed. We have seen that the most important product of plants from the nutritive point of view are (1) starch and the various sugars, and (2) the proteids; when speaking of animals it is more convenient to call these respectively work food aJid flesh food. The first class supply energy which enables an animal to go on working, but the second class (which it will be remembered contain nitrogen) are essential to replace the wear and tear of substance that is constantly going on in an animal body ; in order to feed an animal so as to o-et the best work out of it, it is necessary not only to see that the weight of food given is sufficient, but also that it contains a due proportion of flesh food. Now we have seen that most of the flesh food produced by plants is stored in the seeds, and very little of it in the leaves and stems*: it follows that when cattle are doing hard work they ought to receive a fair amount of seed or grain as well as fodder, and even when they are idle some grain should be given to keep them in really good health." For further information about food and the nutritive value of different grains, Church's " Food Grains of India " may he consulted. It is worth while to note that a standard diet for human beings should contain albuminoids and starch in about the proportion of 1 — 5. This is very much the proportion in which they exist in wheat, but in the millets and maize the proportion is about 1—8, in rice about 1 — 11, and in mandwal— 13. In pulses the proportion of albuminoids to starch is much higher than 1—5 ; hence the utility of such mixtures as rice and dal or bajra and moth khichri (porridge). The analyses of the chemical contents of the grain of different crops given in this note are taken from Professor Church's book. In paragraph 239 of his work on the " Improvement of Indian Agriculture " the late Dr. Voelcker remarked in 1893 that little was known as to the relative nutritive values of different fodders in India, and apparently this has so far not been remedied. No doubt the straw of the pulses generally contains more albuminoids than that of the cereals, and it is on this account that they are weight for weight more valuable as fodder. 3. We are not here concerned with the wild plants which furnish food for cattle. The list of trees, shrubs p an 8' and herbs on which they feed is a very long one. A large part of it is occupied with the names of grasses, and of leguminous trees, such as various species of acacia and the dhak (Butea frondosa) and herbs, such as maina or maini (Medicago denticulata', a near relation of lucerne. For information the following may be referred to : — (a) Duthie's "Fodder Grasses of Northern India." (b) Coldstream's " Grasses of the Southern Punjab." (c) Duthie's four lists on pages 407-437 of volume III of the Diction- ary of Economic Products. It is probable that considerable additions could be made to the lists of flowering plants other than grasses. The two best fodder grasses in the plains are dnjan or dhdman (Pennisetum ccnchroides), and dub, dutra, or khabbal (Cynodon dactylon), and the most useful shrub is the jhdrberi or malla (Zizyphus nummularia), the leaves of which, pdlct, are a very valuable food for milch kine. 4. The food of cattle, so far as it is derived from crops, may be classified .„.,, „ as consisting of — Meaning of "fodder crops. ° (a) straw — Vern. " chdra " or " nira " ; (6) the roots and tops of certain cruciferous plants, such as turnips and carrots ; (c) gram ; (d) oil-cake—" khal " or " khali " ; (e ) cotton seeds — " binola " or " varenwa ". It is only with the first two that a note On fodder crops is directly concerned " Fodder" according to a dictionary definition is " food for cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, straw, and other kinds of vegetables." This is somewhat vague. A good working definition would be " the food derived by live-stock from crops exclusive of the ripe grain." Thus the ripe grain of wheat, or mash or jowdr * See in this connection chemical analysis of grain and straw of jowdr in paragraph 21. is not fodder, but the leaves and stalks, and in the case of mash the broken pods left after threshing are fodder. Cotton-seed is not fodder, and according to our definition oil-cake is also excluded, because it is the refuse left after grain has been expressed from the ripe seeds of certain crops. The number of purely fodder crops in the Punjab is really very small consisting of some of the pulses and one or two other plants. But any account of fodder crops would be in- complete which did not notice the use as fodder of the straw of crops whose grain is mainly used as human food. And it will be convenient also to mention the crops from which oil-cake is derived, especially as the chief of them also supply green food and roots for cattle. edification of dry fodder. , . 5- Dry fodder may he broadly classified as — (a) bhdsa, bhiis, bho, or bhon. Broken straw of those cereals and pulses of which the straw is threshed with the grain. Of this there are two main divisions — (1) turi or sufed bhusa, which is the straw of wheat and barley, and (2) missa bhiisa, which is the broken leaves, straw, and pods of moth, mting, mash, masar, and gram ; (b) tdnda or stalks of maize, bajra and jowar, which are not threshed with the grain. These are usually fed to cattle after bein g chopped up into small pieces : (c) pardl or pardli, which is the straw of rice. 6. Speaking generally, the people feed cows and still more buffaloes „ _ . ,. . ..„ . . ... - *. when in milk better than they do their Cattle feeding in different parts, of the Pnniab. . , , hit.-. mi plough and well bullocks. The zamm- dars of the cis-Suttlej districts are better stock-keepers than those of the Punjab proper. The care which a peasant in Rohtak bestows on his female buffalo is remarkable, and even in seasons of severe drought one sees them coming out of the village sleek and well favoured. The feeding of cattle on turnip roots is far more common in the western districts than elsewhere, and it is in the same districts that peas (chural and matar), and, so far as the plains are concerned, the inferior cereals, known as china and swank, are most in use. Some extracts and notes are appended regarding cattle-feeding in some — (1) cis-Sutlej, (2) trans-Sutlej, districts. !|L * A. — Cis-Sutlej districts. 7. " The fodder of the autumn crops consists of the stalks (tanda) of the great millets and of maize, which are Karnal (Gazetteer, edition of 1890, paragraph 222). ^^ stacked Qn end jn ft gtack ^^ clihor ; of rice straw, which is merely piled up in a heap (kwyra) ; and of the bhiis or broken straw of the pulses. The spring crops give bhiis only, also called turi if of wheat or barley. * * * * Stems of millet and maize are chopped up into small pieces (sani or kuti) before being given to the cattle. An ox doing ordinary work will eat 20 sers of grass and a ser of grain daily ; if working at the sugar-mill or well-bucket, nearly twice that Of course the fodder varies according to the season. The mass of it consists of grass and straw of cereals ; a little pulse straw is always added, and green food when obtainable. In the cold weather methi and rape and carrots, and at all times the weedings, are given to the cattle. Besides this, some cotton seed or oil-cake, or either gwdra, moth, or gram, is daily given. The;best fodder of all is the straw of the small pulses, and is called missa ; after that that of wheat and barley called turi ; after that the joiodr stems or chari. Bdjra stems are seldom given alone. They are chopped up and mixed with one-third of mung fodder, or, failing that, with some oil- cake or peameal of gram. In famines the cattle will eat almost anything. The sacred pipals are stripped, and even the thorny Jims (Capparis sepiaria) is cut up and given to the starving beasts. Where sugarcane is grown it is cut down to keep the bullocks alive." 8. " The grazing on such waste as there is is supplemented by the grazing on cultivated lands lying Gurgaon (Gazetteer, page 109). £Jj-JJJ ^ on ^ ^^ ^.^ ^ inadequate. In consequence the cattle have to be largely stall-fed, and consi- derable areas of crops are grown exclusively for fodder. Chart, gvodr, and kdsni are exclusively fodder crops, while of other crops most of the peas, carrots, and turnips, about one-quarter of the sarson and autumn pulses, and small quantities of barley and gram are given to the cattle. To these must be added the stalks of jowdr and bdjra, the straw of the autumn pulses and rabi cereals, cotton seed, oil-cake, and pala. In good years all the above sources supply the zamin- dars with an abundance of good fodder, bnt, if the rains fail, a dearth of fodder and terrible loss of cattle result. When fodder is scarce the cattle are fed on branches of trees, roots of piila, etc." 9. " The cattle of the district are in some respects ill«cared for. They , „ are left to stand in filthy enclosures Koiitak (Gazetteer, paragraph 129). . , ,. ill • i i c (neora or iigar), ankle-deep m hall- liquid manure. They are chiefly stall-fed, chopped jowdr stalks (sani) being the principal fodder, while in season the top leaves of the cane Avill be mixed, or some green sarson toppings. Working stock w ill get half a ser to a ser of gram a day, and a little gur, and milch cattle also eat cotton seed (hinoln) and oil-eake (kJial), while the straw of gwar (phalidr) and of milng and iird (patti) and of gram (Mar) are highly valued for cattle, and the wild jJidrberi is given for its milk-producing qualities. Best fed and best tended is the buffalo, and every day the village urchins may be seen carefully washing them in the tanks. In the morning the cattle are turned out for exercise, and to pick tip what they can in the waste ground of the village, but there are few patches of jungle which produce more than indifferent grass. When the crops are off the fields the stubble is grazed by all the cattle of the village. The jowdr and bdjra stalks of a good year are usually counted to be sufficient for the current and one following year, though in a rain-land village, where the area under these crops is larger, it will last rather longer. Bdjra fodder is not used so long as the jowdr lasts." 10. (Based on a note by Bai Bahadur Tilok Chand, Sub-Divisional Officer of Tazilka.) The cattle of the Uplands or Bohi are of the Hissar and Nagore breed, and much finer than those of the Bet. A zamindar with a pair of bullocks would usually also keep a cow, a female buffalo, and some calves. Their food would be as follows : — No. Slontha. Grain. Straw. 1 Baisakh (16tli April— loth May) No grain, except to milch cattle, which get Graze in stubble of grain awl oil-rake. wheat and gram. 2 Jeth (16th May— 15th June) Khali and grain to working and milch cattle. Bhi'tsa. 3 Har to Asoj (16th June— 15th October) Two sers of gram or gwdra daily to each Chari, if available ; working animal or to milch kinc when otherwise Ihiisa. pregnant or giving milk. 4 Katak and Magghar (16th October — 15th No grain, aa gwtira (see next column) is Gwdra. December). considered a rich food. 5 Pot and Magh (16th December— 15th l'Vl.ruary). As No. 1 „ Bhiisa. 6 Pliagan and Cbait (16th February — 15th No grain Green wheat (khaicid ) April). or green gram. Half-ground gram idta) is generally used and it is often mixed with bJiusa. The grain of gwdra is boiled before it is given to cattle. While cows and * fc'ce parage h 3. buffaloes arc in milk they get hhali or oil-cake and binola or cotton seed. A cow gets half a ser of hhali and one ser of binola, and a female buffalo twice these quantities, Khali is also sometimes given to working bullocks in Baisakh and Jeth when they are employed in threshing grain. It is supposed to be cooling. The oil-cake used in 'Ferozepore is til in winter and sarson or taramira in summer. The milch kine are looked after very carefully in winter, and get gram or gwara as well as oil-cake and cotton seed. In the Bet the zamindars cannot afford to give their well bullocks much grain. But if they are in hard work and are getting weak, a ser of gram or wheat is given daily. This is generally done in the ploughing season for rabi crops (Asoj and Katak). Milch kine in the Bet do not get oil-cake or cotton seed, but they get a ser of grain daily for two or three months in the cold weather. The zamindars, when they run short of bhusa, as often happens, use sarr grass (Saccliavum c'iliare), cut into small pieces mixed with green chart, sarson, taramira, or green, wheat (cf. paragraph 19 of Steedman's Settlement Report of Jhang), The Bet zamindars grow turnips as fodder, usually three ghumaos on each well, and feed the cattle on them for a month or a month and-a-half in Poh and Ma^h In the south of the Ferozepore district the camel is used for ploughing and riding as well as for carrying burdens. They get gram and gwar grain and the straw of gwdr, moth and gram. 11. The feeding of bullocks is described in paragraph 131 of Mr. (now LudUana Sir Thomas; Gordon Walker's Settle- ment Beport : — " In the months of Baisakh, Jeth, Har (April — June) the cattle are fed on dry straw and grain, the new straw of the rabi coming in by the first of these months. This is the worst time for them, and the working cattle could not get on without the ser or two ten of grain that they get daily. In Satvan and Bhadon there is good grass in the was;e if any is left, and in the fields intended for the next rabi, where it is allowed to grow till the time of the Sawan ploughing. The cattle are grazed on this, and it is also grubbed up and given to them in the stall, the grain being stopped. Cutting grass is the work in Jat villages of the women who are out all day in the fields, collecting bundles. The cattle have very light work in these two months, because the wells are not working ; and between this and the new grass they put on condition. In Asoj and half of Katak (September to October) green fodder, either " chari" alone or mixed with moth, &c., is given ; and this is perhaps the best time of the whole year for the cattle. At the end of Katak the " chari," &c, is cut and stored ; and during Magghar, Poh, Magh, and Phagun the dry stalks of chari, maize, &e., are given, and, if necessary, straw. The straw is either white (" sufed bhusa "), that of barley and wheat, or " missa," i.e., of moth, mush, &c, coloured straw. The latter, especially the moth straw, is said to be very strengthening. In the month of Chait (March) patches of green fodder are grown at the wells, either " met ha," " senji," &c, or carrots ; and green wheat or barley is also given, but not commonly in an ordinary year." The grain that is given is gram coarsely ground sprinkled on the turi. They are also given a little oil-cake. Mr. Dunnett has supplied me with the following account of the feeding of milch kine in Ludhiana : — " Milch cattle in this district are generously fed. The basis of their food is of course turi and the straw of pulses, and they get some of the maize stalks and the metha. But they are not usually allowed to have any of the gwdra. That fodder is filling and improves the appearance, but is said to be in reality weakening and prejudicial to a good milk yield. Turi reinforced with grain, hhali, and binola are given. The grain is always gram. Jowdr grain causes swelling in the mouth and throat (I am merely repeating what is said), and gives little milk. The grain of pulses is hot, and dries up the milk. Frequently all three (gram, binola and hhali) are mixed with the turi, but more usually hhali is moistened and mixed with turi, and gram dta is then sprinkled over it. The calculation is that gram is feeding and streng- thening, while hhali and binola improve the quantity of milk and increase the percentage of butler.3 A little gur is sometimes given. Only the eastern half of the district grows cotton to any extent ; all the cotton is sold in Khanna, and the binola has to be brought back from the factories. The people of the western half of the district get binola from Khanna and Ludhiana, and consequently do not feed it freely to the cattle." B. — Trans-Sidle] districts. 