LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF .U:.,....S. Q.,...Q*r.., Class Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/foodpreservatiOOwilerich 7^906 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 84, PART II. H. W. WILEY, C'HIKF OF BUKEAT INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTIFICIAL COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH. II. -SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. By H. W. \M:EY, M. D., WITH THE COLLABORATION OE W. I). BIGELOW, CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF FOODS, F. C. WEBER, AND OTHERS. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTIN(^ OFFICE 1906. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 84, PART II. H. W. WILEY, Chief op Bureau. INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTIFICIAL COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH. II.— SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. By H. W. WILEY, M. D., WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. D. BIGELOW, CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF FOODS, F. C. WEBER, AND OTHERS. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1906, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C, April '28, 1906, Sir: I beg to submit for your inspection and approval the results of the investigations which have been made in this Bureau to deter- mine the effect of salicylic acid and salicylates upon digestion and health. The work is a continuation in plan of that described in Part I of Bulletin 84, devoted to boric acid and borax. I recommend that the report be published as Part II of Bulletin 84. Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chief of Bureau, Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, III CONTENTS. Pa^e. Organization of the experiment 479 SERIES VI. Administration of the preservative 481 Schedule of administration 481 Method of administration 482 Quantity of the preservative 483 Excretion of the salicy He acid 483 Method for determining salicylic acid in the urine 483 Discussion of results 485 Daily medical and clinical notes 486 Individual data 486 Conclusions 504 Body weights 505 Variations in body weights 505 Ratio of food weight to body weight 508 Microscopical examination of the blood 520 Weight and water content of the feces 525 The urine 531 Volume, specific gravity, and total solids 531 Individual data 531 Summary for nine men 534 Presence of albumin and the reaction of the urine 539 Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphoric acid to nitrogen excreted in the urine 541 Individual data 541 Summary for nine men 543 Changes in the relative quantities of sulphur compounds excreted in the urine 557 Individual data 558 Summary for nine men 561 Microscopical examination of the urine 574 Discussion of observations 575 General conclusion 577 Metabolic processes 582 Nitrogen balance 583 Individual data 583 General discussion of individual data 589 Summary *. 590 Phosphoric acid balance 604 Individual data 604 Summary 612 Sulphur balance 626 Individual data 627 Summary 632 v VI CONTENTS. Metabolic processes — Continued. Page. Fat balance 646 Individual data 646 Summary 649 Calories balance .- 663 Individual data 664 Summary 668 Solids balance 681 Individual data 681 Summary 688 Summary of results 701 SERIES XI. The effect of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate upon the nitrogenous elements of the urine 706 Preliminary study for the determination of the ration and methods of analysis 706 The ration 706 Analytical results 707 Individual data 707 Summary 712 Methods of analysis employed and comparison of results 722 Urea determinations 722 Uric acid determinations 723 Kreatinin determinations 723 Xanthin determinations 724 Special study of the distribution of the nitrogenous constituents of the urine as affected by the preservatives 725 Introduction -,. 725 Schedule of administration of the preservative 726 Supplemental study of the presence of albumin and the reaction of the urine 726 Individual analytical data ^ . 732 Summary for Nos. 1 and 2 735 Summary for Nos. 11 and 12 , 737 General summary 737 The use of small quantities of the preservative 754 General conclusions 757 List of tables 760 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 1. Daily and average body weights for Series VI, Nos. 1-8 506 2. Daily and average body weights for series VI, Nos. 9-12, and sum- mary 507 3. Graphic chart, representing the comparative influences of foods and preservatives 754 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTI- FICIAL COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH. II.— SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. ORGANIZATION OF THE EXPERIMENT. The researches to determine the effect of salicylic acid upon diges- tion and health were carried on in the same manner as those described in the first part of this bulletin on boric acid and borax. Some few changes were made in the methods of manipulation, sampling, and analysis in order to simplify the process and to save time. Instead of the analysis being made upon each daily sample of the food or feces, a careful study of composite samples for the various periods was made and the analysis of the composite sample for the period accepted as a true representative composition of the food or excrement during that period. It was found also, in so far as the labor and time were con- cerned, that it was just as convenient to have all twelve of the subjects under observation at once as to divide them into squads of six each and alternate the periods of observation of each squad with periods of rest. For example, in the analysis of the bread for the tables the daily samples were composited and the analyses made for twelve persons as easily as for six. The same is true for each article of diet and for the analysis of the excrementitious material. By this arrangement the analysts were able to complete the analytical work during the periods of recreation and to devote more time to the classification and tabula- tion of the data. The burden of the analytical work was thus dimin- ished one-half, while its accuracy and efficiency were not sacrificed in any respect, but on the contrary rather increased. The analyses of the foods and feces were made in the Division of Foods under the supervision of W. D. Bigelow; the conduct of the food table, the study of the body weights, and the urinalyses were under the charge of F. C. Weber, and the microscopic tests were con- ducted by B. J. Howard. Owing to other arrangements the surgeons in connection with the Marine Hospital Service found themselves unable to give the 479 480 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. time necessary to the regular inspection of the physical state of the young- men under observation, and this inspection was undertaken by the Chief of the Bureau. A thorough physical and medical examina- tion was given to each applicant before his admission to the table, in order to be certain that those admitted to the experimental work were in a perfectly sound physical state and for at least one year previous to the beginning of the experimental work had not suffered from any severe illness. In this respect the same means were employed and the same care exercised as in the experiment with borax, the squad having been chosen, thoroughly examined as described, and placed upon the permanent diet for about a week before the regular period of observation began, on October 19, 1903. The main experiment on salicylic acid is 'referred to as Series VI, following Series V of Part I on boric acid, while Series XI is a sup- plemental, special study conducted at a later date to determine certain effects on the urine, the importance of which had been suggested by the work of Series VI. It will be noted from the schedules following that the work of Series VI began on October 19, 1903, and was com- pleted on December 7, a period of fifty days, excluding the preparatory work, which began about October 15. Series XI consisted of a pre- liminary study of three men from March 29, 1905, to April 9, and a special study of four men from April 27 to May 16, a total of thirty- two days under observation. SERIES VI. ADMINISTRATION OF THE PRESERVATIVE. SCHEDULE OF ADMINISTRATION. In Table I are given the dates of the periods and subperiods of the observations, which are useful in case their duration is not repeated in the text. In Table II are given the data showing the administration of the salicylic acid for each of the periods and subperiods and the quantities given to each individual daily. Table I. — Bates of periods and subperiods in Series VI. Fore period First subperiod . . Second subperiod . Preservative period . . , First subperiod . . . Second subperiod , Third subperiod . . Fourth subperiod . Fifth subperiod . . . Sixth subperiod . . , After period First subperiod . . . Second subperiod Period and subperiod. Date of begin- ning. 1903. Oct. 19 ...do... Oct. 24 Oct. 29 ...do... Nov. 3 Nov. 8 Nov. 13 Nov. 18 Nov. 23 Nov. 28 ...do... Dec. 3 Date of ending. 1903. Oct. 28 Oct. 23 Oct. 28 Nov. 27 Nov. 2 Nov. 7 Nov. 12 Nov. 17 Nov. 22 Nov. 27 Dec. 7 Dec. 2 Dec. 7 Table II. — Schedule of administration of preservative, Series VI. IN TABLETS. Period and date. Nos.1,2, 4-12. No. 3. First subperiod: October 29, 1903 Grams. 0.21 .21 .21 .21 .21 Grams. 0 30, 1903 0 31 , 1903 0 November 1 1903 0 2, 1903 0 Total per Individual . . . 1.05 0 • Second subperiod: November 3 1903.... .42 .42 .42 .42 .42 .21 4, 1903 .21 5,1903 .21 6,1903 .21 7, 1903 .21 Total per Individual . . . 2.10 1.05 481 482 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table II. — Schedule of administration of preservative, Series FJ— Continued. IN CAPSULES. Period and date. Nos. 1,2, 4-12. No. 3. Third subperiod: November 8,1903. 9, 1903. 10, 1903. 11,1903. 12,1903. Grams. 0.74 .74 .74 .74 .74 Grams. 0.42 .42 .42 .42 .42 Total per individual Fourth subperiod: November 13,1903. 14,1903. 15,1903. 16,1903. 17,1903. Total per individual Fifth subperiod: Novemb-T 18,1903. 19,1903. 20,1903. 21,1903. 22,1903. Total per individual Sixth subperiod: November 23,1903.. 24,1903.. 25,1903.. 26,1903.. 27,1903 a Total per individual Total per individual for entire preservative period. 3.70 2.10 1.2 .8 1.2 .8 1.2 .8 1.2 .8 1.2 .8 6.0 4.0 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 8.0 6.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.6 10.0 8.0 aNo. 6 took no preservative on November 27, making his total dose for the sixth subperiod 8 grams instead of 10, and the total for the entire preservative period 28.85 grams. The only notable variation in the administration of the preservative occurred in the case of No. 3, who, on account of a slight indisposition which developed during the fore period, did not begin to take the preservative until the second subperiod. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION. The preservative was administered in two forms, considered to be most convenient, namely, in tablets and in capsules. Objections have been urged against this manner of administering the preservative, and it has even been stated in some criticisms of the borax experiment that the use of this method is sufficient ground for the rejection of all the data collected relative to the injurious effects of the preservative upon the metabolic processes, because of the alleged irritant effects of preservatives so administered as compared wnth the effects pro- duced by the same bodies as found in the foods themselves as purchased on the market. It is hardly necessary to call attention to the futility of such an objection. Were the preservatives employed poisonous bodies, in the ordinary sense of the term, producing a direct mechanical effect upon the membranes of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach, there might be some ground for criticising their ingestion in the form of tablets or SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 483 capsules. In the case of the preservatives employed, however, which in the quantities used produced no such effects, the objections are entirely groundless. A preservative administered in this way at the time of the meals, as was always the case, is at once thoroughly incased in the food, is rapidly mixed with the contents of the stomach during the process of digestion, and could not in any way exert any injurious effect by reason of the form of its administration. More- over, this method of exhibition in connection with injection into the blood is one commonly followed in medical and pharmacological experiments. QUANTITY OF THE PRESERVATIVE. It will be seen that the quantities subjected vary from 210 milli- grams a day at the beginning of the preservative period to as much as 2 grams a day at its close, the object in this arrangement being to determine progressively the limit of toleration for ordinary medicinal doses. With a substance whose activity is as limited as that of sali- cylic acid, it is evident that it would be impossible within an}^ reason- able time to secure any idea of its physiological effect by administering mere traces of the reagent. On the other hand, the quantity used, namely, 30.85 grams, over a period of thirty days, an average of a gram a day, while not excessive, is sufficient to permit of a study of the effects of this substance upon the metabolic processes. EXCRETION OF THE SALICYLIC ACID. Tracing the history of salicylic acid in the organism is a somewhat difficult procedure. Soon after the exhibition of salicylic acid it or its derivatives appears in the urine, and it is evident that the kidney is the principal excretory organ. Owing to the changes in the com- position of the salicylic acid resulting in the formation of salicyluric acid and other decomposition products, a comparison of the amounts excreted in the urine with the quantity given is a difficult operation. Table III shows in milligrams the quantity of salic34ic acid adminis- tered and the amount thereof recovered in the urine. In the course of five days after the cessation of the administration of the salic^^lic acid nothing but a mere trace was found in the urine. In fact, in some cases only traces were left after four days. In this connection attention is called to the difficulties attending the exact determination of salicylic acid and the products obtained there- from in its passage throjigh the bod}^ The method used in these investigations for determining salicylic acid is as follows. METHOD FOR DETERMINING SALICYLIC ACID IN THE URINE. Make alkaline with sodium h3^drate 25 or 50 cubic centimeters of urine, according to the amount of salicylic acid administered, and evaporate, with the addition of a little sand, to a thick sirup. Rub this mass with a pestle, after adding 50 cubic centimeters of 98-99 per 484 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. cent alcohol, decant the alcohol on a filter paper and repeat the extrac- tion five or six times. Transfer the precipitate to a filter and wash until no test for salicylic acid can be obtained by evaporating 10 cubic centimeters of the extract to dryness, taking up with petroleum spirit and testing in the usual way. Evaporate the extracts to free them from alcohol, take up with water, acidify, extract with ether, and evaporate until free from ether. Dissolve the salicylic acid in hot water and make up to a definite volume at room temperature and make up aliquot portions of this solution to 100 cubic centimeters in Nessler's jars. Add 5 cubic centimeters of a 0.5 per cent ferric alum solution to one of these jars and mix thoroughly, noting the depth of color. Make up a set of standards from a solution containing 0.1 milligram per cubic centimeter of salicylic acid so that they approximately match the color developed in the test just described. That is, if the color developed approximates 1.2 milligrams make up the standards so that they will contain 1.18, 1.20, and 1.22 milligrams of salicylic acid. Then compare a new solution of the sample with these samples, mak- ing the comparisons immediately after adding the ferric alum solution, as the color fades rapidly. The comparisons should be made in tripli- cate and are accurate to 0.02 of a milligram. Blanks run by adding salicylic acid to normal urines averaged 95 per cent of the acid recovered. Extracts of urines passed during the preservative period were heated to 156° to volatilize the salicylic acid and the residues weighed as salicyluric acid. In every case the residues were so small as to be negligible. The samples of feces tested gave no indication of the presence of salicylic acid. Table III. — Salicylic acid ingested and recovered in urine, Series VI. No. 1. No .2. No .3. No . 4. Period. ft k o > as i o as < ft si ft i| < Preservative period: First subperiod, Oct. 29-Nov. 2.. Second subperiod, Nov. 3-7 Ttiird subperiod, Nov. 8-12 Fourth subperiod, Nov. 13-17 . . . Fifth subperiod, Nov. 18-22 Sixth subperiod, Nov. 23-27 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 315 785 1,115 2,787 3,267 4,990 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 0 695 1,311 2,992 4,398 4,945 Mgs. 0 1,050 2,100 4,000 6,000 8,000 Mgs. 0 314 508 1,769 2,710 3,386 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3, 700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 526 575 1,980 2,759 3,993 5,010 Total Oct 29-Nov 27 30,850 1,028 13,259 442 30,850 1,028 14, 341 478 21, 150 846 8,687 290 30,850 1,028 14,843 495 After period: First subperiod — Nov. 28-Dec. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 524 Tr. Ft. tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 Goodtr. Ft. tr. Ft. tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *, 129 f't.tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 359 Dec. 1 Tr. Dec 2 0 Second subperiod— Dec. 3 0 Dec. 4 Dec. 5 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 485 Table III. — Salicylic acid ingested and recovered in urine, Series F/— Continued. No .5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. Period. 1 1° 1 as < 1 ^-6 1° 1 1° Preservative period: First subperiod, Oct. 29-Nov. 2. . Second subperiod, Nov. 3-7 Third subperiod, Nov. 8-12 Fourtli subperiod, Nov. 13-17 . . . Fifth subperiod, Nov. 18-22 Sixth subperiod, Nov. 23-27 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 ^& 439 1,947 3,606 4,422 4,853 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 8,000 Mgs. 513 471 1,070 2,516 3,636 4,301 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 635 1,548 .2,346 3,567 3,897 Mgs. 1,050 2, ICO 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 281 750 1,431 2,323 3,892 4,926 Total Oct. 29-Nov. 27 30,850 1,028 15,569 519 28,850 962 12,507 417 30,850 1,028 12,269 406 30,850 1,028 13, 603 453 After period: First subperiod— Nov 28-Dec. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 194 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vtry ft. tr. Verv ft. tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97 Tr. Ft. tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 311 Dec. 1 Tr. Dec. 2 Dbtful. Second subperiod— Dec. 3 Tr. Dec. 4 Ft. tr. Dec. 6 0 No. 9. No 10. No 11. No 12. Period. 1 P ft II S8 •< 6 is 4° 1 Preservative period: First subperiod, Oct. 29-Nov. 2.. Second subperiod, Nov. 3-7 Third subperiod, Nov. 8-12 Fourth subperiod, Nov. 13-17 . . . Fifth subperiod, Nov. 18-22 ..... Sixth subperiod, Nov. 23-27 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 212 820 1,496 2,785 3,993 5,060 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 392 892 858 2,399 3,778 4,250 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6,000 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 360 638 1,361 2,459 3,624 5,160 Mgs. 1,050 2,100 3,700 6, COO 8,000 10,000 Mgs. 267 600 1,705 2,597 3,660 4,976 Total, Oct. 29-Nov. 27 30,850 1,028 14,366 479 30,850 1,028 12,569 419 30,850 1,028 13,602 453 30,850 1,028 13,805 460 Average per day After period: First subperiod— Nov. 28-Dec. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 310 Tr. Ft. tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 231 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 Dec. 1 Dec. 2 Tr. Tr. Second subperiod — Dec. 3 Tr. Dec. 4 0 Dec. 5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. As before stated, the quantities obtained by analj^sis represent 95 per cent of the actual quantities of salicylic acid in the urine. The tests as applied show that* no weighable quantities of salicyluric acid are present in the urine. The individual data show in the case of No. 1 a little over one-third of the salicylic acid recovered in the urine and the same is true of No. 2. A little more than one-third is recovered in the case of No. 3. 486 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Almost one-half is recovered in the case of No. 4, a little over one-half in the case of No. 5, a little less than one-half in the case of No. 6, a little over one-third in the case of No. 7, almost one-half in the case of Nos. 8 and 9, a little over a third in the case of No. 10, and less than one-half in the cases of Nos. 11 and 12. The summary for 12 men shows that 44.47 per cent of the salicylic acid administered was recovered, an average of 443 milligrams out of 996. If the correction indicated by the blanks be made, a total average recovery of 46.8 per cent of salicylic acid unchanged is indicated. The balance of the salicylic acid is apparently changed into salicyluric acid or other combination^ or remains stored in the body. The difference in composition between salicylic acid and salicyluric acid is shown by the following formula: Salicylic acid, C,He03=0H.CeH,.C0,H. Salicyluric acid, CgHgNO.-^OH.CeH^.CO.NH.CH^.CO^H. It is stated by most authorities that salicylic acid when administered internally is found in the urine partly as salicyluric acid. This body is separated from salicylic acid by the volatilization process described. The quantities found in our experiments by this method were not weighable. DAILY MEDICAL AND CLINICAL NOTES. INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. l.—J. H. S. On the first day of the fore period the subject's weight was 53.45 kilograms; temperature, 98.4°; pulse, two observations, 76 and 80. His health was excellent and his physical condition without a flaw. No variations of note in physical condition occurred on the succeeding days of the fore period. The temperature on the final day of the fore period, October 28, was 98.2° and 98.6°, two observations; the pulse, 70 and 80, and the weight 53.36 kilograms. The average weight for the entire fore period was 53.38 kilograms, and the daily variations were small. On the first day of the first preservative subperiod (October 29 to November 2) the temperature was a little below the normal, two observations being 98.1° and 97.8°, and the pulse 68 and 70 per minute, respectively. The second day the temperature was normal. No marked variation in condition was observed during the first pre- servative subperiod except a slight decrease in weight, the average weight for this period being 53.25 kilograms. The second preservative subperiod began on November 3 and closed November 7. The temperature was slightly below the normal on November 4, reaching 97.9° on the first observation and 98.4° on the second. On the 5th the temperature was still slightly below the nor- SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 487 mal, but the health of the subject was good. On November 6 No. 1 complained of not having his appetite satisfied by his meals and stated that he was hungry, but his health was good. The feeling of lack of sufficient food continued on the following day, and there was a slight increase in the temperature, three observations having been made, registering 98.2°, 99.8^, and 99°, respectively. The rapidity of the pulse was also increased, having registered 82 at 6.20 p. m. There was a continued, though slight, falling off in weight during this sub- period, the average weight being 53.16 kilograms. The third preservative subperiod began on November 8 and closed on November 12. On the first day of this subperiod the subject still complained of being hungry. His health was good, but the feeling of hunger was pronounced on the following day, when the subject entered upon his notes, "Don't get enough to eat," and on the following day registered the observation, ''Could eat more." The feeling of hunger continued during the whole of the third preservative subperiod. The average weight decreased to 53.05 kilograms. The fourth preservative subperiod began on November 13 and closed on the 17th. There was a slight increase of temperature noticed at the second observation on the 13th, the thermometer registering 99.4° and the pulse registering 84 beats per minute. The feeling of hunger continued through the fourth subperiod, but no other notable vari- ation in the condition of the subject was observed. The -weight throughout this subperiod remained practically constant, the average weight being 53.06 kilograms. The fifth preservative subperiod began on November 18 and ended on the 22d. The feeling of hunger still persisted, and on the 19th the subject complained of feeling as though there were a lump in the stom- ach, accompanied by continued belching. His temperature was below the normal, the two observations being 97.7° and 97.4°, respectively. The feeling of disturbance in the stomach and of hunger continued on the 20th, but the temperature was restored to normal. On the 21st the patient described himself as feeling uncomfortable in the region of the stomach and still hungry. On the 22d he was very hungry, and the feeling as of a lump in the stomach continued. There was a continued loss of weight during this subperiod, the average for the subperiod being 52.78 kilograms. The sixth preservative subperiod began on November 23 and ended on November 27. On the 23d the patient described his symptoms as "Very hungry," with a Rawing feeling in the stomach. The same symptoms were also reported for the 24th and 25th of November. The average weight for the sixth preservative subperiod was 52.62 kilograms and that of the entire preservative period 52.99 kilograms. Judged b}^ the daily chart, the permanent symptom connected with the preservative period in the case of No. 1 was a feeling of hunger, 488 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. although the ration was exactly that given in the fore period, when no sense of hunger was experienced, accompanied during the latter pre- serv^ative subperiods with a feeling of distress in the stomach and some belching. The first after subperiod began on November 28 and ended on December 2. On the first day of the after period the subject com- plained of a slight cold and sore throat. There was no perceptible rise in temperature, however. The cold continued in a mild degree on the 29th, but the temperature was slightly below the normal. The temperature was normal on the 30th, with slight cold continuing. The feeling of hunger had disappeared and did not return on December 1 and 2. The average weight for the first after subperiod was 52.42 kilograms. The second after subperiod began on December 3 and ended Decem- ber 7. A slight cold was reported on the 3d, with temperature slightly below the normal. On the 4:th the slight cold continued, with almost normal temperature. On the 5th the second observation of tempera- ture was slightly above normal, 99°, with the pulse at 80. On the 6th all symptoms of cold had disappeared and no sense of hunger was experienced. On the Tth the temperature was normal and the hunger symptom occurred after dinner. The average weight for the second after subperiod was 52.31 kilograms, and the mean weight for the entire after period 52.37 kilograms. No. 2.—W. P. At the beginning of the fore period, on November 19, the tempera- ture was slightly above 98, the pulse 73 beats per minute, and the weight of the body 67.9 kilograms. On Tuesday, October 20, there was a slight rise in temperature, but no other symptoms of a derange- ment of the normal processes appeared. The temperature was normal on the 21st, and no variation from the normal was observed on the fol- lowing days, except an occasional rise in temperature after the dinner hour. Throughout the whole of the fore period, with very few excep- tions, this tendency to an increased temperature after dinner was quite apparent. The temperature before dinner was perhaps slightly below the normal, the average being only a little above 98°. The average weight for the first fore subperiod was 68.43 kilograms and for the second subperiod 68.21 kilograms. The final weight on the last day of the fore period, October 28, was 67.72, a total loss of 180 grams. The average weight for the entire fore period, however, was 68.32 kilograms. The preservative period began on October 29, on which day there was a slight diminution in the normal temperature and a slight increase of weight, the first weighing being 68.05 kilograms. On the second SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. ' 489 day of the fir^^t preservative subperiod the temperature was slightly above the normal, but no other symptoms of abnormality were observed. This increase in temperature also continued during the 31st, and on November 1 the temperature was again normal and the weight had increased to 68.35 kilograms, followed by a fall on November 2 to 67.85 kilograms. The average weight for the first preservative sub- period was 68.01 kilograms. The second preservative subperiod began on November 3 with normal temperature and a weight of 68.05 kilograms. On the 5th of Novem- ber No. 2 was reported as feeling well with the exception of a slight headache. There was also a slight depression of temperature after dinner in this case instead of before. On the 7th of November No. 2 described himself as "hungry as a bear." Temperature and respira- tion, however, remained normal. The weight of the body had fallen on November 7 to 67.60 kilograms, the average weight for this sub- period being 67.84, a slight decrease as compared with the average for the preceding subperiod. The third preservative subperiod began on November 8 with all symptoms normal. On the 9th No. 2 described himself as still hungry, and on the 10th as feeling all right. On the 11th he was normal, and the hungry feeling had disappeared. The average weight was 67.80, theoretically a very slight decrease. The fourth preservative subperiod began on the 13th of November with no unfavorable symptoms. On November 14 No. 2 described himself as feeling a little feverish and as having a bad headache in the morning. On the 15th of November the headache continued all day, but the subject was not ill. The headache disappeared on the 16th. This subperiod closed on the following day with an average weight of 67.65 kilograms, the average decrease continuing. On the 18th, the first day of the fifth preservative subperiod, there were decided pains in the stomach, and the temperature fluctuated somewhat, but there were no marked symptoms of fever. The weight on this day was 67.63 kilograms. The condition of No. 2 remained normal from this time until the beginning of the sixth preservative subperiod, on November 23, when he had nausea during the whole afternoon. After dinner on the 24th he returned to the dining room after a short absence complaining of very severe burning pains in the stomach, and was evidently quite ill and in considerable distress. After meals on November 25 there were burning sensations in the stomach which lasted fof a greater or less length of time, and the weight decreased to 67.11 kilograms. On the, 26th the patient was feeling better, could eat more, and the appetite was fairly good. On the 27th extreme sensitiveness in the stomach was manifested, and there was a slight increase of temperature at the dinner hour. The 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 2 490 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. preservative period closed November 2T, showing an average weight of 67.66 kilograms, a slight decrease as compared with the fore period. The after period began with a weight of 67 kilograms, temperature and pulse normal. No. 2 speedily regained his normal feelings, although on the 30th he had considerable headache and again felt sen- sations of nausea. These feelings passed away on the 1st of Decem- ber and an increased appetite was developed, although the weight continued to fall. On December 2 the patient complained of being still hungry after having eaten three normal meals during the day. The first day of the second after subperiod was characterized by unpleasant sensations, nausea, and general discomfort during the afternoon. This continued on the following day. The symptoms were better on the 5th of December, the nausea having entirely passed away at that time. Only normal symptotus were exhibited from that time until the end of the after period on December 7. At this time the subject was perfectly well, temperature and pulse nor- mal, but continued to lose weight, as the last recorded weight was 66.65 kilograms and the average for the after period 66.79. No. 3.— a p. This subject at the time of the beginning of the fore period was in good ph3^sical condition, although of a rather small stature, having a weight of 52.78 kilograms, normal pulse and temperature. There was a slight rise of temperature on the 21st of October, and also a considerable quickening of the pulse, showing a decidedly feverish condition. This indisposition developed to such an extent that No. 3 did not report for observation at the table until October 26. On the 26th the fever still continued, the pulse was above the normal, and his weight had fallen to 50.54 kilograms. On the 28th of October there had been some improvement in the subject's condition and his pulse and temperature were only slightly above the normal. Owing to this illness the ana- lytical data of the fore period are without value and the time of the first preservative subperiod, October 29 to November 2, became, in the case of No. 3, the fore period, at the beginning of which the tem- perature and pulse were normal and the weight 50.34 kilograms. No medical symptoms of any significance were developed during the fore period. The pulse and temperature remained practically normal and the weight had increased at the end of the period to 50.43 kilograms, the average for the period being 50.42. During the first preservative subperiod (November 3-7 in the case of this subject) the pulse and temperature were normal and the weight slightly increased, the aver- age being 50.73 kilograms. The appetite of No. 3 increased very markedly during this subperiod and he was still hungry after the three regular rations had been eaten. A slight cold developed on the 5th of November, but was not of any consequence. At the end of this sub- SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 491 period the patient was in good condition, but was still complaining of hunger. His weight had increased to 50.80 kilograms and the pulse and temperature were normal. During the second preservative subperiod some pain was felt in the shoulder, but evidently this bore no definite relation to the diet. Com- plaint was made on December 9 of a very empty feeling in the stomach; otherwise the subject was feeling well. This condition continued throughout this subperiod, with a general feeling that the amount of ration eaten was not sufficient to supply the appetite, and the subject complained frequently of being hungry. The third preservative subperiod (November 13-17) began with pulse and temperature normal. The weight had risen to 51.15 kilograms. Complaint was made during the first day of severe pains in the stomach. This continued during the next day, but the subject still complained of being hungry. On the 15th severe pains were felt in the shoulder, but normal conditions were restored on the 16th. On the 17th the pains in the stomach returned, but the other conditions were normal, and at the end of this subperiod the weight of the subject was 51.14 kilograms; but the average weight was only 50.96 kilograms. The fourth preservative subperiod (November 18-22) began with marked symptoms of hunger after the usual rations were eaten. On the 1 9th constipation was marked and the pains in the stomach con- tinued. On the 20th report was made of very severe pains in the stomach, continuing during the night, and the constipation continued markedly. The general condition was better on the 21st, but the con- stipation continued. On the 22d the subject was belching all the time with acidity of the stomach and indigestion. This subperiod closed with the subject in rather an unfavorable condition, but with an increased average weight, i. e., 51.14 kilograms. The fifth preservative subperiod (November 23-27) began with normal pulse and temperature, but with continued belching, indiges- tion, and heartburn, which rendered the subject very uncomfortable. On the 24th these symptoms were ameliorated to a certain degree and he was feeling reasonably well. The symptoms returned, however, with renewed vigor on the 25th, with continued burning sensation in the throat and stomach, especially after meals, and continuing for about two hours. The weight on this day was slightly increased, being 51.54 kilograms, the average weight for the fifth subperiod being 51.31 kilograms. The end of the entire preservative period found the patient in reasonably good condition, with a strong appetite, pulse and temperature normal, and weight 51.60 kilograms, while the average weight for the period was 50.93 kilograms. The first after subperiod began with a rapidly restored normal con- dition, which continued until December 1, when the patient was attacked with another severe cold, the temperature having risen at the dinner 492 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. period to 102°. The appetite, however, was not impaired. The ill feelings arising" from the cold were increased on the 2d of December, although the temperature had fallen somewhat. The weight at the close of the subperiod on this day was 51.54 kilograms; the average for the subperiod was 51.57 kilograms. The second after subperiod began with both temperature and pulse slightly above the normal, pains in the chest, and the patient under treatment by Doctor Perry, of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. The patient was decidedly better on December 4, and the temperature and pulse were normal. A slight headache developed on the 5th of December, but with no other abnormal symptoms. On the 6th the patient was feeling perfectly well, and the same is true of the 7th, the close of the after period. On this date the temperature and pulse were normal and the weight was 51.55 kilograms. The average weight for the after period was 51.66 kilograms, showing a gain in weight throughout the observation, in connection with which the sub- ject's state of convalescence must be remembered. No. 4.—F. E. B. No. 4 proved to be one of the best subjects^ under observation, being very steady in his habits and very careful in the entry of data intrusted to him. At the beginning of the fore period No. 4 was in excellent physical condition, normal in every respect and having a weight of 61.08 kilograms. There were no deviations from the nor- mal during the entire fore period, at the end of which the weight was 60.62 kilograms, the average weight for the period being 60.73 kilo- grams. During the first of the preservative subperiods there were no symptoms showing abnormality, except perhaps a slight increase in the appetite. The weight on the last day of the first preserva- tive subperiod was 60.23 kilograms, and the average weight 60.53 kilograms. During the second preservative subperiod the symptoms remained normal, but there was an increased desire for food, although the ration was not changed. At the end of this subperiod the weight was slightly greater than at the beginning, namely, 60.82 kilograms, and no marked symptoms of any abnormal condition had been developed. The average weight had also increased slightly, to 60.59 kilograms. The third preservative subperiod began with a keen appetite, nor- mal pulse and temperature. On the 9th of November the patient complained of being ravenously hungry, although his weight had not sensibly diminished, remaining at 60.60 kilograms. On the 10th the feeling of hunger at the end of the day seemed to be appeased and the subject expressed himself as having had enough to eat. The weight remained almost constant, namely, 60.64 kilograms. This subperiod ended with normal symptoms, a good appetite, but no SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 493 unusual feeling of hunger, and with a weight of 60.51 kilograms. There was an increase in the average weight to 60.62 kilograms. The fourth preservative subperiod began with a good appetite and no unfavorable symptoms. At the end of the period there was a slight increase in weight, namely, to 60.90 kilograms, and the average weight also increased to 60.85 kilograms. The fifth preservative subperiod began with a good physical condi- tion, normal in every respect. At the close of this period the normal conditions were still maintained, with good appetite but not excessive hunger, and the weight had risen to 61 kilograms, though the average weight slightly decreased, being 60.81 kilograms. During the sixth preservative subperiod the patient complained of a slight headache but still had a fairly good appetite, though not so keen as during the earlier preservative subperiods. The average weight for the entire preservative period was 60.67 kilograms, a slight decrease as compared with the fore period average. At the close of the first after subperiod normal conditions still contmued, but the weight had fallen to 60.35 kilograms, though showing an average of 60.42 kilograms. The second after subperiod began with normal conditions, which continued unchanged to the end of the period, w^hen the pulse and temperature were normal, and the weight was 60.38 kilograms and the average 60.43 kilograms. The average weight for the entire after period was 60.43 kilograms, showing a continued loss m weight throughout the experiment. No. 5.—G. E. a No. 5 began the fore period in good physical condition, with temperature and pulse slightly below the normal. His weight was 59.43 kilograms. No unfavorable symptoms were developed during the fore period, the physical condition of the subject remaining practically unchanged. During the whole observation there seemed to be a slight normal depression of the temperature, which, however, was not due to any unusual cause. At the end of the fore period No. 5 was in excellent physical condition, with temperature slightly below the normal. The weight had risen to 59.94 kilograms, the average weight for the entire fore period being 59.76 kilograms. The first preservative subperiod was passed without any unusual symptoms, except the continued slight depression of the temperature until November 2, when a slight headache was developed which con- tinued during the whole dky . The second preservative subperiod passed without any unusual phenomena until the 7th of November, when a remarkably strong appetite persisted after the last meal of the day. The weight of the subject on this date was 59.83 kilograms, the average weight for the subperiod being 60.07 kilograms. The third preserva- tive subperiod passed without incident until November 10, when the 494 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. patient felt that his appetite was satisfied with the usual rations. On the 12th of November, the appetite still remaining normal, the subject was not feeling well, having a slight tendency to diarrhea. The beginning of the fourth preservative subperiod found the patient feel- ing drowsy, but still with a normal appetite. No other abnormal symptoms were developed during this subperiod. During the fifth preservative subperiod the patient remained in a normal condition until the 20th of November, when symptoms of indigestion or uneasiness in the region of the stomach appeared, but the appetite was not noticeably disturbed. These feelings passed awa^^ on the following day and the subject ronained normal during the rest of that period. During the sixth preservative subperiod the patient continued normal and at the end of the preservative period was in good condition, weighing 59.52 kilograms. The average weight for the entire preservative period, however, was 59.71 kilograms, a slight decrease as compared with the fore period. The patient was in good condition at the beginning of the after period and no unfavorable symptoms of any kind were developed; the appetite was normal and the food appeared to suit the demands of the appetite. At the end of the after period the pulse and tempera- ture were normal and the weight was 59.29 kilograms, that being also the average for the entire period, thus showing a slight continued decrease in weight. No. 6.—L. M. S. This subject began the fore period in normal condition as respects both temperature and pulse and with a weight of 58.12 kilograms. No unusual symptoms developed during the fore period excepting perhaps a slight tendency to constipation. At the end of the fore period the patient's condition remained normal but with a slight loss of weight, which had fallen to 57.48 kilograms. The average weight for the fore period, however, was somewhat higher, i. e., 58.06 kilo- grams. During the preservative period the condition of the subject re- mained normal without any notable symptoms during the first and second subperiods until the 5th of November, when complaint was made of a feeling of hunger after the usual rations of the day had been consumed. There was a gradual but not marked loss of weight, and the subject continued to complain at times of leaving the table very hungry. The appetite remained good during the third preserva- tive subperiod, and on the 9th of November a slight cold in the head developed without any marked increase in temperature. There was a considerable fall in weight on that date, which was ascribed to a little unusual exercise. A slight cold continued on the 10th of November, but otherwise the subject was feeling well and the appetite was still keen, SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. ' 495 the feeling of hunger continuing during the next day. On Novem- ber 12, at 3.4:0 p. m., the patient was seized with cramps in the abdo- men but not of a very severe character. At the beginning of the fourth preservative subperiod the feeling of hunger had disappeared, but the slight cold in the head continued without notable rise of tem- perature. The cold continued on the 14th, with the feeling of uneasi- ness in the stomach, which feeling disappeared on the 15th, the cold continuing but not in a disturbing degree. Normal conditions were restored on the 16th. On the l7th the subject was still hungrj^ after taking the usual meals and had an uneasy feeling in the stomach. During the iifth preservative subperiod the feeling of hunger per- sisted. A tendency to diarrhea developed on the 19th, and there was some discomfort from indigestion. A little cold persisted during the following days but not of any serious nature, and the sensation of hunger continued. The sixth preservative subperiod began with pains in the stomach and abdomen but with the feeling of hunger con- tinuing. On the 21th the pains in the stomach were marked, especially after meals; the slight cold continued but without notable increase of temperature. Although still hungry on the 25th, there was a feeling as of a lump in the stomach and other unpleasant sensations, described as "unusual" feelings in the stomach. This indisposition continued on the 26th, and the temperature was slightly below the normal. At 6.45 p. m. of this da}^ considerable nausea developed, and most of the dinner was vomited. A cold and sore throat were complained of on the 27th, the last day of the preservative period. The temperature on the afternoon of this day was considerably above the normal, and the weight was 56.51 kilograms, the average weight for the entire preservative period being 56.94 kilograms, a decided decrease. At the beginning of the after period the temperature was normal, but a slight sore throat persisted which continued also on the follow- ing three days. The feeling of hunger also was reported at times during this period. In the second after subperiod there was a -slight headache and some continued cold, but the cold in general was better. The weight continued to diminish. On the 5th of December normal symptoms were f ull}^ reestablished in every particular, but there was a slight feeling of indigestion after dinner. Eight grains of quinine had been taken in the preceding two or three days. On December 6 normal symptoms and normal appetite were reestablished, and these continued until the end of the after period, at which time the weight was 55.80 kilograms. • To summarize, the average weight of No. 6 for the fore period was 58.06 kilograms; for the preservative period, 56.94 kilograms; and for the after period, 55.87 kilograms, showing a loss of 1.12 kilograms in the preservative period from the fore period and 1.07 kilograms in 496 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. the after period from the preservative period, a total loss during the experiment of 2.19 kilograms, in connection with which, of course, the cold from which the subject suffered must be remembered. No. 7.— J. N. B. At the beginning of the fore period the weight of No. 7 was 68.3 kilograms, and the temperature and pulse were normal. He was in excellent physical condition, no organic disease of any of the vital organs was found, and he had had no serious illness for a long period. The first fore subperiod passed without an}^ unusual incident. At the beginning of the second subperiod the weight had fallen to 67.90 kilo- grams, but no other disturbances were noted. At the close of the fore period the weight was 67.55 kilograms and the average weight for the fore period 67.91 kilograms. The preservative period opened with the subject in good condition, though somewhat inclined to indulge in vivid imagination and to dis- cover symptoms of trouble which did not exist. No unusual symp- toms were manifested during the first preservative subperiod, but at the close of the second subperiod the symptoms of hunger appeared, the subject not feeling that the rations, which were entirely sufficient to satisfy his hunger during the fore period, were enough. On November 7 he first complained of indigestion, and at the beginning of the third preservative subperiod was feeling reasonably well. During November 9 a very bad headache was developed, which lasted during the afternoon, and on the following day there was an uneasy sensation in the stomach. The general appearance of the subject at this time was not as good as at first, but no specific complaints were made. During the night of November 12 the subject was feeling quite ill and was not well throughout the following day. On the 14th the symptoms of malaise had largel3^ disappeared, but not entirely. Headache developed again on the 15th, and the feeling of hunger seemed to be accentuated. Insomnia was complained of on the night of the 15th, and the statement was made that for two preceding nights difficulty in sleeping, especially in the earl}^ morning hours, had been experienced. Insomnia continued during the 17th, and the headache also persisted during that day. On the 19th symptoms of indigestion were clearly manifested, especially in the afternoon, but the sensation of hunger still continued. On the 20th of November the symptoms of indigestion increased, and the subject was feeling very ill. There seemed also to be a slight depression of the temperature. On the 21st the weight fell below 67 kilograms. The indigestion became more pronounced, and the headache also continued. The appetite failed on the 22d, and some difficulty was experienced in taking the full ration. At the beginning of the sixth preservative subperiod the weight SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 497 had fallen to 66.80 kilograms and the illness of the preceding days had passed away ; the appetite was restored and a sensation of hunger was complained of after the regular meals. This feeling of hunger con- tinued for several days, and on the 26th the illness before complained of again appeared but passed away on the following day. The subject started on the after period with a weight of 66.90 kilo- grams, pulse and temperature normal, but complaining of constipa- tion. On the 29th he felt quite well, but during the succeeding days there was a continued loss of weight, although the regular rations selected at the fore period were eaten and the subject felt well. In the second part of the after period the weight fell below 66 kilograms, but the subject was feeling well. This condition of health was con- tinued to the end of the after period. The weight on the last day of the after period was 66.83 kilograms and the average weight for the after period was 66.34 kilograms. Comparing the average weights of the three periods, we have for the fore period 67.91 kilograms, for the preservative period 67.28 kilograms, and for the after period 66.34 kilograms. No. 8.—W. a L. No. 8 was a somewhat peculiar subject, very conscientious and very attentive to every detail, but much inclined at all times to imagine that he had some specific or general trouble. The data which were obtained with No. 8, therefore, are of peculiar interest. He was in a very good physical condition at the time of the beginning of the experimental work and in the physical examination revealed no lesion of any vital organ, nor had he suffered from any severe disease for a period of more than a year. His weight at the beginning of the fore period was 61.30 kilograms and his temperature and pulse were normal. He entered the preservative period weighing 60.65 kilograms. On the 1st of November a slight headache was developed early in the morning, which continued until the afternoon, when, after the subject had slept for forty minutes, it disappeared. An unpleasant feeling in the abdomen was experienced at the same time. It should be stated here that during the whole of the observation No. 8 took regularly a given quantity of laxative, administered in such a way that it could not interfere with any of the observations, inasmuch as it was the same during all the periods. A feeling of languor was experienced on the 4th of November, and it was reported as having been experienced for several preceding days. % slight headache was noted on the 5th of November, but it passed away after breakfast; the subject felt tired on waking. A sore knee with which he entered the preservative period gave him some little trouble at this time, due, as he explained, to hitting it accidentally. On the 8th of November a slight tendency 498 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. to diarrhea was developed, but this was followed on the succeeding day by a period of constipation. Abdominal pains were experienced on the night of November 10, but in general the subject was feeling better. There was pain in the stomach on the night of the 11th, but the feeling of languor and indisposition to exertion had parsed away. A feeling of weight in the stomach was also noted. Abdomi- nal pains, though slight, continued on the 12th. On the 13th a feeling of indigestion was experienced, but it passed away within a short time. A small quantity of food was lost by belching on the 14:th, but not to exceed a spoonful. On the 15th the subject was feeling quite well again, and this condition continued until the 18th, when a slight headache developed with a tendency to diarrhea. Slight head- ache was also experienced on the 19th and the -bowels continued loose. On the 20th the subject felt exceedingly well, although there was a very slight headache after dinner. This favorable condition continued until the 22d and then was interrupted only by a slight headache with a tendency to drowsiness. Headache continued on November 23 and 24, with slight pains in the stomach and abdomen and with a drowsy feeling coming on early in the evening. A slight abdominal disturb- ance was noticed on the 25th, while a slight headache continued on the 26th and on the afternoon of the 27th. The subject closed the preservative period with a weight of 60.13 kilograms and feeling reasonably well. His average weight for the whole preservative period was 60.62 kilograms, and for the fore period 61.20 kilograms. The first day of the after period the headache continued, but the subject felt much better after luncheon. The second day the subject felt well, except for a slight feeling of uneasiness in the stomach. Headache came on about an hour before dinner with pains in the back and some weariness. No unpleasant feelings were exj^erienced during the 30th, but a slight feeling of laziness or drowsiness. A slight cold developed on December 1, and the temperature at dinner was 99.6^. Some s3^mptoms of this cold had been manifested for several days before, but no account had been made of it until this day. Slight pains in the back were experienced on the 2d of December, but other- wise the subject was feeling well. Some little headache was expe- rienced on the 3d of December. An abscess formed on a tooth at this time which kept the subject awake during the night of the 4th of December and he felt correspondingly ill during the day. The abscess was opened on the 5th of December and the subject felt much better, but slept only half the night. On the 6th all bad symptoms had disap- peared. The subject closed the after period feeling in excellent con- dition in spite of the trouble which he had had with his tooth. The final weight on the last day of the after period was 59.87 kilograms, and his average weight during the after period was 69.84 kilograms, show- ing a progressive loss in weight. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 499 No. 9.—G. W. L. The weight of No. 9 at the beginning of the fore period was 62.10 kilograms. The temperature was very slight^ above the normal and the rate of pulsation 84 per minute. The general physical condition was good. This subject had suffered from no serious disease within a year and had a long history of good health. Physical examination disclosed all the organs in sound state and performing their normal functions. There was but little variation in the condition of No. 9 during the fore period. The pulsation remained at about the original rate, which was slightly above normal. The average weight for the fore period was 62.25 kilograms, but the weight on the last day of the fore period was exactly that of the first day, namely, 62.10 kilograms. No. 9 entered the preservative period in good condition. The first day there was a slight increase of temperature, almost 1 degree, but not sufficient to indicate a fever. This condition passed away, and on the second day the usual normal conditions were restored. The first preservative subperiod passed without any unusual incident. No. 9 did not, as most of the others had done, complain of being hungry during this period. Normal conditions were continued until Novem- ber 3, when a slight cold was noticed, with an increase of temperature of about three-fourths of a degree. This condition continued on the following day, a slight degree of fever being manifested, with head- ache and a feeling of drowsiness during the day. These symptoms evidently were to be attributed to the cold rather than to the preserva- tiv^e. The conditions were very much improved on the 5th instant; in fact, with the exception of a slight cold in the head, the conditions were normal. The slight cold continued but without any inconveni- ence on the 6th instant, and the temperature and pulsation were nor- mal. At this time there was a loss of weight amounting to about half a kilogram. This loss of weight was due in part to a rather larger evacuation than usual. Conditions were practically normal on the 7th with the exception of a slight continuation of the cold. All condi- tions were reported as favorable on November 9, during the second preservative subperiod, but a dislike for mutton and lamb was expressed when these meats were served. There was a slight increase of the cold on November 10, but without any unpleasant results. During the night of the 10th a restless condition which interfered to some extent with sleep developed, and on November 12 the cold was worse, but without any increase of temperature or other unfavorable symptoms. No. 9 entered the fourth preservative subperiod feeling reasonably well and weighing 61.90 kilograms, almost the same as at the begin- ning of the period. There was a complaint of slight blurring of the vision during the previous day, and though the cold in the head was 500 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. better, a pain in the region of the kidne3^s developed. This did not persist, Ijowever, and on the following day No. 9 was in good condi- tion. Some pain in the eyes was noticed on November 17. The fifth preservative subperiod found No. 9 with exactly the same weight as at the beginning of the fore period, namely, 62.10 kilo- grams. He complained of coughing slightly at night and of some nocturnal perspiration, but this was of an entirely unimportant character. At the beginning of the sixth preservative subperiod No. 9 weighed 62.70 kilograms and was in excellent condition, feeling better even than at any period during the progress of the experiment. The appe- tite was excellent, and on November 26 the subject felt hungry after dinner. At the end of the preservative period, namely, November 27, No. 9 weighed 62.40 kilograms and was feeling in excellent condition. The average weight for the entire preservative period was 62.22 kilograms, as compared with 62.25, the average of the fore period. The beginning of the after period 'found No. 9 in excellent condi- tion, and he passed through the entire after period without any inci- dent worthy of attention, save that he complained of hunger on every day of the first subperiod, but made no such complaint during the second subperiod. The weight of No. 9 at the end of the after period was 62.30 kilo- grams, temperature and pulse normal, and all the functions of the body apparently properly discharged. This case is quite in contrast with most of the others. First, in the fact that no unpleasant symp- toms were observed even with the largest doses of salicylic acid; and, second, that the feeling of hunger, which was so commonly manifested during the first periods of the admmistration of the salicylic acid in the other cases, was not noticed in this, but the symptoms of hunger developed decidedly after the cessation of the doses of the salicylic acid. Judged, therefore, simpl}^ by the medical history no unfavorable S3^mptoms of any kind were noticed during the whole course of observation. No. JO.