• » ^ DECEMBER Vol. m. No. i. m^ < bl > Bancroft I fhrcry The Oil Industry. MILLIONS of dollars are expended every year in the development of the oil industry In California. It has grown from a question of venture to a fixed and stable business enterprise, and to-day there is no more important industry in the State. In the present number of "For California," devoted to the oil industry, the California Pro- motion Committee has called upon the men in the State who are best posted on the various branches of the industry, and their responses have been prompt and satisfying. L. P. Crane, of Alameda County, President of the Pacific Coast Petro- leum Miners' Association, gives a most interesting and instructive article on the history of petroleum, showing that the beginning of this industry was so far back in the annals of time as to preclude the possibility of knowing when it was first used. The Use of Petroleum and its Products for Production of Power is the title of a most conclusive and able article from the pen of John H. Hopps, who is a recognized authority on this subject. The manufacture and use of asphaltum is written about by John Baker, Jr., who is known as a careful student and close observer. A. M. Hunt writes of petroleum as a fuel on locomotives and steam- ships, and shows clearly and entertainingly the advances made by the use of this new fuel on the California coast. He shows the relative merits and cost of the fuel as compared with coal, and gives some figures that will attract attention. Dr. C. T. Deane, Secretary of the Pacific Coast Petroleum Miners' Association, covers the oil industry in the State in a most comprehensive and complete article, showing deep research and close thought to the subject matter. Dr. Deane's article is one well worthy of preservation for its conciseness and clearness of statement. Charles G. Yale, than whom there is no better authority on the mines and their products oiF California, has a most complete article covering the production of oil in the State since its earliest discovery. This article is reinforced by a series of tables whose value will strike the reader at a glance, as they show conclusively and effectively the production of oils in all the counties with the values of the product. Taken as a whole the present number of "For California" is one that will be well worthy of preservation for future reference, and for the investor or manufacturer it contains much that will assist in the advancement of all business. The subjects covered in the articles are those of most import- ance in California, and they have been covered in a manner that gives the most information in the least space. Owing to the lack of space an article on making good roads by the use of petroleum was crowded out. The making of roads in California is an industry that is now attracting the at- tention of all the officials who have the subject in charge, and the oil of California is recognized as being the best in the world for this purpose. The natural asphaltum base of the crude oil makes a road that cannot be improved upon even by the use of the famous Trinidad asphaltum. This fact has now become so well recognized that in nearly all of the counties of the State roads are being made with petroleum, and the result is that it will not be many years until this will be practically a dustless State. The Promotion Committee feels. In presenting the present number of "For California," that It is furnishing an epitome of one of the great indus- tries which will soon place California in the first rank as a producer and manufacturing State in the world. With the coming of cheap fuel through the development of oil wells, California can do better than any other State because of the fact that we have here all the raw products necessary for a perfect manufacturing State. 8 1704.fifi Early and Later History of Petroleum. By L. P. CRANE. Praaidsat Pacific Caaat Petroleoin Hiner*' Aaaociatlon WHILE the history of petroleum in America prior to developments brought about by artesian boring will probably be accounted of little practical value, yet to the man of commercial Insight it is a pivot point at which begins a new era in the world's manufacturing industries. In Europe and Asia it has been an object of some commercial value for centuries, and there is good reason to believe that it has been known and used since the earliest ages of the world. It is impossible to go back to the time when petroleum was first dis- covered. From its frequent occurrence in the form of springs in many parts of the world, it is evident that it has always been known — certainly more than four thousand years. Layard and Botta, in their discoveries at Nineveh, adduce positive evidence that the inhabitants of this ancient city had knowledge of the existence and use of petroleum. In building the city, an asphaltic mortar ("slime" according to the Old Testament) was employed, the asphalt for which was partially evaporated petroleum. That used at Babylon was obtained from the Springs of Is, on the Euphrates, which, at a later date, attracted the attention of Alexander, of Trajan, and of Julian; they, even to this day, supply the neighboring villages with oil. Herodotus, 500 years before Christ, spoke of the oil wells of Zante; and Pliny and Dioscorides described the oil of Agrigentum, which was used In lamps under the name of "Sicilian Oil." The wells of Amiano, on the banks of the Taro, were formerly used for lighting the City of Genoa. There is reason to believe that at some former period in the history of the American continent, the existence and uses of petroleum had been better understood than they were for some centuries before the recent artesian developments. The numerous pits, until recently, and perhaps even still to be seen along the valley of Oil Creek, cribbed with roughly hewn timber, but nearly hidden by the rubbish of ages, indicate a develop- ment comparatively extensive. Trees were found growing in the center of some of these pits, which, we are told, on the evidence of the concentric circles in the wood, were shown to be the growth of centuries. Many cir- cumstances concur in referring these excavations to a period of time, and to a race of people, who occupied the country prior to the advent of those aborigines, found here by our Latin or Saxon ancestors. They were probably the work of that mysterious people who left the traces of their rude civilization in the copper mines about Lake Superior and the mounds of the Southwest. When we consider how easily, partially nomadic races, of which they probably were, degenerate, and how suddenly they are sometimes extin- guished, this disposition of the matter seems plausible; but as all that IS more within the sphere of the archaeologist than the historian of a modern industry, we have passed it without research. Petroleum and electricity will revolutionize the vast territory west of the Mississippi River, where the future people of America will plant the great industries of the twentieth century. Connecting the Pacific Coast with the Orient where 500,000,000 people are being modernized, and made acquainted with the Saxon's methods of scientific productions. The percentage of oil carried in the sands of the Coalinga Field, as shown by tests made by the Pacific Coast Petroleum Miners' Association in 1904- and 1905, prove that from property in Section 31 the results would be as follows per acre: Oil sand 100 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 155,400 barrels. Oil sand 200 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 310,800 barrels. Oil sand 300 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 466,200 barrels. Oil sand 400 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 621 ,600 barrels. Oil sand 500 feet thick at 20 per cent saturation, 777,000 barrels. Oil sand 600 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 932.400 barrels. This is estimating that all the oil should be extracted from the sand. The experience of the leading experts show that fully 90 per cent has been successfully taken out of the oil sands of California where the wells have been exhausted. Where the oil measures have been carefully kept in the boring of the wells, there can be but little error in the calculations. From these statistics the value of the oil field can be estimated closely. By these statistics obtained by much care and close calculation, forty acres of oil land with an oil sand of 400 feet would contain 24,640,000 barrels of oil, and if the saturation is greater than 20 per cent, as in many cases, the product would be correspondingly greater. There has been but little known about the real value of the oil fields of California, and when one considers the future of the manufacturing industry on the Pacific Coast, and the demands that will be made upon the oil fields for crude petroleum for fuel for the merchant marine, that will carry on the commerce of the Pacific, one may begin to estimate the value of petroleum as a fuel, leaving out the demand for refined oil. Twenty thousand locomotives in the United States are being changed from coal to oil burners. The onward march of the American nation toward the Pacific Coast means increased demand for fuel, and he who does not see it is blind to the evolution of the age. Use OF Petroleum and Products FOR Production of Power. By JOHN H. H0PP5 NO one factor contributes so much to the development of a country where labor is scarce and highly paid as cheap, power. Ever since the invention of the steam engine, the efforts of engineers have been directed toward the securing of an increase in efficiency of the prime movers, the object being a reduction in the cost of power. The cost of power depends primarily on the cost of fuel, and the influence of the practically unlimited supply of petroleum on the in- dustrial development of California will be to foster manufacturing enter- prises, Its influence in this direction being clearly noticeable. Petroleum and its products are used as fuel for the production of power In two ways: First — By utilizing the heat generated by the com- bustion of the fuel to produce steam in a boiler for use in a steam engine; Second — By the combustion of the fuel either as a gas or an oil vapor in the cylinder of a gas or gasoline engine. The obvious advantages of liquid fuel for the production of steam power are briefly: First — Low cost and high efficiency: Second — Increased capacity of boilers: Third — Ease of transportation; Fourth — Reduction of storage bulk; Fifth — Ease and rapidity with which oil fires can be regu- lated; Sixth — Saving of labor; Seventh — Cleanliness; with liquid fuel there is no smoke. Crude petroleum can now be contracted for delivered in San Fran- cisco for forty-five cents per barrel. A barrel of oil of fifteen degrees gravity (Beaume) weighs 337 pounds, making the cost of oil per pound 0.1336 cents. Coal at $5.00 per long ton costs 0.223 cents per pound. One pound of average fuel oil will generate sufficient heat to turn into steam from 12 to 15 pounds of water from and at a temperature of 212 degrees F., depending on the efficiency of the boiler. One pound of good Coast coal (Comox or Wellington) will turn Into steam from 8 to 9 pounds of water from and at a temperature of 212 degrees F. The cost of fuel then, per pound of water evaporated, will be: Petro- leum, 0.0099 cents; coal, 0.026 cents; showing that coal at $5.00 per ton costs, as fuel, 2 6-10 times as much as oil at 45 cents per barrel; or, in other words, the cost of good coal must be reduced to $1.92 per ton to compete with oil at 45 cents per barrel. It is generally admitted in practice that four barrels of oil are the equivalent of one ton of coal under average conditions. This would make the equivalent cost of coal to oil at 45 cents per barrel $1.80 per ton. The steaming capacity of boilers is considerably increased by using liquid fuel. Opinions differ as to the actual increase in capacity, claims having been made that from 25 to 50 per cent more steam could be pro- duced by a given boiler with oil as fuel than could be produced with coal. The greatest advantages In the use of petroleum as fuel, aside from the low cost, are found in the saving of labor in firing, cleaning fires, clean- ing boilers and handling coal and ashes — in large plants the difference amounting to very considerable sums. Again, the saving of storage space is of great importance, as a given supply of oil fuel can be stored in hatf the space occupied by a corresponding amount of coal. Further, Uquid fuel may be stored in tanks remote from the boilers and placed below the ground, whilst coal must be so placed as to be easily reached from the boiler room floor. For the production of power on board ship, petroleum has all the advantages enumerated above, and is in many respects an ideal fuel. Aside from its low cost, the advantages derived from ease of handling and small storage bulk cannot be overrated. Not only does petroleum occupy only half the space required for coal, but it can be carried in parts of the ship not otherwise useful. The consequent increased cargo space means increased earning power for the ship. The saving in time is also a very important matter. Where formerly from one to three days' time was re- quired to coal a ship, necessitating moving to the coal bunkers and a delay in loading cargo, the necessary oil fuel is now pumped into the ship from a barge in a few hours without interfering with the handling of cargo, and consequently without loss of time. In addition, the objectionable coal dust and dirt incident to coaling is entirely done away with. In a small coasting steamer fitted to burn oil fuel about three years ago, careful records have been kept of the fuel cost, both with coal and oil. The cost for fuel averaged for a period of six months in each case was: Coal at $5.25 per ton, $2.65 per hour; petroleum at 70 cents per barrel, $1.64 per hour. Petroleum is now being used as fuel on locomotives generally throughout the States. On the Great Eastern Railway, England, the average consumption of fuel in express locomotives is stated to be: Using coal, 35.4 pounds per mile; using oil, 16.5 pounds per mile. Next to lower cost of fuel, the greatest advantages in using oil for locomotives are undoubtedly the ease and rapidity with which fires can be regulated, and the absence of sparks, which fre,quently cause exten- sive fires along the route. As stated above, the internal combustion engine is attracting much attention and is coming into very general use. These engines are of two types: The gas engine proper, and the gasoline or oil engine. When a simple and efficient gas producer capable of making a fixed gas from petroleum at a moderate cost has been invented, there is no doubt that the gas engine will to a great extent displace the steam engine. In California the gasoline or oil engine is in general use, the fuel belnff gasoline or distillates of various kinds, produced in the process of refining crude petroleum. For localities where fuel is expensive and water scarce, and for the user of small amounts of power, the gasoline engine is very desirable. By equipping the gzisoline engine with a generator to heat the liquid fuel, it is possible to use Coalinga oil and less expensive distillates. These distillates can be purchased for five cents per gallon at this time. An efficient gasoline engine will develop one horse power on from one-eighth to one-tenth of a gallon of distillates per hour, depending on the quality of distillates and efficiency of the engine, making the fuel cost per horse power per hour from 0.5 to 0.625 cents. The Oil Industry By DR. C. T. DEANE, 5ecrctary Pacific Coast Petrolcnm Hlaers' AMociatfoa IN treating of the oil industry of California I shall confine myself to facts, and all figures will be most conservative. While we have known of the existence of petroleum for the past twenty-five years, only for five years has Its importance been appre- ciated, and even now there are many who smile when you tell them of the great changes the use of crude oil is bound to produce in the future. Development work has determined the existence of a well-defined oil belt, extending from Siskiyou to San Diego. There is nothing to prevent us from entering into manufacturing com- petition with the Atlantic and trans-Mississippi States, for oil at less than $1 a barrel is as cheap as coal at $3 a ton; and then our climate, par- ticularly around the Bay of San Francisco, Is capable of bringing forth the best efforts of the mechanic. The Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads use oil exclusively in their locomotives and machine shops. A locomotive uses about 23 barrels of oil a day; it is estimated that the Southern Pacific Railroad thus saves over $5,000,000 per annum. The increasing production of oil during the last five years has been from 1900, 4,000,000 barrels; 1904, 29,000,000 barrels; 1905, estimated, 35,000,000 barrels. California produces more oil than any other State in the Union. The producing fields of California are, beginning at the Southern end of the State, as follows: Fullerton, Puente, Whittier, Los Angeles, Newhall, Ventura, Summerland, Maria, Kern River, Sunset and Midway, McKittrick, Coalinga; Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties. None of these fields have been brought into full production. The greatest oil field yet developed in California and what may prove the most prolrfic district in the world, with, perhaps, the exception of Baku (Russia), Is the Kern River; here we have over 4000 acres of proven land, capable of developing on any acre a well of not less than 100 barrels a day; at the present there are over 600 wells pumping, which produced In 1904 over 17,000,000 barrels of oil. Kern River has already produced over 65,000,- 000 barrels and is producing 40,000 barrels a day. There are in the State at the present about 3,000 wells. The con- sumer in San Francisco Is paying now about 65 to 70 cents a barrel. At the beginning of this year there were forty refineries in the State, making kerosene, distillate, lubricants, asphaltum, coke and many by- products; the great refinery at Point Richmond on the Bay of San Fran- cisco, constructed by the Standard Oil Company, in connection with its pipe fine, 278 miles long from Bakersfield and a branch to Coalinga, is one of the largest in the United States, having a capacity of handling over 10,000 barrels of oil a day. It was believed that California oil, with an asphaltum base, could not be refined for kerosene at a profit, but the ghost of that fallacy has been laid to rest, and most of the kerosene used on the Pacific Coast to-day is made not twenty miles from the city of San Francisco, instead of importing It from the Atlantic States. There is rapidly developing a large demand for oil in the sprinkling of roads; an oil road is so much smoother, more durable, cleaner and less costly, that the Boards of Supervisors throughout the State are gradually learning. It takes about 150 barrels of oil to oil a mile of road (the oil has to be heated to get the best results), and it costs less than $200 per mile. Nearly all the gas companies in California are now using oil in the manufacture of that illuminant; there is in the neighborhood of 20,000,- 000 feet of gas used a day. These consume nearly 2,000,000 barrels of oil; the gas made from oil is so superior to coal gas that there is no question but that this demand will largely increase. Oil gas can be put into the holder for less than 20 cents a 1,000 feet. Another important product of the refineries is the production of asphalt from crude oil; this asphaltum contains 99 per cent bitumen and is absolutely impervious to water, consequently asphalt refined from oil is pure, while that imported is a natural product, not a true asphalt at all, but a bituminous rock, filled with foreign substances, which are soluble in water, therefore easily destroyed by rains. To give some idea of the increased production of this refined aspnalt it will only be necessary to give the following figures: In 1898 the output was 12,000 tons, while last year, 1904, it had increased to 60,000 tons; of this last figure 90 per cent was exported to the Atlantic States and to Europe. Another point in favor of California asphalt is its uniform standard, while that imported from Trinidad is variable and unreliable. Where the two come into honest competition, ours always wins. A satisfactory pave- ment can be laid at $1 .60 a square yard. The railroads have recently re- duced the freight on California asphalt to the Atlantic Coast to $10 a ton, hoping thereby to encourage its use beyond the borders of the State. Every 50 cents taken from this price will increase the consumption. The amount of asphalt required for paving purposes alone in the United States aggregates over 200,000 tons per annum. There are so many uses for this valuable by-product of our oil wells, both In building, roofing (which, strange to say, is almost fire-proof), laying the floors of cellars, etc., etc., that a large amount of our oil production will be ab- sorbed in this way. It takes about 20 barrels of oil to produce one ton of refined asphalt. There have been paid by oil companies in the Kern River field alone in the past three years over $2,000,000, and this does not include any profit made by the "Associated Oil Company," a great corporation with a capital of $40,000,000, which owns more than half the best lands in the district. This company has a large number of wells now pumping and producing over 1 5,000 barrels of oil a day. They have recently purchased a pipe line and steamers from Coalinga to Monterey Bay, and have ex- pended on betterments over $7,000,000. Another very large and pros- perous company is the Union Oil Company of California. This company has a large acreage in almost every oil field in the State, besides refineries, tank steamers, etc. The Associated and Union Oil Companies are California companies and their capital is all California capital. I have mentioned above that oil was a better and cheaper fuel than coal for steam purposes, and the following table will give a concrete ob- ject lesson, which will explain itself. Sixteen tons of 1 5 degrees gravity oil generates as much steam as 25 tons of the best Welsh coal. The evaporation per pound of coal at 212 degrees is 9 pounds. The evaporation per pound of oil at 212 degrees is 15 pounds, thus 1,362 pounds of oil seem equivalent to 2.040 pounds of coal, which gives a ratio of efficiency of oil to coal of 1.65 to 1. 104 bar- rels of oil equal 25 tons of coal in heating power. One barrel of oil weight about 300 pounds; one barrel, 42 gallons. One of the ferry boats uses 143 barrels of oil in 48 hours, formerly the same boat used 40 tons of coal to do the same work; this equals 3 1-2 barrels to a ton of coal, or in money: 40 tons of coal at $6.00, $240.00; 143 barrels of oil at 70 cents, $109.10, saving $139.90, or over 58 per cent. The use of oil in marine boilers is rapidly forging ahead. There are 200 vessels with San Francisco as a home port using oil; these vessels average from small tugs and ferry boats to large ocean steamers of 8,000 tons register. There are many other reasons why steamers should use oil, but when we take into consideration all its advantages, more heat units, cheapness, less space occupied, cleanliness, safety, life of machinery — in fact oil as a fuel has no disadvantages — we wonder that ship owners are not falling over each other in adopting it, instead of the cumbersome (stage coach) coal, dirt, loss of time, loss of money and loss of patience. If the nineteenth century was the age of coal, the present one will be the age of oil. As a steam producer coal is out of date and it is my belief that inside of five years there will not be a steamer leaving the port of San Francisco using other fuel than oil. If the Bay of San Francisco can float the navies of the world, the oil fields of California can move them. Petroleum as Fuel on Locomo- tives AND Steamships. By A. M. HUNT CALIFORNIA as a producer of petroleum has advanced to the front rank with giant strides in the past few years, and much of the oil produced being of inferior grade for refining purpose, It has come into extensive use as fuel in power plants. It has practically displaced coal as fuel in every steam plant of any magnitude in the State, by reason of its relatively low cost, and simplicity, cleanliness and ease of handling. Its market as fuel in stationary plants has been limited, in a degree, by the large amount of power in use that is developed from the water of the Sierra streams, and with the growing production, it was only a ques- tion of time when the railroads and steamship companies would be led to adopt it for fuel. Relative cost as compared with other fuels is a very large factor In such a case, but an adequate supply of reasonable permanence had also to be assured before the railroad companies were justified in adopting it. Both the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railroad Companies have acquired extensive interests in oil properties, thus assuring themselves of their supply for a number of years, and are now using petroleum fuel al- most exclusively on most of their California mileage. Other smaller lines throughout the Central and Southern section of the State are using it exclusively. There is, of course, a limiting radius, measured from the oil fields, beyond which it is not economical for the railroads to use the petroleum. Incoming coal from outlying fields will at some point meet the outgoing oil where the cost of production and transportation of the two will balance, so establishing the area within which the latter can be economically used. The use of oil fuel on locomotives has certain incidental advantages worthy of note. Freedom from cinders contributes largely to the comfort of passengers. Relative absence of flying sparks reduces the hazard of grain fields and forest fires. The handling of ashes is eliminated and the fireman's work rendered infinitely less laborious. Mr. H, M. Honn, at one time Traveling Fireman of the Southern Pacific Railroad, San Joaquin Division, comments on its use as follows: "Of course, oil burning in this country is in its infancy, and there is room for a great deal of improvement, but considering the length of time we have been at it, it is certainly remarkable to see how those engines go up the hills with their heavy trains, with plenty of steam, no smoke, no dust, no cinders, and no sweating fireman." The use of petroleum as fuel on steamships Is of great importance from a commercial standpoint, but involves considerations beyond those which are determinative of its adoption in stationary plants and on ioco- motives. When a vessel travels over a route where it can obtain fuel oil at both terminals, the storage space required is limited to that required for the trip one way, but if oil can be obtained at only one terminal, she must carry oil for the round trip. The same space cannot be utilized alternately for storage of oil and coal, so the extent to which oil will become the fuel for marine use will be determined, in a great measure, by the ports of call where petroleum is carried in storage. A great number of the steamers running on San Francisco Bay and its tributaries, and those doing a coastwise business, are using oil fuel with great success. Fuel oil is now kept in storage at Los Angeles, Port Harford, San Francisco, Portland and at points on the Hawaiian Islands. Relative cost for equal heat values is not the only consideration gov- erning its adoption. The oil for equal heating value occupies only about 50 per cent of the space taken by coal and weighs about 65 per cent as much. Tanks for its storage can be built In spaces not otherwise utilized. For these reasons, an oil-burning steamer has available cargo space and displacement in excess of a coal-burning one, making voyages of equal length between ports at which both fuels can be had. An additional advantage in favor of the fuel oil lies in the fact that fewer firemen are required, and these work under more favorable condi- tions as regards comfort. The steamers now plying on the Yukon River, between St. Michaels and Dawson, are using oil fuel, which is shipped up to that section in ocean going tank steamers from California. This has proven a measure of considerable economy over the old system of using coal and wood. Relatively few ocean going steamers are at present using this fuel, but It is quite probable that plans now under consideration will be carried out to establish oil storage at a number of points on trade routes, with the certain result that the market for our crude oil can be expanded indefinitely. That our production can be largely expanded is well known to those familiar with the situation, and the promise of the near future is bright indeed. In connection with the project of reaching out for the world's market, a pipe line is contemplated across the Isthmus of Panama, so that our fuel oil may be made available at Atlantic ports, without the necessity of the long trip around Cape Horn. The commercial significance of the use of oil for marine power is shown by the fact that there are now running out of San Francisco 189 vessels using oil for fuel, the gross tonnage being 132,391. The Manufacture and Uses of asphaltum. By JOHN BAKER, Jr. TO the ordinary individual asphaltum is almost an unknown substance; pitch and similar materials are all the same to the common observer. Seeing asphaltum as used on the street, the layman conjures in his mind visions of tremendous chemical action in the bowels of the earth, wherein a vast caldron is used by nature in the creation of asphaltum, which is afterwards brought to the surface by mighty convulsions and volcanic eruptions. Trinidad pitch lake represents te the average person the source of supply of asphaltum for the worid. The extended use of the so-called "natural" asphaltums for various purposes demonstrated years ago the urgent necessity for an asphaltum composed of practically pure bitumen; an asphaltum which might be 10 (oNiy tempered to meet the peculiar requirements of special uses; an asphaltum wNch might be obtained of uniform quality, grade and reliability. An attempt was made to obtain such a material by refining the asphaltum produced by Nature, but the process proved to be so costly that commer- cially considered it was impracticable. When the vast oil fields of California were discovered, analysis of the crude oil obtained showed that its base was of a purely asphaJtic char- acter. The oils of Pennsylvania and Ohio have a paraffine base, those of Texas both paraffine and asphaltum — in California alone has a pure asphaltic Maltha been taken from the ground. When it had been thor- oughly proven that the asphaltic base of the California crude was practi- cally a pure bitumen, carrying no foreign or organic matter, refiners con- ceived the possibility of recovering by process of distillation the asphaltum in its pure state, and refineries were erected for the purpose in different portions of California. The result was a success hardly contemplated by the pioneers of the industry. The asphaltum obtained by distillation proved to be so far superior to that mined from the earth, that the output has grown to immense proportions in the short period of five years, and is rapidly becoming one of its leading industries. It has, therefore, been proven that Man, by intelligent manipulation, can produce an asphaltum of uniform quality, of any temper desired, of practical purity, of unlimited supply. So far, only the crude oils of California yield this ideal material. The asphaltum is used for many purposes. Utilized for street paving, it produces practically the ideal street covering — dustless, noiseless, resi- lient, durable and ornamental. For roofing, it insures absolute impervious- ness to water, will withstand weathering, lowers insurance rates, admits of quick economical repair. As a lining for reservoirs, it provides absolute water-tight walls, offers no surface for fungus growth, does not contamin- ate the water. As a protection for underground pipe it has been found of superior merit. Wooden piles coated with it resist the ravages of the teredo and last many years under the most trying circumstances where their life otherwise would be brief. As a damp course it is possible to obtain a dry cellar in any country, at any season, under an circumstances. It is also used as a base for paints and varnishes, for insulating, for making briquettes, for coating structural steel, for the manufacture of building paper, and a host of other and increasing purposes where practically pure bitumen is required. The introduction of the pure California asphaltum in the Eastern market and its instant and tremendous success as a paving material, caused consternation in the ranks of the promoters of the so-called "natural" asphaltums. They recognized immediately that if the Califor- nia product was permitted to compete along legitimate lines and given a fair field, Trinidad asphalt and other impure foreign asphalts would quickly be driven from the market. The result of their efforts for self-preservation was, first, the establishment of high freight rates; second, the subsidizing of high chemical authorities and other experts, who issued pamphlets and literature, setting forth that the new material was not the equal of the so- called **natural" products, was deficient in the qualities necessary to create lasting pavements, finally coining the phrase "residual pitch" as a contemptuous description of California asphaltum. A systematic cam- paign was later inaugurated in most of the large cities to have it barred from the specifications covering street paving requirements for asphaltic cement, arguments being advanced that the material was too quickly manufactured, that it had no lasting qualities, that it was not possible to produce it of uniform consistency, and finally, that there was no assurance of supply. However, in spite of vicious misrepresentation, in spite of discriminat- ing freight rates, in spite of distance from the large markets, in spite of unfavorable specification legislation, California asphaltum steadily gained in favor, steadily replaced the impure foreign asphalts, and steadily proved its worth as a paving material wherever tried. As an instance of the won- derful growth of the output, in 1902 the entire production of the State 11 was only 20,000 short tons; this year up to November 1st, one concern alone has produced and marketed a much greater tonnage than the 1902 output. Specifications everywhere now admit California asphaltum, and wherever it has been fairly tested it has been established as the standard. Laid side by side with the so-called "natural" asphalts it has repeatedly shown its superiority, being more durable and requiring a less expenditure for maintenance. This season sailing vessels have been chartered, loaded with the material, and sent around the Horn to the Atlantic seaboard. Large shipments have been made to the same destination by steamers, while thousands of tons have gone overland. The material has now been accepted on its merits, and the next few years should show an astonishing building up of this California industry — an industry unique in that Cali- fornia is practically the only part of the world where it may be carried on successfully. california's production of Petroleum. By CHARLES Q. VALE. 5Uti8tician California State nini>e Bnrean IN view of the fact that others better qualified will doubtless write up descriptions of the various petroleum fields of the State in this issue of "For California," and that all the occurrences will be duly noted, it is intended in what follows to show merely the gradual progress in pro- duction, and that in as brief a manner as may be. California has now risen to first place among the other States of the Union in the produc- tion of mineral oils, as far as the annual output in number of barrels is concerned, but in total value and average value received per barrel it does not hold that rank unfortunately. The limitations of this article preclude a discussion on the causes of this latter condition. While gold is still the leading product in point of value in the mineral industry of the State, petroleum is now the second; but gold has been mined here since 1848, and it is only within the past few years that the petroleum interests of the State have been recognized as important. It was not until 1895 that there was over a million barrels of oil produced in any one year. In 1894 — the last year of which we have complete data — the output was 29,736,003 barrels, valued at $8,317,809, as compared with 24,340,839 barrels in 1903 valued at $7,313,271. This shows an increased output in one year of 5,395,164 barrels, with an increase in value of about a million dollars. The oil wen, however, have still much ahead of them in trying to catch up with the gold miners, because California's output of gold in 1904 was $19,109,600, which was an increase of about three million dollars over the yield of the previous year. For a long time copper kept second place in the list of producing minerals, but the petroleum yield is now valued at more than double that of the copper mines in this State. In order to show the gradual progress in the development of the oil indus- try of California the appended tables have been prepared. In that giving the entire output of the State by years, the figures of the United States Geological Survey have been taken up to 1894, but from that year on, the figures of the California State Mining Bureau. It was not until 1894 that the Bureau began the compilation of annual statistics of mineral output, and it is for this reason that the tables of product for each county are given no further back than eleven years, they being obtained from Mining Bureau records. This is the first time as far as the writer knows that an attempt has been made to segregate the oil production in this State by county over a series of years, and it is hoped that the following tables will be found of service as a matter of reference. The amount accredited to "unappor- tioned" was so placed to conceal the operations of single companies which 12 were the only producers in certain counties at the period the figures were compiled. The tables show in the briefest possible space the record not only of the State as a whole in oil production, but also that of the respective coun- ties named. The effect of locality on price is also made apparent. For example, it will be noted that the Kern County product is over three times that of Los Angeles County in barrels, yet more money was obtained for the product of the latter county in the period specified. Again, Fresno yielded about double what Ventura County did, yet the latter county got the most money out of its product. Further analysis of these figures would extend this article beyond the limits prescribed, and moreover the figures plainly speak for themselves. FRESNO COUNTY. KERN COUNTY. Year. Barrels. Value. Year. Barrels. Value. 1896 14,119 56,750 1894 - 11,215 $69,334 1897 70,140 70,840 1895 . 116 116 1898 1 54,000 1 54,000 1896 . 235 235 1899 439,372 647,960 439,372 547,960 1897 . 1898 . 1900 10,000 10,000 1901 ... 625,433 236,444 1899 - 15,000 13,500 1902 _.- 571,233 199,931 1900 _ .. 919,275 827,348 1903 2,214,160 730,673 1901 . .. 3,902,125 1,131,616 1904 5,114,958 1,520,847 1902 . -- 9,777,948 1,955,585 1903 . -.18,001,148 3,600,230 9,651,375 $3,956,817 1904 . -.19,608,045 3,431,408 LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Year. 1894 .. 1895 .- 1896 .. 1897 .. 1898 .. 1899 .. 1900 .. 1901 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. Barrels. 475,650 979,695 953,734 1,327,011 1,462,871 1,409,356 1,722,887 2,304,432 2,198,496 1 ,960,604 2,190,000 Value. $61 7,065 73,817 812,800 1,327,011 1,462,871 1,409,356 1,722,887 1,062,038 1,075,868 1,294,866 1,289,910 16,984,736 $12,807,489 SANTA Year. 1894 ... 1895 ... 1896 ... 1897 ... 1898 ... 1899 ... 1900 ... 1901 ... 1902 ... 1903 ... 1904 ... BARBARA Barrels. 1,800 16,904 39,792 130,136 132,217 208,370 183,486 203,616 230,440 262,226 790,000 COUNTY. Value. $1 ,800 12,678 35,813 130,136 112,549 191,288 165,138 113,385 181,313 149,640 445,560 62,245,107 $11,039,372 ORANGE COUNTY. Year. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Barrels. 11,000 60,000 108,077 254,397 302,652 1,103,793 1,355,104 1,470,000 Value. $1 2,000 60,000 108,077 54,397 181,591 824,492 1,016,286 1,144,542 4,666,023 $3,601,384 2,198,987 $1,639,300 SANTA CLARA COUNTY. Year. Barrels. Value. 1 894 . - . 3,500 $3,600 1895 --. 4,000 10,000 1896 ... 900 1,145 1897 --. 4,000 10,000 1898 ... 3,000 6,000 1899 --. 1,500 3,000 1900 1901 1902 1903 --- 4,695 3,966 1904... 42,000 13,860 63,696 $66,471 18 SAN MATEO COUNTY. Year. Barrels. Value. 1896... 1,000 $1,250 1904... 3,000 6,000 VENTURA COUNTY. 4,000 $7,260 Year. 1900 Year. Barrels. VahM. 1 894 . . . 290,913 $367,822 1895 ... 244,624 244,624 1 896 . . . 248,000 272.800 1897 ... 368,282 368,282 1898 ... 427,000 671,000 1 899 . . . 496,200 496,200 1900 ... 443,000 398,700 1901 ... 472,057 236.028 1902 ... 475,000 455,000 1903 ... 542,902 517,611 1904 ... 518,000 465,682 UNAPPORTIONED. Barrels. Value. . . 248,945 $236,498 4,525,978 $4,393,749 TOTAL PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN CALIFORNIA- Year. All prior to 1876 . 1876 -. 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Barrels. 175,000 1 2,000 13,000 15,227 19,858 40,552 128,636 142,857 262,000 325,000 377,145 678,572 990,333 303,220 307,360 323,600 Year. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Barrels. 385.049 470,179 783,078 1,245,339 1,257,780 1,911,569 2,249,088 2,677,876 4,319,950 7,710,315 14,356,910 24,340,839 29,736,003 95,558.334 TOTAL FOR LAST ELEVEN YEARS. Year. Value. 1 894 $1 ,064,521 1 895 1 ,000,235 1 896 1 ,1 80,793 1 897 1 ,91 8,269 1898 2,376,420 1 899 2,660,793 1900 4,152,928 1901 2,961,102 «902 4,692,1 89 903 7,31 3,271 1904 8,317,809 $37,638,330 14 The California Promotion Committee MEMBERS AOCOVNTABITS. (k, J. W. ADDING MACHINES). BOTVMiliriia Addlnc M«chla« Co. AUVKUTIMKUM. ADVERTISING. C«»per, P. J., Adve»tl»Iii« Ascaer MTmiU Wtlliaiii M. AMMUNITION. Watoa ■etallic Cartridge Co. AKCHITKCTS. Howard, John Galea Merer 4k O'Briea Reld Broo. ARTiriCIAI. FL.OWBRS AND PI^ANTS. Goekrhaff, A. ASSATBRS AND SNBLTBRS. Selbr Smeltlne Co. ATTORN E VS-AT-IiAW. Bancroft, Philip Crothens George E, Deaaier A- Stetson Drew, rrank C. Fe<8reabaum, Sanford Nor^Bf Bartholomew PtpPTf Geo. H. SalllTan Jk. SulliTaa l>\ S. Stratton Treat, R. B. BANKS. Aa«rlo-Call(omln Bank Bauk of California California Safe Depoatt and Tmwt Co. Central Tru«t Co. Crocker-AVooItTorth National Bank E'rench-Americnn Bank G«rman Saviugrs and Lioan Society Germanin National Bank Hibemin Savinss and XiOan Society Humboldt SavlngDi Bank Italian-American Bank London, Paria and American Bank Market Street Bank Mercantile Truat Co. of San Frnnclnoo Merhanics' Savlngra Bank PaclBc States SaTinga, Laan and Baildlns Co. Rollina, E. H~ A Sons Savinga and Loan Socletx Security Savings Bank W^ellH-KarBO-Nevada National Bank Bishop. Charles R. (Bank of California.) BARBER SUPPLIES. Deckel man Bros. BOILER WORKS. Keystone Boiler Works BOOKS AND STATIONERY. Crocker, H. S. Co. CunnlnKham, Curtis A Welch Elder, Paul & Co. McNutt. Kahn & Co. Payot, Upham A Co. Sanborn, Vatl A Co. San Francisco Nevrs Ov* BREWERS. Brew^en^ Protective Aaaa. BROKERS. Brewv, Edward A Soaa Topllta, Jos. B. ^tVIlson, J. C. CANNERIK8. California Fralt Canners' Association Code-Pertwood Cannine Co. Hunt Bros. A Co. Jabs, Isldor (California Can- neries) CAPITALISTS. Barel, Aatone Bamett 6. C. Colemaa, Robert It, Dnrphy, B. F. G4selmaa, \%'IIIlam Harvey, J. Downey Hopkins, B. W^. Lachmaa, Heury Lew4s, Sal ASSOCIATE Mackay, Clarence Marye, George F. -i •>. .t- fu. DENTISTS. Fletcher, Thomas DEPARTMENT STORE. Eniporiom DREDGING. American Dredging and Rec- lamation Co. DRIED FRUITS. Guggenheim A Co. Phoenix Packing Co. Rosenberg Bros. A Co. DRY GOODS. City of Paris Dry Good* Co. Davis. R. D. & Co. Hale Bros. Murphy-Grant Co. Nevrman A Levlnsoa Weill. Raphael A Co. (lae.) Strauss, Levi A Co. Strauss A Frohman Welnstock, Lubln A Co. DYEING AND CLBANINO. Hlekja«a« Hcarjr Thomas, P., Dye and Cieamlav Works EDUCATIONAL. Ham, Charles H. ENGINEERING AND CON- STRUCTION COMPANY. California Engineering and Construction Co. EXPORTERS, IMPORTBBS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Castle Bros. Gets Bros. Jennings, Rnfns P. EXPRESS COMPANIES. Wells-Fargo Express Co. FACTORIES. American Can Co. FARM IMPLEMENTS AUD VEHICLES. Baker A Hamilton FREIGHT COMPANY. Transcontinental Freight Co. OFFICE AND GENEILAL FURNITURE. Brenner, John Co. Cordes Furniture Co. Friedman, M. A Co. Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co. Indianapolis Furniture Co. McCann, Belcher A Allen Sterling Furniture Co. Weber, C. F. A Co. Vawman A Erbe nfg. Co. GAS AND ELECTRIC CO. San Francisco Gaa and Ele» trie Co. GAS AND ELECTRICAlt FIXTURES. Day, Thomas Co. GAS ENGINES AND SCALES. Union Gas Engine Co. GAS REGULATORS. Gas Consumers' Association GENERAL MERCHANDISB. Smith's Cash Store. GLASS COMPANY. Illlnols-Paciflc Glass Co. GOLD, SILVER and NICKBSL PLATING WORKS. Dennlston, E. G. HARDW^ARB. Arnold HardTrnre Co. French A Llnforth Froellcli, Christian Montague, W^. W^. A Co. Pacific Hardware A Steel Co. Tay, George H. Co. Wlester A Co. HATTERS. Collins, Charles J. Fisher A Co. Friedlander Hat Co. Trlest A Co. HOPS. Homt, E. Clemens Co. HOTELS. Brooklyn Hotel California Hotel Commercial Hotel Granada Hotel Rafael Hotel St. Francis. International Hotel Lick House New Russ House New W^estem Hotel Palace Hotel Richelieu INSURANCE. Boardman A Spencer Commercial Union Aasnranee Co. Fireman's Pnnd Insurance Co. Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life) Hartford Fire Insurance Co. National Fire Insurance Co. Pacific Mutual Life luauraaee of California Royal and Q,aeen Insuraaee Co. The Liverpool, London aad Globe Inauranoe Co* Ward, C. O, 15 The California promotion committee IRON \vonKS. Hto4«a Iron Worka Cmmm A Gr««B JmAlm, AIpboBse Cow R«4ke Jk Co. 8ekvB«ler, M. A Co. S«hweitB«r, Joaepk Skrevc A Co. JOi;RPrAL.I9T. 'Wrlsht, Hamiltoa KNIT GOODS. Pflater, J. J. Knittlna: Co. LBATHKR GOODS. HarphoBi A Jana«B LIMB AND CKMKNT. Holsico EJme Co. I^cifle Portland Cemetit Co. Standard Portland C«ment Co. LITHOGRAPHERS. Brltton A Rey Hntaal Isabel L.lthe8rraph Co. Union UthoKraphioK Co. LOANS. C. H. MorrcU F1naa«« and SeetirItT Co. MACHINERY AND ENGI- NEERS' SUPPLIES. Cyclops Iron Worka Harron, RIckard A McConr HrashavT, Bnlkley A Co. Martin, John Me««e A Gottfried Co. MerralPa Mill Co. Moor*", Charlri* C. A Co- Pacific Tool and Sapply Co. Tatam A Bowcn Troy Loandry Mnohlncry lirl« Nraatadter Broa. Kooa Bros. METAL WORKS. Pacific Metal Worka Selby Smelttnic Worka METER COMPANY. Pacffle Meter Co. MILLERS. Port Coota Milling Co. Sperry Floor Co. MILLINERY. Topltta, Robt. I« A Co. MINING ENGINEERS. Callahan, H. C. Splnka, Cbaa. H. MOTION PICTURE PHOTO- GRAPHS. Milea Broa. NECKU'EAR MANUFAC- TURER. Helneman . If. N. OPTICIANS. California Optlral Co. OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. Heynemnnn A Co. OYSTER DEALERS. Morjcan Oyater Co. PACKERS AND PROVISION DE AIDERS. Baceos, Richard T. Miller A Lnx Roth, Ilium A Co. Weatrra Meat Co. PACKERS OF CANNRD FRUITS AND VEGE- TABLES. Onllfonila Fralt Caaacra' Aa- aoHatlon PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS. Bana-llneter Paint C^O. Fa Her, ^V. P. A Co. PAINTERS. Thoa. Downlnir. Inc. PAfKIl DEALERS. RIake. Mofntt A Towne Bofiratrll, Itlcliardaoa A Knioa Pulp and Paper CU». PATENT MKDICINB. Callfomia Vtg Hjrmm I'llAIlMACISTJ. Martla, Henry J. RedlnKlon A C*. *'o. PHOTOGBAPH£B8 miea Broa. PHYSICIANS. Ballard, J. Stow Bryant, Edsur R. Plachel, Kaapar (oenllat) Roaenatim, Jnllaa Sartori, H. J. PIANOS AND MUSICAL MBR- CHANDISE. Allen. Vl^lley B. Co. Mansy, Byron Sherman, Clay A Co. PIGEON RANCHER. Newbaner, H. R. POTTERY AND TERRA COTTA. Clark, H. A Sona GladdlBB, McBenn A Co. POWER COMPANIES. Koster, F. J. (North Moautain Power Co.) POW^DER MANUFACTURERS California Powder W^orka PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU. Allen'a PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS. Barry Printing Co. Jommerclal Pabllahlns Co. Dettner-W^llaoB Preaa Gabriel Printlas: Co., The Murdock, C. A. A Co. Partridge, John PhllUpa A Van Orden Co. The D. S. Stanley Company. PUBLICATIONM. OoldOB Unto Ouldo Guide, Tbo RAILROADS. California Northweatern Rail- road REAL ESTATE AND LANDS. Baldwin, O. D. A Son Baldwin A Howell Boardman Bros. A Co. Bovee, Toy A Co, Buah, David A Sona Center A Spnder Cotatl Co., The ^ Oavldaon A Leigh Hooker A Lent Lyon A Hoag Magee, Thoa. A Sona MathewM, H. E:. Narea A Sanndera (Laton) O'Brien. Charlea F. Realty Syndicate Co. Shalnwnid, Buekbee A Co. Speck A Co. Spencer, W^illlam Crane The 76 Land and 'Water Co. Umbaen, G. H. A Co. WankowakI, W^. Whitney. J. Parker RESTAURANTS. Laraen, C. G. Weaterfleld, P. A Co. ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA- PERS AND PAINTS. Parafline Paint Vo^ The RUBBER GOODS. Goodyear Itiibbcr Co. Gorham Rnbbcr Co. Winalow, C. R. A Co. RUBBER STAMPS, ETC. Patrick A Co. SAFES AND VAULTS. Herrlag-llall-MarvIn Safe Co. SALT WORKS. Golden Gate Salt Worka SCHOOL SUPPLIES. Milton Bradley Co. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. LIcta Co., The A. SEEDS. VolkMan, C. M. A Co. SEWING MACHINES. Domeatic SEWING SILKS. Carlaon-Cnrrier Silk Oo. SHIPPINti. Roaenfeld, Jno. A Sona. ITHoate A Co. SHIPPING AND <;OMMISSION. Johaaoa-Locke MereantU* Co. Otia, McAlliater A Co. MInaa, Lonla A Co. Wllllama, Dlnond A 09» SHOES. KocnIg. Frank SLATE. Enreka Slnte Co. SOAP FACTORY. Laha, Otto A Co. STREET RAIL\%'AYS. Calif ornin-strect Cable lUtl- way Co, United Rallroada of San Fraii- ciaco. SURETY COMPANIES. Pacific Sarety Co. SYRUPS. Paelfle Coaat Symp Co. TAILORS. JacobI Broa. Nordwell. O. W^. TANNERS AND LEATBER DEALERS. Blaslnger A Co. Brown A Ada ma KoUman, Sala A Co. Legallet-Hellwig CnnnIng Co. TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRAPH. Pacific Statea Telephone and Telegraph Co. Poatal Tel, Cable Co. Weatem Union Tel. Co. TENTS AND AWNINGS. Amea A Harria Neville A Co. THEATERS. Orphenm Circalt Co. TRANSFER COMPANIES. Bocarde Drayage Co. Emtnona Co, McNnb A Smith Renner, Geo. San Frnnciaco Tranafer Co. The Morton Drayage and Warehonae Co. Union Trnnafer Co. TRUNKS AND BAGS. HIrachfelder A Meaney TYPEWRITERS. Alexander, L. A M. WALL PAPER. Uhl Broa. WATER COMPANIES. Spring Valley Water Co. WATER WHEELS. Pelton Water Wheel Co.. Tbo WHOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberg, Bowen A Co. Jenninga, Thomna Siiaaninn, Wormaer A Oo. nilmann A Bendel WHOLESALE LUMBER AND SHIPPING. Oolbeer A Caraon llechtmnn, A. J. Ileyman, Jnliua Hooper, C. A. A Co. Mataon, Capt. Wiu. VelaoB, Chna. Co, Pope A Talbot Tacoma Mill Co. Union Lumber Co, WINES AND LIQUORS. Brun^clmrlKcr A t'o. Califomin Wine Aaaoelatlon (JIrr Co.. Thro. (;undlnch-Ilundachn Wine Co. llotMlinic, A. P. A Co. Ituiian-Swlaa Colony Jraae Moorc-Huut t^o. Lacbmaa A JacobI l.lvlngaton A Co. Mann Co., <:. M., Saeerm. to L De Turk Mariln, K. A Co. Nniin nnd Sonoma Wine Co. Scbllllng. C. A Co. Scbnlta, W. A. SIcbc Broa. A Plagemaan Sbrn-liorqiirrra Co. Slicrvrood A Sherwood Van Ilrracn, N. A Co. Wet more- Bo wen Co. WIcbinna, Lutgea A Co. WllnierdiDg-l/oewe Co, Wolflr, Wni. A Co. WOOLENS AND TAnondon and Globe Insurance Co. Ward, C. H. IRON W^ORKS. Rladon Iron and Locomotiva W^orks The California Promotion Committee Carran & Greeu Jadia, Alplionse Co. Radke & Co. Schasaler, M. & Co. Sch-neltaer, Joaeph SbreT* & Co. JOUUXAHST. TVrlKht , Hamilton KKIT GOODS. Pfiater, J. J. Knittlns Co. LAW BOOK PUBLISHERS. Bxmcreft, Whitney & Co. LEATHER BELTING. Cook. H. N. Bcltlue Co., Inc. LEATHER GOODS. Harpbain & Jauaen LIME AND CEMENT. Holmea Lime Co. Pacific Portland Cement Co. Standard I'ortlund Cement Co. LITH OGR APIIERS. Britton & Rey Mutual Isabel Lltliograph Co. Union Litho^rnplilne Co. LOANS. Finance and Security Co. Morrell. C. II. MACHINERY AND ENGI- NEERS' SUPPLIES. Cyclopa Iron ^Vorka Harron, RIeknrd <& McConc Hennliaw, Bulkley &. Co. Martin, John Meeae & Gottfried Co. Merrnll'a Mill Co. Moore, Charlea C. & Co. Pacific Tool and Supply Co. Tatuni & Uowen Troy Laundry Machinery Co. 3IAGNESITE. American MattrncNlte Co. MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS. Atklna, R. C. <£ Sona Bullock & Jonea Claett, Peabody & Co. Greenehaum, ^Vell & MIcIiela Nenatadter Broa. Rooa Bros. J METAL WORKS. Paclflc Metal Worka Selby Snieltlnij: Worka METER COMPANY. Pacific Meter Co. MILLERS. Port Coata MllllnB Co. Sperry Flour Co. MINING ENGINEERS. Callabun, H. C. Splnka, Chaa. H. MOTION PICTURE PHOTO- GRAPHS. Hllea Broa. NECKWEAR MANUFAC- TURER. Helneman , 11. M. OPTICIANS. California Optical Co. OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. Heynemnnn A Co. OYSTER DEALERS. Moricnn Oyater Co. PACKERS AND PRO VISION DEALERS. Baocaa, Richard T. Miller & I. A BI. WALL PAPER. Uhl Broa. WATER COMPANIES. Spring Valley Water Co. WATER AVHEELS. Pelton Water Wheel C<».. The WHOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberi.-., Uowcn A Co. Jennings, Thomaa Kothsciilld, .(o!in A Co. Sussman, Wormser A Co. Tillmnnn A Bendel WHOLESALE LUMBER AND^ SHIPPING. Dolbeer A Cnraon Glen Blair Redwood Co. Hechtman, A. J. Heyman, Juliua Hooper, C. A. A Co. Mataon, Capt. Wm. Nelaon, Chaa. Co. I>opc A Talbot Slade, S. E. I^uraber Co. Taroma Mill Co. Union liumber Co. W^HOLESALE MILLINERY. HluK A I.audt. Inc. WINES AND LHIUORS. BrunMoliwclner A Co. (nlifornia Wine Aaaoclntlon (Jler Co., Thco. (Jreen^ay, 10. M. (■undlach-IIundsclin Wine CO> llntaling, A. I>. >«: Co. Itatlnn-Swiss Colony Jesse :»loore-Ilunt Co. I.ncbmnn i% .lacolii Livingston A Co. Mann Co., C. M., Saocra. to I. D« Turk Mnrlln, E. A Co. Schilling, C. A Co. Schiiltc, W. A. SIrbe Bros. ■& PlagemaOB Slirn-llorijiiercr. Co. SImtwiuhI a Sherwood Vtin lieriicn, N. A Co. Wenlger, I'. .1. A Co. Wrtmiirf-ltowen Co. Wl<'hnian, l.ntgen A Co. Wllnierillng-Loewe t^o. WOOLIvNS AND TAILOR TRIMMINGS. Amatctn, Simon A C«>. The California Promotion Committee REPRBSBNTINO AKDKBA SBARBORO, CiMilnnaii Mannf actnrem aad Prodaeem A— ci«tl— RVFUS P. JENNIIV6S, Executive Officer Saa Francisco dtamber «f Comwicree GBO. W. McNBAR* Treasurer Merehamts BxchanKe mt San FnmeiM* CHAS. F. RUNYON San Francisco Beard at Trade FRED J. KOSTER San Praneiae* Merehanta Aasodatloa ADVISORY COMMITTEE HOM. GBO. O. PARDEE Uovemor of Calif ernla BEIf J. IDE 'WHBBL.ER Berkeley President VnlTerslty of California DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Leland Stanford Jr. UniTemlty RBPRBSEINTING MAR8HAU. DIOOS Sacrametfto Saeramento VallcT- DeTOlopment Aaan. R. P. liATRROP Hollister Central Coast Counties ImproTement Asai C. P. SOt7LE Eureka North Coast Counties JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assm. S. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce CHARLES S. FEB San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company W, A. BISSELIi San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway R. X. RYAN San Francisco. California NorthTvestem Railway I^BWIS B. AVBURY San Francisco. California State Miains Bureau STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE RBPRBSEN*lrnVG RVFUS P. JENNINGS San Francisco. San Francisco Covnty JOHN & AKKBMAN *. . San Diego .... Counties South of Tehachapl W. A. BEARD. Saeramento. . . . Sacramento Valley Coantiea EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties COLVIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties C. W. CRAIG Eureka North Coast Counties ARTHUR CU BALAAM Lompoo South Coast Counties L. -W. JEFFERSON Hollister' Central Coast Counties CH1.BBBT B. MORROW^ Sonora « Sierra Counties PHILLIPS A VAN OROEN, 608 CLAY STREET, 8. F. FEBRUARY Vol. m. No. 3. 1906. 10 Cts. $1.00 a Yeaf. FINANCIAL NUMBER FOB CALIFORNIA EDITORIAL SAN FRANCISCO'S BUSINESS CHARLES SLEEPER, Manager San Francisco Clearing House GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOS ANGELES W. C. PATTERSON, President Los Angeles Clearing House Assn. PUBLIC REVENUES AND EXPENSES OF CALIFORNIA CARL C PLEHN CALIFORNIA'S POSSIBILITIES TRUMAN REEVES, State Treasurer INSURANCE IN CALIFORNIA E. MYRON WOLF, State Cemmissioner ef Insurance FIRE INSURANCE IN CALIFORNIA WILLIAM SEXTON CALIFORNIA'S FINANCIAL SYSTEM ON A SOLID FOUNDATION BENJ. C. WRIGHT THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE SAN FRANeiSCO THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE (THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION) THE PURPOSE or THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE OPPORTUN- ITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT THE OBJECTS IN VIEW. KO ADV8RTISEMBNTS WII.I. APPEAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA CORRESPONDENCE INVITED SPECIAL NUMBERS OF FOR CALIFORNIA, DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SUBJECTS, ANY THREE NUMBERS FOR TWENTY-FIVE CENTS 1906 February ..... Irrigation Number iVJarch .... Vegetable Garden Number April ..... Manufactures Number May .... Structural Minerals Number June ... ... Out-Door Number July ... . Electric-Power Number August .... Viticulture Number September . . . Reclamation Projects Number October ..... Woman's Occupation Number November . . . . . . Timber Number December ...... Oil Number 1906 January ..... Educational Number FOR CALIFORNIA A MONTHLY PUBLICATION •l.-OR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE." FINANCIAL NUMBER FEBRUARY, i906, VoL in. No. 3. The California Promotion Committee 25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO The Financial Number. THE Financial Number of FOR CALIFORNIA is one which carries much of interest, not only to the man connected with commercial institu- tions, but to all who have thought for the progress of the State. California's finance is not exactly unique, but it shows material dif- ferences from that of many other States. In the present number of FOR CALIFORNIA are presented articles from some of the best known men of finance in the State, and these opinions and expressions coming from experts have great significance. Charles Sleeper, Manager of the San Francisco Clearing House, shows the progress of San Francisco in a most elaborate statistical table of the busi- ness of the banks of the city for the past thirty years. It is noted that the increase in business has been most marked during the past six years, and with the beginning of the new year the indications are for still more phenom- enal progress. W. C. Patterson, President of the Los Angeles Clearing House Associa- tion, tells of the growth and development of that city, showing the wonderful improvement that has come, not only to the financial institutions, but to the whole city, through the persistent efforts of the community to make known the advantages of the municipality. Professor Carl C. Plehn, in an article -on "The Public Revenues and Expenses of California," gives a clear idea of the taxation of the people and the benefits derived by the State from the use of this money. He shows that the State is in a financial condition, the soundness of v/hich is not excelled by any other State in the Union. Truman Reeves, State Treasurer, tells of "California's Possibilities," and shows that with the revenues at hand and the constant increase of cash in the treasury, coupled with the fact that the State has practically no debt, the future holds nothing but good for the Commonwealth. The school system is shown to be specially benefitted by present conditions. Insurance conditions in California is the subject matter of an article written by E. Myron Wolf, State Commissioner of Insurance. In it he shows how the conditions which have recently been unveiled in the East are impos- sible in California, owing to the rigid examination and inspection of com- panies doing business in the State. The article is one which deserves care- ful consideration and is worthy of close reading. William Sexton, one of the oldest and best-known insurance men of the Pacific Coast, writes on Insurance conditions, and shows why com- panies organized here are in good condition and on a sound financial basis. The article is clear and concise, and one which will well repay the reading. Under the heading of "California's Financial System on a Solid Founda- tion," Benjamin C. Wright reviews the history of the State's finance, show- ing the changes which have come since the early days, and giving a clear Insight into the methods which have made California strong in the financial world after its half century of existence. The history of California's growth through its finances reads almost like a romance, and in his article Mr. Wright has brought out all of this pleasurable information. Taken as a whole, this number of FOR CALIFORNIA contains much that is of interest to the general reader, as well as to him who has his lines cast in financial waters. San FRANCISCO'S Business. CHARLES SLEEPER, Msacfar Saa PranclMO Clenring: Houm. THE commercial growth of San Francisco is well shown in the records of the Clearing House banks for the past thirty years. There has been, during all that time, a steady upward climb on the part of the business done through the banking institutions, and the daily balances have shown a most remarkable steady increase. A remarkable condition shown by the table of clearings for the thirty years last past is the fact that following the depression of early '90's came a most rapid increase, and in ten years there was an increase of more than 300 per cent in the total volume. It is also a remarkable fact, as shown by the table, that the clearings during the past six years have been more than one-third of the total for the thirty years recorded. Real estate and building in San Francisco have been the cause of much of the business done by the banks, but it must be remembered also that every other business has been in most prosperous condition. Manufacturing has increased enormously with the discovery of cheap fuel in the shape of petroleum, and with the utilization of the Sierra streams for the generation of electricity. This has caused a great increase in the bank business. In ad- dition to these sources, there has also been a wonderful increase in the Oriental trade of San Francisco, and the building up of the interior of the State has made a large increase in business in that direction. The following table will show the clearings, balances and daily clear- ings for thirty years: Year. Clearings. ( Ih' lonlht in il876 $476,123,237.97 1877 519,948,803.68 1878 715,329,319.70 1879 553,953,955.90 1880 486,725,953.77 1881 598,696,832.35 1882 629,114,119.81 1883 617,921,853.51 1884 556,857,691.03 1885 562,344,737.93 1886 642,221,391.21 1887 829,181,929.86 1888 836,735,954.39 1889 843,386,150.94 1890 851,066,172.60 1891 892,426,712.61 1892 815,368,724.41 1893 699,285,777.88 1894 658,526,806.13 1895 692,079,240.23 1896 683,229,599.26 1897 750,789,143.91 1898 813,153,024.00 1899 971,015,072.23 1900 1,029,582,594.78 1901 1,178,169.536.30 1902 1,373,362,025.31 1903 1,520,200,682.07 1904 1,534,631,136.73 1905 1,834.549.788.71 Total $25,165,974,968.51 $3,653,038,305.83 Balances. Days. Average Daily Clearing. $104,804,707.74 247 $1,927,624.45 126,172,850.21 305 1,704,750.20 151,888,434.05 306 2,337,677.50 129,561,079.52 305 1,816,242.50 118,046,934.94 304 1,601,072.20 125,388,744.81 304 1,969,397.50 108,487,872.15 303 2,076,284.20 107,269,494.53 304 2,032,637.70 95,275,201.49 304 1,831,768.72 100,460,388.52 305 1,843,753.24 105,832,828.47 301 2,133,625.88 129,474,942.72 303 2,736,574.02 123,271,533.66 305 2,743,396.57 126,765,916.49 304 2,780,807.50 118,824,559.86 302 2,818,099.91 123,033,279.27 306 2,913,159.19 110,364,511.10 304 2,682,133.96 91,744,516.81 304 2.300.282.16 88,426,316.52 303 2,173,355.79 98,291,742.10 305 2,269,112.26 90,491,491.73 304 2,247,465.79 96,115,599.66 305 2,461 ,603.75 103,329,265.56 303 2,683,673.35 121,228,735.39 303 3,204,670.21 118,157,405.71 303 3.397.962.36 138,515,989.73 304 3,875,557.68 166,234,644.08 303 4,532,547.94 177,810,822.37 305 4,984,264.53 170,617,891.90 305 5,031,577.50 187.150.604.74 304 6.034.703.25 Growth and Development of Los Angeles. W. C. PATTBRSON, President of the Los Angeles Clearing House Associatiea. IT would be too much to make the claim absolute that the growth and de- velopment of the City of Los Angeles, from the financial and other points of view, has been greater than that of any other city in any age or land, and yet the claim, everything taken into consideration, if made, might possibly be sustained. The real growth and development of the city dates from 1885, and it is quite questionable whether, during that twenty years, if we take every- thing into consideration, the growth of the city is not a new record in the history of humanity. At that time the city numbered probably not much more than 11,000 souls. At the present time there are upwards of 200,000 people, permanent residents within the city limits. The industrial develop- ment of the community at that time had scarcely made a beginning, and the money in daily circulation was not a very large amount. It would be somewhat difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain just what amount of money was circulating in the community at the date taken. The two follow- ing years witnessed a very great growth in the population and development along every line. The great boom, which collapsed in 1888, may be said to have taken a definite beginning in 1885. In 1887 the bank clearings, as shown by the returns of the Clearing House for that year, amounted to a trifle over $36,000,000. In 1888, when the reaction came, the movement of funds fell back below the figure just mentioned, but by 1895, in spite of all the dullness prevailing in business in all parts of the United States, the Clearing House returns for that year showed a movement in this respect of $57,000,000. In 1900 the Clearing House returns for the year showed ex- changes through the Clearing House banks of $113,500,000, and in the next year the figure rose to $145,000,000. The expansion in this respect has been steady during all the three past years, and the last year of all, the clearings through the Clearing House banks amounted to the sum of $478,985,298.40. The following comparative statement Is interesting: CLEARINGS FOR 1905. Quarter ending March 31st $103,268,384.19 Quarter ending June 30th 1 22,026,034.02 , Quarter ending Sept. 30th 125,393,636.26 Quarter ending Dec. 31st 128,297,243.93 $478,985,298.40 Clearings for 1 904 345,343,956.35 Cain $133,641,342.05 Percentage of increase, 38.69 per cent. The clearings in 1 895 were $ 57,046,843,1 4 The clearings in 1 900 were 11 3,766,378.02 The clearings in 1 905 were 478,985,298.40 Along ail other lines of development the growth of the city in every respect has quite kept pace with the movement of funds through the banks. There has been no authoritative compilation of figures on industrial affairs since the Federal census of five years ago. At that time the Government figures made the following exhibit: Number of industrial concerns doing business in the city, 1415; salaries of officials, clerks, etc., $840,855; number of wage-earners, 8044; wages paid, $3,992,733; cost of materials used, including freight, $10,290,368; cost of power, $282,292; value of all products, $21,297,537. During the five years the population has considerably more than doubled, and there is no room left for doubt that during the same period the various industries of the city have averaged at least an equal increase. The enterprises established in connection with the various railroads have considerably more than doubled, if we include the Huntington Syndicate system of urban and interurban, rapid transit electric roads, which have all been developed during the five years. Assuming this estimate to be measurably correct, there are in the city at the present time over 2800 industrial establishments, employing about 16,000 men. The number of employees given here include only those employed in strictly manufacturing concerns of one kind or another. The three great transcontinental railroads centering here and the Huntington Syndicate of rapid transit roads, urban and interurban, are employing at the present time not less than 60,000 persons whose homes are in or very near the City of Los Angeles. The wages paid, including salaries of officials, in these strictly industrial, manufacturing enterprises, at the present time must amount to considerably over $8,000,000; the rents paid for premises, including uptown offices, amount to more than $2,000,000; the cost of ma- terial, including freight, to more than $20,000,000; for power there is ex- pended annually considerably over $500,000, and the value of the finished products runs to above $40,000,000. During the past three years there has been expended annually in thecity from $10,000,000 to over $15,000,000 for the building of new structures, including houses, business blocks, factories, etc. During the year 1905, the number of permits issued by the Superintendent of Buildings for the city ran to over 9000. At least 6000 of these permits were for new structures costing all the way from $1000 for cottages for wage-earners up to ten and twelve story steel-frame buildings costing in some instances as high as $250,000. The expenditures made by the Huntington Syndicate in extending street car lines and interurban electric lines has amounted to not less than $5,000,000 a year; perhaps in the five years the total expenditure has run to $30,000,000. There are in all more than a dozen of these electric lines running out of the City of Los Angeles to distances varying from six to ten miles, to as much as thirty miles. These lines radiate from Los Angeles like spokes from the hub of a wheel, and run out to all points of the compass. This work is still going steadily forward. At the present time there are a total of sixteen commercial banks in the city, with deposits of quite $50,000,000. This shows an increase during the year 1905 of more than $20,000,000. These sixteen banks on the 1st of January paid dividends amounting to about $365,000. The banks all paid dividends at the rate of from 6 to 12 per cent. Besides these commercial banks there are nine savings banks of a magnitude worthy of consideration doing business in the city. These savings banks have at the present time deposits aggregating over $33,000,000, showing an increase during the past year of considerably over $8,000,000. The dividends paid depositors during the past year by these savings banks amounted to nearly $700,000 and the dividends paid to stockholders amounted to perhaps $350,000 for the year. At the present time, the paid-up capital of all the city banks of all classes approximates closely $9,000,000, and the surplus of these financial institutions combined is quite $10,000,000. The general conception outside of Los Angeles is that all we have here is climate. We willingly concede — indeed, we enthusiastically proclaim — that climate is indeed our largest asset. There is no doubt there are com- munities with larger wealth than ours, there may be communities sur- rounded by vaster resources than we can boast or care to claim, but we do claim and boast that there is no spot on earth which can successfully con- tend with us in the matter of climate. But climate is not all. We have a back country, a large and rich one, and we have a field here for varied in- dustrial enterprises, as the figures given heretofore must show. We may not have as broad an area of farming land as that surrounding many other cities, but there are few sections of this or any other country where there are so many acres of ground each one of which will produce annually a car- load of products whose value will, in some instances, run as high as $1000 when landed in Eastern markets. Indeed, that sum has been doubled in many instances during the past year on single carloads of citrus fruit gath- ered from the trees on a single acre of ground. Besides oranges and lemons, there are crops produced here of winter vegetables, such as toma- toes, green peas, cauliflower, cabbage, new potatoes in January and Feb- ruary, and celery, the value of which crops, coming from a single acre of ground will run all the way from $100 to $500. These are facts not known outside of this community to a great many people, who think the Eastern tourist crop is the only one we have. That may be the most valuable, but it is reinforced by a great many others, the aggregate value of which is an almost inestimable sum of money. The community is an exceedingly rich one, as shown by the per capita distribution of its wealth. Wages are ex- ceedingly high, employment steady for competent men. The farmers are prosperous beyond what is common elsewhere. A very large number of our people are those retired from active business, who have left behind them in the East business Interests, financial and otherwise, from which they draw a very large revenue annually, which they spend here in the expenses of their households, and in many instances a good deal of this goes into new enterprises in this community. Public Revenues and Expenses OF California. CARL C. PLEHN. A REVIEW of the finances of a State or of any branch of government is somewhat dry reading from certain points of view, but if one re- members the immeasurable human interests affected, it becomes anything but that. The vast wealth of our State is reflected in the public expenditures. The sums raised cheerfully and willingly by the people of California for the support of government in one department and another are really enormous. The State or central government of California has an income of about $11,000,000 per annum. The counties and the cities raise about twice as much more. Altogether the public revenues of the State are about $33,- 000,000 annually, or about $20 for each man, woman and child in the State. About half of this vast sum is spent upon the schools and the other half goes to the running of the government of the State, counties and cities, the maintenance of the poor, the keeping up of roads and the en- forcement of law. Of the $11,000,000 of State revenues, about $7,500,000 are from taxes. The so-called direct tax on property yields about $6,800,000 each year, the poll tax $450,000, and the inheritance tax nearly $300,000. Two comparatively new taxes — one on the premiums of insurance companies and one on corporations — are expected to bring in about $500,000 more. In addition to these taxes, the State offices and commissions collect nearly $300,000 in fees, and the normal schools, asylums and hospitals turn in about $200,000 each year from various charges connected with their services. But this is not all; the State has investments of one kind or another yielding nearly a million a year; or, to be more exact, $938,837, a sum which, at 6 per cent, represents the income of an investment of about $15,500,000. The most important property of this kind is the San Fran- cisco water front, which belongs to the State, and yields about $825,000 income, a return which is increasing each year. Another quarter of a mil- lion comes from the quasi-commercial enterprises of the State — the print- ing of school books and the sale of products made by the State prisons. In further addition to this the State gets about $250,000 each year from the sale of school lands granted to the State by Congress years ago. The entire proceeds from this source are invested In bonds, the interest of which is used for the support of the schools. The foregoing does not include the income of investments made for the support of the State University, which, although essentially public moneys, are, by dictate of the Constitution, treated as a private trust and handled entirely by the Board of Regents. Of the $11,000,000 of State income more than half goes for educa- tion in one form or another. Nearly $4,500,000 is each year turned over by the State Treasurer to the counties and school districts for the support of the primary, grammar and high schools. The State's contribution to this object is fixed by law at $7 for each child of school age and is apportioned among the counties and school districts partly in proportion to the number of children and partly in proportion to the number of teachers. The object aimed at and fully achieved is that every boy and girl, whether in the great rich cities or in the more sparsely settled and more remote mountain dis- tricts, shall have an equal opportunity to secure an education. There is one continuous chain of free schools, culminating in and including the State University, where, as in the schools below, tuition is free. The coun- ties and school districts supplement the fund received from the State as they see fit and in general do so very liberally, more than duplicating the moneys received from the State. The State supports the University, giving it from $400,000 to $600,000 each year, as Its needs appear, in addition to the income from its investments. One of the features of the regular organization of government is the maintenance of special bureaus to look after the different interests and activities of the State. The interests of labor are watched over by the State Labor Bureau, the horticulturists have their State Bureau of Horticulture, the mines have their Mining Bureau, the farmers and stock raisers the State Agricultural society and the State Veterinarian, the fishermen their State Fish Commission, and so on. CALIFORNIA'S POSSIBILITIES. TRUMAN RBBVGS. Stat* Tr«««ur«r GOLD was discovered in California on January 14, 1848, by James W. Marshall, at Coloma, El Dorado County, and since that date Califor- nia has given the world a total production of $1,425,512,689. The greatest output was in the year 1852, when more than eighty-one and a quarter million dollars' worth was mined; then a decline until 1865, the amount that year being between seventeen and eighteen million dollars; and in 1904 the product was $16,104,500 in gold and $1,204,354 in silver. California is an immense State, a State that has practically no in- debtedness, with the exception of what the counties are carrying, which in reality is small compared to the debt of many of the counties in Eastern States. At the present time we have over six and a half million dollars in the State Treasury. The State school fund has four and a quarter million dollars in bonds drawing interest from 4 to 6 per cent. This materially aids in keeping up the high standard of our public schools, of which there are none better in the United States. In the year 1885, the total assessed valuation of the State was $859,- 512,384, of which $172,760,681, or 20.09 per cent, was taxed for per- sonal property. Ten years later, the assessed valuation was $1,133,282,- 013, while the personal assessment for 1895 was $157,726,988. In 1905, the total assessed valuation was $1,273,696,262, of which $281,775,294 was taxed for personal property and $69,820,186 for railroads. On January 1st of this year the debt of California was $600,000, bear- ing 4 per cent per annum. This loan was issued for the purpose of build- ing a ferry and passenger depot on the water front of San Francisco. This issue matures January 1st, 1912, and to meet redemption a sinking fund has been created, made up from collections of monthly receipts aggregating $4,631 per month, derived from the receipts of rents, dockage and wharf- age at the said ferry and passenger depot. This amount is sufficient to pay the entire indebtedness and interest at maturity. This debt is in no sense a debt of the people, as the resources of the ferry and depot building will return a revenue of more than the actual amount of the loan. Insurance in California, E. MYRON WOLF, State Commissioner of Iniurance. THE immense volume of insurance business transacted in California re- flects the wealth and prosperity of this great State, and that San Francisco is the commercial metropolis of the Pacific Slope is at- tested by the fact that in practically every instance where companies establish Pacific Coast departments the managers' headquarters are placed in San Francisco. When a person scans the returns and finds that the companies now receive in premiums more than $24,000,000 per annum, he is brought to a realization of the important part that insurance plays in the development of the resources of this State. Including the ten county mutuals, which are by law limited to the county within which they are organized, 226 companies are authorized to transact insurance business in this State. Of these 92 confine themselves to fire insurance, 32 to marine, and 14 write both fire and marine. A little less than one-half of these companies hail from foreign countries, and only 14 of the American companies are California corporations, not Including the 10 county mutuals. All of the 36 legal reserve life insurance companies are American companies. Of these two are organized under the laws of California, and these are now completing a merger of their interests. Three life and accident companies operate on the assessment plan, and of these two are California companies. The remaining 39 Insurance companies comprise what are known as miscellaneous insurance companies, covering the fields of accident, health, fidelity, surety, plate glass, steam boiler, burglary, title, credit indemnity and sprinkler insurance. In the list of miscellaneous companies California has one surety, one casualty and five title insurance companies. The aggregate capital invested in California companies is $4,276,300, and their total assets amount to more than $22,000,000. The older of the companies operate extensively throughout the country and in the island possessions of the country. The more recently organized companies are reaching out aggressively for new business and exploiting new fields. They bring vast wealth into this State, which must be invested in accordance with the laws of this State, and thereby encourage California enterprises and activities. Five of these companies own buildings aggregating in value $1,500,000, and besides, several buildings are owned by companies of other States and countries. The greatest returns are reported in the fire and life phases of the insurance business. Of the $24,000,000 of premiums received annually, fire and life represent more than 80 per cent, about evenly divided. Many large institutions are placing all the insurance possible with companies authorized to transact business in California, and are unable to secure all the indemnity they desire, and are compelled to send their premiums out of the State. This is unfortunate, not merely because of the fact that no part of this business profits anyone in California, but also because, under the laws of California, insurance placed in companies not authorized to transact business in the State is null and void, and the insurer may be deprived of his indemnity when a loss occurs. A "surplus line law" was drafted by the Insurance Department of this State to remedy this evil, and introduced at the last session of the Legislature, but unfortunately failed of passage. Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which the life insurance business was transacted during the year, on account of the scandalous developments in New York, 32,730 new policies were written by the regu- lar companies in California, of which 12,588 are to be credited to the California companies. The premiums received therefor were nearly $500,000. The total amount of insurance in force in California on December 31st, 1905, from the reports made by all the companies transacting business in the State was over $288,000,000, representing 130,075 policies. These figures do not indicate the amounts of insurance held by fraternal insurance companies, for the reason that they are not under the jurisdiction of the Insurance Department of California. Of the miscellaneous companies, the title insurance business, which is confined entirely to San Francisco and Los Angeles and a few suburbs, is more intimately concerned with the development of our wealth. They, of course, do not operate outside of the State, and they give stability to in- vestments by guaranteeing owners of property against possible flaws in titles. Every phase of insurance business, with the exception of marine, shows constant improvement each year. Generally speaking, however, the Insurance business In California is extremely satisfactory. As the State continues to advance in material prosperity, the business of the companies increases, and the security given by insurance companies stimulates the growth and development of the State. There is room for more home companies in California, but the insurance business calls for a highly specialized business skill and in- genuity, and satisfactory returns can only be looked for by capitalists when they succeed in securing properly equipped men to handle this highly im- portant and technical phase of business activity. 10 Fire Insurance in California. WILLIAM SEXTON. THE pioneer company in California and on the coast is the Liverpool, London and Globe Insurance Company, which established an agency in San Francisco in 1852. This company was followed by a number of Eastern and foreign offices, and in 1863 local capital became inter- ested, and between that date and this time, seventeen companies were organized in San Francisco, with a total capital of $8,000,000 cash; one in Stockton, two in Oakland, one in Los Angeles, four in Port- land, Ore., four in Seattle, three in Tacoma, two in Spokane, and one in Salem, Ore. — of which only three, in San Francisco, survive. The largest of the three survivors was knocked out twice — once in Chicago and once in Boston — but with California pluck, the stockholders paid the losses and by paying in capital, $1,000,000, and assessments, $425,000 (total, $1,425,- 000 in gold coin), maintained and built up one of the largest and strongest insurance corporations in the world. One other of the living trio withdrew about fourteen years ago, with a profit, after paying all claims in full; and during the year 1905 re-entered the field with excellent prospects. The two members of the living trio that continued in the field through the hard times, during the more than forty years from organization, have agents in every town and city under the American flag from Maine to Manila, and also in Hongkong, Shanghai and London, all tributary to San Francisco. The third member of the trio is forging ahead and California can boast at this time of having more capital invested and more income from its fire insurance com- panies than can St. Louis, Pittsburg, Chicago or any other city west of Philadelphia. San Francisco Is the insurance center and headquarters of nine-tenths of the branches or general agencies of fire insurance companies doing business on the Pacific Coast. The agents of these offices in Mon- tana, Idaho, Washington, Oregpn, Arizona, California, and many in Wyom- ing, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico, report to San Francisco. The sum of about $20,000,000 annually is accounted for through the San Francisco head offices, the handling of which sum furnishes employment to a large clerical force at good pay, requires offices at good rentals, and with printers, stationers and other needs of big offices, puts much money Into circulation; also does much towards bringing our banking institutions into business contact with banks and business men in these States, by remittances, by checks to San Francisco for premiums, and return remittances in payment of losses. The insurance laws of California so far as regards stock companies are particularly stringent. A fire insurance company must have $200,000 in gold coin paid up in full within a year from commencing business, must carry over at the end of each calendar year 50 per cent of all premiums re- ceived on one year's business for that year, and from 60 to 90 per cent on all three or five year premiums. This is known as a reinsurance fund and must be on hand in addition to the paid-up capital. This gives the people good protection and keeps out wild cats. In the upbuilding of California, particularly on grain growing, fire in- surance was a big factor. The long dry season — six months without rain — which makes the fire risk twice as heavy as it is in a country of regular summer rains, made grain growing extremely hazardous. This, in connec- tion with the necessity of the farmer being carried by the country mer- chant, and the country merchant being carried by the city wholesaler, called for a new class in the way of crop collateral mortgages, secured by fire insurance policies on growing crops, and as the ripened crop might, could, stand in the field from June to November without shelling or sprout- ing, the hazard, similar to the old-time prairie fire, was too much for the farmer or the merchant to carry, and a new class of fire insurance, known 11 as the field grain insurance, a California specialty, was built up at a profit to the farmer, the merchant and the companies. The certainty of collect- ing either from the farmer after the harvest or from the insurance company after the fire, justified the wholesaler and the retailer not only in extending the necessary credit to assist the farmer, but also In selling goods at a lesser profit than if the prairie fire risk had to be taken by them. The ware- house receipt, backed by an Insurance policy, for grain stored in a San Joaquin or Sacramento Valley frame warehouse, where danger lurks in hobo's cigarettes and 110 degrees in the shade, commanded money at a rate of interest enough below the farm mortgage rate to more than pay for the cost of the insurance. This command of money at low rates enabled com- peting grain buyers to do $1,000,000 business on $100,000 capital; this competition securing for the grain farmer enhanced prices. The upbuilding of San Francisco on money loaned by savings banks to build business buildings and homes, all secured by fire Insurance policies as collateral, makes the tinder box frame as safe for a loan as is the steel frame, cement floored, fireproof skyscraper. To make the collateral security furnished by fire insurance companies positively fireproof in this wooden city of San Francisco, where a fire on a July windy afternoon could start near Van Ness avenue and stop at the bay (Baltimore, a brick and stone city, had this experience in 1904), the companies, by maps and books, keep an exact account, and have a fixed limit of the sum to be carried on each particular building, the amount in each block and the aggregate total liability that will be assumed in the con- flagration district; and to provide for payment of same, the companies, in addition to the paid-up capital and the legal reserve for reinsurance and for all other liabilities, carry in the funds a "net surplus" of, in round figures, $125,000,000 (the Baltimore fire cost the companies about $35,000,000), varying in amounts from $100,000 to $8,000,000 each, and as the limit of liability by the standard companies in the conflagration district is gov- erned accordingly, the statement that the collateral security for loan on a frame building is fireproof is not an idle boast. San Francisco is looked upon by underwriters as extremely hazardous, consequently 105 companies find patronage from an area containing values that would not require twenty companies in New York. The amounts of fire Insurance contracts made in California in 1905 was $658,268,711, ^1 of which is collateral, either for the security of the insured, his family, or for loans. All of this information is under the law furnished to the Insurance Commissioner, who must have a detailed accounting from the companies of every penny taken in and paid out; consequently this Is no secret. The Board of Underwriters being heartily co-operated with by the municipal government, in addition to supporting a fire patrol as an aux- iliary and working in harmony with the Fire Department, at a cost of ovec $40,000 per annum, and also paying a Fire Marshal, has a corps of in- spectors looking after wooden ash barrels, bad stovepipes, defective flues and hearths, and the many weaknesses that will creep into the economy of building and housekeeping of the go-ahead-and-take-the-chances Califor- nlan. These inspectors get good support from the police and Fire Depart- ment and do much more than pen or pencil can show in making San Fran- cisco somewhat fireproof. The equipment and personnel of the Fire Department, being equal to that of the best in the United States, combined with the absence of frost to freeze hydrants and snow and sleet to impede getting to a fire, accounts for much of the luck that has so far saved the city, but as the danger of general conflagration exists, the underwriter limits his liabilities to meet the accident that might happen, and in so doing not only is helping to build up the city, but keeps in readiness to replace and to build it again. This rebuilding by the insurance companies and care by the Board of Under- writers applies to the other growing cities on the coast. They rebuilt Seattle and Spokane fifteen years ago and are prepared to replace the town or city that makes the next call. 12 CALIFORNIA'S FINANCIAL SYSTEM ON A Solid Foundation. BENJAMIN C. WRIGHT. CALIFORNIA'S financial history is both unique and interesting. Though thirty States had preceded her into the Union, with varied financial systems, she preferred one of her own making, and there is no hesi- tation in saying that the one adopted has served her purpose better than any other one could have done. The dominant feature of this system is an honest dollar — a dollar that means one hundred cents for every transaction and for every day in the year In every part of the world. Providence favored her in the adoption of this system by providing her an abundance of the raw material out of which these honest dollars might be coined. Up to that time no other section of the country had been thus favored — at least, to the same extent. It is true, gold had been found in small quantities in Georgia and elsewhere, but not in sufficient amount to justify such action. It remained for California alone to first apply the principle of extending patronage to home products in an entirely new field — that of making its own money from its own mines. It is no wonder that with such an important agency right at its own feet it should have stood erect as a man, even in its infancy, and declared for a money standard the equal of the best in the world, and superior to that of other sections in this country, as weil as the prevailing system in some foreign countries at that time. This system was practically adopted before California was admitted into the Union, and even before there was enough coin money of American manufacture to meet the ordinary wants of the limited volume of business at that pioneer period. We had the "stuff" out of which the world's best money has ever been made, and in the absence of sufficient coin money, it was weighed out at so much per ounce and passed over the counter in the settlement of balances. As a temporary auxiliary along this line, pending Congressional action for the establishment of a Government Mint, the private manufacture of gold coins was allowed, and some of these coins are still to be found in private collections. These coins were just as honest in weight and fineness as those made at the Philadelphia Mint. Some of them were worth $50, the largest ever made in this country. The principle involved in these early monetary customs was subse- quently enacted into law. The first Constitution of the State declared in favor of the coin standard by forbidding the authorization of any banks of issue. This was considered a bold step, as at that time all the States on the other side of the country allowed their banks to issue paper money, and some of them apparently without much regard to the security for the ulti- mate redemption of the same. Among the pioneer banking institutions of the State, the savings bank was prominent. The earliest of this character were also private concerns. The first savings bank to incorporate was the Savings and Loan Society of San Francisco, which obtained Its charter in July, 1857. This bank is still in existence, and is the oldest of that character In the State. Since then many others have come into existence, most of which are still in operation. The influence of these banks on the character building of the State has been good and only good, which is also equally the case in other States where they have prospered. The savings banks of California rank very high. The next most serious financial troubles occurred in 1875, the effects of which were felt for three years afterwards. This was largely due to un- healthy mining stock operations. The great financial panic which swept the IS country from New York to San Francisco In 1893 left scarcely a ripple in this State, because of the great strength the banks as a whole presented. The silver craze was largely responsible for the panic of 1893, but Califor- nians, though interested in silver mines to a considerable extent, never aban- doned their early formed loyalty to gold as the best of the metal standards. This latest test of their adherence to that standard fully demonstrated the accuracy of their judgment, and did much to set the country right on that proposition. Realizing the desirabilitiy of State Supervision of State incorporated banks, the Legislature in 1878 authorized the organization of a Bank Com- mission. The Commissioners began their work of bank examinations about the middle of that year, and the results early showed the wisdom of their appointment. Some half-dozen banks were soon closed because of impaired capital and other irregularities. After the Commissioners had com- pleted their first round of examinations, the financial atmosphere was much clearer. The fact that the banks have since been open to such examinations annually, and oftener when deemed necessary, has had the effect of putting the officers of these institutions on their good behavior. The banks under the jurisdiction of the Commissioners are obliged to make three reports annually, always on a past date, which forestalls doctoring of any kind. The report for August 25, 1905, showed 407 banks in operation, classified as follows: Savings banks, 109, including 12 in San Francisco; commercial banks, 275, including 34 in San Francisco; private banks, 23, nearly all in the interior. The aggregate resources of the 407 banks on that date were $515,309,084, and the individual deposits were $400,512,074. Compared with the report for August 18, 1904, there was a net gain of 57 banks, $43,506,385 in resources and $39,221,566 in in- dividual deposits. On August 25, 1905, there were 95 national banks in operation in the State, with resources aggregating $181,698,713 and In- dividual deposits of $92,1 1 1 ,458. The nearest corresponding report of these national banks for 1904 was September 6, when 76 banks reported their resources at $135,339,972 and their Individual deposits at $70,567,131, showing a gain for the year of 19 banks, $46,358,741 in resources and $21,544,327 in deposits. The banking progress of the State for the year ending August 25, 1905, was unprecedentedly large, as was also the pros- perity of the banks. u The California Promotion Committee ACCOUNTANTS. Amrntbt J. W. ADDING MACHINES. BurrouKba Adding .Machine Co. ADVKKTINKKS. Vsru«y dc tiirecii ADVKIITISING. Cooprr, F. J., Advertlalns Asency Well, \\ llliam BI. AMMUNITION. Union Metallic Cartridge Co. Alien ITECTS. Ifo^vnrd, .lolin Unlen Meyer €& O'Urien K«id Bruti. AKTIFICIAI. FLOWERS AND PLANTS. GoehrInK, A. ASSAVEUS AND SMELTERS. Selby Smeltlnic Co. ATTOUNE VS-AT-LAW^. Bancroft, Plilllp Crothers, GeorKC E. Deaiiier & StetHon Dre>v, Frank C. Felicenbnuui, Stinford Noyen, Uartbolomcw Plppy, Geo. II. Stratton, F. S. Wright Jt AVrlsbt BANKS. Anelo-Callfnrnia Bank Bank of California California Safe Deposit and Trust Co. Central Trust Co. Crocker- WooUvorth National Bank French-American Bank Geruiun Savings and Loan Society Geruiania National Bank Hibernia Savings and Loan Society Hnniboldt Savings Bank Italian-Aniericau Bank Market Street Bank Mercantile Trust Co. of San Francisco Mechanics' Savings Bank Paciilc States Savings, Loan and Building Co. Rollins, E. H.. & Sons Savings and Loan Society Security Savings Bank WeIlM-I''"argo-Nevada National Bank Bishop, Charles R. (Bank of California.) BAKl^ER SUPPLIES. Deckelmnn Bros. BOILER AVORKS. Keystone Boiler Works BOOKS AND STATIONERY. Crocker, H. S. Co. Cunningham, Curtis & Welch Klder, I'aul & Co. Mc.Vutt, Ivalin & Co. I'nyot, Uphani & Co. Sanborn, Vail & Co. San Francisco News Co. BREWERS. Brewers' Protective Assn. BROKERS. Broivn, Edward & Sons Wilson. J. C. CANNERIES. California Fruit Cnnners' Association Code-Portwood Canning Co. Fontana, M. J. (Colifomia Fmit Canners' Ass'n.) linnt Bros. & Co. Jacobs, Isidor (California Can- neries) CAPITALISTS. Borel, An tone Burnett G. C. Coleman, Robert L. Dnrphy, B. F. Har*-ey, J. Downey- Hopkins, E. W. I^achraan, Henry T.pwlji. Sol ^lackay, Clarence "^larye, George F. Jr. Meyer, Dnniel Pacific Improvement C*« Phelan, James D. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Quinn, John E. Sprockels, Claus Thompsva, It. It. CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND UPHOLSTERY GOODS. Hulse, Bradford & Co. CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY AND F U It N IT U It E. Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (\%'. J. Sloane & Co.) Plum, Chas. M. & Co. CATTLE AND S^VINE DEALERS. Pierce & Co. CIGARS AND TOBACCO. Gunst, M. A. & Co. Judell, H. L. & Co. CLOTHIERS. Raphael, Inc. Straus, Louis COAL DEALERS. Allen, Cbas. R. Co. Western Fuel Co. COFFEE, TEAS AND SPICES. Brandensteln, M. J. & Co. CnsTvell, Geo. W. A Co. Folger, J. A. & Co. Hills Bros. .lones-Paddock Co. Schilling, A. & Co. Thierbnch, Chas. F. A Co. C03IMISSI0N & MANUFAC- TURERS' AGENTS. Bacigalupl, Peter Clarke, Sidney A. Becht, G. J. Co. Mnilliard & Schmledell Morgan A Allen Rulofson, A. C. Co. Tbieben. Jos. «& Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Armsby, The J. K. Co. Dodge, Sweeney & Co. Horst, E. Clemens Co. Wltsel & Baker. CONFECTIONERS. Blum, Simon De Martini Supply Co., The L. Haas, Geo. & Son CONTRACTORS. City Street Improvement Co. COOPERAGE. California Barrel Co. Richards, J. ^V. AVoerner Cooperage Co., David CORDAGE. Tubbs Cordage Co. CORNICE WORKS. Forderer Cornice Works. CROCKKRY AND GLASSWARE Natban-Dohrmann Co. DAIRY MACHINERY. De Laval Dairy Supply Co. DAIRY PRODUCE. Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F. Dairymen's Union of Cal. BI His: lit, Freii. «. t> Hnnillton KMT GOODS. l>fiater, J. J. Kulttlus Co. I.AW BOOK I'UDI.ISHEnS. Ilanoroft, AVhltney <& Co. I.EATIIKR IlKI/riNG. Cook, li. >. IIHtiuB Co., Inc. LKATIIKU GOODS. Uarphuin & Jiinsen I.IMK AND CEMENT. Ilolmea IJine Co. Pacific I'orlland Cement Co. Standard I'ortlnnd Cement Co. I.ITII OGUAPHEKS. Britton &. Iley Schmidt Label I.ithoRrixph Co. Union UthotfraiililuK Co. LOANS. Finance and Security Co. Morrell. C. H. iliVCHIXERY AND ENGI- NEEUS' SUPPLIES. CT-Cfopa Iron WorUa Harron, Ilickard & aicCone HenabaTi-. BuIUley & Co. Martin, Jolm Bleeae &. Gottfried Co. Merrall'a Mill Co. Moore, Ctaarlea C. & Co. Paoiilc Tool and Supply Co. Tntum & DoTven Troy Laundry Machinery Co MAGNE.SITl!:. American Mnanesite Co. »IEN'S FCltMSIlING GOODS Atklna, R. C. &. Sons Bullock & Jonea Cluett, Peubody & Co. Nenatadter Broa. METAL WORKS. Pacific Metal Worka Selby Smelt Ine Worka METER COMPANY. Pacific jJIeter Vo. MILI>ERS. Port Confa MUllns Co. Sperry I'Mour Co. MIMXG ENGINEERS. Callahan, H. C. MINES. Alaska Treadwoll Gold Mining Co. MOTION PICTURE PHOTO- (iRAPHS. MIlea Broa. NECKWEAR MANUFAC- TCRER. Helneman , II. M. NOTARY PUBLIC. Treat, II. R- OITICIANS. California Optical Co. OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. Heynemann dt Co. OYSTER DEALERS. Moraran Oyater Co. PACKERS AND PROVISION DEALERS. Baccua, Richard T. Miller A laix Weatem Meat Co. PACKERS OF CANNRD FRUITS AND VEGE- TABLES. California Fruit Cannera» Aa- aodatlon PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS. Baaa-ilueter Paint Co. Fuller, W. P. * < o. PAINTERS. Thoa. Do^Tiilnie. Inc. PAIMOIt DKALfCRS. Boneatcil, Illrlinrilnon A Co. Union I'nip anil i'nper Co. !• A T i: > T .M 10 1) U • I X IC. California Vlg Syrup IMIARMACISTil* Martin, Henry J. Keillneton A Co. Schmidt. Val PIIOTOtJRAPIIEIM Turrlll A Miller Water*, K. .T. & Vo. PHYSICIAlfS. Bryant, Bdsar R. Piachel, Kaapar (ocullaf) Koaenatlm, Jnllna ^nrtorl. H. J. I'lANOS AND MUSICAL MER> CHANDISE. Allen, Wiley B. Co. Mausy, Byron Sherman, Clay A Co. PIGEON RANCHER. Nefvbauer , H. R. POTTERY AND TERRA COTTA. Clark, N. A Sona Uladdlns, McBenn A Co. "itelifer Terra Cotta and Pot- tery Worka POAVER COMPANIES. KuHter, F. J. (North Slountain I'owcr Co.) POWDER MANUFACTURERS (nlirornin PoT»der Worka IMtESS CLIPPING BUREAU. Ailen'a PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS. Harry Printing Co. Commercial PubllahlnB Co. Dcttner-Wllaon Preaa Gabriel Printing Co., The Murdock, C. A. A Co. I'artrldge, John IMiiUipa A Van Orden Co. The D. S. Stanley Company. FUBLICATIONH. tJuide, Tlie RAILROADS. California Northweatem Rail- road REAL ESTATE AND LANDS. Muldivln, O. D. A Son UuldTrln A Howell Uoardnian Bros. A Co. Uovee, Toy A Co. Buab, David A Sona Center A Spader Cotatl Co., The Onvidaon A Leigh Hooker A Lent Lyon A Hoag :>lngee, Thoa. A Sona Mathewa, H. E. Narea A Saundera (Laton) O'Brien, Cbnrlea V. llealty Syndicate Co. SnjjfC, Denlcy &. Co. Shnln^ald, Buckbee A Co. Speck A Co. Spencer, W^illiam Crane The 76 Land and Water Co. Unibaen, G. H. A Co. Wankovrakl, W^. Whitney, J. Parker RESTAURANTS. Laraen, C. G. Weaterfleld, P. A Co. ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA- PERS AND PAINTS. I'arattine Paint Co., The RUBBER GOODS, (ioodyear Hubber Co. (jorhnm Rubber Co. Wlnalovr, C. R. A Co. RUBBEIt STAMPS, ETC. Patrick A Co. SAFES AND VAULTS. Herring-IIulI-MarTln Safe Co. SALT WORKS. Golden Gate Salt Worka SCHOOL SUPPLIES. Milton Bradley Co. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. LIcta Co., The A. SEEDS. X'^olkman, C. M. A Co. Morite, <;. C. A Co. Si:WING MACHINES. Domeatic SEWING SILKS. Carlaon-Currler Silk Co. SHIPIMNG. Roaenfrld, .Ino. A Sona. I'rIoate A Co. SlllflMNCi AND COMMISSION. Johnaon-LooUe Mercantile Co. Otia. MoAMlNlrr A Co. Slnaa, Loula A Co. Wllllama, DImond A Co. SHOES. KoenlK. Frank SILIiS AND TAILORS' TlllMMiNtJS. Ford, C. AV. It. A Co. SLATE. Eureka Slate Co. HTOVi:s AND RANGES. Oraham.Jnmra Mfg. Co. It and STREET RAILWAYS. Californln-Street Cable Rail- vray Co. United Railroada of San Fran- cisco. SLITS AND CLOAKS. Ranaohoff, L. SURETY COMPANIES. Pacific Surety Co. The American Credit Indemn- ity Co. of New York SYRUPS. Pacific Coaat Syrup Co. TAILORS. Jacobi Broa. Nordwell. O. W. TANNERS AND LEATHER DEALERS. Blaainger A Co. Brown A Adama Kullninu, S:ilx A Co. LejjalU-t-HelUvlg Canning Co. TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRAI'll. Pacific Statea Telephone and Telesraph Co. Poatal Tel. Cable Co. Weatem Union Tel. Co. TENTS AND AWNINGS. Amea A Harrla THEATERS. Orplieum Circuit Co. TRANSFER COMPANIES. Bekliin' Van and Storage Co. IJocarde Drayuge Co. Eniniona Co. McNab A Smith Itenner, Geo. The Morton Drayage WarehoHse Co. Union Transfer Co. TRUNKS AND BAGS. Hirachfeldcr A Meauey TLG BOATS. Ship Owners' and Mercbanta' TuiE Boat Co. TYPEWRITERS. Alexander, L. A M. WALL PAPER. Uhl Broa. WATER COMPANIES. Spring Valley Water Co. WATER WIIi^ELS. Pelton Water Wheel Co., The WHOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberg, Bowen A Co. .lenulngM, Thomaa 'otbuchlld, .lol'.n A Co. suaanian, Worniacr A Co. rillmann A Bendel WHOLESALE LUMBER AND SllIPl'ING. Oolbeer A Caraon ^Jlen Blair Redwood Co. Hechtman, A. J. Ileyman, Jullua Hooper, C. A. A Co. Mutaon, <"apt. Wm. VelMon. Cbaa. Co. lN»pe A Talbot ■lade. S. 10. Lumber C». I'ticoma Mill Co. I'nion Lumber Co. WHOI-ESALE MII-LINI:RY. illna A l,nndt. Inc. AVINES AND LIQUORS. Ilrunichwclacr A Co, (allforuln Wine Aasoclatlon i;lcr Co., Theo. (iriM'nwny. 10. M. (Juadlacb-Bundachu Wine CO. Ilolallng. A. P. A Co. ItHllan-SwIaa Colony .Ir.iae Moore-Hunt Co. Liicbninn A Jacobi Llvlugaton A Co. Mann Co., C. BL, Soccra. De Turk Martin. E. A Co. ScbllllnK. *'• A Co. Scbullx. W. A. SIcbe Broa. A Plagemann Sbcn-lloc«nirr«"« Co. Sherwood A Sherwood Van llorurn, N. A Co. \>>nlKcr, I*. J. A Co. AVcI more-Bow en Co. WIcbman. Lutgen A Co. Wllnirrdlng-Loewe Co. WOOLENS AND TAILOR TRIMMINGS. Amatein, Simon A Qm» to I* The California Promotion Committee RKPRKSBNTING ANDRBA SBARBORO, Chairman Hanafactorera aad Predueera AwMciatloa RVFUS P. JKNNINGS, Executive Officer Saa Frarndsco Chamber of C*atmcree GBO. W. HcNELlR, Treaanrer Merehaata ZExchange of San Fnuieto«« CHAS. F. RUNYON San Francisco Beard of Trade VBXO J. KOSTB» San Francisco Merehaata Aaaodatlon ADVISORY COMMITTEE HOIf. GEO. C. PARDBB UoTernor of California BBNJ. IDB WHKEL.E:R Berkeley President Unlvernity of California DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Leland Stanford Jr. Unlveratty REPRESENTING MARSUAI Thos. A Sona Mathews, H. E. Narea A Saundera (Laton) O'Brien, Cbarlea F. Realty Syndicate Co. Sase, Dealey «fc Co. Shalnwald, Buckbee A Co. Speck A Co. Spencer, William Crane The 76 Land and W^ater Co. Umbaen, G. H. A Co. W^ankowakl, W. Whitney . J. Parker RESTAURANTS. Laraen, C. G. Weaterfleld, P. A Co. ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA- PERS AND PAINTS. Paraitlno Paint Co., The RUBBER GOODS. Goodyear Rubber Co. Gorlinm Rubber Co. Wlnalow, C. It. A Co. KLBBER STAMPS, ETC. Patrick A Co. SAFES AND VAULTS. HcrrlnB-Ilall-Mar^-In Safe Co. SALT WORKS. Golden Gate Salt Worka SCHOOIi SUPPLIES. Milton Bradley Co. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT.^. Lleta Co., The A. SEEDS. Volkman, C. M. A Co. Mome, V. C. St Co. SEWING MACHINB.S. Domcatic SI^.WING SILKS. Carlaon-Currler Silk C'o. SHIPPING. Roaenfeld, Jno. A Sona. Urloate A Co. SHIPPING AND COMMISSION. Johnaon-Lorke Mercantile <'o. OtiM. MoAlllNtcr A Co. .Sloan, Loula A Cn. Wllllama, Illnmnd A Co. SHOES. Koenla. Frank SILKS A\n TAILORS' TRIMMINGS. Ford, C. W. II. A Co. SLATE. Eureka Slnte Vo. STOVES AND RANGES. Graham, Jamea Mtg. Ca. 16 STREET RAILWAYS. California-Street Cubic Rail- way Co. United Rallrouda of Son Fran- ciaco. SUITS AND CLOAKS. Ranaohoff, L. SURETY COMPANIES. Padfle Surety Co. The American Cre«Ilt Indenkn- Ity Co. of New York SYRUPS. PaelUa Coaat Syrup Co. TAILORS. JacobI Broa. Nordwell. O. W. TANNERS AND LEATIIBR DEALERS. Biaainser A Co. Brown A Adania Kullman, Sals A Co. LeK<^llet-HelIwig: Tanning Co. TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRA1>II. Pacific Statea 'I'olephona anA Teleeraph Co. Poatal Tel. Cable Co. Weatern Union Tel. Co. TENTS AND AWNINGS. Amea A Ilarria THEATICKS. Orpheum Circuit Co. TRANSFER COMPANIES. Bekina' Van and Storase Vo. Bocarde Drayase Co. Emnioua Co. McNab A Smith Itenucr, Geo. The Morton Drayaife and Wurehouae Co. Union TrHnnfer Co. TRUNKS AND BAGS. Illracbfelder A Me:iuey TUG BOATS. Ship Ownern' and Mervbanta* TufC Boat Co. TYPEWRITERS. Alexander, L. A M. WALL PAPER. Ubl Bros. WATER COMPANIES. Sprlns Valley Water Co. WATER AVHEELS. Pelton Water Wheel Co., Tho AVHOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberi;, Itowen A Co. JennlnKM, Tboniaa llotbaeliild. .lolin t^ l.nudt, Inv. WINES AND LKIUORS. Brun^rhwelKcr A Co. C'allfornin Wine Aaaoelatlon Gler Co., Tbeo. Green way. E. M. tJundliifh-Bundacbn Wine Co. Hotalinic, A. I*. A Vo. Itallnn-Swiaa <:olony Jcaae Moorr-IIunt Co. Lachninn A Jaoobl LlTlnaatoB A Co. Mann Co., C. M.« Saeara. le U Do Turk Martia, E. A Co. Scbllllnv, C. * Co. Srbiilta. W. A. SIrbe llroa. A Plaaremann Shca-IlocQuercB Co. Sherwood A Sherwood Van lleriten, N. A Vo. Wrnlaer, P. J. A Vo. Wrtmorr-Ho^icn Co. Wlrbnian, Liitcen A Co. Wllmerdlna-I.oewe Co. WOOLENS AND TAILOR TRIMMINtJS. Arastcla, Simon A Vo. The California Promotion Committee RBFRESENTINa ANDRBA SBARBORO, CkalrmaB Haaiif actnrers aad Predneem Aaavelatl** R17P17S P. JENNINGS, Execatlve Officer Saa Franclaco Cliamber sf C«aaB>ere« GBO. W. McNEARf Treaaorer Mercbaata Exchange of San Fraacia— CHAS. F. HUNYOW Saa Fraadaeo Board of Trade FRED J. KOSTBR Baa Franclaco Merehanta Aaaoctatlos ADVISORY COMMITTEE HOIf. GEO. C. PARDEE GoTemor of CallfomUl BEN J. IDE WHEELER Bcrkeler Frealdent Unlveralty of Calif orafa DATID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Lelond Stanford Jr. UnlTeraity REPRESENTING MARSHALL DIG09 Sacramento Sacramento Valley DeTClopmcnt Atian. R. P. LATIIROP HolIUter Central Coaat Conntfea ImproTcment Aaw C. P. SOULE Eureka North Coaat Counties JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Aaan. S. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company W. A. BISSELL San Francisco. Atchison* Topeka A Santa Fe Railway R. X. RYAN San Francisco. CHlifomia Northwestern Ratlvray LEWIS E. AVBL'RY San Francisco. California State MlntnK Bureau STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE REPRESENTING RUFVS P. JENNINGS San Francisco. San Francisco County JOHN 8. AKKBMAN San Dleeo Counties South of Tebachapl W. A. BEARD Sacramento.... Sacramento Valley Counties EDW^N STEARNS Oakland San Franclaco Bay Counties COLVIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Vallpy Countiea C W. CRAIG Eureka North Coast Counties ARTHUR G. BALAAM Loropoe South Coaat Counties L. W. JEFKt^RSON HoUIster Central Coast Counties GILBERT B. 130RR0W Soaora Sierra Countiea PHIILIF* A VAN ORDEN, 608 CLAY STBEET, 8. F ,a,Ol APRIL Vol. m. No. 5. 1906. fO Cte. If jOO a Ycm. . HORTICULTURAL NUMBER FOR CALIFORNIA FRONTISPIECE.— LATEST PHOTOGRAPH OF LUTHER BURBANK EDITORIAL LARGE PROFIT IN GROWING WALNUTS LUTHER BURBANK HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWING E. J. WICKSON SCIENTIFIC IRRIGATION W. E. SMYTHE GRAPE GROWING FOR WINE FREDERIC T. BIOLETTI THE CITRUS FRUIT INDUSTRY b. A. WOODFORD THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE SAN FRANCISCO THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE (THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION) THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND UNBIASED INFORMATION REQARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE OPPORTUN- ITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA 18 PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CAMRYINQ OUT THE OBJECTS IN VIEW KO ADY»RTISKMKKTS WILL APF«AX IW FOR CALIFORNIA CORRESPONDENCE INVITED SPECIAL NUMBERS OF FOR CALIFORNIA, DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SUBJECTS, ANY THREE NUMBERS FOR TWLNTY-FIVE CENTS 1905 February ..... Irrigation Number March .... Vegetable Garden Number April ..... Manufactures Number May .... Structural Minerals Number June ... ... Out-Door Number July . Electric-Power Number August .... . . Viticulture Number September . . . Reclamation Projects Number October ..... Woman's Occupation Number November ...... Timber Number December . . . . . . Oil Number 1906 January ...... Educational Number February ... . . Financial Number March .,,.... Outing Number FOR CALIFORNIA A MONTHLY PUBLICATION FOR THOSE WHO DESIRB THE BEST THERE IS IN UPB." HORTICULTURAL NUMBER APRIL, \906. VoL UL No. 5 TmeCalifornia Promotion Committee 25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO Editorial. THE fruit industry of California is so important that The California Promotion Committee feels it cannot do justice to the subject in one number of FOR CALIFORNIA, consequently the April and May numbers will be devoted to articles from experts on all phases of horticulture. The April number contains articles of greatest in- terest and importance, from the pens of men who are recognized the world over as authorities in their special lines. [ The opening article is from Luther Burbank, whose name is as well ' known in Europe as in America. He treats of walnut growing from a com- ! mercial standpoint, and shows how this nut can be grown to great profit ■; in California. The article is robbed of technicalities and is so clear and ' comprehensive that it can be used as a text book on the subject. • Professor E. J. Wickson, of the University of California, has written an exhaustive treatise on the history of fruit growing in California, and in it ; he elucidates many new facts, or rather old facts shown in a new way. ".The article is worthy of the careful consideration of all who may be in- ' terested in fruit growing or any of its subsidiary industries. W. E. Smythe, the recognized authority on irrigation, has a short, but comprehensive article on scientific irrigation, in which he gives much ! valuable information regarding the use of irrigation water on the soil of California. Mr. Smythe has given deep study to all phases of irrigation, and his article is most interesting and instructive, not only to those who till the soil, but to the thinker, and the man who wishes to make a study of California conditions. Frederic T. Bioletti treats of grape growing for wine in an article which gives a clear and concise statement of conditions here and else- where. He shows the needs of California in the matter of grape growing, and also explains the requirements for successful results in the industry. This article is one that will carry much information to those who are look- ing to California for a place to make their future home. B. A. Woodford writes of the citrus fruit industry showing the growth of the business and scope of territory over which it extends, both as to cultiva- tion and to market. The article is full of information that is not generally known, and shows what California citrus fruit industry really means so far as it relates to the upbuilding of the State. This number of FOR CALIFORNIA is one that will carry wide infor- mation on the subject of fruit culture, and containing articles as it does from such men as those mentioned, will carry the weight of authority wherever it is read, making this number one which will be sent to all parts of the country. The article from Mr. Burbank alone is of great value, as the time of this wonderful man is so taken up with his studies and experiments as to make it almost impossible for him to give his attention to writing. In this connection It is with pleasure that FOR CALIFORNIA presents as its frontispiece the latest photograph of Mr. Burbank, this having been taken especially for this publication and now being published for the first time. Large Profit in Growing Walnuts LUTHBR BURBANK WHEN nut culture Is mentioned in California it is well to be specific, for nearly every nut which grows in any temperate or semi-tropic climate finds here a congenial home, and most of them thrive even better than in their own native country. Nowhere else are there so many kinds grown successfully, and our dry, sunny autumn days insure a most uniformly well cured product, while in most climates it is, even when ready to harvest, a very difficult matter to secure the crop in prime condition. Although nearly all nuts can be grown well here, yet the Royal Walnut (Juglans regia) will without doubt in some of its improved varieties always be the leader. The Royal, long known in commerce under various names such as Persian, English, French, Italian, Welch, European, Madera, Chill, and later as the California walnut, has been cultivated for more than two thousand years. It is a native of the Caucasus, Persia, and the Northern mountains of India, and probably also of Western China. The Royal walnut, the peach and the apricot were all derived originally from the same region where they still may all be found growing wild. The nuts from the wild native varieties have rather thick shells, are much smaller, not of as good quality, and not so freely produced as with our greatly improved cultivated ones. The name walnut came from an English corruption of the word Caul — Gaulnut — (France) from which England even to-day draws her principal supply. Royal walnuts have been common throughout Central and Southern Europe from the Sixteenth century down to the present time, but for two thousand years the crop has been mostly raised from seedling trees. If a knowledge of the possibilities for improvement by selection and grafting had been generally applied during this long time, these nuts would have been a universal food throughout the whole earth, and productive trees of superior varieties would have been common everywhere, though cold win- ters have occasionally greatly injured and sometimes destroyed many of the trees, even as far south as France and Germany