12. "During Baisakh, Jeth and Har (middle of April to middle of July) the broken straw of wheat Jullundur (Gazetteer, page. 196-97). - ^ principal food (of the Cattle). Broken barley, massar, and gram straw may also be given, but barley e and massar are little grown. Senji is occasionally stored, and, when this is the case, it is given to the cattle during these months. During the next two months i Sawan — Bhadon) there is plenty of grass in uncultivated plots and in fields lying fallow. This is grazed and also dug up and brought home for the cattle. Next month (Asoj, 16th* September — 15th October) green chari alone, or mixed with moth or tniing, comes in and supplies food for nearly two months. About the end of October the chari left is cut down and stacked, and for the next four months it forms the principal food, being supplemented by maize stalks and, as soon as the cane crushing begins, about the end of Novem- ber, by the arrow of the canes, which is fed mixed with broken straw. During February and March green fodder crops as methi, senji, and hdlon arc cut down as needed, and given to cattle in the same way as cane tops were previously. If the rains hold off, the people are put to great straits to feed their cattle ; sugar- cane is cut for this purpose, but it is a poor fodder and does not suit for any length of time ; the leaves of the dliak tree (Butea frondosa) are extensively used on such occasions When cows and buffaloes are about to calve and when they are in milk they often get grain, cotton seed, and oil-cake, but the amount depends on the owner's means, and nothing can be said about the quantity." The following dietary for the canal-irrigated tract in the Lahore Manjha has been supplied by Rai Baka- Lo. Lahore. dur Hotu Singh : — Moutii. October ... November December January.., 1'ebrr.a v March .. Grain. Bullock . . . 2 sers, whole gram . . . Cow fl ser gram ... (.1 ser bmola Buffalo C 4 sers hinola (.1 strjchali Bullock ... None ... Cow { 1 ser hinola (.1 sergrain Buffalo C 4 sers hinola ... (.1 ser Tchali ... Straw. As in November, but bullocks get grain in first 15 days. Bullock Cow Buffalo Bullcck Cow None „fc 1 ser hinola 1 ser grain 4 sers hinola 1 ser Tchali None ... 1 ser hinola Buffalo as in January,.. Bullcck ... None ..,' Cow Buffalo "{ None ... 1 ser hinola 2 sers grain Bullcck — 10 sers hhusa mixed with whole gram or 30 sers of chari mixed with gwdra, moth or mung green. Cow — 5 sers hhi'isa and 20 sera green, chari l and gwdra, moth or mung. > Buffalo — 15 sers hhusa, 20 sers chari and J gwdra, moth or mung. Bullock — 15 sers hhusa and 30 sers dry chari. ? Cow — 5 sers hhusa and 20 sers dry chari. Buffalo— 20 sers hhusa, 20 sers chari. As in November. Bullock— 20 sers hhusa and 20 sers turn or sarson. 'V Cow — 5 sers hhusa and 15 sers green sarson. V Buffalo— 20 sers hhusa and 20 sers green ) sarson. Bullock— 15 sen hhusa and 60 sers senji or green barley. Cow — 5 ters hhusa and 25 sers senji or barley. Buffalo — 20 sers hhusa end 20 sers senji or barley. Bullock — CO sers green senji, barley, wheat or gram. Cow — 40 sers of above. • Buffalo— 10 sers hhusa and 40 sers green. I wheat, gram or senji. Month. April May and Jane Grain. July ... August and September Bullock ... None ... Cow •«. None ... Buffalo C 4 ten linola ... j (.1 ter khali Bullock e 2J ten grain C i ter khali Cow "... 1 ter grain Buffalo C 4 t&rt linola (. 1 ter khali Bullock ._ 2 »«r* grain Cow T7I 1 J«r grain Buffalo f 4 mm WnoZa L 1 ser khali Bullock ... Nono Cow 77. None Buffalo ... Nona Straw. Bullock — GO sers green gram. Cow — 30_«r5 green gram. £ Buffalo— 5 tert Ihuta and 20 ten green J gram. Bullock— 30 jer* JAa'ia. Cow — 15 ten Ihuta. > Buffalo— 20 ten Ihuta. Bullock— 15 sen Ihuta and 20' sen early- sown green chari. Cow— 5 itrj Ihuta and 10 ten early sown moth. J Buffalo— 15 sen bhisa and 30 sen chari J and moth. Bullock— 5 ten Ihusa and 40 sen gretn chari and gmdra. Cow— 20 *erj green cAar». Buffalo— 10 «« Ihusa and 45 «c» c/(ar» and gwdra. 11. Rai Bahadur Hira Singh, Revenue Assistant of Gujrat, has supplied the following dietary for that district. Gu;irat' It represents the food an ordinary small farmer would give to his cattle. Milch kine get the first three items when in milk : — Month. i. Jeth, Har and first fort- night of Sawan (16th May— 31st July). Second fortnight of Sawan and Bhadon (1st August— 15th September). Asoj (16th September— 15th October). Katak (16th October— 15th November). Grain. 5. Magghar ( 16th November - 15th December). 6. Poh (16th December to 15th January). Magh, first fortnight (16th— 31st January). Magh, second fortnight (1st— 15th February). Phagan (16th February— 15th March). Chait and first fortnight of Baisakh (16th March— 30th April). Baisakh, second fortnight (1st — 15tli May). 7. 8. 10. 11. Sers. rCow l ( Buffalo 2 Nil Bullock 1 employed ploughing. Nil f Cow 1 I Buffalo 2 Ditto Ditto Nil Nil Nil Cow ... 1 Buffalo ... 2 Cotton seed. Sers. i ■ i Nil Nil Nil Buffalo Ditto Ditto Nil Nil Nil '{ Oil-cako. Sers. Bullock Cow Buffalo Nil Nil Fodder. Nil Cow Buffalo .} Ditto Ditto Nil Nil Nil Turi mixed with the oil-cake and linola in Idrdni, and with early jowdr and makki when available in chdhi villages. As grass is available, no grain, is., or straw given. Grass and chari. Grass, chari, moth, lajra. At green fodder with grain is avail- able, no other grain or oil-cako is given. Bullocks — turi mixed with moth. Milch kine — turi and stalks of maize, jowdr and Idjra mixed. As in No. 5. But sarson also bo- comes available, and in chdhi villages turnips. Green sarson and kusumhh and green wheat to some extent mixed with turi. As in No. 7. Green wheat and kusumhh. Liitls or no grain, 4c, given. Green wheat and barloy in first fortnight of Chait ; afterward* green gram, masar, and barley with the grain. Green fodder being exhausted, grain given to milch kine. Bullocks get Ihusa of jaunsri. Milch kino graze in the roaped fields and at night get turi mixed with their grain ration. a 15. The livestock of the Rawalpindi district, both oxen and cows, is of very poor quality and little regarded. Bawalpindi (Gazetteer). „ Jn ^^ M&y ^ j^ ^^ bullocks get bhiisa or chopped straw, and while in work half a ser of hhal or oil-cake. Bullocks used as beasts of burden usually get a small feed of grain daily as well. In July and August they are fed on green grass, and from Sep- tember to March on the straw of autumn crops known as tanda (jowdr and bdjra) and missa (the straw of moth). Favourite and valuable animals are also occasionally allowed to graze in jowdr and moth fields when the crops are still young. Sarson and occasionally young wheat are also used as fodder for bullocks. In the hills more grass is used and less of other kinds of fodder." 16. When not in milk a cow is left to shift for herself pretty much, „. _ . c t., . „ . ' „ .. going out with the cattle of the village Montgomery (Purser's Settlement Roport, pages 76.$). ? ° tt 1 • >n •# to graze. However when m milk, if {he owner is fairly off and she has not many rivals, she will get some boiled cotton seed (varenva), about 1£ ser per diem in Poh, and in Jeth and Har as much ground gram or barley soaked in water, and will in other respects be treated as her owner's bullocks, sharing with them and the buffaloes the oil-cake {hhal) he may possess. As a rule a cow is well off, if she gets some chopped straw in addition to what she can pick up in the fields . . . . Bullocks are fed four times a day, in tbe morning and evening, at noon, and before the owner goes to bed. They very seldom get any grain, if ever, but they may come in for some raw cotton seed in Poh. ... A bullock will eat from 12 to 15 sers of broken straw per diem, or about double that quantity of green fodder. Its food consists chiefly of broken straw of sorts, turnips, chari, green wheat, and dry jowdr stalks. Its food during the year commencing with Chaitr or the middle of March may be taken as follows : — Chaitr ... ,.. Green wheat, methra, carrots (rare). Baisakh ... ... Wheat straw, dry turi, grazes in stubble fields. Har ... ... Ditto. If 1 there has been rain, the bullocks are turned out to graze. Sawan-Bhaclon ... Graze as before. If there has been no rain, turi, chari or china sown in Jeth, and kept over is given. Asoj ... ... Kangni straw or chari sown in Sawan. Katak ... ... Chari sown in Sawan or straw of china sown in Bbadon. Bullocks also graze in stubble fields. Magghar ».. ... Chari or china straw. Also rice straw, if available. Poh ... ... Turi mixed with green wheat. Tops of turnips. Magh ... ... Turi mixed with green wheat and roots of turnips. Phagan ... ... Green wheat, turnips and methra at the end of the month. . . . ". . It is not uncommon on the Ravi to turn the cattle out into the young fields of gram, massar, etc., to graze. 17. In an ordinary holding in this district the well cattle will be fed in Muitan (Gazetteer, edition 1901-02, pa-es 225-26) April on peas or methra, and, as the , , . , . ,r , * , wheat is cut, they get grazing in the stubble ; in May and June they graze in the wheat stubble or get fed on china or pea straw; in July they get the early jowdr and wheat straw is also avail- able ; from August to December they get jowdr or green grass or bdjra stalks and when green food is not available, then wheat straw or dried jowdr is given to them. With December begins the turnip season, and as the turnips give out, green wheat is supplied as far as necessary, or the cattle receive peas a*d g methra until the wheat crop is cut in April. During a large part of the year therefore the well cattle are stall-fed ; and it is as a rule only when there is wheat stubble or peas or fresh grass on the ground that they get anything like sufficient grazing. In addition to the peas, wheat, china, jowar, and turnips above mentioned there are several other crops used wholly or partly for fodder, such as ravodn, mash, masar, gram, senji, methra, and swdnk. Some- times crops, such asjotodr and turnips, shrivel up when young and become actually poisonous to cattle ; this is called patha lagna. Cattle can graze freely among indigo plants, so long as they have not begun to seed, without injuring the crop." Multan and Muzaffargarh (based on a note by Rai 18. The food of plough and Well Bahadur Tilok Chand). OXen is— Months. Fodder. Baisakh and Jetli ... Har to Asoj Katak and Magghar Poh and Magh Phagan and Chait .. Half to 1 ser of khali daily Xrne ... ... One ser of gram or wheat to each working bullock. One ser of linola to working cattle, if they seem weak. None ... Bhusa. Chart, jowar, moth, if available ; otherwise bhusa. Chari, if available ; otherwiso bhusa, senji fodder in second fortnight of Maghar, if available. Senji. Turnips alone or mixed with sarr grass or bhusa. Green wheat mixed in first fortnight of Phagan with sarr grass, or bhusa. While in milk a cow gets half a ser of oil-cake and a ser of grain, and a female buffalo double these quantities. In Poh and Magh when fed on turnips a cow gets a ser of binola and a milch buffalo 2 sers. CHAPTER II.— Cereals. 19. In temperate climates grasses or flowering plants of the natural order Gramineae occupy the land to Cereals and pulses. an extent far exceeding any other class of herbs. Probably plants of the order Leguminosse occupy the second place. It is a striking fact that grasses (cereals) and leguminous plants (pulses) supply all that is necessary to man and beast for food except in very cold climates, and that the two classes supplement each other, the element which is in defect in most cereals being in excess in the pulses. This chapter and the next deal with the cereals and pulses which supply food to cattle. 20. Zeamays: natural order Graminea. — For botanical description see Fuller and Duthie's Field and Garden Makki, synonyms ctalian, lcnlcri, jowar (Jullnndur). ^^ q£ ^ North.Westem Provinces, part I, page 21, and plate V. Chemical composition of grain — ■ Water .. Albuminoids Starch... Oil ... Fibre ... Ash ... Per cent. 12-5 9-5 707 3-6 2-0 1-7 The dry stalks, Tcarbi, are only indifferent fodder, and should be mixed with green food. Purser notes on page 178 of the Jullundur Gazetteer - " when ripe the leaves and thinner parts of the stalk are fair fodder, but inferior to joiodr. The harder parts of the stalk are rejected by cattle, and Acres, • •• • •• 165,452 • • t • •• 161,14,9 ... • #■ 96,283 »•• ■ •• 85,929 *•* ... 