—R. D. D. No. 10 began the fore period weighing 57.10 kilograms. Physical examination revealed no defects in any of the organs of the body. There had been ng previous disease of any consequence within a year and no tendenc}^ to any organic disturbances was found. The fore period passed without any incident worthy of record. The tempera- ture and pulse remained normal during the entire time. At the close of the fore period the weight of No. 10 was 56.99 kilograms and all the functions of the body were normally discharged. The average weight for the entire fore period was 56.91 kilograms. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 501 At the beginning of the preservative period the weight of No. 10 was 5().95 kilograms; temperature and pulsation normal. During the first preservative subperiod he did not report any unusual hunger. During the second subperiod he remained in excellent condition, without any apparent disturbance of any of the functions of the bod3\ A slight cold developed at the beginning of the third preservative sub- period on November 8, but it was of no consequence and passed away on the following day. At the beginning of the fourth subperiod the weight of No. 10 was 57.32 kilograms. A feeling of fullness was reported by the subject on that day. There was a slight depression of temperature amounting to about three-tenths of a degree. No unfavorable symptoms were mani- fested during the rest of this period. At the beginning of the fifth preservative subperiod the weight of No. 10 was 57.26 kilograms and he was in excellent condition. At the beginning of the sixth subperiod the weight of No. 10 was 57.10 kilograms, the temperature and pulse normal, and he was feel- ing very well. At the close of the sixth preservative subperiod the weight of No. 10 was 57.10 kilograms and no unfavorable symptoms had developed. No. 10 did not even complain of the hunger which was a characteristic symptom in most of the other cases. The average weight of No. 10 during the preservative period was 57.33 kilograms. The subject entered the after period in excellent condition and on the second day complained of being hungry. He again complained of hunger on December 1. At the beginning of the second after subperiod his weight was 56. 30 kilograms and he still complained of being hungry. On December 4: No. 10 was taken ill and was unable to appear at his meals. On the 5th he reported for duty with a temperature about 1 degree above the normal and with a pulse of 90 per minute. He complained of feeling weak, his stomach was out of order, and his tongue coated. His con- dition was somewhat improved on the following day, but he did not feel entirely well. On the 7th the temperature and pulse were normal again and No. 10 reported himself as feeling well. The subject's weight on the last day of the after period was 52.2 kilograms, having lost about 4: kilograms from his illness. It does not appear that in the above case the administration of the salicylic acid had any apparent effect either in inC\"easing or decreas- ing the appetite or affecting in any way the ordinary functions of the organs of the body. No. 11.— A. F. M. The weight of No. 11 at the beginning of the fore period was 65.46 kilograms. His temperature and pulse were normal. During the whole of the fore period No. 11 remained in excellent condition and no variations of any consequence in his condition were noted. His 502 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. weight on the last day of the fore pe'riod was 64.95 kilograms and his average weight for the period 65.36 kilograms. He entered upon the preservative period in excellent ph3^sical condition. There were no unfavorable symptoms developed during the first preservative subperiod nor was there any complaint of hunger. A feeling of hunger was reported after dinner on November 7, the end of the second subperiod, the usual amount of food not having satisfied the craving. The third preservative subperiod found No. 11 in excellent condi- tion, weighing 64.89 kilograms, and with normal pulse and tempera- ture. During the night of November 9 he was restless and had a slight headache throughout the. following dsij. On the 11th decided symptoms of indigestion developed, but without disturbing the tem- perature or pulse. The subject was feeling better on November 12 and entered the fourth preservative subperiod in fairl}^ good condi- tion, weighing 64.85 kilograms and with normal pulse and tempera- ture. These normal conditions continued during the whole of the fourth preservative subperiod. The weight of No. 11 at the beginning of the fifth subperiod was 64.27 kilograms. Slight symptoms of indigestion appeared at this time, especially after luncheon. No. 11 was feeling better on the fol- lowing day and no further unfavorable symptoms were reported until November 22, when a slight headache was noticed. At the beginning of the sixth preservative subperiod No. 11 weighed 64.03 kilograms and was suffering from a slight febrile attack, the temperature rising to 100° and the pulsation to 90. Headache persisted during the day, with a fever following and general weakness. Symp- toms of a sore throat were developed and slight headache persisted during the following day, but the temperature was normal. On the evening of the 24th he indulged in unusual exercise, but without dis- comfort. On the 25th No. 11 was again feeling in excellent condi- tion, and this continued until the close of the preservative period. His average weight during the preservative period was 64.59 kilograms. No. 11 entered the after period weighing 63.98 kilograms and with a normal temperature and pulse. The appetite increased during the after period, and on December 2 No. 11 complained of hunger after dinner. The second after subperiod passed without any unusual incident. No. 11 f^ remarkably well during this time and weighed at its close 63.52 kilograms. His average weight for the entire after period was 63.57 kilograms. In the case of No. 11, as is seen, there were no very marked symptoms, though in the absence of any cold or influenza of any description the feelings of headache and indigestion which were developed from time to time could justly be attributed to the preservative that was administered. These symptoms, however, in no case were very serious nor did they cause any lasting discomfort. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 508 No. l^.-^R. B. R. No. 12 was one of the very best men of the class. His weight at the beginning of the fore period was 69.50 kilograms; his tempera- ture and pulse were normal. No unfavorable symptoms of any description were developed during the entire fore period and his average weight was 69. 70 kilograms. No. 12 entered the preservative period in excellent condition, weigh- ing 69.80 kilograms, and with normal pulse and temperature. No unfavorable symptoms were recorded during the first preservative subperiod. A good deal of mental work was required on November 3, probably incident to his studies. The amount of exercise taken on November 5 was less than usual. No. 12 having experienced a feeling of drowsiness on that day with a sensation of fullness in the head and a slight headache which persisted during the entire day. He was nervous during the night of the 5th, but there was some improvement in his feelings during the 6th. On this date also there were symp- toms of a slight cold in the head and the feeling of fullness in the head continued. There was also a loss of appetite, and the urine discharged during the day was more cloudy than usual. The loss of appetite continued during the following day, but otherwise No. 12 was feeling very much better. The third preservative subperiod began with a severe headache which lasted all day, but there was some improvement in the appetite. He complained of feeling very hungry at dinner time. The headache and other unfavorable symptoms had passed away on the 9th, and the feeling of hunger was increased. On the 10th, however, the appetite failed again partially, knd symptoms of a bad cold were manifested, but without any marked increase in temperature or pulsation. No. 12 was better on November 11, but on the following day he was not so well. He had a feeling of fatigue, although he had not taken any more than the usual amount of exercise, and the symptoms of hunger persisted. The fourth preservative subperiod was marked by a slight loss of appetite and a headache which continued during the day. Otherwise No. 12 was feeling very well. On the 14th he was extremely nervous, and had not slept well during the previous night. The headache and a sense of dryness in the mouth and throat continued throughout the day, and the headache persisted during the following day with a loss of appetite. The headache^ontinued during the day of November 16, but otherwise the symptoms . were more favorable and the subject improved. The unfavorable symptoms had passed away on the 17th, and a feeling of hunger was manifested. The fifth preservative subperiod found No., 12 in the possession of a good appetite and without an}^ indisposition of any kind. The rest- less condition, however, returned on the night of the 18th and lasted 504 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. throughout the night, but did not interfere with the appetite the fol- lowing day. On the 20th No. 12 was in excellent condition again. The feeling of hunger continued on the 22d of November with a head- ache which lasted all da}^ preceded by a restless night, No. 12 report- ing that he had very little sleep the night before. The sixth preservative subperiod found No. 12 in good condition, weighing 70.15 kilograms and with normal temperature and pulse. During the remainder of this subperiod he felt very well, and the close of the preservative period found him in excellent condition, weighing 70.22 kilograms and with normal temperature and pulse. The average weight for the entire preservative period was 70.03 kilo- grams, an increase as compared with the average weight of the fore periods, 69.70 kilograms. In the beginning of the after period No. 12 weighed 69.95 kilo- grams, with a temperature just a trifle below the normal and with normal pulsation. During the first day of the after period No. 12 experienced a con- siderable degree of hunger, which was not entirely satisfied by the dinner. This feeling of hunger continued for two or three days, but with no other unfavorable symptoms. No. 12 continued to feel better during the whole of the after period and at its close weighed 69.8 kilo- grams. His average weight during the after period was 69.87 kilo- grams, a slight increase over that of the fore period, but a slight decrease as compared with the preservative period. From the above description it is seen that No. 12 suffered very little during the administration of the preservative save from headache and fullness in the head and sometimes a disposition to drowsiness. The feeling of hunger, which was very marked in this case, was especially pronounced in the after period, and this, while similar to two or three cases, is quite different from the experience of most of the other subjects. CONCLUSIONS. A general review of the medical data shows in some instances decid- edly unfavorable symptoms attending the use of the salicylic acid, while in a minority of cases no symptoms of a distinctly unfavorable character can be attributed to the use of the preservative. In the majority of cases there was a strong feeling of hunger developed dur- ing the administration of the preservative, especially during its early stages, although the rations served were not less in quantity and were of the same quality as those which were provided during the fore period. In at least three of the cases — perhaps four — the feeling of hunger which was developed was noticeable chiefly during the after period. The general conclusion, therefore, judged by the medical history of all the cases considered as a whole, is that in some instances, SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 505 and probably the majority, the administration of the preservative developed unfavorable conditions, while in the minority of the cases it seemed to have practically little effect one way or the other upon those who consumed it. BODY WEIGHTS. VARIATIONS IN BODY WEIGHTS. In order to brin^ this important factor into prominence and to ren- der a comparison easier, the changes in body weights of the individuals, daily and by periods, are expressed in graphic form in figs. 1 and 2, and the general average for nine men, by periods, is also given. The data for total and average weights, by periods, on which the lines of aver- age weight in the charts are based may be found in Table lY, on the relation between the food weights and body weights, under which head these data are discussed in greater detail. The daily variations are shown only by the broken lines, of which the straight lines give the average. It is seen that No. 1 experienced a marked loss of weight during the preservative period and a greater loss during the after period. In the case of No. 2, the same condition exists, but in a still more marked degree. The case of No. 3 is especially interesting. This subject at the opening of the experiment weighed 52.78 kilograms, but after the second day of the fore period was taken ill with the grippe and was confined to his room until October 26. On his return to the table his weight had decreased to 50.54 kilograms. A new ration was selected as suited to his condition of convalescence and calculated to restore normal conditions. The graphic chart shows that there was a slight tendency throughout the preservative period toward a gain in weight, amounting as a whole throughout the preservative period of 25 days to 0.51 kilogram, but when the preservative was withdrawn the weight suddenly rises and the average for the after period shows a very marked increase, amounting to again of 0.73 kilogram for the ten days of that period. It is certainly indicated in this instance that the preservative inhibited to a marked degree the assimilation of the food, as a ration had been allowed which would meet the needs of the body in repairing and building up tissue after a short illness. In the case of No. 4 the weight during the preservative period was almost identical with that of the foie period, but there was a slight loss of weight during the after period. The same conditions obtain in the case of No. 5. No. 6 shows an extreme case of very decided loss of weight amounting to about 1 kilogram in both the preservative and the after periods. No. 7 loses more than half a kilogram in the preservative period and about a kilogram in the after period. No. 8 lost 0.58 kilogram in the preservative period and 0.78 kilogram ' 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 3 506 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. OCTOBER NOVEVIBEJ^ DECEMBErt 5?afQ^13^SS^SS8w-(vJrt^rifiu)Noo®o-Nioiin(oi::®58wSISSiSSw^Sw-wK)^in«>N 58 III II 1 R3RE I^ERIOO PPESERVAtnVE: PERIOD AFTER PERIOD Fig. 1.— Daily and average body weights for Series VI, Nos. 1-8. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 507 in the after period. In the case of No. 9 the weight remains practi- cally constant throughout the whole series, there being only a tendency to decrease in weight, which was more pronounced in the after period. No. 10 showed a considerable increase in weight during the preserva- .tive period and a slight loss during the after period covered by his illness, the average weight for the after period being practically the same as that of the fore period. It will be observed, however, that Nos. 3, 9, and 10 are excluded from the general summary, the data in ocmoBER MOVCMBER 64rr ___— -.-,^_ mttttttfflttttt I =::N9I2- ---^ E = -r^^rrr ~ «.-:=s^-^.-.i^^i^£N^^^.-^. ''mm^m ^■^■■"^^■■■"■"■^^"^~"-»i^^s sMl^mmuUm 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M n 1 1 1 14= 63 61, = =-^ 1 =: = E ^ ^ UK v 5- A R r/e V 7- 2^ 7 rr r- 4- 5 -6 ::: 7^ 8- n H 2 = E i - = = = = PORE PERIOD preservative: period after PEmOOi Fig, 2. — Daily and average body weights for Series VI, Nos. 9-12, and summary. these cases, owing to variations introduced by sickness and other external causes, not being considered strictly comparable. No. 11 shows a considerable losa of weight during the preservative period, amounting to 0.77 kilogram, and a still more marked loss during the after period, of 1.03 kilograms. No. 12 shows a slightly increased weight during the preservative period, 0.33 kilogram, and a very slight loss in the after period, resulting in a slight gain for the entire series, i. e., 0.17 kilogram. 508 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. The data showing the average effect produced on the nine men completing the series are plotted in the chart shown in fig. 2. It is evident that this effect is toward a loss of weight during the pre- servative period and an increased loss during the after period. In other words, the larger relative loss produced during the after period is due doubtless to the momentum, as it may be called, of the effects produced during the preservative period. RATIO OF FOOD WEIGHT TO BODY WEIGHT. In Table IV are shown the results of the stud^^ made of the quantity of food consumed as compared with the body weight. The average weight of No. 1 for the fore period is 53.38 kilograms, for the preservative period 52.99 kilograms, and for the after period 52.37 kilograms. It is seen that there is a slight loss of weight during the preservative period and a slightly greater loss during the after period. The average weight of moist food administered during the fore period is 2,427 grams and of dry food 467 grams. The daily weight of moist food consumed is 4.55 per cent and of the dry food 0.87 per cent of the weight of the body. During the preservative period the average daily quantity of moist food consumed is 2,421 and of dry food 474 grams. The moist food consumed dail}^ is 4.57 per cent and the dry food 0.89 per cent of the weight of the body. Dur- ing the after period the quantity of moist food consumed daily is 2,345 grams and of dry food 476 grams. The moist food consumed is 4.48 per cent and the dry food 0.91 per cent of the weight of the body. It will be noticed that the quantity of dry food consumed during the various periods is almost constant, being least in the fore period and greatest in the after period. The loss of weight therefore can not be ascribed to any diminution of the quantitj^ of food, the latter having been slightly increased. In the case of No. 2 the average quantity of moist food consumed during the fore period is 2,669 grams and of dry food 604 grams, being 3.91 per cent and 0.88 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period the quantity of moist food consumed by No. 2 is 2,908 grams and of dry food 598 grams, being 4.30 and 0.88 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. Dur- ing the after period the average quantity of moist food consumed by No. 2 is 2,876 grams and of dry food 612 grams daily, being 4.30 and 0.91 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 2 during the fore period is 68.32, during the preservative period 67.66, and during the after period 66.91 kilo- grams. There is thus seen a progressive loss of weight which con- tinued through the after period, although the quantity of food remained practically the same, but was diminished by a few grams SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 509 during the preservative period and increased by a few grams auring the after period. The data for No. 3 are onl}^ fragmentary, as has already been explained, and therefore are of little value for experimental purposes. During the second subperiod of the fore period the quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 3 is 2,610 grams, equivalent to 530 grams of dry material, or 5.18 and 1.05 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. For live subperiods of the preservative period the weight of moist food consumed daily is 2,568 grams, equivalent to 592 grams of the dry material, corresponding to 5.04 and 1.16 per cent, respec- tively, of the weight of the body. During the after period the quan- tity of moist food daily consumed is 2,524 grams, equivalent to 621 grams of dry food, 4.89 and 1.20 per cent, respectively, of the body weight. The average weight of No. 3 during his fore period (five days) is 50.42 kilograms, during the five subperiods of the preservative period 50.93 kilograms, and during the after period 51.66 kilograms. No. 3 therefore presents a progressive gain in weight and also an increased quantity of dry food consumed. The explanation of this condition in connection with the illness of the subject has already been discussed under bod}^ weights. The average weight of moist food consumed daily by No. 4 in the fore period is 2,311 grams, equivalent to 535 grams of dry material, these data corresponding to 3.80 and 0.88 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. For the preservative period the average quantity of moist food consumed daily is 2,378 grams, equivalent to 556 grams of dry material, corresponding to 3.92 and 0.92 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. For the after period the quantity of moist food consumed daily is 2,408 grams, corresponding to 569 grams of dry material, equivalent to 3.98 and 0.94 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The mean weight of No. 4 for the fore period is 60.73, for the preservative period 60.67, and for the after period 60.43 kilograms. The loss of weight is practically negligible during the preservative period, and becomes a small though noticeable quantity for the after period, notwithstanding the slightl}^ increased quantity of food. The quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 5 during the fore period is 2,357 grams, corresponding to 558 grams of dry mate- rial. These data represent 3.94 and 0.93 per cent, respectively, of the body weight. For the entire preservative period the average daily quantity of moist #ood consumed is 2,346 grams, equivalent to 563 grams of dry material and corresponding to 3.93 and 0.94 per cent, respectivel}^ of the weight of the body. During the after period the average daily quantity of food consumed is 2,382 grams, corresponding to 564 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.01 and 510 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON" HEALTH. 0.95 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 5 for the fore period is 59. Y6, for the preservative period 59.71, and for the after period 59.33 kilograms. There is scarcely any change of weight between the fore period and the pre- servative period, but a decided loss during the after period, in spite of a slightly increased quantity of food. The average quantity of moist food consumed daily during the fore period by No. 6 is 2,289 grams, corresponding to 537 grams of dry material, equivalent to 3.94 and 0.92 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period the mean daily quantity of moist food consumed is 2,372 grams, corresponding to 556 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.17 and 0.98 per cent, respec- tively, of the weight of the body. During the after period the quan- tity of moist food consumed daily is 2,275 grams, corresponding to 561 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.07 and 1 per cent, respec- tively of the weight of the body. The mean daily weight of No. 6 during the fore period is 58.06, for the preservative period 56.94, and for the after period 55.87 kilograms. These data show a very decided loss of weight during the preservative period, although the quantity of dry food consumed was somewhat greater than in the fore period. This loss of weight was continued through the after period and the total decrease was considerable, namely 2.19 kilograms. The amount of dry food consumed increased throughout the series. The quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 7 during the fore period is 2,203 grams, corresponding to 481 grams of dr}^ material, equivalent to 3.24 and 0.71 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period the daily quantity of moist food consumed is 2,333 grams, corresponding to 482 grams of dry material, equivalent to 3.47 and 0.72 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the after period the quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 7 is 2,261 grams, corresponding to 488 grams of dry material, equivalent to 3.41 and 0.74 per cent, respect- ively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 7 during the fore period is 67.91, during the preservative period 67.28, and during the after period 66.33 kilograms. There is thus observed a considerable loss of weight during the preservative period as com- pared with the fore period (630 grams), and an increased loss of weight during the after period (950 grams). The respective quantities of food consumed are almost the same for the three periods. There is, how- ever, an increase of 7 grams of dry food daily in the after period over the fore period, and of 6 grams daily in the after period over the pre- servative period. This continued loss of weight, attended as it is with a slight increase of the weight of food consumed, can only be attri- buted to the persistent effects of the preservative upon the metabolic processes. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 61 1 The average quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 8 during the fore period is 3,338 grams, corresponding to 531 grams of dry material, equivalent to 5.45 and 0.87 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period the average daily quantity of moist food consumed by No. 8 is 3,408 grams, correspond- ing to 575 grams of dry material, equivalent to 5.62 and 0.95 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the after period the quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 8 is 2,966 grams, corre- sponding to 587 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.96 and 0.98 per cent, respectively, of the weight of th? body. The average weight of No. 8 during the fore period is 61.20, during the preservative period 60.62, and during the after period 59.84 kilograms. The data here show also a progressive decrease in weight which was continued through the after period, although both in the preservative period and in the after period the quantit}^ of dry material consumed is greater than in the fore period. This continued depressing action of the preservative on the metabolic processes as a whole, shown in decreased weight, is quite as marked in the case of No. 8, if not more so, as in that of No. 7, for although the actual decrease in weight is slightly less, the amount of dry food taken by No. 8 was appreciably greater, namely, for No. 8 an average daily increase of 56 grams, as compared with an increase of only 7 grams for No. 7. The average quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 9 is 2,833 grams, corresponding to 634 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.55 and 1.02 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period the average quantity of moist food consumed daily by No. 9 is 2,867 grams, corresponding to 624 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.61 and 1 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The average daily quantity of moist food con- sumed by No. 9 during the after period is 2,579 grams, corresponding to 623 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.15 and 1 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 9 during the fore period is 62.25, during the preservative period 62.22, and during the after period 62.11 kilograms. These data show no marked change in the weight of the body during the entire progress of the observation, though the tendency is toward a decrease. The average daily quantity of moist food consumed by No. 10 is 2,710 grams, corresponding to 660 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.76 and 1.16 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. No. 10 consumed daily during the preservative period 3,029 grams of moist food, corresponding to 676 grams of dry material, equivalent to 5.28 and 1.18 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. Dur- ing the after period No. 10 was ill during the second subperiod and the data for the first subperiod are therefore taken as the average for the whole after period. These data show that No. 10 in the after period 512 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. consumed daily 2,897 grams of moist food, corresponding to 659 grams of dry material, equivalent to 5.09 and 1.16 per cent, respect- ively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 10 during the fore period is 56.91, during the preservative period 57.33, and during the after period 56.90 kilograms. These data show a con- siderable increase in weight during the administration of the preserva- tive and a slight loss during the after period, doubtless due to the illness occurring at that time. The quantit}^ of moist food consumed daily by No. 11 during the fore period is 3,013 kilograms, (Corresponding to 621 kilograms of dry material, and equivalent to 4.61 and 0.95 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period No. 11 consumed daily 2,997 grams of moist food, corresponding to 622 grams of dry material, equivalent to 4.64 and 0.96 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the after period No. 11 consumed daily 3,074 grams of moist food, corresponding to 615 grams of dry mate- rial, and equivalent to 4.84 and 0.97 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 11 during the fore period is 65.36, during the preservative period 64.59, and during the after period 63.56 kilograms. These data show a decided tendency toward a decrease in the bod}^ weight, although the amount of food remained practically the same in the fore and preservative periods; this tendency continued during the after period, and is not explained by the slight decrease in the weight of dry food consumed in that period, namely, 6 grams per day. The average daily quantity of moist food consumed by No. 12 during the fore period is 2,806 grams, corresponding to 660 grams of the dry material, and equivalent to 4.03 and 0.95 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the preservative period No. 12 consumed daily 2,788 grams of moist food, corresponding to 653 grams of dry material, and equivalent to 3.98 and 0.93 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. During the after period No. 12 consumed daily 2,628 grams of moist food, corresponding to 640 grams of dry material, and equivalent to 3.76 and 0.92 per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body. The average weight of No. 12 during the fore period is 69.70, during the preservative perjod 70.03, and during the after period 69.87 kilograms. These data show a slight increase of weight during the preservative period, which increase was somewhat diminished during the after period, leaving the average weight for that period 170 grams greater than the average for the fore period. It is also to be noted that in this case the amount of dry food decreased an average of 7 grams a day in the preservative period, and 13 grams additional in the after period, presenting a very slight tendency in the opposite direction to that manifested in the majority of cases, namely, an increase in dry food and a decrease in weight. This might indicate SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 513 that the condition of No. 12 was such that the salicylic acid adminis- tered had a medicinal value, and shows the fallacy of depending on individual results in such a study. These figures, whatever their explanation, receive full weight in the summary for nine men given in Table V. The data for the three men excluded, Nos. 3, 9, and 10, while given in detail, are not includedin the averages of the summary for the reason that illness on the part of No. 3 rendered the data in his case not strictly comparable, and certain marked irregularities in the balances for Nos. 9 and 10 could only be explained on the bavsis that they had violated the rules of observation and so invalidated the data. The data for the nine men, averaged by periods, are as follows: Body weight for the fore period, 62.71 kilograms; moist food con- sumed, 2,601 grams; dry food, 555 grams; mean percentage of body weight represented by the moist food, 4.15; by the dry food, 0.88. For the entire preservative period the average weight of the nine men is 62.27 kilograms; the amount of moist food consumed daily, 2,661 grams; the amount of dry food, 564 grams; the average per- centage of the bod}^ weight represented by the moist food is 4.27, and by the dry food, 0.91. In the after period the average daily weight for the nine men is 61.61 kilograms; the amount of moist food, 2,579 grams; the amount of dr}^ food, 568 grams; the average percentage of the weight of the body represented by the moist food is 4.19, and by the dry food, 0.92. This summary shows that the average body weight declined con- sistently throughout the experiment, the average total loss of weight being 1.1 kilograms. The quantity of dry food consumed, however, gradually increased, rising from 555 grams for the fore period, to 564 in the preservative period, and to 568 in the after period, an average daily increase of 9 grams during the preservative period and 4 grams additional during the after period. These data show a distinct ten- dency as a whole on the part of the preservative to diminish the weight of the body notwithstanding an increase in dry food consumed. The graphic presentations of the variations in body weight as dis- cussed above and given in the tables are to be found in figs. 1 and 2. 514 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IV. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, iveight, Series VI. [Averages are per day.] as percentage of body No. 1. No. 2. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Bodv weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total KUos. 267. 18 53.44 266.58 53.32 Grams. 2,394 479 2,275 455 Grams. 12,335 2,467 11, 930 2,386 P.ct. 0.90 P.ct. 4.62 Kilos. 342.10 68.43 341.06 68.21 Grams. 2,999 600 3,040 608 Grams. 13,346 2,669 13,848 2,670 P.ct. 0.88 P.ct. 3 90 Average Second subperiod: Total .85 4.48 .89 8 91 Average Entire fore period: Total 533.76 53.38 4,669 467 24,265 2,427 .87 4.65 683.21 68.32 6,089 604 26,694 2,669 .88 8 91 Average j Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 266. 26 53.25 265. 77 53.15 266.25 53.05 265.81 53.06 263. 88 52.78 263. 10 52.62 2,360 472 2,338 468 2,340 468 2,805 461 2,568 514 2, "15 463 12,268 2,452 12,385 2,477 11,934 2,387 12,273 2,455 11,830 2,866 11,943 2,389 .89 4.60 340.05 68.01 339.18 67.84 339.02 67.80 338.23 67.65 337.69 67.54 336.75 67. 15 2,925 585 2,937 587 2,996 599 3,009 602 3,100 620 2,963 593 14, 552 2,910 14,656 2,931 14,563 2,911 14, 391 2,878 14,814 2,963 14,264 2,853 .86 4.28 Average Second subperiod: Total .88 4.66 .87 4.82 Average Third subperiod: Total .88. 4.50 .88 4.29 Avernge Fourth subperiod: Total .87 4.63 .89 4.25 Fifth subperiod: Total .97 4.48 .92 4.89 Sixth subperiod: Total. .88 4.54 .88 4.25 Ent're preservative period: Total 1, 589. 57 52.99 14,226 474 72,623 2,421 .89 4.67 2,029.92 67.66 17, 930 598 87,230 2,908 .88 4.30 Average After period. First subperiod: Total ..:. 262. 08 52.42 261.57 52.31 2,825 465 2,435 487 11,895 2,379 11,558 2,312 .89 4.54 385. 12 67.02 883.96 66.79 3,021 604 3,094 619 14,069 2.814 14, 692 2,938 .90 4.20 Second subperiod: Total .93 4.42 .93 4.40 Average Entire after period: Total 528. 65 52.37 4,760 476 23.463 2,345 .91 4.48 669.07 6,116 66.91 1 612 28,761 2,876 .91 4.80 Average SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 515 Table IV.- Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, Series F/^Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. No. 4. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Kilos. Grams. Grams. P.ct. P.ct. Kilos. 303. 91 60.78 303.35 60.67 Grams. 2,680 536 2,671 534 Grams. 11,270 2,254 11,835 2,367 P. ct. 0.88 P.ct. 3.71 Average Second subperiod: Total . . 252.11 50.42 2,651 530 13,050 2,610 1.05 . 5.18 88 ^ (jn Entire fore period: Total 607.26 60.73 6,351 635 23,105 2,311 .88 3.80 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 253. 67 50.73 252. 62 50. 52 254. 79 50.96 255. 69 51.14 256. 54 51.31 2,826 565 2,872 574 2,890 578 3,065 613 3,137 627 13, 281 2,656 12,298 2,460 12,696 2,539 12,725 2,545 13,207 2,641 1.11 5.24 302.67 60.53 302. 96 60.59 303.12 60.62 304.27 60.85 304.06 60.81 302.88 60.58 2,751 550 2,736 547 2,788 568 2, 765 553 2,862 572 2,781 556 11,885 2,377 11,921 2,384 11,864 2,373 11,689 2,338 12,057 2,411 11,912 2,382 .91 3.93 Average Second subperiod: Total -. 1.14 4.87 .90 3.93 Average Third subperiod: Total 1.13 4.98 .92 3.91 Fourth subperiod : Total 1.20 4.98 .91 3.84 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1. 22 5.15 .94 3 97 Average Sixth subperiod: Total .92 3 93 Entire preservative period: Total al,273.31 50.93 14,790 592 64, 207 2,568 1.16 5.04 1,819.96 60.67 16, 683 71.328 .92 3.92 556 1 2,378 After period. First subperiod: Total 257.86 51.57 258.77 51.75 3,048 610 3,163 633 12,473 2,495 12, 769 2,554 1.18 4.84 302. 10 60.42 302.17 60.43 2,766 653 2,922 584 12,001 2,400 12,074 2, 415 .92 3.97 Average Second subperiod: Total . 1.22 4.93 .97 4 00 Average Entire after period: Total 516. 63 51.66 6,211 621 25,242 2,524 1.20 4.89 604. 27 60.43 5,688 569 24,075 2,408 .94 3.98 Average ........ a No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 516 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IV. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 5. No. 6. Period. Bodv weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Kilos. 298. 15 59.63 299. 45 59.89 Grams. 2,824 565 2, 758 552 Grams. 11,689 2,338 11,885 2,377 P.ct. 0.95 P.ct. 3.92 Kilos. 290.32 58.06 290.28 58.06 Grams. 2,631 526 2,736 547 Grams. 11,885 2,377 11,000 2,200 P.ct. 0.91 P.ct. 4 09 Average Second subperiod: Total .92 3.97 94 3 79 Average Entire fore period: Total 597. 60 59.76 5,582 558 23,574 2,357 .93 3.94 580.60 58.06 5,367 537 22,885 2,289 .92 3 94 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 299.45 59.89 300.33 60.07 298.56 59.71 298.84 59.77 296.77 59.35 297. 33 • 59.47 2,867 573 2,753 651 2,787 557 2,804 561 2,862 572 2,814 563 11,872 2,374 11,798 2,360 11,596 2,319 11,538 2,308 11, 822 2,364 11,756 2, 351 .96 3.96 288.73 57.75 288. 19 57.64 283.91 56.78 284.22 56.84 281. 77 56.35 281.28 56.26 2,602 520 2,721 544 2,745 549 2,778 556 2,874 575 2,960 592 11,412 2,282 11,693 2,339 11,965 2,393 11,343 2,269 12, 185 2,437 12, 571 2,514 .90 3 95 Average Second subperiod: Total .92 3.93 .94 4 06 Average Third subperiod: Total .93 3.88 .97 4 21 Average . Fourth subperiod: Total .94 3.86 .98 3 99 Average Fifth subperiod: Total .96 3.98 1.02 4 32 Average.. Sixth subperiod: Total .95 3.95 1.05 4 47 Average Entire preservative period; Total. 1, 791. 28 59.71 16,887 563 70,382 2,346 .94 3.93 1,708.10 56,94 16,680 556 71,169 2,372 .98 4 17 After period. First subperiod: Total 296.82 59.36 296. 43 59. 29 2,791 558 2,850 570 11,904 2,381 11,911 2,382 .94 4.01 280.10 56.02 278. 56 55.71 2, 761 552 2,848 570 11,673 2,335 11,077 2,216 .99 4 17 Average Second subperiod; Total .96 4.02 1.02 3 98 Average . Entire after period. Total 593. 25 59 33 5,641 564 23,815 2,382 .95 4.01 558.66 56.87 6,609 561 22, 750 2,275 1.00 4 07 Average SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 517 Table IV. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 7. No. 8. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Kilos. 341.27 68.25 Grams. 2,317 463 2,490 498 Grams. 11,644 2,329 10,386 2,077 P.ct. 0.68 P.ct. 3.41 Kilos. 307. 10 61.42 304. 88 60.98 Grams. 2, 667 533 2,644 529 Grams. 17,169 3,434 16,214 3,243 P.ct. 0.87 P.ct. 5.59 Second subperiod: Total Average 337.86 67.57 .74 3.07 .87 5.32 Entire fore period: Total Average 679. 13 67.91 4,807 481 22,030 2,203 .71 3.24 611.98 61.20 5,311 531 33,383 3,338 .87 5.45 Preservative period. First subperiod; Total 337. 53 67.51 337. 88 67.58 337. 82 67.56 336.68 67.34 335. 85 67.17 332. 62 66.52 2,376 475 2,402 480 2, 396 479 2,431 486 2,434 487 2,435 487 11,771 2,354 11,335 2,267 12,093 2,419 11,839 2,368 11,517 2,303 11, 429 2,286 .70 3.49 304. 55 60.91 304. 34 60.87 303. 06 60.61 302. 15 60.43 302. 08 60.42 302.33 60. 47 2,847 569 2,777 555 2,760 552 2,827 565 3,008 602 3,040 608 18, 140 3,628 17, 766 3,553 16, 646 3,329 17,357 3,471 17,177 3,435 15,162 3,032 .93 5 96 Second subperiod: Total .71 3.35 .91 5 84 Average Third subperiod: Total .71 3.58 .91 5.49 Average Fourth subperiod: Total . . .72 3.52 .94 5 74 Fifth subperiod: Total .72 3.43 1.00 5.69 Average Sixth subperiod: Total .73 3.44 1.01 6.02 Average Entire preservative period Total 2,018.38 67.28 14, 474 482 69,984 2,333 .72 3.47 1,818.51 60.62 17,259 575 102,248 3,408 .95 5.62 Average 1 After period. First subperiod; Total 332. 20 66.44 331. 14 66.23 2,395 479 2,488 498 11,026 2,205 11,581 2,316 .72 3.32 300.12 60.02 298. 26 59.65 2,807 561 3, 058 612 15, 347 3,069 14, 313 2,863 .94 5.11 Average Second subperiod: Total .75 3.50 1.03 4.80 Average ! Entire after period; Total 663. 34 66.33 4,883 488 22,607 2,261 .74 3.41 598.38 59.84 6,865 587 29,660 2,966 .98 4.96 518 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IV. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 9. No. 10. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Kilos. 311. 25 62.25 311. 20 62.24 Gravis. 3,157 Grams. IS n.s.s P.ct. 1.01 P.ct. 4.19 Kilos. 285.63 57.13 283. 47 56.69 Grams. 3,286 657 3,310 662 Grams. 13,510 2,702 13,586 2,717 P.cL 1 15 P.ct. Average 631 1 2,' 607 3,178 15,299 636 3,060 Second subperiod: Total 1.02 4.92 1 17 4 79 Average 1 Entire fore period: Total 622. 45 62.25 6,335 634 28,334 2,833 1.02 4.55 569. 10 56.91 6,596 660 27,096 2,710 1 16 4 76 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 310.98 62.20 310. 73 62.15 309.90 61.98 309.86 61.97 313.45 62.69 311. 71 62.34 3,117 623 3,130 626 3,129 626 3,146 629 3,141 628 3,062 612 15,963 3,193 15,383 3,077 14,015 2,803 13,552 2,710 13,850 2,770 13, 246 2,649 1.00 5.13 287. 26 67.45 287.60 57.52 287.06 57.41 286.65 57.33 285.96 57.19 285.40 57.08 3,417 683 3,392 678 3,300 660 3,337 667 3,468 694 3,871 674 16,629 3,326 15,939 3,188 15,424 3,085 13,827 2,765 14, 967 2,993 14,077 2,815 1 19 5 79 Average 1 Second subperiod: Total 1.01 4.95 1.18 5 54 Average Third subperiod: Total 1.01 4.52 1.15 5 37 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 1.02 4.37 1.16 4.82 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1.00 4.42 5.23 Average Sixth subperiod: Total .98 4.25 1.18 4.93 Average Entire preservative period: Total 1,866.63 62.22 18, 725 624 86,009 2,867 1.00 4.61 1,719.93 57.33 20,285 - 676 90,863 3,029 1.18 5.28 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 310. 27 62.05 310.87 62.17 3,113 623 3,119 624 12,852 2,570 12,937 2,587 1.00 4.14 284.60 56.90 3,293 659 (3,293) (659) 14,484 2,897 (14, 484) (2,897) 1.16 5.09 Average Second subperiod: Total 1.00 4.16 a (284. 50) (56. 90) (1.16) (5. 09) Entire after period: Total 621. 14 62.11 6,232 623 26,789 2,579 1.00 t 4.15 arSfiQ-OO'l (6,586) (659) (28,968) (2,897) (1.16) (5.09) (56.90) a Data observed for first subperiod only, owing to illness of subject during second subperiod. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 519 Table IV. — Amount of moist and dry food comumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 11. No. 12. Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total KUos. 328.24 66.65 325.34 65.07 Grams. 3,120 624 3,093 619 Grams. 15,481 3,096 14, 651 2,930 P.ct. 0.95 P.ct. 4.72 Kilos. 348. 18 69.64 348. 78 69.76 Grams. 3,247 649 3,356 671 Grams. 13,352 2,670 14,709 2,942 P.ct. 0.93 P.ct. 3.83 Average Second subperiod: Total .95 4.50 .96 4 22 Average Entire fore period: Total 653. 58 63.36 6,213 621 30, 132 3,013 .95 4.61 696. 96 69.70 6,603 660 28,061 2,806 .95 4 03 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: . Total 325. 14 65.03 325. 11 65.02 323.56 64.71 322.77 64.55 321. 78 64.3^ 319. 19 63.84 3,192 638 3,087 617 3,088 618 3,089 618 3,143 629 3,070 614 14,490 2,898 15,369 3,074 15,038 3,002 14,870 2,974 14, 476 2,895 15, 711 3,142 .98 4.46 360.66 70.13 349.30 69.86 350.10 70.02 349. 36 69.87 350.70 70.14 350.77 70.15 3,274 655 3,252 650 3,237 647 3,273 655 3,326 665 3,230 646 14,331 2,866 13,435 2,687 13,982 2,796 14, 677 2,935 13,800 2,760 13,421 2,684 .93 4 09 Average Second subperiod: Total .96 4.73 .93 3 85 Average Third subperiod: Total .95 4.64 .92 3 99 Average Fourth subperiod: Total .96 4.61 .94 4 20 Fifth subperiod: Total .98 4.50 .95 3.93 Average Sixth subperiod: Total .96 4.92 .92 3 83 Average Entire preservative period: Total 1,937.55 64.59 18,669 622 89,924 2,997 .96 4.64 2, 100. 89 70.03 19,592 653 83,646 2.788 .93 3 98 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 318.44 63.69 317. 20 63.44 3,039 608 3,111 622 15, 566 3,113 15, 173 3,035 .95 4.89 349.35 69.87 349.35 69.87 3,188 638 3,208 642 ._ 12.672 2,534 13,612 2,722 .91 3 63 Average Second subperiod: Total .98 4.78 .92 S 90 Average Entire after period: Total , 635.64 63.56 6,150 615 30,739 3,074 .97 4.M 698. 70 69.87 6,396 640 26,284 2,628 92 ! 3 76 1 1 1 520 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table V. — Summary for nine men, by periods, showing average daily ratio of food weight to body weight, Series VI. [Averages are per man per day.] Period. Body weight. Weight of food. Average daily ratio of food weight to body weight. Dry. Moist. Dry. Moist. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Kilograms. 2,826.51 62.81 2,817.57 62.61 Grams. 24,879 553 25,063 557 Grams. 118, 171 2,626 115,958 2,577 Per cent. 0.88 Per cent. 4 18 Average Second subperiod: Total- . . .89 4 12 Average Entire fore period: Total 5,644.08 62.71 49,942 555 234, 129 2,601 .88 4.15 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,815.04 62.56 2.813.06 62.51 2,804.40 62. 32 2,801.83 62.27 2, 794. 58 62.10 2,785.25 61.89 25,194 560 25,003 556 25, 137 559 25,281 562 26, 177 582 25,608 569 120, 711 2,682 120,358 2,675 119,641 2,659 119,977 2,666 119,678 2,660 118, 169 2,626 .89 4 ''9 Average Second subperiod: Total .89 4 28 Average Third subperiod: Total .90 4 27 Average . . . Fourth subperiod: Total .90 4 28 Average . Fifth subperiod: Total .94 4 28 Average Sixth subperiod: Tbtal .92 4.24 Average . . . .'. Entire preservative period: Total 16, 814. 16 62.27 152,400 564 718,534 2,661 .91 4 27 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 2,776.33 61.70 2,768.63 61.53 25,093 558 26,014 • 578 116,153 2,581 115,991 2,578 .90 4.18 Second subperiod: Total .94 4.19 Average Entire after period: Total 5,544.96 61. 61 51,107 568 232, 144 2,579 .92 4.19 Average . . . MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. The blood was examined at stated intervals for corpuscles and hem- oglobin, according to the methods described in the borax report. Two independent estimates were made by Messrs. B. J. Howard and C. P. Knight, and the average taken as the correct expression for the count, with the results shown in Table VI. In the case of No. 1 there was a diminution in the number of red corpuscles and an increase in the number of white corpuscles during the administration of the preservative. After the withdrawal of the preservative the red corpuscles again increased in number and the SALICYLIC ACID AN!) SALICYLATES. 521 white corpuscles decreased. There was a slight loss in color also during the administration of the preservative, which was partially regained in the after period. In the case of No. 2 both the red and the white corpuscles increased during the administration of the preservative and both diminished during the after period. The color of the blood was also less intense during both the preservative period and the after period. The data for No. 3 have no comparative value and are somewhat fragmentary^ owing to the illness of the subject. Considered indi- vidually the figures show an increase in the number of red corpuscles during the preservative period and a slight decrease in the after period. The number of white corpuscles also increased during the preservative period and decreased in the after period. The color of the blood was less intense in the preservative period and partially recovered in the after period. In the case of No. 4 there was a naarked diminution both in the number of the red and the white corpuscles and in the intensity of the color during the administration of the preservative. There was a recovery in the number of both the red and the white corpuscles in the after period, but the color continued to fade. In the case of No. 5 no comparison can be made with one of the tests, as it was lost. The remaining test shows a slight diminution in the number of red corpuscles and a very great diminution in the num- ber of white corpuscles and also a very slight fading of the color. In the after period the red corpuscles diminished again very con- siderably in number. The white corpuscles increased but the color faded still more. No. 6 showed a marked increase in the number of red corpuscles during the administration of the preservative, a slight loss in white corpuscles, and a slight increase in the intensity of the color. During the after period the number of red corpuscles very greatly dimin- ished, the number of white corpuscles slightly increased, and the color diminished in intensity. In the case of No. 7 the number of red corpuscles very markedly decreased during the administration of the preservative, the number of white corpuscles increased, and the color faded very perceptibly. During the after period the number of red corpuscles was again greatly diminished, the number of white corpuscles slightly dimin- ished, and the color slightly increased, not reaching, however, that of the fore period. In the case of No. 8 the number of red corpuscles increased during the administration of the preservative and the number of white cor- puscles was almost doubled. The color of the blood was slightly decreased. There was a diminution of the red corpuscles during the 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 i 522 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. after period, a very marked diminution of the white corpuscles, and a slight fading of the blood. While Nos. 9 and 10 are excluded from the summary for the rea- sons already stated, the individual data may be considered. In the case of No. 9 the red corpuscles decreased and the white corpuscles increased in the preservative period, while both increased in the after period. The color of the blood slightly increased in the preservative period, but diminished very decidedly in the after period. In the case of No. 10 the red corpuscles decreased, the white cor- puscles increased, and the color increased in the preservative period. In the after period the red corpuscles again decreased, but very slightly, the white corpuscles continued to increase, and the color of the blood faded. No. 11 showed an increase in the number of red corpuscles during the administration of the preservative, an increase in the white cor- puscles, and a very slight increase in the intensity of the color of the blood. There was a decrease in the number of red corpuscles in the after period, a slight increase in the number of white corpuscles, and a very slight increase in the intensity of color. No. 12 showed a considerable increase in the number of red corpus- cles, a decrease in the number of white corpuscles, and a marked increase in the intensity of color during the administration of the pre- servative. During the after period the number of red corpuscles diminished, the number of white corpuscles increased, and the inten- sity of color was notably diminished. The summary of the number of corpuscles and the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood for the nine men, compared throughout the series, shows that the average number of red corpuscles for the fore period is 5,690,000; for the preservative period, 5,900,938; for the after period, 5,450,444. The number of white corpuscles in the fore period is 10,609, in the preservative period, 10,714, and in the after period, 9,836. The intensity of color, measured by the hemoglobin, diminished regularly from the fore to the after period, Veing repre- sented by 106.1 in the fore period, 104.7 in the preservative period, and 103.3 in the after period. There is an apparent tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the number of the red and the white corpuscles in the blood and at the same time to slighth^ diminish the intensity of the color. During the after period the number of both the red and the white corpuscles decreases and at the same time there is still another slight decrease in the intensity of the color. OF THE ^ "DIVERSITY;, OF Table VI. — Averages, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglobin in the blood, Series VI. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 523 Date. No. 1. No. 2. Period. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Fore period: Estimate A 1903. ioct. 26-29 Inov. 23-27 bee. 5-7 f 6,295,000 5,835,000 8,593 9,620 109.2 108.4 5,745,000 5,380,000 12, 796 11,768 108.6 Estimate B 108.6 6,065,000 9,107 108.8 6,562,500 12,281 108.6 Preservative period: Estimate A ( 5,475,000 1 5,545,000 9,196 11,768 104.9 105.4 6,825,000 6,160,000 14, 127 16,625 104.7 105.1 Mean i 5,510,000 10,482 105. 2 6,492,500 15,376 104.9 After period: Estimate A f 6,660,000 1 6,350,000 6,426 8,499 105.6 107.7 5,320,000 5,035,000 6,039 6,638 98.5 Estimate B 97.1 Mean 1 6,505,000 7,463 106.7 5,177,500 6,289 97.8 Date. No. 3. No. 4. Period. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- clesper cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Fore period: Estimate A 1903. ioct. 26-29 [nov. 23-27 f 5, 385, 000 1 4,705,000 8,966 9,340 98.0 5,820,000 5,232,000 11,955 8,686 106.7 Estimate B 106.4 Mean ( 5,045,000 9,153 5,526,000 10,321 106.6 Preservative period: f 9,086 10,087 94.2 93.7 5,105,000 5,095,000 5,611 8,032 103.9 Estimate B 1 5,833,333 102.6 1 9,587 94.0 5,100,000 6,772 103.2 After period: Estimate A r 5,660,000 j 6,760,000 5,706 8,312 97.0 95.3 5,288,000 5,495,000 10,834 12, 702 100.6 Estimate B ■Dec. 5-7 101.9 Mean [ 5,710,000 7,009 96.2 5,391,500 11.768 101.3 Date. No. 6. No. 6. Period. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubic mil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Fore period: 1903. f 6,010,000 1 6,328,000 8,966 8,173 104.6 106.9 6,500,000 5,726,000 13,263 12,702 107.7 Estimate B . ioct. 26-29 107.3 1nov.23-27, iDec. 5-7 . 6,169,000 8,570 105. 8 5,612,500 12,983 107.6 Preservative period: f 6,110,000 1 Lost. 6,445 6,912 103.5 105.9 6,790,000 6,400,000 10,637 13,917 108.9 Estimate B 108.1 Mean 1 6,679 104.7 6,595,000 12,277 108.5 After period: Estimate A f 5,255,000 1 5,250,000 8,199 10, 834 102.7 102.4 5,370,000 5,230,000 12,243 16,318 103.4 Estimate B 107.0 [ 5, 252, 500 9,517 102.6 6,300,000 13,781 106.2 524 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table VI. — Averages, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglobin in the blood, Series VI- Continued. Date. No. 7. No. 8. Period. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubic mil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Fore period : Estimate A 1903. loct. 26-29 Nov.23-27 loec. 5-7 r 6,675,000 1 5,950,000 9,900 9,900 102.4 102.0 4,880,000 4,930,000 8,032 9,340 101 9 Estimate B 101.4 Mean I 6,312,500 9,900 102.3 4,905,000 8,686 101.7 Preservative period: Estimate A f 5,285,000 J 5,030,000 13,628 12,235 94.7 94.7 5,580,000 5,425,000 13,795 16,158 101.0 Estimate B 99.8 Mean I 5,157,500 12,932 94.7 6,502,500 14,977 100.4 After period: 4.725,000 5,055,000 10,249 12,702 99.7 99.8 4,850,000 4,870,000 6,638 7,098 99.8 Estimate B 98.8 Mean . 4,890,000 11,476 99.8 •4,860,000 6,818 99.3 Date. No. 9. No. 10. Perlocl. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter: White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Fore period : Estimate A 1903. loct. 26-29 iNov.23-27 pec. 5-7 f 5,376,000 1 6,030,000 6,604 7,192 99.3 106.5 5,886,000 6,000,000 6,071 5,884 110.9 Estimate B 100.4 Mean [ 5,202,500 6,398 102.9 5,942,500 6,978 105. 7 Preservative period: Estimate A f 4,070,000 \ 4,185,000 7,590 9,714 102.3 104.7 5,875,000 5,705,000 8,532 9,807 111.3 Estimate B 110.6 Mean I 4,127,500 8,652 103.5 5,790,000 9,170 111.0 After period: Estimate A f 4,420,000 1 4,670.000 8,310 10,274 92.9 91.4 5,780,000 5,655,000 9,363 13,076 108.1 Estimate B 108.0 Mean [ 4,545,000 9,292 92.2 5,717,500 11,220 108.1 Date. No. 11. No. 12. Period. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil- limeter. Hemo- globin. Fore period: Estimate A 1903. loct. 26-29 •Nov.23-27 f 5,970,000 1 5,485,000 7,192 6,818 108.6 108.3 5,376,000 5,286,000 7,425 8,686 105.1 Estimate B 105.2 Mean 1 5,727,500 7,005 108.6 5,330,600 8,066 105.2 Preservative period : Estimate A f 6,725,000 J 6,495,000 6,593 11,582 110.1 107.0 6,465,000 6,015,000 7,645 8,032 113.7 Estimate B 110.5 Mean [ 6,610,000 9,088 108.6 6,240,000 7,839 112.1 After period: Estimate A f 6,610,000 J 6,945,000 8,476 12, 796 110.1 107.4 5,946,000 5,855,000 10,249 11,301 107.7 Estimate B 108.1 Mean Dec. 5-7 [6,777,500 10,636 108.8 6,900,000 10,776 107.9 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 525 Table VI. — Average, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglohinin the blood, Series VI- Continued. SUMMARY FOR NINE MEN (NOS. 3, 9, AND 10 EXCLUDED). Period. Red corpus- cles per cubic milli- meter. White corpus- cles per cubicmil limeter- Hemo- globin. Fore period Preservative period After period 5, 690, 000 5,900,938 5,450,444 10,609 10.714 106.1 104.7 103.3 WEIGHT AND WATER CONTENT OF THE FECES. In Table VII are given the data respecting the weight and water content of the feces for the individuals by periods, together with a summary of the data for the nine men compared throughout the series. In the case of No. 1 the average content of water in the feces in the preservative period is markedly less than in the fore period, and there is a still further diminution in the after period. No. 2 also shows a diminution in the percentage of water in the feces in the preserva- tive period, but this is restored in the after period to almost the same content as at the beginning. The weight of the dry feces is less both in the preservative period and in the after period than in the fore period, while in the case of No. 1 the weight of the dry feces is slightly less in the preservative period and greater in the after period. The percentage of water in the feces of No. 3 is greater in the preserva- tive period than in either of the other periods. The actual weight of the dry feces is also greater. No. 4 shows a diminution in the percentage of water in the feces and a slight decrease in weight in the preservative period, and almost the same rate of diminution is continued in the after period. In No. 5 a like condition obtains as in the case of No. 4, but to a somewhat greater degree. In No. 6 there is also a slight diminution in the percentage of water, attended with a slight decrease in the dry weight, and these conditions continue in an increased degree in the after period. In No. 7 there is a marked decrease in the percentage of water in the feces in the preservative period, while in the after period there is a partial restoration to the condition of the fore period. There is a marked diminution in the weight of the dry feces in the preservative period, and the dry weight is greater in the after period than in the fore period. No. 8 also shows a diminution in the percepntage of water in the feces in the preserva- tive period, but an increase in the dry weight. In the after period the percentage of water is higher than in the fore period, and the dry weight is greater than in the preservative period and the fore period. In No. 9 there is also an increase in the percentage of water in the feces, and a marked increase in the weight in the preservative period. 