where the timber is much used for furniture and other purposes, and has been so highly prized that bearing trees have sometimes been sacrificed for lumber, and for almost two hundred years France has maintained an act to prevent the exportation of walnut lumber. In America the Royal walnut grows as far north as New York and New England. The trees were quite common on Manhattan Island 150 years ago, but later the march of improvement necessitated the removal of most of them. The crop of nuts was, however, always very uncertain, and not encouraging from a business point of view. In California the trees have been growing in widely separate regions from the earliest times, but unfortunately, from nuts whose heredity "harked back" to forms better adapted to the production of wood than nuts and before the improved ones had been produced or introduced, the trees were in production, mostly shining symbols of preverse uncertainty. Our southern neighbors were the first to obtain some of the improved varieties, and have been well repaid for their enterprise and foresight, for nothing which grows on trees has generally paid better than walnuts, but much had to be learned about varieties, soils, locations, modes of harvesting, curing, marketing, etc. Central and Northern California are just waking up to the fact thai no better walnuts have ever been produced than those grown right her«J and from one large orchard of the Franquette, and the numerous ones of the Santa Rosa, now In full bearing, the nuts have so far brought in all cases 18 to 20 cents per pound or even more, by the ton, when walnuts from anywhere else were selling at from 9 to 14 cents per pound. Judge Leib of San Jose, who made a special study of the walnut in every condition for several years, has obtained samples and definite par- ticulars from many American and foreign growers, and with a careful per- sonal inspection of the best orchards in this State, has after the most severe tests, decided that for growing in Northern and Central California but two varieties need be considered, the Franquette and the improved Santa Rosa. Taken point by point, with all others now known, they appear to stand at the head for general culture here. The Franquette is a well-known French walnut grown only by grafting. The Santa Rosa so far has been grown mostly as seedlings, and even grown this way has proved to be ail that could be desired in early ripening, early bearing, produc- tiveness and quality. But among these seedlings are found some trees which are most remarkably early and constantly productive of astounding crops of nuts of most perfect form, color and quality. Some of the best of these will in my opinion supplant the Franquette, for though the Fran- quette blooms later than the Santa Rosa and produces a fair crop each season almost without fail, but rarely a full one, yet in a series of years the Santa Rosa generally will outyield it two to one, besides being harvested with much less care and expense, ripening as they do two to four weeks earlier when the air is clear and the ground dry. The greatest fault of the Santa Rosas is the tendency to start early in the spring. The greatest fault of the Franquette for growing in this part of the State is their late ripening, causing much care and expense in harvesting and curing. The size, appearance and quality of the nuts of either is all that could be desired, though the Santa Rosa generally has a whiter shell and the husk does not require removal by hand as is the case with a large part of the crop of Franquettes. To those who have had experience with this kind of work on a rainy day nothing more need be said. The Franquette seems to be well adapted to some of the larger interior valleys, but there are many other good varieties which may prove to be better adapted to growing in some locations than the ones here mentioned. In all cases without regard to varieties the best results will be ob- tained by grafting on our native California black walnut, or some of its hybrids. No one in Central or Northern California who grows Royal walnuts on their own roots need expect to be able to compete with those who grow them on the native black walnut roots. For when grown on these roots the trees will uniformly be larger and longer lived, and will hardly be affected by blight and other diseases, and do and will bear from two to four times as many nuts which will be of larger size and much better quality. These are facts and not theories, and walnut growers should take heed. Although not popular among nurserymen yet the best way to produce a paying orchard of walnuts is to plant the nuts from some vigorous black walnut tree, three or four in each place where the tree is to stand. At the end of the first summer remove all but the strongest grower, cultivate the ground well; any hoed crop may be grown among them, or even other trees or berries. Let the trees grow as they will for from three to six years until they have formed their own natural vigorous system of roots, then graft to the best variety extant which thrives in your locality, and if on deep well drained land you will at once have a grove of walnuts which will pay at present, or even very much lower prices, a most princely interest on your investment. By grafting in the nursery or before the tree has had time to produce its own system of roots by its own rapid growing leafy top, you have gained little or nothing over planting trees on their own roots, for the foliage of any tree governs the size, extent and form of the root system. Take heed as these are facts, not fancies, and are not to be neglected if you would have a walnut grove on a safe foundation. I have a record and also a photograph of one of the Santa Rosa walnut trees grafted as I recommend on the black walnut in 1891. This was handed to me by the owner, Mr. George C. Payne of San Jose. The record may be of interest to you. Dimensions (1905): Spread of top, 66 feet; circumference, one foot above ground, 8 feet, 9 inches; no record was kept of the nuts until 1897, which amounted to 250 pounds. 1898 302 pounds 1899 229 pounds 1900 600 pounds 1901 237 pounds 1902 478 pounds 1903 380 pounds 1 904 481 pounds 1905 268 pounds The walnut tree has generally been considered a very difficult tree to graft successfully. Mr. Payne, mentioned before, has perfected a method of grafting the walnut which in his hands is without doubt the most suc- cessful known. By it he is uniformly successful, often making 100 per cent of the grafts to grow. Who can do better by any method? There are thousands of native black walnut trees in Northern and Central California, in fields, pastures and roadsides, which if grafted to the same, or some of the still further improved Santa Rosa walnuts, would yield even larger and better crops than this tree is yielding. When you plant another tree why not plant a walnut, and then besides sentiment, shade and leaves you may have a perennial supply of nuts, the improved kinds of which furnish the most delicious, nutritious and health- ful food which has ever been known. The old-fashioned hit or miss nuts which we used to purchase at the grocery store were generally of a rich, irregular mixture in form, size and color, with meats of varying degrees of unsoundness, bitter, rancid, musty, but better yet with no meat at all. From these early memories and the usual accompanying after effects nuts have not been a very popular food for regular use until lately, when good ones at a moderate price can generally, but not always, be purchased at all first-class stores. The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all civilized nations to-day faster than that of any other food, and California should keep up with this increasing demand, and make the increase still more rapid by producing nuts of uniform good quality which can here be done without extra effort, and with an Increase in the health and permanent increase in the wealth of ourselves and neighbors. I have not mentioned other nuts, as your time and mine allows but a glimpse at this one nut. The almond and pecan come next In importance, followed by a score of others which will be extensively grown as their culture is better understood. California has made most wonderful strides in the production of fruits and nuts, and of almost everything else, but its newer horticultural possi- bilities are even more grand, mostly unknown and undeveloped. Who could have Imagined twenty-five years ago the important place which the fig, the orange, the vine, and other fruits and nuts, as well as alfalfa, winter vegetables, stock and poultry raising, now hold? And who can prophesy the future place of California as the source of the choicest food products of the world? The History of California Fruit Growing E. J. WICKSON, Dean of the College oi Aifricultare ol the UniTersity of California, and Acting Director of the Experlmeat Station CALIFORNIA fruit growing is not a new industry. A century ago there was a greater aggregate acreage of fruit trees and vines within the area now comprising the State of California than within the combined areas of the original thirteen states on the Atlantic Coast. The California missions had fruit growing establishments greater in variety and commercial value of fruit products than any similar enterprises on the Atlantic side. The rigors of the Eastern climate, the perils of Indian wars, the struggle with forest displacement on the Atlantic side were in sharp contrast with the mild seasons, the peaceful natives and the pos- session of open land in California. Nature smiled upon horticultural effort here and frowned upon it there a century ago just as Nature smiles and frowns upon the same efforts to-day. The padres at the missions were first to demonstrate the agricultural advantage of the California soils and climate. Americans reached California on hunting and trading errands during the two decades preceding the gold discovery in 1848, and saw enough at the downfallen missions to enable them to discern the horticultural quality of the land. They also had enterprise enough to secure possession of some old mission vineyards and orcfiards, and restored them to fruitfulless just in time to meet the sharp demand for fruits among the argonauts of 1849, weary of ship fare and sometimes scurvy for lack of fruit acids. There was often more gold in the fruit tree than in the mine, and the modern com- mercial horticulture of California arose upon the foundation of the mission achievements. In this way the present horticultural eminence of the State, overshadowing the accomplishment of any other State of the Union, and of any foreign country of the world save France, reflects the loftiness of its beginning. But it was not until a few years after the inrush of gold-seekers in 1849, that horticulture began to attract people to California for the declared purpose of enlistment in it, and it is interesting to note that vegetables, not fruits, made the land famous at the East. The vegetables were so large and abundant that ordinary records of weights and measurements were declared incredible and credence could not be secured for them until a committee at one of the first State Fairs published its findings in the form of an affidavit duly signed, sealed and certified. But the vegetables were so large and abundant that there were too few people to eat them, and American growers handed this branch of horticulture over to thrifty immi- grants from China and the Mediterranean countries for nearly four decades, until the present large export movement began across the mountains and presented an opportunity for large scale production which seemed worth while according to American standards. About the same time the canning of vegetables entered upon its present expanding career, and the attainment may be measured by the present shipments beyond State lines, which sometimes reach five million cases of canned vegetables and a hundred million pounds of fresh vegetables in a year. Thus it appears that Califor- nia vegetable growing has realized the greatness which the first achieve- ments prophesied. California fruit growing since the American occupation has been characterized by a series of headlong onrushes alternating with intervals of reactionary weariness and temporary depression, but each new awaken- ing has disclosed new openings, and new courage to possess them. Thus the general course has been onward and upward. There has been a period- icity of about one decade. The enthusiastic planting of the early fifties brought the dullness and apprehension of over supply of the early sixties. The opening of the first overland railway in 1 869 brought great anticipation of Eastern markets and free planting yielded volumes of fruit of which shipments late in the seventies yielded growers little or nothing, and wrecked houses which gambled in fruit, with high freight rates, slow movement and poor cars all against them. Various causes brought new confidence and a passion for planting early in the eighties, the booming expectations there- IProm being largely thwarted by the general depression of the early part of the next decade. For the last ten years, however, the course of fruit affairs has been steadily upward. Unceasing efforts for wider distribution through distant consuming states and countries, constant struggle for cheaper and better transportation and sale; organization and correlation of growers' and dealers' interests to obviate competition in glutted markets; the use of larger capital and better system in preparing and pushing pre- served fruit products of all kinds — all these, combined with the actual awak- ening of the world to the desirability of the products, give fruit planters, preservers and dealers more confidence in the outlook to-day than they have had since large scale operations began. Though the fruits and fruit products have attained a total annual value of something like sixty mil- lions of dollars no limitation of advancement is yet discernible. Each of the fruits which have become commercially great in California has its own local history which will some day be written. Every one of them had its own rate and method of progress, its own disappointments and surprises, and each to-day offers its beauties and values as tributes to the memories of men and women in the last generation of Californians who foresaw the future and whose labors made its realization possible. The writer had the advantage of being a young man when the horticultural heroes of the last three decades began to lay the foundations upon which the present horticultural greatness of California rests, and enjoyed personal acquaintance with most of them. He cherishes the plan of closing his own life with an effort to transmit the record of their ambitions, their struggles and their successes to coming generations of Californian devotees to horti- culture. The interest in such an undertaking will depend upon the place which horticulture will occupy in the future development of the State. The outlook for California fruits and fruit products involves considera- tions of much economic interest. California's exports of horticultural food supplies to north European countries are likely to reach values as great as we ever secured for wheat and barley in that part of the world. Besides the development of adjacent territory on the American continent and other Pacific countries may shape the future of California as a fruit producing State in a way which can at present only be dreamed about. It should be remembered that California has a unique character from a horticultural point of view. Not only does the State have a monopoly of semi-tropical condi- tions of the United States (excepting parts of Florida and Arizona), but California has command of the whole of northwest America and the whole of northeast Asia, not only in the supply of semi-tropical fruits, but In early ripening of hardy fruits as well. California does not grow tropical fruits; they must come from the islands and the tropical south coast coun- tries. Semi-tropical fruits are, however, vastly more important in com- merce than tropical, and a region which successfully combines northern orchard fruits with the whole semi-tropical class commands the fruit trade of all accessible populous regions which have limited fruit capabilities. Prophets far-seeing in the world courses declare that the Pacific Ocean is to be the arena for commerce greater than the world has yet seen, and Pacific Coast countries are to contain the greater part of the world's popu- lation. This greatest quarto-sphere with its superlative opportunities and activities will have California as its treasure house of fruits and fruit prod- ucts. During the winter the citrus fruits will afford tonic and refreshment, and before hardy fruits bloom in northern climes the same fruits will appear from the early ripening districts of California. In this traffic California will not only be practically without a competitor, but, sitting beside the sea, there will also be every advantage of water transportation and the sustain- ing ocean temperatures for the fruits in transit. California dried and canned fruits will render acceptable diet available even through the most arctic stretches along which development may advance in North America and North Asia, while a succession of fresh fruits will flow to all Pacific ports throughout the year. California, too, will be the winter residence for all the North Pacific millionaires and the haven of rest and recuperation for all who are worn by arctic cold or tropical heat throughout the great circle of the Pacific Ocean. Here the arts will flourish, education will attain its highest achievements and culture will prevail. Then fruit growing both as a commercial enterprise and as a home delight will attain value, volume and perfection of which present achievements are but the faint foreshadow- ing. Scientific Irrigation From " The Conquest of Arid America," by WilHam E. Smythe THE scientific side of irrigation is to be studied rather in connection with the culture of fruit and vegetables than with field crops. It is here that the English-speaking irrigators of the West have pro- duced their best results. California has accomplished more than any other locality, but nothing was learned even there until the man from the North had supplanted the Spanish irrigator. The ideal climatic conditions of California attracted both wealth and intelligence into its irrigation industry. Scarcity of water and high land values operated to promote the study of Ideal methods. Where water is abundant it is carried in open ditches, and little thought Is given to the items of seepage through the soil and loss by evaporation. Under such conditions water is lavishly used, frequently to the injury rather than the benefit of crops. But in the southern part of California water is as gold, and is sought for in mountain tunnels and In the beds of streams. A thing so dearly obtained is not to be carelessly wasted before It reaches the place of use. Hence, steep and narrow ditches cemented on the bottom, or steel pipes and wooden flumes, are employed. This precious water is applied to the soil by means of small furrows run between the trees or rows of vegetables. The ground has first been evenly graded on the face of each slope. The aim of the skillful Irrigator Is to allow the water to saturate the ground evenly In each direction, so as to reach the roots of the tree or plant. The stream Is small, and creeps slowly down the furrow to the end of the orchard, where any surplus Is absorbed by a strip of alfalfa, which acts like a sponge. The land Is kept thoroughly cultivated, and in the best orchards no weed or spear of grass is ever seen; the water is too costly to waste in the nourishment of weeds. Moreover, It is desired to leave the soil open to the action of air and sun- shine. Nowhere in the world Is so much care given to the aeration of the soil as In the irrigated orchards and gardens of the West. Too much water reduces the temperature of the soil, sometimes develops hardpan, and more frequently brings alkali to the surface. For these reasons modern science has enforced the economical use of water, reversing the crude Mexi- can custom of prodigal wastefulness. The success of the furrow method depends somewhat upon the texture of the soil, and there are places where it cannot be used at all. Of late years in California the application of water by furrows has been brought to a marvelous degree of perfection. What Is known as the "Redlands system" is the best type of irrigation methods known In the world. Under this system a small wooden flume or box is placed at the head of the orchard. An opening Is made opposite each furrow, and through this the water flows in the desired quantity, being operated by a small gate or slide. The aperture regulates the flow of water accurately, and the system Is so simple that, after it is once adjusted, its operation Is as easy as the turning of a faucet. The farmer who grows his crops on a fertile soil, under almost cloudless skies, with a system controlling the moisture as effective as this, may be said to have mastered the forces of nature. The quality of the fruit has improved immensely since the California methods were perfected. Every fruit-grower realizes that the profit in his business comes mostly from the first grade of fruit. Scientific irrigation makes it possible for him largely to increase the percentage of the best fruit, and the difference which this makes in the earning capacity of his acres is surprising. Other methods of furrow irrigation have been devised which are scarcely less perfect than those used in the California orange districts. One of the best of these is the result of the labors and experiments of Professor A. E. Blount, of the Agricultural College at Las Cruces, New Mexico. In this case the water is carried in small open ditches, and the furrows are extended in circles around each tree, but the water is never allowed to touch the bark. This method is, perhaps, better adapted to the general needs of the arid region than the more expensive plan of the Californians. Grape-Growing For Wine FREDERIC T. BIOLETTI AFTER the vintage of 1904 the grape-growers and wine-makers of Bordeaux were patting one another on the back. Everybody was happy. The crop of Chateau Margaux had just sold for $8 a gallon. Less famous cellars had sold in proportion. I tasted several of them and they were good. They reminded me of some of the best wines I had tasted, grown on the red hill sides of California. They had rea- son to be proud of them. At the cellars of Chateau Margaux they were bottling the vintage of 1902. In 1902 the wine was poor and was not sold. The grapes did not ripen properly and no offer sufficiently high to tempt the owners could be obtained. On inquiring for the cause of the great difference in quality betweer> the wines of these two vintages I was told that the wine of 1904 was of such excellence because the grapes ripened thoroughly, and that the grapes ripened thoroughly because the summer had been hot and dry. Our summers in California are always hot and dry. After the vintage of 1904 in the south of France there was no patting of backs. Everybody was grumbling. Whole cellars of wine were selling at 6 cents a gallon. Many were not sold at all. At a meeting of grape-growers in the Herault, the various diseases of the vine were being discussed. Peronospora and Black Rot, Phylloxera and Pyrale each in turn received its share of abuse. But none of these could be blamed for the low price of wine. At last it was unanimously decided that the worst enemies of the vines of the Midi were not the diseases, which could be controlled, but Algeria and the beet sugar factories. The wines of the Midi were too thin and watery to compete with those from Algiers. and the cost too high to compete with the sugar wines. Only one remedy was proposed that seemed to offer any hope of improvement. This remedy was to concentrate their grapes or their wine until they would reach the standard demanded by the trade. If they could offer wines to the trade with full body, high alcohol and rich color they would receive remunera- tive prices. These are just the qualities which characterize the wines of California. Our wines have full body, high alcohol and deep color. With the fertile soil and favorable climate of California, with little to fear from fungus diseases, summer rains or imperfect ripening, we have everything in our favor for the production of unlimited quantities of good, cheap wine of the kind most in demand in the markets of the world. For producing the finer qualities of wine we are almost equally fav- ored. In Burgundy, in Medoc, on the Rhine and in all the districts where 10 the fine wines of Europe are made, the quality of the wines differs enor- mously in different years. In every five (5) vintages they count on two of good quality, two of bad and one of passable. To have the grapes on the sunny slopes of our coast ranges injured by rain or a cool autumn is an exception which does not happen once in ten years. If our wine is not always of the best quality it is not the fault of the grapes, of the soil or of the climate. It is the fault of the grape-grower and the wine-maker. We have to learn new methods of grape growing, new methods of wine-making suitable to our soil and our climate. The methods of Europe will not give us the best results. These new methods we are gradually learn- ing and our wines are gradually improving. There is no country in the world where the growing of wine grapes and the making of wine can be carried on with such certainty of good results as in California. In the south of France the Aramon, Carignane and Alicante Bouschet produce 8, 10, 12 tons per acre. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin Val- leys the same varieties produce as much or more. In France, in favorable years, these varieties attain 17 or 18 per cent of sugar, in unfavorable only 14 or 15 per cent. In California, they nearly always attain 22 to 23 per cent and only in occasional unfavorable seasons or when the crop is excep- tionally large do they fail to exceed 19 or 20 per cent. In the fine wine districts, the contrast is no less in our favor. The crops of the hillsides of the coast counties are larger than those of Burgundy or Medoc. The Pinot in Burgundy produces but one or two tons per acre, the Sirah of the banks of the Rhone and the Cabernet of the Medoc but little more. The two last varieties give easily three to four tons in California, and produce wines whose only defects are excess of color, body, alcohol and all the attributes of a fine wine and only require blending with lighter or more neutral wines to make them the equal of the bulk of the wines of the most famous wine districts of France. The larger wine-makers of California are showing their confidence in the future of the market by offering long term contracts to grape-growers. The prices vary from $12 per ton for grapes raised In the rich soils of the interior valley to $16 for those raised on the sunny slopes of the Coast Ranges. These are remunerative prices and enable the grower who does his own work to clear from $50 to $100 an acre per year from his vineyard. A man who owns 20 acres of vineyard can do all the work himself, ex- cept gathering the grapes, and will clear a thousand dollars a year. A family where two or three boys are capable of taking a share in the work can manage 40 acres and earn a corresponding income. Land is cheap, and any man not afraid of work can earn his living, plant and bring into bearing 20 acres of vineyard and pay for it in six or seven years with a very modest capital to start with. Between $500 and $1,000 is all that he will need for this purpose. The growing of fruits and table grapes often gives better results than these, but still more often they give poorer results. There is probably no branch of farming in California or elsewhere that offers such certainty of success as the growing of wine grapes. The intending grower must, however, use intelligence as well as in- dustry. He must avoid the mistakes which some of his predecessors have made and profit by observing the causes of the success of others. There are hundreds of instances where twenty and even ten acres of wine grapes have provided a good living for a family and many others where money has been lost on a hundred acres. One of the chief causes of failure has been the attempt to handle too much. Ten acres properly planted and carefully looked after is worth more than 100 acres neglected. With twenty or thirty acres of land, two-thirds planted with wine grapes and the remainder devoted to garden, alfalfa or other crops suitable to the district, a family has an assured income that will support it in com- fort and produce a modest but healthy growth of its account in the savings bank. 11 The new comer is often likely to do better than the old timer. He never heard of the Zinfandel grape, and therefore does not have an unalter- able conviction that it is the only wine grape that exists. There are a good many other things he doesn't know about wine grapes, but if he is intel- ligent and wide awake he soon learns a good many things that are difficult for the old timer to acquire. He looks around to see what his neighbors are doing, he reads books, he writes letters to the Agricultural Experiment Station, and thus acquires a lot of evidence, sometimes conflicting, that his unprejudiced mind is often more capable of sifting and utilizing than that of his neighbor who has learned to believe that his own particular brew of milk-sour Zinfandel is the only true nectar of the Gods. In short the growing of wine grapes in California offers one of the best opportunities for the farmer of modest means to make a comfortable living in the healthiest and most pleasant climate on earth. The Citrus Fruit Industry. B. A. WOODFORD. THE citrus fruit industry in California may properly be divided into separate subjects, the orange and the lemon. The growing of oranges in California dates back nearly, if not quite 100 years, the first orange trees in the State having been planted by the founders of the old missions, there being at the present time some of these trees that are still producing fruit. Commercially, however, the growing of oranges did not assume large proportions until some 25 or 30 years ago when the settling of a large acre- age of trees began. At that time the present Riverside district was opened up and soon came into prominence as an orange growing section on account of the introduction there through the Department of Agriculture at Washington of a variety of orange new to the United States, this orange being a native of Brazil and proving in California to be better adapted to our climate and soil than any other known variety. From its introduction in Riverside in a small way, the Washington Navel has extended to every orange producing section of the State, so that to-day, not only throughout the southern part of California, but in the central and northern parts as well, this orange has become commercially the orange of the State and constitutes at least 75 per cent of the entire California crop at the present time. An enormous acreage of this variety was set during the period of years extending from 1885 to 1895 and, since the latter date, there has been added from year to year new settings, especially in the Tulare County district. The next best known and most important variety of orange grown in the State is the Valencia Late, settings of which were very limited until recent years on account of the uncertainty as to how the consuming public would regard this summer and fall orange, but its triumphs in the markets of the country are now so well known and firmly established that during the last few planting seasons more than 75 per cent of all the new orange acreage set has been of this variety, there being no orange from any section of the globe that is a competitor of the Valencia Late during its season — the hot summer months and early fall. So that the importance of the Valencia Late orange as a California product, will undoubtedly increase from year to year, until the supremacy of the Washington Navel itself, both in popularity and volume of business, may possibly be finally lost to this variety. There are numerous other varieties of oranges; Seedlings, Mediterra- nean Sweets, Bloods, Tangerines, etc., which are successfully produced in this State in greater or less degree. The total volume of shipments of oranges from the State has increased during the last ten years more than 150 per cent, from some 10,000 cars annually in 1895, to around 27,000 cars in 1905, the money value of the 12 crop to the grower not increasing proportionately with the increase of ship- ments, although there is a variation in net returns from year to year due to competitive conditions in the markets at large and to the relative size of our own crop. The present orange acreage is sufficient, when all is in full bear- ing, to furnish an approximate output in any one year of from 40 to 50 thousand carloads and this large volume of fruit can only be marketed suc- cessfully and at a satisfactory price by a maintenance of the present duty of one cent per pound on orange imports and by a disposition also on the part of the transportation companies to give expedited service and a rate for freight and ice commensurate with the increased volume of the business and the necessities of the situation as they may occur. While there has been a very limited amount of lemons grown in Cali- fornia during the entire period of orange production, the output increasing greatly during the last ten years, California lemon shipments have not reached the same volume as orange shipments, compared with the consump- tion of each in this country, due largely to the fact that California had to fight the Sicilian lemon, which was strongly entrenched in all quarters, alone and unaided by Florida or any other citrus fruit producing section in the United States; the handling of the lemon also being a much more difficult task and not so well understood in the early days, its keeping quality, as compared with that of the Sicilian, having been inferior, owing to lack of proper methods on the part of lemon producers and shippers. These defects in handling have been rectified during recent seasons and with the import duty on lemons, together with a more favorable freight rate than our oranges enjoy, the California lemon to-day has come to the front in all the markets of the United States, and it is only a question of time when this State will produce relatively the same proportion of lemons consumed in our own country, as it now does of oranges. The volume of lemon ship- ments last season approximated very closely to 5,000 cars, or a little less than 50 per cent of the total quantity consumed within the United States. Taking the citrus fruit industry of the State as a whole, covering every variety, both oranges and lemons, the tendency is to confine new settings largely to that variety of which we are short, this at the present time being^ lemons and Valencia Lates, so that the total number of carloads shipped may largely increase without any great danger of reducing the net returns to the grower correspondingly. With increased consumption, due to the natural growth of the country and with this tendency on the part of those engaged in producing citrus fruits to adjust their settings to the needs and requirements of the country as to variety, we should be able to market fifty or sixty thousand carloads of California oranges and lemons at prices which would be fairly satisfactory in the net returns to the producer; pro- viding only, the transportation companies recognize the necessities of the situation and do their part in the way of hauling these fruits to market, giv- ing the expedited service a tender and perishable product requires and a rate that is both reasonable and just to the railroad and the grower alike. There is a large field for the manufacture of by-products of citrus fruits, which has only been touched upon in a spasmodic way by small concerns of limited capital, and there is no question but that a great busi- ness will ultimately be built up in the manufacture of citric acid, marma- lades, etc., when once capital takes hold of this problem in an intelligent manner. No greater assistance could be given to the industry than to have this question successfully solved, for the reason that a large quantity of citrus fruits that is now thrown away could thus be utilized and also a con- siderable percentage of low grade fruit that is now shipped could be manu- factured to good advantage at home, relieving the markets of the country to that extent, thus improving greatly the prices for better fruit. On the whole, while there may be times of temporary discouragement to the citrus fruit grower, he will undoubtedly meet intelligently the vexa- tious problems which come up from time to time, so that in the years to come, the growing of citrus fruits in California will continue to be, as it is now, one of the greatest industries of the State, bringing to those engaged in it a large, and, in the main, satisfactory revenue. 13 PUBLICATIONS OF THE California Promotion Committee SAN FRANCISCO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler. Illustrated. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco In the past and present. Cloth bound, library edition. Price 50 cents. SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS. A guide to San Francisco with routes throughout California. Red leatherette cover, stamped in gold, with alphabetical key. Authoritative descriptions of leading points of interest In city and State. Price 25 cents. CALIFORNIA ADDRESSES, by President Roosevelt. All the addresses delivered in California by the President. One hundred and sixty pages of reading matter with twenty full page additional half-tone illustrations. Price 25 cents in cloth, 10 cents in paper. CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken. A standard work on the State and its resources. One hundred and ninety pages of reading and illustration. Sixty-one representative half-tone illustrations. Price 25 cents. CALIFORNIA ANNUAL, 1906. Illustrated. An epitome of the State. Condensed Information relating to all th« Industries of California. Price 10 cents. HAND BOOK SERIES. Price 5 cents Each. Poultry raising in California. Tree planting in California. Dairying in California. Intensive Farming in California. THE ITALY OF AMERICA. Eight-page illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions, agrlcul> turally to those of Italy. Free. CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA, by Professor Alexander Q. McAdie. Published by the United States Department of Agriculture. Nominal price 50 centa, which will be refunded to the Government upon sale. Is really a ^ book. MAPS OF CALIFORNIA. Topographical map of State in handsome redwood frame with glass. Price $1. Un- framed, by mall, price 5 cents. Contains valuable data. Thermal map of California, reproduced from Climatology of California. Shows thermal belt with mean temperature of 60-70 degrees. Free. Rainfall map of California. Showing yearly rainfall In California. Free. FOR CALIFORNIA. Monthly magazine on special topic each month. A valuable Industrial publication. Priea 91 a year; 10 cents each. 14 The California Promotion Committee ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Qulnn, John E. Spreckrln, Claua Tlionipaon, H. R* CAIIPETS, LINOLKIJM AND UPHOL,STKRY GOODS. Hulae, Bradford & Co. CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY AND KUIIMTUKE. Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (\V. J. Sloane & Co.) Plum, Chan. M. * Co. CATTLE AND SWINB DEALERS. Pierce A Co. CIGARS AND TOBACCO. Gunst, N. A. A Co. Judell* H. L. A Co. CLOTHIERS. Raphael, Inc. Straus, Louis COAL DEALERS. Allen, Cbns. R. Co. Weatem Fuel Co. COFFEE, TEAS AND SPICES. Ilrandenateln, M. J. A Co. Caa^vell, Geo. W. A Cou Folffer, J. A. A Co. ililla Bros. Jones-Puddock Co. Scbllllnsr, A. A Co. riiierbach, Chas. F. A Co. COMiMISSION A MANUFAC- TURERS' AGENTS. Baclgraiupi, Peter Clarke, Sidney A. Becht, G. J. Co. Uiiilllard A Schmledell Morsan A Allen Rnlofson, A. C. Co. 