79,234- •♦• •♦• 72,992 • • • • •ff 70,752 Jowdr. 10 are good only for fuel and manure. The green plant is good fodder, and well- to-do zamindars sometimes sow maize thick like chari in order to supply- green food to the cattle in the hot weather. " It is then sown very early in the hot weather." The area under maize in kharif 1910 was 1,206,645 acres, The districts having the largest acreage were— Kangra ... ^T Hoshiarpur ... ,,. Ambala ... ••• Jullundur ... ... Sialkot ... ... Gurdaspur ... ... Lyallpur ... 21. Sorghum vulgare : natural order, Graminefe.—-'FoT botanical des« cription see Field and Garden Crops, page 25, and plate VI, Chemical composition of grain—* Per eent. Water ... ... ".,, ... 12'5 Albuminoids ... ... ... ... 9'3 Starch ... ... ... ... 72-3 t-Jil ... ... ... ... ... <£'U .Fibre ..• • «, ... ... ... (* & x\.sn ... ... .» ... ... J- i Dr. Voelcker's analysis of the straw, which shows that it is more nour« ishing than turnips (see paragraph 59), as given in Field and Garden Crops, is as follows : — Per cent. Water .« ... ... ... 85-17 Flesh forming matters ... ... ... 2-55 Patty and heat producing matters ... ,;. H'14 Inorganic matters .. . .., ... ... 1*14 If jowdr is grown for grain, it is sown sparsely, 8 to 12 set's of seed being used to the acre. If fodder (chari) only is wanted, 30 to 40 sers will be used. In Gurgaon it is sometimes sown moderately thick so as to secure some grain as well as the chari, and then 15 sers of seed go to the acre. Jowdr is grown largely for grain in the five southern districts of the Delhi division, and in some districts of the Multan division, especially Dera Ghazi Khan. Except in Dera Ghazi Khan the grain is little used as a food for cattle and horses. Tie dry stalks (tdnda, karbi) are excellent fodder, and are usually chopped up and mixed with the bhusa of kharif pulses, eto. In Lahore " if fodder is plentiful, the stalks are thrown down whole, and the cattle eat half, leaving the harder ends. ' If owing to drought the plant withers, it is very dangerous for cattle, and to eat it may have fatal results. In Hissar the husks {boda), after the grain has been beaten out, are fed to cattle, mixed with pdla. The stalks when green contain a good deal of sugar and are much appreciated as fodder. Part of the crop is cut in October while still green. A variety known as "mithi jowar " is mentioned in the Gazetteer of the Lower Chenab Canal Colony, page 82, " which is eaten with avidity by cattle, while its stalks are chewed like sugarcane by the Janglis, who call it ganna (cane)." In some districts some jowdr is sown thickly on irrigated land very early in the hot weather so as to secure a supply of green food in June and July. This is called Sari or Hard. The ordinary sowing season is July. Owing to the way in which jowdr is cultivated it is difficult to place very great reliance 11 on the areas returned as under jowdr and chari respectively. According to ^tement II the areas sown vith jowdr and chari respectively inSri\ 1910 Acres. Jowdr '" - ... ... 1,342,870 Chari - - ». ... 1,485,345 The figures under chari may include a certain amount of other fodder crops. The districts in which jowdr is grown largely for grain are the five southern districts of the Delhi division, Ferozepore, the districts of the Rawal- pindi division (except M^ Jhang, Multan, and JJera Gnazi Khan. ' Sorghtim halepense- bam— is a fodder grass which when it dries up has the same poisonous properties as its cultivated relation (Fodder Grasses of Northern India, pages 40-41). 22. Pennisetuni typhoideum, : natural order, Graminece. —For botanical Bajra, synonym hdjH. description see Field and Garden Crops, part I, page 30, and plate VII. Chemical composition of unhusked grain — Per cent. Water ... ... ... ... H-3 Albuminoids ... ... ... ... 104s Starch ... ... ... ... 71-5 '-'11 ... ..• ... ... ... 3*3 Fibre ... ... ... ... ... 1-5 Ash ... ... ... ... ... 2*0 The grain is considered excellent food for men, and in Gujrat some of it is given to bullocks. As fodder the stalks are distinctly inferior to those of jowdr, and in some parts, if other fodder is abundant, only the heads are cut off and the stalks are left standing. In Karnal they are called dandar and in Hissar karbi. They are chopped up and given to the cattle mixed with green stuff or with gram dta. Before the Sirsa Branch of the Western Jumna Canal began to irrigate the southern part of the Kaithal tahsil, it used to be a common sight there to see in the barani fields large ricks (chhor) of bdjra stalks black with age preserved as a reserve against fodder famines. In some of the north- western districts the stalks of bdjra are a very important part of the fodder supply. The area returned as under bdjra in kharif 1910 was 2,412,497 acres.' Of this 1,173,585 acres were in the Hissar, Rohtak and Gurgaon districts of the Delhi division, Hissar alone accounting for nearly 700,000 acres, and 792,106 acres were in the six districts of the Rawalpindi division. Bdjra is a near relation of anjan or dhdman (Pennisetum cenchroides) , £he best of the uncultivated fodder grasses in the Punjab. 23. Setaria Italica : natural order, Graminece. — For botanical descrip- ,„. , , tion see Field and Garden Crops, part Kaagni, synonym *«„« (Santa). j^ page ^ ^ ^ xxy The chemical composition of the husked grain is— Per cent. Water • •• *•• • •• • •• 10-3 Albuminoids • •• ■M • • • #•• 10-8 Starch »•• »• > ... • • t 73-4: Oil • •• ■ » • • •« • •« 2-9 Fibre »•* ••• • •• ••t 1-5 Ash • •• ••• •M ••• H This inferior kharif millet is grown more or less in all districts, but except in the hills and submontane tracts and in parts of the Multan division 12 the areas are generally insignificant. Mr. Purser wrote on page 115 of the Montgomery Settlement Report : — " Two varieties of this crop are recognized, Jcangan and l-angni, but they differ only iir size, as Jcangan is larger and coarser than hangni. Kangan is rare. The straw .... is called pardl or pardli. It is not broken up like turi. It is considered good strengthening food. The grain ■. . . . is used as an article of diet." In Jhang " patches are grown on wells for fodder by zamindars who* keep horses, hut the grain is seldom threshed." In Lahore kangni is grown sometimes for fodder and sometimes for grain, and the fodder is considered good. In the Simla Hills it is sown in poor lands, and the grain is boiled and eaten like rice, while the straw is fed to cattle during the winter. 24. Panicum miliaceum : natural order, Gramincce. — For botanical description see Field and Garden Crops,, part II, page 1, and plate XXIIL The chemical composition of the husked grain is— Per cent* Water ... '..7 ... .77 7.. 12-0 Albuminoids ».. ... ... ... ... 12-6 Starch ... ... ... ... ... 69"4i Wll ... ... ... ... ... 0*0 Fibre ... ... ... ... ... 10 xVsn ... ... ... ... ■•■ j i- Outside the hills and one or two of the south-western districts this &; a very unimportant crop. As regards its cultivation in Jhang and Multan the- following extracts may be given — Steedman's Settlement Report of Jhang, page 94— " China as a crop is largely grown on well lands. Two crops are reaped in the year,, the first in Jeth and Har, the second in Magghar .... China requires a large quantity of water The first china crop is used chiefly as fodder. It is very rarely threshed. The second china crop comes in useful for the wheat sowings. The crop is sometimes pulled up or cut half ripe, as much grain beaten out as can be, and the straw used for fodder. More generally the second crop is allowed to ripen .... If there have been good rains and grass is plentiful, the whole of the china will be allowed to ripen ; if there has- been but little rain and grass is scant, the whole crop may be used as fodder." Multan Gazetter, edition of 1901-02— "China is a crop which has nearly trebled in area since 1880 and now represents^ 1*5 per cent, of the cropping of the district. This increase is entirely due to its popularity on the Sidhnai Canal, where it has been extensively grown both in the zairl rabi and in the kharif harvest, about one-third being shown in the revenue records against the former .... . . The crop is mainly used for food, but a certain portion of the said rabi is employed as fodder also. As a food the grain is inferior . , . It provides the poorer classes with a cheap if somewhat distasteful food." In Simla the straw is fed to cattle in the winter. In 1910-11 the area under hangni and china amounted to about 56,000 acres, china being the more important crop. The only districts in which the area under hangni exceeded 1,000 acres were— Acres.. Sialkot m« ... ••• ••■ ... 3,395 Kangra ... ... ... ... ... 2,920 Rawalpindi... ... ... ... ... 1,538 25. Panicum frumentaceum : natural order, Graminem. — For botanical c, , ,, m. ~l i lv s description see Field and Garden Crops. fcanwak, synonym swank, samuktia, jhandru (Kangra). , TT n -i i , Trtr-nr r part II, page 3, and plate XXIV. For chemical composition of unhusked grain see Church's " Food -grains of India," page 49- 13 In Gujrat kangni and swank arc mixed with maize crops on well lands and ripen before the maize. In Jhang sdnwak is grown to a small extent for horse fodder on wells. In Muzaffargarh it is grown on canal and well lands, mostly as a food crop, hut it is sometimes used green for fodder. This millet is also grown in. hill districts. In the Dictionary of Economic Products, volume VI, part I, page 9, the quick-growing saildb crop, samiikha, sown in Jhang, Miamvali and Muzaffargarh in land newly left by the river, is treated as the same plant as sdnwak, but possibly this may be a mistake. Pandit Hari Kishan Kaul, has informed me that the main difference is that samiikha has a black seed, while that of sdnwak is white. Samiikha may perhaps be one of the panicums men- tioned below. The account of its cultivation given on page 106 of the Mu- zaffargarh Gazetteer may be quoted : — " As the rivers recede in August and September they leave large flats of quicksand or rather quick-mud, which will not support a man. The sower taking a g&ara of seed enter as the mud, supporting himself on the ghara, and scatters the seed over the mud. As the mud dries the plant springs up and produces grain in October. The grain is small and inferior. Kirars eat it on fast days. The straw is considered excellent fodder." Samiikha is grown mostly for fodder. The crop returns for 1910-11 show 2,500 acres as under sdnwak in Gujranwala and 1,019 in Gujrat. In ELangra sdnwak is included in an area of 11,175 acres shown as under " Other cereals." Jhang returned 2,453 acres of sdnwak and 491 of samukha, Mian- wali 46 of sdnwak and 504 of samukha, and Muzaffargarh 790 of samukha.- The wild grass, sdnicak— Panicum colonum, is useful fodder when it is young, and Hindus eat the grain on fast days (Hissar Gazetteer, page 10, and Karnal Gazetteer, edition of 1890, page 22). Panicum crus-galli, called bharti in the Hissar district, is also a fodder grass. If the crop described as shdnvikh in the crop returns of the Hoshiarpur district, and which there occupied in kharif 1910 an area of 3,140 acres, is not Panicum frumentaceum, it may be a culti- vated variety of one of these wild panicums. 26. Panicum helopus : natural order, Graminea?. — Por botanical des- cription see Duthie's " Podder Grasses of Kur!a- Northern India," page 8. Dutbie states that it is an excellent fodder grass for both horses and cattle, and tbat it is found chiefly on cultivated ground in the plains, and occurs on the Himalaya up to about 5,000 feet. It is cultivated to a small extent on well lands in Jhang and Muzaffargarh, and is used as fodder for horses. 27. Panicum jumentorum, a native of tropical Africa, is a rich fodder grass. It is best propagated by dividing Guinea grass. the roots. It has been cultivated ex- perimentally in the Punjab, but has not become an established fodder crop. 28. Oryza sativa : natural order, Graminea. — Por botanical descrip- • tion see Picld and Garden Crops, part I, DUa- page 15, and plate IV. Chemical composition of lmsked grain is— Per cent. Water ... ... ... ... ••• 12'8 Albuminoids ... ... ••• .•■ 7'3 Starch ... ... ••• ••• ••• 783 Oil ... ... ... ••• ••• *" Fibre ... .,-. ••• ••• ••• '* Ash ... ... ... ••• ••• '6 The straw is called pardl or pardli. It is not threshed with the grain. As fodder the straw is very poor, but in rice tracts it is given to the cattle faute de mieucc. It ought to be reinforced with green stuff. In Karnal the pardli of 14 the coarse sdnthi rice is said to be better fodder than that of the fine ziri rice. It is noted that when, owing to want of water, the crop produces no grain, the straw, which is then known as marain, is an " excellent fodder " (Hissar Gazetteer, page 173). The area under the many varieties of rice was returned in kharif 1910 as 712,813 acres. The districts having the largest acreage under this crop were — Acres. Kangra ... ... ... •- 119,995 Sialkot ... ... ... ... 64,800 Dera Ghazi Khan ... ... ... ... 68,588 Ambala ... ... ... ... 61,984 Gujrauwala ... ... ... ... 59,606 Gurdaspur ... ... ... ... 50,707 Muzaffargarh ... ... ... ... 47,963* Karnal... ... ... ... ... 47,153 29. Eleusine coracana : natural order, Graminece. — For botanical descrip- _. " _, . , , . , _ ,„ . tion sec Food and Garden Crops, part II, Mandwa, synonyms, mandal, /coda, chalodhra (Oui- _ i i • „„TTTTT A .i,f . , rat), mandan (small variety). page 10, and plate XXVIII. Chemical composition of husked grain — Per cent. Water ... ... ..." ... ... 13-2 Albuminoids ... ... ... ... 7*3 Starch ... 7.7 ... ... ... 73*2 Oil ... ... ... ... ... 1*5 Fibre '... 7.7 ... ... ... 