526 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. The percentage of water in the after period is slightly greater than in the preservative period but the weight is slightly less, but it is still greater than in the fore period. In No. 10 there is almost no differ- ence in the percentage of water in the preservative period, but there is a marked decrease in the weight of the dry feces. In the after period there is a slight decrease in the percentage of water and a marked increase in the weight of the dry feces. No. 11 shows a marked increase in the percentage of water in the feces in the preservative period and a slight decrease in the weight of the dry feces. In the after period there is a smaller percentage of water in the feces than in the preservative period, and also a marked decrease in the weight of the dry feces. In No. 12 the percentage of water in the feces in the preservative period is slightly increased, but the dry weight of the feces very markedl}^ diminishes. There is a decided decrease in the percentage of moisture in the after period, but a slight increase in the weight of the dry feces. The summary for the nine men who can be compared throughout the series shows that the average daily weight of moist feces during the fore period is 89 grams and of the dry feces 22 grams, and the percentage of water therein 75.61. For the preservative period the average weight of the moist feces is 75 grams, the average weight of the dry feces 20 grams, and the percentage of moisture 73.83. These data show that the administration of the preservative has a distinct tendency to diminish both the percentage of water in the feces and also the quantity of dry feces excreted. For the after period the average weight of the moist feces is 79 grams, the average weight of the dr}^ feces 20 grams, and the percent- age of moisture 74.12. The effect of the preservative therefore is to diminish the total quantity of the feces both wet and dry, the average amount of dry feces being 2 grams less during the preservative period than in the fore period. In the after period the weight of dry feces remains the same but there is an increase of 4 grams in the weight of moist feces, which is only 10 grams less than in the fore period. In general there appears to be a distinct influence of the preservative to diminish the weight of the solid matter excreted in the feces and also a tendency to decrease the quantit}^ of water therein. While the latter effect is not marked, it is evident that salicylic acid in the quantities administered does not produce any tendency to diarrhea but rather the opposite effect. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 527 Table VII. — Weight and water content of feces, by periods, Series VI. [Averages are per day.] No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Period. Feces moist. Water in feces. Feces dry. Feces moist. Water in feces. Feces dry. Feces moist. Water infeces. Feces dry. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 236 47 172 34 408 41 Per at. 66.97 63. 97 Chrams. 78 16 62 12 Grams. 453 91 492 98 Perct. 71.74 71.15 Grams. 128 26 142 28 Grams. Per ct. Grams. Second subperiod: Total 294 59 73.50 78 Average 16 Entire fore period: Total 65.69 140 14 945 95 71.43 270 27 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 172 63.87 62 12 56 11 63 13 66 13 73 15 59 12 359 72 400 80 419 84 464 93 237 47 433 87 70.17 68.97 68.74 70. 25 67.98 69.52 107 21 124 25 131 26 138 28 76 15 132 26 327 65 593 . 119 212 42 399 80 :. 53 80.76 77.57 71.74 69.96 75.62 63 Average 34 -- 13 Second subperiod: Total Average 193 39 172 34 184 37 192 70.95 63.36 64.20 62. 02 53.06 133 27 Third subperiod: Total . . 60 12 Fourth subperiod: Total 120 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 24 65 Average 38 13 Sixth subperiod: Total 126 25 Average Entire preservative period: Total 1,039 35 63.52 379 13 2,312 77 69.38 708 24 a 1, 798 72 75.47 441 Average 18 After period. First subperiod: Total 287 57 230 61.62 63.49 110 22 84 17 345 69 399 80 72.74 69.68 94 19 121 24 Lost. Lost. Average Second subperiod: Total 314 63 74..20 81 46 16 Entire after period: Total 517 62.48 194 19 744 74 71.10 215 22 Average 52 a No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 528 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table VII. — Weight and ivater content of feces, by periods, Series FJ^Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. Period. Feces moist. Water in feces. Feces dry. Feces moist. Water infeces. Feces dry. Feces moist. Water infeces. Feces dry. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 341 68 367 73 Per ct. 72.69 70.55 Grams. 93 19 108 22 Grams. 699 120 524 105 Per ct. 77.96 76.93 Grams. 132 26 121 24 Grams. 655 111 752 150 Per ct. 78.55 81.26 Grams. 119 24 Second subperiod: Total 141 28 Entire fore period: Total 708 71 71.61 201 20 1,123 112 77.47 253 25 1,307 131 80.11 260 26 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 260 52 322 64 311 62 289 58 384 77 357 67.70 68.37 68.53 70.58 69.61 72.54 84 17 102 20 98 20 85 17 117 23 98 20 572 114 329 66 444 89 305 61 393 79 408 82 77.96 72.93 74.56 73.13 72.74 71.80 126 25 89 18 113 23 82 16 107 21 115 23 498 100 546 109 701 140 601 120 644 129 446 89 77.49 76.19 79.60 80.53 79.50 72.84 112 Average 22 Second subperiod: Total 130 Average 26 Third subperiod: Total 143 Average 29 Fourth subperiod: Total 117 23 Fifth subperiod: Total 132 26 Sixth subperiod: Total 121 Average 24 Entire preservative period: Total 1,923 64 69.63 584 19 2,451 82 74.21 632 21 3,436 115 78.03 '755 Average 25 After period. First subperiod: Total 234 47 l;54 71 66.62 70.02 78 1-6 106 21 354 71 282 56 71.44 72.36 101 20 78 16 625 125 414 83 76.79 77.05 145 Average 29 Second subperiod: Total .• 95 Average 19 Entire after period: Total 588 59 68.71 184 18 636 64 71.86 179 18 1,039 104 76.90 •>40 Average 94 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 529 Table VII. — Weight and water content of feces, by periods, Series FJ^Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total , Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period Total Average , After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average No. 7. Feces Water Feces moist, infeces. dry. Grams. 624 125 212 42 84 259 52 205 41 254 51 214 43 271 54 119 24 1,322 44 264 53 556 111 820 82 Per a. 85.42 76.95 83.01 76.03 76.60 74.82 78.49 75.26 72.22 75.79 73.48 82.36 79.51 Orams. 91 18 51 10 142 14 No. 8. Feces Water Feces moist, infeces. dry. Orams. 315 63 415 83 73 320 11 168 17 466 235 47 511 102 204 41 425 85 2,319 77 446 1,076 108 Per ct. 76.82 77.12 77.40 75.53 68.93 77.71 70.64 78.37 75.81 76.21 83.66 80.58 Orams. 73 15 94 19 167 17 108 22 114 114 23 12 561 19 106 21 103 21 No. 9. Feces Water Feces moist, infeces. dry. Orams. 208 42 277 55 485 Perct. 71.14 65,74 68.04 Orams. 60 12 95 19 556 71. Ill 427 I 75.20 71.56 275 71. 55 522 I 73.37 104 364 73 2,524 84 209 21 153 31 509 102 68.98 72.15 69.95 73.87 72.96 155 16 159 106 21 108 22 139 28 113 23 703 23 133 27 179 18 530 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table VII. — Weight and water content of feces, by periods, Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. Period. Feces moist. Water infeces. Feces dry. Feces moist. Water infeces. Feces dry. Feces moist. Water infeces. Feces dry. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 500 100 312 62 Per ct. 75.00 72.43 Grams. 125 25 86 17 Grams. 450 90 494 99 Per ct. 72.90 73.87 Gram^. 122 24 129 26 Grams. 585 117 434 87 Per ct. 74.88 71.22 Grams. 147 29 Second subperiod: Total 125 25 Entire fore period: Total 812 81 74.01 211 21 944 94 73.41 251 25 1,019 102 73.31 272 27 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 496 99 408 82 410 82 380 76 308 62 125 25 75.61 74.29 72.65 76.33 74.66 70.40 121 24 105 21 112 22 90 18 78 16 37 7 489 98 1 605 101 529 106 457 91 473 95 465 93 76.08 75.65 117 23 123 25 124 26 115 23 108 22 121 24 328 66 341 68 576 115 357 71 492 98 337 67 73.44 74.18 75. 35 76.22 73.97 71.20 87 Average Second subperiod: Total 17 88 18 Third subperiod: Total 76.56 74.81 77.17 73.98 142 Average 28 Fourth subperiod: Total 85 Average 17 Fifth subperiod: Total 128 Average 26 Sixth subperiod: Total 97 19 Entire preservative period : Total 2,127 71 74.47 543 18 2,918 97 75.74 708 24 2,431 81 74.21 627 Average 21 After period. First subperiod: Total 457 91 a(457) (91) 73.30 (73. 30) 122 24 (122) (24) 466 93 389 78 76.37 72.48 110 22 107 21 416 83 403 81 72.58 71.21 114 Average 23 Second subperiod: Total 116 Average 23 Entire after period: Total a (914) (91) (73.30) (24^ (24) 855 86 74.62 217 22 819 82 71.92 230 Average 23 a Data, observed for subperiod only, owing to illness of subject during second period. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 531 Table VII. — Weight and water content of feces, by periods, Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] SUMMARY FOR NINE MEN. Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Feces moist. Grams. I 4,158 ! 92 8,020 89 J, 415 76 J, 307 73 J, 641 81 5,382 75 Water in feces. Feces dry. Per d. 76. 36 74.81 74.67 73.57 73.88 74.93 Grams. 983 22 973 22 1,956 22 865 19 874 19 951 21 Period. Preservative period — Con tinued. Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod : Total Average 1 Entire preservative pe- riod. Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average , Feces Water moist, infeces. Grams. 3,290 73 Feces dry. Per ct. 73. 62 3,116 72.14 69 20, 151 75 73.83 3,437 73.00 76 3,657 81 7,094 75.17 Grams. 868 19 5,274 20 928 21 20 THE URINE. The importance of a study of the urine in connection with the ascer- tainment of any effects produced by the administration of salicylic acid and other preservatives is evident without comment. In the fol- lowing" tables are given the results of the observations obtained on the urine. The influence of any added preservative upon the volume of the urine and the amount of solids therein is quite significant, and these points were carefully studied. These studies were conducted by F. C. Weber. VOLUME, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND TOTAL SOLIDS. The data given in Table VIII relating to the total solids in the urine are calculated from the specific gravity, in harmony with the method used in the borax experiment, by the factor 0.245.^' INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. The volume of the urine is decreased during the preservative period and still further decreased in the after period. The specific gravity is increased in the preservative period and still further increased, by a very slight amount, in the after period. The increase in specific gravity is greater in proportion than the decrease in volume, since the weight of the total solids excreted is greater in the preservative period and still further increased, by a slight amount, in the after period. aU. S. Dept. Agn, Bureau of Chemistry, Bui. 84, Part I, pp. 166-167. 532 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. No. 2. In this case the volume of the urine is increased and the specific gravity diminished in the preservative period. In the after period the volume of the urine is considerably diminished below the fore period, and its specific gravity is increased above that of the fore period and also of the preservative period. The weight of the total solids excreted is greater in the preservative period than in the fore period, and this weight is still further increased in the after period. , No. 3. The data for No. 3 are somewhat fragmentary and show little change in the volume of the urine during the three periods. The specific gravity is slightly less in the preservative period, while in the after period it rises a very little above that of the fore period. The quan- tity of total solids is decreased during the preservative period, while in the after period the quantity is the same as in the fore period. No. 4. In this case there is a slight increase in the volume of the urine in the preservative period and a still further slight increase in the after period. The specific gravity is high through all the periods, being slightly greater in the preservative and again slightly increased in the after period. The total quantity of solids excreted is greater in the preservative period and continues to increase in the after period. No. 6. There is a slight increase in the total volume of the urine in the preservative period and a greater increase in the after period. The specific gravity is slightly higher in the preservative period and slightly lower in the after period than in the fore period. The total quantity of solid matter excreted in the urine is greater in the pre- servative period and still somewhat greater in the after period. No. 6. There is a notable increase in the volume of the urine in the pre- servative period, but this increase is only partially maintained in the after period. The specific gravity of the urine is high and almost the same in the fore and preservative periods and slightly higher in the after period. The quantity of total solids excreted is notably greater in the preservative period, with a slight loss in weight in the after period. No. 7. There is a notable increase in the volume of the urine in the pre- servative period in this case, while in the after period the volume is only slightly greater than in the fore period. The specific gravity of SALICYLIC ACID AND SALIC YLATE3. 533 the urine in the after period, while slightly greater than in the pre- servative period, is still far below that of the fore period. The total weight of solids excreted is, in this case, less in the preservative period than in the fore period and still less in the after period. No. 7 in this respect differs from five of the six cases already cited. No. 8. In the case of No. 8 there is a slight decrease in the volume of the urine in the preservative period and a very notable decrease in the after period. The volume of the urine is very great in the case of No. 8 and the specific gravity correspondingly^ low, being slightly greater in the preservative period and notably greater in the after period than in the fore period. The quantity of solids excreted in the urine is slightly greater in the preservative period and still further increased in the after period. No. 9. The volume of urine in this case is greater in the preservative period and slightly greater in the after period than in the preservative period. The specific gravity is slightly higher in the preservative period, and in the after period it is almost the same as in the preservative period. The total weight of solids excreted is greater in the preservative period and almost the same in the after period as the preservative period. No. 10. There is a notable increase in the volume of the urine in this case in the preservative period, and the volume in the after period is almost identical with that of the preservative period. The specific gravity is less in the preservative period and still further diminished to a slight extent in the after period. The weight of the solids excreted is greater in the preservative period and alniost the same in the after as in the preservative period. No. 11. The volume of the urine in the case of No. 11 is less in the pre- servative period and is almost the same in the after as in the preserva- tive period. The specific gravity of the urine in the preservative period is increased and in the after period is only slightly less than in the preservative period. The total solids excreted are high and are slightly less in the preservative period and still further diminished in the after period. No. 12. The volume of the urine in this case is notably diminished in the preservative period and increased over the preservative period in the after period, but not to the volume of the fore period. The specific 534 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEBVATIVES ON HEALTH. gravity is notably higher in the preservative period, and in the after period it is still higher than in the fore period. The weight of the solids excreted is slightl}^ greater in the preservative period and still further increased in the after period. SUMMARY FOR NINE MEN. The average effects produced upon the nine men who completed the observations show that the volume of the urine in the preservative period is almost the same as that of the fore period, being only 7 cubic centimeters greater. In the after period the volume is slightly less than in the fore period, being diminished by 47 cubic centimeters. The average specific gravity of the urine in the preservative period is slightly higher than in the fore period and in the after period is again slightly increased as compared with the preservative period. The quantit}^ of solids excreted is increased in the preservative period and still further increased by half a gram a day in the after period. The general effect therefore upon the urine is that no notable change is produced in the volume of the urine due to the administration of the preservative. There is, however, a distinct increase in the specific gravity of the urine under the administration of the preservative, due to a decided increase in the weight of the solids excreted. This effect is continued to a certain extent in the after period, during which even a larger quantity of solids is excreted than during the preservative period. It is just to conclude from the above data that the administration of the salicylic acid increases the katabolic activities of the organs, result- ing in an increased excretion of solid matters in the urine. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 535 Table VIII. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity , and total solids — Series VI. [Averages are per day.] Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average . . .- Entire fore period: Total Average . Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period : Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average No. 1. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 250/25° C. cc. 6,830 1,366 6,685 1,337 13,515 1,352 1. 0161 1.0187 1.0174 .745 ,349 050 210 1. 0210 1. 0190 1. 0220 1. 0216 1. 0210 1.0219 ,220 ,207 5,820 1,164 5,660 1,132 11,480 1,148 1. 0211 1. 0222 1.0227 1.0225 Total solids (factor 0.245). Grams. 269.4 53.9 306.3 61.3 576.7 57.6 314.0 62.8 «307.9 61.6 813.8 62.8 311.3 62.7 J18.7 63.7 No. 2. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 250/25° C. cc, a 5, 663 1,133 6,485 1,297 12,148 1.215 1, 866. 2 62.2 316.5 63.3 314. 631.3 63.1 1,216 7,170 1,434 5,960 1,192 5,645 1,129 7,330 1,466 7,065 1,413 39,250 1,308 5,630 1,126 5,720 1.144 11,350 1,135 1.0254 1. 0192 1.0223 1.0207 1.0188 1.0231 1.0240 1.0204 1.0195 1. 0211 1.0248 1.0249 1.0249 Total solids (factor 0.245). Grams. 352.4 70.5 305.1 61.0 No. 3. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 25°/25o C. 4,820 964 657.5 65.8 I JOS. 4 61.7 337.3 67.5 331.9 66.4 5.4 73. 337.6 67.5 4, 485 897 b4,888 978 4,970 994 5,420 1,084 5,130 1,026 2,011.9 e24, 67. 342.1 348.91 69.8 1.0123 1.0213 1.0214 1. 0197 1.0206 5,020 1,004 4,410 9,430 943 1.0204 1.0233 1. 0219 Total solids (factor 0.245). Grams. 251.5 50.3 135.2 27.4 « 255.0 51.0 260.6 52.1 261.6 52.3 258.9 51.8 1,171.3 46.8 250.9 50.2 251. 9 50.4 502.8 50.3 a Average added in order to complete record. & Four-day composites; average added in each case in order to complete five-day period. o No. 3 only had five preservative subperiods. 5;3t) INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table VIII. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific grmity, and total solids — Series TT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. Period. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 250/25° C. Total solids (factor 0.245). Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 250/250 C. Total solids (factor 0.245). Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 250/25° c: Total solids (factor 0.245). Fore period. First siibperiod: Total cc. 4,995 999 4,835 967 1.0257 1.0263 i Grains. 314.6 62.9 311.6 62.3 cc. 4,620 924 5,665 1,133 1.0261 1.0199 Grams. 295.4 59.1 276. 2 55.3 cc. 3,635 727 3,850 770 1. 0272 1. 0267 Grams. 242 2 Average 48 4 Second subperiod: Total 251. 9 Average 50 4 Entire fore period: Total 9,830 983 'i.'6266" 626.1 62.6 10,285 1,029 "i."6236" 571.6 57.2 7,485 749 "i.'6269' 494.1 Average . 49.4 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4,480 896 4,715 943 4,960 992 5,415 1,083 5,470 1,094 5,965 1,193 1.0291 1.0286 1.0273 1.0261 1. 0246 1. 0243 319.4 53.9 330.4 66.1 331.7 66.3 346.2 69.3 329.7 65.9 355.2 71.0 4,720 944 5,785 1,157 5,410 1,082 5,900 1,180 5,765 1,153 5,170 1,034 1.0257 1.0206 1.0231 1.0222 1.0227 1. 0250 297.2 59.4 292.0 58.4 306.2 61.2 320.9 64.2 320.6 64.1 316.7 63.3 4,070 814 4,485 897 a 4, 100 820 a 4, 588 918 4,545 909 4,480 896 1.0273 1.0250 1.0275 1.0273 1.0273 1.0263 272.2 Average 54.4 Second subperiod: Total 274. 7 Average 54.9 Third subperiod: Total 276.3 55.3 Fourth subperiod: Total ?'306.8 Average 61.4 Fifth subperiod: Total 304.0 60.8 Sixth subperiod: Total 288.7 57.7 Entire preservative period: Total 31,005 1,034 "i."6266" 2,012.6 67.1 32,750 1,092 'i.'6232' 1,863.6 61.8 26,268 876 'i.'6268" 1, 722. 7 Average 57.4 After period. First subperiod: Total 5,445 1,089 5,180 1,036 1.0257 1.0280 342.8 68.6 355.3 71.1 a 6, 063 1,213 5,095 1,019 1.0210 1.0248 311.9 62.4 309. 6 61.9 4,135 827 4,150 830 1.0274 1.0277 277.6 55.5 Second subperiod: Total 281.6 66.3 Entire after period: Total 10, 625 1,063 r.02&9 698.1 69.8 11,158 1,116 "i.'6229" 621.5 62.2 8,285 829 *i."6276' 559.2 65.9 a Four-day composites; average added in each case in order to complete five-day period. b Average added in order to complete record. . SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 537 Table VIII. Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, yj— Continued. and total solids — Series [Averages are per day.] Period. No. 7. Vol- Specific gravity at 25°/25° C. Total solids (factor 0.245). No. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 250/250 C. Total solids (factor 0.245). No. 9. Vol- ume. Specific m„._i ^'^^'y solids 250/250 C. (factor 0.245). Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total , Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average cc. 5, 180 1,036 4,000 800 ,180 918 4,430 886 5,340 1,068 4,960 992 5,560 1,112 4,820 6,495 1,299 31,605 1,053 4,835 967 4,745 949 9,580 1.0228 1.0295 Grams. 289.4 57.9 67. cc. 8,090 1,618 10,925 2,185 1. 0128 1.0105 Grams. 253. 7 50.7 281.0 56.2 cc. 5, 515 1,103 5, 720 1,144 1.0238 Gram^, 329.7 65.9 333.5 66.7 1. 0262 578.5 57.9 19,015 1,902 , 534.7 1. 0117 53. 5 1. 0224 1.0210 1.0202 1.0195 1. 0223 1. 0199 243.1 48.6 274.7 54.9 245.5 49.1 265.7 53.1 263.4 52.7 316.7 63.3 9,360 1,870 9,500 1.900 9,800 1,960 1. 0113 1.0119 1.0113 a 8, 800 1.0126 1,760 I 10, 810 1. 0114 2,162 8,210 1.642 1, 609. 1 53.6 56,470 1, 882 1.0205 242.8 48.6 251.1 50.2 9,720 1,944 6,350 1,270 493.9 49.4 16, 070 1,607 1. 0146 1. 0123 1. 0131 1.0186 1. 0159 11,235 1,124 1.0241 663.2 66.3 258.8 51.8 277.0 55.4 271.3 54.3 271. 54. 301.9 60.4 293.7 58.7 5,760 1,152 5,580 1,116 5,420 1,084 5,570 1,114 5,275 1,055 6,775 1,355 1.0264 1.0244 1.0257 1.0268 372.6 74.5 333.6 66.7 341.2 68.2 365.7 73.1 1.0259 1. 0231 1.8 383.5 76.7 1, 674. 3 55.8 34,380 1,146 1. 0254 2, 131. 4 71.0 312.0 62.4 289.4 57.9 5,160 1,032 a 6, 394 1,279 1.0268 1.0243 67.8 380.6 76.1 601.4 60.1 11,554 1,155 1.0256 719.4 71.9 a Four-day composites; average added in each case in order to complete five-day record. 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 5 538 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table VIII. Urine determinations — Volume, specific gramty, and total solids — Seri F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. No. 10. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 25°/25° C. Total solids (factor 0.245). No. 11, Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 25°/25° C. Total solids (factor 0.245) . No. 12. Vol- ume. Specific gravity at 25°/25° C. Total solids (factor 0.245). Ibre period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average cc. 4, 240 848 4,640 928 1.0252 1. 0240 Grams. 261.8 52,4 272.8 54.6 a 6, 256 1,251 5,890 1,178 1.0234 1. 0236 Grams. 358.6 71.7 340.6 68,1 cc. 6,180 6,140 1,228 1. 0214 1. 0204 888 1.0246 534.6 53.5 12, 146 1,215 1.0235 12, 320 1,232 4,910 982 5,830 1,166 5, 955 1, 191 5,330 1,066 5,105 1,021 4,060 812 1. 0217 1,0202 1. 0197 1,0220 1, 0222 1. 0276 261,0 52.2 288.5 57.7 287.4 57.5 287.3 57,5 277.7 55.6 274.5 54.9 5,800 1,160 6,080 1,216 5, 235 1,047 5,465 1,093 5,330 1,066 5,575 1,115 1. 0263 1. 0238 1.0256 1.0254 1.0270 1. 0229 373.8 74.8 354.6 70.9 328.3 65.6 340.1 68.0 352.6 70.5 312.8 62,6 4,770 954 5,170 1,034 5,840 1,168 5,410 1,082 5,545 1,109 5,970 1,194 1. 0242 1. 0248 1, 0236 1, 0247 1,0250 1. 0244 31, 190 1,039 1. 0222 1,676,4 55,9 33,485 1,116 1. 0252 2,062.1 68.7 32, 705 1,090 1.0245 5,190 1,038 5,190 •1,038 1.0218 1.0218 277.2 55.4 277.2 5,765 1,153 5,630 1,126 1. 0228 322. 0 1. 0245 337.9 5,965 1,193 5,770 1,154 1.0225 1.0244 10,380 1,038 1. 0218 554.4 55.4 11, 395 1,140 659.9 66.0 11, 735 1,174 1.0235 Grams. 324.0 64,8 306.9 61,4 282.8 56,6 314,1 62,8 337,7 67,7 327.4 65,5 67,9 356,9 71.4 1, 958. 5 65.3 328. 344. i 673.7 67,4 a Four-day composite; average added in order to complete five-day record, b No. 10 out second after subperiod; average of first after subperiod used. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 539 Table YIII. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series F/— Continued. * [Averages are per day.] SUMMARY FOR NINE MEN. Period. Total volume. Average Specific volume 'gravity at per man. \ 25/25P C Total First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Totiil Average Fore period. cc. 51, 449 cc. 5,717 1,143 54,475 1.0223 6,053 1.0216 1,211 Grams. 2,699.6 60.0 2,668.7 59.3 105, 924 11,770 1,177 1.0220 5,368.3 59.7 First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod : Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Preservative period. 49,540 54,990 51.980 ,110 ,222 52, 713 55, 665 54,870 185 237 Entire preservative period: Total Average 319, 758 35,529 1,184 First subperiod: Total Average *.. Second subperiod : Total Average Entire after period: Total Average After period. 53,378 48,300 5,931 1,186 5,367 1,073 101,678 11,298 1.130 1.0231 1.0215 1.0226 1. 0226 1. 0224 1.0221 2, 656. 2 59.0 2, 761. 7 61.4 2,742.2 60.9 2,824.4 62.8 2,889.5 64.2 2,897.0 64.4 1. 0224 16,771.0 62.1 1.0222 2, 796. 5 62.1 2,833.5 63.0 1.0233 5,630.0 62.6 rt Average figures in this column show the averages per man per day. PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN AND THE REACTION OF THE URINE. The urine was also examined for albumin, and its reaction was deter- mined from time to time during the progress of the experiment. The quantity of albumin present at each test was not estimated, the exam- ination being confined to ascertaining its presence. In Series VI, therefore, a comparison as to the relative quantity of albumin present in the three periods can not be made, as was done in Part I in the case of boric acid. The degree of acidity was determined in terms of standard alkali. No. 1. There is no albumin in the urine of No. 1 at the beginning of the fore period, but at the end there is a minute trace. There is no appear- ance of albumin during the preservative period. The reaction of the urine in this case is amphoteric in the fore period and was not deter- mined in the other periods. 540 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. No. 2. ■- ' ■ A trace of albumin occurs in the urine of No. 2 during the whole period of observation. The reaction of the urine is amphoteric in the fore period, and it becomes acid in the preservative period. No. 3. No albumin is found in the urine of No. 3 during any period of observation. The acidity of the urine increases during the adminis- tration of the salicylic acid. No. 4. The observations in the case of No. 4 are practically the same as in the case of No. 3. No. 5. There appears to be no definite change produced in the case of No. 5 by the action of the salicylic acid either upon the small quantity of albumin present or upon the relative acidity. The urine is strongly acid during the fore period, and also strongly acid during the preserva- tive period. No. 6. The data in the case of No. 6 indicate practically the same absence of effect as those of No. 5. No. 7. No albumin is observed in the case of No. 7 at any time during the observation. The reaction of the urine is alternately acid and ampho- teric, and the preservative appears to have had no influeilce in deter- mining the condition. No. 8. No albumin appears in the case of the urine of No. 8 at any time. The reaction of the urine under the influence of the preservative becomes amphoteric. In this case there appears to have been a very slight influence on the part of the drug administered to diminish the acidity of the urine and to produce an amphoteric condition thereof. No. 9. No albumin is present in the urine at any time of the observation. The reaction of the urine is amphoteric at one time during the fore period, but acid the rest of the time. No. 10. No albumin is found in this case at any time. During the adminis- tration of the salicylic acid the reaction of the urine changed from amphoteric to strongly acid. The apparent effect in this case is exactly the opposite of that produced in the case of No. 8. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 541 No. 11. A very minute quantity of albumin is noticed in the urine during the administration of the salicylic acid. The reaction of the urine changed from amphoteric in the fore period to acid during the pre- servative period. No. 12. No albumin occurs in the urine during the periods of observation. The reaction of the urine is changed from amphoteric in the fore period to strongly acid in the second preservative subperiod, becoming amphoteric again in the third preservative subperiod. In so far as these data are concerned no effect upon the presence of albumin nor upon the relative acidity can be attributed to the admin- istration of the salicylic acid. A more detailed study of these points, leading to more definite results, is to be found under Series XI, page 726. RATIO OF SULPHUR, SULPHATES, AND PHOSPHORIC ACID TO NITROGEN EXCRETED IN THE URINE. In Table IX are found the data showing the ratio of sulphur, sul- phates, and phosphates excreted to the nitrogen in the urine. The total weight of nitrogen excreted, the total weight of sulphur, the total weight of sulphur as SO3, and the total weight of phosphorus as P3O5 served as a basis for determining the ratios. The object of this study was to ascertain whether or not the adminis- tration of salicylic acid changed in any definite way the ratio of these bodies to the total nitrogen excreted. When the ratio increases it shows that there is a loss in the quantity of the substance under con- sideration excreted in relation to the total nitrogen, and when the ratio decreases it shows that there is an increased quantity of that substance in relation to the total nitrogen. INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. The data show a slight decrease in the ratio of sulphur to nitrogen and of sulphuric acid to nitrogen during the administration of the pre- servative, while the ratio of the phosphoric acid to the nitrogen remains unchanged. In the after period there is a still further decrease in the ratio of ^ulphur to nitrogen, while the ratio of sul- phuric acid to nitrogen is restored to its original magnitude. There is a notable increase in the ratio of the phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the after period. No. 2. There is a marked decrease in the magnitude of the ratio of sulphur to nitrogen and of phosphoric acid to /nitrogen in the preservative 542 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PBESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. period, while the ratio of sulphuric acid to nitrogen remains unchanged. In the after period there is a still further slight decrease in the ratio of the sulphur to the nitrogen, while the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen rises to a greater magnitude than in the fore period. The ratio of sulphuric acid to nitrogen remains unchanged. No. 3. The ratio of sulphur to nitrogen in the preservative period is the same as in the fore period. The ratio of sulphuric acid to nitrogen is the same in the preservative period as in the fore period. There is a slight decrease in the preservative period in the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen. In the after period there is a notable decrease in the ratio of sulphur to nitrogen and a slight decrease in the ratio of sulphuric acid to nitrogen, and the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitro- gen is higher than in the preservative period, but not so high as in the fore period. The fore period was, however, interrupted by the illness of the subject. No. 4. A slight increase is noted in the ratio of sulphur and sulphuric acid in the preservative period and a slight decrease in the ratio of phos- phoric acid. There is a further decrease in the sulphur and sulphuric- acid ratios in the after period. There is, on the other hand, an increase in the phosphoric-acid ratio in this period. No. 5. A notable decrease in the sulphur ratio is found in this case in the preservative period, while the ratios of sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid remain unchanged. In the 'after period there is a still further slight decrease in the sulphur ratio, no change in the sulphuric-acid ratio, and a notable increase in the phosphoric-acid ratio. No. 6. A slight decrease of the sulphur and sulphuric-acid ratios is noticed in this case in the preservative period and a slight increase in the phosphoric-acid ratio. In the after period there is a notable decrease in the sulphur ratio, a still further sHght decrease in the sulphuric- acid ratio, and a slight increase in the phosphoric- acid ratio. No. 7. A notable decrease in the sulphur ratio is indicated in this case in the preservative period, a slight decrease in the sulphuric-acid ratio, and a heavy increase in the phosphoric-acid ratio. In the after period the sulphur ratio is restored in part to its original magnitude and the sulphuric-acid ratio exactly to its original magnitude. There is a very notable increase in the magnitude of the phosphoric-acid ratio. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 543 No. 8. There is noticed here for the first time a decided increase in the sul- phur ratio in the preservative period, while the sulphuric-acid and phosphoric-acid ratios remain unchanged. In the after period there is a slight falling off in the sulphur ratio as compared with the pre- servative period, no change in the sulphuric-acid ratio, and a notable increase in the phosphoric-acid ratio. No. 9. There is a slight diminution in the magnitude of the sulphur and sulphuric-acid ratios in this case and a notable loss in the phosphoric- acid ratio during the preservative period. In the after period the sulphur ratio is increased beyond its original magnitude, the sulphuric-acid ratio is restored to the figure for the fore period, and there is an increase in the magnitude of the phosphoric-acid ratio over the preservative period, but it does not quite reach the magnitude of the fore peribd. No. 10. There is no change in the sulphur and sulphuric-acid ratios in the preservative period in this case and a slight diminution in the mag- nitude of the phosphoric-acid ratio. In the after period there is a slight loss in the magnitude of the sulphur and sulphuric-acid ratios and a notable increase in the phosphoric-acid ratio. No. 11. The ratios of sulphur and sulphuric acid are smaller in this case in the preservative period and that of phosphoric acid larger. In the after period there is a still further diminution in the magnitude of the sulphur ratio over the preservative period, no change in that of the sulphuric acid, and a still further slight increase of ratio of the phos- phoric acid. No. 12. We have here the third instance of an increase in the magnitude of the sulphur ratio in the preservative period, accompanied with a slight decrease in that of the sulphuric-acid ratio and the phosphoric-acid ratio. In the after period the sulphur ratio is slightly diminished as compared with that of the preservative period, the sulphuric-acid ratio remains unchanged, and t|jere is a notable increase in the magnitude of the phosphoric-acid ratio. SUMMARY FOR NINE MEN. Combining into one expression the nine ratios which are complete and comparable, it is seen that there is a notable diminution in the ratio of sulphur and a slight diminution in the ratio of sulphuric acid 544 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. to nitrogen in the preservative period. The ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen remains unchanged. The tendency to reduce the magni- tude of the ratio of sulphur to nitrogen is maintained in the after period, whereas there is no further diminution of the magnitude of the ratio of sulphuric acid in that period. The ratio of the phosphoric acid, however, is very markedly increased in the after period. A general review of these data indicates that the administration of the salicylic acid tended to increase the relative excretion of sulphur to nitrogen, and that this tendency was continued in quite a marked degree in the after period. There is scarcely any effect produced by the salicylic acid upon the relative quantities of sulphuric acid and nitrogen excreted. There seems to be a marked tendency on the part of the preservative to produce a condition which diminishes the rela- tive amount of phosphoric acid to nitrogen excreted, but this full effect is not shown until the after period. In general, it may be said that the disturbing influence upon the relative quantities of these bodies excreted as compared with nitrogen is not very great, but that there is a marked tendency to disturb in a measurable degree the relative metabolic changes which the sulphur undergoes in relation to nitrogen as determined by the constitution of the urine. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 545 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series VL [Averages are per day.] No. 1. * Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. S03:N. P2O5 : N. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 59.83 11.97 67.99 13.60 Grams. 4.002 .800 4.252 .850 Grams. 8.674 1.735 9.800 1.960 Grams. 10. 723 2.145 10. 963 2.193 1:15.0 1:6.9 1:5.6 Second subperiod: Total 1:16.0 1:6.9 1:6.2 Entire fore period: Total 127. 82 12.78 8.254 .825 18.474 1.847 21. 686 2.169 1:15.5 1:6.9 1:5.9 Averafire Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 66.40 13.28 69.68 13.94 a 68. 95 13.79 68.55 13.71 71.33 14.27 74.07 14.81 4.415 .883 4.654 .931 4.376 .875 4.720 .944 4.429 ,886 4.621 .924 9.800 1.960 10.239 2.048 9.974 1.995 10.342 2.068 10.539 2.108 10.502 2. 100 11.271 2.254 12.343 2.469 11. 596 2.319 12.216 2.443 11. 737 2.347 11.345 2.269 1:15.0 1:6.8 1:5.9 Averasre Second subperiod: Total 1:15.0 1:6.8 1:5.6 Averasre Third subperiod: Total 1:15.8 1:6.9 1:5.9 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:14.5 1:6.6 1:5.6 Fifth subperiod: Total 1:16.1 1:6.8 1:6.1 Averasre Sixth subperiod: Total 1:16.0 1:7.1 1:6.5 Entire preservative period: Total 418.98 13.97 27. 215 .907 61. 396 2.047 70.508 2.350 1:15.4 1:6.8 1:5.9 A veraffe After period. First subperiod: Total 69.61 13.92 70.86 14.17 4.580 .916 4.771 .954 10.150 2.030 10. 279 2.056 10.418 2.084 10. 924 2.185 1:15.2 1:6.9 1:6.7 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.9 1:6.9 1:6.5 Entire after period: Total 140.47 14.05 9.351 .935 20.429 2.043 21. 342 2.134 1:15.0 1:6.9 1:6.6 Averasre a One day's average added in order to complete record. 546 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IX. — Urine determinations — Eatlo of sulphur, sulphates, and phosp/iaies to nitro- gen— Series F/^Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. SOs : N. PaOgtN, Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 85.34 17.07 72.37 14,47 Grams. 5.448 1.090 4.643 .929 Grams. 12. 016 2.403 10.454 2.091 Grams. 16.025 3.205 14. 267 2.853 1:15.7 1:7,1 1-5.3 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:15.6 1:6.9 1:5.1 Average Entire fore period: Total 157. 71 15.77 10. 091 1.009 22. 470 2.247 30. 292 3.029 1:15.6 1:7.0 1:5.2 A verage Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 71.87 14, 37 72,49 14.50 77,12 15.42 71.30 14.26 82.10 16.42 76.80 15.36 4,621 .924 4.617 ;903 5.108 1.022 4.516 .903 5.212 1.042 5.574 1,115 9.971 1.994 10. 181 2.036 10.835 2.167 10. 940 2.188 11.596 2.319 11. 092 2.218 14. 714 2.943 16. 061 3.212 15. 734 3.147 14.903 2.981 15.979 3.196 14.271 2,854 1:15.6 1:7,2 1:4.9 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:16.0 1:7,1 1:4.5 Average Third subperiod: Total 1:15,1 1:7.1 1:4.9 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:15,8 1:6.5 1:4.8 Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15,8 1:7.1 1:5.1 Sixth subperiod: Total 1:13.8 1:6.9 1:5.4 Entire preservative period: Total 451.68 15.06 29.548 ,985 64. 615 2.154 91.662 3,055 1:15.3 1:7.0 1:4.9 After period. First subperiod: Total 77.92 15. 58 79.97 15.99 5,123 1,025 5.268 1.054 11. 170 2.234 11, 360 2, 272 14, 075 2. 816 14.986 2. 997 1:15,2 1:7.0 1:5,5 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:15.2 1:7,0 1:5.8 Average Entire after period: Total 157.89 15,79 10. 391 1.039 22. 530 2.253 29.061 2. 906 1:15.2 1:7.0 1:5.4 Average SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 547 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Quantity. Ratio. Period. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. SO3 : N. P^OsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. } 63.19 12.64 Grams. 4.126 .825 Grams. Brol 9.091 1.818 Grams, ten by illn 10.700- 2. 140 ess. 1:15.3 1:7.0 Second subperiod: Total 1:5.9 I Entire fore period: Total 63.19 12.64 4.126 .825 9.091 1.818 10. 700 2.140 1: 15. 3 1:7.0 1:5.9 i Preservative period,^ First subperiod: Total 56.15 11.23 rt57.33 11.47 54.57 10.91 57.67 11.53 55.51 11.10 3.664 .733 3.665 .733 3. 588 .718 3.740 .748 3.699 .740 7.965 1.593 8.260 1.652 7.773 1.555 8.141 1.628 7.777 1.555 10.899 2.180 10.410 2.082 10.487 2.097 9.919 1.984 9.234 1.847 1:15.3 1:7.0 1:5.2 Averasre Second subperiod: Total 1:15.7 1:6.9 1:5.5 A vprnp^p Third subperiod: Total 1:15.2 1:7.0 1:6.2 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:15.4 1:7.1 ■ 1:6.8 Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.0 1:7.1 1:6.0 Averasre First, second, third, fourth, and fifth subperiods: Total h 281. 23 11.25 18.356 ,734 39. 916 1.597 50.949 2.038 1:16.3 1:7.0 1:5.6 Averasre AJter period. First subperiod: Total ,. 53.56 10.71 55.08 11.02 3.619 .724 4.013 .803 7.480 1.496 8.388 1.678 9.036 1.807 9.967 1.993 1:14.8 1:7.2 1:6.9 Second subperiod: Total 1:13.7 1:6.6^ 1:6.5 Entire after period: Total 108. 64 10.86 7.632 .763 15.868 1.587 19.003 1.900 1:14.2 1:6.8 1:6.7 « One day's average added in order to complete record. b No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 548 INFLUENCE OP FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 4. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. S03:N. PaOsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 73.78 14.76 71.94 14.39 Grams. 4.905 .981 4.574 .915 Grams. 10. 719 2.144 10. 724 2.145 Grams. 12. 787 2.557 14. 505 2.901 1:15. Q 1:6.9 1:5.8 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:15.7 1:6.7 1:5.0 Average Entire fore period: Total 145. 72 14.57 9.479 .948 21.443 2. 144 27.292 2.729 1:15. 4 1:6.8 1:5.3 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 70.07 14.01 74.59 14.92 68.50 13.70 72.07 14.41 66.08 13.22 71.94 14.39 4. 444 .889 4.724 .945 4.548 .910 4. 559 .912 4.299 .860 4.766 .953 10.268 2.054 10.675 2.135 10.267 2.053 10. 224 2.045 9.726 1.945 10. 391 2.078 13.843 2.769 15.277 3.055 13.640 2.728 14. 891 2.978 13.402 2.680 13. 839 2.768 1:15.8 1:6.8 1:5.1 Second subperiod: Total 1:15.8 1:7.0 1:4.9 Third subperiod: Total . 1:15. 1 1:6.7 1:5,0 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:15.8 1:7.0 1:4.8 Average ... Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.4 1:6.8 1:4.9 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:15. 1 1:6.9 1:5.2 Entire preservative period: Total 423.25 14.11 27.340 .911 61. 551 2.052 84. 891 2.830 1:15. 5 1:6.9 1:5.0 After period. First subperiod: Total 72.04 14.41 74.44 14.89 4.737 .947 4.848 .970 10. 618 2.124 10.888 2.178 12. 959 2.592 14. 038 2.808 1:15.2 1:6.8 1:5.6 Second subperiod: Total 1:15.4 1:6.8 1:5. 3 Averasre Entire after period: Total 146.48 14.65 9.585 .958 21.506 2.151 26. 997 2.700 1:15.3 1:6.8 1:5.4 Averasre r SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 549 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. SOgrN. PgOsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Tota 1 Grams. 69.53 13.91 61. 86 12.37 Grams. 4.565 .913 3.711 .742 Grams. 9.933 1.987 8.588 1.718 Grams. 12.890 2.578 11.896 2.379 1:15.2 1:7.0 1*5 4 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:16.7 1:7.2 1-5 2 Average 1 Entire fore period: Total 131.39 18.14 8.276 ,828 18.521 1.852 24. 786 2.479 1:15.9 1:7.1 1-5 3 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 68. 49 13.70 69.02 13.80 67.90 13.58 69.38 13.88 72.81 14.56 68.66 13.73 4.342 .868 4.495 .899 4.566 .913 4.632 .926 4.670 .934 4.534 .907 9.733 1.947 9.545 1.909 9.760 1.952 9.841 1.968 10.216 2.043 9.430 1.886 12. 791 2.558 13. 595 2.719 13. 579 2.716 13.216 2.643 13. 087 2.617 12.408 2.482 1:15.8 1:7.0 1-5 4 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:15.4 1:7.2 1-5 1 Average Third subperiod: Total 1:14. 9 1:7.0 1:5.0 Average Fourth subperiod; Total 1:15.0 1:7.1 1-5 2 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.6 1:7.1 1-5 6 Sixth subperiod: Total ■.. 1:15.1 1:7.3 1:5.5 Average Entire preservative period: Total . 416.26 13.88 27.239 .908 58. 525 1.951 78. 676 2.623 1:15.3 1:7.1 15 3 After period. First subperiod: Total rt69.30 13.86 70.67 14.13 4.516 .903 4.677 .935 9.373 1.875 10.241 2.048 11.883 2.377 12.738 2.448 1:15.3 1:7.4 1-5.8 Average. Second subperiod: Total 1:15. 1 1:6.9 15 5 Average Entire after period: Total 139. 97 14.00 9.193 .919 19. 614 1.961 24. 621 2.462 1:15.2 1:7.1 1:5.7 Average tf a One day's average added in order to complete record. 550 INFLUEITCE OF FOOD PEESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 6. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. SO3 : N. P205:N. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 59.40 11.88 57.71 11.54 Qraras. 4.038 .808 3.796 .759 Grams. 9.080 1.816 8.555 1.711 Grams. 9.814 1.963 10. 010 2.002 1:14. 7 1:6.5 16 1 Average Second subperiod: Total . 1:15.2 1:6.7 1"5 8 Average Entire fore period: Total 117. 11 11.71 7.834 .783 17.635 1.764 19.824 1.982 1:14.9 1:6.6 15 9 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 65.93 13.19 68.49 13.70 a 70. 76 14.15 a 73. 26 14.65 74.36 14.87 53.40 10.68 4.090 .818 4.521 .904 4.748 .950 5.065 1.013 4.800 .960 4.390 .878 9.621 1.924 9.966 1.993 10. 660 2.132 n.C24 2. 305 10.899 2.180 9.757 1.951 11.315 2.263 12. 020 2.404 11. 275 2.255 11.928 2.386 11.044 2. 2C9 9.990 1.998 1:16.1 1:6.9 1'5 8 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:15.1 1:6.9 1"5 7 Average Third subperiod; Total 1:14.9 1:6.6 1-6 3 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 1:14.5 1:6.4 1-6 1 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15. 5 1:6.8 1-6 7 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:12.2 1:5.5 1-5 3 Average Entire preservative period: Total 406.20 13.54 27. 614 .920 62.427 2.081 67. 572 2.252 1:14.7 1:6.5 1-6 0 Average '. After period. First subperiod: Total 66.12 13.22 54.90 10.98 4.346 .869 4.611 .922 9.444 1.889 9.968 1.999 9.180 1.836 10. 707 2.141 1:15.2 1:7.0 1:7.2 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:11.9 1:5.5 1:5.1 Average Entire after period: Total 121. 02 12.10 8.957 .896 19. 412 1.941 19.887 1.989 1:13.5 1:6.2 1:6.1 Average a One day's average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 551 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series FJ^Continued. [Averages are per day,] IsTo. '7. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. S03:N. PaOsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Gram^. 56.57 11.31 63.00 12. 60 Grams. 3.756 .751 4.280 .856 Chrams. 7.956 1.591 9.288 1.858 Grams. 8.547 1.709 8.480 1.696 1:15.1 1:7.1 1:6.6 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.7 1:6.8 1:7.4 Entire fore period: Total 119.57 11.96 8.036 .804 17. 244 1.724 17.027 1.703 1:14.9 1:6.9 1:7.0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 50.72 10.14 56.98 11.40 51.24 10.25 49.15 9.83 52.92 10.58 64.17 12.83 3.513 .703 4.085 .817 3.368 .674 3.564 .713 3.870 .774 6.424 1.285 7.425 1.485 8.715 1.743 7.341 1.468 7.539 1.508 8.184 1.637 9.054 1.811 7.354 1.471 7.903 1.581 6.597 1.319 6.460 1.290 6.989 1.398 8.379 1.676 1:14.4 1:6.8 1:6.9 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:13.9 1:6.5 1:7.2 Third subperiod: Total 1:15.2 '1:7.0 1:7.8 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:13.8 1:6.5 1:7.6 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:13.7 1:6.5 1:7.6 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:10.0 1:.7.1 1:7.7 Average Entire preservative period: Total 325. 18 10.84 24.824 .827 48. 258 1.608 43.672 1.456 1:13.1 1:6.7 1:7.4 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 52.80 10.56 56.09 11.22 3.650 .730 3.891 .778 7.697 1.539 8.180 1.636 5.802 1.160 6.596 1.319 1:14.5 1:6.9 1-9 1 Second subperiod: Total «.. 1:14.4 1:6.9 1:8.5 Entire after period: Total 108.89 10.89 7.541 .754 15. 877 1.588 12. 398 1.240 1:14.4 1:6.9 1:8.8 Average . 552 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 8. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. S03:N. PaOsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 52.91 10.58 55.50 11.10 Grams. 3.689 .738 3.988 .798 Grams. 7.653 ■ 1.531 8.019 1.604 Grams. 8.818 1.764 8.740 1.748 1:14.3 1:6.9 1:6.0 Average Second subperiod: Total Average 1:13.9 1:6.9 1:6.4 Entire fore period: Total 108. 41 10.84 7.677 .768 15. 672 1.567 17. 558 1.756 1:14.1 1:6.9 1:6.2 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 52.73 10.55 54.44 10.89 51.74 10.35 a 50. 16 10.03 57.62 11.52 55.75 11.15 3.441 .688 3.610 .722 3.675 .735 3.731 .746 3.827 .765 3.949 .790 7.611 1.622 7.885 1.577 7.252 1.450 7.744 1.549 7.891 1. 578 8.473 1.695 8.882 1.776 9.500 1.900 8.820 1.764 8.888 1.778 8.432 1.686 7.783 1.557 1;15.3 1:6.9 1:5.9 Second subperiod: Total 1:15.1 1:6.9 1:5.7 Third subperiod: Total 1:14.1 1:7.1 1:5.9 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 1:13.4 1:6.5 1:5.6 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.1 1:7.3 1:6.8 Average Sixth subperiod: Total , 1:14.1 1:6.6 1:7.2 Entire preservative period: Total 322. 44 10.75 60.36 12.07 59.18 11.84 22. 223 .741 4.209 .842 4.166 .833 46.856 1.562 8.534 1.707 8.788 1.758 52.305 1.744 1:14.5 1:6.9 1:6.2 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 7.387 1.477 7.938 1.588 1:14.3 1:7.1 1:8.2 Second subperiod: Total .1:14.2 1:6.7 1:7.5 Entire after period: Total 119. 54 11.95 8.375 .838 17.322 1.732 15. 325 1.533 1:14.3 1:6.9 1:7.8 a One day's average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 553 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series F/^Continued. [Averages are per day.] ^"0. 9. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. SOarN. PaOsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 70.26 14.05 67.15 13.43 Grams. 4.671 .934 4.547 .909 Grams. 11.663 2.333 11.354 2.271 Grams. 11.857 2.371 10.410 2.082 1:15.0 1:6.0 1:5.9 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.8 1:5.9 1:6.5 Entire fore period: Total 137.41 13.74 9.218 .922 23.017 2.302 22.267 2.227 1:14.9 1:6.0 1:6.2 Averasre Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 72.12 14. 42 66. 12 13. 22 69.10 13.82 67.84 13.57 63.35 12. 67 73.44 14.69 4.948 .990 4.570 .914 4.780 .956 4.567 .913 4.072 .814 4.864 .973 12. 355 2.471 11.411 2.282 11.936 2.387 11. 404 2. 281 10. 168 2.034 12.145 2.429 11. 750 2.350 11. 997 2.399 12.249. 2.450 13.981 2.796 10. 919 2.184 12. 805 2.561 1:14.6 1:5.8 1:6.1 Averasre Second subperiod: Total 1:14.5 1:5.8 1:5.5 Averasre Third subperiod: Total 1:14.5 1:5.8 1:5.6 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:14.9 1:5.9 1:4.9 Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.6 1:6.2 1:5.8 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:15.1 1:6.0 1:5.7 Averaero Entire preservative period: Total 411.97 13.73 27. 801 .927 69. 419 2.314 73. 701 2.457 1:14.8 1:5.9 1:5.6 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 64.45 12.89 70.20 14.04 4.345 .869 4. 578 .916 10.849 2.170 11. 431 2.286 10.423 2.085 12. 531 2.506 1:14.8 1:5.9 1:6.2 Second subperiod: Total 1:15.3 1:6.1 1:5.6 Entire after period: Total 134. 65 13.47 8.923 .892 22.280 2. 228 22. 954 2.295 1:15.1 1:6.0 1:5.9 Average 7656— No. 84, pt 2- 554 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day .J N^o. lO, Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. S03:N. P205:N. Fore period. First subperiod: Total . . Grams. 63.81 12.76 62.78 12.56 Grams. 4.215 .843 4.301 .860 Grams. 10.525 2.105 10. 740 2.148 Grams. 10. 727 2.145 11.600 2.320 1: 15. 1 1:6.1 1:5.9 Averasre Second subperiod: 1:14.6 1: 5. 8 1:5.4 Entire fore period: Total .... 126.59 12.66 8.516 .852 21.265 2.126 22.327 2.233 1:14.9 1:6.0 1:5.7 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 61.96 12.39 71.36 14.27 67.35 13.47 61.61 12.32 64.37 12.87 47.99 9.60 3.997 .799 4.786 .957 4.073 .815 4.264 .853 4.135 .827 3.934 .787 9.981 1.996 11.951 2.390 10.170 2.034 10.647 2.129 10. 325 2.065 9.823 1.965 10.851 2.170 12.768 2.554 11. 612 2.322 11.513 2.303 10. 823 2.165 9.744 1.949 1:15.5 1:6.2 1:5.7 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.9 1:6.0 1:5.6 Average Third subperiod: Total 1:16.5 1:6.6 1:5.8 Average Fourth subperiod: Total . . . . 1:14.4 1:5.8 1:5.4 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.6 1:6.2 1:5.9 Sixth subperiod: Total Average 1:12.2 1:4.9 1:4.9 Entire preservative period: Total 374.64 12.49 25. 189 .840 62. 897 2.097 67.311 2. 244 1:14.9 1:6.0 1:5.6 After period. First subperiod: Total 59.74 11.95 Sick. 4.033 .807 Sick. 10.070 2.014 Sick. 9.498 1.900 Sick. 1:14.8 1:5.9 1:6.3 Average Second subperiod: Average Entire after period: Total 59.74 11.95 4.033 .807 10.070 2.014 9.498 1.900 1:14.8 1:5.9 1:6.3 Average SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 555 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series Fi— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 11. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SOs. P2O5. S:N. S03:N. P205:N. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. a 80. 83 16.17 77.69 15.54 Grams. 4.673 .935 5.325 1.065 Grams. 10.510 2.102 11.768 2.364 . Grams. 14. 139 2.828 14.489 2.898 1:17.3 1:7.7 1:5,7 Averasre Second subperiod: Total 1:14.6 1:6.6 1:5.4 Entire fore period: Total 158. 52 15.85 9.998 1.000 22.278 2.228 28. 628 2.863 1:15.9 1:7.1 1:5.5 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 85.49 17.10 77.64 15.53 73.34 14.67 67.82 13.56 75.63 15.13 69.97 13.99 5.469 1.094 5.338 1.068 4.455 .891 4.602 .920 5.021 1.004 4.661 .932 12.714 2.543 11.686 2.337 10.679 2.136 10. 198 2.040 11.204 2.241 10.291 2.058 13. 572 2.714 12.829 2.566 12.616 2.523 11. 968 2. 394 12. 792 2.558 10. 648 2.130 1:15.6 1:6.7 1:6.3 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.5 1:6.6 1:6.1 Averas'e Third subperiod : Total 1:16.5 1:6.9 1:5.8 Fourth subperiod: Total 1:14.7 1:6.7 1:5.7 Average Fifth subperiod: Total . . . , 1:15.1 1:6.8 1:5.9 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:15.0 1:6.8 1:6.6 Entire preservative period: Total 449.89 15.00 29. 546 .985 66.772 2. 226 74.425 2.481 1:15.2 1:6.7 1:6.0 After period. First subperiod: Total 68.49 13.70 67.67 13.53 4.854 .971 4.780 .956 9.616 1.923 10.708 2.142 10. 377 2.075 11.710 2.342 1:14.1 1:7.1 1:6.6 Average . Second subperiod: Total 1:14.2 1:6.3 1:5.8 Average Entire after period: Total 136. 16 13.62 9.634 .963 20.324 2.032 22.087 2.209 1:14.1 1:6.7 1:6.2 a One day's average added in order to complete record. 556 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series IT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] i>ro. 13. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur, SO3. P2O5. S:N. S03:N, Po05:N. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 76.69 15.34 72.02 14.40 Grams. 5.166 1.033 4.918 .984 Grams. 11.482 2.296 10.487 2.097 Grams. 12.731 2.546 12. 955 2. 591 1:14.8 1:6,7 1:6.0 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:14.6 1:6.9 1:5.6 Average Entire fore period: Total 148.71 14.87 10.084 1.008 21.969 2.197 25. 686 2.569 1:14.7 1:6.8 1:5.8 Average ■ Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 65.06 13.01 75.17 15.03 74.75 14.95 70.01 14.00 74.47 14.89 75.28 15.06 4.236 .847 5.129 1.026 4.906 .981 4.734 .947 5.173 1.035 4.973 .995 9.683 1.937 11.364 2.273 10. 769 2.154 10. 625 2. 125 11.279 2.256 11.092 2.218 11:591 2.318 13. 235 2. 647 14.425 2.885 12. 930 2.586 12.088 2.418 13.015 2.603 1:15.4 1:6.7 1:5.6 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:14.7 1:6.6 1:5.7 Average . Third subperiod: Total 1:15.2 1:6.9 1:5.2 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 1:14.8 1:6.6 1:5.4 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:14.4 1:6.6 1:6.2 Sixth subperiod: Total 1:15.1 1:6.8 1:5.8 Average . . Entire preservative period: Total 434.74 14.49 29. 151 .972 64. 812 2.160 77.284 2.676 1:14.9 1:6.7' 1:5.6 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 73.67 14.73 '76.80 15.36 4.999 1.000 5.164 1.033 11.023 2.205 11.321 2.264 11.870 2.374 12. 694 2.539 1:14.7 1:6.7 1:6.2 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:14,9 1:6.8 1:6.1 Average Entire after period: Total 150. 47 15.05 10. 163 1.016 22.344 2.234 24. 564 2.456 1:14.8 1:6.7 1:6.1 Average SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 557 Table IX. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitro- gen— Series IT— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Siammary- for nine men. Period. Quantity. Ratio. Nitrogen. Sulphur. SO3. P2O5. S:N. SO3 : N. PgOsrN. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 614.88 13.66 600.08 13.33 Grams. 40.242 .894 39.487 .877 Grams. 88.023 1.956 87. 683 1.949 Grams. 106.474 2.366 106. 305 2.362 1:15.3 1:7.0 1:5.8 Second subperiod: Total 1:15.2 1:6.8 1:5.6 Averasre Entire fore period: Total 214. 96 13.50 79. 729 .886 175.706 1.952 212.779 2.364 1:15.2 1:6.9 1:5.7 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 596. 76 13.26 618.50 13.74 604.30 13. 43 591.70 13.15 627. 32 13.94 610. 04 13.56 38. 571 .857 41. 073 .913 39. 750 .883 40. 123 .892 41. 301 .918 43.892 .975 86.826 1.929 90.256 2.006 87.537 1.945 88. 977 1.977 91.534 2.034 90.082 2.002 105. 333 2.341 112. 763 2.506 108. 282 2.406 107.390 2.386 105. 550 2.346 101.678 2.259 1:15.5 1:6.9 1:5.7 Second subperiod: Total 1:15.1 1:6.9 1:5.5 Averafire Third subperiod: Total 1:15.2 1:6.9 1:5.6 Averasre Fourth subperiod: Total 1:14.7 1:6.7 1:5.5 Fifth subperiod: Total 1:15.2 1:6.9 1:5.9 Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average 1:13.9 1:6.8 1:6.0 Entire preservative period: Total 3,648.62 13.51 244. 710 .906 535. 212 1.982 640. 996 2.374 1:14.9 1:6.8 1:5.7 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 610. 31 13.57 610.58 13.57 41. 014 .911 42. 176 .937 87.625 1.947 91. 733 2.039 93. 951 2.088 102. 331 2.274 1:14.9 1:7.0 1:6.6 Second subperiod: Total 1:14.3 1:6.7 1:6.0 Entire after period: Total 1,220.89 13.57 83. 190 .924 179.358 1.993 196. 