'r'-lelten, .Tos. A C-o. COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Armsby, The J. K. Co. 'lodtre, S^veoneT * Co. Horst, E. Clemens Co. Witsei A Baker. CONFECTIONERS, ninm, Simon De Martini Supply Co., Tbe L. Haas, Gen. A Son CONTRACTORS. City Street Improvement Ca. COOPERAGE. Cnllfomin Barrel Co. Rieb irds, J. W. Woerner Cooperaise Co.* DoTtd CORDAGE. Tubbs Cordage Co. CORNICE WORKS. Forderer Cornice Works. CROCKERY AND GLASS- A. ARE. Nathan-Dohrmann Co. DAIRY MACHINERY. Dc Lavnl Dairy Supply Co. DAIRY PRODUCE. Hnirymen's Ass'n of S. F. Dairymen's Union of Cat. Haigbt, Fred B. A Co. DENTISTS. Fletcher, Thomas DEPARTMENT STORE. Emporium DRAWING MATERIALS. OietzKen, Eturene, Co. DREDGING. American Dredging and Rec- lamation Co. DRIED FRUITS. GuBTsenbeim A Co. Plioenix Pnokinjc Co. Rosenbercr Rron. <( Co. DRY GOODS. City of Paris Dry Goods Co. Davis. R. D. A Co. Hale Bros. Murphy-Grant Co. Nevvman A Levlnsoa Weill. Raphael A Co. (Inc.) Strauss, Levi A Co. Weinntoek, Luhin A Co. DYEING AND CLEANING. Hickman, Henry Thomas, F., Dye and CleanluK Works ESTATES. Dempster Estate Co. ENGINEERING AND CON- STRUCTION COMPANY California Ene-ineerlng and ConstrnctloB Co. ' ACCOUNTANTS. Anarath. J. W. ADDING MACHINES. BnrrouKbs Addinic Mucbinc Co. ADVERTISERS. Vamey A Green ADVERTISING. Cooper, F. J., Advertislns Ajcency Well, William M. AMMUNITION. Vnlon Metallic Cartridse Co. ARCHITECTS. Ho\«-ard, John Galen Meyer A O'Brien Held Bros. ARTIFICIAL FLO^VERS AND PLANTS. Goehrine:, A. ASSAVERS AND SMELTERS. Selby .Smelting Co. ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW. Bancroft, Philip Crotbers, George E. Deamer A Stetson Drew, Frank C. Feigenbaum, Sanford Noyes, Bartholomew Pippy, Geo. H. Stratton, K. S. Wright A AVright BANKS. Anglo-California Bank Bank of California Caiifnrnia Safe Deposit and Trust Co. Central Trust Co. Crueker-Woolnorth National Bank French-American Bank Germiin Savings and Loan Society Germania National Bank Hlbernia Savings and Loan Society Humboldt Savings Bank Italian-American Bank Market Street Bank Mercantile Trust Co. of San Francisco Mechanics' Savings Bank Pacific States Savings, Loan and Building Co. RoIlinH. E. H.. A Sons Savings and Loan Society Security Savings Bank W^ellM-Kargo-Nevada National Bank Bishop, Charles R. (Bank of California) BARBER SUPPLIES. Deckelmiin Bros. BOILER WORKS, eystone Boiler Works OOKS AND STATIONERY, cker, H. S. Co. nningham, Curtis A Welch Blder, Paul A Co. McNutt. Ksihn A Co. Payot, Upham A Co. Sanborn, Vail A Co. San Francisco News Co. BREWERS. Brewers' Protective Assb. BROKERS. Brown, Edward A Sons Wilson, J. C. CANNERIES. California Fruit Canners' Association Code-Portwood Canning Co. Fontana, M. J. (California Fruit Canners' Ass'n.) Hunt Bros. A Co. Jacobs, Inidor (Callfomla Can- neries) CAPITALISTS. Borel, Antone Bnmett, O. C. Coleman, Robert Im Dnrptay, B. F. Harvey, J. Downey Hopkins, E. W. Lachman , Henry Iewis. Sol ;ackay, Clarence larye, George F. Jr. 'eyer, Daniel nelflc Improvemeat C0» helaBt Jaaaes D. EXPORTERS, 191 PORTERS ■> AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Castle Bros. (lieta Bros. Jennings, Rufus P. EXPRESS COMPANIES. Wells-Fargo Express Co. FACTORIES. American Can Co. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND VEHICLES. Baker A Hamilton FIVE, TEN AND FIFTEEN CENT STORE. Cbarlton, E. P. A Co. FREIGHT COMPANY. Transcontinental Freight Co. OFFICE AND GENERAL FURNITURE. Brenner, Jolin Co. Cordes Furniture Co. I'^uller, Geo. H.. Desk Oo. Indianapolis Furniture Co. McCann, Belcher A Alien Sterling Furniture Co. Weber, C. F. A Co. Vawman A Erbe Mfg. Co. FURRIERS. Liebes, H. A Co. GAS AND ELECTRIC CO. San Francisco Gas and Elee> trie Co. GAS AND ELECTRICAI^ FIXTURES. Day, Thomas Co. GAS ENGINES AND SCALES. Union Gas Engine Co. GENERAL MERCHANDISE. Smith's Cash Store. GLASS COMPANY. Illlnols-Paciilc Glass Co. GOLD, SILVER and NICKIDIi PLATING WORKS. Dennlaton, E. G. HARDWARE. Imold Hiirci< ]ii''- Co. French A Linforth Froelich, Christian Montague, W. W. A Co. Tay, George H. Co. Wiester A Co. HATTERS. Collins. Charles J. Fisher A Co. Friedlander Hat Co. Trlest A Co. HOPS. Horat, B. Clemens Co. HOTELS. Brooklyn Hotel California Hotel Commercial Hotel Granada Hotel Hamilton Hotel St. Francis. International Hotel Lick House New Rnss House New Western Hotel Palace Hotel RIcheileo INSURANCE. Boardman A Spencer Commercial Union Asanranee Co. Davis, J. B. F., A Son Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life) Hartford Fire Insurance Co. National Fire Insurance Co. Pacific Mutual Life Insuraneo of California Royal and «'lK«T A Co. Cullforoln Wine Association Greenwny. I''. ^I. (iundlncb-llundschu Wine Co. Hotalinic. A. P. A Co. Itullan-SwIsB Colony Jesse Sloore-IIunt Co. Lacbninn A Jacob! Livingston A Co. Mann Co., C. M., anecosaura to I. de Turk. Martin, E. A Co. SrhlllloK, C. A Co. Schull/., W. A. Slebe Bros. A PlaBemaao Shrs-II«icqiirrc« Co. Sben^ood A Sherwood Van llrrKcn, N. A Co. Wrnlaer, I'. J. * Co, Wptnmrc-Ilowrn Co. WIchninu. Liitsen A Co. Wllmerdlnn-Loewe Co. IfVOOLENS AND TAILOB TRIMMINGS. AsMatela. Slnoa A Co. The California Promotion C«mmittie EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RUFUS P. JENNINGS, Cbalrman FUEDERICK TlLLIttANN, JR., Tre.-orer. President ;j;«»n'a«»n "^ "f °w V«™n«i.^ J«MI.'«i K *RM«»BV President The J. K. Arni.iby Company GEORGE ^r « A r( IIELDER Vioe-Presldent E. II. Rollln- & Son. \VIIII\M J. DITTOX PrcMldent Firemen's Eiind Insurance Companr HElillERT FI.E1SHII ACKER A. Flelshliaoker & Company ^„„„.„,_, ramnaaT WILLI 4M L,. GERiiTLE Seeretary and Treasurer 3iorthera Conmierclal cempaay IL II. il VlE Treasurer Hale Bros. Inc. iVw. IIELLM AN, JR, Vice-President Union Trust Company of San Fra«cl«c» FRED J. KOSTER President California Barrel Co. _ .,^. -^ ^ *^«„««*i P. II. ,McC \RTH Y President San Francisco and State Building Trad** Coam«u of California ^VII.I,IAM H. 1HETSON Campbell, Metson and Campbell JOH.V M \RTIN President John Martin & Company \\ ILI.IAM M ATSON President Matson Navltcatlon Company W. S. PORTI^R Vice-President Associated Oil Company J \MES U. PIIEIiAN President Mutual SavlnKS Bank JAMES ROI.PH, JR Hind, Rolph & Company I-OIIS ROSEVFELD Jobn Rosenfcld's Sons A. B. SPRECKELS Vice-President J. D. Spreckels A Brotb*r« Company \M)IIE A SBARBORO President Italian-American Bank JOSEPli S. TOBIX Tobln & Tobln WILLIAM H.TALBOT Pope & Talbot . ^ ^ .. , „ , -...^ \\ ILBIJR S. TirPI'ER President Paclflc Mutual and ConaervatlTe Life In«nran«« Company ADVISORY COMMITTEE A. B. SPRECKELS, Chairman GEO C. I'ARDEE Governor of California MEXJAMIN IDE AVHEELER President Inlverslty of California n AVID STARR JORDAN President Leland Stanford Jr. University LI THEIl BURBANK Santa Rosa WILLIAM E. SMA'THE, San DleKO Counties South of Tehachapl MARSHALL DIGGS, Sacramento Sacramento Valley Conntlea I\ M. SMITH. Oakland San Francisco Bay Conntiea IIETI RN ROBERTS, Madera San Joaquin Valley Counties <■. P. SOri>E, Eureka North Coast Counties JOSEPH J. PERKINS. Santa Barbara South Coast Counties W. A. CLARK, Mountain Alew Central Coast Counties i:LI as StlUIRES, GIbsonvllle Sierra Counties i.EAA'IS E. AUBURY State Mlneralosrlst lOLWOOD COOPER State Horticultural Commissioner i:. T. ALLEN State Forester CHARLES S. FEE Passenger Traffic Manager Southern Pacific Company W. A. BISSELL. \sslstant Passenger Traffic MauaKer Atchison, Topeka a»« Santa Fe Railway W. J. BARTNETT Vice-President AVestern Paclflc Railway K„ AV, GILLETT General Passenjcer Asent San Pedro, Los Anveles and Salt Lake Railroad Company II. X. RA'AN Genera] PassenKcr ARcnt California Northwestern Railway and North Shore Railroad S. H. SMITH General PasseaBcr Agrent Sierra Railway Company V. G. I). KARRELL General Pass««s*r Av«nt PasUle Mail Steamship Company L. F. COCKROFT General Pas««ns«r Acent Oceanic Steamship Company < . n. DUNN ANN General Passeajjer Aeent I'aclflc Coast Steamship Compsmy I. AV. HELL.MAN. JR. GEORGE A. BATCHELDER FINANCE COMMITTEE W^I,LIAM L. GERSTliE, Chairman FREDERICK TILLMAXN, JR. JOHN MARTIN CONVENTIONS COMMITTEE JOSEPH S. TOBIN, Chairman JAMES K. ARMSBY WILLI %M AI ATSON W. S. PORTER RECEPTION COMMITTEE AVILLIAM J. Dl'TTON, Chairmai WILLIAM H. TALBOT LOUIS ROSENFELD HERBERT FLEISHH ACKER I'. H. AIcCARTHY SAN FRANCISCO AFFAIRS COMMITTEE JAMES D, PHELAX, Chairman. HUGi:\K E. SCHMITZ Mayor of San Francisco <'H AKLES H. BEXTLEA' The Chamber of Commerce i»f San Francisco <;KORLPIl, JR. MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE R. B. HALE. Chairman WILLIAM H. METSON WILBUR S. TUPPSR COUNTIES COMMITTEE ANDREA SBARBORO, Cbalrman and representatives of all con»- merclal orKaaisations of each of the fifty-seven counties In Cali- fornia o^' Vol.111. Nos. 6-10. \fAY.SEPTEMBER 1906 10 Cents. $1.00 A Year SAN FRANCISCO NUMBER FOR CALIFORNIA FRONTISPIECE: " SAN FRANCISCO DAUNTLESS" EDITORIAL SAN FRANCISCO MAYOR EUGENE E. SCHMITZ COMMERCUL FUTURE OF SAN FRANCISCO E. R. UUENTHAL CALIFORNIA GOVERNOR GEORGE C. PARDEE SAN FRANCISCO BAY RUFUS P. JENNINGS THE FINANCUL SITUATION CHARLES SLEEPER RECONSTRUCTION OF SAN FRANCISCO S. H. KENT REHABILTTATION OF THE SCHOOLS ALFRED RONCOVIERI SAN FRANCISCO'S PROGRESS CLARENCE E. EDWORDS THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE SAN FRANCISCO THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE (THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION) THE purpose: of thb committee: is to give: to the: world rbi.iablb and unbiase:d information re:garding the resources of and the opportun- ities IN CALIFORNIA. <'FOR CALIFORNIA" IS PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRY- ING OUT THE OBJECTS IN VIEW NO ADVERTISEMENTS WILL APPKAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA CORRESPONDENCE INVITED 1905 February March April May June July August . September October November December 1906 January February March April Irrigation Number Vegetable Garden Number Manufactures Number Structural Minerals Number Out-Door Number Electric-Power Number Viticulture Number Reclamation Projects Number Woman's Occupation Number Timber Number Oil Number Educational Number Financial Number Outing Number Horticultural Number FOR CALIFORNIA A MONTHLY PUBUCATION FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE SAN FRANCISCO NUMBER MAY- SEPTEMBER, 1906 Vol. Ill, Nos. 6 - 10. THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE CALIFORNIA BUILDING, UNION SQUARE SAN FRANCISCO The San Francisco Number AS part of its rehabilitation work The California Promotion Committee issues the May-September number of FOR CALIFORNIA, devoted to San Francisco and its reconstruction. The articles printed in this number are from men who are in close touch with the conditions in the city, and whose observations entitle them to consideration. It will be noted that optimism pervades all the articles, for these men see beyond the surface of things, and know that such a disaster as visited San Fran- cisco is not a lasting injury. They know that while we will have to go through a period of reconstruction, that period will tend to a constant betterment of civic conditions. Mayor Eugene E. Schmitz, with San Francisco as his topic, dwells on the bravery of the men who make San Francisco, and of their love and loyalty to the city. He tells of the trying days during and after the fire, when his hands were upheld by the people, and the good work that was done. Governor George C. Pardee has for his subject the State, of which he is chief executive, and in a whimsical vein he shows that the great com- monwealth has hardly been retarded In its strides toward commercial supremacy. He neatly compares California conditions with those of less- favored States, showing that there is no land so good to live in. San Francisco's magnificent harbor and its relation to the State and city is written by Rufus P. Jennings, chairman of The California Promo- tion Committee, who has given much study to this particular feature of California's advantages. What this harbor means to California and San Francisco is fully set forth. San Francisco's financial situation is a subject that is of interest to all business men, and Charles Sleeper, manager of the Clearing House, writes most interestingly regarding the business of the banks of the city since the fire. He shows conclusively that business has been but slightly retarded by the disaster. What seems to be necessary in the way of building the city over again [ is written of by S. H. Kent, President of the San Francisco Builders' ' Exchange. He goes directly to the point, and shows conditions and makes suggestions as to the best lines to follow in the work of rehabilitation. Alfred Roncovieri, Superintendent of Schools, tells how San Fran- , Cisco's schools were rehabilitated, and enters into the theme with vigor, showing conditions adverse to the welfare of the city, and telling how they were overcome. He gives due credit to pupils of other cities in their help toward rebuilding the schools. E. R. Lilienthal, President of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange, tells of the commercial future of the city, and points out the reasons why there is no fear of permanent harm being done by the disaster. His article is clear and concise, and bears the evidence of close study of the situation. Clarence E. Edwords, chief of the Publicity Bureau of The California Rromotion Committee, who has kept in close touch with all work being done since the fire, writes of San Francisco's progress, and makes a strong showing, giving facts and figures to bear out his statements. Taken as a whole, this number of FOR CALIFORNIA is a concise his- tory of the rehabilitation work that has been done, and is of such character as to make It a valuable document to send to enquirers from all parts of the world. t San Francisco BUGENB E. SCHMITZ, Mayor of San PrancUco SAN FRANCISCO has arisen from the ashes. Four months ago, over- come by the most terrible fire in all the world's history, the city was laid prostrate; four square miles of territory, including all the com- mercial center and a large portion of what was best in the residential section, was swept by the flames, the pathway of which was marked by piles of ruins and scenes of desolation. The people were stunned by the extent and enormity of the calamity; but it was only for a little while that they so remained. Imbued with the spirit of the pioneers, these worthy sons of illustrious sires girded up their loins and went forth to overcome difficulties more stupendous than ever beset any great city of modern times. The successful struggle made by them against over- whelming odds is one of the bravest chapters in history. To be brave in the face of physical danger is an attribute we asso- ciate with all men in whose veins pulsates good red blood. Such bravery, it has been said, is largely a matter of physical condition; but to be brave and fear not when homes are swept away, when fortunes are lost in a maddening whirl of flames and smoke, when the accumulations of a life- time are dissipated in a moment by the resistless sweep of man's most fearful enemy, when three hundred thousand people are bereft without warning of food and water and are compelled to rely upon the bounty of a generous country for the bare necessities of life, — to be brave and fear not when it would seem that Hell itself had opened wide its awful gates and sent forth upon us its every agency of destruction, — that was to show a bravery supreme in its exaltation of spirit, magnificence in its greatness of soul, and profound in the faith that an Almighty Provi- dence had not ordained that our hills should be monuments of ruins and our name become but as a memory among the great cities of the earth. Compared with the courage shown by our people during those four awful days in April, when their very souls were tried, the audacity of soldiers on the battlefield is but a little thing. I know the spirit of the people of San Francisco; I know their indom- itable will, and it was because of that knowledge that on the morning of that terrible first day, when I fully appreciated the extent of the calamity that had befallen us, I cried with a heart full of thankfulness: "Thank Cod, I am Mayor of a brave people." It was that knowledge that buoyed me up and gave me my strength; it was that knowledge also that gave to the many men I called to my assistance the strength of ten. We knew that San Francisco was sorely stricken, — we knew her limbs were paralyzed and that she lay prostrate; but also did we know that the proud spirit of her people would not suffer her to so remain for long. Whatever we intended to do, we did it with a will, but in all we did we merely pointed the way, — the people themselves assumed the burden, and with a cheerfulness under adverse conditions that remains unparalleled, and a strength of purpose that heeded no obstacles, they hastened to her aid. Without their ardent and intelligent co-operation we could have done but little, but with their co-operation what was done has commanded the admiration of the world. Again and again since the eighteenth day of April last have I thanked God that I am the Mayor of so brave a people. Such a people know not the meaning of the word "defeat." They have builded their city upon a rock, and it shall not perish from the earth. { During those days of terror all of our people displayed the spirit of i the dauntless West, — that spirit which in years that are gone braved every ' danger of flood and field, calmly and boldly overcoming every obstacle, ; and felt its way through mountain fastness and dreary desert that cities might grow where yesterday was nought but wildness and desolation; It is the spirit that animates all California and makes her a great State, second to none in all the proud Union. Nature has endowed us with the choicest of her gifts; Opportunity lands at our gate; we know the greatness of our destiny and with God's help we shall achieve it. It has been said that there is no evil unmixed with good. If that be iso, then the earthquake and fire may have been a blessing in disguise. I We can now build up a greater city than the old San Francisco would have become in many years. The fire destroyed many buildings that should have given place long ago to modern structures; many streets that have long needed improvement have been laid bare and their lines may now be altered at a minimum expense. We now have a magnificent opportunity to rebuild upon the ashes of what was San Francisco, a great metropolis second to none in beauty of design, in broadness of scope, and in grandeur of architecture. To this rebuilding of the newer ' and greater city I shall devote my every energy. It was this fair city of the Golden Gate that gave me birth; it was here my father came fifty-six years ago; it was here he erected the first brick building that gave to little Verba Buena a suggestion of what she would become only six decades later; here I went to school; here I raised my family, and here I have endeavored to do my faithful duty as a citizen, as a public officer, and as a man. In the troubled days of April, it was my stand first to aid and protect the people in the hours of their dire distress; now it is my fondest hope to raise upon our ruins a greater San Francisco that shall stand particularly as an equal among all the great cities the world has ever known. The Commercial Future of San Francisco E. R. LiILIENTHAl., President San Francisco Mercliants' E:xchanse APRIL 18, 1906, blockaded San Francisco trade, which had reached enormous proportions and was heading for possibilities greater than any city in the United States except New York. May 1st saw the blockade partially raised, with about forty per cent of the trade in all lines in fairly good swing. August 1st sees it doing better than seventy-five per cent of the normal, with about forty per cent of the insur- ance loss paid, and nearly all of our merchants in full swing, with a volume of trade to those that are doing it greater than was done before April 18th. Trade evolution in the intervening period has been so rapid as to be startling. Retailers and wholesalers west of Polk Street are doing a volume in excess of what was done before April 18th, and while at first blush they believed that their trade would be limited to staples and necessities, they find a surprising demand for the higher-priced articles that previously would have been regarded as luxuries. The development is following along Market Street easterly to the Ferry and on the intersecting streets. The laboring population, without regard to kind or class, is increasing daily, owing to the scale of wages, which is now in excess of that paid in any other section of the United States. This means a money distribution greater than any other city in the country, population considered, and necessarily creates an enormous demand for commodities of all descriptions. The population of San Francisco, for statistical purposes, was estimated by the authorities on July 1st as 325,000. The most conservative admit that it will reach 400,000 by January 1, 1907. This explains the large trade that San Francisco is doing with its own and its suburban population. Add to that Its distributing trade, which is now being well cared for, and it must be seen that the "commercial present," meaning trade-volume, must be nearly equal to what it was before April 18th, and that the "commercial future," within twelve months, means a trade-volume, both domestic and export, far in excess of what was done before April 18th, and will inside of two years place San Francisco close up to, if not next to, our sister city on the Atlantic shores. 1 California GEORGE C. PARDEE:, GoTemor of California W^ WOULD NT live in California for all the world," said a New Yorker to me the other day. ''Why not?" I asked. "I don't like your earthquakes. Look at San Francisco," was his reply. And then I preached him a little sermon about as follows: "I have lived in California all my life, and I know all about earthquakes and a little, from reading the papers, about cyclones, sunstrokes, floods, i blizzards, lightning, storms, and all those other death- and destruction- i dealing things with which California is so unfamiliar, except as she reads in the newspapers of those whom they annually kill and the property they annually destroy. And, remembering these things, I'll take my chances with the earthquakes every time and all the time. "I remember very well the great earthquake of 1868, thirty-eight years ago. If I remember rightly, Charleston was shaken down after that and a hundred times more of her people killed than were killed with us in '68. Our last great shake, that of April 18, 1906, occurred in a city of well-nigh half a million of people; yet Charleston, with but one tenth that number of people, lost nearly one half as many of her citizens from her earthquake as we did in ours. And her property loss was greater in actual dollars than was ours on the morning of April 18, 1906. "Charleston, contemporary history tells us, was practically shaken down; San Francisco, we know, suffered but little; the fire was what dev- astated us. Yet Charleston is, as San Francisco was, is, and will continue to be, a busy, growing, wealthy city. "Yes, San Francisco was burned, not shaken, down. But great fires in American cities are no new things. Chicago had a great fire; but Chicago is nevertheless a great city. Boston also was visited by a fiery ordeal; so was Baltimore. Each of those great fires was, as those of Boston, Chicago, and Baltimore were, and ours of 1906 is, followed by dire prophecies of absolute ruin and a future devoid of hope. Yet, as I say, Boston, Chicago, and Baltimore still exist, and San Francisco has recovered five times from great disasters, and will for the sixth time rehabilitate herself." At this point my New York friend interrupted by saying, "Yes, that's all very fine; but how about the earthquakes?" "Well," I replied, "don't you think you would be, on the whole, safer In San Francisco, even if we did have an earthquake every thirty-eight years, where nobody dies of sunstroke or freezes to death; where there is no use for lightning-rods; where a cyclone cellar is absolutely unknown; where the word 'blizzard' is used only in the newspaper accounts of the misfortunes of less-favored localities; where the rigors of snowy winters are not welcome surceases from the discomforts and dangers of oppressive summers; where howling storms do not take their annual toll oiF victims to their fury; where every man can work with hand or brain, or both, all day and every day in every year, — don't you think you would be safer in San Francisco, even with her earthquakes, than almost anywhere else in the world?" " 'San Francisco dauntless,' will rise again, better, more attractive, stronger, wealthier than even her most loyal child dares picture her. Backed by the myriad resources of the Golden State, whose mines, orchards, vine- yards, and orange, lemon, fig, and olive groves are sending their products by the trainload to other and less-favored places; whose millions of fertile acres offer homes for all who seek them; whose genial climate, mild sum- mers, and spring-like winters make it a very joy to live; whose giant forests, beautiful lakes, and lofty mountains have charms that are their very own; whose seacoast, great valleys, and foothills offer situations for even the most exacting,— San Francisco, backed by California, will rise again. And her uprising offers such opportunities for enterprising men and women as were not equaled even in the argonautic times of California's golden 'Days of '49'." San Francisco Bay RITFUS P. JENNINGS, Chalrmnn, The California Promotion Committee SAN FRANCISCO BAY is California's greatest asset. Easy of access on all tides for the largest ships, it has a safe anch- orage sheltered by surrounding hills and mountains. Nature has done still more for San Francisco Bay, — it has placed it on the main high- way of commerce; it has located it at the outlet of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which drain the great valleys of California and serve as a means of transportation direct to the metropolis for the products of as fertile a country as can be found in the world, a country that is capable of producing anything that grows, and producing in great abundance. It is not surprising that the cities about San Francisco Bay are pros- perous when one considers the great asset in the harbor and the productive interior pouring forth its golden harvest twelve months in the year. Neither Is it surprising that the producer in the interior of California is prosperous, with the facilities he has to reach a great metropolitan market, and beyond that, through an incomparable harbor, the markets of the world. The opportunity it gives for the handling of coastwise trade is in itself of greatest value, and when the Panama Canal shall have been completed this harbor, within a few miles of the direct course between the Occident and the Orient, will be the natural station where all vessels will stop for coal and supplies, as well as for products of California's fields and factories. An erroneous idea prevais to some extent that San Francisco Bay, or harbor, from a commercial standpoint, is confined to the peninsula on which the city of San Francisco is situated. While the bulk of the ship- ping is done there, there is also an enormous shipping business on the Alameda shore, through Oakland harbor, and on other shores of the bay, as at Port Costa, Point Richmond, etc. As the population increases about the bay, and as the traffic increases with the population, much will have to be done to relieve the congestion that is already manifest. A bridge at Carquinez Straits is a necessity, and doubtless it will be built to take the place of the present ferry service at that point. The bridge will have to be high enough to allow free pas- sage of river steamers, and on that account will be an expensive improve- ment, but it will greatly facilitate the operation of railroads entering the bay cities by way of Carquinez Straits, and the bridge in the end will prove a good investment. An entrance to San Francisco will soon be effected by way of Dum- barton Point, allowing through overland trains to reach the city without the use of the bay ferries. It probably will not be long before there will be direct ferry service from the city of Alameda, and from the Marin County shores to San Fran- cisco, with landings at points in the city so located as to save time over the present service and relieve the congestion at the Market-Street ferry station. The proposition of securing Verba Buena Island, situated about midway between the Alameda and San Francisco shores, as a railway terminal, is again being agitated, and it is hoped may be brought to a successful result. With the island serving as a terminal for all railroads entering San Francisco Bay, and where deep-sea vessels may come along- side to receive and discharge freight and passengers, general business will be greatly facilitated. It was most fortunate that the fire of April last did not reach the docks of San Francisco. The commerce of the port has continued with practically no interruption. Many improvements that were under way for the extension of the sea-wall and for new docks at the time of the fire are going steadily on. The permanent character of the improvements now being made Is most creditable, and California, knowing the great asset she has in San Francisco harbor, will continue to improve it so that Nature's work will be supplemented by man's work, to the end that no port in the world will be able to offer similar inducements to shipping. The Financial Situation CHARLES SLEEPBR, Manager San Francisco ClearinK House. THE clearings for the ten weeks ending June 2d to August 4th of 1906 show a remarkably small difference from the same weeks of 1905. This year these clearings were only three and a quarter mil- lions less than those of last year, and this in face of the fact that the great business district of San Francisco was almost entirely destroyed by fire during April, and that practically there were no places left in which business could be done until some of the debris was removed from the streets and temporary structures erected on such lots as could be easily cleared. An inspection of the following table will show several surprising things connected with the banking business of San Francisco since the fire: — 1906. 1905. Week Ending Clearings IVeek Ending: Clearings June 2 $25,082,626 97 June 3 $32,724,318 63 9 28,905,407 64 10 32,775,896 42 16 30,528,122 76 17 36,448,269 28 23 30,545,175 57 24 30,999,861 61 30 31,782,172 73 July 1 35,061,106 27 July 7 33,909,681 02 8 30,397,603 51 14 37,090,319 94 15. 37,528,216 16 21 40,630,759 04 22 34,514,400 08 28 38,073,172 36 29 33,500,570 99 Aug. 4 41,528,202 57 Aug. 5 37,382,602 54 Ten weeks $338,075,640 59 Ten weeks $341,332,845 49 It will be noted that the clearings of the past three weeks have exceed- ed those of a corresponding time in 1905 by nearly fifteen millions of dollars, and one wonders why it is so. But when one looks for what has been done here to make the figures so large, it is found that the insurance companies have already paid a considerable amount of money to their policy-holders; that an immense amount of commodities has been brought into San Francisco since the fire; that hundreds of new stores and offices have been built; that other hundreds of stores are in process of erection. To accomplish such construction it has taken millions of feet of lum- ber of thousands of dollars in value, as well as great quantities of other material, and these structures have had put Into them fixtures and furniture for the proper carrying on of business, besides the millions of dollars' worth of merchandise of many kinds, so that the wants of the people might be satisfied. To-day more artisans and laborers are at work for remunerative wages than ever before in the history of the city, and this work of rebuilding the city is increasing day by day. As soon as the insurance companies have paid their policy-holders for the losses they have sustained I look to see much greater activity in business in San Francisco than it has ever experi- enced before. We have only begun to clear away the debris, and when thousands of permanent buildings are under construction we will behold that the fears that the metropolis of the Pacific would slip away was but a dream. Reconstruction of San Francisco S. H. KENT, PreMldent of the Buildem* Exchange I ARRIVED in San Francisco early in 1851. In the spring of that year the city was visited twice by fire, one immediately following the other so closely that practically the entire business portion of the city was consumed. At that date there was but a very small residence district and this was located on the site that in later years became the cele- brated Chinese quarter, and many of the old homes were still standing at the date of the recent fire. Now everything is changed. In those days we had very little com- munication with the outer world; while to-day we are in touch with every part of the earth worth speaking of. The fact that so many of our business men of to-day are going ahead and establishing themselves in business in temporary quarters simply means that San Francisco is the business center of the Pacific Coast. With its fine harbor and deep water and central location, it will force itself to the front and be recognized as one of the business centers of the world. For a time no doubt the city will lose some of Its prestige, and the fact must not be lost sight of that it will take many years to rebuild to its former grand proportions. In rebuilding and making new building ordinances great care should be taken not to make them burdensome on the masses of the people, as there are many more of the middling class as compared with the very wealthy. I agree that all care should be taken to build substantial buildings. The owner, of course, at all times is governed by the amount of money he has at his command, and all owners cannot afford to build Class A buildings; but let it be a B or C building, — not cut the price down below cost and then expect first-class work and material. I think it is oftener the owner's fault, and not the con- tractor's, that he does not get first-class work; it is simply because he never paid for a first-class job. There is a section of the city that I think might be improved, and now that the land is clear of buildings would be a very good time to take it up. I speak of the location bounded by Folsom, Brannan, Third, and Spear streets. This means the grading down of Harrison Street. I think the city should condemn and pay for all the property that is not now graded to a uniform grade with Second Street and sloping down to Spear Street; then by a uniform system of grades level the property and sell the lots for business purposes. I think all widening and extensions of streets should be paid for by the public, as the change is ma.de for the benefit of the people. On the water question I can say but little, as there seems to be but one universal opinion, and that is that the city should have a first-class water system and plenty of water. I am not in favor of municipal owner- ship to be controlled by new officers every two years. My idea would be to have a Water, Gas, and Electric Commission. To create this commission I would have all superior judges elected for life terms, with powers invested in them to appoint all important commissions. The city had a very efficient fire department, but was powerless for want of water. I would suggest that the city have two fire-tugs on the water-front for the exclusive use of the Fire Department, and not to be used for any other purpose. Now a few words to the people in the Eastern States, who are freezing to death in winter and dropping dead in the summertime. Come out and try our California climate — never too hot and never too cold. You can select a location that will suit the health and conditions of any man or woman. There is plenty of work at good wages and every day in the year at that. If you are thrifty, there is plenty of land to be had at reason- able prices by the acre, or you can secure a little homestead. Rehabilitation of the Schools ALFRBU RONCOVIERI, Saperlntendent of School* MANY thorny questions arise in the ordinary course of school admin- istration, many difficult problems must be solved by laws other than the rule of thumb, many Gordian knots are to be severed. But those problems in our city have of late been so deeply involved and so insistent of solution that I vy^ell believe that since the birth of time few men have ever had to cope v^ith the like of them. This situation in our school affairs is, of course, the sequel to the illuminated page which au- thoress Dame Nature chose to write for us with a large, free hand, original octavo edition, San Francisco, April 18, 1906. San Franciscans have always been proud and loyal to their schools. We had developed what we believed to be a symmetrical structure from kindergarten to university, or to the still greater school of life. The resto- ration of this beautiful edifice, now so marred, has been our Herculean task. For this educational edifice of ours has sustained a severe blow in the destruction of property and the interruption of classwork. The money loss to the department is reckoned at $1 ,270,000; the sum necessary to erect and equip a sufficient number of modern school structures to meet the requirements both of attendance and the building ordinance is estimated at $5,116,570. We had no insurance money to serve as a nest-egg, be- cause the policy of the city government for many years had been to assume its own risk on all municipal buildings. We have had to face a sweeping reduction of the usual tax-levy and rental revenues, which even in the best of times had been insufficient to enable us to erect new and substan- tial buildings as required; hence recourse to the long and cumbersome process of bond-issues had been found necessary in previous years. Such a situation was truly fruitful in anxiety. In the midst of this perplexity we were indeed grateful to receive mes- sages from nearly every quarter of the United States, Galveston foremost among them, conveying spontaneous offers of assistance, and suggesting that the friends of education throughout our land raise a fund with which to rebuild our burned schoolhouses. We gladly accepted these overtures and organized a "School Reconstruction Committee," consisting of the Mayor, the members of the Board of Education, and the Superintendent of Schools, to receive all money so contributed and to devote it exclusively to the work of school rehabilitation. The committee immediately began the dissemination of material showing the exact educational conditions in San Francisco. The exceedingly sympathetic reception accorded this movement indicates conclusively that the committee's efforts have not been viewed as a beggar's plea for "more," but that, on the contrary, to quote the words of President Schaeffer of the National Educational Asso- ciation, "the cause is worthy, the need is great; and there should be a liberal response." The noteworthy feature of this building fund, next to the spontaneous generosity manifested, is that its receipts will be Imme- diately available for school-reconstruction purposes. To prepare against the close of the long-enforced vacation, the Board of Education labored diligently upon the erection of temporary buildings to accommodate the school population. Seventeen of these structures have now been completed and are occupied. In advance of the date fixed for the reassembling of the classes, the board revoked all appointments of teachers, placed upon an unassigned list all those still serving their probationary period of two years, and reassigned to the schools all regular teachers upon the strict and impartial basis of seniority of service in the department. The public schools of San Francisco reopened on Monday, July 23d, with an attendance that was remarkably heavy. The number leaped from 24,500 In the first week to 30,000 at the end of the second. Hundreds of these students come from their