2-5 ASIl ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ** O Under the name of rdgi it is largely grown as a food crop in Southern India. The total area in the Punjab in kharif 1910 was returned as 22,035 acres, and two-thirds of this came from the hill districts of Kangra and Simla. The only other districts with areas exceeding 1,000 acres were Karnal (1,220), Sialkot (1,444), and Rawalpindi (1,460). The grain is very inferior food, but useful to poor people. According to the Simla Gazetteer, page 66, the straw is fed to cattle and " is said to be very sweet." In Karnal its cultivation as a dry crop expands a good deal in dry seasons, as it is sown in fields intended for the fine ziri rice, when the latter cannot be planted out owing to the drought. There " the Mits is very bad fodder, and is generally burnt as it stands or grazed down" (Gazetteer, edition of 1890, page 204). The wild grass, Eleusine flagel- lifera, which is the chliimbar of the "Western Punjab, and the gathil of Karnal, is a useful fodder plant. Other wild species of eleusine, which are fodder grasses, will be found noted on pages 56-9 of Duthie's " Podder Grasses of Northern India." 30. Paspalum scrobiculatum : natural order, Graminece. — Por botanical description see Pield and Podder Crops, part II, page 8, and plate XXVII. The chemical composition of the husked grain is given on page 40 of the " Pood Grains of India." This poor millet is a favourite crop in parts of the United Provin ces and is grown there on inferior outlying lands. It appears to be grown to some extent in the Simla Hills and elsewhere (Punjab Products, page 238), and may be confused in our returns with koda (Eleusine coracana). In the list of crops on page 116 of the Hosh'iarpur Gazetteer mandal (Eleusine coracana) and kodra are shown separately, but the botanical name of kodra is also given as Eleusine coracana. It is stated on page 1 of Duthie's " Podder Grasses of Northern India " that the grain is chiefly consumed by the lower classes, and that the straw is used as fodder. 15 31. Triticum sativum : natural order, Graminea.— For botanical des- Kanak, synonym geJan (in eastern districts). Cription SCO Fuller and Dutllie, Food and Garden Crops, part I, page 1, and plates I-A and I-B. The average chemical composition of the grain of Indian wheats is— Water Albuminoids Starch Oil Fibre Asli Per cent. 12-5 13 5 68-4 vi 2-7 1-7 The grain is too valuable to be used much as food for cattle. It is sometimes given to milch kinc. The uses as fodder of the dry broken straw or turi have already been indicated. The ways in which it L stored may be gathered from the following extracts :— Karnal Gazetteer, edition of 1890, paragraph 222.—" Bhus is stored in a hup made of a wisp of straw wound spirally round and round upon a founda- tion of cotton stems so as to form a high circular receptacle in which the bhus is packed and preserved, and thatched when full. A long low stack fenced in by cotton stems alone is called a chhan or bhiisarl Near the city the people store their bhus in mud receptacles (Jchuta) and plaster it all round the top. The bhus is taken out from a hole at the bottom as wanted." Chenab Colony Gazetteer, page 80.— Bhusa " is stored in stacks, rm'isal, or in low heaps, dhar. The musal is built up in the form of a haystack and better withstands the rain owing to its sloping thatch. But the dhar is often preferred because it is less exposed to damage from fire. An enemy can burn a musal down, whereas a dhar will only smoulder at one end." Multan Gazetteer, page 219.—" The wheat straw is collected in stacks, palle, and surrounded with wattles or cotton stalks and daubed over with mud." Near towns the green wheat when in ear {khaioid) is cut down and fetches a very good price. In some of the western districts much wheat on the wells is cut down green to feed the bullocks, the amount which has to be sacrificed depending of course on the nature of the season. Thus the late Mr. Steedman wrote in paragraph 131 of the Jhang Settle- ment Report : — " Practically the tenant can cut as much green wheat and jowdr to feed the well bullocks as is necessary. There is really no limit. Similarly, the whole of the turnip crop is his. It is only where the crop or roots are sold that the proprietor takes a share ; otherwise all (of the fodder) that he takes is a mafia or two of green wheat and a bundle or two of turnips." In rabi 1910 the area under wheat was 8,884,697 acres, distributed among the divisions as follows : — Division. Acres. Per cent, of total cropped area o£ both harvests. Delhi ... Jullundur Lahore ... Rawalpindi Multan .., 892,721 1,662,321 2,024.376 2,127,265 2,178,014 118 299 38-5 48-7 408 Total 8,884,697 311 These figures show the enormous importance of wheat straw as a source of fodder in the three western divisions. 16 32. Hordeum vulgare : natural order, Graminece. — For botanical des- cription of barley see Field and Garden Jan' Crops, part I, page 9, and plate II. Tbe chemical analysis of the husked grain is — Per cent. Water ... ... ... ... ... 125 Albuminoids ... ... ... ••• H'° Starch ... ... ... ... ... 70'0 Fat ... ... ... ... ... 1'3 Fibre ... ... ... ... ... 26 AS'l ••• ••• ••• »*• ■•« ** ■*■ Barley is, speaking generally, a much more important crop in the cis-Sutlej than in the trans-Sutlej districts. As an unirrigated crop it is often grown mixed with wheat, gram, or masri. There is a beardless Tariety known as paigliambari or Kdbuli. Barley can be sown much later than wheat, in some of the western districts as late as the middle of January, and, except when sown late, it ripens much earlier. Hence it is useful to supply tenants and the poorer landowners with food before wheat becomes available. The grain is also commonly given to horses. Purser quotes a Montgomery proverb — " Jau kache, pakke, daddare, jo joban turiyan." " Unripe, ripe, half ripe barley, whatever excellence it possesses is only for horses." The dry straw or turi is an excellent fodder used in the same way as wheat. Being less valuable than wheat a greater proportion of the barley grown is used for green fodder. It is sometimes sown for this purpose with other fodder crops in cotton fields while the cotton is still standing. The area under barley in rabi 1911 was 1,003,429 acres. In Hissar and Gurgaon it covers a much larger acreage than wheat. The crops with the largest areas were' — Acres. Hissar... ... ... ... ... 167,865 Gurgaon ... ... ... ... l."i],0S6 Ferozepore ... ... ... ... 119,805 The next largest areas were in Sialkot (59,147) and Kangra (54,9S6). 33. Avena sativa : natural order, Graminece. — For botanical description T . see Field and Garden Crops, part I, page 13, and plate III. Oats have been introduced into the Punjab and are cultivated to a small extent for green fodder. The wild oats, gandal (Avena fatua), sometimes seen in wheat fields, is an introduced weed, which is considered good fodder in California (see Duthie's Fodder Grasses of Northern India, page 51). CHAPTER III.— Ptoses. 34. The value of pulses as food for cattle is enormous, and the extent to Vatae of mixed crops of cereals and pulses. which they are grOWll alone Or mixed with cereals, cotton, etc., is a marked feature of the agriculture of the Punjab. The value of the practice of sowing pulses with other crops is great. An excellent statement of the case will be found on pages 141-43 of Moreland's " Agriculture of the United Provinces." Briefly it may be summed up as follows : — (a) Insurance.— The pulses generally want less moisture than the crops whose companions they are, and gram, or mash, or mung may survive when wheat, or cotton, or joicdr has dried up. 17 (b) Checking of evaporation from the soil, the low growing creeping pulses, shading thejsurface. (c) Leguminous plants like pulses feed the soil with nitrogen. (d) The produce of mixed crops of wheat and gram or barley and gram are reaped together. The grain is not separated but ground together, and the resulting flour is an excellent food. 35. The kharif pulses with the exception of gtodr belong to the Kharif pulses. sub-division Phaseolae of the natural order Leguminosae, and the three principal ones, moth, mash and mung are included in the genus Phaseolus, from which the sub-division takes its name. Owdr belongs to the same natural order, but to a different sub-division, Jalegeae. 36. Cyamopsis Psoralioides : natural order, Leguminosce.—'For botanical „ , , description see Fuller and Duthie's Field Gwar, synonym gwara. , r . _. TT and Garden Crops, part II, page 24, and plate XXXV. It is an important fodder crop in the districts of the Punjab formerly included in the United Provinces. It is suited to light sandy soil, and is usually sown alone, but is sometimes mixed with bdjra. It is considered to be a good crop to follow cotton or chart, because " the leaves appear to act as manure on the soil and to prepare it for a subsequent rabi " (Hissar Gazetteer, page 170). No doubt, like other leguminous crops, it feeds the soil with nitrogen. The grain is very rich in albuminoids, the chemical composition being — Per cent. \\ ater ... ... ... ■•• »»« 11 o Albuminoids ... ... ... ... ... 29-8 Starch ... ... ... ... ... 462 vJll ... ... ... ... ... 1 tJ Fibre ... ... ... ... ... 77 -A.SI1 ... ... ••• ... ... o X But it is considered coarse and produces flatulence, and both grain and leaves and stalks are given to the bullocks. The grain is either boiled or coarsely ground and given dry. The dry straw is useless, but the green plant is cut and chopped up and given to bullocks. The broken pods, called palosi, left on the threshing floor, make good fodder. After gram, gwar is the most important pulse in Pohtak, Gurgaon and Delhi. The average in these three districts in 1910-11 was — Delhi ... ... »«■ »•• ••• 37,079 Rohtak ... ... ... -. ••• 59,825 Gurgaon ... ... ... ••• ••• 67,138 37. Cajanu8 Indicus ; var. bi-color : natural order Zeguminosce.'—'FoT botanical description see Field and Gar- Arhar, synonvms dangrf (Gujrat), bhart (Simla), den OopS, part II, page 20, and plate dhingra, kundi (Kangra). XXXIV. The chemical composition of the unhuskod grain is similar to that of gram, but it is difficult to digest — Per cent. Water ... ... ••• • ■« ••• 1"" Albuminoids "... ... ... ••• ••• l''l Starch ... ••• ••• ••• ••• _'. Fat ... ••• ••• ••• Fibre ... ••• »•• ••• Ash ••• ••• ••* ••• * In the United Provinces this tall pulse is a very important fodder crop and is usually grown mixed with jowdr, bdjra, or cotton. The cultivation and uses 26 7-5 3-8 18 of arhar in the United Provinces are described on pages 200-202 of Morland's " Agriculture of the United Provinces." The following may be quoted : — " When arhar is sown with cotton it is usually placed in lines about fifteen feet apart ; it grows thick and high... and! it is of particular value as a shelter; the outturn from a cotton field, is not, however, as great as from a millet field, as the arhar plants are far fewer in number ...Arhar seems to survive any deficiency of rain short of an absolute drought, and is almost independent of cold weather rain ; while nothing short of regular floods seems to injure it seriously, but it has dangers of its own. The greatest is frost to which the plant is more liable than any other of our field crops : a single ground frost may destroy the entire crop. The caterpillar, known usually as chheda, does a good deal of harm in some seasons, boring into the pods and eating the young seeds The dry leaves and pods make most nourishing food for cattle and the 6talks are put to a great variety of uses, the chief of which is lining temporary wells." Though sown with cotton, the grain, if it has survived the cold, does not ripen till the beginning of the hot weatber. Its great susceptibility to frost makes it unsuited to the climate of most parts of the Punjab, and it is an unimport- ant crop except in the east of the Gurgaon district, where it is sown in lines with cotton. The leaves are used for fodder, and the stalks for fuel, while " the pulse is little esteemed, so that its perishing in the winter is of the les9 consequence " (Gurgaon Gazetteer, page 93). The variety which ripens in the autumn and is occasionally sown in Gurgaon seems to be the plant known as thur in the United Provinces (Cajanus Indicus, var. flavus). 38. Phaseolus mungo ; var. radiatus : natural order, Iteguminosce. — For „, , , _ 4. . _ ._, . . . botanical description see Field and Mash, synoynms urd, man, malm (interior variety). /-. n /-. , -r nr\ i ^ i Garden Crops, part I, page 39, and plate X : also Church's " Food Grains of India," page 148. Chemical composition of unhusked grains : — Per cent. Water ... ... ... ... 10-0 Albuminoids ... ... ... ... 22*7 Starch ... ... ... ... 55 8 Oil ... ... ... ... 2-2 Fibre ... ... ••• ... 4*8 Ash ... ... ... ... 4'4 including 1*1 of phosphoric acid. This crop and its two relations, mung (Phaseolus mungo) and moth (Phaseolus aconitifolius) form a group of kharif pulses of great importance as furnishing food for men and cattle. According to Purser there are two varieties of mash, one with black seedstknown as hurang, and one with green called kachua. " The former grows as a creeper along the ground ; the latter upright. The pods of hurang are blackish purple, long and thin ; those of kachua greenish yellow, short and thick the dal of kachua is larger, has abetter taste, and requires less time in cooking than that of hurang, hence it sells at 3 or 4 seers the rupee dearer" (Settlement Report of Montgomery, page 117). Mash is sown either alone or mixed with jowdr, cotton, or with other pulses such as mting, kulath, or rawdn. It is unsuited to a light sandy soil in upland tracts, and is therefore not grown with bdjra. In Jullundur it is mostly found in the best class of dry land and often precedes sugarcane. It is the one of the pulses which is grown most in riverain tracts and in the low hills. In Kangra it is sown on the ridges between rice fields or mixed with kulath. It does best in a season of moderate rainfall, and is often destroyed by heavy rain or by floods in the autumn. " The fodder obtained from moth, mung and mash is divided into three kinds, which ranked according to their value, are — the empty pods (phali), leaves (patti), and the stalks {gona). The 19 last are of little use for cattle and are sold to owners of asses and mules, when possible. The leaves are first stripped off by hand, then the stalks and pods are threshed, next the stalks are picked out, and then the remainder is winnowed and the chaff separated from the grain. As regards their value as fodder, moth stands first, mash second, and mtlng last (Purser, quoted on pages 186-87 of Jullundur Gazetteer). Mash is a good fodder for camels." 