282 2.181 1:14.7 1:6.8 1:6.2 CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE QUANTITIES OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS EXCRETED IN THE URINE. The changes which the urine may undergo in respect of its relative content of sulphur compounds are of great physiological importance. For the purpose of determining the extent of any such changes an elabei-ate study was made of the total sulphur, sulphates, and other sulphur compounds excreted in the urine. To this end not only was the total sulphur determined, but also the amount occurring naturally as sulphates and that occurring as ethereal compounds of sulphur or as neutral sulphur. The data were compared with the respective quantities of sulphur administered in the food and the ratio of ethereal 558 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. to inorganic sulphates determined as well as the ratio of the sulphur in different forms to the nitrogen in the urine. The particular object in view was to determine whether or not the total quantity of sulphur in the urine was affected by the administration of the preservative and whether the kinds of sulphur, as related to each other, were changed in any definite proportions. This required the determination of the total nitrogen in the urine, the total sulphur, total sulphur as SO3, neutral sulphur as SO3, total sulphuric acid as SO3, ethereal sul- phates as SO3, inorganic sulphates as SO3, the ratio of the ethereal sulphates to the inorganic sulphates and the calculation of the per- centage relations of the various kinds of sulphur to the total sulphur, namely, the percentage of neutral sulphur as SO3, total sulphur as SO3, and ethereal sulphates as SO3. The importance of the urine as an index of changes in metabolic activity is fully realized and, without minimizing the importance of the constitution of the feces or of the other excretions, it is sufficient to call attention to the greater magnitude of the urine excretions and to their greater significance in relation to the metabolized products of the food elements. The individual and summarized data on the relation of the pre- formed sulphates to the ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur are given in Table X. INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. Inasmuch as the quantities of sulphur in the food vary slightly in the different periods, it is best to base the discussion upon the per- centage of the total sulphur occurring under the various forms rather than upon the ratios alone. The quantities excreted, however, and the ratios which have been determined are stated in the table, so that full information respecting the whole matter may be available. In the case of No. 1 the percentage of sulphur occurring in the neutral state is diminished in the preservative period, while it is very notably increased in the after period. The percentage of total sulphur occur- ring as sulphates is slightly increased in the preservative period and notably diminished in the after period. The percentage of total sulphur occurring as ethereal sulphates is increased in the preserva- tive period and somewhat diminished in the after period, but not to the minimum of the fore period. The percentage of total sulphur as inorganic sulphates is the same in the preservative period as in the fore period and is slightly diminished in the after period. No. 2. In the case of No. 2 there is an increase in the percentage of neutral sulphur in the preservative period and a still further increase in the after period. This is attended with a decrease in the percentage of SAX.ICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 559 total sulphates both in the preservative and after periods. There is also a decrease in the ethereal sulphur in the preservative period and this decrease is continued in the after period. The percentage of inor- ganic sulphates is diminished in the preservative period and still further diminished in the after period. No. S. The neutral sulphur is increased in the preservative period and very notably increased in the after period, while the percentage of total sulphates decreases in both periods. The ethereal sulphur is very low in this case and slightly higher in the preservative period than in either the fore or after period. The percentage of inorganic sul- phur decreases slightl}^ in the preservative period and very notably in the after period: No. 4- There is a slight increase in the neutral sulphur in the preservative period and a notable increase therein in the after period, with corre- sponding inverse changes in the percentage of sulphur as sulphates. The percentage of ethereal sulphates is increased in the preservative period, with a slight loss in the after period. The inorganic sulphates show a loss in the preservative period and a still further slight loss in the after period. No. 6. There is a notable increase in this case of the neutral sulphur in the preservative period and a still further slight increase in the after period, with corresponding inverse changes in the total sulphur as sulphates. The percentage of ethereal sulphates is slightly diminished in the preservative period and still further diminished in the after period. The percentage of inorganic sulphates is notabW diminished in the preservative period and again slightly decreased in the after period. No. 6. The percentage of neutral sulphur is slightl}^ diminished in the pre- servative period, but very notably increased in the after period, with correspending inverse changes in the percentage of total sulphates present. The percentage of ethereal sulphates remains practically unchanged throughout the three periods. There is a slight increase in the percentage of inorgani^ sulphates in the preservative period and a notable decrease therein in the after period. No. 7. This case shows an extraordinary increase in the neutral sulphur in the preservative period. This increase is nearly all lost in the after period, where the percentage is only slightly greater than the fore 560 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. period. There are corresponding inverse changes in the percentage of total sulphates present. The percentage of ethereal sulphates is slightly increased in the preservative period, but falls in the after period to a lower number than in the fore period. The percentage of inor- ganic sulphates is somewhat low to begin with, but there is a very great loss in the preservative period which is not quite wholly restored in the after period. No. 8. There is a notable loss in this case in the percentage of neutral sul- phur in the preservative period, and this loss is partially restored in the after period, with corresponding inverse changes in the percentage of total sulphates present. There is a slight increase in the percent- age of ethereal sulphates in the preservative period, but in the after period the number falls below that of the fore period. The percentage of inorganic sulphates is very low, being slightly greater in the pre- servative and after periods than in the fore period. No. 9. There is an increase in the percentage of neutral sulphur in the preservative period, which is partially lost in the after period, with corresponding inverse changes in the percentage of total sulphates present. In the percentage of ethereal sulphates there is a loss in the preservative period, and this loss is further increased in the after period. There is but little change in the percentage of inorganic sul- phur present in the three periods, a slight decrease occurring in the preservative period and an increase in the after period. No. 10. There is an increase in the percentage of neutral sulphur in the preservative period in this case and a corresponding decrease in the total sulphates. There is also a slight increase in the percentage of ethereal sulphates and a decrease in the percentage of inorganic sul- phates. The data for the after period are incomplete. No. 11. There is a decrease in the percentage of neutral sulphates in this case in the preservative period and a very large increase in the after period, with corresponding inverse changes in the percentage of total sulphates present. The ethereal sulphates are remarkably low in this case and the percentage is slightly higher in the preservative period than in either of the others. There is a slight increase in the percent- age of inorganic sulphates in the preservative period and a notable loss in the after period. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 561 No. 12. In this case there is a decrease in the percentage of neutral sulphur in the preservative period, while in the after period the loss is partially restored, with corresponding inverse changes in the percentage of total sulphates. There is little difference in the percentage of ethereal sul- phates in the fore and preservative periods and a notable loss in the after period. The percentage of inorganic sulphates is slightly increased in the preservative period and is almost the same in the after as in the preservative period. SUMMARY FOR NINE MEN. It is seen that the average quantity of sulphur exhibited in the foods is greater in the preservative period than in the fore period, and decreases in the after period (Table XVII, p. 645). This fact must be taken into consideration in the study of the table in regard to the actual weight of the different kinds of sulphur found in the urine, and also in connection with the ratio of the ethereal to the inorganic sul- phates. This ratio, it is seen, in general is almost 1 : 11, being slightly less in the preservative period than in either of the others. The per- centage of the total sulphur occurring as neutral sulphur is 0.7 greater in the preservative period than in the fore period, and the increase is much more marked in the after period, amounting to 1.3 per cent. There is a corresponding decrease in the percentage of total sulphates, since the neutral sulphur and the total sulphates make up the whole quantity of sulphur. The ethereal sulphates and the inorganic sul- phates, expressed as SO3, together make up the total sulphates. It is seen that there is a slight increase in the percentage of ethereal sul- phates in the preservative period, while in the after period the per- centage of ethereal sulphates falls slightly below that of the fore period. There is a slight decrease in the inorganic sulphates in the preservative period, and a still further decrease of about the same magnitude occurs in the after period. A general summary of the data shows that the administration of the salicylic acid produces a well-marked tendency to increase the per- centage of neutral sulphur with a corresponding decrease of total sulphates during the administration of the preservative, and that this tendency is continued, as might well be expected, in the after period. On the other hand, the administration of the salicylic acid appears to have had no notable effect in disturbing the relative percentages of ethereal sulphates and the inorganic sulphates in the urine. It must be admitted, therefore, in the light of these data, that the principal disturbing effect of the preservative has been upon the relative pro- portion of neutral sulphur excreted. 562 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table X.— Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur — Series VI. [Averages are per day.] I<^o. 1. 6 CO u % 1 i I xi a, 9 1 i I 1 Id" oco 11 03 (^02 Results expressed in per cent of total sulphur in terms of SO3. Period. so" sccfi i I 90 ice II ■ n IS SI ft Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 4.002 .800 4.252 .850 Grams. 9.993 1.998 10. 617 2. 122 Grams. 1.319 .263 .817 .162 Grams. 8.674 1.735 9.800 1.960 Grams. 0.867 .173 .989 .198 Grams. 7.807 1.562 8.811 1.762 1:9.0 P.ct. 13.2 p. ct. 86.8 p.ct. 8.7 P.ct. 78 1 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:8.9 7.7 92.3 9.3 83 0 Average Entire fore period: Total 8.254 .825 20. 610 2.060 2.136 .213 18. 474 1.847 1.856 .186 16.618 1.661 1:9.0 10.4 fO.6 9.0 80 6 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.415 .883 4.654 .931 4.376 .875 4.720 .944 4.429 .886 4.621 .924 11.024 2.205 11. 621 2. 325 10.927 2.185 11.786 2. 357 11. 059 2.212 11.539 2.308 1.224 .245 1.382 .277 .953 .191 1.444 .289 .520 ,104 1.037 .207 9.800 1.960 10.239 2.048 9.974 1.995 10. 342 2.068 10.539 2.108 10. 502 2.100 1.069 .214 .992 .198 1.040 .208 1.091 .218 1.162 .232 1.283 .257 8.731 1.746 9.247 1.850 8.934 1.787 9.251 1.860 9.377 1.875 9.219 1.844 1:8.2 11.1 88.9 9.7 79 2 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:9.3 11.9 88.1 8.5 79.6 Average Third subperiod: Total 1:8.6 8.7 91.3 9.5 81.8 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 1:8.5 12.3 87.7 9.3 78.5 Average Fifth subperiod: Total 1:8.1 4.7 95.3 10.6 84.8 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:7.2 9.0 91.0 11.1 79.9 Average Entire preservative period: Total 27.215 .907 67. 956 2.266 6.560 .219 61. 396 2.047 6.637 .221 54. 759 1.825 1:8.3 9.7 90.3 9.8 80.6 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 4.580 .916 4.771 .954 11. 436 2.287 11. 913 2.382 1.286 .257 1.634 .326 10.150 2.030 10. 279 2.056 1.100 .220 1.081 .216 9.050 1 810 9.198 1.840 1:8.2 11.2 88.8 9.6 79.1 Average Second subperiod: Total . ... 1:8.5 13.7 86.3 9.1 77.2 Average Entire after period: Total . ... 9.351 .935 23. 349 2.335 2.920 .292 20.429 2.043 2.181 .218 18.248 1.825 1:8.4 12.5 87.5 9.3 78.2 Average — .... SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 568 Table X. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed mlphates to ethereal sulpJiates and neutral sulphur — Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. 73 -a 1 i 1 1 O 02 1 1 1 1 i 1 h 1 .a IS '3 § Results expressed in per cent of total sul- phur in terms of SOg. Period. 1 6 II Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.448 1.090 4.643 Grams. 13.604 2.721 11 594 Grams. 1.588 .318 1.140 Grams. 12.016 2.403 10.4.54 Grams. 1.235 .247 1.154 .231 Grams. 10.781 2.156 9.300 1.860 1:8.7 P.d. 11.7 P.d. 88.3 P.ct. 9.1 p.d. 79.2 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:8.1 9.8 90.2 10.0 80.2 Average .929 1 2.320 .229 1 2.091 Entire ^ore period: Total 10.091 1.009 25.198 2.520 2.728 .273 22. 470 2.247 2.389 .239 20.081 2.008 1:8.4 10.8 89.2 9.5 79.7 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.621 .924 4. 517 .903 5.108 1.022 4.516 .903 5.212' 1.042 5.574 1.115 11. 539 2.307 11.279 2.255 12.755 2.552 11. 276 2.255 13.014 2.602 13.918 2.784 1.568 .313 1.098 .219 1.920 .385 .336 .067 1.418 .283 2.826 .566 9.971 1.994 10. 181 2.036 10.835 2.167 10. 940 2.188 11. 596 2.319 11. 092 2.218 1.143 .229 i.018 .204 1.120 .224 1.061 .212 1.180 .236 1.130 .226 8.828 1.765 9.163 1.832 9.715 1.943 9.879 1.976 10. 416 2.083 9.962 1.992 1:7.7 13.6 86.4 9.9 76.5 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:9.0 9.7 90.3 9.0 81.2 Average Third subperiod: Total . 1:8.7 15.1 84.9 8.8 76.2 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 1:9.3 3.0 97.0 9.4 87.6 Average . ... Fifth subperiod: Total 1:8.8 10.9 89.1 9.1 80.0 Average Sixth subperiod: Total 1:8.8 20.2 79.8 8.1 71.6 Average Entire preservative period: Total 29.548 .985 73. 781 2.460 9.166 .306 64.615 2.154 6.652 .222 57.963 1. 932 1:8.7 12.4 87.6 9.0 78.6 Average After period. First subperiod: Total 5.123 1.025 5.268 1.054 12. 792 2.559 13.154 2.632 1.622 .325 1.794 .360 11.170 2.234 11.360 2.272 1.109 .222 1.155 .231 10. 061 2.012 10. 205 2.041 1:9.1 12.7 87.3 8.7 78.7 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:8.8 13.6 86.4 8.8 77.6 Average Entire after period: Total 10.391 1.039 25.946 2.594 3.416 .341 22. 530 2.253 2.264 .226 20. 266 2.027 1:9.0 13.2 86.8 8.7 78.1 Average 564 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table X. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur — Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] USTo. 3. u 1 6 I 1 I 1 1 o 1 .£5 1 ■SSJ Results expressed in per cent of total sulphur in terms of SO3. Period. So It It i ll 1^ Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. } 4.126 .825 Grams. 10. 303 2.060 Grams. 1.212 .242 Grams. I 9.091 1.818 Grams. broken b 0.670 .134 Grams. y illness 8.421 1.684 1:12.6 P.ct. 11.8 p.ct. 88.2 p.ct. 6.5 p.ct. Average Second subperiod: Total 81.7 Average Entire fore period: Total 4.126 .825 10. 303 2.060 1.212 .242 9.091 1.818 0.670 .134 8.421 1.684 1:12.6 11.8 88.2 G.5 81.7 Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3.664 .733 3.665 .733 3.588 .718 3.740 .748 3.699 .740 9.149 1.830 9.151 1. 8.30 8.959 1.793 9.339 1.868 9.236 1.848 1.184 .237 .891 .178 1.186 .237 1.198 .240 1.459 .293 7.965 1.693 8.260 1.652 7.773 1.555 8.141 1.628 7.777 1.555 .520 .104 .591 .118 .676 .135 .656 .131 .723 .145 7. 445 1.489 7.669 1.534 7.097 1.419 7.485 1.497 7.054 1.411 1:14.3 12.9 87.1 5.7 81.4 Average Second subperiod: Total . 1:13.0 9.7 90.3 6.5 83.8 Average Third subperiod: Total 1:10.5 13.2 86.8 7.5 79.2 Average Fourth subperiod: Total ... 1:11.4 12.8 87.2 7.0 80.1 Average - Fifth subperiod: Total 1: 9.8 15.8 84.2 7.8 76.4 Average First, second, third, fourth, and fifth subperiods: a Total 18. 356 .734 45. 834 1.833 5.918 .237 39. 916 1.597 3.166 .127 36.750 1.470 1:11.6 12.9 87.1 6.9 80.2 Average ! ■■ After period. First subperiod: Total 3.619 .724 4.013 .803 9.037 1.807 10. 020 2.005 1.557 .311 1.632 .327 7.480 1.496 8.388 1.678 .532 .106 .679 .136 6.948 1.390 7.709 1.542 1:13.1 17.2 82.8 5.9 76.9 Average Second subperiod: Total 1:11.4 16.3 83.7 6.8 76.9 Average Entire after period: Total 7.632 .763 19.057 1.906 3.189 .319 15.868 1.587 1.211 .121 14. 657 1.466 1:12.1 16.7 83.3 6.4 76.9 Average ' No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 565 Table X. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur — Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] TvTo. 4.. -a 1 i -a 3 1 1 1 .£3 "si Third subperiod: Total 5.13 74.72 79.86 4 CO .80 Fourth subperiod: Total 9.74 74.52 84.26 6 00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 5.46 77.15 89 fil 8.00 Average 79 1 11 10 1 60 1 Five preservative sub- periods: Total b 369. 08 14.76 28.11 1.12 281.23 11.25 309.34 12.37 7.62 76.20 83.81 +59.74 + 2.39 21.15 .85 After period. First subperiod: Total 73.16 14.63 74.40 14.88 53.56 10.71 55.08 11.02 73.21 0 ■ Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 5.30 1.06 60 38 7.12 74.03 81.16 +14.02 + 2.80 0 Average . 12.08 0 Entire after period: Total 1 0 Average 1 0 i "Daily average added in order to complete record. & No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 505 Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 4. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 78.30 15.66 78.80 15.76 Grams. 5.00 1.00 5.78 1.16 Grams. 73.78 14.76 71.94 14.39 Grams. 78.78 15.76 77. 72 15.54 Peret. 6.39 Per at. 94.23 Per ct. 100.61 Grams. - .48 - .10 + 1.08 + .22 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 7.34 91.29 98.63 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 157. 10 15.71 10.78 1.08 145.72 14.57 156.50 15.65 6.86 92.76 99,62 + .60 + .06 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 76.45 15.29 80.18 16.04 78.37 15.67 77.50 15.50 81.16 16.23 74.45 14.89 4.51 .9a 5.28 1.06 5.19 1.04 a 4. 71 .94 6.57 1.31 a 5. 35 1.07 70.07 14.01 74.59 14,92 68.50 13. 70 72.07 14.41 66.08 13.22 71.94 14.39 74.58 14.92 79.87 15.97 73.69 14.74 76.78 15.36 72.65 14.53 77.29 15.46 5.90 91.65 97.55 + 1.87 + .37 + ,31 + .07 + 4,68 + .93 + .72. + .14 + 8.51 + 1.7& - 2.84 - .57 1 06 .21 Second subperiod: Total 6.59 93.03 99.61 2.10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 6.62 87.41 94,03 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 6.08 92.99 S9.08 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 8.10 81.42 — 89.51 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 7.19. 96.63 103,81 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 468.11 15.60 31.61 1.05 423.25 14.11 454.86 15.16 6.75 90.42 97.17 +13.25 + .44 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 78.89 15.78 78.90 15.78 4.24 .85 5.90 1.18 72.04 14.41 74.44 14.89 76.28 15.26 80.34 16.07 5.37 91.32 96. 69 + 2.61 + .52 - 1.44 - .29 0 • Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 7.48 94.35 101.83 0 0 Entire after period: Total 157. 79 15.78 10.14 1.01 146.48 14.65 156.62 15.66 6.43 92.83 99.26 + 1.17 + .12 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 596 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XllL-^Nitrogen balances for Series TT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] isro.5. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 78.77 15.75 79.93 15.99 Grams. 7.41 1.48 6.71 1.34 Grams. 69.53 13.91 61.86 12.37 Grams. 76.94 15. 39 68.57 13.71 Per ct. 9.41 Per ct. 88.27 Per ct. 97.68 Grams. + 1.83 + .36 +11. 36 + 2.28 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total.. 8.39 77.39 85. 79 0 0 Entire fore period: Total.... 158.70 15.87 14.12 1.41 131.39 13.14 145. 51 14.55 8.90 82.79 91.69 +13.19 + 1.32 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 77.85 15.67 80.83 16.17 80.22 16.04 79.11 16.82 81.99 16.40 75.86 15.17 7.15 1.43 4.69 .94 6.35 1.27 4.47 .89 6.00 1.20 6.18 1.24 68.49 13.70 69.02 13.80 67.90 13.58 69.38 13.88 72.81 14.56 68.66 13.73. 75.64 15.13 73.71 14.74 74.25 14.85 73.85 14.77 78.81 15.76 74.84 14.97 9.18 87.98 97.16 + 2.21 + .44 + 7.12 + 1.43 + 5.97 + 1.19 + 5.26 + 1.05 + 3.18 + .64 + 1.02 + .20 1 05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 5.80 85.39 91.19 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 7.92 84.64 92.66 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 5.65 87.70 93.36 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 7.32 88.80 96.12 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 8.15 90.51 98.66 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 475. 86 15.86 34.84 1.16 416. 26 13.88 451. 10 15.04 7.32 87.48 94.80 +24. 76 + .82 30. 85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 79.62 15.92 79.68 15.94 5.91 1.18 4.20 .84 a 69. 30 13.86 70.67 14.13 75.21 15.04 74.87 14.97 7.42. 87.04 94.46 + 4.41 + .88 + 4.81 + .97 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 5.27 88.69 93.96 0 0 Entire after period: Total 159.30 15.93 10.11 1.01 139.97 14.00 150.08 15.01 6.35 87.87 94.21 + 9.22 + .92 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 597 Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series F/^Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 70.53 14.11 71.77 14.35 Grams. 7.13 1.43 8.46 1.69 Grams. 59.40 11.88 57.71 11.54 Grams. 66.53 13.31 66.17 13.23 Per ct. 10.11 Perct. 84.22 Per ct. 94.33 Grams. + 4.00 i- 80 Grams. 0 Averasre 0 Second subperiod: Total 11.79 80.41 92.20 + 5.60 + 1.12 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 142. 30 14.23 15.59 1.56 117. 11 11.71 132. 70 13.27 10.96 82.80 93.25 + 9.60 + .96 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 70.50 14.10 72.16 14.43 72.48 14.50 72.72 14.54 75.74 15.15 68.79 13.76 7.02 65. 93 72.95 14.59 76.36 15.27 79.54 15. 91 80.62 16.12 82.57 16.,51 60.54 12.11 9.96 93. 52 103. 48 - 2.45 - .49 - 4.20 - .84 - 7.06 - 1.41 - 7.90 - 1.58 1.05 Average 1 40 ! l.*^. 19 .21 Second subperiod: Total 7.87 1.57 8.78 1.76 7.36 1.47 8.21 1.64 7.14 1.43 68.49 13.70 a 70. 76 14.15 a 73. 26 14.65 74.36 14.87 53.40 10.68 10.91 94.91 105. 82 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 12.11 97.63 109. 74 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 10.12 100.74 110. 86 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 10.84 98.18 109.02 - 6.83 — 1.36 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 10.38 77.63 88.01 + 8.25 + 1.65 8.00 Average 1.60 Entire preservative period: Total Average 432.39 14.41 46.38 1.55 406.20 13.54 452.58 15.09 10.73 93.94 104.67 -20. 19 - .68 28.85 .96 After period. First subperiod: Total 72.39 14.48 71.57 14.31 8.91 1.78 a 6. 11 1.22 66.12 13.22 54.90 10.98 75.03 15.01 61.01 12. 2p 12.31 91.34 103. 65 - 2.64 - .53 +10.56 + 2.11 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 8.54 76.71 85.25 0 0 Entire after period: Total 143.96 14.40 15. 02 1.50 121.02 12.10 136.04 13.60 10.43 84.07 94.50 + 7.92 + .80 0 Average 0 i a Daily average added in order to complete record. 598 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PfiESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-M) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 66.52 13.10 73.90 14.78 Grams. 6.24 1.25 3.24 .65 Grams. 56.57 11.31 63.00 12.60 Grams. 62.81 12.56 66.24 13.25 Perct. 9.52 Perct. 86.34 Perct. 95.86 Grams. + 2.71 + .54 + 7.66 + 1.53 Ghrams. 0 Average . 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.38 85.25 89.63 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 139. 42 13.94 ^.48 .95 119.57 11.% 129.05 12.91 6.80 85.76 92.56 +10.37 + 1.08 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 65.68 13.14 71.80 14.36 68.01 13.60 67.02 13.40 68.55 13.71 64.47 12.89 4.04 .81 3.08 .62 4.09 .82 2.92 .58 4.01 .80 2.23 .45 50.72 10.14 56.98 11.40 51.24 10.25 49.15 9.83 52.92 10.58 64.17 12.83 54.76 10.95 60.06 12.01 65.33 11.07 52.07 10.41 56.93 11.39 66.40 13.28 6.15 77.22 83.37 +10.92 + 2.19 +11. 74 + 2.35 +12.68 + 2.53 +14.95 + 2.99 +11.62 + 2.32 - 1.93 - .39 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.29 79.36 83.65 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 6.01 75.34 81.36 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod : Total 4.36 73.34 77.69 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 5.86 77.20 83.05 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.46 99.58 102.99 10.00 2.00 1 Entire preservative period: Total 405.58 13.52 20.37 .68 325.18 10.84 845. 55 11.52 5.02 80.19 85.21 +59. 98 + 2.00 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 67.76 13.55 68.28 13.66 4.57 .91 6.32 1.26 52.80 10.56 56.09 11.22 57.37 11.47 62.41 12.48 6.74 77.92 84.67 +10. 39 + 2.08 + 5.87 + 1.18 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 9.26 82.15 91.40 0 0 Entire after period: Total 186.04 13.60 10.89 1.09 108.89 10.89 119.78 11.98 8.00 80.04 88.05 +16.26 0 + 1.62 0 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 599 Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances far Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2-h3) 5 In feces. (2H-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 63.80 12.76 65.27 13.05 Grams. 4.76 .95 6.91 1.38 Grams. 52.91 10.58 55.50 11.10 Grams. 57.67 11.53 62.41 12.48 Perct. 7.46 Perct. 82.93 Per ct. 90.39 Grams. + 6.13 + 1.23 + 2.86 + .57 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 10.59 85.03 95.62 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 129. 07 12.91 64.56 12.91 69.04 13.81 65.30" 13.06 65.80 13.16 70.42 14.08 63.59 12.72 11.67 1.17 7.72 1.54 8.40 1.68 5.28 1.06 7.00 1.40 4.38 .88 6.60 1.32 108.41 10.84 52. 73 10.55 54.44 10.89 51.74 10.35 a 50. 16 10.03 57.62 11.52 55.76 11.15 120.08 12.01 60.46 12.09 62.84 12.57 57.02 11.40 57. 16 11.43 62.00 12.40 62.35 12.47 9.04 83.99 93.03 + 8.99 + .90 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 11.96 81.68 93.63 + 4.11 1 05 Average + 82 -21 Second subperiod: Total 12.17 78.85 91.02 + 6.20 + 1.24 + 8.28 + 1.66 + 8.64 + 1.73 + 8.42 + 1.68 + 1.24 + .25 2.10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total . . . 8.09 79.23 87.32 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 10.64 76.23 86.87 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 6.22 81.82 ! 88.04 t 8.00 Average .... 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 10.38 87.67 i 98 OF, 10 00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 398. 71 13.29 39.38 1.31 322.44 10.75 361,82 12.06 9.88 80.87 90.76 +36.89 + 1.23 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 66.81 13.36 68.38 13.68 8.07 1.61 7.62 1.50 60.36 12.07 59.18 11.84 68.43 13.69 66.70 13.34 12.08 90.35 102.42 - 1.62 - .33 + 1.68 + .34 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 11.00 86.56 ■ 97.54 0 0 Entire after period: Total 135.19 13.52 16.59 1.56 119.54 11.95 136.13 13.61 11.63 88.42 99.96 + .06 + .01 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 600 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. Grams. 2.30 .46 4.44 .89 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-M) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Orams. 85.69 17.14 88.92 17.78 Grams. 70.26 14.05 67.15 13.43 Grains. 72.56 14.51 71.59 14.32 Per ct. 2.68 Per ct. 81.99 Per ct. 84.68 Grams. +13.13 + 2.63 +17.33 + 3.46 Grams. Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.99 75.52 80.51 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 174.61 17.46 6.74 .67 137.41 13.74 144. 15 14.42 3.86 78.70 82.56 +30.46 + 3.04 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average 86.60 17.32 88.77 17.75 88.34 17.67 88.92 17.78 90.94 18.19 83.84 16.77 6.99 1.40 5.01 1.00 4.98 1.00 3.90 .78 6.42 1.28 5.15 1.03 72. 12 14.42 66.12 13.22 69.10 13.82 67.84 13.57 63.35 12.67 73.44 14.69 79.11 15.82 71.13 14.23 74.08 14.82 71.74 14.35 69.77 13.95 78.59 15.72 8.07 83.28 91.35 + 7.49 + 1.50 +17.64 + 3.52 +14.26 + 2.85 +17.18 + 3.43 +21.17 + 4.24 + 5.25 + 1.05 1.05 21 Second subperiod: Total 5.64 74.48 80.13 2 10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 5.64 78.22 83.86 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.39 76,29 80.68 6.00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 7.06 69.66 76.72 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 6.14 87.60 93.74 10 00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 527.41 17.58 32.45 1.08 411.97 13.73 444.42 14.81 6.15 78.11 84.26 +82. 99 + 2.77 30.85 Average 1 03 AJter period. First subperiod: Total 89.71 17.94 88.39 17.68 2.63 .53 5.80 1.16 64.45 12.89 70.20 14.04 67.08 13.42 76.00 15.20 2.93 71.84 74.77 +22.63 + 4.52 +12.39 + 2.48 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 6.56 79.42 85.98 0 0 Entire after period: Total 178. 10 17.81 8.43 .84 134.65 13.47 143.08 14.31 4.73 75.60 80.34 +35.02 + 3.50 0 Average 0 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. lO. 601 Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. Grams. 63.81 12.76 62.78 12.56 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-M) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 84.71 16.94 85.96 17.19 Grams. 7.67 1.53 5.72 1.14 Grams. 71.48 14.30 68.50 13.70 Per ct. 9.05 Per ct. 75.33 Per ct. 84.38 Grams. + 13.23 + 2.64 + 17.46 + 3.49 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 6.65 73.03 79.69 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 170. 67 17.07 13.39 1 .qi 126. 59 12.66 139. 98 14.00 7.85 74.17 82.02 + 30.69 + 3.07 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 88.99 17.80 89.87 17.97 92.48 18.50 89.78 17.96 95.17 19.03 91.32 18.26 7.48 1.50 . 6.26 1.25 6.75 1.35 5.54 1.11 4.87 .97 2.39 .48 61.96 12.39 71.36 14.27 67.35 13.47 61.61 12.32 64.37 12.87 47.99 9.60 69.44 13.89 77.62 15.52 74.10 14.82 67.15 13.43 69.24 13.85 50.38 10.08 8.41 69.63 78.03 + 19.55 + 3.9J + 12.25 + 2.45 + 18.38 + 3.68 + 22.63 + 4.53 + 26.93 + 5.18 + 40.94 + 8.18 1 05 Average . . 21 Second subperiod: Total 6.97 j 79.40 86.37 2 10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 7.30 72.83 80.13 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 6.17 68.62 74.79 6,00 Average . 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 5.12 67.64 72.75 8 00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 2. 62 52. 55 55. 17^ 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period : Total 547. 61 18.25 33.29 1.11 374. 64 12.49 407.93 13.60 6.08 68.41 74.49 +139.68 + 4.65 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod:" Total 91.35 18.27 7.65 1.53 59.74 11.95 67.39 13.48 8.37 65.40 73.77 + 23.96 + 4.79 0 Average . 0 1 ■ a No second after subperiod; subject 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 9 602 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] N-o. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2 + 3) 6 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 87.83 17.57 89.59 17. 92 Grams. 7.62 1.52 8.36 1.67 Grams. a 80. 83 16.17 77.69 15.54 Grams. 88.45 17.69 86.05 17. 21 Per ct. 8.68 Per ct. 92.03 Per ct. 100.71 Grams. - 0.62 - .12 + 3.54 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 9.33 86.72 96.05 n + .71 0 Entire fore period Total 177. 42 17.74 15. 98 1.60 158. 52 15.85 174.50 17.45 9.01 89.35 98.35 + 2.92 0 Average . + .29 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 86.90 17.38 88.90 17.78 88.78 17.76 88.49 17.70 89.83 17.97 85.44 17.09 7.60 1.52 7.96 1.59 8.02 1.60 7.49 1.50 7.00 1.40 8.13 85.49 17.10 77.64 15.53 73.34 14.67 .67.82 13.56 75.63 15.13 69.97 13.99 93.09 18.62 85.60 17.12 81.36 16.27 75.31 15.06 82.63 16.53 78.10 15.62 8.75 98.38 107. 12 - 6.19 - 1.24 + 3.30 + .66 + 7.42 + 1.49 +13.18 + 2.64 + 7.20 + 1.44 + 7.34 + 1.47 1.05 .21 Second sixbperiod: Total 8.95 87.33 96.29 2.10 Average Third subperiod: Total .42 9.03 82.61 91.64 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 8.46 76.64 85.11 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 7.79 84.19 91.98 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 9.52 81.89 91.41 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 528.34 17.61 46.20 1.54 449.89 15.00 496. 09 16.54 8.74 85.15 93.90 +32. 25 + 1.07 30. 85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 88.69 17.74 88.98 17.80 6.78 1.36 6.83 1.37 68.49 13.70 67.67 13.53 75.27 15.05 74.50 14.90 7.64 77.22 84.87 +13.42 + 2.69 +14.48 + 2.90 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 7.68 76.05 83.73 0 0 'Entire after period: Total 177. 67 17.77 13.61 1.36 136. 16 13.62 149. 77 '14.98 7.66 76.64 84.30 +27.90 + 2.79 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 603 Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ZS^o. IS. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-Hl) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. . (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 85.72 17.14 89.46 17.89 Grrams. 6.44 1.29 8.01 1.60 Grams. 76.69 15.34 72.02 14.40 Grams. 83.13 16.63 80.03 16.01 Per ct. 7.51 Per ct. 89.47 Per ct. 96.98 Grams. + 2 59 Grams. n Average + .51 1 0 Second subperiod: Total 8.95 80.51 89.46 + 9.43 + 1.88 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 175. 18 17.52 14.46 1.45 148. 71 14.87 163. 16 16.32 8.25 84; 89 93.14 +12.02 + 1 20 0 Average n Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 84.87 16.97 87. 42 17.48 85.62 17.12 85.49 17.10 88.63 17.73 82.27 16.45 4.04 .81 4.10 .82 6.64 1.33 4.42 .88 6.41 1.28 4.63 .93 65.06 13.01 75.17 15.03 74.75 14.95 70.01 14.00 74.47 14.89 75.28 15.06 69.10 13.82 79.27 15.85 81.39 16.28 74.43 14.89 80.88 16.18 79.91 15.98 4.76 76.66 81.42 +15. 77 + 3.15 + 8.15 + 1.63 + 4.23 + .84 +11.06 + 2.21 + 7.75 + 1.55 + 2.36 + .47 1 05 Average .21 Setiond siibperiod: Total 4.69 85.99 90.68 2 10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 7.76 87.30 95.06 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 5.17 81.89 87.06 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total . . . 7.23 84.02 91.26 8 00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod : Total 5.63 91.50 97.13 10 00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 514.30 17.14 85.76 17.15 84.70 16.94 30.24 1.01 5.45 1.09 a 5. 60 1.12 434. 74 14.49 464. 98 15.50 5.88 84.53 90 41 u-dQ S9 30 85 Average + 1.64 1 a^ AJter period. First subperiod: Total 73.67 14.73 76.80 15.36 79.12 15.82 82.40 16.48 6.35 85.90 92.26 + 6.64 + 1.33 + 2.30 + 46 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 6.61 90.67 97.28 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 170.46 17. 05 11.05 1.11 150.47 15.05 161. 52 16.15 6.48 88.27 94 76 ! 4- 8 04 0 Average + .90 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 604 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PBESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIII. — Nitrogen balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] SiarrxiTiary for nine men (^N'os. 3, 0, and. lO exclnded-). Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average After jicriod. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average 1 In food. Grams. 683. 85 15.20 707. 60 15.72 1, 391. 45 15.46 677. 58 15.06 708.56 15.74 593. 31 15.41 691.72 15.37 717.41 15.94 563. 67 14.75 4, 152. 25 15.37 595. 17 15.44 696. 16 15.47 1, 391. 33 15.46 2 In feces. Grams. 56. 16 1.25 59.73 1.33 115.89 1.29 52. 20 1.16 51.90 1.15 55. 16 1.23 50.62 1.13 50.44 1.12 51.09 1.14 311. 41 1.15 55. 22 1.23 53.67 1.19 108.89 1.21 In urine. Grams. 614.88 13.66 [n feces and urine. (2+3) Grams. 671. 04 14. 91 500.08 ! 659.81 13.33 i 14.66 1,214.96 11,330.85 13. 50 1 14. 79 j96. 76 13.26 618. 50 13.74 604. 30 13.43 591.70 13.15 627. 32 13.94 610. 04 13.56 648. 96 14.42 670. 40 14.89 659. 46 14.66 642. 32 14.27 677. 76 15.06 661. 13 14.69 3,648.62 '3,960.03 13.51 i 14.66 610. 31 665. 53 13.56 14.79 6i0.58 664.25 13.57 14.76 1,220.89 1,329.78 13.56 i 14.77 In feces. (2-1) Per ct. 8.21 7.70 7.32 7.96 7.32 7.03 7.70 7.94 7.71 7.83 In urine. (3^1) Per ct. 89.91 84.79 87.32 88.07 87.29 87.16 In feces and urine. (4-1) Per ct. 98.13 93.10 95.78 94.61 95.12 3. 54 92. I 87.45 I 94.48 ! 91.92 t 99.62 87.89 95.39 87.79 9.5.74 7. 71 95. 42 87.75 95.58 Balance, (1-4) Grams. + 12.81 + 47. 79 0 + 1.06 0 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Grams. 0 0 60.60 0 .67 0 28.62 38,16 .85 49.40 1.10 ,65 2.54 .06 29.64 .65 31.91 .71 + 61.55 18.90 .42 i.30 .74 54.00 1.20 72.00 1.60 88.00 1.96 +192.22 275.65 + .71 1.02 PHOSPHORIC ACID BALANCE. INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. The total quantity of phosphoric acid administered in the food of No. 1 during the fore period is 37.037 grams. The average daily quantity consumed is 3.704: grams. The quantities of phosphoric acid in the two subperiods are not greatly different, amounting to an aver- age of 3.809 and 3.598 grams, respectively. Of the total quantity administered in the food 11.424 grams, equivalent to 1.142 grams per SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 605 day, are found in the feces, and 21.686 grams, equivalent to 2.169 grams per day, -in the urine. The percentage of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces is 30.85 and in the urine 58.55. The phosphoric acid balance is positive, amounting to 0.393 gram per day. The total quantity of phosphoric acid exhibited in the food during the preservative period is 115.833 grams, equivalent to 3.861 grams per day. The quantities in the various subperiods are quite constant, as will be seen by inspection of the table. Of the total quantity exhib- ited 30.921 grams are excreted in the feces, equivalent to 1.031 grams per day, and 70.508 grams in the urine, equivalent to 2.35 grams per da3^ Of the phosphoric acid exhibited in the food 26.69 per cent is excreted in the feces and 60.87 per cent in the urine. The phosphoric acid balance remains positive, and amounts to 0.48 gram per day. During the after period the quantity of phosphoric acid exhibited in the food is 37.551 grams, equivalent to 3.755 grams per day. Of this amount there are excreted in the feces 18.39 grams, equivalent to 1.839 grams per day," and in the urine 21.342 grams, equivalent to 2.134 grams per day. Of the total phosphoric acid in the food 48.97 per cent is excreted in the feces and 56.83 per cent in the urine. This pro- duces a negative phosphoric acid balance for the after period, amount- ing to —0.218 gram per day. The data in the case of No. 1 show a slight increase in the magni- tude of the balance during the preservative period and a marked change, resulting in a negative balance, in the after period. This remarkable increase in the excretion of phosporic acid in the after period is entirely nonmetabolized phosphoric acid, the percentage excreted being almost twice as great as in the preservative period, while the quantity of metabolized phosphoric acid excreted is slightly decreased in the after period. In this instance, therefore, it appears that the withdrawal of the salicylic acid caused a very decided inter- ruption of the digestion and absorption of the phosphoric acid in the intestinal canal. No. 2. The total quantity of phosphoric acid consumed b}^ No. 2 during the fore period is 43.005 grams, equivalent to 4.30 grams per day. Of this quantit}^ 14.101 grams appear in the feces, equivalent to 1.41 grams per day, and 30.292 grams appear in the urine, equivalent to 3.029 grams per day. The percentage of phosphoric acid eliminated in the feces is 32.79 and in ^le urine 70.44, causing a negative balance the magnitude of which is —0.139 gram per day. During the fore period the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted was slightly greater than that consumed. o The weight of the dry feces is 52 grams in the after period, while in the fore period it is 41 grams and in the preservative period 35 grams. The increase in phos- phoric acid excreted thus appears to be due to the increased fecal excretion. 606 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. During the preservative period the total quantity of phosphoric acid administered to No. 2 is 132.427 grams, equivalent to 4.414 grams per da}^ Of this amount 37.553 grams appear in the feces, equiva- lent to 1.252 grams per day, and 91.662 grams appear in the urine, equivalent to 3.055 grams per day. The percentage of phosphoric acid eliminated in the feces is 28.36 and in the urine 69.22. This shows a slightly positive phosphoric acid balance, the magnitude of which is 0.107 gram. During the after period 43.577 grams of phosphoric acid were con- sumed by No. 2, equivalent to 4.358 grams per da3^ Of this quantity 12.264 grams appear in the feces, equivalent to 1.226 grams per da}^, and 29.061 grams in the urine, equivalent to 2.906 grams per day. The percentage of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces is 28.14 and in the urine 66.69. This indicates a positive phosphoric-acid balance of an average daily magnitude of 0. 225 grams. In this case we have practically a reversal of the conditions which obtained in the case of No. 1. The excess of phosphoric acid which was excreted during the fore period disappeared and the total amount excreted decreased con- siderably, both in the preservative and after periods. Considering the non metabolized phosphoric acid, it is seen that the amount excreted during the preservative period decreased very decid- edly (4.43 per cent) and during the after period very slightly (0.22 per cent), while in the case of the metabolized phosphoric acid the reverse is true; that is, the smaller decrease took place in the preservative period (1.22 per cent) and a very decided decrease in the after period (2.53 per cent). This results, as already stated, in a marked decrease in the total quantity of phosphoric acid excreted during the preserva- tive period, although the amount given in the food was slightly greater in the preservative period than in the fore period. In this instance the exhibition of the salic34ic acid seems to exert a marked inhibitive influence upon the excretion of phosphoric acid (5.66 per cent) and this eifect continues after the withdrawal of the preservative, the after period showing a decrease as compared with the preservative period of 2.74 per cent. No. 3. The average daily quantity of phosphoric acid in the food of No. 3 during the fore period (only five days) is 3.773 grams, of which 0.746 gram was excreted in the feces and 2.14 grams in the urine. The per- centage of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces is 19.79 and in the urine 56.73. The average daily quantity of phosphoric acid in the food for the preservative period (five subperiods) is 3.827 grams, of which 0.783 gram appeared in the feces and 2.038 grams in the urine. The percentage appearing in the feces is 20.47 and in the urine 53.26. The balance is strongly positive, amounting to 1.006 grams per day in magnitude. During the after period the average daily quantit}^ of I SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 607 phosphoric acid in the food for the second subperiod is 3.834 grams, of which 0.906 gram appears in the feces and 1.993 grams in the urine, equivalent to 23.62 per cent in the feces and 51.99 per cent in the urine. The balance is again strongly positive, amounting to 0.935 gram dail3^ These large balances are explained by reason of the fact that No. 3 commenced the observations after a period of illness and constantly gained weight during the progress of the experiment. The phosphoric acid therefore was doubtless utilized to some extent in building the growing tissues. The after period was again interrupted by sickness due to a severe cold. No. 4. The quantity of phosphoric acid exhibited in the food of No. 4 dur- ing the fore period is 4.133 grams daily, of which 1.068 grams appear in the feces and 2.729 grams in the urine; 25.84 per cent of the total phosphoric acid ingested in the food appears in the feces and 66.03 per cent in the urine. The balance is positive, and its daily magnitude is 0.336 gram. During the preservative period the quantity of phos- phoric acid in the food is greater, namely, 4.285 grams per day, of which 1.079 grams appeared in the feces and 2.83 grams in the urine, equivalent to 25.17 and 66.03 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive and amounts to 0.377 gram per day. In the after period No. 4 consumed in his food 4.202 grams of phosphoric acid daily, of which 1.07 grams appeared in the feces and 2.7 grams in the urine, equiva- lent to 25.47 and 64.25 per cent, respectively. The balance is again positive and is slightly greater than in the two previous periods, namely, 0.432 gram per day. An inspection of these data shows that the exhibition of the pre- servative had scarcely any influence upon the excretions of phosphoric acid. What influence was exerted was of an inhibitory character, the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted being slightly less in the pre- servative period than in the fore period, which tendency became somewhat more marked during the after period. No. 5. The summary of the data for No. 5 shows that during the preserva- tive period the quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the food daily is 4.177 grams. Of this qj^antity there appeared in the feces 1.433 grams and in the urine 2.479 grams, equivalent to 34.30 and 59.34 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive, and its daily average mag- nitude is 0.266 gram. During the preservative period the quantitj^ of phosphoric acid consumed in the food is slightly greater than in the fore period, averaging 4.326 grams daily. Of this quantity 1.216 grams appear in the feces and 2.623 grams in the urine, equivalent to 608 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. 28.11 and 60.63 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive and of an average dail}^ magnitude of 0.488 gram. During the after period No. 5 consumed in his food 4.225 grams of phosphoric acid, of which 1.156 grams appear in the feces and 2.462 grams in the urine, equiva- lent to 27.35 and 58.28 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive and has attained during the after period an average daily magnitude of 0.607. A comparison of the average data by periods shows the effect of the preservative in increasing the digestion and the absorption of phos- phoric acid from the intestinal canal and in producing a very slight additional excretion of metabolized phosphoric acid. This effect is continued in the after period in so far as the continued absorption of phosphoric acid from the intestinal canal is concerned, but the meta- bolized phosphoric acid is diminished, thus considerably increasing the daily balance. No. 6. The total quantity of phosphoric acid contained in the food con- sumed b}^ No. 6 during the fore period represents an average daily quantity of 3.599 grams. Of this amount 1.316 grams appear in the feces and 1.982 grams in the urine, corresponding to 36.56 and 55.09 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive and has an average daily magnitude of 0.301 gram. During the preservative period the average quantity of phosphoric acid exhibited in the food daily is 3.808 grams. The quantity appearing in the feces is 1.334 grams and in the urine 2.252 grams, equivalent to 35.03 and 59.14 per cent, respectively. The balance is still positive, though the daily magni- tude thereof is not so great as during the fore period, having been reduced to 0.222 gram. In the after period the average quantity of phosphoric acid consumed daily by No. 6 is 3.713 grams, of which 1.422 grams appear in the feces and 1.989 grams in the urine, corre- sponding to 38.30 and 53.56 per cent, respectively. The balance is again positive and is almost exactly the same in magnitude as in the fore period, namely, 0.302 gram daily. There is a tendency shown by these data on the part of the preservative to increase the quantity of metabolized phosphoric acid excreted and at the' same time to dimin- ish the quantity of the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid. By reason of the greater excretion of phosphoric acid in the urine during the preservative period the total magnitude of the positive balance is reduced by about one-third. Upon the withdrawal of the preservative the percentage of non- metabolized phosphoric acid excreted increases 3.27 per cent, exceeding that of the fore period, while the quantity of metabolized phosphoric acid falls 5.58 per cent, reaching a figure considerably below that of the fore period. The data therefore in this case indicate that the pres- SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 609 ence of the salicylic acid tends to increase the digestion and the absorption of the phosphoric acid from the intestinal canal and to increase the quantit}^ of phosphoric acid excreted by the kidneys. No. 7. In the case of No. 7 the quantit}^ of phosphoric acid ing^ested in the food during the fore period averages daily 2.899 grams. Of this quantity 0.771 gram appears in the feces and 1.703 grams in the urine, corresponding to 26.60 and 58.74 percent, respectively, of the total phosphoric acid in the food. The balance is positive and amounts to 0.425 gram per day. During the preservative period the quantity of phosphoric acid in the food is slightly increased, amounting to a daily average of 2.962 grams. Of this quantity 0.636 gram appears in the feces and 1.456 grams in the urine, corresponding to 21.48 and 49.14 per cent, respectively, of the total phosphoric acid in the food. The phosphoric acid balance is thus phenomenally large, amounting to 0.87 gram per day. During the after period No. 7 consumed a smaller quantity of phos- phoric acid than during either the preservative or fore period, namely, 2.763 grams per day. Of this quantity 0.966 gram appears in the feces and 1.24 grams in the urine, corresponding to 34.95 and 44.87 per cent, respectively, of the total quantity of phosphoric acid consumed. The balance is again very large, though smaller than that of the preserva- tive period, amounting to 0.557 gram pei "ciay. Thus it is seen that the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces greatly increased in the after period and the quantity in the urine showed a marked decrease. In the case of No. 7 we again see a tendency on the part of the sali- cylic acid to increase the digestion of phosphoric acid and its absorp- tion from the intestinal canal. In this case, however, there is no evidence of any increased katabolic activity, in fact the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine is diminished. The balances are larger than would be expected in a case of this kind, but careful revi- sion of the data for No. 7 failed to reveal any cause of suspicion that the excreta had not been properly collected and examined. No.'S. The quantity of phosphoric acid in the food of No. 8 amounts to 2.728 grams daily, of whicfi 0.972 gram appears in the feces and 1.756 grams in the urine, representing 35.63 and 64.36 per cent, respectively, of the total quantity of the phosphoric acid in the food. The balance is 0, as all except one one-hundredth of 1 per cent of the phosphoric acid is accounted for. During the preservative period the quantity of phosphoric acid is slightly increased, amounting to 2.962 grams 610 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. daily, of which 0.942 gram appears in the f ecjes and 1.744 grams in the urine, equivalent to 31.81 and 58.87 per cent, respectively, of the total quantity of phosphoric acid ingested. The balance now becomes positive and its magnitude is equivalent to 0.276 gram of phosphoric acid per da}^ During the after period the quantity of phosphoric acid consumed daily by No. 8 is 2.9 grams, of which 1.131 grams appear in the feces and 1.533 grams in the urine, corresponding to 39 and 52.84 per cent, respectively, of the total quantity of phosphoric acid in the food. The balance is again positive, amounting to 0.236 gram per day. These data again show a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the absorption of the phosphoric acid from the alimentary canal, but there is no evidence of any increased katabolic activity given by the urinalj^sis. On the contrary, the quantity so excreted is slightly smaller in amount and considerably smaller in percentage than during the fore period. In the after period the quantity of nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted becomes considerably^ greater, but the quantity of metabolized phosphoric acid is decidedly less and the balance is slightly decreased. No. 9. The daily quantity of phosphoric acid consumed in the food by No. 9 during the fore period amounts to 4.832 grams, of which 1.014 grams appear in the feces and 2.227 grams in the urine. These data corre- spond to 20.99 and 46.08 per cent, respectively, of the total phos- phoric acid in the food. The balance for the fore period is positive, amounting to 1.591 grams per day. During the preservative period the quantity of phosphoric acid daily consumed is increased, amounting to 5.012 grams per day, of which 1.635 grams occur in the feces and 2.457 grams in the urine. These data correspond to 32.62 and 49.01 per cent, respectively, of the amount of phosphoric acid in the food. The balance for the pre- servative period is again positive, though not so great in amount as that of the fore period, amounting to only 0.920 gram per day. During the after period No. 9 consumed 5.111 grams of phosphoric acid daily, of which 1.429 grams appear in the feces and 2.295 grams in the urine, corresponding to 27.96 and 44.91 per cent, respectively, of the phosphoric acid in the food. The balance is again strongly positive, amounting to 1.387 grams per day. According to these data the amount of both metabolized and non- metabolized phosphoric acid eliminated by this subject during the preservative period was greater than in the fore period. The increase of the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid is especially marked. During the after period the amount of metabolized phosphoric acid eliminated is not greatly different from that of the fore period, although it is relatively less considering the fact that the amount of phosphoric acid SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 611 ingested is greater in the after period than in the fore period. The elimination of nonnietabolized phosphoric acid in the after period was distinctly greater than in the fore period, but not so great as in the preservative period. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587) the results obtained with this subject are believed to be untrustworthy and are not included in the summaries. No. 10. The quantity of phosphoric acid consumed in the food by No. 10 during the fore period amounts to 4.324 grams daily, of which 1.087 grams appear in the feces and 2.233 grams in the urine. These data correspond to 25.15 and 51.64 per cent, respect iv^ely, of the total phos- phoric acid in the food. The balance during the fore period was strongly positive, amounting to 1.044 grams per day. During the preservative period the quantity of phosphoric acid con- sumed is somewhat greater than in the fore period, amounting to 4.584 grams per day, of which 0.907 gram appears in the feces and 2.244 grams in the urine. This is equivalent to 19.79 and 48.95 per cent, respec- tively, of the total amount of phosphoric acid in the food. The bal- ance, therefore, is even more strongly positive than in the fore period, amounting to 1.433 grams per day. Owing to illness. No. 10 was not continued in the experiment during the after period. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587) this subject is omitted from the summaries. The results are given here, however, as a matter of record. No. 11. The quantity of phosphoric acid consumed in the food by No. 11 during the fore period amounts to 4.373 grams per da^^, of which 1.568 grams appear in the feces and 2.863 grams in the urine. These data correspond to 35.85 and 65.46 per cent, respectively, of the total phosphoric acid in the food. It is seen that this causes a negative balance of small magnitude, equivalent to —0.057 gram per day. During the fore period, therefore. No. 11 was excreting a slightly greater quantity of phosphoric acid than he was ingesting. During the preservative period the quantity of phosphoric acid ingested is slightly increased, amounting to 4.573 grams per da}^, of which 1.541 grams appear in the feces and 2.481 grams in the urine, correspond- ing to 33.69 and 54.25 per c^nt, respectively, of the total phosphoric acid in the food. These data indicate a strongly positive balance the magnitude of which is equivalent to 0.551 gram per day. During the after period No. 11 consumed 4.572 grams of phosphoric acid daily, of which 1.697 appear in the feces and 2.209 grams in the urine, corre- sponding to 37.12 and 48.31 per cent, respectively, of the total quan- tity of phosphoric acid contained in the food. This indicates a still 612 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. more strongly positive balance, the magnitude of which is 0.666 gram per day. Again, we see in this instance a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the absorption of the phosphoric acid from the alimentar}^ canal. The quantity of phosphoric acid metabo- lized which was excreted through the kidneys is, however, very greatly reduced, the percentage falling from 65.46 in the fore period to 54.25 in the preservative period. It is this great reduction in the metabo- lized phosphoric acid which has caused the balance to be so large. Again, in the after period the marked diminution of the metabolic activity as manifested through the kidneys has caused the balance to become even more strongly positive than during the preservative period, amounting to 0.666 gram per da}^, although the excretion of nonmetabolized phosphoric acid increased. No. 12. No. 12 consumed in his food during the fore period 4.434 grams per da}^, of which 1.549 grams appear in the feces and 2.569 grams in the urine. These data correspond to 34.93 and 57.93 per cent, respectivel}^, of the total quantity of phosphoric acid in the food. During the preservative period No. 12 consumed 4.517 grams of phosphoric acid, of which 1.279 grams appear in the feces and 2.576 grams in the urine, corresponding to 28.31 and 57.05 per cent, respectively, of the total phosphoric acid contained in the food. This causes a very large positive balance, the magnitude of which is 0.662 gram daily. In the after period No. 12 consumes 4.366 grams of phosphoric acid per day, of which 1.507 grams appear in the feces and 2.456 grams in the urine, corresponding to 34.51 and 56.27 per cent, respectively, of the total quantity of phosphoric acid in the food. The balance is positive and amounts to 0.403 gram per day. Again, we see in this case a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the absorption of phosphoric acid from the intestinal canal. There is a very slight increase during the preservative period in the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted by the kidneys, but a decrease in the percentage amount and a decided decrease in the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted. During the after period there is an increase in the nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the feces and a slight falling off of the quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine. In this case the large positiv^e balance of the preservative period is due chiefly to the diminution of the quantity of nonmetabolized phosphoric acid excreted in the feces. SUMMARY. In the general summary of Table XV (p. 626), the figures for Nos. 3, 9, and 10 are omitted for the reasons already given (pp. 585, 587), although presented in detail among the individual data. The follow- SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 613 ing summary of the results obtained by periods for the nine men is repeated for convenience in the discussion : Table XIV. — Phosphoric acid summary, by periods, for nine men, Series VI. Period. Fore period Preservative period After period Phosphoric acid in food. Grams. 3.816 3.967 8.873 Phosphoric acid in feces. Grams. 1.247 1.145 1. 335 Phosphoric acid in urine. Grams. 2.364 2.374 2.181 Pho.sphoric acid in feces. Per cent. 28.87 34.47 Phosphoric acid in urine. Per cent. 61.95 59.84 56.32 Balance. Grams. +0.205 +0. 448 +0.367 It is seen that the average quantities of phosphoric acid ingested daily in the different periods varied but little. There is, however, a slightly larger amount found in the food during the preservative period than in the fore period, while the food of the after period contains an intermediate amount. The quantity of phosphoric acid contained in the feces is decidedly smaller during the preservative period than in either of the other periods, amounting to 1.145 grams daily as compared with 1.247 grams in the fore period and 1.335 grams in the after period. These average figures, agreeing as the}^ do with the individual figures in every case, show a very distinct effect of the salicylic acid in increas- ing the absorption of the phosphc ric acid from the alimentary canal into the circulation. In respect of the phosphoric acid in the urine it is seen that the amounts during the fore and preservative periods are almost exactly the same, being 2.364 and 2.374, respectively. In the after period, however, there is a very decided indication that upon the withdrawal of the salicylic acid after the preservative period of six weeks the quantity of phosphoric acid in the feces was increased to a marked degree, while the amount in the urine was diminished. The relative percentages of phosphoric acid excreted in the feces and urine show these relations in a still more pronounced manner. It thus appears that the effect of the salicylic acid is first to increase the absorption of the phosphoric acid from the intestinal canal, but upon the withdrawal of the preservative much less of the phosphoric acid is absorbed than before the exhibition of the drug. Considering the after period, therefore, the evident conclusion is that the final effect of the salicylic acid has been to diminish the metabolization of the phosphoric acid, and the same conclusion is reached from a study of the percentage data fof the amounts excreted in the urine, which decrease steadily from 61.95 per cent in the fore period to 59.84 in the preservative period and 56.32 per cent in the after period. The most prominent fact brought out by the summar}^ is that during the administration of this preservative the feces are more free from phosphoric acid than during the fore and after periods and there is practically no increase in the amount excreted in the urine, while the 614 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. percentage amount decreases, and in the after period botli amount and percentage decrease. There is therefore a well-developed tendency to increase the store of phosphoric acid in the body, as is shown by the balances, which increase in the preservative period from 0.205 gram to 0.448 gram and decrease again in the after period to 0.357 gram. It is fair to presume, therefore, that these results are caused by the action of the preservative. In other words, salicylic acid creates a tendency toward the accumulation of phosphoric acid in the body. Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series VI. [Averages are per day.] No. 1. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine, (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4H-1) 8 1 9 Sali- Balance. "^l (1-4) ^. ^^ > admm- 1 istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 19.046 3.809 17.991 3.598 Grams. 6.597 1.319 4.827 .965 Grams. 10.723 2.145 10.963 Gravis. 17.320 3.464 15. 790 Perct. 34.64 Per ct. 56.30 Per ct. £0.94 Grams. + 1.726 Grams n Average + . 345 0 Second subperiod: Total 26.83 60.94 87.77 + 2.201 ' 0 2.193 3.158 + .440 0 Entire fore period: Total 37.037 3.704 11.424 1. 142 1 -21.686 1 33.110 2.169 3.311 30.85 58.55 89.40 + 3.927 0 Average + . 393 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 18.902 3. 780 18. 978 3.796 19.798 3.960 19. 211 3.842 19.894 3.979 19.050 3.810 2.982 .596 5.003 1.001 5.345 1.069 5.561 1.112 6.508 1.302 5.522 1.104 11.271 2.254 12.343 2.469 a 11. 596 2.319 12. 216 2.443 11. 737 2.347 11.345 2.269 14.253 2.851 17.346 3. 469 16.941 3.388 17. 777 3.555 18. 245 3.649 16.867 3.373 15.78 59.63 75.40 + 4.649 1.05 Average + . 929 . 21 Second subperiod: Total 26. 36 65.04 91.40 + 1.632 2.10 Average . Third subperiod: Total + .327 .42 27.00 58.57 85.57 i + 2.857 3.70 + .572 ■ .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 28.95 63. 59 92.54 + 1.434 6.00 + .287 + 1.649 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 32.71 59.00 91.71 8 no Average Sixth subperiod: Total + .330 1 1 fin 28.99 59. 55 88.54 + 2.183 + .437 10.00 Average 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 115.833 3.861 30.921 1.031 70.508 2.350 101.429 3.381 26.69 60.87 87.56 +14.404 + .480 30. 85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 18.383 3.677 19. 168 3.834 10.438 2.088 7.952 1.590 10.418 2.084 10.924 2.185 20.856 4.171 18. 876 3.775 56.78 56.67 113.45 - 2.473 - .494 + .292 + .059 0 Average . 0 Second subperiod: Total 41.49 56.99 98.48 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 37.551 3.755 18.390 1.839 21.342 2.134 39. 732 3.973 48.97 56.83 105.81 - 2.181 - .218 0 Average 0 • a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATlilSi. r> ^'^ Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] 3Sro. 3. Period. . 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin* istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Grams. 22.060 4.412 20. 945 4. 189 Grams. 6.816 1.363 7.285 1.457 Grams. a 16. 025 3.205 14. 267 2.853 Grams. 22.841 4.568 21. 552 4.310 Per d. 30. 90 Per ct. 72.64 Per ct. 103. 54 Grams. -0. 781 - .156 - .607 - .121 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 34.78 . 68.12 102.90 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 43.005 4.300 14. 101 1.410 30. 292 3.029 44. 393 4.439 32. 79 70.44 103.23 -1.388 - .1:^9 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 21. 871 4.374 21.652 4.380 21.844 4.369 22. 092 4.418 22.879 4.576 22.089 4.418 5.151 1.030 6.436 1.287 7.364 1.473 7.102 1.420 4.133 .827 7.367 1.473 14. 714 2.943 16.061 3. 212 15. 734 3.147 14.903* 2.981 15.979 3.196 14. 271 2.854 19.865 3.973 22.497 4.499 23. 098 4.620 22.006 4.401 20. 112 4. 022 21. 638 4.328 23.55 67.28 90.83 +2.006 + .401 - .845 - .169 -1.254 - .251 + .C87 + .017 +2.767 + .554 + .451 + .090 1 05 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 29.72 74.18 103.90 2 10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 33.71 72.03 105.74 3 70 AveTa^e...* 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 32.15 67.46 99.61 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 18.06 69.84 87.91 8 00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 33.35 64.61 97.96 10 00 Average 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 132.427 4.414 37. 553 91 fifi9 129. 215 4.307 28.36 69 22 Q7 ?i7 +3 212 Sll HF, Average 1.252 I 3.055 + .107 1 1.03 i After period. First subperiod: Total . . . 21.409 4.252 22.168 4.434 5.519 1.104 6.745 1.349 14.075 2.815 14. 986 2.997 19. 594 3.919 21. 731 4.346 25.78 65.74 91.52 +1.815 + .333. + .437 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 30.43 67.60 98.03 n Average + C88 1 0 Entire after period: Total 43. 577 4.358 12.264 1.226 29. 061 2.906 41.325 4.133 28.14 66.69 94.83 i +2 252 0 Average + .225 1 0 a Daily average ftdded in Qrdcr to complete record, 616 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Phosphoric add balances for Series TT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces, (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod : Total Gi-ams. 1 1 Grams. \ Grams. Grams. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grama. Grams. > ±5roKen Dyiiiness. Second subperiod: Total 18.863 3.732 3. 773 . 746 10.700 2.140 1 14.432 i 19 79 56. 73 76.51 + 4.431 + .887 0 2.886 0 Entire fore period: Total 18.863 3.773 3. 732 .746 10.700 2.140 14.432 1 19.79 56.73 76.51 + 4.431 + .887 0 2.886 5 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total. .A 19.029 3.806 17.610 3.522 19. 670 3.934 19. 879 3.976 19. 475 3.895 2.680 .536 5.568 1.114 2.692 .538 5.707 1.141 2.933 .587 10.899 2.180 a 10. 410 2.082 10.487 2.097 9.919 1.984 9.234 1.847 13. 579 2.716 15. 978 3.1% 13. 179 2. 636 15.626 3.125 12. 167 2.433 14.08 57.28 71.36 + 5.450 +1.090 1.05 21 Second subperiod: Total . 31.62 59.11 90.73 1 + 1 632 1 '2 10 + .326 + 6.491 + 1.298 + 4.253 + .851 + 7.308 + 1.462 .42 Third subperiod: Total 13.69 53.31 6?. 00, 4.00 .80 Fourth subperiod: Total 28.71 49.90 78.61 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 15.06 47.41 62.47 8.00 1.60 Five preservative sub- periods: Total h 95. 663 3.827 19. 580 78S 50. 949 2. 038 70. 529 9 891 20.47 53.26 73.73 +25.134 + 1.006 21.15 Average .85 AJter period. First subperiod: Total 18. 195 3.639 19. 171 3.834 Lost. 9.036 1.807 9.967 1.993 49.66 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4. 528 .906 14.495 2.899 23. 62 51.99 75.61 + 4.676 + .935 0 0 Entire after period: Total 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record, b No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 617 Table XV. — Phosphoric add balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1)- 7 In feces and urine. (4H-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 21. 208 4.242 20.125 4.025 Grams. 4.947 .989 5. 732 1.146 Grams. 12. 787 2.557 14.505 2.901 Grams. 17.734 3.547 20. 237 4.047 Per ct. 23.33 Per ct. 60.29 Per ct. 83.62 Grams. + 3.474 + .695 - .112 - 022 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 28.48 72.07 100.56 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 41.333 4.133 10. 679 1.068 27.292 2.729 37 971 25 84 66.03 91.87 + 3.362 + .336 0 Average 3.797 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 21. 124 4.225 21.027 4.205 21.154 4.231 21.806 4.361 22.177 4.435 21.273 4.255 4.929 .986 5.679 1.136 5.691 1.138 a 4. 731 .946 6. 128 1.226 a 5. 204 1.041 -13.843 2.769 15. 277 3.055 13.640 2.728 14.891 2.978 13.402 2.680 13.839 2.768 18. 772 2S S.q 65.53 88.87 + 2.352 + .471 + .071 + .014 + 1.823 + .365 + 2.184 + .437 + 2.647 + .529 + 2.230 + .446 1.05 Average 3 754 21 Second subperiod: Total 20. 956 4.191 19.331 3.866 19. 622 3. 924 19.530 3.906 19.043 3.809 27.01 •72.65 99.66 2 10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 26.90 64.48 91.38 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 21.70 68.29 89.98 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 27.63 60.43 88.06 8 00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 24.46 65.06 89.52 10 00 Average 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 128.561 4.285 32. 362 1.079 84.892 2.830 117.254 3.908 25.17 66.03 91.21 +11.307 + .377 30.85 Average 1 03 . After period. First subperiod: Total 20.558 4.112 21. 459 4.292 4.217 .843 6.484 1.297 12. 959 2.592 14.038 2.808 17. 176 3.435 20.522 4.104 20.51 63.04 83.55 + 3.382 -j- .677 + .937 + .188 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 30.22 65.42 95.63 0 0 Entire after period: Total 42.017 4.202 10. 701 1.0?0 26. 997 2.700 37. 698 3.770 25.47 64.25 89.72 + 4.319 + 432 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 10 618 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 5. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-r-l) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 21. 244 4.249 20.526 4.105 Grams. 7.249 1.450 7.079 1.416 Grams. 12. 890 2.578 11. 896 2.379 Grams. 20. 139 4.028 18. 975 3.795 Per ct. 34.12 Per ct. 60.68 Per ct. 94.80 Grams. + 1.105 + .221 + 1.551 + .310 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 34.49 57.96 92.44 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 41. 770 4.177 14. 328 1.433 24. 786 2.479 39. 114 3.911 34.30 59.34 93.64 + 2.656 + .266 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 21.423 4.285 7.271 1.454 5.110 1.022 6.012 1.202 4.777 .955 6.278 1.256 7.030 1.406 12. 791 2.558 1:3.595 2.719 13.579 2. 716 13.216 2. 643 13.087 2.617 12.408 2.482 20.062 4.012 18.705 3.741 19.591 3.918 17.993 3.599 19.365 3.873 19.438 3.88ii 33.94 59.71 93.65 + 1.361 + .273 + 2.413 + .483 + 1.616 + .323 + 4.268 + .853 + 2.972 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total 21. 118 4 224 24.'20 64.38 88.57 2.10 .42 21. 207 4.241 22. 261 4. 452 22.337 4.467 21.428 4.286 28.35 64.03 92.38 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 21.46 59.37 80.83 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 28.11 58.59 86.69 8.00 Average + .594 ^ 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 32.81 57.91 90.71 + 1.990 10.00 Average + .398 ->.00 Entire preservative period: Total 129. 774 4.326 36.478 1.216 78.676 2. 623 115.154 3.838 28.11 60.63 88.73 +14.620 i 30.85 + .488 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 20.810 4.162 21.439 4.288 6.393 1.279 ' 5.164 1.033 a 11. 883 2.377 12. 738 2.548 18.276 3.655 17.902 3.580 30.72 57.10 87.82 + 2. .534 + .507 + 3.537 + .708 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 24.09 59.42 83.50 0 0 Entire after period: Total . .. 42.249 4.225 11.557 1.156 24.621 2.462 36. 178 3.618 27. 35 58.28 85.63 + 6.071 ! 0 + . 607 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. i SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 619 Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-:-l) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams 18. 365 3.673 17. 621 3. 524 Orams. 6.658 1.332 6.498 1.300 Grams. 9.814 1.963 10. 010 2.002 Grams. 16. 472 3.294 16.508 3.302 Per ct. 36.25 Per ct. 53.44 Per ct. 89.69 Grams. +1.893 + .379 +1.113 + .222 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 36.88 56.81 93.68 0 Average 0 ' Entire fore period: Total 35. 986 3.599 13.156 1 sifi 19.824 1.982 32. 980 36.66 55.09 91.65 +3.006 + .301 0 0 , Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 18. 736 3.747 18.059 3.612 18. 795 3.759 19.977 3.995 19. 960 3.992 18.728 3.746 6.117 1.223 7.097 1.419 7.147 1.429 5.956 1.191 7.219 1.444 6.482 1.296 11. 315 2.263 12.020 2.404 a 11. 275 2.255 a 11. 928 2.386 11. 044 2.209 9.990 1.998 17.432 3.486 19. 117 3.823 18. 422 3.684 17.884 3.577 18. 263 3.653 16. 472 3.294 32.65 60.39 93.04 +1.304 + .261 -1.058 - .211 + .373 + .075 +2.093 + .418 +1. 697 + .339 +2.256 + .452 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total . ... 39.30 66.56 105.86 2 10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 38.03 59.99 98.02 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 29.81 59.71 89.52 6 00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 36.17 55. 33 91.50 8 00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total Average 34.61 53.34 87.95 8.00 1.60 Entire preservative period: Total 114. 255 3.808 40.018 1.334 67.572 2. 252 107. 590 •S. 586 35.03 59.14 94,17 +6.665 28 85 Average + .222 .96 After period. First subperiod: Total 18.354 3.671 18. 779 3.756 8.616 1.723 a 5. 605 1.121 9.180 1.836 10. 707 2.141 17. 796 3.559 16. 312 3.262 46.94 50.02 96.96 + .558 + .112 +2.467 + .494 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 29.85 57.02 86.86 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 37.133 3.713 14.221 1. 422 19.887 1.989 34. 108 3.411 38.30 53.56 91.85 +3.025 + .302 0 Average 0 1 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 620 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series PT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. V. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (44-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore 2)eriod. First subperiod : • Total Grams. 14.252 2.850 14.733 2.947 Grams. 4.781 .956 2.930 586 Grams. 8.547 1.709 8.480 1 f^QH Grams. 13.328 2.666 11. 410 2.282 Per ct. 33.55 Per ct. 59.97 Per ct. 93.52 Grams. + 0.924 + ,184 + 3.323 + .665 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 19.89 57.56 77.45 0 Average 0 1 Entire fore period: Total 28. 985 2.899 7.711 1 17.027 .771 : 1.703 24.738 2.474 26.60 58.74 85.35 + 4.247 + .425 0 Average 0 Preservative period. rirst subperiod: Total 14.865 2.973 15.167 3.839 .768 2. 6.^0 7.354 1.471 7.903 1.581 6.597 1.319 6.450 1.290 6.989 1.398 8.379 1. 676 11.193 2.239 10.553 2.111 10.467 2.093 9.207 1.841 11. 270 2.254 10.069 2. 014 25.83 49.47 75.30 + 3.672 + .734 + 4.614 + .922 + 4.543 + .909 -+- 5.515 + 1.103 + 3.479 + .696 + 4.286 + .857 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 17.47 52.11 69.58 2 10 Average 3 033 -530 42 Third subperiod: Total 15.010 3.002 14. 722 3.870 .774 2.757 .551 4.281 .856 1.690 .338 25.78 43.95 69.73 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 18.73 43 81 62.54 6.00 Average ........ 2.944 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 14. 749 2.950 14.355 2.871 29.03 47.39 76.41 8.00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 11.77 58.37 70.14 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 88.868 2.962 19.087 .636 43. 672 1.456 62. 759 2.092 21.48 49.14 70.61 +26. 109 + .870 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 13. 565 2.713 14.066 4.153 .831 5.504 1.101 5.802 1.160 6.596 1.319 9. 955 1.991 12. ICO 2.420 30.62 42.77 73.39 + 3.610 + .722 + 1.966 + .393 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 39.13 46.89 86.02 0 Average 2.813 0 Entire after period: Total 27.631 2.763 9.657 .966 12. 398 1.240 22. 055 2.206 34.95 44.87 79.82 + 5.576 + .557 0 Average 0 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 621 Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] IsTo. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces, (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 14. 214 2.843 13.065 2.613 Grams. 4.014 .803 5. 706 1.141 Grams. 8.818 1.764 8.740 1.748 Grams. 12. 832 2.566 14.446 2.889 Per ct. 28.24 Per ct. 62.04 Per ct. . 90.28 Grams. +1.382 + .277 -1.381 - .277 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 43.67 66.90 110.57 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 27. 279 2. 728 9.720 .972 17.558 1.756 27. 278 2.728 35.63 61.36 100.00 + .001 ± .000 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 14.739 2.948 14.596 2.919 14. 510 2.902 14. 787 2.957 15. 671 3.134 14.546 2.909 5. 119 1.024 6.091 1.218 3.681 .736 5.474 1.095 3.377 .675 4.521 .904 8.882 1.776 9.500 1.900 8.820 1.764 a 8. 888 1.778 8.432 1.686 7.783 1.557 14.001 2.800 15.591 3.118 12.501 2.500 14. 362 2.872 11. 809 2. 362 12.304 2.461 34.73 60.26 94.99 + .738 + .148 - .995 - .199 +2.009 + .402 + .425 + .085 +3.862 + .772 +2.242 + .448 1.05 Averaere .21 Second subperiod: Total 41.73 65.09 106.82 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 25.37 60.79 86.15 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 37.02 60.11 97.13 6.00 Averasre 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 21.55 53.81 75.36 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 31.08 53.51 84.59 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 88.849 2.962 28.263 .942 52.305 1.744 80.568 2.686 31.81 58.87 90.68 +8.281 + .276 30.85 1.03 After penod. First subperiod: Total 14. 010 2.802 14. 994 2.999 5.878 1.176 5.435 1.087 7.387 1.477 7.938 1.588 13.265 2.653 13. 373 2.675 41.96 52.73 94.68 + .745 + .149 +1. 621 + .324 0 0 Second subperiod: Total . .. . 36.25 62.94 89.19 0 0 Entire after period: Total 29.004 2.900 11.313 1.131 15.325 1.533 26.638 2.664 39.00 52.84 91.84 +2.366 + .236 0 0 1 '. Daily average added in order to complete record. 622 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Phosphoric add balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4H-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 23.981 4.796 24. 343 4.869 Grams. 4.020 .804 6.122 1.224 Grams. 11. 857 2.371 10. 410 Grams. 15.877 3.175 16. 532 Perct. 16.76 Perct. 49.44 Perct. 66.21 Grams. + 8.104 + 1.621 + 7.811 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 25.15 42. 76 67.91 0 2.082 1 3.306 + 1.563 0 Entire fore period: Total 48.324 4.832 10. 142 1.014 22. 267 2.227 32.409 3.241 20.99 46.08 67.07 +15.915 + 1.591 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 25.052 5.010 24. 095 4.819 24. 818 4.964 25. 591 5.118 25. 776 5.155 25.038 5.008 11. 610 2.322 7.838 1.568 7.195 1.439 4.812 .962 9.892 1.978 7.703 1.541 11.750 2.350 11.997 2.399 12.249 2.450 13.981 2.796 10. 919 2.184 12.805 2.561 23.360 4.672 19.835 3.967 19. 444 3.889 18. 793 3.759 20.811 4.162 20.508 4 109 46.34 46.90 93.25 + 1.692 + .338 + 4.260 + .852 + 5.374 + 1.075 + 6.798 + 1.359 +4.965 + .993 + 4.530 + .906 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 32.53 49.79 82.32 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 28.99 49.36 78.35 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total .. ....; 18.80 54.63 73.44 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 38.38 42.36 80.74 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 30.76 51.14 81.91 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 150.370 5.012 49.050 1.635 73. 701 2. 457 122. 751 4.092 32.62 49.01 81.63 +27. 619 + .920 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 25.380 5.076 25.728 5.146 3.271 .654 11.018 2.204 10. 423 2.085 12.531 2.506 13. 694 2.739 23.549 4.710 12.89 41.07 53.96 +11.-686 + 2.337 + 2.179 + .436 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 42.82 48.71 91.53 0 0 Entire after period: Total 51. 108 5.111 14.289 1.429 22.954 2.295 37.243 3.724 27.96 44.91 72.87 +13.865 + 1.387 0 Average 0 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 623 Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series FT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ilSTo. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine, (3H-1) |7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First sabperiod: Total Grams. 22. 277 4.455 20.958 4.192 Grams. 6.672 1.334 4.200 .840 Grams. 10. 727 2.145 11.600 2.320 Gram,s. 17.399 3.480 15. 800 3.160 Per ct. 29.95 Per ct. 48.15 Per ct. 78.10 Grams. + 4.878 + .975 + 5.158 + 1.032 Grams. 0 Averafire 0 Second subperiod : Total 20.04 65.35 76.39 0 Averasre 0 Entire fore period: Total Average 43.236 4.324 10. 872 1.087 22.327 2.233 33.199 3.320 25.15 51.64 76.79 +10. 036 + 1.004 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 22.883 4.577 22. 599 4.520 22.319 4.464 22.680 4.536 23.925 4.785 23. 103 4.621 5.843 1.169 5.222 1.044 6.068 1.214 4.434 .887 ■ 3. 936 .787 1.704 .341 10.851 2.170 12. 768 2.554 11.612 2.322 11.513 2.303 10.823 2.165 9.744 1.949 16.694 3.339 17.990 3.598 17.680 3.536 15.947 3.189 14. 759 2.952 11.448 2.290 25.53 47.42 72.96 + 6.189 + 1.238 + 4.609 + .922 + 4.639 + .928 + 6.733 + 1.347 + 9.166 + 1.833 +11.655 + 2.331 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 23. 11 56.50 79.61 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 27.18 52.03 79.22 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 19.55 50.76 70.31 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 16.45 46.24 61.69 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total . 7.38 42.18 49.66 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 137. 509 4.584 27. 207 .907 67.311 2.244 94. 518 3.151 19.79 48.95 68.74 +42. 991 + 1.433 30.86 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: (i Total 22.691 4.518 5.422 1.084 9.498 1.900 14. 920 2.984 24.00 42.04 66.04 + 7.671 + 1.534 0 Average 0 a No second after subperiod; subject ill. 624 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Phosphoric add balances for Series F/— Continued [Averages are per day.] T^o. 11. - Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-f-l) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 21.970 4.394 21. 762 4.352 Grams. 7.691 1.538 7.985 1.597 Grams, a 14. 139 2.828 14.489 2.898 Grams. 21.830 4.366 22.474 4.495 Perot. 35.01 Per ct. 64.36 Per ct. 99.36 Grams. + 0.140 + .028 - .712 - .143 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 36.69 66.58 103.27 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 43. 732 4.373 15.676 1.568 28.628 2.863 44.304 4.430 35.85 65.46 101. 31 - .572 - .057 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 22.991 4.598 22.046 4.409 22.757 4.551 23.065 4.613 23.394 4.679 22. 935 4.587 7.781 1.556 8.012 1.602 7.378 1.476 7.433 1.487 7.253 1.451 8.366 1.673 13. 572 2.714 12. 829 2.566 12. 616 2.523 11.968 2.394 12.792 2.558 10.648 2.130 21.353 4.271 20.841 4.168 19.994 3.999 19.401 3.880 20.045 4.009 19. 014 3.803 33,84 59. 03 92.88 + 1.638 + .327 + 1.205 + .241 + 2.763 + .652 + 3.664 + .733 + 3.349 + .670 + 3.921 + 784 1 05 21 Second subperiod: Total 36.34 58.19 94.53 2 10 42 Third subperiod: Total 32.42 55.44 87.86 3 70 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 32.23 51.89 84.11 6 00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 31.00 36.48 54.68 46.43 85.68 82.90 8 00 Average . 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 10 00 Average 9 on ■ Entire preservative period: Total . 137.188 4.573 46.223 1.541 74.425 2.481 120. 648 4.022 33.69 54.25 87. 94 +16. 540 + .551 . 30 85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 22.447 4.489 23.273 4.655 8.606 1.721 8.367 1.673 10. 377 2.075 11.710 2.342 18. 983 3.797 20.977 4.015 38.34 46.23 84.57 + 3.464 + .692 + 3.196 + .640 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 35.95 50.32 86.27 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 45.720 4.572 16.973 1.697 22.087 2.209 39.060 3.906 37.12 48.31 85.43 + 6.660 + .666 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 625 Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 13. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 Ii\urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces, (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) ■ 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 22.259 4.452 22.085 4.417 Grams. 7.643 1.529 7.846 1.569 Grams. 12. 731 2.546 12.955 2.591 Grams. 20.374 4.075 20.801 4.160 Per et. 34.34 Per ct. 57.19 Per ct. 91.53 Grams. + 1.885 + .377 + 1.284 + .257 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 35.53 58.66 94. 19 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 44.344 4.434 15. 489 1.549 25. 686 2.569 41. 175 4.118 34.93 57.93 92.85 + 3. 169 + .316 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 22.566 4.513 22.450 4.490 22.233 4.447 22.525 4.505 23. 426 4.685 22. 305 4.461 6.167 1.033 5.346 1.069 7.654 1.531 5.069 1.014 8.794 1.759 6.332 1.266 11.591 2.318 13.235 2.647 14.425 2.886 12.930 2.686 12.088 2.418 13.015 2.603 16.758 3.352 18.580 3.716 22.079 4.416 17. 999 3.600 20.882 4.176 19. 347 3.869 22.90 61.36 74.26 + 5.808 + 1.161 + 3.870 + .774 + .154 4- .031 + 4.526 + .905 + 2.543 + .509 + 2.958 + .592 i.a5 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 23.81 68.95 82.76 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 34.43 64.88 99.31 3.70 Average Fourth subperiod: Total .74 22.60 57.40 79.91 6.00 Averafire 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 37.54 51.60 89.14 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 28.39 68.36 86.74 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 135.504 4.517 38. 361 1.279 77.284 2.576 115. 646 3.866 28.31 57.06 86.34 +19.869 + .662 30.86 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 21. 483 4.297 22. 174 4.435 7.067 1. 413 a 7. 998 1.600 11.870 2.374 12. 694 2. 539 18.937 3.787 20.692 4.138 32.89 56.25 88.16 + 2.546 + .510 + 1.482 + .297 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 36.07 57.25 93.32 0 0 Entire after period: Total 43. 657 4.366 15.065 1.507 24.564 2.456 39.629 3.963 34.51 56.27 90,77 + 4.028 + .403 0 Averasre 0 a Daily average added in order to complete recoKl. 626 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XV. — Phosphoric acid balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] SximxTLa-ry for nine men (T»^os. 3, 9, and. lO excl-iaded.). Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. ■ Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 174.618 3.880 168.853 3.763 Gh-ams. 56.396 1.253 55.888 1.242 Grams. 106.474 2.366 106.305 2.362 Grams. 162.870 3.619 162. 193 3.604 Per ct. 32.30 Per ct. 60.98 Per ct. 93.27 Grama. +11.748 + .261 + 6.660 + .148 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total . : 33.10 62.96 96.05 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 343.471 3.816 112.284 1.247 212.779 2.364 325.063 3.611 32.69 61.95 94.64 +18.408 + .205 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 177. 217 3.938 175.093 3.891 177.308 3.940 180.446 4.010 184.486 4.100 176. 708 3.927 48.356 1.074 51. 423 1.143 54.142 1.203 48.860 1.086 53.971 1.199 52.514 1.167 105.333 2.341 112.763 2.506 108.282 2.407 107. 390 2.386 105.550 2.345 101. 678 2.260 153.689 3.415 164.186 3.648 162.424 3.609 156.250 3.472 159.521 3.545 154.192 3.426 27.29 59.44 86.72 +23.528 + .523 +10.907 + .243 +14.884 + .331 +24. 196 + .538 +24. %5 + .555 +22.516 + .501 9 45 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 29.37 64.40 93.77 18 90 Average . 42 Third subperiod: Total 30.54 61.07 91.61 33 30 Average . 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 27.08 59.51 86.59 54 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 29.25 57.21 86.47 72 00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 29.72 57.64 87.26 88.00 Average 1 96 Entire preservative period: Total 1,071.258 3.967 309.266 1.145 640.996 2.374 950.262 3.519 28.87 59.84 88.71 +120.996 + .448 275. 65 1.02 After period. First subperiod: Total 171. 019 3.800 177.520 3.945 60.887 1.353 59. 254 1.317 93. 951 2.088 102.331 2.274 154. 838 3.441 161. 585 3. .591 35.60 54.94 90.54 +16. 181 + .359 -his. 935 + .354 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 39.01 63.28 91.02 0 0 Entire after period: Total 348. 539 3.873 120. 141 1.335 196.282 2.181 316. 423 3.516 34.47 66.32 90.79 +32. 116 + .357 0 0 SULPHUR BALANCE. The sulphur which enters the body in the food exists in at least two states, namely, organic sulphur, as a constituent of the protein matter, and inorganic sulphur, as found in sulphuric and sulphurous acids and their salts. In the discussion of the balance these two kinds of sulphur are considered together, whereas in the further investigation of the metabolic products a separation is secured. The principal change which sulphur undergoes in the metabolic process is its oxidation from the organic form to the highly oxidized form of sulphuric acid, or sulphates. In other words, the greater SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 627 part of the sulphur which enters the body in the food is organic, and the greater part which is excreted with the feces is inorganic. The data discussed below are to be found in Table XVII, page 633. INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. The quantity of sulphur in the food of No. 1 is almost the same during the three periods. The daily amount is 0.904 gram in the fore period, 0.952 gram in the preservative period, and 0.933 gram in the after period. Of this quantity 0.083 gram appears in the feces in the fore period, 0.077 gram in the preservative period, and 0.111 gram in the after period. In the urine is found 0.825 gram in the fore period, 0.907 gram in the preservative period, and 0.935 gram in the after period. Expressed as percentages it is found that of the total sulphur exhibited in the food 9.23 per cent appears in the feces in the fore period, 8.12 per cent in the preservative period, and 11.88 per cent in the after period, while in the urine 91.33 per cent appears in the fore period, 95.27 per cent in the preservative period, and 100.20 per cent in the after period. The balance is negative in all cases, amounting to only 0.005 gram in the fore period, rising to 0.032 gram in the preservative period, and amounting to the comparatively very large quantity of 0.113 gram in the after period. In this case it is seen that there is a marked tendency in the case of No. 1 while unc er observa- tion to excrete a larger quantity of sulphur than he is eating in his food. During the fore period this excess is extremely minute, but it is increased in the preservative and after periods. The principal excess of excretion is found in the urine both in the preservative and after periods — that is, the general effect of the preservative appears to be to increase the excretion of metabolized sulphur, and this is done even at the expense of the tissues of the body during the preservative period and to a greater extent in the after period. No. 2. The quantities of sulphur administered in the food of No. 2 for the three periods are 1.047 grams, 1.079 grams, and 1.054 grams, respec- tively. Of this quantity 0.153 gram, 0.147 gram, and 0.131 gram appears in the feces, respectively; and 1.009 grams, 0.985 gram, and 1.039 grams appear in thei urine, respectively. Based upon the per- centages of sulphur in the food it is seen that 14.65 per cent, 13.65 per cent, and 12.40 per cent, respectively, are excreted in the feces during the three periods, while in the urine 96.38 per cent, 91.28 per cent, and 98.55 per cent are excreted, respectively, in the three periods. The balance in all cases is strongly negative but its magni- tude during the preservative period is less than half of that of the 628 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. fore and after periods. In this case also we find a greater amount of sulphur excreted than is found in the food, but the effect of the preservative seems to have been to diminish this excessive amount. No. 3. The average daily quantities of sulphur administered in the food of No. 3 for the three periods are 0.916 gram, 0.968 gram, and 0.954 gram, respectively. Only the second subperiod of the after period is considered, the first subperiod being broken by illness of the subject. Of this quantity there appear daily in the feces for the three periods 0.104 gram, 0.122 gram, and 0.103 gram, respectively, and in the urine 0.825 gram, 0.734 gram, and 0.803 gram, respectively. Expressed in percentage of the total quantity of sulphur in the food there appear in the feces for the three periods 11.38, 12.61, and 10.84 pel* cent, respectively, and in the urine 90.13 per cent, Y5.88 per cent, and 84.13 per cent, respectively. The balance is slightly negative in the fore period, strongly positive in the preservative period, and very slightly positive in the after period. The effect of the preserva- tive in this case seems to have been to decrease the excretion of metab- olized sulphur. More nonmetabolized sulphur is excreted during the preservative period than in either of the other periods, but the quan- tity of metabolized sulphur excreted is very much less in the preserv- ative period than in either of the other periods. The fact that the preservative period was a period of convalescence for this subject probably partly explains the variations in balances, and on account of the illness of No. 3 the data have no comparative value. No. 4. ' The quantities of sulphur contained in the food of No. 4 for the three periods of observation are 0.989 gram, 1.020 grams, and 0.998 gram, respectively. Of this quantity there appears in the feces for the three periods 0.113 gram, 0.117 gram, and 0.117 gram, respect- ively, and in the urine 0.948 gram, 0.911 gram, and 0.959 gram, respectively. Expressed as percentages, of the total quantity of sul- phur in the food, it appears that for the three periods 11.37 per cent, 11.47 per cent, and 11.70 per cent, respectively, are excreted in the feces, and 95.82 per cent, 89.35 per cent, and 96.03 per cent, respect- ively, in the urine. The balance is negative throughout, but is very small, especially in the preservative period, being represented by the quantity 0.071, 0.008, and 0.077 gram, respectively, for the three periods. We have in this instance a slight tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the excretion of nonmetabolized sulphur and to diminish the excretion of metabolized sulphur. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 629 No. 5. The total quantities of sulphur ingested by No. 5 in the three periods are 1.008 grams, 1.033 grams, and 1.015 grams, respectively. Of this quantity there appear in the feces 0.146 gram, 0.126 gram, and 0.106 gram, respectively, and in the urine 0.828 gram, 0.908 gram, and 0.919 gram, respectively. Expressed in percentages, of the sul- phur in the f oodj it is seen that there appears in the feces for the three periods 14.46 per cent, 12.20 per cent, and 10.41 per cent, respect- ively, and in the urine 82.14 per cent, 87.91 per cent, and 90.54 per cent, respectively. The balance is slightly positive in the fore period, very slightly negative in the preservative period, and slightly negative in the after period. These data show that the general effect of the preservative in this case is to decrease the quantity of nonmetabolized sulphur excreted and to increase the quantity of metabolized sulphur. No. 6. The quantities of sulphur in the food of No. 6 for the three periods are 0.912 gram, 0.961 gram, and 0.929 gram, respectively. Of this quantit}^ there appear in the feces for the three periods 0.145 gram, 0.159 gram, and 0.147 gram, respectively, and in the urine 0.783 gram, 0.920 gram, and 0.896 gram, respectively. Expressed in percentages, of the total sulphur in the food, it is seen that there appear in the feces 15.92 per cent, 16.50 per cent, and 15.80 per cent, respectively, for the three periods, and in the urine 85.95 per cent, 95.80 per cent, and 96.42 per cent, respectively, for the three periods. The balance is slightly negative in the fore period and very decidedly negative in both the preservative and after periods. The data show a slight increase in the nonmetabolized sulphur excreted during the preser- vative period and a ver}^ marked increase in the excretion of the metabolized sulphur in the preservative period. No 7. The quantities of sulphur in the food of No. 7 for the three periods are 0.826 gram, 0.875 gram, and 0.869 gram, respectively. Of this quantity there appear in the feces 0.094 gram, 0.074 gram, and 0.114 gram, respectively, for the three periods, and in the urine 0.804 gram, 0.827 gram, and 0.754 gram, respectively. Expressed in percentages, of the total sulphur in the food there appear in the feces for the three periods, respectively, 11.35 per cent, 8.42 per cent, and 13.14 per cent, and in the urine 97.25 per cent, 94.62 per cent, and 86.74 per cent, respectively. The balance is negative in the fore period, slightly negative in the preservative period, and very slightly positive in the 630 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. after period. The general effect of the administration of the pre- servative appears to be a decrease in the excretion of both non- metabolized and metabolized sulphur in the preservative period. In the after period the quantity of nonmetabolized sulphur is consid- erably increased, while the quantity of metabolized sulphur excreted, is again very decidedly diminished. No. 8. The quantities of sulphur contained in the food of No. 8 during the three periods are 0.821 gram, 0.882 gram, and 0.879 gram, respect- ively. Of this quantity there appear in the feces 0.111, 0.130, and 0.145 gram, respectively, for the three periods, and in the urine 0.768, 0.741, and 0.838 gram, respectively. Expressed in percentages, of the total sulphur in the food there appear in the feces 13.56, 14.79, and 16.52 per cent, respectively, for the three periods, and in the urine 93.53, 83.99, and 95.27 per cent, respectively, for the three periods. The balance is negative in the fore period, slightly positive in the preservative period, and strongly negative in the after period. The general effect of the preservative appears to have been to slightly increase the percentage of the nonmetabolized sulphur excreted in the feces in the preservative period and to decidedly increase it in the after period, and to greatly diminish the quantit}^ of metabolized sulphur excreted during the preservative period, while a very marked increase occurs in the after period. No. 9. The sulphur daily consumed in the food by No. 9 for the three periods was 1.097, 1.204, and 1.154 grams, respectively. Of this there appear in the feces 0.079, 0.119, and 0.089 grams, respectively, and in the urine 0.922, 0.927, and 0.892 grams, respectively, for the three periods. Expressed in percentages, of the total amount of sul- phur in the food there appear for the three periods in the feces 7.23, 9.92, and 7.71 per cent, respectively, and in the urine 84.04, 76.98, and 77.34 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive in all cases. Its magnitude is considerably increased during the preservative period and still further increased during the after period. This increase of balance, however, is not sufficient to compensate for the increase in the amount of sulphur in the food. The amount of nonmetabolized sulphur excreted appears to be con- siderably increased during the preservative period, but returns during the after period to approximately the same amount as in the fore period. The amount of metabolized sulphur excreted during the preservative period is almost the samfe as that of the fore period, but the percentage amount is greatly decreased. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 631 For reasons given elsewhere (p. 58Y) the results obtained with this subject are not included in the summaries. They are stated here, however, as a matter of record. No. 10. On account of illness this subject did not complete the experiment, but left the table during the after period. For reasons given else- where (p. 587) this subject is omitted from the summaries. The results are given here as a matter of record. The amount of sulphur consumed in the food by No. 10 is 1.086 and 1.186 grams, daily, for the fore and preservative periods, respectively. Of this amount 0.125 and 0.118 gram, respectively, appear in the feces, and 0.852 and 0.810 gram, respectively, in the urine. Expressed in percentages, of the total sulphur contained in the food there appear for the fore period and preservative period in the feces 11.53 and 9.93 per cent, and in the urine 78.41 and 70.77 per cent, respectively. The balance is positive in both periods, its magnitude being increased in the preservative period. No. 11. The quantities of sulphur in the food of No. 11 for the three periods are 1.217 grams, 1.168 grams, and 1.153 grams, respectively. Of this there appear in the feces 0. 1 52 gram, 0. 154 gram, and 0. 133 gram, respec- tively, for the three periods, and in the urine 1.000 gram, 0.985 gram, and 0.963 gram, respectively, for the three periods. Expressed in percentages, of the total amount of sulphur contained in the food there appear for the three periods in the feces 12.48 per cent, 13.21 per cent, and 11.56 per cent, respectively, and in the urine 82.13 per cent, 84.34 per cent, and 83.54 per cent, respectively. The balance is slightly positive in all cases, but its magnitude is considerably diminished during the preservative period. The preservative in this case appears to have slightly increased the percentage both of non- metabolized and metabolized sulphur excreted. No. 12. The quantity of sulphur which is contained in the food of No. 12 for the three periods is 1.114, 1.146, and 1.098 grams, respectively. Of this amount there appear in the feces 0.139, 0.115, and 0.122 gram, respectively, for the three.periods, and in the urine 1.008, 0.972, and 1.016 grams, respectively. Expressed in percentages of the total amount of sulphur in the food there appear in the feces 12.51, 10.03, and 11.15 per cent respectively, for the three periods, and in the urine 90.53, 84.76, and 92.54 per cent, respectively, for the three periods. The balance is slightly negative in the fore period and after period 632 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. and positive in the preservative period. The general effect of the preservative in this case is to distinctly decrease the quantity both of nonmetabolized and metabolized sulphur excreted. Combining the data for the nine men in one expression for each period the following general results are obtained: Table XVI. — Sulphur summary, by periods, for nine men, Series VI. Period. Fore period Preservative period After period Sulphur Sulphur in food, in feces. Grmns. 0.982 1.013 .992 Grams. 0. 126 .122 .125 Sulphur in urine. Grams. 0.886 .906 .924 Sulphur in feces. Per cent. 12.86 12.06 12.61 Sulphur in urine. Per cent. 90.22 89.48 93.16 Balance. Grams. -0. 030 - .015 - .057 It is seen that the balance is negative in all cases, being smallest in the preservative period and largest in the after period. The general tendency of the preservative seems to be to diminish very slightly the excretion of nonmetabolized sulphur — that is, the quantity appearing in the feces — and to increase the quantity but decrease the percentage of metabolized sulphur, that is the sulphur appearing in the urine. These changes are so slight that it may be said that sulphur metabo- lism is practically unaffected by salicylic acid, as far as these data show. In regard to the apparent irregularity of a negative balance in the fore period especiall}^, it may be stated that the methods which are in common use by analysts for determining organic sulphur — that is, sulphur existing principally in foods — are not so complete as the methods for determining inorganic sulphur. All the modern methods and precautions for securing the whole of the organic sulphur were observed during the analytical operations, but there is probably still sufficient difficulty in the methods of sampling and analysis to account for the slightly irregular results indicated by the above data. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 633 Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VI. [Averages are per day.] N"o. 1. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 4.815 .963 - 4.223 .845 Grams. 0.440 .088 .394 .079 Grams. 4.002 .800 4.252 .850 Grams. 4. 442 .888 4.646 .929 Per ct. 9.14 Perct. 83.12 Per ct. 92.25 Grams. +0.373 + .075 - .423 - .084 Grams. 0 Averasre 0 Second subperiod: Total 9.33 100.69 110.02 0 AveraEre 0 Entire fore period: Total 9.038 .904 .834 .083 8.254 .825 9.088 .909 9.23 91.33 100.55 - .050 - .005 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.406 .881 4.735 .947 4.683 .937 4.759 .952 5.082 1.016 4.904 .981 .360 .072 .333 .067 .386 .077 .406 .081 .454 .091 .380 .076 4.415 .883 4.654 .931 a 4. 376 .875 4.720 .944 4.429 .886 4.621 .924 4. 775 .955 4.987 .998 4.762 .952 5.126 1.025 4.883 .977 5.001 1.000 8.17 100.20 108.37 - .369 - .074 - .252 - .051 - .079, - .015 - .367 - .073 + .199 + .039 - .097 - .019 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 7.03 98.29 105. 32 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 8.24 93.44 101. 69 3.70 AveraEre .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 8.53 99.18 107. 71 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total . 8.93 87.15 96.08 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 7.75 94.23 iOl.98 10.00 AveraEre 2.00 Entire preservative pe- riod: Total 28.569 ' .952 2.319 .077 27.215 .907 29.534 .984 8.12 •95.27 103.38 - .965 - .032 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 4.639 .928 4.693 .939 .652 .130 .457 .091 4.580 .916 4,771 .954 5.232 1.046 5.228 1.046 14.05 98.73 112.78 - .593 - .118 - .535 - .107 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 9.74 101. 66 111. 40 0 0 Entire after period: Total 9.332 .933 1.109 .111 9. 351 .935 10. 460 1.046 11.88 100.20 112.09 -1.128 0 - .113 0 o Daily average added in order to complete record. 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 11 634 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series PT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 Inf.'ces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.553 1.111 4.917 .983 Grams. 0.623 .125 .911 .182 Grams. a 5. 448 1.090 4.643 Grams. 6.071 1.214 5. 554 Per ct. 11.22 Per ct. 98.11 Per ct. 109.33 Grams. -0. 518 - .103 - .637 - .128 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod : Total 18.52 94.43 •112.96 0 .929 1 1.111 0 Entire fore period: Total 10.470 1.047 1.534 10.091 1.009 11.625 1.163 14.65 96.38 111. 03 -1.155 - .116 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.044 1.009 5.326 1.065 5.360 1.072 5.384 1. 077 5.710 1.142 5. 546 1.109 .680 .136 .727 .145 .815 .163 .928 .186 .472 .094 .797 .159 4.621 .924 4.517 .903 5.108 1.022 4.516 .903 5.212 1.042 5.574 1.115 5.301 1.060 5.244 1.049 5.923 1.185 5.444 1.089 5.684 1.137 6.371 1.274 13.48 91.61 105. 10 - .257 - .051 + .082 + .016 - .563 - .113 - .060 - .012 + .026 + .005 - .825 - .165 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 13.65 84.81 98.48 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 15.21 65.30 110.50 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 17.24 83.88 101. 11 6.00 1.20 Fifth .subperiod: Total 8.27 91.28 99.54 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 14.37 100.50 114. 88 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 32.370 1.079 4.419 .147 29.548 .985 33.967 1.132 13.65 91.28 104. 93 -1.597 30.85 - .053 1 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 5.267 1.053 5.277 1.055 .602 .120 .705 .141 5.123 1.025 5.268 1.054 5.725 1.145 5.973 1.195 11.43 97.27 108. 70 - .458 - .092 - .696 - .140 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 13.36 99.83 113.19 0 0 Entire after period: Total 10. 544 1.054 1.307 .131 10. 391 1.039 11. 698 1.170 12.40 98.55 110. 94 -1.154 - .116 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 635 Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] N-o. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Perct. Perct. Per ct. Grams. Grams. > iiroKen oy iiiness. Second subperiod: Total 4.578 .916 0.521 .104 4.126 .825 4.647 .929 11.38 90.13 101.51 -0. 069 - .013 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 4.578 .916 0.521 .104 4.126 .825 4.647 .929 11.38 90.13 101. 51 -0.069 - .013 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.739 .948 4.634 .927 4.755 .951 5.128 1.026 4.934 .987 .397 .079 .925 .185 .438 .088 .858 .172 .433 .087 3.664 .733 a 3. 665 .733 3.588 .718 3.740 .748 3.699 .740 4.061 .812 4.590 .918 4.026 .805 4.598 .920 4.132 .826 8.37 77.32 85.69 + .678 + .136 + .044 + .009 + .729 + .146 + .530 + .106 + .802 + .161 1 05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 19.96 79.09 99.05 2.10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 9.21 75.46 84.67 4.00 Average . 80 Fourth subperiod: Total . . . 16.73 72.93 89.66 6 00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 8.78 74.97 83.75 8.00 Average 1 60 Five preservative sub- periods: Total b 24. 190 .968 3.051 1Q9. 18.356 .734 21.407 .856 12.61 75.88 88.50 +2.783 + .112 21.15 Average 85 After period. First subperiod: Total 4.641 .928 4.770 .954 Lost. 3.619 .724 4.013 .803 77.98 0 0 Second subperiod: Total .517 .103 4.530 .906 10.84 84.13 94.97 + .240 + .048 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 0 Average 0 « Daily average added in order to complete record. i'No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 636 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series F/^Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. • First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.283 1.057 4.610 .922 Grams. 0.469 .094 .656 .131 Grams. 4.905 .981 4.574 .915 Grams. 5.374 1.075 5.230 1.046 Per ct. 8.88 Per ct. 92.84 Per ct. 101. 72 Grams. -0.091 - .018 - .620 - .124 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total . 14.23 99.22 113. 43 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 9. 893 .989 1.125 .113 9.479 .948 10.604 1.060 11.37 95.82 107. 19 - .711 - .071 0 0 ! Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.767 .953 5.084 .464 .093 4.444 .889 4.724 .945 4.548 .910 4.569 .912 4.299 .860 4.766 .953 4.908 .982 5.281 1.056 5. 166 1.0^ 5.114 1.023 5.052 1.010 5.330 1.066 9.73 93.22 102.96 - .141 - .029 - .197 - .039 - .089 - .018 - .076 - .015 + .389 + .078 - .139 1 05 Average . 21 Second subperiod: Total 10.96 92.92 103.87 2 10 Average .... 1 017 . -Ill 42 Third subperiod: Total 5.077 1.015 5.038 1.008 5.441 1.088 5.191 1.038 .618 .124 a. 555 .111 .753 .151 a. 564 .113 12.17 89.58 101.75 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 11.01 90.49 101. 50 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 13.83 79.01 92.85 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 10.86 91.81 102.68 10.00 - .028 1 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 30.598 1.020 3.511 .117 27.340 .911 30.851 1.028 11.47 89.35 100.82 - .253 30.85 Average — 008 1 03 After period. First subperiod: Total 4.961 .992 5.020 1.004 .542 .108 .626 .125 4.737 .947 4.848 .970 5.279 1.056 5.474 1.095 10.93 95.48 106.41 - .318 - .064 - .454 - .C91 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 12.47 96.57 109.04 0 0 Entire after period: Total 9.981 .998 1.168 .117 9.585 .959 10. 753 1.075 11.70 96.03 107. 73 - .772 - .077 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 637 Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.351 1.070 4.725 .945 Grams. 0.765 .153 .692 .138 Grams. 4.565 .913 3.711 .742 Grams. 5. 330 1.06fr 4.403 .881 Per ct. 14.30 Per It. 85.31 Per ct. 99.61 Grams. +0.021 + .004 + .322 -1- .064 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 14.65 78.64 93.19 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 10. 076 1.008 1.457 .146 8.276 .828 9.733 .973 14.46 82.14 96.60 + .343 + .035 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.894 .979 5.143 1.029 5.157 1.031 5.175 1.035 5.316 1.063 5.300 1.060 .727 .145 .531 .106 .662 .132 .506 .101 .659 .132 .696 .139 4.342 .868 4.495 .899 4.566 .913 4.632 .926 4.670 .934 4.534 .907 5.069 1.014 5.026 1.005 5.228 1.046 5.138 1.028 5.329 1.066 5.230 1.046 14.85 88.72 103.58 - .175 - .035 + .117 + .024 - .071 - .015 + .037 + .007 - .013 - .003 + .070 + .014 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 10.32 87.40 97.73 2 10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 12.84 88.54 101.38 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 9.78 89.51 99.29 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 12.40 87.85 100.24 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperic d: Total 13.13 85.55 98.68 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total Averagii 30.985 1.033 3.781 .126 27.239 .908 31.020 1.034 12.20 87.91 100. 11 - .035 - .001 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 5.075 1.015 5.079 1.016 .637 .127 .420 .084 a 4. 516 .903 4.677 .935 5.153 1.031 5.097 1.019 12.55 88.99 101.51 - .078 - .016 - .018 - .003 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 8.27 92.09 100.35 0 Average 0 Entire after period : Total 10. 154 1.015 1.057 .106 9.193 .919 10.250 1.025 10.41 90.54 100.95 - .096 - .010 0 0 a Daily avferage added in order to complete record. 638 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4H-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 4.824 .965 4.291 .858 Grams. 0.680 .136 .771 .154 Grams. 4.038 .808 3.796 .759 Grams. 4.718 .944 4.567 .913 Per ct. 14.10 Perct. 83.71 Per ct. 97.81 Grams. +0.106 + .021 - .276 - .055 Grams. 0 0 Average Second subperiod: Total 17.97 88.46 106.43 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 9.115 .912 1.451 .145 7.834 .783 9.285 929 15. 92 85.95 101. 87 - .170 — 017 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.493 .899 4.655 .931 4.789 .958 4.867 .973 5.123 1.025 4.898 .980 .722 .144 .733 .147 .926 .185 .784 .157 .873 .175 .719 .144 4.090 .818 4.521 .904 a 4. 748 .950 a 5. 065 1.013 4.800 .%0 4.390 .878 4.812 .962 5.254 1.051 5.674 1.136 5.849 1.170 5.673 1.135 5.109 1.022 16.07 91.03 107. 10 - .319 - .063 - .599 - .120 - .885 - .177 - .982 - .197 - .550 - .110 - .211 - .042 1 06 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 15.75 97.12 112. 87 2 10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 19.34 99.14 118.48 3 70 Average Fourth subperiod: Total 74 16.11 104. 07 120.18 6 00 Average .... 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 17.04 93.70 110.74 8 00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 14.68 89.63 104.31 8 00 Average 1 60 Entire preservative period: Total 28.825 .961 4.757 .159 27. 614 .920 32.371 1.079 16.50 95.80 112. 30 -3.546 - .118 28.85 .96 After period. First subperiod: Total . .. 4.645 .929 4.645 .929 .878 .176 a. 590 .118 4.346 .869 4.611 .922 5.224 1.045 5.201 1.040 18.90 93.56 112. 46 - .579 - .116 - .556 - .111 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 12.70 99.27 111.97 0 0 Entire after p(jriod: Total 9.290 .929 1.468 .147 8.957 .8% 10.425 1.043 15.80 96.42 112.22 -1. 135 - .114 0 0 « Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC. ACID AND SALICYLATES. 639 Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] N"o. 7. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 4.328 .866 3.935 .787 Grams. 0.607 .121 .331 .066 Grams. 3.756 .751 4.280 .856 Grams. 4.363 .873 4.611 .922 Perct. 14.02 Perct. 86.78 Per ct. 100.81 Grams. -0.035 - .007 - .676 - .135 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 8.41 103.77 117.18 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 8.263 .826 .938 .094 8.036 .804 8.974 .897 11.35 97.26 108.60 - .711 - .071 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3.980 .796 4.448 .890 4.280 .856 4.346 .869 4.642 .928 4.540 .908 .428 .086 .287 .057 .448 .090 .337 .067 .471 .094 .239 .048 3.513 .703 4.085 .817 3.368 .674 3.564 .713 3.870 .774 6.424 1.285 3.941 .788 4.372 .874 3.816 ,763 3.901 .780 4.341 .868 6.663 1.333 10.76 88.27 99.02 + .039 + .008 + .076 + .016 + .464 + .093 + .445 + .089 + .301 + .060 -2.123 — .425 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 6.45 91.84 98.29 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 10.47 78.69 89.16 3 70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 7.75 82,01 89.76 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 10.15 83.37 93.52 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total . 5.26 141 50 TdR 7fi 10 00 Average j 2. no Entire preservative period: Total 26,236 .875 2.210 .074 24.824 .827 27.034 .901 8.42 94.62 103. 04 - .798 - .026 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total . . 4.282 .856 4.412 .882 .504 .101 .638 .128 3.650 .730 3.891 ..778 4.154 .831 4.529 .906 11.77 85.24 97.01 + .128 + .025 -.117 - .024 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 14,46 88.19 102.65 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 8.694 .869 1.142 .114 7.541 .754 8.683 .868 13.14 86.74 99.87 + .011 + .001 0 Average 0 640 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series Fi^— Continued. [Averages are per day.] IS-o. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Orams. 4.334 .867 3.874 .775 Grams. 0.476 .095 .637 .127 Grams. 3.689 .738 3.988 .798 Grams. 4. 165 .833 4.625 .925 Per ct. 10.98 Per ct. 85.12 Per ct. 96.10 Grams. +0. 169 + .034 - .751 - .150 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total . . 16.44 102. 94 119. 39 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total . 8.208 .821 1.113 .111 7.677 .768 3.790 .879 13.56 93.53 107.09 - .682 - .058 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4.044 .809 4.322 .864 4.291 .858 4.460 .892 4.755 .951 4. 599 .920 .705 .141 .826 .165 .509 .102 .827 .165 .434 .087 .613 .123 3.441 .688 3.610 .722 3.675 .735 a 3. 731 .746 3.827 .765 3.949 .790 4.146 .829 4.436 .887 4.184 .837 4.558 .912 4.261 .852 4.562 .912 17.43 85.09 102.52 - .102 - .020 - .114 - .023 + .107 + .021 - .098 - .020 + .494 + .099 + .037 f .008 1 05 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 19.11 83.53 102.64 2 10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 11.86 85.64 97.51 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 18:54 83.65 102.20 6.00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 9.13 80.48 89.61 8.00 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 13.33 85.86 99.19 10.00 2 00 Entire preservative pe- riod: Total 26. 471 .882 3.914 .130 22. 233 .741 26.147 .872 14.79 83.99 98.78 -i- .324 + .010 30 85 Average 1 03 After period. First subperiod: Total 4.296 .859 4.495 .899 .807 .161 .645 .129 4.209 .842 4.166 .833 5.016 1.003 4.811 .962 18.81 98.09 116.90 - .720 - .144 - .316 - .063 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 14.35 92.68 107.03 0 0 Entire after period: Total 8.791 .879 1.452 .145 8.375 .838 9.827 .983 16.52 95.27 111. 78 -1.036 - .104 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 641 Table .XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 9. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 [n feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.683 1. 137. 5.285 1. 057 Grams. 0.310 .062 .483 .097 Grams. 4.671 .934 4.547 .909 Grams. 4.981 .996 5.030 1.006 Per ct. 5.45 Perct. 82.19 Per ct. 87.65 Grams. +0.702 + .141 + .255 + .051 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 9.14 86.04 95.18 0 Avcraerc 0 i 1 Entire fore period: Total 10. 968 1.097 .793 .079 9.218 .922 10. Oil 1.001 • 7.23 84.04 i 91.27 + .957 0 + .096 0 1 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.585 1.117 5.759 1.152 5.830 1.166 7.164 1.433 5.864 1.173 5.913 1.183 .716 .143 .540 .108 .528 .106 .445 .089 .762 .152 .592 .118 4.948 .990 4.570 .914 4.780 .956 4.567 .913 4.072 .814 4.864 .973 5.654 1. 133 5.110 1.022 6.308 1.062 5.012 1.002 4.834 .967 5.456 1.091 12.82 88.59 101.41 - .079 - .016 + .649 + .130 + .622 + .104 +2. 152 + .431 +1. 030 + .206 + .457 + .092 1.06 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 9.38 79.35 88.73 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 9.06 81.99 91.05 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 6.21 63.74 69.96 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 12.99 69.44 82.44 8.00 Averasre ^ 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 10.01 82.26 92.27 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 36. 115 1.204 3.583 .119 27.801 .927 31.384 1.046 9.92 76.98 86.90 +4. 731 + .158 +1.190 + .238 + .535 + .107 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 5.798 1.160 5.739 1.148 .263 .053 .626 .125 4.345 .869 4.578 .916 4.608 .922 5.204 1.041 4.54 74.94 79.48 0 Averasre 0 Second subperiod: Total 10.91 79. 77 90.68 0 Averasre 0 Entire after period: Total 11.537 1.154 .889 .089 8.923 .892 9.812 .981 7.71 77.34 85.05 +1.725 + .173 0 0 1 642 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series IT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] IvTo. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-M) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 5.678 1.136 5.183 1.037 Grams. 0.702 .140 .550 .110 Grams. 4.215 .843 4.301 .860 Grams. 4.917 .983 4.851 .970 Perct. 12.36 Per ct. 74.23 Per ct. 86.60 Grams. +0. 761 + .153 + .332 + .067 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 10.61 82.98 93.59 0 0 i Entire fore period: Total 10.861 1.086 1.252 .125 8.516 .852 9.768 .977 11.53 78.41 89.94 +1.093 + .109 0 Average 0 1 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.546 1.109 5.721 1.144 5.887 1.177 5.926 1.185 6.357 1.271 6.156 1.231 .768 .154 .671 .134 .692 .138 . .630 .126 .621 .104 .251 .050 3.997 .799 4.786 .957 4.073 .815 4.264 .853 4.135 .827 3.934 .787 4.765 .953 6.457 1.091 4.765 .953 4.894 .979 4.656 .931 4.185 .837 13.85 72.07 85.92 + .781 + .156 + .264 + .053 +1. 122 + .224 +1. 032 + .206 +1.701 + .340 +1.971 + .394 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 11.73 83.66 95.39 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 11.75 69.19 80.94 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Tota 1 10.63 71.95 82.59 6.00 1.20 Fifth sub, eriod: Total 8.20 65.05 73.24 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.08 63. 91 67.98 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 35. 593 1.186 3.533 .118 25. 189 .840 28. 722 .957 9.93 70.77 80.70 +6.871 + .229 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: a Total 5.833 1.167 .775 .155 4.033 .807 4.808 .962 13.29 69.14 82.43 +1. 025 + .205 0 Average 0 a Left out in second after subperiod— sick. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 643 Ti.BLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 ' In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-hl) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod Total Orams. 6.886 1.377 5.288 1.058 Grams. 0.708 .142 .811 .162 Grams. a 4. 673 .935 5.325 1.065 Grams. 5.381 1.076 6.136 1. 227 Per ct. 10.28 . Per ct. 67.86 Per ct. 78.14 Grams. +1.505 + .301 - .848 - .169 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 15.34 100.70 116.04 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total Average 12. 174 1.217 1.619 .152 9.998 1 000 11.517 1 1fS9 12.48 82.13 94.60 + .657 + .065 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.410 1.082 5.688 1.138 5.842 1.168 5.908 1.182 6.154 1.231 6.031 1.206 .750 .150 .796 .159 .813 .163 .776 ,166 .681 .136 .813 .163 5.469 1.094 5.338 1.068 4.455 .891 4.602 .920 5.021 1.004 4.661 .932 6.219 1.244 6.134 1.227 5.268 1.054 5.378 1.076 5.702 1.140 5.474 1.096 13.86 101.09 114.95 - .809 - .162 - .446 - .089 + .574 + .114 + .530 + .106 + .452 + .091 + .557 + .111 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 13.99 93.85 107.84 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 13.92 76.26 90.17 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 13.13 77.89 91.03 6 00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 11.07 81.59 92.66 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 13.48 77.28 90.76 10.00 Average 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 35.033 1.168 4.629 .154 29.546 .985 34. 175 1.139 13.21 84.34 97.55 .+ .858 + .029 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 5.722 1.144 5.810 1.162 .697 .139 .636 .127 4.854 .971 4.780 .956 5.551 1.110 6.416 1.083 12.18 84.83 97.01 + .171 + .034 + .394 + .079 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 10.96 82.27 93.22 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 11.532 1.153 1.333 .133 9.634 .963 10.967 1.097 11.56 83.54 95.10 + .565 + .056 0 Average 0 i a Daily average added in order to complete record. 644 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series FJ— ^Continued. [Averages are per day.j Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4H-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First, subperiod: Total Grams. . 5. 805 1.161 5.334 1.067 Grams. 0.726 .145 .667 .133 Grams. 5.166 1.033 , 4.918 .984 Grams. 5.892 1.178 5.585 1.117 Per ct. 12.51 Per ct. 88.99 Per ct. 101.50 Grams. -0.087 - .017 - .251 - .0.50 Grams. Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 12.50 92.20 104. 71 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 11. 139 1.114 1.393 .139 10.084 1.008 11. 477 1.148 4.679 .9m 5.584 1.117 5.726 1.145 5.251 1.050 5.893 1.179 5.466 1.093 12.51 90.53 103. C 3 - .338 - .034 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 5.425 1.085 5.611 1.122 5.707 1.141 5.746 1.149 6.075 1.215 5.827 1.165 .443 .089 .455 .091 .820 .164 .517 .103 .720 .144 .493 .099 4.236 .847 5.129 1.026 4.906 .981 4.734 .947 5.173 1.035 4.973 .995 8.17 8.11 78.08 91.41 86.25 99. 52 + .746 + .149 + .027 + .005 - .019 - .004 + .495 + .099 + .182 + .036 + .361 + .072 1 05 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 2 10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 14.37 85.96 100.33 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 9.00 82.39 91.39 6.00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 11.85 8.46 85.15 97 no 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 85.34 93.80 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total , Average . . 34.391 1.146 3.448 .115 29. 151 .972 32.599 1.087 10.03 84.76 94.79 +1. 792 + .059 30.85 1 03 AJter period. First subperiod: Total 5.463 1.093 5.519 1.104 .644 .129 «.580 .116 4.999 1.000 5.164 1.033 5.643 1.129 5.744 1.149 11.79 91.51 103.29 - .180 - .036 - .225 - .045 0 Average . 0 Second subperiod: Total 10.51 93. 57 104. 08 0 Average . 0 Entire after period: Total 10. 982 1.098 1.224 .122 10.163 1.016 11. 387 1.139 11.15 92.54 103. 67 - .405 - .041 0 0 Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 645 Table XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Svimmary for nine men. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 47. 179 1.048 41. 197 .915 Grams. 5.494 .122 5.870 .130 Grams. 40. 242 .894 39.487 .879 Grams. 45. 736 1.016 45.357 1.008 Per ct. 11.65 Perot. 85.30 Per ct. 96.94 Grams. +1. 443 + .032 -4.160 - .093 Grains. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 14.25 95.85 110. 10 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 88.376 .982 11.364 .126 79. 729 .886 91.093 1.012 12.86 90.22 103.07 -2.717 - .030 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 42.463 .943 45.012 1.000 45. 186 1.004 45.683 1.015 48.298 1.073 46.836 1.041 5.279 .117 5.245 .116 5.997 .133 5.636 .125 5.517 .122 5.314 .118 38.571 .857 41.073 .913 39.750 .883 40.123 .891 41. 301 .918 43.892 .975 43.850 .974 46.318 1.029 45. 747 1.016 45. 759 1.017 46.818 1.040 49.206 1.093 12.43 90.83 103. 27 -1.387 - .031 -1.306 - .029 - .561 - .012 - .076 - .002 +1.480 + .033 -2.370 - .052 9 45 .21 Second subperiod: Total 11.65 91.25 102.90 18.90 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 13.27 87.97 101.24 33.30 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 12.34 87.83 100.17 54 00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total Average 11.42 85.51 96.94 72.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 11.35 93.71 105.06 88.00 Average 1.96 Entire preservative period: Total 273.478 1.013 32.988 .122 244.710 .906 277.698 1.028 12.06 89.48 101. 54 -4.220 - .015 275 65 Average 1.02 After i)eriod. First subperiod: Total 44.350 .985 44.950 .998 5.963 .133 5.297 .117 41.014 .911 42.176 .937 46. 977 1.044 47. 473 1.055 13.44 92.49 105.99 -2.627 - .059 -2.623 - .057 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 11.80 93.93 105. 73 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 89.300 .992 n.260 .125 83.190 .924 94.450 1.049 12.61 93.16 105. 77 -5.150 - .057 0 Average 0 646 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. FAT BALANCE. INDIVIDUAL DATA. An interesting problem is presented in connection with this work in respect of the relative absorption and digestibility of the food in the various periods of the experiment, inasmuch as in the fat balance the total amount excreted is found in the feces. (See Table XIX, page 651). No. 1. During the fore period the quantity of fat in the food of No. 1 amounted daily to 87.16 grams, during the preservative period 85.15 grams, and during the after period to 83.64 grams. This shows a progressive decrease in the quantity of fat in the food. There appears in the feces for the fore period 1.88 grams daily of fat, in the pre- servative period 1.70 grams, and in the after period 2.71 grams. Expressed in percentages, there were excreted of fat in the feces in the fore period 2.15 per cent, in the preservative period 1.99 per cent, and in the after period 3.27 per cent. These data show a very slight tendency on the part of the preserva- tive to decrease the quantity of fat in the feces; in other words, to increase the absorption of one of the principal heat-forming constitu- ents. The remarkable fact in connection with these data is that on the withdrawal of the preservative the quantity of unabsorbed fat in the feces is very largely increased and the balance is correspondingly low. No. ^. In the case of No. 2 the average quantity of fat consumed was largest in the fore period, namely, 97.57, smaller in the preservative period, namely, 91.16, and smallest in the after period, namely, 91.77 grams. Of this quantity there appear in the feces in the fore period 1.73 grams,, in the preservative period 3.35 grams, and in the after period 3.49 grams. The percentage of fat in the food appearing in the feces daily is 4.84 per cent in the fore period, 3.56 per cent in the preservative period, and 3.80 per cent in the after period. By reason of the varying quantity of fat ingested the percentages of fat excreted in the feces afforded a better means of comparison than the total quantities. These percentages show that the greatest percentage of fat was excreted during the fore period, namely, 4.84 per cent, the smallest in the preservative period, namely, 3.56 per cent, while in the after period nature appeared to make an effort to reestablish the normal condition existing in the fore period, the quantity of fat excreted rising to 3.80 per cent. These data show a very marked tendency on the part of the preserva- tive to increase the absorption of the heat-forming elements of the fatty food from the alimentary canal. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 647 No. 3. The data for No. 3 are exhibited without comment by reason of the conditions heretofore stated in connection with this member of the table. No. 4' The average daily quantity of fat in the food of No. 4 in the fore period is 96.51 grams, in the preservative period 92.77 grams, and in the after period 91.42 grams. The relative amounts appearing in the feces for the three periods daily are as follows: For the fore period 2.96 grams, for the preservative period 2.81 grams, and for the after period 2.58 grams. Inasmuch as there is a slightly diminished quantity of fat in the food in the after period, as in the previous case, a more comprehensive idea of the amount of fat absorbed from the alimentary canal is found by an inspection of the percentage column. This shows that 3.06 per cent of the fat was excreted in the fore period in the feces, 3.03 per cent in the preserva- tive period, and 2.82 per cent in the after period. These data show practically no influence of the preservative as affecting the absorption of the fat from the alimentary canal, but a considerable increase in this absorption is noticed during the after period. No. 5. The average daily quantity of fat consumed by No. 5 in the fore period is 96.82 grams, in the preservative period 94.03 grams, and in the after period 91.37 grams. Here again we find a slightly dimin- ishing quantity of fat throughout the three periods. The amounts appearing in the feces during these three periods are, respectivel}^, 3 grams, 2.80 grams, and 2.93 grams. Expressed in percentages, it is seen that of the total fat in the food 3.10 per cent is excreted daily in the feces of the fore period, 2.98 per cent in the preservative period, and 3.21 per cent in the after period. These data again show the influence of the preservative in increas- ing the absoi'ption of the fatty substances from the alimentarj^ canal. No. 6. The average daily quantity of fat in the food of No. 6 in the fore period is 96.91 grams, in the preservative period 94.49 grams, and in the after period 92.63 grams. The quantity appearing in tKe feces for the fore period is 3.24 grams, for the preservative period 3.92 grams, and for the after period 3.39 grams, which, expressed in percentages, represents an excretion of fat in the feces in the fore period of 3.34 per cent, in the preservative period 4.14 per cent, and in the after period 3.66 per cent. In this case the data are exactly the opposite in sig- nificance from those of the preceding cases, the administration of the 648 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. preservative having decidedl}^ increased the quantity of fat in the feces, thus indicating a decrease in the quantity absorbed from the alimentary canal. No. 7. In the case of No. 7 the average daily quantity of fat in the food for the fore period is 67 grams, for the preservative period 66.51 grams, and for the after period 64.94 grams. Of this quantity there appear in the feces of the fore period 2. IT grams, in the preservative period 1.75 grams, and in the after period 2.55 grams. Expressed in percentages of the total quantity of fat in the food there is found to be excreted in the feces in the fore period 3.24 per cent, in the pre- servative period 2.64 per cent, and in the after period 3.93 per cent. In this case the data again indicate the marked effect of the preserv ative in increasing the quantity of fatty substances absorbed from the alimentary canal, and thus decreasing the quantity appearing in the feces. No. 8. The average daily quantity of fat in the food of No. 8 in the fore period is 63.14 grams, in the preservative period 63.34 grams, and in the after period 62.58 grams. Of this quantity there appear in the feces of the fore period 2.25 grams, of the preservative period 2.60 grams, and of the after period 2.40 grams. Expressed as percentages, the total amount of fat in the food of No. 8 excreted in the feces of the fore period is 3.56 per cent, of the preservative period 4.10 per cent, and of the after period 3.83 per cent. These data agree with those of No. 6, and show the effect of the administration of the pre- servative in decreasing the absorption of the fatty substances from the alimentary canal and the increase of these substances in the feces. No. 9. The average daily quantity of fat in the food of No. 9 in the fore period was 136.79 grams, in the preservative period 133.95 grams, and in the after period 128.91 grams. Of this quantity there appeared in the feces of the fore period 2.49 grams, in the preservative period 3.45 grams, and in the after period 2.57 grams. Expressed as percentage of the total amount of fat in the food, No. 9 excreted 1.82 per cent in the fore period, 2.57 per cent in the preservative period, and 1.99 per cent in the after period. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587) the results obtained with this subject are not included in the summaries. They are stated here, however, as a matter of record. No. 10. The average daily quantity of fat in the food of No. 10 in the fore period is 97.51 grams and in the preservative period 91.49 grams. Of SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 649 this quantity there appear in the feces in the fore period 3.82 grams and in the preservative period 2. 74 grams. Expressed as percentage of the total amount of fat in the food, No. 10 excreted 3.92 per cent during the fore period and 2.99 per cent during the preservative period. Owing to illness, No. 10 was absent from the table during the after period. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587) this subject is omitted from the summaries. The results are given here, however, as a matter of record. No. 11. In the case of No. 11 the average daily quantity oi fat in the food in the fore period is 97.67 grams, in the preservative period 95.03. grams, and in the after period 93.26 grams. Of this quantity there appear in the feces of the fore period 3.49 grams, in the preservative period 3.04 grams, and in the after period 2.64 grams. Expressed in percentages of the total quantity of fat in the food there was excreted in the feces of the fore period 3. 58 per cent, of the preservative period 3.20 per cent, and of the after period 2.83 per cent. These data show a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the absorption of the fatty substances from the alimentar}^ canal and diminish the quantity excreted in the feces. This tendency is continued in the after period. No. 12. The average daily quantity of fat in the food of No. 12 in the fore period is 117.22 grams, in the preservative period 119.10 grams, and in the after period 113.74 grams. Of this quantity there appear in the feces of the fore period 5.03 grams, of the preservative period 2.55 grams, and of the after period 3.11 grams. Expressed as percentages of the total quantity of fat in the food there appear in the feces of the fore period 4.29 per cent, of the preservative period 2.14 per cent, and of the after period 2.73 per cent. These data show a very marked tendenc}^ on the part of the preservative to increase the absorption of the fatty substances from the alimentary canal and to decrease the quantity appearing in the feces. This tendency is only partially cor- rected during the after period. SUMMARY. The average figures for the nine men, by periods, taken from Table XIX on the fat balances are here inserted for convenience: Table XVIII. — Fat summary, by periods, for nine men, Series VI. Period. Fore period Preservative period After period Fat in food. Grams. 91.11 89.40 87.26 Fat in feces. Grams. 3.19 2.72 2.87 Per cent. 3.50 3.05 3.29 Balance. Grams. 87.92 86.68 84.39 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 12 650 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. The dail}^ average quantity of fat in the food of the nine men included in the general average is 91.11 grams for the fore period, 89.40 grams for the preservative period, and 87.26 grams for the after period. Of this quantity there appear in the feces of the fore period 3.19 grams, of the preservative period 2.72 grams, and of the after period 2.87 grams. Expressed in percentages of the total quantity of fat in the food, the amount excreted in the feces of the fore period in 3.50 per cent, of the preservative period 3.05 per cent, and of the after period 3.29 per cent. These data show a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the absorption of the fatty substances in the alimentary canal and to decrease the quantity appearing in the feces. This tendency is only partly overcome in the after period, during which the quantity of fat excreted is greater than in the preservative period, but less than in the fore period. In the consideration of the fat balances it should be remembered that the experimental work continued from October to December. The colder weather might have been expected to cause a more com- plete oxidation of the fat ingested in the food, and the data show such a condition in the preservative period; therefore the effect produced can not be ascribed entirely to the preservative. In the after period, however, the amount of fat excreted increases slightly, which would seem to indicate that the increasing cold weather had no marked effect. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 651 Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series VI. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 1. Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod : Total Average Entire after period: Total Average In food. Grams. 442.53 88.51 429.09 85.82 871. 62 87.16 446. 37 89.27 417. 14 83.43 440.35 88.07 431. 32 420. 37 84.07 398.81 79.76 2,554.36 85.15 411.65 82.33 424. 76 44.95 836.41 83.64 2 In feces. Grams. 10.18 2.04 8.58 1.72 18.76 1.88 6.35 1.27 7.76 1.55 9.17 1.83 10.93 2.19 8.27 1.65 50.94 1.70 15.78 3.16 11.60 2.32 27.38 2.74 3 In feces. (2-M) Per cent. 2.30 2.00 1.42 1.86 2.08 2.53 2.01 2.07 1.99 Balance. (1-2) Grams. 432.35 86.47 420. 51 84.10 852.86 85.28 440. 02 88.00 409.38 81.88 431. 18 86.24 420.39 84.07 411. 91 82.38 590.54 78.11 3.83 2.73 ,27 2, 503. 42 83.46 395.87 79.17 413. 16 82.63 809.03 80.90 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Gram^. 0 0 0 1.05 .21 2.10 .42 3.70 .74 6.00 1.20 .00 10.00 2.00 W.85 1.03 652 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2-1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 494.38 98.88 481. 36 96.27 Grams. 23.19 4.64 24.07 4.81 Per cent. 4.69 Grams. 471.19 94.24 457.29 ,91.46 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 5.00 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 975. 74 97.57 47.26 4.73 4.84 928.48 92.84 0 Average 0 Preservative i^eriod. First subperiod: Total 492.56 98.51 460. 44 92.09 487. 78 97.56 474.01 94.80 457.39 91.48 452. 72 90.54 13.84 2.77 16. 58 3.32 21.69 4.34 18.24 3.65 11.64 2.33 18.52 3.70 2.81 478. 72 95.74 443. 86 88.77 466.09 93.22 465.77 91.15 445. 75 89.15 434.20 86.84 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.60 2 10 Average . 42 Third subperiod: Total 4.45 3 70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 3.85 6 00 Average . 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average 2.54 8.00 1 60 4.09 10.00 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 2, 824. 90 94.16 100.51 3.35 3.56 2,724.39 90.81 30.85 Average 1 03 After period. First subperiod: Total 452.46 90.49 465. 27 93.05 15.56 3.11 19.33 3.87 3.44 436.90 87.38 445.94 89.18 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.15 0 0 Entire after period: Total 917. 73 91.77 34.89 3.49 3.80 882.84 88.28 0 0 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 653 Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In feces. {2H-1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. Grams. Per cent. Grams. Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 362. 43 72.49 9.81 1.96 2.71 352.62 70.53 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 0 Average 0 1 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 321.50 64.30 334. 39 66.88 331.51 66.30 331.93 66.39 308.01 61.60 9.23 1.85 14.77 2.95 9.56 1.91 13.33 2.67 10.27 2.05 2.87 312.27 62.45 319.62 63.93 321.95 64.39 318.60 63.72 297.74 59.55 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total . . . 4.42 2 10 42 Third subperiod: Total 2.88 4 00 80 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.02 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.33 8 00 Average 1 60 Five preservative subperiods: a 1,627. 34 65.09 57.16 2.29 3.51 1,570.18 62.80 21 15 Average 85 After period. First subperiod: Total 311.28 62.26 330. 03 66.01 Lost. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 10.35 2.07 3.14 319.68 63.94 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 0 Average 0 a No. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 654 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] USTo. 4.. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2H-1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 488.58 97.72 476. 49 96.30 Grams. 16.70 3.34 12.86 2.57 Per cent. 3.42 Grams. 471.88 94.38 463.63 92.73 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total . . 2.70 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total . 965.07 96.51 29.56 2.96 3.06 935.51 93.55 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 490.87 98.17 429.08 a5.82 484.45 96.89 460.38 92.08 468.92 93.78 449.32 89.86 10.17 2.03 13.08 2.62 12.54 2.51 a 12. 76 2.55 20.48 4.10 a 15. 41 3.08 2.07 480.70 96.14 416.00 83.20 471. 91 94.38 447. 62 89.53 448.44 89.68 433. 91 86.78 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.05 2 10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.59 3.70 Average 74 Fourtli subperiod: Total 2.77 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 4.37 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.43 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 2,783.02 92.77 84.44 2.81 3.03 2,698.58 89. 96 30.85 Average ....... ...... 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 448.48 , 89.70 465.73 93.15 11.35 2.27 14.47 2.89 2.53 437. 13 87.43 451.26 90.26 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.11 0 0 Entire after period: Total 914.21 91.42 25.82 2.58 2.82 888.39 88.84 0 0 a Daily average added iu order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 655 Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series K/^— Continued. [Averages are per day,] ISTo. 5. Period. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod : Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average... Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average 1 In food. Grams. 487. 58 97.52 480. 64 96.13 968. 22 96.82 491. 79 98.36 457. 62 91.52 485.12 97.02 467.39 93.48 469. 73 93.95 449. 19 89.84 2,820.84 94.03 450.18 90.04 463. 48 92.70 913.66 91.37 2 In feces. Grams. 16.08 3.22 13.90 2.78 29.98 3.00 14.53 2.91 12.20 2.44 15.16 12.26 2.45 16.66 3.33 13.26 2.65 84.07 2.80 18.48 3.70 10.82 2.16 29.30 2.93 In feces. (2-1) Per cent. 3.30 Balance. (1-2) Grams. 471.50 466. 74 93.35 ,10 938.24 93.82 2.67 3.12 2.62 3.55 2.95 2.98 4.11 3.21 477.26 95.45 445.42 89.08 469.96 455.13 91.03 453.07 90.62 435.93 87.19 2, 736. 77 91.23 431.70 86.34 452. 66 90.54 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. 884.36 88.44 Grams. 0 0 0 0 1.05 .21 2.10 .42 6.00 1.20 8.00 1.60 10.00 2.00 30.85 1.03 656 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. * Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] I^o. 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2-1) 4 Balance. (1-2)- 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 496.35 99.27 472.75 94.55 Grams. 16.53 3.31 15.87 3.17 Per cent. 3.33 Grams. 479. 82 95.96 456.88 91.38 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.36 0 Entire fore period: Total 969.10 96.91 32. 40 3.24 3.34 936. 70 93.67 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 489.73 97.95 447. 75 89.55 484.36 96.87 481. 15 96.23 482. 08 96.42 449. 58 89.92 13.10 2.62 19.15 3.83 20.97 4.19 16.04 3.21 24.26 4.85 23.93 4.79 2.67 476.63 95. 38 428. 60 86.72 463. 39 92.68 465. 11 93.02 457.82 91.57 425. 65 85. 13 1 05 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 4.28 4.33 2 10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total . . . 3.33 6 00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 5.03 8 00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 5.32 8 00 Average 1.60 Entire preservative period: Total 2,834.65 94.49 117.45 3.92 4.14 2,717.20 90.57 28 85 Average .96 After j)eriod. First subperiod: • Total • . 463.83 92.77 462. 44 92.49 21.12 4.22 a 12. 80 2.56 4.58 442.71 88.55 449. 64 89.93 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.77 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 926.27 92.63 33.92 3.39 3.66 892.36 89.24 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 657 Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day. J Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In feces. (2H-1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total .... Grams. 321.37 64.27 348.63 69.73 Grams. 13.58 2.72 8.14 1.63 Per cent. 4.23 Grams. 307.79 61. 55 340.49 68. 10 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.33 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 670.00 67. 00 21.72 2.17 3.24 648.28 64.83 0 Average . ... 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total • 350.78 70.16 319. 18 63.84 339.72 67.94 337. 70 67.54 341.48 68.30 306. 58 61. 32 10.92 2.18 • 8. 00 1.60 11.06 2.21 7.71 1.54 9.73 1.95 5.20 1.04 3.11 339.86 67.98 311. 18 62.24 328. 66 65.73 329. 99 66.00 331.75 66.35 301.38 60.28 1.06 .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.51 2.10 . Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.26 3.70 Average . 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.28 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.85 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 1.70 10 00 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 1,995.44 66.51 52.62 1.75 2.64 1,942.82 64.76 30 85 Average 1 03 After period. First subperiod : Total 323.35 64.67 326.04 65.21 11.79 2.36 13.71 2.74 3.65 311.56 62.31 312.33 62.47 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.21 0 0 Entire after period: Total 649. 39 64.94 25.50 2.55 3.93 623. 89 62.39 0 Average 0 658 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIX. — Fat balances foi' Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] USTo. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2-1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Grams. 332. 91 66. 58 298.52 59.70 Grams. 10.63 2.13 11.86 2.37 Per cent. 3.19 Grams. 322. 28 64.45 286.66 57.33 ' Grams. 0 0 3.97 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 631. 43 63.14 22.49 2.25 3.56 608. 94 60.89 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod : Total 329.91 65.98 • 295.10 5J.02 317. 59 63. 52 320.88 64.18 336.91 67.18 300.70 60.14 15.30 3.06 12.71 2.54 10.63 2.13 17.00 3.40 8.35 1.67 13. 96 2.79 4.64 314. 61 62. i.2 282.39 66.48 306.96 61.39 303.88 60.78 327.56 65.61 286.74 57.35 1.05 Average ' .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.31 2.10 Average . .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.35 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 5.30 (1. 00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.49 S. 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.64 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 1,900.09 13. 34 . 77.95 2.60 4.10 1,822.14 6J.74 CO. 85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total . . 308.73 61. 75 317.04 63.41 12. 35 2.47 11.63 2.33 4.00 296.38 59.28 305.41 61.08 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.67 0 Average - 0 Entire after period : Total 625. 77 62.58 23.98 2.40 3.83 601. 79 60. 18 0 0 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 659 Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series VI — Continued [Averages are per day.] isro. 9. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2^1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 674.78 134.96 693.11 138. 62 Grams. 11.00 2.20 13.94 2.79 Per cent. 1.63 Grams. 663. 7S 132. 76 679. 17 135. 83 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.01 0 0 Entire fore period: Total . 1,367.89 136. 79 *24.'94 2.49 1.82 1,342.95 134. 30 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 699.49 139.90 649.83 129.97 689.52 137.90 682.06 136. 41 659.45 131.89 638.18 127.64 21.52 4.30 17.43 3.49 15.17 3.03 11.68 2.34 17.33 3.47 20.22 4.04 3.08 677.97 135.60 632.40 126. 48 674.35 • 134.87 670.38 134. 07 642.12 128.42 617. 96 123. 60 't Average Second subperiod: Total 2.68 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.20 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 1.71 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.63 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.17 10.00 Average 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 4,018.53 133.95 103. 35 3.45 2.57 3,915.18 130.50 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total . . . 651.15 130.23 637.96 127. 59 6.49 1.30 19.19 3.84 1.00 644. 66 128.93 618. 77 123. 75 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.01 0 0 Entire after period: Total ... 1,289.11 128.91 25.68 2.57 1.99 1,263.43 126.34 0 0 660 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series FJ~Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2-1) 4 Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 502.65 100.53 472.44 94.49 Grams. 22.31 4.46 15.89 3.18 Per cent. 4.44 Grams. 480.34 96.07 456.55 91.31 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.36 0 Average . 0 Entire fore period: Total 975. 09 97.51 38.20 3.82 3.92 936.89 93.69 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: - Total 480.34 96.07 455.80 91.16 453.31 90.66 461.06 92.21 465.91 93.18 428.18 85.64 17.89 3.58 13.41 2.68 15.71 3.14 15.47 3.09 14.24 2.85 5.38 1.08 3.72 462.45 92.49 442.39 88.48 437. 60 87.52 445.59 89.12 451.67 90.33 422. 80 84.56 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.94 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.47 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod : Total 3.36 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.06 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 1.26 10.00 2. 00 Entire preservative period: Total 2, 744. 60 91.49 82.10 2.74 2.99 2,662.50 88.75 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod:" Total 451.44 90:29 16.77 3.35 3.71 434.67 86.94 0 Average •• 0 a No second after subperiod; subject ill. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 661 Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series FJ^Continued. [Averages are per day.] IVo. 11. Period. In food. In feces. 3 In feces. (2-1) Balance. (1-2) Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total.... Average Entire fore period: Total Average Preservative period First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Third subperiod: Total Average Fourth subperiod: Total Average Fifth subperiod: Total Average Sixth subperiod: Total Average Entire preservative period: Total Average After period. First subperiod: Total Average Second subperiod: Total Average Entire after period: Total Average Grams. 492.50 98.50 484.21 96.84 976. 71 97.67 496.95 453.71 90.74 490.54 98.11 479. 24 95.85 476.07 95.21 454.35 90.87 2,860.86 95.03 459. &3 91.97 472. 74 94.55 932. 57 93.26 Grams. 17.37 3.47 17.55 3.51 Per cent. t.92 13.52 2.70 18.36 3.67 17.17 3.43 14.70 2.94 12.16 2.43 15. 24 3.05 91.15 3.04 13.94 2.79 12.46 2.49 26.40 2.64 3.62 Grams. 475. 13 95.03 3.58 2.72 4.05 3.50 3.07 2.55 3.35 3.20 941.79 91.18 483.43 435. 35 87.07 473. 37 94.68 464.54 92.91 463.91 92.78 439. 11 87.82 2,759.71 91.99 2.64 2.83 445. 89 89.18 460.28 92.06 906.17 90.62 Grams. 0 0 0 0 1.05 .21 2.10 .42 3.70 .74 6.00 1.20 .00 10.00 2.00 30.85 1.03 662 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XIX. — Fat balances f 01^ Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] iN-o. 13. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In feces. (2^1) 4 Balance. (1-2) Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore 2ieriod. First subperiod : Total . . Grams. 584.33 116.87 587.86 117. 57 Grams. 20.21 4.04 30.09 6.02 Per cent. 3.46 Chrams. 564.12 112.83 557. 77 111.55 Gravis. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 5.12 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 1, 172. 19 117.22 50.30 5.03 4.29 1,121.89 112. 19 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 613. 89 122.78 596.66 119.33 607.98 121. 60 ^ 594.36 118.87 594. 15 118. 83 566. 04 113. 21 10.37 2.07 10.94 2.19 19.57 3.91 9.98 2.00 13.66 2.73 12.00 2.40 1.69 603.52 , 120.71 585. 72 117. 14 588.41 117. 69 584. 38 116. 87 580. 49 116. 10 554.04 110. 81 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 1.83 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.22 3.70 Average . . .74 Fourth subperiod: Total . 1.68 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total . 2.30 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod. Total 2.12 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 3,573.08 119. 10 76.52 2.55 2.14 3,496.56 116. 55 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 562.60 112.52 574. 80 114. 96 14.97 2.99 a 16. 10 3.22 2.66 547.63 109.53 558. 70 111. 74 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total . 2.80 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total Average 1,137.40 113. 74 31.07 «.ll 2.73 1,106.33 110. 63 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. Table XIX. — Fat balances for Series PT— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Siamxnary for nixie men. 663 Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In feces. (2^1) Balance. (1-2) 5 Salicylic acid ad- ministered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 4, 140. 53 89.79 4,059.55 90.21 Grams. 144. 47 3.21 142. 92 3.18 Per cent. 3.58 Grams. 3, 896. 06 86.58 3,916.63 87.03 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.52 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 8, 200. 08 91.11 287. 39 3.19 3.50 7, 912. 69 87.92 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 4, 202. 85 93.40 3,876.68 86.15 4,137.89 91.95 4,046.43 89.92 4,046.10 89.91 3,827.29 85.05 108. 10 2.40 118. 78 2.64 137.96 3.07 119. 62 2.66 125.40 2.79 125. 79 2.80 2.57 4, 094. 75 91.00 3,757.90 83.51 3, 999. 93 88.88 3, 926. 81 87.26 3, 920. 70 87.12 3,701.50 82.25 9 45 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 3.06 18 90 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 3.33 33 30 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total . . 2.96 54 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.10 72 00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.29 88 00 1.96 Entire preservative period: Total 24,137.24 89.40 735.65 2.72 3.05 23,401.59 86.68 275 65 Average 1.02 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,881.11 86.25 3,972.30 88.27 135.34 3.01 122.92 2.73 3.49 3, 745. 77 83.24 3,849.38 85.54 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.09 0 Average 0 Entire after period: ' Total 7, 853. 41 87.26 258.26 2.87 3.29 7, 595. 15 84.39 0 Average 0 CALORIES BALANCE. A comparison of the total heat value of the food with the heat value of the residual matter in the feces and urine will give an indication of the activity of the organism in respect of its relations to the heat and energy supplied by the fodd. The calories were determined by cal- culation, a comparison of such results with those obtained by com- bustion in an atmosphere of oxidation, in the borax experiment, having shown that the two methods give comparable results on a large number of samples. The figures used in the following discussion are found in Table XXI, page 669. 664 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. The average daily number of calories in the food of No. 1 for the fore period is 2,442, for the preservative period 2,453, and for the after period 2,454. The data show a very close agreement in the daily quantity of heat-forming material ingested with the food. The residual calories in the feces for the fore period are 62, for the pre- servative period 60, and for the after period 96. The residual calo- ries in the urine for the fore period are 72, for the preservative period 79, and for the after period 79. Expressed in percentages, the calories in the fore period in the feces are 2.55 per cent, in the preservative period 2.43 per cent, and in the after period 3.92 per cent; in the urine, 2.95 per cent, 3.21 per cent, and 3.23 per cent, respectivel}^ The balance for the fore period is 2,308, for the pre- servative period 2,315, and for the after period 2,279. These figures represent the actual quantity of heat furnished by the food during the progress of the experiment. The data show a slight tendency on the part of the preservative to decrease the calories in the feces. On the withdrawal of the preservative, however, the calories in the feces increase in a very marked degree. There was but little change in the calories occurring in the urine, there being a slight increase during the preservative period, which was maintained without change in the after period. The most notable fact in connection with the data is the increase in the calories in the feces upon the withdrawal of the preservative. No. 2. The average number of calories in the food of No. 2 for the three periods is 3,015, 3,008, and 3,011, respectively, showing a very close agreement in the heat v^alue for the three periods. There appear in the feces for the fore period 137 calories daily, in the preservative period 114, and in the after period 106. There appear in the urine in the fore period 89 calories, in the preservative period 85 calories, and in the after period 89 calories. The largest percentage of calories appears in the feces in the fore period and the smallest in the after period. The largest percentage of calories in the urine is in the after period, but it is almost identical with the percentage of the fore period. There is a slight diminution in the percentage of calories in the urine during the preservative period. The largest balance, namely, 2,816, occurs in the after period and the smallest in the fore period. The most noted change indicated b}^ the data is in the diminution of the calories in the feces upon the addition of the preservative, and this diminution is continued, but to a less extent, in the after period. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 665 No. 3. The sheet for No. 3 is offered without comment on account of the illness and consequent interruption of the normal functions during a part of the period of observation. No. 4. In the case of No. 4 it is seen that the average daily calories in the food number 2,769 in the fore period, 2,833 in the preservative period, and 2,904 in the after period, showing a progressive increase in the calories of the food. There is a corresponding decrease in the average daily calories in the feces, falling from 94 in the fore period to 91 in the preservative period and 85 in the after period. In the urine the quantity of calories in the preservative period is slightly less than during the fore period and the after period, being practically identical for these two periods. In this connection, however, the increase in the calories in the food in both the preservative and after periods must be remembered. The largest balance is found in the after period and the smallest in the fore period. The decrease in the calories in the feces and their almost constant value in the urine do not corre- spond to the increase of the calories in the food. The data therefore show an increased consumption of the heat values of the foods during the administration of the preservative and in the after period. No. 5. The quantity of calories in the food of No. 5 is almost the same for all three periods, being identical for the fore and preservative periods and only 8 calories less for the after period. The calories in the feces are greatest in the fore period, namely, 116, and decrease throughout, being least in the after period. There is but little change in the cal- ories in the urine, a slightly larger number appearing in the preserva- tive period and the after period than in the fore period. The balances are almost the same for all the periods, increasing very slightly in the preservative and after periods. The data show again a tendency to diminish the calories in the feces by the administration of the pre- servative, although a corresponding decrease is not observed in the urine. This indicates an increased consumption of the heat values of the food during the preservative period, and this tendency is continued in the after period. ^ No. 6. The calories in the food for No.' 6 are somewhat greater in the pre- servative period and in the after period than in the fore period. The quantity appearing in the feces is almost the same for the fore and 7656-No. 84, pt 2— Oe 13 666 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESEBVATIVES ON HEALTH. preservative periods and slightly less in the after period. The quan- tity appearing in the urine is greater in the preservative period than at any other time. These data show but little effect of the preserva- tive in decreasing the calories in the feces, but a somewhat marked effect in increasing the calories in the urine. The general tendency therefore is to excrete more organic matter in the urine during the administration of the preservative. No. 7. The calories in the food of No. Y for the fore and preservative periods are almost the same, but they were slightly increased in the after period. The data show a very notable decrease in the calories of the feces during the preservative period and a slight decrease in the calories of the urine. These data show a very marked tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the heat consumption of the food during the metabolic processes. No. 8. The calories in the food of No. 8 are very markedly less in the fore period than in the preservative and after periods. The quantity appearing in the feces is correspondingly increased with the increase of the amount in the food. This is not true, however, of the calories in the urine during the preservative period, but is partially true in the after period. In this case there seems to be no notable effect as respects the calories resulting from the administration of the preserva- tive. Considering the percentage figures, however, it is seen that there is an increase in the amount excreted in the feces and a decrease hi the amount in the urine, resulting in a very slight total increase in the total percentage excreted in the preservative period. In the after period this slight total increase continues, due to the increase in the amount excreted in the urine, the amount in the feces remaining the same as in the preservative period. No. 9. The calories in the food of No. 9 are somewhat greater in the fore period than in either the preservative or after period. Notwithstand- ing this, however, the calories of the feces are greater in the preserva- tive period than in the fore period, and are somewhat greater in the after period than in the fore period. The calories of the urine are practically the same for the three periods. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587) the results obtained with this subject are not included in the summaries. They are stated here, however, as a matter of record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 667 No. 10. Owing to illness, No. 10 was not under observation during the last half of the after period. The calories in the food were greater in the preservative period than in the fore period. Notwithstanding this, however, the calories appear- ing in the feces were somewhat greater in the fore period than in the preservative period. The calories appearing in the urine were prac- tically the same for the two periods. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587) this subject is omitted from the summaries. The results are given here, however, as a matter of record. No. 11. In the case of No. 11 the calories in the food are slightl}^ diminished in the preservative period and still further decreased in the after period. There is also a diminution in the calories in the feces during the same periods, which, as shown by the percentage data, is relatively a larger decrease than the diminution of the calories in the food. It is fair, therefore, to attribute a part of this decrease to the influence of the preservative. There is a slightly smaller number of calories in the urine during the preservative period, corresponding very closely to the diminution of the number in the food, and the same is true of the after period, as is shown by the percentage of elimination. Thus in this case the diminution is somewhat greater than the smaller quan- tity in the food would account for, and the data show a tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the calories in the feces and also in the urine, and this tendency is more marked in the urine in the after period. No. 12. In the case of No. 12 there is a rapid diminution in the calories in the food from the fore to the after period. There is a ver}^ marked decrease in the calo.ries in the feces in the preservative period, greater than can be accounted for by the diminished calories in the food. In the after period there is a larger quantity of calories in the feces than in the preservative period, although the amount in the food is smaller. The number of calories excreted in the urine during the three periods remains almost the same. The data show a marked effect of the pre- servative in diminishing the calories in the feces during the preserva- tive period with practicallj^ no effect upon the calories in the urine. Inasmuch, however, as the calories in the food are diminished, there is an increase in the percentage eliminated in the urine in the after period. 668 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. SUMMARY. In the following table are given the averages by periods for the nine men satisfactorily completing the series: Table XX. — Calories summary, hy periods, for nine men, Series VI. Period. Calories in food. Calories in feces. Calories in urine. Calories in feces. Calories in urine. Balance. Fore period Preservative period After period 2,818 2,849 2,848 104 92 95 Per cent. 3.70 3.24 3.34 Per cent. 2.70 2.68 2.69 2,638 2,680 2,676 There is seen to be an average increase in the calories of the food of the preservative period of 31, and in the after period of 30 over the quantity in the fore period. Although the number of calories in the food was smallest in the fore period, the number excreted in the feces is the largest, amounting to 104 calories daily. The calories excreted in the preservative period in the feces is 92 daily, and in the after period 95. These data show the marked tendency on the part of the preserva- tive to diminish the calories in the feces; in other words, to increase the combustion of the heat-forming constituents of the food during the period of the administration of the preservative. This effect con- tinues to some extent in the after period, although there is a marked tendency shown to return to the condition of the fore period. The actual quantity of calories in the urine is almost the same for the three periods. When, however, it is remembered that there is a smaller number of calories in the food during the fore period, it is evident that there is very slight tendency on the part of the preserva- tive to decrease the excretion of calories in the urine. This decrease, however, is v^ery slight, and there is a slight increase in the after period. The largest percentage of calories appears in the feces in the fore period and the smallest in the preservative period. The per- centage occurring in the urine is almost the same for all the periods, but there is a slightly larger percentage found in the urine of the fore period. These data show a tendency to increase the combustion of the food in the metabolic process, showing a total greater heat consumption induced by the administration of the preservative. The balances only corroborate in a different form of expression the conclusions already drawn. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 669 Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series VL [Averages are per day.] N"o. 1. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 IR urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2-h3) 5 In feces. (2-^1) 6 In urine. (3^-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 12,453 2, 491 11,964 2,393 Calories 345 69 278 56 Calories 337 67 383 77 Calories 682 136 661 132 Per ct. 2.77 Per ct. 2.71 Per ct. 5.48 Calories. 11,771 2,a55 11,303 2,261 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.32 3.20 5.52 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 24,417 2,442 623 62 720 72 1,343 134 2.55 2.95 5.50 23, 074 2, 308 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 12, 325 2,465 12, 110 2, 422 12,218 2,444 12,031 2,406 13,047 2,609 11,859 2,372 263 53 271 54 304 61 333 67 343 69 271 54 374 75 393 79 «389 78 387 77 402 80 418 84 637 127 664 133 693 139 720 144 745 149 689 138 2.13 3.03 5.77 11,688 2,338 11,446 2,289 11,525 2,305 11,311 2,262 12, 302 2,460 11, 170 2,234 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.24 3.25 5.49 2.10 Averag'e .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.49 3.18 5.67 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.77 3.22 5.98 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.63 3.08 5.71 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 2.29 3.52 5.81 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 73,590 2,453 1,785 60 2,363 79 4,148 138 2.43 3.21 5.64 69, 442 2,315 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 12, 016 2,403 12,520 2,504 550 110 411 82 393 79 400 80 943 189 811 162 4.58 3.27 7.85 11,073 2,214 11,709 2,342 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total . . .. 3.28 3.19 6.49 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 24,536 2,454 961 96 793 79 1,754 175 3.92 3.23 7.15 22, 782 2,279 0 Average . 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 670 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series TT— Continued. [Averages are per day.] i>ro. 2. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2-^3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 15,213 3,043 14,933 2,987 Calories 650 130 718 144 Calories a 481 96 408 82 Calories 1,181 226 1,126 225 Perct. 4.27 Per ct. 3.16 Per ct. 7.43 Calories. 14,082 2,817 13,807 2, 762 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.81 2.73 7.54 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 30,146 3,015 1,368 137 889 89 2,257 226 4.54 2.95 7.49 27,889 2,789 0 Average 0 Presenntive period. First subperiod: Total 14,890 2,978 14,803 2,%1 15,162 3,032 15,142 3,028 15,443 3,089 14, 798 2,960 520 104 598 120 643 129 656 131 370 74 635 127 405 81 409 82 435 87 402 80 463 93 433 87 925 185 1,007 201 1,078 216 1,058 212 833 167 1,068 -214 3.49 2.72 6.21 13,965 2,793 13, 796 2, 760 14, 084 2,816 14,084 2,816 14,610 2, 922 13, 730 2,746 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.04 2.76 .80 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 4.24 2.87 7.11 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.33 2.65 6.99 6.00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.40 3.00 5.39 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.29 2.93 7.22 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 90,238 3,008 3,422 114 2,547 85 5,969 199 3.79 2.82 6.61 84,269 2,809 30.85 1.03 AJter period. First subperiod: Total 14,681 2,936 15,432 3,086 467 93 592 118 439 88 451 90 906 181 1,043 209 3.18 2.99 6.17 13, 775 2,755 14,889 2,877 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.84 2.92 6.76 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 30,118 3,011 1,059 106 890 89 1,949 195 3.52 2.96 6.47 28,164 2,816 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 671 Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In . urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. } 13,068 2,614 Calories 388 78 Calories 356 71 Calories Brol 744 149 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 5.69 Calories. 12,324 2,465 Grams. Average cen by iliuess. Second subperiod: Total 2.97 2.72 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 13,068 2,614 388 78 356 71 744 149 2.97 2.72 5.69 12,324 2,466 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 13,580 2,716 13,797 2,759 13,860 2,772 14, 603 2,921 14,711 2,942 316 63 635 127 304 61 571 114 326 65 317 63 a 324 65 308 62 325 65 313 63 . 633 127 959 192 612 122 896 179 639 128 2.33 2.33 4.66 12,947 2,589 12,838 2,567 13,248 2,650 13, 707 2,742 14,072 2,814 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.60 2.35 6.95 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.19 2.22 4.42 4.00 Average .80 Fourth subperiod: Total 3.91 2.23 6.14 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.22 2.13 4.34 8.00 1.60 Five preservative sub- periods: Total 6 70,551 2, 822 2,152 86 1,587 63 3,739 150 3.05 2.25 5.30 66,812 2,672 21. 15 Average .85 After period. First subperiod: Total 14,397 2,879 14,964 2,993 Lost. 399 80 302 60 311 62 2.10 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 710 142 2.67 2.08 4.74 14,254 2,861 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 0 A VPPftB"P 0 « Daily average added in order to complete record. bNo. 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 672 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day,] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 13,890 2,778 13,802 2,760 Calories 455 91 487 97 Calories 416 83 406 81 Calories 871 174 893 179 Per ct. 3.28 Per ct. 2.99 Per ct. 6.27 Calories. 13,019 2,604 12,909 2,581 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.53 2.94 6.47 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 27,692 2,769 942 94 822 82 1,764 176 3.40 2.97 6.37 25,928 2,593 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 14,162 2,832 13,957 2,791 14,286 2,867 14,056 2,811 14,518 2,904 14,018 2,804 381 76 463 93 442 88 a400 80 570 114 u461 92 395 79 421 84 386 77 406 81 373 75 406 81 776 155 884 177 828 166 806 161 943 189 867 173 2.69 2.79 5.48 13,386 2,677 13,073 2,614 13,458 2,691 13, 250 2,650 13,575 2,715 13, 151 2,631 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.32 3.02 6.33 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.09 2.70 5.80 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.84 2.89 5.73 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.93 2.57 6.50 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.29 2.90 6.18 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 84,997 2,833 2,717 91 2,387 80 5,104 170 3.20 2.81 6.00 79,893 2,663 30.85 1.03 AJter period. First subperiod: Total 14,020 2,804 15,023 3,005 862 72 487 97 406 81 420 84 768 154 907 181 2.58 2.90 5.48 13,252 2,650 14, 116 2,824 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.24 2.80 6.04 0 0 Entire after period: Total 29,043 2,904 849 85 826 83 1,675 168 2.92 2.84 5.77 27,368 2,736 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 673 Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 14,467 2,893 14,191 2,838 Calories 611 122 650 110 Calories 392 78 349 70 Calories 1,003 201 899 180 Per ct. 4.22 Perct. 2,71 Per ct. 6.93 Calories. 13,464 2,692 13,292 2,658 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.88 2.46 6.34 0 Averasre 0 Entire fore period: Total 28,658 2,866 1,161 116 741 74 1,902 190 4.06 2.59 6.64 26,756 2,676 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 14,652 2,930 14,041 2,808 14,315 2,863 14,267 2,853 14,536 2,907 14, 169 2,834 679 116 408 82 526 105 388 78 609 102 516 103 386 77 389 78 383 77 391 78 411 82 387 77 965 193 797 159 909 182 779 156 ■ 920 184 903 181 3.95 2.63 6.59 13,687 2,737 13,244 2,649 13,406 2,681 13,488 2,697 13,616 2,723 13,266 2,653 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.91 2.77 5.68 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.67 2.68 6.35 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.72 2.74 5.46 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total . . . 3.50 2.83 6.33 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.64 2.73 6.37 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative peiiod: Total 86,980 2,866 2,926 98 2,347 78 5,273 176 8.40 2.73 6.13 80,707 2,690 30.86 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total . . , 14, 141 2,828 14,437 2,887 491 98 359 72 a 391 78 399 80 882 176 758 152 3.47 2.77 6.24 13,269 2,662 13,679 2,736 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.49 2.76 5.26 0 Average 0 Entire after period : Total . . . 28,578 2,858 860 85 790 79 1,640 164 2.97 2.76 5.74 26,938 2,694 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 674 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] JSlo. 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 13, 700 2,740 14,017 2,803 Calories 574 115 666 133 Calories 335 67 325 65 Calories 909 182 991 198 Per ct. 4.19 Per ct. 2.45 Per ct. 6.64 Calories. 12,791 2,558 13,026 2,605 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.75 2.32 7.07 0 Average 0 Entire foi'e period: Total 27,717 2,772 1,240 124 660 66 1,900 190 4.47 2.38 6.86 25,817 2,582 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 13,572 2,714 13,806 2,761 14,131 2,826 14,197 2,839 14,614 2,923 14, 707 2,941 532 106 637 127 693 139 564 113 643 129 633 127 372 74 386 77 a 399 80 a 414 83 419 84 301 60 904 181 1,023 205 1,092 218 978 196 1,062 212 934 187 3.92 2.74 6.66 12,668 2,533 12,783 2,556 13,039 2,608 13,219 2,643 13,552 2,711 13,773 2,754 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.61 2.80 7.41 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 4.90 2.82 7.73 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total . . 3.97 2.92 6.89 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 4.40 2.87 7.27 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.30 2.05 6.35 8.00 1.60 Entire preservative period: Total 85,027 2,834 3,702 123 2,291 76 373 75 310 62 5,993 200 1,071 214 766 153 4.35 2.69 7.05 79,034 2,6a4 28.85 Average .96 2.69 After period. First subperiod: Total 14,040 2,808 14,366 2,873 698 140 a456 91 4.97 7.63 12,969 2,694 13,600 2,720 0 0 Second subperiod: Total . 3.17 2.16 5.33 0 0 Entire after period: Total 28,406 2.841 1,154 115 683 68 1,837 184 4.06 2.40 6.47 26,569 2,657 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 675 Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] N"o. "T. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine, (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Foreperiod. First subperiod: Total Calories. 11,483 2,297 12,410 2,482 Calories 465 91 251 50 Calories 319 64 355 71 Calories 774 155 606 121 Perct. 3.96 Per ct. 2.78 Per ct. 6.74 Calories. 10, 709 2, 142 11,804 2,361 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.02 2.86 4.88 0 Average 0 Entire fore period: Total 23,893 2,389 706 71 674 67 1,380 138 2.95 2.82 5.78 22,513 2,261 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 11,864 2,373 11,869 2,374 11,908 2,382 12,025 2,405 12,084 2,417 11,849 2,370 313 63 238 48 330 66 229 46 321 64 167 33 286 57 321 64 289 58 277 55 298 60 362 72 599 120 559 112 619 124 506 101 619 124 529 106 2.64 2.41 5.05 11,265 2,253 11,310 2,262 11,289 2,258 11,619 2,304 11,465 2,293 11,320 2,264 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.01 2.70 4.71 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.77 2.43 5.20 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 1.90 2.30 4 91 6 00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.66 2.47 5.12 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 1.41 3.06 4.46 10.00 Average 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 71,599 2,387 1,598 53 1,833 61 3,431 114 2.23 2.56 4.79 68,168 2,273 30.85 Average 1 03 After period. First subperiod: Total 11,822 2,364 12,212 2,442 351 70 478 96 298 60 316 63 649 130 794 159 2.97 2.52 5.49 13,173 2,234 11,418 2,283 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.91 2.59 6.50 0 0 Entire after period: Total 24,034 2,403 829 83 614 61 1,443 144 3.45 2.55 6.01 22,591 2,259 0 Average 0 676 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series KZ"— Continued. [Averages are per day.] 3Sro. 8. Period. 1 In food. •2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (44-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Foreperiod. First subperiod: Total Calories. 12,913 2,583 12,665 2,533 Calories 364 73 466 93 Calories 298 60 313 63 Calories 662 132 779 156 Per ct. 2.82 Peret. 2.31 Per ct. 5.13 Calories. 12,251 2, 451 11,886 2,377 Grams. 0 Second subperiod: Total 0 3.68 2.47 6.15 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 25.578 2,558 830 83 611 61 1,441 144 3.25 2.39 5.63 24, 137 2,414 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 13,622 2,724 14,033 .2,807 13,202 2,640 13,485 2,697 14,335 2,867 14,264 2,853 550 110 573 115 374 75 575 115 301 60 634 • 127 297 69 307 61 292 58 «283 57 325 65 314 63 847 169 880 ,176 666 133 858 172 626 125 948 190 4.04 2.18 6.22 12,775 2,555 13, 153 2, 631 12,536 2,507 12,627 2,525 13,709 2,742 13,316 2,663 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.08 2.19 6.27 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.83 2.21 5. 04 3.70 Averasre .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.26 2.10 6.36 6.00 Averasre 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.10 2.27 4.37 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.44 2.20 6.65 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 82,941 2,765 3,007 100 1,818 61 4,825 161 3.63 2.19 6.82 78,116 2,604 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 13,356 2,671 14, 469 2, 893 504 101 507 101 340 68 334 67 ' 844 169 841 168 3.77 2.55 6.32 12,512 2,502 13,628 2, 726 0 Averasre 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.50 2.31 5.81 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total .... 27,825 2,783 1,011 1.01 674 67 1,685 169 3.63 2.42 6.06 26,140 2,614 0 Averasre 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 677 Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series F/^Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 9. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 SaU- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 16,793 3,359 17,066 3,413 Calories 270 54 437 87 Calories 396 79 379 76 Calories 666 133 816 163 Per ct. 1.61 Per ct. 2.36 Per ct. 3.97 Calories. 16,127 3,226 16,250 • 3,250 Grams. 0 Average . 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.66 2.22 4.78 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 33,859 3,386 707 71 775 78 1,482 148 2.09 2.29 4.38 32, 377 3,238 0 n Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 16.793 3,359 15, 829 3,166 16,812 3,362 16,835 3,367 16, 712 3,342 16, 195 3,239 692 138 485 97 484 97 264 51 599 120 538 108 407 81 373 75 390 78 383 77 357 71 414 83 1,099 220 858 172 874 175 637 127 956 191 952 190 4.12 2.42 6.M 15,694 3,139 14,971 2, 994 15,938 3,187 16,198 3,240 15,756 3, 151 15,243 3,049 1.05 Average . 21 Second subperiod: Total 3.06 2.36 5.42 2 10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.88 2.32 5.20 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 1.51 2.28 3.78 6 00 Average . 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.58 2.14 5.72 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.32 2.56 5.88 10.00 Average 2 00 . Entire preservative period: Total 99,176 3,306 3,052 102 2,324 77 5,376 179 3.08 2.34 5.42 93,800 3,127 30.85 Average 1 03 After period. First subperiod: Total 16,551 3,310 16,622 3,324 230 46 581 116 363 73 396 79 593 119 977 195 1.39 2.19 3.58 15,958 3,192 15,645 3,129 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.50 2.38 5.88 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 33, 173 3,317 811 81 759 76 1,570 157 2.44 2.29 4.73 31,603 3,160 0 0 678 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] :]sro. lo. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 16,400 Calories fi31 Calories 360 72 354 71 Calories 991 198 799 160 Per d. 3.a5 Per ct. 91 9n Per ct. 6.04 Calories. 15, 409 3,082 15, 578 3,115 Grams. 0 Average 3,280 i 126 16,377 ' 445 3,275 89 0 Second subperiod: Total 2. 72 2. 16 4.88 0 Average 0 i Entire fore period: Total 32,777 1,076 3,278 108 714 71 1,790 179 3.28 2.18 5.46 30,987 3,099 0 Average 0 i Preservative period. First subpeiiod: Total 16,886 591 3,377 , 118 16,697 ' 499 3,339 i 100 16,740 649 3,348 110 16,485 452 3, 297 90 349 70 402 80 940 188 901 3.50 i 2.07 5.57 15,946 3,189 15, 796 3,159 15,811 3,162 15,686 3,137 16,317 3,264 15,988 3,198 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.99 2.41 5.40 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 880 929 76 iSfi 3.28 2.27 5.55 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 347 69 368 73 271 54 799 160 761 152 456 91 2.74 2.10 4.85 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 17,078 3,416 16,444 .3,289 398 80 185 37 2.33 2.13 4.46 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 1.13 1.65 2.77 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 100,330 3,344 2,674 89 2,112 70 4,786 2.67 2.11 4.77 95,544 3,184 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: a Total 16,273 3,255 5% 119 337 67 933 187 3.66 2.07 5.73 15,340 3,068 0 Average 1 a No second after subperiod; subject ill. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 679 Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-i-l) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fwe period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 15,790 3,158 15,668 3,134 Calories 582 116 616 123 Calories a 456 91 438 8S Calories 1,038 iOS i,or4 211 Per ct. 3.69 Per rt. 2.83 Per ct. 6.57 Calories. 14, 752 2,950 14,614 2,923 Grams. 0 Averafire 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.93 2.80 6.73 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 31,458 3,146 1,198 120 894 89 2,092 209 3.81 2.84 6.65 29,3€6 2,937 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 16,036 3,207 15,458 3,092 15,6S7 3,127 15,565 3,113 15, 776 3,155 15, 302 3,060 544 109 596 119 592 118 212 42 499 100 574 115 482 96 438 88 414 83 383 77 427 85 395 79 1,026 205 1,034 207 1,006 201 595 119 926 185 969 194 3.39 3.01 6.40 15,010 3,002 14,424 2,885 14,631 2,926 14,970 2,994 14,850 2,970 14,333 2,866 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.86 2.83 6.69 2.10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 3.79 2.65 6.43 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 1.36 2.46 3.82 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total '3.16 2.71 5.87 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.75 2.58 6.33 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 93,774 3,126 3,017 101 2,539 85 5, 556 185 3.22 2.71 5.92 88,218 2,941 30.85 1.03 J/ter period. First subperiod: Total 15,271 3,054 15,620 3,124 436 87 431 86 386 77 382 76 822 164 813 163 2.86 2.53 5.38 14,449 2,890 14,807 2,961 0 Average 0 Second subperiod : Total 2.76 2.45 5.20 0 0 Entire after period: Total 30, 891 3,089 867 87 768 77 1,635 164 2.81 2.49 5.29 29,256 2,925 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 680 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] ISTo. 13. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 16, 766 3,353 17.325 3,465 Calories 656 131 655 131 Calories 433 87 406 81 Calories 1, 089 218 1,061 212 Per ct. 3.91 Per ct. 2.58 Per ct. 6.50 Calories. 15, 677 3,135 16, 264 3,253 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total . 3.78 2.34 6.12 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 34,091 3,409 1,311 131 839 84 2,150 215 3.85 2.46 6.31 31, 941 3,194 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 16,958 3,392 16,810 3,362 16,730 3,346 16,878 3,376 17, 114 3,423 16,498 3,300 387 77 387 77 642 128 380 76 558 112 430 86 367 73 424 85 422 84 395 79 420 84 425 85 754 151 811 162 1,064 213 775 156 978 196 855 171 2.28 2.17 4.45 16,204 3,241 15,999 3,200 15,666 3,133 16, 103 3,221 16, 136 3,227 15, 643 3,129 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.30 2.52 4.82 2.10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 3.84 2.52 6.36 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.25 2.34 4.59 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.26 2.45 5.71 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 2.61 2.58 5.18 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 100,988 3,366 2,784 93 2,453 82 5,237 175 2.76 2.43 5.19 95,751 3,191 30. 85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 16,376 3,275 16,498 3,300 463 93 a 523 105 415 83 433 87 878 176 956 191 2.83 2.53 5.36 15,498 3,099 15,542 3,109 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.17 2.62 5.79 0 0 1 Entire after period: Total 32,874 3,287 986 99 848 85 1,834 183 3.00 2.58 5.58 31,040 3,104 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. Table XXI. — Calories balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] Siiinxnary- for ixiriLe men. 681 Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2-^3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid admin- istered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Calories. 126,676 2,815 126, 975 2,822 Calories 4,692 104 4,687 104 Calories 3,467 77 3,383 75 Calories 8,159 181 8,070 179 Perct. 3.50 Perct. 2.64 Perct. 6.14 Calories. 118,516 2,634 118,906 2,643 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.47 2.67 6.04 0 Averafife 0 Entire fore period: Total 253,660 2,818 9,379' 104 6,850 76 16,229 180 3.70 2.70 6.40 237,421 2,638 0 A verafire ..... 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: ' Total 128,081 2,846 126,887 2,819 127, 589 2,835 127,646 2,835 131,467 2,921 127,464 2,832 4,069 90 4,171 93 4,546 101 3,737 83 4,114 91 4,321 96 3,364 75 3,488 77 3,409 76 3,338 74 3,538 78 3,441 76 7,433 165 7,669 170 7,966 177 7,076 157 7,662 170 7,762 172 3.18 2.63 5.80 120,648 2,681 119,228 2,649 119,634 2,668 120,571 2,678 123,815 2,751 119,702 2,660 9.45 .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.29 2.76 6.04 18.90 .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.56 2.67 6.23 33.30 Averaere .74 Fourth subperiod: ■ Total 2.76 2.63 6.29 54.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.09 2.68 6.67 72.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.15 2.58 6.73 88.00 Averapre 1.96 Entire preservative period: Total 769,134 2,849 24,968 92 20,678 76 45,636 169 3.24 2.68 5.92 723,598 2,680 275.65 Averasre 1.02 After period. First subperiod: Total 126, 723 2,794 130,577 2,902 4,322 96 4,244 94 3,441 76 3,446 77 7,763 172 7,689 171 3.44 2.74 6.17 117,960 2,622 122,888 2,731 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.25 2.64 6.89 0 Averasre 0 Entire after period: Total 256, 300 2,848 8,566 95 6,886 77 15,452 172 3.34 2.69 6.03 240,848 2,676 0 Average 0 SOLIDS BALANCE. A study of the solids balance gives valuable indications respecting the effect of the preservative upon the process of digestion and assimi- lation. It also furnishes data of important physiological significance in other respects. * INDIVIDUAL DATA. No. 1. The average daily quantity of solids in the food of No. 1 for the fore period is 467 grams, for the preservative period 474 grams, and for the after period 476 grams. It is thus seen that there is very little 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 14 682 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. variation in the total quantity of solids, the amounts being as nearly alike as can be secured when a varied ration of uncomminuted food is used. Of this quantity there appear in the feces 14 grams daily in the fore period, 13 grams daily in the preservative period, and 19 grams dail}^ in the after period. In the urine there are found 58 grams daily in the fore period, 62 grams in the preservative period, and 63 grams in the after period. Expressed in percentages, of the total quantit}^ of solids it is found that 3 per cent appear in the feces in the fore period, 2.66 per cent in the preservative period, and 4.08 per cent in the after period. The respective percentages occurring in the urine are 12.32 in the fore period, 13.12 in the preservative period, and 13.28 in the after period. Inasmuch as by far the greater quantity of solid matter in the food is consumed in the production of heat and energy, the balance must be strongly positive. In this case the daily balance for the fore period is 395 grams, for the preservative period 399 grams, and for the after period 393 grams, showing very little difference in respect of the quantity of solids excreted. It is noticed that there is a slightly smaller quantity of solids in the feces in the preservative period than during either the fore or after period; a slightly greater quantity in the urine during the preservative period than in the fore period and a somewhat greater quantity during the after period. The percentage numbers show the same tendency as the weights, the smallest percentage of solids in the feces being in the preservative period and the largest in the after period. The effect of the pre- servative in this case appears to have been to secure a slightly greater degree of absorption during the preservative period than in the fore period, and on the withdrawal of the preservative the absorption of the food was much less complete. No. 2. A much larger quantity of solid food was consumed b}^ No. 2 than by No. 1. In the fore period the exact daily quantity of dry food consumed is 604 grams, in the preservative period 598 grams, and in the after period 612 grams. There appear in the feces for the fore period 27 grams of solids, during the preservative period 24 grams, and during the after period 22 grams. In the urine are found ^q^o grams of solids daily in the fore period, 67 grams in the preservative period, and 69 grams in the after period. Expressed in percentages, the quantity in the feces in the fore period is 4.47 per cent, in the preservative period 3.95 per cent, and in the after period 3.52 per cent. The percentages occurring in the urine during these periods are 10.88 in the fore period, 11.22 in the preservative period, and 11.30 in the after period. The balances are 511 grams, 507 grams, and 521 grams for the three periods, respectively. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 683 These data show that the quantity of solids in the feces diminished slightly in the preservative period and also in the after period. The solids in the urine increase slightly in the preservative period and to a greater extent in the after period. The percentage of solids in the feces is greatest in the fore period and smallest in the after period. The percentage of solids in the urine is least in the fore period and greatest in the after period. No. 3. The quantity of solids in the food during the fore period is 530 grams, during the preservative period 592 grams, and during the after period (second subperiod only) 633 grams. This_^hows a very marked increase in the amount of food eaten in the preservative period over the fore period and in the after period over the pre- servative period, due to the fact that in this case the quantity of food was increased after the recovery of the subject from the illness occurring in the fore period. Expressed in percentages, the largest quantit}^ of solids eliminated in the feces is in the preservative period, namely, 2.98, and the smallest in the after period, namely, 2.56. In the urine the smallest quantity was eliminated in the preservative period, namely, 7.92, and the largest in the fore period, namely, 9.51. The balances are ver}^ marked, being highest in the after period and lowest in the fore period. No. 3 is, of course, an exceptional case by reason of the illness experienced in the early part of the experiment. The data, therefore, are given merely for their individual worth and not because they have any value for comparison. . No. 4. The total quantity of solids consumed in the food by No. 4 during the fore period is 535 grams, during the preservative period 556 grams, and during the after period 569 grams. In the feces there appear in the fore period 20 grams daily of solids, in the preservative period 19 grams daily, and in the after period 18 grams daily. In the urine during the fore period are found 63 grams of solids, in the preserva- tive period 67 grams, and in the after period 70 grams. The percent- age of solids in the fore period recovered in the feces is 3.76 daily, in the preservative period 3.50, and in the after period 3.24. The per- centages of solids recovered in the urine daily are 11.72 in the fore period, 12.06 in the preservative period, and 12.27 in the after period. The balances are 452 grams daily in the fore period, 469 in the pre- servative period, and 481 in the after period. There appears to be a slight tendency in this case for the preservative to diminish the quan- tity of solids in the feces, and this tendency is continued through the after period. There is a progressive increase of the solids in the urine 684 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. in the preservative and after periods, and this increase is only slightly greater than the increase in the quantity of solids in the food consumed, as shown by the percentages for the three periods, namely, 11. Y2, 12.06, and 12.27. The largest percentage of solids in the feces is found during the fore period and the smallest in the after period, and this must be considered in connection with the increasing amount of food, from which it might be expected that the solids in the feces would increase proportionately, but this is not the case. No. 5. The total solids consumed dail}^ in the food is 558 grams in the fore period, 563 grams in the preservative period, and 564 grams in the after period, showing a very small variation during the entire period of observation. There appear in the feces during the fore period 25 grams of solids daily, in the preservative period 21 grams, and in the after period 18 grams. Iij the urine there appear dail}^ 57 grams of solids in the fore period, 62 grams in the preservative period, and 62 grams in the after p^-iod. The largest percentage of solids in the feces is in the fore period, namely, 4.53, and the smallest in the after period, namely, 3.17. The largest percentage of solids in the urine is found in the after period, namely, 11.03, and the smallest is found in the fore period, namely, 10.23. The largest balance is in the after period, namely, 484 grams, and the smallest in the fore period, namely, 476 grams. The apparent tendency of the preservative in this case is to diminish the percentage of solids in the feces, and this tendency is continued through the after period. On the other hand, there is a slight tendency to increase the quantity of solids in the urine. No. 6. In the case of No. 6 the average daily quantity of solids in the food is 537 grams in the fore period, 556 grams in the preservative period, and 561 grams in the after period. Of this quantity there appear in the feces during the fore period 26 grams daily of solids, during the preservative period 25 grams daily, and during the after period 24 grams daily. There also appear in the urine 49 grams dail}^ in the fore period, 57 grams daily in the preservative period, and 56 grams daily in the after period. Expressed in percentages, 4.84 per cent of the solids appear in the feces in the fore period, 4.53 per cent in the preservative period, and 4.28 in the after period. In the urine there are found 9.20 per cent of solids in the fore period, 10.33 per cent 'in the preservative period, and 9.98 per cent in the after period. There is an apparent tendency in this case to slightly decrease the quantity of solids in the feces, and this is continued through the after period, and to slightly increase the quantity of solids in the urine during the preservative period, and this is only slightly diminished in the after period. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. • 685 No. 7. The quantity of solids found in the food of No. 7 during the fore period is 481 grams daily, during the preservative period 482 grams daily, and during the after period 488 grams daily. Of this there appear in the feces 14 grams daily in the fore period, 11 grams daily in the preservative period, and 17 grams daily in the after period. In the urine are found 58 grams daily during the fore period, 54 grams daily during the preservative period, and 49 grams daily during the after period. Expressed in percentages the quantity of solids found in the feces during the fore period is 2.95 per cent daily, in the pre- servative period 2.21 per cent daily, and in the after period 3.44 per cent daily, while in the urine are found during the fore period 12.02 per cent daiU^, in the preservative period 11.12 per cent daily, and in the after period 10.12 per cent daily. The largest balance is in the after period, namely, 422 grams daily, and the smallest in. the fore period, namely, 409 grams daily. The principal effect of the pre- servative in this case is to decrease the amount of solids in the feces during the preservative period, a decrease which is more than regained during the after period. The tendency also appears to be to decrease the quantity of solids in the urine during the preservative period, and , this tendency is continued during the after period. No. 8. The quantity of solids in the food of No. 8 in the fore period is 531 grams daily, in the preservative period 575 grams daily, and in the after period 587 grams daily. Of this quantity there are found in the feces 17 grams in the fore period, 19 grams in the preservative period, and 21 grams daily in the after period. In the urine there are found 54 grams daily in the fore period, 56 grams daily in the preservative period, and 60 grams daily in the after period. The largest percentage of solids in the feces occurs in the after period, namely, 3.56 per cent, and the smallest in the fore period, namel}^, 3.14. The largest per centage of solids in the urine occurs in the after period, namely, 10.25 and the smallest during the preservative period, namely, 9.71 per cent. The largest balance is found in the after period, namely, 506 grams daily, and the smallest in the fore period, namely, 461 grams daily. There is an apparent tendency in this case for the preservative to increase the quantity of solids in the feces, and this tendency is main- tained through the after period. There is also manifested a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the actual amount of solids in the urine in the preservative period, and this is continued in the after period. There is, however, a decrease in the percentage amount excreted in the urine in the preservative period. 686 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. No. 9. The daily quantity of solids in the food of No. 9 is 634 grams in the fore period, 624 grams in the preservative period, and 623 grams in after period. Of this quantity there are found in the feces 16 grams in the fore period, 23 grams in the preservative period, and 18 grams in the after period. In the urine there are found 66 grams in the fore period, 71 grams in the preservative period, and 72 grams in the after period. The largest percentage of solids in the feces occurs in the preserva- tive period, namely, 3.75 per cent, and the smallest in the fore period, namely, 2.44 per cent. The largest percentage of solids in the urine occurs in the after period — 11.55 per cent — and the smallest in the fore period — 10.48 per cent. The balance was positive in all cases, the mag- nitude being greatest in the fore period and least in the preservative period. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587), the results obtained with this subject are not included in the summaries. They are stated here, however, as a matter of record. No. 10. Owing to illness this subject was not connected with the experiment during the second half of the after period. The daily quantity of solids in the food of No. 10 in the fore period was 660 grams and in the preservative period 676 grams. Of this quantity there are found daily in the feces 21 and 18 grams, respectively, and in the urine 54 and 56 grams, respectively. Expressed in the form of percentage, we have in the feces the elimi- nation of 3.20 and 2.68 per cent, respectively, and in the urine 8.11 and 8.27 per cent, respectively. The balance is somewhat increased in the preservative period. Not- withstanding the slightly increased consumption of solids in the pre- servative period, the solids eliminated in the feces are slightly less during the preservative period than in the fore period. The solids eliminated in the urine are approximately the same. For reasons given elsewhere (p. 587), this subject is omitted from the summaries. The results are given here, however, as a matter of record. No. 11. The total quantity of solids in the food of No. 11 in the fore period amounts to 621 grams daily, in the preservative period 622 grams daily, and in the after period 615 grams daily. It is thus seen that there is very little variation in the quantity of solids during the whole course of the observation. Of this amount 25 grams daily appear in SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 687 the feces in the fore period, 24 grams in the preservative period, and 22 grams in the after period; 70 grams of solids appear daily in the urine in the fore period, 69 grams in the preservative period, and 66 grams daily in the after period. Expressed in percentages the largest percentage of the solids in the feces is in the fore period, namely, 4.04 per cent, and the smallest in the after period, namely, 3.53 per cent. The largest percentage of solids is found in the urine in the fore period, namely, 11.27 per cent, and the smallest in the after period, namel}^, 10.73 per cent. The largest balance in this case is in the preservative period, namely, 530 grams daily, and the smallest in the fore period, namely, 526 grams daily. In this case the effect of the preservative upon the solids balance is very slight. There is a tendency, however, to diminish the solids in the feces during the preservative period and this tendency is increased in the after period. The solids in the urine in the fore period and preservative period are almost identical, but there is a small decrease in the after period perhaps due in part to the slightly decreased quantity of solids in the food; the percentage of decrease, however, is slightly greater in the after than in the preservative period. No. 12. The total quantity of solids in the food of No. 12 in the fore period is 660 grams daily, in the preservative period 653 grams daily, and in the after period 640 grams daily. The total solids in the food in this case diminished slightly in the preservative period and again in the after period. Of these solids 27 grams were found daily in the feces of the fore period, 21 grams in the preservative period, and 23 grams in the after period. In the urine 63 grams of solids daily are found in the fore period, 65 grams in the preservative period, and 67 grams in the after period. The largest percentage of solids in the feces is in the fore period, namely, 4.12 per cent, and the smallest in the preservative period, namelj^, 3.20 per cent. In the urine the largest percentage of solids is found in the after period, namely, 10.54 per cent, and the smallest in the fore period, namely, 9.56 per cent. The largest balance is found in the fore period, namely, 570 grams daily, and the smallest in the after period, namely, 550 grams daily. In this case the preservative exerts a marked tendency to diminish the amount of solids in the feces during the preservative period, a tendency which was only jpartly overcome in the after period. 688 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. SUMMARY. The summary by periods only for the ninje men completing the series is given in the table following, the averages having been taken from Table XXIII (page 689), giving the solids balances in full: Table XXII. — Solids summary, by periods, for nine men, Series VI. Period. Fore period Preservative period After period Solids in food. Grams. 655 664 Solids in feces. Grams. 22 19 20 Solids in urine. Grams. Solids in feces. Per cent. 3.92 Solids in urine. Per cent. 10.75 11.01 11.02 Balance. Grams, 474 483 The average daily amount of solids consumed increased slightly from period to period, there being an increase of 9 grams in the preserva- tive period and 4 grams additional increase in the after period. The largest percentage of solids in the feces is found in the fore period, namely, 3.92 per cent, and the smallest in the preservative period, namely, 3.46 per cent, while the quantity in the after period is 3.59 per cent. The smallest percentage of solids in the urine is found in the fore period, namely, 10.75 per cent, while the quantities in the preservative period and the after period are almost identical. The largest balance is found in the after period, namely, 485 grams daily, the smallest in the fore period, namely, 474 grams daily, while the balance for the preservative period is almost the same as that of the after period, namely, 483 grams daily. These data show a tendency on the part of the prese'rvative to increase the absorption from the alimentary canal of the solids in the food, as shown by the decrease of solids in the feces, and also to increase the katabolic activities of the body as indicated by the increased excretion of solids in the urine. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 689 Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series VL [Averages are per day.] Period. In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,394 479 2,275 455 Grams. 78 16 62 12 Grams. 269 54 306 61 Grams. 347 69 368 74 Per ct. 3.26 Per ct. 11.24 Per ct. 14.49 Grams. 2,047 410 1,907 381 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.73 13.45 16.18 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 4,6G9 467 140 14 575 58 715 72 3.00 12.32 15.31 3,954 395 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,360 472 2,338 468 2,340 468 2,305 461 2,568 514 2,315 463 . 62 12 56 11 63 13 66 13 73 15 59 12 301 60 314 63 a 308 62 314 63 311 62 319 64 363 73 370 74 371 74 380 76 384 77 378 76 2.63 12.75 15.38 1,997 399 1,968 394 1,969 394 1,925 385 2,184 437 1,937 387 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.40 13.43 15.83 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.69 13.16 15.85 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.86 13.62 16.49 6.00 Averasre 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.84 12.11 14.95 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 2.56 13.78 16.83 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 14,226 474 379 13 1,867 62 2,246 75 2.66 13. 12 15.79 11,980 399 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 2,325 465 2,435 487 110 22 84 17 317 63 315 63 427 85 399 80 4.73 13.63 18.37 1,898 380 2,036 407 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.45 12.94 16.39 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 4,760 476 194 19 632 63 826 83 4.08 13.28 17.35 3,934 393 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 690 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH, Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Orams. 2,999 600 3,040 608 Grams. 128 26 142 28 Grams. a 352 70 305 61 Grams. 480 96 447 89 Per at. 4.27 Perct. 11.74 Per ct. 16.01 Grams. 2,619 504 2,693 519 Grams. 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.67 10.03 14.70 0 Average . 0 Entire fore period: Total 6,039 604 270 27 657 66 927 93 4.47 10.88 15.36 5,112 511 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,925 585 2,937 587 2,996 599 3,009 602 3,100 620 2,963 593 107 21 124 25 131 26 138 28 76 15 132 26 308 62 330 66 337 67 332 66 366 73 338 68 415 83 454 91 468 94 470 94 442 '88 470 94 3.66 10.53 14.19 2,510 502 2,483 496 2,528 505 2,539 508 2,668 532 2,493 499 1 05 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 4.22 11.24 15.46 2 10 Average . . 42 Third subperiod: Total 4.37 11. 25 15.62 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.59 U.03 15.62 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.45 11.81 14.26 8.00 Average 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.45 11.41 15.86 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 17,930 598 708 24 2,011 67 2,719 91 3.95 11.22 15.16 15,211 507 30.85 Average 1 03 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,021 604 3,094 . 619 94 19 121 24 342. 68 349 70 436 87 470 94 3.11 11.32 14.^43 2,685 517 2,624 525 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.91 11.28 16.19 0 0 Entire after period: Total 6,115 612 215 22 691 69 906 91 3.52 11.30 14.82 5,209 521 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 691 Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. 3. Period. In food. In feces. 8 Inuriue. In feces and urine. (2+3) In feces. (2-1) In urine. {3-M) In feces and urine. (4^1) Balance, (1-4) Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Grams. \ Grams. Grams. Grams. Per tt. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. Grams. Broken by illness. Second subperiod: Total Average 2,651 530 78 16 252 50 330 66 2.94 9.51 12.45 2,321 464 0 0 Entire fore period: Total Average 2,651 530 78 16 252 50 330 66 2.94 9.51 12.45 2,321 464 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,826 565 2,872 574 2,890 578 3,065 613 3,137 627 63 13 133 27 60 12 120 24 65 13 135 27 a 255 51 261 52 262 52 259 52 198 40 388 78 321 64 382 76 324 65 2.23 4,78 7.01 2,628 525 2,484 496 2,569 514 2,683 537 2,818 562 1 05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total 4.63 8.88 13.51 2.10 42 Third subperiod: Total 2.08 9.03 11.11 4.00 Average . . 80 Fourth subperiod: Total 3,92 8.55 12.46 6 00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.07 8.26 10.33 8 00 1.60 Five preservative subperiods: Total b 14, 790 592 441 18 1,172 47 1,613 65 2.98 7.92 10.91 13, 177 527 21 15 .85 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,048 610 3,163 633 Lost. 251 50 252 50 8.23 0 Average . 0 Second subperiod: Total 81 16 333 67 2.56 7.97 10.53 2,830 566 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 1 0 Average 1 0 1 a Daily average added in order to complete record, ft No, 3 had only five preservative subperiods. 692 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series FJ^Oontinued. [Averages are per day.] Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4-M) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Average Gravis. •2,680 536 2,671 634 Grams. 93 19 108 22 Grains. 315 63 312 62 Grams. 408 82 420 84 Per ct. 3.47 Perct. 11.76 Per ct. 16.22 Grams. 2,272 454 2,251 450 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.04 11.68 15.72 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 5,361 536 201 20 627 63 • 828 83 3.76 11. 72 15.47 4,523 452 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,751 550 2,736 547 2,788 568 2,765 553 2,862 572 2,781 556 84 17 102 20 98 20 a 86 17. 117 23 a 98 20 319 64 330 66 332 66 346 330 66 366 71 403 81 432 86 430 86 431 86 447 89 453 91 3.05 11.60 14.65 2,348 469 2,304 461 2,358 472 2,334 467 2,415 483 2,328 465 1.05 21 Second subperiod: Total 3.73 12.06 15.79 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.62 11.91 15.42 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 3.07 12.61 15.59 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 4.09 11.63 15.62 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.52 12.77 16.29 10 00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 16,683 566 684 19 2,012 67 2,696 87 3.60 12.06 16.66 14,087 469 2,345 469 2,461 492 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 2,766 563 2,922 684 78 16 106 21 343 69 355 71 421 84 461 92 2.82 12.40 16.22 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.63 12.15 15.78 0 0 Entire after period: Total 6,688 669 184 18 698 70 882 88 3.24 12.27 15.61 4,806 481 0 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 693 Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series Fi— Continued. [Averages are per day.] N"o- 5. Period 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,824 565 2,758 552 Grams. 132 26 121 24 Grams. 295 69 276 56 Grams. 427 86 397 79 Per ct. 4.67 Perct. 10.45 Per ct. 15. 12 Grams. 2,397 480 2,361 473 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.39 10.01 14.39 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 5,582 558 263 25 571 57 824 82 4.53 10.23 14.76 4,758 476 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,867 573 2,753 551 2,787 557 2,804 561 2,862 572 2,814 563 126 25 89 18 113 23 82 16 107 21 115 23 297 59 292 58 306 61 321 64 321 64 317 63 423 85 381 76 419 84 403 81 428 86 432 86 4.40 10.36 14.75 2,444 488 2,372 475 2,368 473 2,401 480 2,434 486 2,382 477 1.05 Average .21 Second subperiod: Total... 3.23 10. 61 13.84 2.10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 4.05 10.98 15.03 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total . . 2.92 11.45 14.37 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total Average 3.74 11.22 14. 95 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.09 11.26 15.35 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 16,887 563 2,791 558 2,850 570 632 21 1,854 62 2,486 83 3.74 10.98 14.72 14,401 480 30.86 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 101 20 78 16 «312 62 310 62 413 83 388 78 3.62 11.18 14.80 2,378 475 2,462 492 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.74 10.88 13.61 0 0 Entire after period: Total 5,641 564 179 18 622 62 801 80 3.17 11.03 14. 20 4. 840 0 484 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. 694 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series F/~Continued. [Averages are per day.] N^o. 6. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-M) 7 In feces and urine. (4-v-l) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,631 526 2,736 547 Grams. 119 24 141 28 Grams. 242 48 252 60 Grams. 361 72 393 79 Per ct. 4.52 Per ct. 9.20 Per ct. 13.72 Grams. 2,270 454 2,343 468 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 6.15 9.21 14.36 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 5,367 537 260 •26 494 49 754 75 4.84 9.20 14.05 4,613 462 0 0 ■ i Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,602 520 2,721 M4 2,745 2,778 556 2,874 575 2,960 592 112 979 384 77 405 81 . 419 84 424 85 486 87 410 82 4.30 10.45 14.76 2,218 443 2, 316 463 2,326 465 2,354 471 2,438 488 2,550 510 1 05 Average 22 1 M .21 Second subperiod: Total 130 26 143 29 117 23 132 26 121 24 275 55 a 276 56 0 307 61 304 61 289 58 4.78 10.11 14.88 2 10 Average 42 Third subperiod: Total 5.21 10.05 15.27 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.21 11.05 15.26 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 4.59 10.58 15.17 8 00 Average 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 4.09 9.76 13.85 8.00 1 60 Entire preservative period: Total 16,680 556 755 26 1,723 57 2,478 83 4.63 10.33 14.86 14,202 473 28 85 Average 96 4fter period. First subperiod: Total 2,761 552 2,848 570 145 29 a 96 19 278 56 282 56 423 85 377 75 5.25 10.07 15.32 2,338 467 2,471 495 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.34 9.90 13.24 0 Average n Entire after period: Total 5,609 661 240 24 560 56 800 80 4.28 9.98 14.26 4,809 481 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 695 Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. V. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,317 463 2,490 498 Grams. 91 18 51 10 Grains. 289 58 289 58 Grams. ■m 76 340 68 Per ct. 3.93 Per ct. 12.47 Per ct. 16.40 Grams. 1,937 387 2,150 430 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.05 11.61 13.65 0 0 Entire fore period: Total . .. 4,807 481 142 14 578 58 720 72 2.95 12.02 14.98 4,087 409 0 Average 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,376 475 2,402 480 2,396 479 2,431 486 2,434 487 2,435 487 62 12 48 10 64 13 46 9 67 13 33 7 243 49 275 55 246 49 266 53 263 53 317 63 305 61 823 65 310 62 312 62 330 66 350 70 2.61 10.23 12.84 2,071 414 2,079 415 2,086 417 2,119 424 2,104 421 2,085 417 1.05 Average . . .21 Second subperiod: Total 2.00 11.45 13.45 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.67 10.27 12.94 3.70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 1.89 10.94 12.83 6.00 Average 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.75 10.81 13.56 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 1.36 13.02 14.37 10.00 Entire preservative period: Total 14,474 482 320 11 1,610 54 1,930 64 2.21 11.12 13.33 12,544 418 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 2,395 479 2,488 498 70 14 98 20 243 49 251 50 313 63 349 70 2.92 10.15 13.07 2,082 416 2,139 428 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.94 10.09 14.03 0 Average 0 ... Entire after period: Total 4,883 488 168 17 494 49 662 66 3.44 10.12 13.56 4,221 422 0 0 696 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series VI — Continued. [Averages are per day.] IsTo. 8. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2-M) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- i cylic. acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 2,667 533 2,644 529 Grams. 73 15 94 19 Grams. 254 51 281 56 Grains. 327 65 375 75 Perct. 2.74 Per ct. 9.52 Per ct. 12.26 Grams. 2,340 468 2,269 454 Grams, 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.56 10.63 14.18 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 5,311 531 167 17 535 54 702 70 3.14 10.07 13.22 4,609 461 Q 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 2,847 569 2,777 555 2,760 552 2,827 565 3,008 602 3,040 608 108 22 114 23 73 15 114 23 60 12 92 18 259 52 277 65 271 54 a 272 54 302 60 294 59 367 73 391 78 344 69 386 77 362 72 386 77 3.79 9.10 12.89 2,480 496 2,386 477 2,416 483 2,441 488 2,646 530 2,654 531 1 05 Average Second subperiod: Total .21 4.11 9.98 14.08 2 10 Average .42 Third subperiod: Total 2.64 9.82 12.46 3 70 Average .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 4.03 9.62 13.65 6 00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 1.99 10.04 12.03 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.03 9.67 12.70 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 17,259 575 561 19 1,675 .,m 3.25 9.71 12.96 15,023 500 30.85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 2,807 561 3,058 612 106 21 103 21 312 62 289 58 418 84 392 78 3.78 11.12 14.89 2,389 477 2,666 534 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.37 9.45 12.82 0 0 Entire after period: Total 5,865 587 209 21 601 60 810 81 3.56 10.25 13.81 5,055 506 0 Average 0 a Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 697 Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series 1 T— Continued. [Averages are per day.] No. y. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 8 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3-1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,157 631 3,178 636 Grams. 60 12 95 19 Grams. 330 66 334 67 Grams. 390 78 429 86 Per ct. 1.90 Perot 10.45 Per ct. 12.35 Grams. 2,767 553 2,749 550 Grams. 0 A verasfc 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.99 10.51 13.50 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 6,335 634 155 16 664 66 819 82 2.44 10.48 12.93 5,516 552 0 Averasre 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,117 623 3,130 626 3,129 626 3,146 629 3,141 628 3,062 612 159 32 106 21 108 22 78 16 139 28 113 23 373 75 334 67 341 68 366 73 335 67 384 77 j 532 1 5.10 11.97 17.07 2,585 517 2,690 538 2,680 536 2,702 540 2,667 533 2,565 513 1.06 106 440 88 449 90 .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.39 10.67 14.06 2.10 Averasre .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.45 10.90 14.35 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total . - 444 89 474 2.48 11.63 14.11 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 4.43 10.67 15.09 8.00 Averasre 95 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 497 99 3.69 12.54 16.23 10.00 Averasre 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 1 18, 725 624 703 23 2,133 71 2,836 95 3.75 11.39 15.15 15, 889 529 30.85 Averasre 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,113 623 3,119 624 6,232 623 46 9 133 27 339 68 381 76 385 77 514 103 1.48 10.89 12.37 2,728 546 2,605 521 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.26 12.22 16.48 0 Averasre 0 t Entire after period: 1 Total 179 18 .720 72 899 90 2.87 11.55 14.43 5,333 533 0 ^"""' 0 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 15 698 INFLUENCE OP FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series 17— Continued. [Averages are per day.] USTo. lO. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,286 657 3,310 662 Grams. 125 25 86 17 Grams. 262 52 273 55 Grams. 387 77 359 72 Per ct. 3.80 Per ct. 7.97 Per ct. 11.78 Grams. 2,899 580 2,951 590 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 2.60 8.25 10.85 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 6,596 660 211 21 535 54 746 3. 20 8.11 11.31 5, 850 .585 0 75 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,417 683 3,392 678 3,300 660 3,337 - 667 3; 468 694 3,371 674 121 24 105 21 112 22 90 18 78 16 37 7 261 52 289 58 287 57 287 57 278 56 275 55 382 76 394 79 399 80 377 75 356 71 312 62 3.54 7.63 11.18 3,035 607 2,998 599 2,901 580 2,960 592 3, 112 623 3,059 612 1.05 .21 Second subperiod: Total 3.10 8.52 11.62 2.10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.39 8.70 12.09 3.70 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.70 8.60 11.30 6.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 2.25 8.02 10.27 8.00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 1.10 8.16 9.26 10.00 Average 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 20,285 676 543 18 1,677 56 2,220 74 2.68 8.27 10.94 18,065 602 30.85 1.03 After period. First subperiod: a Total 3,293 659 122 24 277 55 399 80 3.70 8.41 12.11 2,894 579 0 Averasre 0 a No second after subperiod; subject ill. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 699 Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series FJ— Continued. [Averages are per day.] i>ro. 11. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4^1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3, 120 624 3,093 619 Grams. 122 24 129 26 Grams. a 359 72 341 68 Grams. 481 96 470 94 Per ct. 3.91 Per ct. 11.51 Per ct. IPl 49 Grams. 2,639 528 2,623 525 Orams. 0" 0 Second subperiod: Total 4.17 1 11.02 15.20 0 Average 0 Entire fore ptrlod: Total 6,213 621 251 25 700 70 951 95 4.04 11.27 j 15.31 5,262 526 0 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,192 638 3,089 618 3,143 629 3,087 617 3,088 618 3,070 614 117 23 115 23 108 22 123 25 124 25 121 24 374 75 340 68 353 71 355 71 328 66 313 63 491 98 455 91 461 92 478 96 452 90 434 87 3.67 11.72 l.'i .'^ 2,701 540 2,634 527 2,682 537 2,609 521 2,636 528 2,636 527 1 05 Average 21 Second subperiod: Total 3.72 11.01 14.73 2 10 .42 Third subperiod: Total 3.44 11.23 14.67 3.70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 3.98 11.50 15.48 6 00 Average 1 20 Fifth subperiod: Total 4.02 10.62 14.64 8 00 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.94 10.20 14.14 10 00 Average '. 2 00 Entire preservative period: Total 18, 669 622 708 24 2,063 69 2,771 92 3.79 11.05 14.84 15,898 530 30 85 Average 1 03 3.62 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,039 608 3,111 622 110 22 107 21 322 64 338 68 432 86 445 89 10.60 14.22 2,607 522 2,666 533 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.44 10.86 14.30 0 Average 0 Entire after period: Total 6,150 615 217 22 660 66 877 88 3.53 10.73 14.26 5,273 527 0 Average 0 a Daily av-rage added in order to complete record. 700 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH- Table XXIII. — Solids balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per day.] IN-o. 13. Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 5 In feces. (2^1) 6 In urine. (3^1) 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance. (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period. First subperiod: Total Grams. 3,247 649 3,356 671 Grams. 147 29 125 25 Grams. 324 65 307 61 Grams. 471 94 432 86 Per ct. 4.53 Perct. 9.98 Per ct. 14.51 Grams. 2, 776 555 2,924 585 Grams. 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.72 9.15 12.87 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 6,603 660 , 272 27 631 63 903 90 4.12 9.56 13.68 5,700 570 0 Averafire 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total 3,274 655 3,252 650 3,-237 647 3,273 655 3,326 665 3,230 646 87 17 88 18 1^2 28 85 17 128 26 97 19 283 57 314 63 338 68 327 65 340 68 357 71 370 74 402 80 480 96 412 82 468 94 454 91 2.66 8.64 11.30 2,904 581 2,850 570 2,757 551 2,861 573 2,858 571 2,776 555 1 05 Average ''I Second subperiod: Total 2.71 9.66 12.36 2 10 Average i-> Third subperiod: Total 4.39 10.44 14.83 3 70 Average 74 Fourth subperiod: Total 2.60 9.99 12.59 6 00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.85 10.22 14.07 8 00 1.60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.00 11.05 14.06 10.00 2.00 Entire preservative period: Total 19, 592 663 627 21 1,959 65 2,586 86 3.20 10.00 13.20 17,006 567 30. 85 Average 1.03 After period. First subperiod: Total 3,188 638 3,208 642 114 23 a 116 23 329 66 345 69 443 89 461 92 3.58 10.32 13.90 2,745 549 2,747 550 0 Average 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.62 10.75 14.37 0 0 Entire after period: Total 6,396 640 230 23 674 67 904 90 3.60 10.54 14.13 5,492 550 0 Average 0 o Daily average added in order to complete record. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. Table XXllI.— Solids balances for Series F/— Continued. [Averages are per man per day.] STaxrimary for nirxe xnen. 701 Period. 1 In food. 2 In feces. 3 In urine. 4 In feces and urine. (2+3) 6 In feces. (2-1) 6 In urine. (3-1] 7 In feces and urine. (4-1) 8 Balance, (1-4) 9 Sali- cylic acid ad- minis- tered. Fore period- First suhperiod: Totfll Grams. 24,879 551 25,063 557 Grams. 98:3 22 973 22 Grams. 2,699 60 2,669 59 Grams. 3, 682 82 3,642 81 Per. ct. 3.97 Perct. 10.89 Per ct. 14.86 Grams. 21,197 469 21,421 476 Grams. 0 Averafire 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.88 11.05 14.53 0 0 Entire fore period: Total 49, 942 555 1,956 99 5,368 59 7,324 81 3.92 10.75 14.67 42,618 474 0 Averaere 0 Preservative period. First subperiod: Total . 25, 194 560 25,005 556 25, 192 560 25,279 562 26,122 580 25, 608 569 865 19 866 19 935 21 856 19 884 20 868 19 2,656 59 2,747 61 2,767 61 2,840 63 2,865 64 2,899 64 3,521 78 3,613 80 3,702 82 3,696 82 3,749 83 3,767 84 3.43 10.54 13.98 21,673 482 21.392 476 21,490 478 21,583 480 22,373 497 21,841 485 9.45 Average : . . Second subperiod: Total .21 3.46 10.99 14.45 18.90 Average - ,42 Third subperiod: Total 3.71 10.98 14.70 33.30 .74 Fourth subperiod: Total 3.39 11.23 14.62 54.00 1.20 Fifth subperiod: Total 3.38 10.97 14.35 72.00 Averaere • 1 60 Sixth subperiod: Total 3.39 11.32 14.71 88.00 1.% Entire preservative period: Total ! 152,400 5,274 564 1 19 16,774 62 22,048 82 3.46 11.01 14.47 130,352 483 275. 66 1.02 After period. First subperiod: Total 25,093 557 26,014 578 928 21 908 20 2,798 62 2,834 63 3, 726 83 3,742 83 3.70 11.15 14.85 21, 367 474 22,272 495 0 0 Second subperiod: Total 3.49 10.89 14.38 0 0 Entire after period: Total 51,107 568 1,836 1 ^ 5,632 63 7,468 83 3.59 11.02 14.61 43,639 485 0 Average 0 SUMMARY OF RESULTS. MEDICAL AND CLINICAL DATA. A study of the clinical an(! medical history of the men under obser- vation indicates that the administration of the salicylic acid at first produces a stimulating effect upon the processes of solution and absorp- tion of the food materials from the alimentary canal. There is a smaller proportion of the food products in the feces, both in the indi- vidual cases and as a whole, during the preservative period, and part of the after period is subject still to the effect of the administration of the 702 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH. preservative. There is also reported in the clinical and medical his- tory an increased appetite in the case of the majority of the subjects. Although the quantity of food which had been found sufficient for the normal functions of the body during the fore period is not diminished, and even to a slight extent in most instances increases, a feeling of hunger develops in almost every case, showing a disturbance of some kind in the metabolic process. The nature of this disturbance is dis- closed in the chemical studies, while its observation is a prominent feature of the clinical and medical history. Judged by the develop- ment of hunger alone, the administration of the salicylic acid might be considered a stimulant. When, however, all the functions of the body are in a normal state there is no need of a stimulant, and the effect produced by the administration of the acid is evidently therefore an abnormal one. In cases where it is advisable to stimulate temporarih^ the digestive organs an effect such as that produced would be desira- ble, if not continued too long. The physiological history of the use of stimulants, however, shows that they are temporary in their effects; that the increased activity induced by them is at the expense of the total vitality of the organs. Hence, stimulants are indicated only for temporary or intermittent use. The truth of this statement is wholly established bj^ the subsequent data gathered from the clinical and medical history of the subjects. The temporary hunger, while accom- panied in a number of cases by heaviness and uneasiness in the epigas- tric region, does not cause any very great discomfort, and in the majority of cases the abnormal desire for food soon decreases. The same quantity or a slightly increased quantit}^ of food is consumed throughout the administration of the preservative. The loss in weight which is observed in almost all cases indicates that the apparent stimulation of the digestive process is not attended with any corresponding benefit in the building up of the tissues of the body. Assuming, as is done constantly in these studies, that the energy developed by each individual remains practically constant, any increased absorption of food materials ought to have been followed by an increase in body weight. On the contrary, as is shown in the study of the balances, the katabolic activities are increased more strongly than the anabolic. There is a more vigorous tearing down of the tissues of the body than there is a building up thereof, and thus the observations made in the clinical and medical history are thoroughly corroborated by the chemical studies of the foods and the products of metabolism. The general study of the medical data shows in some instances decidedly unfavorable symptoms attending the use of salicylic acid, while in a minority of cases no unfavorable symptoms of a diagnostic character are developed. After carefully weighing all the data, favorable and unfavorable to the salicylic acid, disclosed in the detailed I SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 703 statement of the medical histor}^, the conclusion is inevitable that, taken as a whole, the effects produced by its administration are unfa- vorable. It is true that there are individual cases which, taken alone, would lead presumably to a contrary opinion, and to these due weight is given in the general conclusion. As a jury considering conflicting testimony gives weight to that which seems most con- vincing and least open to doubt, so in the decision of this case from the medical history the verdict must follow the weight of testimony and be given against the defendant, namely, salicylic acid. A summary of the most important indications leading to these con- clusions is as follows, dealing with the average results obtained in the body weight, effect on the blood and the urine, and the metab- olism of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. BODY WEIGHT. If all the variations in weight be taken as a whole for the nine men who completed the periods, it is noticed that there is a gradual dimi- nution in weight, which falls from 62.71 kilograms with an average of 555 grams of dry food per day in the fore period to an average of 62.27 kilograms with an average of 564 grams of dry food per day in the preservative period. This loss of weight is continued in a more marked degree in the after period, where th^ average weight is 61.61 kilograms with 568 grams of dry food. Thus, although the quantity of food is increased, the weight of the body is diminished. The general conclusion, therefore, is in regard to the effect of the preservative upon the weight of the body, that there is a greater waste than there is a building up of the tissues, assuming, as we may practically do, that the amount of energy and the temperature remain reasonably constant. The general effect, therefore, of the salicylic acid is, under the conditions specified, to diminish the weight of the body; in other words, to interfere with the processes of nutrition by exciting the katabolic activities JLo a greater degree than the anabolic. The com- parison of the weights of each of the subjects, as well as of their average weights, is best shown by consulting the graphic charts in connection with the text. (Figs. 1 and 2.) MICROSCOPIC BODIES IN THE BLOOD. There is an increase in the number of red corpuscles in the blood and also a slight increase in the number of white corpuscles during the period of the administration of the preservative. The intensity of the color of the blood diminishes, however, both in the preservative period and in the after period. There is a marked decrease in the number both of red and white corpuscles in the after period. The apparent increase, therefore, in the preservative period is followed by 704 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. a ver}^ considerable decrease in the after period. No conclusion, fav^orable or unfavorable, can be drawn from this observation regard- ing the use of the preservative, though, apparently, if there is any effect produced it should be attributed to a favorable influence of the preservative in increasing the number of red corpuscles. THE URINE. There is but little influence noticed due to the salicylic acid on the volume of the urine. The average quantity of urine excreted per da}^ is very slightly larger in the preservative period than in the fore period for the nine men taken together, while in the after period it is slightly less. There is, therefore, a very slight tendency manifested, which is of no particular significance, to increase the volume of the urine. There is also noticed a slight increase in the total solids excreted in the urine, and this increase is maintained in the after period. This observation is in harmony with that indicated by many of the other phenomena which show that the salicylic acid has increased the kata- bolic activities of the body. PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN. In so far as the limited observations show, the administration of the salicylic acid did not produce any notable effect upon the occurrence of albumin in the urine during Series VI. There was, however, a marked tendency shown in the special study. Series XI, to increase the occurrence of albumin in the urine. (See p. 726.) MICROSCOPIC BODIES. The occurrence of microscopic bodies in the urine is a normal con- dition, and therefore the only point which can be considered here is to determine whether or not the exhibition of the salicylic acid tended to increase or diminish this number. The mass data collected for the nine men indicate that there was a tendency on the part of the salicylic acid to increase the number of microscopic bodies in the* urine, the average relative occurrence rising from 68.8 per cent in the fore period to 78.3 per cent in the preservative period, and showing still an addi- tional rise to 79.4 per cent in the after period. Inasmuch as most of the microscopic bodies are considered to be more or less associated with the katabolic products of the body, their increase tends to confirm the supposition already entertained, namely, that the salicj^lic acid has a greater influence upon the destruction of the tissues of the body than it has upon their restoration. To this extent the increased appearance of microscopic bodies is to be regarded as an unfavoi'able indication. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 705 EXCRETION OF THE SALICYLIC ACID. As in most of the cases when an additional and extraneous substance is added to a food product, the kidneys are called upon to bear the principal effort of excretion. In the case of salicylic acid a lar^e part of it is excreted unchanged in the urine. Other portions undergo changes of a more or less definite nature, and these changed products are also excreted to a large extent by the kidneys, and thus the burden of their work is increased. It is evident, therefore, that the exhibi- tion'of the salicylic acid tends to increase the burden which is placed upon the kidneys as the principal excretory organ of the body. Every increase of a burden of this kind must tend to shorten the period of activity of this organ and thus produce a deleterious effect. This is shown, therefore, to be the case in this instance, and for this reason it may be fairly supposed that salicylic acid is a deleterious substance, in that it increases the amount of work demanded of the kidneys. NITROGEN METABOLISM. The data collected show that the general effect of the salicylic acid is to slightly increase the quantity of metabolized nitrogen excreted by the kidneys, while the quantity of nonmetabolized nitrogen excreted in the feces is slightly decreased, resulting in a small decrease in the total percentage of nitrogen eliminated. The balance is some- what greater in the preservative period, although the amount of nitro- gen ingested is slightly decreased. These data indicate that the preser- vative tended to increase slightly the digestibility and absorption of the nitrogen ingested. PHOSPHORIC ACID METABOLISM. While in the case of nitrogen the general tendency of the salicylic acid is to increase the quantity of metabolized nitrogen excreted, the contrary effect is shown in respect of the phosphoric acid. There is a well-developed tendency during the administration of the salicylic acid to increase the store of phosphoric acid in the body, since the amount absorbed from the alimentary canal is slightly increased and the quan- tity excreted by the kidneys is decreased. It is evident, therefore, that there is a storing of phosphatic material in the tissues, due to the effect of salicylic acid. It is doubtful if such an increased store would prove of an}^ lasting benefit in its effects, nor would it be just to claim that it would be injurious. The most that can be said in this case is that there is a decided disturbance of phosphoric acid metabolism in the direction of increasing the stores of phosphorus in the body, while in the case of nitrogen there is no marked effect produced on the metabolic process. SERIES XI. THE EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND SODIUM SALICYLATE UPON THE NITROGENOUS ELEMENTS OF THE URINE. PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE RATION AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS. Before entering upon the special studj^ respecting the influence of salicylic acid and salicylates upon the excretion and composition of the urine, a preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the kind of ration best suited to this particular investigation and also for the purpose of comparing the two most promising methods, namely, the Morner-Sjoqvist and the Braunstein methods," for the determina- tion of urea. It will also be noted that analyses were made of the daily samples and of a composite sample made by mixing aliquot portions of the dail}^ samples. These samples were composited each da}^ and preserved until the end of the period by the addition of chloroform and thymol, the object in view being to determine whether any mate- rial change took place in the samples upon standing. The Ration. For the purposes of this preliminar}^ investigation three men were placed on a definite diet for a limited time, the character of the ration being unchanged throughout the series of observations, as shown in Table I. Table I. — Daily ration, showing amount of food and quantity of nitrogen ingested in the preliminary experiment, Series XL No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Ration. Wpight of food. Nitrogen. Weight of food. Nitrogen. Weight of food. Nitrogen. Breakfast: Bananas Grams. 80 70 100 16 } so 100 70 28 150 206 Grams. 0.15 1 - 3.58 .33 1.12 .03 .06 1.11 Grams. 100 104 \ 150 I 23 50 80 50 14 150 206 Grams. 0.19 1 ■• 2.24 .27 .83 .01 .06 1.11 Grams. 80 f 70 \ 100 1 16 80 100 70 28 150 206 Grams. 0.15 Oatmeal . 1 I .28 Grape nuts J Roast beef . . . Beefsteak Potatoes •- .33 Bread 1.12 Butter .03 Coffee .06 Milk 1.11 6.b6 5.13 6.66 a See p. 722 for description of methods. 706 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 707 Table I. — Daily ration, showing amount of food and quantity of nitrogen ingested in the preliminary experiment, Series AT— Continued. No . 1. No .2. No .3. Ration. Weight of food. Nitrogen. Weight of food. Nitrogen. Weight of food. Nitrogen. Lunch: Milk Grams. 206 25 Grams. 1.11 .41 Grams. 203 40 Grams. 1.11 .66 Grams. 206 25 Grams. 1.11 Bread 41 1.52 1.77 1 52 Dinner: Beefsteak 1 80 150 33 45 70 150 172 113 60 28 150 206 3.58 .50 .29 .92 .99 .OS .06 1.11 100 200 r 33 I 45 70 150 \ 172 1 113 90 28 150 206 4.47 .67 .29 f ■" L49 .03 .06 1.11 80 150 f 33 \ 45 [ 70 150 \ 172 1 113 60 '28 Roast beef 3.58 .50 Lima beans 1 Peas .29 Corn 1 Tapioca pudding Rice pudding \ .92 Baked custard Bread .99 Butter 03 Coffee Milk 412 2 22 *Total nitrogen for dinner 7.48 9.04 8 53 Total nitrogen for day 15.66 15.94 16. 71 The important point in selecting the ration was to secure a uniform ingestion of nitrogen. Table I shows that No. 1 consumed for break- fast 6.66 grams of nitrogen, for luncheon 1.52 grams of nitrogen, and for dinner 7.48 grams of nitrogen, making a total of 15.66 grams per day. No. 2 had for breakfast 5.13 grams of nitrogen, for luncheon 1.77 grams of nitrogen, and for dinner 9.04 grams of nitrogen, making a total of 15.94 grams of nitrogen per day. No. 3 consumed for break- fast 6.66 grams, for luncheon 1.52 grams, and for dinner 8.53 grams, making a total of 16.71 grams per day. The periods of observation were short in order to avoid any dislike of the food which might have occurred had so uniform a diet been enforced for a long time. The fore period covered only three days, the period of administration of the salicylic acid six da3^s, and the after period three days, making altogether a period of twelve days of observation. During the first preservative subperiod of four days 0.25 gram of salicylic acid and during the second subperiod of two days 0.50 gram of salicylic acid is administered daily. The results obtained in the preliminary study are given in Table II. Analytical Results. individual data. No. 1. In the case of No. 1 the average volume of the urine excreted daily in the fore period is 967 cc. The average daily quantity for the entire preservative period is 1,008 cc, and for the after period 1,107 cc. 708 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. The administration of the salic3dic acid apparently produced an increase in the volume of urine, which tendency continued during the after period. During the fore period the average daily nitrogen eliminated in the urine is 14.653 grams, during the preservative period 13.286 grams, and during the after period 14.566 grams. These data show a slight tendency on the part of the pi-eservative to decrease the amount of nitrogen eliminated in the urine. A comparison of the nitrogen in the urea b}^ the two methods of observation shows quite concordant results. Unfortunately the determination of the total nitrogen elimi- nated in the urea for the after period in the composite sample was lost. There is distinctly less nitrogen eliminated as urea in the preservative period than in the fore period. In respect of uric acid nitrogen the average daily quantity eliminated in the fore period is 0.243 gram in the composite sample, in the composite sample of the preservative period 0.210 gram, and in the composite sample of the after period 0.258 gram. These data also show a distinct diminution in the amount of uric acid nitrogen eliminated during the administration of the sali- cylic acid. The study of the total quantities and percentages of urea and uric acid eliminated is a matter of interest. The total quantities of urea eliminated, as determined by the two methods, are practically the same, and the comparison will be based upon the first method alone. It is seen that the average daily weight of urea eliminated in the fore period is 28.346 grams in the composite sample. For the composite sample of the preservative period it is 25.75 grams. There was no composite sample examined for the after period. The average for the daily examinations of the after period shows an elimination of 28.511 grams of urea daily. These data show a markedly depressing effect produced by the preservative upon the quantity of urea eliminated. In respect of uric acid, the average daily quantity eliminated in the fore period, as determined in the composite sample, is 0.727 gram, in the preservative period in the composite sample 0.628 gram, and in the composite sample of the after period 0.772 gram. We find here again a marked tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the average weight of the uric acid eliminated. The ratio of the uric acid nitrogen to the total nitrogen eliminated in the fore period in the composite sample is 60.3, in the preservative period in the composite sample 63.3, and in the after period in the composite sample 56.5. This ratio shows that the depressing effect of the preservative upon the elimination of nitrogen is exerted more powerfully upon the nitrogen in uric acid than on the other nitrogenous constituents. In the fore period the average daily percentage of ingested nitrogen which is eliminated in the urine is 93.6 in the composite sample, in the composite sample of the preservative period 84.8, and in the com- SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 709 • posite sample of the after period 93. Thus it is seen that the exhibi- tion of the preservative has diminished in a marked degree the per- centage of the total nitrogen of the food eliminated in the urine. Confining the comparison to the first method for the determination of the urea, it is found that 90.4 per cent of the total daily nitrogen eliminated in the urine is eliminated as urea during the fore period, 90.5 per cent during the preservative period, and 91.5 per cent in the after period, showing that the administration of the preservative has not changed the percentage amount of nitrogen eliminated as urea to any great extent. The percentage of total nitrogen that is eliminated as uric-acid nitro- gen in the fore period is 1.7 per cent in the composite sample, in the preservative period 1.6 per cent in the composite sample, and in the after period 1.8 per cent in the composite sample. Again, there is a very slight tendency shown here on the part of the preservative to diminish the percentage of uric-acid nitrogen eliminated. No. 2. In the case of No. 2 the average daily volume of urine in the fore period is 1,037 cc, the average daily volume in the preservative period is 1,212 cc, and the average for the after period 1,863 cc. The aver- age for the after period, however, is only for two days, as the urine for the second day was lost. These data show a slight diuretic effect of the salic34ic acid during the period of administration, and this effect is increased enormously in the after period, which can only be attributed to the continued action of the drug. The average daily quantity of nitrogen eliminated in the urine in the fore period is 13.473 grams, in the composite for the preservative period 13.664 grams, and in the composite for the after period 13.279 grams. These data show a slight increase in the elimination of nitro- gen in the urine during the administration of the preservative, both over the fore period and over the after period. The quantities of nitrogen eliminated as urea, determined by the two methods, agree very well. There was no composite, however, examined for the after period. There was a slight increase in the amount of nitrogen excreted as urea during the preservative period. In respect of uric acid, the average daily amount of nitrogen eliminated in the form of uric acid in the fore period in the composite sample is 0.168 gram. In the com- posite sample for the preservative period it is 0.156 gram, and for the after period 0.139 gram. Again, we find here a tendency manifested by the preservative to diminish the excretion of nitrogen in the form of uric acid. The average daily quantity of urea excreted by No. 2 in the fore period is 25.727 grams in the composite sample; in the composite sample for the preservative period 26.669 grams, and for the average 710 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. of daily samples for the after period 25.642 grams. In this case there is a slight tendenc\^ on the part of the preservative to increase the average daily amount of urea excreted. The average daily quantit}^ of uric acid excreted by No. 2 in the fore period is 0.503 gram in the composite sample, in the preservative period it is 0.468 gram, and in the after period 0.415 gram. In this case there seems to be a marked tendency to diminish the average daily quantity of uric acid excreted, due to the influence of the preservative, and this tendency is continued in the after period. The ratio of the uric-acid nitrogen to the total nitrogen eliminated in the fore period is 80.2 in the composite sample, in the preservative period ST. 4, and in the after period in the composite sample 95.5. These data indicate a diminished quantit}^ of uric-acid nitrogen in relation to total nitrogen eliminated under the influence of the preservative, and this tendency is markedly increased in the after period. Of the total nitrogen ingested in the food 84.5 per cent is eliminated in the urine by No. 2 in the composite sample of the fore period, in the composite sample of the preservative period 85.7, and in the composite sample of the after period 83.3. These data indicate a slight tendenc}^ on the part of the preservative to increase the quantity of nitrogen in the urine under the action of the preservative. The percentage j3f the total nitrogen in the urine excreted as urea during the fore period in the composite sample is 89.2, in the preserv^ative period 91.2 in the composite sample, and in the average of daily samples of the after period 89.2. These data show a slight tendency on the part of the preserva- tive to increase the percentage of total nitrogen excreted as urea. The percentage of uric-acid nitrogen excreted in the composite sample in the fore period is 1.2, in the composite sample of the preservative period 1.1, and in the composite sample of the after period 1.0. There is practically no influence, therefore, exerted by the preservative in this case in changing the relative percentage of uric-acid nitrogen excreted. No. 3. In the case of No. 3 the average daily volume of urine excreted in the fore period is 675 cc,^ in the preservative period 760 cc, and in the after period 1,114 cc. These data show again a slight tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the volume of urine, which is greatly accentuated on the withdrawal of the preserv^ative in the after period. This phenomenon having occurred in all three cases would indicate a tendency on the part of the salicylic acid to stimulate the secretory organs connected with the elimination of the urine to extra- ordinary activity upon the withdrawal of the salicylic acid. This is an apparent tendency which is worthy of further investigation. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 711 The average daily quantity of nitrogen eliminated b}^ No. 3 in the fore period is li^.941 grams, in the preservative period 13.380 grams, and in the after period 13.939 grams. These data show a slight ten- dency on the part of the preservativ^e to increase the elimination of nitrogen during the administration of the preservative, and this tendency is maintained in the after period, though not in proportion to the great increase in the volume of the urine. The average daily quantity of urea excreted, as determined by the first method of exam- ination, in the fore period is 11.785 grams in the composite sample, in the preservative period 12.099 grams in the composite sample, and in the after period, in the average daily samples, 12.429 grams. Here there is manifested a slight influence on the part of the preservative to increase the total quantity of nitrogen excreted as urea. In respect of the uric acid the average daily amount excreted by No. 3 in the composite sample is 0.191 gram, in the preservative period in the composite sample 0.161 gram, and in the after period in the composite sample 0.202 gram. Here we find again a tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the quantity of nitrogen eliminated as uric acid. In regard to the average daily quantity of urea excreted by No. 3, as determined by the first method, it is found to be 25.227 grams in the composite sample, in the composite sample of the preservative period 25.902 grams, and in the average of the daily Samples of the after period 26.607 grams. The average daily quantity of uric acid excreted by No. 3 in the composite sample of the fore period is 0.571 gram, in the composite sample of the preservative period 0.483 gram, and in the composite sample of the after period 0.603 gram. In this case there is an apparent tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the average daily quantity of uric acid excreted. If, now, we consider the ratio of the uric acid nitrogen to the total nitrogen eliminated, we find that this ratio in the composite sample of the fore period is 67.7, in the composite sample of the preservative period 83.1, and in the composite sample of the after period 69.1. Here there is indicated a very strong tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the ratio of the uric acid excreted to the total niti'ogen elimi- nated, and thus to apparently decrease the relative quantities of uric acid nitrogen excreted, a tendency which has been uniform in all three of the present cases. The total percentage of nitrogen of the food excreted in the urine by ^o. 3 in the composite sample of the fore period is 77.4, in the composite sample of the preservative period 80, and in the composite sample of the after period 83.4. There is here an apparent tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the percentage of the total nitrogen in the food eliminated in the urine. The total nitrogen in the urine eliminated as urea in the composite 712 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH. sample of the fore period in the case of No. 3 is 91.1, in the composite sample of the preservative period 90.4, and in the average of dail^^ samples of the after period 91, indicating a slight tendency on the part of the preservative to decrease the relative amount of nitrogen excreted as urea. In regard to the percentage of nitrogen excreted as uric acid in the case of No. 3 in the fore period, it is 1.5, in the preservative period 1.2, and in the after period 1.4 per cent, in each case determined in the composite sample. These data indicate a tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the relative proportion of uric acid nitro gen eliminated. SUMMARY. We now have to consider the case of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 as a whole. It is seen that the average daily volume of urine excreted in the fore period is 893 cc, in the preservative period 981 cc, and in the after period 1,298 cc. These data indicate that the general effect of the preservative is to act as a diuretic, and this effect is enormously in- creased immediately after the withdrawal of the drug. This would seem to indicate that the maximum excitation produced by the exhibi- tion of salicylic acid is not manifested immediately at the time of its administration, nor within six days, but is shown in a much more marked degr^ immediatel}^ after the administration is withdrawn. In other words, the stimulation of the excretory organs eliminating urine does not reach its maximum until some time, at least six days, after the first administration of the preservative. The average quantity of nitrogen ingested daily is 16.10 grams. Of this, there is eliminated in the fore period in the urine 13.689 grams, in the preservative period 13.429 grams, and in the after period 14.009 grams. These data show a slight general tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the quantity of nitrogen eliminated in the urine during the administration of the preservative, but the elimina- tion is increased in the after period. In regard to the nitrogen eliminated as urea, as determined by the first method, it is seen that in the fore period the average dail}^ amount is 12.348 grams, for the preservative period 12.180 grams, in the com- posite samples, respectively, and for the after period 12.638 grams in the average of daily samples. The general indication, therefore, is that the effect of the preservative is to slightly diminish the total quantity of nitrogen eliminated as urea, but the quantity eliminated is increased to above normal on the withdrawal of the preservative. The average daily quantity of uric-acid nitrogen excreted in the com- posite sample of the fore period is 0.201 gram; in the composite sam- ple of the preservative period 0.177 gram, and in the composite i SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 7l3 sample of the after period 0.207 gram. Here there is a manifevst ten- dency on the part of the preservative to diminish the daily quantity of uric-acid nitrogen excreted. When the total quantity of urea excreted is taken into consideration, it is seen that in the composite sample of the fore period it is 26.433 grams by the first method of determination; in the composite sample of the preservative period it is 26.074 grams, and in the average of daily samples of the after period 27.055 grams. Here is noted a ten- dency on the part of the preservative to diminish the average daily quantity of urea excreted, and there is an increase in the quantity'' of urea in the after period. The average daily quantit}^ of uric acid excreted in the fore period is 0.601 gram, in the preservative period 0.529 gram, and in the after period 0.620 gram in the composite samples. These data indicate a tendency on the part of the preservative to diminish the total quantit}^ of uric acid excreted. The ratio of the uric-acid nitrogen excreted to the total nitrogen eliminated in the fore period, in the composite sample, is 68.3, in the composite sample of the preservative period 75.9, and in the com- posite sample of the after period 67.6. This increase in the ratio shows a corresponding decrease in the relative amount of uric-acid nitrogen excreted in relation to total nitrogen eliminated. The average percentage of nitrogen eliminated in the fore period in the composite sample is 85, in the composite sample of the preserv- ative period 83.4, and in the composite sample of the after period 87. There is a slight tendency, therefore, on the part of the preservative to diminish the average daily percentage of total nitrogen eliminated in the urine. The total nitrogen in the urine eliminated as urea in the fore period is 90.2 per cent, in the preservative period 91.4 in the composite sample, respectively, and in the average daily samples of the after period 90.7. There is here, therefore, manifested a tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the relative percentage of nitrogen eliminated as urea, the conclusion being based upon the results obtained by the Morner-Sjoqvist method. The percentage of uric acid nitrogen excreted per day in the fore period (based on total nitrogen eliminated) is 1.5, in the preservative period 1.3, and in the after period 1.5, indicating a slight tendency to decrease the relative quaiftity of nitrogen eliminated as uric acid nitrogen. 7656— No. 84, pt 2—06 16 714 INFLUENCE or FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. 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"^ > ■g > O o > 6 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 717 gs ss 8^ ooo oo 1-H • r-i I Jh" ^• r-i r-5 o : g : 8 8 CO 5j 8 S" g CO oJ '• 53 S5 8 S5 : o OS o> CO B : eo 8 i ^. : s lOCO (NOO 1 ■ II i ^ : ii 11 § ^ i 11 S8 ^ : i i§ ii 1^ 1^ s' IS s?5 03 • ? 82? |S " ' i§ gi c4 • 1 PS Kc5 8S' 33 J toco ^3 § : 1-1 If II s O §5S CO • i S eo eo ^ : r-t SB CO '^ o c£r-r 0(M 8S «OrH 3 Is! Si §1 COr-T COr-T III g^ I |r < 1 is : f^ a 5 t* 1 (-1 > f 718 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. .1 ^ .— 1 rrt M m o3 C 0) 0--3 13 be a, .9 t3 a «a d 0)53 oa 5-a • 00 coio liiillllsl o.i ■nS SpS o-e bc3^ I Sail Ml 3 P «|«^a >g "g^'cga ^ a 3 a" a |^j»a a-o ^.s ;3 c- o > • OS t^ h- gi> 01^ g«5«0 0 OS 0> T-i t^ 00 CTX 00 QOC 0J50 lO 00 TflO 00--I COrH COi-H SOO 0>05 ' rH .-H C^ I o> o^ o^ Tj< t^ l-H lO irj r-( iC C^ lO 00 •^ OJ M OCO OJ i-I OOOf ! iM OaoO ' t^ t^ l^ l^ 0000 CO !0 C<1 00 lO 02 l^ tc t^ t^ tot^ 00 C^ 1^ r-l lO rt lO i-H SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 719 720 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. S >>'5.^V. o •-' 01 a> P o - — C3 -oa OS S ceo 0-5 c»a gooo ^ OS 05 < .iMI>l>- 5^ OS OS 05 o . . . ■^y.^rOt-iS Co 5^ -^5, o- ^ fl:0:0 OJ •"•gSooa _. f^ d O a« a S-o c > S ^ 1=1 :0 0 ■£ '^gSma ^1 © gooo 00 .CO 00 00 =0 05 -^ i-H gC^«> IN J. 001 ;5 id )OJO 1 00 t^ >U3 !» e tH CO 00 ^ Ttl Tji CO wcococo Sod 00' 00 OOiO CO t^ (NtH ?2g ^S (MOl OCO ■n ■>! O CO ocp t^o o lO ^C lO lO lO lO OS lO -*i Tfccor^ -* 00 OS 00 I^ O iC 1— I lO OS rH lO l^OiOOO rH 00 lO C^ t-^ g5 d d ss ;g2 §3§ I rH COOO g^ s^ 000 C^ICO l^ OS OS 00 iC t^ COI> 10 00 (M Tt< 0Cc5 OS^ 0.S SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 721 22 82 I-H l-H CO ' 8^ ooo oo iNeool OOOOOD coot Tfc^ eooi co< OOCO gg? iMCO iHCO 05lO ■MO eo«5 8'^ 81 lOiTi I>1^ QOCO COOO OOOi (NIN IM ?J CO IN C^C^ C>) 2 o > o 1-i ft '■ o > g o > eft O as ""• 0 bCCS bo 42 oi^^ o >-7 o !> i 722 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. Methods of Analysis P^mployed and Compaeison of Results. UREA determinations. Two methods of determining the urea, which are regarded as the best of those in use, were employed, and the data obtained were com- pared. These were the Morner-Sjoqvist and the Braunstein method. The principle of the Morner-Sjoqvist method depends on the fact that the nitrogenous constituents of the urine, w4th the exception of urea, ammonia, hippuric acid, and kreatinin, are precipitated by means of a solution of barium chlorid and barium hydroxid (50 grams Ba(0H)3 and 350 grams BaClg per liter) and a mixture of alcohol and ether (2:1); 5 cc of urine, 5 cc of the barium solution, and 100 cc of the alcohol-ether solution are mixed and allowed to stand over night. It is then filtered into a beaker or porcelain dish and the precipitate washed with 50 to 75 cc of the alcohol-ether mixture. The filtrate is then evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 55^ C, and when solvents have disappeared a small quantity of water is added and about 0.5 gram of magnesium oxid. It is then evaporated to dryness or till the fumes are no longer alkaline. The residue is transferred into a Kjeldahl flask and nitrogen determined in the usual manner. The nitro- gen found is calculated to urea by multiplying by the factor 2. 1407. According to Braunstein the above method is inapplicable in the pres- ence of hippuric acid. His modification of the method consists in taking up the evaporated residue in a small quantit^^ of water and adding 10 grams of crystallized phosphoric acid and heating in an air bath for four and one-half hours at 140°-145° C. The residue is then transferred to a Kjeldahl digestion flask and nitrogen determined. In the following table are given the comparative data obtained l)y the two methods on the daily samples and the composite samples: Table III. — Comparison of the two methods for the determination of urea. Daily sample. Composite sample. Daily- sample, M. & S. method. Compo- site sample, Braun- stein method. Subject. M. &S. method. Braun- stein method. M. &S. method. Braun- stein method. No. 1 28.455 24. 848 27.357 26.363 26. 649 25. 369 26. 896 25.833 28.339 24. 327 27.293 26.398 25. 739 25. 016 25.449 26. 384 28.346 25.089 27. 071 25.727 26. 685 25.227 25. 574 26.559 28. 578 25.859 27.579 26.289 26.195 25. 269 25. 527 26. 608 ■ + + + + + + + No. 2 + No. 3 . . -f- + J SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 723 URIC ACID DETERMINATIONS (fOLIN's MODIFICATION OF HOPKINS's METHOD). « In Older to precipitate the uric acid and to remove the small amount of mucoid substance which is always present the following reagent is employed: 500 grams of ammonium sulphate and 5 grams of uranium acetate are dissolved in 650 cc of water, to which 60 cc of a 10 per cent solution of acetic acid are further added. Seventy -five cubic centimeters of this reagent are added to 300 cc of urine. After standing five minutes the mixture is filtered through two folded filters, the filtrate is divided into two portions of 125 cc each, representing 100 cc of the original sample, and /') cc of concen- trated ammonia added. The solution, after stirring, is set aside until the next day. The precipitated ammonium urate settles to the bottom of the beaker during this time. The supernatant liquid is poured through a filter (Schleicher and Schiill, No. 575), a hardened filter being found the most serviceable, and the precipitate is collected and washed by a small amount of a 10 per cent solution of ammonium sulphate. After washing three or four times on the filter with the 10 per cent ammonium sulphate solution the precipitate is washed back into the same beaker in which the precipitation was made, using about 100 ccof water. Fifteen cubic centimeters of concentrated sulphuric acid are then added and the solution titrated immediately with one-twentieth normal potassium permanganate. The first trace of a rose color throughout the entire fluid is taken as the end point. Each cubic centimeter of the standard permanganate N/20 is equivalent to 0.00375 gram of uric acid. Owing to the solubility of ammonium urate, a final correction of 0.003 gram for each 100 cc of urine employed is necessary. KREATININ DETERMINATIONS (fOLIN's METIIOD).^ In this work kreatin was determined along with and calculated aS kreatinin. The method is based on the reaction of kreatinin with alkaline picric acid solution. The red colored solution produced by this reaction has, when in proper dilution, the same shade of color as potassium bichromate solution. The solutions required are: Half normal potassium bichromate; 10 per cent caustic soda; saturated (1.2 per cent) picric acid solution and normal hydrochloric acid where kreatin and kreatinin are determined together. The determination is carried out in the following manner: Ten cc of urine are placed in a 500 cc graduated flask, 5 cc of normal hj^dro- chloric acid added and the mixture heated on the water bath for three «Zts. physiol. Chem., 22 : 552. t> Zts. physiol. Chem., 1904, 41 : 223. 724 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. and one-half to four hours, with a proper return condenser attached. At the end of this time the flask is cooled, the acid is neutralized, and 15 cc picric acid solution and 5 cc of the caustic soda solution are added. The contents of the flask are thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand for five minutes. It is now made up to mark and compared with the half normal bichromate solution in a colorimeter. The Duboscq color- imeter was used in this work. Ten milligrams of pure kreatinin treated in same way gives a depth of color 8.1 mm of which corresponds to 8 mm of the bichromate solution. The urine picrate solutions are all compared with 8 mm of the half normal bichromate solution and adjusted till the depth of color is the same as the standard. If the reading after adjustment of the urine picrate solution is 6.2 8 1 mm, then 10 cc of the urine would contain 10X^ = 13.06 mg of kreatinin. XANTHIN DETERMINATIONS (kRUGER'SCHMID METHOD). <« Free 400 cc of urine from proteids by coagulation and filtration, add 24 grams of sodium acetate and 35 cc of 12 per cent sodium bisulphite, heat to boiling and add 30 cc of 15 per cent copper sulphate. Boil three minutes with careful watching and stirring. After cooling and filtering, the precipitate is washed until colorless. The precipitate is returned to the original beaker and 200 cc of water added. After heating to boiling, 30 cc of sodium sulphid is added, then acetic acid to acidity and the solution warmed on the steam bath until the copper sulphid settles. Filter while warm and wash with warm water, add 10 cc of 10 per cent hydrochloric acid and evaporate in a 300 cc porce- lain dish to a volume of 10-15 cc. During the process and on stand- ing two hours the uric acid settles out. This is filtered on a small filter paper washed with 3 per cent sulphuric acid until the total vol- ume of filtrate and washings is 75 cc. The nitrogen of the precipitate multiplied by 3 gives uric acid, to which add 3.5 mg. The uric acid filtrate is made alkaline with sodium hydroxid and then acidified with acetic acid. After warming to 70"^, 1 cc of 10 per cent acetic acid and 10 cc of potassium permanganate are added. Shake one minute, treat with 10 cc of sodium bisulphite and 6 cc of 15 per cent copper sulphate, boil for three minutes, filter the wash with dilute copper sulphate, and determine the nitrogen in the pre- cipitate, which is that of the xanthin bases. a Hoppe Seyler's Thierf elder, 1903, p. 435. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 725 SPECIAL STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NITROGENOUS CONSTIT- UENTS OF THE URINE AS AFFECTED BY THE PRESERVATIVES. INTRODUCTION. It is a very common opinion among medical practitioners and phys- iologists that salicylic acid when properly administered has some spe- cific effect upon the excretion of certain of the nitrogenous elements of the urine, notably uric acid. One of the principal difficulties attend- ing investigations of this character heretofore has been the uncer- tainty attending the methods of determination with regard to accuracy as to the quantities of nitrogen present in various forms. Some of these nitrogenous elements are present only in small quantities, and therefore any inherent fault of the method itself or any failure in proper manipulation on the part of the analyst is likely to introduce very serious errors into the results. The data which follow have been obtained in accordance with the methods of investigation which have been described in detail. The stud}^ of the individual data shows often a wide daily variation in the various forms of nitrogenous constituents excreted, and the daily quantity of total nitrogen excreted also shows notable variations. The total nitrogen of the urine having first been determined, thfc quantities of nitrogen which were present as urea, uric acid, xanthin, kreatinin, and ammonia were separately determined. The difference between the total nitrogen contained in these bodies and the total nitrogen of the urine represents the nitrogenous elements undeter- mined. On account of the amount of analj^tical work in connection with the study of the metabolic processes during Series VI, it was found impossible to properly conduct a study of the distribution of the nitrogen in the urine. To remedy this fault a supplemental study was made of four men subsequent to the investigations described as Series VI. 726 INFLUENCE OF FOOD . PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. SCHEDULE OF ADMINISTRATION OP THE PRESERVATIVE. The schedule of administration of the preservative and the dates covered by the periods of observation are shown in Table IV. Table IV. — Schedule of administration of salicylic acid and salicylates for special study on four men— Series XL Period. Fore period. First subperiofi: April 17-21 Second subperiod: April 22-26 Preservative period. First subperiod: April 27 April28 April29.r April 30 Mayl Total for Individual Second subperiod: May2 Mays May 4 > May5 May 6 Total for individual . . Third subperiod: May 7 Salicylic acid (Nos. 1 and 2) . Sodium salicy- late (Nos. lla and 12a). Grams. Grams. 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.29 .25 .29 .25 .29 .25 .29 .25 .29 1.25 1.45 .50 .50 .50 .5rt .50 .58 .58 .58 .58 .58 2.50 2.90 ,75 Period. Preserrative period— Cont'd. Third subperiod— Continued; May8 May 9 May 10 Mavll :.... Total for individual . Fourth subperiod: Mav 12 May 13 May 14 Mav 15 May 16 Salicylic acid (Nos. 1 and 2). Grams. 0.75 .75 .75 .75 3. 75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Total for individual j Entire preservative period 5.00 After period. First subperiod: May 17-21 Second subperiod: May 22-26 Sodium salicy- late (Nos. 11a and 12«). Grams. 0.87 .87 .87 .87 4.35 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 5.80 a The amounts of sodium salicylate administered to Nos. 11 and 12 contained amounts of salicylic acid equivalent to the corresponding doses given Nos. 1 and 2— i. e., 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 gram in the respective subperiods. SUPPLEMENTAL STUDY OF THE PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN AND THE REACTION OF THE URINE. A further study of the effect of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate on the acidity of the urine and the occurrence of albumin therein was made in the case of the four subjects of the special study. In Table V are given the individual and summarized results of this investigation. The acidity of the urine is comparatively expressed by the number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal sodium hydroxid solution required to neutralize 100 cc of the urine, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The average acidity for Nos. 1 and 2, receiving salicylic acid, in the fore period is 38.9, in the preservative period 41.7, and in the after period 3Y.1. These figures indicate a tendency on the part of the salicylic acid to increase the acidity of the urine. SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 727 In the case of Nos. 11 and 12 receiving sodium salicylate the aver- age acidity for the fore period is represented by Si.O, for the pre- servative period by 33.6, and for the after period by 36.2, showing a tendency to decrease the acidit3^ The percentage of cases in which albumin was found in the fore period is 25, in the preservative period 36, and in the after period 30. It appears from these data that the preservative distinctly favored the formation of traces of albumin in the urine, the result being much more marked, however, when the salicylic acid was administered than in the case of the sodium salicylate. 728 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. 6 a 1 <5 •^Apisod sorajx o o O o : '^ 1 " o " 1 •9ai;bS9u sainix eo (N • lO • c^ I o ; o tH '• CO 'S ill •ougioqd -xxvs S9raix -^ CO : t^ ' c^ : "^ : "^ ^ : o •ptOB S91UIX ■^ o \ r-l i '-' I "^ i '^ CO • cc Ex- pressed in cc N/10 NaOH per 100 cc. OS I CO 05 25 is 6 a •9Api8od sarajx o o j o : o • o i '"' o '• o •9AI1B39U saraix eo c^ I iC I ^ ; '^ : ^ ^ : ire 1 '3 a (u •ouaioqd -TUB S9UIIX ^ rH i ^ o i •"t ■pioB soraix CO I— 1 ■ ^ : o '' CO ; eo rj< ; s Ex- pressed incc N/10 NaOH 100 cc. ^ : !0 00 :«5 1 ^• 6 'A i d S •9Ai?tsod saraix eo < ■1 0) 1 i Ul ■ I : > ; 1 >• SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 729 iH o (M tH CO O o o Tj< C; .s ^ i^a a ai w ■ tuD-P . O ■ O • rH . o 5h^ s as • 05 • l-H • i> bCX2 , o . . „ w , oc." , be pH . bcXi . --. Ph M e fe O) ; SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 731 T* (N ^ CO to ' 3 o ^ ! 1-t T)< S i s CO o I-l o 1 I-l la CO \ 00 o tH • i-( 00 <£> ' T*< o IS CO (N : lO CO ec • «o o o 1 o ss ^^ 00 05 88 ^^ ^§ ^8 g?8 ^!^ ooco o- 53 §§ coco c4x ^^ (NO «0 CO «5; :Ih?5 gg .OrH rft ;otji ,-(■ .COiO 5^ .CO .;o ) 05 lO iH .-(CO rH ?OC0 OIN i-i >-c^ 00 SO coi> 05 <£> Oi -§ bc-Q OCO 00 OJ :S 'fH ;®ft;a) i 9> . 6c^ . be O, . bc-Q . bo ft^ g s^ g^-. g ^^ S - a 1 1 IT I SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 741 .«> 00 . 1 •p8UTraj9;9puxi iH '^ ""• '-' : • o t- Oi . ^^•2 •utinjB9J3 ■^eo (» CO d CO CO CO •■ SB a; (N • Z •B9jn SJ U Oi S S? S : •9uun ui r^ -< iH '^ rH • ciSS s.^ I ss 8S ^S S^ g8§ 1 •UIUl*B9J3 c^-- 00 r- dr. cool d. t^i-1 t^r-1 «^S ^S > gs S?5 S58 ?JS ?58 1 •UimUBX ^o yH ■ •pom9ui un ciS? S;? ? ss li SS §5^ §^ ^g § -ojXq P9UIUI $0.- g^g: . S8 S8 sa as •BraorautB sy 6- T-l CO T-t ^ r-l T-t «S& ss ^ §S SS §§^ ?2S gg .9 •urapB9i5i sv <^ci CO d ^• • (N • ij2 : bo |3l lei llll ^ ^^< l3| 115 1 8 s 1 g SALICYX.IC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 743 00 ■ 00 • CO ^B ^B ^B CO (N CO C^l sa s^ ^s ss ^S oo oo (NO i> -co I IMO • o ■ ^" t>c a3 I" III 744 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. « H <1 ■ -I •pauiniJ8!}apuxi •{'UK) ■Biuoraniv •urai:j'B9i3^ •utqc^UBX •poq^aui uii -o^ Aq pauidt -J8^9p ' PIP'S OUfl "Baja •auun ui p8jajox9 uaSojjiii •Btuouiniv •uiunB8i3 •ntqiu'BX •pomara uii -oj Aq p.autra -ja:)ap'pio'8biJfi •B3JI1 •pauinuisjaptin •(«HN) ■Biuotnai'B sy 'uinp'Baj3[ sy •uiqjU'BX sv •poq^aui uiiojI Aq pauTUijaj -ap'piOBOfjnsv "Bajn sy •mojL •pa^saS -ui uaSoj^tu i^iox •auun UT spnos [b^oj, 'o9Zlo9Z I'B 9uun JO ii:^iA'BjS ogioadg •auiiti JO auinioA ;SJ3 S? . 00 M ?2 iS Sa SS §? -5 ■ -5 ■ -^ ■ S5S g2^ CO 1-5 iCJr-J cOiH l0 1-1 cOi-H -^ I S?^ lOiO CO CO >(M 00 1-1 1^ I ^g S§ SS. 5S IS ?3S 22S it>- r^ic t>.»o oo«o > CO l> l^ lO 05 CO I^- (N -O COI> TjliO . . _ CO-* i-^eo eoo eo-^ cici CO T-5 lO CO c^i -m" COlH lOi-l lO -^t^ t^CO cOiO loS t^iO COiO (N M C^ W ■I ■ (U &c - O) ^ o A CO I • c4 00 CO o CO : CO CO rH • ; 3 - CO 00 -* ; «< 00 00 1-1 • g i s gi : 4.35 .22 1.81 .36 1.24 .25 eo 25.38 1.27 6.63 1.33 5.48 1.10 S'- 2.29 .11 .25 .05 .11 .02 ^^ 9.47 .47 3.27 .65 2.60 .52 S5g ^ ■ 474. 26 23.71 122.13 24.43 119.88 23. 98 8.19 .41 -^.73 -.15 .83 .17 Sg 3.58 .18 1.49 .30 1.02 .20 9.44 .47 2.47 .49 2.04 .41 ss §s ss ss eo • rA • • • -.-. 221.54 11.08 57.05 11.41 56.00 11.20 8c3 cor-; 246. 75 12.34 61.46 12.29 60.80 12.16 s?5 is is i^ 1, 058. 3 52.9 255.0 51.0 248.1 49.6 T-ieo ii ii • r-i ■ i-i tA 1 18, 850 943 4,910 982 4,220 844 oeo Entire preservative period: Total Averaee After period. First subperiod: Total Averaere i K ¥ bo 2 > < 1 1 > < 7656— No. 84, pt 2— Ot 746 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. .TI< -* CO r-l o ,H "* . c 0 •p9utinJ8:^9puji (M Oi '"' CO CN (N ■ Oi •s •(^HN) Vd r^ (N OJ rA ^• oi '. g 1 Biuoiurav a; ^•*^ oo 00 OS OC' l^ o • •UIUPTJ9JX CO cc ■^ CO CO -^ : 2-2 •UimUBX a; Tt< ■^ lO ■^ -* CO • •poq^ara un ^M • (3 -oj .iq pDuita o; '-' -"I r-^ '-' s -jsjap 'piDB oijo o o o» O o -* • s •T?ajn g 8 . s S s 8 : •auun ui i^ OS o QO CT> (M la ' po^oj oxa u8Soj:jiu ^ 8 33 ^ ^ ^ : pajsa Shi jo au90 jaj <^S5 §§f §8? ^s g?^ ^^ JS§S •E •t?iuouiTnv 6- eo >H rH «8? i§? '^% 1 Sg S?5 t^^ ^^ umijBaix ^-v t^r- S^ odrH «5rH Or- t'^i-; .OJT 382 »;:;« OSOD COlC es «: •mq^UBX |o rl •pomata un «oS§ ^^ §;;s §S B^ ^^ ;^ss -0^ Aq pauiui !-• oi in ^ • oi c^' 1 -J9jap 'ppx? oun ^s ss ^^ ?gg8 SS §?3 SF2 s •■Bajfi SS3 ^^ ^■^ SS5 S5e ?S^ c^gS K^ ^^ ?2S ^^ g^g 5S? •pauiTUja^apufi ^- ^ eo • • d ^ ^ •(«HN) SS §g3 ^S SSJ Sg5 eoc3 •BiuonnnB sv lH eo' iH i-H iH ^ .•ss [:l§ g;s SS SS!* SS ?2g 1 •uiui;b9J31 sv (^^ to OS •8UU n UI spjios ib:jox as i- lg gg s- 1- oQ r./oog :iB auun ;g IS :§ loo -oc :l :| JO ^ }iAviS oijiDadg •1-5 •i-i ;iH jr-i i-H- S53 ^5^ • ss ss ss OOO !n'• 1 1 tsl ^-3 > -<1 111 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 747 CO OJ iC Oi i« 05 (N T-l (N '"' lO ■« ■^ CO CO CO - d T)l IM g A ^ CO i> 00 1 S g OS 38 S;5 §^ gS5 g?;: g ■as C^ r-l eo 1 g!§ ^S F^S ■ ^^ eor- (M ^8 p ^ gg ^ -g^ f:.g ss ^S ! 00 d • tot' O5 0I 1 S (N '-' ?3^ gg g^S 385 fl t^i-^ osth inc^ ■*Cv •^ g.^" 33' 1 13 ?5S ^^ ^9 '^S 1 'I' MCO «5C0 rH-^ 00 c- O (N 03 g :g :S :S 03 ^ ■ IC .IT i' Olt- <»lO lOr- rHW ; 1 eot- t^CO lOr- CO <^ « :§ :;£ :S : 1 c !o !c :e |rH -r- :-- O m iq 11 > II ■■ h "-I S3 : « f>. • fij . « V a 1 "g i > 0< • a ) 01 s : t Isiisi D S b I h-^i 1 m 3 3 > < 1 748 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. \ r-, 'd g u H ft , a ■Si 33 0 a ^ 0) ^4 (-1 c2 a w ^ 1 OS s < fl ;3 (/J 1g •pauitniaiapufi ■Biuounny •UIUi:}'B8J3 •uiq^UBX •pomani uji -o^j iq pauim -J8;ap 'PIP'S bijfi •tjajn •auTjn ui pa;ajox9 uQSojjtii •utupBaix •urmui?x •poqiani ut[ -o^ Aq pauira -J9^8p 'piOB OU[i •BajQ •p9uiuua:>apu£i •(«HN) 'BtUOUlUI'B^V •uiuti^ajJI sv •uiq^uBx sv •poq;9uiuiioj iq p9uiTiiJ9:^ -9p'piOBbijnsv "Wox •pa^saS -ill uaSoa^iu i^^oj, •auun ui spqos ib^^ox JO A^\^BxS ogp9ds ■9uun JO 9TnniOA fl,5o lOiH CO 00 «;OrH OOO is-i ■ ■ ■ .?^ to r5t> SIS 05 31 OCO ;eoo coo S 22 ^ 2S si -^s?;3 s; ^ i= §s ?3:3 §1^ :^ ' C^l iH i-H 1 O to a> I— I oo'i-T eoo t^oJ ojio inco 1-1 iM O C^ IMO rH QO(N ^(N lO0 OiOi a SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 749 ■<*< 0 Tf CJ '"' ■"* I ""* I '"' ec 00 0 a> "^ '~* : =^ I '"' • 0.5 lO c^ ■^ cc eo « eo c^ • o i-i tH i-t iH i-i iH 1-1 CO lO (N eo ^ SJ s? Si SB 0 ?: ^ S ^ i> ^ S^ s^ s?? . g?g3 Ol CO eo v> ■ ss §g §c3 S8 s- CC.-I (Mr- S- sg 53§ S£ g§ CO ^^ S^ S§^ S^ 06 TJ. ^ CT> t^O: §§s s? 88 |§5 ^^ g^ Ss ^ 1 ^^ £53 §S ^^ • ^ iH lH eo g§ ^'^ ?iS ss t> j> tOI> 2?2 0"^ gs §s -^c4 ^^ g^ ^s E^gi giO gs IS g^ :S :§ :g :S :« :S :S • 00 ■^eo T»o COiH OrH 0,-l S-^ Entire preservative period: Total Averaee 1 'H a > 1 a, 1 i "E : a ; ■ 2 'i 1 750 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. K H a> 0 ft ^ 2i .2 " t^ bo ^ ^ a a; s g 3 CO 0) Pi ^.o r-l o CO rH t- rH . •pauitnja^apun 'Jc^ !N d •H CO M 'f . ;3 Qi .eo O c^ OS <» xa ^ •(«HN) o^- (N • c^ i-l r-i : |i ■Buiomuiv a; .la a> l> t^ l^ 00 l> • S« •UIUnT38J3 "See CO eo rj. CO eo CO : fii O OJ •uxmuBX a; • -^ -* CO ■ •pomain uii .-^ eo eo ■^ (N (N ■-J ; -0^ Aq pauita • t- 00 . psjoj oxa ua^^oj^iu ^^ ^ : S : gg JS : S S : pa^sa Sui JO %uQo jaj fli «S3« S^ 1 g? I 8? ^g5 15^ ^S •muorainv ^- M w M (M (N (N «ss Si? i-H t> CO T 00 (M rfo- a •uiup«9J3[ ^;:5- s- ^- Or^ r-liH COi- COrH T-i T C^Cf s;^ rHCO O'a (NrH ■.H oj I-l 1— -Vr- 1 •uiq;ui?x <3^' T-( CA iH rH ^^ -^ ■poqiaui uii ^S^S 12^ §5 ss ^^ S^ t^M o -oj i?q pauim ^- Tji o lO ^ * ■* ■«J< 0) -j9iap'ptouDun '"' 5i?? ^^ ^8^ gg ^s «Dt£ ^S 2 •B9jn al^ S^ 1^ i^ S- g^ 1^ Go'i'S sg S^ S5S g?? 5? :?;s •p9uinii9?9pna ^.i (N lO tH eo eo in • •(«HM) ^B?> Scv 5)?; ^s^ ^s-^g SS5 BiuomraB sy ^^ c4 lO '"' '"' (M ^^^ g§ ?^^ ss ^5 8S 8^ •uiup'B9JJi sy ^- TJI o> Ifl Tj< .o ^ oo"^0 gg ?H Tf( Sc •uiq;uBx sy ;r-H o« ss §1 S5! «* gg Ttl TJ1 auun JO gumpA ^00 O^rH ~ o'rH OrH rH .H "« ; : ; Td '^ : o : : '§ : '§ : : 'E -g ^ 1 : i ■R : : c : : 1 lU (1) ft ft : m ^ 'u '.ii ft : o S : ^B^ S^^ -is •So > SALICYLIC ACID ANt) SALICYLATES. 751 ooSS ccc-i wee thS g?5 SS g^^ 00 (N g^ §S^ i§3 ?5?5 ss ■«n iH IM CO • SgJ ^g? §§S tg?5 00 ec c4 ■ ift ?3o gg S!§ S^ S ■* -^ OS SB S§ ;5g ^§ ^ OJtO ss ?2J^ t-r-t CO d • iH CO (NCO (MOS O QO il 1 "tH ; (U Oh a> bcX5 So >^ o > a> o >■ 752 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. •S -< 0 l2i a; u .3 cS p h rt ^ 0) g • ^ C3 (» ■pauTuija^apun •(«HN) ■Biuoinuiv •uinpBajx •ujmu'BX •pomani un -oj .iq pauiiii -J8)9p 'piOBOUfl •VdX[i •9uun III paiBSSui JO -JUSD JOJ •T?iuOTurav ■UlUp'B9JX •uiqjUBX •pomani uii -o^ A'q pauxiii -jajap'piot?'oxjn »r >0 i-! t-^ tH ■-edifi •pauinua^apun •(^HM) 'BiuomuiB sy •ump'Baj5[ sy •uinju-Bx sy 1& S; ;SS S3S poii:jaui uno^j j^q pauiuija:^ -ap'pioBounsy a>t» -^i--. ."Bain sy •l^iox •pa;saS -ui uaSoj^m i^^oj, •auun UI spT[08 ii?;ox 'oQZloQZ, ^tJ anun JO X^iABiS o^Toads •auiin JO auinioA So ^ i: 6C (£> to t^ t-» ^ c^ lo lOia '<5g Sg CO(N OS f^S iOtH 'S'r-S :S :S rH iH 50 M C-l CO S2 g§ CO rH r-H r-l 8^ iCflO CO -*i t-^ r-: 00 I-' ;8^ s^ ^ o t> ^o>J:o>5o> .§ , S 2 5 fe M H Ph SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 753 o • l-H CO CO im' '■ '"' •^ '~' To ~ t-( ' ""OJ" ^o" ^ ; (N '"' o\ Ol . l-~ CO "id CO • CO CO CO ^' ~r ^co'^ " (M cc '"' ! '^ '"' "^ ■ ^c^r '-^ t^ 05 oc i-H I ^ ^ _J Oi . OS o> OJ r-t • sr~ o OS oi '. 05 ^ co' 00 ; I- 00 ss 10-* Ot- id CO ooeo c^cc OCO s ■ ^ • CO CO • r-o" CT. Tr eoio ^ ■ o * oJ § a>to coo GO« cote oos^ Tt lO(M COlM r-ICS 1^r-l o ^rH ^i-H ^ ^^ gHgJ 12S ^^ toco id CO oc< COCO T-llH S'"^ (n"^ r^ iS :8 :8 :S •l> •i> !t> • t^ TfCO OOO oo o^ dd COrH dt- CO -^ Tf lO COiO ^lO l>- lO t^ r-H Tf I-H >— 1 ! ! 'o : 'o : o . '-tj . . 1 li o ; ^ : q3 ; D t ^ ; cu ft : Qj tH ; ■ ir^ a w E dQ W 1 r^-rH- • THE USE OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF THE PRESERVATIVE. The arguments which have been advanced in excuse of the use of preservatives, when used in minute quantities, have perhaps been more vigorously urged for salicylic acid than for almost anj^ other sub- stance. Since the publication of Part I of this bulletin this argument has been urged with such vigor and such ingenuity that a further reference may not be out of place in these general conclusions. The principle which is laid down is that a substance which is injurious to health when added to foods, if not a natural constituent thereof, or if not added for condimental purposes, does not lose its power of injury to health because it is diluted or given in small quantities. The only LETHAL DOSE 100 NORMAL DOSt 100 LETHAL DOSE 25 5Q 75 NORMAL DOSE Fig. 3.— Graphic chart, representing the comparative influences of foods and preservatives. change which is made is to mask the injurious effects produced, to make them more difficult of ascertainment and impossible of measure- ment. This subject was fully discussed in the hearings before the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce in February, 1906. The fallacy of the argument that small quantities of an injurious substance are not injurious may perhaps be best represented graphically. The chart which accompanies this discussion shows theoretically the 754 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 755 normal and lethal dose of a food and a drug, or, as in this case, a chemical preservative. The chart shows two curves, one representing a chemical preservative and one representing a food. The normal dose of a food is that quantity of food which maintains a healthy adult body in equilibrium. It is represented on the right of the chart by the number 100. If the quantity of food necessary to maintain the equi- librium in a healthy adult body is slightly diminished, no apparent change is at first experienced and possibly even no discomfort. If, however, the quantit}^ of food be still further diminished progressively, as indicated by following the curve down to the left, the point is finally reached when no food is given at all and death ensues, repre- sented by zero on the left-hand of the diagram designated "lethal dose." As the curve begins to deviate from the perpendicular on the right the degree of injury is very readily noticed and starvation or symptoms of starvation are set up. Thus, if you follow the perpen- dicular on the right downward to the point 80, the divergence of the corresponding point of the curve is already measurable. As j^ou descend to zero the magnitude of the measurement increases. It re- quires but very little further illustration to show how easily the effect of diminishing the normal dose of a food can be measured immediately after the curve begins to vary appreciably from the perpendicular on the right. Let us now consider the perpendicular on the left, which is marked at the top under the term "lethal dose," viz, a quantity of the added preservative sufficient to destroy life. The normal dose of such an added chemical preservative is 0, and is shown at the base line to the right marked "normal dose." If you add a very minute quantity of a chemical preservative, the curve representing it varies so slightl}^ from the horizontal base as to be impossible of measurement by ordi- nary means. If we follow along to the number 75, on the horizontal base, we see the deviation of the curve is sufficiently great to measure. At 50 it is still greater, at 25 still greater, while at the left of the basic line it is a maximum, extending from 0 to 100, or the lethal dose. It is easy to show by mathematical data that no matter how small the quantity of an injurious substance or preservative is, it will still produce an injurious effect, which may be infinitely small if the dose be infinitely small. It follows then, as a mathematical demonstra- tion, that any quantity of an injurious substance added to a food product must of necessit_^ be injurious, provided it is in the nature of a drug and the body is in a perfectly healthy normal condition. Hence the argument which has been so persistently urged in favor of a chemical preservative that if in small quantities it is harmless is shown to be wholly untenable. Where there is no necessity for the addition of a harmful substance, where no particular benefit is secured thereby, and where there is no disturbance of the normal state of 756 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. health there can be no possible excuse of a valid nature to offer for the exhibition of even minute quantities. That these minute quanti- ties would not be dangerous, in so far as producing any fatal effect is concerned, is conceded, but that, in the end, they do not produce an injury, even in these small quantities, is certainly to be denied. The course of safety, therefore, in all these cases is to guard the opening of the door. If the use of small quantities is permitted, then there can never be any agreement among experts or others respecting the magnitude of the "small quantit}^," and continued litigation and disagreement must follow. On the other hand, when the harmfulness of any substance which it is proposed to add to food is established and no reason for its use can be given other than the convenience, care- lessness, or indifference of the manufacturer, the exclusion of such bodies entirely from food products follows as a logical sequence and a hygienic necessity. GENERAL CONCLTJSIONSr In the conclusions based upon the general observations the same conservatism must be observed and the same general reservations made as are found in Part I concerning boric acid and borax. While, as described in the borax report, the attempt has ,been made to control, as far as possible, all the conditions of the experimental work, the difficulties attending the task are so enormous that it is not possible that complete success should be secured. There has, however, been no attempt made to discriminate in the choice of data, all the observations being recorded and the discussion of the individual data based upon the tabular statements being given without prejudice and without bias. The general assumption has been made, as in the previous case, that, by reason of the regular habits of life which were imposed upon the subjects, the amount of energy developed and the quantity of nourish- ment expended therein are reasonably constant throughout the experi- mental period. If these factors vary, as they necessaril}^ must to a certain degree, it is evident that they vary uniformly above or below the average, and hence these variations could not possibly produce any notable effect upon the final result. There has been a general consensus of opinion among scientific men, including the medical profession, that salicylic acid and its compounds are very harmful substances, and the prejudice against this particular form of preservative is perhaps greater than against any other material used for preserving foods. This is due not only to the belief in the injurious character of salicylic acid, but perhaps is especially due to the fact that it has in the past been so generall}^ used as an antiseptic. That salicylic acid should be singled out especiall}^ for condemnation among preservatives does not seem to be justified by the data which are presented and discussed in this bul- letin. That it is a harmful substance, however, seems to be well established bj^ the data taken as a whole, but it appears to be a harmful substance of less virulence than has been generally supposed. There is no doubt of the fact that salicylic acid is a drug which is often indicated in diseases well established and also perhaps in certain con- ditions which, while verging on disease, might still be regarded as a state of health. But the administration of salicylic acid as a medicine should be controlled exclusively by the medical profession, and while it is a remedy well established in the Pharmacopoeia and especially 757 758 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH. prized for its effect upon rheumatism and gout, it does not seem that there should be any warrant in this fact for its promiscuous use in foods, even if it were harmless. The data show very clearly that salicylic acid and salicylates appear to exert an exciting influence upon the activities which take place in the alimentary canal, stimulating the organs to greater effort, and this stimulation leads at first to increased solubility and absorption of the foods which are introduced into the stomach. In the light of the data which are exhibited salicylic acid may be said to increase the solu- bilit}^ and absorption of the food in the alimentary canal, so that larger parts of the nutrients taken into the stomach actually enter -the circulation. The data which show the effects just noted also indicate that the general effect upon the s^^stem is depressing, in that the tissues are broken down more rapidly than they are built up, and thus the normal metabolic processes are interfered with in a harmful way. The administration of the salicylic acid is attended b}^ a gradual decrease in the weight of the subjects, although the quantity of food elements administered during the preservative and after periods is slightly increased, which fact, together with the greater degree of absorption of the food elements, should have resulted in a slight increase in weight. This increase in weight, however, does not occur, and the disturbing influence of the salicylic acid upon metabolism, although not very great, is specifically demonstrated. The final conclusion in this matter, therefore, is that the unenviable position which salicylic acid has heretofore held among preservatives, in being regarded as the most injurious of all, is to a certain extent undeserved. Like other ordinary preservatives, it is not one which can be classed as a poison in the usual sense of the word. When used as a medicine in many cases of derangement of health it is like the other chemical preservatives, often highl}^ beneficial when properly prescribed by a competent physician. It is when used in the food at first an apparent stimulant, increasing the absorption and solubilit}^ of the common food elements from the alimentary canal. It soon, how- ever, loses its stimulating properties and becomes a depressant, tend- ing to break down the tissues of the body more rapidly than they are built up. It disturbs the metabolic processes, in most cases producing conditions which are not normal and which, apparently, are not bene- ficial. It has a tendency to diminish the weight of the body and to produce a feeling of discomfort and nialaise^ which, while not marked, is distinctly indicative of injury. In some cases these symptoms of malaise approach illness, and while not always diagnostic are suffi- ciently common to point unmistakably to the salicylic acid as their origin. It places upon the excretory organs, especially the kidneys, an additional burden which they are not able to bear and which can 1 SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES. 759 not possibly result in any good, but on the contrary must necessarily finally result in injury, though perhaps with the use of very small quantities of the preservative these organs would continue to perform their function for many years before finally breaking down. This work is offered as an unbiased study of all the data recorded, both of those which appear to be in favor of the use of salicylic acid and those which appear to be against its use, and leads to the inevita- ble conclusion that salicylic acid is a substance which, when added to foods even in small quantities, exerts a depressing and harmful influ- ence upon the digestion and health and the general metabolic activities of the body. Further, there appears to be no necessity for its use, as food can be preserved in unobjectionable ways without its aid. Its indiscriminate use would tend to carelessness in the quantities emplo3^ed, thus increasing the dangers to which the consumer is subjected. Also, its use in the preservation of foods tends to induce carelessness and indifference on the part of the manufacturer, as when a chemical anti- septic is employed many of the processes necessary to the proper selection, cleaning, and preservation of foods ma}^ be omitted. The addition of salicj^ic acid and salicylates to foods is therefore a process which is reprehensible in every respect, and leads to injury to the consumer, which, though in many cases not easily measured, must finally be productive of great harm. LIST OF TABLES. Series VI. Page. Table I. Dates of periods and subperiods 481 II. Schedule of administration of preservative 481 III. Salicylic acid ingested and recovered in urine 4S4 IV. Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight 514 V. Summary for nine men, by periods, showing average daily ratio of food weight to body weight 520 VI. x\verages, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglobin in the blood . . 523 VII. Summary of weight and water content of feces, by periods 527 VIII. Urine determinations — volume, specific gravity, and total solids . . 535 IX. Urine determinations — ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosi)hates to nitrogen 545 X. Urine determinations — ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates and neutral sulphur 5!)2 XL Microscopical examination of th^ urine 578 XII. Nitrogen summary, by periods, for nine men 590 XIII. Nitrogen balances 592 XIV. Phosphoric acid summary, by periods, for nine men 613 XV. Piiosphoric acid balances 614 XVI. Sulphur summary, by periods, for nine men 632 XVII. Sulphur balances -.- 633 XVIII. Fat summary, by periods, for nine men 649 XIX. Fat balances 651 XX. Calories summary, by periods, for nine men 668 XXL Calories balances 669 XXII. Solids summary, by periods, for nine men 688 XXIII. Solids balances 689 Series XL THE EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND SALICYLATES UPON THE NITRO(JENOrs BODIES IN THE URINE. Table I. Daily ration, showing amount of food and quantity of nitrogen ingested in the preliminary experiment 706 II. Urea and uric acid eliminated in urine, preliminary study 711 III. Comparison of the two methods for the determination of urea 7-'- IV. Schedule of administration of salicylic acid and salicylates for special study on four men , - - ' V. Eeaction of the urine and presence of albumin, special study VL Nitrogenous constituents of the urine, special study i 760 o HOME USE CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT MAIN LIBRARY V ^^'i'?^*" "'^l' I" f'W""! 'y callinj 642-3405 6-n.onth loans may be recharged by bringing bcokf" to Circulation Desk. Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. ' AIL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 7 DAY< AFTER DATE CHECKED OIJT ^ 'KEU.CIR, BIIRiq'T? FEB-girjgs^ f^ECElVED ''f 6 ; 2 1996 gRCmATi^^ncpT LD21 — A-40m-12 '74 (S2700L) .. . General Library ^ ^ University of California Berkeley YU l«^7D U. C, BERKELEY LIBRARIES 179201