temporary abiding-places in nearby towns, thus demonstrating both their loyalty to their city and their confidence in her schools. San FRANCISCO'S Progress CLARBNCB E. EDWOnDS, Cfalef of Pnblicity, The California Promotion Committee. BY the great fire during the four days following the morning of April 18th four hundred and ninety-seven city blocks were devastated, four square miles of territory burned over, the business center wiped out, sixty miles of streets covered with debris, and 200,000 people rendered homeless. Half a billion dollars worth of property was destroyed and every street-car line was rendered inoperative. This was the condition following the fire. It is well to bear it in mind when considering the rebuilding of San Francisco. Three days after the fire was under control — it was not entirely sub- jugated for ten days — Market Street from the ferries to Van Ness Avenue, California Street to Van Ness Avenue, and Kearny Street from California to Market Street were sufficiently cleared of debris to permit of the passage of vehicles. On the ninth day after the beginning of the fire the United Railroads had its cars running, and within a week traffic was resumed on several lines so that people could go from the ferries to all parts of the city. Naturally the beginning of things in the way of reconstruction was the erection of temporary buildings in which to transact business. An emergency order gave permission for the erection of any kind of one-story structure, anywhere in the city, and under this order forty-five hundred such buildings were erected. These buildings are subject to removal and demolition within sixty days after proper notice by the city authorities. On July 1st six thousand firms were doing business within the burned district. But the temporary period in San Francisco is past. On June 20th an order was issued forbidding the erection of any more temporary structures. Business was being resumed in all lines, and the bank clearings, that index of business, grew in volume daily, and by June 15th an increase was shown over the clearings for the same week of the previous year. This Increase grew, and by August 16th the grand total of nearly forty-four millions was marked for the week's clearings of San Francisco's banks. While insurance companies were slow in making their settlements, it must be remembered that many questions were to be considered; many policies were to be taken account of; much property was to be appraised. The insurance companies felt that they had an equity in the forty-odd million dollars worth of salvage. All these vexing questions had to be set- tled before there could be much of a start toward permanent building. But San Francisco men chafed at delay, and while waiting they per- fected their plans for rebuilding. Architects were busy night and day, while dealers in builders' supplies were sending urgent orders for material to have it ready against the day when work should begin. That has arrived, and forty thousand men are at work on reconstruction of San Francisco. Of these thirty thousand are skilled artisans in the building trades. They are at work on three hundred permanent buildings, ranging from three to twenty-two stories in height, and costing from ten thousand to three million dollars each. Within three blocks of Union Square, in the heart of the burned district, where The California Promotion Committee has its home in the California Building, erected since the fire, work is going on in thirty-six Class A buildings. The estimated total value of these buildings will reach twenty million dollars. It must be remembered that these comprise but a fraction of the total number of similar buildings under construction. The Sharon Estate has obligated itself to spend three million on the new Palace Hotel. The Brewers' Syndicate has devoted two million to the rebuilding of the destroyed breweries. In addition to these about twenty-five million is the valuation of other buildings on which work is being done, making fifty million dollars a conservative estimate of the value of buildings now under construction in the city. 11 While all this work has been started the removal of debris has been going on at the rate of an hundred carloads a day, the streets are being cleared and repaired, the water and gas mains have been reconstructed, and the electric-light system fully restored. There is nothing feverish in this desire to rebuild San Francisco. The men of the city are bending every energy toward rehabilitation, and as a result the highest wage ever paid in the industrial history of the world is being paid in San Francisco. The unions of skilled artisans all have their minimum wage scale, but the demand so greatly exceeds the supply that this minimum scale is not considered by contractors, who are determined to have workmen almost at any cost. Naturally, this condition cannot last, for workmen are coming in on every train. There is work for thousands here, for it will take a long time to get back to normal conditions. With the rebuilding of San Francisco has come the rehabilitation of the commercial interests of the city. How well this has been done may be seen by a glance of the report of the clearing house. According to Brad- street's, San Francisco took its position in the sixth place the week before this magazine went to press. It is now above Pittsburg, and since Oakland is now one of the clearing-house cities, and Oakland's business is San Francisco's business, we may soon look for the Pacific Coast metropolis to attain and maintain the position of the fifth commercial city of the United States. For the week ending August 16th the clearings of San Francisco aggre- gated $43,914,147, an increase of 9.3 per cent over the same week of 1905. Work of the California Promotion Committee WHEN San Francisco was swept by fire on April 18th, and for three days thereafter, the whole city was stunned by the enormity of the blow. The first organization to recover from the shock and get actively to work was The California Promotion Committee. Before the flames were under control the working force of the office was called together and the members told to hold themselves in readiness for action. It was realized that the first work of the Committee must necessarily be the counteracting of the wild stories sent out in the excitement of the first few days during and after the disaster. The confidence of the East must be restored and maintained, and exact con- ditions portrayed in order that the world might know that the garbled, and sometimes malicious, articles sent to the outside press did not state the true situation. Arrangements were made at once with the editors of prominent news- papers in forty of the principal cities of the United States to print twice a week correspondence furnished by the Committee, and these papers, with a combined circulation of two and a half million, have printed these articles regularly every week since the series was started. In these articles have been faithfully portrayed conditions in San Francisco and California as they have changed from day to day, and up to the time of writing this article the correspondence so furnished these Eastern newspapers has reached a combined circulation of forty-five mililon. The editors of all the prominent magazines in the country were also written to and data and photographs offered showing rehabilitation and reconstruction. Many of the magazines availed themselves of the offer and had articles based on this data. Other articles, furnished by the Com- mittee, have been sent to magazines and accepted, and will be published. The Committee has kept close watch of the columns of all the prom- inent newspapers and magazines of this and foreign countries, and has been instrumental in sending correct statements to numerous editors who have been imposed upon by unscrupulous correspondents, who wrote glar- ing misstatements of conditions here. It may be said in this connection that almost without exception the editors written to have been fair enough to print the correction and say they would not permit themselves to be again imposed upon. The publication of the monthly Bulletin of Progress, which was such a feature of the Committee's work before the fire, was resumed almost immediately, and three numbers have been issued, the fourth now being in course of preparation. FOR CALIFORNIA, the monthly magazine of the Committee, has also resumed publication, the first number being called the San Francisco Number, containing articles by prominent men in rehabilita- tion and reconstruction work. This will be followed by State numbers con- taining articles about all the counties in California, and will be published regularly every month. The result of the extensive publicity work inaugurated after the fire was that thousands of inquiries came in from all parts of the world, and the Information Bureau has been kept busy answering inquiries of people who are desirous of coming to California either to seek homes on farms or to invest capital. Hundreds of men seeking employment have been guid- ed by the Committee — efforts always being made to have them placed where they would be at once available. The Committee has sent extensive propaganda to the East regarding the labor situation in San Francisco and California, and has been instrumental in bringing many people to the State who will be available in helping to save the fruit crops. So great was the demand in the East for information that the Com- mittee found it advisable to establish its Eastern Bureau in New York. This had been in contemplation and preparation before the fire, and as soon as possible the bureau was established. Colvin B. Brown, formerly secre- tary of the Stockton Chamber of Commerce, well known throughout the country as a good promotion worker, was secured as manager, and this bureau has been of marked benefit to California, even in the short time that it has been in operation. Hundreds of people have called at the office of the bureau, and inquiries have been coming to the home office every day from men who have been directed toward California by the Eastern Bureau. Daily telegrams are sent from, the San Francisco office of the Com- mittee to the Eastern Bureau, detailing conditions of progress, and these telegrams have been instrumental in keeping the East closely in touch with San Francisco, so that when inquiries are made they are answered with up-to-date information. The New York press has taken up the mat- ter, and many strong articles have been printed on the work of the bureau. The daily telegrams are used by many of the daily papers, as well as other articles and data furnished by Mr. Brown. In addition to this sort of work in the Eastern Bureau, all the counties of California have been asked for literature for distribution over the counters of both the home office of the Committee, California Building, in Union Square, San Francisco, and through the Eastern Bureau in New York, and thus the work so successfully carried on by the Committee before the fire has been entirely rehabilitated so far as literature distribution is concerned. The Committee represents the whole State, and is desirous of having all the counties represented in this work, which is done without expense to the counties. In addition to the distribution of literature, the Committee has asked all counties for lantern slides to be used in lectures to be delivered throughout the East by Mr. Brown, so that the people living in the densely crowded industrial centers may have a true conception of what Califor- nia is. These lectures will be for the purpose of bringing desirable people to California to live. The Committee has been actively engaged in gathering data from day to day about conditions in San Francisco and California, in order to be able to answer the thousands of inquiries that constantly come to the office, and has thus gathered a most valuable fund of information about conditions in the city and State. All this information and data is for free dissemination, and many of the prominent magazines and newspaper 13 writers of the East and foreign countries have been given such information as enabled them to give true conditions to their publications. Congressmen, Senators, and officials in all departments of the Gov- ernment have also been furnished v^ith data and statistics, which have been utilized to the advantage of California and San Francisco. So thoroughly has the work of the Committee been recognized by the business men of San Francisco, and also by friends of California, that hundreds of inquiries which come to the commercial houses and financial institutions every day are sent in to the Committee for answer and investigation. This line of work has been taken up by the Committee successfully and all inquirers have been fully satisfied. The Committee has at its headquarters in California Building a most comprehensive Information Bureau, which has broadened its scope in order to be of assistance to visitors to San Francisco. It has a complete list of hotels and boarding and rooming houses, and all visitors are directed free of charge to places suitable to their desires. This Bureau is constantly gathering statistics and data from all parts of California for use in the publicity work of the Committee and for answers to the thousands of inquiries which are coming from all parts of the world. The Committee has information about all parts of California, and will gladly respond to any inquiry that may come. All who desire informa- tion that is absolutely correct about any part of the State are invited to correspond with the Committee, and they are assured that their inquiries will meet with ready and cordial response. All counties in California are represented on the counters of the Com- mittee, with literature for free distribution, and in addition to this the Committee has data gathered by its own corps of representatives which supplements that furnished by the counties themselves. All this informa- tion is at the disposal of all who may write for it. The Committee is always ready to furnish data to newspapers and magazines on any California subject, and will also, through its Publicity Bureau, furnish articles, either illustrated or not, free of charge, to any reputable publication anywhere in the world. Since the United States Government in its statistical departments recognizes and utilizes the infor- mation secured by the Committee as being correct, publications may rest assured that any matter obtained from the Committee will be absolutely accurate in all its statements. The California Promotion Committee ACCOUNTANTS. Amrath. J. W. ADDING MACHINES. BnrronKh'M Adding: Machine Co. ADVERTISERS. Varnejr A Green ADVERTISING. Cooper, P. J., AdvertlainK AKenoy Well, William M. AMMUNITION. Union Mefnllio Cartridge Co. ARCHITKCTS. O. H. Bnrnhnm & Co. Howard, John Galen Meyer * O'Brien Held BroN. ARTIFICIAl, FliOW^ERS AND PLANTS. Goehrinic. A. ASSAYEHS AND SMELTERS. Selby Smelting Co. ATTORXEVS-AT-LAW. Bnnoroft. Philip Crothers, Georjfe E. Denmer •*; Stetson Drew. Frank C. FelKenbanm. Snnford Gerntle, William L.. Metfion, Willinm Noyes, Bartliolomevr Pippy, Geo. H. Stratton, F. S. Wright A Wright. BANKS. Anglo-Callfornia Bank Bank of California California Safe Deposit and Tmut Co. Central Trnat Co. Crocker-Woolworth National Bank French-American Bank German Savings and Loan So- ciety. Germanla National Bank HIbemia Savings and Loan Society Hnmboldt Savings Bank Itnlian-Amerlcnn Bank Market-Street Bank Mercantile Trnst Co. of San Francisco Mechanics' Savings Bank National Bank of the Paclflc Pacllle States Savings, Loan, and Bnildlng Co. Rollins. E. H.. & Sons Savings & Loan Society Secnrlty Savings Bank Wells-Fargo-Nevada National Bank Bishop. Charles R. (Bank of California W^alker. David P. BARBER SUPPLIES. Deckel man Bros. nOir,ER WORKS. Keystone Boiler Works BOOKS AND STATIONERY. Crocker, H. S.. Co. Cnnnlnghnm. Cnrtis & Welch Elder, Panl A Co. McNntt, Kahn & Co. Isaac Uphnm & Co. Sanborn, Vail & Co. San Francisco NeT»-s Co. BREWERS. BrcTvers' Protective Assn. BROKERS. Brown, Edvrard & Sons Wilson, J. C. CANNERIES. California Fruit Canners' As- sociation Code-Portwood Canning Co. Fontana. M. J. (California Fruit Canners' Association) Hnnt Bros. & Co. Jacobs, Isidor (California Can- neries CAPITALISTS. Borel. Antone Bnrnett. G. C. Coleman. Robert L. Dnrphy, B. F. Harvey, J. Dovmey Hopkins, E. W. Lachman. Henry LeT»is, Sol. Mackay Clarence Marye, George F., Jr. Meyer, Daniel Pnclllc Improvement Co. Phclan, .lames D. (liiinn, .lolin E. Smith, F. M. Sprerkels, Clans Spreckels, A. B. Thompson, R. R. CARPF/rS, LINOLEUM AND UPHOLSTERY GOODS. Hulse, Bradford & Co. CARPETS, I?PHOI,STERY, AND FURNiriRE. HolTman, Henry J. (W^. J. Slonne & Co.) Plum, Chas. M. & Co. CATTLE AND SWINE DEALERS. Pierce * Co. CIGARS AND TOBACCO. Gunst, M. A., & Co. Judell, H. I-., & Co. CLOTHIERS. Raphael, Inc. Straus. Louis COAL DEALERS. Allen, Chas. R.. Co. W^estern Fuel Co. COFFEE, TEAS, AND SPICES Brandensteln, M. J., & Co. Caswell. Geo. W.. & Co. Folger, J. A., & Co. Hills Bros. Jones-Paddock Co. Schilling, A., & Co. Thierbach, Chas. F., «»: Co. COMMISSION & MANUFAC- TURERS' AGENTS. Baclgalnpl, Peter Clark, Sidney A. Becht, G. J., Co. Mailllard & Schmieden Morgan & Allen Rulofson, A. C, Co. Thiehen. Jos.. & Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Armsby. The J. K., Co. Dodge, S^-eeney & Co. Horst, E. Clemens, Co. W^itzel & Baker CONFECTIONERS. Blnin. Simon The L. De Martini Supply Co. Haas, Geo., & Co. CONTRACTORS. City Street Improvement Co. COOPERAGE. California Barrel Co. Richards, J. W. Woemer Cooperage Co., David CORDAGE. Tubbs Cordage Co. CORNICE WORKS. Forderer Cornice Works. CROCKERY AND GLASS- "WARE. Nathan-Dohrmann Co. DAIRY MACHINERY. De Laval Dairy Supply Co. DAIRY PRODUCE. Dairymen's Association of San Francisco Dairymen's Union of Califor- nia. Halght, Fred B. & Co. DENTISTS. Fletcher, Thomas DEPARTMENT STORE. Emporium DRAWING MATERIALS. Deltzgen, Eugene. Co. DREDGING. American Dredging and Rec- lamation Co. DRIED FRUITS. Guggenheim & Co, Phoenix Packing Co. Rosenberg Bros. A Co. DRY GOODS. City of Paris Dry Goods Co. Davis. R. D., A Co. Hale Bros. Murphy, Grant A Co. NcTt-man A Levlnson W^elll, Raphael A Co., Inc. Strauss, Levi., A Co. W>instock, Luhln A Co. DYEING AND CLEANING. Hickman, Henry F. Thomas Dye and Cleaning Works ESTATES. Crocker Estate Co. Dempster Estate Co. J. R. Hncrgin Estate Hotnling Estate EN(;i\EEIlING AND COX- STRUCTION COMPANY. Callfornin Engineering and Construction Co. EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Castle Bros. Getj! Bros. Jennings, Rufus P. EXPRESS COMPANIES. AVclls-Fargo Express Co. FACTORIES. American Can Co. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND VEHICLES. Baker A Hamilton FIVE, TEN, AND FIFTEEN- CENT STORE. Charlton, E. P., A Co. FREIGHT COMPANY. Transcontinental Freight Co. FURRIERS. Llebes, H., A Co. GAS AND ELECTRIC CO. San Francisco Gas and Elec- tric Co. GAS AND ELECTRIC FIX- TURES. Thomas Day Co. GAS ENGINES AND SCALES. Union Gas Engine Co. GENERAL MERCHANDISE. Smith's Cash Store GLASS COMPANY. Illinois-Pacific Glass Co. GOLD. SILVER, AND NICKEL PLATING W^ORKS. Dennlston, E. G. HARDW^ARH. Arnold Hardware Co. French A LInforth Froellch, Christian Montagnie, W. W. A C: Tay, George H., Co. W^iester A Co. HATTERS. Collins, Charles J. Fisher A Co. Friedlander Hat Co. Triest A Co. HOPS. Horst, E. Clemens, Co. HOTELS. Hotel Brooklyn California Hotel Commercial Hotel Granada Hotel Hotel Hamilton Hotel St. Francis International Hotel Lick House New Rnss House NeTv W^estern Hotel Palace Hotel Richelieu Hotel INSURANCE. Boardman A Spencer Commercial Union Assurance Co. Costa, J. Davis. J. B. F., A Son Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life) Hartford Fire Insurance Co. National Fire Insurance Co. Paclflc Mutual Life Insurance of California Royal and Queen Insurance Co. The Liverpool, London, and Globe Insurance Co. VTard, C. H. IRON W^ORKS. Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works JEW^ELERS. Carrau A Green .Tudis, Alphonse, Co. Radke A Co. Schussler, M., A Co. Shreve A Co. JOCKEY CLUBS. New California Jockey Club. JOURNALIST. W^right, Hamilton The California Promotion Committee KXIT GOODS. Pfi«ter. J. J.. KnittinK Co. LAW BOOK PUBMSHKRS. Bancroft. AVhItney * Co. LEATHKR BELTING. H. >'. Cook Belting Co., Inc. LIME AMI CEMENT. HolmeN Lime Co. Pacific Portlnnd Cement Co. Standard Portlnnd Cement Co. LITHOGKAPHERS. Brltton & Rey Schmldt Label Lithotpraph Co. I'nion liitliosrrapliinK Co. LOAXS. Finance & Security Co. Morrell, C, H. MACHINERY AND ENGIN- EERS' SUPPLIES Cyclopn Iron Worlt« Harron, Riclcard A McCone HennliaiT, Bullcley <& Co. Martin. John MeeMe & Gottfried Co. Merrali'n Mill Co. Moore, CharleH C, & Co. Pacific Tool and Supply Co. Tatum & Bo^ven Troy Laundry Mncliinery Co. MAGNESITE. American MnKiie«lte Co. MEN'S FCRMSHING GOODS. Atkinn, R. C. & Sons Bullock & .loneH Cluett, Peabody & Co. Neuntadter BroM. METAL WORKS. Pacific Metal AVorku METER COMPANY Pacific Meter Co. MILLERS. Port CoKta MIllinK Co. Sperry Flour Co. MINING ENGINEERS. Callahan, H. C. MINES. Alaska Treadvrell Gold Mining; Co. MOTION PICTURE PHOTO- GRAPHS. Mllen BroH. NECKWEAR MANUFAC- TURER. Heineman, H. M. NOTARY PUBLIC. Treat, R. B. OFFICE AND GENERAL FURNITURE. Breuner, John, Co. Corden Furniture Co. Fuller. Geo. H., Denk Co. IndinnnpoIlN Furniture Co. McCnnn. Helclier & Allen SterlinK Furniture Co. \Veber. C. F., A Co. Yaivman «& Erbe Mfsr. Co. Olli COMPANY. AHHoeiated Oil Company Union Oil Compniiy OPTICIANS. California Optl<>nl Co. OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. Heynemann & Co. OYSTER I>EALERS. Morsan Oynter Co. PACKERS AND PROVISION DEALERS. BaccuM, Richard T. Miller & Lux WeMtern Meat Co. I'AINTS, OILS, AND GLASS. Do^vninic, Thou., Inc. fiiiMM-iiiieter Pnint Co. Fuller, W. !»., * Co. PAPER Di:\l-ERS. Bonentell. Illclinril»«<»n A Co. Union Pulp and Paper Co. PATF.NT MEDICINB. Callfornln I'Ik Syrup Co. PHARMACISTS. Martin. Henry J. RedlnKton A Co. Schmidt, Vnl. PHOTOt;RAPIiERS. Turrlll A Miller Watem, R. J.. A Co. Willlnmo. DImond A Co. PHYSIC lANS. Bryant. Edsar R. Frink. G. K. PiMchel, Kaspar (ocnllMt) RoHenntirn, JuliuH Snrtori. H. J. PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER- CHANDISE. Allen, Wiley B., Co. Mauxy, Ilyron Sherman. Clay & Co. PIGEON RANCHER. Newbauer, H. R. POTTERY AND TERRA COTTA. Clark, N. A Souh GladdiuK, McBean A Co. StelKer Terra Cotta and Pot- tery >VorkH. POWI>ER MANUFACTURERS California Powder Workw POWER COMPANIES. KoMter, F. J. (North Mountain Power Co.) PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Allen'n PRINTERS AND PUB- USHERS. Barry Print InK Co. Commercial PubllMliiuK Co. Dettner-WllMon PrettN Gabriel Printing; Co., The Greater San FranclNco Pnb- IlHhinK Co. Murdock, C. A., A Co. Partridse, John PhlllipM A Van Orden Co. PUBLICATIONS. The Guide RAILROADS. California Northwestern R. R. REAL ESTATE AND LANDS. Baldwin, O. D., A Son Baldwin A Howell Bonrdmnn Bros. A Co. Bovee, Toy A Co. I RuNh. David. A Sona Center A Spader Cotati Co., The DavidNon A Leigh Hooker A Lent Lyon A HoaK Magee. TIiom., A Sonii Mathews, H. E. Nares A Saunders (Fresno) O'Brien, Chas. F. Realty Syndicate Co. Sage, Denley A Co. Shiiinwald, Buckbee A Co. Speck A Co. Spencer, William Crane The Seventy-Six I^and and \Vater Co. I'mbnen. G. H.. A Co. Whitney, J. Parker RESTAURANTS. Larsen. C. G. AVesterfeld, P., A Co. ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA- I'ERS, AND PAINTS. Parafflne Paint Co., The RIBBER GOODS. Goodyear Ruliher Co. Gorhani Riiblier Co. WIiinIow. C. It.. A Co. llUiUtlOlt STAMPS, ETC. Patrick A Co. SAI,T WORKS. Golden (iate Salt Works StniOOL SUPPLIES. Milton Bradley Co. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. LletK Co., The A. SEEDS. Morse, C. C, A Co. Volkman. C. M.. A Co. SICUiNG MACHINES. Domestic SEWING SILKS. Carison-Ciirrlcr Silk Co. SIIIIMMNG. RoHrnfcld. .Ino., A Sons I'rIoHle A C«». Slili'l'iX; /WD COMMISSION. Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co. OtiM. McAlllntcr A Co. Sloss, Louis, A Co. SII(»ES. I KornlK, Frank SILKS AND TAILORS* TRIMMINGS. i Ford. C. W. R., A Co. STOVES AND RANGES. Graham, Jnmes, Mfff. Co. STREET RAIL'M-AYS. California Street Cable Rail- way. United Railroads of San Fran- cisco. SUITS AND CLOAKS. Ransohoff, L. SURETY COMPANIES. Pacific Surety Co. The American Credit Indem- nity Co. of New Y'ork SYRUPS. Pacific Coast Syrup Co. TAILORS. Nordwell. O. W. TAILORS AND GENTS' FUR- NISHING GOODS. \%'ankowski A Pock. TANNERS AND LEATHER DEALERS. Blssinser A Co. Brown A Adams. Kullman, Sale A Co. LeKnilet-IIellwis TannluK Co. TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRAPH. Pacific States Telephone and TeleKraph Co. Postal Teleicraph Cable Co. \%^eMtern Union Teleicrnph Co. TENTS AND AYVNINGS. Ames A Harris THEATERS. Orpheum Circuit Co. TRANSFER COMPANIES. Bekins' Van and Storage Co. Bocnrde Drayage Co. Emmons, G. W^. Co. McNab A Smith Morton Drnyage and Ware- house Co. Renner, Geo. Union Transfer Co. TRUNKS AND BAGS. Hirschfelder A Meaney TUG BOATS. Shipo^vners' and Merchants* Tug Boat Co. TYI'FAVRITERS. Alexander, ii. A M., A Co. WALL PAPER. Uhl Bros. W A T E R ^V HEELS. Pelton Water AVheei Co., The .HOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberg, llo^ven A Co. Jennings, Tlionias Rothschild. John, A Co. Sussman. Wormser A Co. Tlllmann A Bendel WHOLESALE I, UMBER AND SHIPPING. Dolbeer A Carson Glen BInIr Redwood Co. Hechtinsin, A. J. Heyman. Julius Hooper, C. A., A Co. Matson, Cupt. Wm. Nelson, Chas., Co. Pope A Talbot Slade, S. E., Lumber Co. Taconia Mill Co. ITnlon l/iiinber Co. WHOLES \LIO MILIilNBRY. Hinx A Lnndt, Inc. WINES A LiaUORS. Briinscliwciger A Co. California Wine Association. Green way. E, M. Gundlnch-Bundschu \%'lne Co. Hotnllng. A. i>. A Co. Italian-Swiss Citlony. Jesse ^loorc-lliint Co. Lncliinan A .lacitbl Ijlvliigston A Co. Mann A Co.. C. M.. successors to i. de Turk. Martin, E., A Co. Schilling. C., A Co. SchultK, W. A. Shea-ll(»cd A Sherwood. Slehc llriin. A PIngemnnn. Van Hergcn. N'., A Co, Weiilgcr. I*. .1.. A Co, Welniorc-llo^ven Co. Wl'-hmiin, Liilgen A Co, W'llincrdliiK-l'Oewe Co. WOOLENS AND TAII,OR THIMMINtSS. Arnstein, Simon A Co. THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEE RUFUS I>. JBNMXGS, Chairman FRIOOKRICK TILLMANN, JR., Treanurer. President Tillmann & Beudel JAMES K. ARMSHV Prewldent The J. K. Armsby Company GEORtJIC A. HATCH KLDBR Vlce-ProMldent E. JI. RollinM & Sonn WII.IilAM J. Ul TTO\' . .Prexldcnt I'ireman'N Knnd InMurance Corporation IIEKHEKT KI.EISHHACKER A. F'lelMhhacker & Company ^VII.I.IAM L. GEHSTL.E Secretary and TreaHurer Northern Commercial Company R. B. HALE Treasurer Hale Bros. Inc. I. \V. HEMiMAN, JR. VIce-frcKldent Union Trnat Company of San Franciaco HERBERT E. I,AW Capltalint P. H. McCarthy Prenldent San Francifico and State BnlldlnK Trade* Council of California WII^HAM H. METSON Campbell, MetMon & Campbell JOHN MARTIN I'reNldent .lohn Martin & Company WIIil/IAM MATSON I'resideut Matson NavlKation Company W. S. PORTER Vlce-Prewldent AnHocinted Oil Company JAMES D. PHEI.W President Mutnnl Savln^H Bank JAMES ROI.PH, JR Hind, Rolph & Company I.OUIS ROSENFEKU John Rosenfeld's Son* A. B. SPRECKELS Vlce-PreNident J. D. Spreckela & Brothers Company ANDREA SBARBORO President Italian-American Bank JOSEPH S. TOBIN Tobin & Tobin DOUGLAS S. WATSON President Citizens' National Bank ADVISORY COMMITTEE A. B. SPRECKELS, Chairman GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER President University of California DAVID STARR JORDAN President Leland Stanford Jr. University LUTHER BURBANK Santa Rosa ^V'ILLIAM E. S3IYTHE, San Diego Counties South of Tehachapl MARSHALL DIGGS, Sacramento Sacramento Valley Counties F. M. SMITH, Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties RETURN ROBERTS, Madera San Joaquin Valley Counties C. P. SOULE, Eureka North Coast Counties JOSEPH J. PERKINS, Santa Barbara South Coast Counties AV. A. CLARK, Mountain View Central Coast Counties ELIAS SQUIRES, Glbsonville Sierra Counties LEW IS E. AUBURY State Mineralogist ELLWOOD COOPER State Horticultural Commissioner G. B. LULL State Forester CHARLES S. FEB Passenger Traffic Manager Southern Pacific Company W^. A. BISSELL 1 Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway W^. J. BARTNETT Vice-President AVestern Pacific Railway E. AV. GILLETT General Passenger Agent San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad Company R. X. RYAN General Passenger Agent California North'westem Railway and North Shore Railroad S. H. SMITH General Passenger Agent Sierra Railway Company A. G. D. KARRELL General Passenger Agent Pacific Mail Steamship Company li. F. COCKROFT General Passenger Agent Oceanic Steamship Company C. D. DUNNANN General Pasenger Agent Pacific Coast Steamship Company FINANCE COMMITTEE AVILLIAM. L. GERSTLE, Chairman I. AV. HELLMAN, JR. GEORGE T. BATCHELDER FREDERICK TILLMANN, JR. JOHN MARTIN CONVENTIONS COMMITTEE JOSEPH S. TOBIN, Chairman JAMES K. ARMSBY WILLIAM MATSON AA'. S. PORTER RECEPTION COMMITTEE AVILLIAM J. DUTTON, Chairman HERBERT E. LAAV LOUIS ROSENFELD HERBERT FLEISHHACKER P. H. McCarthy SAN FRANCISCO AFFAIRS COMMITTEE JAMES D. PHELAN, Chairman EUGENE E. SCHMITZ . . '. . Mayor of San Francisco CHARLES H. BENTLE Y The Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco GEORGE AA'. McNEAR The Merchants' Exchange CHARLES F. RUN A ON Board of Trade of San Francisco ROBERT H. SAA^AYNE Merchants' Association of San Francisco FRANK L. BROAVN Manufacturers' and Producers' Association of California PERCY T, MORGAN The Pacific Commercial Museum HERBERT E. LAAV Association for the Improvement and Adornment of Sai Francisco J. R. HOAVELL The San Francisco Real Estate Board O. A. TVEITMOE San Francisco Building Trades Council THOMAS MAGEE, JR Harbor Committee MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE R. B. HALE, Chairman WILLIAM H. METSON DOUGLAS S. AVATSON COUNTIES COMMITTEE ANDREN SBARBORO, Chairman, and representatives of all com- mercial organizations of each of the fifty-seven counties in Cali- fornia. Vol.111. No. 11. OCTOBER 1906 10 Cents. $1.00 A Year COUNTIES NUMBER No. ONE FOR CALIFORNIA FRONTISPIECE: THE STATE CAPITOL EDITORIAL CALIFORNIA STANISLAUS COUNTY MERCED COUNTY FRESNO COUNTY MADERA COUNTY SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY SANTA CLARA COUNTY HUMBOLDT COUNTY SANTA BARBARA COUNTY LOS ANGELES COUNTY LASSEN COUNTY J CLARENCE E. EDWORDS T. C. HOCKING F. W. YOKUM WILLIAM ROBERTSON L. W. SHARP COLVIN B. BROWN J. T. BROOKS WIUIAM AYRES C. M. GIDNEY H. B. GURLEY J. E. PARDEE THE CAUFORMA PROMOTION COMMnTEE SAN FRANCISCO THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE (THE STA1 E CENTRAL ORGANIZATION) THB PURPOSK OF THE COMMITTEE: 19 TO GIVE TO THE TI^ORLD REL.IABLJB AND UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OP AND THE OPPORTCN> ITIES IN CALIFORNIA. "FOR CALIFORNIA" IS PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRY- ING OUT THE OBJECTS IN VIEW NO ADVKRTI8KMKNT8 WILL APPEAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA CORRESPONDENCE INVITED 1905 February ...... Irrigation Number March ..... Vegetable Garden Number April ...... Manufactures Number May ..... Structural Minerals Number June . . . . . • . Out-Door Number July ...... Electric-Power Number August ....... Viticulture Number September .... Reclamation Projects Number October .... Woman's Occupation Number November ....... Timber Number December ....... Oil Number 1906 January ...... Educational Number February ...... Financial Number March ....... Outing Number April ....... Horticultural Number May-September .... San Francisco Number FOR CALIFORNIA A MONTHLY PUBLICATION FOR THOSE WHO BESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN UFE" COUNTIES NUMBER OCTOBER, 1006 Vol III, No. 11 THE CAIIFORMA PROMOTION COMMITM CALIFORNIA BUILDING, UNION SQUARE SAN FRANCISCO Editorial BEGINNING with the October number of FOR CALIFORNIA, It is the intention to print a series of articles on the counties of California. Every county in the State has been asked to contribute an article setting forth in concrete form its advantages to the homeseeker and investor. In the present number we present articles from the ten counties which were first to respond, and in each succeeding number we shall continue in the same line until every county shall have been presented. The entire set of magazines containing these articles will be a most valuable epitome of the State, and will give the prospective settler a concise guide to the whole of California, couched in terms that will leave nothing to be surmised. As these articles are written by experts in each county, — men who are thoroughly familiar with all the phases of their respective localities,— they may be relied upon as being accurate in every respect. Clarence E. Edwords, Chief of Publicity of The California Promotion Committee, who has given much study and attention to California in its entirety, gives a concise statement of what California has to offer to all who care to come to make their homes in the land by the Sunset Sea. In the present number the article on Stanislaus County is written by T. C. Hocking, of Modesto, whose work has been along lines of develop- ment, and whose study of conditions has been such as to make him an authority whose word can be taken by all who are desirous of learning about his county. F. W. Yokum, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of Merced, writes of Merced County, and gives facts and figures regarding what that locality has to offer that are most convincing to the man who is looking for a new location. Fresno County has progressed by leaps and bounds since it was a vast cattle range, thirty years ago, and William Robertson, secretary of the Fresno Chamber of Commerce, tells in graphic manner how this has been accomplished. What Madera County has to offer is told by L. W. Sharp, who has been a close observer of the improvements which have been made, and his story is a most convincing one. Colvin B. Brown, formerly secretary of the Stockton Chamber of Commerce, tells about the wonderful soil of San Joaquin County, and presents remarkable and interesting data about the famous delta lands. J. T. Brooks, secretary of the San Jose Chamber of Commerce, writes most interestingly of Santa Clara County and valley, and tells why it is so widely famed as the great fruit county of California. William Ayres, secretary of the Eureka 25,000 Club, tells about the many and diversified resources of Humboldt County, and puts forth the many opportunities which are awaiting the homeseeker and investor. He shows that while his county is now out of the way, it is bound to be one of the great counties of the State. The beauties and pleasures of Santa Barbara County, as well a- splendid opportunities she offers, is written of in a most interestin*- ,; by C. M. Gidney, secretary of the Santa Barbara Chamber of ^ice. H. B. Gurley, who is acting manager of the Los Angel' ^namber of Commerce, tells of the vast possibilities of Los Angeles County, and while showing accurately the present conditions, gives clearly the idea of what may be expected in the near future through rapid development, which has already astonished the world. Of the little-known Lassen County, hidden away in the slope of the Sierra, J. E. Pardee writes and tells what has been done without railroad facilities, and from this deductions may be drawn regarding the future of that county when it is fully developed. Taken as a whole, this number of the magazine is well worth careful reading, as it will give a complete idea of all the counties mentioned. California clarbnce: e. edwords Chief of Publicity of The California Promotion Committee CALIFORNIA, Nature's favored land, lies along the Pacific Ocean on the western edge of the United States, with twelve hundred miles of coast line, and traversed by numerous navigable streams. Eight hundred miles of mountain chain form the eastern boundary, and between the Sierra and the sea lie millions of acres of the richest soil ever kissed by the sun. From the snowclad watershed come thousands of streams bringing life to the soil below, after generating the power that turns the wheels of manufacture and commerce from one end of the State to the other. The climate of California is something more than a pleasure — it Is an available asset and a tangible factor in State-building. If the map of the United States be examined, it will be seen that the eight hundred miles of California's linear expansion cover that of the ten States on the opposite side of the continent. A map of the world will show that all of France, half of Spain, and all of Italy north of Rome lie north of the northern line of California. The climate of California is more beneficent than that of any of the countries named, and Is of a character that permits stock to feed outdoors 365 days every year. In the great interior valley of California, five hundred miles long by fifty miles wide, is the richest soil in the world, tests made at the World's Fair in St. Louis showing it to exceed in all best qualities that of the famed delta of the Nile, of the Netherlands of Holland, and of France and Italy. The soil of California is declared by scientists to contain more life-giving principles than that of any other land on earth. Forty million of her hundred million acres are arable, and with proper reclamation fully twenty million more can be brought under cultivation. All the elements which go to make successful crops are in the ground, and it is a recognized fact among agriculturists that "anything will grow in California." Not only is this true, but with the same methods as are used in other lands the farmer will get double the crop obtained elsewhere. The farmer does not have long to wait for results; in five years' time the desert changes to a modern farm, with full-bearing orchards and a perfect home. California's fruits and flowers, her mines and her wines, are known to the world. In all lands her name breathes magic, and tells of that perfect spot sought by every man. Her area is so great, her diversity so wonder- ful, that here every man may find exactly the desired climate, soil, and location. No plant grown in temperate and semitropical land can be named which will not thrive better in California than in its native habitat. Her mines, which have supplied the world for fifty years with gold, are but in their infancy and, according to those best informed, are inexhaustible. Scarce a day passes without some prospector recording a new and rich find of the yellow metal for which all the world is striving. In educational facilities California is without rival in the Nation. He who comes here seeking a new home finds the finest and best educational system extant. Whether one seeks city or country life, California offers the best there is. In the cities is to be found all that one may desire, and throughout the whole year the great outdoors Invites one to enjoy the blessings which Nature has showered on her favorite. The woods and hills are always inviting, and there is not a day in the whole year when one cannot be quite comfortable out of doors. In one county of California alone there are more mineral springs than are to be found In all of Europe. These curative springs are found all over the State, no one locality being able to claim precedence over another. California has all that is good, and invites the world to share her blessings. Sunny Stanislaus T. C. HOCKING PERHAPS no other purely agricultural county in California has made the advance in settlement and development during the last three or four years that has been the lot of Stanislaus, in the northern end of the San Joaquin Valley. It is apparent, too, that her progress is in Its infancy. She is wealthy now, her assessment valuation reaching $17,000,000, though her population does not exceed 15,000. Stanislaus stretches from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains across forty miles of level and fertile plain to the summit of the Coast Range, and north and south from the Stanislaus River to the Merced the great San Joaquin River flows diagonally through her broad acres, leaving a margin of plain from six to ten miles wide between its banks and the base of the Coast Range hills. Through her center, from east to west, and ultimate junction with the San Joaquin, courses the Tuolumne, a swift-flowing stream rising in the high Sierra, and of such volume as to be navigable to river steamers as late as July. Its watershed is one of the largest in the State, and its supply of water continuous. For many years Stanislaus was the banner wheat county in the State, and to-day its production of this cereal approximates $2,500,000 in value. The Modesto-Turlock irrigation system comprises a diverting dam in the Tuolumne River at a point thirty miles east of Modesto, and 300 miles of main and lateral canals, the latter covering the land at two-mile intervals. There are 276,000 acres of land in the districts, 176,000 on the south (or Turlock) side of the river, and the remainder on the north (or Modesto) side. A main canal leaves the river on either side of the dam, and each is carried twenty-two miles to the district line. One olF these canals is seventy-four feet wide on the bottom and is designed to carry 1,300 cubic second-feet of water. The other is sixty feet wide on the bottom, and will carry the full appropriation of 650 cubic second-feet for the Mo- desto side. At the district line, canals forty feet on the floor distribute water to the numerous laterals, which range from thirty feet down to fourteen feet on the floor. The diverting dam cost $543,164.16. This splendid irrigation system belongs to the land, and is inalienable. The system was constructed under State legislation. It cost approximately $2,500,000, the money raised by the sale of bonds, representing an Indebt- edness of about nine dollars an acre. The interest and maintenance and operation charges represent an annual tax of from fifty cents to two dollars an acre. This is the total cost to the consumer. He has no water-right to buy, and is assured of his proportion of the water, which cannot be alienated from the land. Two years ago, Stanislaus jumped from eleventh to seventh place as a dairy county, and last year moved up to fifth place. Sweet potatoes con- stitute another profitable crop and early source of revenue. Melons and canteloupes, beans, corn, and every variety of berry are moneymakers; and "pioneer" plantings of grapes and peaches showing handsome profits, much attention is now being given to these products. Over 1,500,000 grape-cuttings were brought in within sixty days this spring, and 250,000 peach trees have been set out. There are over five hundred acres of the genuine Smyrna fig of commerce, a portion of which will come into bearing this year. Olives, black figs, and the white Adriatic figs thrive amazingly. Malaria is unknown in the Modesto-Turlock irrigation districts. Modesto, the center of the district, is the county seat,— a modern, up-to-date town, possessing a complete system of sewers, and owning its waterworks and electric street-lighting system. It has two very creditable newspapers, the "Morning Herald" and the "Evening News." There are three banks, several hotels, and all church denominations are represented. Modesto is situated 90 miles north of Fresno, 30 miles south of Stockton, 90 miles south of Sacramento, and 115 miles south of San Francisco. The climate is very agreeable; frosts are few and rarely damaging, even to tender plants; snow is unknown, and the mean temperature is delight- ful. There are occasional hot spells in summer, of brief duration; the heat is dry and so bearable that harvest teams and crews work without shelter right along, experiencing no ill effects. The nights are cool, due to a breeze from the ocean, sixty miles from the nearest point. Land in the Modesto-Turlock irrigation district is valued at from $40 to $100 per acre, according to its character and distance from town. Land well set in alfalfa, and without other improvement to speak of, is worth $120 per acre. The cost of preparing land for alfalfa ranges from $10 to $20 per acre. Merced County F. W. YOKVIII Secretary Merced County Chamber ot Coinnierce. ANY article treating on California must naturally be interesting read- ing to the man who is anxious to provide a home for those who are near and dear to him. The subject of my sketch is Merced County, named after the River of Mercy, which, heading in the snow-capped Sierras, flows toward the setting sun over the cliffs of beautiful Yosemite, forming the falls in that great wonderland, then resting for a few moments on the lap of the enchanted valley, it again takes up its journey towards the Pacific Ocean, and on its way thither furnishes the life-giving fluid that makes the fertile soil of Merced County give forth bountiful crops, to the pleasure and delight of the husbandman. Merced County is situated in the exact center of California; the gentle breezes of the Pacific Ocean from the west here mingle with those that journey down from the perpetual snow of the Sierra on the east; the life- giving warmth of the sunny southern part of California is here met with the temperate condition that gives the northern part an ideal climate. This combination of elements gives Merced a climate which needs only to be sampled to be appreciated, and which makes it possible to grow any and all kinds of fruit, vegetables, and cereals to perfection. Here can be grown with profit every crop that is grown in California, which includes everything that grows in the world. Our lands are surpassed by none, and can be had for twenty-five to seventy dollars per acre; alfalfa grows here to perfection, and as a result creameries have sprung up on every hand; the earliest tomatoes are grown here and shipped all over the Coast, pay- ing a handsome profit. The world-famous Merced sweet potatoes are grown, and have repeatedly paid the purchase price of the land in one crop. A country blessed with such natural advantages necessarily invites capital, and as a result Merced County boasts of five lines of railroad, which gives It unusual transportation facilities. The principal town is Merced City, which is the county seat, and which has a population of some thirty-five hundred. The Southern Pacific and Santa Fe main lines pass through the city, while the Sierra and Yosemite Valley railroads have this as their starting-points. Other towns in the county are Los Bancs, Le Grand, Snelling, and Atwater; and as the county is traversed by several irrigation systems, the country is fast taking on the appearance of one continuous village. The educational facilities are of the best and go toward making that great system by which California is famous, and which is conceded to be the best in the world. The Merced County Chamber of Commerce is an incorporated body, composed of business men interested in the advancement of the county, and by whose order this article is given to the world. If I have interested you to the extent that vou would know more of us, write them, and they will furnish you the information you desire; if I have not interested, and only amused you, then as a favor to me hand this to your neighbor. Fresno County WILLIAM ROBERTSON Secretary Freiino County Chamber of Commeree SO much has been written and so much has been told about the won- ders of Fresno County — her development, her wealth, and her great prosperity that one naturally wants to know the reason of it all. Briefly speaking, we may state that her wonderfully productive soil and her splendid irrigating system (probably the finest in the world) have been the main factors in these results. Our magnificent climate, har- nessed to the two greatest necessary conditions, soil, and water, has pro- duced results that have astonished the world. Fresno County is an empire in herself, covering an area of 5,696 miles, comprising 3,587,840 acres and capable of raising anything that can be produced anywhere from the Arctic to the semitropics, and the best of all is that whatever she produces cannot be surpassed in quality or quantity. The exports of Fresno County last year approximated $20,000,000, and that immense sum represents only a speck on the horizon of her future greatness. Just think of it; here is a county capable of supporting 5,000,- 000 people, feeding them from her own products and paying them from her own riches, and yet the extraordinary results she has achieved have been accomplished with a population of 45,000, or about a one-hundred- twentieth part of what she really could support, and this forms the strong- est argument for the home-seeker to come within her boundaries. No chance of failure, no fear of disaster from an investment. The marvelous development of this wonderful county keeps values on the rise, and as we have succeeded in making Fresno one of the three banner counties of California, we declare truthfully and positively that we are only at the threshold of our success. Figures do not lie, and here is some food for reflection: Exports from Fresno County in 1905, $20,- 000,000. Think carefully over these results, and remember that while some neighboring counties were considered prosperous fifty years ago, Fresno County was hardly on the map thirty years ago, and the main part of this great work of transforming the desert into a veritable Garden of Eden has been mainly accomplished in less than twenty years. What has done it? Soil and water combined, and it requires no stretch of imag- ination to reach the conclusion that the soil must be rich and the water plentiful to produce these great results. Added to these advantages, we have an intelligent people, who have used the county's wealth in part to further education, and in no district of Uncle Sam's great domain can you find better or better-conducted schools than in Fresno County, with her 127 school districts, her seven high schools, two of which are affiliated with the State University, and 331 teachers. Her churches, her libraries, and every social avenue to intelli- gence and refinement are used in advancing to the highest degree the social excellence of this great county. The fruit-grower finds in Fresno County the most perfect conditions for raising his crops, and in the raisin product he holds practically a mo- nopoly, as five sixths of the raisins produced in America are raised in this county, a condition which cannot be altered, because of the natural dryness of climate, creating the most favorable conditions for drying grapes. It is impossible in the limited space of such an article as this to enter into complete details of all the resources of Fresno County — her lumber, mining, and manufacturing interests; her oil fields, which place her in pos- session of a plentiful supply of one of the cheapest and best fuels in the world; her unequaled facilities for cattle, hog, sheep, and horse raising. But the interested reader who peruses this article will be supplied with any definite data he may request on application to the secretary of the Fresno County Chamber of Commerce, an official body having no land to sell and no personal interest to conserve, its purpose being solely to publish to the world advantages Fresno County affords to home-seeker and investor. Madera County L. W. SHARP THE fertility and natural advantages of the great San Joaquin Valley have been abundantly proven throughout its length and breadth, and this vast plain, which but a decade ago supported only a few villages, now contains numerous cities and towns, all having sprung Into existence as the result of its wonderful resources. Occupying a position almost in the center of this grand valley is Madera County. And in no part of the valley are conditions more advan- tageous for the home-seeker than are to be found here. For richness of soil It has no superior, and its fertile acres yield splendid returns from their tilling. To the east the county extends through the hills which increase in height to the summit of the Sierra Nevadas on the extreme eastern boundary. The county embraces a million and a half acres, about half of which is a level plain with an elevation of about three hundred feet. The hill and mountain sections rise gradually, the altitude of Its highest mountains being over 13,000 feet. Grain and fruit-raising, dairying, stock- raising, and manufacturing are the leading pursuits of the valley. In the hills fruit-raising, stock-raising, mining, and quarrying are the most important industries. In the higher mountains Immense tracts of timber make lumbering an extensive enterprise, and vast mineral deposits give promise of rich mines. In the valley the fall, winter, and spring months are mild and agree- able. The summers are warm, but the atmosphere is dry, and heat pros- trations are never known. The heat is never so intense as to interfere with outdoor work. In the mountains the summers are cooler, and many delightful resorts furnish excellent opportunities for enjoyable vacations. As in all locations where cultivation of the soil to the highest degree is dependent upon an ample water supply, Madera is no exception, and is well supplied in this regard. Copious spring, winter, and fall rains play their important part, but irrigation is a chief factor. The watersheds of the San Joaquin, Fresno, and Chowchilla rivers are capable of supplying sufficient irrigation for a territory vastly larger than the localities through which they run. The many natural reservoirs in the hills and mountains give excellent opportunity to conserve these waters. The Madera Canal and Irrigation Company recently demonstrated the practicability of such conservation of water. Two large reservoirs were built, with a combined capacity of Irrigating nearly 20,000 acres in a season. The company's system, aside from the reservoirs, is capable of supplying water to 20,000 acres, it consisting of 108 miles of canals and ditches. Other irrigation works, on a smaller scale, are also in operation. While Madera County has abundant water for irrigation, it is never subject to damage from over- flowing and floods. In those districts not reached by irrigation systems, pumping plants have been installed and have proven most successful. Madera County is unsurpassed in productiveness of soil, and there are very few fruits that cannot be raised here to perfection. There are numerous large vineyards and orchards. Raisin-growing is an important industry, and the product is unexcelled. Wine grapes are particularly suited to conditions here, and the brandies and sweet wines produced by the Swiss-Italian Colony Company at its immense vineyard and winery here have an excellent reputation both at home and abroad. Another leading industry of the county is the Madera Sugar Pine Com- pany. Its mountain mills cut 33,000,000 feet per year, yet its timber Is sufficient for many years' operation. The public schools of the county are numerous and excellent. There are thirty-three well-equipped districts in the county, and at Madera, the county seat, a splendid union high school is maintained. Here, also, are churches of the more prominent denominations. The town contains many handsome public and private structures. At Raymond, the second town of the county, are located the Immense granite quarries that supply excellent building-stone. San Joaquin County COL.VIN B. BROWN SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY is the most northerly of the eight counties of the San Joaquin Valley, and is at the head of all-year-around navi- gation on the San Joaquin River. It contains 873,000 acres, all of which is arable. Sandy sediment loam is the predominating soil, although nearly one third the area of the county is reclaimed delta land, the soil of which is pure vegetable mold mixed with a little sediment. Grain is still the predominating crop, about one fourth the cultivated area of the county being devoted to its culture; but during the past five years there has been a rapid cutting up of grain farms and the planting of orchards and vineyards. The rapidity with which the large holdings are being cut up is indicated in a comparison of the size of the average farm holding of 1900 with the holdinCallfornia Bank Bank of California California Safe DepoMit and Trnat Co. Central Trust Co. Crocker-W^oolworth National Bank French-American Bank German SavinKS and Loan So- rtety. Germania National Bank EUbernla Savlngr* and I^oan Society Hnmboldt Sa-vlns" Bank Italian-American Bank Market-Street Bank Mercantile Trnat Co. of San Franclnco Mechanics' SaTln^^irn Bank National Bank of the Pacific Pacific States Savings, Loan, and Bnlldlng: Co. Rollins, E. H., A Sons Savings A Loan Society Security Savings Bank W^ells-Fargro-Nevada National Bank Bishop. Charles R. (Bank of California Walker, David P. (California Safe Deposit A Trnst Co.) BARBER SUPPLIES. Deckelmen Bros. BOILER WORKS. Keystone Boiler Works BOOKS AND STATIONERY. Crocker. H. S., Co. Cnnnlngham, Cnrtls A Welch Elder, Pnnl A Co. McNntt. Kahn A Co. Isaac Upham Co. Sanborn, Vail A Co. San Francisco Neivs Co. BREW^ERS. Brevrers' Protective Assn. BROKERS. Brown. Edward A Sons Wilson, J. C. CANNERIES. California Fruit Canners* As- sociation Code-Portwood Canning Co. Fontann. M. J. (California Fruit Canners' Association) Hunt Bros. A Co. Jacobs, laidor (California Can- neries CAPITALISTS. Borel, Antone Burnett, G. C. Coleman. Robert Im Dnrphy, B. F. Harvey, J. Downey Hopkins, E. W. 1 CKMENT. Holmea IJme Co. Paclflo I'ortland Cement Co. Standard Portland Cement Co. LITHOGRAPHERS. Brttton tS: Rey Schmidt LltboKraph Co. Union LIthogrratihinK Co. LOANS. Kinanoe & Security Co. Morrell. C. H. MACHINERY AND ENGIN- EERS' SUPPLIES Cyclops Iron AV'orks Harron, Riokard & 3IeConc Henshaw, Bulkley & Co. Martin, John Meene >& Gottfried Co. Merrall'H Mill Co. Moore, Charles C. & Co. Pacific Tool and Snpply Co. Tatam & Bo^en Troy Laundry Machinery Co. MAGNESITE. American Magvenite Co. MEN'S F'URNISHING GOODS. Atkins, R. C. & Sons BuIIocIc & Jones CInett, Peabody & Co. Nenstadter Bros. METAL WORKS. Pacific Metal Works METER COMPANY Pacific Meter Co. MILLERS. Port Conta Milling Co. Sperry Flour Co. MINING ENGINEERS. Callahan, H. C. MINES. Alaska TreadTrell Gold Mining: Co. MOTION PICTURE PHOTO- GRAPHS. Miles Bros. NECKW^EAR MANUPAC- TUBER. Heineman, H. M. NOTARY PUBLIC. Treat. R. B. OFFICE AND GENERAL FURNITURE. Brenner, John, Co. Cordcs Furniture Co. Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co. Indianapolis Furniture Co. McC-ann, Belcher & Allen Sterllnnc Furniture Co. Weber, C. F., «fc Co. YaTvman & Erbe Mf|C. Co. OIL COMPANY. Associated Oil Company Union Oil Company OPTICIANS. California Optii-al Co. OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. Heyncmann A Co. OYSTER DEALERS. Morgan Oyster Co. PACKERS AND PROVISION DEALERS. Baccns, Ricbarn A Co. Schmidt. Vfil. PliOTOtiRAPHBRS. Turrlll A Miller Waters. R. J., A Co. Willinms. Dimond A Co. PHYSICIANS. Bryant, Kdiear R. Prink, Renner, Geo. Union Transfer Co. TRUNKS AND BAGS. Hlrschfeldcr A Meaney TUG BOATS. Shipowners' and Merchants' Tug Boat Co. TYPEWRITERS. Alexander, L. A M., A Co. WALL PAPER. Uhl Bros. YVATER WHEELS. Pelton AVatcr W^heel Co.. The AVIIOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberg, liowen A Co. Jennings. Tiiomas RothscEiild. John, A Co. SuNsnian, YVormser A Co. Tlllmann A Bendel YVHOLESALE LUMBER AND SHIPPING. Dolbeer A Carson Glen Blair Redwood Co. Heclitman, A. J. Heyman, Julius Hooper, C. A., A Co, Mntson, Capt. Wni. Nelson. Chas., Co. Pope A Talbot Slade. S. E.. Lumber Co. Tacoraa Mill Co. Union I^nmber Co. WHOLESALE MILLINERY. HluE A Landt, Inc. AVINES & LiairORS. Brunschweiger A Co. (California AVine Associntioa. Green^Yny. 10. M. Gnndlncli-Bundscbn Wine C«. Italian-Swiss Colony. Jesse Moore-lliint Co. Laclimnn A Jacobl liivlngston A Co. Mann A Co., C. M., aaeeessom to I. de Turk. Martin, E.. A Co. Schilling. C, A Co. Schultx, YV. A. Shea-Iloc(|uerns Co. Sher»vood * Sher%TOod. Siclte Bros. A I'lngcmnna. Vnii llcrgcn. N., Herbert Fleishhackbr a. Fleish William L. Gerstle Secy, and Treas. Nonli R. B. Hale Treas. H;. I W. Hellman, JR Vice-Pres. Uni Herbert E Law P. H McCarthy Pres. Building Trades Council W1LLIA.M H. Mbtson Campbell, Metso; John Martin Pres. John ' William Matson Pres. Matson N W. S. Porter Vice-Pres. Asso. James I). Phelan Pres. Mutual ^ James Rolph, Jr Hind, Louis Rosenfeld John Ro A. B. Spreckels Vice-Pres. J. D. Spreckel Andrea Sbakhoro Pres. Italian-Air. ^ Josephs Tobin Tobin iv Douglas S. Watson Pres. Citizens' Naiiona; Adat:sory Committee A. B. Spreckels, Chairman Geo. C. Pardee — Govern^' Benjamin Ide Wheeler Pres. Universin David StXrr Jordan Pres. Leiand Stanford J: LtTTHBR BURBANK William E. Smythe, San Diego Counties SoutI' Marshall Diggs, Sacramento .. . Sacramento V.i F. M. Smith, Oakland ~ San Franciscu Return Roberts, Madera San Joaquin v C . P. SouLE, Eureka North t Joseph J. Perkins, Santa Barbara South t. W. A. Clark, Mountain View Central C Elias Squirbs, Gibsonville ... b Lewis B. AiTBURY Stat> Ellwood Cooper State Honiculiural i G. B. Lull ' Charlrs S. Fbk Pass. Traffic Mgr. Souths W. A. BissELL As»t. Pass. Traffic Mgr. A.. I". W. J. Bartnett Vice-Pres. We?'."'" >' E. W Gillbtt Gen. Pass. Agt. S. P., L. A R. X. Ryan Gen. Pass. Agt. Cal. N. W. Rv. a: S.H.Smith Gen. Pn- ' A. G. D, Kerkell Gen. Pas*. Agt. : L. F. COCKROKT Oen. Pass. C. D. Dunna.nn r— v-<^. Act. !■.... ,,> .,..,,, FOR CALIFORNIA A MONTHLY PUBUCATION FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE" COUNTIES NUMBER No. TWO IMOVEIVIBER, 1906 Vol III, No. 12 THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMinEE CALIFORNIA BUILDING, UNION SQUARE SAN FRANCISCO < i; k. fi •4 F < o b O •4 < c o Q o Z p ■< o L. 00 d. U 4 PQ c o M ^ a d H U H c < j= O ^ do 1 09 U U 9 •^ c:: A f-l CO y t3 O 0 O 2 £ Cl< 2 (x: c 2 o a « s B « « c: zz R u t- a H Editorial THE second Counties Number of FOR CALIFORNIA is a continuation of the series began last month, by which it is intended to give a complete resume of conditions and advantages in California, through articles on the various counties, written by experts well acquainted with their especial localities. In the present number nine more coun- ties are shown. Ail the counties in the State have been invited to par- ticipate in this series. The city and county of San Francisco puts forth its advantages through an article by Clarence E. Edwords, Chief of Publicity of The California Promotion Committee. What the city and county has to offer is told in concise and specific form. Sacramento's claims to notice are ably set forth in an article by Lieutenant-Governor Alden Anderson, President of the Sacramento Cham- ber of Commerce. He tells of the great future which must necessarily come to the capital of the Commonwealth. James A. Jasper, Secretary of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce, tells what San Diego County has, and he makes a splendid showing for the county that lies on the border-line of Old Mexico. The advantages offered are such as appeal to the capitalist and homeseeker. Alameda County makes a strong bid for both manufacturer and home- seeker. The advantages offered are numerous and convincing, and are told of modestly by Wilber Walker, Secretary of Oakland's Merchants' Exchange. His arguments are clear and convincing. Riverside County is one of the counties to which Californians point with pride, and Edward W. Holmes has written an article which tells why this is so. The advantages of the county are most entertainingly set forth and the invitation is an alluring one. J. A. Willson scarcely refrains from poetry in his description of what Orange County holds out to the prospective settler. The advantages of that county are truly wonderful, and they are told of in a manner that will cause many an eye to turn in that direction. Shasta County has much more than scenery to interest the traveler, and F. F. Dustin has a strong article telling just what there is there to make the homeseeker want to transfer his belongings to the land under the shadow of the mighty mountain. Tehama County is one of fine promise, and has a great future when it shall have been developed as it deserves. A. J. Hammans tells what the county has to induce homeseekers and investors, and his statements are most convincing. John H. Hartog, who is Secretary of the Colusa County Chamber of Commerce, tells what that wonderful county has in the way of advantages to the settler and capitalist. He shows clearly that Colusa County is one of the great counties of the State. Taken as a whole, the present number of FOR CALIFORNIA ranks high as an epitome of information on California industries, and all who have inquiring friends throughout the world should secure copies to send out in answer to the many questions that are constantly coming from those who are interested and who desire a change to a more congenial clime. City and County OF San Trancisco clarence: e. edwords Cblef of Publicity of the Cnllfornia Promotion Committee TIME, the great healer, is rapidly effacing the scars from San Fran- cisco, and within a period so short that the recent disaster will soon seem but a bad dream the Queen of the Pacific will again be the pride of the nation. But with all her wounds San Francisco holds out more of oppor- tunity than any other city in the world. Seated at the Golden Gate, all the riches of the Orient and the islands of the sea are poured into her lap, while the mighty rivers which flow through the richest land on all the earth sweep down to the ocean, bringing to the finest harbor in all the world products of a State that is an empire in itself. In the forty square miles which lie at the end of the San Francisco peninsula Opportunity sits with open arms inviting the world to come and share of the benefits she has to bestow. To the young man with his am- bition she offers special advantages, for now there is a city in the building, and it holds the young man's chance. To the merchant, the artisan, the professional man, the laborer, the artist, and the practical contractor there is an opening to the road that leads to success. But beyond the present need of men to build up the city there lies In San Francisco such advantages as are to be found nowhere else in all the world. Railroad builders have marked San Francisco as the child of Fate, and from all directions the bands of steel are coming to unite her with the East. The wonderful trade of the lands beyond the Pacific is calling for an outlet, and the great harbor, on whose peaceful waters the combined navies of the world may ride in peace, is the natural point where the railroads from the Atlantic must meet the ships of the Pacific for the interchange of freight. It is this which marks the destiny of San Francisco. Despite seeming destruction by overwhelming disaster, she rises supreme and continues on her way even before the rest of the world has recovered from the shock. With scarce perceptible hesitation commerce has gone on with strides that cannot be comprehended by the other cities of the country. Already build- ing permits have been issued whose total valuation has reached the enor- mous sum of $1 8,000,000. Bank clearings since the resumption of business on May 7th show that commerce is even greater than it was one year ago, and the record of $800,000,000 shown by the Clearing-House means that prosperity still sits enthroned in the city by the Golden Gate. There is special opportunity for men in all departments of the building trades. Contractors are compelled to decline to bid on new buildings because of the scarcity of labor, and many fine structures are waiting for the coming of more men. The highest average wage scale ir» the history of the world Is being paid here, where climate permits the artisan to work every day in the year be he so disposed. Nor summer's heat nor winter's cold necessitates an hour's cessation of labor in any department of the trades, while the finest market in the world, with prices which compare most favorably with those in any other city, gives the best of returns for money expended for the cost of living. Let it be remembered that the fuel bill of the family that lives in San Francisco is rarely more in winter than in summer, for there is little need for fuel the year round for other purpose than cooking. San Francisco offers exceptional advantages to people in all walks of life, and if you desire specific information along any line The California Promotion Committee will cordially co-operate with you and assist you in every way in its power to obtain the information which you may think essential before you make your decision. Sacramento ALDBN ANDERSON Laentcnaat-Govemor of California, Preiiident of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce SACRAMENTO CITY, the capital of the State of California, is admirably located in the south-central part of the great Sacramento Valley. She is the natural distributing point for a vast extent of territory. To the north her influence is felt in the State of Oregon, and to the east she is the gateway for supplies for the greater consuming portion of the population of Nevada. Her contiguous territory in all directions, whether developed or not, is capable of the highest development and suit- able for the most intense cultivation of agricultural or horticultural products common to the State or that will thrive In a temperate or semi-tropical climate, while In adaptability for some lines It claims superiority over any other portion of the State. The city Is located on the Sacramento River, which gives water trans- portation facilities north and south, and Is on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, east and west and north and south. In addition she will be on the main line of the Western Pacific Railway now being constructed into the State. It will be seen that her central geographical location has been taken advantage of, and she has arrived at a position which absolutely insures her future. Her growth will be accelerated, and she will attain Increased Im- portance and influence as the tributary territory Increases in the same essen- tials. In other words, "like attracts like," and the forces that have made her what she is to-day will build her into a greater city as the resources are developed and the population and necessities of the contributing and contiguous territory Increases. Sacramento assumed her present general characteristics from the first. In the early days she was the Initial center for outfitting for the mines, and the scene of activity for all the factors having to do with commercial enterprise of the interior, central, and northern part of the State. Those who were located here, and industrially engaged, made an Impression on the times and In the affairs of men that will last as long as the history of the State. Some of the most potent men in the commercial and financial life of the nation began their careers and accumulated their first money In Sacramento. Irrigation and reclamation; a renewed Interest in mining; a belief that we should produce all our luxuries and necessities as we are capable of doing, not only for ourselves, but for export; the cutting up into small tracts of the large ranch holdings; cheap oil for fuel purposes and electrical power generated on our mountain streams,— these are a few of the factors figuring potently In the present development, and with the aid of which we feel sure of lasting prosperity. Because of Its location, Sacramento is in the best possible position to benefit by these Increased activities and development in the northern part of the State, and that she will do so to a large degree there can be no question. One thing at the moment in which she seems to be deficient is manufactories. Being a natural distributing and shipping point, many goods. If manufactured here, could be shipped more cheaply and conveni- ently to their consuming markets than If made in any other point. Facili- ties for shipping are second to none and are bound to be increased. The merchants of this city are enterprising and up-to-date, make good use of printers' ink and their opportunities, and will no doubt expand and extend their business in keeping and In line with the general spirit of the day. San Diego County JAMES A. JASPER Secretary San Dleisro Chamber of Commerce SINCE the coming of Cabrillo the idealist has reveled in our golden sunshine, tinged with the soft kiss of climatic perfection, and counted the time well spent. The captains of industry in ye olden time idly lounged within the shadow of our perfumed arbors oblivious of the opportunities spread out before their dreamy vision. 'T is true they sorrietimes calculated the commercial value of the placid waters of this matchless harbor and its strategic position in relation in the world's com- merce, but the effort exhausted their energy and they lapsed into laziness. Capitalists are looking beyond the dreamers' ideals; they are figuring upon the days tha,t must elapse before merchant crafts bearing the flags of all nations will greet new trans-continental railroads on this flower-laden shore and exchange mail, passengers, and freight. They look to the East and behold a wilderness of waste has been bap- tized with the waters of the Colorado and converted Into wealth-producing farms. On the western slope of the mountain range one of these great captains got busy a few years ago, and to-day San Diego is supplied with an abundance of pure mountain water. A twenty-mile pipe-line has just been completed, at an expense of $600,000, connecting the Lower Otay Reservoir with the city, and through its commodious portals flows 7,000,000 gallons of the sparkling fluid per day. San Diego County now has six reservoirs completed, with a storage capacity of 26,922,000,000 gallons of water; three others in course of con- struction, with a storage capacity of 93,502,000,000 gallons; and still three other sites whose utilization is in contemplation, with a storage capacity, determined by actual survey, of 26,975,000,000 gallons, — making a total combined storage capacity capable of impounding 147,399,000,000 gallons of pure mountain water, with an ample watershed and sufficient rainfall to keep them full at all times. This is the best-watered county south of Tehachapi. Back of the city, wedded to these great water interests, lies a million acres of unexcelled agricultural and horticultural land upon which may be grown at a profit all products known to California; another million acres furnish profitable grazing ground for the thousands of head of stock, yearly shipped to other markets; and still another million acres abound in minerals, from gold to precious gems, including the many commercial products that come under this head. On the nearby mesas and sunkissed slopes thrive all citrus products, while in the higher altitudes apples, pears, and kindred fruits reach their highest state of perfection. Grapes grow everywhere, and the fame of our raisins and wine is not confined to the Pacific Coast. This is the poultry- raiser's paradise, as he can rear young fowls every month in the year, and a market is at his door. The busy bee inhabits the waste places and works overtime in maintaining San Diego's reputation as the banner honey county of the State. San Diego's population has doubled in the past five years; new and commodious business blocks, school buildings, churches, and residences have displaced the worthless shacks of dreamy days. Building permits from January 1st to date (September 25th) aggregate $2,267,375. The capacity of our electric-light system is being doubled to meet the growing demand. Old streets are being brought to proper grade and new ones opened up as the city expands. Many miles of new street railway is being built, and our sewer system is being extended. The newest industry inaugurated is the rafting of logs from the Colum- bia River; a large raft containing millions of feet of uncut lumber was towed into our harbor on September 8th. A large sawmill is being installed by the Benson Company, and soon the products of this and other rafts will be finding their way into Arizona and New Mexico. f Alameda County WILBBR WALiKBR Secretary Oakland Merohants' BxchanKe ALAMEDA COUNTY occupies the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, extending about fifty miles in length, embracing many varieties of soil and climate. At its southeastern extremity is the home of the lemon, the vine, and the olive. The wine of Livermore, Alameda County, received the high award of excellence at the Paris Exposition. The hops of Pleasanton received the gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, and the fruits and vegetables of Alameda County received the grand prize at the same St. Louis Exposition. The central portion of the county is the home of the sugar-beet, and large quantities of garden vegetables are raised to supply the markets of Oakland and San Francisco. Carloads of tomatoes and cucumbers are exported and immense quantities of peas and beans are produced. This is probably the only county in the world which ships scores of carloads of rhubarb annually two thousand miles and more to the markets of Eastern States and Europe. ^ ^-i-- rf f ihr??- Alameda County is the especial home of the cherry and apricot, and in no other locality do these fruits attain such size and flavor as here. The hay of this county is noted for quality; so much so that many owners of racing stock have their hay shipped across the continent, believing the extra expense is well justified. Alameda County contains the first mill ever erected west of the Rocky Mountains to produce sugar from beets. The mill is still in success- ful operation at Alvarado, and its product received a gold medal at the St. Louis Exposition. Many thousands of tons of salt are produced annually from the waters of San Francisco Bay. The process is simple but interest- ing and furnishes employment to many hundred men throughout the year. Manufacturing is carried on extensively in Alameda County, and some of the largest factories in the State are in successful operation. The Judson Iron Works employ hundreds of men throughout the year, while cotton-mills, flax-mills, foundries, machine-shops, and numberless factories of other kinds swell the output of useful and necessary articles. The city of Oakland is the principal business and financial center of Alameda County. Its population at the present time is in the vicinity of 130,000 people. Joining it on either side are Berkeley, with about 35,000 people, and Alameda, with about 30,000 residents — a total of nearly or quite 200,000 people. These three communities are practically one city with similar aims and efforts, and must in the near future become one united municipality. Oakland Harbor is rapidly becoming what it was planned to be — namely, a place where ship and car may meet with as little delay and ex- pense as possible. The channel is rapidly being deepened, and when the present contract is completed the possibilities of its use will be largely increased. The northern side of the city is soon to be utilized for deep-sea vessels, and works of large magnitude are now under way in that direction. Berkeley will share in the benefit of this work, while Alameda will profit by the deepening of Oakland Harbor, as the dividing line (largely imaginary) between Alameda and Oakland is the center of the channel of Oakland Harbor. Alameda County is rapidly increasing in population and influence. It possesses great natural advantages of soil and situation. The soil is so rich that fifty-six years of continuous cultivation has not impaired its fer- tility. The climate is superior to the much-vaunted Italian climate. Sta- tistics will and do demonstrate that we have more sunny days in Livermore than are seen in Naples or Florence, and the range of temperature through- out the year is remarkably even. The situation of Alameda County is unsurpassed. Occupying a fertile level valley bordered on one side by the imperial bay of San Francisco and on the other by the beautiful background of hills rising gently toward the smiling California sky, this county possesses an ideal situation. Shunning alike the cold winter and the heat of summer, it possesses the golden mean of temperature, with probably more pleasant days in the year than fall to the lot of many residents even of favored California. Alameda County is the natural terminus of all transcontinental rail- ways. The Southern Pacific and Santa Fe Railways are already completed to Oakland, and the Western Pacific is rapidly being constructed to termiriate also In Oakland. Riverside County EDWARD W. HOLMBS RIVERSIDE COUNTY is the youngest of the seven counties which lie south of the Tehachapi Mountains. It has over 7,000 square miles of territory (an area larger than many of the Eastern States), a population of about 25,000, and an assessed valuation of over $1 8,000,000. Few counties in the United States have such diversified conditions of soil and climate, and consequently no other section can show such a won- derful variety of productions as this. Within its limits are lofty mountain peaks, snowclad at times, from which cool streams descend to supply sur- face or underground water with which to irrigate the great fertile valleys along their slopes. On the westerly side is located the principal population, and over the broad mesas many thousand acres are compactly planted to the orange and lemon; and among these are orchards of the olive, apricot, peach, and plum, vineyards of wine and raisin grapes, and indeed every plant known to the temperate or semitropic zones. On the level valley lands are large areas of green alfalfa, and dairying is a large and growing industry; while upon the lands where water is not available for irrigation hay and grain are produced in years of favoring rain- fall in immense quantities. Stock is grown in the foothill ranches, and in the canyons the beemen obtain a high grade of honey. The rapid growth of the cities and villages in the southern part of California has provided a splendid local market for all farm products, and insured the prosperity of the small farmer; while the development of the Eastern markets has made it possible to harvest most profitably the seven thousand carloads of oranges and lemons now produced in the county. Only a few miles from the summit of the San Jacinto Mountain the land drops abruptly on the easterly side from an altitude of 1,000 feet to hundreds of feet below sea-level. These desert valleys were once deemed valueless, excepting for their undeveloped mineral resources or as a winter resort for invalids to whom an absolutely dry atmosphere was necessary. But the discovery there of artesian water, and experiments made with mel- ons, grapes, alfalfa, etc., have demonstrated the wonderful productiveness of the soil and the fact that no section of the Union can compete with these valleys in the quality and early ripening of its products. Already thousands of carloads of these products are annually shipped to the great Eastern markets at a season when elsewhere seed is being sown. Riverside County offers exceptional opportunity for men of all classes. The railroad and hotel interests have sufficiently pointed out the pleasures of life, in a section where the climate invites out-of-door life for the worker or pleasure-seeker. The tourist finds in our sunny climate, our excellent hotels, our splendid roads, and our mountain and coast resorts attractions sufficient to bring him here in steadily increasing numbers, and it is largely from this class that our permanent urban population is being re- cruited. And the requirements of this rapidly increasing class furnish a steadily growing market for the products of the farm, the dairy, and the poultry yard. Manufacturing is also stimulated by the growing local needs. and the workingman who finds employment in consequence is rapidly adding to the consuming class and augmenting demands upon the soil products. Riverside County offers not only in its fruit-growing industry an opportunity for the safe investment of capital, but it offers also an opening for farmer, stock and chicken raiser, miner, and business man. Its people have provided themselves with admirable schools, both gram- mar and high, under capable and progressive instructors. Its churches and public libraries are numerous and well equipped. It has no liquor saloons, and its people are public-spirited and law-abiding. In the city of River- side, the county seat, a Chamber of Commerce and a General Information Bureau Is maintained, and they will be glad to send you information, liter- ature, and maps upon application. Orange County J. A. WILI.SON Secretary Snnta Ana Chamber of Conimerce DOWN by the Sunset Sea, to the south of Los Angeles, between the brown line of the Temecula Hills and the warm tides of the Pacific; where golden lime-trees flower and fruit forever; where the largest walnut orchards in the world spread their branches to the sun as it rises in the east amid groves of orange, or sets In the west beyond green fields and broad pastures In which the cattle of Holland and the horses of Kentucky stand knee-deep in blooming clover; where unnum- bered miles of wide avenues bordered by the trees of every clime cross and checker the broad valley, the waters of whose rivers and artesian wells have been turned Into gold; where the springtime always lingers, where winter never enters, and where the last rose of summer Is never seen; where mingle together the grapes of Italy and the Rhine, the figs of Smyrna and the dates and olives of Palestine; there where the palms of the South bend to Northern pines, and the richer foliage of the tropics blends with the flowers of all the zones; where rains fall gently and ocean winds breathe softly, under the blue of the Western sky and in the glow of the setting sun,— there is Orange County. Originally part of Los Angeles County, and adjoining it on the south- east, it is unsurpassed for fertility, beauty, and substantial resources by any similar area In the State of California; magnificent from the stand- point of industrial wealth, taking In a broad sweep of orchard and grain lands, lying within the valley of the Santa Ana River from the mountains to the sea. It has the best and cheapest Irrigation system in the southern part of California, Its source being the Santa Ana River, and the largest artesian belt and peatland district, as well as a large territory practically frostless. The land Included in the irrigated territories Is devoted to all kinds of fruit-raising, citrus and deciduous, oranges, lemons, walnuts, peaches, pears, apricots, loquats, and all other fruits found in tropical and semitropical countries. The land included in the artesian belt Is devoted to general farming, dairy products, stock-raising, alfalfa, corn, vegetables, and deciduous fruits; in the peatland district, to celery chiefly, and to all kinds of vegetables, and land not subject to irrigation, to barley, wheat, beans, and sugar-beets, the last-named product being extensively raised and manufactured Into sugar within the county. Orange County boasts of the standard of its public schools, which, together with Its high schools, are the equal of any in the State. The poultry and bee Industries are becoming extensive, and from the white sage the most delicious honey is produced. Oil is produced in large quantities from hundreds of oil wells. Santa Ana, a rapidly growing city of 8,000 inhabitants. Is the county seat, thirty-four miles southwest of the city of Los Angeles, situated on a level plain, where the air is laden with the sweet perfume of orange- blossoms and semitropic fruits and flowers, — a beautiful city in a beautiful location, where the ocean breezes cool the heated air of summer and warm the frosted air of winter, where summer is queen the whole year round. It is a clean, well-built city, close to the beaches, close to the mountains, and in the center of the most productive section of southern California. Here is the ideal location for the business man and the home-seeker — business, climate, and recreation. Other towns in the county are Anaheim, with a population of 2,500; Fullerton, with a population of 2,000; Orange, with a population of 2,000; besides many smaller places. The county is traversed by both of the great continental railroads, the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe, and the Pacific Electric from Santa Ana to Los Angeles. Orange County, bordering on the Pacific Ocean, has an even tem- perature the whole year round, with several prosperous beach resorts con- nected with the inland towns by rail. The cost of living in Orange County is practically the same as in Eastern points. Its acres given to agriculture are undoubtedly the richest in the great State of California, the most productive of any in the United States, and unsurpassed in the world. We cite the celebrated celery-fields of Orange County, which are included within an area of four miles square, in which the celery produced nets its growers between half a million and one million dollars annually. And in this same territory the sugar-beet product reaches nearly half a million dollars. Shasta County F. F. DUSTIN WHEN you stop to consider, Shasta County is comparatively an infant. The city of Redding, now one of the most progressive towns of its size in the State, was but a short time ago a swad- dling infant of some few hundred people and no substantial homes. Like many other new communities, outside capital saw its opportunity and came to assist a child of the greatest mother in the land, our State of California, with the nursing-bottle of moneyed investments. With what result? After a lingering growth of a few years, it waxed fat and healthy on the new nourishment, and last year we saw a steady influx of new capital that not only put new life into our county, but clothed us in new raiment such as modern buildings in the principal towns and new struc- tures across our magnificent waterways. New highways were commenced, and from that time on we have maintained that steady influx of people seen only in the more substantial communities. Are we not the largest producer of mineral in the State? Have we not some of the most fertile lands in the State? Are not our grapes far superior to any raised anywhere in the world? We say "world" advisedly, as the records at Washington show the Shasta grape has more per cent of sugar than even the greatest producer in Spain. We produce the finest wines, and a^e alone will demonstrate our claims. Did not we, in the hurried space of two weeks, on an out-of-season market, make a display at the State Fair of 1905 that brought us the second cash prize for the best county exhibit on the floor? Our generators of electricity are forging ahead as never before. Do you realize that we are supplying the Sacramento Valley with the modern motive power? Have you absorbed the fact that we have under way enough generative power, and base of supply sufficient, to move all the machinery in California? Are we not now supplying that reserve to other companies to keep them alive to the new fields opening up? Have n't we the grandest scenery in the United States, amongst which are the beautiful resorts and canyons of the Upper Sacramento? Is n't our sporting ground one of the best? Deer, bear, and other wild game abound in the different hills around us. Fish are plentiful, for do you not know we have the largest hatchery in the world? We have two large United States hatcheries— one on Battle Creek and one on the McCloud. Did it ever occur to you that at this writing we are shipping straw- berries into the far North, to Oregon and Washington States? Would it be of any interest to you that at this writing we are receiving from the commission-men at Portland the highest net price for Muscat grapes, and that tons are shipped daily? Would you be surprised if I would state that I believe from my personal research (although no authority in the matter) that we have the greatest copper and iron belt ever opened up? We have several large smelters in operation. The Mountain Copper Company has distributed millions in divi- dends from the output of a copper mine bought for some $250,000 — a mine that was peddled to our local capitalists for $10,000 with no takers. The De la Mar property, perhaps one of the largest paying smelters for its size in the West, was mined in a desultory manner for years, until to-day, under that new nursing-bottle, outside capital, its thousands upon thou- sands have found the open pockets of its backers. Is n't it a fact that both the Mammoth Copper Company and the new smelter now in course of construction are recognized as the typical up-to- date plants that are put only on unlimited ore — for, as you may not know, it takes a few millions to open a copper mine. We have the very best local market in the State. We buy most of our truck, eggs, and meats from below. We have the greatest demand for help, which gives us the highest and best wages paid anywhere. We have the cheapest lands (in price), as the community is new, and a new country is the place to locate to build up a home. We have the richest hoplands, comparatively unsettled, although we ship quite a few hops, the industry being new. We have the sixth largest shipping-point in the State (Redding), occa- sioned by the business the county does, it being backed by its own productions. We have ample school and religious facilities, equal to any in the State for its age. Our climate, we admit, has been abused. We refer to the official records to prove we have one of the best and the most varied, as in two hours you may be relieved of the dusty streets to a restful couch among the pines with the song of the clear running brook beside you — a source of rest and comfort to the overworked business man. Our taxes are in fair comparison with any county in the State. Many railroad surveys are now being made, which no doubt will eventually give us an outlet so badly needed to our dairying interests. The Walker interests have secured probably the finest body of pine timber, as a whole, in the world. This in time will be cut. What will be the effect? Mr. Walker has stated in the writer's presence that in fifty years, under his system of forestry, a finer body will be standing than to-day. This means an industry perpetual in itself. I wish to state in conclusion that from the advertising point of view our California Promotion Committee has done noble work for California inasmuch as its statements have been conservative and more has been found than advertised. Give a man better goods than he expects, and you 've got him. u Tehama County A. J. HANMANS TEHAMA COUNTY is bounded by Shasta County on the north, Plumas and Butte on the east, Butte and Glenn on the south, and Mendocino and Trinity on the west. Tehama County has an area of 3,200 square miles, or 2,000,000 acres, of which 800,000 acres are tillable, 700,000 acres grazing, and 500,000 acres of forest or timber lands. The eastern line of Tehama County extends to the summit of the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the east and to the summit of the Coast Range Mountains on the west. These mountains extend from north to south, and about 125 miles north of Tehama County the two ranges converge, and at that point rises grand old Mount Shasta, whose ever-snow-capped head climbs far above the firs and pines until it reaches an altitude of 14,442 feet. At this point, it may be said, rises the head of the great Sacramento River, which flows to the south and nearly through the center of Tehama County, and is navigable for steamboats to Red Bluff, the county seat of Tehama County. On either side of the Sacramento River, and extending to the foothills of the mountains, may be found as fertile soil as can be found on the Pacific Coast, and nature has done much for Tehama County by protecting it from the cold western and eastern winds and fogs that come in from the ocean, thus giving it a climate not equaled by sunny Italy. This enables Tehama County to produce anything and everything known to a tropical climate. Tehama County has more diversified industries than any other county; her schools and churches are equal to any, and the county and towns are showing a vigorous growth. Many of our large grain ranches are now being cut up into small tracts which will furnish homes for hundreds of families, and a man can secure a tract of land of any size he may desire at "live-and-let-live" prices. No healthier county can be found on the coast; flowers bloom and vegetables mature every month in the year, and it is a true saying that this is a land of sunshine, fruit, and flowers. Red Bluff, 307 feet above sea-level, is 200 miles north of San Fran- cisco, 125 miles north of Sacramento. The average rainfall for twenty- eight years is twenty-nine inches, extending from October to July, and Tehama County never had a crop failure. Nevada County C. II. DARKER Secretary Nevada County Promotion Committee THIS county is well named the "banner gold-mining county of the United States." Its history began in the year of '49. Since that period it has continually held its own, and has added $200,000,000 to the wealth of the world. In addition to having produced gold, it is also a land whose good soil produces fruit and all kinds of crops in abundance. The finest apples and Bartlett pears are grown in a great quantity at the elevation of 3,000 feet; prunes, grapes, olives, and other fruit at a lower elevation. Peach-trees in this county have produced fruit that has sold at an average of $200 per acre. One of the best known creameries is located six miles from the city of Crass Valley. There are thousands of acres of land in and near Grass u Valley City, now used for pastures, which, if divided into small tracts of from forty to sixty acres, will make an excellent opportunity for settlers, and will equal, if not surpass, any producing lands in this State. Water in abundance can be had for irrigation at a reasonable price, and three to five crops of alfalfa can be raised in a season, finding a ready market at home at $17 per ton. The agricultural interests are still in their infancy, the result being that there are excellent opportunities for the actual settler with some capital to obtain fruitlands in the finest climate in the northern part of the State. Our water supply during the dry season is kept in the large storage reservoirs constructed in the mountains. They average a capacity in the western slope of 40,000,000,000 gallons. These lakes furnish the purest of water. The canals have a capacity and sufficient water to supply a city twenty times as large as San Francisco, the large and reliable supply of water being used for power of high pressure. It has assisted in making mining profitable, and after furnishing mines with power it is kept and used to advantage on the fruit ranches. In the county are the great water canal systems of the South Yuba Water Company, North Bloomfield Water Company, Excelsior Water Company, Summit Water Company, and one of the plants of the Bay Counties Power Company. Means of transportation are made by a narrow-gauge road connecting Grass Valley City with Colfax on the main line of the Southern Pacific. Within twelve months from September, 1906, a broad-gauge line will run through to Auburn, Placer County, and Marysville, Yuba County, which will increase our land values twofold. The home-seeker who wishes to acquire a self-supporting property with little means would do well to look at the opportunities offered near Grass Valley, Nevada County. Nevada County is well equipped with schools and churches. In this important particular, our people are as well cared for as any part of the United States. The public schools in Grass Valley are accredited, and graduates can enter the State University of California, the highest institu- tion of learning in the State. Grass Valley City has a private educational institution, with a corps of twelve instructors, which is highly recommended. Its graduates are found all over the State. The above-named city also has a business college of high standard of instruction. Any further particulars in reference to this county can be had by writing or applying to the Nevada County Promotion Committee, C. H. Barker, Secretary, Grass Valley City. Colusa County JOHN H. HARTOG Secretary Colutta County Chamber of Commerce COLUSA COUNTY has principally been known for its enormous crops of wheat and barley, and secondly for its enormous ranches. Think, if you can, of a single farm (ranch) of ten thousand acres; then add three more such farms to it, and even then you are four thousand acres shy of the total of one ranch in this locality, — namely, the Glenn Ranch, which comprised 44,000 acres. The Boggs Ranch, with 10,500 acres, and the Packer Ranch, with 7,000 acres, are other samples. As some of these ranches gradually come upon the market for subdivision, the poor man gets his chance. The man with small capital can buy ten, twenty, or forty acres and be independent for life. While I am writing this, the papers teem with urgent requests for labor, and our Colusa County Chamber of Commerce has inquiries from all IS around for help. One of the enigmas of the age is why men will slave along (on starvation wages in many cases) in big cities at uncongenial work, while here they could be in God's country, in the open air, at good wages, — why they should voluntarily prefer poverty and squalor to health and happiness. You may think the wages are the cause, but this is not so. I know personally of Japanese making right now from $5 to $6 a day picking prunes, of children making from $2 to $3 a day at that or similar work. You may say that these are exceptional cases, as prunes, hops, and so on are not to be picked every day in the year. True, but "steady" work is to be had at $1.50 a day and board. As the mild weather makes the cost of clothing and living much less than in less-favored climes, and as there Is not the temptation nor the opportunity to squander money as there is in big cities, it is easy to figure up how much more a man here at $1.50 and board can save than his fellow in the dark, damp cellars In Eastern packing-houses at $1.50 to $1.75 without board. Colusa County, about 70 miles north of Sacramento and about 140 north of San Francisco, is favored with a great soil, that will grow almost anything — luscious grapes, splendid oranges, lemons, figs, prunes, olives, almonds, berries, pears, and apples, — why, it would be tedious to enumerate them all. Colusa oranges ripen long before those in the southern part of California are ready for market. Being first in the market, they command fancy prices. At the San Francisco Midwinter Fair they took first prize against all comers. Our prunes have been shipped away under the pseudo name of Santa Clara prunes, and were admitted to be the best that "Santa Clara" ever shipped. The joke was on Colusa County. Our raisin grapes, and our wine grapes are now admitted to have no superior in the State. Ask any one familiar with California what Colusa County is known for, and he will say: Cereals, Colusa sandstone, and mineral water. But in a few more years the answer will be: Prunes, grapes, and oranges. In some tracts they wanted to find out how deep this splendid alluvial soil ran, so they bored as far as forty feet, and still found it. They bored twenty more feet, and had to give It up, for it was still rich soil. One grape-raiser near the town of Williams in this county just sold his grapes at $65 for the Muscats and $95 for the Sultanas per acre. He has only eighty acres, but pity him not, for he Is putting another tract in grapes. A rancher near Colusa sold his pears from one acre for over $400. Another nearby sold his blackberries at over $400 per acre, and this is only his second year. And what is such land obtainable for, you will ask. Knowing that a six or seven per cent investment is considered something mighty good, it seems almost cruel to blandly inform you that just such land — land that will produce from $50 to $250 per acre per year — can be bought at from $40 to $100 an acre. And $250 maximum is putting it very mod- estly, for nearly twice that sum is nearer correct in many instances. All through Colusa County flows the beautiful Sacramento River, use- ful as well as ornamental, for two lines of steamers to San Francisco via Sacramento are kept busy transporting the wealth our soil produces and bringing hither from the two cities named the thousand and one manu- factured products and luxuries that we have to buy from them. Figs grow so abundantly here that people scarcely eat them. I have seen them swept off the sidewalks, just like so much worthless dirt. Oranges In your front yard and walnuts along the towns' roads in such bewildering abundance that it makes one ashamed to speak of it, for fear of being accused by the cynic of bragging. We see these things, but when we put the facts on paper can hardly believe that our senses do not mislead us. We see them so much that we hardly give them a thought. And so it is with the roses and other flowers, which grow here in such profusion and in spite of people. A new-comer will pick bouquets and adorn his rooms; aher he is here a while he gets so used to these glorious, blessed gifts from the lavish hand of the Creator that he too becomes calloused to his advantages. 14 The California Promotion Committee ACCOUNTANTS. Aaarath. J. W. ADDING MACHINES. BurroiiKh's Adding; Machine C«». ADVERTISERS. Tamey Jt. Green ADVERTISING. Cooper, F. J., Advertialnv AK«nc7 W^ell, William M. AMMUNITION. Union Metallic Cartrldse Co. AHClllTKCTS. D. H. Bnrnhnni Geo. H. Stratton, F. S. Wright A Wright. BANKS. Anglo-Callfornia Bank Bank of California California Safe Deposit and Trnst Co. Central Trnst Co. Crocker-W^oolvrorth National Bank French-American Bank German Savings and Loan So- ciety. Germanla National Bank Hlbernla Savings and Loan Society Humboldt Savings Bank Italian-American Bank Market-Street Bank Mercantile Trnst Co. of San Francisco Mechanics' Savings Bank National Bank of the Pacific Paelflc States Savings, Loan, and Bailding Co. Rollins. E. H.. & Sons Savings A Loan Society Security Savings Bank W^ells-Fargo-Nevada National Bank Bishop. Charles R. (Bank of California Walker, David F. (California Safe Deposit A Trust Co.) BARBER SUPPLIES. Deekelmen Bros. BOILER W^ORKS. Keystone Boiler Works BOOKS AND STATIONERY. Crocker, H. S., Co. Cunningham, Curtis A Welch Elder, Paul * Co. McNutt, Kahn A Co. Isaac Upham Co. Sanborn, Vail A Co. San Francisco Nctt-s Co. BREWERS. Brewers' Protective Assn. BROKERS. Broivn, Edward A Sons W^llson, J. C. CANNERIES. California Fruit Canners' As- sociation Code-Portwood Canning Co. Fontana. M. J. (California Fruit Canners' Association) Hunt Bros. <& Co. Jacobs, Inldor (California Can- neries CAPITALISTS. Borel, Antone Bnrnett, G. C. Coleman, Robert L. Dnrphy, B. F. Harvey, J. Do^mey Hopkins. E. W^. Lachman, Henry Lewis, SoL ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Mackay, Clarence Marye, George F., Jr. Meyer, Daniel Pacific Improvement Co. Pbelnn, James D. Quinn, Jolin E. Smith, F. M. Sprerkeis, Clans Spreckels, A. B. Thompson, R. R. CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND UPHOLSTERY GOODS. Hulse, Bradford A Co. CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY, AND FURNITURE. Hoffman, Henry J. (W. J. Sloane A Co.) Plum, Chas. M. A Co. CATTLE AND SW^INB DEALERS. Pierce A Co. CIGARS AND TOBACCO. Gunst, M. A., A Co. Jndell, H. L., A Co. CLOTHIERS. Raphael Straus, Louis COAL DEALERS. Allen. Chas. R.. Co. W^estern Fuel Co. COFFEE, TEAS, AND SPICES Braudcnstein, M. J., A Co. Casivell, Gee. W., A Co. Folger. J. A., A Co. Hills Bros. Jones-Paddock Co. Schilling, A., A Co. Thierbach, Chas. F., A Co. COMMISSION A MANUFAC- TURERS' AGENTS. Baclgalupl, Peter Clark, Sidney A. Becht, G. J., Co. Mailliard A Schmieden Morgan A Allen Rnlofson, A. C, Co. Thiehen, Jos.. A Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Armsby, The J. K., Co. Dodge. Sweeney A Co. W^itsel A Baker I CONFECTIONERS. I Blum, Simon ! The L. De Martini Supply Co. I Haas, Geo., A Sons CONTRACTORS. City Street Improvement Co. COOPERAGE. California Barrel Co. Richards, J. W^. Woerner Cooperage Co., David CORDAGE. Tnbbs Cordage Co. CORNICE WORKS. Forderer Cornice IVorks. CROCKERY AND GLASS- WARE. Nathan-Dohrmann Co. DAIRY MACHINERY. De Laval Dairy Supply Co. DAIRY PRODUCE. Dairymen's Association of San Francisco Dairymen's Union of Califor- nia. Halght, Fred B. A Co. DENTISTS. Fletcher. Thomas DEPARTMENT STORE. Emporium DRAWING MATERIALS. Dletzgen, Eugene, Co. DREDGING. American Dredging and Rec- lamation Co. DRIED FRUITS. Guggenheim A Co. Phoenix Packing Co. Rosenberg Bros. A Co. DRY GOODS. City of Paris Dry Goods Co. Davis. R. D., A Co. Hale Bros. Murphy, Grant A Co. Newman A Levinson Weill, Raphael A Co., Inc. Strauss. Levi., A Co. W^einstock, Lubin A Co. DYEING AND CLEANING. Hickman, Henry F. Thomas Dye and Cleaning "Works ESTATES. Crocker Estate Co. Dempster Estate Co. J. B. Hacrgin Estate Hotaling EMtate EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Castle Bros. Gets Bros. A Co. Jennings, Itufus P. EXPRESS COMPANIES. Wells-Fnrgo Express Co. FACTORIES. American Can Co, FARM IMPLEMENTS AND VEHICLES. Baker A Hamilton FIVE, TEN. AND FIFTBBW- CENT STORE. Charlton, E. P., A Co. FREIGHT COMPANY. Transcontinental Freight Co. FURRIERS. Llebes, H., A Co. GAS AND ELECTRIC CO. San Francisco Gas and Elee- trlc Co. GAS AND ELECTRIC FIX- TURES. Thomas Day Co. GAS ENGINES AND SCALBS. Union Gas Engine Co. GENERAL MERCIIANDISB. Smith's Cash Store GLASS COMPANY. Illinois-Pacific Glass Co. GOLD. SILVER, AND NICKEL PLATING WORKS. Dennlston, E. G. HARDTVARE. Arnold Hardware Co. French A LInforth Froelich, Christian Montague, W^. W^. A Co. Tay, George H., Co. Wlester A Co. HATTERS. Collins, Charles J. Fisher A Co. Inc. Friedlander Hat Co. Trlest A Co. HOPS. Horst, E. Clemen* Co. HOTELS. Hotel Brooklyn California Hotel Commercial Hotel Granada Hotel Hotel Hamilton Hotel St. Francis International Hotel Lick House New Russ House New W^estern Hotel Palace Hotel Richelieu Hotel INSURANCE. Boardman A Spencer Commercial Union Assurance Co. Costa, J. Davis, J. B. F., A Son Fireman's Fund Insurance C«. Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life) Hartford Fire Insurance Co. Liverpool A London A Globe Insurance Co. Pacific Mutual Life Insurance of California Royal and Queen Insurance Co. Springfield Marine and Fire Insurance Co. Ward C H INVESTMENT SECURITIES. Brown, W^llson A Co. IRON WORKS. Rlsden Iron and Locomotive W^orks JEWELERS. Carrau A Green Judls, Alphonse, Co. Radke A Co. Schnssler, M., A Co. Shreve A Co. I JOCKEY CLUBS. I New California Jockey Club. j JOURNALIST. I Wright, Hamilton The California Promotion Committee KNIT GOODS. Pf later, J. J.. KnlttinK Co. LAW BOOK Pl'ni.ISHBRS. Bancroft-WhUnry Co. LKATIIKIl BICLTING. U. N. Cwok Belting Co., Inc. LIMK AM> CEMEXT. Holme* Lime Co. Pacific Portland Cement Cu. LITHOGRAPHERS. Biitton A Rey Schmidt Llthogrraph Co. Union UthoicraphinK Co. LOANS. Morrell, C. H. MACHIIVERY AND ENGIN- EERS' SUPPLIES Cyclops Iron Works Harron, Rickard & McCone Henahatv, Bnlkley A Co. Martin, John Meese & Gottfried Co. Merrall's Mill Co. Moore, Charles C. A Co. Pacific Tool and Supply Co. Tatum & Bowen Troy Lanndry Machinery Co. MAGNESITE. American MnKnesite Co. MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS. (WHOLESALE). Claett, Peabody & Co. Nenatadter Bros. METAL ^VORKS. Pacific Metal W^orks METER COMPANY Pacific Meter Co. MILLERS. Port Costa Milling Co. Sperry Floor Co. MINING ENGINEERS. Callahan, H. C. MINES. Alaska Treadwell Gold MinlnsT Co. MOTION PICTURE PHOTO- GRAPHS. Miles Bros. NECKWEAR MANUFAC- TURER. Hdneman, H. M. NOTARY PUBLIC. Treat, R. B. OFFICE AND GENERAL FURNITURE. Brenner, John, Co. Cordea Forniture Co. Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co. Indianapolis Furniture Co. McCann, Alien A Co. SterliuK Furniture Co. W^eber, C. F., * Co. YaTTman A Erhe Mfx. Co. OIL COMPANY. Associated Oil Company Union Oil Company OPTICIANS. California Optical Co. OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. Heynemann A Co. OYSTER DEALERS. Morsan Oyster Co. PACKERS AND PROVISION DEALERS. Bacrus. Richard T. Miller A Lux A*>stern Meat Co. PAINTS, OILS, AND GLASS. DovrniBB, Thos., Inc. Bass-Hueter Paint Co. Faller, W. P., * Co. PAPER DEALERS. Bonestell. Richardson A Co. Union I'lilp and I'nper Co. PATENT MEDICINE, Callfornin KIk Syrup Co. I'll A II RACISTS. Martin. Henry J. RedlnKton A Co. Schmidt. Val. PIIOTOGRAPHBRS. Tarrill A Miller Wnters. R. J.. A Co. Williams, DImond A Co. PHYSICIANS. Bryant, Kdsar R. Prink. G. K. PIschel. Kaspar (orallat) Rosenstirn, Julius Sartorl. If. J ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER- CHANDISE. Allen, Wiley B., Co. Mausy. Byron Sherniiin. Clay A Co. PIGEON RANCHER. Ne^vbnuer, H. R, I'OTTERY AND TERRA COTTA. Clark, N. A Sona Gladding, McBean A Co. StelKcr Terra Cotta and Pot- tery 'Works. POWDER MANUFACTURERS California Powder "Works POWER rOMPANIF:S. Koster, F. J. (North Mountain Power Co.) PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Allen's PRINTERS AND PUB- LISHERS. Barry PrintluK Co., The Jas. H. Cominercio'I Publishing Co. Dettner-Travcrs Press FreysranK-Leary Co. Gabriel-Meyerfeld Co. Greater San Francisco Pub- lishing Co. Murdock, C. A., A Co. Partridge, Jolin PUBLICATIONS. The Guide RAILROADS. California Northwestern R. R. REAL ESTATE AND LANDS. Baldwin, O. D., A Son Baldwin A Howell Roardmnn Bros. A Co. Bovee, Toy A Co. Bush. David. A Sona Center A Spader Cotati Co., The DavidMon A Leigh Greensfelder A Bloch (Inc.) Hooker <& Lent Lyon & Hong Magee. Thos.. A Sona Mathews, H. E. Nares A Snunders (Freano) O'Brien, Chas. F. Realty Syndicate Co. Sage, O. G., A Co. Shainwald, Buckbee A Co. Speck A Co. Spencer, Wiliinm Crane The Seventy-Six Land and W^ater Co. Umbsen, G. H., A Co. Vl^hltney, J. Parker RESTAURANTS. Laraen, C. G. Wcaterfeld, P., A Co. ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA- PERS, AND PAINTS. Paraffine Paint Co., The RUBBER GOODS. Goodyear Rubber Co. Gorliam Rubber Co. W^inslow, C. R.. A Co. RUBBER STAMPS, ETC. Patrick A Co. SALT WORKS. Golden Gate Salt Works SCHOOL SUPPLIES. Milton Bradley Co. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. Lletx Co., The A. SEEDS. Morae, C. C, A Co. Volkman, C. M., A Co. SEWING MACHINES. Domeatic (J. W. Brans 41 C*.) SEWINti SILKS. CarIson-<:urrier Silk Co. SHIPPING. Roaenfeld, Jno., A Sona Urioat* A Co. SHIPPING AND COMMISSION STREET RAILWAYS. California Street Cable Rail- way. United Railroada of San Fran- cisco. SUITS AND CLOAKS. Kansolioff, L. SURETY COMPANIES. Pacific Surety Co. The American Credit Indem- nity Co. of New York SVRUI'S. Pacific Coast Syrup Co. TAILORS. Nordwell. O. W. TAILORS AND MEN'S FUR- NISHING GOODS. AtkiuM, n. C, A Sons. Iluliock A JoncM Co. WankowskI A Bock TANNERS AND LEATHER DEALERS. Bissinger A Co. Brown A Adams. Kuliman, Sale A Co. Legailet-IIeliwig Tanning C«. TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRAPH. Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Co. Postal Telegraph Cable Co. W^estern Union Telegraph Co. TENTS AND AWNINGS. Ames, Harris A Neville Co. THEATERS. Orpheum Circuit Co. TRANSFER COMPANIES. Bekins' Van and Storage Co. Bocarde Drayage Co. Emmons, G. W. Co. McNab A Smith Morten Drayage and W^arc- house Co. Renner, Geo. Union Transfer Co. TRUNKS AND BAGS. HIrachfelder A Meaney TUG BOATS. Shipowners' and Merchants' Tug Boat Co. TYPEWRITERS. Alexander, I>. A M., A Co. WALL PAPER. Uhl Bros. WATER WHEELS. Pelton Water Wheel Co.. The WHOLESALE GROCERS. Goldberg, Bowea A Co. Jennings, Thomas Rothschild, John, A Co. SuNNiuan, Wormser A Co. Tlllmann A Bendel WHOLESALE LUMBER AND SHIPPING. Dniheer A Carson Glen Blnir Redwood Co. Heolitman, A, J. Heyman, Julius Hooper, C. A., A Co. Mataon, Cnpt. W^k Nelson, Chas., Co. Pope A Talbot SInde. S. E.. Lumber Co. Tncoma Mill Co. Union Liimlter Co. WHOLESALE MILLINERY. Hlns A Landt. Inc. WINES A LHIVORS. Brunschwelger A Co. California AViae Association. (Jreenwiiy, E. M. Gnndlnch-Bundsrkn Wlae Co. Itnitnn-Swisa Colony. Jesse Moore-Hunt Co. Lachmnn A Jacob! liivlngston A Co. Mann A Co.. C. M., aneeeasora to I. de Turk. Martin, E., A Co. Schilling. C. A Co. Sohults, W. A. Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co. | Shea-llocnueraB Co Otis, McAllister A Co. Sloaa, Lonis, A Co. SHOES. Kocnlg, Frank SILKS AND TAILORS' TRIMMINGS. r*rd, C. W. R.. A Co. STOVES AND RANGES. Orabam, James, Mfg. Co. Sherwood A Sherwood. Slebe Bros. A Plagemann. Vnn Ilergen, N.. A Co. Wrnlger. P. .1.. A Co. Wetniore-Bowen Co. WIrhmnn, l.nlKea * Co, Wllmerdlng-I.orwe Co. WOOLENS AND TAILOR TIIIMMINGS. Arnatela. SIraoa A C«. throng Affllinted with the < omnilttee are one hundred nnd sl«ty comnier.liil organlaatlons ogbout Call for Ola, with n member-hip of more thnn thirty thou-nnd. *f THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RUFVS P. JBNNINGS, Chairman PRBDERICK TILLMANN, JR., Treaaurer. President Tlllmann A Bendel JAMBS K. ARMSBY Prc»iI«Ient The J. K. Armnby Company GBORGB A. BATCHELDBR Vice-President E. H. Rollins & Son* WII^IilAM J. DUTTON President Fireman's Fund Inaarance Corporation HERBERT FLEISIIHACKER A. Flelshhacker & Company ^VIIXIAM L.. GERSTLE Secretary and Treasurer Northern Commercial Company R. B. HALE Treasnrer Hale Bros. Inc. I. \V. HKLLMAN, JR Vice-President Union Trust Company of San Francisco HERBERT K. LAW Capitalist P. H. McCarthy President San Francisco and State Building; Trades Coaacll of California WILLIAM H. METSOX Campbell, Metson & Campbell JOHN MARTIN President John Martin A Company WILLIAM MATSON President Matson NarlRtttlon Company W^. S. PORTER Vice-President Associated Oil Company JAMES D. PHELAN President MotnnI Savlnss Bank JAMES ROLPH, JR Hind, Rolph & Company LOUIS ROSENFELD John Rosenfeld's Sons A. B. SPRECKELS Vice-President J. D. Spreckels A Brothers Company ANDREA SBARBORO President Italian-American Bank JOSEPH S. TOBIN Tobin &. Tobia DOUGLAS S. WATSON President Cltlaens' National Bank ADVISORY COMMITTEe A. B. SPRECKELS, Chairman GEO. C. PARDEE GoTernor of Calif ormla BENJAMIN IDE W^HEELER President Unirerslty of CaUferala DAVID STARR JORDAN President Leland Stanford Jr. Unlrerslty LUTHER BURBAXK Santa Rosa WILLIAM E. SMVTHE, San Diego Counties Sonth of Tehachapl MARSHALL DIGGS, Sacramento Sacramento Valley Conntlea F. M. S3IITH, Oakland San Francisco Bay Conntlea RETURN ROBERTS, Madera San Joaquin Valley Counties C. P. SOULE, Eureka North Coast Counties JOSEPH J. PERKINS, Santa Barbara South Coast Counties W^. A. CLARK;, Mountain View Central Coast Counties ELIAS SQUIRES, Glbsonvllle Sierra Counties LEW^IS E. AUBURY State Mineralogist ELLW^OOD COOPER State Horticultural Commissioner G. B. LULL State Forester CHARLES S. FEB Passenger Traffic Manager Southern PacUlc Company W^. A. BISSELL Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager Atchison, Topeka an< Santa Fe Railvray W^. J. BARTNETT Vice-President Western Pacific Railway E. W^. GILLETT General Passenger Agent San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad Company R, X. RYAN '-. General Passenger Agent California Northwestern Railwar and North Shore Railroad S. H. SMITH General Passenger Agent Sierra Railway Company A. G. D. KERRELL General Passenger Agent Pacific Mail Steamship Company L. F. COCKROPT General Passenger Agent Oceanic Steamship Company C. D. DUNNANN General Pasenger Agent Pacific Coast Steamship Company FINANCE COMMITTEE WILLIAM. L. GERSTLE, Chairman I. W^. HELLMAN, JR. GEORGE A. BATCHELDER FREDERICK TILLMANN, JR. JOHN MARTIN CONVENTIONS COMMITTEE JOSEPH S. TOBIN, Chairman JAMES K. ARMSBY W^ILLIAM MATSON W^. S. PORTER RECEPTION COMMITTEE WILLIAM J. DUTTON, Chalrmai HERBERT E. LAW^ LOUIS ROSENFELD HERBERT FLBISHHACKBR P. H. MCCARTHY SAN FRANCISCO AFFAIRS COMMITTEE JAMES D. PHELAN, Chairman EUGENE B. SCHMITZ Mayor of San Francisco CHARLES H. BENTLEY The Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco GEORGE >V. McNEAR The Merchants' Exchange CHARI-ES F. RUN YON Board of Trade of San Francisco ROBERT H. SW^AYNE Merchants' Association of San Francisco FRANK L. BROWN Manufacturers' and Producers' Association of California PERCY T. MORGAN The Pacific Commercial Museum HERBERT E. LAVl^ Association for the Improvement and Adornment of Sa Francisco J. R. HOIVELL The San Francisco Real Estate Board O. A. TVBITMOE San Francisco Building Trades Council THOMAS MAGEE, JR Harbor Committee MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE R. B. HALE, Chairman W^ILLIAM H. METSON DOUGLAS S. ^VATSON COUNTIES COMMITTEE ANDREA SBARBORO, Chairman, and representatives of all com- mercial organisations of each of the fifty-seven counties in Cali- fornia. ^ X^ l^f" H ^^.^