39. Phaseolus mungo : natural order, Leguminosce. — For botanical des- Mung, synonym miingli, an inferior variety in Ln- Cl'iption See Puller and Dllthic's Food dh'aDa" and Garden Crops, part I, page 37, and plate IX. To quote from the same book : — " Mung is one of four pulses which resemble one another very closely in appearance and habit of growth, the other three being- urd or mash, lobia, and moth. Mung is the most valuable of the four, and as a rule its consumption is confined to the better class of natives. It can be easily distinguished from either moth or lolia, but its resemblance to urd is so close that both are considered by some botanists varieties of the same species. The most popular distinction between the two plants in the field lies in mung having dark green and urd yellowish green leaves, but the principal difference is in the shape of the grain in that of urd being much larger and longer than that of viing. . . . There are three well marked varie- ties of mung having respectively green, yellow, and black seeds. The green seeded is the typical and commonest variety, that with yellow seed, known as sona or golden mung, being named phaseolus aureus, and that with black seeds phaseolus max" ling to Purser the variety with black seeds is e green and yellow seeded varieties mungi. The chemical composition of the unhusked grain is— According to Purser the variety with black seeds is called burang or munga, and the green and yellow seeded varieties mungi. "n, seeded. Yellow seeded. jr cent. Per cent. 10-8 11-4 22-2 238 541 54'8 27 2-0 5-8 4-2 4-4 3-8 Water ... ... Albuminoids ..,■ ... . Starch ' ... v/ll ... ... ... . Fibre ASU ... ... ... . It is usually sown with the millets, joio&r and bdjra, chiefly the former, with maize or cotton, or mixed with other pulses. It is not suited to the light sandy soil in which moth flourishes. It is grown in saildb lands, but not to the same extent as mash. Mung is the pulse of the Pothwar tract in the RaAvalpindi and Jhelum districts. In Rawalpindi it is as a rule sown mixed with bdjra. Heavy rain in September, when it is in flower, is exceedingly harmful, and both mash and mung " suffer from the attacks of grasshoppers (tidda) when young and later on caterpillars attack the pods and grains" (Steedman, Settlement Report of Jhang, page 93). The broken straw and stalks are good fodder for cattle, but, as already noticed, not so good as the bhusa of mash and moth. 40. Phaseolus aconitifollus : natural order, Z°guminosa. -For botanical description see Pood and Garden Moth, synonym motfci. ^^ ^ ^ page ^ an(1 ^tc XL The chemical composition of the grain is — Per cent. Water ... ... • •• ••• "*8 Albuminoids Starch ... ... ... 56'6 Fat ... ••• ••• Fibre \sh ... — ••• ■'•« 3'6 1'nc,,Kl;'1? °'s of phosphoric :u'id.* According to Purser (Montgomery Settlement Report, page 110) there are three' kinds—" bagga, jhijru, and gardra. The first grows up straight ; the •6 4-2 20 leaves are not indented ; it throws out no runners ; and the grain is whiteJ The other two kinds throw out runners ; the leaves of jhijru are indented ; those of gardra are not. The grain of jhijru is white with black spots ; of gardfa black with white spots. " Jhijru is evidently the typical phaseolus aconitifolius, which derives its specific name from the fact that its leaves are deeply cut, like those of the aconite plant. Moth is a crop of the uplands and is not common in riverain tracts. It grows well in very sandy land, and the most typical association is bdjra and moth, but it is also mixed with chari. In Gurgaon a variety called gora moth is the pulse usually mixed with cotton, as it spreads and does not climb. Moth is also sown alone or mixed with mung. In the low hills of the Rawalpindi district it is grown on sloping stony rakar soil. Like mdsh and mung it suffers from heavy autumnal rains. The prejudices against the use of moth as a food for men which exist in the United Provinces do not appear to extend to the Punjab. In fact in Perozepore khichri or porridge of moth and bdjra is a common dish for the evening meal, and moth, bdjra and jowdr form in the cold weather the staple foods of the people. But generally its grain is less esteemed than that of mdsh or mung, and much more of it is given to live stock and more especi- ally to horses, than is spared from the two other pulses. The main use of moth is as a fodder crop, and as that it is held in high esteem. Cut green, when the seed is still unripe {gharar in Jullundur) it is an excellent food for horses, and the grain is given to them as a substitute for gram. " Boiled and mixed with crude sugar it is considered unsurpassed for getting horses and bullocks at the end of the cold weather into what natives look upon as good condition " (Purser, quoted on page 160 of Jullundur Gazetteer). In Lahore some is sown early in the hot weather at the same time as the hdru jowdr and sometimes mixed with it. This is known as babul moth (Lahore Gazetteer, page 163). The bhusn of moth is a first class fodder for cattle, the leaves and the broken pods and stalks being all valuable. In Hissar the straw is given to camels, and in Attock they are given green moth. Moth is in the Punjab the most important of the group mdsh, mung> and moth. In 1910-11 the areas sown were— Acres. Moth ... ... ... ... ... 595,621 Mung ... ... ... ... ... 399,882 Mdsh ... ... ... ... ... 259,642 In making the calculation the areas in Bohtak and Gurgaon recorded under the single heading of " mung and mdsh " have been divided equally between the two crops. 41. Dolichos biflorus : natural order, Leguminoste. — Por botanical des- _ , a _ ,. ; _ ii. cription see Pood and Garden Crops, Kulath. synonyms raung (Hosn larpnr), Knit hi. \ TTX n , , , _. _ * • part III, page 2, and plate LXXXI. Chemical analysis of unhusked grain— Per cent. Water .. ... ... ... ... IPO Albuminoids ... ... „ , ... 225 Starch ... ... ... ... ... 56*0 vJH ... ... ... ... ... 1 V Fibre ... ... ... ... ... 5*4 Ash ... ... ... ... ... 3-2 This pulse is grown on poor sloping stony soils in the lower hills and up to 6,000 or 7,000 feet. The grain is said to be hard and indigestible. In the Murree Kahuta Assessment Report Mr. Kitchin noted that " though much eaten by the poorest, (it) is eaten by no one who can get any better food." It is stated in Puller and Duthie's, Pood and Garden Crops that " the plant where- ever grown is highly valued as a fodder for cattle, and in some parts of the Punjab it is sown in the spring solely for fodder." In kharif 1910 kulath was sown in 618 acres in the Simla and 3,846 acres in the Hoshiarpur district. In Rawalpindi and Kangra it is not shown 21 separately, but with " other kharif pulses." It probably occupied a very lar»e part of the areas of 26,123 and 3,603 acres returned under that head in Kanera and Rawalpindi respectively. 42. Vigna catiang : natural order, Leguminos®.— For botanical Rawan, synonyms arwan, lobia, chaula, rangan description See Food and Garden CrODS, (Simli)- part II, page 12, and plates XXIX and XXX. The chemical composition of the unhusked grain is— Per cent. Water ... ... ... ... ]*7 Albuminoids ... ... ... 231 Starch ... ... ... ... 553 Oil ... ... ... ... 11 Fibre ... ... ... ... 4-2 Ash ... ... ... ... 3 6 This agrees pretty closely with that of mdsh and mung, but Fuller and puthie state that the grain is less valued than that of these two pulses, as it is difficult to digest. It is grown in small quantities in different parts of the Punjab, and more largely in the extreme south-east and in the south-west of the province. In Gurgaon it is known as chaula, and is said to be the chief kharif crop on very inferior soils. The area sown there in kharif 1910 was 35,441 acres. The leaves and stalks are used as fodder. In Multan in 1910-11 the area sown was 9,163 acres, of which 7,346 were returned in the rabi crop statement. Mr. Maclagan noted that in Multan it is generally a catch crop after the rabi. In his Settlement Report of Montgonery, page 120, Mr. Purser stated that " rawdn is grown in the spring only for fodder. It is given to cattle green, mixed with turi .... Cattle are sometimes turned into raicdn fields to graze." In the Simla district the grain is eaten as dal or mixed with rice as khichri (porridge), while the straw is fed to cattle. The handsome wild pea, Vigna vexillata, which is common in the low hills of the Punjab, is a near relation of rawdn. It is noted on page 420 of volume III of the Dictionary of Economic Products that cattle eat it in Chutia Nagpur. „ . . , 43. The rabi pulses are divided Baoi pulses. . , x (a) the Vetches belonging to the sub-division Vicieae of the natural order Leguminosse — gram, masar, chural, matar, (b) the Clovers or trefoils belonging to the sub-division Trifolieae of the same natural order — senji, methra, maina, shaftal, lucerne. The latter are fodder crops pure and simple, and are fed green to cattle. 44. Cicer arietinum : natural order, Leguminosce. — For botanical description see Food and Fodder Crops, Chhola, synonyms chana. ^ j page 3^ ^ ^^ yjjj The chemical composition of the husked grain is— Per cent. Water ... ... ••• ••• H'^ Albuminoids ... ••• ••• 21'7 Starch ... ... ... ... 59 0 Oil ... ... ... — 4"2 Fibre ... •■• ••• ••• 1-° . Ash ... ... — ••• 2-G> including l'l of phosphoric acid. After wheat gram covers by far the largest area of any crop in the Punjab, and is important everywhere except in hilly and submontane districts and in a few districts in the Rawalpindi division to the north of the Salt 22 Bange. In the cis-Sutlej districts it covers an enormous area. The acreage sown in the rabi of 1911 was by divisions — Acres. Delhi ... ... ... 1,960,438 Jullundur ... ... ... 1,203,864, including 710,866 in Ferozepore. Lahore ... ... ... 617,038 Rawalpindi ... ... ... 354,068 Multan ... ... ... 358,636 Total ... 4,494,044 This was 26 per cent, of the rabi area and 16 per cent, of the area of both harvests. Gram grows in all kinds of soil from stiff clay to light sand. In sandy soil it has a more feathery habit and the leaves are of a lighter colour than when growing in a clayey soil. The yield of gram is said to be greater when the soil is stiff (Field and Garden Crops, page 34). In medium or light soils it is very often sown mixed with wheat igochni) or barley (jauchana, hejhdr, or terra). The discovery that it can be grown with a fair prospect of success in very light sandy soils has led to a considerable extension of rabi cultivation in some of the western districts. The cultivation is very rough, and in heavy soils one sees gram growing among the clods of a field which has been ploughed once and in which no attempt has been made to pulverise the soil or. root out the coarse dab grass. A good proverb on the subject is quoted on page 100 of the Ferozepore Gazetteer, edition of 1888-89, page 100 — "Chholaki janevah, Mah ki jane gha, Jatt ki jane rah/' which means that gram needs little ploughing, mash does without weed- ing, and a Jat can travel without roads. If the land contains sufficient moisture when it is sown it requires little rain afterwards. But it is a delicate crop in some ways, and when in flower, suffers much from night frosts. Cold westerly winds shrivel up the young grain. It is also said that lightning injures the crop. We are not concerned with its great use as human food. Of all the pulses it has the least claim to be considered a fodder crop, for its grain is of much more importance as food for horses and cattle than its straw. When bullocks in hard work get a grain ration, gram is usually selected. It is given half-ground and is usually mixed with bhiisa. The grain is also given to camels. It is stated in Field and Garden Crops, page 35, that " gram bhiisa is considered a most excellent food for cattle, but is seldom given alone, being generally used to give a flavour to more unpalatable fodders." In the Punjab it is much less esteemed as fodder. Hissar and Ferozepore are the districts with the largest gram area according to the crop returns of 1910-11. It is noted on page 174 of the Hissar Gazetteer that " the straw and leaves make an inferior kind of fodder, which is given to camels." In Sbahpur gram bhiisa is only given to camels except in seasons of scarcity, and is considered bad for horses and milch kine. In Ferozepore it is given to horned cattle, mixed with turi, but not to cows or buffaloes when they are in milk. In Attock sheep and goats, and in Jhang cows and horses, are allowed to graze on the young crop, and the outturn is probably little, if at all, injured thereby. In Ferozepore cattle are allowed to graze in irrigated fields of young gram, and the practice is said to improve the ultimate outturn. A wild species of Cicer, C. Soongaricum, grows in Spiti and Lahul. It is said to fatten cattle quickly (Dictionary of Economic Products, volume II, page 284). 23 45. Urvum lens or lens esculenta : natural order, Leguminosae. — For ibiti.fynotaymimnr.moiir.inohri. botanical description see Field and Garden Crops, part II, paejo 13, and plate XXXI. Chemical composition of unhusked grain— Per cent. Water - ». r.. ... 11-7 Albuminoids .... ... m u.9 Starch .„ ... ... §m 5C.0 Gil ... ... ... ... 1-5 Fibre ... ... ... ... 3-6 Ash ... ... ... ... 