SSPE eS f he A en Hy t+ Stes ag AP NI LT SSS cata it oH ye PL ee Kash: ese ahi Bete $ abe’ fell “hs ue > 7 4 1%, ie ry See rk pa ie ° ss 3 sae < ~4 = r - Sem "7 ater cer Pye ep gee ee Fay 2 ea a eS - Ne SSeS =, =e Sreyeee - $ Hi! veate Hh) ra yb: ih si ty, rm “" a ae ee Fomeate ne tn ret eens BE : ~ 2 > — ays Se POSS = ee Ta Wer ssa = ae Bad ee = = x = ae = — ? — a2 a = :- SAS ee — =e SASS x x : sas Sas : = = Ss - SSS RES ¥ Soe SE - . Seta a > ee : = = < pra me 2: SEM. a3 23 a ~ ec 5 soeese ao ~ ho = ‘* aes = “as pS - ~ 3 Se de ra EE RES ~— Saag oot eee sti> Seen aS = Were Set ssstseet a oe eee tt eaten pao Se ect CRE sa Seren Se pS Ss — = = od Se er See SSS ee ys —— Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Poo ue : Tai) J t “(4 ¥ | —T™ ~ | | : | | ‘ ros | \ iS | h H i : | | ' \ * | ' i : . ; | | | i | ’ , i? + } y! | | | ' ‘ay, | | 7 i. i ; | , | | ? | | | | | | , / | ; | F ‘ , | | | | . ; 5 | nA | | | | | 7 = ; | | | 4 ’ : | | | . : j ‘ ' : | ' i | : . ; ’ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief WV ashington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER June 12, 1918 FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. By JAMES R. WEIR, Forest Pathologist, and Ernest E. Huppert, Scientific Assist- ant, Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, - Missoula, Mont. CONTENTS. Page. | Page. BMITONTC UlO rie aera rege See ee Sr i) Jebnelno@l@eatenl, maya 19 | Object of forest disease surveys___~ PAAR SHOU OCU TUE ON ees a Ee a le a 23 Disease-survey methods ____---~--~-- 13 INTRODUCTION. The National Forests are administered with the expectation of their becoming self-supporting through the medium of returns from such activities as timber sales, grazing, and special-use privileges. Of these operations, that of the sale of timber: is, in the National Forests of the northwestern United States, unquestionably of the eatest importance in: respect to paying the expense of administer- ‘ing the forest. In district No. 1 in the year 1916 the total receipts from timber sales equaled $439,880 and grazing $50,836. These figures ‘show the relation between the two incomes derived from the princi- | pal forest activities of this district. Some few of the forests have al- ready attained a position of self-support. One forest in particular ‘is reported to have outdone all expectations and in so doing has aided in the administration of forests whose incomes have been less than ‘their expenses. In such self-supporting forests it is always found ‘that a ready market and available timber supply have resulted in a ‘maximum of timber sales. It is, then, a ‘foregone conclusion that timber sales in the National Forests of the Northwest are the main- Stay of a self-supporting policy and that all data of value to timber- sale operations are bound to be of value in their successful super- vision. The data and recommendations included in this paper are based on conditions prevalent in district No. 1 of the United States Forest Service. 39732°—Bull. 658—18——1 2 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OBJECT OF FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. Timber surveys have as their prime object the gathering of such data upon proposed sales areas as will be of use in the appraisal and | administration of the sales, and it is this survey which makes the sale possible. The collection of valuable data on the board-feet con- ~ eae \\\ NN al way es / Zo x05 Fic. 1.—Pathological map of sections 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27, T. 2 N., R. 15 W., the Big Hole area, based upon the map of the timber survey of that area in the Deerlodge National Forest, Mont., showing timbered areas infected with disease. The rot percentages are indicated for heart-rot (Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.) and - butt-rot (Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.) only. Crosshatching indicates infection areas. Other symbols on the map are part of the Forest Service map legend, such as Spr. 200, which indicates Engelmann spruce, 200-year age class; L. P. 60, 0.7 equals lodgepole pine 60-year age class, density 0.7; Gr. equals grassland ; Br. equals brush. A, Pine rust (Cronartium coleosporioides (D. and H.) Arthur), gall and blister forms, on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ; B, smelter-smoke injury, principally of alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tazxifolia) ; C, honeycomb rot (Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.), principally on Engelmann spruce (Picea engel- manni); D, porcupine injury—peeling of bark and girdling of lodgepole pine; E, cubical butt-rot (Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.) on lodgepole pine and white-bark pine (Pinus albicaulis) ; F, mistletoe (Razoumofskya americana (Nutt.) Kuntze) on lodgepole pine. tents of the stand, cull percentages, forest types, age classes, topog- raphy, and logging factors is followed by an accurate map portray- ing the topography, types, density, age classes, and timber estimates. A careful stumpage appraisal of the area based upon these available data and upon the various economic and topographic factors forms the final step before contracts are let. FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 3 In most cases the appraisal of a timber-sale area is based somewhat low in respect to the total feet board measure of sound material, principally on account of the unknown amount of defect or rot to oe encountered and sometimes partially for other causes, foremost of which is the desire to prevent overestimation. _ In timber surveys the estimating of timber is performed by mem- bers of the party who have been trained to estimate stands of varying “mixtures, age, and soundness and who are thoroughly capable of ; 4 % . Fic. 2.—Fruiting bodies of Trametes pini on lodgepole pine. Notice the swell- ing of the trunk where the fruiting bodies are attached. (Photographed by G. G. Hedgecock.) _ judging the board-feet contents of trees within reasonable limits of error. The addition to the party of an expert cruiser has been made as a means of aiding the estimators in this work and checking their results. The determination of the correct cull percentage ie to rot is the aim of this arrangement in the crew. __ In certain types and ages of stand the estimate may come close to the true scale, but, again, too small a percentage is deducted for cull due to rot, and consequently the estimate runs too high. A sale con- tractor figuring possibly on a conservative margin and accepting the oe 4 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. estimate at its face value may find upon cutting the stand that a great deal more rot is encountered than was expected. This fact alone | could easily result in the logging operation turning out a loss instead | of a profit, especially if the logging chance is not a favorable one. | Such failures doubtless do not encourage the undertaking of further | contracts, and fewer timber sales are the result. This has its ultimate | effect upon the forest as a whole in an cconomic way. | Recent studies made of the rots occurring + in forest trees have | given information concerning the amount of decay prevalent in dif- ferent age classes and in different sites for a particular species of tree. These studies have indicated that the decay in a tree or a stand varies with such factors as age of stand, site, density, injuries, and moisture relations. Such being the case, a disease survey of the sales areas made either as a separate pathological survey or in conjunc- Fic. 3.—Typical rot of Trametes pini (honeycomb rot) in white pine. tion with the usual timber surveys would prove of immense value in a closer estimate of the sound board-feet contents of the stands.. A disease survey in conjunction with the timber-survey work would no | doubt be the more feasible plan of the two, since it would require no additional men for the crews and should not appreciably affect: the cost per acre. All that would be required in order to secure the disease data in more accurate form is the training of one of the members of each unit crew in the proper methods by which the. various pathological determinations are made. This would mean the ability to judge more accurately the cull percentage due to rot and the ability to recognize all the outward indications of decay as well as the principal fungi attacking forest trees. Preferably, the esti- mator should be the one selected to assume this duty, as it is his indi- vidual work which determines the total estimate and the cull percessa age of the stand. " 1Meinecke, E. P. Forest pathology in forest regulation. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 275, | 62. p. 1916: FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 5 The topographer, while sketching in the type lines and indicating the age class divisions, can at the same time indicate the boundaries Fic. 4.—Typical rot of the Indian-paint fungus on Abies grandis. Note the spines on the fruiting body of the fungus. (Photographed by G. G. Hedgcock.) of the heavier disease infections and also pencil in the cull percent- ages. In this way a pathological map? can be secured for the area 1 Weir, Te R. Some suggestions on the control of mistletoe in the National Forests of the Northwest. Jn Forestry Quart., v. 14, no. 4, p. 567-577. 1916. 6 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. : surveyed, and along with careful notes of the estimator upon the diseased areas and upon data secured by means of a few small sample plats a very close estimate of the cull percentage to be ex- pected can be had. Checks can be made upon the estimator’s work by the expert cruiser. Members of the Office of In- vestigations in For- est Pathology can render excellent service by aiding each unit crew in the field in becom- ing familiar with the various diseases and their causes. If properly ad- Fic. 6.—Typical rot of the velvet-top fungus in the end of a justed, this work white-pine log. Note the cubical character of the rot. would cause no va- riations in the amount of linerun per day by the unit crews. The junior FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. e writer has tested and proved this assertion in practice while employed by the Forest Service on the Big Hole timber survey made in 1914 in the Deerlodge Na- tional Forest of Montana. From the data thus collected pathological maps were made, giving in colors the areas of the stand in- fected, respectively, with the pine rust (Cronartium coleo- sporioides (D. and H.) Arthur), both gall and blister am, oe Fic. 7.—Fomes pinicola, the red-belt Fomes growing on (Razoumofskya grand fir. americana (Nutt.) : Kuntze), heart-rots (Trametes pint (Brot.) Fr. and Polyporus schweinitzti Fr.), and various other diseases (fig. 1). Careful notes BSRUHOs Se i! SIM LaW { [2 W3LSAS va pera ey aye EE | 1S v filise ahr Fic. 8.—Typical rot of the red-belt Fomes in grand fir; cross and tangential sections. Note the strands of white felty masses (mycelium) throughout the rotted areas. were taken as to the percentage of infection in each case, and a closer estimate of the amount of cull was made possible. In one particular cee 8 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ‘ case an estimator wished to give a full estimate of a stand of white- bark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) growing upon a flat ridge. The trees of this stand upon closer examination were found to be almost — universally heart-rotted with Polyporus schweinitzii for a distance of 5 to 12 feet up from the base. The trees were fairly large and if sound would have made excellent stull material, the chief product in the Big Hole Basin region of Montana. Giving a full estimate to these trees would have meant a serious overestimation of the stand, since it was finally estimated that about 40 to 50 per cent by volume was cull due to the heart-rot. Fruiting bodies of the causal fungus almost hidden in the dé- bris at the base of the trees gave the determin- ing clue, and soundings upon the trunk followed by notching completed the determination. | There has always been a serious need for some method by which a fairly accurate estimate can be made of the rate of decay of a stand of timber. Good results as to the probable cull percentage to be expected from rot upon a certain stand have been secured by expert and experienced cruisers and appraisers. Timber sur- veys have in most cases placed the estimates of Fic. 9.—Polyporus sulphureus, sulphur fungus, at sound timber within a rea- base of larch. sonable limit of error; but} evidently no attempt has ever been made to secure a more accurate result in respect to the cull in a stand due to rot other than thosef. results secured by ocular estimates. Occasionally in the administra- tion of National Forests the question arises concerning the probable rate of increase in rot per annum in a certain stand of timber. The resultant decision as to the time of disposal of the timber hanging in the balance depends upon the amount of accurate knowledge and the data at hand regarding the decay in the trees. If proper and sufficient data are secured, these will furnish the total volume and§ the total volume of rot for the stand in question. With these as a FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. i) basis and figuring in all the economic and silvicultural factors con- cerned, a cutting age can be computed, aimed to secure the greatest amount of sound material at a minimum of cost. No definite rule can be given as to the value of the ratio between the total volume and the volume of rot required in determining the cutting age. Too many factors are concerned even to generalize, and each stand must be judged according to the conditions present at the time it is under consideration. But it is unquestionably true that data giving the relation between the sound and the decay increment in a stand, as well as giving an approximation of the rate of increase in decay to be expected, will aid greatly in solving the question. of the proper cutting age for that stand. Forest management of this kind can _ be practiced to a profitable end provided intensive methods are employed in making a_ special disease survey of the areain question. Sure- ‘ly this would be a step toward more intensive and more economic for- est management and would aid in solving many of the perplexing - problems hinging upon the decay in timber. ; Whe cost of such a sur- |Be yu ae etric "system 2! vey would not be pro- | hibitive by any mean»ns, Fig. 10.—Typical rot of the sulphur fungus in larch. even in case the stand were composed of more than one age class, since sample plats of small dimensions could be successfully used in securing the necessary data upon the decay. To supplement these and aid in the diagnosis of the stand, such available data previously secured for similar tree species, age classes, sites, etc., could be used te advantage. Aside from the advantage secured in arriving at a more accurate rot percentage for a stand,.a disease survey accompanied by a patho- logical map would be extremely useful after the sales are closed, the brush burned, and preparations made for the reforestation of the cut-over area. Looking into the future is the forester’s basic prin- 39732°—18—Bull. 658 a —— 2 Site vee - . 10 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ciple, and whenever forestation of an area either by natural or arti- ficial reproduction is contemplated it would be extremely unwise to overlook the risks to the young growth incurred by possible disease. A pathological map would serve to give the previous location of dis- eased trees, as well as the location of diseased uncut areas surround- ing the sale area and the localities and sites where diseases seem most prevalent, and would also serve to indicate whether the seed trees left, if any, were of a group which was heavily diseased or not. Dis- eased trees of any kind left as seed trees or otherwise on or surround- ing a cut-over area always act as distributing points of disease to the young growth occupy- ing the near-by areas. For this reason atten- tion has recently been centered upon the in- troduction and strict enforcement of sanita- tion clauses in all tim- ber-sale operations.t These clauses include the removal by burn- ing of all heavily in- fected standing trees and all cull material left on the area and strongly advise the use of healthy trees as seed trees instead of dis- eased ones. For the same reason as given above for the protection of young growth in cut-over areas, a disease survey 1S even more necessary upon proposed nursery sites, present nursery sites, and all plantation sites. Wherever young trees are grown in close proximity to heavily diseased native trees or alternate hosts of forest-tree rusts there Fic. 11.—Fomes officinalis, chalk fungus, on western larch. 1 Meinecke, E. P. Forest-tree diseases common in California and Nevada. U. S. For- est Service Manual, p. 62. Washington, D. C. 1914. Weir, J. R. Some factors governing the trend and practice of forest sanitation. In Forestry Quart., v. 13, no. 4, p. 489. 1915. Meinecke, E. P. Forest pathology in forest regulation. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 275, 62 p. 1916. Weir, J. R. Larch mistletoe: Some economic considerations of its injurious effects. U. S. Dept: Agr] Bull 317, ps 24. -91'6: k Weir, J. R. Mistletoe injury to conifers in the Northwest. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 360, | p. 33-37. 1916. ‘ | FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. Aa: _ always remains a great danger of infection spreading to the young _ stock, with consequent loss. This has been shown in several recent g cases where forest nurseries were located in close proximity to dis- _ eased trees and alternate hosts. At the forest nursery at Haugan, Fic. 12.—Fomes officinalis, chalk fungus, showing typical rot in lodgepole pine. Note the ‘ white mycelium in the cracks. (Photographed by G. G. Hedgcock.) “Mont., yellow-pine seedlings became seriously infected with Cronar- | tium coleosporioides (Peridermium filamentosum Pk.). The disease was transmitted by means of the alternate form of the rust occurring on the Indian paintbrush (Castilleja miniata Dougl.), which was found growing at the very edge of the nursery beds.t. A survey of 1 Weir, J. R., and Hubert, E. E. A serious disease in forest nurseries caused by Peri- —_ a en a a, ae | 14 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. agencies, such as fungi, mistletoes, smoke, frost, wind, and snow injury, their outward recognition, and their possible and actual dam- age to the trees. Sample plats of small dimensions can often be | resorted to in order to ascertain the extent of a heart-rot in a certain age class. Borings can be made with an increment borer on a few sample trees and thus the kind of rot and in the case of butt rots the extent of decay can be determined. Soundings on the trunk, the presence of sporophores, the number of dead branches or in- Fic. 15.—Fomes annosus, root Fomes. Typical fruiting bodies. juries, and the presence of the unmistakable swells and pitch flows occurring at old branch whorls all aid in the determination of the presence and extent of decay within a tree. The amount of decay bears a certain relation to the age of a stand, becoming greater as the stand grows older. Owing to this fact, a table similar to the cull table given on page 25 of the Reconnaissance Manual of District 1, United States Forest Service, but giving the rot percentage only for a range of age classes for each tree species would prove of value in judging the decay in the stand. Such a table would give a range in rot percentages to be FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 15 found in a certain age class, a certain site (slope and bottom) for a given tree species for a given kind of rot, and would be com- piled from intensive field studies made upon felled trees. It would properly be termed a “table of rot percentages ” and would be used by the estimator of each » unit crew to deter- mine the rot percent- ages for each type of forest encountered. Further deductions for other defects could then be esti- mated and the total i a cull percentage se- Fie. 16. Tine nical rot of the root Fomes in ed fir. Note cured by the addition the black dots in the white areas. of the rot percent- age. In conjunction therewith, another table giving (1) the class of defect. (2) common name of the defect, (3) the fun- gus causing it. (4) the various tree spe- cies affected. (5) the general external and internal characteris- tics of the defects, and (6) the average extent of the rots and the general form of the rot within the tree would be of ereat service to the estimator. Such a Fic. 17.—Pholiota adiposa, the scaly Pholiota. (After Freeman.) Sor Corin SAW ay lla fy | jan ni system 2 3! 4\ 5 table prepared from ; field data secured during the past three seasons is here submitted. (Table I; figs. 2 to 23.) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 658, LLETIN BO] Ysa PUOAOG, Supuvape you Ayyensn “uuoyun {prweadn 90.1} OY} JO OSV OY} ULOA] [BOTUOD $40.0 BUIZT “UdGibo SouT;UeEdINY JO JOpo !(urnt,o04 UL) [VLOPCUL OAT[}[OJ OFTYAL JO S}shto SNOUTSO.L UI) YIM AT[/BUOTSBOVO FAP LOY M OL} YT pues ‘*A;qumuo ‘yeorqno A|poounouolc UMOIQ YSTppot ‘oseys peordAy SUMOIG YSIPPol Ys] ‘Ssoseys A].UVO UT: (S}OOI S090 Os[B) 001} JO 4QNq JO 4oO’-jAvOy WIOyTUA *po0OoOM4.IVOY, OY} JO [[V 10 ysour suyAdno00 ut wuoyTuNn Auoa SAvoop }80}VO1S JO BOIB OY WHOA SUOTPOOATP YOY UL [BOUOD {AvOOP PolOjOo-yAep SUloNp -O1d ‘OSO/N{ [OO SUTONPOd ‘Z1A “40.4 BULZTUOG -IVO +PO}JOL MOT[OY WOO ‘SUOTVIO[OOSTP pana YSIppor YIM ‘ASuTYS PUB ‘HO30.1q “pop 1d! (WOT, 008 Ss0.19) OOVJANS POAVLS :.10[00 pol-Aysnd doop B SULMOYS s}oUy ‘10]00 UT por Aysn.t 07 ysTUMOAG ‘ABUTS “Os ‘ose4yS jwordA} Spourejys Mood ‘ASu0ds poom ‘sosuys Ajrwo Ur {(ApouTyUO YsouryeR soroods 901} UDAIS OF POUYUOS) JOI-pwOY WUIO;TU A) *poom -javoy oy) SUppOVZVe ATULIOJTUN YOU seoe Ayoyed sv uo9jjo ‘syrup coddn ye supwodey ‘[woruoo. YO nq sve fyunay UL Avoop 4so -YBOId JO BOIG OF WOT] SUOTPOOITP YO WI [BOTUOD 14O.1-O7TYM fOSO[N]{]OO OF Poom But “JLOATOD “ZITA “Od BULAJTUSTOp !poyeiedos SBULL (BNUWE ‘poyBos Full sosvjs poouva “pv UL pues svore poyid YIM popsurur soyoyed OPM J]BUIS *UOTWOS SsOlo UT ‘(Pod |OOSTIP) UMOAY “JOS ‘AxyyuNd ‘soyoyud [worndy]O OFM OduBp_ AO ][eUIS YIM ‘UOTO08 YTS UT AOJOO YSsTppor ‘soseys Apo UL SUIsot OU FO O}4)I[ JO Sood, UT YO-des IO JO reo t 001) SHOUISOL UL JOL-yarvoT] ‘sJOO posoc aek yeord44 yo oougsoid xO UO PUB OO1) OY JO UOTZAOd jeseq oy} WO ssulpUNos ‘SJOOL posodxo OY} UT 4OI-UMOIG JO suoTeoIpUL f(QyUAy oy UO dn YSIY JOAOU) 00} OY} JO OSL OYY 4B sonmMlur woody Surmsst snusuny yo -YOBIG SV PUNO] SOUTTPOUOS ‘(STAQOp Aq podlorood Appavd SABA [B A[LwOUL) 001, OY} TVOU PUNOAS oY UO sus “UNF OYJ JO SoTpOg SuTyMay peordA 7, sO] SB Yous ‘soLmnfur uo opvur ssuTpunos fsqnys ol) you peotdAy JO oouosord VOLO ‘SOZBIq ‘SavoOS OI ‘sivos SUI UBvUL S3yUNY youRld P[O UL 1000 pod-Aysna doop ‘SHOUM 4B SssUT[POMs Poounouodld Aq poraedmoove ‘sqnjs youraq pvop Jo Loquimu osrey 3yo poddoup OAVY SOIPOG( SUMMA, Vou ‘syousy yund poi-Aysna doop Aq Jo ssut -[[OMS AQ OYTO ‘SpAoUpAr none V@ suolyeoTpUT !001% oy} UO snk -UNJ OY} JO SOIPOg Burjmay peordd y, [BoTdAy JO VoULOSO.AKC “ULIOY 4O.1-49q Ol} OONpPUT osVq ou 4@ SOoVyyBO !4OU ‘SpUb] SHOLIvA JO sommmlur Aweur !Avoop BUT)BOTpPUT ‘ssouTy und 10 ssoUMO][OY 4VOJOp 0}. YUNA OY} UO Opvur ssuIpUNos {yo poddoup oavy sorpog Buryinay yeu). ‘oounysqnus Ayund ystumorq Aq LO S]TOMS ACL LOILITO ‘SPIOYM YouRAG SUOTYROIPUL 20017 OY UO snauny oy} JO Sorpog Surya pwordA yj, plo 4e "{ooJop 10 AVOP JO SUBTS [VUIOZX HY *~) pur pus ‘WM “ED vy “to “ta “dT daM ‘ddl’ dX ‘dM TW WV ‘rT pur ad“) “Wb ‘TW STEM “St “dT “dd M dd Td Ad M “LV *porpory ye A[[BlOUOT SOOd J, ‘(g “Sy) sna “Uny dOy-VOATOA ‘11% -WUTOMYOS SHAOd ATO G2 ‘3y) snsuny qured -UvTpPUY SuNN0} -OUT}, UWHTYyUOpOUs oot ‘(g-sy) snsuny oyvos -sunt ‘Turd sop,ourey, *(soumeu WOTIUIOD Puw YT} -U0T0S) OFISBIVd LRsNVD (9 SY) joryqynq peorqng (P BY) JOL-UMOIG ASUS a sy) “yor quiooAouo Ty] “VOoJOp OY JOF OULBU WOULULOY [ourd Mo][od 080M =F X SOUT OFM WIOISOM = M POOTUTOY, W1OISOM =TT MA SourTd yueq-oVM = Tq AY Ooruroy UreyUNO UE =HW ‘ourd oodospoy=qa'y ‘ould aoquaop = q’y] ‘youep UtoysoM =] ‘ay puBssd—ypH Soonuds UUCUTLOSUA, =GoL “Uy SBIZNOC, =yLC Awpoo Pod ULoJSOM ‘suaoufo Huryanus pup ssojpunjsa fo asn ay) sof svat) Hurpunis sof swoyounuiopop nord ee ee en ae ee —— i, i — | TE VT, ay ourdye ‘dn yooy 9 04 g ATeNsN {Avy “Hotto “UMoyTun) Boy jsp OPUT poop e@y oj du S}OOL WOly “Ory yn|ey *OO1) O1TGUO (IR ONTO “UMOJTUN) = QOu- UL, “Ayo ved A]/Croues $40.1 -Vywnq sve suyoR AIC “UOISCO00 “O03, UT, “jyOvjop Jo WV suoTpyervaigqy | | rei FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. ‘poOOMfAvOY UT JRoTUOD {401 SuIzMO GAO {pojjOI MOT[OY SuTMODO ATpeuy ‘ssuII yenuuUe Suryeredos pur sosevys ysvy UT dn supyvoiq pue UTeIs OY) SsoIOe SUTUUNA sossvuL AIO] OITA IO UB} JUD] OF YSIMOT[OA fsyBos}s YSIUMOIG ‘10;0o AoUOY, 10 MO][OA ‘9SBYs [BOTA SUTeIs MO[[OA-JYSI] V ‘sosvJS A[IVO UT !(UISed OU JO 9]}}T] YIM soi} Jo ATpedrould) JOs-yavoy WAOJIU) ¢ ‘poomdes Jo [[@ 10 yued pus poomyrvoy suypy ‘usojTuM ‘{7voTUOd !404 BULAJTUST[op ‘soleos yaeq sopun (umpyookur) sesseur Ayoy ouy ‘Asuods Ajjeuy ‘poyeredos ssutr jenuue ‘sosvjs 4svl UT :SBOIG OPI JO 10}U00 UL S}OP Youyq YIM AT[BUOTsBo00 ‘(poyyId A[jUOUTUOId qou) poOM puhos JO svore sgyjeus Aq poyeredos svore YSIWTYA ‘osBXs [BoIdAY !40]00 UT YSIppol 0} OV] T] WOT] SUISULI ‘sosvys A]AvO UT 244Nq JO JOI-yABOyY PU 4OI-des WIO}IUL g “ULIOJIUN “[BoIUOD {40.1 SUIZIUOGABO fsnsUNy doj-JO9ATOA OY} JO VSOY 07 Poleduod sv SNOUIsOIUOU PU LOxOTY ‘1o81ey soyoyed 4joy ‘soyoyed jeoiqno Uoejoq uNT[ooAUT JO sIOAVT OFTIL[OJ FTAA ‘AUp Woy 9]4}1Iq pues ATQuInJo ‘Peorqnd ‘UMOIG YsIPpot ‘odvyS [VOTdA} SUMOIG JYST[ 401 ‘sodeys Ajave ur ‘sormnlat ysnosy} oouvsjyuo SUITES Aq soo1} SUTATL UT JOI-JIVOY SB BUTZOV AT[BUOISBov0 ‘10qUT} UMOP pUv SUIpURs pPvop UT AyyedrouTid punNoy Yor-qavoy WO; 1 *1OAVT suymiy 10 1apMod Moy[9A-98URIO OSO]O -SIp [[IM sieyUvO PUG SSUTI[OMS UO YIVq jo suiddryo yysy @ ‘ysnsny 07 Avy But -Inp snonordsuoout st o3vjs BUIJTNIY MOY AA (s) (z) "uLojTun ‘;eoTuod ‘401 surzmmoqieo fs19AVe] UVEAYoq WNIT :eoA Ur Ayo] uMOoIq ‘sesejs poouvApe Ul ssUuTI jenuue suyeredes poom surids podvo -9p !10JOO MO][OA-FY SIT {4O1-yavoy WLIO}TUGQ *u0jTUn ‘[eoTM0d {401 SUIZTUOGIvO ‘s}JOJO UL SessvuL [BI[VOA UL Ayjey ura yy ‘Ayqumnso ‘Arp ‘o14Q411q ‘UMOIG YSIPPol YIep ‘adv4s [VOId A} UMOIG quay ‘sesejs A[lve Ul ‘4O1-jrveYy ULIO;TUQ *mo0jTun ‘{BOTU09 £401 SUIZTUOGABO {U0TIOOS SsO10 UT podeys aejs ‘s}jojo UT sessvur [elooAuL Aqoay WO) WA ‘(pBotqno A;Tpsounouoid you) A(quinde ‘Arp Woy 9[9)11qQ /UMOIG ystppot yep ‘osejs yeordA, ‘umoiq qysy ‘sosejs A[Iwe UT ‘401-y1veqy ULIOsTU_ (1) ‘sdoyuto pure si[es wodn yueyd 90} 0] }SIUL JO QOUNSYB ‘soyoUBIG PUB YUL} JO SIOYUVD IO SoOBJ}VO :sdUT -[[OMS poounouold uO sosseur ATEp -mod ‘MojyoA-oduvI0 JO (ysn3ny 0} ABW JO syyuUOW SULINP) soUoSsorg ‘soyouriq 10 yun} oY} UO SssUT][OMS SNONoIdsuoD ‘suI00I1q -SOyoJIM + ‘ssIM} puB soyouel uodn sjuvjd oojo;jstur yeordAy, “401 [BoIdA4 JO 9oUSSOAd {yUN. UO gpeUL SsUIPUNOS ‘901} OY} UO sns -UnJ Oy} JO sorpoqg suTyInIy peordsA 7, *sj00. posod -xo U0 pUuv 901} OY} JO Osvq OYY 48 SZUIPUNOS ‘s}OO1 10 99.1} OY} JO osBq Oy} 1B MOT uses {dn pol9Ao0d Ajyensn ‘soyojoid Joo. oy} Ul sus -UNJ oY} JO soIpoqg suTyIndy yeordA T, ‘sands 400.1 posodx9 U0 pu 90.1) 94} JO oseq oy} 48 ssUTpUNOS ‘(ssvur Ayund @ OJUT sjoor oY} 4Qnoqe SLUIGOP JSe1OF OY BUIYUOUTED 199j0 $9[0J0.10 JOOL OY} U1) 99.11 044 WO sng -Uny OY} JO Sorpoq surymay peordA 7, "j0.1 yeotddy JO douosord yang oy} UOOpeUL ssUTpUNOsS ‘{(snsuUny imydins oy} Jo yyy pue soroods sty} JO $JO1 W99M4Oq VOTOUsSIp Jo suvou jedtoutsd 9y4) 9014 ey) UO snsunyj oy} JO sorpog suryindy peordA 7, “40a yeord 44 Jo oouosoud {370.14 oY UO OpBU SSUTPUNOS ‘90.14 044 UO sn -uny oy} te sorpoq Buryinay peordA 7, “yor peotdA4 Jo souesosd ! yun} ONY uO OpBUL SSUTPUNOS ‘sqnys ToUBL PIO 4@ 4O.1 [woIdA4 :9014 oY} WO sn -UNJ OY} JO sotpoq Buyimay [eordAy, “(@z pue 1% ‘sdy) qsna ourd ‘OBIPUCUIOD LUNTICU “OL 'SULIOJ 104ST[q pue {es ‘soprorods = saewene a ddI pue qX | -09[00 UN}. IVUO.L) “a pure “rT (61 ‘3y) 9030])STUL “dds vAysjournozexy “CT *3y) vyotoyd Ayeos ‘esodipes vjoroyg ‘HW ‘HM ‘ddI ‘dd "dM pure ‘Sa ‘HW ‘HM ‘AV ‘TD "7 pus 'aid ‘) “AQ “dV, “HW HM ‘dT ‘dam : “(GT ‘dY) SOUIO,T ‘ddI ‘dA ‘dM ‘SO yoor ‘snsouue soulo iT “(eT ‘3y) Biaod azepoo "RTA uUMOIq ‘“THIIOM Blog IOqIe Ulojsva puw gO Gat ‘Sa pue ‘it ‘3y) snsuny yleyo ‘dA “T Apredyour ‘sdojTuoo YURIOd UIT Ty| ‘STTBVULOTJJO Sow, "dM pue ‘5 ‘dA ‘ad “1 ATs “(6 3) -joulld ‘s Loy1uo9 sn3unj amydyns ‘sn queyioduit 1[@ soupy | -oanydyns snaodAjog “1D pus ay ‘HW ‘HM “T jedrourid ‘s1oy1a09 (2 *3y) snsuny 4jyoq queyiodut ey} [TV | -per “ejoorurd souoy “-(¢z ‘Sy) s1oyUvO OUT (0% ‘3y) sping 9040/81 ‘(81 “3Y) JOI-JIvOy MOTTO A “(OT “Sy) you AduOds O14 MA ‘(PL “dy) 401 po ,eUrlWe | MO|[OA “(ZI “3Yy) 404 -jIBOY, WMOIG YSIpPpoy (OT “SY) 404 -}Ivoy UMOIG YSIPpow ‘(g “3y) Yor Ajquinsio UMOIg ae ae) s1oyUvS PUR s[[ey Saanasen es Aantur yang *(aB[NoATO ‘ulIojtun) = 4O.1- YUL, “BOT 14Nq 07UT}90J 8 OF dn sj00.2 woody ‘(arepno -110 ‘ULIOJIUN) 4OI-9Ng *30| 4inq 04UT 790} 8 04 dn s}JOOL UWO1J ‘4O1-47Ng ‘90.14 0Y4 JO yed 190d -dn soidnooo qx Ut $(901} O11JUO) JOI- UNL, *(repno10 4O1-yUnLY, “wa0j Tun) SO eae ae 18 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It is readily seen that Table I will aid greatly in determining the rot in the tree by means of external characters, and after the class of defect and the cause have been determined by its use it will be com- paratively easy to select the proper rot column in the table of rot percentages for any one tree species. In this manner the two tables can be used conjunctively in securing a more accurate rot percentage — for the stand.t Until it is possible to obtain accurate data from a large number of trees of all the species composing the prevalent forest types of this region, no table of rot percentages will be presented. Since the type lines are sketched on the topographic map on the basis of age class, it will be found advantageous to study and record the rot data upon such a basis. This will make it easier to produce patholog- — ical. maps,of. tire area by using white prints from the type- sheet tracings of the timber survey maps. SYSTEM 2) a el In a unit crew ree VE consisting of two Fic. 18.—Typical rot of the scaly Pholiota in grand fir. : Note the horizontal streaks formed by the yellowish felty Men (an estimator muyceltut: / and a topographer), the estimator can be trained to determine the cause of the dis- ease and the amount and therefore the rot percentage, recording such data accurately for the strip which is being surveyed. Since the estimate sheets have blank spaces for the recording of all disease and other injuries suffered by the stand, as well as for the estimated loss in cull due to each, the only change that a more intensive disease survey will incur will be the additional work done by the topog- rapher. He will be required to indicate upon his map the boundaries pL VU wu NEAL ji “METRIC! 1Weir, J. R. Difficult problem of the control of fungus diseases in the forest. In Timberman, y. 14, no. 9, p. 27-29, illus. 1913. : Weir, J. R. Some problems in conservation with reference to forest hygiene. Jn Tim- berman, y. 14, no. 11, p. 28-31, illus. 1913. Meinecke, E. P. Forest tree diseases common in California and Nevada. Washington, D. C. 1914. These publications may be found useful in the determination of various kinds of defects. ; FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 19 of the various infections and to show therein the estimated cull due to each. This information can easily be secured by coobservation with the estimator, who can supply the actual figures for the rot percentages and aid in determining the boundary lines of infec- tion. This will produce suflicient reliable data upon which to base valuable pathological maps, which can be compiled either with col- ored areas to indicate the diseases and inclosed figures indicating the rot percentages or can be drawn in black and white, using lines dif- i i ae : SYSTEM oS METRIC! eae os ie i Fic. 19.—Razoumofskya campylopoda, mistletoe, on yellow pine. fering from type lines to indicate the boundaries of the infected areas and placing the rot percentages in figures within this area. PATHOLOGICAL MAPS. Maps indicating the distribution of diseases in forest areas have not been used to any great extent. In German literature, articles are to be found dealing with plant diseases which have such maps illustrating the distribution of the disease. Very few contain maps dealing with the distribution of forest-tree diseases and none at all dealing strictly with the distribution of fungous infection in forests. In this country considerable use has been made of disease-distribu- tion maps by the various workers along the line of plant and forest 20 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pathology. This is noticeable in the work done inthe study of the chestnut-blight fungus? and in the study of two of our important forest-tree rusts.2 These are all maps of the plain black-and-white type, showing by means of symbols the localities where infection was reported and thus indicating the distribution of the disease. The earliest colored maps used in forest-disease investigations are found in German literature and deal mainly with the distribution of zones of timber damaged by smelter fumes. Fig. 20.—Mistletoe burl affecting one side of larch log. Size of burl, 33 feet long by 13 inches in diameter. The cull equaled 25 feet board measure. Colored maps giving the distribution of smelter-smoke damage were published in a book on smoke damage to vegetation by 1 Rankin, W. H. Field studies on the Endothia canker of chestnut in New York State. Phytopathology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 237. 1914. * Spaulding, Perley. The blister rust of white pine. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 206, 88 p., 2 pl. (1 colored). 1911. Bibliography, p. 61-78. ‘Map showing distribution of blister rust in Europe, p. 14. Hedgecock, G. G., and Long, W. H. A disease of pines caused by Cronartium pyri- forme. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 247, 20 p. 1915. Literature cited, p. 20. Map showing distribution of Cronartium pyriforme, p. 8. sults. A similar FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 91 Schroeder and Reuss in 1883.1. Other works by Schroeder and Schertel in 1884? and Borggreve in 1893* also give maps in connec- tion with studies of smoke, the latter maps being uncolored. No references were found which contained colored maps of the dis- tribution of forest-tree diseases. In the making of timber-survey maps, type boundaries are indi- cated by continuous dotted lines inclosing within the areas so °* formed the figures indicating type mixture, density, and age class, the age class also being separated by dotted lines. Very often these areas are col- ored by the use of wash inks or cray- ons, so as to make a greater distinc- tion between them. A number of stand- ard colors are used and are applied upon white prints, which are found to give the best re- method is proposed for use in making pathological maps, the only variation being the addition to the type-sheet maps of boundary lines indicating the Fic. 21.—Cronartium coleosporioides, pine rust, gall form, infected areas and on young lodgepole pine. The two galls on the main stem : are fruiting. Note the small white cups scattered over the a special set of col- : ; : surface of these two galls. ors indicating va- rious diseases. In the pathological maps only those colors denoting the various infections should be used, leaving the type areas uncolored. 1 Schroeder, Julius von, and Reuss, Carl. Die Beschaidigung der Vegetation durch Rauch und die Oberharzer Hiittenrauchschiiden. 333 p., 2 maps (colored). Berlin, 18838. 2 Schroeder, Julius von, and Schertel, A. Die Rauchschiiden in den Wiildern der umgebungder physikalischen Htittenwerke bei Freiberg. Separat-Abdruck Jahrb. Berg. w. - Hiittenw. Konigr. Sachsen, 1884, p. 938-120, map (colored). 1884. 3 Borggreve, B. Rauchbeschidigung in dem yon Tiele Winkler’schen Forstreviere Myslowitz-Kattowitz. 236 p., 2 maps. 1898. 25 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The maps will be found valuable not only as an interpretation of the data taken in intensive disease surveys in connection with timber surveys but in the appraisal, marking, and general administration of the sale area. With regard to appraisal the map will indicate the location of seriously infected areas and also the rot percentages. With respect to marking, the map will show the exact area of the Fic. 22.— Cronartium Fig. 23.—Cronartium coleosporioides, pine rust, blister coleosporioides, pine form, an old infection, on the main trunk of lodge- rust, blister form, _ pole pine, known locally as ‘“‘ hip canker” or ‘‘ cat- on 2-year-old seed- face.” lings of yellow pine. most seriously infected trees and aid in the exclusion of infected trees for seed trees. From the standpoint of general administration, the maps will show the location of sites and age classes upon which | heavier marking must be employed in order to conform with the most | effective sanitation clauses. | With regard to reforestation by artificial or natural means, these | maps will show the proximity of infected stands and whether or not the site has been or apparently is favorable to excessive disease. FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. ae SUMMARY. Forest disease surveys when carried out in conjunction with tim- ber-survey projects will furnish data of economic value in conducting future sales of the areas in question. Pathological maps indicating the principal infection areas can be compiled from the data secured by these forest disease surveys. These maps will be found of practical value in the appraisal, mark- ing, and general administration of the sale area. They will prove of practical use in both artificial and natural reforestation and will also prove useful in indicating the general distribution of forest-tree diseases in our National Forests. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1918 WIV