2-3, including 0'7 of phosphoric acid. Husked the fihre is reduced to 1*2 per cent, and the starch increased to 58*4 per cent. As regards its yalue as human food Professor Church writes — " It is highly nutritious, but somewhat heating ; it should be carefully freed from the husk or coat. The meal of lentils deprived of their coat is of great richness, containing generally more albuminoid or flesh- forming matter than bean or pea-flour. The preparations advertised under the names of ' Revalenta/ ' Ervalenta,' etc., consist mainly of lentil meal mixed with flour of barley or some other cereal and common salt" (Food Grains of India, page 189.)" We are told that the mass of pottage, for which Esau sold his birth- right, was probably composed of masri flour (Dictionary of Economic Pro- ducts, volume IV, page 621). Masri alone or mixed with barley is sown in poor damp riverain lands or after rice in flooded lands. Its grain is used as dal for' human food and the dry stalks and leaves as fodder. It is not regarded as a valuable fodder. Mr. Purser noted that some considered it heating and bad for milch kine, while others thought it good for all cattle, as being sweet (Mont- gomery Settlement Report, page 122). The area recorded in the district revenue registers in 1910-11 as sown under the heads of masri andjatimasri was 225,787 acres. 46. Lathy rus saiivus : natural order, Leguminosae.— For botanical description see Field and Garden Chura- Crops, part II, page 15, and plate-" XXXH. Chemical composition of pea — • Per cent. Water ... ... ... — ••• 101 Albuminoids .... ... ••« ••• ^'9 Starch and fibre Oil ... ... ... ••• Ash ... ... ... ••• •••' called in the United Provinces Icesari. This humble pulse is grown in damp riverain lands and is used almost wholly for fodder, especially for cows and female buffaloes. The dal has a bad reputation for human food, and indulgence in it is undoubtedly sometimes followed by paralysis of the lower limbs. The curious statement in the late Mr. O'Brien's Settlement Report of Muzaffargarh that "to sleep m a pea field is believed to produce a kind of paralysis called munda, probably refers to churdl. Mr. Purser in the Settlement Report of Montgomery page 122, writes:-" This crop is grown chiefly for green fodder. The plants arc pulled up or cut. The dry stalk and leaves are considered good fodder for cattle, but not for horses," as causing constipation. Mr. Maclagan on page 220 of the Multan Gazetteer puts the average selling value of chural at Rs. 1W per acre. •9' 3>» 24 47. Fisum arvense: natural order, Leguminosce. — For botanical descrip- tion see Field and Garden Crops, page 17, Matan and plate XXXII B. Like chural this pulse is mostly grown in moist river lands and used for fodder. The peas have no poisonous qualities, and on page 90 of the Jhang Settlement Report the late Mr. Steedman noted that the pods were picked green and eaten as a vegetable, and that the grain was not usually threshed except for seed. In the south-western districts peas {chural and matar, which are not distinguished in the crop returns) are important fodder crops. The area in Multan in rabi 1911 was 40,856 acres. The area recorded under churdl and matar or peas in the district revenue registers was 148,971 acres. Few districts outside the Multan division sow any large acreage. 48. Melilotus parviflora : natural order, Leguminosa. — For botanical description see Hooker, Flora of British njl' India, volume II, page 89. It has minute yellow flowers growing in a raceme (see illustration I). It does not appear to be cultivated to any extent in the United Provinces, for it is not mentioned in Fuller and Duthie's Field and Garden Crops, but in the Punjab it is an important fodder crop. It is often grown in irrigated land after cotton or maize, being sown between the lines while these crops are still standing. Farmers sow it to supply green fodder to their own cattle and do not as a rule •ell it, except near cities like Lahore and Amritsar, where it fetches a good price. Its relation melilotus alba is a Punjab wild plant, which cattle doubtless eat. 49. Trigonella fcenum-grcecum : natural order, Leguminosce — For bo- tanical description see Field and Garden Methra, synonyms metna, methi, methun. « , TTV . n ■, 1 , -ft nT-n- J J Crops, part III, page 46, and plate XCIX, also Hooker Flora of British India, volume II, page 87. It has some resemblance to senji, but is distinguished by its humbler growth and larger light yellow flowers. It is fairly common in damp riverain lands, but is also grown on irrigated lands, where it is often sown between the lines of cotton. It is used as green fodder, and can be cut several times if the plant is watered after each cutting. 50. Medicago denticulata (see illustration I). — Is a common Punjab Maina wild plant, which no doubt is eaten by cattle, though it is not included in the list of fodder plants in the Dictionary of Economic Products. It springs up thickly in Gujranwala in cotton fields, and is watered, so may there be con- sidered a fodder crop. A very considerable part of the area of 624,020 acres shown under rabi fodder in statement II was no doubt under senji and methra. 51. Medicago sativa : natural order, Leguminosce.— It is perhaps a culti- Lncerne vated variety of medicago falcata which grows wild in Kashmir and Kunawar (see Hooker, Flora of British India, volume II, page 90) . The flowers are usually purple. The plant has been introduced as a crop from Europe, and is commonly grown at remount depots, to supply green fodder for horses. It covers a large area at the Mona Remount Depot in the Gujrat district. It belongs to the same group as methra, senji, maina and shaftal (see also Fuller and Duthie's Food and Garden Crops, part III, page 61). The medicagos are dis- tinguished by their curious spirally twisted pods. There are three wild species besides M. denticulata mentioned above in the plains— M. lupulina, M. loci- niata, M. minima— no doubt all useful to cattle though not included in the list of fodder plants in the Dictionary of Economic Products. 52. Trifolium repens : natural order, Leguminosce. — It is cultivated in Shalta Afghanistan, Hazara, Peshawar, and Bannu, and in the Attock tahsil of the Attock district. In Bannu it is, like senji and methra, usually sown in maize 1 . Maina «= Mcdicago denticuL 2. Senji = Melilotus parviflora 3. Metlira=Trigonellafainuir griecum. 25 and cotton fields. It belongs to the same group as methra, senji, and lucerne, and it might be worth while to try to extend its cultivation in the Punjab Tri- folmm pratense (red), Trifolium repens (white), and Trifolium fwiferum (straw-berry headed trefoil) are English clovers, which also grow wikfin the hills. 53. A foreign leguminous plant, Arachis hypogaea or the ground-nut The ground-nut or mungphaii. (see Ggaxe 22 in Church's " Food Grains _ .. _ ,. _, , ,, . of India") is now much cultivated in boutnern India. It has the curious property of burying its pods in the ground. " The seeds are a valuable source of oil, and are also eaten. The leaves and branches of the plant are an excellent fodder- The hay is very nutritious much increasing the milk of cows. The cake holds a high reputation as a food upon which cattle rapidly fatten." (Dictionary of Economic Products, volume I, page 287). Probably the Punjab climate is too cold for the ground- nut. 54. Glycine hispida : natural order, Leguminosm. — For botanical des- Bnnt cription see Field and Garden Crops, part III, page 3, and plate LXXXV. This is the soy bean of China and Jfipan of which the seed is now large- ly exported to England for oil. In the United Provinces it is cultivated under the name of bhat in the lower hills and in a few of the neighbouring plain dis- tricts. " The plant affords excellent fodder for all kinds of stock, if harvested before it is fully matured." The extent to which it is now cultivated in the Punjab hills requires investigation. It appears from page 243 of Punjab Pro- ducts that several samples of a plant called bhut, which was identified as soja or glycine hispida, were sent to the Lahore Exhibition of 1864 from the Hill States. This was probably an inferior variety of the Chinese plant. The desirability of introducing into the hills and submontane districts a good kind of soy bean may be judged from the following extracts from the Dictionary of Economic Products, volume III, page 111 : — " The chemical composition of the bean, according' to Professor Kinch, places it above all other pulses as an albuminous food, while that of the straw also surpasses in nitrogenous value that of wheat, lentils, and even hay. The following composition is given by Professor Church : — In 100 parts of the bean water 11, albuminoids 353, starch and sugar 26, fat 18-9,. fibre 4*2, ash 4 6 The soy bean is an extremely valuable fodder plant. If cut just when the pods are, fully formed, it makes most nutritious hay, and the residual cake (after oil has been expressed from the seed), which contains, according to Church, 40 per cent, of flesh -form- ing materials and 7 per cent, of oil, is an extremely rich cattle food." CHAPTER IV.— Oilseeds, Turnips and Carrots. 55. We now come to a group of plants of great importance in the feeding of cattle because the roots and crops included m chapter. the green leaves and stalks are eaten, and the refuse made after oil has been expressed from the seeds is the chief source of oil-cake. These plants belong to the order Crucifcrse, and three-fourths of them, sarson, toria and turnips, are varieties of Brassica campestris. Taramira belongs to the nearly related genus Eruca. Although carrots belong to a differ- ent natural order, it is convenient to include them in this section, as their use as fodder is similar to that made of turnips. 56. Brassica campestris ; sub-species napus, varieties glauca, trilocularis, quadrivalvis, and dichotoma. — For Sarson, synonyms saron, airsam, sarshaf, malwan, botanical descriptions SCe pagCS 28-30' of Field and Garden Crops and plates XXXVII to XL. Natives recognise two varieties, black and yellow. The former, which is Brassica campestris, variety dichotoma, is said to be more hardy, but less rich in oil. 26 Sarson is sown cither alone, or mixed with wheat, barley, gram, or other crops. "When mixed it is sown either scattered or in lines (ad). It is one of the crops sown for fodder in cotton fields, while the cotton is still standing. Except in the south-western districts, where it is unimportant, it is rarely irrigated. It is noted on page 168 of the Lahore Gazetteer, edition of 1893-94, that on well lands it " is seldom sown except with wheat, when the two are intended to be cut together for fodder." It is a delicate plant, very liable to injury from frost. It ripens the earliest of the rabi crops except toria. The seed yields a bitter oil (karwa tel), which is good for burning and also for cooking, though for this purpose not equal to til. The refuse, after the oil has been expressed, is a valuable oil-cake, but much of the seed is exported to Europe. The young flowering shoot is used for sag. Sarson, when sown as a mixed crop, is pulled up and fed green to cattle in January and February. It is noted on page 123 of Purser's Montgomery Settlement Report that when well irrigated and manured two cuttings for fodder can be got, if the first is taken before, or very early in Magh. The dried threshed straw is of no use. The area under sarson in 1910-11 was 350,000 acres, but it is extremely difficult to record the area of this crop accurately, and in one or two districts it is lumped with taramira or toria. The districts with the largest areas in rabi 1910 were — Acres. Ferozepore ... ... ... ... 80,641 Karnal ... ... ... ... ... 47,698 It is a favourite crop in Gurgaon, Karnal and Ludhiana. In the Rawalpindi and Multan divisions tar amir a is much more important than sarson. 57. Brassica campestris ; sub-species napus, variety toria : natural order , . ,. ,,. Crticiferce. — For botanical description Toria. syncnyms satbn, tirpaklu. __ __ « ,,. ,, i n i see pages 29-30 of Field and Garden Crops and plate XLA. In Sialkot toria is a crop of some importance, and it was probably intro- duced into tbe Lower Chenab and Lower Jhelum Canal Colonies by immigrants from that district. It has become a very popular canal-irrigated crop in both colonies, on the Upper Bari Doab Canal in Lahore and on the Sidhnai Canal in Multan. The following passage from the Gazetteer of the Lower Chenab Colony may be quoted :— " The popularity of toria with the colonists is easily explicable. It is in the ground for only some 2i\ months, requires but little water, and that mainly at a time when wheat sowings have not commenced. Once sown it makes no demands on the energies of the colonists • • • • There is a uniformly steady demand in the market for the seed, which is exported mainly to Italy and Marseilles, to be manufactured into ' finest Lucca oil '. . . . It is curious that the zaruimlar will not eat the oil, which he uses himself only as an illumin- ant. It is popularly considered to be heating. A little toria is grown by the Janglis as green fodder for cattle and by Biloches for their camels .... The pressed seed is given to buffaloes to increase lactation." In Sialkot toria is generally an irrigated crop, but in Karnal it is mostly grown without irrigation. The chahi area, however, expands in a year of drought when the people want a crop which ripens quickly. The name sathri, by which it is known in some western districts, is an allusion to the fact that it is supposed to ripen (or perhaps to be of use for fodder) in sixty days. It is a delicate crop, but ripens so early that it stands a good chance of escaping damage from frost. It is mainly grown for the export of the seed, which fetches a good price. The oil-cake is not liked by cattle as it has a bitter taste. As fodder toria is much less appreciated than sarson, as the leaves are said to be bitter. But on page 221 of the Multan Gazetteer, edition of 1901-02, Mr. Maclagan noted that in that district outside the Sidhnai area " it is mainly grown along with turnips, and forms, when so grown, a green fodder, which is available for the cattle earlier than the turnips." 27 Owing to its popularity in the new canal colonics toria now covers a larger area than sarson. The area given in statement II is 440,701 acres. In rabi 1910-11 the area sown with toria was returned as 192 140 acres in Lyallpur, 81,472 acres in Shahpur, 59,224 acres in Lahore, and 24 378 acres in Amritsar. ' The area for the whole province was probably about 400,000 acres. Other sources of oil-cake. 58' Jt maJ *>e ai* Well to note here the other sources of oil-cake. The chief is til (Sesamum indicum : natural order, Pedalinece), which is specially valued for use in the cold weather. Alsi (Linum ttsitatissimum : natural order, Linacece) is another source. Gonglu, synonyms dulgtm, rfg, gudnf. ,59' ^assica CampestHs ', sub- species nap its. — The chemical composi- tion of the root is — Per cent. "Water ... ... ... ... ... 90-4. Albuminoids ... ... ... ... ]•() Patty and beating matters ... ,., ... 7-9 Inorganic matters ... ... ... ... 0"7 The importance of turnips as food for cattle in the districts of the Multan division is very great. They are also largely grown in Shahpur, Lahore, Gujranwala, Mianwali, and Gujrat. On page 222 of the Multan Gazetteer Mr. Maclagan wrote : — " The Multan district grows more turnips than any district in the Punjab. This crop represents 6-3 per cent, of the cultivation, and its function is to keep the cattle alive when the joiedr fodder is finished, until the wheat and wheat 6tra\v are available. It is used to a small extent as food, the stalks (gandal) being cooked and the roots being eaten either raw or cooked, but it is not cultivated with this object. There are two varieties, the red and the white, of which the white are said to be the better and the more widely cultivated. The crop needs a fair amount of water and is rarely found outside the reach of well irrigation The ploughings begin in July and the seed is sown shortly after. The crop receives six or seven waterings during the autumn and winter ; it is manured if possible, and sometime* weeded. The roots are not taken up at one time and stacked, but are pulled from time to time from the end of November onwards, and given at once to the cattle. As a rule the tops and roots are given together, but sometimes the tops are cut and fed off separately, while the roots remain in the ground. The plants are never thinned or transplanted. The crop is sometimes grown along with other crops such as methra, gram, sathri and nssun." With this may be compared the late Mr. Steedman's account of the crop on page 89 of his Settlement Report of Jhang : — " Turnips are on well lands a most important crop in this district. The well oxen are very heavily worked during the wheat sowings and the first waterings, and require a large amount of strengthening food. This is furnished by the joiodr and turnip crops. There is nothing else. If the turnips fail, or are late as they often are, owing to the failure of the first sowings, the working power of the bullocks is materially weakened, and the area under wheat does not get properly watered. Turnips, raw and cooked, are also eaten largely by the tenants during the cold weather. To them, no less than to the bullocks, a bad turnip crop is a serious misfortune. * * * * " The best land on the well, well ploughed and liberally manured, is allotted to this crop. The land will generally have been ploughed up after rain once before the seed time arrives. The land is then irrigated and ploughed from three to six times with one or two rollings in between, if there are any clods to be broken up. The seed is sown broadcast, mixed with sand or earth or manure. Then the soil is once more rolled, and the irrigation beds and channels are made. If the soil has now become somewhat dry, a watering is given at once, but usually the first watering is given a few days after the plants have come up. When turnips are sown on well lands in soil that has been ploughed up once or twice previously a couple of plouo-hiugs are given, and then the well beds and irrigation channels are banked up. ******* 28 " For sailab lands tbe process Is different. The land is ploughed twice or three times and rolled. The seed is sown broadcast ami ploughed in with very shallow furrows. * * * " The crop ripens in three months. Zamindars say turnips are not ready till the first frosts. It is watered five or six times. No weedings or hoeings are given. A turnip crop should not be too thick, or it runs to leaf, and the bulbs suffer. A first class crop is that which yields a good fodder crop of leaves first, and a heavy root crop afterwards. " The turnip leaves are cut once, sometimes twice on the very best lands, and then the bulbs are pulled up. On sailab land the leaves are not cut, but the whole plant is pulled up. The bulbs grow very lar^e on sailab lands. I have also seen them eaten on the ground, but this is of course very different from what is meant by the process at home. The great difficulty about the turnip crop is to sow the seeds early and yet to get it to germinate well." In crop returns turnips and carrots are clubbed together, but in districts where turnips are important carrots form an insignificant part of tbe total. In rabi 1911, tbe districts returning tbe largest acreage were— 59,426 43,210 41,707 23,698 22,791 14,990 10,584 Multan ... ... #•• Montgomery ... Shahpur ... ... Gujranwala ... ... ••• Muzaffargarh ... ... Lahore Gujrat ... ... ■•• Tbe total acreage given in statement II is 280,652 acres. 60. -Brassica juncea : natural order, Crnciferce. — For botanical descrip- tion of tbe mustard plant see Field and Ahur, synonym arhu, artnon. ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^fc XLL Mustard is not much grown in the Punjab. It is stated on page 34 of the Field and Garden Crops that in the United Provinces " it is not uncommonly cut green in January and February and given to cattle, should tbe supply of cattle fodder have run short." 61. Eruca sativa : natural order, Cruclferce.— For botanical description _. , ,. '■ _ ■_,_ see Field and Garden Crops, page 26, Taramira, ernonyms tira ussun (b.-W districts), , , , _._.„_. a » a o jamian and jamiU (X.-W. districts). and plate AAA V 1. Tdramira is the oil-seed par excellence of the districts of the Rawalpindi division lying to the north of the Salt Range and of Mianwali. It is there an unirrigated crop. The description given in the Attock Gazetteer (page 152\ which would also apply to Jhelum, Gujrat, Rawalpindi and Mianwali, may be quoted : — " Tdramira is one of the three important rabi crops, and in Fattehjang and the Attock Nala ranks after wheat alone. It needs no cultivation, the seed is cheap, and the crop will grow on any land. It is grown almost exclusively on the most inferior kinds of unirrigated land, much of the poorest rakar being able to produce nothing more than a light tdramira crop, unless it be a very poor cotton. Tdramira is sown along the edges of paths, over the ridges between fields, is dribbled in among the bdjra, and is scattered broadcast about the fields whenever rain falls in November. The seed is cheap, and the zamintlar who cannot afford wheat seed can always afford tdramira. If the crop fails there is little loss, and if it succeeds the profit is large. It is a most useful crop. Like gram it is used as a vegetable when green. A good deal is also consumed for fodder. It is the favourite food of camels. But the bulk of the crop is allowed to ripen, and a valuable oil extracted. The only objection to tdramira is that it is an exhausting crop, and is considered the most exhausting of all rabi crops. In a good year the tdramira pays the revenue of the whole year, and great quantities are exported. In Fattehjang itself there are a great many oil- presses, and the oil stored in kerosine tins is sent into Rawalpindi and Gujar Khan for export. The oiHor lighting purposes has now been superseded by kerosine, but it is considered very strengthening and healthy as an article of food, and in many ways takes the place of ghi for frying, &c. The outward application in plague and other cases is said to be very beneficial. The Kot estate makes a large income annually from this crop. A remarkable characterstic of tdramira is its vitality. It is often self-sown. In vears of good rainfall it springs up everywhere, even on the house tops, in the Kala Chitta Forest, and among the ballast on the 29 important crop than even gram." a11 te™*^« « probably a more for cattle" EaWall,indi be6ideS b™= CooM as » I** * «. ^ favourite food In Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khnr. ^^ m ■ i nssun, it is often an irrigated crop. On m K' it ™ u M ~n0Wn as Mr. Maclagan wrote:- P P g 2il of the Multan Gazetteer ^to^bnt Willsnrvive .ell ^SSS^J SS ^^ tS In Muzaffargarh it is sown as fodder with peas or gram, and there "in 71^^%^^ brUiSGd ^ S -ttedtTgi^ _ The districts which returned the largest areas as sown in rabi 1910 Acres. Dera Ghazi Khan Ferozepore Attock Multan Mianwali Jhelum Ambala Muzaffargarh Gurgaon 81,806 21,906 19,347 14,276 13,044 - ... — 13,699 12,697 • ■• «•• 11,346 10,154 The figures for Dera Ghazi Khan include sarson and toria, but the- deduction to be made on that account is probably not large. The handsome violet flowered chanaka {Diplotaxis griffithii) which grows freely near the Salt Eange, is worth experimenting with as a possible source of oil and fodder, especially as the seed has some small commercial value as a drug (Attock Gazetteer, page 19). 62. Daucus carota '■ natural order, TJmbelliferice. — For botanical descrip- Gajar (cam^. tion see Hooker's Flora of British India, volume II, page 718, and illustration -LAA.V111 in Field and Garden Crops. A curious feature of the plant is that the central flower in the umbel is often red. In the Punjab it is an irrigated crop, and generally grown in small patches on wells. The tops are fed green to cattle in January and February. The roots, besides being a useful food for men, are given to horses. CHAPTER V.— Othee Cbops. 63. Gossypium neglectum : natural order, Malvacece. — For botanical Vanwar cotton, synonyms kapiih, kapas, biri (eas- descriptions See Field and Garden Crops tern districts), var, varan. part J; page ft. and ^^ Xyni * ' The cotton seed (binila, varemva, pewe), which contains much oil, is a very valuable food for milch kine. In Karnal after the cotton is picked the cattle are turned into the field to eat the leaves (Karnal Gazetteer, edition of 1890, page 200). 64. Saccharwm officinarum : natural order, Graminece. — For botanical Kamsa, . synonym ikh (eastern districts). , description see Field and Garden Crops,. part I, page 55, and plate XIV. When cane is reaped the arrow or top [dg or pan+l) is cut off and used as fodder. A bad feature of a fodder famine is the extent to which cane has to be sacrificed to keep the cattle alive. In Gujranwala, even in a normal year, a great deal of the cane goes to feed the bullocks.. 30 65. Crotalaria juncea : natural order, Leguminosm. — For botanical de- „ . scription see Field and Garden Crops, BM"' Bynonym 8an- part I, page 82, and plate LXXXII. This leguminous plant, which is grown in small patches for its fibre, should be carefully distinguished from sankukra (also called san and sinjubara), which is Hibiscus cannabinus, natural order Malvacece, also grown for fibre, which is planted as a hedge round cotton and cane fields. It is stated in " Field and Garden Crops " that in the United Provinces the tops of sani are cut off and given to cattle when the plants are in full flower, and Mr. Duthie notes in his Flora of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, page 206, that the green plant as well as the seeds are sometimes given as food to milch cows. There are several species of Crotalaria which occur as wild plants in the Punjab. The only two included in the list of fodder plants in the Dictionary of Economic Products are Medicaginea and C. linifolia, but C. burhia is valued for fodder in Rajputana (Flora of Indo-Gangetic Plain, page 202), and it is unlikely that cattle neglect the others. 66. Lepidium sativum : natural order, Cruciferce. — For botanical de- Halon scription see Hooker's Flora of British India, volume I, page 159, and illustra- tion II appended. It is a very unimportant rabi crop. A few scattered plants are some- times seen mixed with other crops. The seeds contain a good deal of oil. Its use as fodder is not referred to in the " Field and Garden Crops of the United Provinces" (part III, page 49), but Purser on page 185 of the Jullundur Gazetteer mentions it as one of the spring fodder crops. It was apparently introduced into India from the West, but its relation, Lepidium draba, is a weed of cultivation in the Punjab and is one of the English wild flowers. No doubt it is one of the plants weeded out of the fields, which finds its way into the cattle trough, for it is greatly valued as green fodder at Quetta, where it is a common weed (Dictionary of Economic Products, volume III, page 415, and volume IV, page 626). 67. Ciohorium intybus : natural order, Composites. — For botanical de- K>Ini scription see Hooker's Flora of British India, volume III, page 391, and Plate LXXIV in Fuller and Duthie's " Food and Garden Crops." Chickory is an English wild plant and also grows wild in the North- Western Himalaya. It is. found apparently wild in the Punjab plains, but is there perhaps originally an escape from cultivation. It is grown alone or mixed with sarson as a fodder crop on wells in Gurgaon and the Jhajjar tahsils of Eohtak. 68. Carthamus tinctoritis : natural order, Composites. — For botanical Kurombb, Bynonym kharar. description see Fuller and Duthie's Food and Garden Crops, part I, page 51, and plate XIII. < In the last twenty years the cultivation of safflower for the sake of the dye yielded by the flowers has been killed by the introduction of aniline dyes. About 1885 the area under safflower in the Hoshiarpur district exceeded 6,000 acres ; in^rabi 1911 47 acres were sown. The area in Ambala was nearly 5,000 acres in 1887-88. In Gujrat and Jhelum safflower is sown in lines in wheat fields like sarson, and the plants are pulled out and fed to the cattle in January and February. The ripe seed used to be valued in the United Provinces for its oil, which was used to adulterate ghi, and the refuse made an excellent oil-cake (Field and Garden Crops, page 51). But in Gujrat only enough is allowed to ripen to provide for the next sowings. ILLUSTRATION II. ijCifbrs — Lepidium sativum — Vera., Halo* SI Pohli (Carthamum oxyacantha), a thorny weed with yellow flowers, a near relation of saffiower, is common in the Punjab, and in the north-west of the province poor people in times of scarcity use the seeds as food. They also contain oil. ffl. In the sand hills of the Thai of Mianwali, Muzaffargarh and Jhang HinJwina (melonB), aynorym tit* (smaller). ^f0118 are aCatch Cr0P- The "nds are ted to cattle. Pandit Hari Kishan Kaul has given me a note on the subject : — " The melon is split up, the seeds separated and the pulp eaten by men, the shell being given to the cattle. "Where melons grow in great abundance, the pulp and the shell are both (hrown to the cattle, only the choicest melons being reserved for men. The seeds are dried, parched, and eaten like parched gram, or in years of scarcity pounded into flour and eaten in the form of cakes. Camels are not fed on melons, partly because they are considered injurious for camels and horses, and partly because camels have plenty of other fodder. They are, however, allowed to eat the creeper, and, when grazing in melon fields, do not mind picking up as many small melons as they can." 70. Iftdigqfera tinctoria : natural order, JJegwninosce. — Por botanical NiHindioo) description see Puller and Duthie's ln ,g° ' Pield and Garden Crops, part I, page 43, and plate XII. The cultivation of indigo for the dye and the supply of seed to the Behar planters was once important in the eastern districts, but the area under the crop there is now quite insignificant. It is noted in the Rohtak Gazetteer (page 104) that "latterly it is said to have been tested as a fodder crop." Several of the wild Indigoferas are in the list of fodder plants in volume III of the Dictionary of Economic Products, but it does not include the " kathi " or Indigofera gerardiana so common in the low hills. Indigo is still cultivated to a considerable extent in Multan, Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan for the sake of the dye which is exported to Afghanistan, Bokhara and Yarkand (Multan Gazetteer, page 215). 71. Acknowledgments are due to the officers named in this note and to ' Mr. Lall, Settlement Officer of Gujran- wala, and to M. Sant Singh, President of the Kalsia Council, for their ready response to requests for information. Mr. Dunnett has kindly agreed to correct the proofs in my absence. J. M. DOUIE. 26th January 1912. STATEMENTS 11 STATEMENT I.— Areas, wells, ploughs, District. I ] Hissar ... Rohtak ... Gurgaon ... Delhi Karnal Auibala . . . Simla Kaugra ... Hosbiarpur Jullundur Ludhiana ... Ferozepore Lahore Amritsar ... Gurdaspur ialkot Gujrauwala Gujrat Shahpu." ... Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali ... Montgomery Ly all pur ... Jhang Mult an Muzaffargarh Dera Ghazi Khan CULTIVATED ACRES. Chahi and 111)!. Total 3,806 46,107 141,448 105,885 150,817 43,757 736 117,155 41,708 307,722 140,866 157,126 469,656 218,210 142,253 530,845 438,829 218,614 178,699 27,169 5,046 28,068 124,828 231,781 4,813 262,532 641,315 223,433 288,273 Nahri. Unirri- gated. Total. 5,320,447 302,121 289,694 97,235 98,419 241,921 3,146 17,843 51,896 909,345 636,118 212,282 8S.500 9,869 477,050 696,103 179 1,860 7,697 17,597 224,596 1,359,611 333,391 279,842 181,757 165,898 2,385,551 638,399 749,930 350,753 756,138 714,819 9,171 470,141 680,748 387,849 561,611 1,181,851 356,334 296,737 613,650 400,844 263,469 626,409 392,754 727,237 591,465 996,197 605,830 358,978 9,468 127,810 159,873 148,453 580,840 Grazing land. Govern- ment forests. 6,733,970 2,691,478 974,200 988,613 555,057 1,148,876 761,722 9,907 587,299 740,299 695,571 754,373 2,248,322 1,462,108 787,229 814,403 941,558 1,179,348 845,023 1,267,556 754,585 598,371 1,031,902 748,255 815,355 1,373,892 723,733 1,081,030 553,643 1,035,011 Other. Total. Masonry wells in use. 16,144,362 Acres. 2,033 2,876 1,488 9,041 874 616,197 2,082 478 61 733 8,4"2 1,318 714 3,934 47,831 2,486 160,357 13,650 163,502 12,085 804,310 1,110,301 369,831 445,916 980,518 247,285 120,839 28,198,779 Acres. 437,551 138,844 90,560 122,002 575,803 104,590 21,625 263,614 176,489 87,997 65,503 199,828 449,966 86,395 95,924 165,649 533,801 154,926 1,049,747 100,578 311,402 218,970 2,729,042 446,436 99,618 751,158 902,249 876,350 1,387,069 Acres. 439,584 141,720 90.560 123,490 581,844 105,464 21,625 879,811 178,571 88,475 65,504 200,561 458,4 '.8 87,713 90,038 169,583 5S1.G32 157,112 1.210,101 114,323 479,904 201,055 3,533,352 1,502,737 469,419 1,197,074 1,888,767 1,123;641 1,507,908 10 Ploughs. 720 2,459 6,594 7,133 7,827 2,154 5 6,841 28,287 9,991 7,940 13,828 12,386 6,439 23,010 10,923 10,221 6,403 4,103 947 C.850 7,128 10,472 84 11,588 20,132 14,053 9,564 11 89,401 50,870 57,304 38,661 73,974 60,726 2,790 126,218 92,457 79,121 50,897 112,306 109,251 69,304 86,238 104,072 83,960 80,248 84.825 63,739 65,635 68,060 47,262 73,193 91470 61,468 97,921 79,169 57,850 5,146,192 112,677,320 17,823,512 248,122 • • • 111 CATTLE, CARTS, AND POPULATION. HoBMED CATTLE. Bulla and liuliooks. 12 115,161 95,119 113,279 86,307 189,536 174,684 6,865 296,015 201,800 160,141 120,981 230,377 185,701 115,899 156,597 129,013 125,897 134,790 170,853 98,140 93,465 95,088 100,531 139,049 198,525 131,541 232,260 184,952 144,928 Male buffa- loes. 13 7,375 960 1,921 1,237 4,521 2,348 64 17,377 28,625 30,402 2,482 22,659 62,607 47,405 70,628 61,529 69,273 33,269 29,636 4,946 2,305 3,751 1,346 43,373 37,848 22,167 9,661 3,830 1,420 4,217,494 624,965 Cows. 14 132,988 82,113 98,714 6C,555 149,159 111,460 8,109 238,967 134,156 77,219 59,929 109,749 121,894 79,880 163,601 120,635 110,916 93,593 168,574 102,666 99,715 123,657 80,806 127,627 132,759 124,725 182,696 149,012 137,769 Female buffaloes. 3,383,645 15 85,550 57,093 65,442 53,385 151,768 90,459 1,311 101,161 91,630 64,016 62,263 137,979 144,286 114,006 76,742 127,332 132,486 90,382 93,292 26,957 31,789 19,272 16,087 63,139 143,138 73,339 57,154 40,993 28,940 Young stock. 16 2,241,371 Total of columns 12 to 16. 17 197,577 140,851 134,069 92,947 211,870 144,952 5,707 214,833 153,589 114,634 101,228 188,277 . 176,836 119,026 158,600 128,398 149,574 124,000 166,087 86,728 81,989 82,661 53,744 102,587 213,030 121,971 146,060 111,113 97,037 3,819,975 538,651 376,136 413,425 294,431 706,854 523,903 22,056 868,353 609,800 466,412 346,883 689,041 691,324 476,216 626,171 566,907 688,146 476,034 628.441 319,437 309,263 324,429 252,494 475,775 725,300 473,743 627,831 417,900 410,094 14,317,450 Horse* and ponies. 18 7,855 8,757 7,738 5,031 10,388 10,487 302 8,171 10,683 8,804 5,078 19,371 27,607 16,449 15,749 15,406 18,359 13,506 27,082 6,819 11,971 5,755 4,938 14,722 26,490 14,396 13,804 10,818 16,708 35S,il 1 Camels. 19 43,686 2,419 1,924 649 1,650 617 189 1,724 840 2,409 27,123. 3,914 603 £84 158 2,178 2,545 16,360 5,498 3,711 8,699 21,682 16,468 11,135 12,699 23,165 33,445 24,148 270,522 Carts. 20 11,659 16,676 12,693 14,447 18,180 23,941 4 130 20,925 28,405 20,796 31,411 16,514 8,402 8,760 3754 5,713 616 3,871 495 6,285 1,467 60 768 29,256 340 1,486 87 629 Population. 287,688 IV STATEMENT II.— Acres sown in District. Hitsur . lioliUk Gurgaon Delhi Karnal , Auilial.-i Sin-la Kangra Hosliiarpur , Jullundur , Ludliiana Ferozepore Lahore , Amritsar . Gurdaspur , gialkot Gujranwala Gujrat . fchahpur Jheluin Rawalpindi , Attock Mian wali Montgomery Lyallpur J hang Multan Mnzaffargarb Dera Gbazi Khan Total Maize. 1,002 348 2,340 10,644 60,091 96,283 1,941 165,452 161,149 85,929 51,715 57,797 54,117 47,826 72,992 79,234 31,199 19,758 19,524 6,763 49,551 23,978 15 17,880 70,752 13,903 4,379 \ 63 20 Jowar. 1,206,645 156,170 162,509 53,284 58,778 137,241 9,892 12 4,954 2,127 20,285 132,870 15,002 2,095 (3) 6,318 14,758 40,989 49,056 39,827 12,645 25,950 24,687 23.2C9 9,798 12,794 54,149 75,894 13,541 ' 184,006 Chari. 1,342,870 104,532 17,410 42,814 28,079 54,591 100,427 1,141 49,015 123,912 63,998 145,630 82,092 (8) 94,407 (>*) 63,141 65,163 63,869 32,429 (») 63,650 23,034 (>)* 15,540 20,828 1,127 43,400 75,595 17,678 44,856 17,078 29,909 1,485,345 Bajra. Kangni and china. 638.0S9 247,389 288,107 82,774 57,430 10,956 1 3,889 89 2,097 61,910 9,038 395 5,117 14,649 30,850 124,665 110,996 151,935 107,347 191,831 105,332 7,874 8,107 13,548 42,055 24,355 71,672 2,412,497 55,988 Rice. ■• 7,734 110 20 114 50 217 7,231 47,153 16,121 61,984 1,542 956 6,188 119,995 1,398 34,508 14 3,135 263 2,529 206 9,888 374 20,634 321 39,188 1,364 58,787 3,395 64,800 157 69,606, 214 8,343 1,188 7,695, 74 657 16 1,468 "• 'H? 20 1 3,684 19,044 577 3,183 4,038 2,656 7,069 26,895 421 47,963 43 63,588 712,843 * (') The heading in crop return is chara maweshi, so other Mops may be included. (») Of this 22,532 entered in rabi crop return. (') Jotcar and charj. (*) Includes tdramira. • {>») Entered *> cHra. Khaeip 1910— Rabi 1911. Mundwa. 49 1,220 824 1,078 13,689 16 302 (') 7,077 1,444 150 14 1,460 144 8 27 999 151 426 25 Wheat. 94,979 94,490 92,291 114,849 251,240 240,153 4,719 249,847 301,087 272,184 218,575 620,628 447,717 322,773 329,377 431,896 492,613 337,856 515,195 342,262 257,529 493,609 180,814 246,582 663,000 318,967 407,882 319,960 221,623 Barley. 10 167,865 29,219 151,086 46,719 21,108 17,457 1,951 54,9S6 12,544 7,054 18,449 149,805 12,839 14,609 34,227 69,147 33,381 29,841 11,345 10,581 12,111 19,144 19,311 8,636 9,531 9,241 11,712 22,740 6,784 Other cereals. 11 27 249 12,657 364 330 866 14,496 3,309 484 218 64 1,304 410 2,980 5,226 3,098 1,207 8,198 (13)293 948 699 523 67 16 7,919 2,986 4,005 6,609 Gram. 12 695,364 407,804 226,286 175,190 296,350 159,427 17 33,372 160,929 122,787 175,810 710,966 192,519 143,077 61,189 31,339 188,914 63,334 78,134 23,856 4,155 82,588 102,001 80,510 120,649 30,124 41,582 58,154 27,617 Mash. 13 1,046 (») 10,856 5,056 2,184 20,763 33,990 476 28,830 13,910 11,461 11,180 18,226 3,814 4,529 (•) 34,359 14,546 958' 1,187 ' 504 (1S) 2,151 12,913 929 1,656 6,984 4,109 4,947 4,307 965 1,776 Miing. 14 93,607 (') 10,856 19,059 4,467 6,856 5,530 1 512 680 955 38,987 15,930 214 4,892 (») 34,360 798 17,573 5,110 3,875 (") 44,189 65,815 22,390 1,248 451 940 36 486 1,005 60 Moth. 15 97,176 8,453 6.13X 6,199 17,397 Ml 302 24,292 35,847 47,426 60,930 5,062 7,259 25,016 6,648 14,513 31,963 19,503 (>») 42,926 37,116 50,149 25,221 1,866 6,673 862 1,928 12,023 3,644 29,112 8,884,697 1,003,429 79,552 4,491,044 257,692 399,882 583,129 (4) Includes sdnwah. (5) In Rohtak 21,712 acres are returned as mung and mash. (•) In Gurdaspur 68,719 acres are returned as mung and mds%. (' s) The figures for pulses are taken from district revenue registers and exceed those given in Annual Report by about 20,000 acres. There is a difference in the contrary direction under " Other cereals." VI STATEMENT II.— Acres sown in Kharif DlSIBICT. Gwara. Eawan. Miisri and Jawausari. Peas. Sarson. 1 16 17 18 19 20 Eiwar 7m 7.7 '■..' 99,844 Kohtak ,., ... ™ 59,825 ... 1,067 503 12,032 Gurgaon ... 67,138 33,441 ... 2,149 16,970 Delhi 37,079 ... 1,318 4,042 7,171 Karnal ... ... •M 18,829 173 47,698 Ambala ... ,,. ... ... ... 16,715 3,986 5,882 Simla ... • •• 21 2 23 Kangra ... ... ... 2,190 724 6,890 Hoshiarpur ... ... 882 ... 10,210 ... 6,319 Jullundur ... ... ... 468 8,652 ... 939 Ludhiana ... ... ... 2,488 ' ... 15,288 Ferozepore ... 6,671 6 80,641 Lahore ... ... ... 3,576 30 (») 18,089 Amritsar ... ... ••• 1,448 ... 4,407 ... 2,174 Gurdaspnr ••• 21,990 ... (») 5,356 Sialkot ... ... ... 31,538 24 (8) 2,128 Gujranwala ... •» ... ... 2,592 505 10,686 Gujrat ... ... 120 19,092 384 2,307 Shahpur ... ... ... ... ... ... 10,464 ... 232 Jhelum ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,783 212 1,276 Rawalpindi ... ... 3,294 77 2,387 Attock ... ,,. ... ... ... 82 ... 1,340 Mianwali... ... ... ... 1,042 19,876 ... 210 Montgomery ... ... ... 462 1,142 (') 15,126 694 Lyallpur ... ... ,., 16,685 344 8,752 3,115 3,059 Jhang ... ... ... ... 5,756 4,690 11.943 127 Multan ... ... 9,163 3,553 40,856 1,638 Muzaffargarh ... ... 2,496 10,425 45,014 396 Dera Gbazi Khan 9,349 20,100 Total 183,057 55,292 225,757 148,971 351,796 (') Chural,&c. (') Includes tdramira. Yll 1910— Rabi 1911— concluded. Toria. 21 11 8 68 66 7,541 2,187 2 176 60 75 59,224 24,378 2,955 10,006 (">) 36,661 446 81,472 10,318 192,140 11,924 283 441,001 Taramira. 22 Turnips and carrots. 30,595 3,082 10,154 5,255 4,190 12,697 1,228 201 21,906 477 1,162 6,624 5,710 13,699 3,701 19,347 13,814 1,900 1,496 606 14,276 11,346 (») 81,806 23 201 1,935 738 88 4 4 596 1,841 14,990 314 76 2,508 23,698 10,584 41,707 1,131 180 146 7,733 43,210 4,421 36,198 59,426 22,791 6,032 265,272 Fodder (rabi). 24 1,782 1,458 1,254 9,892 15,300 1,539 24 16,346 66,542 23,864 27,959 85,139 80,522 35,889 71,809 60,781 21,448 16,522 (n) 11,004 145 3,965 1,345 15,951 14,202 23,983 12,120 3,235 2S0,552 618,020 Cotton, 25 68,774 72,317 91,165 39,432 67,452 54,164 2 4,136 17,473 27,977 17,880 4,423 112,102 38,602 11,524 23,380 56,774 12,278 94,314 12,065 6,751 21,804 2,664 32,787 137,62S 43,310 85,639 43,289 49,171 Cane. 26 1,082 18,820 6,117 17,442 22,937 14,973 5,206 27,795 29,171 8,769 2,110 13,326 27,531 60,808 41,785 28,579 10,530 8,189 368 147 1,861 34 1,051 38,789 1,247 2,973 7,944 105 Other crops. (»») Total 1,249,777 399,689 (•) Includes sarson and toria. ( ' °) Figures from Annual Report of Department of Agriculture. (") Includes turnips and carrots, (l4) Difference between last column and total of preceding columns. 27 178,046 19,632 19,564 21,032 43,313 32,336 1,408 77,112 67,524 36,546 51,099 133,452 59,209 26,893 44,420 30,786 30,753 20,059 38,818 17,393 12.773 14,224 33,174 37,368 178,697 64,344 74,735 39,402 24,480 1,428,592 28 2,437,899 1,169,7C6 1,141,149 685,518 1,195,999 915,338 15,007 785,161 919,617 830,534 771,521 2,253,934 1,210,427 888,829 919,322 1,007,005 1,230,061 808,838 1,177,476 721,300 621,874 993,714 540,544 605,793 1,560,078 673,414 988,424 718,205 811,654 28,597,401 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-25m-6,'66(CiyS5.J>l) 158 Douie, J.M. Fodder crops of the Punjab. SB185 D6 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS *