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THE 


FOREST FLORA 


NORTH-WEST AND CENTRAL INDIA: 


A HANDBOOK OF THE INDIGENOUS TREES AND SRHUBS 
OF THOSE COUNTRIES. 


COMMENCED BY THE LATE 


J. LINDSAY STEWART, M.D. 


=— 
CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, PUNJAB, 


CONTINUED AND COMPLETED BY 


DIETRICH BRANDIS, Psx.D. 


' INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF FORESTS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 


PREPARED AT THE HERBARIUM OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. 


Published under the Authority of the Seeretury of State for India in Council. 


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LONDON: es va 


Wn. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, 8.W. 
Publishers to the Indin Office. 


MDCCCLXXIY. 


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PREFACH. 


Tue object of this work is,entirely practical. As Forest administration 
in India advanced, the want of handbooks was felt, to enable forest 
officers to acquire a knowledge of the trees and shrubs in the forests, 
and of the climbers, epiphytes, and other plants which impede and injure 
the growth of trees. This want has led to the preparation of three works. 
First, The Flora Sylvatica of Madras, by Lt.-Col. R. H. Beddome, head of 
the Forest Department in that Presidency, commenced in 1868 and com- 
pleted in 1873. It contains 325 plates of trees, with full descriptions, and a 
Manual giving a systematic account of 76 Natural Orders, comprising all 
trees and the more important shrubs of South India and Ceylon ; 27 ad- 
ditional plates, with the analysis of 146 genera not figured in the work, 
are appended. Second, The Forest Flora of British Burma, by Sulpiz 
Kurz, Curator of the Herbarium at Calcutta, now under preparation. 
Third, The present work. When these three books are complete, they 
will comprise descriptions of most trees, a knowledge of which is needful 
to foresters, in British India. Thus the trees of the Bombay forests will 
be found either in Colonel Beddome’s or in this work ; and the more im- 
portant trees of the Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal will probably 
occur, some in this book, others in the Burma Flora. Eventually a 
Forest Flora of Bengal and Assam, and another of the Bombay Presidency, 
with local habitats and vernacular names, may become necessary ; but at 
present the requirements of foresters in the different provinces of India 
will be sufficiently met by the publication of these three works. 

The geographical limits of this Flora are necessarily artificial. The 
object was to give an account of the arborescent vegetation in the forest 
tracts of the Panjab, the North-West Provinces, and of those forests in the 
Central Provinces which are situated on the Maikal and Satpura range of 
mountains. The northern limit may be defined as the arid treeless zone 
of the inner Himalaya ; while to the south the territory is bounded by the 
open forestless plain which skirts the base of the Maikal and Satpura 
range from Bilaspur to Berar. The western limit is the Panjab frontier, 


vl PREFACE, 


along the foot of the Suliman range ; and eastward the territory is bounded 
by a broken line, which follows the Nepal frontier, first along the Sarda 
or Kali river, and afterwards parallel with the foot of the Himalaya, until 
it touches the great Gandak river. From that point, a straight line 
drawn in a south-south-westerly direction through Benares to Anierkantak 
and Bilaspur, may be regarded as the eastern boundary. Between the 
British territory of the Panjab and the North-West Provinces in the north, 
and the Central Provinces in the south, intervene the large and important 
native States of Rajputana, Malwa, and Bandelkhand; and as the arbores- 
cent vegetation of these States is very similar to that of the surrounding 
British territory, they have been included, as far as possible. For these 
districts my materials were scanty. It is much to be desired that the 
results of Dr George King’s botanical exploration of this country may 
soon be published, and thus supply the deficiencies of this work in that 
respect. Most of the trees and shrubs of Sindh, and of the forest tracts of 
Guzerat, in the vicinity of the Mhye river, and south as far as the Man- 
devi forests on the right bank of the Tapti, are noticed. 

The northernmost point is the head of the Kaghan valley, drained by a 
tributary of the Jhelam, in lat. 35°; and the forest tracts furthest west are 
the Belas, along the Indus in Sindh, in long. 68°. 

It would be too large a subject were I to give a detailed account of the 
climatic conditions which influence the forest vegetation of this large 
territory. It must suffice to state that the following great climatic zones 
are included: First, The entire arid region of India, with a scanty and 
uncertain rainfall, and an atmosphere dry nearly throughout the year 
(South Panjab, Sindh, the States of Bhawalpur, Kairpur, Bikanir, 
Jessulmir, and the greater part of Marwur). Second, The entire northern 
dry zone, surrounding the arid region on the north and east, forming a 
belt from 100 to 200 miles wide, with a normal annual rainfall between 
15 and 30 inches, which includes the plains of north and north-east Pan- 
jab, outside the sub-Himalayan tract, Delhi, Ajmir, Gwalior ; and of the 
Rajputana States, Bhurtpur, Jeypur, and Meywar. Zhird, The western 
end of the north-eastern moist zone, with a heavy monsoon and an annual 
rainfall exceeding 60 inches, which comprises the Burma coast, Bengal, 
the sub-Himalayan tract, and the outer ranges. That portion of this 
moist zone which extends into the territory of this Flora is a narrow 
belt, probably nowhere more than 30 miles wide, narrowing gradually 
towards the north-west, and terminating at the Ravi. It includes part of 
the Gorakhpur and the northern Oudh forests, the Siwalik tract, the 
Doons, and the outer ranges of the north-west Himalaya. Fourth, A 
portion of the large intermediate region, which comprises the whole of 
Central and a large portion of the plains of North India, as well as the 
intermediate Himalaya, which is situated between the outer narrow moist 


PREFACE, vii 


belt and the inner arid region of Tibet. Entirely beyond the limits of 
the present Flora are the southern dry region, including eastern Mysore 
and part of the Dekkan, and the moist zone of Western India, comprising 
the Western Ghats from the Khandeish Dangs to Travancore, the country 
below the Ghats, and a narrow strip of country above the Ghats. 

A glance at this handbook will show that in many instances Indian 
trees or shrubs have been maintained distinct which had been referred to 
European species by Dr Stewart and other botanists. It will also be 
noticed that a considerable number of Himalayan trees and shrubs have 
been identified with species indigenous in Europe and the Mediterranean 
region. This identification has in every case been based upon critical 
research. The following are well-known European species included in 
this Himalayan Flora: Berberis vulgaris, Myricaria germanica, Rhus 
Cotinus, Prunus prostrata, P. Padus, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa moschata, 
Pyrus Aria, Crateegus Oxyacantha, C. Pyracantha, Ribes Grossularia, R. 
nigrum, Hedera Helix, Lonicera alpigena, Sambucus Ebulus, Hippophaé 
rhamnoides, Eleagnus hortensis, Viscum album, Celtis australis, Platanus 
orientalis, Buaus sempervirens, Saliz alba, 8. hastata, S. daphnoides, S. vim- 
inalis, Populus alba, Quercus Ilex, Corylus Colurna, Ephedra vulgaris, 
Juniperus communis, Pinus excelsa, and Taxus baccata. The forester 
who is transferred from Europe to the north-west Himalaya thus finds 
himself surrounded by trees belonging to the same families and genera 
as those which compose the forests of Europe, and also in many instances 
recognises the very species with which he was familiar in his native 
country. 

In the forests of the plains and lower hills, three remarkable features 
attract attention. First, The large number of trees of South India and 
Burma which occur in the moist forests of the sub-Himalayan tract. 
Some of these extend no farther than the Sarda, and within our limits 
are only found in the Gorakhpur and Oudh forests; for example, Dil- 
lenia aurea, Polyalthia suberosa, Amoora Rohituka, Heynea trijuga. 
Others, such as Dillenia pentagyna, Miliusa velutina, Schleichera trijuga, 
have the same north-western limit, but are likewise found in the forests 
of the Satpurarange. Others, again, extend along the foot of the Hima- 
laya to the Indus (Bombax malabaricum, Odina Wodier, Cassia Fistula, 
Albizzia odoratissima and stipulata, Acacia Catechu, Terminalia bellerica, 
and Hugenia Jambolana). Rattan-brakes (Calamus Rotang) extend only 
to the Dehra Doon; the last patches of Sal are found on the Siwaliks 
between the Sutlej and Bias, and in the Kangra valley north of the latter 
river ; and the most western Bamboo forest. (Dendrocalamus strictus) is on 
the west bank of the Jhelam river. The second prominent feature is, that 
a number of trees attain their northernmost point in Central India, and 
are not found in the sub-Himalayan tract—as, for example, Aclanthus ex- 


Vill PREFACE. 


celsa, Soymida febrifuga, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Pterocarpus Marsupium, 
Hardwickia binata, Cordia Macleodii, Spathodea xylocarpa, and Tectona 
grandis. The third remarkable feature of the arboreous vegetation of 
North-West India is the large number of African and Arabian species, 
many of which find their eastern limit within the territory of this Flora. 
Capparis aphylla extends from Timbuktu on the Niger to Bandelkhand, 
Tamarix articulata from Central Africa to the Jumna, Salvadora oleoides 
from Aden to Agra, Cordia Rothii from Abyssinia to Rajputana, and 
Calligonum polygonoides from Algeria to Meywar. Other western trees, 
which do not, however, extend to Africa, are Acacia rupestris (unless, as 
seems probable, it should be referred to A. Senegal, in which case it would 
rival Capparis aphylia in the extent of its range), Acacia modesta, Pro- 
sopis spicigera, and Diospyrus Lotus. 

The number of indigenous shrubs and trees daneviiodi fi is Pabous 700, and 
about 80 introduced and cultivated plants have’ been added. Of these, 
many, such as Michelia Champaca, Mangifera indica, Saraca indica, are 
natives of other parts of India, Burma, or Ceylon; a few are natives of 
Western Asia—Prunus Amygdalus, Ficus Carica, Salix babylonica, 8. 
Caprea, Populus nigra, and Cupressus sempervirens. Africa has furnished 
Adansonia digitata, Indigofera tinctoria, Sesbania egyptiaca, Coffea ara- 
bica, Euphorbia Tirucalli, and (probably) Tamarindus indica. The num- 
ber of American trees and shrubs introduced into Northern India is 
remarkable: Anona squamosa, Bixa Orellana, Parkinsonia aculeata,- 
Pithecolobium dulce, Acacia Farnesiana, Psidium Guava, Carica Papaya, 
Opuntia Dillenii, and Plumeria acutifolia, are old introductions; while 
Swietenia Mahagoni and the Cinehonas are of recent date, as also Euca- 
lyptus, Albizzia, and Acacia, from Australia. 

The selection of the indigenous and cultivated species to be included 
was to a certain extent arbitrary, and the guiding principles were 
different from those adopted in the other Forest Floras. The scanty 
vegetation on the extensive wastes and dry hills of the arid region 
often consists of low shrubs, which, in the moister regions of the 
Peninsula, Burma, and Bengal, would not be noticed by the forester ; 
while in North-West India they are of great importance for the wellbeing 
of the population, and are therefore included. On the other hand, many 
shrubs of the Himalaya have been omitted. The numerous species of 
Clematis were excluded, because their admission would have necessitated 
the addition of the Order Ranunculacec, mainly composed of herbaceous 
plants of no particular interest to the forester. Spir@as are also omitted, 
though they are showy and conspicuous, and several are considerable 
shrubs. It would have been a great advantage if the large gregarious 
grasses Saccharum, Andropogon, Imperata, and others, which cover 
extensive areas in the Himalayan Terai, and on the Sailaba land along 


PREFACE. 1X 


the main rivers, and the large herbaceous plants of Composite, Acan- 
thacece, Labiate, and other Orders, could have been included, which 
come up on clearings in the forests (Schlagpflanzen), or form dense under- 
wood in moist forests. This, however, must be reserved for a separate 
publication. 

Again, the great similarity between the forest vegetation of the north- 
west Himalaya and of Europe suggested a brief notice of the more 
important European forest-trees. The fact is now becoming recog- 
nised that a knowledge of forests and forest management in Europe is 
useful to foresters in India. A considerable number of the younger 
forest officers have received their professional education in the public and 
private forests of France, Germany, and Britain; others have devoted 
their furlough to the study of forest management in those countries: and 
the connection between European and Indian foresters thus established 
will prove a great advantage to the development of forestry in India. 
Under these circumstances it was desirable that Indian foresters should 
have a brief account of European trees side by side with their congeners 
and allies of the Himalaya. Special reference has in this respect been 
made to the arborescent vegetation of the Mediterranean region, which is 
visited by many Indian officers on their way to and from England. 

It was also necessary to include the more important trees and shrubs 
cultivated in North-West India, and to allude to those which, though 
not yet introduced or extensively cultivated, merit special attention, and 
which may perhaps be introduced with advantage. With the view of 
making the book more useful to persons engaged in Indian arboriculture, 
reference has been made to useful trees of other countries allied to those 
described in these pages. 

These remarks will explain that this book must not be regarded as a 
local Flora, similar to the Colonial Floras which are emanating from Kew; 
for on the one hand it includes only the more important trees and shrubs, 
and on the other its scope has for practical purposes been extended far 
beyond its territorial limits. It has been written, not for botanists, but 
for practical men, especially for those who have the care of the public 
forests in the different provinces of India. It may, however, be said, that 
this object might have been attained by a smaller volume, giving only a 
popular description of the larger trees, and unencumbered with remarks 
regarding the identification of species and the priority of systematic names. 
Such objections will be supported by those who hold that the sole legiti- 
mate duty of forestry in India is to provide fuel and timber, and that the 
forester has no concern with bark, lac, gums, resins, caoutchouc, wax, oil, 
dyes, fruits, and other marketable products of trees and shrubs. Such 
views will continue to be maintained until it comes to be acknowledged 
that the principal aim and object of forest management in India is the 


x PREFACE. 


formation of public estates, to be managed so as to secure large. benefits 
to the country of an indirect nature, as well as a continuous and increasing 
yield of all descriptions of forest produce necessary to supply the require- 
ments of the people and their export trade. Foresters in India will gradu- — 
ally understand that they are expected to make the utmost of the estates 
intrusted to their charge for the benefit of the present generation, while 
steadily improving the capital value and productiveness of their estates ; 
and this will lead them eagerly to seek information regarding the various 
trees and shrubs which may be turned to account. It is not possible to 
predict in what respect any particular plants may not eventually be found 
useful, either by their produce, or because they further the growth of the 
more useful kinds by their shade and shelter, or in other ways. The only 
safe plan, therefore, is at the outset to take a comprehensive view of the 
whole forest vegetation, instead of confining our attention to those trees 
which we are accustomed, often erroneously, to regard as most important. 
Again, such study, to be profitable, must be conducted upon true scientific 
principles. Unless the identification of species and their systematic names 
are established, so as to command the assent of botanists, there can be no 
certainty as to what plant is meant, and the result of studies in the field 
will be confusion and waste of time. It may be well to state that the 
fault of this book is not that it is too scientific, but that it is not scien- 
tific enough. When the material here collected has been sifted by the 
criticisms of botanists in Europe, and tested by the studies in the field of 
Indian foresters and botanists, it may then be useful to prepare popular 
books of a smaller size for the use of those who have not the leisure or 
the inclination to study this handbook. 

The botanical terms employed are explained in a small volume on Indian 
botany by Professor Oliver,* which should be in the hands of all who use 
this work without having had the advantage of previous botanical instruc- 
tion. A list of terms not explained in that book is appended. Bentham’s 
Outlines of Botany, reprinted in the commencement of Beddome’s Manual, 
will also be found a most useful guide in this respect. 

To the end of Rubiacez the systematic arrangement followed is that of 
Hooker’s and Bentham’s Genera Plantarum, and that standard work has 
been quoted under each Natural Order, in addition to Royle’s and Wight’s 
Illustrations. The remaining Orders have been arranged mainly in 
accordance with Bentham’s Flora Australiensis. Standard works on 
Indian botany have invariably been quoted under each species, including 
Hooker’s Flora of British India up to p. 306 of the first volume. 
Boissier’s Flora Orientalis has also, as a rule, been referred to, as far as the 
end of the second volume. Under species common to North India and 


* First Book of Indian Botany. By Daniel Oliver, F.R.S. London, Macmillan 
and Co., 1869. 


PREFACE. al 


Europe, some standard European work has always been quoted—viz., 
Hooker’s Students’ Flora for British Plants, Reichenbach’s Icones Flore 
Germaniczse—wherever it seemed desirable to quote a good illustration, 
and when necessary for special reasons— Mathieu’s admirable Flore 
Forestiére de la France, and Willkomm’s Forstliche Flora von Deutschland 
und CEsterreich, as far as that work had appeared. Reichenbach’s Icones 
were selected, because vols. xi. and xii., which contain most arborescent 
genera of Central Europe, are sold separately at a moderate price. Other 
botanical works have been quoted where it appeared necessary for purposes 
of identification, but as sparingly as possible. A few Synonyms have 
been added, but only those used in standard books on Indian botany. 
Exceptions have occasionally been made in favour of names occurring in | 
Wallich’s catalogue, De Candolle’s Prodromus, and a few other works. 

The spelling of botanical names in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera 
Plantarum has been adhered to, and in the subsequent Orders the practice 
of the leading botanists has been followed. Hence, among others, the 
old spelling of Pyrus, Cinchona, Plumeria, and Briedelia, has been main- 
tained, though if the names were to be altered in accordance with their 
derivation, it would be necessary to write Pirus, Chinchona, Plumiera 
and Bridelia ; but these are not the names under which the genera were 
originally described, and by which, with few exceptions, they have been 
known ever since. 

After the systematic, English, and other European names of the tree, 
the Sanskrit name has been given wherever it seemed probable that it 
referred to the species described. In a few instances, Arabic and Persian 
names have also been added. The vernacular names which follow are, as a 
rule, arranged according to the provinces or districts in which they are used, 
but in many cases it was impossible to indicate the language to which 
they belong. In spite of all the labour bestowed on it, this portion of the 
book may be found one of its weakest points. Yet the critical examina- 
tion of the vernacular names of the different Indian languages, and their 
derivation from the Sanskrit or other root, will be found a most interesting 
and important study. Forestry in India is as yet too much like an exotic 
plant. I have no greater wish in connection with it than to see it 
naturalised ; and one of the first steps in that direction must be the 
establishment of fixed names and technical terms in the vernacular. 
The forester should not despise vernacular names, for in many instances 
they have a fixity which systematic names do not yet possess. We all 
know the evergreen Khirni, and there can be no mistake about it ; but 
botanists are not yet agreed whether the tree shall be called Mimusops 
indica, hexandra, or Kaukz. Kamela, or Kamila, is a well-known small 
tree ; its systematic name among Indian botanists, however, which for 
more than half a century was Rotilera tinetoria, has now and properly 


Xii PREFACE. 


been changed into Mallotus philippinensis. Again, there can be no doubt as 
to the tree designated by the name of Kado, Kau, although some botanists 
call it Olea europea, others Olea cuspidata, and others Olea ferruginea. 
Kaddam and Haldu were formerly well known as Nawuclea parvifolia 
and cordifolia; now the forester has to learn the new generic names 
Stephegyne and Adina. These changes of systematic names are not 
arbitrary—as a rule, they are dictated by the progress of scientific research ; 
but they are apt to discourage the student—and on that account, also, 
vernacular names merit attention. All North Indian names have been 
spelt according to the system of Sir William Jones, now adopted in 
public documents, but with as few diacritical marks as possible. When 
it seemed necessary to indicate a long vowel, this has been done, in 
accordance with the practice of Forbes’s Hindustani Dictionary, by a 
horizontal line, thus—da, @, 7, u. Names which have acquired a fixity of 
spelling in English, such as Teak, Toon, Sissoo, Neem, Hoom, Bamboo, 
Peepul, Banyan, have not been interfered with. As a rule, North 
Indian names only have been given; but in a few instances Canarese, 
Telugu, and Burmese names have been added, in order to facilitate the use 
of the book in other provinces besides those for which it has mainly been 
written. 

It may be useful to mention that trees which under ordinary cireum- 
stances do not exceed 20 ft. in height are termed small, while large trees 
are those which exceed 50 ft., and moderate-sized trees those between these 
limits. In indicating the rate of growth, the terms slow, moderate, and 
rapid have occasionally been used. These comparative terms are intended 
to relate to average conditions, for it is well known that the same kind 
may be a rapid grower under certain circumstances, and a slow grower 
under others. With this reservation, the following terms have been 
adopted in this handbook :— 

Growth slow: more than 12 rings per inch of radius; age of a tree of 
6 ft. girth, above 138 years. 

Growth moderate: 4-12 rings per inch of radius ; age of a tree of 6 ft. 
girth, 46 to 138 years. 

Growth rapid: less than 4 rings per inch of radius ; age of a tree of 
6 ft. girth, less than 46 years. 

Pure Forests are now commonly called those which consist entirely or 
nearly of one kind of tree, in contradistinction to mixed forests, com- 
posed of various kinds. The term leaf-bearing trees, though not literally 
correct, is used, in contradistinction to coniferous trees, in the sense of the 
French “ Bois feuillus,” and the German “ Laubholzer.” 

Concerning the information given on the physical properties of the 
different kinds of timber, it will suffice to state that the weight of a cubic 
foot is always that of seasoned timber, unless otherwise stated. Of the 


PREFACE. Xili 


- numerous experiments made to determine the mechanical properties of 
Indian timbers, the results of those only which relate to transverse 
strength have been given. P. is the constant represented by the follow- 
ing well-known formula :— 


L x W 


tale OUT: 


L being the length in feet of the scantling tested between supports 
(bearing length), W the weight producing fracture of the scantling loaded 
in the middle, b breadth of scantling in inches, d depth of scantling in 
inches. 

It now remains briefly tonarrate the history of this work, to enumer- 
ate the materials upon which it is based, and to acknowledge the assist- 
ance received during its preparation. In 1869, the late Dr Stewart, 
then Conservator of Forests in the Panjab, came home on furlough, and 
the Government of India intrusted him with the preparation at Kew of 
this work, for which he had been collecting materials for several years. 
While officiating in 1860-61 for Dr Jameson as Superintendent of the 
Botanic Garden at Saharanpur and of the Government Tea Plantations 
in the North-West Provinces, and subsequently while Civil Surgeon at 
Bijnaur in Rohilkhand, he became familiar with the forest vegetation 
in the plains and in the Himalaya between the Jumna and Kali rivers. 
In 1864 he returned to the Panjab, where he had passed his first years 
_ of medical service, principally on the western frontier, and being then 
appointed to the charge of the forests in that province, he devoted the 
greater part of his time to the botanical exploration of the Panjab Hima- 
laya, Kashmir, and the adjoining districts of Tibet, and to repeated care- 
ful examinations of the Rakhs and brushwood tracts in the plains west of 
the Jumna river, including the adjoining province of Sindh. He thus 
acquired an extensive knowledge of the forest vegetation of a large 
portion of North-West India, and the copious notes taken on the spot in 
all his travels contained a rich store of information. In order to enable 
him to include the forest vegetation of Oudh and the Central Provinces, 
a forest officer of the North-West Provinces, Mr Richard Thompson, who 
had formerly served under Dr Stewart at Saharanpur, was at his sugges- 
tion deputed to visit the principal forest tracts of those provinces ; and the 
notes and collections made by that officer were sent to him at Kew. Dr 
Stewart’s previous publications in various scientific journals, as well as 
the numerous and valuable official reports submitted by him as Conserva- 
tor of Forests, and his excellent book on the ‘‘ Useful Plants of the Panjab,” 
fully warranted the expectation that, after the needful preparatory study at 
home, he would be equal to the important task intrusted to him. He accord- 
ingly devoted a large part of his furlough, from 1869 to 1871, to this work, 


X1V PREFACE. 


and would doubtless have completed it in a satisfactory manner if his 
health had not given way. During the latter part of his residence in 
England, it was evident to his friends that his general health was impaired ; 
and when the first sheets of his manuscript were printed, it was clear that 
the work, as prepared by him, would neither be a useful ‘one, nor one 
creditable to himself. He returned to India in October 1872, and died 
from an affection of the brain at Dalhousie on the 5th July 1873. Under 
these circumstances, as I had, while in India, recommended that this task 
should be intrusted to Dr Stewart, and as I happened to be in England 
for the restoration of my health, I was directed in March 1872, by her 
Majesty’s Secretary of State for India in Council, to complete the work 
for publication ; and the past two years have been devoted to this duty. 

The following materials, besides the published literature and official 
reports, have been at my disposal: 1. The rich collections of the Royal 
Herbarium, Museum, and Gardens at Kew. 2. Dr Stewart’s manuscript, 
comprising the description of 444 species. 3. Mr Richard Thompson’s 
notes, and a portion of the collections made by him. 4. The greater por- 
tion of my own herbarium, which was in charge of Mr Sulpiz Kurz at 
Calcutta, and which I sent for as soon as I received orders to undertake 
the work. 5. A small collection of plants made by me on a journey 
through Rajputana and the forest tracts of Guzerat in 1869-70, with my 
journal and notes. A large portion of the notes and journals relating to 
my other tours in North-West and Central India, and some of the botani- 
cal collections made on those tours, were unfortunately in India, and could 
not be made available for the preparation of this work. 

My personal knowledge of the arboreous vegetation of the territory in- 
cluded in this Flora has been acquired during a series of tours of inspection 
in the forests of the Satpura range, Bijoragogarh, and Oudh, the Nepal 
Terai, Kamaon, Garhwal, Rohilkhand, Dehra Doon, Jaunsar, and Gorakh- 
pur, in 1863 ; the Deodar forests of Kunawar, the outer hills and a portion 
of the plains of the Panjab, in 1864 ; Kangra, the plantations and Rakhs of 
the Panjab, Sindh, Berar, and the western part of the Satpura range, in 
1868-69 ; Kunawar, Rajputana, the Panch Mehal and Mandevi forests of 
Guzerat, and the Rakhs and plantations of the Panjab plains, in 1869-70 ; 
and during a residence of six summer seasons at Simla, and numerous ex- 
cursions and smaller tours in the vicinity of that place. Unfortunately, 
I was never able, owing to continued pressure of official duties, to devote 
much time during those journeys to botanical studies. With the Flora 
of Tibet, Chamba, Kashmir, Kaghan, and the trans-Indus territory, I 
have no personal acquaintance. | 

The identification and description of species, and the botanical part 
generally, is entirely mine, and the result of my independent researches. 
I am alone responsible for them. But Dr Stewart’s MSS. furnished me 


& 
y 
: 
* 
” 
wh 


PREFACE. XV 


with much useful information regarding the vegetation of those districts, 
with which he was personally acquainted. In numerous cases they sup- 
plied data concerning the geographical distribution of plants, which I 
could not have obtained from any other source; and I invariably con- 
sulted them regarding vernacular names, the habit, mode of growth, and 
products of the trees. Where I had no personal knowledge of the plant 
—as, for instance, Chamerops Ritchicana, Reptonia, Parrotia, and other 


exclusively western trees—I have for the general remarks mainly relied 
on his manuscripts. For the trees and shrubs of those districts with 


which he was not acquainted, the work has been based upon other sources 
of information. With regard to the Panjab, I could not have completed 
this handbook without the assistance of Dr Stewart’s manuscript, unless 


_ [had returned to India and devoted several years to a botanical explora- 


tion of the same ground where he had collected his information. 

I have utilised the materials collected by my late colleague as far as 
they were embodied in his manuscripts, and in his various publications 
and. official reports. Many months have we spent together in the fierce 
heat of the Kamaon Doons, in the Deodar forests of Kunawar near the 
limits of arboreous vegetation, and in other districts of North-West India. 
We have shared many a hard day’s work, and have keenly discussed 
many botanical questions. It is a melancholy satisfaction to me to record 
the extent and value of his labours. Three new species were described 
in Dr Stewart’s manuscripts: Acer pentapomicum, Rhus punjabensis, and 
Adenanthera Oudhensis—the two former discovered by him in the N.W. 
Himalaya, and the third by Mr Richard Thompson in the Oudh forests. 
These species have been accepted by me as defined and named by him ; 
and at the end of this volume, an analytical key to the chief arboreous 
conifers of the N.W. Himalaya, by Dr Stewart, will also be found. Re- 
garding the limitation of certain species, I have formed views differing 
considerably from those of Dr Stewart. This divergence of opinion 
mainly relates to the following genera: Grewia, Zizyphus, Rhus, Acacia, 
Embelia, Diospyros, Olea, Ehretia, and the Bamboos. I wished to have 
placed the views Dr Stewart entertained regarding those species before 
Indian botanists in his own words, but the state of his manuscripts pre- 


~ vented the adoption of this course. They are, however, deposited in the 


Library of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, and are available to those in- 
terested in the arboreous vegetation of North India. 

A list of Dr Stewart’s publications bearing on the subject of this book 
will be found at p. xx. 

I have constantly consulted Jacquemont’s Voyage dans I’Inde; 
Hoffmeister’s Travels; Dr Hooker’s admirable Himalayan Journals ; 
Dr T. Thomson’s clear and accurate description of the North-West Hima- 
laya and its vegetation; Madden’s excellent papers on the Terai and outer 


XVi PREFACE. 


mountains of Kamaon ; Edgeworth’s valuable papers on the vegetation of 
Banda, Multan, and the North-Eastern Panjab; Aitchison’s Flora of 


Jhelam and Catalogue of Panjab Plants; Cleghorn’s full and instruc-— 


tive Report on the Forests of Panjab and the Western Himalaya ; and the 
late Dr Stocks’s contributions to the botany of Sindh. 

I have now to acknowledge the kind and ready assistance which I have 
received on all sides in this undertaking. I value highly the privilege of 
having worked at Kew during the past two years. The free use of the 
Library and Herbarium, with its matchless collections of Indian plants, 
and its perfect order and arrangement, greatly facilitated my task ; and the 
ready access at all times to the Gardens and the Museum of Economic 
Botany, enabled me to come to definite conclusions on many difficult 
questions. J am under the greatest obligation for the interest which Dr 
Hooker has from the commencement evinced in this work, and his advice 
and assistance given without reserve. Professor Oliver, the Keeper of 
the Herbarium, and in his absence Mr J. G. Baker, have examined the 
botanical part ; and to Professor Oliver particularly I am indebted for 
corrections and useful suggestions as it passed through the press. Mr 
Bentham kindly permitted me to consult him on doubtful points. In 
my early days I had the privilege of studying under eminent botanists. 
I am proud to state that Schouw at Copenhagen, Treviranus at Bonn, 
Grisebach and Lantzius-Beninga at Gottingen, were my instructors ; and I 
had the good fortune to accompany Link on some of his excursions in 
Greece, where I began my botanical pursuits under Dr Fraas, then Pro- 
fessor of Botany at Athens. Continuous official work in the Indian forest 
service since 1855 had compelled me almost entirely to abandon scientific 
pursuits, and I regard it as no small advantage to have been permitted 
to resume botanical research under the guidance of the first botanists in 
England. 

To Mr Kurz, Curator of the Herbarium of the Calcutta Gardens, I am 
indebted for valuable notes, some of which are included under Addenda. 
Dr Rost, Librarian at the India Office, has with great kindness verified 
the Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian names. Mr D. Hanbury has favoured 
me with useful suggestions regarding medicinal plants ; and Dr Cleghorn, 
formerly associated with me in India, has from the commencement of the 
work given me the advice and counsel of a true and faithful friend— 
without his corrections I could not have ventured to publish this book 
in a language which is not my own, and without his devoted assistance 
_at the last I could not have completed it. 

| D. BRANDIS. 


Kew, March 1874. 


27 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


PREFACE, ‘ : ; 2 . ; 
List OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO, : 
ABBREVIATIONS, A 

EXPLANATION OF TERMS, . 

SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS, . 

REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF Woop, 

Forest FLora, . ; a - 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, P : ; 
ANALYTICAL Key to ConiFers oF N.W. HIMaAnaya, 
INDEX TO SANSKRIT, ARABIC,, AND PERSIAN NAMES, 
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES, 


INDEX TO BURMESE NAMES, : 


InpEx to Evropran NAMEs, 


INDRX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES, 


571 


579-580 


581 


‘582 


593 


593 


XVili 


Lg, Rigs ie 


OF THE 


PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO. 


I. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 


AITCHISON. Catalogue of Panjab and Sindh Plants. London, 1869. 
BeppoME. Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presidency. 4to. Madras, 1869- 

. 73. 

BENTHAM. Flora Hongkongensis. S8vo. London, 1861. 

—— Flora Australiensis. Vols. I.-VI. 8vo. London, 1863-73. 

Borsster. Flora Orientalis. Vols. I. II. Basle, 1867-73. 

DawzELL and Gipson. Bombay Flora. Bombay, 1861, 

De Canpouie. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, © Vols. I.- 
XVII. 8vo. Paris, 1824-73. 

Don.s Prodromus Flore Nepalensis. 8vo. London, 1825. 

Exxtot. Flora Andhrica. S8vo. Madras, 1859. 

Fraas. Synopsis Plantarum Flore Classicze. Munich, 1845. 

GRAHAM. Catalogue of Bombay Plants. 8vo, Bombay, 1839. 

Gray, Asa. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Fifth 
Edition. 8vo. New York, 1867. 

GrirFitH. The Palms of British India. Folio. Calcutta, 1850. 

GRISEBACH. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. S8vo. London, 1864. 

Hooker and BentHAM. Genera Plantarum. 8vo. London, 1867-73. 

—and THomson. Flora Indica. Vol. I. 8vo. London, 1855. 

—— Flora of British India. Partsi.ii. S8vo. London, 1872-74. 

— Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya. Folio. London, 1849. 

————— Illustrations of Himalayan Plants. Folio. London, 1856. 

Student’s Flora of the British Islands. 8vo. London, 1870. 

JAMESON. Report upon the Botanic Gardens of the North-Western Provinces. » 
4to. Roorkee, 1855. us» , 

KiorzscH. Botanische “Brgebnisse der Reise des Prinzen Waldemar von 
Preussen. 4to. Berlin. 

Kocu. Dendrologie. Vols. I. II. Erlangen, 1869-74. 

Le Maoovr and Decaisne. General System of Botany. Translated by Mrs 
Hooker, and edited by Dr J. D. Hooker, C.B. London, 1873. 

Loupon. An Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. 8vo. London, 1842. 


LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO. X1X 


Martius. Historia Naturalis Palmarum. Vols. L-III. Folio. Leipsic, 1823- 
50. 
Miquen. Annales Musei Bot. Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam. Vols. I-IV. 
1863-69. 
Ottver. Flora of Tropical Africa. Vols. I. II. 8vo. London, 1868-71. 
RoxpureHr. Flora Indica, edited by Carey, with additions by N. Wallich. 
Vols. I. II. 8vo. Serampore, 1820-24. 
Hortus Bengalensis. 8vo. Serampore, 1814. 
Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. Vols. I.-III. Folio. London, 
1795-1819. 
Royiz. Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya. Folio. London, 1839. 
SIEBOLD and ZuccARINI. Flora Japonica. 4to. Leyden, 1835-70. 
Tawaires. Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniz. 8vo. London, 1864. 
Voret. Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis. S8vo. Calcutta, 1845. 
Watticu. Plante Asiatic Rariores, Vols. I.-III. Folio. London, 1830- 
32. 
Wier and Arnott. Prodromus Flore Peninsule Indie Orientalis. 8vo. 
London, 1834. 
Wieur. Illustrations of Indian Botany. Vols. I. II. 4to. Madras, 1838-53. 
Icones Plantarum Indiz Orientalis. Vols. I.-VI. 4to. Madras, 
1838-53. 


IL JOURNALS, TRAVELS, AND GEOGRAPHIC BOTANY. 


DE CANDOLLE, ALPH. Géographique Botanique Raisonnée. Vols. I. II. 8vo. 
Paris, 1855. 

EpeEewortH. Botanico-Agricultural Account of the Protected Sikh States, 
and Catalogue of Plants found in the Banda District, 1847—Journ. As. Soe. 
Beng. Vols. VII. and XXI. 

Florula Mallica—Journ. Linn. Soc. Vol. VI. 1862. 

ForsytH. Highlands of Central India. 8vo. London, 1871. 

GRISEBACH. Vegetation der Erde. Vols. I. II. Leipsic, 1872. 

Hesn. Kulturpfianzen und Hausthiere. Berlin, 1870. 

HorrMEtIster. Travels in Ceylon and Continental India. 8vo. Edinburgh, 
1848, 

Hooxer. Himalayan Journals. Vols. I. II. 8vo. London, 1854. 

JACQUEMONT. Voyage dansl’Inde. Vols. 1-V. 4to. Paris, 1841-45. (The 
last volume contains the Botanical part.) 

MADDEN. Observations on some of the Pines and other Coniferous Trees of the 
Northern Himalaya, and on Himalayan Coniferee—Journ. Ag. Hort. Soc. 
of Ind. Vols. IV. and VII. 1845-50. | 

Mason. Burmah : its People and Natural Productions. 8vo. Rangoon, Lon- 
don, and New York, 1860. 

THomson. Western Himalaya and Tibet. 8vo. London, 1852. 


III. TIMBER, FOREST PRODUCE AND MANAGEMENT. 


Birpwoop. Catalogue of the Vegetable Productions of the Presidency of Bom- 
bay. Second Edition. 8vo. Bombay, 1865. 
Burckuarpt. Saen und Pflanzen. Hanover, 1870. 
CLEGHORN. Forests and Gardens of South India. 8vo. London, 1861. 
—_ Report upon the Forests of the Panjab and the Western Himalaya. 
8vo. Roorkee, 1864. 


XX LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO. 


Drury. Useful Plants of India. 8vo. London, 1873. 
Exner. Die Mechanischen Eigenschaften der Holzer. Vienna, 1871. 
Firmincer. Manual of Gardening for Bengal and Upper India. London, 
1864, 
Fowxks. ‘Tables of the Results of a Series of Experiments on the Strength of 
British, Colonial, and other Woods. London, 1867. 
Gums and Resinous Products of India. Calcutta, 1871. 
HoutzaPrreL. Descriptive Catalogue of Woods. London, 1852. 
HusEMANN. Die Pflanzenstoffe. Berlin, 1871. 
MarsH. Man and Nature. 8vo. London, 1864. 
Maruizv. Flore Forestitre. Nancy, 1860. 
Micuavux. The North American Sylva. Vols. I. II. Paris, 1819. 
MoopEEN SHERIFF. Supplement to the Pharmacopeia of India. Madras, 
1869. 
Norpuinger. Die Technischen Eigenschaften der Holzer. Stuttgart, 1860. 
Querschnitte von Holzarten. Vols. L-V. Stuttgart, 1852-69. 
Powett. Handbook of the Economic Products of the Panjab. Vols. I. Il. 
Roorkee, 1868-72. 
RipBentRop. Hints on Arboriculture in the Panjab. Lahore, 1873. 
Roytz. The Fibrous Plants of India. 8vo. London, 1855. 
Scuacut. Der Baum. Berlin, 1860. 
ScHERZER. Fachminnische Berichte iiber die Gisterreichisch-Ungarische Ex- 
pedition nach Siam, China, und Japan. Stuttgart, 1872. 
Setpy. A History of British Forest Trees. 8vo. London, 1842. 
SKINNER. Indian and Burman Timbers. Madras, 1862. 
Stewart. Forests and Fuel Plantations of the Panjab. Lahore, 1868. 
Panjab Plants. 8vo. Lahore, 1869. 
Memorandum on the Peshawar Valley, and its Flora—Journ. As. 
Soc. Beng., 1863. 
Notes on the Flora of Waziristan—Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. 1863. 
The Sub-Sewalik tract with special reference to the Bijnour Forest 
and its Trees—Journ. Ag. Hort. Soc. of Ind. Vol. XIII. 1865. 
Journal of a Botanising Tour in Hazara and Kaghan—Journ. Ag. 
Hort. Soc. of Ind. Vol. XIV. 1866. 
Tour in the Panjab Salt-range—Journ. Ag. Hort. Soc. of Ind. 
Vol. I. N.S., 1867. 
——— Notes of a Botanical Tour in Ladak and Western Tibet—Trans. 
Bot. Soe. Edin. Vol. X. 1869. 
TREDGOLD’s Carpentry by Hurst. London, 1871. 
Waring. Pharmacopeia of India. Svo. London, 1868. 
Wintkomm. Forstliche Flora von Deutschland und Césterreich. Leipzig und 
Heidelberg, 1873. pin, <2 


ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS. XX1 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
b-- OS. , : Cold Season ; : Dec. Jan, Feb. 
=e,  ~. : Hot es ; ‘ March, Apr. May. 
R.S. ‘ , Rainy ,, ; é June, July, Aug. 
Autumn. : : Sept. Oct. Nov. 
Pb. : - ; ; : . ; Panjab. 
wr. : ote ‘ : : North-Western Provinces. 
C.P. _ : ‘ : : : ; Central Provinces, 


Note.—For a full account of the climatic regions of India, see ‘‘ Distribution of Forests 
in India,” in Ocean Highways for October 1872, and Transactions of Scottish Arboricul- 
tural Society, vii. 88 (1873). " 


Eastern India. (Sikkim to Burma, including Bengal.) 

North-West India. (Sindh, Panjab, N.W.P., Bandelkhand, and Rajpu- 
tana. 

South India. (The Peninsula, south of the Satpura range.) 


EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 


Acuminate, terminating in a tapering point. 

ms ei applied to the relative position of the parts of the calyx and corolla 
in bud. 

Arillus, a dilatation from the funicle or placenta more or less covering the seed 
as it matures. 

Arrested (as applied to the axis), when the internodes are undeveloped. 

Berry, a sacculent indehiscent (syncarpous) fruit. 

Caruncle, a thickening of the mouth of the ovule as the seed matures. 

Convolute (in vernation), a leaf rolled longitudinally on itself. 

Dwaricate, spreading at a wide angle. 

Flexuose, alternately bending from side to side. 

Glabrate, becoming glabrous on full development. 

Hyaline, translucent. 

Interpetiolar (applied to stipules), between two petioles. 

Intrapetiolar (applied to stipules), between the petiole and branch. 

Moniliform, beaded, constricted at intervals. 

Penrcillate, tufted like a camel’s hair brush. 

Ruminate, interrupted in internal structure, usually applied to albumen. 

Scrobiculate, marked with minute shallow depressions. —_ 

Strigose, covered with short stiff more or less appressed hairs. 

Strophiole, an appendage of the testa of some seeds, usually on the raphe, but 
independent of the funicle and micropyle. 

Thyrsus, a compact pyramidal panicle. 

Trinerved, with 3 nerves distinct from the base. 

Triplinerved, with 3 nerves more or less confluent near the base. 

Viviparous, developing leafy shoots from the inflorescence. 


XXll 


SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 


Tux distinguishing characters are selected with special reference to the 
trees and shrubs described in this work: a few Orders not here de- 
scribed, but containing important Indian trees or shrubs, are added in 
brackets. 


First Crass. DICOTYLEDONS. 


Pith surrounded by concentric layers of wood and bark. Wood and 
bark separated in the growing stem by a continuous layer of soft cells 
(cambium), which is transformed into new wood on the outside of the 
wood-cylinder, and into new bark on the inside of the bark. Ultimate 
venation of the leaves usually irregularly reticulate. Embryo with two 
or more cotyledons. In germination the cotyledons are generally raised 


above ground, the radicle lengthens, forming a tap-root, which at a later 
period branches. 


First Sus-Crass. ANGIOSPERMZ:. 


The wood consists of wood-cells, vessels, and medullary rays. Parts 
of calyx, corolla, or perianth usually in fours or fives. Ovules in a 
closed ovary, fertilised by the pollen-tubes penetrating into the ovary 
through the opening or loose tissue of the stigma. Embryo with two 
cotyledons, with or without albumen. 


I. Polypetale.—Flowers with both calyx and corolla, the latter of 
distinct petals. 


A. Thalamifiore.—Petals hypogynous. 


1. Dilleniacee, p. 1. Leaves alternate, simple, with prominent lateral nerves. 
Sepals persistent. Stamens indefinite. Pistil usually of several distinct car- 
pels. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. 

2. Magnoliacee, p. 3. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules conspicuous, cum- 
monly convolute. Sepals and petals conform in 2-7 whorls of three, imbricate, 
deciduous. Stamens indefinite. Numerous distinct carpels. Embryo minute 
in a fleshy, oily, uniform albumen. 


SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXill 


3. Anonacecee, p. 4. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Sepals and 
ote in threes or multiples of three. Stamens indefinite. Carpels distinct in 

ruit (united in Anona). Embryo minute in a ruminated albumen. 

4, Menispermacee, p. 7. Climbers with broad medullary rays and other- 
wise anomalous wood structure. Leaves alternate, simple, mostly palminerved, 
without stipules. Flowers unisexual, usually trimerous, sepals free. Stamens 
definite, often monadelphous. Fruit usually of several distinct one-seeded car- 
pels. Embryo curved with or without albumen. 

5. Berberidec, p. 11. Leaves alternate. Sepals and petals usually trimer- 
ous, conform, caducous. Stamens mostly 6, free, opposite to petals ; anthers 
opening by valves. Carpels one or several, distinct. Seeds albuminous. 

6: Capparidece, p. 13. Leaves alternate. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 
often indefinite. Ovary stipitate, synearpous. Seeds numerous, attached to 
parietal placentas, generally without albumen. 

7. Bixinee, p. 16. Leaves-alternate, simple. Sepals 4 or 5. Stamens inde- 
finite ; anthers bursting longitudinally by slits or pores at the apex. Ovary 
synearpous, one-celled. Seeds generally few, on parietal placentas. Embryo 
with foliaceous cotyledons in a fleshy albumen. 

8. Pittosporee, p. 19. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Flowers bisex- 
ual, regular, pentandrous and pentamerous. Sepals free. Ovary symcarpous. 
Embryo minute in a copious albumen. 

9. Tamariscinee, p. 20. Leaves alternate, small, generally scale-like. 
Flowers usually bisexual, regular, pentamerous, rarely tetramerous ; stamens 
as many as petals, or twice that number. Ovary one-celled, syncarpous. Seeds 
numerous, tufted or winged. . 

[Guttifere. Resinous, often coloured juice. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, 
opposite, undivided, penniveined. Flowers regular, generally unisexual. Sepals 
free, Stamens numerous, Ovary syncarpous. Seeds few, without albumen. 
Embryo fleshy, oily.— Garcinia pictoria, Roxb. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 87. Xan- 
thochymus pictorius, Roxb. ; ib. t. 88. Calophyllum elatum, Bedd.; ib. t. 2. 

(Poon) ; Mesua Roxburgh, Wight (M. ferrea, Roxb.) | 

10. Ternstremiacece, p. 24. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, simple, penni- 
veined. Flowers regular, usually pentamerous and bisexual. Sepals 5. Sta- 
mens numerous. Ovary syncarpous, 3-5-celled. Seeds generally few and exal- 
buminous. Embryo fleshy, oily. 

11. Dipterocarpe, p. 26. Resinous. Leaves alternate, generally entire, 
penniveined. Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, regular. Calyx often adnate 
to ovary, and its segments enlarged in fruit. Stamens 5, 10, 15, or indefinite. 
Ovary syncarpous. Seeds one, rarely two. Embryo with thick fleshy coty- 
ledons, albumen none. 

12. Malvacee, p. 28. Wood soft and light. Leaves alternate, stipulate, 
simple, often palminerved, with stellate hairs. Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens 


numerous, monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, or often 


separating ultimately into distinct carpels, rarely indehiscent. 

13. Sterculiacece, p. 32. Wood soft. Leaves simple or digitate, usually alter- 
nate and stipulate. Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens monadelphous or free ; an- 
thers 2-celled. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, or a whorl of distinct carpels. 

14, Tiliacece, p.36. Leaves alternate, simple, with deciduous stipules. Calyx- 
lobes valvate. Stamens indefinite, usually free ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary syn- 
carpous, 2-10-celled. 

[Zinec. Leaves alternate, entire, stipulate. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5- 
rarely 4-merous. Stamens as many as petals or double their number, connate 
at the base into a tube or ring. Disc of 5 or 10 glands, often inconspicuous. 
Seeds few.—Hrythroxylon indicum, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 81.] 

15. Malpighiacee, p. 44. Climbers with opposite entire leaves. Flowers 


XXIV SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 


regular, bisexual, pentamerous. Stamens 10. Fruit of 1-3 winged one-seeded 
carpels. Seed without albumen. : 

16. Geraniacee, p. 45 (Averrhoa). Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, without 
stipules. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10. Fruit oblong, fleshy, 5-ribbed. 

17. Rutacee, p. 46. Leaves compound or simple, usually alternate, without 
stipules, aromatic, dotted with translucent glands. Disc annular, thick. Flowers 
4- or 5-merous. Stamens as many as petals, or twice that number, rarely inde- 
finite. 

18. Simarubee, p. 58. Bark bitter. Leaves usually alternate, compound, 
without stipules, not dotted with glands. Flowers small, generally unisexual, 
regular, 3-5-merous, Stamens as many as petals, or double their number. 

19. Ochnacec, p. 60. Leaves alternate, simple, shining, coriaceous. Flowers 
regular, bisexual. Sepals 5; petals 5 or 10. Stamens 10 or indefinite ; anthers 
linear. Fruit usually of 3-10 distinct, 1-seeded drupes. 

20. Burseracece, p. 61. Balsamic or resinous. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate 
or imparipinnate, without stipules. Stamens usually 8 or 10. Seeds one or 
few, without albumen. 

21. Meliacee, p. 65. Leaves alternate, pinnate, without stipules. Flowers 
regular, bisexual, in large panicles. Stamens generally 8-10, monadelphous. 

22. Olacinee, p. 74. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Flowers small, 
4-5-merous. Stamens as many as petals or twice their number. Fruit inde- 
hiscent, 1-seeded. 

23. Llicinee, p. 75. Leaves evergreen, alternate, simple, glabrous. Petals 
4-5; stamens as many as petals. Fruit a drupe with three or more 1-seeded 

renes. 

PY. Ampelidece, p. 97. Climbers. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, 
Calyx small; petals valvate in bud. Stamens opposite to petals. Fruit a 
berry with one or a few hard seeds. 

25. Sapindacece, p. 103. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound. 
Flowers polygamous, often irregular. Stamens usually more than petals, not 
double their number. Seeds few. 

26. Sabiacee, p. 115. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers tetra- 
merous or pentamerous. Stamens opposite to petals. Anther-cells distinct. 
Seeds few, without albumen. 

27. Anacardiacee, p. 117. Often resinous. Leaves various, without sti- 
pules. Fruit generally drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded (2-5-seeded in Spondias). 

[Coriariec. Leaves opposite, simple. Flowers bisexual, regular, pentamer- 
ous. Stamens 10. Disc none. Fruit of 5-8 distinct one-seeded carpels, en- 
closed in the persistent coriaceous or succulent petals.—Coriaria nepalensis, 
Wall. p. 128.] 

28. Moringecee, p. 129. Leaves alternate, 2- or 3-pinnate ; leaflets caducous, 
with glands in the place of stipules. Flowers large, bisexual, pentamerous, 
panicled ; petals unequal. Fertile stamens 5, opposite to petals, alternating 
with sterile stamens. Fruit a long 1-celled 3-valved pod. 

[Connaracece. Leaves alternate, without stipules,’ pinnate, 3- or 1-foliolate ; 
leaflets coriaceous, entire. Flowers generally bisexual, pentamerous. Stamens 
5 or 10. Ovary of five distinct 1-celled, hirsute carpels, one or more of which 
only comes to maturity, forming a 1-seeded oblique capsule-—Connarus pin- 
natus, Linn. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Man. 82.] 


B. Calyciflore. Calyx gamosepalous, often adnate to ovary. Petals 
inserted on the calyx. 


29. Celastrinee, p. 77. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, generally cori- 
aceous ; stipules none, minute or early deciduous. Calyx small ; lobes imbri- 


SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXV 


cate. Stamens 3-5, alternating with petals. Disc large, surrounding the base 
of the 3-5-celled ovary. Fruit a fleshy drupe, or a capsule dehiscing loculici- 
dally, or 3 distinct carpels. 

30. Rhamnec, p. 84. Branchlets and stipules often spinescent. Leaves 
alternate, simple. Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens opposite to petals. Disc 
annular, cupular, or coating the calyx-tube. Ovary 2-3-celled. 

31. Leguminose, p. 130. Leaves alternate, stipulate, pinnate 3-foliolate or 
unifoliolate. Carpel 1, free. Fruit a 1-celled pod. Seeds generally without 
albumen ; cotyledons filled with starch, or oily. 

32. Rosacece, p. 189. Leaves simple or compound, stipulate, usually alter- 
nate. Stamens numerous. Carpels solitary few or numerous, free or enclosed 
in and adherent to the calyx-tube. Seeds without albumen. 

33. Saxifragece, p. 210. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers reg- 
ular, generally bisexual. Calyx free or adnate to ovary. Carpels 2 or more, 
usually syncarpous. Seeds small; embryo minute, in a copious albumen. 

34. Hamamelidee, p. 215 (Parrotia). Leaves deciduous, alternate, crenate ; 
stipules large, deciduous. Flower-heads enclosed in large, membranous bracts. 

35. Rhizophoree, p. 217. Leaves opposite, petiolate, coriaceous, entire ; sti- 
pules interpetiolar, early caducous. Calyx adnate to ovary, 4-14-lobed ; lobes 
valvate, coriaceous, persistent. 

36. Combretacee, p. 220. Leaves simple, petiolate, entire; no stipules. 
Calyx-tube adnate to ovary ; limb 4-5-cleft ; lobes valvate. Stamens as many 
as calyx-lobes, or twice the number. Fruit winged or angled, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
No albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, oily. 

37. Myrtacee, p. 230. Leaves simple, penninerved, generally entire, either 
alternate, or (more commonly) opposite, with translucent glands. Flowers reg- 
ular, bisexual, 4-5-merous. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary ; limb often closed in 
bud, and bursting irregularly or coming off entire. Stamens indefinite ; anthers 
dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds generally numerous. 

| Melastomacece. Leaves simple, with 3-9 basal nerves (in Memecylon penni- 
veined). Flowers regular, bisexual, 4-5-merous, Calyx-tube more or less ad- 
nate to ovary ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens definite, as many as petals, or 
twice that number. Anthers basifixed, opening at the apex with two pores or 
short slits, connective often thick and appendiculate-—MWemecylon umbellatum, 
Burm., Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 206—Syn. WV. tenctorium, Wight IIl. t. 93.] 

38. Lythrariee, p. 237. Leaves simple, entire, generally opposite ; no sti- 
pules. Calyx free, gamosepalous ; lobes valvate in bud. Stamens definite or 
indefinite ; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Fruit generally a 2-many-celled 
capsule. Seeds numerous, without albumen. 

39. Samydaceee, p. 242 (Casearia). Leaves alternate, distichous, simple, 
often with translucent glands ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers inconspicu- 
ous, axillary, fasciculate. Ovary free. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds numerous ; 
embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen. 

40. Passifloree, p. 244 (Carica). Stem simple, with few branches, tufts of 
palminerved leaves at the ends of branches. Flowers unisexual. Fruit large, 
succulent. Seeds numerous, parietal ; embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen. 

[Datiscee. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers dioicous, petals 
often wanting. Calyx 3-9-lobed. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with as many pla- 
centas and styles as calyx-lobes. Seeds parietal, numerous, minute.—Tetra- 
meles nudeflora, R. Brown, p. 245.] 

41. Cactec, p. 245. Flat and articulate, or columnar, succulent stems with 
minute leaves. Flowers large, bisexual ; calyx adnate to ovary ; lobes numer- 
ous. Stamens indefinite ; filaments long, filiform. Fruit fleshy, with numer- 
ous seeds. 

42. Araliacee, p. 247. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. Flowers 


XXvVl SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 


regular, umbellate, or capitate. ~ Calyx adnate to ovary ; limb short. Petals 
caducous. Seeds few ; embryo minute in fleshy albumen. 

43. Cornacee, p. 250. Leaves entire, without stipules. Calyx adnate to 
ovary. Fruit a berry or drupe, 1- or 2-celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Albumen fleshy; 
ns Sea thin, foliaceous. | 


II. Gamopetale. Flowers with calyx and corolla, the latter gamo- 
petalous. 


A. Ovary inferior. 


44, Caprifoliacee, p. 254. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate. Fruit a 
berry or drupe, 1- or many-seeded ; embryo minute in copious fleshy albumen. 

45. Rubiacee, p. 260. Leaves opposite or whorled ; stipules interpetiolar or 
intrapetiolar. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, alternating with them, and 
inserted in the tube. Albumen fleshy or horny. j 

[Composite. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers in involucrate heads, 
Calyx-limb a pappus of scales, hairs, or bristles, rarely none. Stamens 5; an- 
thers connate ina tube. Ovary 1-celled, with one erect ovule. Style of fer- 
tile flowers 2-lobed.— Vernonia, Blumea. | 


B. Ovary free (except Mesa and Styracee). 


46. Ericacee, p. 279 (Andromeda, Rhododendron). Leaves alternate, simple, 
without stipules. Anthers 2-celled, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-18- 
celled, with numerous minute seeds. 

47. Myrsinee, p. 282. Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules. Calyx 
free, rarely adhering to ovary. Fruit a fleshy or dry berry, or a drupe, 1- or 
few-seeded. Seeds albuminous. ) 

48. Sapotacee, p. 288. Milky juice. Heartwood well defined, hard and 
heavy. Leaves alternate, entire, usually coriaceous, without stipules. Flowers 
bisexual. Stamens numerous, in 2-3 series, or as many as corolla-lobes, and 
opposite to them, often alternating with staminodes. Fruit a 1- or few-seeded - 
berry ; testa hard, shining. 

49. Hbenacee, p. 294. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, entire, without 
stipules. Flowers usually polygamous. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Albumen 
cartilaginous. 

50. Styracee, p. 298 (Symplocos). Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules. 
Calyx adnate to ovary. Fruit crowned by the calyx-lobes, 1-seeded, Embryo 
in the axis of a fleshy albumen. 

51. Oleinew, p. 301. Leaves opposite, entire or pinnate; no stipules. Sta- 
mens 2. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds few. 

52. Salvadoracee, p. 314. Leaves opposite, entire, with minute stipules, 
Flowers small, regular, tetramerous. Stamens 4, alternating with corolla-lobes. 
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a 1-seeded berry. 

53. Loganiacew, p. 317 (Strychnos, Buddleia). Leaves opposite, connected 
by interpetiolar stipules or a raised line. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Seeds 
numerous, rarely few, albuminous. 

54, Apocynee, p. 319. Juice often milky. Leaves opposite or whorled. 
Flowers regular, bisexual, pentamerous, pentandrous. Calyx divided to the 
base. Corolla-lobes contorted in bud, throat hairy inside, or closed with scales. 
Anthers free. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, or 2-celled, rarely 1-celled. Seeds 
numerous, often with a tuft of hairs. , 

55. Asclepiadee, p. 329. Juicemilky. Leaves opposite entire, without sti- 
pules. Flowers regular, pentamerous, pentandrous, beive divided to the base. 


ete: a 


SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXVli 


Anthers connate into a tube, enclosing the style. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels: 
Seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs. 

56. Boraginee, p. 335. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Inflorescence 
cymose usually unilateral. Flowers regular, 4-6-merous, 4-6-androus. Calyx 


- persistent ; lobes 4-6, valvate in bud. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, often 2-4-lobed. 


Seeds solitary in each cell or lobe. 

57. Convolvulacee, p. 341. Climbers. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers large, regular, bisexual, pentamerous, pentandrous. Calyx of 5 dis- 
tinct sepals, persistent, often enlarged in fruit, Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Seeds 
few. 

58. Solanew, p. 345. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers regular, 
bisexual, usually pentamerous and pentandrous. Calyx usually gamosepalous. 

59. Bignoniacee, p. 346. Leaves opposite, usually compound, without sti- 

ules. Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, often irregular. Calyx gamosepalous. 
Reigans 2 or 4, rarely 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit often elongated. Seeds nu- 
merous, often winged, without albumen. 

60. Verbenacee, p. 353. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers irreg- 
ular, 4-5-merous. Calyx gamosepalous, persistent, often enlarged in fruit. 
Stamens usually 4. Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Seeds few, solitary in each cell. 


IIl. Apetalze or Incomplete. Flowers with a single perianth, con- 
sisting of distinct or connate leaves or scales, or without perianth (calyx, 
and corolla only in Loranthacee and in a few Euphorbiaceous genera). 


[Vyctaginee. Nodes tumid. Leaves usually opposite, unequal; no stipules. 
Flowers bisexual or (Pisonia) dioicous. Perianth tubular, campanulate or in- 
fundibuliform, coloured, base persistent, often hardened, enveloping the 1- 
seeded achene.—Pisonia aculeata, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1763-64; Bedd. FI. 
Sylv. Man. p. 175. Bougainvillea spectabilis, Willd. ] 

| Phytolaccee. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers usually bisexual, regular. 
Perianth 4-5-partite, often coloured, imbricate in bud. Ovary a whorl of 1- 
celled more or less distinct carpels ; fleshy in fruit in Phytolacca.—P. acinosa, 
Roxb. ; P. dioica, L., p. 371.] | 

61. Polygonee, p. 371 (Calligonum, Atraphaxis). Leaves alternate, simple, 
with sheathing stipules. Flowers small. Perianth regular, 3-6-lobed or of 3-6 
leaves. Ovary free. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, compressed, trigonous or tetragon- 
ous. Seed with farinaceous albumen. 

62. Laurinee, p. 373. Aromatic. Leaves alternate, usually entire and ever- 

green, without stipules. Perianth regular, deeply 6-cleft. Stamens normally 
12, biseriate, but a portion of the stamens generally wanting. Fruit a 1-seeded 
berry or drupe. Albumen none ; cotyledons fleshy, oily. 
. [Myristicacee. Leaves coriaceous, alternate, often distichous, entire, penni- 
nerved, without stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, dioicous. Perianth 2-4- 
generally 3-lobed, coriaceous, tubular or campanulate ; lobes valvate in bud. 
Stamens 3-18, monadelphous; anthers extrorse. Capsule fleshy, 2-valved. 
Seed 1, enveloped in a fleshy laciniate, often aromatic, aril. Embryo minute, 
in a copious aromatic ruminated albumen.—M/yristica moschata, L. (Nutmeg) ; 
M. laurifolia, H. f. & Th. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 267 ; I. corticosa, H. f£. & Th. ; 
ib, t. 271 ; and other species in the dense evergreen forests of Burma and the 
Western Ghats.| | 

63. Thymelacee, p. 384. Bark tenacious. Leaves alternate or opposite, en- 
tire, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous, bisexual. Perianth gamo- 


phyllous. Stamens as many as, or twice the number of, perianth-lobes. Ovule 
pendulous, solitary. Fruit 1-seeded. 


XXViil SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 


64. Hlcagnee, p. 387. Leaves lepidote, entire, alternate, without stipules. 
Ovule erect, solitary. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded, enclosed within the succu- 
lent persistent base of the perianth. 

[Proteacew. Leaves usually alternate, coriaceous, persistent ; no stipules, 
Flowers usually bisexual, massed together in heads, spikes, or panicles, with ~ 
imbricate bracts, and often with a general involucre. Perianth of 4, more or 
less connate, coriaceous leaves. Ovary free, 1-celled. Seeds without albumen, 
—Helicia robusta, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 301.] 

65. Loranthacee, p. 391. Parasitic. Leaves coriaceous, entire, usually op- 
posite, often wanting. Ovary inferior, with a solitary erect ovule. 

66. Santalacee, p. 398. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without sti- 
pules. Flowers regular, 3-4-merous, 3-4-androus ; stamens opposite to lobes of 
perianth. Ovary inferior, l-celled. Fruit l-seeded. Seed albuminous. 

67. Urticacee, p. 400. Leaves stipulate, alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers 
unisexual, Perianth generally 3-5-lobed. Ovary free, 1- rarely 2-celled. Fruit 
1-seeded, many often united in one syncarpium. 

- 68. Platanee, p. 434. Leaves alternate, palmatifid; stipules caducous. 
Flowers unisexual without perianth, intermingled with scaly bracteoles, col- 
lected in globose pendulous heads. 

[Casuarinee. Branches whorled, articulate. Leaves reduced to many- 
toothed sheaths at the nodes, Flowers monoicous or dioicous. Male flowers 
in catkins, monandrous, with 4 connate bracts, in the axils of sheaths. Female 
flowers in bracteate heads, without perianth. Fruit a globose head of woody 
bracts and bracteoles, each pair of bracts including a 1-seeded caryopsis.— 
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., p. 435. 

69. Huphorbiacee, p. 436. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually stipulate. 
Flowers unisexual. Perianth various, sometimes a calyx and corolla, or want- 
ing. Ovary free, generally 3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded, often 3-lobed. Seeds 
oily ; cotyledons flat, in a fleshy albumen. 

70. Betulacew, p. 457. Leaves alternate, simple, penniveined ; stipules de- 
ciduous. Flowers monoicous in drooping catkins. Ovary free, compressed, 
2-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. 

71. Salicinee, p. 461. Wood soft and light. Leaves alternate, simple, sti- 
pulate. Flowers dioicous in lateral catkins. Ovary free, 1-celled. Seeds 
numerous, minute, enclosed in long silky hair. 

72. Cupulifere, p. 477. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules deciduous. 
Flowers monoicous. Ovary inferior, generally 2-3-celled. Albumen none ; 
cotyledons thick, fleshy. 

73. Myricacee, p. 495. Leaves alternate, often aromatic, without stipules. 
Flowers unisexual, in catkins or spikes. Ovary free. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, 
clothed with fleshy or waxy pericarp. Albumen none; cotyledons fleshy. 

74. Juglandee, p. 496. Leaves alternate, pinnate, often aromatic, without 
stipules. Flowers monoicous, the male in catkins, the female solitary. Ovary 
inferior, 1-celled. Seed 1, oily, without albumen, 


Szconp Sus-Crass. GYMNOSPERMZ. 


The wood, excepting that of the first year, which encloses the pith, 
consists of wood-cells and medullary rays, and has usually no vessels. 
Flowers unisexual, without calyx, corolla, or perianth. Ovules (not en- 
closed in an ovary) fertilised by direct contact with the pollen. Em- 
bryo in copious albumen, often with more than 2 whorled cotyledons, 


ee — 
oe - a 


Pati 


SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXix 


75. Gnetacee, p. 500. Stem and branches articulate at the nodes. Leaves 
opposite, or reduced to a short bidentate sheath. Flowers enclosed by sheath- 
ing bracts. Anthers 2-8, filaments connate into a fleshy column. Seeds 1 or 2, 
enclosed in the persistent, more or less succulent bracts. Cotyledons 2, folia- 
ceous. 

76. Conifer, p. 502. Branches often whorled, not articulate, Leaves alter- 
nate, usually acicular, often tufted. Male flowers in deciduous catkins, with 
antheriferous scales. Seeds at the base of carpellary scales, fleshy or more 
commonly woody, forming a cone. Cotyledons 2-15, whorled. 

[Cycadee. Stem usually unbranched with a terminal crown of rigid pinnate 
leaves, and marked with the scars of fallen leaves. Pith large, often with 
scattered vascular bundles ; medullary rays broad. Flowers dioicous in erect 
terminal or axillary cones. Antheriferous scales large, bearing on their under 
side numerous anther-cells. Scales of female cones peltate or pinnatifid, bear- 
ing the ovules on their edges. _Cotyledons 2, unequal, the upper part remain- 
ing enclosed in the farinaceous albumen of the germinating seed.—Cycas 
circinalis, Linn. ; Bedd, Fl. Sylv. Manual, 227.] 


Szconp Crass. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 


Vascular bundles scattered in the cellular tissue of the stem, closely 
packed near the circumference and more sparse near the centre. Pith, 
wood, and bark not distinct, no continuous cambium layer, and no reg- 
ular increase in thickness of the stem by the formation of concentric 
layers of new wood and bark. Leaves with sheaths or broad-based peti- 
oles, the blade usually with longitudinal nerves, with or without cross 
veins, but without irregularly reticulate venation. Perianth, where pre- 
sent, stamens, and usually carpels, in threes, or multiples of three. Em- 
bryo generally small, usually surrounded by copious albumen ; cotyledon 
1, partly remaining enclosed in the germinating seed. The radicle gives 
off fibres during germination, forming a fibrous root. 


77. Palme, p. 541. Stem solid, usually unbranched, with a terminal crown of 
petiolate, pinnately or palmately divided, leaves. Calyx 3-fid. Corolla 3- 
petalous. Ovary 3-celled. Albumen horny, cartilaginous, or oily. 

[Pandanee. Stem solid, dividing into dichotomous branches, each branch ~ 
with a tuft of linear sheathing leaves in spiral rows. Flowers unisexual, with- 
out perianth, sessile in large heads or spikes. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen 
fleshy or horny— Pandanus odoratissimus, Roxb. ; P.,furcatus, Roxb.] 

78. Graminew, p. 560, Stems above ground hollow, jointed, often with fas- 
cicled branches at nodes. Leaves simple, entire, usually linear, on long split 
sheaths. Flowers usually bisexual, in the axils of distichous bracts (glumes), 
with inner, usually 2-nerved bracts (paleas). Perianth incomplete, of 2-3 mem- 
branous scales. Seed 1, pericarp closely adhering to testa. Albumen farina- 
ceous, 


XXX 


REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD. 


THE peculiar structure of the wood of Coniferous trees, Palms, and Bamboos, 
is sufficiently explained at pages 502, 541, and 561. In this place it is intended 
to draw attention to the character of the main classes of Dicotyledonous woods, 
so far as they can be distinguished under the lens without the aid of a micro- 
scope. The classification here suggested is not complete ; it only applies to 
the trees mentioned under each class. Orders and genera with anomalous wood- 
structure, and climbers, are not included. The object of these remarks is to 
offer a few practical hints, which may induce Foresters and others, who have to 
deal with Indian timbers, to examine the structure of the different kinds, 


First Ciass.—Pores equal in size and uniformly distributed, sometimes a 
narrow belt with few pores at the outer edge of the annual ring, or a narrow 
belt with more numerous pores at its inner edge. 

A. Medullary rays narrow or fine, generally all of one width. 

1, Annual rings distinct.—Huonymus europeus, Zizyphus vulgaris, Acer 
campestre, A. dasycarpum, Aisculus, Schleichera trijuga, O dina Wodter, Pyrus, 
Mespilus, Crategus, Hriobotrya, Careya arborea (pores scanty, in oval groups 
of 3-6, uniformly distributed, a narrow belt of darker wood at each ring), 
Punica Granatum, Cornus, Viburnum, Coffea, Diospyrus Lotus, Ligustrum 
vulgare, Connamomum Camphora (pores large, in radial lines), Hliwagnus, 
Buxus, Betula, Salix (S. tetrasperma, from Burma, however, has larger and 
more numerous pores in the spring wood, and S. caprea has a similar structure, 
but less marked), Populus, Juglans regia. 

2. Annual rings more or less indistinct.—The division between this and the 
first group is uncertain, for the wood of the same kind often has the annual 
rings distinct when grown in dry places or at high elevations, while under other 
circumstances the zones of annual growth cannot be distinguished. Lombax 
malabaricum (pores large, numerous), Capparis aphylla, Shorea robusta, Melia 
Azedarach, Mangifera indica, Terminalia tomentosa, Conocarpus acuminata, 
Eugenia Jambos, Lagerstremia pore (pores large, numerous whitish 
wavy concentric bands, not annual rings), Vauclea cordifolia, NV. parvifolia 
(pores fine, in radial lines between medullary rays), Olea europea. 

a ey rays of two classes, broad and narrow, the broad rays very 
marked. 

1, Annual rings distinct.—Dzillenia indica, Acer pseudoplatanus, N egundo, 
Staphylea pinnata, Platanus orientalis, Alnus nepalensis, A. glutinosa, Fagus 
sylvatica, pe orventalis, and Betulus. 

2. Annual rings more or less indistinct——To this section probably belong 
several species of Diullenia and Carallia integerrima. 


REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD, XXxi 


Seconp Crass.—Pores nearly equal in size, but not uniformly distributed, 
crowded in the spring wood and scanty in the autumn wood, annual rings 
always’ distinct. Z’amarix (medullary rays broad), Rhamnus catharticus, R. 
Frangula, R. Alaternus (pores in wedge-shaped branching tails in most species 
of Rhamnus), Prunus (medullary rays fine or moderately broad, broad in P. 
Mahaleb), Terminalia chebula (a narrow belt of autumn wood without pores), - 
Hippophaé rhamnoides, Alnus mcana. 


Turrp CiAss.—Pores unequal in size, large and numerous in the spring 
wood, smaller and scanty in the autumn wood ; annual rings always distinct. 

A. Medullary rays narrow or fine, generally all of one width. Cedrela Toona 
(annual rings marked by a single line of larger pores), Rhus Cotinus, Fraxinus, 
Tectona grandis, Morus alba, Celtis australis (medullary rays short, moderately 
broad, but uniform), Ulmus montana, U. campestris (the smaller pores of the 
autumn wood in narrow wavy bands), U. effusa, Broussonetia papyrifera, Cas- 
tanea vesca. 

_B, Medullary rays of two classes, broad and narrow, the broad rays very 
marked.—Azlanthus glandulosa, Quercus pedunculata, Q. sessiliflora, Q. Cerris 
(the smaller pores of the autumn wood generally arranged in irregular tails). 

Quercus Suber and Q. Ilex have a peculiar structure, fully described in 
Mathieu’s Fl. For. 256 and 263. The pores are arranged in wavy radial lines or 
tails ; in Q. Llex they are fine and not crowded in a belt of spring wood, in Q. 
Suber they are large and more numerous at the inner edge of each annual ring, 
without, however, forming a porous belt. @Q. serrata has broad medullary rays 
and middle-sized pores, and Y. semecarpzfolia has fine and numerous medullary 
rays. The wood of the other Indian Oaks has not yet been sufficiently examined. 


The wood of the Indian Leguminous trees merits special study. It is often 
marked by wavy concentric bands of lighter-coloured tissue, which must not 
be confused with annual rings. Albizzia odoratissima, Lebbek, procera and 
stipulata, have large pores uniformly distributed, the pores often in groups of 
2 or 3, and always enclosed in a patch of more open tissue, consisting of wood- 
cells different from the mass of the wood. These patches are arranged in more 
or less concentric lines, having the appearance of wavy bands. The medullary 
rays are fine and numerous, and the annual rings are generally distinct. The 
structure of Dalbergia Sissoo, Cassia Fistula, Xilca dolabriformis, Tamarindus 
indica, and Acacia Catechu, is similar, but the wood of the two last-named trees 
has no distinct annual rings. In Acacia arabica the pores are often close to- 
gether in the inner part of each annual ring, and scanty in the outer belt. 
Pterocarpus indicus (Padouk) has large scanty pores, more numerous and larger 
in the spring wood, the pores of the autumn wood joined by white wavy concen- 
tric lines; medullary rays numerous, very fine. Sophora japonica, Robinia Pseu- 
dacacia and Gleditschia triacanthos, have a porous belt of spring wood, the 
autumn wood being firmer, with few pores. Another group is marked by having 
the Be art arranged in wavy, concentric, or oblique lines. Cytisus Laburnum, 
C. alpinus, and Cercis Siliquastrum, a small tree with cordate leaves and pink 
flowers of the Mediterranean region (cultivated at Kabul as Arghawan, J. L. 
Stewart), have a belt of larger pores in the spring wood, while those of the 
autumn wood are arranged in concentric and oblique wavy lines and patches. 
Ulex europceus, the common Furze, has all pores in oblique belts, forming a net- 


work of rhomboid meshes. Tamarindus indica has a similar structure, but no 
distinctly marked annual rings. 


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FOREST FLORA 


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NORTH-WEST AND CENTRAL INDIA. 


Orver I. DILLENIACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, not aromatic, with simple alternate leaves 
and dilated petioles, or more rarely with deciduous stipules. Sepals 5, 
persistent, imbricate. Petals hypogynous, 5 or 4, imbricate, deciduous. 
Stamens hypogynous, numerous, in many series. Anthers dehiscing lon- 
gitudinally or by terminal pores. Carpels one or more, free, or cohering 
with the axis. Seeds solitary, few, or many, albuminous ; albumen fleshy ; 
embryo minute. In most genera, but not in Dillenia, the seeds are aril- 
late.—Gen. Pl. i. 10; Royle Ill. 58; Wight Ill. i. 6. 


1, DILLENTA, Linn. 


Trees with large penniveined leaves, lateral nerves prominent ; leaves 
generally approximate at the end of branches, leaving large scars when 
they fall. Flowers large, bisexual, solitary or fascicled, yellow or white. 
Petals 5. Anthers linear, bursting at the top by small slits or pores. 
Carpels 5 to 20, cohering in the axis; styles as many as ovaries, spread- 
ing. Fruit globose, enclosed in the thickened calyx. 


Flowers white ; seeds pilose . . : : : 1. D. indica. 
Flowers yellow ; seeds glabrous. 

Flowers fascicled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate . ; 2. D. pentagyna, 
Flowers solitary ; leaves obovate... ; d 3. D. aurea. 


1. D. indica, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 823; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 103; 
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 36.—Syn. D. speciosa, Thunb. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 650 ; 
W. & A. Prodr. 5. Vern. Chalta, Beng. ; Mota Karmal, Mahr. ; Tha- 
byuben, Burm. 


Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 in. long, deeply and sharply serrate, with 
numerous parallel stout ribs ending in the points of the serratures, coria- 
ceous, hard when old. Petioles 1-14 in. long, channelled and sheathing. 
Flowers with the leaves, solitary, large, sometimes 9 in. across, odorous. 
Sepals concave, thick and fleshy, edge thin and membranous. Petals 
oblong, waved, white. Outer stamens erect, inner longer, recurved. 


LY ; 


2 I. DILLENIACEA. [ Dillenia. 


Ovaries 20. Fruit large, 3 to 4 in. diam., hard outside, fleshy inside, 
with numerous reniform seeds embedded in a pellucid, glutinous pulp. 


Wild along the base of the Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, in Bengal, South 
India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Malayan Peninsula; cultivated in most parts 
of India. Evergreen ; fl. June, July ; fruit ripens Feb. 

A middle-sized tree, with a short erect bulky trunk, branches spreading 
into a broad rounded shady head. Bark of the trunk and larger branches 
about 4 inch thick, coarse and brittle, internally reddish brown, outer surface 
grey, shining, rugose, with many small cracks and exfoliating scales, 

Sapwood white ; heartwood light brown or pinkish white, close- and smooth- 
grained, with numerous medullary rays close together, as many as 15 to 20 on 
the quarter-inch, and large distinct annual rings. Weight of cub. ft. 41-45 
lb. Made into gunstocks and helves, and in some places used in the construc- 
tion of houses and ships. The rough old leaves, like those of other species of 
D., are employed to polish ivory and horn ; the fleshy leaves of the calyx, which 
surround the ripe fruit, have an agreeable acid taste, and are eaten raw or 
cooked in curries, or made into sherbet. A palatable jelly is made from them. 


2. D, pentagyna, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 20; W. & A. Prodr. 5; Bedd. FI. 
Sylv. t. 104; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 38.—Syn. D. augusta and D. pilosa, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 652. Colbertia coromandeliana, D.C. Vern. Aggai, 
Oudh ; Kallai, C.P.; Zimbyun, Burm. 


aie Fide tateed lati decurrent into short sheathing petioles, very 
large, 1-2 ft. long, longer on shoots and young trees, denticulate, with 
numerous parallel ribs, silky-downy when young, smooth and shining 
when old. Flowers before the leaves, sweet-scented, on slender pedicels, 
in loose fascicles on tuberosities along 2- or 3-year old branches, about 1 
inch across or less. Sepals ovate-obtuse. Petals oblong, yellow. Outer 
stamens erect, inner longer spreading. Ovaries 5. Fruit pendulous, size 
of a gooseberry, the fleshy leaves of the calyx enclosing 5 small see onsen | 
which contain a soft transparent gluten. Seeds few. | 


Along base of Himalaya from Oudh to Assam. In Bengal, Central India, 
South India, and Burma. Sal forests of Oudh, and the Central Provinces on 
low flat ground, not on the hills. Sheds its leaves in March and April, comes 
into flower soon afterwards. Fruit ripens in May. 

A moderate-sized tree in North and Central India, with an erect trunk 4-5 
ft. girth, and straggling long ascending branches, with drooping ends. A 
stately tree in the south. Bark of smaller branches grey, shining, subrugose, of 
the trunk about 4 inch thick,-compact, brittle, internally red, externally 
grey or pale vlan smooth, but with shallow depressions of irregular nape, 

-eaused by the exfoliation of the outer layers. 

Wood hard, fibrous, porous, tough and strong, heavy and durable. Not easy 
to work, apt ‘to warp and crack. Weight 45-48 lb. Used for construction 
and shipbuilding, for rice-mills ; the leaves are laid under grass thatch, and 
are used as plates. Flower-buds and young fruit have a pleasant acid flavour, are 
eaten, raw or cooked, in Oudh and Central Provinces ; the ripe fruit also eaten. 


3. D. aurea, Smith ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37.—Syn. D. ornata, Wall. PI. 
As. Rar. t. 23. Vern. Chamaggai, Oudh; Dheugr, Nepal; Byuben, Burm. 


Leaves on deep-channelled sheathing petioles, oblong or obovate, 
9-15 in. long, remotely crenulate, the ends of the parallel side-ribs promi- 


ee = 


Dillenia. | I. DILLENIACEA. 3 


nent ; when young, softly hairy or rufous silky on both sides ; when old, 
glabrous above and pubescent beneath. Flowers before the leaves, soli- 
tary, at the end of short lateral branchlets, with ovate bracts at base of 
peduncle, 2-3 in. across. Sepals oblong, obtuse, concave, fleshy, with 
thin ciliated margins, at last reflexed, with long silky hairs on the back. 
Petals yellow, obovate from a narrow base. Stamens numerous, the inner 
longer spreading or recurved. Ovaries 6-12. Fruit on thick pilose pe- 
dunele, enclosed by fleshy calyx, size of a small apple. Seeds several, 
glabrous in a viscid pulp. 


Northern Oudh forests; Burma. Sheds its leaves in February; the new 


foliage begins to show in April, generally after the numerous fine golden. 
flowers. wt 


A small tree in Oudh, rarely over 2 ft. girth, and 20 ft. high; in Burmaa 
large handsome tree. Bark of trunk about 4 inch thick, reddish, compact, in- 
ternally viscid, externally whitish, ashy, or brown, guasz tesselated by longi- 
tudinal and transverse cracks into subquadrangular scales, which eventually 
exfoliate. Heart- and sap-wood not distinct, close and hard. Weight, 45 lb. 


Orver Il. MAGNOLIACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, often aromatic, with convolute deciduous stipules and 
alternate leaves. Flowers often large, trimerous. Sepals and petals usually 
similar, in 2-7 whorls of 3, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens numerous, free, 
inserted.on the torus; anther-cells adnate to connective. Ovaries numer- 
ous, often spirally arranged on the elongated torus. Ovules 2 or more 
on the ventral suture. Seeds with an abundant albumen, and minute 
embryo.—Gen. Plant. i. 16; Royle Ill. 58; Wight Ill. i. 9. 


1. MICHELIA, Linn. 


Trees with shining leaves; buds enveloped in the convolute stipules. 
Flowers bisexual. Sepals and petals conform, 9 or more, in 3 or more 
series. Gynophore stalked. Filaments flat. Anthers introrsely adnate. 
Carpels numerous, spirally arranged on an elongated conical torus, each 
with 3 or more ovules. Fruit a loose spike of coriaceous, 2-valved, 1-12 
seeded carpels ; seeds with a fleshy outer testa. 


1. M. champaca, Linn.—Tab. I.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 656; W. & A. 
Prodr. 6; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 42.—Syn. M. awrantiaca, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 
t. 147. M. Doltsopa, Ham.; Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 3. Sans. Cham- 
paka. Vern. Chamba, Champa. 


Leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 in. long, strongly 
reticulated, shining and glabrous above, pallid, more or less pubescent 
beneath when young, glabrate afterwards. Flowers axillary, each with 
a deciduous, coriaceous, cinereous bract. Sepals and petals 15-20, 
the outer obovate, the inner narrow-linear, yellow or orange, with dark 
longitudinal veins. Capsules sessile on an elongated stalk, orbicular or 
broadly oval, opening on the back in two thick valves, dark-coloured, with 
large white round specks. Seeds 1-12, oval, compressed, brown, about 
the size of a small pea. 


4 I]. MAGNOLIACE. | Michelia. 


Cultivated in the outer Himalaya as far as the Ravi (up_to 3000 ft., at Al- 
morah to 5400 ft.), occasionally in Bandelkhand and the C.P.; on Mt. Aboo, 
commonly in Bengal and South India (8000-5000 ft.) Evergreen. Flowers ap- 
pear at various seasons, chiefly about May ; seeds ripen in Nov. and Dec. 

A handsome tree, in favourable localities from 60 to 100 ft. high, with a 
straight trunk 7 to 9 ft. in girth, branches ascending and spreading, forming a 
close, shady, oval head. Bark of younger branchlets ‘with callous whitish points 
. on a yellowish ground, of the trunk and older branches about 4 inch thick, 
inside greyish or reddish brown, outside light cinereous. Sapwood whitish, 
heartwood glossy, olive or dark brown, often beautifully mottled coarse-grained, 
brittle, with numerous fine medullary rays, more than 30 in the quarter- -inch, 
and distinct annual rings ; prized for furniture, polishes well ; used in Kamaon 
and Nepal for housebuilding, i in the Penins, for car riage-work, verandah posts, 
and made into drums. Planted at Hindoo shrines ; flowers prized on account 
of their sweet scent. 


Orver III. ANONACEA. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual. Sepals 3, free or connate, usually 
valvate. Petals 6, hypogynous, biseriate, usually valvate in the following 
genera, the 3 inner sometimes wanting; deciduous. Stamens numerous ; 
filaments short or none; anthers adnate, 2-celled, commonly extrorse. 
Ovaries usually numerous, 1-celled ; style short or stigma sessile. Fruit 
of one or more 1- or many-seeded carpels, dry or succulent, often stalked, 
rarely united into a fleshy fruit (Anona). Seeds large, with a ruminate 
albumen ; embryo small,—Gen. Plant. i. 20; Royle Ill. 59; Wight Ill. 
i, 15. 

Petals not conform to sepals. 

Ripe carpels distinct, one-seeded 1. POLYALTHIA. 

Ripe carpels confluent into a succulent many- -seeded fruit 2. ANONA, 
Outer petals conform with the sepals ; ern 1- peenas -seeded. 


Inner petals flat ; ovules 1-4 f ‘ . 8. MILIUSA. 
Inner petals saceate at base ; ; ovules numerous. ; . 4, SACCOPETALUM. 


1, POLYALTHIA, Blume. 


Flowers usually bisexual. Sepals 3, short. Petals 6, longer than 
sepals. Stamens indefinite, short, cuneate, closely crowded on a convex 
torus, anther-cells concealed by the overlapping connectives. Ovaries 
numerous, terminating in short thick styles; ovules 1-2. Fruit consist- 
ing of one or numerous one-seeded carpels, dry or fleshy, on long stalks, 
inserted on the pubescent or tomentose torus. 


Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers fascicled, petals 


equal ’ 1. P. longifolia. 
Pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute ; ; flowers solitary; petals 
unequal, "pubescent ; stalks twice the length of berries. . 2 P. suberosa. 


Pubescent ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers solitary 
or 2-3 ; ; petals equal, thick, enRYnSs stalks more than twice 
the length of berries. , ; . 8 P&P. cerasoides. 


1. P. longifolia, Benth. & H. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 62; Bedd. Fl. 


Ot 


Polyalthia. | Ill. ANONACEZ. 


Sylv. t. 38.—Syn. Guatieria longifolia, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 10; 
Wight Ic. t. 1. Uvaria longifolia, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664. Sans. 
Devadaru. Vern. Asok, Asokan, Debdari, Devidart. 


A large glabrous tree; leaves on short petioles, long-acuminate, undu- 
late, 5 to 8 in. long, pellucid-dotted, glabrous, shining. Flowers numer- 
ous, yellow green, on long slender pedicels, umbellate on short, leafless, 
tuberculate branchlets. Sepals broad-ovate. Petals equal, linear-lanceo- 
late from a broad base. Carpels ovoid, # in. long, on stalks about 4 in. 
long. 

Indigenous in Ceylon ; commonly planted in avenues along roads in Bengal 
and South India ; occasionally i in North-West India, as far as Hushiarpur. 
A tall, handsome, shady tree, with a fine straight trunk, attaining a girth of 
6 ft. and a height of 50 ft., with a close symmetrical head. Evergreen ; flowers 
between February and May ; ; the seed ripens in July and August. Wood 
eb artide , fairly close and even-grained. The cubic foot weighs between 
30 an ; 


2. P. suberosa, Benth..& Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 65; Bedd. 
Ic, Pl. Ind. Or. t. 56.—Syn. Uvaria suberosa, Roxb.; Cor. Pl. t. 34; Guat- 
teria suberosa, Dun. ; W. & A. Prodr. 10. Vern. Bara Chali, Beng. 


A shrub or small tree; leaves bifarious, nearly sessile, 2-5 in. long, 
oblong, obtuse or acute, glabrous, pubescent beneath when young. 
Flowers pubescent, small, greenish white, on long slender pedicels, with a 
linear bract below the middle, mostly solitary, rarely two, on short woody 
tubercles. Sepals small, triangular. Petals unequal, the three outer 
ovate, + in. long, 2-3 times the length of sepals, the three inner oblong 
4 in. long. Carpels dry, numerous, globular, size of a pea, on stalks about 
twice their length. 

Oudh forests (not common), Bengal, South India. Evergreen ; flowers through- 
out the year, but chiefly in April and May ; the seed ripens in Feb. and March. 
A large shrub or small tree. Bark of trunk and branches often with a thick 
rough cork layer. Wood close, hard, tough, and durable, weighs about 40 lb. 
per cubic ft. 


3. P. cerasoides, Benth. & Hook. fil.; Hook. Fl. Ind. 1. 63; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t. 1.—Syn. Uvaria cerasoides, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 33 ; Fl. Ind. 
li. 666 ; Guatteria cerasoides, Dun.; W. & A. Prodr. 10. Vern. Hoom, 
Bombay. 


A moderate-sized or large tree. Leaves distichous, short - petiolate, 
4-7 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent 
beneath, with long soft hairs; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, prominent 
beneath, with shorter intermediate nerves. Flowers greenish white, 
on pedicels $-1 in. long, solitary, or 2-3 on short, lateral, woody 
branchlets, occasionally with 1 or 2 small leaves. Sepals broad-ovate, 
acuminate, pubescent. Petals lanceolate, thick, glabrous, 4 in, long. | Ber- 
ries numerous, dark red, } in. diam., stalks slender, # in. long. 

South India, Western Ghats, Behar. Flowers Feb. to May. Evergreen. 


Wood prized on the Western Ghats, where the Hoom isan mupurees tree of the 
evergreen forests in the Sattara district. 


6 Ill. ANONACEA. [ Anona. 


2. ANONA, Linn. 


Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 3 or 6. Stamens 
indefinite, crowded round a hemispherical torus, top of connective ovoid, 
overtopping the cells. Carpels united into a large fleshy fruit, with 
numerous seeds embedded in a soft pulp. 


1. A. squamosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 78; Bot. Mag. t. 3095. 
—Custard-apple (Sweet-sop or Sugar-apple in America). Vern. Afa, 
Bengal; Sharifa, behli, North-West ; Sita phal, Bandelkhand. 


Leaves petiolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, glaucous be- 
neath, pellucid-dotted, with a peculiar heavy smell. Flowers solitary or 
in pairs, on pedicels as long as the flower, inserted on short, leafless, ter- 
minal or extra-axillary branchlets. Sepals triangular, acute, united at base. 
Petals, 3 exterior an inch long, lanceolate, triquetrous, thick and fleshy ; 
3 interior minute or wanting. Fruit large, from 2 to 4 inches across, 
yellowish green, embossed with prominent oblong, obtuse, adnate scales, 
filled with as many pulpy cells as there are united carpels, some abor- 
tive, the rest one-seeded, all radiating from the central conical torus, 
from which, when ripe, the pulp readily separates. Seeds oblong, deep 
brownish black, with a pale swelling at the hilum. 

Indigenous in the West Indies, but completely domesticated over a great 
part of India ; cultivated as far north as Gurdaspur in the Panjab. Almost 
wild in Central Provinces and Bandelkhand (near old forts), and in swamps 
near Burmdeo in the Kamaon Bhabar. 

A shrub or small tree with an erect short trunk. Nearly evergreen in the 
Panjab ; the new leaves appear about March. Flowers in the hot season ; the 
fruit ripening from July to Oct. Chiefly valued for its fruit; seeds acrid, 
fatal to insects. | 

Other species cultivated in India: Anona muricata, L. ; Sour-sop ; Anona 
reticulata, L.; Bullock’s-heart or Custard-apple of the West Indies. 


3. MILIUSA, Leschenault. 


Flowers bisexual or dicecious. Sepals 3, small. Petals 6, 3 outer 
minute, conform to the sepals, 3 inner much larger ; estivation valvate. 
Stamens loosely imbricated on a cylindrical torus; anthers extrorse, dis- 
tinct, attached to a thick connective which scarcely overtops the cells. 
Ovaries numerous, style oblong ; ovules one or two, rarely more. 


1. M. velutina, H. f & Th.—Tab. II.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 37; 
Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 87; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 87.—Syn.: Uvaria villosa, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664. Vern. Gidar-rukh, gwiya, goa-sal, dom-sdal, 
N.W.P.; Bari Kari, Kajrauta, Kharrei, Oudh; Kari, C.P. ; Thabutgyi, 
Burm. 

Young branches, leaves, and flowers densely tomentose. Leaves on 
short petioles, ovate or oblong with cordate base, softly tomentose or pu- 
bescent on both sides, softly ciliate, 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers greenish 
yellow, on slender pedicels 2-4 in. long, in lax 3- to 6-flowered racemes on 
peduncles 4-1 in. long. Sepals and 3 outer petals small, ovate ; 3 inner 
petals three times their length, broad-ovate, outside densely tomentose, 


Tei aaa 


Miliusa. | Ill. ANONACEA. 7 


inside smooth, dark brown. Fruit consisting of a number of black dry 
berries, 4 in. long, 1- or 2-seeded, on short stalks. 


Burma, Bengal, Orissa, Northern Circars, Central Provinces, Oudh. Along 

the base of the Himalaya to the Ganges, ascending to 1500 ft. Deciduous ; 
bare of foliage for great part of the hot weather, the new leaves appearing in 
April, Flowers from March to May; the fruit ripens in June and July, 
remaining long on the tree. 
- A middle-sized tree, with an erect short trunk to 4 ft. girth ; in Burma a 
large tree. Bark of trunk nearly 1 inch thick, rough with cracks, and tesse- 
lated in subquadrangular, thick, grey, exfoliating scales. Heart- and sap-wood 
not distinct, sulphur yellow when fresh, light brown when old, with shining, 
hard, medullary rays. The seasoned wood weighs from 40 to 50 lb. per eubic 
foot ; easily worked and durable, but liable to warp; used for small beams, 
cart-poles, yokes, agricultural implements, spear-shafts, and oars. 


4. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett. 


Trees. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate 
in 2 series; the 3 outer small, conform to the sepals; the inner much 
larger, saccate at the base, erect or conniving. Stamens loosely imbricate 
round a subglobose torus ; anthers extrorse, distinct, adnate to a thick con- 
nective, which overtops the cells. Ovaries numerous, ovules 6 or more. 


1. S. tomentosum, H. f. & Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. 1. 88.—Syn. Uvaria 
tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 35; Fl. Ind. ii. 667; W. & A. Prodr. 8. 
Vern. Karri, Oudh ; Hoom, Bombay. 


A large tree. Young shoots clothed with soft silky tomentum. Leaves 
elliptic or ovate-oblong, 6-12 in. long, on short petioles barely } in. long, 
pubescent beneath, nearly glabrous and somewhat rough above. Flowers 
greenish yellow with a broad streak of brown, in leaf-opposed or subter- 
minal 2-4-flowered cymes, on short peduncles, 4-4 in. long. Pedicels 
slender, 2-3 in. long. Sepals and outer petals nearly equal, lanceolate, 
4 in. long, inner petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, # in. long. Flowers and 
pedicels clothed with soft. silky down. Carpels purple, tomentose, 3 or 
more, globose, 1 in. diam., 3-4-seeded, on stalks }-4 in. long. 

Oudh forests, Nepal Terai adjoining Oudh, Goruckpur, Behar, Orissa. Ever- 
green forests of the Western Ghats. Leaves are shed in March, turning 


orange yellow before falling, renewed April, flowers with the young leaves. 
Fruit June. 

In Oudh attains 50 ft. with an erect short trunk, 5-6 ft. girth, often gnarled 
and knotty from lopping. Bark 1 in. thick, brown or black, cracked and fur- 
rowed. Wood yellow, like that of NVawcelea cordifolia ; cracks in seasoning ; 
used (in Oudh) for huts and cattle-sheds ; reckoned as a good timber on the 
Western Ghats, where it is called by the same name as Polyalthia cerasovdes, 
which, however, has one-seeded berries. Leaves used as cattle-fodder. 

S. longiflorum, Hf. & Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 88. Eastern Bengal. Has 
solitary flowers on short pedicels } in. long, and long pointed petals 1} in. 


long. 
Orver IV. MENISPERMACEZ. 


Climbing or twining, rarely erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or 
lobed, usually palminerved, exstipulate. Flowers small, dicecious or poly- 


8 IV. MENISPERMACE. [ Anamirta. 


gamous. Sepals commonly 6, free, the outer 3 often minute. Petals 
commonly 6, or wanting. Male flowers: stamens commonly 6, opposite 
to petals, rarely fewer or more ; anthers 2-4-celled, frequently extrorse or 
dehiscing laterally. Female flowers: carpels free, distinct, 3, rarely 1 
or more than 3; ovules solitary. Ripe carpels generally drupaceous, the 
seed enclosed in the woody or coriaceous endocarp, usually curved or re- 
niform, with or without albumen, the radicle pointing towards the scar 
of the style, which is often near the base of the fruit.—Gen, PL. i, 30; 
Royle Ill. 61; Wight Il. i. 19. 


Sepals 6; anthers sessile on a stout central column; drupes subglob- 
ose on a stout 3-fid gynophore; style near the base ; endocarp 
hard, woody : ; ‘ : : ‘ ; e . 1. ANAMIRTA, 

Sepals 6; stamens free ; ovaries 3-12. 

Drupes with scar of style near the apex, anthers bilocular, 

dehiscing longitudinally ; : : : , : 
Drupes with scar of style near the base. 

Dry fruit circular, compressed, strongly tubercled, anthers 

4-lobed, dehiscing transversely . : - ‘ ‘ 

Dry fruit obovate-oblong, not tubercled, anthers 2-lobed, 

dehiscing longitudinally ‘ : : : , : 

Male flower: sepals 4, petals connate into a 4-lobed cup; stamens 
monadelphous ; female flowers in the axils of large leafy bracts; 
drupes with scar of style near the base; dry fruit circular, 
strongly tubercled - 7 ‘ ; : : ; . 5, CISSAMPELOS. 


2. TINOSPORA. 


8. CoccuLUs. 


4, TILIACORA. 


1. ANAMIRTA, Colebrooke. 


1. A. Cocculus, W. & A. Prodr. 446.—Syn. Menispermum Cocculus, 
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 807, Vern. Kakmari. 


A glabrous climbing shrub, bark corky. Leaves coriaceous, cordate or- 
ovate, blade 4-8 in. long, petiole 2-6 in. Flowers greenish, in long pen- 
dulous panicles. Sepals 6, with two small adpressedebracts ; petals none. 
Anthers numerous, 2-celled, on the top of a thick central column. 
Carpels 3 on a stout trifid gynophore } in. long. Drupes subglobose, $ in. 
diam., black, glabrous. Seed globose, enclosing the intruded endocarp. 

South India, Eastern Bengal, Oudh forests (R. Th., but I have not seen 
specimens). The Cocculus berries are bitter, used in India to intoxicate and 
poison fish, and in England to adulterate beer. 


2. TINOSPORA, Miers. 


1. T. cordifolia, Miers; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 97.—Syn. Cocculus cordi- 
folius, DC.; W.& A. Prodr. 12; Wight Ic. t. 485, 486.  Menisper- 
mum cordifolium, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 811. Vern. Batindu, Pb. ; 
Gulwail, Bombay. , 

A glabrous, climbing, succulent shrub, bark corky.. Leaves cordate, 
acute or acuminate, blade 2-4 in. diam., petiole 14-3 in. Flowers 
small yellow, in long slender racemes, male flowers fascicled, female 
flowers usually solitary. Sepals 6. Petals 6, half the length of sepals, 
wedge-shaped. Filaments 6, thick, clavate, the 2 anther-cells obliquely 
adnate to the top. Ovaries 3. Drupes 1-3, red, succulent, plane-convex, 


So — 


Tinospora. | _ IV. MENISPERMACEZ. 9 


size of a small cherry, with glutinous pulp, scar of style near the top. En- 
docarp kidney-shaped, albumen ruminate. 
Common in hedges in most parts of India. Fl. H.S.R.S. Long filiform 


roots from the branches. Used in native medicine. Sold in the bazaars as 
Gilo, Pb. ; Gulo, Bombay ; Guluncha, Bengal. 


3. COCCULUS, DC. 


Male flowers: sepals 6, biseriate ; petals 6, shorter than sepals, concave, 
embracing the stamens ; anthers terminal, subglobose. Female flowers : 
sepals and petals similar to those of male flowers, stamens sterile or none, 
carpels 3. Drupes circular, compressed, generally 3, scar of style on the 
inner side near the base, endocarp tuberculate, horseshoe-shaped. 


A small tree ; leaves lanceolate, glabrous ; flowers in long axillary 
panicles . ‘ - : ; : , : oes 
A climbing shrub ; leaves-glabrate, linear-oblong or trapezoid ; 
flowers axillary, male sessile fascicled, female solitary short- 


1. C. laurifolius. 


pediculate Shes ‘ ’ . ‘ - i 2. C. Leceba. 
A climbing shrub ; leaves villous, ovate-oblong, male flowers in 
short panicles, female 1-3 on short axillary panicles. . 3. C. villosus. 


1. ©. laurifolius, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101.—Syn. Menispermum 
laurifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 815. Vern. Parura, Pb.; Tilpara, 
kikra, dal chini, N.W.P. 


Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, short-petiolate, entire, 3-nerved, 
coriaceous, shining, dark green when young, light green when old, paler 
beneath. Flowers numerous, small, in long branched panicles, axillary or 
in the axils of fallen leaves ; axis of panicle frequently bearing 1 or 2 
leaves. 


Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Nepal, ascending to 5000 ft. An erect 
shrub, often a considerable tree, with a short, erect, straight trunk, spreading 
branches, and fine shining bright-green foliage. 


2. ©. Lexwba, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 102.—Syn. C. glaber, W. & A. 
Prodr. 13. Vern. Vallur, illar, billar, Pb. 


A climbing shrub, often with a stem 3-4 ft. girth ; branchlets pubescent. 
Leaves glabrate or glabrous, oblong or trapezoid, entire or lobed, $-14 in. 
long. Male flowers on short pedicels, in axillary panicles ; female flowers 
solitary, on slender axillary peduncles } in. long. Drupe 4 in. diam. 


Dry and arid regions of India. Panjab, Sindh, Dekkan, Afghanistan, Arabia. 
Dry regions of Africa. Fl. throughout the year. 


3. C. villosus, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101.—Syn. Menispermum hir- 
sutum, Linn.; Roxb. Fl, Ind. i. 814. Vern. Karsane, Oudh. 


A climbing undershrub ; branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence villous with 
greyish tomentum. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, often mucronate, 
1-3in. long. Male flowersin axillary panicles, 1-14 in. long, often with 1 
or 2 leaves. Female flowers 1-3 on axillary pedicels 4-} in. long. Drupes 
1-3, dark purple, 4 in. diam. 


10 IV. MENISPERMACE&. [ Coceulus. 


Common in the plains and lower hills of most parts of India. Tropical Africa. 
Fl. Feb., March. The juice of the ripe berries makes a durable bluish-purple 
ink. The leaves rubbed in water thicken into a green jelly. Roots and leaves 
used in native medicine. 


4. TILIACORA, Colebrooke. 


1, T. racemosa, Colebrooke ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 99.—Syn. Cocculus 
acuminatus, W. & A. Prodr. 12. Menispermum polycarpon, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. ii. 816. Vern. Tiliakoru, Beng. ; Karwant, karrauth, rangoe, Oudh, 


A large climber, with entire, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, acuminate 
leaves, blade 3-6 in., petiole 1 in. long. FI. yellow, dicecious or. polygam- 
ous, in axillary raceme-like panicles 6-12 in. long, with branches 1 in. 
long, bearing either one female, or 3-7 male flowers. Sepals 6, in two 
series, the outer much smaller. Petals 6, minute. Stamens 6, ovaries 
3-12, styles short. Drupes 3-12, compressed, obovoid, } in. long, stalked, 
style-scar near the base, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed hooked, albumen 
oily, ruminate. Cotyledons linear, fleshy. 

Oudh forests, Bengal, Orissa, Concan, Ceylon. Fl. most part of the year. 
Fruit ripe March. Evergreen, enveloping the tallest forest-trees in its dense 
dark-green foliage. The long flexible branches are used for thatching and 
basket-work, 


5. CISSAMPELOS, Linn. 


Mostly climbers with peltate leaves. Male flowers cymose, tetra- 
merous, petals connate into a 4-lobed cup. Stamens monadelphous, 
anthers united into a peltate disc, dehiscing round the margin. Female 
flowers racemose, crowded in the axils of large leafy bracts; perigonium of 
1 or 2 lateral scales. Carpel one with a short trifid or tridentate style. 
Drupe circular, style-scar near the base ; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, com- 
pressed, tubercled on the back. Seed curved. 


1. C, Pareira, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 103.—Syn. C. convolvulacea, 
Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 14; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 842. Vern. Katori, par- 
bik, pataki, tikri, Pb. ; Dakh-nirbisi, N.W.P. ; Harjewri, Oudh. 


A climbing undershrub, with a short stem, throwing out long herbaceous 
twining branches, generally covered with grey tomentum. Leaves pel- 
tate, broad-ovate or reniform. Male flowers in axillary usually branched, 
and corymbose racemes, with few small bracts. Female flowers on elon- 
gate, generally simple racemes, with numerous, broad, alternate, foliaceous 
bracts, and several 1-flowered pedicels in their axils, ; 


Common in most parts of India, in the north-west, along the foot of the 
Himalaya, as far west as the Jhelum river, but not in the arid parts of the 
Panjab and Sindh. Fl. March-Oct. Leaves and root used medicinally. A plant 
of very wide distribution. Also in tropical America, where it yields the 
Radix Pareire of druggists, and in tropical Africa. | 

The structure of the wood of Menispermacee is remarkable, and differs in 
several respects from the wood of other dicotyledons. The vascular bundles 
of a young branch (which in most dicotyledons unite and form concentric 


ee eee 


Cissampelos. | IV. MENISPERMACE&. 11 


rings of wood and liber) generally remain distinct in Menispermacez, and are 
separated by broad radial masses of cellular tissue, corresponding to the medul- 
lary rays of ordinary wood. After some time these original wood fascicles cease 
growing, and in the cortical cellular tissue exterior to the liber originates a 
second circle of bundles, similar to the first formed, excepting in the absence 
of spiral vessels. After these bundles have attained full development, they 
in turn cease to grow, and a third circle forms in the cellular tissue of the 
bark,and soon. ‘There is great variety in the wood structure of the genera of 
this family. 


Orper V. BERBERIDEZ. 


Usually shrubby, sometimes climbing, glabrous plants. Leaves simple 
or compound, stipules rare. Sepals and petals free, hypogynous, very 
caducous, usually trimerous, 2-4-seriate. Stamens hypogynous, 4-6 (rarely 
8), opposite the petals, anthers adnate, erect, dehiscing by 2 revolute or 
ascending valves ur by lateral or dorsal slits. Carpels 1-3, rarely more, 
oblong, ovules usually indefinite. Seeds with a copious, dense albumen. 
—Gen. Pl. i. 40; Royle Ill 62; Wight IL i. 22. 


Erect shrubs ; flowers bisexual; one carpel . ; . 1. BERBERIS. 
Climbing shrubs; flowers unisexual; carpels 3. . 2. HOLBOELLIA. 


1, BERBERIS, Linn. 


Spiny shrubs with yellow wood, yellow flowers and fasciculate leaves, 
the leaves .of elongate shoots often reduced to simple or 3-7-forked spines. 
Sepals 6, with 2-3 adpressed bracts, imbricate in 2 series. Petals 6, in 
2 series, imbricate. Stamens 6, free, anther-cells opening by recurved 
valves. Stigma peltate, sessile, or on a short style. Fruit a berry with few 
seeds. Albumen fleshy, embryo straight. 


Leaves simple, membranous or thinly coriaceous, not lacunose, 

serrate, serratures equal, cuspidate ; stigma sessile. . Ll. B. vulgaris. 
Leaves simple, obovate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, not lacunose, 

entire, or with large spinescent serratures ; flowers on com- 

_ pound racemes ; stigma small, on a short style : ‘ 2. B. aristata. 

Leaves simple, narrow, lanceolate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, not 

lacunose, entire or spinose-dentate ; flowers pale, small, on 

corymbose racemes ; style distinct . 3. B. Lycium. 
Leaves simple, obovate or orbicular, coriaceous, hard, lacunose, 

reticulate, entire ; or with large, distant, spinescent teeth ; 

flowers fasciculate or in short racemes ; style distinct . 4. B. asiatica. 
Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 2-12 pair . ; , . 5. B. nepalensis. 


1. B. vulgaris, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109; Hook. Stud. Fl. 13. 
—Barberry. Vern. zirishie, Pb. 


An erect, spinous shrub. Leaves deciduous, membranous, or thinly co- 
riaceous, serrate with equal spinulose teeth, generally fasciculate on short 
lateral branchlets, in the axil of a 3-7-forked, rarely simple spine, on a 
thick broad base. The leaves vary exceedingly from oblanceolate, cun- 
eate, or obovate, to broadly ovate. Flowers in racemes, elongated or shortly 
corymbose, on the short leaf-bearing branchlets. Berry ovoid-oblong or 
ovoid, red or black when ripe, terminated by the broad sessile stigma. 


AZ” V. BERBERIDEZ. | Berberis. 


Western Himalaya 8000-12,000 ft., eastward as far as Nepal, Western Tibet. 
Afghanistan, and Beluchistan, Europe, North and West Asia. Fl. March, 
April. The pleasantly acid berries of this and some of the following species 
are dried and imported from Afghanistan under the name of zirishk-tursh (sour 
currants). 

BL. Kunawarensis, Royle Ill, 64, may belong to this species. 


2. B. aristata, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110.—Syn. B. tinetoria, 
Leschenault ; W. & A. Prodr. 16; Wight Ill. t.8. Vern. Chitra, chotra, 
totar, N:W.P. The following names probably apply to this and the two 
following species in the Panjab Himalaya: Sumlu, stmlu, kemal, hemlu, 
kamla, kasmal, kammal, tutrum, chitra. 


An erect, spinous shrub. Leaves more or less persistent, coriaceous, 
obovate or oblanceolate, entire, or with few, large, distant, spinescent 
teeth, fasciculate on very short lateral branchlets, in the axil of a trifid 
or simple spine with a broad base. Flowers in compound racemes, 
pedicels often fasciculate. Berries often thickly covered with glaucous 
bloom, cylindrical, tapering into a short style terminated by a small sub- 
globose stigma. 


Outer Himalaya 6000-10,000 ft., from the Sutlej to Bhutan. Mountains ot 
South India and Ceylon. Fl. May-April. Hardy in England. The root of 
this and the two following species (darhald, darchob), and the dried extract 
(rasaut, rusot, rasut), are used in native medicine, and highly prized in 
ophthalmia. The wood is used as fuel. 


3. B. Lycium, Royle ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110.—Vern. Kushmul, N.-W.P. 


A rigid, erect, spinous shrub; bark white. Leaves simple, narrow, lanceo- 
late or oblanceolate, coriaceous, mucronate, generally entire, bright green 
above, glaucous beneath, with prominent, lax, reticulate veins, fasciculate 
on short tuberculate branchlets in the axils of trifid spines on a broad 
base. Flowers pale, small, on elongate racemes. Berries violet, ovoid ; 
stigma capitate, on a distinct style. 


Outer North-West Himalaya 3000-9000 ft., from Hazara to Garhwal. FI. 
April. Chiefly employed in Sirmore and Garhwal for making rwsot (Royle). 


4, B. asiatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 182 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110. 


A stout, erect, spinous shrub ; bark pale. Leaves simple, fasciculate, on 
short tuberculate branchlets, often + in. long in the axils of short trifid 
spines, which are often wanting; obovate or orbicular, hard, coriaceous, 
white beneath, with strong reticulate venation, lacunose between the 
veins, subentire, or with large, distant, spinescent teeth. Flowers in short 
corymbose racemes. Berries large, ovoid or often subglobose, red or black, 
glaucous ; stigma capitate on a distinct style. 


Outer Himalaya 3000-7500 ft., Garhwal, Bhutan, Afghanistan. Parisnath 
in Behar. Fl. March, April. The berries are eaten. 


5.°B. nepalensis, Spreng. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 109.—Syn. B. Leschen- 
aultu, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 16; Wight Icones t. 940; Mahonia 
Nepalensis, DC. Vern. Amidanda, chiror; ‘Pb. 


. 


% 


_ Berberis.| V. BERBERIDEZ. 13 


An evergreen shrub 3-6 ft. high. Leaves coriaceous, shining, impari- 
pinnate, from 6-18 inches long. Petiole stiff, articulate at the insertion 
of the leaflets, broad-sheathing at the base, with 2 subulate stipules. 
Leaflets 2-12 pair, ovate or lanceolate, often falcate, spinous -serrate ; 
the near pair—the base—often smaller and suborbicular. Upper leaves 
reduced to sheathing bracts. Flowers on long erect racemes, several to- 
gether near the ends of branches. Bracteoles coriaceous, oblong or broadly 
ovate. Berry oblong or globose, dark blue or purple. 


Outer Himalayan ranges, 6000-8000 ft., from the Ravi to Bhutan, Khasia 
hills, Burma, and the Nilgherries. Bark soft, corky, wood yellow, with fine 
medullary rays and light-coloured blotches between. The fruit is eaten. 


2, HOLBOELLIA, Wall. 


1. H. latifolia, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 16. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 108. 


A climbing shrub ; stem with corky bark, wholly glabrous. Leaves 
3-9-foliolate, leaflets 3-6 in. long, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate or linear, 
acuminate. Flowers moncecious, in lateral sessile corymbs, purplish 
green, sweet-scented. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, the outer valvate. Petals 6, 
minute. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3; fruit of 1-3 many-seeded oblong berries 
2-3 in. long. 

Himalaya, Kamaon to Assam,.ascending to 9000 ft. Khasia hills. Fl. April, 
ith H. angustifolia, Wall., ib. t. 17, is a variety with linear-lanceolate 
eaves. 


Orver VI. CAPPARIDEZ. 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate leaves. Flowers, with rare ex- 
ceptions, bisexual. Sepals 4, rarely 3 or 5, free or connate. Petals gener- 
ally 4. Stamens almost always more than 4, often indefinite, hypogynous, 
inserted at the base of a long or short gynophore ; anthers 2-celled, versa- 
tile, generally on long slender filaments. Ovary often stipitate, style 
short or stigma sessile. Ovules indefinite on 2-6 parietal placentas. Fruit 
syncarpous, either more or less fleshy, or a dry, mostly elongated, capsule. 
Seeds in most cases without albumen ; embryo incurved ; cotyledons con- 
volute or folded, rarely plane.—Gen. Plant. i, 103 ; Royle Ill. 72; Wight 


TL i. 33. 


Spinescent shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple ; petals not clawed, 
imbricate in bud . : - - ; ; ; ; ‘ 

An unarmed tree ; leaves trifoliolate ; petals long-clawed ; open in 
bud ; ’ : d ; : ‘ : : ; 


1. CAPPARIS. 


2. CRATAVA. 


1. CAPPARIS, Linn. 


Shrubs, rarely trees, generally with stipular thorns, young parts often 
with caducous tomentum. Leaves simple. Sepals 4, usually free. Petals 
4, sessile, imbricate. Stamens indefinite ; filaments slender, filiform, in- 
serted on the torus at the base of the long gynophore. Ovary stipitate, 
generally one-celled. Fruit stalked, with many seeds embedded in a soft 


or dry pulp. 


14 VI. CAPPARIDEA. [ Capparis. © 


Leaves linear, minute ; older branches leafless ; flowers brownish 


red. : ; : : : . ; ; : ; 1. C. aphylla.. 
Leaves ovate or elliptic ; flowers waite or rose-coloured. 
Flowers solitary, large; fruit 1-3 in. long : : : ; 2. C. spinosa. — 
Flowers 2-4, supra-axillary, large; fruit 1-14 in. diam. . i 3. C. horrida. 
Flowers corymbose, small ; fruit 4 in. diam. é d ? 4, C. sepiaria. 


1. C. aphylla, Roth.—Tab. III.—W. & A. Prodr. 27; Hook. FI. 
Ind. i. 174.—Syn. Sodada decidua, Forskal ; Capparis Sodada, R. Br., 
Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 419. Vern. Karil, Kari, Pb. N.W.P.; Kiral, 
Sindh ; Sodada, Arab. 


Glabrous. Leaves on young shoots only, caducous, sessile, linear-subul- 
ate, mucronate, 4 in. long, occasionally spathulate, varying to $ in. long; 
stipules thorny, nearly straight, brown. Flowers brownish red or scarlet, 
corymbose, corymbs nearly sessile. Sepals unequal; the anterior outer sepal 
larger and deeply concave. Petals ovate, longer than sepals, scarlet. 
Stamens 8-20; filaments long, filiform. Ovary on slender gynophore as 
long as stamens; style subulate. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4-2 in. diam. ; 
red when ripe ; on a gynophore | in. in length. 


Common in dry places and on stony hills throughout the Panjab, Sindh, 
and Rajputana, Bandelkhand, the Central Provinces, Guzerat, the Dekkan, 
and occasionally as far south as Tinnevelly. Flourishes in the driest deserts 
of North-West India, frequently associated with Prosopis spicigera and the 
Salvadoras. Extends westward as far as Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia. 

New leaves on young shoots Nov. to March. Fl. March, April, sometimes 
as late as June; the bushes often crowded with the conspicuous brilliant scar- 
let blossoms. 

Generally a scrubby bush, but under favourable circumstances a small tree, 
rarely 20 ft. high, with a short, erect trunk, often 4-5 ft., rarely 7-8 ft. girth, 
Branches numerous, divaricating, forming a depressed subglobose crown of 
dark-green colour ; branches occasionally flattened into horny ribbons. Roots 
immense, spreading deep and wide. The natural reproduction and propaga- 
tion of this tree should be studied ; it is stated that it has never been raised 
by hand from seed or cuttings. Bark of trunk 4 inch thick, dark grey, fur- 
rowed with deep irregular longitudinal and diagonal cracks. 

Wood with more or less distinct annual rings, whitish or light yellow, close- 
even-grained, tough, weighs about 54 lb. per cubic foot, when seasoned. It is 
bitter, and is not touched by white ants. Used for small beams and rafters in 
roofs (in Sindh for the knees of boats), for oil-mills and agricultural implements. 
As fuel, it answers well for brick-burning ; for locomotives, it must be mixed 
with other wood. Burns off quickly with much flame, and leaves much ash. 

The flower-buds (pasz) are used as pickle in Sindh, the unripe fruit is cooked 
and eaten ; both the ripe and unripe fruit are prepared with salt and pepper 
into a bitter-tasted pickle which is exported into Hindustan. 


2. ©. spinosa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 173; Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 
420.—Syn. C. obovata, Royle; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 21. OC. Murrayana, 
Graham; Wight Ic. t. 379. Caper plant. Vern. Kabbar, Arab. ; Kabarra, 
Afg.; Kabra, Tibet; Kaur, kiari, kakri, kander, taker, ber, barari, bauri, 
bassar, Pb. ; Kalvari, Sindh. 

Glabrous, but the young parts frequently covered with a whité yellowish 
or greenish, soft, and caducous tomentum ; armed with recurved or 
nearly straight stipular spines. Leaves petiolate, broad - ovate or obo- 


~ 


Capparis. | VI. CAPPARIDEZ. 15 


vate, retuse or entire, mucronate, thick, glabrous or glabrate. Flowers 
large, 1-3 in. across, white, solitary, axillary, on a pedicel equal to or 
longer than the leaf. Sepals unequal, ovate, obtuse, concave. Petals 
obovate, unguiculate, undulate, longer than calyx, at first pure white, 
then pink and purplish-red as they fade. Stamens numerous, longer 
than petals; filaments slender, purple. Ovary on a slender filiform 
gynophore as long as stamens; nectariferous glands at the base of gyno- 
phore. Fruit oblong, 1-3 in. long, on a strong gynophore, bent down- 
wards when ripe ; opening irregularly by 3-4 valves, crimson inside. 
Seeds numerous, reniform. This species varies exceedingly in the size, 
shape, pubescence, and consistence of the leaves. One form (var. galeata) 
is found in Sindh, with glabrous, often glaucous, fleshy leaves ; the anti- 
cous sepal very saccate. Another*(var. lewcophylla) is found in the lower 
Himalayan valleys, floccose all over with white pubescence. 


Panjab, Sindh, Guzerat, Mahableshwar, N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 12,000 
ft. in the inner arid valleys. South Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. 
Time of flowering varies according to locality and elevation. In the Peshawur 
valley and the trans-Indus territory, it flowers from April to July, the fruit 
ripening about Nov. ; in the inner Himalaya flowers from June to Oct. 

A small trailing shrub on hot dry rocks and stony hills, with long green 
branches, a thick woody root, penetrating deep into the clefts of the rock. 
Strikingly handsome with its large flowers, long purple stamens, and the long- 
stalked ovary protruding from among them. : 

The flower-buds pickled are the capers of Europe, and might be prepared in 
India. The fruit is pickled and eaten in Sindh and the Panjab salt range. The 
leaves and ripe fruit are a favourite food of goats and sheep. 


3. ©. horrida, Linn. fil.; Wight Ic. t. 173; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 178; 
W. & A. Prodr. 26.—Syn. C. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 567. Vern. 
Ms, karvila, Pb. ; karralwa, Oudh. 


The entire plant when young covered with a dense ferruginous, cadu- 
cous pubescence. Stipules laterally compressed, thorny, hooked. Leaves 
from elliptic-oblong to broadly ovate, mucronate, Pedicels supra-axillary, 
2 to 4 ina vertical line, the uppermost flower opening first ; flowers large, 
at first white, later rose-coloured. Stamens numerous, filaments long, fili- 
form, purple. Gynophore as long as stamens. Fruit 1-14 in. diam., glo- 
bose or obovate, red when ripe, on a thick gynophore 1} in. long. 


Plains and lower hills in most parts of India, from the Panjab to Ceylon and 
Burma. Blooms from January or February to April; flowers often so nu- 
merous that the bush looks like a mass of white and rose colour. The fruit 
ripens after June, and remains on the plant for some time. 

A scrambling shrub, found climbing at times to a great extent over the 
tallest trees. Wood used for fuel; the twigs, shoots, and leaves are greedily 
ey Hd elephants and goats. In the Southern Panjab and Sindh the fruit is 
pickled. 


4, C. sepiaria, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 568; W. & A. Prodr. 26; 
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 177.—Vern. Hiuin garna (crooked Carissa), Panjab. 


Young parts pubescent. Stipules thorny, hooked. Leaves ovate or ellip- 
tic, occasionally emarginate, glabrate above, pubescent beneath. Flowers 


16 VI, CAPPARIDEZ. [ Capparis. 


small, 4 inch across, on filiform pedicels, in many-flowered corymbs. 
Sepals oval, concave. Petals oblong, white, unequal. Stamens much longer 
than petals. Fruit a globose berry 4 in, diam. on a short slender carpo- 
phore, one-seeded, black when ripe. 


Here and there in the Panjab and the North-West. Common in the Penin- 
sula, Burma, Ceylon, in the Andamans, Timor, and the Philippines. A middle- 
sized shrub, with numerous and strong branches, makes excellent hedges (My- 
sor, Coimbator), easily raised from seed or from cuttings. Flowers May ; 
fruit ripens about July. 

2. CRATAIVA, Linn. 


Trees ; leaves trifoliolate. Sepals and petals inserted on hemispherical 
disc. Sepals 4. Petals 4, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens numerous, 
filaments slender, filiform, free. Ovary on a long gynophore, with 2 pla- 
centas bearing numerous ovules. Stigma sessile. 


1. C. religiosa, Forst.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 116 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 172. 
—Syn. C. Roxburghit, R. Br.; W.& A. Prodr. 23. Capparis trifoliata, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 571. Sans. Varana, varuna, setu. Vern. Brarna, Bilasi, 
bila, biliana. (Kadatben, Burm.) 


A moderate-sized tree. Leaves trifoliolate, clustered towards the ends 
of branches on common petioles 4 in. long, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, on articulate petioles. Flowers large, 2 inches across, on long fili- 
form pedicels, in many-flowered corymbs, with centripetal expansion. 
Sepals 4, ovate, deciduous, inserted with the petals on the broad-lobed hemi- 
spherical disc. Petals 4, long-clawed, larger than sepals, limb roundish ovate. 
Filaments longer than petals, inserted above the disc on the base of gyno- 
phore. Fruit ovoid or globose, about the size of an apple, ona strong thick 
gynophore, partially bilocular, owing to the cohesion of the placentas, 
with many reniform seeds } in. long, nestling in a yellow pulp. Rind 
hard, subligneous, rough, with numerous whitish specks. 

Subhimalayan tract, extending west to the Ravi, ascending to 2000 ft. 
Bandelkhand, Rajputana, South India, Assam, Burma, and Ceylon. Low 
and shady places, particularly near banks of rivers. Cultivated throughout 
India, in the north-west to the Jhelum river. Fl. April, May, when the 
tree has a striking appearance, with its large, cream-coloured blossoms. The 
old leaves at times remain on the tree till the flowers appear, but usually the 
tree is bare for some time. The young leaves appear with and after the flowers. 
Attains 30 to 40 ft. and a girth of 6 ft. Bark dark grey, even and smooth, 
with long horizontal wrinkles. Pith large; wood yellowish white, with some- 
times a pinkish tinge, even, close- and smooth-grained. It is easy to work, 
fairly tough and durable, and not heavy. Used for drums, models, writing- 
boards, combs, boxes, and in turnery. In the Panjab the viscid pulp of the 
fruit is said to be mixed with mortar as a cement, and is also used as a mor- 
dant in dyeing. 

Orver VII. BIXINEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules minute or none, 
Flowers regular, uni- or bi-sexual. Stamens usually hypogynous, inde- 
finite, rarely definite. Anthers 2-celled, bursting by slits or pores. Torus 
often glandular, or expanded into a disc. Ovary syncarpous, free, gener- 


Cochlospermun. | VII. BIXINEA. 17 


ally one-celled. Ovules parietal, generally numerous. Seeds with fleshy 
albumen ; embryo axile, with broad foliaceous cotyledons.—Gen. PI. i. 
122; Royle Ill. 73; Wight Ill. i. 36, 38. 


Flowers bisexual ; petals large. 


Seeds covered with cotton; leaves palmate. ‘ 1. CocHLOSPERMUM. 
Seeds naked ; leaves entire . ; : ; ; 2. Brxa. 

lower dicecious ; petals none. 

Ovary 2-8-celled ; styles 2 or more. F : . 3. FLACOURTIA. 
Ovary 1-celled; stylel . : ‘ é d : 4, XYLOSMA. 


1, COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth. 


Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, contorted in bud. 
Stamens indefinite, inserted-on a disc without glands ; anther-cells open- 
ing with a short slit at the top. Ovary with numerous ovules on 3 to 5 
parietal placentas. Style one, filiform; stigma toothed. Capsules 3-5- 
valved. Seeds numerous, cochleate ; testa hard, woolly ; embryo curved. 


1. C. Gossypium, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 87 ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 190.— 
Syn. Bombax gossypinum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 169. Vern. Kumi, 
N.W.P. Gabdi, Bandelkhand and Central Provinces. 


A soft-wooded tree. Leaves alternate, large, near the ends of branches, 
on long thick petioles, palmately 5-lobed ; lobes acuminate, grey-tomentose 
beneath ; stipules linear, caducous. Flowers on terminal panicles, large, 
3-4 in. across, bright yellow, rachis and pedicels covered with grey 
pubescence. Sepals broad-oval unequal, covered with a grey silky down, 
margin white-ciliate. Petals spreading, obovate, emarginate or irregu- 
larly cleft, with numerous parallel veins. Filaments filiform, shorter 
than petals; anthers linear, acuminate. Fruit in bunches, capsules oval, 
nearly the size of a goose-egg, 5-valved, divided by incomplete dissepi- 
ments. Seeds numerous, covered with a soft silky woolly substance. 


Dry stony hills along the foot of the North-West Himalaya from the Sutlej 
to the Sardah, ascending to 3000 ft. Behar, Bandelkhand, Central Provinces, 
Dekkan and eastern districts of the Peninsula. Deciduous; the new leaves 
appear in May. Flowers from February to April; the fruit ripens in June 
and July. A small tree, with short thick spreading branches, the younger 
branches marked with great scars of the fallen leaves and fruit-stalks. Wood 
soft and light, not much used. <A clear white gum (Kattra) exudes from the 
bark. Bellows for iron-smelting are made of the leaves, | 


2, BIXA, Linn. 


Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, large, 
_ contorted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, inserted ona thick torus below 
the ovary ; anthers oblong, opening at the apex with two short slits. 
Style filiform ; stigma minutely 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, one-celled, 
two-valved, with numerous seeds on parietal placentas along the middle 
of each valve. Seeds obovoid on a thick funicle, covered with a farin- 
aceous red pulp ; embryo large ; cotyledons flat. 


1. B. Orellana, Linn. ; Wight Ill. t. 17 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 581 ; W. & A. 
Prodr. 31; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190.—Arnotto. Vern. Latkan. (Thidin, Burm.) 
B 


18 VII. BIXINE. | Bixa. 


Young shoots and inflorescence rusty-puberulous. Leaves cordate, 
acuminate, entire or angular. lowers in terminal panicles, large, 1-2 in. 
across, white or pink. Capsule ovoid, covered with long bristles. 


Indigenous in America, but long cultivated in India. Flowers in summer ; ~ 
the fruit ripens in the cold season. A small tree with few branches, the leaves 
approximate at the end of the branches. The Arnotto (annotto) or pulp sur- 
rounding the seeds, is employed to tinge butter, and asa dye. Exported from 
Guiana, Brazil, and the West Indies. 


3, FLACOURTIA, Commerson. 


Flowers diccious. Sepals 4-5, small, imbricate. Petals none. Male 
flowers with numerous stamens ; anthers short, versatile. Female flowers 
with a 2-5-celled ovary on an annular, lobed disc. Styles 2 or more; 
stigmas notched or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry with few seeds, each surrounded 
by a distinct shell of hard woody endocarp. Cotyledons orbicular. 


| 1. F. Ramontchi, L’Hérit. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 193; Wight Ic. t. 85. 

—Syn. F. sapida, Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 69; W. & A. Prodr. 29 ; Roxb. Fl. 
Ind. iil. 835. Sans. Swadu kantaka. Vern. Kukai, kakoa, kangu, kandei, 
Panjab ; Bilangra, bhanber, kandi, kattar, N\W.P.; Katti, Oudh ; Kaikun, 
Mairwarra ; Kank, Kanki, bilati, C.P. ; 

Armed ; leaves alternate, shortly petiolate; varying much in shape, 
ovate-oblong ovate obovate or suborbicular, obtusely serrate or crenate, 
generally tomentose beneath, glabrous above. Flowers small, greenish 
yellow, in short racemes, or panicles with short side-branches. Styles 
5-11, united at base. Fruit dark red or black, about 3 in. long. Seeds 
8-16, generally in two layers, one above the other. This species, as 
defined in Flora Indica (1872), comprises the two old species /. Ra- 
montchi and sapida ; the forms vary extremely, and require further study. 
Very remarkable is a tomentose form (var. occidentalis) from Behar, the 
Dekkan, Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Panjab. 


Throughout India, mostly on dry rocky hills, and in open bare warm locali- 
ties ; cultivated in Bombay, ‘The leaves fall in January and February, and the 
tree remains bare until the new foliage appears in spring, sometimes in March, 
but usually in May; the young leaves are first red, afterwards light green. 
Fl. from November-March, usually after the fall of the leaves ; the fruit ripens 
May-June. 

Generally a large shrub, but under favourable conditions grows into a mode- 
rate-sized tree, with a short trunk up to 4 and 5 ft. in girth, with straggling 
branches, generally thorny, the thorns being either terminal, forming the end 
of leaf-bearing branchlets, or axillary, being naked thorny branches without 
leaves. Bark of stem light or dark grey, or nearly black, somewhat rough, with 
exfoliating scales, 

Sapwood and heartwood conform ; close, fine, and even-grained ; when dry, 
weighs about 50 1b. per cub. ft. Does not warp, is durable, and not attacked 
by insects. Combs are made of it; it is employed in turnery and for agricul- 
tural implements, and though not large, it is occasionally used for building. 
Young twigs and leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The fruit is eaten, 

F’, sepiaria, Roxb., a thorny shrub, thorns long, usually bearing fl, and fruit, 
has been found in Kamaon (Madden). 


Xylosma. — VII, BIXINEA. 19 


4, XYLOSMA, Forster. 


Character of Flacourtia, but ovary 1-celled, with 2, rarely 3-6, few- 
ovuled parietal placentas; style one, short; stigma capitate. Fruit a 
small, globose, 2-8-seeded berry. 


1. X. longifolium, Clos—Tab. IV.—Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 194.—Vern. 
Chopra, chirinda, chirndi, drendu, Pb.; Kattawa, Oudh. Dandal, katari, 
kandhara, N.W.P. 

A moderate-sized tree, often armed with strong, straight, axillary spines 
1 in. long or more. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, 
obtusely serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, from 2-6 in. long. Flowers 
small, yellow, in short, axillary, glomerate panicles ; pedicels bracteate ; 
stigma indistinctly lobed. Berry } in. diam. 


Outer hills of the North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft. Also in 
Assam. FI. Jan.-May. Wood used for fuel and charcoal. Fruit sweetish bitter. 


Orver VIII PITTOSPOREZA, 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers 
usually bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 
hypogynous, 5, distinct, alternating with petals; anthers 2-celled, 
versatile. Ovary syncarpous, of 2 (rarely 3-5) carpels, with 2-5 parietal 
placentas ; 1-celled or 2-5-celled by the projection of the placentas. Style 
one; stigma 2-5-lobed. Ovules many. Fruit capsular or indehiscent. 
Seeds usually numerous ; albumen copious ; embryo small, next the hilum. 


—Gen. Plant i. 130; Royle ll. 77; Wight Il. i. 172. 


1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks. 


Petals connivent or connate at the base or beyond the middle. Fila- 
ments subulate ; anthers erect, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 
incompletely 2-3-celled. Capsule 1-celled, 2- rarely 3-valved, the placenta 
in the middle of each valve. Seeds smooth, embedded in a viscid pulp. 


Leaves, young branches, and capsule glabrous . . L. P. floribundum. 
Leaves, young branches, and capsule tomentose . . 2 PP. eriocarpum. 


1. P. floribundum, W. & A. Prodr. 154; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 199.—Syn. 
Celastrus verticillata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624. Vern. Yekaddi, Mahratti. 


A small tree ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, shining, 
pale below, thinly coriaceous, 4-6 in. long. Flowers numerous, yellowish, 
in short, compact, terminal panicles, Petals free, linear-oblong, obtuse, 
patent, at last recurved. Capsules } in. diam, glabrous, rugose, opening 
into two hard broad-ovate valves. Seeds 1-4, occasionally 8. 

Outer Himalaya. Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to 3500 ft. (in Kamaon to 7000 
ft.) Kasia hills. Western Ghats. Mostly on dry rocky sites. Fl. Jan.- 
June. Fr. April-Sept. A handsome tree, with a short, straight trunk and 
spreading branches. Bark of a greenish ash-colour, or yellowish grey, scabrous 
with small whitish specks. Wood light-coloured, strong and tough. 

2. P. eriocarpum, Royle Ul. 77; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 199.—Vern. 
Meda tumri, gar-silung, gar-shuna, N.W.P. 


20 VIII. PITTOSPOREZ. | Pittosporum. 


A small tree with spreading branches; leaves, young branches, and in- 
florescence yellow-tomentose. Leaves ovate obovate or broad-lanceolate. * 
Flowers numerous, in short terminal dense panicles. Petals free, linear, 
erect. Capsule 4 in. diam., tomentose, dividing into two broad ovate 
thick woody valves. 

Outer Himalaya. Jumna to Sardah, between 3000 and 6500 ft. Fl. March, 
April. Fr. June, July. Bark dark grey. 


Orver IX. TAMARISCINES. 


Shrubs, rarely trees or herbs. Leaves alternate, small, often scale-like 
and imbricating. Stipules none. Flowers regular, usually bisexual, 
either solitary or in spikes racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, rarely 4, free 
or connate at the base, imbricate. Petals as many as sepals, imbricate, 
free or united in a tube. Stamens 5, 10, or numerous, inserted on an 
annular indented or lobed disc, with 10 glands; anthers versatile, with 
2 cells, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary syncarpous, of 3-5 carpels; 
ovules numerous, placentas 3-5, from the base of the cavity or attached 
to the carpels, sometimes enlarged so as to divide the ovary into cells. 
Capsule one-celled, dehiscent into 3-5 valves. Seeds either with a crest 
of long hairs at the apex, or winged, or covered with down all over. 
Albumen small or wanting ; embryo straight.—Gen. Plant. i. 159 ; Royle 
ll. 213 ; Wight Tl. i. 50. 


Stamens free or connate at base only ; styles 3-4 . ; 1. TAMARIX. 
Stamens monadelphous, stigma sessile . : ? ; 2. MYRICARIA. 


1. TAMARIX, Linn. 


Shrubs with scale-like or inconspicuous leaves. Flowers white or 
pink, in spikes or dense racemes. Sepals free. Petals free. Stamens 
5-10, free or donnate at base only. Ovary I-celled, placentas short at 
the bottom of the ovary; styles 3 or 4 (rarely 2 or 5), short, thick. Seeds 
small, smooth, not beaked, with a long coma consisting of a setiform axis 
studded with long hairs ; albumen none. 


Leaves semi-amplexicaul ; flowers in large panicles, composed of 


long slender spikes . : ; : , : ‘ : 1. 7. gallica, 
Leaves sheathing, apex of leaf erect or adpressed to branchlets. 
Branchlets continuous ; flowers in close cylindrical spikes . 2. 7. dioica. 
Branchlets articulate; spikes interrupted . : ; : 3. 7. articulata. 


1, T. gallica, L.—Tab. V.—Wight Ill. t. 24; W. & A. Prodr. 40; 
Hook, Fl. Ind. i, 248.—Syn. J. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100. Sans. 
Jhavuka. Vern. Koan, rukh, leinya, ghazlet, pilchi, Pb.; Let, lai, jhau, 
Sindh ; Yelta, rgelta, Tibet; Jhau, Beng. 

A shrub or small tree ;. leaves minute, apex patent or loosely adpressed, 
acute from a semi-amplexicaul base, not sheathing, glaucous, white- 
margined. Flowers mostly bisexual, pentamerous, generally white, rarely 
pink, crowded in long slender numerous spikes, collected into panicles ‘at 
the ends of branches, and forming large irregular masses of flower ; lateral 
spikes sessile or on short peduncles. Bracts shorter than flowers, semi- 


Tamarix. | IX. TAMARISCINEA, | 21 


amplexicaul, membranous. Disc shallow, 10-crenate. Capsule attenuated 
from ovoid base, + in. long, when ripe more than twice the length of the 
withered sepals which enclose its base. Petals generally deciduous. 


Throughout the Panjab and Sindh. In Tibet at 11,000 ft. Yarkand (Hen- 
derson), Bengal, the Peninsula, and Ceylon. This species has a wide range—it 
is found in Afghanistan, Persia, the countries round the Mediterranean, Africa, 
in Siberia, China, and Japan. In India, mostly on sand or gravel, along the 
banks of rivers and near the sea-coast ; often on soil impregnated with salt ; 
associated with Salvadora. Fl. July, August. Seed ripe Dec,-Feb. Grows 
moderately quick when young, the stems often attaining 10-12 in. girth in 10-12 
years, but soon reaches maturity, and decays early, stems over 15 in. girth bein 

enerally hollow, especially in dry tracts with sandy soil. Easily propagate 

m seed and cuttings. | 

A shrub or small tree, attaining a girth of 3 and height of 30 ft. Stems 
crooked, dividing into numerous branches, which are more ramified than those 
of 7’. dioica. Branchlets feathery and often drooping. Bark of young branches 
reddish brown, smooth, with small whitish specks, that of stem and larger 
branches thin, greenish brown, rough with darker cross-lines. Foliage bright 
dark-green or glaucous. Flowers usually white in North India, pink in South 
Europe, Ladak, and Tibet. 

Wood whitish, occasionally with a red tinge, open and coarse-grained, fairly 
hard and tough, but not strong. Medullary rays numerous, broad but short. 
Annual rings distinct. Its chief use is to supply fuel for steamers and other- 
wise ; in Sindh and South Panjab agricultural implements are made of it, and it 
is used for turning and lacquered work. 


It is with some diffidence that I follow Wight & Arnott in identifying this 
Tamarisk with 7’. gallica, Linn. But without further study of these variable 
shrubs on the spot, it appeared to me that I had no alternative. The figure in 
Sibthorp’s Flora Greca, tab. 291, of 7’. gallica, seems to me to represent the 
ordinary form of the Indian species ; but this is referred by Boissier, Fl. Orient. 
i. 773, to 7’. Pallasiz, Desv., from Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Bokhara, with 
smaller flowers, the disc deeply cleft into 5 emarginate lobes ; petals persistent 
to the ripening of the capsule. 


2. T. dioica, Roxb.—Tab. VI.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 101; W. & A. 
Prodr. 40; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249; Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 777.—Sans. 
Pichula. Vern. Leinya, koan, kachlet, pilchi, Pb.; Gaz, lao, jau, Sindh; 
Lal Jhau, Beng. 


A shrub. Leaves minute, closely adpressed, sheathing, sheath tubular, 
apex deltoid, acuminate, green, with a broad white margin. Flowers 
dicecious, pentamerous, purple or light rose-tinged, in compact cylindrical 
spikes, either terminal or clustering at the ends of branches into loose 
racemose panicles ; lateral spikes stalked. Bracts as long, or nearly as 
long as flowers, broad-ovate from a sheathing base, acuminate, membranous, 
reddish brown with white margin. Male flowers: stamens 5, inserted on 
the 5-lobed fleshy disc, alternate with the lobes; no rudiment of ovary. 
Female flowers : stamens abortive. Capsule oblong, tapering, + in. long, 
surrounded by the withered sepals and petals, and about twice their length. 

Throughout Northern India, ascending to 2500 ft. in the Outer Himalaya. 


In the plains along the Jumna and Ganges, abundant on the Hooghly in Bengal, 
also on the Brahmaputra and in the Peninsula. Grows gregariously like 7’. 


22 IX. TAMARISCINEZ. [Zamarix. - 


gallica, and forms extensive forests on the low, moist, alluvial lands along the 
Indus and its principal tributaries. ‘The new formations of alluvial land along 
the banks of these rivers get covered in early spring with a dense mass of Tam- 
arisk seedlings, mixed more or less with young plants of the Populus ewphratica 
and Acacia arabica. It is believed that 7’. deovca is the principal species in 
these forests, and that 7’. gallica is less common. It is, however, a matter for 
further inquiry how far the distribution of these two species, and prevalence of 
one or the other, is affected by soil, locality, and other circumstances. 7’. diotca, 
like gallica, grows freely where the soil is impregnated with salt. Both species 
are often planted in gardens for ornament. FI. from May-July; the seed 
ripens in the cold season. 

These two species are easily confounded. 7’. dioica, however, is usually a 
very much smaller plant than 7’. gallica. A moderate-sized shrub, 6 or 7 ft. high, 
rarely attaining 15 ft., with little or no trunk, and numerous, virgate, long 
spreading branches, generally simple, their extremities bending down gracefully, 
especially when laden with flower. The twigs are reddish, brownish, or grey ; 
the bark of the larger branches is dark grey or brown. The foliage is of a greyer © 
green than that of 7. gallica. 

The wood is white with a pinkish tinge, loose- and open-grained, with nume- 
rous broad medullary rays. It is occasionally used for the supporting sticks of 
roofs, but mainly for fuel, like the preceding species. The Tamarisk far are 
of great importance as sources of fuel, and the reproduction of these two species 
from coppice-shoots requires special study. It has hitherto been supposed that 
they coppice well under favourable circumstances ; but recent experience seems 
to show that the power of reproduction from coppice-shoots of these species has 
been overestimated. 


3. T. articulata, Vahl.—Tab. VII.—Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249 ; Boissier | 
Fl. Orient. i. 777.—Syn. 7. orientalis, Forsk. Vern. Frash, faras, farwa, 
rikh, ukhan, kharlet, narlet, Pb.; Asrelei, Sindh. 


A tree. Leaves minute, sheathing ; branchlets apparently articulate at 
base of sheath ; sheath thin, tightly adpressed, ;/, in. long, obliquely trun- 
cate, white-margined, with a triangular acute tooth in the place of the 
lamina; sheath and tooth covered with impressed-punctate glands, often 
hoary with saline efflorescence, Flowers bisexual or moncecious, pentam- 
erous, loosely scattered on long slender spikes, generally clustering at the 
ends of branches into loose racemose panicles. Bracts triangular from a 
sheathing base, concave, acute, shorter than flowers. Disc indistinetly 5- 
lobed. Capsule oblong, tapering, surrounded by the persistent sepals and 
petals. 

Panjab (ascending to 1200 ft.) Upper and Middle Sindh, eastwards to the 
Jumna. In Rohilkhand only cultivated. Beyond India, in Afghanistan, Per- 
sia, Arabia, North and Central Africa, Grows wellon saline soils. The leaves 
and extremities of branchlets are shed (partly) during the cold season, the new 
shoots and leaves come out about May. Flowers from May to July, the fruit 
ripening later in the season. Growth rapid; trees 12 years old on an average 
attain a girth of 2-3 ft., one 15 years old measured 4 ft. 10 in. in girth, and 
it is stated that at times it attains 5 ft. in 7 years. Springs up freely from seed, 
and is readily propagated from cuttings. Coppices well. ° 

In the Panjab it grows to be a moderate-sized tree, to 60 ft. high, with an 
erect trunk, often 6 or 7 ft. in girth, occasionally attaining 10-12 ft., taper- 
ing rapidly, with spreading branches, forming.a close oval head. The slender 
twigs are frequently hoary with saline inflorescence ; bark of branchlets smooth, 


* 


Tamarizx. | IX. TAMARISCINEZ, 23 


reddish brown or light grey, that of the larger branches and upper part of stem 
dark bluish brown or dull grey, with a few dark brown scars and seams, that of 
the lower part of the stem light grey or brownish grey, and rough with many close 
deep longitudinal furrows and grooves, crossed by short shallow cracks. Except 
the very young shoots in spring, the foliage of 7’. articulata is much more grey 
and glaucous than that of the other species ; this, with its arborescent habit, dis- 
tinguishes it readily. There is a variety in the Panjab with adpressed and 
upright branches. 

Sapwood distinct, heartwood whitish, open, coarse-grained, with conspicuous 
large white medullary rays. The weight varies from 40 to 60 Ib. when seasoned, 
it is fairly strong and durable. Used for many kinds of ordinary work, made 
into ploughs, Persian wheels, and in Sindh is turned into small ornaments. 
The green wood burns with an offensive odour ; when seasoned there is no smell, 
and it is then a good fuel. 

The bark is employed for tanning ; the small irregularly-rounded tuberculate 
galls (Mai, Panjab ; Sakun, Sindh), often abundantly produced on the branch- 
lets by the puncture of an insect, are used as a mordant in dyeing, and also in 
tanning. Similar galls are collected from the two other species, and sold under 
the same name. Tamarisk manna (Mvsrz lev, sugar of Tamarisk) is produced on ~ 
the twigs by the puncture of an insect, in parts of the Panjab and in Sindh. 
It is chiefly collected during the hot weather, and used medicinally or to adul- 
terate sugar, will not keep more than a year, especially if exposed to damp. 
Manna is also produced by the two other species in Sindh, and by 7’. gallica in 
the Southern Panjab. 

2. MYRICARIA, Desvaux. 


Flowers bisexual, pink or white, in long racemes. Sepals 5, free. Petals 
free. Stamens commonly 10, inserted on the disc, and more or less united 
into a short tube. Ovary one-celled, with 3 sessile, more or less united, 
stigmata ; ovules numerous, on short placentas at the bottom of the cavity. 
Seeds numerous, small, with a long coma. 

1. M. germanica, Desv.—Tab. VIII.— Hook, Fl. Ind. i. 250 ; Boissier 
Fl. Orient. i. 763.—Syn. MW. bracteata, Royle Ill. t. 44. Vern. Bis, shala- 
kat, kathi, hambu, hombu, umbu, N.W. Himalaya. 


A shrub; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, varying much in size, generally 
crowded, less than 4 in. long. Racemes terminal or lateral, up to 12 
in. long ; flowers pink, on short pedicels, crowded ; bracts longer than 
pedicels, ovate-lanceolate, with broad membranous lacerated margins, cadu- 
cous. Petals obovate, twice the length of sepals, white above, red below. 
Stamens shorter than petals; filaments united in tube. Seeds with a 
stalked coma. 

Abundant in the inner, more arid parts of the Himalaya, from Iskardo to . 
Sikkim, at elevations between 5000 and 10,000, ascending occasionally to 
15,000 ft. Beyond India, in Afghanistan, Western and Northern Asia, and in 
the mountainous parts of Europe. Fl. July, Aug.; the seed ripens soon 
afterwards. Grows chiefly in sandy beds of streams, where it often covers 
considerable areas, becoming a shrub of considerable size, massed in clumps, 
peculiar and striking in its twiggy erect habit. A dwarf prostrate Alpine form 
grows at great elevations. 

Young branches smooth, shining and striated ; bark of trunk dark grey, fibrous 
and ragged. Foliage of a dull-greyish green colour, often covered by a saline 
efflorescence. The wood is small, and used as fuel; in Ladak the twigs are 
browsed by goats and sheep. 


24 IX. TAMARISCINEA. [ Myricaria. 


Nearly allied is M. elegans, Royle ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 250 ; with white flowers 
and longer oblanceolate leaves, from Ladak, Zanskar, and Kunawar, where it is 
most valuable as yielding fuel, and often found associated with W/. germanica. 
It attains a larger size; old gnarled trunks have 7-8 ft. in girth, with a 
rounded crown often 15-20 ft. high. 7 


Orpen X. TERNSTR@MIACEZ, 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules none, or very 
rarely minute. Flowers regular, bisexual, rarely unisexual. Sepals usually 
5, imbricate. Petals usually 5, hypogynous, imbricate or twisted, frequently 
united into a short tube. Stamens usually numerous, hypogynous, the 
filaments often cohering at the base and united with the petals. Ovary 
plurilocular, ovules 2 or more in each cell, placentation axile; styles 2-7, 
distinct or more or less combined. Fruit 2-5-celled, coriaceous and in- 
dehiscent, or capsular and opening by valves. Albumen scanty or want- 
ing ; embryo frequently oily.—Gen. Pl. i. 177; Royle Ill. 107 ; Wight 
Tl. i. 89. 


Flowers small, dicecious ; sepals 5, nearly equal ; anthers aduate ; 
fruit dry, indehiscent . ; , : : ‘ ; 
Flowers small, bisexual ; sepals 5, nearly equal; anthers versatile ; 
fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy ; leaves penniveined . . 2. SAURAUIA. 
Flowers large, bisexual ; sepals 5-6, inner larger; anthers versatile ; 
fruit a woody capsule, dehiscing longitudinally ; ‘ . 3. CAMELLIA. 


1. Eurya. 


1. EURYA, Thunberg. 


Flowers dicecious. Sepals 5, strongly imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate, 
more or less united at the base. Stamens 12-15, attached to the base of the 
corolla in a single series ; anthers adnate, opening longitudinally. Ovary 
mostly 3-celled; styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit a dry indehiscent 
berry: Seeds with a fleshy albumen. 


1. E. japonica, Thunb. ; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 41.—Syn. £. 
Wightiana, Wight Ill. t. 38; £. acuminata, Royle Ill. t. 24. Vern. 
Baunra, gonta, deura, N.W.P. 


A shrub 10-12 ft. high ; leaves alternate, on short petioles, oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, coriaceous, glabrous or hairy when 
young, and underneath along the midrib. Flowers white, solitary or in 
fascicles, axillary, or from the axils of fallen leaves. Ovary ovoid ; styles 
distinct, or united at the base. Fruit globose, § in. diam., crowned by 
the persistent base of style. 


Widely spread over Eastern Asia, in China, Japan, and Java. In India it is 
found on the mountainous regions of Burma, Ceylon, South India, Eastern 
Bengal, and the Outer Himalaya, alt. 3500-9000 ft., extending west as far as the 
Jumna, resembling somewhat the Tea plant. Fl. May-Sept. The specimens 
from the north-west are always hairy (extremities and midrib). In Burma, 
South India, and Ceylon, both the hairy and glabrous forms are found. In 
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 284, the glabrous form with 2-flowered fascicles is referred to 
E. japonica, Thunb., and the hairy form with more numerous flowers to ZH. 
acuminata, DC. 


bo 
Ou 


Saurauja. | X. TERNSTR@:MIACEZ. 


2, SAURAUVJA, Willd. 


Leaves penniveined, with prominent parallel lateral nerves. Flowers 
bisexual. Sepals 5, strongly imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate, connate at 
base. Stamens numerous, adherent to base of corolla ; anthers versatile, 
opening at the top by a pore or short slit. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles 3- 
5, distinct or united. Fruit 3-5-celled, indehiscent, dry or fleshy. Seeds 
small, immersed in pulp, with copious albumen. 


1. S. nepalensis, DC. ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 178; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 286, 
—Vern. Gogina, goganda, N.W.P. 


A large shrub ; branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescence covered with 
stiff long brown hairs. Leaves on thick hirsute petioles, oblong, acumin- 
ate, 7-14 in. long, acutely serrate ; lateral nerves prominent, 25-30 on each 
side of midrib. Flowers pink, in panicles, on a long common peduncle, 
axillary or from the axil of a fallen leaf. Styles 4 or 5, distinct, 4 in. long. 

Outer Himalaya, alt. 2500-7000 ft., from the Jumna to Bhutan. FI. about 
May, the fruit ripening some weeks afterwards. The palatable viscid fruit is eaten. 


3. CAMELLIA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, coriaceous, serrate leaves, and large 
axillary bracteate flowers. Sepals 5-6, the inner larger. Petals cohering 
at the base. Stamens numerous, the outer in many series, more or less 
connate, and adhering to the base of the petals, the inner 5-12 free ; 
anthers versatile. Ovary 3-5-celled, ovules 4-5 pendulous in each cell. 
Capsule woody, dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds large, oily, generally one 
in each cell; albumen 0 ; embryo straight ; cotyledons thick, oily ; radicle 
superior. 

1. ©. Thea, Link—Syn. OC. Bohea, Griff. Not. iv. 553 (the China 
plant) ; C. theifera, Griff. 1. c. 558 (the indigenous Assam plant) ; Hook. 
Fl. Ind. i. 292. Thea chinensis, Linn., The Tea plant. 


A shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves elliptic, oblong, acumi- 
nate. Flowers solitary on short.2-3-bracteate peduncles. Sepals persistent, 
rotundate, very obtuse, glabrous or with silky pubescence. Petals white, 
obovate, obtuse, glabrous or pubescent on the back. Stamens glabrous, 
the inner 5 free. Ovary villous; styles 3, glabrous, connate beyond the 
middle. Capsule glabrous. Testa hard, smooth, shining. 


Indigenous in Upper Assam (discovered 1834). Cultivated ages ago in China 
and Japan. Since 1840 cultivated extensively in Assam, Cachar, Sikkim, the 
North-West Himalaya, and other parts of India. The spread of Tea cultivation 
in North-West India is mainly due to Dr W. Jameson, who established the 
Government plantations in Dehra Doon, Kamaon, and Kangra. It was at 
one time supposed that there were two species in China, of which Thea Bohea 
yielded the black, and 7’. viridis the green Tea. These species, however, can- 
not be maintained. Though the varieties of the Tea plant are numerous, it is 
not at present possible to distinguish them by definite specific characters. The 
indigenous Assam plant is marked by larger, more acuminate leaves, and it is 
not certain whether it should not be regarded as a distinct species. 

Camellia japonica, the well-known Camellia, is indigenous in Japan, and 
cultivated there as well as in China from time immemorial. Introduced into 
Europe in the beginning of the eighteenth century. 


26 XI. DIPTEROCARPE. - [Shorea. 


Orver XI. DIPTEROCARPES. 


Trees (one genus of climbing shrubs), usually resinous, with alternate 
penniveined simple leaves. Flowers regular, bisexual. Calyx-tube cam- 
panulate, free or connate with the torus or ovary, 5-lobed ; lobes imbri- 
cate, persistent and generally enlarged when the fruit ripens, Petals 5, 
twisted, united at. the base, or free. Stamens free, either 10 or 5 in one 
series, or 15 in two series, or indefinite and multiseriate, inserted on the 
torus. Ovary sessile with a broad base on, or partly immersed in, the 
torus, 3-celled, rarely 1- or 2-celled. Fruit free, or enclosed in the en- 
larged calyx, with 1, rarely 2 seeds. Seed large, exalbuminous.—Gen. Pl. 
1.189; Royle Ill. 105 ; Wight Ill. i. 85. 


To this family belong the Wood-oil trees (Dipterocarpus) of Burma, the 
Indian Copal-tree (Vateria Indica) of the Western Ghats, and the Lac-tree 
(Shorea laccifera) of Mysore. 


1. SHOREA, Roxb. 


Calyx-tube short, adnate to torus, all segments enlarged into long wings 
when in fruit. Stamens indefinite (rarely 15), connective subulate, over- 
topping the anthers. Ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit cori- 
aceous, indehiscent, tightly enclosed by the base of the calyx-segments. 
Seed 1, ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy. 

1. S. robusta, Gertn.—Tab. IX.—Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.212; Fl. Ind. ii 
615; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 306. The Sal tree.—Sans. 
Sala, asvakarna. Vern. Sal, sala, salwa, sakhu, saku, sakher. Local 
names: Sarye, saret, rinjal, gugal, C.P.; Koroh, Oudh. 

A large tree, young branches, petioles, young leaves and inflorescence 
hoary or pubescent. Leaves glabrate, shining when full grown, 4-8 in. 
long, petiolate, broad-ovate, from a rounded or cordate base, entire, more 
or less acuminate, ending in an obtuse point; stipules caducous. Flowers 
yellowish, shortly pedicellate, in unilateral racemes, arranged in long, 
compound axillary panicles; inflorescence, calyx, and outside of petals 
clothed with soft grey pubescence. Segments of calyx enlarged in fruit 
into 5 unequal, obtuse, oblong or spathulate wings 3-4 in. long, contracted 
above the base, brown, with 10-15 parallel longitudinal veins and fine 
reticulation between. Petals (at the time of flowering) 4 times the length 
of calyx, orange inside. Stamens 25-30 or more, anthers pilose at the 
apex, style subulate. Fruit ovoid, acuminate, 4 in. long, hoary. 

The area at present occupied by the Sal tree, forms two irregular, but fairly- 
defined belts, which are separated by the Gangetic plain. The northern or 
sub-Himalayan belt extends from Assam to the Kangra valley in the Panjab. 
Within these limits Sal forms extensive forests, skirting the foot of the hills 
and entering into the Doons and valleys, ascending in places to 3000 ft. Near 
the western end of this belt the Sal forests are less extensive, and they termi- 
nate near the Bias river in a number of scattered patches of limited area, 
West of the Ganges the Sal is not found in the plains; but in Rohilkhand, 
Oudh, Gorakhpur, and Bengal, Sal forests exist, or existed formerly, at a consi- 
derable distance from the hills. The second, or central Indian belt, occupies 
the hilly country of Behar, Rewah, Chota Nagpur, Midnapur, and the Meikal 


<34°E ; % 


Shorea. | XI. DIPTEROCARPEZ. 27 


range of hills between the Nerbudda river and the open country of Raipur, 
and extends south to the Godavery river and the Northern Cirears. The Pach- 
marri hills mark the western limit of the tree in this belt; the Sal on the sand- 
stone of these hills and in the Deinwah valley at their foot is an outlying and 
isolated’ patch of considerable extent, the last in that direction. The Sal tree 
does not thrive on heavy binding soils ; it requires a loose soil which transmits 
water freely. I have never found it on trap, and this probably explains its 
absence on the greater part of the Satpura Range in Central India. Sal forests 
are generally found on sandstone, on conglomerate, the gravelly and shingly 
soil of the sub-Himalayan tract ; and the tree attains perfection where loose 
water-transmitting soils are mixed with a large proportion of vegetable mould. 
Sal is eminently gregarious. Wherever found, it is always the prevailing 
tree ; a limited number of other species are associated with it, but they are 
always less numerous in individuals. The climatic conditions within the area 
occupied by the Sal tree may, as far as known, be expressed as follows: A 
mean annual rainfall between 40.and 100 inches, and a mean temperature dur- 
ing the four seasons within the following limits—C. §., 55°-70°; H. S., 77°-85° ; 
R.S., 80°-88° ; Autumn, 74°-77°. As to extremes of cold, the Sal can stand several 
degrees below freezing-point. I have seen the leaves frostbitten in the Kotri- 
doon, and in Kangra and Hushiarpur it is exposed to severe cold. As to heat, 
it will suffice to say that during the hot season the extremes in the Kamaon 
Doons and the Deinwah valley are nearly as high as anywhere in India, but 
that the tree does not seem to stand the hot winds of the open plains in North- 
West India. : 

Sal is never quite leafless : the young foliage issues in March, with the flowers ; 
the seed ripens in June, and germinates immediately, often before falling. 
Large quantities of seed ripen, and an abundant crop of seedlings springs up 
annually, clothing the ground with a dense mass of young Sal, to the exclusion 
of other trees. The circumstance that the seed ripens at the commencement of 
the rains, after the jungle-fires have passed through the forest, materially 
assists the reproduction and spread of Sal. Other species of this family, 
particularly the Hin tree of Burma (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb.), also 
produce a similarly abundant crop of seedlings, and form nearly pure forests of 
great extent. The Sal tree coppices, but not under all circumstances. Regard- 
ing its rate of growth, our information is as yet incomplete. The annual rings 
in the wood are generally very indistinct; and the individuals, the age of 
which is known from other sources, are not numerous. For the Oudh forests 
(Kheree Division), the following was assumed as the mean rate of growth when 
the first regular plan for working them was framed in 1863 :— 

Age 15 years, girth 18 inches. 
2? 50 ”? 9 5 4 ” 
PP] 80 +9 ? 72 99 
Subsequent data seemed to indicate a somewhat slower rate ; and in 1868, Capt. 
Wood’s estimate was 65 years for 54, and 95 years for 72 in. girth. The follow- 
ing cultivated trees of known age were measured by me in 1863 :— 
Saharanpur, 13 years, girth 27 inches (average of 33 trees). 
”? 30 2? +P 54: ”? 
29 35 bP) ”? 79 33 
Calcutta, 25 ,, a EO 


Under favourable conditions—for instance, in the gorges at the foot of the 
hills in the Nepal Terai—the Sal tree attains 100-150 ft., with a clear stem to 
the first branch of 60-80 ft., and a girth of 20-25 ft. But such dimensions are 
exceptional ; as a rule, it attains 60-90 ft., with clear stems 30-40 ft. long, and a 
girth of 6-8 ft. Young trees have generally a long narrow conical head of foli- 


28 XI. DIPTEROCARPEA. | Shorea. 


age; in old trees the branches spread at the we Of young trees the bark is mo- 
derately smooth, occasionally with a few long dee ak wcse 4 cracks, The bark of 
old trees is 1-2 in. thick, dark-coloured and rough, with longitudinal furrows. 

The wood of the Sal tree has a distinct sapwood, small, about 1-2 in. thick, 
whitish, not durable. The heartwood is dark brown, coarse-grained, hard, 
heavy, strong, and tough, with a remarkably fibrous and cross-grained structure. 
The fibres of successive concentric strata do not run parallel, but at oblique 
angles to each other ; so that when the wood is dressed, the fibres appear inter- 
laced. Medullary raysnumerous, narrow ; pores very numerous, moderate, uni- 
formly distributed, The weight of a cub. ft. (seasoned) is generally found to 
vary between 50 and 60 lb.; but extreme cases are on record of weights as low 
as 40, and as high as 69 lb.. The transverse strength has been tested by nume- 
rous experiments. The average value of P (coefficient of transverse strength), 
as determined by Baker, Cunningham, Clifford, and others, ranges from 609 to 
972; and in a large series of experiments with Sal timber from different sources 
made by me in Calcutta in 1864 and 1865, with the assistance of Mr Clifford 
and Baboo Tincowry Ghose, the mean value of P was found to fluctuate between 
708 and 916. Sal timber takes a long time to season ; and after it has been sea- 
soned and worked up, it is apt to split and warp with the change of dry and wet 
seasons. Its durability is considerable, though not equal to that of Teak, In 
Lower Bengal it is liable to be eaten by white ants. For building, pun-careieae 
river-boats, and railway-sleepers, it is the most important timber of North Indi 
Sal timber cannot be floated without the assistance of boats or floats of lighter 
woods. Semul (Bombax malabaricum) is often used for that purpose. 

The tree, when tapped, exudes large quantities of a whitish, aromatic, trans- 
parent resin or dammar (ral, dhiina), which is collected and sold; is used to 
caulk boats and ships, and also as incense. Large extents of Sal forest have 
been destroyed by the practice of tapping the trees for this purpose. 


Orpver XI. MALVACE. 


. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with a soft light wood; young parts mostly 
covered with stellate hairs. Leaves stipulate, alternate, generally palmi- 
nerved.. Flowers large, purple pink or yellow, regular, generally bisexual. 
Sepals generally 5, more or less connate, valvate in bud. Petals 5, hypo- 
gynous, usually adnate to staminal column, twisted and imbricate in 
bud. Stamens indefinite, nionadelphous; anthers 1-celled, bursting 
lengthwise. Ovary syncarpous; carpels generally numerous, usually in 
one whorl round a conical torus. Fruit either a dehiscent capsule or a 
number of distinct carpels. Seeds solitary few or numerous, in most 
cases without albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 195; Royle Ill. 83; Wight Ill. i. 
55, 66 (Bombacez). 


Bracteoles 4-6, enlarged in fruit, forming an epicalyx or involucel 1. Kypra. 
Bracteoles wanting. 
Fruit large, woody, filled with pulp ‘ ; , : . 2, ADANSONIA. 
Capsule 5-valved, densely woolly inside . ; ‘ : . 3. BoMBAX. 


Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis (Shoe-flower) from China, the Moluccas; H. 
Sabdariffa (Roselle, Red Sorrel), from the West Indies ; H. esculentus, the 
edible Hibiscus (Okra, Bendi), from the West Indies ; and Gossypium her- 
baceum (Cotton), are well-known cultivated plants, and require no notice 
here. Thespesia Lampas, Benth. and Hook. f—Syn. Hibiscus Lampas, 


Kydia.] XII, MALVACEA, 29 


Cay., a small soft-wooded tree, with large yellow and crimson flowers, is 
found in Kamaon (Madden). 


1, KYDIA, Roxb. 


Flowers unisexual, numerous, in long panicles. Calyx campanulate, 
5-lobed, persistent, surrounded by and united at the base with a 4-6- 
leaved involucel. Petals 5, longer than calyx, attached by their claws 
to the base of the staminal column. Stamens monadelphous, the tube 
divided down to the middle into 5 segments, each bearing from 3-8 sessile 
anthers closely placed together at the apex. Style one, 3-cleft; stigma 
large, fleshy. Capsule globose, 3-celled, opening loculicidally, 3-seeded. 


1. K. calycina, Roxb. ; Cor. Pl. t. 215; Fl. Ind. iii. 188; W. & A. 
Prodr. 70; Wight Ic. t. 879, 880.—Syn. K. fraterna, Roxb. ; Cor. Pl. 
t. 216. K. Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. t. 881. Vern. Puli, pilau, 
paulon, patha, pattah, pattia, potart. Local n. Barranga, bhoti, C.P. 


Young leaves, branches, inflorescence, involucel, and calyx covered with 
a grey tomentum of stellate hairs. Leaves on petioles about half the 
length of blade, from 4-6 in. long, and about equally broad, with 5 or 
7 palmate nerves, lobed, angled or round, margin more or less dentate, 
dark-coloured above, and pale beneath. Flowers polygamous, in axillary 
or terminal panicles; petals white or pale yellow, longer than calyx ; 
involucel 4-6-leaved, in the male flowers at the time of flowering as long as 
the calyx, in the fertile flowers longer than calyx, enlarged afterwards, and 
when the seed ripens about three or four times longer than calyx. Cap- 
sule covered with fuscous tomentum. 


Common in the dry forests of most parts of India, not in the arid region. 
Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces, 
the Peninsula, and Burma. 

In North India generally a large shrub, in favourable localities a small tree 
to 40 ft. high, with a short erect trunk to 3 ft. in girth. The old leaves are shed 
in Feb., the new foliage appears in April and May. Flowers generally from 
July to Oct.; the fruit ripens in the cold season, and hangs on the tree for 
months, conspicuous by the brown shining calyx and involucel. Bark of trunk 
and large branches about 1 inch thick, inside viscid, mucilaginous, outside 

eyish brown, or almost black, dotted with white specks, and undulated with 

ongitudinal wrinkles. 

ap and heartwood conform, close and straight-grained, when seasoned, 
weight from 40 to 45 lb. per cub. ft. Used occasionally for building, ploughs 
and oars, and for carving. In Garhwal a strong coarse cordage is made of the 
inner fibrous part of the bark. In North India the mucilaginous bark (chitkla 
patha) is employed for the clarification of sugar. 


2. ADANSONTA, Linn. 
Trees with digitate leaves. Flowers large, solitary. Calyx ovoid or ob- 


long, deeply splitting into 3 to 5 lobes. Staminal column divided at the 


— — - 
. Sal Sng A 5 > 


top into numerous filaments, each bearing a terminal anther. Ovary 5- 
to 10-celled, with many ovules in each cell; style divided at the summit 
into as many radiating stigmas as there are cells. Fruit oblong, woody, 


30 XII. MALVACEA, [ Adansonia. 


indehiscent, filled with pulp, mealy when dry; cotyledons very much 
folded, enclosing the radicle ; albumen thin. 


1. A. digitata, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 164; W. & A. Prodr. 
60; Bot. Mag. t. 2791/2—Baobab or Monkey-bread tree.—Vern. Gorak- 
imli. (Kalp, braksh, near Ajmere.) 


Leaves on petioles as long as leaflets ; leaflets generally 5 or 7, lanceo- 
late or obovate, acuminate, long-attenuate at base, smooth above and 
downy. beneath. Peduncle axillary, tomentose, often very long, more than 
12 in. The structure of the fruit-bearing peduncle is curious, it has 5 dis- 
tinct masses of ligneous tissue, each enclosing pith. Flowers pendulous. 
Calyx thick coriaceous, outside tomentose, inside thickly covered with 
long silky hairs. Petals white, obovate, broadly unguiculate. Staminal 
tube thick, longer than the free portion of filaments; anthers long, linear, 
contorted. Ovary ovoid, silky-tomentose, tapering into a long filiform 
style, which is bent downwards after flowering. Fruit pendulous, a large 
downy oblong-obovoid capsule 8-12 in. long, when dry filled with tough 
stringy fibres and a mealy, slightly acid substance, in which the kidney- 
shaped, brown hard shining seeds are immersed. 


Indigenous in tropical Africa (the village-tree, or place of assembly in the 
highlands of Eastern Africa). Originally introduced into India by Arab traders 
and cultivated in many places in the Peninsula, Bengal, and Central India. It 
grows near Ajmere and in the North-West, not in the Panjab, Leafless during 
the dry season, Fl. in May and June; the new leaves appear with or soon 
after the flowers. 

A large tree, attaining 60 or 70 ft., remarkable for its disproportionately thick 
trunk, which is often irregularly shaped, rapidly tapering upward, soon divid- 
ing into large limbs, the lower frequently spreading horizontally with drooping 
extremities. At Deogarh in the Central Provinces are three trees, measuring re- 
spectively 16, 22, and 40 ft. in girth, and trees of much larger girth exist else- 
where. Bark of boughs and trunk thick, hard, grey or reddish brown, partially 
cut into irregular plates ; inner bark fibrous. The Baobab was formerly sup- 
posed to attain a greater age than any other known tree. Adanson estimated 
the age of trees 30 ft. diameter in Senegambia at 5150 years, and Humboldt 
called the Baobab the oldest organic monument of our planet. This, however, 
seems to be erroneous. In India, certainly, it is a fast-growing tree. Roxburgh 
states that the largest of the trees in the Calcutta Botanic Garden was then 
(early this century) about 25 years old, with an irregular, short, subconical 
trunk, 18 ft. in circumference, from 4 to 5 ft. above ground. And recent in- 
formation from Dr Kirk, H.M.’s Consul at Zanzibar, seems to show that the 
huge Baobabs of Africa are not of the vast age usually attributed to them. 

The wood is light, soft and porous, made into rafts to support fishermen in 
tanks, On the western coast the dry fruit is used as floats for fishing-nets. 
Cordage and paper are made of the bark, and in Africa the pulp of the fruit is 
used for preparing an acid beverage, and the leaves, dried and powdered, are 
mixed with food as a condiment. It is a useful tree, which thrives well in 
most parts of India, and its cultivation should be encouraged. ? 


3. BOMBAX, Linn. 


Trees with digitate leaves. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or splitting into 
3 to 5 lobes. Staminal tube short, split into 5 or more bundles, divided 


Bombaz. | XII, MALVACEA, 31 


at the top into numerous filaments, each bearinga terminal anther. Ovary 
5-celled, ovules numerous. Capsule ligneous or coriaceous, opening locu- 
licidally in 5 valves; the seeds embedded in a woolly substance. Seeds 
obovoid or subglobose, cotyledons very much folded, enclosing the radicle ; 
albumen thin. 


1. B. malabaricum, DC. ; Wight Ill. t. 29; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 82; 
W. & A. Prodr. 61.—Syn. Bombax heptaphyllum, Cav.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 
247; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 167. Salmalia Malabarica, Schott. The Cotton 
Tree. Sans. Salmali. Vern. Simal, semul, shembal, semur, sam, samul, 
simmal. Local: Wallaiki, Gonds, C.P.; Letpan, Burm. 


Glabrous, young stem and branches covered with conical prickles, 
4 in. long, with a black point, surrounded at the base by concentric 
scaly layers of cork. Commons petiole as long as, or longer than 
leaflets; leaflets 5 or 7, petiolulate, lanceolate, acuminate, generally 
from 4-8 in. long. Flowers large, scarlet, occasionally white, appear- 
ing before the leaves, on short thick pedicels, clustered towards the 
ends of branches, Calyx cup-shaped, coriaceous, irregularly cleft into 
short obtuse lobes, outside smooth, inside white-silky. Petals oblong, 
obtuse, 3-6 in. long, stellate, tomentose outside, pubescent or nearly 
glabrous inside. Staminal column short, filaments much longer, but 
shorter than petals, 5 innermost forked at the top, each branch bearing 
an anther, about 10 intermediate ones simple, and the numerous outer 
ones shortly united in 5 clusters ; anthers long, reniform, afterwards con- 
torted. Style longer than stamens, 5-lobed at the top. Fruit on short 
peduncle, a hard, ‘oblong, obtuse, ligneous capsule, 4-5 in. long. Seeds 
numerous, smooth, enveloped in much fine silky fibre. 


Indigenous throughout India and Burma, and often cultivated. In the sub- 
Himalayan tract extends to the Indus, ascending to 3500 ft. in the N.W. Hima- 
laya, and cultivated as high as 6000 ft. Leafless from Nov. Dec. until April. 
Covered with the large scarlet flowers in Feb. March ; the fruit ripens in April, 
May. A very large tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 150 ft. anda 
girth of 40 ft. in Burma and Southern India, and nearly the same dimensions 
in the moist and hot valleys of the outer Himalaya. The trunk is straight, the 
upper part cylindrical, at the base generally with large buttresses, running up 
the trunk to some distance, and often 5 to 6 ft. deep near the ground. Similar 
buttresses are formed by many trees in India (Vitex, Antiaris, Lagerstrcemia, 
Hymenodictyon, Nauclea, and others) and in other tropical countries. The 
branches are in whorls of 5 to 7, spreading nearly horizontally, and forming a 
broad conical symmetrical head. The branches and stem of young trees are 
covered with sharp thick-set prickles. Bark of trunk and older branches grey, 
ash-coloured, corky, even between deep longitudinal and cross-cracks. 

Wood greyish white, with darker streaks, light, coarse-grained and porous. 
No distinct heartwood. Weight 23-34 lb. per cub. ft. (seasoned), and 584 lb. 
(green). Value of P. between 642 and 697 (Cunningham). Not durable, except 
under water. Used for planking, packing-cases, toys, scabbards, fishing-floats, 
and for the lining of nt Often rafted with heavier timber to make it float. 
In Burma canoes are made of it, said to last 3-4 years. A light-brown trans- 
parent gum exudes from wounds in the bark, which is employed in native 
medicine. The calyx of the flower-bud is eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is 


collected before it opens, and the cotton with which it is filled is used to stuff 
quilts and pillows. 


32 ; XIII. STERCULIACE, [ Sterculia, 


Orver XIII. STERCULIACEA.. | 


Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with soft wood, frequently tomentose with 
stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, mostly stipulate. Flowers commonly 
regular, bisexual or unisexual. Calyx more or less deeply divided into 
5, rarely 4 or 3, valvate lobes or segments. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 
commonly monadelphous, with 5, 10, or 15 2-celled anthers.  Fruit- 
carpels either distinct or united into a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. 
Seeds with or without albumen.—Gen. PI. i. 214; Royle Ill. 102 ; Wight 
_ JIL i. 72 (Biittneriacez). 


Flowers unisexual or polygamous ; petals none ; fruit of 5 dis- 
tinct or nearly distinct carpels : : ; : : 
Flowers bisexual; petals 5; anther-cells divaricate ; fruit- 
carpels distinct, or spirally-twisted é ; : 3 
Flowers bisexual, with an involucel of 3-5 caducous bracts ; 
petals 5; anther-cells parallel; fruit a capsule dehiscing 


1. STERCULTA. 


2. HELICTERES. 


loculicidally. 
Staminal column divided into 20 filaments, 5 without 
anthers ; capsule 5-valved . * , : : . 3. PTEROSPERMUM. 
Staminal column composed of numerous multiseriate fila- 
ments, all bearing anthers ; capsule 5-10-valved , 5, ERIOLANA. 


1. STERCULIA, Linn. 


Trees, with entire, lobed, or digitate leaves. Flowers unisexual or 
polygamous. Calyx more or less deeply 5-cleft, rarely 4-cleft, usually 
coloured. Petals none. Carpels 5, distinct or nearly so, with two or 
more ovules in each, stalked on a long gynophore, adnate to which is th 
staminal column, bearing at the top 10 or 15 anthers. J ruit-carpels dis- 
tinct, spreading, coriaceous or woody, dehiscent along the inner edge, or 
thin, foliaceous, opening long before maturity. Seeds one or more in each 
carpel ; albumen adhering to the cotyledons, often splitting in two ; coty- 
ledons flat and thin. 


Fruit-carpels coriaceous, opening at maturity. 
Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, lobes toothed or cleft ; flower panicles 


drooping ; carpels villose, with rust-coloured tomentum . 1. S. villosa. 
Leaves shallowly 5-lobed, lobes entire; flower panicles pyra- 
midal, erect ; carpels covered with sharp bristles. : 2. S. wrens. 
Fruit-carpels membranous, opening long before maturity . . 3. S. colorata. 


1. S. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 153.—Tab. X.—W. & A. Prodr. 63. 
—Vern. Giulkandar, massu, osha, gudgudala, Pb. ; Udial, Kamaon ; 
Udar, udalla, Oudh. 


A tree, with grey or brown bark; leaves on long petioles, crowded at 
the end of branches, tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous above, deeply 5- 
7-lobed ; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, toothed or, cleft. Stipules broad- 
lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers yellow, on slender pedicels, as long or 
nearly as long as the calyx, loosely arranged in long drooping panicles, 
5-8 panicles at the end of the leafless branch ; bracts linear, caducous ; 
male and bisexual flowers mixed, the former by far the most numerous. 
Calyx campanulate, membranous, border yellow, bottom of the calyx pink, 


Sterculia. | XIII. STERCULIACEA. 33 


outside with scattered stellate hairs. Flowers bisexual: ovary globose, 
on a gynophore as long as the calyx, surrounded at its base by 10 
anthers inserted on a membranous ring, which is adnate to the gyno- 
phore. Fruit consisting of 2 to 7 sessile, oblong or obovoid, coriaceous 
carpels, 14-3 in. long, clothed inside and outside with thick brown to- 
mentum of stellate hairs ; seeds several in each carpel. 


Outer Himalaya to the Indus, ascending to 3500 feet. Panjab Salt range. 
Oudh forests, not common. Western coast from Guzerat southwards. South 
India. The old foliage is shed Dec., Jan. ; new leaves issue May, June, after 
the flowers, which appear in March, April ; the fruit ripens June, July. 

Near its north-western limit this species is often only a shrub 8-10 ft. high, 
with a straight, somewhat irregular trunk, and a few large spreading branches. 
Further east and south it is a moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with a_short 
trunk to 5 ft. in girth, and a broad head. Bark grey or brown, smooth or some- 
what rough with exfoliating scales. Wood soft and light, no distinct heartwood. 
The inner bark yields a coarse, very strong fibre, which is made into ropes and 
coarse canvas for bags. The ropes for dragging timber by elephants and buffa- 
loes in South India are made of the bark of this species. A pellucid gum 
(katila) exudes from the trunk. 


2, 8. urens, Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 24; Fl. Ind. iii. 145; W. & A. 
Prodr. 63.—Vern. Gulu, kulu, kulru, gular, guili, C.P.; Kalauri, Panch 
Mehals. 


A tree, with white bark. Leaves on long petioles crowded at the ends of 
branches, tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous above, sinuately 5-lobed ; 
lobes entire, acuminate, sinuses shallow. Stipules caducous. Flowers 
small, numerous, greenish yellow, on short pedicels, supported by linear 
bracts longer than the bud, and deciduous after flowering. Panicles crowded, 
generally pyramidal, erect, every part covered with a glutinous yellow 
tomentum ; a few bisexual mixed with a large number of male flowers. 
Gynophore shorter than calyx ; filaments 10, alternately longer, united 
below into a thin sheath, which girds the gynophore. Fruit of 5 sessile 
radiating, ovate-lanceolate, hard, coriaceous carpels, 3 in. long, red when 
ripe, covered outside with many stiff bristles, which sting like those of the 
Cow-itch (Mucuna). Seeds oblong, dark chestnut-brown, from 3 to 6 
in each carpel. 


Terai forests and Siwalik tract, extending west to the Ganges. Behar, Central 
Provinces, especially the Satpura range, Bandelkhand, Gwalior, Western India 
from the Mhye river southwards. Common throughout the Peninsula and Ceylon, 
mostly on dry, rocky hills, often associated with Boswellia thurifera. Leafless 
during winter, fl. Jan.-March, the fruit ripening in April and May, and the 
young leaves appearing about the same time. The flowers, when touched, 
have an unpleasant smell, and so have the young parts of this and other species 
of Sterculia, hence the name. 

A moderate-sized tree, from 30 to 50 ft. high; trunk short, often crooked 
and irregular, rarely exceeding 6 ft. in girth, with large spreading branches. 
Bark thick, cream-coloured, pink and white, smooth, shining, with a thin, white, 
transparent outer coat, peeling off like that of the birch. The wood is white, 
except the reddish part near the centre of large old trees, soft, light, used as 
fuel; Sitars (native guitars) and toys are made of it on the western coast. 
From cracks and incisions made in the bark exudes a white gum, which is 

C 


34 XIII. STERCULIACEA, [ Sterculia. 


collected and sold under the name of katzla, katira, with the gum of S. villosa, 
Cochlospermum, and other trees. The seeds are roasted and eaten by Gonds 
and Kurkus in the Central Provinces. 


3. S. colorata, Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 25; Fl. Ind. iii. 146; W. & A. 63. 
—Syn. S. Wallichii, Falce.; Firmiana colvrata, R. Br. Vern. Bodula, 
walena, Pb., N.W.P.; Samarri, Oudh; Khowsey, bhaikoi, Bomb. — 

A tree. Leaves on long petioles crowded at the ends of branches, gla- 
brous, 5-lobed, lobes acuminate. Panicles lateral or terminal, numerous, 
erect, bright orange-red ; peduncles and calyx clothed with dense stellate 
pubescence. Flowers numerous, showy, about an inch long, on short 
pedicels. Calyx cylindrical-clavate, leathery, mouth 5-toothed. Anthers 
about 30, sessile on the gynophore below the ovaries. Carpels 5, oval ; 
styles 5, short, recurved. Fruit of 1-5, stalked, oblong-lanceolate obtuse 
membranous carpels, opening out flat long before the seed ripens, pink 
outside, yellowish inside. Seeds generally 2, adhering one to each margin 
of the carpel near its base, size and shape of a small bean. 

Forests along the foot and in the outer valleys of the Himalaya, from the 
Jumna south-eastward, ascending occasionally to 4000 ft. Oudh forests (rare), 
Central Provinces, the Peninsula, and Burma. In the dry deciduous forest. 
Leafless during winter, fl. March-April; the young leaves appear with or 
soon after the flowers. The seeds ripen June, July. 

A moderate-sized tree, 50 to 60 ft. high, with an erect stem, often fluted, 
attaining a girth of 6 ft. Bark dark grey, reddish or brownish, with short 
longitudinal wrinkles, a few broad fissures, with a papery epidermis exfoliating. 
Wood of a dirty-white colour, with bands forming concentric lines, and con- 
Spicuous medullary rays, heartwood not distinct. Employed for ordinary agri- 


cultural work. Bark made into rope, less strong than that of S. villosa. Twigs 
and leaves lopped for cattle-fodder. 


2, HELICTERES, Linn. 


Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the top, often oblique. Petals 5, equal, or the 
2 upper ones broader, the claws elongated. Staminal column adnate to 
gynophore, bearing 5 or 10 anthers ; anther-cells divaricating, often conflu- 
ent into one. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell ; 
styles 5, subulate, more or less connate. Jruit-carpels distinct or separ- 
ating, opening along their inner edge, straight or spirally twisted. Seeds 
with little albumen ; cotyledons leafy, folded round the radicle. 


1. H. Isora, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 143; W. & A. 60 ; Wight Ic. t. 180. 
—Syn. Isora corylifolia, Schott et Endl. Vern. Maror phal, jonka-phal, 
kapasi, Pb., N.W.P.; Bhéndu, Oudh; Anteri, Banswarra; Kewan, 
maradsing, Bomb. 


Young branches and leaves covered with rough pubescence, chiefly of 
stellate hairs. Leaves on short petioles, broadly obovate or orbicular, 
shortly acuminate, base slightly cordate, often oblique, irregularly toothed, 
scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; stipules deciduous. Peduncles short, 
axillary, bracteate, usually 2 or 4. Calyx about } in. long or longer, 
obliquely and unequally 5-toothed. Petals red, twice as long, reflexed. 
Gynophore at the time of flowering as long as petals, afterwards elongated. 
Anthers 10, on short filaments, alternating with the teeth of the staminal 


Helicteres. | XII. STERCULIACEZ. 35 


tube. Fruit 1-2 in. long, on a gynophore nearly as long, cylindrical, com- 
posed of 5 spirally twisted tomentose carpels. 

Bengal, South and Central India. Banswara. Oudh forests (common), Sub-. 
Himalayan tract as far west as the Jhelam. A shrub, or small tree ; new leaves 
in April; fl. April, May, and throughout the rainy season ; the ripe fruit on 
the tree in winter. The branches are used for fencing, and thatching ; the 
bark yields a strong white fibre, made into coarse cordage and canvas for 
gunny-bags. Fruit and leaves used in native medicine. 


3. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb. 


Trees or shrubs, pubescent with stellate hairs. Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. 
Petals 5, deciduous. Staminal column adnate to the gynophore, divided 
at the top into 20 filaments, 5 without anthers (staminodia), 15 with 
linear anthers, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile 
on the top of the column, 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell; 
style undivided, club-shaped and 5-furrowed at the top. Capsule woody 
or coriaceous, opening loculicidally in 5 valves. Seeds produced into a 
wing at the top ; albumen little or none ; cotyledons wrinkled or folded. 

Leaves peltate or obovate-oblong . : . - IL. P. acerifolium. 
Leaves lanceolate. : : : : : . 2 P. lanceefolium. 

P. semisagittatum, a large tree from Burma, Chittagong, distinguished by 
lanceolate, semisagittate leaves ; large, broad, laciniate stipules, which fall after 
the leaves are fully developed ; broad laciniate bracts, large obovate petals, and 
an oblong fruit 3 in. long; is cultivated at Saharunpore and elsewhere in 
North-West India, but is not indigenous. 

1. PY acerifolium, Willd.—Tab. XI.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 158; W. 
& A. Prodr. 69; Wight Ic. t. 631; Bot. Mag. 620.—Sans. Karnikara. 
Vern. Kanak-champa, Beng. ; Taun-pewun, Burm. 


A large tree. Young branches and calyx covered with thick ferruginous 
tomentum. Stipules many-cleft, caducous. Leaves large, peltate or 
obovate-oblong, sinuately lobed, glabrous above, and grey tomentose 
beneath. Flowers fragrant, axillary, on short pedicels, with many-cleft 
bracts. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; segments linear, up to 5 in. long. 
Petals linear or obliquely wedge-shaped, pure white. Capsule ligneous, 
brown-tomentose, pentagonal, 2-6 in. long. Seeds numerous, obliquely 
oval, compressed, with large, brown, thin membranous wings. 

Burma and hills of Eastern Bengal. Doons between Jumna and Sarda. 
Banks of the Jumna below Mussoorie (wild?). Cultivated throughout India. 
Fl. from March to June, fruit ripens in the cold season. Wood of a light-red 
colour, firm. In the N.W. a moderate-sized tree, attains a large size in Burma. 

2. P. lanceefolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 163.—Vern. Ban kalla, Beng. 


A large tree. Young shoots and underside of leaves with short white 
or tawny tomentum. Stipules subulate. Leaves alternate, bifarious, 
lanceolate, acuminate, entire. Flowers fragrant, axillary, on peduncles 
longer than calyx, with 2 or 3 linear, laciniate bracts. Sepals linear, re- 
volute, 1 in. long. Petals obliquely cuneiform, white. Capsules lanceo- 
late, hoary, 5-celled. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, winged. 


Burma, hills of Eastern Bengal. Sub-Himalayan tract as far west as the 
Jumna (wild ?). A tree of considerable size. Fl. May-June. 


36 XIII, STERCULIACEA. | Eriolena. 


4, ERIOLASNA, DC. 


Shrubs or trees, with cordate leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers 
on axillary few-flowered peduncles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an involu- 
cel (epicalyx) of 3-5, often laciniate bracts. Petals 5, with a broad, coria- 
ceous, hairy claw. Stamens numerous, all fertile, monadelphous, in many 
rows, the outer ones gradually shorter ; anthers linear-oblong, with par- 
allel cells. Style one; stigma 10-lobed. Capsule woody, 5-10-celled, de- 
hiscing loculicidally, the dissepiments attached to the valves. Seeds 
numerous in each cell, terminated by a broad, oblong, or tapering wing. 


1. E. Hookeriana, W. & A. Prodr. 70 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. anal. gen. t. v. 


A shrub or small tree. Leaves cordate, shortly acuminate, toothed, 3 in. 
broad, and about as long, petioles half the length of leaf ; stipules linear, 
caducous. Young shoots, petioles, under side of leaves, inflorescence, bracts 
and outside of calyx clothed with dense light-grey stellate tomentum ; 
upper side of leaves with scattered tufts of stellate hairs, or glabrate. 
Flowers 3-5, peduncles as long as or longer than leaf. Calyx-segments lan- 
ceolate, #-1 in. long. Bracts deeply cut into numerous linear segments. 
Style hairy. Capsule 7-9-celled, ovoid, 1 in. long or nearly so, valves not 
keeled, tubercled outside. 


South India. Behar. Common Satpura range. Guna (Gwalior), Fl. March, 
April. Fruit autumn and cold season. 

A sp. of Hrvoleena, with leaves 5-6 in. across ; petioles nearly as long as leaf, 
I found (in leaf only) in the Panch Mehals in Jan. 1870. (Vern. Jehali, bud- 
jari-dhamin.) It resembles #. Stocksi, Hf. & Th. (from the Concan) ; but I am 
inclined to think that the differences between H. Hookeriana, EH. flavescens, 
Garcke, and #. Stocksz2, are not very great. 

In Nov. 1863 I found a tree on the Choti Gandak in Gorakhpur, vern. 
Beem, with large cordate, dentate leaves 6 in. broad, petioles 2 in., and oblong 
capsules, valves 8 villose, and obtusely keeled on the back, but not tubercled, 
which may possibly belong to Z. spectabilis, Wall.,a tree in Nepal with fine, 
close-grained wood ; and among the plants collected by R. Thompson in Oudh, 
are young shoots of an Hriolena, buds clothed with stellate tomentum of long 
soft white hairs, stipules lanceolate, laciniate, bracts ovate, laciniate to about the 
middle, which may be referred to the same species. A tree of this genus from 
Burma (Doant) has beautiful red wood, which polishes well, and is not heavy, 
the cub. ft. weighing 47 lb. 


Orper XIV. TILIACEZ. 


Mostly trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous 
stipules. Flowers regular, generally bisexual and pentamerous. Sepals 
free or connate, valvate. Petals free. Stamens numerous, free or connate ; 
anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 2-10-celled ; ovules definite or indefinite ; 
placentation axile. Fruit generally 2-10-celled. Seeds with or with- 
out albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 228 ; Royle Il. 103, 104; Wight Il. i. 79, 82. 
Leaves 3-7-nerved at base ; anthers bursting longitudinally . . 1. GREwIA. 
Leaves penniveined ; anthers opening by slits at the top. . 2. ELMOCARPUS. 

To this family belong Berrya Ammonilla of Ceylon, distinguished by a 6- 
winged capsule; which yields the Z’rincomalee wood ; the Lime-tree of Europe, 
Tilia europea, with wing-like bracts, and globose indehiscent 1-2-seeded fruit, 


Grewia. | XIV. TILIACEA. 37 


and Corchorus capsularis, extensively cultivated in Ben ngal, and now one of the 
principal articles of export from Calcutta, yielding the Jute of commerce, with 
a round, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. 


1. GREWIA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs ; extremities and leaves pubescent or tomentose with 
stellate hairs. Leaves with 3-7 basal nerves, generally with lateral 
nerves from midrib, and more or less distinct transverse veins at right 
angles. Flowers regular, bisexual, pentamerous; inflorescence cymose. 
Sepals distinct, deciduous, coriaceous, coloured on the inner side. 
Petals clawed, ‘with a gland or hollow on the inside of the thickened 
base, sometimes wanting. Stamens indefinite, all fertile, free, inserted 
on a raised, often glandular torus. Ovary 2.-4-celled j style subulate, 
stigma shortly 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, 1-4-stoned, entire or lobed, 
stones 1- or more-seeded, and divided by spurious dissepiments between 
the seeds. Embryo with flat leafy cotyledons in a fleshy or horny albumen. 


Peduncle generally one, opposite to leaf. 
A tree; flowers yellow, in umbellate cymes . ; ; . L. G@. oppositifolia. 
A small shrub ; flowers white, 2-3, or solitary Ras . 2. G. populifolia. 
Peduncles axillary, generally more than one. 
Leaves oblong, ovate, or cordate. 
Drupe, ia dry, with a distinct crustaceous or coriaceous 
rin 
Leaves oblong ; drupes small, on long pedicels . 3. G. pilosa. 
Leaves orbicular, deeply cordate: ; drupes glomerate, neatly 
sessile, 2 in. across i 4, G. villosa. 
Leaves ovate or obovate ; drupes pedunculate, nearly 1 
in. across 5. G. sclerophylla. 
Drupe eral wrinkled when dry, no distinct coriaceous 
rin 
Trees ; peduncles varying in length, never as long as 
leaves. 
Tomentose; leaves obliquely ovate, stipules linear ; buds 
not ribbed, ovoid, petals yellow ; ‘ 6. G. vestita. 
Tomentose ; leaves obliquely cordate, stipules lanceo- 
late, with broad, oblique base ; buds ribbed, cylin- 
drical or clavate, petals red and yellow ; 7. G. asiatica. 
Pubescent or hoary ; leaves obliquely ovate- rhomboid, 
often with cordate base; stipules falcate, auricu- 


late ; buds cylindrical or obovoid . ‘ . 8. G. tiliefolia. 
Herbaceous undershrubs ; pedicels long slender. . 9. GL sapida. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 
Leaves nearly glabrous, ovate-lanceolate ‘ . 10. G. levigata. 
Leaves grey-tomentose or hoary beneath, lanceolate. 
Flowers mostly unisexual ; leaves sharp- -serrate . Ll. G. polygama. 
Flowers bisexual ; leaves entire or serrulate, margin 
often undulate . , : : } C . 12. G. salvifolia. 


1. G. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 583.—Tab. XII.—Wight Ic. 
t. 82.—Vern. Pastuwanne, Afg.; Dhamman, bhamman, pharwa, Pb. ; 
Bul, bring, bewal, bahul, bemal, bhimal, bhengul, N.W.P. 


Branches, leaves, and inflorescence rough with stellate hairs. Leaves 2-4 
in. long, on short petioles, ovate, acuminate, often unequal at base, obtusely 


38 XIV. TILIACEA. | Grewia. 


serrate, 3 or 5 nerves proceeding from the base, scabrous-tomentose on both 
sides, the stellate hairs closer together beneath ; stipules subulate, early 
deciduous. Inflorescence umbellate. Peduncle generally one, inserted 
more or less opposite the petiole ; pedicels 3 to 7 or more, with linear bracts 
at their base, about # in. long when in flower; peduncles }-1 in. long. 
Flowers large, yellowish. Sepals linear, about # in. long or longer, out- 
side densely tomentose, with a prominent midrib between 2 deep furrows, 
giving the appearance of 3 nerves, inside reddish, smooth, with 3 to 7 
parallel nerves. Petals linear, shorter than sepals, yellowish red. Drupe 
consisting of from 1 to 4 more or less distinct lobes, each the size of 
a small pea, fleshy, first olive-green, then wrinkled black, with scattered 
stellate hairs, glabrous when ripe. 


Common; wild in the North- West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, 
ascending to 6000 feet. Occasionally in the Salt range and other hills in the 
Panjab; also in the Suliman range, trans-Indus. Frequently planted near 
villages and houses in the hills. Leaves shed in March ; the new foliage issues 
in April or early in May ; fl. March-June, chiefly in May ; fruit ripens Oct.-Dec. 

A moderate-sized tree, 40 ft. high, with a straight short trunk, attaining 3 
to 4 ft. in girth. Branches spreading, branchlets somewhat bifarious. Bark 
of trunk and larger branches 4 inch thick, ash-coloured, smooth, longitudinally 
rugose. Wood white, light, very tough, used where strength and elasticity are 
required, for oar-shafts, handles, shoulder-sticks for loads, bows (golezl) used 
to propel a ball as missile. The chief use of the tree is to furnish fodder for 
goats and sheep during winter ; for this purpose the tree is lopped annually, 
the twigs and leaves are dried and stored between its branches. The inner bark 
is steeped in water 10 to 15 days, then beaten and made into cordage, used for 
sandals, boat and cattle ropes; but is not durable. Paper has also been made 
of it. The fruit is eaten. 


2. G. populifolia, Vahl; W. & A. Prodr. 80 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 843 ; 
Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 246.—Syn. G. betulefolia, Roth. Vern. Ganger, 
Pb. ; Gungo, Sindh; Gangerun, Rajputana. 


Branchlets rough with short stellate hairs. Leaves variable in form, 
generally broad-ovate, short-acuminate, more rarely obovate and obtuse 
or cuneate, sharp-dentate or irregularly serrate, and frequently thickened 
at the edges, greyish green on both sides, rough with short stellate 
hairs, with 3, rarely 5, nerves from base ; petioles +-4 in. long. Stipules 
subulate, early deciduous. Peduncles generally solitary, opposite to the 
leaves, 1-flowered or 2-3-flowered. Flowers large, white; sepals 3-? in. 
long ; petals shorter, the linear blade attached to the back of a ciliated 
scale (the claw), which fits round the angular torus. Drupe 2-lobed, 
shining, smooth, orange red when ripe; the lobes distinct, the size of 
small peas, each with a 2-celled stone. 


Common on low hills trans-Indus, in the Salt range to 3000 ft., and in the 
more arid tracts of the Panjab as far as Delhi. Sindh, Afghanistan, Aden, N.W. 
Himalaya, ascending to 2000 ft. Dry hills of Rajputana. Peninsula. Tropical 
Africa, Egypt, Persia. A small shrub, with slender branches ; the fruit, with 


a scanty but pleasant pulp, is eaten in Sindh. Fl. in the cold season. The 
wood makes good walking-sticks, 


Grewia. | XIV. ‘TILIACEZ. 39 


3. G. pilosa, Lam. ; W. & A. Prodr. 78.—Syn. G. carpinifolia, Roxb. 
FI. Ind. ii. 587. 


Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence rough with short light-brown 
stellate tomentum. Leaves subcoriaceous, 2-4 in. long, on short petioles, 
oblong, shortly acuminate, serrate, base obtuse or cordate, the middle 
nerve with 4-5 main lateral nerves on either side, the lowest pair proceed- 
ing from near the base; transverse veins prominent. Peduncles axillary, 
1-3, short, + in. long; pedicels 1-3, same length. Flower-buds oblong, 
dilated at the base, constricted in the middle. Sepals linear, 4 in. long. 
Petals one-third shorter than sepals, linear, emarginate. Drupe 1-4-lobed, 
4 in. across, on pedicels 4 in. long, with a crustaceous rind, covered with 
stellate pubescence. Specimens‘in leaf only may be distinguished by the 
cordate or rounded base of the oblong, short-acuminate leaves, with pro- 
minent transverse veins. 

North-West India, Behar, Bandelkhand, Central Provinces, Rajputana, 
Guzerat, and South India. A shrub; fl. July-Sept; the fruit ripens in the 
cold season. The fruit of a shrub near this, and probably the same, called 
Karanto, on the Bassi hills, east of the Bunass river in Meywar, is eaten. 

G. hirsuta, Vahl. ; W. & A. Prodr. 78—syn. G. pilosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 588— 
is a shrub in South India with some resemblance to G. pilosa, Lam., with lan- 
ceolate, thick and soft-tomentose, penninerved and wrinkled leaves; buds 
ovoid ; sepals ¢ in. long, or less. Drupes slightly lobed, with long stiff hairs. 


4, G. villosa, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 79 ; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay 
Flora, 25.—Vern. Inzarra, pastuwanne, T.I. ; Jalidar, kaskisri, thamther. 
Salt Range; Gawal kopra, Kishengurh. 


Young parts and leaves clothed with long soft hairs. Leaves 1-3 in. 
long, rugose above, villous beneath, nearly orbicular, deeply cordate, sharp- 
serrate, serratures bearded with tufts of long soft hairs. Petioles $-1 in. 
long. Basal nerves 3-6; lateral nerves 3-4 on either side of midrib, and 
on the outer side of the basal nerves ; transverse veins prominent. Stip- 
ules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers dull yellow, in short compact 
axillary cymes. Sepals linear, clothed with long soft hairs ; petals much 
shorter than sepals. Fruit globose, the size of a cherry when dry, with a 
crustaceous, brown or reddish rind, covered with tufts of long stellate 
hairs. Stones 4, 1-2-seeded, in a sweet edible pulp, 

Sindh, Panjab, trans-Indus, Salt range, Rajputana, the Konkan. South India, 
tropical Africa and Cape de Verde Islands. Fl. June-Sept. A small shrub. 
The fruit is eaten. 


5. G. sclerophylla, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42.—Syn. G. scabrophylla, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 584 ; Wight Ic. t. 89. Vern. Pharsia, Kamaon. 


Branchlets, inflorescence, and under side of leaves clothed with soft 
tomentum. Leaves scabrous above, ovate or obovate, obtuse or shortly 
acuminate, unequally serrate, 3-9 in. long; petioles 4-3 in. long ; trans- 
verse nerves distinct; stipules linear, deciduous. Peduncles axillary, 
generally 1-4 together, of various length, 2-3-flowered ; bracts small subu- 
late, caducous. Flowers white. Sepals linear-lanceolate, nearly 3 times the 


40 XIV. TILIACEA. [ Grewia. 


length of the petals. Drupe the size of a large gooseberry, nearly round, 
when ripe brownish grey and a little hairy, with a coriaceous rind when 
dry, pulp sweet, glutinous, pale yellow. Nuts 4, obovoid, rugose, thick 
and hard, 1-2-seeded. 


A small shrub or undershrub, 3-4 ft. high, common in the Doons and 
Siwaliks from the Jumna eastward. Oudh forests. Sikkim. Fruit eatable 
(Girbhelr). Fl. April-Sept. 

G. abutilrfolia—Juss. G. aspera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591—arborescent, from 
South India, resembles this sp. in leaves and inflorescence. 


6. G. vestita, Wall.—Syn. G. elastica, Royle Ill. t. 22. Vern. Farri, 
phalwa, dhamman, Pb. ; Pharsia, pharsai, pharsula, dhamun, dhamman, 
N.W.P.; Phalsa, dhamin, damon, C.P. 


Young branches, under side of leaves, and inflorescence with soft grey 
tomentum. Leaves 2-4 in. long, on short petioles, obliquely ovate, acumi- 
nate, serrate, sometimes indistinctly 3-lobed, with 5 or 6 basal nerves, 
pale beneath ; stipules linear, nearly as long as petiole. Cymes compact, 
axillary. Peduncles short, 3 to 5 or more, generally not longer than 4 in., 
each bearing 2 or 3 pedicels of about the same length, supported by lin- 
ear bracts. Flower-buds ovoid. Sepals linear-lanceolate, about 4 in. long; 
nerves indistinct, outside softly tomentose with long fine hairs, inside 
glabrous, yellow. Petals much shorter than sepals. Drupe pear-shaped 
or globose, of the size of a pea, fleshy, 2-4-lobed, black when ripe. 


Outer Himalaya, as far west as the Indus. Salt range. Eastern Bengal. 
Behar and Central Provinces, New leaves appear in May ; the flowers, which 
are orange-yellow, not very conspicuous, from Jan. to May; the fruit ripens 
Aug. to Nov. 

A small tree, 25 ft. high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2 ft. girth. Bark 
of stem cinereous or dark brown, smooth, longitudinally rugose. Sapwood 
white or light brown ; heartwood pale yellow, reddish brown, or grey brown, 
fairly close, fine and even-grained, when seasoned weighing about 50 lb. per 
cub, ft., strong, tough, and elastic. Used for shoulder-poles for loads, bows, 
spear-handles. Fruit eaten. 


7. G. asiatica, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 79 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586.— 
Vern. Phalsa, phalsi, dhamin. 


Young branches, under side of leaves, and inflorescence with soft grey 
or yellowish tomentum. Leaves 2 to 7 in. long, obliquely cordate or broad- 
ovate, acuminate, irregularly toothed, with 5, 6, or 7 arching nerves proceed- 
ing from the base ; stipules linear-lanceolate, often with a broad oblique base ; 
petioles $ in. long. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 7, varying in length from $-2 
inches, but mostly 1-2 in. long, bearing from 3 to 5 flowers on bracteate 
divaricating pedicels, shorter than peduncle. Flower-buds ribbed, cylin- 
drical or clavate. Sepals varying in length, generally ? in. long, whitish- 
tomentose outside, reddish brown or yellow inside. Petals red and yellow, 
emarginate, half as long as sepals. Drupe globose, dark brown when 
ripe, indistinctly lobed, with 1 or 2 nuts. 


Cultivated throughout India, in Burma, and the Mauritius, Said to be wild 


Grewia. | XIV. TILIACEA. Al 


in the Poona district (Dalz. & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 26), the Salt range, 
Garhwal, the Oudh forests (R. Thompson), and the Banda district (Edgeworth). 
Outside India, in Upper Guinea and South Central Africa, with obliquely cor- 
date leaves, soft tomentose on both surfaces (Oliv. Fl. Trop, Afr. i. 249). In 
Dec. 1869, I found a shrub (in leaf only) wild on the dry hills of the northern 
Aravalli near Todgarh, called Dhaémin, which I refer to this species. A month 
later, I found what appeared to me the same plant in Banswara as a tree, 
called Damanat. Eventually it may be right to unite G. vestita with G. asz- 
atica. I admit that the specific differences here given are slight, and further 
researches may possibly remove them altogether. At present, however, it seems 
to me more convenient to keep the two species separate. 

New leaves about the end of March. Fi. Feb. March ; fruit ripens in the fol- 
lowing months. A middle-sized tree, 25 ft. high, with short trunk 3-4 ft. in girth. 
Bark $ in. thick, grey or dark brown, undulating, smooth with shallow longi- 
tudinal cracks. Sapwood whitish; heartwood reddish brown, with many 
minute pores, close, even-grained, strong, tough, elastic. Bark employed for 
making rope, mucilaginous, used for refining sugar in Saharanpur district. 
Cultivated for the small, not very succulent, pleasantly acid fruit. 


8. G. tiliefolia, Vahl.; W. & A. Prodr. 80; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587; 
Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 108.—Vern. Pharsa, Oudh ; Dhamin, C.P. 


Young branches and leaves pubescent, with scattered stellate hairs. 
Leaves on petioles 4-1 in. long, obliquely ovate, sometimes rhomboid, 
acuminate, bluntly toothed or serrate, with 5 basal nerves, 3 of which 
are prominent and penniveined, upper side at length glabrous, under side 
more or less pubescent. Stipules broad-lanceolate, often falcate and auri- 
culate. Peduncles axillary, numerous (3-10), 3-5-flowered ; bracts decid- 
uous. Flower-buds cylindrical or obovoid. Sepals linear, 4-4 in. long, 
pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Petals oblong, half the length of 
sepals. Drupes globose, size of a pea, indistinctly lobed. ) 


Hot, dry forests throughout India, Siwalik tract from the Jumna to Assam. 
Oudh, Behar, Bandelkhand, Central Provinces, the Konkan and the Peninsula. 
Frequently associated with Sal. Leaves shed in March ; new foliage in April. 
Fl. in April and May ; fruit ripens from June to October. 

A moderate-sized tree, 30-35 ft. high, with an erect, straight trunk, 4-5 ft. in 
girth. Bark $ in. thick, cinereous, with dark blotches, rough with exfoliating 
scales. Sapwood whitish ; heartwood light reddish brown, compact, close- 
grained. Weighs 30-40 lb. per cub. ft. Easily worked, elastic, durable. Con- 
tracts and expands much with wet and dry weather, but is valuable where 
strength and elasticity are required. Made into shafts, shoulder-poles for 
loads, pellet-bows, handles, masts, oars, employed in cart and carriage building. 
From the inner bark cordage is made in Bombay. Twigs and leaves lopped 
for fodder. Fruit eaten, of an agreeable acid flavour. . 


9. G. sapida, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 590.—Syn. G. nana, Wall. 


Pubescent or tomentose. Leaves ovate or obovate, serrate, 3-5-nerved, 
often shallow-lobed, pale beneath ; petioles } in. long. Stipules subulate. 
Peduncles 2-5, axillary, slender, 1 in. long, each with 2-5 flowers on 
short, divergent, often divaricate, pedicels. Flowers yellow ; sepals linear- 


42 XIV. TILIACEA. [ Grewia. 


oblong; petals nearly entire. Drupe the size of a pea, slightly 2-4. 
lobed. 


A small undershrub, common in pastures in the Doons and the sub-Him- 
alayan tract, from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 3000 ft., with a short, 
thick, woody stem underground, throwing up annually a number of herbaceous 
shoots, seldom more than a few ft. high. These, after bearing leaves, flowers, 
and fruit, are generally burnt down by the jungle-fires of the hot season. The 
fruit is small, but palatable. 


10. G. levigata, Vahl; W. & A. Prodr. 77.—Syn. G. didyma, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 591. Vern. Kat bhewal, bhimul, N.W.P.; Kakki, Oudh. 


Nearly glabrous, extremities and young leaves pubescent with scat- 
tered stellate hairs. Leaves bifarious, on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, 
long-acuminate, serrate, base acute, 3-6 in. long, penniveined, the low- 
est pair of nerves from the base; transverse nerves not prominent. Stip- 
ules caducous. Peduncles axillary, 2-3 together, slender, nearly an 
inch long, each bearing 3 yellowish flowers on shorter bracteate pedicels. 
Buds oblong, ribbed. Sepals linear, } inch long or more, pilose. Petals 
oblong, entire, obtuse, less than } the length of sepals. Drupe glabrous, 
consisting of 2, rarely 3, distinct lobes, each lobe containing one or two 
1-celled nuts. Specimens in leaf only may be distinguished by the nearly 
glabrous long-acuminate leaves with acute base; transverse veins not 
prominent. | 


Outer Himalaya, as far as the Jumna, ascending to 3000 ft. Plentiful in the 
Gonda and Baraitch divisions of the Oudh forests. Bengal, Behar, and Central 
Provinces. Leaves are shed and renewed in April. Fl. June-Sept. A small tree, 
20 ft. high, 2 ft. girth, with a short, erect trunk, and a smooth, greenish, cinere- 
ous bark. Wood white, even-, close-grained, elastic; no distinct heartwood. 
Twigs and leaves lopped for cattle-fodder in the N.W. Provinces. 

G. sepiaria, Roxb, 1. ¢. 589, is nearly allied to this sp., but has solitary 
peduncles, employed to make hedges in Bengal. 


11. G. polygama, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 588.—Syn. G. helicterifolia, 
Wall. 


Extremities grey-tomentose, branchlets pubescent. ‘Leaves bifarious, on 
short petioles, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, sharp-serrate, penniveined, the lowest 
pair of nerves from the base, glabrescent above, white or grey-velvety be- 
neath. Stipules subulate, longer than petioles. Flowers polygamous, 
mostly unisexual, Peduncles slender, axillary, 1-5 together, much longer 
than petiole, 3-1 in, long, pedicels 2-4, shorter than peduncle. Petals half 
the length of sepals. Male flowers: stamens about 20, inserted on an 
elevated torus. Female flowers: anthers effete, on short filaments ; stigma 
large, stellate. Drupe + in. diam., indistinctly 4-lobed, shining, with a 
few scattered hairs. Stones 4, 1-seeded. 


Outer Himalaya, from the Chenab to Assam, ascending to 4000 ft. Salt range, 
Panjab. Behar, the Konkan, Burma, Ceylon. North Australia. A shrub or 
small tree, with a short trunk, bifarious spreading branches, and a small rounded 
crown. Fl. July-Aug.; fruit ripe, Nov. Dec. 


Grewia. | XIV. TILIACEAE. 43 


12. G. salvifolia, Heyne ; W. & A. Prodr. 77.—Syn. G. bicolor, Juss. 
Vern. Bather, nikki-bekkar, gargas, Pb. 


Extremities and under side of leaves covered with short white or grey 
hoary pubescence. Leaves lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, margin entire undu- 
late or serrulate, 3 basal nerves, and 2 or 3 lateral nerves on either side 
of midrib ; transverse veins indistinct ; petioles } in. long. Stipules 
linear, longer than petiole, with a distinct nerve. Peduncles axillary, 
1, 2, or 3, longer than petiole, 2-3-flowered ; pedicels as long as, or longer 
than peduncles. Flowers conspicuous, of a fine yellow ; petals obovate, 
bifid, half the length of sepals. Drupes of 1-2 more or less distinct 
subglobose lobes. 

Panjab, cis- and trans-Indus (ascends in the Salt range to 3000 ft.), Sindh, 
Central Provinces, and the Peninsula. A shrub or small tree 16-20 ft. high, 
with a short, straight stem, attaining a girth of 18-24in. Bark light grey to 
reddish brown, or blackish, longitudinally rugose. Fl. Feb., March ; fruit small, 
not succulent, subacid, eaten. 

G. Rothu, DC.; W & A. Prodr. 78—syn. G. salvifolia, Roxb. |. ¢. 587—Coro- 
mandel and Bandelkhand, with broader, finely serrate leaves, and distinct trans- 
verse veins, is nearly allied to this, and perhaps not specifically different. 


2. ELAZOCARPUS, Linn. 


Flowers in axillary racemes, generally bisexual. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 
as many as sepals, fringed or lobed, rarely entire, inserted round the 
base of the thick glandular torus ; induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 
numerous, inserted on the torus between the glands; anthers linear, 
opening at the top in 2 confluent short slits. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style 
one, subulate. Fruit a drupe with one kernel, 1- or 2-5-celled, one 
seed in each cell. Albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat, broad. 


1. E. Ganitrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 592; Wight Ic. t. 66.—Sans. 
Rudraksha. Vern. Rudrak, rudraksh. 


Leaves alternate, approximate near ends of branches, on petioles many 
times shorter than the leaf, ovate-lanceolate, indistinctly serrate, slightly 
silky when young, afterwards glabrous on both sides, about 6in. long. Stip- 
ules minute, caducous. Racemes below the leaves, on two-year-old branch- 
lets, unilateral, drooping ; bracts deciduous ; pedicels as long as flowers. 
Sepals 5, lanceolate, acute, silky. Petals 5, oblong, divided into numer- 
ous subulate segments. Filaments 25-40, short, inserted on the large 
convex disc. Ovary ovoid, villous, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; style 5-grooved. 
Drupe globose, size of a large cherry, purple ; nut globose, thick, very 
hard, 5-celled, surface elegantly tubercled, marked with 5 equidistant 
grooves, running from the apex to the base. Seed generally one in each 
cell. Cotyledons oblong, thin, 3-nerved. 


Nepal, Assam, Western Ghats, and probably occurs in the southern forests of 
the Central Provinces. A large tree, flowers in the cold season, and ripens its 
fruit in autumn. The hard, tubercled nuts are polished, made into rosaries and 
bracelets, worn by Brahmins and Fakirs, and are frequently set in gold. 

Another species, #. serratus, Roxb. lL. c. 596, with bluntly serrate, ovate 
leaves, petioles 4 or 4 length of leaf, exterior anther-valve bearded, and a 3- 


4 : XIV. TILIACE. | Ele@ocarpus. 


celled ovary, is said to have been found in Kamaon. The fruit (Julpai, Beng.), 
size and shape of an olive, is pickled ; nut oblong, smooth, not tubercled. 
Numerous species of this genus are in the forests of South India and Burma. 


Orpen XV. MALPIGHIACEZ. 


Usually climbing shrubs with opposite simple leaves ; exstipulate, or 
stipules inconspicuous. Flowers regular, bisexual, pentamerous, usu- 
ally yellow, white, or red. Calyx deeply divided, usually with one or 
more sessile glands outside (eglandular in Aspidopterys). Petals free, 
clawed or sessile, toothed or entire. Stamens hypogynous, 10. Ovary 
free, 3-celled and 3-lobed; placentation axile ; ovules solitary. Fruit- 
carpels 1-3, usually winged (samaroid). Seed exalbuminous.—Gen. 
Pl, i. 247; Royle Ill. 1383; Wight Ill. i. 136. 


Petals clawed, unequal ; 1 stamen longer than the rest; style 
one ; carpels winged at the end ; : , 

Petals sessile; all stamens equal; styles 3; carpels winged all 
round ; : : ; ; ; 


1. HipraGe. 


2. ASPIDOPTERYS. — 
1. HIPTAGE, Geertner. 


Climbing shrubs, with opposite, coriaceous, entire leaves, without 
stipules. Calyx 5-parted, with a large oblong gland outside, adnate to 
pedicel and calyx. Petals 5, unequal, unguiculate, silky. Stamens 10, 
declinate, all antheriferous, one much longer than the rest. Ovary 3- 
lobed ; style 1, filiform. Fruit of 1-3 samaras, connate at the base, 
and terminating in long wings. 


1. H. Madablota, Gertn. ; W.& A. Prodr. 107.—Syn. Gertnera race- 
mosa, Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 18; Fl. Ind. ii. 368. Vern. Kampti, C.P. ; Mad 
malti, aita lagula, N.W.P.; Endra, chopar, benkar, khumb, Pb. hills ; 
Chabuk churi, Pb. plains ; Halad-wail, Mahratta. 


A large climbing shrub, Leaves glabrous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 
acuminate, 4-6 in. long, on short, channelled petioles, penniveined, main 
lateral nerves arcuate, 4-6 on either side of midrib. Flowers showy, # in. 
across, white and yellow, in large terminal panicles; pedicels articulate, 
with 2 subulate bracts in the middle. Carpels 3, wings oblanceolate, 
unequal, one about 2 in. long, the two others shorter. 

Common in ravines and moist places in most parts of India. Often on Sal 


trees. Sub-Himalayan tract to Indus, ascending to 3000 ft. Mt. Aboo, Burma. 
Ceylon. China. Fl. Jan.-March. Fr. May. Bark bitter. 


2. ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Jussieu. 


Climbing shrubs, with opposite, entire leaves, without stipules. Calyx 
5-parted, without a gland. Petals 5, equal, not clawed. Stamens 10, 
equal, all antheriferous. Ovary 3-lobed ; styles 3, short. Fruit of 3 
samaras ; the seed in the middle of a circular, oblong, or ovate membran- 
ous wing. 


1, A. lanuginosa, A. Juss.—Syn. Hirwa lanuginosa, Wall. Pl. As. 
Rar. i. 13. 


Aspidopterys. | XV. MALPIGHIACE. 45 


A large climber. Leaves cordate or ovate-cordate, long-acuminate, 4-6 
in. long; petiole # in. long. Under side of leaves, young shoots, and in- 
florescence clothed with soft, grey, silky tomentum. Flowers 4 in. across. 
Ovaries tomentose, with long white hairs. Wings of fruit oval, 14 in. long. 


Nepal, Kamaon (to 4000 ft.), Dehra Doon. FI. June. 

A. nutans, A. Juss.—Syn. Hirea nutans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 447; W. & A. 
Prodr. 108, is similar, but has glabrous leaves and longer petioles. Bengal. 

A. Roxburghiana, A. Juss.—syn. Triopteris indica, Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 160 ; 
Hireea indica, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 448, W. & A. Prodr. 108—has glabrous leaves, 
ovary with short hairs, and oblong fruit-wings. South India, Bengal, Nepal, 
Burma. 


Orper XVI. GERANIACES. 


Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers 
bisexual. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, free or more or less connate. Petals 
as many as sepals or wanting, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricate or 
contorted. Stamens generally twice the number of petals ; anthers versa- 
tile, 2-celled, without connective, the cells parallel, dehiscing longitudin- 
ally. Ovary of 3-5 carpels, 3-5-celled and -lobed, the carpels adnate to the 
axis below ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, rarely numerous’ (as in Averrhoa). ~ 
Fruit various ; albumen scanty or none.—Gen. Pl. i. 269 ; Royle Ill. 152 ; 
Wight Ill. i. 160 (Ozalidee). 


1. AVERRHOA, Linn. 


Trees with alternate, imparipinnate leaves, without stipules. Flowers 
in cymose panieles, small, regular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypo- 
gynous, contorted. Stamens 10, slightly connate at the base, 5 shorter, 
5 longer. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles distinct, with capitate stigmas ; 
ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit oblong, fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds 
2-5 in each cell, with or without arillus; embryo straight, with thin 
foliaceous cotyledons in a fleshy albumen. 

Leaflets ovate, acuminate, 2-5 pair ; fruit acutely angled ; seeds _ 
arillate ‘ : 4 : : : ‘ 

Leaflets oblong, acuminate, 5-12 pair; fruit obtusely angled ; 
seeds without arillus’. : : ‘ : 


1. A. Carambola. 


2. A. Bilimbi. 


1. A. Carambola, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; W. & A. Prodr. 
141.—Sans. Karmara, karma-ranga. Vern. Kamaranga. 


A tree, with close, thick-set, drooping branches ; leaflets subopposite, 
pale beneath, glabrous or slightly pubescent, ovate, acuminate, 2-5 pair ; 
petiolules short, pubescent. Flowers small, variegated with white and 
purple, in panicles, generally axillary, sometimes from the old wood. 
Calyx glabrous. The 5 shorter stamens usually very minute, and wholly 
without anthers, or occasionally 1 or 2 of them longer, with small 
brown anthers. Fruit obovoid-oblong, 3 in. long, with acute angles, yel- 
low. Funicle of seed dilated into a fleshy, bilabiate, irregularly-cut 
arillus, : 

Native country unknown, probably in the Indian Archipelago. Cultivated 
on account of its fruit for ages in tropical and subtropical India, as far north as 


46 XVI. GERANIACEA:. [ Averrhoa. 


Lahore. Produces fruit at Hoshiarpur. Fl H. and RS. Fruit 0.8. Two 
varieties cultivated in Bengal, one with acid, the other with sweet fruit, The 
leaves are sensitive. 


2. A. Bilimbi, Linn. ; Roxb. ii. 451; W. & A. 142; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 
t. 117.—Vern. Bilimbi, belambu, blimbu, anvalla. 


A small tree ; leaflets subopposite, pubescent, oblong, acuminate, 3 in. 
long, 6-14 pair, on short pubescent petiolules. Flowers 4 in. long, dark - 
brownish purple, in panicles on the old wood of stem and branches. 
Calyx and branches of inflorescence with dense ferruginous pubescence. 
All stamens generally antheriferous. Fruit oblong, 2 in. long, with ob- 
tuse angles, yellow. Seeds without arillus. 


Cultivated and run wild in tropical India. Native country unknown. FI. 
H.S. Fr. RS. Fruit acid, pickled or preserved with sugar. 


Orper XVII RUTACEZ. 


Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, generally aromatic, with alternate or more 
rarely opposite, compound or simple exstipulate leaves, dotted with trans- 
lucent glands. Sepals 4-5, free or connate. Petals same number as 
sepals, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens as many, or twice as many, 
as petals; anthers generally versatile, 2-celled. Disc annular, cylindri- 
cal or elongated, between stamens and ovary. Carpels 4-5, mostly con- 
nate. Seeds oblong or reniform, with or without albumen; embryo 
large ; cotyledons fleshy or foliaceous.—Gen. Pl. i. 278; Royle Ill. 129, 
157; Wight Ill. i. 104, 165 (Aurantiacee, Zanthoxylee). 


Carpels more or less distinct ; flowers unisexual ; ° . 1. ZANTHOXYLUM. 
Carpels connate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
Petals imbricate; stamens 8-10. 
Style deciduous ; leaves imparipinnate. 
Thorny shrubs; leaflets opposite ; common petiole winged 2, LIMONIA. 
Unarmed shrubs ; ; leaflets alternate or subopposite ; com- 
mon petiole terete. 


Stamens 10; filaments subulate ; leaflets alternate . 8. MURRAYA. 
Stamens 8- 10; filaments dilated ; leaflets epeaksct 4, CLAUSENA. 
Style short, persistent ; leaves 1-5 foliolate a 5. GLYCOSMIS.  ' 
Petals valvate ; stamens 4-5 * ; . 6. SKIMMIA. 
Carpels connate ; "ovules numerous. 
Leaves simple ; stamens 20-60 : . ‘ ; . 7. Cirrus. 
Leaves imparipinnate ; stamens 10-12 4 . ‘ . 8, FERONIA. ¥ 
Leaves trifoliolate ; stamens 30-60 : . 9. AIGLE. 


Toddalia aculeata, Pers.; Wight IIL. t. 66; syn. aoa sloatbaree Roxb, FL Ind. 
i, 616,—is a thorny scandent shrub, with 3-foliolate leaves, and orange-coloured 
pungent berries, 5-grooved and B-seeded. South India, Kamaon (Kany), found 
by Madden in Mairwara (Dahan, lahan).—As. Soc. Journ. xvii. pt. i, 404. 


1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn. 

Leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Flowers unisexual, Calyx 3-5-lobed, 
imbricate. Petals 3-5, or none. Male flowers: stamens 3-5, round a 
rudimentary ovary; anthers versatile. Female flowers: carpels 1-5, oblique, 
1-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; styles lateral. Fruit-carpels distinct, 
1-5, dry or drupaceous, 1-seeded, splitting in 2 yalves. Seeds with a 


Zanthoxylum. | XVII, RUTACEA. AT 


filiform funicle, and black crustaceous testa, often covered by a thin fleshy 
epidermis ; albumen fleshy, enclosing a straight or curved embryo, with 
round, flat, foliaceous cotyledons. 


1. Z. alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 768.—Syn. Z. hostile, Wall. Vern. 
Timbir, timur, semur, timru, darmar, tirmal, tezmal, tezbal, tiswal. 

Aculeate, with strong, smooth, nearly straight prickles on branches, 
petioles, and midrib of leaflets, the prickles on branches often surrounded 
at the base by a ring of cork; 2 prickles at the base of petiole in the place 
of stipules. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; common petiole winged ; 
leaflets opposite, mostly 2-4 pair, sessile, lanceolate, more or less indis- 
tinctly serrate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers small, yellow, on lateral pan- 
icles; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; bracts small. Calyx with 6-8 
acute segments. Petals none. Filaments 6, 7, or 8, much longer than 
calyx. Fruit-carpels 1, 2, or 3, reniform or ovoid, on short stalks, reddish, 
of the size of a small pea when fresh. | 

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft., Kasia 
hills. In the N.W. Himalaya chiefly in hot valleys. Fl. April-July ; fruit 
ripens Aug.-October. 

Usually a shrub, at times a small tree 20 ft. high, witha short, straight trunk 
2 ft. girth, short, stiff, bushy branches, forming a small roundish thin head of 
dark-green foliage. Every part of the plant possesses a peculiar aromatic pun- 
gency. Bark of larger branches thin, dark brown, even, scabrous, with small white 
specks, that of the trunk cinereous and smooth. Wood whitish, close, even- 
grained, hard, heavy, strong, used for walking-sticks and clubs. Tooth-brushes 
are made of the branches. The aromatic pungent fruit is used as a remedy for 
toothache, and as a condiment ; bruised, it is put into unwholesome water to 
make it good. The bark is used for intoxicating fish. 

Z. oxyphyllum, Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 42, a straggling shrub, often 
climbing over tall forest-trees, has ‘larger leaves ; leaflets 6-8 pair, serrate ; 
common petiole not winged ; flowers in compact terminal panicles, shorter than 
leaf. Carpels red, 4 in. diam., often 4 ripening. Garhwal. Kamaon. Nepal. 
Sikkim. Kasia. Shady forests, 6000-8000 ft. 

Zanthoxylum Clava Herculis, Linn., the prickly yellow wood of Jamaica, is 
a large West Indian timber-tree with beautiful close-grained wood, used for 
furniture and inlaid-work. 

2. LIMONTA, Linn. 


Leaves alternate; imparipinnate or 3-foliolate ; leaflets opposite. Flowers 
bisexual. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, oblong, imbricate. Stamens 
8 or 10, free; filaments subulate ; anthers versatile. Ovary 4-5-celled, on 
an annular or elongated disc ; style deciduous; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. 
Fruit baccate, 1-4-celled ; seeds 1-4, surrounded with mucilage; embryo 


straight; radicle short, conical; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex; albumen 
none. 


1, L. acidissima, Linn.; W. & A. Prodr. 92.—Syn. L. crenulata, 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 81, Fl. Ind. ii. 381. Vern. Bel’, North-West Prov. 

Glabrous, armed with straight thorns 4 inch to 1 inch long, mostly 
axillary. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; common petiole broadly winged, 
foliaceous ; leaflets commonly 5 to 9, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, like the 
wings of the petiole crenate and pellucid-punctate. Flowers white, 


48 XVII RUTACEA. . | Limonia. 


fragrant, in short axillary racemes, frequently bearing 1 or 2 leaves. Calyx 
4-cleft. Petals 4, oblong, more than twice the length of calyx, pellucid- 
punctate. Stamens 8, nearly equal. Ovary oblong, obtuse, 4-celléd ; 
ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous; stigma capitate, obtuse. Berry 
globose, fleshy, black when ripe, less than 4 inch diam. ; seeds 1-4. 

Outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Garhwal, ascending to 4000 ft. Assam. 
Bengal. South India. Hardy in England. Fl. April, May. 

A shrub 8 to 10 ft. high ; in favourable conditions a small tree 16 to 18 ft., 
with a short trunk 18 in. girth, and a small, elegant oval head. Bark cinere- 
ous, rugose: wood yellow, very handsome, hard, close-grained, worthy of atten- 
tion for the lathe; used for axles of oil-presses, rice-pounders ; good fuel. 
Pulp of fruit flesh-coloured, exceedingly acid ; an article of commerce in Mala- 
bar ; considered protective against contagion, and an antidote to venomous 
poisons. 


8 MURRAYA, Linn. 


Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, with alter- 
nate leaflets. Flowers bisexual. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, free, imbricate. 
Stamens 10, free ; alternate shorter, filaments subulate. Ovary on a more 
or less elongated disc, 2-5-celled, attenuated into the style, which is 
eventually deciduous; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1-2-seede 
berry. Seeds without albumen; cotyledons plano-convex. . 


Nearly glabrous ; leaflets usually 5-7 ; r ; 1. M. exotica. 
Pubescent, leaflets usually 10-25 : ; : 2. M. Kenigit. 


1. M. exotica, L.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 374 ; W. & A. Prodr. 94; Wight 
Ic. t. 96.—Syn. M. paniculata, Jack; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Fl. 29. 
Vern. Kamini, Beng.; Marchula, juti, Kamaon. 


A shrub or small tree, evergreen, with ash-coloured bark ; glabrous, or 
young parts pubescent. Leaflets usually 5-7, shortly petiolulate, ovate or 
obovate, entire, frequently oblique at base, 1-2 in. long, thinly coriaceous 
and shining. Flowers white, fragrant, in short terminal and axillary 
corymbs. Petals linear or cuneate, many times longer than calyx. Ovary 
linear, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate. Berries red, acuminate 
at both ends, 2-seeded. Varies with many-flowered corymbs, and with 
few, sometimes solitary flowers. 

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 4500 ft., hilly parts 
of the Oudh forests, Behar, South India, and Burma. ood close eee Fard. 
white, has been used for wood-engraving. Cultivated in gardens throughout 
India. Fl. May-Sept. Fr. Oct.-Feb. 

2. M. Keenigii, Sprengel—Syn. Bergera Kcenigii, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. 
Ind. ii. 375 ; Cor. Pl. t.112; W. & A. Prodr. 94. Vern. Gandla, gandela, 
gandla, gandi, gant, gani, bowala, Pb., N.W.P.; Harri, Kat-nim, Oudh ; 
Barsanga, Beng. 

Pubescent. Leaflets 10-25, oblique at base, ovate-lanceolate, short-peti- 
olulate, about 1 in. long. Flowers white, in terminal corymbose panicles. 
Calyx persistent ; segments short, triangular. Petals oblong, dotted, 4-5 
times longer than calyx. Anthers short, cordate. Ovary 2-celled ; style 
short, cylindrical ; stigma capitate, sulcate. Fruit ovoid, black when ripe, 
surface rugose ; seeds embedded in mucilaginous fluid. 


Murraya. | XVII. RUTACEA. 49 


Outer Himalaya, from the Ravi to Assam, ascending to 4000, sometimes to 
5000 ft.; Oudh, Gorakhpur, not common in the Central Provinces. Common in 
Bengal and South India. Leaves renewed in March and April; fl. from 
April’ onward ; fruit ripens June-January. Fruit aromatic, astringent ; pulp 
with a subacrid white juice. 

A small, elegant tree, 12-15 ft. high, with a short trunk to 18 in. girth, a 
round, close, shady crown, with bright green foliage. All parts of the plant have 
a peculiar, powerful, rather disagreeable, aromatic odour, whence most of the 
native names. Bark thin, purplish brown, smooth, partly reticulate, the old 
bark exfoliating in flat, nearly 4-sided, hard scales. Wood close-, even-grained, 
hard, durable, employed for agricultural implements, Cultivated for the 
sake of its leaves, which are used to flavour curries, 


4. CLAUSENA, Burm. 


Unarmed shrubs or trees, with alternate, imparipinnate leaves. Flowers 
bisexual. Calyx 4-5-toothed, or-lobed. Petals 4-5, free, slightly imbricate. 
Stamens 8-10, free; filaments dilated. Ovary on a short raised torus, 
2-5-celled ; style at length deciduous; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a 
1-5-celled and -seeded berry. _ « 


1. C. pentaphylla, DC.—Syn. Amyris pentaphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
ii. 247. Vern. Rattanjote, surjmukha, Khyrigarh; Teyrur, Gonda 
(Oudh). 

A deciduous shrub, extremities silky tomentose; full-grown leaves pu- 
bescent. Leaflets 5-7, leaflets subopposite or alternate, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 in. long, short-petiolulate. Main lateral nerves 
prominent, numerous, anastomosing by conspicuous intramarginal veins. 
Flowers yellowish, in terminal, hairy cymose panicles. Berry ovoid, ver- 
rucose, pale orange, 4-4 in. long. 

Sub-Himalayan tract, Kamaon, and ah Sal forests of the Doons and of 
Oudh. Fl. April, May. Fruit ripens Nov. The bruised leaves are highly 
aromatic. — 


5. GLYCOSMIS, Correa. 


Unarmed shrubs or trees with imparipinnate or unifoliolate leaves. 
Flowers bisexual, small. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, free, imbricate. 
Stamens 10, free, alternately shorter. Ovary sessile, or on a very short 
stipe, with 5 (or fewer) cells; ovules solitary ; style very short and 
thick, continuous with the ovary, persistent. Fruit 1- or few-seeded. 


1. G. pentaphylla, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 93.—Syn. Limonia penta- 
phylla, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 84; Fl. Ind. 1. 381. Vern. Ban-nimbu (wild 
lemon), pilru potala, N.W.P.; Girgitti, Oudh ; Kirmira, Bomb. 


A small, evergreen, erect shrub, wholly glabrous, exceedingly variable in 
its foliage. Leaves generally with 3-5 leaflets, often unifoliolate ; lateral 
leaflets alternate or subopposite. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, ovate or obo- 
vate, acuminate, 4-12 in. long, penninerved ; main lateral nerves distinct, 
but not prominent, joined by inconspicuous intramarginal veins. Flowers 
white, fragrant, in erect terminal or lateral panicles. Berries subglobose, 
white, pink, or blue, somewhat compressed, 4 in. across, 

D 


50 XVII RUTACEA. [ Glycosmis. 


Common in South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal. Oudh forests, forming thick 
undergrowth in parts. The ripe fruit iseaten. Fl. spring, autumn, and nearly 
throughout the year. 4 

6. SKIMMTA, Thunberg. 


1. S. Laureola, Zuccarinii—Syn. Limonia Laureola, Wall. Pl. As. 
rar. t. 245 ; Anquetilia Laureola, Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 161. Vern. Wer, 
barru, Pb. Nehar, gurl pata, Kamaon. 


A small, wholly glabrous, shrub ; leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblan- 
ceolate, coriaceous, entire, often approximate near the ends of branches, 
midrib prominent, without conspicuous secondary nerves. Flowers white, 
in erect, compact, terminal panicles. Drupes subglobose, 4 in. across. 


Himalaya, Indus to Bhutan, alt. 5000-11,000 ft. Afghanistan. Fl. April, 
May. Fruit Oct. The leaves have an orange-like smell when crushed. 


7. CITRUS, Linn. 


Evergreen shrubs or trees, armed with axillary thorns; wood elose- and 
even-grained. Leaves alternate, simple (unifoliolaté), glandular-dotted, 
coriaceous; petiole often winged. Flowers white, or tinged with red, 
sweet-scented. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5 cleft. Petals 4-5, rarely more, 
thick, with glandular dots, imbricate in bud. Stamens 20-60; filaments 
flat, more or less connate in bundles ; anthers oblong. Ovary many-celled, 
on a large annular or cup-shaped disc; style terete, deciduous, with a eapi- 
tate, lobed stigma; ovules axile, biseriate, 4-8 in each cell. Fruit globose 
or oblong, succulent, indehiscent, divided into 9-15 cells by membranous 
dissepiments, the cells with numerous transverse vesicles, filled with 
sweet or more or less acid juice; the rind full of vesicles or glands, filled 
with aromatic essential oil. Seeds few in each cell ; testa leathery; albu- 
men none; embryo straight, with a short radicle, and thick, fleshy, 
oily cotyledons. Often 2 or 3 embryos in one seed. 

Young shoots and leaves perfectly glabrous ; transverse vesicles 
of pulp concrete. 
Young shoots purple; petals generally tinged with red ; 
flowers often unisexual; stamens 20-40; fruit globose, 
ovoid or oblong, often terminated by a knob . . . 1. C. medica. 
Young shoots whitish ; petals white ; flowers bisexual; stamens 


20-30 ; fruit globose or flattened ; pulp sweet, acid, or bitter 2. C. Aurantium. 
Young shoots and under side of leaves pubescent; transverse ~ 
vesicles of pulp distinct ; ; . 38. C. decwmana. 


C. japonica, Thunberg, the Kumquat, with small globose fruit and lanceo- 
late leaves, as well as the other Chinese and Japanese species and forms, cannot 
be noticed here. 

To this genus belong the Crtron, Lemon, the sweet and acid Lime, the sweet 
and bitter Orange, the Bergamot, and the Shaddock, most of which are culti- 
vated in India, and some of which are found wild in the forests of the outer 
Himalayan valleys, in Sikkim, Kamaon, and Garhwal, in the Kasia hills, 
the Western Ghats, on the Pachmarhis in the Satpura range, and in Burma. 
The great multitude of forms of this widely cultivated genus has probably arisen 
from two or three distinct species, and the study of the wild forms of Oranges 
and Limes in India may throw some light upon the origin and history of the 
cultivated kinds. At present it seems most convenient to class the wild ané 
cultivated forms under the three species defined above ; but further researches 


Citrus. | XVII. RUTACE. 51 


may eventually alter the number of ‘species, and modify their limits and char- 
acters. These researches should, however, comprise not only the apparently in- 
digenous forms, and those cultivated in Europe and India, but equally the large 
variety of Oranges cultivated in China, Japan, and Polynesia. 

A few introductory remarks regarding the classification of this genus may not 
be out of place. Linnzus established two species, C’. medica, with linear peti- 
oles, comprising the Lime, Lemon, and Citron; C. Awrantiwm, with winged 

etioles, comprising the sweet and bitter Orange and the Shaddock. From these 

illdenow separated the Shaddock, C. deewumana ; and Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. iii. 
390, added C. acida, under which name he described the acid Lemons and Limes, 
and the sweet Limes of India with winged petiole, which therefore could not 
be classed under C. medica of Linnzus. CC’. nermis, the small unarmed Orange 
of China, he added as a separate species. About the time that Roxburgh wrote 
his ‘ Flora Indica,’ the history and classification of the cultivated Oranges was 
the subject of careful researches by two botanists in the south of Europe. 
Georges Gallesio, Sous Préfet of Savona, published in 1811 a small octavo vol- 
ume (Traité du Citrus) containing the results of most valuable studies and ob- 
servations made by him in the district of Finale, between Nice and Genoa, on 
the Riviera di Ponente. Gallesio establishes 4 species (Citron, Lemon, sweet 
and bitter Orange), to which he reférs, either as varieties or as hybrids, all forms 
known to him. A few years later—in 1813—A. Risso, Professor of ;Natural 
Sciences at the Lyceum of Nice, published in the 20th volume of the ‘ Annales 
du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, his “‘ Mémoire sur V/histoire naturelle des 
Orangers, cultivés dans le Département des Alpes Maritimes.” His classification 
agrees in the main with that of Gallesio, but he adds the sweet Lime (C. Limetta) 
as a 5th species ; and in a subsequent work which appeared in 1819, with mag- 
nificent illustrations (Risso et Poiteau Histoire Naturelle des Orangers), 8 types 
‘or races are described: 1. C. Aurantiwm, the sweet Orange ; 2. C. Bigaradia, 
the bitter Orange ; 3. C. Bergamia, the Bergamot ; 4. C. Limetta, the sweet 
Lime (with white flowers); 5. C. decumana, the Shaddock; 6. C. Zwmua, the 
sweet Lemon (flowers tinged with red); 7. C. Ziamonum, the Lemon ; and 8. C. 
medica, the Citron. This classification has been adopted in many standard 
works. A. Décandolle, however, in his ‘ Géographie Botanique raisonnée’ (1855), 
871, expresses his opinion that the principal forms may be reduced to 3 species, 
O. medica, C. Limonum, and C. Aurantiwm, with the addition, as a doubtful 
species, of the Shaddock. This arrangement is carried out in Lowe, ‘ Flora of 
Madeira’ (1868), 71 ; but he adds C. nobilis, Lour., comprising the sweet Oranges 
with loose skin (the Tangerine and Mandarin Orange), as a separate species. 
Grisebach, in his ‘ West Indian Flora’ (1864), 132, reverts to the three original 
species, C’. medica, Awrantiwm, and decumana; and this is the arrangement 
which I have here adopted, with some modification of the specific characters. 
I desire, however, to state at the outset, that the characters here set forth do not 
hold good in the case of all cultivated kinds classed under these three species. 
Some of the intermediate forms may be hybrids ; and besides, it is more than 
probable that we have not yet arrived at the correct classification of this genus. 
The present arrangement, however, seems the most convenient to guide and 
facilitate further researches in India on this interesting subject. 


1. ©. medica, Linn. The Citron, Lemon, sweet and acid Lime. Com- 
prises C. medica, Limonum, and Lumia of Risso and Poiteau. 

Shrubs, sometimes trees, generally bearing flowers and fruit at all, or at 
most, seasons of the year. Young shoots glabrous, purple. Leaves glab- 
rous, 3-6 in. long, oblong elliptic ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petioles naked 
or winged. Flowers white, generally tinged with red, small or middle- 
sized, often unisexual ; stamens 20-40. Fruit ovoid, oblong or globose, 


52 XVII, RUTACEA. [ Citrus. 


usually yellow when ripe, skin thick or thin, with or without a knob, 
surface even or rough. 


Wild in Burma ; Chittagong (Hooker), “ Sitakund hill ;” Kasia (Hooker and 
Thomson), “ foot of hills, ascending to 4000 ft. ;” Sikkim (Hooker and Thom- 
son), “ hot valleys, ascending to 4000 ft., fruit like a lemon, but narrow-peaked, 
2 lb, weight.” Common in the Doons between Sardah and Jumna; Pachmarhi 
hills, in deep ravines, and here and there on the Western Ghats. The specimens 
of the wild Limes and Citrons in India which I have had an opportunity of 
examining, have oblong oblong-elliptic or oblong-obovate leaves, 3-5 in. long, 
edge crenate or blunt-serrate ; petioles short, thick, unwinged, or longer, and 
narrow-winged ; flowers in racemes of 5-20, often unisexual ; number of stamens 
varying, generally between 20 and 30, sometimes more than 30. Fruit often 
knobbed. Royle, Ill. 129, mentions two forms found by him, apparently wild, 
in the Doons of the N.W. Himalaya: one called Bijourz, with the characteristics 
of the Citron; the other called Behari-Nimbu, or Pahari Kagizi, with. those of 
the Lemon,—and which retain their difference under cultivation. Madden also, 
in his paper on the Terai and outer mountains of Kamaon, mentions “two 
species of Citrus, probably Zimonum and medica, Jamir and Bijaura.”— 

ourn. As, Soc. xvii., pt. i. 391. Certainly there are different forms among the 
specimens collected by Royle, by Dr Stewart, myself, and others, in the N.-W. 
Himalaya ; but they require further investigation on the spot : and for the pre- 
sent it seems more convenient to unite them all under C. medica. 


Under this species may be classed the following cultivated kinds :— 

a. THE Citron. Cédratier, French ; Cedro, ltal.; Vijapira, Sans.; Utrej, 
otroj, Arab.; Bejawra, Hind.; Begpura, Beng. (Karanphal, Kamaon.) Leaves 
oblong ; petiole short, naked or marginate; fruit large, oblong or obovoid, 
generally terminating in a blunt-pointed beak, or irregularly shaped; surface 
warty, rarely even; rind thick, very aromatic, tender; pulp scanty, subacid. 
Cultivated in many parts of India—Assam, Calcutta, Chota Nagpore, North-West 
India, Bombay ; also in Persia. The Chinese place the fragrant fruit on dishes 
to perfume the air. Madeira and the south of Europe export candied Citron, 
the thick fragrant rind preserved in sugar. Lowe (Flora of Madeira) retains 
the Citron as a distinct species, characterised by oblong leaves, short unwinged 
petioles, and numerous flowers in a cluster, Mr Lowe’s classification is based 
on long-continued study of the plants cultivated in Madeira, and it is not im- 
possible that it may eventually be found to be correct in this respect. 

b. THE Lemon. Jimonier, more generally Citronnier, French ; Limone, 
Ital. ; Citrone, German; Bara nimbu, Hind. ; Korna Nebu, Beng. Leaves 
ovate ; petioles marginate or winged ; fruit middle-sized, ovoid, yellow, knobbed ; 
rind thin ; pulp abundant, very acid. Cultivated abundantly in the south of 
Europe. Citric acid is made of it. In Madeira the Lemon grows into a tree 
20-30 ft. high, and is in flower and fruit from Oct.-May. 

ce. THE Actip Limn oF Inpi1a. C. acida, Roxb. 1. c. 390; Ic. Roxb. in Herb. 
Kew. Jambira, Sans. ; Limu, limoun, Arab. ; Lebu, nebu, limbu, nimbu, Beng., 
Hind. Leaves oval ; petioles winged, many times shorter than leaf ; wings lin- 
ear or obovate. « Flowers small, in short racemes ; petals generally 4. Roxburgh 
describes seven varieties, of which the two small thin-skinned kinds, yellow 
when ripe, with an abundance of pale, sharp acid juice, are the most generally 
cultivated. (Pati Nebu, the small round Lime; and Kagiji Nebu, Kaghz 
Nimbu, the small long Lime.) A third kind, the large acid Lime, is grown in 
Burma and in Bengal (Kaémardli-N ebu). 

d. THe Sweet Limes or Inpra, Mitha Nebu. (Amritphal, Kamaon.) Com- 
monly cultivated in most parts of India and Burma. Fruit globose, smooth, 3-5 
in. diam., thin-skinned, with an abundance of sweet, not aromatic, juice. Ripens 


Citrus. | XVII. RUTACEA. 53 


at different seasons, but Pees in summer. It is a matter for further in- 

uiry whether all kinds of Indian sweet Limes should be referred to this species 
The sweet Limes cultivated in France and Italy are referred by Risso and Poiteau 
partly to C. Limetta, with white flowers, partly to C. Zwmia, with the flowers 
tinged with red. Voigt., Hort. Suburb. Calc. 142, refers the Indian sweet Lime 
to C. Limetta. 


2. C. Aurantium, Linn. The bitter and sweet Orange, and the Berga- 
mot. Comprises C. Aurantium, Bigaradia, Bergamia, and Limetta of 
Risso and Poiteau. 


Trees, rarely shrubs, bearing flowers and fruit generally at one season 
of the year only. Young shoots glabrous, greenish white. Leaves glab- 
rous, 3-6 in. long, elliptic or ovate, acuminate ; petioles naked or winged, 
wings often obovate, as large as the leaf, or nearly so. Flowers pure 
white, middle-sized, bisexual; stamens 20-30. Fruit globose, often de- 
pressed, generally orange-coloured, ripe in India generally Dec.-March. 


Orange-trees have been found wild or apparently wild in the Kasia hills 
(Hooker and Thomson), between. 4000 and 3000 ft., with globose fruit, winged 
and unwinged petioles, and acute or obtuse leaves; in Sikkim (Hooker and 
Thomson), alt. 1000 ft., with unwinged petioles, and oblong-elliptic acuminate 
leaves ; in Kamaon (Strachey), at Bagesar, 3000 ft., with unwinged petioles ; 
in Garhwal (Thomson), at 2000 ft., with globose fruit, naked or marginate 
petioles, and oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaves. 


Under this species may be classed the following cultivated kinds :— 

a. THE BITTER OR SEVILLE ORANGE. C. Bigaradia, Risso et Poiteau. Bi- 
garadier, French ; Arancio forte, Italian; Pomeranze, German; Varanj, Arab. 
Petiole generally winged ; flowers larger and more strongly scented than those 
of the sweet Orange; rind of fruit very aromatic; pulp not sweet, bitter 
or austere. Not extensively cultivated in India. Grown in large orchards on 
the island of Sardinia, in Spain, and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region, 
mainly on account of the flowers, from which the essential oil of Oranges is 
distilled. In the south of Europe the bitter Orange is more hardy than the 
sweet Orange, and this again is more hardy than the Lemon. 

b. THe Swext ORANGE. C’. Awrantium, Risso et Poiteau. Ovanger, French ; 
Arancio dolce, portogallo, Italian; Portogallo; Greek ; Apfelsine, German ; 
Nagaranga, Sans.; Naranj, Arab. ; Narangi, naringt, sangtara, sunthura, 
kumla nebu, Hindi and Bengali. Petiole naked or winged; pulp sweet, 
yellow, sometimes red, in a loose or adhering rind. The sweet Orange does 
not come to perfection in all parts of India. In Lower Bengal it does not 
fruit at all, or does not bear freely, and the fruit is dry and austere. Calcutta 
is supplied from the valleys of the Kasia hills north of Silhet. Delhi, Nagpore, 
Aurungabad, Sautgur near Vellore, and the Northern Circars, are famous for 
their Oranges ; but there are large tracts where none or inferior kinds only are 
produced. In India the fruit generally ripens between December and March, 
according to the climate of the locality. A variety which flowers twice a-year 
(Feb. and July), and yields two crops—the first from November to January, 
and the second crop in March and April—is grown at Nagpore (Firminger’s Gar- 
dening, 2d ed., p. 223). The sweet Orange is grown in all parts of the Mediter- 
ranean region, and the fruit is largely exported from Sardinia, Sicily, the Balearic 
Islands, Spain, Portugal, and Madeira. On the Riviera, the cultivation, which 
was very extensive in the time of Gallesio, has declined ; and in many cases 
the bitter Orange has been substituted, the flowers of this kind being more 


54 XVII. RUTACEA. (Citrus. 


rofitable there at present than the fruit of the sweet Orange. In the south of 

urope the Orange attains a much larger size than in India. A yield of 3000 
to 5000 Oranges per tree annually is not rare. Near Milis, on the island of 
Sardinia, there are trees more than 6 ft. in girth, said to be 700 years old. The 
wood of the Orange is hard, close-, and even-grained, yellowish, weighs 49 lb. 
when seasoned, and 65-70 lb. when green (Skinner). In South Europe it is 
used for turning, engraving, inlaid and cabinet work, and excellent walking- 
sticks are made of shoots and branches. 

In favour of considering the sweet and bitter Orange as distinct species, the 
fact has been urged that in some districts in the south of Europe the seed of 
the sweet Orange always reproduces its own kind without grafting. Regard- 
ing the fact there seems to be no doubt; Gallesio affirms it as the result of his 
researches and of direct experiments, and his statements are confirmed by other 
information of a later date. Gallesio states (1. c. p. 32), that during a series of 
years he had sown the seeds of the sweet Orange ; that they never produced bit- 
ter Oranges; and that during a period of 60 years no instance was known to the 
practical gardeners of the Finalais of a bitter Orange having been produced from 
the seed of a sweet Orange-tree, or a sweet Orange having arisen from the seed 
of a Bigaradier. In the last chapter of his book he relates how, in the severe 
winter of 1709, all Orange-trees in Liguria were killed ; and how, to replenish 
the gardens, nurseries were formed with the seed of the sweet Orange. The 
trees thus raised were grafted according to old custom, but severe frost recurred 
in subsequent years, and many of the grafts were killed. Some of the trees 
were regrafted ; others were left alone, and these were found to produce excel- 
lent fruit. This discovery was followed up; and the result was, that the old 
custom of grafting was abandoned in many parts of the Riviera, At present 
the sweet Gage is often grafted on the bitter Orange stock, becanse the latter 
is more hardy, and because grafted trees come into bearing more quickly than 
seedlings (arbres francs) ; but as far as our knowledge goes, there seems no 
doubt that on the Riviera, at least, the seed of the sweet Orange reproduces its 
own kind. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the sweet Orange-trees in 
the vast orchards of the Kasia valleys are all raised from seed without grafting. 
On the other hand, there seems no doubt that in America the matter is often 
different. On the island of Guadalupe the seed of the sweet Orange produces 
bitter fruit ; and in Caracas, Varanjo agrio is the term for an austere kind, 
often produced from the seed of sweet Oranges (Ernst, plants cultivated or 
naturalised in the valley of Caracas, Seemann Journ. Bot. v. 272). Macfadyen, 
in his ‘ Flora of Jamaica’ (1837), p. 129, states that the seed of the sweet Orange 
frequently grows up into a tree bearing the bitter fruit. It is clear, then, 
that the question, whether the sweet and bitter Orange are specifically distinct, 
derives no support from these facts either way, and that it must be decided on 
other grounds. The case is similar to that of the Mango in India. In Burma, 
and I believe also in other parts of India, the seed of certain good varieties 
produces fruit of a similar kind without grafting ; whereas, apparently, in a 
climate or under circumstances somewhat less favourable, ungrafted trees, as a 
rule, bear nothing but inferior fruit, more or less stringy and turpentiny. 
The matter is one well worthy of further research in India, As matters stand 
at present, there does not seem sufficient ground for considering the sweet and 
bitter Orange as distinct species. 

c. THE Beraamot. C. Bergamia, Risso et Poiteau. Flowers small, very 
sweet-scented; fruit pear-shaped or globose ; rind smooth, pale yellow ; pulp 
acidulous, with a pleasant aroma. Not, as far as I know, cultivated in India. 
Bergamot oil is the volatile oil of the rind. Voigt, 1.c. 142, refers to this the 
acid Limes of India, but théy certainly have more the character of C’. medica. 

d. Tur Acip Limx or THE West Inpixs (C. Lima, Macfadyen ; C. aczdis- 


o ae | ‘. 


Citrus. ] XVII. RUTACEZ. 55 


suma, Meyer) is referred by Grisebach, 1. c., to C. Aurantiwm. It is described 
as a thorny shrub or small tree of shrubby growth ; leaves oval ; flowers white, 
pentamerous; stamens 25, rarely 30. Fruit nearly globose, small, yellow when 
ripe, with a thin skin, and an abundance of pure acid juice. In Jamaica it is 
pate naturalised, and forms strong fences ; lime-juice and citric acid are made 
rom the fruit. The fruit is much like the small acid Lime of India, and it is a 
matter for further inquiry whether it should be classified under C. Awrantiwm. 
Lowe classes the West Indian Lime grown in Madeira (Limadé de Gallinha, 
Port.) under CO. Limonum. Others have classed the West Indian Lime under 
C. Limetta, Risso. 


3. C. decumana, Willd. The Shaddock, Pumelo, Pomplemoes.—Vern. 
Batavi Nebu, maha nimbu, chakotra. 


A tree, attaining 30-40 ft.; young shoots pubescent. Leaves large, 6-9 
in. long, oval-oblong, pubescent beneath, frequently emarginate ; petiole 
broad-winged. Flowers white, large; stamens 16-24. Fruit large, pale 
yellow, globose or pear-shaped; rind thick; pulp pale yellow pink or crim- 
son, sweet or acrid ; transverse vesicles distinct. 


Introduced into India from Java. Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 33, states that 
it apparently is indigenous in Polynesia. Cultivated in most tropical countries. 


The history of the gradual spread of the species of this genus is remark- 
able. The Citron alone is described by classical writers. It was cultivated in 
Media and Persia long before the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Greek 
botanist Theophrastus, who wrote shortly after Alexander’s death, gives a de- 
scription of the tree and its fruit which cannot be mistaken. They were called 
Median and Persian apples, and valued highly on account of their strong aro- 
matic scent, as antidotes against poison, and to make the breath sweet. In 
Greece and Italy the tree does not appear to have been cultivated much before 
the third century of our era, although the fruit was imported at a much earlier 
date. Plinius mentions its use in Rome, and in his books the name Citrus first 
occurs. In the fifth century it was cultivated in the island of Sardinia, and 
about Naples. On the coast of Mentone and Hyeres it was, according to Gal- 
lesio, introduced in the twelfth or thirteenth century. 

Oranges and Lemons are not mentioned in the works of Greek and Roman 
authors. The first notice regarding them is found in Arab books of the tenth 
and eleventh century ; and it seems certain that the Lemon and the bitter Orange 
were brought from India to Arabia, Syria, and Egypt in the ninth or tenth cen- 
tury, and that their introduction in South Europe was mainly due to the pro- 
gress of Arab conquest, in some cases to the Crusaders, and to the trade 
connections between the Italian ports and the East. The bitter Orange was 
extensively cultivated in Sicily and in Spain in the twelfth century. In Italy 


_ and the south of France, Oranges and Lemons were not commonly grown before 


the fourteenth century. 
The sweet Orange was introduced in Europe at a much later date; and it 


- cannot yet be considered as finally decided whether it came by way of Syria— 


which, however, seems probable—or whether the Portuguese may claim the honour 
of having imported it by sea from India or China. So much is certain, that on 
landing in India the Portuguese found sweet Oranges in abundance ; this fact is 
specially noted in the account of Vasco de Gama’s voyage. 

A comparison of the European, Sanskrit, and Arabic names of the Citron, Orange, 
and Lemon, confirms the result of historical research regarding the spread of 
their cultivation. The Sanskrit name of the Citron, Vjapdra, never went far 
West. At the time of Alexander the Great, the fruit was known under the 


56 XVI. RUTACEA. [ Citrus. 


name of Persian and Median apples, and was afterwards called Citrus, the 
Latin term for xédpos, by which the Cedar, Juniper, and other aromatic and re- 
sinous coniferous woods, were designated, which, like the Citron, had the pro- 
perty, or were supposed to possess the property, of keeping away insects. On 
the other hand, the words Limone, Lime, Lemon,.evidently derive their origi 
from the Arab Jimw,; and this name probably has a Sanskrit origin. The 
Sanskrit word Vagaranga; for Orange, is readily traced in the Arab Varanj, 
and the European terms Aranzio, Pomeranze, Orange. Again, the word porto- 
gallo, by which the sweet Orange is known in parts of the Mediterranean region 
—for instance, in Greece and Albania—is quoted in proof of the introduction 
of this fruit by the Portuguese, in the same way as the German (and Russian) 
term, Apfelsine, seems to point to its having been brought from China. 

So far regarding the westward spread of these fruits. Whether the numerous 
varieties of Citrons and Oranges cultivated in China have originated in species 
indigenous in that country, or whether the mountains of India are their 
original home, and whether any fruit-trees of this genus are indigenous in the 
Indian Archipelago or in Polynesia—these are questions of great interest, which 
call for further botanical and historical studies. My object in bringing these 
questions forward prominently in this place is to induce others with more 
leisure and more opportunities of observation to study a subject of great histori- 
cal interest, which may eventually serve to bring out important results regard- 
ing the spread and changes of arborescent species under cultivation. 


8. FERONTIA, Correa. 


Leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Flowers frequently unisexual. Calyx 
small, 5-dentate, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 4-6, oblong-lanceolate, 
imbricate. Stamens 10-12; filaments subulate from a broad, densely 
villous base ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 5-celled, or 1-celled owing 
to the slight cohesion of the axile placentz, continued into a thick oblong 
or cylindrical style ; ovules numerous, crowded in several series. Fruit 
globose, 1-celled, filled with pulp, with a hard rind. Seeds numerous, 
oblong, flat ; cotyledons thick, fleshy. 


1. F. Hlephantum, Correa; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 141; Fl. Ind. u. 411; 
Wight Ic. t. 15; W.& A. Prodr. 96. Elephant- or Wood-Apple.—Sans. 
Kapittha. Vern. Bilin, kait,.kaitha, katbel. 


Glabrous, armed with strong, straight, axillary thorns. Leaflets 5-7, 
cuneate or obovate, crenate at the top. Flowers of a dull-reddish 
colour, in loose, lateral, or terminal leaf-bearing panicles ; axis and branches 
pubescent, male and bisexual flowers frequently on the same panicle. 
Fruit globose, 24 in. diam. ; rind hard, woody, outside rough, grey- 
coloured ; seeds embedded in a fleshy, edible pulp. 


Wild in South India ; in the Outer Himalaya and Siwalik tract, ascending 
to 1500 ft., and extending west as far as the Ravi. Cultivated, and occasion- 
ally wild, throughout India, but not in the plains of the Panjab. FIL Feb.- 
May ; the fruit ripens about Oct., and often remains long on the tree. 

A moderate-sized tree, with a symmetrical trunk, 2-4 ft. in girth, bearing an 
elegant oval head ; leaves with a slight smell of aniseed. Bark dark grey or 
nearly black, wrinkled, corrugated with longitudinal shallow furrows. Wood 
yellowish or light brown, with distinct medullary rays, close-, even-, fine-grained, 
strong, hard, 50 1b. per cub. ft., 62-65 lb. when green. Value of P. 587-660 
(Cunningham) ; 645 (Skinner). Used for housebuilding, naves, oil-crushers, 
and agricultural implements. Too coarse for engraving, but well adapted for 


Feronia. | XVII. RUTACE. 57 


ornamental carving. The sapwood often eaten by beetles. A white trans- 

arent gum exudes from the bark, which is collected, and forms part of the 
Bast Indian Gum-Arabic of commerce, together with the gum of the Vim, 
Mango, Babul, Seriss, Khaw, Bahera, and several other trees. Pulp of the 
fruit acid ; a jelly is made from it. 


9, AAGLE, Correa. 


Leaves alternate, trifoliolate ; leaflets pellucid-punctate. Flowers bi- 
sexual. Calyx small, 4-5-dentate, deciduous. Petals 4-5, imbricate. 
Stamens numerous, with short subulate filaments, and long linear 
anthers. Ovary on cylindrical disc, with a thick fleshy axis, and 10-20 
small eells near the circumference, with numerous ovules in each cell 
attached to the central angle. Stigma capitate, obtuse, deciduous. 
Fruit globose, with a hard woody rind, 8-16-celled, filled with an aro- 
matic pulp. Seeds numerous, oblong, flat; testa woolly, covered with a 
viscid fluid. 


1, A. Marmelos, Correa ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 143 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 579 ; Wight 
& A. Prodr. 96; Wight Ic. 16; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 161. The Bael 
tree.—Sans. Bilva, malura. Vern. Bel, bil, bila, bili. Local name, Ma- 
haka-marra, Gonds., C.P. ; Usiitben, Burm. 


Glabrous, armed with axillary, straight, strong, sharp spines, 1 in. long 
or more. Leaflets 3, rarely 5, ovate-lanceolate, crenate, terminal long- 
petiolulate, lateral nearly sessile. Flowers greenish white, with a fine 
honey scent, on short lateral panicles; pedicels and calyx pubescent. 
Calyx flat, teeth indistinct. Petals oblong, coriaceous, thickly dotted. 
Filaments occasionally fascicled. Fruit globose, oblong, or pyriform, 2 to 
5 in. diam., with a smooth, grey or yellow rind, and a thick, orange- 
coloured, sweet, aromatic pulp. 


Wild in the Siwalik tract and Outer Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft., from 
the Jhelam to Assam ; also in Oudh, Behar, Bengal, Central and South India 
and Burma. Often gregarious when wild, Cultivated throughout India, ex- 
cept in the northern part of the Panjab; frequently planted near Hindoo 
temples. Leaves shed about March and April; the new foliage appears in 
April and May. Fl. about May ; and fruit ripens in Oct., Nov., remains long 
on the tree. 

When cultivated, a middle-sized tree to 35 ft. high, with a short, erect, often 
fluted, irregularly-compressed, and scooped-out trunk, attaining a girth of 7 ft. ; 
branches few, extremities often drooping, forming a narrow oval head. Wild 
(in N.W. India) generally a small, scrubby tree. Bark of trunk and larger 
branches 4 in. thick and more, outside soft, corky, light-cinereous or bluish 
grey, with large dark stains, and irregular, longitudinal, shallow furrows. 
Wood light-coloured, mottled with darker wavy lines and small light-coloured 
dots. Medullary rays indistinct. Even-, close-grained, 40-50 lb. per cub. ft. 
The tree being valued for its fruit, is not often felled ; but the timber is esteemed 
for strength and toughness. Used in construction, for pestles of oil- and sugar- 
mills, naves and other parts of carts, and for agricultural implements. Twigs 
and leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The tenacious pulp of the fruit is used 
medicinally in diarrhoea and dysentery, as sherbet, and as a conserve (Pharm. 
Ind. 46). Dry, it keeps well as a hard, transparent substance. It is also con- 
sidered an excellent addition to mortar, especially in building wells. Snuff- 
boxes are made of the shell of the fruit ; the leaves, root, and bark are used 
in native medicine ; from the flowers a scented water is distilled. 


58 XVII. SIMARUBE. [ Ailanthus. 


Orper XVIII. SIMARUBEZ. 


Shrubs or trees, with bitter bark, pinnate leaves without stipules, and 
simple hairs. Flowers small, generally unisexual, regular. Calyx 3-5- 
cleft. Petals 3-5. Stamens hypogynous, inserted at the base of disc, as 
many as petals, or double the number; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, 
bursting longitudinally. Carpels more or less distinct, rarely connate 
throughout ; ovary 1-5-celled, generally one ovule in each cell. Fruit- 
carpels 1-seeded.—Gen. Pl. i. 306; Royle Dl. 157 (Zanthoxylez) ; 
Wight Ill. i. 165, 169, 170. 


Stamens twice as many as petals. 


Fruit of 1-5 flat foliaceous samarz; leaves pinnate . 1. AILANTHUS. 
Fruit a 1-seeded drupe ; leaves 2-foliolate ; . 2. BaLANITEs, 
Stamens as many as petals ; leaves pinnate ‘ . 8. PICRASMA. - 


1. AILANTHUS, Desfontaines. 


Large trees, with alternate pinnate leaves approximate near the ends of 
branches. Flowers polygamous, in large axillary panicles. Calyx small, 
5-cleft; lobes imbricate. Petals 5, spreading, induplicate-valvate in bud. 
Male flowers: stamens 10, inserted at the base of disc. Female flowers : 
stamens none ; carpels 2-5, distinct, laterally compressed, 1 ovule in each ; 
styles as many as carpels. Bisexual flowers with 2-3 stamens. Fruit con- 
sisting of 1-5 flat, membranous, reticulate, linear-oblong samaras, each 
with one flattish seed in the middle. Seed with scanty albumen, flat, 
foliaceous, orbicular cotyledons, and a superior radicle. 


1. A. excelsa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 23; Fl. Ind. ii. 450; W. & A. Prodr. 
150; Wight Ill. t. 67.—Sans. Avalu. Vern. Arua, South Meywar ; 
Maruk, Bomb. 


A large tree, leaves abruptly pinnate, more or less tomentose, commonly 
8-12 in., sometimes 2-3 feet long; leaflets nearly opposite, 8-14 pair, ovate 
from a very unequal base, often broadly falcate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, 
often lobed. Flowers yellowish, in axillary panicles, shorter than leaves. 
Petals glabrous, ovate. Filaments glabrous, shorter than anthers. Sam- 
are lanceolate, pointed at both ends, with numerous prominent parallel 
nerves. (Roxburgh figures filaments longer than anthers.) 


Indigenous in Central and South India, and extensively planted throughout 
India as far north as Saharanpur. Leafless during the early part of the cold 
season, the new leaves appear in March, April. Fl. April, May.. Easily propa- 
gated by seed and cuttings. 60 to 80 ft. high, bark grey, wood soft, white, not 
much used, except to make floats for fishing, pith large. 


A. glandulosa, Desf., which is at home in Japan (perhaps also in China), 
and cultivated in Europe, differs by filaments longer than anthers, hispid 
at the base, and petals woolly tomentose inside. The leaflets, which are 
often 4 in. long, have generally 1-3 pair of rounded glandular teeth near the base. 
Grows rapidly, throws up abundant root-suckers, and has on that account been 
employed in plantations made to clothe barren, stony hills in the south of 
France. Hardy in England. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 122; Wight Ic. 1604. 

A. malabarica, DC., a large tree of the Western Ghats, with thick rough 
bark, is characterised by glabrous leaves ; leaflets lanceolate, entire ; filaments 


a aa i 


Ailanthus. | XVII. SIMARUBEA. 59 


glabrous, longer than anthers, and a linear-oblong samara, rounded at both ends; 
yields a resin, matt: pal, used in medicine and as incense (Pharm. Ind. 50). 


2. BALANITES, Delile. 


Shrubs or small trees, usually armed with axillary or supra-axillary 
spines ; leaves 2-foliolate; leaflets entire, coriaceous. Flowers bisexual ; 
sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of disc; anthers 
dorsally affixed. Ovary globose, pilose, 5-celled, on the thick, fleshy, 10- 
furrowed disc; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a bony 
or crustaceous putamen. Seed without albumen ; cotyledons thick, plano- 
convex, oblong. 


1. B. Roxburghii, Planchon.—Syn. B. egyptiaca, Wight Ic. t. 274; 
Ximenia egyptiaca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 253. Vern. Hingu, Ingua, Hin- 
gen, Hingot, Hingota, Ingol. 

Thorns axillary, strong, very sharp, often long, leaf- and flower-bearing ; 
young parts pubescent, in dry localities hoary-tomentose. Leaflets lanceo- 
late, oblong or obovate, nearly sessile, on a common petiole less than 4 
length of leaflets. Flowers small, white, or greenish white, fragrant, 
crowded in fascicles, axillary and along lateral branches. Sepals oval, 
downy, nearly as long as petals, both spreading, reflexed, and eventually 
deciduous. Style erect, short ; stigma slightly 5-lobed. Drupe ovoid, 2 
in. long, 5-grooved, covered with a light-grey dry rind, enclosing a bitter 
pulp with an offensive greasy smell; nut exceedingly hard, tubercled out- 
side, 1-seeded. 

Common in many parts of India, as far north as Delhi; in Rajputana, 
Bandelkhand, the Central Provinces, the Northern Circars, the Dekkan, and South 
India; grows chiefly in open dry places and on stiff clay soil. New leaves in 
March. Fl. in April and May. Usually a scraggy shrub, in favourable condi- 
tions a small tree, 30 ft. high, with an erect, short trunk, 2 ft. and more in girth. 
The roots spread far, and throw up suckers at a considerable distance from the 
trunk. Bark of trunk smooth, yellow or cinereous. Wood chiefly used for fuel. 
From the seed a fixed oil is pressed; the pulp is used to clean silk in Rajputana ; 
the seeds, the bitter bark, and subacid leaves are employed in native medicine; 
the hard kernel of the fruit (filled with gunpowder) is used in fireworks. 

The second species of this genus, B. wegyptiaca, Delile,—Boissier Fl. Orient. 
i. 944, Oliver Flora Trop. Afr. i. 315; Palestine, Egypt, Arabia, and tropical 
Africa,—has longer petioles, and the ovary lengthens out considerably after 
flowering. In the Indian plant the ovary swells, but remains ovoid and short. 
It is, however, a matter for further inquiry, whether all Indian forms belong to 
one species. 


3. PICRASMA, Blume. 


Trees, all parts very bitter, with alternate imparipinnate leaves. 
Flowers unisexual, in corymbose panicles. Calyx small, 4-5-dentate. 
Petals 4-5, ovate, valvate. Male flowers with 4-5 stamens, inserted under 
the disc. Carpels 3-5, distinct, on a thick disc; ovules solitary. Fruit 
consisting of 1-3, nearly dry, drupes; seeds with a straight embryo in a 
fleshy albumen. 


1. P. quassioides, Bennett.—Syn. Nima quassioides, Hamilton. Vern. 


60 XVIII. SIMARUBEA. [ Picrasma. 


Tutai, tithai, tithu, hala, hulashi, arkhar, Pb. (the two last names are 
also used for species of Rhus). 


Young parts pubescent. Leaflets opposite in 4-6 pairs, nearly sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; common petiole 5-8 in. long. 
Corymbs axillary, shorter than leaf. Flowers small, greenish, generally 
pentamerous. Sepals and petals persistent; petals five to six times as 
long as sepals, ovate, acute. Filaments with a thick, pilose base; 
anthers cordate-ovate, versatile. Drupes globose, { in. long, black when 
ripe. 

Outer Himalaya, from the Chenab to Nepal, between 3000 and 5500 ft., 
ascending occasionally to 8000 ft. Also in China. Fl. from April-June ; the 
bitter fruit ripens from July-Sept. A tall, scrambling shrub; bark smooth, 


brownish, with white specks, very bitter, and used in native medicine as a 
tonic and stomachic. 


Orper XIX. OCHNACEZ. 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate, simple, glabrous, stipulate leaves. 
Flowers yellow or orange, on jointed pedicels. Sepals 5, free, imbricate. 
Petals as many as sepals, or more. Stamens hypogynous, (10 or) inde- 
finite ; anthers linear, dehiscing longitudinally or by subterminal pores. 
Ovary deeply 3-10-lobed, 3-10-celled ; cells uniovulate; style 1, central, 
slender. ‘Fruit of 3-10 sessile drupes, inserted upon the enlarged torus. 
Seed exalbuminous.—Gen. Pl. i. 316; Royle IL 165 ; Wight Ill. i. 171. 


1, OCHNA, Schreber. 


Trees or shrubs, wholly glabrous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; stipules 
axillary. Flowers yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5-10. Stamens numerous, 
equal; anthers linear. Ovary 3-10-lobed. 


A large shrub ; flowers on short lateral racemes ; ; 1. O. squarrosa. 
A small undershrub ; flowers 3, on long axillary peduncles 2. O. pumila. 


1. O. squarrosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 89 (1795); Fl. Ind. ii. 643; W. & 
A. Prodr. 152; Wight Ill. t. 69.—Syn. O. lucida, Lam. (1796). 


A shrub or small tree ; leaves elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, 3-5 
in. long, on short petioles, finely serrulate, with numerous fine, parallel, 
lateral nerves. Flowers in short lateral racemes on the previous year’s 
wood, often on short generally leafless branchlets. Petals 7-12. 


Bengal, Burma, South India. Will probably be found in the south-eastern 
part of the Centr. Prov. Fl. Feb., March. Fruit May, June. Grown in gardens. 


2. O. pumila, Hamilton.—Syn. O. humilis, Hamilton; O. collina, 
Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43. Vern. Maidan-ka-kusum, C.P. 


An undershrub ; leaves oblanceolate, 4-6 in. long, narrowed into a short 
petiole, serrulate with cuspidate teeth. Main lateral nerves distant, 
irregularly parallel. Flowers 8, on pedicels 1-2 in. long, peduncles 
axillary, nearly as long as leaf. Petals 5, longer than calyx. 


Ochna. | XIX. OCHNACE. 61 


Sub-Himalayan tract, principally in Sal forests. Satpura range. South 
Konkan. Underground stem perennial, throwing up annually, after the jungle- 
fires, a number of subherbaceous stems to 2 ft. high, bearing leaves and flowers. 
Fl, April, May. 


Orppr XX. BURSERACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, often resinous. Leaves generally alternate, 3-foliolate, 
or imparipinnate, in some cases l-foliolate, without stipules. Flowers 
small, bisexual or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3-5. Stamens 
as many as petals, or twice their number, inserted on the edge or outside 
base of disc; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary free, 
2-5-celled ; ovules generally 2 in each cell, axile. Fruit generally drupa- 
eeous. Seeds one or few, pendulous, without albumen ; cotyledons gen- 
erally twisted or crumpled, radicle pointing upwards.—Gen. Pl. i. 321 ; 
Royle Ill. 174; Wight Ill. i. 180. (Suborder of Terebinthacez). 


Leaves imparipinnate, with numerous leafiets. 
Fruit a 3-valved capsule, the valves separating 
from the axis ; calyx small, open 1. BoswELLtiA. 
Fruit a drupe ; calyx campantilate se AE. Yate uy era Oe, 
Leaves generally 3-foliolate ; , ‘ é ; 3. BALSAMODENDRON. 


Bursera serrata, Wall. (Icica indica, W. & A. Prodr. 177), a large tree, with 
close-grained timber, esteemed for furniture—Assam, Chittagong, the Rajmahal 
hills—belongs to this family, and may possibly be found further west. Leaves 
large, imparipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers small, 
in axillary panicles ; calyx small, indistinctly dentate ; petals 5, inserted below 
dise ; stamens 10 ; stigma sessile ; drupe generally 1-seeded. 


1, BOSWELLIA, Roxb. 


Trees abounding in resin, with alternate imparipinnate leaves, crowded 
at the ends of branches. Flowers bisexual, hypogynous. Calyx small, 
open, 5-7-cleft. Petals 5-7. Stamens mostly 10, inserted at the base 
of the annular disc. Ovary half immersed in the disc, 3-celled; 2 
. collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, opening septi- 
fragally, the dissepiments remaining attached to the axis, and bearing 3 
seeds, pendulous from the top of the inner angle, enclosed in a hard, bony 
shell, with a broad membranous wing, which is not the testa of the 
seed, but the endocarp of the fruit, separated from the outer layer of the 
pericarp. Seed without albumen; cotyledons trifid, lobes laciniate ; 
radicle superior. 


1. B. thurifera, Colebrooke ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 383; W. & A. Prodr. 
174.—Syn. B. glabra, Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 207; Fl. Ind.; W. & A. Prodr. 
l. c.; Bedd, Fl. Sylv. 124. Boswellia serrata, Stackhouse (probably). 
Vern. Salhe, Sale, Salat, Salei, Saler. Local names: Guggar, Kamaon ; 
Bhor-salai, Gonds., C.P. 


Young parts and leaves mostly pubescent, with simple hairs. Leaves 
crowded near ends of branches, 8-15 in. long; leaflets 8-15 pairs, oppo- 
site, or nearly opposite, sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, from an 


62 XX. BURSERACEZ. | Boswellia. 


oblique base more or less deeply crenate, apex generally rounded, obtuse. 

Flowers white, about + inch across; a number of racemes, or racemose 
panicles, at the ends of branches, shorter than the leaves ;. bracts small, 
deciduous. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-7-toothed. Petals broad-ovate, shortly 
unguiculate. Anthers 10-12, hairy. Disc fleshy, red. - Stigma 4-5-lobed. 
Bony endocarp heart-shaped, beaked, in the centre of an oblong, mem- 
branous wing. 


Common throughout Behar, the Dekkan, to within 20 miles of the Western 
Ghats (Dalzell), the Central Provinces, Bandelkhand, and Rajputana, in the 
forest tracts at the foot of the Himalaya, westward as far as the Sutlej, also in 
South India. Grows chiefly on hot, arid hills, more or less gregariously, forming 
open forests, and often associated with Sterculia wrens. Particularly abun- 
dant on the trap hills of the Dekkan and the Satpura range. 

Deciduous, the old leaves fall about March and April, and are replaced in 
June by the fresh foliage. The flowers appear when the tree is leafless ; some- 
times before the old leaves fall, or after the young leaves have appeared. Rate 
of growth generally rapid; a tree in the Saharanpur gardens, 30 years old, 
measured 6 ft. girth. Throws up abundant coppice-shoots when felled, and 
grows readily from cuttings and stakes if planted during the rains. 

A moderate-sized tree, generally not more than 30 ft. high, and 5-6 ft. girth, 
with a.spreading, flat crown. Bark nearly $ in. thick, juicy when fresh, inner 
substance brown. Outside usually greenish ash-coloured, peeling off in smooth 
thin flakes. Wood light-coloured when fresh, darker when seasoned, soft, 
spongy, coarse- and open-grained, 30-35 lb. per cub. ft., not durable. Used 
chiefly as fuel. Charcoal is made of it, used for iron-smelting in Nimar. ~ 
From wounds and cracks in the bark exudes an abundance of transparent, fra- 
grant gum-resin, diffusing, when burnt, an agreeable smell. Itis used medicin- 
ally and as incense in India, and sold in the bazaars under the name of Labanu, 
Kundur, or Kundura ; but it is not the Olibanon or frankincense chiefly used 
in Europe, which is yielded by several other species of Boswellia growing in 
the Somali country, and on the Hadramaut hills in Arabia, and described by 
Dr Birdwood in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 111. 

I only know one sp. of Boswellia in Central India, well represented by 
Roxburgh’s and Beddome’s figures of B. glabra. There is, however, a difficulty 
in Roxburgh’s description of B. glabra in the text of the Coromandel plants. 
He says, “ It is one of the largest trees, with a hard, heavy, and durable wood. 
The lower masts of coast-built vessels are generally made of it, though its weight - 
renders it less fit than fir or teak.” These remarks would not apply to Salad, 
and Roxburgh’s description may possibly refer to another species. 


2. GARUGA, Roxb. 


Trees with alternate imparipinnate leaves, crowded at the ends of 
branches. Flowers polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, valvate, 
inside lined by a thin disc with a crenate margin. Petals 5, inserted 
in the calyx-tube above the middle. Stamens 10, perigynous, inserted 
below the petals. Ovary ovoid, 4-5-celled; stigma capitate, 4-5-lobed ; 
2 collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit a globose fleshy drupe, with 5 or 
fewer bony nuts. Seeds solitary in each nut; cotyledons thin, twisted. 


1. G. pinnata, Roxb.—Tab. XIII.—-Pl. Corom. t. 208 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 
400; W. & A. Prodr. 175; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 118.—Vern. Kharpat 
(grass-leaf), Katmanna, kitmirria, kilmira, karolu, katula, sarota, Pb., 


Garuga. | XX. BURSERACEA:. 63 


N.W.P.; Ghogar, kaikar, Oudh; Kankar, kakar, kaikra, ghunja, ghurri, 
maharut, C.P.; Chinyuk, Burm. 


Leaves approximate near the ends of branches, 6-12 in. long ; leaflets 
6-9 pairs, opposite or nearly so, nearly sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, crenate, acuminate, glabrous or tomentose. Flowers yellow, in spread- 
ing panicles, several at the ends of branches ; branches of inflorescence, 
pedicels, and calyx tomentose ; bracts linear, deciduous. Calyx 10-ribbed. 
Filaments, ovary, and style hairy ; stigma 5-lobed. Drupe fleshy, smooth, 
about the size of a nutmeg ; nuts generally two, tuberculated outside. 


_ Dry forests in the hilly regions of the greater part of Central and South India 
and Burma. At the foot of the Himalaya, and in the outer valleys (ascending 
to 3500 ft.) from the Jumna to Assam, often in Sal forests ; in North-West India 
frequently associated with Odina Wodter, which it resembles when leafless, 
Leafless during the greater part of the dry season. The fresh foliage generally 
appears in April or May, with the flowers or after them. The fruit ripens about 
June and July. Oval, smooth, brown galls on petioles not uncommon in No- 

‘vember. Stakes of branches planted during the rains grow readily. 

Under favourable circumstances a large tree, 50-60 ft. high, with an erect, 
straight trunk, 15-20 ft. long and.5-6 ft. in girth. Branchlets with conspicuous 
marks of lapsed petioles. Bark of trunk thick, light grey or brown, furrowed 
by shallow longitudinal wrinkles ; outer layers getting black, and exfoliating 
in broad, irregularly angular flakes. Inner bark reddish brown. Sap- 
wood large, whitish; heartwood dark reddish-brown, mottled, even- but rather 
open-grained, 52 lb. perf cub. ft. (Chinyak from Burma.) I am inclined to 
think that the wood of Garuga pinnata is often light-coloured and of less weight. . 
Seasons well, durability doubtful, readily attacked by insects. Not much used 
for construction, but employed for indoor work, and as fuel. Has been recom- 
mended for cabinet-work. Bark employed for tanning; a gum exudes from’ it. 
The fruit is eaten, raw and pickled. Shoots and leaves are lopped as fodder, 
whence the name Kharpat. 


3. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth. 


Small trees or shrubs, yielding aromatic resin ; branches often thorny. 
Leaves alternate or crowded at the end of short branches, imparipinnate 
or 1-3-foliolate. Flowers polygamous. Calyx tubular, campanulate, or ur- 
ceolate, 4-cleft, persistent. Petals 4, erect or with recurved tips, inserted 
at the bottom of calyx. Stamens 8, inserted on or outside the margin of 
a cup-shaped disc. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled, narrowed into a short thick 
style; ovules geminate, collateral, pendulous. Fruit a drupe, the rind or 
epicarp frequently splitting more or less irregularly into 2-4 valves, leay- 
ing exposed the pulp or mesocarp, which encloses the nut. Nuts 1-3, with 
bony endocarp, either separate or more or less connate. Seed without 
albumen, one in each nut; testa membranous; embryo straight, the 
radicle pointing upwards ; cotyledons thin, crumpled and plaited. 

Most species of this genus inhabit Arabia and Eastern Africa, and several of 
these yield the Myrrh of commerce. Some of the Indian species also yield a 
fragrant gum-resin, which is an article of trade, under the name of Gugal, gugul, 
guggur (mukul, Arab.), which is believed to be the Bdellium of classic writers, 
and which most likely furnishes part of the Myrrh which is exported from 
Bombay. They are not important as forest-trees, in the sense in which this 
word is generally accepted, but they merit attention as forming part of the 


64 | XX. BURSERACEA. | Balsamodendron. 


scanty arborescent vegetation of the arid hills of Sindh and Rajputana ; and it 
is not impossible that a better knowledge of them, and increased attention 
paid to them, may eventually lead to increased production of a valuable article 
of commerce. Two species only are yet known from North-West India; a third, 
though indigenous in South India, is added to guard against misconception. 


Leaves usually unifoliolate . : ; : : . lL. B. Mukul. 

Leaves ternate or imparipinnate. ~ 
Unarmed . : } : ; ; d , . 2. B. pubescens. 
Thorny : : : A , ‘ ‘ . . 8. B. Berryi. 


1. B. Mukul, Hook.; Stocks in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, i. 
(1849) t. 8; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 3.—Vern. Gugal, Sindh. 


Branches frequently spiniform; leaves generally approximate at the 
end of thick, short, tuberculate or woody branchlets, smooth and shining, 
obovate, almost sessile, the tapering base entire, the upper part shallow- 
toothed. On luxuriant shoots, the leaves are alternate, cuneate-obovate, 
rhomboid or oval, acute, deeply serrate, with a petiole, from the summit 
of which spring one or two lateral leaflets, smaller than the terminal leaflet, 
sometimes minute ; young leaves, while in the bud, covered with glandular 
hairs, which soon drop off. Flowers small, subsessile, 2 or 3 together at 
’ the end of branchlets, unisexual. Males with ovary short and barren ; 
females with short stamens and imperfect anthers. Calyx cylindrical, 
supported by 3 minute. bracts, covered with glandular hairs; tube splitting 
as the ovary swells, remaining withered at the base of the fruit. Petals 
4-5, strap-shaped, brownish red, tips curled back. Disc 8-10-toothed, 
bearing 8-10 filaments, alternately longer, the short filaments inserted in 
the sinus between the teeth, opposite to the petals. Stigma obscurely 2- 
lobed. Drupe red when ripe, ovate, acuminate, separating into 2 fleshy 
valves, leaving the nut enveloped by a 4-cleft yellow pulp (mesocarp), 
the lobes of which meet at the apex. Nuts ovoid, acute, readily splitting 
into two, each 1-celled. Drupes rarely 4-valved, 4 nuts, and 8-cleft pulp. 


Abundant on rocky ground in Sindh, Kattiawar, at Deesa, in Beluchistan, 
and probably in Arabia. In Sindh it flowers in March and April; the leaves 
and young shoots appear in May. A small tree, 4-6 ft. high or more, generally 
a stunted bush, with thick-spreading branches. Trunk and branches knotty and 
crooked, with the ash-coloured bark coming off in rough flakes, leaving exposed 
the under bark, which is bright and shining, and peels off in rolls like thin 
paper. Wood light-coloured, even-grained, but soft and light, takes a fine 
polish. Dr Stocks gives the following account of the collection of the gum, 
which is known as Indian Bdellium :— 

“Tn Sindh the Googul is collected in the cold season by making incisions with 
a knife in the tree, and letting the resin fall on the ground. It exudes in large 
tears, soft and opaque, hardens, and turns brownish black very slowly ; a single 
tree is said to yield from half to a whole seer. It is brought to the bazaars of 
Hyderabad and Kurrachee, where it sells at the rate of 2 Rs. the maund of 80 
Ib. (1849).” 

Nearly related to it, and probably the same species, is a shrub which I 
found on rocky hills in Rajputana in Dec. 1869 and Jan. 1870, with old leaves 
and unripe fruit, near Kishengurh, N.E. of Ajmir, and near Bednore, 8.W. of 
that city, in both places under the name of Gdgal, yielding a fragrant 
gum-resin, The leaves are deep-dentate, and have peculiar, round, whitish 


Balsamodendron.| XX, BURSERACEA, 65 


vesiculose blotches, as if the epidermis had separated from the cellular tissue 
below. Specimens exactly corresponding with those collected by me in Rajpu- 
tana are in the Kew Herb. from the Peninsula, apparently from the Bellary 
district. Madden, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. pt. i.404, also‘mentions a Balsamodendron 
from Rajputana. In the Supplement to the ‘Bombay Flora, by Dalzell and 
Gibson, a similar shrub is described from Khandeish, under the name of B. Rox- 
burghit, probably the same plant. It is said there, p. 20: “ The whole plant is 
aromatic, abounding in a viscid balsamic juice, which is exported in considerable 
quantities from Oomrawuttee.” This species will probably be found to be indi- 
genous.on arid, rocky hills throughout Rajputana and a great part of the Dekkan. 
However, in order to avoid the possibility of a mistake, the preceding descrip- 
tion of B. mukul has been based exclusively upon Dr Stocks’s paper, and the 
specimens collected in Sindh. 


2. B. pubescens, Stocks |. c. t. 9; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 2.—Vern. Bayi, 
bai, Beluchistan. 


A small tree or stunted shrub. Unarmed, pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate, 
on slender petioles longer than leaflets, terminal leaflet stalked, generally 
fascicled on short tuberculate branchlets, but alternate on vigorous shoots, 
and then often imparipinnate ; leaflets ovate or obovate, entire. Petals © 
red or white. Stamens equal. Drupe red, valves 2, each cleft half-way 
up from below ; mesocarp orange-coloured, 4-toothed, not reaching to the 
apex of the nut. 


Beluchistan, and hills which separate that country from Sindh, as far south as 
Karachi. The young shoots and buds are remarkably fragrant when bruised. 
In the cold season it yields a small quantity of tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum, 
almost entirely soluble in water. FI. in March and April; leaves and young 
shoots appear in April and May. 


3. B. Berryi, Arnott ; Ann. of Nat. Hist. iii. 86 (1839).—Syn. Protium 
Gileadense, W. & A. Prodr. 177. 


Most lateral branches terminating in thorns at right angles to main 
branch ; leaves alternate or fascicled on short tubercular branchlets, trifoli- 
olate, on slender petioles ; leaflets sessile, obovate, the terminal one twice 
as large as the lateral ones, glabrous, generally entire. Flowers subsessile, 
fascicled ; calyx 3-4-cleft; petals 3-4. Disc small, bearing 6-8 stamens 
alternately smaller, the larger ones opposite to petals ; in the male flowers 
stamens longer than calyx. Drupe oblong, apiculate. 

A small or middle-sized tree in the dry forests east of the Nilgiris, and culti- 
vated as a hedge-plant all over South India. The whole tree has a grateful frag- 
rance, 

BL. Gileadense, Kunth = B. Opobalsamum, Kunth,—Oliver FI. Trop. Africa 
i. 326 ; Boiss. 1. c, 2,—believed to be one of thé Myrrh-yielding species, is a small 
unarmed tree, with 3-5 leaflets, in Nubia and Arabia. 


OrpeR XXI. MELIACEA. 


Trees and shrubs, with alternate, generally pinnate, leaves, without stip- 
ules. Flowers regular, small, bisexual, a large proportion sterile, in 
large panicles, frequently with determinate inflorescence. Calyx small, 

E 


66 XXI, MELIACEZ. [ Melia. 


4-5-cleft. - Petals generally 4-5, free, rarely connate. Stamens generally 
double the number of petals, rarely 5: the filaments in most genera united 
into a tube, rarely free, inserted on the disc, or outside at its base; an- 
thers 2- celled, dehiscing longitudinally, introrse. Disc annular, cup- shaped 
or tubular. Ovary free, 3-5-celled ; style 1 ; ovules either 2 ‘in each cell 
or numerous ; placentation axile. Fruit various; seeds with or without 
albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 327; Royle Ill. 139; Wight Ill. i 145, 148. 
(Cedrelaceze. ) 


Stamens united in a tube ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
Staminal tube cylindrical, 10-toothed, bearing 10 anthers at 
the top ; petals erect : 1. MELIA. 
Staminal tube globular or campanulate, bearing 5-10 anthers : 
on the inside ; petals concave, connivent at the top . 2, AMOORA. 
Staminal tube cleft into 8-10 divisions, each bearing an an- 
ther ; petals erect . ‘ . . 38. HEYNega. 
Stamens united in a tube ; ovules numerous. 
Staminal tube urceolate, 10-toothed ; seeds winged at the 
upper end, witha thin fleshy albumen . 4, SwIETENIA. 
Staminal tube cup-shaped, 10-cleft, each division 2- toothed ; 
seeds winged at both ends; no albumen . 5. SOYMIDA. 
Stamens free, inserted on the disc. 
Stamens 4-6, ovary 5-celled, capsule opening septifragally 6. CEDRELA. 
Stamens 10; ovary 3-celled ; capsule opening loculicidally . 7. CHLOROXYLON. 


Besides the trees here described, this family contains the Chittagong 1 woe 
Chickrassia tabularis, Juss. ; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t.9. A large tree of the 
Eastern Bengal, Burma, and South India, with light-reddish wood, ah: sg 
nate tomentose leaves, terminal panicles ; staminal tube cylindrical, with 10 
anthers on its edge ; a woody 3-celled capsule, with numerous winged seeds. 


1. MELIA, Linn. 


Trees with alternate pinnate, bipinnate, or tripinnate leaves. Flowers 
white or purple, in large, branched panicles. Calyx 5-6-cleft, imbricate. 
Petals 5-6, linear-spathulate, convolute in bud. Stamens 10-12, mona- 
delphous, edge of tube with 10-30 teeth ; anthers inserted on the edge of 
the tube between the teeth, or within the tube below its mouth. Ovary 
3-6-celled, surrounded at the base by the annular disc, continued into a 
cylindrical or filiform style, bearing a 3-6-lobed, deciduous stigma ; ovules 
2 in each cell, Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe, the putamen 1-5-celled, 
each cell containing 1 pendulous seed, with a crustaceous testa; albu- 
men scanty or none ; cotyledons foliaceous. 


Leaves pinnate ; flowers white; fruit 1-celled ; Been carti- 
laginous . 1. M. indica. 
Leaves. bipinnate ; " fruit 5- -celled ; " endocarp osseous. 
Leaflets serrate, with large, often unequal, teeth; staminal 
tube glabrous, purple, edge with 20-30 teeth as long as 
anthers. 2. M. Azedarach. 
Leaflets entire or crenate ; staminal tube hairy, white, edge 
with an indefinite number of short subulate teeth, shorter 
than anthers : : ‘ : : . 38. M. composiia. 


Melia. | XXI, MELIACEA. 67 


__ 1. M. indica.*—Syn. M. Azadirachta, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 394 ; 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 13. Azadirachta indica, Juss. ; Wight Ic. t. 17; W. 
& A. Prodr. 118. The Neem tree. Sans. Nimba; Pers. Azad-dirakht. 
Vern. Vim. Local names: Betain, Kamaon; Limbo, C.P.; Nimuri, Sindh. 


Leaves imparipinnate, 9-15 in. long; leaflets 9-13, nearly opposite, 
shortly petiolate, 1-3 in. long, unequal-sided, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 
faleate, deep and sharply serrate, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers white, with 
a strong smell of honey, especially at night, pentamerous, on short slender 
pedicels, with short scattered hairs, in large axillary panicles, shorter than 
leaf ; bracts small, caducous. Calyx small, flat, with 5 rounded, obtuse * 
segments. Petals spathulate, obliquely imbricate in bud. Anthers 10, 
linear, inserted opposite and below the teeth of the staminal tube. Ovary 
3-celled. Drupe ovoid-oblong, size of an olive, smooth, dark purple when 
ripe ; putamen cartilaginous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, reticulate outside. 


A common tree throughout the greater part of India, as far west as the Sutlej ; 
lanted or self-sown, but (in N.W. India) nowhere really wild in the original 
orest. West of the Sutlej it is comparatively rare,and much smaller in size. 

Beyond the Jhelam it disappears altogether. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Kamaon. 

Never leafless ; the fresh leaves issue in March and April before the old leaves 

fall. Flowers March-May ; fruit ripens in July and August. Grows readily 

from seed ; seedlings require shelter from frost in N.W. India ; when cut, throws 

oo abundant and vigorous coppice-shoots ; growth fairly quick, 3-4 rings per in. 
us. 

A large tree, 40-50 ft. and higher, with a straight trunk, not long, attaining a 
irth of 6-9 ft., and a broad, rounded crown of dark-green foliage. Bark of trunk 
in. thick, inner substance reddish brown or yellow, outside grey, with scattered 

small tubercles between numerous dark longitudinal and oblique wrinkled 
furrows. 

Sapwood yellowish white ; heartwood red or brown, especially the inner part, 
compact, closer than that of AZ. Azedarach. The weight of unseasoned wood 
is 55-60 lb. (Skinner), that of seasoned wood 45-52 Ib. per cub. ft. Value of 
P. 539 (Puckle), 587 (Cunningham), and 720 (Skinner). Somewhat resembles 
mahogany, takes a beautiful polish ; in South India much employed for furni- 
ture. Fairly durable, bitter, so that white ants or other insects will not touch 
it. Used for construction, cart-building, shipbuilding, and agricultural imple- 
ments. Held sacred by Hindus, and used for making idols, 

From incisions in the trunk near the base, made in spring, issues a quantity of 
sap, often flowing for weeks; used as a stomachic and cooling drink. A gum, 
used as a stimulant, exudes from the bark. From the fruit is extracted, by 
boiling or pressure, a fixed, acrid, bitter oil (margosa), deep yellow, with strong 
disagreeable flavour. It is used medicinally, in dyeing, as an antiseptic and an- 
thelmintic, and is burnt in lamps. It is said to be expressed from the pulp, 
and not from the seed. It is exported from Madras, chiefly to Ceylon. The 
seeds are employed to kill insects, and for washing the hair. The leaves are 
bitter, and are used medicinally ; the bark is very bitter, and is used as a sub- 
stitute for Peruvian bark (Pharm. Ind. 53), 


* There is no sufficient ground for maintaining Melia and Azadirachta as distinct 
genera, and I follow the authors of the Gen. Plant. in reuniting them. Bunt the Linnean 
names, M. Azadirachta for the Nim, and M. Azedarach for the Bakain, cannot remain 
side by side, as they are merely different modes of spelling the same word. This 
compels me to take Jussieu’s specific name indica. 


68 XXI. MELIACEA. [ Melia. 


2. M. Azedarach, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 395; W. & A. Prodr. 
117; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 14. Boissier Fl. Orient, i. 954. Persian Lilae, 
Bastard Cedar, Common bead-tree.—Vern. Drek, dek, jek, bakain, bukain, 
betain, deikna, Pb., N.W.P. Maha limbo, malla nim, muhli, C.P. 


Young parts and inflorescence covered with minute stellate hairs. Leaves 
bipinnate, 9-18 in. long, pinnee opposite or nearly so, with 3, 5, or 7 leaf- 
lets ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, shortly petiolulate, 4-14 in. long, acu- 
minate, more or less deeply serrate, sometimes lobed. Flowers generally 
pentamerous, lilac, with a strong honey-scent, on slender pedicels, in 
axillary panicles, shorter than leaf. Calyx deeply cleft; lobes oblong. 
Petals linear-spathulate, patent or reflexed. Staminal tube purple, } in. 
long or moré, with 20-30 linear teeth, as long as the anthers. Ovary 5- 
celled ; stigma capitate, 5-suleate. Drupe ovoid or globose, yellow when 
ripe, $-? in. diam.; rind tough; putamen thick, hard, 5-celled, 5-seeded, 
or with fewer cells and seeds by abortion. 

Commonly cultivated throughout India. In the Panjab it replaces the 
Nim, being rare in the east, and abundant in the centre and west of that pro- 
vince. Stocks found it wild in Beluchistan, and it is believed to be indigenous 
in the Lower Himalaya and the Siwalik tract. Generally it is found as a eul- 
tivated tree, ascending in the Himalaya to 5800 ft. It is commonly cultivated 
in Afghanistan, Western Asia, South Europe, the West Indies, South America, 
Australia, China, and the Indian Archipelago. Bare of leaves for 3-4 months 
in the cold season, in full leaf and bloom from March-May ; very handsome at 
that time. The bunches of yellow fruit ripen in autumn, and remain on the 
tree while it is leafless, untouched by animals, except the Bulbul (Madden), 
In that state the tree presents a curious appearance. Grows readily from seed 
and cuttings; does not require much water. Young plants are not touched by 
rats. Throws up vigorous coppice-shoots when felled ; the roots are shallow, 
spreading near the surface, and the tree is readily blown over. Rate of growth 
moderately rapid; the concentric rings correspond to the age of the tree. 
Specimens of 6} in., 44 in., and 43 in. radius, showed respectively 22, 15, and 14 
concentric rings. 

A moderate-sized tree, 40 ft. high, and generally less, with a short, erect trunk, 
attaining a girth of 6-7 ft., generally hollow when larger, branches spreading 
into a large, broad crown. Bark of trunk } in. thick, inner substance hard, 
brownish red, outside light and dark grey, with small oblong and white specks 
across, slight cracks, between long, deep, longitudinal, brown fissures, and shorter 
shallow ones across. The outer 3-4 rings are generally sapwood of yellowish 
colour ; the heartwood is brownish, white, or often reddish, coarse-fibred, warps 
and splits, weighs only 30 lb. per cub. ft. (38-42 Ib. unseasoned). Value of P. 
596 (Skinner), The wood of old trees often handsomely marked, and used for 
furniture in the Peninsula. Bark extremely bitter ; leaves and pulp of the fruit 
used in native medicine. From the fruit a fixed oil is extracted. The hard nuts 
are frequently strung as beads. 

Melia sempervirens, Swartz., the West Indian bead-tree, Bot. Reg. t. 643 ; 
Grisebach, West Ind. Fl. 128,—is indigenous in Jamaica and Central America ; 
but is almost certainly the same species as I. Azedarach. Roxb., 1. ¢. 395, states 
that it is also a native of Persia, and that it is “a small delicate evergreen, of short 
duration compared with M. Azedarach, which is a robust deciduous timber- 
tree.” Wight & Arnott (Prodr., 117) find no difference between the two species. 
In North America the root-bark of the tree enjoys considerable repute as an 
anthelmintic (Pharm. Ind. 55). 


Melia. | XXL. MELIACEZ:. 69 


3. M. composita, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 117 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 12. 
—Syn. M. superba, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 396 ; M. robusta, Roxb. 1. ¢. 1. 397. 
Vern. Hisir, limbarra, nimbarra, Bomb. 


A large and handsome tree of rapid growth, with a smooth, dark brown 
bark, and large, bi- or tri-pinnate leaves ; pinnee 3-7-foliolate ; leaflets entire 
orcrenate. Flowers white, fragrant. Young leaves, inflorescence, calyx, and 
petals densely covered with a mealy stellate pubescence. Staminal tube less 
than } in. long, villous with long white hairs ; anthers inserted below the 
edge of the staminal column, which is divided into numerous small subu- 
late teeth, shorter than the anthers. Drupes ovoid, of the size of a large 
olive, with a thick hard long putamen, 5-celled, or by abortion with 
fewer cells. The figure in Beddome’s‘ Flora Sylvatica’ shows the anthers 
alternating with an equal number of teeth of the staminal tube. This I 
am unable to verify. 

Western coast and Western Ghats. Burma, Malay peninsula. Indian Archi- 
pelago. Cultivated in gardens. Fl. Feb., April. ; fr. Dec., Jan. Benth, FL. 
Austr. i. 380, refers an Australian tree (Queensland, North Australia, New South 
Wales) to this species, and thinks that it scarcely differs from JZ. Azedarach. 


2. AMOORA, Roxb. 


Trees with imparipinnate leaves, and polygamous flowers, in spikes 
racemes or panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, or sepals distinct, 3-5. Petals 
3-5, thick, concave, imbricate in bud. Staminal tube globose or campanu- 
late ; anthers 6-10, sessile on the inside of the tube. Disc 0. Ovary 
*3-5-celled, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Capsule 3-4-celled; cells 1- 
seeded. Seeds exalbuminous, with a fleshy arillus. 


1. A. Rohituka, W. & A. Prodr. 119; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 132.—Syn. 
Andersonia Rohituka, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 213. Sans. Rohitaka. Vern. 
Sohaga, Oudh ; Harin harra, or Harin khana, Hind. ; Tikta-raj, Beng. 


Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, varying to 2 ft. long; leaflets opposite, in 
2-8 pairs, shortly petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate from unequal base, acuminate, 
entire. Flowers in spikes, small, white, nearly sessile, subtended by 
minute bracts ; male spikes paniculate ; bisexual spikes solitary or twin, 
supra-axillary. Calyx coriaceous, deeply cleft into 5 round obtuse lobes. 
Petals 3. Staminal tube globular, fleshy, white; anthers 6, attached 
half-way up the tube. Ovary 3-celled; stigma sessile, 3-lobed. Capsule 
pale yellow, soft and fleshy, obovoid, globose, or pyriform, 1 in. long, 
3-celled, opening longitudinally by 3 valves from apex. Seeds solitary, 
with a chestnut-coloured, smooth, shining testa, surrounded by a scarlet 
arillus. 

Oudh (only in moist ravines of the central and eastern part of the Gonda 
forests), Assam, Eastern Bengal,-South India, along and near the Western 
Ghats. Ceylon. Evergreen; fl. in July, August; fruit ripens in the cold 
season. A moderate-sized tree, 30 ft. high, with a short, erect, straight trunk 
to 4 ft. in girth, with a close, shady, rounded head, somewhat resembling Cedrela 
_ Toona in general appearance. Bark thick, wood reddish brown, medullary rays 
very numerous, fine, pores large. In Bengal, oil is extracted from the seeds, 


70 XXI. MELIACE. [Heynea. . 


3. HEYNEA, Roxb. 


Trees with imparipinnate leaves; leaflets opposite, petiolulate ; com- 
mon petiole articulate. Flowers bisexual, cymose, on axillary panicles ; 
peduncles and pedicels articulate. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5, 
erect, imbricate. Staminal tube deeply 8-10-cleft, divisions linear, sharply 
2-toothed at the top, and bearing an anther between the teeth. Ovary 
2-3-celled, immersed in the fleshy dise ; style short, clavate, with a fleshy 
ring at the top ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral. Capsule fleshy, 1-celled, 
2-valved, l-seeded. Seed without albumen, enclosed in an arillus, the 
radicle pointing upwards. 


l. H. trijuga, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 260; Fl. Ind. ii. 390.—Vern. Yakushi, 
Nepal. Limbara, Bomb. : 


Leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, 2-4 pair, 4-8 in. long. 
Panicles corymbose, on long common peduncles. Bracts minute, cadu- 
cous. Flowers numerous, small, white, pentamerous. Petals linear-ob- 
long. Long hairs on both sides of staminal column; anthers 10, nearly 
sessile, between 2 subulate teeth nearly as long as anthers. Ovary 2-celled ; 
style below stigma surrounded by a distinct fleshy ring. Capsule round, 
size of a small cherry, opening into 2 broad, oblong valves. Seed 1, 
round, invested in a complete, thin, white arillus ; testa orange when fresh, 
chestnut-coloured afterwards ; cotyledons hemispherical. 


Oudh forests, Nepal, Bhutan, the Kasia hills, and west side of the peninsula. 
The old leaves are shed in March, and the fresh foliage appears soon after- 
wards. Fl. in Feb., March; fruit ripens Oct.-Feb. A moderate-sized tree, 30 
‘ft. high, with an erect trunk, attaining a girth of 5 ft. ; few spreading branches, 
forming a round crown. Bark of trunk dark ash-coloured. Bark and leaves 
are bitter, and contain an adstringent substance. 

Closely allied to this species, and possibly not different from it, is H. afinis, 
Juss. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 134; from the western mountains of South India. 


4, SWIETENTA, Linn. 


1. S. Mahagoni, Linn. ; Hook. Bot. Miscell. i. t. 16,17. Mahogany. 


A large tree, with abruptly pinnate, smooth, coriaceous leaves ; leaflets 
opposite, on short petiolules, ovate, unequal-sided. Panicles axillary, 
pendulous, branches and pedicels slender. Flowers small, pale-greenish 
white, pentamerous. Petals patent, oblong. Staminal tube urceolate, 
10-toothed ; anthers alternating with the teeth. Disc annular, surround- 
ing the base of the 5-celled ovary, with a short thick style and a flat 
discoid stigma. Capsule ovoid, 3-6 in. long, opening septicidally into 5 
valves, leaving a large pentagonal axis in the centre. Seeds flat, attached 
to the top of the axis, with a long wing at the upper end; albumen thin, 
enclosing the flat foliaceous cotyledons. 


A native of Central America and the West Indies ; has been cultivated suc- 
cessfully near Calcutta and in Sikkim, and is grown as far’north as Saharanpur. 
FL April. The excellent qualities of mahogany as a furniture-wood are well 
known ; it is also used for shipbuilding. Heartwood large, reddish brown, very 


Swietenia. | XXI, MELIACEZ. 71 


durable. The weight of Spanish, West India, and Honduras mahogany (sea- 
soned), varies from 35 to 55 1b., and the value of P. from 425 to 637. The 
quality of the wood of trees grown at the Botanical Garden, Calcutta, and 
blown down by the cyclones of 1864 and 1867, was found excellent. In Bengal 
the tree has rapid growth, and bears seed, though sparingly. About 40,000 tons 
annually are imported into Great Britain from Honduras, Jamaica, and St 
Domingo. 


5, SOYMIDA, A. Juss. 


Trees, with bitter bark and paripinnate leaves. Flowers bisexual, 
pentamerous. Petals contorted in bud. Staminal tube cup-shaped, short, 
10-cleft, each division with 2 short, fleshy teeth, the anther between them 
on a short filament. Ovary 5-celled, narrowed into a short style, with a 
broad fleshy stigma; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule woody, 
5-celled, 5-valved, opening septifragally, the valves separating from the 
dissepiments, which remain attached to the axis. Seeds numerous in each 
cell, imbricated, with long wings above and below; cotyledons foliaceous, 
auriculate at base, the radicle pointing upwards. 


1. 8. febrifuga, Juss. ; Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 8; W. & A. Prodr. 122.—Syn. 
Swietenia febrifuga, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 398; Cor. Pl. t. 17. 
Bastard cedar, Indian red wood.— V ern. Rohan, rohun, rohin, rohnt, rohini, 
soymida. | 


Glabrous ; leaves abruptly pinnate, 9-12 in. long; common petiole 
with a thickened base; leaflets opposite, 3-6 pair, on short petiolules, 
oblong from oblique base, obtuse, 2-4 in. long. Panicles terminal, the 
main branches (in reality panicles from the axils of abortive, uppermost 
leaves) starting at acute angles from axis, the secondary branches at right 
angles; pedicels short; flowers greenish white. Bracts triangular. 
Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; segments broad, obtuse. Petals obovate, narrowed 
into a claw. Capsule smooth, black when ripe, 1-2 in. long- 


Common in the forests of Central India. Its northernmost known points 
are the forests of the Banswara State, in Rajputana, near the Mhye river, and 
the hills south of Mirzapur. As far as is known at present, the range of the 
tree does not extend beyond the 25th degree of N. lat. It is an important tree 
in the dry forests of the Central Provinces and many parts of the peninsula. 
Nearly evergreen. The young foliage issues in April and May, while part of 
the old leaves are still on the tree. Fl. in April and May ; seed ripens, and 
is shed in July and August. 

A large tree, 70-80 ft., with a tall, symmetrical, straight trunk, attaining 
a girth of 7-8 ft., with a large, rounded, dense head of numerous branches. 
Bark of trunk dusky, very rough, exfoliating in large plates or scales. Heart- 
wood distinct, bright red when fresh-cut, dark reddish brown when dry, close-, 
straight-grained, and strong. Its weight, when seasoned, varies between 60 
and 70 lb. per cub. ft., green 80-85 lb., P. 1024 (Skinner). Durable under- 
ground ; not much attacked by white ants. Easily worked and planed, takes a 
fine polish, and being of a handsome grain and colour, seems well adapted for 
ornamental furniture. Held sacred by Hindus in parts of South India. Em- 
ployed for construction, well-work ; ploughshares are made of it, and pestles and 
pounders for oil-seeds. The bark is bitter, and has been used as a substitute 


72 XXI. MELIACE. [ Soymida. 


for Cinchona bark. Mr Broughton reports that the bitter substance has the 
properties of a resin (Pharm. Ind. 55). 


6, CEDRELA, Linn. 


Trees with pinnate leaves, and small, paniculate, bisexual flowers. 
Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, erect, with a prominent thick line inside 
at the base like a keel, imbricate contorted or valvate at the base. Dise 
thick, fleshy, 5-cleft, or cylindrical. Filaments 4-6, inserted on the edge 
of the disc, subulate ; anthers oblong, versatile, occasionally with alter- 
nate sterile filaments. Ovary 5-celled, narrowed into a style, with a 
broad stigma; ovules 8-12 in each cell, biseriate, pendulous. Capsule 
coriaceous or membranous, opening septifragally by 5 valves, the valves 
separating from the dissepiments, which remain attached to the axis, form- | 
ing a pentagonal column of soft pith. Seeds numerous, pendulous, flat, 
imbricate, winged, with a scanty albumen, and straight embryo with 
foliaceous cotyledons, the radicle pointing upwards. 

Flower - panicles as long as leaves, or shorter; leaflets gene- 

rally entire ; no sterile filaments ; seeds winged at bothends 1. C. Joona. 
Flower-panicles longer than leaves ; leaflets serrate ; sterile fila- 


ments alternating with stamens ; seeds winged at the upper 


endonly . : : ; . . ; 2. C. serrata. 


The West-Indian Cedar, Cedrela odorata, Linn., furnishes a beautiful wood 
for cabinet-work, 


1. C. Toona, Roxb.——Tab. XTV.—Pl. Cor. t. 238; Fl. Ind. i. 635; 
W. & A. 124; Wight Ic. t. 161; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.10. The Toon-tree. 
Sans. Tunna, kuberaka, kachla.—Vern. Tun, tuni, tunni, lim, maha limbo, 
maha nvm. Local names, Mahlun, Satpuras ; Drawi, chiti-sirin, Pb. 


Leaves abruptly pinnate, 12-18 in. long, glabrous; leaflets generally 
opposite, 10-20, petiolulate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
entire or slightly undulate (toothed in South India). Panicles terminal, 
pubescent, nearly as long as leaves, pendulous, the lower ramifications 
frequently in the axils of leaves, Flowers white, with a fragrance like 
honey. Calyx flat, 5-cleft, lobes ciliate, obtuse. Petals oblong, ciliate. 
Stamens 5, inserted on 5 fleshy, orange-coloured, hairy lobes of the disc ; 
sterile filaments none. Stigma peltate, 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, #-1 in. 
long, seeds with membranous wings at both ends. 


Indigenous in the forests of South India, particularly on the west side, in 
Burma, Bengal, Oudh, and in the sub-Himalayan tract, nearly to the Indus, 
ascending to 3000 ft., and at times higher. Cultivated throughout India. 
Evergreen, or nearly so. The old leaves are shed gradually during the cold 
season, and the young foliage comes out in March and April with the flowers. 
The seed ripens June, July, the empty capsules remaining on the tree for 
months. ‘Toon isa rapid grower. In 1863, I measured the following trees on 
the Eastern Juinna Canal above Saharanpur :— 


Age 30 years, girth 58 inches, mean of 6’ trees, 
af) BBN » 86  ,, mean of 5 trees. ' 


It requires, however, a rich soi] and much moisture. In the Panjab plains 


Cedrela. | XXL. MELIACEA, 73 


(Lahore and Amritsar) it requires shelter against frost while young, but grows 
freely afterwards. 

Attains 60-70 ft. under favourable circumstances, with an erect, symmetrical 
but not tall trunk, 6-10 ft. girth Sati the of 15-30 ft. girth are known). 
Branches numerous, forming a large, close, shady crown. Bark thin, j in. thick, 
dark grey, exfoliating when old with irregular, woody scales. 

The sapwood is whitish, the heartwood red, or reddish brown, light, even- 
but open-grained, not strong, seasons readily, is easily worked, and polishes 
well, somewhat fragrant when sawn or broken. Annual rings distinct, pores 
large, close together in the inner wood of each ring, scarce in the outer wood. 
A cub. ft. of seasoned Toon weighs between 29 and 36 lb., and the value of 
P. fluctuates between 420 and 560, Baker’s experiments with wood from Chit- 
tagong gives the weight between 34.6 and 45.9 lb., and the value of P. from 
413 to 633; but this was probably not Toon, but Chickrassia tabularis, which 
is a somewhat heavier and stronger wood (weight 42 lb., P.= 614, Skinner). 
Highly valued as a furniture-wood, used for door-panels and carving. In 
Kangra was reckoned as a royal (padshahi) wood. In some parts of the hills 
the young shoots and leaves are lopped as cattle-fodder. The bark is a powerful 
adstringent (Pharm. Ind. 55), and from the flowers a red or yellowish dye is made. 

Benth. (Fl. Aust. ii. 387) identifies the Red Cedar of New South Wales and 
Queensland (C. australis, F. Mueller) with C. Joona. 


2. ©. serrata, Royle Ill. t. 25.—Vern. Drab, drawi, dor, dunrt, deri, 
khishing, dhal, dal, dala, dalli, daral, darlu, N.W. Him. 


Leaves usually imparipinnate, 15-20 in. long, glabrous; leaflets oppo- 
site, 15-25, on short petiolules, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, teeth long and irregular, green above, glaucous beneath. Panicles 
terminal, large, longer than leaves, drooping ; ramifications and pedicels 
covered with short rusty pubescence. Flowers occasionally hexamerous. 
Calyx cup-shaped ; lobes ciliate or glabrous, obtuse. Petals oblong, not cili- 
ate; disc glabrous. Sterile filaments alternating with stamens. Capsule 
oyoid,-acute ; seeds with a wing at the upper end only. 


Valleys of the Himalaya, extending to the Indus, and ascending to 8000 ft., . 
in moist, shady places. Often associated with Sapindus. Attains 70 ft., and 6 
ft. girth, resembling (’. 7'oona in appearance. The fresh foliage comes out in 
May, about the time that the old leaves are shed. The great clusters of flowers 
appear in May and June, and the seed ripens in August. 

Sapwood whitish yellow, heartwood red, has on the Sutlej the smell of the 
pencil-cedar when fresh-cut, at times said to have a strong fetid smell. The 
wood is lighter-coloured, and more open in the grain, than that of the Toon, but 
much like it in appearance. The hoops of sieves are made of it ; it is also used 
for bridges. Shoots and leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. 


7, CHLOROXYLON, DC. 


A tree with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small paniculate, bisexual 
flowers. Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, clawed, imbricate. 
Disc thick, fleshy, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted outside the base of the 
disc ; anthers cordate, apiculate, versatile. Ovary immersed in the disc, 
3-celled ; style short ; ovules 8 in each cell, axile. Capsule oblong, coria- 
ceous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, the dissepiments remaining attached 


74 XXI. MELIACEAL. | Chloroxylon. 


to the middle of the valves. Seeds attached to edge of dissepiments, im- 
bricate, oblong, winged ; no albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex. 


1. O. Swietenia, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 11; W. & A. Prodr. 123.— 
Syn. Swietenia chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. t. 64; Fl. Ind. ii. 400. Satin 
wood. Vern. Bhirra, bihra, girya, C.P.; Billu, hulda, Bomb. ; 


Young parts, petioles, and inflorescence covered with short grey pubes- 
cence. Leaflets 20-40, shortly petiolulate, unequal-sided, obliquely-oblong 
or semicordate, almost falcate, obtuse, about 1 in. long, glabrous, pale and 
dotted beneath. Panicles terminal and axillary; pedicels longer than 
flowers ; bracts small, deciduous. Petals on short claws, obovate, obtuse, 
entire. Stamens nearly as long as petals, 5 generally shorter. Ovary 
covered with short white tomentum. Capsule 1 in. long, glabrous, dark 
brown when ripe. Seeds brown, angular, with broad wing at one end. 


A common tree in the Satpura range, the Dekkan, the Konkan, and the drier 
parts of the peninsula and Ceylon. The fresh foliage appears in May, about the 
time that old leaves fall. Fl. March, April; the seed ripens in June, and re- 
mains on the tree for several months, 

A small tree in Central India, in South India attaining 30-40 ft.; trunk 
straight, symmetrical. Bark yellow, soft, corky, 4 in. thick or more. Heart- 
wood, with a beautiful satin lustre, fragrant, when seasoned greenish white, with 
a yellow tinge, or yellow, mottled, and feathered, close-grained. Heavy, the 
cub. ft. weighs 51-66 lb. when seasoned, and 70-75 lb. when green. The 
value of P. has been found to fluctuate between 600 and 1059, and the average 
may be taken at 800. Has been compared to box, not found suited for engray- 
ing, but is excellent for turning. Employed for agricultural implements, cart- 
building, makes beautiful furniture, and picture-frames. Imported into Eng- 
land, used for cabinet-work and the backs of brushes. 


Orper XXII OLACINEZ,. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers 4-5- 
merous, uni- or bi-sexual, usually rather small. Calyx small, entire, or 
toothed, occasionally obsolete, unchanged or enlarged after flowering. 
Petals free or more or less connate, usually valvate. Stamens as many, or 
twice as many, as petals, free and hypogynous, or united below to the 
petals. Ovary free or partially immersed in the torus; 1-celled or in- 
completely 3-5-celled ; ovules solitary or in pairs, pendulous. Fruit 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed usually with copious albumen and a 
minute embryo.—Gen. Pl. i. 342; Royle Ill 128; Wight Il. i. 100. 


Stamens and staminodes more numerous than petals ; calyx 


enlarging . : ; ‘ : : , ; ; 1. OLAX. 
Stamens all antheriferous, as many as petals ; calyx minute, 
unchanged ; : ‘ ; . : 3 : 2. CANSJERA. 


1. OLAX, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves, and small flowers. Calyx 
cup-shaped, enlarging after flowering (inthe following species). Petals 
5-6, free or slightly connected by alternating filaments. Stamens 8-12, 
of which only 3-5 are antheriferous, the anantherous ones opposite to the 


Olax. | XXII. OLACINEZ. 75 


petals. Ovary free, l-celled or with 3 imperfect cells, each with 1 ovule. 
Fruit drupaceous. Seed albuminous. 


1. O. scandens, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 102; Fl. Ind. i. 163; W. & A. 
Prodr. 89. 


A powerful climber, a few stout thorns on the older branches ; branch- 
lets, petioles, and midrib pubescent. Leaves distichous, alternate, ovate- 
oblong, shortly petiolate, 2-3 in. long. Flowers white, scentless, in short 
axillary racemes. Drupe globose, l-seeded, % in. diam., yellow, fleshy, 
more than half enclosed in the enlarged calyx. 

South India, Ceylon, Burma, Behar, Satpura range, sub-Himalayan tract of 
Kamaon. On wet ground near rivers and ravines. Most destructive to trees, 
which it covers with its dense-spreading, dark-green foliage, Bark ash-grey. 
Fl. cold season. 

O. nana, Wall., is a small undershrub with subsessile lanceolate leaves and 
solitary axillary flowers on slender peduncles. N.W. India, ascending to 5000 ft. 


2. CANSJERA, Juss. 


Climbing shrubs, with entire, alternate leaves, and small bisexual 
flowers in axillary spikes. Calyx minute. Corolla gamopetalous, 4-lobed. 
Stamens 4, opposite to the petals, and somewhate adnate to them ; 4 hypo- 
gynous scales, alternate with the stamens. Ovary fleshy, 1-celled, with 1 
ovule. Fruit a drupe, with a crustaceous endocarp. Seed ovoid ; embryo 
minute in the axis of a fleshy albumen. 


1. C. Rheedii, Gmelin. ; Wight Ic. t. 1861.—Syn. C. scandens, Roxb. 
Cor. Pl. t. 103 ; Fl. Ind. i. 441. 


A large evergreen climbing shrub, armed. with a few stout scattered 
spines ; young branches, inflorescence, and petioles minutely pubescent. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 14-3 in. long, short-petioled, glabrous, thick 
and somewhat fleshy, rugose when dry ;. main lateral nerves 3-5 pair, ob- 
liquely arching, the middle pair nearly meeting at the apex of leaf. 
Flowers sessile, yellow, in short axillary spikes. Corolla campanulate. 
Fruit orange-red, ovoid, about 4 in. long. 


South India, western coast, Oudh forests (common in damp, well-wooded 
places). Fl. Sept.-March; fr. April. 


Orper XXIII. ILICINEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, generally evergreen, with alternate, simple, petiolate, 
glabrous leaves, exstipulate, or with minute, caducous stipules, and with 
small white flowers. Calyx imbricate in bud, 3-6-cleft, persistent. Petals 
4-5, free or connate at the base, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Stamens as 
many as petals, alternating with them, hypogynous, free or adhering to 
petals, filaments subulate ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, dehiscing longitudi- 
nally. Disc 0. Ovary free, 3-5- (rarely more) -celled, with a short style or 
sessile stigma. Ovules pendulous, 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a drupe, 
with 3 or more 1-seeded, free or connate stones. Seed with a membra- 
nous testa, fleshy albumen, and a minute straight embryo.—Gen. Pl. i. 
355 ; Royle Ill. 166 (under Celastrinez) ; Wight Ill. ii. 147. 


76 XXIII. ILICINEA, ; [ Ilex. 


1. ILEX, Linn. 

Flowers generally bisexual. Calyx small, 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-, 
rarely 5-6-parted, divisions obtuse. Stamens adhering to base of corolla ; 
anthers oblong. Ovary sessile, 4-6-celled. Drupe globose, with 4-8 stones, 
more or less distinct. 

Leaves coriaceous, generally serrate, with strong spinescent teeth ; 


flowers bisexual, tetramerous; drupe generally with 2 stones 1. J. dipyrena. 
Leaves membranous, entire; flowers bisexual, pentamerous ; drupe 

with 5 stones : . 2 I. exsulea. 
Leaves coriaceous, crenulate; flowers winvidescual tetramerous; ‘drupe 

with 4 stones ; : . 8. J. odorata. 


To this genus belong the common English Holly, I lex Aquifolium, L., a slow- 
growing shrub or small tree in the forests of western and southern Europe, from 
Norway to Turkey, on the Caucasus, and in Western Asia ; stands deep shade, 
and produces a hard homogeneous wood. Also Llex paraguayensis, the leaves 
of which yield the Matz, or Paraguay tea. 


1. I. dipyrena, Wall.—Tab. XV.—Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 473; 
Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 292. Himalayan Holly.—Vern. Shangala, kandlu, 
kandlar, kalucho, krucho, diusa, dodru, drunda, Pb. ; Kaula, Nepal. 


Extremities and pedicels pilose, leaves glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, 
shining, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, on short channelled petioles, some quite 
entire, but generally bordered with large, strong prickly teeth. Flowers 
tetramerous, bisexual, on short pedicels, with 2 small bracts, clustered in 
axillary rounded fascicles. Petals broadly ovate, obtuse. Stamens as long 
as petals. Ovary small, stigma sessile, obscurely 2-lobed. Drupe crowned 
with persistent base of style, red when ripe, dark brown when dry, globose, 
+ inch across. Stones 2, sometimes 3-4, irregularly furrowed and rugose 
outside. 

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 5000 and 9500 ft. Not quite 
hardy in England. Fl. Apr.-June ; fr. Aug.-Oct. A moderate-sized evergreen 
tree, 30-40 ft. high, with a straight symmetrical trunk, attaining a large girth. 
Madden records one of 16-17 ft. near Naini-Tal. Numerous branches, forming 
a dense oval crown. Bark of stem and larger branches greenish grey, smooth, 
slightly marked, with long shallow longitudinal, and short small transverse 
wrinkles, Foliage shining, dark green. Wood light-coloured, heavy, close 
and hard, with distinct medullary rays. 


2. I. exsulca, Wall.—Syn. Ehretia umbellulata, Wall., and Cassine 
eacelsa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 344 and 376. Sometimes 
called Ilex excelsa. Vern. Tumari, N.W.P. 

Leaves membranous, ovate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, on petioles 4 
in. to 1 in. long, with minute, caducous stipules. Flowers bisexual, 
generally pentamerous, small, greenish white, fragrant, in axillary umbel- 
late cymes, on a common pilose peduncle, varying in length, with small 
bracts at the base of pedicles. Petals spreading, then recurved. Stamens 
longer than petals. Stigma sessile, 4-5-lobed. Drupe globose, % in. across, 
with five 3-sided stones. 


Siwalik tract, and outer ranges of Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft., from the 
Jumna to Assam, Ieasia hills, and Malayan peninsula. Evergreen ; blooms 


Llex.] XXIIL ILICINER, 77 


March-August ; fruit ripens October. In Kamaon a large-sized shrub. In 
Nepal, Wallich states that it grows to be a stately tree, with numerous spreading 
branches, forming a large crown. Bark of stem pale cinereous, dark grey, or 
brownish, with callous dots. 

3. I. odorata, Hamilton ; Don Prodr. Fl. Nepalensis, p. 189. 

Glabrous; leaves coriaceous, on short sulcate petioles, oblong or. ob- 
long-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 in. long, crenulate; stipules minute, 
caducous. Flowers tetramerous, unisexual, crowded on short axillary 
cymose panicles, often 2 or 3 together; bracts small, at the base of pedi- 
cels. Stamens as long as, or longer than, petals. Stigma sessile, 4-lobed. 
Drupe ovoid, } in. long, black, with 4 stones. 

An evergreen tree in the outer ranges of the Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft., 
from the Sutlej to Sikkim. Fl in April; the fruit ripens in June. 


Orper XXIV., CELASTRINEZ, 


Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate or opposite, generally coriaceous 
leaves ; stipules none minute or early deciduous. Flowers small, inflor- 
escence generally cymose. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft, imbricate. Petals 4-5, 
spreading, not clawed, inserted on the disc, imbricate. Stamens 3-5, in- 
serted on the disc, alternate with the petals ; filaments short, subulate ; 
anthers short, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Disc large, surrounding 
the base of the 3-5-celled ovary. Ovules generally 2 in each cell; style 
short. Fruit various ; embryo straight ; radicle nearly always inferior.— 
Gen. Pl. i. 357; Royle Ill. 166; Wight Ill. i. 174. 


Capsule 2-5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally ; stamens 4-5 ; seeds 
albuminous. 


Capsule 3-5-valved ; leaves opposite ; : ‘ 2 . 1. Evonymus. 
Capsule 2-3-valved; leaves alternate . ‘ : , . 2. CELASTRUS. 
Fruit indehiscent ; leaves opposite ; seeds albuminous : . 3. ELAZODENDRON. 


Capsulel-celled, 2-valved, laterally compressed ; leaves opposite ; 
stamens 3; seeds without albumen 7 3 ; . 4. HippocraTEa. 


1. EUONYMUS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers 
bisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat, 4-6-cleft. Petals 4-6, stamens 
as many, both inserted on a broad, fleshy, 4-6-lobed disc. Ovary im- 
mersed in disc, 3-5-celled ;’ style short. Capsule 3-5-lobed and-celled, 
angled or winged, dehiscence loculicidal ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds more or 
less enclosed in a fleshy arillus,* with a straight embryo enclosed in oily 
albumen. 


> apne smooth or rough, without prickles. 
_ Leaves membranous; cymes with small, numerous flowers. 


Capsules 4-lobed, not winged 1. £. Hamiltonianus, 
Capsules with 4 long tapering wings . : : 2. E. lacerus. 
Leaves coriaceous; flowers more than } in. across. 
Capsules more or less winged ; seeds enclosed in arillus 38. F. pendulus. 
Capsules not winged, arillus cup-shaped : . 4. E, tingens. 
Capsules covered with numerous subulate prickles. . 5. £. echinatus, 


* The arillus of Zuonymus is sometimes called arillode, not being an enlargement 
of the funicle, but an excrescence of the outer coat of the ovule near the foramen. 


78 XXIV. CELASTRINE. [ Euonymus. 


Closely allied to #. Hamiltonianus is H. europeeus, L., the Spindle-tree, a 
common European shrub, also found in North Africa and West Siberia, with 4- 
angled green twigs, greenish-white flowers, and 4-lobed crimson capsules. Wood 
used for turning, and to make charcoal for the finer sorts of gunpowder. 


1. E. Hamiltonianus, Wall.—Tab. XVI.—Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., 
ed. Carey, ii. 403.—Syn. EF. atropurpureus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 627. Vern. 
Singi, siki, chual, watal, papar, rithu, ranai, brahmani, banchor, karun, 
skioch, sidhera, Pb.; Agnitin, agnu, Kamaon. 


Branches and branchlets round, glabrous, green. Leaves 2-5 in. long, 
glabrous, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, finely serrulate, acuminate, on 
petioles about 4 or 4 in. long. Cymes regularly dichotomous, axillary 
and intra-axillary, opposite, occasionally clustered on undeveloped branch- 
lets, with 15-30 greenish-white flowers ; bracts minute, deciduous. Petals 
oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than, or as long as, petals. Capsule yel- 


low, deeply 4-lobed, not winged ; seeds entirely enveloped by a scarlet 
arillus. 


Common in the Outer Himalayan ranges from the Indus to Bhutan, between 
3800 and 8500 ft. Kasia hills. Generally in mixed forests, where there is 
some shade. Fl. from March-June; the fruit ripens from Aug. onwards. 
Hardy in England. A large shrub, under favourable circumstances a moderate- 
sized tree, 30-35 ft, high, with a short straight trunk, 4-5 ft. girth ; bark of stem 
smooth, yellowish cinereous, or reddish brown. Wood beautifully white, com- 
pact and close, not very hard, used for making spoons. Young shoots and 
leaves lopped for fodder. 


2. E. lacerus, Ham.—Syn. £. fimbriatus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 
Carey, ii. 408. Vern. Stki, battali, pattali, banchir, dudhapar, papar, 
hanchu, pash, mara, chikan, rang chul, kioch, Pb. 


Young shoots of the current year compressed alternately in either direc- 
tion; branches round, glabrous, grey or reddish-brown. Leaves 2-4 in. 
long, glabrous, membranous, elliptic or broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, 
serrate, serratures frequently serrulate, decurrent into petioles about 4 in. 
long ; stipules minute, linear, deciduous. Cymes umbelliform, on long 
slender peduncles ; main branches 3-7, slender, each bearing a simple or 
compound umbellate fascicle of small flowers. Bracts linear, deciduous. 
Cymes inserted near the base of this year’s branchlets, most below the 
first leaf, a few in the axils of the lower leaves. Flowers small, tetramer- 
ous. Petals white. Anthers on short filaments. Capsule with 2-5, gene- 
rally 4, vertical, long tapering wings, the valves when ripe spreading out 
flat when opening. Seeds ovoid, enclosed in a bright red arillus. 


In many parts of the Himalaya, but not common. At higher elevations than 
the preceding species, generally between 6000 and 11,000 ft, from near the Indus 
to Sikkim. Open places in forests. Fl. from March-June; fruit ripens from 
July-Oct. A small, handsome tree, 25 ft. high, with a short straight trunk to 3 
ft. girth ; bark of stem grey, or brownish grey, smooth, and with slight longi- 
tudinal wrinkles. Foliage dark green, red in autumn before falling. The wood 
is white, close-grained, and tough ; it is carved into spoons. Young shoots and 
leaves are lopped to feed goats, In Bussahir the seeds with their bright red 
arils are strung up and used as ornaments. 


Euonymus. | XXIV. CELASTRINEZ. 79 


3. E. pendulus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 406. Sometimes 
called #. japonicus.—Vern. Chopra, pincho, garur, kunku, N.W.P. 


Young twigs angular or compressed ; leaves 2-4 in. long, oblong-lanceo- 
late, coriaceous, glabrous, pale, often cinereous beneath, sharply serrate ; 
petioles sulcate, less than 4 in. long; stipules minute, with a few long 
hairs. Cymes axillary, opposite, with 3-20 flowers, on peduncles 2 in. long, 
often flat, sulcate, regularly dichotomous, or bearing 3 or more branches. 
Bracts ovate, lacerate. Flowers tetramerous, rarely pentamerous, } in. 
across.’ Calyx-lobes obtuse, fimbriate. Petals whitish, oblong, fimbriate. 
Stamens nearly as long as petals; anthers ovate, short. Style short, fili- 
form. Capsule 3- or 4-lobed, the angles sharp, more or less winged ; seeds 
enclosed in a thin arillus. 


Locally (nowhere common) in the Himalaya between 2500 and 7500 ft., rarely 
ascending to 8500 ft., from the Jhelam to Nepal and further east. Fl. in April 
and May ; the fruit ripens in June and July. A small, elegant tree, to 40 ft, 
high, with a short straight trunk, 24 ft. girth ; numerous branches ascending 
and spreading ; the ultimate branchlets drooping, forming an oval crown. Bark 
of trunk dark grey, brownish, or yellow, scabrous and longitudinally rugose. 
Young foliage brown and shining ; old, dull grey. 


4. E. tingens, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 406.—Vern. 
Kungku, N.W.P.; Newar, Kasturi, Nepal. 


Branchlets indistinctly 4-sided; scales of buds lanceolate, fimbriate. 
Leaves 1-2 in. long, glabrous, coriaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtusely 
serrate or crenate, acute or shortly acuminate, on short petioles, with 
brown subulate, fimbriate stipules. Cymes axillary, approximate, in 
pairs at the base of this year’s branchlets ; peduncles varying in length, 
the longest 2 in., with regular dichotomous cymes of 3-7 large flowers 4 
in. across, pentamerous or tetramerous, with linear-lanceolate, fimbriate 
bracts. Divisions of calyx broadly ovate, irregularly dentate or fimbriate. 
Petals orbicular, shortly unguiculate, white or yellowish, beautifully marked 
with dark purple veins, Stamens a little shorter than petals ; anther-cells 
diverging, attached to a horseshoe-shaped connective. Style subulate, 
as long as stamens. Capsule 3- 4- or 5-cornered, not winged ; seeds ob- 
long, with a cup-shaped arillus. 


Himalaya, from 6500-10,000 ft., from the Sutlej to Nepal. FI. from April- 
June, the fruit ripening in August and Sept. A small tree, to 20 ft. high, with 
a short, erect, symmetrical trunk, 25-3 ft. girth ; few branches, forming a small, 
rounded crown. Bark dark cinereous, or yellowish brown, with numerous yel- 
low tubercles, and whitish longitudinal cracks and wrinkles, inner substance 
brown, with fine white fibres. Wood light brown, fine-grained, compact and 
hard, not porous, with fine indistinct medullary rays. Wallich states that the 
Nepalese employ the bark for the purpose of marking the forehead. 

E. grandiflorus, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 254, may possibly be synonymous with 
this species ; but the figure represents the capsule as ovoid, and does not show 
the dark veins of petals, and the figure is supported by the description of 
EL. grandiflorus in ¥1. Ind., ed. Carey, 404. 


80. XXIV, CELASTRINE&. [| Euonymus. — 


5, E. echinatus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 410. 


Branchlets tetragonal, with 4 thick lines, decurrent from either side of 
the petioles ; scales of buds brown, fimbriate, often persistent at the base of 
the current year’s shoots. Leaves 2-3 in. long, decurrent into short peti- 
oles, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, crenate or obtusely serrate, with minute 
stipules. Cymes axillary, shorter than leaves, with 3-10 tetramerous, 
peagreen, scentless flowers ; bracts small, triangular, fimbriate. Capsules 
globose, 4 in. across, beset with numerous subulate prickles, 4-valved, 
with 4 ovoid seeds, entirely enveloped in a thin, scarlet arillus. 

In many parts of the Himalaya range, between 7000 and 12,000 ft., from the 
Jhelam to Sikkim. Fl. in March and April; fruit ripens about August, and 
often remains several months hanging on the branches. Most frequently a 
large shrub, stem and branches often climbing and trailing like ivy to a con- 
siderable distance over trees and damp shaded rocks, attaching itself by dense 
tufts of capillary rootlets to 2 in. long, Occasionally a small handsome tree, 
15-20 ft. high, with a short straight trunk, 12-16 in. girth. Branches opposite, 
smooth, ash-coloured, bark of stem light grey, with parallel longitudinal fur- 
rows ; inner substance soft, spongy, yellow. 


2. CELASTRUS, Linn. 


Leaves alternate ; stipules minute, deciduous.. Flowers small, frequently — 
unisexual. Calyx 5-cleft. Disc flat or cup-shaped. Petals 5, usually 
spreading. Stamens 5, inserted upon or under the margin of the disc ; 
anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2- 3- rarely 4-celled ; 
style short ; stigma generally lobed. Capsule globose or oblong, 3-2- or 
l-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds to each cell, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds 
often arillate, with a fleshy albumen; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle 
inferior. 


Armed with axillary spines ; cymes lateral ; capsule generally 
3-celled, 3-valved. 


Peduncles capillary, 1-14 in. long ; leaves lanceolate 1. C. rufus. 
Cymes subsessile ; leaves ovate or obovate , , . 2 C. spinosus. 
Armed with axillary spines; cymes axillary, with divaricate 
branches ; capsule generally 2-valved, 1- or 2-celled . . 8, C. senegalensis. 
Unarmed, climbing ; cymes in a terminal compound raceme 4. C. paniculatus. 


1. C. rufus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed Carey, ii. 397. 


A tree, sparingly armed with axillary short spines ; wholly glabrous, 
Leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate, serrulate, 3-5 in. long. Peduncles nume- 
rous, lateral, fascicled, capillary, reddish, 1-14 in. long, bearing a dicho- 
tomous cyme of a few small white flowers, supported on capillary pedicels. 
Bracts lanceolate. Capsule obovate, 3-valved, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 


Himalaya from Kamaon to Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl. 
March, April ; fruit ripe June. 


2. C. spinosus, Royle; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 11.—Syn. Gymnosporia 
spinosa. Vern. Dzaral, trans-Indus ; Kandu, kandiari, patakt, let, phi- 
pari, badlo, kadewar, Pb. ; Kura, bagriwala darim, gwala darim (darim 
is Pomegranate), N.W.P. | 


Celastrus. | XXIV, CELASTRINEA. 81 


Glabrous, armed with numerous straight axillary spines, generally about 
?# in. long. Leaves on short petioles, broadly ovate or obovate, crenate, 
coriaceous, cinereous. Cymes axillary, subsessile or shortly pedunculate, 
often fascicled on short dichotomous branchlets ; flowers numerous, up to 
30 ; bracts small, triangular, ciliate. Calyx-lobes obtuse, ciliate. Petals 
oblong, reddish, with white margins. Filaments subulate, inserted under 
edge of disc; anthers oval, versatile. Disc 5-lobed, fleshy, surrounding 
base of 3-celled ovary. Style short cylindrical; stigma 3- or 5-lobed. 
Capsule turbinate or obovoid, 3-celled, 3-cornered, 4 in. long ; seeds half 
covered with an aril. 


Common in Afghanistan and North-West India, extending as far as Kamaon 
in the Outer Himalaya and Siwalik tract; also reported from Bandelkhand. 
Generally on dry, hot, rocky, rugged slopes, often on kankar soil. In flower 
and fruit from March-Nov. A stiff, densely-branching shrub, 8-12 ft. high, 
usually with strong, stiff, sharp spies, rarely unarmed. Bark dark grey, or 
with a reddish tinge, scurfy, but not much marked ; foliage dull greyish green. 
The seeds have a bitter taste. 


3. C. senegalensis, Lam. ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 11; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 
anal. t. x. 2,—Syn. C. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1, 620; W. &A. Prodr. 159 ; 
Wight Ic. t. 382. Vern. Sherawane, trans-Indus; Talkar, dajkar, ma- 
reila, kingaro, kharai, Pb.; Baikal, gajachinni, C.P.; Mal kangoni, 
Bomb. 


Glabrous, glaucous or pale green, usually armed with numerous straight 
axillary spines, generally 1-2 in. long, and often bearing leaves and flowers. 
Leaves variable in form and size, coriaceous, entire or crenate, narrowed 
into petiole, obovate oblanceolate or linear-spathulate. Cymes axillary, 
often 2 or more together on short tubercular branchlets, regularly dicho- 
tomous ; branches divaricate ; bracts triangular, fimbriate. Flowers small, 
pale greenish white, a large proportion sterile. Lobes of calyx obtuse or 
acute, fimbriate. Petals oblong, with entire or fimbriate edges. Disc 
broad, flat, 10-lobed. Filaments subulate ; anthers round, versatile. Style 
short ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule globose or ovoid, about the size of a small 
pea, generally 2-valved, often 1-celled, with 1, 2, rarely 3 seeds; occasionally 
3-valved. (The seeds of this species should be examined; some of the 
specimens before me have an arillus, others are naked.) 


This plant has a wide distribution, from the Mediterranean region over a great 
part of tropical Africa to India. It is common in many parts of the Panjab 
trans-Indus, in Sindh, the Salt range, about Delhi, in the Siwalik tract, and 
the outer Himalaya (ascending to 4000 ft.), in Guzerat, the Dekkan, and many 
parts of the Peninsula. The specimens from Sindh, Afghanistan, and Delhi - 
have narrow, those from South India have broadly obovate leaves. Mostly in 
stony, rocky, dry, barren localities, Fl. at various times throughout the year, 
the seed ripening in summer and autumn. 

A tall shrub, under favourable circumstances a small tree 15-20 ft. high, 
with a short crooked trunk, 2-4 ft.in girth, stiff branches forming a loose 
oval crown. Bark of stem} in. thick, yellowish, reddish, or purplish grey. 
Wood white, close-grained, hard, and durable ; the leaves are thrashed out and 
used as fodder, the branches employed as dunnage for the roofs of houses, 


F 


82 XXIV. CELASTRINEA. [ Celastrus. 


4. ©. paniculatus, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 621; Wight Ill. t. 72; 
Ic, Pl. t. 158; W. & A. Prodr. 158.—Syn. C. nutans, Roxb. 1. ¢. 623. 
Vern. Mal kakni, Oudh, N.W.P. ; Kakundan, rangul, wahrangur, C.P. ; 
Kanguni, Bomb. 


Unarmed ; climbing or scrambling. Leaves glabrous, broadly-ovate or 
obovate, acuminate, crenate. Flowers unisexual; cymes arranged in 
terminal, compound, elongated panicles ; peduncles and pedicels pubes- 
cent ; bracts fimbriate. Calyx-lobes rounded, toothed ; disc mostly con- 
nate with the cup of the calyx. Stamens inserted on its free margin ; 
anthers attached near the base. Capsule globose, generally 3-valved, 3- 
celled, 3-6-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a complete red arillus. 


A large scrambling or climbing shrub, probably dicecious, common in many 
parts of India. Outer Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft., from the Jhelam to 
Assam, Eastern Bengal, Behar, and South India. Leaves: and seeds are used in 
native ‘medicine ; an oil is extracted from the seeds, which is used medicinally. 


3. ELAODENDRON, Jacq. fil. 


Shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite leaves, and small caducous 
stipules ; flowers small, occasionally unisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx 
4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5-spreading. Disc thick, fleshy, angled. Stamens 4- 
5, inserted under the edge of the disc; anthers nearly globose. Base of 
ovary confluent with disc, 3-celled, rarely 2- or 5-celled; style short ; 
ovules erect, 2 in each cell. Fruit a dry or fleshy indehiscent drupe, the 
putamen 1-3-celled, 1, rarely 2, seeds in each cell. Seeds erect, without 
an arillus ; albumen scanty or copious, enclosing a straight embryo, with 
flat cotyledons. 


1. E. Roxburghii, W. & A. Prodr. 157; Wight Ill. t. 71; Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. t. 148.—Syn. Weerija dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 646. Vern. 
Mirandu, padriun, bakra, gamoa, Pb.; Bakra, shauria, chauli, daberi, 
mamri, N.W.P.; Chauri, metkur, Oudh; Jamrassi, jumrassi, kala 
muka, rohi, C.P.; Dhakka marrah, Gondi ; Tamruj, Bomb. 


Leaves glabrous, generally opposite, on petioles 4 in. to 1 in. long, ellip- 
tic ovate or oblong, acuminate, crenate, coriaceous ; stipules small, tri- 
angular, deciduous. Cymes axillary, dichotomous, spreading, as long as 
or shorter than leaves ; peduncle longer than petiole; branches divari- 
cate; bracts small, caducous. Calyx-segments broad, round, obtuse. 
Petals oblong with membranous edges, yellowish brown and white. 
Stamens shorter than petals; filaments recurved ; anther-cells attached 
to a broad semicircular connective, diverging at base. Drupe ovoid or 
obovoid, 4 in. long, yellowish green when ripe, thin, fleshy ; potsmen 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, crustaceous. 


Common in the Siwalik tract and outer Hiniklesis ascending to 6000 ft., 
from the Ravito Sikkim. Behar, Bandelkhand, Oudh forests, the Central Pro- 
vinces, and the Peninsula. The old leaves shed in February and March, the 


Eleodendron. | XXIV. CELASTRINEA. 83 


oung foliage issues in May ; the full-grown foliage is dark green and shining. 
l. Feb.-June, the fruit ripening in April and May of the following year. 

A moderate-sized tree, at times a shrub only, attains 30-50 ft. in the Oudh 
forests, with an erect, symmetrical trunk, attaining from 3-8 ft. in girth, 
numerous branches forming a close oval crown. Bark of trunk thin, cinere- 
ous, or. ferruginous, smooth, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles, or dark and 
scurfy. The wood is whitish or light reddish-brown, even, close, compact; a 
cub. ft. weighs 40-50 lb. when seasoned, and 60-65 lb. when green. Value of 
P. 511 (Fowke), 513 (Skinner). Seasons well, works easily, and is durable. 
Is often beautifully curled and flaked, and takes a fine polish; is used for 
cabinet-work, and recommended for picture-frames. The root is believed to be 
a specific against snake-bites, and the bark is used in native medicine, said to 
be a virulent poison. The young tree is often attacked by an aphis, and in con- 
sequence a saccharine matter is excreted on the leaves. 


4, HIPPOCRATEA, Linn. 


Climbing shrubs or trees, with opposite, entire or serrate, coriaceous 
leaves. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5, longer than sepals. 
Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit-carpels 3, distinct, each 1-celled, 
laterally compressed, 2-valved, the valves navicular. Seeds 1-3, com- 
pressed, erect, attached to the base of the capsule, the funicle dilated into 
a broad wing. Albumen none; cotyledons flat, oval; radicle short, in- 
ferior. 


Leaves 5-6 in. long ; capsule 3in.long.° . ; , 1. H. arborea. 
Leaves 2-3 in. long; capsule 1-14 in. long . ‘ : 2. H. indica. 


1. H. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 205; Fl. Ind. i. 167. 


A large climber, with long flexuose branches, wholly glabrous. Leaves 
ovate, or ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, serrulate, 5-6 in. long; petiole 
4 in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, arcuate. Flowers yellow, in 
axillary, pedunculate cymes. Capsules 1-3, at the end of terminal 
peduncles, obovate-oblong, acute at both ends, 3 in. long and 14 in. broad, 
thickly coriaceous, with numerous prominent longitudinal nerves. Seeds 
2. Wing of seed tawny, ovate, 14 in. long, smooth, corky. Seed # in. 
long. Cotyledons greenish yellow, fleshy. 

Abundant in the mixed forests of Baraich and Gonda in Oudh (R. Thomp- 
son). Ascends the largest forest-trees, often enveloping them with its thick, 
gtd ee Leaves renewed April, May. Fl. in July, and the fruit ripens 
in April. 


2. H. indica, Willd. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 130; Fl. Ind.i. 165; W.& A. 
Prodr. 104.—Vern. Kazurati, Bomb. 


A climbing shrub, wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, crenate, 
2-3 in. long; petiole } in. long. Flowers rusty yellow, in axillary, 
pedunculate cymes. Capsules oblong, striated, 1-1} in. long, 4 in. broad. 
Seeds 2, reddish brown ; wings membranous. 


South India, Bengal, Behar, and probably Central India, Burma, Ceylon, 
Indian Archipelago ; also in tropical Africa. Fl. Jan-April. 


84 XXV. RHAMNEA. | Zizyphus. 


OrpER XXV. RHAMNEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, often armed with spinescent branches or stipular 
spines. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers small, often 
unisexual, green or yellow. Inflorescence generally cymose. Calyx 4-5- 
cleft ; lobes triangular, valvate in bud. Petals generally present, inserted 
on the calyx-tube near the edge, and alternate with its segments. Stamens 
opposite the petals, and often enclosed by them, inserted with the petals 
or on the edge of the disc; anthers 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. 
Dise annular cupular or coating the calyx-tube. Ovary free, or more or 
less adhering to the calyx-tube, 2- or 3-celled, rarely 4-celled, with one 
erect ovule in each cell. Fruit various, with 1-3 seeds, with or without 
albumen, and a large embryo.—Gen. Pl. i. 371; Royle Ill. 168; Wight 
Ill. i. 179. 


Fruit a fleshy, rarely dry drupe or berry, 1-3-seeded. 
Armed with stipular spines ; leaves 3-5-nerved ‘ . 1. ZizyYPHUs. 
Unarmed ; stipules foliaceous ; leayes with numerous promi- 


nent parallel lateral nerves 2. BERCHEMIA. 
Armed with spinescent branches, or unarmed ; calyx: lobes de- 
ciduous 3. RHAMNUS. 
Unarmed ; branches of cymes swell into a . fleshy mass 4, Hoventa. 
Armed with spinescent branches, or unarmed ; sone lobes 
persistent 5. SAGERETIA. 
Fruit a dry 1-seeded nut, terminating i ina long narrow wing 6. VENTILAGO. 


1. ZIZYPHUS, Juss. 


Shrubs or trees, generally armed with stipular spines. Leaves alter- 
nate, more or less distichous, petiolate, with 3-5 main nerves from the 
base. Flowers small, mostly bisexual, generally in axillary cymes. 
Calyx-tube cup-shaped, or broad-obconical ; limb 5-cleft, the divisions keeled 
inside. Petals sometimes wanting, generally 5; lamina more or less con- 
cave or hood-shaped. Disc coating the calyx-tube, edge free, pentagonous 
or 5-10-lobed. Ovary immersed in disc, more or less confluent with it, 2- 
celled, rarely 3- or 4-celled ; styles 2-3, free or partly connate. Drupe 
fleshy, kernel generally woody or osseous, 1-3-celled, 1 seed in each 
cell. Seeds with a smooth, brittle testa; albumen thin, enclosing the 
embryo; cotyledons thick, flat, or convex ; radicle short. ; 


Drupe fleshy ; kernel 1-2-celled. 
Cymes axillary, nearly sessile ; petals 5. 
Glabrous ; young parts only pubescent. 
Branchlets often fasciculate ; drupe large ; kernel 2-celled, 


with thick, hard, osseous shell. 1. Z. vulgaris. 
Branchlets single ; drupe small ; kernel 2. celled, with thin 
crustaceous shell. . 2. Z. oxyphylia. 


More or less tomentose. 
A straggling or climbing shrub; drupes small, } in. long 3. 4. @noplia. 
A tree ; drupes See oblong’ or ovoid, 4-3 in. long, or 
longer ° > . 4. Z. Jujuba. 
A low thorny shrub ; drupes globose, 4-4 in. diam. . . 5. Z. nummularia. 


Zizyphus. | XXV. RHAMNEZ. 85 


Cymes axillary and terminal, long-pedunculate, forming a large 

thyrsus; petals none; kernel 1-celled, 1-seeded, shell 
thinly crustaceous . : ‘ : : : ‘ . 6. Z. rugosa. © 
Drupe nearly dry; kernel 3-celled, shell thick, hard, osseous ; 
cymes axillary, short-pedunculate ; ; t . 7. Z. xylopyra. 


1. Z. vulgaris, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 609; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 12. 
—Syn. Z. jflewuosa, Wall. French, Jujubier. Vern, Sinjli, Simli, ban, 
bar), phitni, relnu, ber, kandika, kandiari, birari, Pb. 


A small tree, glabrous ; branches brown and shining, frequently cover- 
ed with a dull grey cuticle, flexuose or zigzag, with 2 strong stipular 
thorns, and one or more branchlets at each bend. ‘Thorns grey or brown, 
shining, unequal, one straight, up to 1 in. long, or longer, the other much 
shorter, uncinate (straight while young). Branchlets often fasciculate, slender, 
nearly straight, with 10-30 alternate, bifarious leaves on short petioles, 
having frequently the appearance of imparipinnate leaves. Leaves obliquely 
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, bluntly serrate, with 3 main basal nerves and 
finely reticulated veins between, without any prominent secondary nerves. 
Flowers yellowish, 2-12 on short pedicels, with small fimbriate subulate 
bracts, fasciculate on short axillary cymes; styles 2, rarely 3, distinct 
from base. Drupes solitary, pendulous, on short slender pedicels, ovoid 
or oblong, obtuse at both ends, $ in. to # in. long, dark red or black, 
glabrous, shining, fleshy; kernel 2-celled, rugose; shell thick, hard, osseous. 
Z. nitida, from China, Roxb. 1. c. 609, is stated to have a pale yellow 
fruit when ripe, but is otherwise very similar to Z. vulgaris. 


Wild and cultivated in the N.W. Himalaya from the Ravi to the Indus, as- 
cending to 6500 ft. Also cultivated in the Panjab plains, in Beluchistan, and 
Bengal. Beyond India it is found, indigenous or cultivated, in Japan and China, 
in Western Asia, Greece, Macedonia, and North Africa. Cultivated and runs 
wild in the south of France, Corsica, and Italy. Not quite hardy in the south 
of England. Fl. from March-June, and the fruit ripens from September through 
the cold season. Leafless in winter. 

In the Panjab often a shrub, in clusters or dense clumps, under favourable 
conditions a small tree, 25-30 ft., with a short, somewhat crooked trunk, to 
5 or 6 ft. girth, few rigid spreading boughs, and stiff branches, often unarmed, 
the prickles having fallen off. Bark of stem dark grey, rough with longitudi- 
nal furrows. The full-grown foliage is of a beautiful bright glossy green. The 
leaves getting yellow before falling, impart a peculiar hue to tracts where the 
tree is common—e. g., near the great lake of Kashmir. The leaves are subject to 
the attacks of a small insect. About one-third of the radius of the stem is white 
ao! tae the heartwood being dark brown. In France the wood is used for 
cabinet-work, under the name of Acayow d’ Afrique, sp. grav. 1.09.—Matthieu 
Fl. Forestiére, 50. The fruit (in Tndéay is acid, but well flavoured ; that of the 
Mediterranean tree is sweet, Formerly officinal under the name of baccee ju- 
jubcee. The tree was known to classical writers ; in Plinius and Columella it is 
called Zizyphus. Though it reproduces itself spontaneously in Greece and the 
south of France, it is not originally indigenous in those countries, but was intro- 
duced from Syria during the reign of Casar Augustus. 


2. Z. oxyphylla, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43.—Vern. Kurkun 
ber, Afg.; Pitni, kokan ber, amlai, amnia, beri, shamor, Pb. ; Giggar, 


N.W.P 


86 XXV. RHAMNEZ. | Zizyphus. 


A small tree, glabrous, with a few scattered hairs on young parts ; 2-year- 
old branches purple, or covered with a dull grey epidermis ; branches and 
branchlets slightly flexuose, smooth, armed with pairs of slender purple 
stipular spines, one shorter, straight or curved, the other straight to $ in. 
long. Leaves on petioles 3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, base oblique, long- 
acuminate, mucronate with a hard brown point, finely serrate, the serratures 
mucronate with brown points, main basal nerves 3, the middle nerve with 
2 or 4 prominent lateral nerves, joined by reticulate veins. Flowers 3-20, 
on slender pedicels } in. long, fasciculate on short thick peduncles ; bracts 
small, brown, subulate ; calyx-lobes carinate to middle; petals clawed, ex- 
panding into a hood-shaped lamina ; disc thin, membranous, pentagonous ; 
styles 2, united to near the apex. Drupe ovoid, $ in. long, 2-celled, 2- 
seeded, pendulous, red or black when ripe, putamen flattened, shell thin 
crustaceous, seeds with a brown shining testa. 


Found occasionally on the eastern flanks of the Suliman range trans-Indus, and 
in the outer Himalaya as far as the Ganges, at elevations from 2000 to 6000 ft. 
A small tree, 25-30 ft. high, and 5-6 ft. girth, resembling Z. vulgaris in gene- 
ral habit. Fruit eaten, but very acid. 


3. Z. Gnoplia, Mill; W. & A. Prodr. 163; probably Z. Napeca, Roxb. 
1. c. 613.—Vern. Shya-kul, Beng ; Toziben, Burm. : 


A straggling or climbing shrub ; branchlets strigose, or oftener covered 
with dense ferruginous tomentum, slightly flexuose, armed with short, 
straight or hooked and recurved stipular prickles, which are brown, 
shining, tomentose at base, and generally solitary. Leaves distichous, on 
short petioles, strigose or rusty tomentose beneath, with long adpressed 
simple hairs, ovate or rhomboid, base oblique, shortly acuminate, entire 
or minutely denticulate, generally with 4 main basal nerves, 2 in the larger, 
and 1 in the smaller half of the leaf, all with numerous prominent parallel 
lateral nerves. Cymes short, axillary, dichotomous, with 20-30 flowers ; 
peduncles, pedicels, bracts, and calyx densely tomentose. Divisions of 
calyx keeled to the middle ; petals generally shorter than calyx. Drupes 
1-3 together, on slender pedicels, generally longer than peduncles, globose 
or obovate, black, + in. long, 1- or 2-celled ; shell woody or osseous. 


Kamaon, Rohilkhand, Lower Bengal, Behar, Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, 
Burma, the Peninsula, Java, Ceylon, and Mauritius. Abundant in the Baraic 
forests of Oudh. Leaves renewed March, April. Fl. in the hot, ripens its 
fruit in the rainy season and autumn. The fruit is eaten. A common hedge- 
plant in South India. 


The two last species require further attention. There appear to be intermediate 
forms, and there are forms of /wjuba, which, as far as herbarium specimens go, 
only differ from Qnoplia by the size of the fruit. 


4. Z. Jujuba, Lam.—Tab, XVII. —W. & A. Prodr. 162; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
i. 608 ; Wight Ic. t. 99; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 149; Boiss. 1. c. 13.—Sans. 
Badara, karkandhu, koli. Vern. Bér, béra, béri. (Ziben, Burm.) — 


A moderate-sized tree, ends of branches decurved or drooping, in some 


Zizyphus. | XXV. RHAMNE. 87 


varieties erect or spreading, tomentose, rarely glabrous. ‘Two-year-old 
branches slightly flexuose, either dull brown, or covered with grey epider- 
mis. Branches and branchlets armed with short stipular spines, generally 
twin, one straight, the other bent, or both equal, or one wanting, or en- 
tirely unarmed. Leaves sessile, short-petiolate, or on petioles 4 the length 
of leaf, oblong-ovate, or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, 1-3 in. lung, en- 
tire or serrulate, often mucronate, occasionally with a few large irregular 
teeth near the apex, with 3 main basal nerves, and more or less prominent 
lateral nerves. Leaves generally bright tawny- or nearly white-tomentose 
beneath, dark green and glabrous above, or more or less glabrous on both 
sides. Flowers greenish yellow, somewhat fetid, on short axillary sub- 
sessile, or short-pedunculate cymes; pedicels longer than peduncles. 
Calyx-lobes keeled to the middle; petals unguiculate, with an oblong 
concave or hood-shaped lamina ; anther-cells parallel ; disc fleshy, 10-lobed, 
10-suleate ; styles 2, thick, conical, connate to middle. Drupe varying 
in size, generally about 4 or # in. long, on a stalk about half its 
length, globose, oblong, or ovoid, dark brown, orange or red when ripe ; 
kernel irregularly furrowed, mostly 2-celled, with a hard, thick, bony 
shell. ° 

This sp. varies exceedingly, in the shape and size of the fruit, the 
shape and tomentum of the leaves, and general habit. A remarkable 
variety, commonly cultivated in the Panjab, from Peshawar to Multan, 
has been described by Edgeworth (Journ. Linn. Society, vi. 201) as Z.° 
Jujuba, var. Hysudrica. It is characterised by obtuse, oblong or ovate, 
sometimes orbicular leaves, on long petioles } length of leaf, glabrous or 
slightly tomentose beneath, the branchlets not drooping, but erect or 
spreading. Dr Stewart refers this variety to Z. Lotus, Lam., but is of 
opinion that the Zizyphi of North India want more investigation on the 
spot. Z. Lotus, however, is a shrub nearly allied to Z nummularia. Z. 
Spina Christi, Willd.—Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 13—which Edgeworth states 
in the same place, is found in gardens in the Panjab, is a large tree of 
Western Asia, northern and tropiéal Africa, with white branches, ovate, 
almost glabrous leaves, petioles }-4 length of blade ; cymes large, compact, 
sessile, with numerous flowers, and a ring of white hairs (not in all speci- 
mens) round the base of the style ; fruit-stalks often nearly 1 in. long. 
I do not venture to refer any of the specimens which I have examined 
from the Panjab either to Z. Lotus or to Z. Spina Christi, and I think 
it preferable at present to class all Bér trees of North and Central India 
under Z. Jujuba. There is no difference in the inflorescence and structure 
of the flower; and as regards shape and tomentum of the leaves, there are 
intermediate forms. 


Z. Jujuba is wild in some places of the Siwalik forests east of the Ganges (J. 
L. Stewart), and in South India (Beddome). Cultivated and self-sown, it is 
common in Afghanistan, Sindh, the Panjab, ascending in the outer Himalaya 
to 3000, and at times to 4500 ft., and throughout the rest of India and Burma. 
Further researches are required to define the localities where the tree is actually 
wild, forming part of the original forest. Itis common in forests of Central 
and South India ; but wherever I have seen it, it has been on sites of deserted 


88 XXV. RHAMNEZ, [ Zizyphus. 


villages or temporary settlements. The young foliage appears in March, April, 
while the old leaves are shedding ; there is often a second flush in July and 
August. Fl. usually April-June, also at other seasons ; the fruit generally 
ripens from December-March. 

A moderate-sized tree, 30-50 ft. high, stem short, erect, not very straight, 
girth 6-8, occasionally 10 ft., branches numerous, spreading in all directions, 
forming a broad, rounded crown, giving dense shade. Bark 4-1 in. thick, dark 
grey, almost black, cut up into obliquely oblong plates by deep irregular longi- 
tudinal furrows and short shallow cross-cracks. Inner substance reddish brown, 
showing in cracks and furrows. Wood light-coloured when fresh-cut, turns 
reddish brown on exposure to the air. Sapwood 7 of the radius, of lighter 
colour. According to Skinner, a cub. ft. of seasoned wood weighs 58 lb., and 
the coefficient of transverse strength (P) is 672. Cunningham gives the follow- 
ing figures for sap and heartwood: sap—Weight 51.08, P. 330-385 ; heart— 
Weight 57.41, P. 477-513. The wood is hard, close-, and even-grained, fibrous, 
tough and durable, a favourite material for saddle-trees (for horses’ and camels’ 
saddles), also used for building, agricultural implements, Persian wheels, oil- 
seed-crushers, well-curbs, legs of bedsteads, sandals, tent-pegs, and other pur- 
poses. Yields good charcoal, and is valuable as fuel. 

Lakh is produced on this tree in Sindh, the Panjab, and Central India. The 
bark is used as dye-stuff ; the root isa febrifuge.in native pharmacy. A gum 
exudes from the trunk ; and in Kangra a wild silkworm lives on the tree, the 
silk of which was much employed formerly to tie the barrel to the stock of the 
matchlock. But the tree is mainly cultivated for its fruit, which is more or less 
globose on the wild and commoner sorts, and ovoid or oblong on the cultivated 
and improved kinds. The pulp is mealy, sweetish, with a pleasant taste, and 
some of the cultivated kinds are verysgood indeed. The dried fruit of this spe- 
cies, and possibly also of Z. vulgaris, is sold in the bazaars of the Panjab under . 
the name of wndb ; the best kind is imported from Kandahar. In South India 
oil is extracted from the kernel]. The leaves are much valued as cattle-fodder. 
The tree is readily raised from seed : young plants do not suffer much from frost, 
except that they lose their leaves; they stand a good deal of drought, but their 
roots are often eaten by rats. It thrives best on sandy loam, and on ploughed 
land ; but it can be grown also on soils too saline for Joon, Mulberry, and 
Sissoo. Its growth is less rapid than of Szssoo or Kikar, but it coppices with 
great vigour, and will on that account probably prove a most valuable tree in 
the Panjab plantations. 


5. Z. nummularia, W. & A. Prodr. 162; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 13.—. 
Syn. Z. microphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 613. Sometimes called Camelthorn, 
but erroneously (see Alhagi Maurorum). Vern. Karkanna, Afg. ; Malla, 
ber, berra, birar, jhari, jharbert, jand, kantu, N.W. India ; Gangr, jangra, 
Sindh. 


A thorny, bushy shrub, tomentose ; branches brown, or covered with 
white epidermis; branchlets bifarious, flexuose, armed with twin stipu- 
lar prickles, pilose while young, one straight, slender, very sharp, 4-4 in. 
long, the other much shorter, hooked, bent downwards. Leaves on short 
petioles, ovate, obtuse, denticulate ; main nerves 3, with few prominent 
lateral nerves. Flowers 10-20, in axillary, short, compact cymes ; pedicels 
4 in. long, longer than peduncles. Calyx-lobes keeled nearly to the base; 
petals spathulate, expanding into a broad-obovate, concave or flat lamina ; 
disc slightly 10-lobed, 10-furrowed ; styles 2, nearly distinct. Drupe 


Zizyphus. | XXV. RHAMNEZ. 89 


globose, tin. diam., red, glabrous, shining when ripe; kernel rugose, 2-celled, 
with a hard osseous shell. 


Common throughout North-West India and the drier parts of South India 
above the Ghats ; not known from Bengal and Burma. Gregarious, covers 
extensive tracts in the Panjab, Sindh, Rajputana, and the Dekkan. Ascends 
to 3000 ft. on the eastern flanks of the Suliman range and in the outer Himal- 
aya. Flourishes best in a heavy clay or loam; is abundant in the black soil of 
the Dekkan. South-West Persia. 

Z. nummularia is always a bush, usually 6-8 ft. high, rarely attaining 15 ft., 
forming irregular rounded masses of thorns, with numerous clustered stems, and 
suckers thrown up from the roots. The bark of stems and main branches is 
grey, rugose; the foliage has a dull greyish-green colour. It is never leafless— 
the old leaves generally shed early in the hot weather, and the new leaves 
appear immediately afterwards. Fl. March-June, and the fruit ripens from 
November-January. The principal use of this species is to make fences round 
fields and gardens ; the leaves are thrashed out and used as fodder for sheep 
and goats ; the fruit is eaten, is sweet and acidulous, and hasa pleasant flavour. 
During the famine of 1869, which drove large numbers of the inhabitants of 
Marwar and other parts of western Rajputana from their homes, the fruit of 
this bush served as food to thousands. In the winter ’69-’70, the crop of these 
berries had been plentiful ; and when I marched through Rajputana, from 
Agra to Guzerat, in Dec. 1869 and Jan. 1870, I found the shrubs completely 
stripped of their fruit wherever the flocks of hungry emigrants from Marwar had 
passed through ; and it was only further south, on approaching Neemuch and 
Guzerat, where the Marwar emigrants had been less numerous, that I found the 
shrubs laden with fruit. ‘ 

Of the Zizyphi outside India, 7. Lotus, Lam. ; Boiss. 1..c. 12; a small shrub 
from Northern Africa, comes nearest to this. Like nummularia, Z. Lotus has 
an eatable fruit, which is an important article of food in Tunis and Barbary. It 
throws up abundant suckers from the root, and the description given in 
Mathieu’s Flore Forestiére de la France, p. 50—“ Parfois ’abord de cet arbris- 
seau (in Algeria) est rendu presque impossible par l’entourage serré des drageons 
épineux qwil a produits”—would apply well to Z. nwmmularia. But the Afri- 
can shrub is almost quite glabrous, and the two styles are united nearly to the 
top. There is much variation in the species of Zizyphus as to pubescence, and 
the degree to which the styles are united; but, on the other hand, there does 
not yet seem sufficient ground for uniting Z. nummularia and Z. Lotus. It 
should be added that there are forms of Z. nwmmularva which are exceed- 
ingly similar to frutescent specimens of Z. Jujuba. 


6. Z. rugosa, Lam.; W. & A. Prodr. 162; Wight Ic. t. 339.—Syn. 
Z. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 607. Vern. Dhaura, dhaurt, Baraich and 
Gonda in Oudh ; Suran, Churna, C.P.; Turan, Bomb. 


A straggling shrub or small tree; young branches, inflorescence, prickles, 
and under side of leaves generally covered with a dense ferruginous tomen- 
tum, rarely glabrous. Branches armed with broad, laterally compressed, 
strong, hooked prickles, mostly solitary. Leaves on petioles } in. long, 
with 3 or 4, rarely 5, nerves from base, and prominent lateral nerves, ovate 
or elliptic from an oblique, often cordate base ; 2-5 in. long. Cymes large, 
on long peduncles, axillary and terminal, forming a large compound, 
generally drooping thyrsus. Lobes of calyx outside tomentose, inside with 


90 ; XXV. RHAMNEZ. [ Zizyphus. 


a prominent pilose line, but not keeled ; petals none ; anthers broad-ovate ; 
dise pentagonous. Drupe globose or pyriform, ++ in. long, with a 
l1-celled, 1-seeded kernel, and a thin crustaceous shell. 


Burma, hills of Eastern Bengal, Behar and Sikkim, sub-Himalayan tract as 
far as the Ganges, Oudh forests, Central Provinces, western side of the Peninsula, 
and Ceylon. A straggling evergreen sbrub, often climbing, occasionally a small 
tree with a trunk 2 or 3 ft.in girth. Fl. Nov.-March ; the fruit ripens in April 
and May. Bark exfoliating with flat quadrangular scales of dark brown or 
blackish colour. The fruit is eaten, has a peculiar mawkish flavour; the wood 
is used as fuel, often attacked by insects. . 


7. Z. xylopyra, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 611; W. & A. Prodr. 162.— 
Syn. elliptica and Caracutta, Roxb. 1. c. 610, 612. Vern. Katbér, khat- 
bor, béri, guti, ghotia, goti, gotti, ghuter, gotaha, kakoa, kakor, ghatil, 
chettu, chittania, ghwet, sitaber. 


A large straggling shrub or small tree; young branchlets, under side 
of leaves, and inflorescence generally short- and softly tomentose. Stipular 
prickles generally twin, one straight, the other hooked, recurved, strong, and 
very sharp. Leaves on short petioles, oval or rhomboid, finely serrulate, from 
an unequal-sided, ofteu cordate base, with 3 or 4 main basal nerves, and pro- 
minent lateral nerves, pale, softly tomentose beneath. Cymes axillary, 
compact, on short peduncles, with numerous (occasionally tetramerous) 
flowers ; pedicels shorter than main branches of cyme. Lobes of calyx 
keeled near apex; petals on long claws, hood-shaped. Ovary 3-celled ; 
styles 3, short, distinct. Drupe usually globose, occasionally oblong, with 
the remains of calyx marked as a prominent ring at base; 4-1 in. long, 
covered with a short, soft, grey tomentum, glabrous when old ; dry, almost 
without fleshy pericarp ; putamen furrowed, 3-celled, 3-seeded, with a thick, 
hard, osseous or ligneous shell. ; 


Common all over South India, in Rajputana, the Central Provinces, Bandel- 
khand, and Behar ; also in the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan tract as far 
as the Ganges, ascending to 2000 ft. The old leaves are shed about Feb. or 
March ; the new foliage issues in April and May; the flowers appear about the 
same time ; and the fruit ripens from Sept.-Feb. 

A large straggling shrub, and under favourable conditions a small tree to 15 
ft. high. Often gregarious, covering considerable tracts with an impenetrable 
thorny scrub. Bark of trunk and larger branches light or dark cinereous or 
brownish black, surface smooth or cracked with thick, oblong, exfoliating 
scales. Heart- and sap-wood not distinct, clean, whitish red when fresh-cut, 
when dry yellowish white, orange or brownish, hard and tough, 60 Ib. per 
cub. ft., P = 800 (Skinner). Easily worked and durable, used for cart-building 
and other purposes. Bark employed for tanning; the young shoots, leaves, 
and the fruit serve as fodder for cattle and goats. The fruit is not eatable 
for man, but it is largely collected and sold to be used (after being charred) 
in making a black dye for leather. The kernels are eaten. The wood makes 
excellent torches. 


2. BERCHEMIA, Neck. © 


Shrubs or woody climbers, unarmed, with foliaceous, often intra-axillary 


a 


Berchemia. | XXV. RHAMNEA. 91 


stipules. Leaves alternate, penniveined, elegantly marked underneath 
with parallel nerves diverging from the midrib, and small transverse 
veinlets. Flowers pentamerous. Calyx-segments linear or triangular, de- 
ciduous. Style simple ; stigma capitate, more or less 2- or 4-lobed. Fruit 
a small, ovoid or oblong, 2-celled berry or drupe, on the persistent, but 
not enlarged, base of the “calyx. 


Flowers in small, axillary or terminal clusters i, 
Flowers in large, terminal panicles : ‘ P Paes 


1. B. lineata, DC. ; Benth. Fl. Hong Kong, 67. 


Leaves small, to 4 in. long. Flowers 2-4 together, either in the axils of 
the leaves, or a few clusters together at the ends of branches above the 
leaves. Calyx-lobes long-triangular; petals as long as calyx, linear, . 
sheathing and surrounding the stamens. Berry blue, cylindrical, + in 


long. 


A small shrub, with grey bark, in Waziristan trans-Indus at 7000 ft., and 
from the Indus south-eastward at 4000-5000 ft., in Sikkim at 8000-10,000 ft. 
Common in China. Fl. from May-July, the berries ripening in Sept. 


1. B. floribunda, Brongn.—Syn. Zizyphus floribunda, Wall. in Roxb. 
Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 368. Vern. Kala lag, Kamaon. 


A large shrub or small tree, erect or climbing, with leaves 2-3 in. long, 
stipules intra-axillary bifid ; flowers 3-10, in cymose clusters, arranged in 
racemes 2-3 i see long, which again form large, terminal panicles. Berries 
cylindrical, $-4 in. long. 


N.W. Himalaya from the Jhelam to Sikkim, Kasia hills. Fl. June-July. 
Near to, if not identical with, B. racemosa, Sieb., from China and Japan. 


3. RHAMNUS, Linn. 


Shrubs and trees, with alternate, petiolate leaves, penniveined, or with 
3 nerves proceeding from base, and small deciduous stipules. Flowers often 
unisexual. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the segments triangular or ovate, deciduous, 
keeled inside, or with a prominent line. Petals 4-5, or none. Stamens 4- 
5, with short filaments. Disc clothing the calyx-tube ; petals and stamens 
inserted on its edge. Ovary free, 3-4-celled, narrowed into a 3-4-cleft 
style ; stigmata papillose, obtuse. Fruit an oblong or globose drupe on the 
persistent, but not enlarged, base of the calyx, with 2-4 1l-seeded kernels. 
Seeds with a fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat or with recurved margins, 
often green; radicle short. 


Unarmed ; leaves and branches alternate. 
Pubescent ; flowers in axillary sessile cymes . ; 1. R. purpureus. 
Tomentose ; sessile cymes forming interrupted racemes 2. R. triquetrus. 
Generally spinescent. 
Leaves and branches generally opposite . ; ; 3. RB. virgatus. 
Leaves and branches always alternate. : : 4, R. persicus. 


1. R. purpureus, Edgeworth.—Tab. XVIITI.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 


92 XXV. RHAMNEA. [ Rhamnus. 


44,—Vern. Bat sinjal, tunani zanani (tinani maddani (male) is Vibur- 
num fotens), tadru, tundhi, mimarari, kunji, chaterni, Pb. 


Unarmed, the previous year’s branchlets purple, young parts pubescent, 
Leaves and branchlets always alternate. Leaves membranous, ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, serrate, with 6-10 prominent, 
parallel, nearly straight lateral nerves on either side of midrib, on petioles 
4 in. long ; stipules linear, early deciduous, and leaving broad scars at the 
base of petiole. Flowers 1-5, mostly pentamerous and bisexual, in axillary 
sessile cymes; flower-buds ovoid. Calyx flat, cup-shaped; segments trian- 
gular ; petals none. Style short, 3-cleft nearly to the base. Drupe pear- 
shaped, 4 in. long ; seeds 2-4. 


A moderate-sized tree on the outer Himalaya ranges, from the Indus to the 
Sarda river, between 4500 and 10,000 ft., usually in the more open parts of the 
forests. Fl.in May and June. The fruit ripens from July-October. The small 
bitter fruit is used as a purgative in some parts of the hills, 


2. R. triquetrus, Wall.—Syn. Ceanothus triquetra, Wall. ; Fl. Ind., 
ed. Carey, ii. 376; C. flavescens, Royle. Vern. Gulde(i) or gudle(i), 
fagora, gardhan, phulla, Pb.; Gogsa, ghant, ghont, N.W.P. 


Unarmed ; leaves and branchlets covered with short tomentum, always 
alternate. Leaves generally yellow, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, 
serrate, on petioles # in. long, with 6-10 prominent parallel, nearly straight 
lateral nerves on either side of midrib; stipules subulate, deciduous. 
Flowers generally pentamerous, in sessile, 5-20-flowered cymes, forming in- 
terrupted racemes, frequently leaf-bearing and branched. Flower-buds 
ovoid. Calyx turbinate, segments triangular. Petals short-clawed, emar- 
ginate, sheathing the stamens. Style 3-4-cleft, the branches cohering 
nearly to the apex. Durpe 3-lobed, nearly dry. Seeds on the back (the 
side of the raphe), with a long, broad, open groove. 


Not uncommon in the Salt range and in the North-West Himalaya, between 
3000 and 6000 ft., from the Jhelam to the Sarda river. A small tree, with grey, 
brown, or blackish purple bark, scabrous with elevated specks. Fl. in May and 
June. 


3. BR. virgatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604.—Syn. R. hirsutus, W. & A. 
Prodr. 165 ; Wight Ic. t. 978. Vern. Phipni, dadir, tadru, seta pajja, 
kanji, mamral, shomfol, reteon, gogsa, sindrol, mitni, nior, chatr, romusk, 
Pb. ; Tsapo, mail, Tibet, Spiti; Chato, chedwala, chadua, N.W.P. 


Branchlets generally spinescent, young parts pubescent. Leaves and 
branchlets generally opposite. Leaves frequently fascicled on short 
undeveloped branchlets; lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, ovate or obovate. 
acuminate, 1-4 in. long, narrowed into petiole ++ in. long, serrate or 
crenate, with 3-6 arcuate and converging lateral nerves on either side of 
midrib, the lower pair from near the base of leaf. Flowers greenish on 
slender pedicels, 4-5-merous, crowded in the axils of fascicled leaves, or 


Rhamnus. | XXV. RHAMNEZ. 93 


at the base of branchlets. Flower-buds ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-tube cam- 
panulate or turbinate ; petals minute linear or spathulate ; style filiform, 
2-4-cleft, the branches recurved. Drupes 2-3-celled ; seeds grooved, groove 
narrow, nearly closed. 


Trans-Indus territory, chiefly on and near the base of the hills. Himalaya, 
from 2400-7000, at times to 9500 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan, Nilgiris, and 
other hills near the Western Ghats, also in China. The leaves fall early, the 
fresh foliage appearing in May and June, often after the flowers. Fl. more 
or less at all seasons, but usually April-June, the fruit ripening from October 
during the cold season. | 

A large shrub, or a small tree, 15-20 ft. high, with much-ramified branches, 
long and straight branchlets, forming a dense rounded crown. Bark finely 
variegated, smooth with slight longitudinal wrinkles, the shining epidermis often 
peeling off. Heartwood distinct, of a bright red-brown or chocolate colour, 
strong, hard, and heavy. The fruit is bitter, emetic and purgative, given (trans- 
Indus) in affections of the spleen... , 

This species is closely allied to R. catharticus, L., the common Buckthorn of 
England, which is found nearly all over Europe, and occurs in North Africa and 
Siberia. The only points of difference seem to be that the leaves of FR. cathar- 
ticus frequently have a cordate base, and that the drupe is frequently 4-seeded. 


4. R. persicus, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 17.—Vern. Sherawane, wurak, 
Afg. ; Kukei, nar, nikki kander (small thorn), jalidar, kuchni, Pb. 


Spinescent or unarmed ; leaves and branches alternate. Leaves coria- 
ceous, ovate obovate or oblong, short-petiolate, entire or serrate, pubes- 
cent or short-tomentose, lateral nerves 2-5, not prominent. Flowers 
axillary, tetramerous, dicecious, on short pedicels ; petals small, linear ; 
style 2-4-cleft at the top. Drupe supported by the flat circular base of 
calyx ; seeds with a shining testa, grooved on the back with a wide open 
groove, the edges of it thickened and bent inward at the top. 


Persia. Beluchistan. Eastern flank of the Suliman range, the Salt range, and 
outer Himalaya, from the Indus to the Chenab, at an elevation from 2000-5000 
ft. (A variety—or distinct species—is a small depressed spinescent shrub, in the 
arid Tibetan tract of the Himalaya between 9000 and 14,000 ft. Nubra, Ladak, 
Upper Chenab and Sutlej basin, and Upper Kamaon.) Nearly leafless for some 
months ; the fresh foliage issues about April and May. Flowers at all seasons, 
frequently before the leaves come out. The fruit ripens about November, is 
sweet and edible, but emetic. Trans-Indus it is boiled for two days, and 
administered in affections of the .spleen. | 

In the plains and lower hills, in arid rocky places, grows to a small tree 20 ft. 
high, with a short, erect trunk, and a rounded crown of stiff divergent branches. 


Bark yellowish or dark cinereous, smooth, at times with a whitish, shining, thin, 


exfoliating epidermis. 

This species is closely allied to R. oleoides, L., asmall spinescent shrub com- 
mon in South Europe and North Africa. The main difference is that oleoides is 
always glabrous, and that the leaves are 1-nerved, with reticulate veins. There 
is also some affinity to R. spathulefolius, Fisch. et Mey., from the Caucasian 
provinces. 

Another species, R. procumbens, Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43, a small 
prostrate shrub, with coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate, sharp-serrate leaves, and 


94 XXV. RHAMNEZ. | Rhamnus. 


persistent stipules, axillary, solitary, pentamerous flowers without petals, on 
slender pedicels, is found between 7000 and 8000 ft. about Simla, on the Deoban 
range, and in Kamaon. 


4, HOVENTIA, Thunb. 


A tree, unarmed ; leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers in axil- 
lary pedunculate cymes, pentamerous, bisexual. Calyx broad-obconical ; 
segments ovate, thick, with an elevated median line inside, deciduous after 
flowering. Petals shortly unguiculate, obovate-spathulate. Stamens op- 
posite to petals on the edge of disc; anthers attached at the back, 2-celled, 
bursting longitudinally. Disc fleshy, coating the calyx-tube, surrounding 
the ovary, densely woolly. Ovary 3-celled, with an erect ovule in each 
cell, narrowed into 3 erect styles, more or less coherent. Drupe nearly dry, 
3-celled, 3-seeded ; endocarp thin, crustaceous, brittle. Seeds witha hard, 
shining, dark olive green, thick testa, a fleshy albumen, a straight embryo, 
- with flat foliaceous, orbicular cotyledons. 


1. H. dulcis, Thunb. ; Siebold et Zuccarini, Flora Japonica, t. 73, 74 ; 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 630.—Vern. Chamhiun, Ravi. Pb. 


Pubescent ; leaves alternate, deciduous, petiolate, ovate, long-acuminate, 
serrate, with 3-5 lateral, often alternate nerves on either side of midrib, 
the lowest pair proceeding from the base. Flowers white. The ramifica- 
tions of cymes and fruit-stalks swell into an irregularly and unevenly 
‘oblong fleshy mass, much and variously bent, sweet-aromatic, the pedicels 
remaining dry and slender. 


Commonly cultivated in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, China, and Japan, 
also here and there in Kamaon, and (rarely) in the Panjab Himalaya (a few miles 
north of Chamba, at 4000 ft., and, according to Falconer, but not found since, 
in Hazara). Wallich considered the tree indigenous in Nepal, and Royle states 
that it certainly is wild at 6500 ft. in forests near Mussoori ; but Buchanan (in 
1802) wrote from Katmandu that the tree was originally brought from China, 
or some country subject to China. Grows to be a moderate-sized tree, 30 ft. 
high, with an erect, straight stem, attaining a large girth, and a large broad, — 
rounded crown. Fl. April-May; the fruit ripens in July. The wood is light- 
coloured, coarse and open-grained. The tree is cultivated on account of its 
fruit, which has a pleasant flavour, like that of a Bergamot pear. 


5, SAGERETIA, Brongniart. 


Unarmed or spinescent shrubs, with leaves and angular branches 
generally opposite, or the upper alternate, penniveined leaves and 
small deciduous stipules. Flowers small, pentamerous, bisexual, in small 
sessile clusters, supported by bracts, in terminal or axillary panicles. 
Calyx flat; segments keeled inside, persistent. Disc lining the calyx, up- 
per part free, thick, fleshy, annular or cup-shaped. Petals and stamens 
inserted on the calyx. Petals short-clawed. Ovary 3-celled, narrowed 
into 3 short coherent styles. Fruit a drupe with 3 coriaceous, indehiscent 
kernels. Seeds completely filling the kernels, with a straight embryo, — 
cotyledons foliaceous, enclosed by a thin fleshy albumen. 


Sageretia. | XXV. RHAMNEA. 95 


Leaves acuminate ; lateral nerves 4-8 pair . ‘ 1. S. oppositifolia. 
Leaves acute or obtuse ; lateral nerves 2-4 pair. 
Under side of leaves covered with a dense white 
woolly tomentum : A ; : : 2. 8. Brandrethiana. 
Under side of full-grown leaves glabrous . ; 3. S. theesans. 


1. S. oppositifolia, Brongn. — Syn. Zizyphus oppositifolia, Wall. in 
Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 370. Vern. Kanak, gidardak (jackal’s vine), 
drange, girthan, Pb.; Aglaia, Kamaon. 


Armed with short spinescent branchlets. Leaves short-petiolate, silky- 
tomentose when young, glabrous afterwards, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, acu- 
minate, serrate, 2-4 in. long, with 4-8 pairs of lateral, arcuate nerves. 
Flowers in terminal panicles and lateral racemes, ramifications covered 
with short pubescence. Bracts 3-10 under each cluster, ovate, brown, cili- 
ate. Calyx-lobes brown, persistent. Drupe turbinate, not lobed, 4} in. 
long, black when ripe. 


Common in the North-West Himalaya, alt. 2000-6000 ft.; from the Indus 
to Bhutan, also in the Konkan and on the Nilgiris. Fl. at various seasons, 
chiefly in autumn ; the fruit, which is. sweetish and edible, ripens in spring 
and summer. A large shrub or small tree, branches often climbing, angular, 
pubescent. Bark of stem and larger branches cinereous, often white speckled 
and fairly smooth. 


2. $. Brandrethiana, Aitchison; Linn. Journ. viii. 62; Boissier FI. 
' Orient. ti. 22.—Vern. Momanna, maimiuna, numani, Afg.; Ganger, 
Kanger, goher, koher, Pb. 


Armed with numerous spinescent branchlets; under side of leaves, 
young branches, and ramifications of inflorescence covered with a dense 
white woolly tomentum. Leaves on short petioles, elliptical, 1 in. long, 
entire or slightly dentate, glabrous above, lateral nerves 2-4 pair. Flower- 
panicles terminal and axillary. Bracts small, brown, ovate. Drupe ovoid, 
obtuse, trisulcate, size of a small pea or black currant, succulent, with 
raised longitudinal nerves, black when ripe. 


Abundant on the east side of the Suliman range, in the Salt range, and at 
places in the outer N.W. Himalaya, between the Indus and Jhelam; also in 
Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Muscat. Fl. usually from January-April, the 
fruit ripening about May. A shrub, at most 10-12 ft. high, branches stiff, diver- 
gent ; the younger decussate, and often spinescent. Bark of larger branches 
“ae with a thin, white, shining epidermis, exfoliating while young. The 
oliage easily distinguished by the dark green upper- and white tomentose un- 
_ der side of the leaves. The fruit is sweetish, and is a great favourite with the 
Afghans ; it is sold in bazaars of the frontier districts, and in some places a con- 
diment is made of it. 


3. §. theesans, Brongn. ; Benth. Fl. Hong Kong, 68.—Vern. Drangu, 


— ankol, kauli, karur, phomphli, kanda, brinkol, chaunsh, katrain, thiim, 


kim, Pb. 


96 XXV. RHAMNEZ. | Sageretia. 


Branchlets often spinescent, glabrous, or young parts pubescent. Leaves 
short-petioled, elliptic or ovate, more or less distinctly serrate, 1-14 in. 
long, with 3 or 4 pairs of distant lateral nerves, glabrous, shining on both 
sides, pale beneath. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Bracts 
brown, ovate. Fruit globular, the size of a small pea, irregularly rugose, 
dark brown when ripe. 


Common in places on the eastern flank of the Suliman range, at between 
2000 and 8000 ft.; in the Salt range, and in the North-West Himalaya, between 
3000 and 8000 ft., from the Jhelam to the Sarda ; also in China and Japan. 
Fl. August- November, A small shrub 6-8 ft. high ; "the bark of older branches 
grey or brown, with small white lenticels and “shallow longitudinal furrows. 
The fruit is eaten in parts of the Himalaya, and in China. The leaves are 
used as tea by the poorer classes in China. 


6. VENTILAGO, Gertn. 


Climbing, unarmed shrubs, with alternate, simple, petiolate leaves. 
Flowers small, pentamerous, bisexual, in terminal or axillary panicles. 
Calyx-segments keeled inside. Petals hooded, deflexed. Stamens 
adnate to the base of the petals. Disc pentagonal, margin free. Ovary 
immersed in the disc, 2-celled ; style very short. Fruit a subglobose nut, 
prolonged into an apical, linear, coriaceous wing, 1-celled, l-seeded. Seed 
subglobose, exalbuminous, with a membranous testa ; cotyledons thick, 
fleshy ; radicle inferior, very short. 


Lower half of fruit enclosed in the cup-shaped calyx . 1. V. calyculata. 
Remains of calyx forming a flat disc at the base of fruit 2. V. maderaspatana. 


1. V. calyculata, Tulasne.—Syn. V. maderaspatana ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. 
t. 76; FL Ind.i.629. Vern. Papri, C.P.; Rakat-pita, kala lag, Kamaon. 


A large climbing shrub, with woody tendrils ; branchlets, petioles, the 
younger leaves, and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves glabrate, subcoria- 
ceous, elliptic-oblong from an oblique base, acuminate, irregularly dentate 
or entire ; main lateral nerves 6-8 on either side of midrib, arcuate, anas- 
tomosing by numerous fine parallel and distinct intramarginal veins ; 
blade 3-4 in.; petiole less than + in. long. Flowers numerous, small, 
greenish, with a strong and offensive smell, in long, terminal, leafless 
panicles. Nut subglobose, ¢ in, diam., girt about the middle by the 
rim of the adnate calyx ; wing linear, 2h j in. long, pubescent, terminated 
by the remains of the bifid style. 


Bengal, Central India, Western Ghats, Oudh forests, Rohilkhand, and sub- 
Himalayan tract to the J umna—climbing to the top of the tallest ‘trees. FI 
March. Seed ripens May. 

V. Bombaiensis, Dalzell Bomb. Fl. 48, probably belongs to this species. 


2. V. maderaspatana, Geertner ; Wight Ic. t. 163; W. & A. Prodr. 
164.—Vern. Lokandi, kanwaitl, Bomb. 


A large climbing shrub; leaves ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining, 
pubescent while young. Nut globose, % in. diam., the remains of calyx 


Ventilago. | XXV. RHAMNE. 97 


forming a flat disc at the base; wing linear, 1-2 in. long, glabrous, 
shining. 

South India, Ceylon, Burma, Ind. Archipelago. F1.C.S. Cordage made of the 
bark. The root of this or the preceding species is collected and used as a red dye 
in Mysore, Salem, and Bellary (vern. Popli-chukay, Mysore), Buchanan i. 168. 


Orver XXVI. AMPELIDEZ. 


Shrubs, erect or climbing; leaves alternate, petiolate, simple or com- 
pound. Flowers regular,’ small, in cymose panicles, racemes or spikes, 
terminal or leaf-opposed. Calyx small, entire, 4-5-dentate or -lobed. 
Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, small, valvate in the bud, distinct or cohering 
at the base or at the top. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, 
hypogynous, free and distinct or monadelphous. Ovary 2-6-celled, 
with 2 erect collateral ovules, or a, single ovule in each cell, Style simple, 
often very short, or stigma sessile. Fruit a berry, with 1 or few bony 
seeds. Embryo very small, in the base of a copious albumen.—Gen. 
Pl. i. 386; Royle Ill. 144; Wight Ill. i. 149. 


Woody or herbaceous climbers ; filaments free ; ovary 2-celled ; . 1. Vitis. 
Erect shrubs or large herbs ; filaments united in a tube; ovary 3-6 celled 2. Lega. 


1. VITIS, Linn. 


Vines, branchlets tumid at the nodes. Tendrils and peduncles generally 
leaf-opposed, tendrils rarely wanting. Leaves alternate, or the lowest 
opposite, entire palmately lobed or compound ; leaflets pedate, ternate, or 
quinate. Stipules membranous, deciduous. Flowers numerous, cymose. 
Inside of calyx filled with a fleshy torus, which expands around the base 
of the ovary into a 4-5-lobed hypogynous disc. Petals 5 or 4, inserted 
under the edge of the disc, their summits frequently induplicate and 
slightly cohering, when the whole corolla, lifted up by the stamens, 
separates from the base, and falls away together ; sometimes expanding in 
the ordinary way, early deciduous. Stamens free, inserted with the petals ; 
filaments distinct ; anthers cordate-ovate, fixed near the middle, 2-celled, 
the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile, 2-celled, its base sur- 
rounded by the fleshy disc. Fruit a 2-celled (or by abortion 1-celled) 
globular berry, the cells 2-seeded, or by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds obo- 
void, the membranous testa covering a thick, bony, inner integument. 
Albumen cartilaginous-fleshy. 

Numerous climbers in the Indian forest belong to this genus. It must here 
suffice to enumerate a few of the larger ones in North and Central India. Few 
Indian genera demand more study on the spot, and the following arrangement 
is by no means satisfactory :— 


Leaves simple ; fl. pentamerous, in thyrsoid panicles. 
Branches glabrous or with deciduous tomentum ; leaves 
suborbicular. 
Panicles leaf-opposed, occasionally cirrhiferous ; 1. 
green ; petals cohering . ; ‘ i ; . 
Panicles on leaf-opposed tendrils; fl. deep reddish brown; 
petals distinct . ’ ‘ : ; : ‘ . 2 Vz. latifolia. 
Branches glabrous ; leaves ovate, longer than broad . 3 V. parvifolia, 


G 


l. V. vinifera. 


98 XXVI. AMPELIDEA. [ Vitis. 


Branches densely tomentose. _ 


Flowers in large compound panicles; petals connate . 4 lanata. 
6 


Re 
5. V. indica. 
Leaves simple; fl. tetramerous, in dichotomous cymes . 6. V. adnata. 

Leaves simple ; stems fleshy, quadrangular; fl. tetramerous 7. V. quadrangularis. 
Leaves trifoliolate. 


Flowers in compact cylindrical racemes ; petals distinct 


Flowers pentamerous ; : : : ; . 8. V. himalayana. 
Flowers tetramerous, in leaf-opposed cymes; leaves rough 9. V. carnosa. 
Flowers tetramerous, in axillary cymes ; leaves glabrous. 10. V. lanceolaria. 


1. V. vinifera, Linn.; W. & A. Prodr. 130. The grape vine.-—Sans. 
Draksha; Arab. Ainab; Pers. Angur. Vern. Dakh, dakki, draksha, 
angur. Local, Lanang (fruit, dakhang), Kunawar. 


A large woody climber, with long, bifid tendrils. Leaves glabrous 
above, clothed beneath with grey, floccose, deciduous tomentum, suborbi- 
cular with cordate base, more or less deeply 5-lobed, edge cut into large, un- 
equal, acute teeth ; basal nerves 5, the midrib with 4-5 pair of prominent 
main lateral nerves. Petiole generally shorter than leaf, but longer than 
half its length. Flowers green, fragrant, pentamerous, on slender pedicels 
longer than flower, in umbelliform cymes, which form large pyramidal 
compound panicles, one of the lower branches of the inflorescence sometimes 
terminating in a short tendril. Bracts oblong, early deciduous. Petals 


oblong, cohering at the top, separating from the base, and raised by the 
development of the stamens. 


Indigenous in Armenia, the Caucasus, other parts of Western Asia, and 
bade ee also in Bulgaria, Thracia, and Greece, where the vine is found as a 
arge woody climber on Ostrya, Fraximus, Platanus, and other trees, in 
shady forests and moist valleys. In the N.W. Himalaya, also, the vine is 
often found apparently wild, but it is not always easy to distinguish it from 
some of the other species (Thoms. West. Him. 348). The native country of 
the vine cannot precisely be defined, for whenever cultivated under favourable 
climatic conditions, it spreads readily. So much, however, is certain, that its 
cultivation, both in Syria and Greece, is as old as the oldest historical records 
which we possess of those countries ; that Greek colonists and traders imported 
it into Italy at an early age (oivos, xnwm) ; that from Western Asia and South- 
Eastern Europe its cultivation has gradually spread over the rest of Europe ; 
and that from Europe it has been introduced to the Cape, temperate Australia, © 
and North America. 

The present northern limit of vineyards on a large scale is at 47° 30’ N. 
lat. in the Bretagne, and thence runs eastward, slightly tending towards the 
north, crossing the Rhine at lat. 50° 45’, and attaining its northernmost 
point in Silesia at lat. 51° 55’—(Grisebach, Vegetation der Erde, i. 126.) 
The comparison of this line with the lines of equal temperature during the 
different seasons, shows that it is the want of sufficient summer-heat which — 
prevents its gaatenne cultivation further north in Western Europe. In the 
middle ages, however, there were vineyards in the south of England, and not 
far from the Baltic. In India, extensive vineyards were formerly in Kunawar, 
from Jani to Sangnam (between 5500 and 9000 ft.), and in some of the other in- 
ner and drier valleys of the N.W. Himalaya. But the vine disease broke out in 
these secluded valleys (between 1855 and 1860), and since then the cultivation 
has greatly diminished. Excellent grapes are grown in: Kashmir, the plains of 
North-West India, the Dekkan, and in other parts of India, but not in the moist 
tropical climate of the western coast below Ghat, and of the Burma coast. Nor 
does the grape vine bear well in Lower Bengal. In the Himalaya the grape 


Vitis.] XXVI. AMPELIDE. 99 


ripens in peter, in the plains of the North-West in June, and in the Dekkan 
in March. In the Mauritius the vine flowers twice, in Apr. and Sept. (Bojer, 
Hort. Maur. 60). The wood of the vine is remarkable by its numerous large 
medullary rays and exceedingly numerous pores, giving it the appearance of a 
sieve. In spring it yields an abundance of clear watery sap, which rises with 
great force, and several Indian species do the same. 


2. V. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i 661; W. & A. Prodr. 130,—Syn. 
Cissus latifolia, Vahl; Dalzell & Gibson, Bomb. FI. 39. 


A large herbaceous climber, from a perennial root-stock. Tendrils long, 
bifid, often flower-bearing. Leaves tomentose beneath, suborbicular, with 
cordate base, angled or slightly 5-lobed, lobes dentate ; basal nerves 5 ; the 
midrib with 3-5 pair of prominent main lateral nerves. Petioles shorter 
than leaf. Flowers pentamerous, deep reddish brown, on short thick 
pedicels, in compound pyramidal panicles 1-4 in. long, issuing from the 
middle of the tendril before it,divides ; petals distinct. Ovary 10-fur- 
rowed at the apex. Berry black. 


Plains of North-West India, Sub-Himalayan tract (Sewaliks and Bhabar), as 
far as the Sutlej. Satpura range. The Konkan. Also in Bengal and South 
India. Fl. May-July. Madden, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. pt.i. 379, notices V. late- 
Folia as “an immense climber, with cable-like stems, sometimes 2 ft. in diam.” 
Vern. Pan lagila, Bhains-amli, Kamaon. Is this another species ? (perhaps 
adnata.) 


3. V. parvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 662. Vern. Berain, Kamaon. 


A slender vine, stem and old branches ligneous, branchlets glabrous. 
Tendrils bifid. Leaves glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, ovate, acu- 
minate, dentate or serrate, often more or less deeply 3-lobed ; basal nerves 
5, midrib with 2-3 pair of main lateral nerves. Flowers minute, green, 
pentamerous, on long slender pedicels, umbellate, the umbels arranged 


in a panicle, 1-2 in. long, leaf-opposed, or inserted on a tendril. Petals 
cohering at the apex. 


Sub-Himalayan tract, and outer ranges from Kashmir to Bengal, ascending 
to 6000 ft. Fl. April, May. 


4. V. lanata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660; W. & A. Prodr. 131. Vern. 
Purain, Kamaon. 


Woody, climbing over high trees; branches, petioles, and peduncles 
woolly. Leaves ovate, from a flat or cordate base, acuminate, about 4 in. 
long, 3 in. broad, dentate, angled or indistinctly 3-lobed, densely clothed 
beneath with rusty or reddish soft tomentum. Flowers small, green- 
ish, pentamerous, umbellate, on slender pedicels, in large compound leaf- 
opposed panicles, one of the lower branches often terminating in a tendril. 


Petals pale yellow, cohering at the apex. Fruit globose, the size of a pea, 
1-seeded. 


South India, Bengal, Sub-Himalayan tract, as far north as Hazara, ascending 
to 5000 ft. Fl. April, May. The stem yields an abundance of sap in Spring. 
(Madden.) 

V. rugosa, Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 480.—Vern. Asoja pahar- 
phuta (the mountain-splitter), creeps over crags and rocks in Kamaon at: from 


100 XXVI. AMPELIDEA. [ Vitis. 


5000 to 6500 ft. (Madden Journ. As. Soc. vol. xvii. pt. i, 417), and resembles 
V. lanata, but differs by larger leaves 6-12 in. long, deep red flowers, the petals 
distinct, not cohering. Fl. July. Grapes edible, ripen Sept.-Oct. (whence the 
first vern, name). In W. & A. Prodr., this sp. is united with V. lanata. 


5. V. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660; W. & A. Prodr. 131. 


A large climber ; branches petioles and peduncles villose ; leaves hard, 
firm, broad-ovate, 3-6 in. long, and of equal breadth, with a deep-cordate 
base, not lobed or angled, but large- and shallow-crenate, the nerves ter- 
minating in hard glandular teeth; under side rusty-tomentose, upper floc- 
cose, at length glabrous. Flowers minute, pentamerous, yellowish green 
or greenish purple, on slender pedicels, umbels sessile along the rachis of 
a short compact cylindrical raceme, inserted about the middle of a long 
bifid tendril. Petals distinct ; fruit globose, 1-2-seeded. 

South and probably Central India. Bengal. FI. March, April. 


nA adnata, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 126.—Syn. Cissus adnata, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. i. 405 ; Wight Ic. t. 144. 


A large woody climber, young parts densely pubescent. Leaves broad- 
ovate from cordate base, acuminate, angled, and sharp-dentate. Flowers 
tetramerous, greenish yellow, in rounded leaf-opposed cymes; petals dis- 
tinct. Berry black when ripe. 

Sub-Himalayan tract. Oudh forests, Satpura range. Bengal, South India. 
Fl, April-June. (C. rosea, Royle Ill. t. 26, is nearly allied to this, but has pink 
flowers and larger leaves. Sewalik and Bhabar, Jumna to Sarda. 


7. V. quadrangularis, Wall.; W.& A. Prodr. 125 ; Wight Ic. t. 51.— 
Syn. Cissus quadrangularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 407. Vern. Harjora, Beng. 

A perennial climber ; stems and branches dichotomous, succulent, quad- 
rangular, constricted at the nodes, the angles winged. Leaves fleshy, vary- 
ing from ovate and entire to cordate and deeply 3-lobed. Tendrils long, 
generally simple, leaf-opposed. Flowers tetramerous, pink and white, in 
umbelliform cymes, on short, leaf-opposed peduncles. Petals distinct. 
Berry globose, size of a small pea, red, 1-seeded. 

Common throughout tropical and subtropical India. Fl. R.S., fr. C.S. Ber- 
ries very acid, leaves and tender shoots eaten. Dalzell, Bombay FI. 40, calls this 
Cissus edulis, and a nearly allied species without wings in Guzerat (vern. 
Harsanker), he calls Cissus quadrangularis, Linn. | 


8. V. himalayana.—Syn. Ampelopsis himalayana, Royle Ill. 149. 
Vern. Chappar tang, Kamaon. 


A large soft-wooded climber or scrambling shrub ; glabrous, or youngest 
shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate, smooth, shining ; leaflets 
equally stalked, acuminate, sharp-serrate or dentate with cuspidate teeth, 
the terminal leaflet ovate or obovate ; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, the 
two lateral leaflets very unequal-sided, falcate, or semicordate, all reticulate 
beneath with prominent veins. Stipules oblong, early deciduous. Flowers 
yellowish green, pentamerous, in compound, trichotomous, leaf-opposed, 
spreading cymes. Peduncles as long as, or shorter than, petiole of the 
opposite leaf. 


Vitis. | XXVI. AMPELIDEA'. 101 


Himalaya, 3000-9000 ft. (in Sikkim, to 11,000 ft.), from Kashmir to Assam 
Kasia hills, Pulney hills, Burma. Fl. April, May. Hardy in England. 


9. V. carnosa, Wall. ; W. & A. Prodr. 127.—Syn. Cissus carnosa, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. 409. 


A large climber, with herbaceous compressed stem, from a perennial root- 
stock. Young parts clothed with short pubescence. Leaves trifoliolate, 
rough ; leaflets ovate or elliptic, the two lateral short-stalked, nearly ses- 
sile, often oblique, crenate-serrate, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair; stipules 
oblong. Flowers tetramerous, greenish white, in trichotomous, compound, 
leaf-opposed cymes; peduncles generally longer than common petiole of 
the opposite leaf. Petals distinct. Berries black, 2-4-seeded. 


Common in hedges and forests in most parts of India and Burma, as far north 
as the Salt range and the Indus in the Panjab. Fl. July, Aug. 


10. V. lanceolaria, Wall.; Wi & A. Prodr. 128.—Syn. Cissus lanceo- 
laria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 412. 


A large, evergreen, climbing shrub, glabrous, only inflorescence pu- 
bescent. Stems woody, with rough often muricated bark ; tendrils leaf- 
opposed. Leaves trifoliolate, coriaceous ; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, peti- 
olulate, penniveined, 3-5 in. long, distantly serrate, acuminate. Flowers 
unisexual, pale yellow, tetramerous, in axillary, subsessile, dichotomous, 
compound cymes. Petals distinct. Fruit ovoid, $ in. long. 

South India, Oudh forests. Fl. March, April. 

A trifoliolate vine is described by Madden, 1. c. 379, 418, as V. tomentosa 
(Vern. Chappertang, chappertain, cheprain, amila), with red flowers, similar 
to those of V. rugosa. “Very common, reaching to 6000 ft. in Kamaon.” VJ. 
capreolata, Royle Ill. i. 149 — capreolata, Don ; Royle IIL t. 26) ; Vern. 
Pang pata, Kamaon ; is a slender climber, with pedate, 5-foliolate, glabrous 
leaves, common in the N.W. Himalaya, 4000-7000 tt “ Clinging to the trunks 
of trees as closely as the ivy” (Royle). 


2. LEEA, Linn. 


Herbs or shrubs, branches generally furrowed. Leaves alternate, rarely 
opposite, simple pinnate bipinnate or tripinnate ; petioles with broad 
sheathing base. Flowers in compound cymes; peduncles leaf-opposed ; 
no tendrils. Calyx 5-dentate. Petals 5, more or less cohering at the 
base, and adhering to the staminal tube. Stamens 5; anthers on short 
filaments, inserted on the outside of an entire or 5-cleft staminal tube. 
Ovary inserted on the disc, 3-6-celled ; style short ; one ovule in each cell. 
Fruit a 3-6-celled berry. Seeds erect ; embryo small in a cartilaginous 
albumen. 


Several species of this genus are large perennial herbs or herbaceous shrubs, 
characteristic of certain descriptions of forests in India. The following are found 
in the sub-Himalayan tract of N.W. India :— 


Leaves pinnate, or the lower only bipinnate. 
Peduncle as long as cyme, or shorter . . . 1. L. aspera. 
Peduncle several times longer than cyme . 2 L. alata. 
All leaves bipinnate : ; 3. L. sambucina. 
Leaves simple 4. I. macrophylla. 


102 XXVI. AMPELIDEA:. | Leea. 


1.-L. aspera, Wall. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii, 468 ; Edgeworth 
Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 36.—Vern. Kumali, kurmali, Kamaon. 


A tall herbaceous perennial, 2-4 ft. high, pubescent. Leaves impari- 
pinnate, the lower leaves often bipinnate ; common petiole not winged ; 
leaflets (pinnee) 2-3 pair, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, base cordate 
or rounded, 4-8 in. long, pale beneath, obtusely dentate, main lateral 
nerves 12-16 pair, joined by distinct intramarginal and numerous fine 
closely-parallel veins. Cymes sessile or short-pedunculate, with subulate, 
deciduous bracts. Anthers not adhering to each other ; filaments inserted 
near the base of the staminal tube, alternating with its oblong, obtuse. 
emarginate lobes. Berry black. 


Forests of the Outer Himalayan valleys, ascending to 6000 ft. Bias to Nepal, 
Oudh forests, Satpura range. Fl, June, July. 


2. L. alata, Edgew. 1. c. 36.—Syn. LZ. rubra, Royle Il. p. 145. 


A large herbaceous perennial, glabrous, but rough with elevated dots. 
Leaves imparipinnate ; common petiole furrowed, winged with narrow 
membranous wings; leaflets 3 pair, 6-10 in. long, oblong, acute, base 
acute or rounded, the upper 2 pair sessile, the lowest pair short-petiolate ; 
petioles winged ; main lateral nerves 8-]2, joined by parallel, transverse, 
and intramarginal veins. Cymes compact, compound, on long peduncles 
more than twice the length of cyme ; peduncles and rantifications of cymes 
red, furrowed, winged, and rough with elevated glandular dots. Anthers 
adhering to each other sideways ; filaments inserted below the edge of 
staminal tube, alternating with its obovate lobes. 


Siwalik and sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to 
3000 ft. FL R.S. 


3. L. sambucina, Willd.—Syn. LZ. Staphylea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 658; 
W. & A. Prodr. 132; Wight Ill. i. t. 58. 


A shrub, with stout soft-wooded stems; glabrous. Leaves twice or 
thrice pinnate’; pinne 2-3 pair ; leaflets on short petioles, firm, hard, pale 
beneath, oblong ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, coarsely serrate, with 8-12 
main lateral nerves; transverse veins not prominent. Stipules large, 
adnate to the base of petiole, coloured. Flowers greenish white, in large, 
trichotomous, divaricate cymes, on short peduncles. Berry black or dark- 
blue, size of a small cherry, depressed, 4-6-furrowed, 4-6-seeded. 

Widely spread in the forests of tropical and subtropical India, probably in 


the forests of Oudh, Kamaon, and the Central Provinces. Tropical Asia, Upper 
Guinea, Queensland, and North Australia. Fl. B.S. 


4, L. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 653; Wight Ic. t. 1154. 


A large herbaceous perennial. Leaves broad-cordate, 12-20 in. long, 
deeply and unequally dentate, pale beneath, 8-12 pair main lateral nerves. 
Flowers small, white, in large terminal, compound ¢ymes. 


Forests of tropical and subtropical India, sub-Himalayan tract to the Ganges. 
Fl. B.S. * 


sculus. } XXVII. SAPINDACEA. 103 


Orpen XXVII SAPINDACEZ, 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, with or without stip- 
ules, and small flowers which are generally polygamous. Sepals mostly 
4-5, imbricate, rarely valvate, more or less connate. Petals mostly 3-5 or 
none, imbricate, often hairy below. Disc complete or I-sided. Sta- 
mens hypogynous, 5-10, generally 8, the filaments often hairy. Ovary 
1-4-celled, generally 3-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, on axile placentas. 
Fruit various ; seeds generally without albumen.-—Gen. Pl. i. 388; Royle 
Ill. 136; Wight Ill. i. 139. 


Fruit coriaceous, 1-3-celled ; leaves without stipules. 
Leaves opposite, palmately compound . ; : . 1. AXscuULuS. 
Leaves alternate, pinnate : r : . 2. SCHLEICHERA. 

Fruit of 1-3 nearly distinct indehiscent carpels ; leaves usually 

without stipules. 
Carpels not winged ; leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate or uni- 
foliolate . F ; ; ‘ ‘ 
Carpels 2, with long wings at the back ; leaves opposite, sim- 
ple, entire or palmatifid . : : : : 
Fruit a,membranous, dehiscent, 2-5-celled capsule ; leaves with 
or without stipules. 
Sepals 5, valvate ; petals none; stamens 8; leaves simple, 
alternate, without stipules ; ‘ , 
Sepals 5,-imbricate ; petals 5; stamens 5; leaves opposite, 
trifoliolate or pinnate, stipulate : é : 


3. SAPINDUS. 


4, ACER. 


5. DopoN@a. 


6. STAPHYLEA. 


1, HSCULUS, Linn. 


Trees with large scaly buds, and opposite, digitate, deciduous leaves, 
without stipules. Flowers showy, in an ample terminal thyrsus, poly- 
gamous, the fertile flowers generally near the base of the branches of the 
thyrsus, the others sterile by abortion of the ovary, otherwise similar; the 
pedicels articulate; bracts deciduous. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 
5-lobed, deciduous, the lobes more or less unequal, imbricate in bud. 
Petals 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, often only 4 from the 
abortion of the fifth, hypogynous, unequal, imbricate in bud, deciduous. 
Disc hypogynous, lobed. Stamens 6-8, commonly 7, outer circle 5, 
alternate with petals, inner circle 1-3; filaments subulate or filiform ; 
_ anthers versatile, introrse, with glandular tips at both ends, 2-celled, open- 
ing longitudinally. Ovary 3-celled; style slender, undivided ; ovules 2 
in each cell. Fruit a large leathery capsule, 1-3-celled, the cells 1-seeded, 
loculicidally 2-3-valved. Seeds large, with a smooth, shining, coriaceous 
testa, and a broad opaque hilum. Albumen none; cotyledons thick, 
fleshy, more or less corrugate, and coherent by their contiguous faces, un- 
equal, incumbent on the short conical radicle, plumule conspicuous, 2-leaved. 
The cotyledons remain in the coriaceous testa whilst the seed germinates. 


1. A. indica, Colebrooke.— Tab. XIX.—=Syn. Pavia indica, Wall. ; 
Jacquemont Voy. Bot. t. 35. The Indian Horse-chestnut.—Vern. Seutoalla, 
Kaffiristan ; Torjaga, Trans-Indus ; Hane, hanudun, Kashmir; Ban-khor 
(forest-walnut), gugu, kanor, Pb. ; Pankar, N.W.P. 


104 XXVII. SAPINDACEA. | Bseulus, 


Leaflets 5-9, generally unequal, the centre leaflets longer, 6-9 in. long, 
glabrous, oblong, acuminate, sharp-serrate, petiolule 4-1 in. long. 15-20 
alternate, arcuate, lateral nerves on either side of midrib. Thyrsus 12-15 
in. long, composed of numerous scorpioid cymes on short peduncles ; 
pedicels and calyx covered with grey, mealy pubescence. Calyx tubular, 
frequently splitting as the flower opens, with 5 short, obtuse, unequal 
teeth, one obcordate, larger than the others. Petals 4, white and yellow, 
clawed, lamina obcordate ; 2 petals narrower than the rest. Stamens 7 ; 
filaments filiform, longer than petals. Disc unilateral. Capsule ovoid or 
obovoid, 1-2 in. long, brown when ripe, reddish brown when young, 
somewhat rough outside, but not echinate. Seeds dark brown or black. 


Wild in Kaffiristan at 7000-8000 ft., in the forests on the Trans-Indus hills 
north-west of Peshawar, and common in many parts of the North-West Hima- 
laya*at 3400-9000 ft., from the Indus to Nepal. Never entirely bare of leaves. 
Flowers appear about April and May, when the tree, loaded with the large up- 
right panicles of variegated blossoms, presents a very striking appearance. The 
fruit ripens between July and Oct. 

~The North Indian horse-chestnut is not a gregarious tree, but is often found 
in large numbers, particularly in moist and shady valleys. The trunk is short, 
attaining large girth (12-15 ft., occasionally 25 ft.) Numerous large boughs, 
spreading into a broad, depressed, close, umbrageous crown 40-50 ft. high, much 
resembling in habit the common horse-chestnut. The bark of trunk and _—_ 
boughs is thick (#-1 in.), the inner half light-yellowish brown, soft and brittle, 
the outer darker brown and more fibrous. Outer surface grey or dark brown, 
divided by numerous long shallow furrows into long quadrangular plates, often 
winding spirally round the trunk. When old, the outer layers partly peel off 
upwards in long strips, leaving exposed a smooth grey surface. The wood is 
light brown, soft, open-grained, not much valued, but used in the hills for 
building, for water-troughs, platters, packing-cases. Has been found to answer 
well for tea-boxes. The Tibetan drinking-cups are sometimes made of this 
wood, 

The twigs and leaves are largely lopped for winter fodder in the Himalaya 
and Kafliristan. Cattle and goats feed on the fruit. The seeds contain an abun- 
dance of starch combined with a bitter principle. In times of scarcity they are 
used as food, ground and mixed with flour, after having been steeped in water 
for some time. 

Closely allied to this species is A. punduana, Wall., A. assamica, Griff., the 
horse-chestnut of Sikkim, Assam, and the Kasia hills; also found by me in 
the Thoungyeen forests of Tenasserim, with larger, more coriaceous, obovate- 
oblong leaves, nearly sessile, and the thyrsus composed of long-pedunculate 
scorpioid cymes. 

sculus Huppocastanum, Linn., the common horse-chestnut, which has been 
cultivated in Europe ever since the sixteenth century (1576 in Vienna), has 
echinate capsules, 4 or 5 broad petals, larger leaflets, woolly when young, with 
double serratures, and prominent lateral nerves. The common horse-chestnut 
is supposed to be indigenous in India (Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 947). Of this, 
however, there is as yet no proof, and its original home is unknown. It is found 
in Persia and the Caucasian region, but not really wild. 


2. SCHLEICHERA, Willd. . 


Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules. Flowers fasciculate, 
polygamous. Calyx small, 4-6-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 6-8, longer 


Schleichera. | XXVII. SAPINDACEZ. 105 


than calyx, inserted near the centre of a flat, undulate, indistinctly lobed 
dise ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, 3-4-celled, 
narrowed into a rigid style ; stigma capitate, 3-4-cleft, divisions recurved ; 
one erect ovule in each cell. Fruit dry, coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-3-celled. 
Seeds enclosed in a fleshy arillus; embryo conduplicate, the cotyledons 
unequal and closely coherent. 


F1.S. trijuga, Willd’.— Tab. XX.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 119; Roxb. Fl. 
Ind. ii. 277; W. & A. Prodr. 114.—Vern. Kosum, kossum, kussumb, 
gausam, kiisam, North-West and Central India ; kassuma, Koham, kocham, 
Panch Mehals; Sagdi marra, Can. ; Gyoben, Burm. 


Young parts downy. Leaves abruptly pinnate, coriaceous when old ; 
leaflets 2-4 pair, opposite, sessile, oblong, entire, obtuse-acute or short 
acuminate, with 10-18 main lateral nerves on either side of the midrib, 
and intermediate shorter nerves ; the leaflets of the lowest pair 1-3 in., of 
the terminal pair 6-9 in, long. Flowers yellow, on short pedicels, fascicled 
on interrupted, often branched, racemes. Racemes axillary, or below the 
leaves, often several on short branchlets. Male and bisexual flowers 
generally on different trees. Fruit the size of a nutmeg, pointed, often 
echinate. Seeds 1 or 2, with a smooth brown testa, enclosed by a 
pulpy arillus, which has a pleasant acid taste. The cotyledons full of 
fat oil. 


Common in the dry forests of Southern, Central, and Eastern India, at 
elevations below 3000 ft. In North-West India it is found in the Oudh 
forests and the Siwalik tract, where it ascends to 3000 ft., its western limit 
being the Sutlej river. It is grown in gardens near Lahore, and in Sindh. 
The esuih is not a gregarious tree ; it grows singly, or a few together, mixed 
with the other trees of the dry forest. The old leaves are shed in Feb., the 
young foliage comes out in March, affording a grateful shade when the other 
trees of the dry forest are still leafless. The young leaves are purple at first, 
then light green, the old foliage has a deep green colour. The fl. come out with 
the young leaves. 

A large tree, attaining 60-70 ft. in South India and Burma, smaller in Central 
and North India. Trunk scooped out longitudinally, with deep and irregular 
furrows, 5-6 feet in girth (to 12 ft.in Burma and South India), often hollow 
when large, with a few large ascending boughs, forming a broad rounded 
crown. Bark $ in. thick, ash-grey or greyish brown, marked by shallow hollows, 
left by oblong, exfoliating scales. 

Heartwood distinct, red or reddish brown, very heavy, close-grained, hard, 
tough, and strong. Pores scanty, small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays 
very numerous, very fine. Seasons well, takes polish, and is very durable. 
Weighs between 66 and 70 lb. per cub. ft. Valued where strength, hardness, 
and durability are required. Oil, rice, and sugar crushers, pestles and mortars, 


_rollers, screws, and the teeth of harrows are made of it; it is also used in build- 


Ing, and for various parts of carts and ploughs. 

n many parts of India, Lakh is produced on the young branches : at Mirzapir 
the Lakh of this tree is stated to be the best, and to keep good for 10 years ; while 
the Lakh of other trees is s:id to last 2 years only. In Oudh this tree is lopped, 
and the twigs and leaves are used as cattle-fodder during the dry season. Oil 
is extracted from the seeds in South India and Ceylon. 


106 XXVII. SAPINDACEAE. [ Sapindus. 


3. SAPINDUS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate, abruptly pinnate, or unifoliolate leaves, 
without stipules. Flowers polygamous, in terminal or axillary panicles. 
Calyx of 5 somewhat unequal sepals, connate at base, imbricate in bud, 
deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, nearly equal, alternate with the sepals, claw 
thickened, and often with one or two scales on the inside. Dise fleshy, 
cup-shaped or flat, circular, hypogynous. Stamens generally 8-10, in- 
serted in the centre of the disc round the ovary, or in the male flowers 
round the rudiment of the ovary; filaments hairy; anthers versatile. 
Ovary generally 2-4-lobed, usually 3-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell, 
erect from the base, or ascending from the inner angle above the base. 
Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, consisting of 1-3 distinct indehiscent carpels. 
Seed globose; hilum inferior, without arillus; the embryo incuryed or 
straight ; cotyledons fleshy ; radicle short. 


Several species of this genus are cultivated in North and Central India 
- on account of the fleshy pulp of the fruit, which contains a peculiar substance, 
saponine, with properties in many respects similar to soap. The pulp makes a 
lather with water, and is used extensively for washing, either by itself, or mixed 
with soap. For flannel and Kashmir shawls it is greatly preferred to soap, and 
some varieties are specially esteemed for washing silk. In Bengal, Central and 
Northern India, the tree is generally known under the name of R2tha, and the 
Sanskrit name is Arishta. The species and varieties of this genus will repay 
further study. Three species are here enumerated, in accordance with Rox- 
burgh’s Flora Indica, but it is probable that the two first should be united into 
one species. 


Leaflets 4-6, generally opposite ; main lateral nerves 6-12; disc 
and ovary hirsute ; anthers oblong, apiculate. 


Leaflets ovate or oblong, acuminate ; : : 3 . 1. S. laurifolius. 
Leaflets ovate, obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate . . 2. S. emarginatus. 
Leaflets 8-14, generally alternate ; main lateral nerves 20 or more; 
disc and ovary glabrous ; anthers ovate, not apiculate . . 3. S. detergens. 


1. §. laurifolius, Vahl; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 278; W. & A. Prodr, 111. 


Leaflets ovate or oblong, acuminate, 2-3 pair, those of the terminal pair 
longest, 3-7 in. long, glabrous above, soft pubescent beneath; main 
lateral nerves 8-12 on either side of the midrib, with a few shorter inter- 
mediate ones. Ramifications of inflorescence and calyx clothed with 
rusty pubescence. Cymes generally 3-flowered, supported by 3 short 
bracts, lateral flowers often abortive. Male flowers numerous, bisexual 
flowers few, often on distinct branches. Sepals 5, obtuse, imbricate, 2 
outside, 2 inside, 1 intermediate, the left edge overlapping. Petals 4 or 
5, oblong or lanceolate, outside with adpressed tawny hairs, inside glab- 
rous, but with long white hairs along the edge, with a membranous scale 
fringed with a dense mass of long white hairs, more or less attached to 
the claw and inner surface of the petal, probably free when quite young, 
sometimes attached along the middle line only, and free at the sides, in’ 
which case it happens that the two edges of the scale separate from the 
middle part, and appear as lateral appendices. In the descriptions quoted 
(Fl. Ind. and Prodr.), the petals are said to be without scales. Beddome 


. Sapindus. | ‘ _ XXVIL SAPINDACEA. 107 


(Fl. Sylv. p. 73) correctly states that the petals are sometimes furnished 
with 2 hairy glandular appendages. Disc concave, with a raised fleshy, 
hirsute edge. Stamens 8 inside the disc; filaments pilose; anthers 
oblong, apiculate. Ovary 3-lobed, covered with dense rusty tomentum. 
Drupes fleshy, 2 or 3, slightly united, each the size of a cherry. 


2. 8. emarginatus, Vahl; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 279; W. & A. Prodr. 111; 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 154; Wight Ill. t. 51. 


Leaflets ovate obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 2-3 pair, the 
terminal longest, 3-5 in. long, glabrous above, soft tomentose beneath ; 
main lateral nerves 6-10, with a few shorter intermediate ones. Petals 
oblong or obovate, edge with long white hairs, with two thick tufts of 
white hair on either side at the top of the claw, attached to scales more 
or less coherent with the claw. On further examination, the petals and 
their scales will possibly be fotnd the same in these two species, and 
then the only difference that will remain is in the shape of the leaf, which 
in this case would probably not be sufficient to keep them separate, and 
for all practical purposes, they may now be regarded as one species, which 
should be called S. laurifolius, Vahl. 


The tree (S. lawrifolius and emarginatus) is indigenous in South India. It 
is cultivated in Bengal and the North-West Provinces, FI. from Oct. to Dec., 
and ripens its fruit from Feb, to April. d 


3. §. detergens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 280.—Syn. S. acuminatus, Wall. Vern. 
Dodan, dodani, ritha, Pb., N.W.P., Bandelkhand ; Kanmar, N.W.P. 


Leaflets 8-14, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, generally alternate, the 
terminal leaflet smaller, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, with numer- 
ous parallel lateral nerves close together, and shorter intermediate ones. 
Inflorescence consisting of numerous small, generally 3-flowered cymes, 
arranged in a terminal compound pyramidal thyrsus ; ramifications pubes- 
cent or soft-tomentose ; bracts small, linear. Numerous bisexual flowers 
mixed with male flowers. Calyx and petals purple, outside glabrous, 
with ciliate edges. Petals 5; lamina ovate, with 2 scales on either side 
at the top of the claw, covered with long white woolly hairs. Stamens 
8; filaments covered with white woolly hairs; anthers ovate, not apicu- 
late. Disc glabrous, flat, pentagonous, with 5 elevated radiating lines. 


Ovary 3-cornered, glabrous. Drupes fleshy, generally solitary, the size of 
a cherry. 


Cultivated throughout North-West India, as far as the Chenab, but scarce near 
its north-western limit, ascending to 4000 ft. in the Himalaya, Also culti- 
vated in Bengal. Royle speaks of it as wild in the valleys of the N.W. Hima- 
laya, but its original home requires further inquiries. Fl. May, June, the fruit 
ripening from July onwards. ; 

A handsome tree, 50-60 ft. high, with a straight trunk, attaining 8 ft. girth, 
numerous ascending branches, forming a close oval crown. Bark of trunk light 
or dark brown, with darker longitudinal furrows. The leaves are clustered 
near the ends of branches, and in autumn get pany yellow, which gives the 
tree a peculiar appearance. Wood whitish, with a red or yellow tinge con- 


108 XXVII. SAPINDACEZ. [ Sapindus. 


sidered valueless in the N.W. Himalaya. The leaves are given as fodder to 
cattle, the seeds are medicinal; but the valuable part is the saponaceous pulp of 
the fruit, which is an important article of trade in the Panjab and the North- 
West Provinces. 

Another species of Sapindus (S. Saponarza, Linn,, the West Indian Soapberry) 
is grown in the West Indies. The fruit (and the root) are used for the same pur- 
poses as A7tha in India; but Macfadyen, in his ‘Flora of Jamaica’ (i. 159), 
states that it is apt to burn and injure the texture of the cloth washed with 
‘it. It differs from S. detergens, by having the common petiole winged, and 
very es membranous petals, with an orbicular lamina, without any scale or 
appendix, 

LHrioglossum rubiginosum, Blume (S. rubiginosus, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 62; FL 
Ind. ii. 282), probably occurs in Oudh and the Central Provinces, I have seen 
a specimen in bud from the Oudh forests, collected by Mr R. Thompson in 1871, 
which scarcely leaves any doubt regarding the identification. It is a native of 
Eastern Bengal, Burma, the hills of the Circars, and Beddome has found it in 
the Godavery forests (Fl. Sylv. 73). In Burma the tree is one of those called 
Thatnt (red wood). Roxburgh states that the wood is strong and durable, choco- 
late-coloured towards the centre. In Oudh it is a large tree with a straight 
trunk, and a fine full head of foliage. The branchlets, inflorescence, and young 
leaves are clothed with dense rusty or golden tomentum ; leaflets 8-15, alternate 
or sub-opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, main lateral nerves on either side, 
8-12, the common petiole ending in a downy bristle ; inflorescence a pyramidal 
thyrsus of long racemes, bearing small 3-5-flowered cymes with linear bracts, the 
bracts longer than buds, clothed with long rusty hairs ; sepals 5, the 2 outer 
smaller, petals 4, longer than sepals, all on one side of the flower, bearing inside 
above the stalk a dowble scale half the length of the lamina ; outer segment flat, 
inner segment thick, like a funnel-shaped tube slit open, the opening towards the 
inside of the petal ; stamens 8; disc one-sided ; ovary 3-lobed, hirsute. The 
Indian species is closely allied to, if not identical with, Hrioglossum edule, 
Blume, a shrub or small tree in Java and the islands of the Indian Archipelago, 
the fruit of which is eatable. 


4, ACER, Linn. 


Trees, sometimes shrubs, with limpid, rarely milky sap, and scaly buds. 
Leaves opposite, usually exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers small, male and 
bisexual generally on different trees, in terminal panicles, racemes, or umbel- 
liform fascicles. Bracts usually minute and caducous. Calyx 4-12- gene- 
rally 5-parted, deciduous, the lobes imbricate in bud. Disc thick, annular, 
and hypogynous, or cup-shaped and more or less perigynous ; margin free, 
lobed. Petals none, or as many as calyx-lobes, of the same colour, and 
alternate with them, equal, erect, short-clawed, deciduous. Stamens 4-12, 
generally 8, inserted on the disc; filaments commonly shorter in the bi- 
sexual, and longer in the male flowers ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the 
cells opening longitudinally. Pistil of two carpels, style deeply bifid, 
divisions linear or filiform, the inner face stigmatose; ovules 2 in each 
cell, attached to the inner angle. Fruit a double samara, consisting of 2 
laterally-compressed nuts, at length separating from the small persistent 
axis, the back produced into a large, membranous, and reticulate wing, 
the lower edge of which is thickened. Seeds solitary, rarely 2 in each 
- cell; albumen none. Embryo conduplicate, sometimes spirally convolute, 
the cotyledons irregularly folded ; radicle generally long. 


Acer. | XXVII. SAPINDACEA. 109 


Of the genus Maple, upwards of 40 species are known, which are spread 
over Europe, Asia, and North America. Not less than 11 of these are found in 
the Himalayan region, 4 of which, A. sckkimense, Miquel, Thomsoni, Miq., 
Hookeri, Miq., and Campbelli, H.f. & T., belong to the Eastern Himalaya. 
Several of the N.W. Himalayan species have a wide range of distribution: A. 
oblongum is found in China; and A. pictwm, Thunb., is known from India 
under the name of cultratum, Wall., from the Caucasus, Armenia, and North 
Persia, under the name of dcetwm, C. A. Meyer, and it is closely allied to A. Lo- 
belit, Ten., from the mountains of South Italy. As regards their geographical 
distribution, the species of Maple may be divided into four large groups: first, 
those of Europe and Western Asia, of which A. tataricum, L., pseudoplatanus, 
L., campestre, L., platanoides, L., opulifolium, L., monspessulanum, L., are 
well-known species ; secondly, those of the Himalayan region ; thirdly, those of 
Japan, China, and North-East Asia ; and fourthly, those of North America. Two 
species, A. specatum, Lam., and A. pennsylvanicum, L. (rufinerve, Sieb. et Zucc.), 
are common to Japan and North America ; the others, of which the Japanese and 
Chinese species, A. palmatum, and the North American, A. saccharinum, Wan- 
eae may serve as instances, aré at present only known as endemic. The 
ollowing is a conspectus of the seven species, which are known from North- 
West India, but the present classification of this genus is imperfect. A revision 
will probably have the effect of basing it more upon the character of the inflor- 
escence, the parts of the flowers, and possibly the structure of the seed. The 
inflorescence of Acer is mixed, cymes arranged in racemes or panicles, 


I. Leaves undivided, rarely 3-lobed, penniveined, the lower 2 
or 4 lateral nerves often proceeding from the base. 
Petioles half or one-third, the length of leaf; flowers in 
hairy corymbs . ‘ - : é ‘ ‘ f 
Petioles one-fourth the length of leaf, or less ; flowers in lax 
glabrous panicles . $ ‘ : ‘ 


1, A. oblongum. 
2. A. levigatum. 


Allied to these two are—of Himalayan species, 4. sikkimense, Miq., Sikkim, Bhutan, 
7000-9000 ft. ; Hookeri, Miq., Sikkim, Bhutan, and Assam ; Z'homsoni, Miq., Sikkim : 
and of the other species mentioned above, A. tataricwm, L., a small tree with white 
flowers and red wings, which is at home in Eastern Europe, Russia, Western Asia, as 
far as Northern Persia, and has been found in Mantchouria and Japan. 


II. Leaves 3-lobed, with 3, rarely 5 basal nerves ; flowers in 


terminal fascicles : ‘ 3. A. pentapomicum. 


Of the species mentioned, A. monspessulanwm, L., a shrub or small tree, of Middle 
and South Europe, Algeria, Syria, and Armenia, with small, coriaceous, 3-lobed 
leaves on long petioles, belongs to this group. 


III. Leaves 5-lobed, with 5 basal nerves; flowers in racemes 
or panicles, 
Flowers in long lateral racemes, appearing before the 
leaves ; young leaves and inflorescence hairy . . 4, A, villosum. 
Flowers appearing with or after the leaves in short racemes 
or corymbs. 
Lobes of leaves short-acuminate, with obtuse ser- 
ratures ; leaves pale beneath . ate ee . 5. A. cesium. 
Lobes long-acuminate, with sharp serratures . 6. A. caudatum. 


Near these are, of Indian species, 4. Campbellii, H. f. & Th., from Sikkim ; of the 
European Maples, the common Maple, 4. campestre, L., with divaricate wings, small, 
obtuse-lobed leaves and erect corymbs ; and the Sycamore, 4. pseudoplatanus, with large 
leaves, pale beneath, and hanging racemes,—the first a moderate-sized, the second a 
large tree, common in Europe and Western Asia. Two other species of this group 


ts | 


110 XXVII. SAPINDACEA. | Acer’. 


A, spicatum, Lam., the Mountain Maple, and A. pennsylvanicwm, 1.., the Striped 
Maple, are common to Japan and North America. 


IV. Leaves 5- or 7-lobed, with 5 or 7 basal nerves ; flowers 
in corymbs, umbels, or fascicles. ; ; ‘ . 7. A. pictum, Thunb. 


Of European species, stand near to this A. platanoides, L., of North-Eastern and 
Middle Europe, the Caucasus, and Taurus region, the inner lobes of leaves with par- 
allel sides, 3- or 5-cleft at the top; A. opulifoliwm, Vill., of South Europe, the Cau- 
easus, and North Persia, the flowers in sessile fascicles, on long hairy pedicels: and of 
North American species, A. saccharinwm, Wangenheim, the Sugar- or Rock-Maple. 


There are other groups comprising North American and Japanese species,of which 
no representative forms are known from India. 


1. A. oblongum, Wall. ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 34.—Vern. Mark, Pb.; 
Patangalia, pharengala, kirmoli, N.W.P. ; Mugila, buzimpala, Nepal. 


Leaves oblong, acuminate, entire, green above, whitish-glaucous be- 
neath ; when young, with a few fine scattered hairs; when older, glabrous 
and coriaceous; main lateral nerves 4-8 pair, prominent, with finely-ret- 
iculated veins between. Petioles one-third or half the length of leaf. 
Flowers pentamerous, in terminal corymbs; ramifications, pedicels, and 
calyx hairy. Sepals and petals linear-oblong. Stamens 8, longer than 
calyx in the male flowers. Ovary hairy. Nuts unevenly gibbous; wings 
contracted at base, with a straight or somewhat curved back. 


Siwalik tract and Outer Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft. from the Jhelam to 
Bhutan, mostly in low valleys, in clumps of a few trees, not gregarious. Never 
leafless, the mature foliage of a fine dark-green colour. Fl. Feb.-Apr., the 
fruit ripens June-Nov. A moderate-sized tree 40-50 ft. high, attaining 5 
ft.in girth. Bark dark blackish grey, smooth, with horizontal wrinkles, Wood 


light pink or reddish brown. Used for agricultural implements ; some of the — 


better drinking-cups in Tibet are said to be made of knobs of this wood. A. 
laurinum, Hasskarl, from Java, Sumatra, is similar, but apparently distinct, 


2. A. levigatum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 104.—Vern. Saslendi, cheraunt, 
Nepal. 


Leaves oblong, acuminate, denticulate when young, entire when old, 
coriaceous, lucid on both sides, glabrous save a small brown tuft of hairs 


beneath in the axils of nerves; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, joined by 


very prominent reticulate veins. Petioles short, less than 4+ the length 
of leaf. Flowers pentamerous, on long filiform pedicels, in lax terminal 
glabrous panicles ; calyx glabrous; petals white, cuneate or obovate, dis- 
tinctly unguiculate. Stamens 5-8, in the male flowers much longer than 
calyx, with a tuft of long hairs in place of ovary. Nuts smooth, oval; 
wings divergent, erect, or connivent, back curved. 


Outer Himalaya 5000-9000 ft., from the Jumna to Sikkim, Kasia hills. FI. 
Apr.; the fruit ripens July, Aug. A larger tree than A. oblongum, with a 
straight tall trunk 10-12 ft. in girth, branches spreading or hanging, forming 
a broad oval crown. Bark thick, smooth, yellowish or dark ash-coloured. In 
Nepal the wood is much used for building. A. reticulatuwm, Champ., Benth. 


Flora Hongkong. 47, from that island, is very similar to this species, but pro- 
bably distinct. 


~~ 


Acer. ] XXVIII. SAPINDACEZ. 111 


3. A. pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart.—Vern. Trekan(a), kukandra, ka- 
k(a)rai, kakkri, kitla, mandar(ai) kunghi, tian, tilpatto, kilpattar, seran, 
Kashmir and Panjab. 


Leaves broader than long, sometimes 3-5-lobed, with truncate base, and 
3 prominent penniveined basal nerves ; lobes spreading, oval acute or acu- 
minate, obtusely dentate, separated by right-angled or acute-angled sinus, 
length of middle lobe about twice its width ; the lower leaves often 5- 
lobed, with cordate base, and 2 additional smaller basal nerves. -Petioles 
generally as long as leaf, glabrous when full-grown. Under side and peti- 
oles of young leaves clothed with soft tomentum, old leaves pale beneath, 
glabrous on both sides, or with short soft hairs beneath ; tufts of hairs 
in the axils of basal nerves. Flowers not known, fruit in short corymbs, 
wings erect or divergent, semi-ovate, with straight back. 


Common locally, and at times almost gregarious, between 2300 and 7000 ft., 
in exposed hot dry places, not as a’rule in thick forests, in the basins of almost 
all the great rivers in the Panjab, Himalaya from the Jhelam to the Sutlej, 
and east of the latter. Not found on the Bias. Fl. Feb., March; the fruit ripens 
April, June. 

Grows not nearly to such a size as the other species; the largest trunk noted 
by Dr Stewart, much above the average, measured 5% ft. in girth. Twigs 
smooth, grey or reddish, bark of trunk brownish grey, not much marked by 
cracks or fissures. Wood used for ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes. 

This species was discovered by Dr Stewart, and (doubtfully) identified by him, 
in Pb. Plants 30, with A. creticum, Linn., but subsequently recognised as a new 
species. It has no close affinity to any of the known species with 3-lobed leaves. 
The leaves are much larger than those of A. monspessulanum, L., or creticum, L., 
and are different in shape. Of the Japanese A. trifidum, Thunb., the leaves 
are much longer than broad. Without flowers, the affinity of the species cannot, 
however, be determined. It is not impossible that further inquiry may show 
this tree to be nearly allied to A. Pseudoplatanus, L. 


4. A. villosum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. ii. 4. 


Buds and young leaves covered with long silky hairs. Leaves cordate, 
5-lobed, the 2 outer lobes small, irregularly and remotely dentate, on 
petioles exceeding half the length of leaf; basal nerves 5, the 3 inner pen- 
niveined. Flowers pentamerous, in lateral, more or less compound racemes, 
at the end of short lateral branchlets, appearing before the leaves. Pe- 
duncles and pedicels hairy ; sepals oblong, with 3 nerves; petals linear, 
narrower than sepals; sepals and petals generally ciliate. Disc membran- 
ous. Stamens 8, in the male flowers much longer than calyx. Wings of 
fruit erect or divergent, back incurved; nuts large, the 2 nuts together 
forming a semicircle $-? in. across. 


Himalaya, at high elevations (7000-9000 ft.), not uncommon from the Jhelam 
to Kamaon. Chir, Royle. Deoban range, D.B. FI. Feb., March; leaves 
appear in May; fruit ripens from June onward. A large, handsome tree, 
smaller branches brown, striate, bark of stem grey and fairly smooth. 


5. A. cesium, Wall. (Herb. Kew).—Tab. XXI.—Vern. Kilu, trekhan, 
tarkhana, kilpattar, tilpattar, mandar, mandari, mandarang, kauri, kal- 
indra, salima, kanzal, Pb.; Kanshin, Tibet (N.W.P.) 


112 XXVII, SAPINDACEA. [ Acer, 


Buds glabrous, young leaves with a few scattered hairs. Leaves pale 
beneath, cordate, 5-lobed, the 2 outer lobes small, with 5 basal nerves, 
all, or the 3 inner penniveined, margin with large obtuse serratures, peti- 
oles exceeding half the length of leaf. Flowers pentamerous, appearing 
after the leaves, in terminal corymbose panicles. Nuts unevenly gibbous, 
wings erect or divergent, back slightly curved. (A. sterculiaceum, Wall. 
Pl. As. rar. t. 105, from Nepal, is similar, but the male flowers are repre- 
sented in lateral racemes below the insertion of the leaves.) 


North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, between 4000 and 10,000 ft., 
scattered in mixed forests, mostly in shady valleys. Fl. Apr.; fruit ripens Oct. 

A large tree, 70-80 ft., with a tall straight trunk 12-13 ft. in girth, and a 
large oval, close crown. Twigs laterally compressed, red or bluish, smooth, with 
some callous dots, bark of trunk dark ash-coloured, or pale-brownish white, with 
thin long irregular scales. Wood of pale cream-colour, with brown bands, 
porous, soft, light, medullary rays indistinct. Some of the inferior kinds of the 
Tibetan drinking-cups are made of it. 


6. A. caudatum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 132.—Vern. Khansing, Nepal. 


Young shoots pubescent. Leaves 5-lobed, the 2 outer lobes small; 
lobes long-acuminate ; base truncate or subcordate, margin divided into 
deep sharp cuspidate serratures ; basal nerves 5, the 3 inner penniveined, 
Petioles reddish, pubescent, longer than half the leaf. Flowers appearing 
soon after the leaves in lateral and terminal short glabrous racemes, fre- 
quently tetramerous. Sepals ovate-oblong, with 6 nerves. Petals white, 
clawed. Disc fleshy, stamens 4-6, in male flowers much longer than calyx. 
Racemes elongated in fruit ; wings pink, erect, or divergent, inner edge 
frequently denticulate. 


Himalaya, at high elevations (8000-11,000 ft.), from the Chenab to Nepal. 
Fl. March, April. A large-sized tree with dark-brown bark. 

A. pectinatum, Wall., with divaricate wings, is probably only a variety. A. 
argutum, Maximowicz, from Japan, is nearly allied. 


7. A. pictum, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 161.—Syn. A. letwm, C. A. Meyer ; 
A. cultratum, Wall. ; A. Mono, Maximowicz. Vern. Kilpattar, trekhan, 
tarkhana, kakkru, kanzal, kanjar, jarumu, laur, Pb. ; Kanchli, N.W.P. 


Glabrous. Upper scales of buds oblong, clothed outside with adpressed 
hairs of a bright brownish yellow colour. Leaves broader than long, 5- 
or 7-lobed, from truncate or subcordate base ; lobes long-acuminate, se- 
parated by rounded sinus, margin entire; basal nerves 5-7, the inner 
penniveined, with fine reticulation between. Petiole longer than leaf. 
Flowers appearing with or after the leaves on long filiform pedicels, in 
lateral and terminal stalked corymbs, pentamerous, glabrous ; male and 
bisexual flowers on the same branch. Sepals oblong. Petals spathulate. 
Stamens 8, shorter than calyx. Disc fleshy, glabrous. Wings divari- 
cate ; back arcuate, somewhat recurved. 


Outer and Middle Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam, between 4000 and 
‘9000 ft. Outside India in Japan, North China, Mantchouria, the Caucasus, 


Coriaria. | | XXIX, ANACARDIACE. 3 = 129 


is said to cause thirst or colic. Nearly allied to it is C. myrtifolia, Linn., a 
shrub of South Europe and North Africa, the leaves of which are used for tan- 
ning and dyeing leather, and the fruit of which is poisonous. 


Orper XXX. MORINGEZ. 


Soft-wooded trees, with alternate, impari- bi- or tri-pinnate leaves ; the 
pinnz and leaflets opposite ; leaflets entire, caducous. In the place of stip- 
ules, glands at the base of petioles and pinne. Flowers large, bisexual, 
irregular, white or red, in axillary panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, with 5 de- 
ciduous, somewhat unequal, petaloid segments. Petals similar to calyx 
segments, unequal, the upper one ascending. Disc lining inside of calyx, 
with a short free margin. Stamens inserted on the edge of disc, 5 perfect 
stamens opposite to petals, and alternating with 5 (sometimes 7) filaments 
without anthers ; anthers attached on the back, oblong, l-celled. Ovary 
stipitate, lanceolate, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentz, and a.simple slen- 
der style ; ovules numerous. Capsule pod-shaped, rostrate, 3-6-angled, 
torulose, 1-celled, 3-valved, with numerous seeds, embedded in the fungous 
substance of the valves. Seeds with a straight embryo without albumen. 
—Gen. Pl. i. 429; Royle Ill? 180; Wight Ill. i. 186, : 


1. MORINGA, Juss. 
(Only genus, the characters those of the order.) 


1. M. pterygosperma, Gartn.; W. & A. Prodr. 178; Wight IIl. t. 
77; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 80.—Syn. Hyperanthera Moringa, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. ii. 368. Horseradish-tree. Sans. Sobhanjana. Vern. Soanjna, 
sanjna, senjna, sujna, shajna, North India; Swanjera, Sindh; Sathan, 
sejan, munga, mulaka, C.P. 

Young branches, inflorescence, petioles, and young leaves clothed with 
short, grey, velvety pubescence. Leaves near the extremities of branches, 
generally tripinnate, 1-2 ft. long, on long sheathing petioles; pinne op- 
posite, 4-6 pair, the lower 3-4 pair bipinnate ; pinnule opposite, 6-9 pair, 
the four lower pairs generally with 3-7 leaflets, the rest consisting of single 
leaflets ; leaflets on short slender petiolules, ovate or obovate, entire, pale 
beneath, lateral nerves indistinct. Petioles of pinne and pinnule articu- 
late, with a linear hairy gland between éach pair of pinne, pinnule, and 
leaflets. Flowers strongly honey-scented, in numerous lateral panicles at 
the ends of branches ; bracts linear, shorter than pedicels. Petals linear- 
spathulate, white, with yellow dots at the base. Ovary and base of fila- 
ments hairy. Pods pendulous, 9-18 in. long, with 9 rounded longitudinal 


_ tibs; seed trigonous, winged at the angles. 


Commonly cultivated throughout India and Burma, in the N.W. Himalaya to | 
1500 ft., introduced in other tropical and subtropical countries (Jamaica 1784). 
Wild in the lower Himalaya and Siwalik tract from the Chenab to the Sar- 
dah, also in the Oudh forests. Most of the old leaves shed in Dec. and Jan. ; 
the fresh foliage appears in March and April; the flowers issue between Jan. 
and April, generally before the leaves are out ; the pods ripen from April on- 
ward, and, unless pulled off, remain long on the tree. 


I 


130 XXX. MORINGEA. [ Moringa. 


A small tree, to 20 ft. high, with a straight trunk 4-5 ft, girth, and a few 
large divergent branches. Bark grey, soft, corky, and deeply cracked, Wood 
coarse-grained, spongy, soft and perishable. The tree is mainly cultivated on 
account of its fruit, which is eaten as a vegetable, and preserved as pickle. 
Leaves and flowers are likewise eaten. Twigs and leaves are lopped for fodder. 
Incisions are made in the trunk, from which exudes a reddish gum, used in 
native medicine. The root has a strong pungent flavour, much resembling ~ 
horseradish ; locally applied, it acts as a vesicant (Pharm. Ind. 61). From the 
seeds of another species with unwinged seeds, MW. aptera, Gertn., of Africa, a 
valuable oil (the Ben-oil of watchmakers and jewellers) is obtained ; but, so far 
as known, no oil is extracted from the seeds of this species in India. . 

A second species, nearly allied to this, J/. concanensis, Nimmo, grows wild 
on the dry hills of Rajputana (Saenjna), near Kishengurh and Bednore,; also 
on the hills of Sindh (/Aaia) andthe Konkan. It has yellow flowers, and bi- 
pinnate leaves, pinne 4-6 pair, simply pinnate, except sometimes the lowest, 
which are bipinnate, with broadly ovate leaflets, 1 in, long, on petioles } in. 
long, with 4-6 pairs of rather prominent lateral nerves, In Rajputana I found 
it in leaf and flower in Dec. 1869 ; in the Konkan it is said to flower in Nov. 
The unripe fruit is eaten. Bark thick, soft, corky. Wood soft and light. 


Onpsr XXXI. LEGUMINOS, 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, extremely variable in appearance. Leaves gen- 
erally alternate, compound, and stipulate ; inflorescence mostly indefinite. 
Flowers bracteate ; calyx of 5 sepals, free or oftener connate ; petals 5 or 
fewer, equal or unequal. Stamens 10 or numerous, rarely hypogynous, 
more commonly inserted with petals on the base or inside of the calyx- 
tube ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, generally opening longitudinally. 
Pistil monocarpellary, rarely 2- or 5-carpellary ; ovules numerous, rarely 
1 or 2, attached in 1 or 2 series to the inner suture. Fruit a pod (legume), 
generally dry, indehiscent, or separating into 2 valves, along one or both 
sutures. Seeds exalbuminous, or (in some Cesalpiniew) albuminous; testa 
coriaceous, sometimes horny, rarely thinly membranous ; embryo straight, 
or the radicle bent upon the cotyledons, which are generally large, fleshy, 
or foliaceous.—Gen. Pl. i. 434; Royle Ill. 180; Wight Ill. 1,187.  » 

This large order comprises upwards of 6500 species, distributed nearly 
over the entire globe. It is divided into three well-defined sub-orders— 
Papilionacee, Cesalpiniee, and Mimosee. 


Calyx gamosepalous; corolla papilionaceous ; petals free, 
unequal, imbricate, the posterior petal outside ; stamens 
generally diadelphous : ; ; ; . : ; 

Calyx parted nearly to the base; petals free, mostly unequal, 
imbricate, the posterior petal inside; stamens free. f 

Calyx gamosepalous; petals more or less connate, equal, val- ; 
vate ; stamens free or monadelphous . , : § . 8 MImMosEa. 


1. PAPILIONACER. 


2. CAISALPINIEZ. 


First Sus-orprer, PAPILIONACEZ. 


Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. ‘Leaves alternate, pinnate, or 
digitate, rarely simple; stipules usually present ; leaflets often stipellate ; 
flowers bisexual, irregular. Calyx gamosepalous, often 2-lipped, the upper 


Papilionacee. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS2. 131 


lip consisting of 2, the lower. (anterior) of 3 sepals. Petals 5, clawed, un- 
equal, imbricate in bud, the posterior and outside petal (standard) broad ; 
often reflexed, the 2 anterior and inside petals (keel) often connate, the 
2 lateral and intermediate petals (wings) enclosing the keel. (The stan- 
dard is often called the upper petal, being commonly placed upwards with 
regard to the axis of the inflorescence, but as regards insertion it is the 
lowest of the 5 petals.) Stamens generally 10, inserted with the petals 
near the base or on the inside of the calyx-tube; filaments free, or con- 
nate into a tube or sheath, or the one opposite to the standard free, the 
claws of keel, or of keel and wings, sometimes adhering to the staminal 
tube; anthers versatile, rarely basifixed. Pistil monocarpellary, sessile 
or stipitate ; style incurved ; stigma oblique or terminal ; ovules numerous, 
rarely 1 or few. Fruit a dry legume. Seeds with a coriaceous testa, 
without albumen; cotyledons thick, plano-convex; the radicle accum- 
bent upon the cotyledons. 


The 20 genera here described belong to the following tribes :— 
_ Podalyrieew.—Stamens 10, free ; leaves simple or digitate—Piptanthus. 
Genistee.—Stamens 10, monadelphous ; leaves simple or digitate—Crota- 
laria. 
Galegew.—Stamens 10, diadelphous ; pod 2-valved ; leaves imparipinnate 
—Caragana, Indigofera, Colutea, Sesbania, Millettia. 
Hedysaree.—Stamens 9 or 10; pod articulate ; leaves pinnate or trifolio- 
late—Alhagi, Desmodium, Ougeinia. 
Vicieee.—Stamens generally 10, diadelphous, pod 2-valved ; leaves abruptly 
pinnate—A brus, 
Phaseolece.—Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous ; pods 2-valved ; 
leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets mostly 3—Hrythrina, Pueraria, Butea, 
Spatholobus. 
Dalbergiee.—Stamens 10, monadelphous, or in 2 bundles; pod indehis- 
cent; leaves imparipinnate — Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Pongamia, 


Dervis. 
Sophoree.—Stamens 10, free ; leaves imparipinnate—Sophora. 
Stamens free. , 
Pod flat, 2-valved; stipules connate, opposite to petiole . 1. PIpranruts. 


Pod moniliform, generally indehiscent ; stipules distinct . 2. Sopnora. 
Stamens monadelphous, or equally diadelphous, or unequally 
diadelphous (the tenth stamen free). 
Pod 2-valved ; leaves pinnate, rarely trifoliolate or simple. 
Spinescent shrubs; flowers solitary or in few-flowered 


umbels ‘ > : 3. CARAGANA. 
Unarmed shrubs ; flowers racemose. 
- Flowers pink, purple, or white ; pods not inflated 4, INDIGOFERA. 

Flowers yellow ; pods inflated. - . ; J ; . 5 CoLumEa: 
Soft-wooded trees, with large flowers; leaflets numerous. 6. SESBANIA. 
Climbers with flat pods. 

Leaves se ae 8 seeds compressed 7. MILLETTIA. 

Leaves abrupt 8. ABRUS. 


y pinnate ; seeds subglobose . 
Pod 2-valved ; leaves trifoliolate. 
Pod 1-10-seeded. . 

Trees with bright red flowers _.. 7 ; . . 9. ERYTHRINA. 


132 XXXI. LEGUMINOS/. | Papilionacee. 


Twiners with blue or purple flowers . : ; . 10, PUERARIA. 
Pod 1-seeded. 
Flowers large, orange ; standard oblong ; wings adhering 


to keel 11. Bursa. 
Flowers small, white, purple, or pink ; standard broadly 
ovate or orbicular ; wings free. 12. SPATHOLOBUS. 
Pod 2-valved ; leaves simple 13. CROTALARIA. 
Pod articulate, generally indehiscent ; leaves simple | or tri- 
foliolate. 
Shrubs armed with axillary spines; leaves simple . . 14, ALHaat. 
Unarmed shrubs ; leaves trifoliolate ; flowers panicled . 15. DEsmopium. 
An unarmed tree; leaves trifoliolate ; flowers fasciculate 
in short racemes . . 16. OUGEINIA. 


Pod indehiscent, not articulate ; leaves imparipinnate. 
Leaflets alternate. 
Flowers white, lilac, or purple ; pod oblong, 1-4-seeded 17. DaLBERGta. 


Flowers yellow; pod suborbicular, 1 1-seeded 18. PTrEROCARPUS. 
Leaflets opposite. 

Pod short, thick, edges not winged . ‘ ; . 19. PoNnGAMIA. 

Pod flat, edges marginate or winged . , . . 20. DERRIs. 


1. PIPTANTHUS, D. Don. 


A; P. nepalensis, D. Don.—Syn. Baptista nepalensis, Hook. Exotic 
Flora, t. 131. 


A shrub, with alternate, digitate, trifoliolate leaves, and large bright 
yellow flowers. Leaflets lanceolate, entire, 2-5 in. long, sessile ; common 
petiole less than half the length of leaflets. Stipules deciduous, connate 
at the outer edges, so as to appear opposite to the petiole. Flowers sub- 
verticillate, in short hairy racemes, with broad-ovate, tomentose bracts. 
Calyx hairy, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard erect, large, broadly obcordate, 
the margins reflexed. Stamens 10, free. Pod stipitate, broad-linear, 2-5 
in. long, 3-10-seeded, dehiscent. 


Himalaya, Sutlej to Bhutan, in shady woods 7000-9000 ft. Hardy against 
walls in England. Fl. May, June. 


2. SOPHORA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs with imparipinnate leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or 
blue-violet, racemose or panicled, terminal or axillary. Calyx-teeth short. 
Standard erect or spreading, obovate or orbicular ; wings obliquely oblong ; 
keel-petals nearly straight, oblong, imbricate, or connate, Stamens free, 
or nearly so ; anthers versatile. Ovary shortly stipitate, multiovulate ; 
stigma terminal, minute. Pod usually indehiscent, or but tardily dehiscent, 
moniliform in our species. Seeds exalbuminous ; radicle short and nearly 
straight, or longer and curved. 


1. S. mollis, Wall—Syn. Hdwardsia mollis, Royle Ill. t. 32; £ 
Hydaspica, Edgew. Sometimes called Himalayan Laburnum. Vern. 
Arghawan, Afg.; Gojar, ghwareja, Trans-Indus ; Kun, kohen, malan, Salt 
range; Tilun, tarnt, kathi, Chenab ; Brisari, Ravi; Pahar gingri, Kamaon. 


A shrub with showy yellow flowers. Young leaves with adpressed 
silky pubescence ; leaflets 30-40, subcoriaceous, elliptic, 4-1 in. long. 


Sophora. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 133 


Flowers in lax axillary racemes. Pods 4-6-seeded, moniliform, the seed 
parts with 4 membranous wings, the seedless stalks between often } in. 
long. Seeds brown, hard, shining. 

Trans-Indus. Salt range. N.W. Himalaya as far as Kamaon, ascending to 
6000 ft. Fl. March, Apr. 

2. S. Grifithii, Stocks in Hook. Journal of Botany, iv. (1852) p. 147.—Syn. 
Keyserlingua Grifithit, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 630—is a grey-silky undershrub, 
with winged pods ; common in Beluchistan (3000-6000 ft.), also found in Af- 

hanistan. 3. 8. Moorcroftiana, Benth., of North-West Tibet (10,000-12,000 
t.), is armed with spinescent stipules and branchlets, and has unwinged pods. 
4. S. alopecuroides, Linn.—syn. Geebelia alopecuroides, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 
628—is a large perennial herb with unwinged pods, of West Tibet (10,000- 
12,000 ft.) and Western Asia. 


3. CARAGANA, Lam. 


Low spinescent shrubs, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Calyx campanu- 
late, placed obliquely on its pedicel. Petals long-unguiculate, claws as 
long, or nearly as long, as calyx ; standard broad, with reflexed edges ; 
keel obtuse, as long as wings and standard. Stamens diadelphous ; 
anthers uniform. Ovary linear, sessile. Style filiform, incurved, glab- 
rous ; stigma terminal, minute. Pod linear, valves convex, continuous, 
not torulose. - 

Leaflets 3-7 pair, distant ; pods hairy inside. 

Flowers in umbels of 2-3, on long peduncles : . . 1. C, brevispina. 

Flowers solitary. 

Leaf-bearing branchlets, short, tubercular, in the axils of 

scariose bracts and stipules : ; ; ; ; 

Leaf-bearing branchlets, short, tubercular, in the axils of 
trifid spines, the middle spine longer . ‘ é . 8. C. ulicina. 

Leaflets 2 pair, approximate ; pods glabrous inside ; | 4. C. pygmea. 


1. ©. brevispina, Royle Ill. 198.—Vern. Sat-bargi, Jhelam; Drob, 
burkundu, Kashmir. 


An erect shrub, with flexuose branches. Leaves generally fasciculate, 
on short tuberculate branchlets, rarely (on vigorous shoots) distant, with 
the internodes elongated. Leaf-bearing branchlets in the axils of stout 
spinescent petioles, 1-2 in. long, with or without leaflets. Stipules scari- 
ous, the outer frequently spinescent. Leaflets 5-7 pair, elliptic, $ in. long, 
pubescent, with soft adpressed hairs. Flowers yellow, in umbels of 3-5.; 
peduncles 2-3 in. long. Calyx, bracts, peduncles, and petioles clothed 
with soft tawny pubescence. Calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Pods 2-24 
in. long, pubescent or glabrate outside, villous inside. 


Outer and inner ranges of the N.W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. ; from the 
Indus to the Ganges, also in Waziristan. FI. June-Aug. 


2. C. Gerardiana, Royle IIL. t. 34, fig. 1.—Syn. C. spinosissima, Benth. ; 
Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 43. 


A diffuse spinescent tomentose shrub. Leaf-bearing branchlets short, 
closely approximate at the ends of branches. Stipules scarious, villous, 
not spinescent. All petioles spinescent, the lower part of the leaf-bear- 


2. C. Gerardiana. 


134 XXXI. LEGUMINOSAE. [ Caragana. 


ing branchlets closely set with leafless spinescent petioles. Leaflets 


3-5 pair, elliptic, mucronate, villous, 4 in. long. Flowers yellow, solitary, 
peduncles shorter than calyx. Calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Pods 1 
in, long, tomentose inside and outside. 


Inner N.W. Himalaya (7000-12,000 ft.) Kunawar, Garhwal, Kamaon. Fl. 


May-Aug. 
3. ©. ulicina, Stocks ; Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. (1852) 145 ; Boissier FL 
Orient. ii. 199. 


A low thorny shrub. Leaves fasciculate in the axils of stout trifid 
spines ; the middle spine (petiole) often with a few leaflets, 1-14 in. long, 


the 2 lateral much shorter. Leaflets 2-3 pair, grey with adpressed hairs, 


obovate or elliptic, mucronate, less than } in. long ; lateral nerves pro- 
minent. Flowers yellow, solitary ; peduncles as long as, or longer than, 
calyx. Pod pubescent outside and inside, 1 in. long. 

Common in the hills of Beluchistan, ascending to 6000 ft. (Shah-Bilawal, near 
Karachi); Waziristan, 2000-8000 ft. C’. ambequa, Stocks 1. c. (vern. Shinalak), 
the flowers eaten by the Brahuis in Beluchistan, seems to be only a variety. 
It is said to differ by larger flowers, and the pods slightly curved at the top. 


4. O. pygmea, DC.—Syn. C. versicolor, Benth. in Royle IL 198. 
Genista versicolor, Wall. ibid. t. 34, f. 2; Tartaric furze—Vern. Dama, 
tama, trama, Ladak. 


A small thorny glabrous shrub, branches striate. Leaves fasciculate, 
or on short tuberculate branchlets, in the axils of sharp trifid shining 
brown spines, the middle spine (petiole) longer, about 4 in. long. Leaflets 
2 pair, 4 in. long, closely approximate, linear or oblanceolate ; common 


petiole very short, terminated by a spine. Flowers bright reddish- 


yellow, solitary, peduncles jointed, as long as calyx.. Calyx-teeth shorter 
than tube. 


Common in the inner arid valleys of the N.W. Himalaya, and on the plains © 


of Western Tibet, from 12,000-16,000 ft. On the Safedkoh at 8000-9000 ft. 
Siberia, from the Altai to Davuria. Fl. Sept. Gregarious, somewhat resem- 
bling furze. Browsed by goats, and extensively used as fuel. 

C. crassicaulis, Benth., is a small alpine undershrub, in the inner arid ranges 


of Kamaon and Sikkim. 13,000-16,000 ft., with reddish-yellow flowers, and 


stiff, but not spinescent petioles. 


4, INDIGOFERA, Linn. 


Herbs or shrubs, generally clothed with adpressed silky hairs often fixed 
by the middle. Leaves imparipinnate simple or trifoliolate. Calyx 
small, oblique, campanulate, or tubular ; teeth equal, or the lowest longer 
than the rest. Standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, adhering a 
little to the keel, which is straight, not rostrate, spurred on each side near 
_ the base. Upper stamen free from the base, the others connate ; anthers 
uniform, the connective forming an apiculus. Ovary sessile or nearly so, 
usually with numerous ovules; style glabrous; stigma capitate. Pod 
linear or oblong, rarely globose, straight or curved, terete tetragonous or 


! 


Indigofera. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. 135 


compressed, generally filled with a dry spongy mass which separates the 

seeds. 

Calyx-teeth lanceolate, as long as the cup-shaped calyx-tube. 
Leaflets 6-15 pair ; pods spreading ; a é ‘ 
Leaflets 4-6 pair ; pods deflexed . : , ‘ : , 

Calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than the campanulate calyx- 

tube ; leaflets 4-6 pair ; pods spreading . : - . 9&. I, atropurpurea. 


1. I. heterantha, Wall—Syn. J. polyphylia, Edgeworth. Vern. 
Khenti, katht, kathu, kati, kathewat, mattu, kaskei, kitz, kuts, katsu, sha- 
gali, Pb. 

A shrub, strigose with grey adpressed hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, 
common petiole 14-24 in. long. Leaflets opposite, 6-15 pair, oblong, or 
elliptic-oblong, mucronate, less than $ in. long. Stipules subulate, decid- 
uous. Racemes short-pedunculate, as long as leaves; bracts subulate, 
deciduous. Calyx cup-shaped, the teeth longer than, or as long as, tube. 
Pod spreading, straight cylindric, 14 in. long, shining, with a few scat- 
tered hairs, 

Common in the outer North-West Himalaya, and on the eastern skirts of the 
Suliman range, ascending to 8000 ft. Fl. May, June. In Kashmir and else- 
where the twigs are largely used for basket-work, and in some cases they form 
part of the twig-bridges. J. Gerardiana, Wall., with larger flowers and a less 
number of leaflets, is probably only a variety of this species. 


2. I. tinctoria, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 379; W. & A. Prodr. 202; 
Wight Ic. t. 365. The Indigo plant.—Sans. Nii. Vern. Ni. 


Branches, inflorescence, and leaves thinly silky. Leaves imparipinnate ; 
common petioles 3-4 in. long, firm, erect; stipules small, setaceous ; 
leaflets 4-6 pair, opposite, on short petiolules, oblong or obovate, 4-2 in. 
long, turning black when dried. Racemes axillary, lax, with about 20 
greenish ‘rose-coloured flowers, at first shorter than, and ultimately equal- 
ling, the leaves. Pedicel shorter than the silvery calyx; calyx-teeth 
lanceolate, reaching half-way down. Pods deflexed, 1-14 in. long, thick, 
nearly cylindrical, straight or nearly so, glabrous when mature, 8-12-seeded. 


Cultivated in the southern and eastern Panjab, ascending on the Chenab to 
2000 ft. Rare in the Peshawar valley. Grown extensively in Bengal, Sindh, 
Bes ries India. Cultivated in tropical Africa and America. Wild in Sene- 
gambia. 

A perennial undershrub, but generally grown in India from seed as an annual 
or biennial plant. The stems are cut when in blossom or before they come into 
flower, steeped in water, and under the influence of fermentation and free access 
of air Indigo is formed. The juice of the fresh plant does not contain Indigo ready 
formed, but a colourless substance, the nature of which is not yet accurately 
known, and which is converted into Indigo during the process of manufacture 
in the Indigo vats. Dioscorides and Plinius mention Indigo as a dye used in 
Egypt and India; its general use in Europe dates from the sixteenth century. 
Indigo may be obtained in small quantities trom other plants—Jsatis (Cruciferee), 
Europe, Wrightia tinctorta and Marsdenia tinctoria, both included in this 
Flora, Polygonum tinctorium (Polygonez), China, and others. 

Nearly allied are two other species, which likewise yield Indigo: 1. LZ. Anil, 
Linn., with racemes shorter than leaves, and sickle-shaped pods. Cultivated 


1. J. heterantha. 
2. I. tinctoria. 


136 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Indigofera. 


largely in tropical Africa, and which, according to Macfadyen’s Flora of Jamaica, 
i, 245, supported by Grisebach, Flora of the Brit. West Indies, 181, is indi- 
genous in Jamaica. To this species some cultivated forms from Burma and 
other parts of India may be referred. There are intermediate forms between I. 
Anil and tinctoria, and possibly they may have to be considered as one species, 
indigenous in America and Western Africa. 2. /. argentea, Linn., probably 
identical with J. cerulea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 377, Wight Ic. t. 366, with 4 pairs 
of obovate leaflets, on both sides permanently silvery, and short, thick, curved, 
3-4-seeded pods, wild in the Beluchistan hills, Sindh, and (J. cwrulea) in South 
India ; wild and cultivated in the Barbary States, Egypt, and Arabia. The 
cultivated forms of Indigo in India demand further examination. 


3. I. atropurpurea, Hamilton; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 381; Wight Ic. t. 
369.—Vern. Khenti, jand, Kaghan; Kathi, gorkatri, Kashmir; Kala 
sakena, sakna, Kamaon. 


A large shrub, nearly glabrous, young parts with scattered adpressed 
hairs. Leaves imparipinnate ; common petioles 6-10 in. long, spreading ; 
leaflets opposite, on short petiolules, 5-6 pair, ovate-oblong, mucronate, 
14 in. long. Stipules early caducous, stipels setaceous at the base of 
leaflets. Flowers dark purple. Racemes as long as, or longer than, the 
leaves ; bracts lanceolate, longer than buds. Calyx with scattered white 
hairs ; teeth short, triangular.. Pods spreading, reticulate, glabrous, mar- 
ginate, straight, linear, compressed, 14 in. long, with 10 seeds. 

Salt range, 2500-5000 ft. Abundant in the outer Himalaya from Hazara to 
Nepal, generally between 2000 and 9000 ft., descending occasionally to 1200 ft. 
in the Siwalik hills. In Pangi on the upper Chenab between 8000 and 9000 ft. 
Kasia hills. The twigs are used for basket-work and for twig-bridges. 

Of the numerous other shrubs and undershrubs of this genus which are found 
in North and Central India, I will only mention: 1. 7. pulchella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
ili. 382.—Syn. J. arborea, Roxb. ib.381 ; Wight Ic. t. 368 ; Z. violacea, Roxb. 
ib. 380.—Vern. Sakena, Kamaon. A large shrub, with rose-coloured or violet 
flowers, hairy ; leaflets 6-10 pair, obovate-oblong, obtuse, or emarginate ; bracts 
longer than flower-buds, and calyx-lobes triangular. South India, Bengal, 
N.W. India, ascending to 5000 ft. in the outer Himalaya. Fl. Jan.-June. 2. 
I. linefolva, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 196; Fl. Ind. iii. 370; Wight Ic. t. 313 ; 
W.& A. Prodr. 198.—Vern. Torki, Pb.; Bhangra, Bengal. A small ceespitose 
undershrub, common throughout the plains of India, with simple, linear leaves 
and small globose 1-seeded pods. 


5. COLUTEA, Linn. 


Shrubs with imparipinnate leaves. Stipules small. Flowers yellow or 
reddish, rather large, in few-flowered axillary racemes. Calyx-teeth sub- 
equal, or 2 upper shorter. Standard rotundate, bi-plicate or bi-callose at 
the base, shortly clawed ; wings falcate-oblong ; keel-petals incurved, obtuse, 
with long connate claws. Vexillary stamen free ; anthers uniform, Ovary 
stipitate multiovulate ; style longitudinally bearded above ; stigma subapi- 
cal. Pod membranous, inflated, indehiscent or opening at the top. Seeds 
reniform, funiculate. 


1. C. nepalensis, Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 2622; Bot. Reg. t.1727. MNepa 
Bladder Senna.—Vern. Braa, Ladak. 


Colutea. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 137 


A shrub, with smooth, reddish-brown bark, and fascicled branchlets. 
Leaves glabrous ; common petiole 2-4 in. long ; leaflets 7-9, oval or obovate, 
4-4 in. long ; lateral nerves indistinct. Flowers large, greenish yellow, in 
slender, drooping racemes. Pod membranous, inflated, about 2 in. long, hairy. 


Arid valleys of the inner Himalaya. Ladak, Piti, Kunawar, Kamaon (8000- 
11,500 ft.) Fl. July, Aug. Hardy in England. The pods open before they 
ripen ; and in general appearance, also, the plant is different from the common 
Bladder Senna (C. arborescens, Linn.) It is a subject for further inquiry 
ae it is near CO. orientalis, Miller (C. cruenta, Aiton ; Boissier Fl. Orient. 
ii. 195). 

6. SESBANTA, Pers. 


Herbs or small soft-wooded trees, of brief duration, with abruptly pin- 
nate leaves, numerous deciduous leaflets, and middle or large sized flowers 
in axillary racemes. Calyx broad-campanulate, with short, nearly equal 
teeth. Petals distinctly unguiculate; standard large, emarginate, oblong 
or orbicular ; wings oblong. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform or 
nearly so. Ovary multiovulate; style glabrous, incurved ; stigma capitate. 
Pod long, narrow, linear, dehiscent. 


Flowers 3 in. long; leaflets linear-oblong . . . Ll. S. egyptiaca. 
Flowers 3 in. long; leaflets oblong ; : . 2 S. grandiflora. 


1. 8. exgyptiaca, Pers.; Wight Ic. t. 32; W. & A. Prodr. 214; 
Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 193.—Syn. Aschynomene Sesban, Linn. ; Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 332. Sans. Jayanti, jaya. Vern. Jait, jhijan, janjhan, Pb. ; 
Dhandiain, Rohilk. ; Jayanti, Beng. ; Shewarie, sheveri, Dekkan. 

A. soft-wooded tree, 8-12 ft. high, of a few years’ duration. Nearly 
glabrous, extremities and young leaves slightly pubescent. Common 
petiole unarmed, 4-6 in. long; leaflets opposite, 10-20 pair, on short 
petioles, oblong-linear, ?-1 in. long, blunt, with a faint mucro, the lowest 
pair near the base. Racemes lax, 6-12 flowered, nearly as long as leaves ; 
pedicels spreading, longer than calyx. Calyx-teeth short triangular. 
Petals 4 in. long, yellow, or orange and purple. Pod 6-8 in. long, narrow- 
linear, valves convex, torulose ; seeds 20-30, 

Commonly cultivated and naturalised in many parts of India ; in the Panjab 
as far as Peshawar. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya. Culti- 
vated throughout the tropics ; wild in tropical Africa. Fl. autumn and C.S. 
Grown in the drier parts ef the Dekkan to furnish poles as a substitute for the 
bamboo ; rope is made of the bark, the wood is used to boil Jaggery, and the 
leaves and branches as cattle-fodder. On the rich alluvial banks of the Kistna 
and Warna rivers in the Dekkan, which are submerged during the annual floods, 
it is grown from seed as an annual, attaining 15-20 ft. in one season. In the 
Sattara district it is grown with Melia Azedarach and Moringa pterygosperma 
to shade and support the Betel vine, in thickets 20 ft. high. 


2. S. grandiflora, Pers.—Syn. Agati grandiflora, Desv.; W. & A. 
Prodr. 215; Aschynomene grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 330. Sans. 
Vaka. Vern. Basna, Hind. ; Buka, Beng. ; Agati, Tamil. 7 

A short-lived, soft-wooded tree, attaining 20-30 ft. Nearly glabrous, 
extremities and young leaves slightly pubescent. Common petiole un- 


138 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Sesbania. 


armed, 6-9 in. long; leaflets opposite, on short petiolules, 10-30 pairs, — 
oblong, obtuse, and often mucronate, glaucous, 1-1} in. long. Racemes 
short, with 2-4 ‘very large flowers, 3 in. long, red or white. Calyx 
campanulate, from a turbinate base, with short, unequal teeth. Standard 
ovate, rather shorter than the keel. Pod upwards of a foot long, 4 in. 
broad, compressed, tetragonous. 

Cultivated in Southern and Eastern India, and in the Ganges Doab. In- 
digenous in the Indian Archipelago and in North Australia. Wood white, only 
fit for fuel. The tender leaves, pods, and flowers are eaten as a vegetable, and 
in Bengal the tree is grown as a support for the Betel plant. 


7. MILLETTIA, W. & A. 


Climbing shrubs, with imparipinnate leaves ; leaflets prominently penni- 
veined. Flowers white, rose, or purple, racemose or panicled. Calyx trun- 
cate or shortly toothed, 2 upper teeth sometimes connate. Standard 
large-spreading or reflexed, shortly clawed, with or without basal calli or 
auricles ; wings oblong, faleate ; keel-petals incurved, obtuse. Vexillary’ 
stamen free at base, connate with the rest at the middle or wholly free ; 
anthers uniform. Ovary multiovulate ; stigma small, terminal. Pod from 
linear to oblong, flat or thick, coriaceous or woody, indehiscent or tardily 
dehiscent. 


1. M. auriculata, Baker MSS.—Syn. Robinia macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. — 
Ind. iii. 329; Pongamia macrophylla, Graham; Otosema macrophylla, 
Bentham. Vern. Maudh, Oudh ; Gionjha, Kamaon. 


A large pubescent climber, young leaves with soft silky hairs. Leaflets 
7-9, 2-6 in. long, oblong, obovate-oblong or obovate, shortly and abruptly 
acuminate ; naked part of common petiole below the lowest pair of 
leaflets equal to half its entire length. Stipules falcate, silky-tomentose, 
3 in. long. Flowers white, in slender axillary racemes, about half the 
length of leaves. Standard auriculate above the claw. Pods rusty-tomen- 
tose, flat, linear, hard-coriaceous, 4-6 in. long, 4 in. broad. 

Sub-Himalayan tract, Sutlej to Bhutan, ascending to 3500 ft. Oudh forests. 
Behar. Satpura range. Fl. April-June. 

To the tribe of Galegec belongs also Tephrosia candida, DC.; W. & A. 
Prodr. 210.—Syn. Robinia candida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 327. Vern. Lehtia, 
Kamaon. A large shrub; leaflets 10 pair, lanceolate, 14-2} in. long, clothed 
with soft pubescence. Flowers white, 1 in. long, in terminal racemes. Pods 
linear, 3-4 in. long, } in. broad, clothed with soft, tawny tomentum. Burma, 
Bengal, sub-Himalayan tract to Sutlej. FI. C.S. The leaves are employed to 
poison fish. 

8. ABRUS, Linn. ; 


Climbing shrubs, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Calyx truncate, or 
with short teeth. Standard ovate, narrowed into a broad short claw, 
more or less adherent to the staminal tube; wings narrowly falcate, ob- 
long ; keel longer and broader than wings, arcuate. Stamens 9, connate 
in a sheath slit above, the tenth absent ; anthers uniform. Ovary sub- 
sessile, multiovulate ; style short, incurved, beardless ; stigma capitate. 
Pod flat, 2-valved, divided by transverse membranes between the seeds. 


Abrus. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 139 


1. A. precatorius, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 257; W. & A. Prodr. 
236.—Sans. Ganja, kinchi. Vern. Gunchi, kiinch, (the seed rakti, rattika). 


Nearly glabrous, young parts with scattered adpressed hairs. Common 
petiole 2-4 in. long, terminating in a bristle. Leaflets deciduous, oppo- 
site, nearly sessile, 10-15 pairs, the lowest pair near the base, oblong, 
blunt, often mucronate, $-3 in. long; stipules linear-subulate. Flowers 
rose-coloured or white, fasciculate on short pedicels, in dense axillary 
pedunculate racemes; peduncles 2-4 in. long, often’ leaf-bearing. Pod 
1-14 in. long, 4 in. broad, oblong, rostrate, coriaceous, hairy when young. 
Seeds 4-5, subglobose or ellipsoid, generally red, with a black eye on the 
hilum, or more rarely white, or black with a white eye. 

A climber, with a woody stem and slender herbaceous branches, common in 
most forest-tracts of the moister regions of India, ascending in the Sub-Himala- 
yan tract to 3500 ft. Fl. at the.close of the rains, The seeds are used as 
weights (e2 am by jewellers ; the root is a bad substitute for liquorice 
(the root of Glycyrhiza glabra, Pharm. Ind. 75). 


9. ERYTHRINA, L. 


Trees, shrubs, or herbaceous undershrubs; young branches often 
prickly. Leaves trifoliolate, the lateral leaflets opposite ; stipules small ; 
stipels glanduliform. Flowers large, generally red, in fascicles of 2 or 3, 
forming axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx spathaceous, truncate, 5- 
dentate or bilabiate. Standard sessile or unguiculate, much larger than 
wings and keel. Stamens connate to the middle, the upper one free or 
connate at the base with the rest; anthers equal. Ovary stipitate, with 
numerous ovules; style incurved; stigma small, terminal. Legume 
stipitate, narrowed at both ends, opening more or less completely into 2 
valves. Seeds ovoid ; hilum lateral, oblong. 

Calyx spathaceous, splitting longitudinally on the upper side, 
apex contracted, 5-toothed ; petals of keel free . IL. £. indica. 
Calyx campanulate, bilabiate ; petals of keel connate . . 2. EH. subcrosa. 


Calyx campanulate, truncate, indistinctly toothed; petals of 


keel connate in the middle . 3. LE. arborescens. 


1. E. indica, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 249; W. & A. Prodr. 260 ; 
Wight Ic. t. 58. The Indian Coral-tree.—Sans. Mandara. Vern. Pan- 
gra, panjira, pangara. 7 


Glabrous, inflorescence and young leaves clothed with stellate pubes- 
cence. ranches armed with numerous black prickles, petioles and 
leaves unarmed. Leaflets broad-ovate, short-acuminate, entire, from a 
truncate or somewhat cordate base, the terminal leaflet largest, often 7 
in. broad and 6 in. long; lateral nerves 4-6 on either side of midrib. 
Racemes one or several near the ends of branchlets, 8-12 in. long, project- 
ing horizontally at a right angle from the branchlet ; flowers numerous, 
large, of a bright dazzling scarlet, in fascicles of 3, almost verticillate, on 
pedicels $ in. long. Calyx spathaceous, half or one-third the length of 
standard, contracted and 5-toothed at the top. Standard oblong, erect, 
narrowed into a claw, wings and keel equal and conform, about 4 times 


140 _ XXXI. LEGUMINOSAE. ~ | Erythrina. 


shorter than standard, petals of keel distinct. Stamens monadelphous at 
base, higher up the tenth stamen distinct. Legume 6-12 in. long, cuspi- 
date, protuberant at the seeds, black and wrinkled when ripe, with 1-8 
oblong, smooth, red or purple seeds. 

Cultivated throughout India and Burma. Wild in Bengal, Burma, South 
India, and in the Gonda forests of Oudh. Old leaves shed early in autumn, 
the young foliage issues in March and April. Fl. in February, March, before 
the leaves appear ; pods ripen from May-July. Grows readily from cuttings. 

A moderate-sized tree of rapid growth, with straight trunk and numerous 
branches, the branchlets armed with prickles to the third or fourth year. Bark 
thin, yellowish or greenish cinereous, smooth, shining, with longitudinal whitish 
cracks. Wood white, light and soft (called Mochz wood in Madras), much used 
for light boxes, toys, scabbards, trays, and planking. Does not warp or split, 
varnishes well ; much of the lacquered ware of different parts of India is made 
of it. Planted largely in Bengal and South India to support the Betel and 
black-pepper vine ; also in hedges. 


2. E. suberosa, Roxb. 1. c. 253 ; W.& A. Prodr. 260.—Vern. Gulnash- 
tar, pariara, thab, Pb. ; Dauldhak, rungra, rowanra, madara, N.W.P. ; 
Nasit, Oudh ; Pangra, C.P. 

Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence covered with a soft tomentum 
of long bi- or tri-furcate hairs. Branchlets armed with scattered, white, 
shining, conical prickles; petioles and leaves generally unarmed, some- 
times with a few scattered prickles. Leaflets rhomboid, entire, under- 
neath pale and tomentose, or covered with adpressed hairs. Racemes 
1-4, near ends of branchlets, 4-5 in. long ; flowers scarlet, in fascicles of 
2-3, on pedicels + in. long, smaller than those of E. indica. Calyx 2- 
lipped. Standard oblong, narrowed into a short claw, 5-6 times longer 
than calyx, more than twice the length of the keel; petals of keel connate, 
broad, many times larger than the minute falcate wings. Stamens mona- 
delphous. Legume about 5 in. long, cylindrical, contracted between 
seeds, acuminate, with 2-4 glabrous black seeds. 


Common wild in the Siwalik tract and lower Himalaya, from the Ravi to the 
Sarda, ascending to 3000 ft., occasionally found at 4000 ft. Oudh, the Central 
Provinces, and not uncommon in South India. Frequently cultivated. Old 
leaves shed in January, young foliage issues in March and April, shortly before 
the flowers appear. Pods ripen in June. Cuttings, even of large branches, take 
root readily, and grow well. A moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with an erect 
trunk, 3-4, at times 6 ft. girth. Branchlets shining grey, armed with prickles 
to the third year. Bark corky, deeply cracked, and with longitudinal ows, 
the old scales pale brown, the younger bark green-coloured. Wood white, soft, 
light, but fibrous and tough. Used extensively for scabbards, sieve-frames, and 
occasionally for planking. 


3. E. arborescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 219; Fl. Ind. iii. 256.— Vern. 
Rungara, Kamaon. 


Young parts clothed with short, soft, ferruginous pubescence. Leaflets 
glabrous when full grown, broadly ovate on a cordate base, entire, long 
-acuminate, with 5-7 lateral nerves on either side of midrib. Petiole twice 
the length of leaflets, with a few scattered prickles. Racemes erect, axil- 


Erythrina. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 141 


lary, on long peduncles ; flowers large, of a vivid scarlet, in fascicles of 3, 
each fascicle supported by a deciduous, ovate bract; pédicels } in. long. 
Calyx campanulate, truncate, indistinctly 5-toothed. Standard obovate, 
boat-shaped, claw + in. long; wings a little shorter than keel, obovate ; 


petals of keel free at the base and apex, semiovate. Legumes stalked, 


brown-tomentose, pendulous, incurved, cuspidate, with 2-10 seeds. 


Outer Himalaya from the Ganges to Sikkim, at elevations between 4000 and 
6500 ft. Kasia hills. Occasionally planted in Sindh and elsewhere. A small 
tree, fl. Aug.-Oct. 

This is probably the tree which Madden calls Z. stricta ; but H. stricta, Roxb., 
Bedd, FI. Sylv. t. 175, with spathaceous calyx and minute wings, is a different - 
species of the western coast. 

A herbaceous species, #7. resupinata, Roxb. Fl, Ind. 257, Pl. Cor. t. 220, is 
found on grass-lands of the Himalayan Terai. From a perennial underground 
root-stock, spring in March short racemes with large bright scarlet flowers, 
calyx 2-lipped, and standard resupinate—that is, bent downwards. After the 
flowers, appears a short herbaceous, leaf-bearing stem, which withers after the 
rains. 

10. PUERARIA, DC. 


Twining shrubs, with large pinnately trifoliolate, stipellate leaves. 
Flowers blue or purplish, racemose, Two upper calyx-lobes connate into 
an entire or bidentate lip. Standard rotundate, with basal auricles ; wings 
oblong- or obovate-falcate, usually connate with the ‘nearly straight or in- 
curved keel-petals, Vexillary stamen wholly free, or cohering with the 
rest at the middle; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, multiovulate ; stigma 
small, capitellate. Pod flat or subterete, continuous, or septate between 
the seeds, membranous or coriaceous. Seeds rotundate or transversely 
oblong. 


1. P. tuberosa, DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 412; W. & A. Prodr. 205.—Syn. 
Hedysarum tuberosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 363. Vern. Sidli, saloha, 
badar, Pb. ; Bilai kand, billi, birali, pona, Kamaon. 


A twining shrub, with woody tubercled stems, running over high trees. 
Leaves large, trifoliolate, pubescent ; common petiole 5-8 in. long; leaf- 
lets 4-6 in. long, 3-5 in. broad, ovate, acuminate, the two lateral unequal- 
sided. Flowers bright blue, in long panicled racemes. Legumes flat, 
covered with long rusty hairs, 2-3 in. long, 2-6-seeded, much contracted 
between the seeds. 

Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. Oudh 
forests. Bengal, the Konkan, Canara. Leafless during the cold and hot season. 
Fl. March, April, The large tuberous roots are eaten ; they are also used for 
ener and as a cooling medicine; from Kamaon they are exported to the 
plains. | 

11. BUTEA, Roxb. 


Trees or large climbers, with trifoliolate leaves. Leaflets stipellate, the 
2 lateral opposite. Flowers large, orange-coloured, in fascicles of 2-5, 
arranged in racemes or panicles, with linear, deciduous bracts. Calyx 
silky inside ; the 2 upper teeth connate into a broad, entire, or emarginate 


142 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. ~ [ Butea. 


lip. Standard oblong, acute, without appendages, recurved ; wings faleate, 
adhering to the’ keel; keel acute, incurved, as long as the standard or 
longer. Upper stamen free, the others connate beyond the middle ; anthers 
uniform. Ovary sessile, or short-stipitate ; style long, curved, not bearded. 
Legume short-stalked, oblong or broad-linear, coriaceous, 1-seeded and 
2-valved at the top, flat, indehiscent below. 


A tree ; pedicels twice the length of calyx. . ; . 1. B. frondosa. 
A climber ; pedicels three times the length of calyx . 2. B. superba. 


1. B. frondosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 21; Fl. Ind. iii, 244; W. & A.- 
Prodr. 261 ; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 176.—Sans. Palasa. Vern. Dhak, palas, 
chichra, North India; Chulcha, Bandelkhand; Chiula, palas, pursha, 
C.P.; Kakria, khakra, khakro, Banswara and Panch Mehals; Mur-marra, 


Gonds, Satpura. 


Young parts downy or tomentose with soft simple hairs. Stipules 
linear-lanceolate, stipels subulate, both tomentose and deciduous. Leaflets 
coriaceous, hard, clothed with adpressed hairs beneath, and a few scat- 
tered hairs above, emarginate, or rounded at the top, the terminal leaflet 
broadly obovate from a cuneate base, generally as long as broad, 4-6 in. 
long, the lateral leaflets oblique-ovate, smaller ; lateral nerves 4-8 on either 
side of midrib, joined by numerous prominent reticulate veins. Flowers 
fasciculate, in rigid racemes, pedicels twice the length of calyx. Branches 
of inflorescence, bracts, and calyx densely clothed with soft ferruginous 
hairs. Legumes-pendulous, tomentose, 4-6 in. long, 14-2 in. broad ; seed 
oval, flat, smooth, brown 14 in. long, 1 in. broad. 


A common tree throughout India and Burma, the Jhelam river its north- 
western limit. Ascends to 3000, occasionally to 4000 ft. in the N.W. Himalaya. 
Often gregarious. Thrives on the stiff black soil of Central India and the 
Dekkan, and on saline soils of the Panjab. The old leaves shed in Feb., the 
young foliage issues in April, May, usually preceded by the scarlet flowers. The 
tree in full bloom presents a striking spectacle, like fire on the horizon. The fruit 
ripens in June, July. Inhabits the open country, not found in thick forests. 

A moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with a crooked, often irregular trunk, 
6-8, at times 10-12 ft. girth, and few crooked branches, In N.W. India often 
kept down as a shrub by constant lopping. Bark 3 in. to 1 in. thick, spongy, 
inner substance fibrous, outside grey or light-brown, rough, undulated. Wood 
coarse and open-grained, with prominent medullary rays ; Mh 31-36 lb. per 
cub. ft. Its transverse strength P.=335 (Kyd). Not durable except under 
water, readily eaten by insects. (Said to be durable in Guzerat.) In North- 
West India used for well-curbs and piles. The bark of the root yields a fibre, — 
used for caulking boats on the Ganges and other rivers, also for slow-matches and 
coarse cordage. 

From natural fissures and incisions made in the bark, issues during the hot 
season a red juice, which soon hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent 
gum, similar to kino, and sold as Bengal Kino (Pharm, Ind. 74). In Oudh and 
throughout Central India, lac is collected on the branchlets of this tree ; the 
insect is often propagated by cutting a branch with the coccus on it, and fixing 
it on a fresh tree, 

The leaves are used as plates, instead of paper to wrap up parcels, and they 
are given as fodder to buffaloes. The flowers (Kasw, North India; Kisz, 
Guzerat) are collected, and made (with alum) into the fleeting yellow dye 


‘ 


Butea. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 143 


used in the Holi festival; they are also used medicinally. The seeds are 
given as purgative and anthelmintic, mostly in veterinary practice. 


2. B. superba, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 22; Fl. Ind. i. 247. 


A gigantic climber, stems as thick as a man’s leg. Leaflets membranous, 
acuminate, the terminal 6-15 in. long, lateral oblique, smaller. Flowers 
larger than those of B. frondosa, of a gorgeous orange-colour, on pedicels 
3 times the length of calyx, in lax paniculate racemes. 


Forests of Burma, Bengal, Oudh, the Circars, the northern Konkan, and the 
Dehra Doon. Fl. March. Yields kino like the preceding species. 


12. SPATHOLOBUS, Hasskarl. 


Large climbers, with trifoliolate leaves ; leaflets stipellate, the 2 lateral 
opposite. Flowers small, white, purple, or pink, numerous, fasciculate 
on the branches of large compound panicles, with small, narrow bracts 
and bractlets. Calyx 4-dentate, the 2 upper teeth connate in 1. Stan- 
dard broad-ovate or orbicular, obtuse, without appendages, longer than 
keel ; wings obliquely oblong, free ; keel obtuse, nearly straight, shorter 
than wings. Stamens, ovary, and legume like Butea. 


_ 1. S. Roxburghii, Benth.—Syn. Butea parviflora, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 
248; W. & A. Prodr. 261; Wight Ic. t. 210.—Vern. Mula, maula, 
N.W.P. 


Inflorescence, calyx, petioles, and under side of leaflets pubescent. Leaf- 
lets obovate, acuminate, longer than broad, 6-8 in. long; lateral nerves 6-8, 
arcuate, anastomosing by intramarginal veins. Flowers whitish, in fas- 
cicles of 3, in large terminal and lateral panicles, pedicels as long as calyx. 
Teeth of calyx nearly as longas tube. Standard twice the length of calyx, 
emarginate. Legumes 4-5 in, long, 1 in. broad, on a distinct pedicel, 1 in. 
long, seed part tomentose. 


A powerful climber, common in the forests of Burma, Bengal, Oudh, and the 
Sub-Himalayan forests as far as the Jumna river. Also in the Circars and the 
southern part of the Konkan, One of the principal climbers in the Oudh Sal 
forests, FI. Dec., Jan.; fr. April. ¢ 


Several large and remarkable forest-weeds belong to the genus Flemingia, 
which is generally classed under Phaseolee: 1. F. Chappar, Ham., and 2. F. 
strobilifera, Brown (Hedysarum strobiliferum, Roxb. FL Ind. iii, 350), with 
simple leaves, those of the former long-petiolate, cordate, those of the latter 
ovate, on short petioles. Both species have spikes with large membranous in- 
flated bracts, enclosing the flowers. /. anbuaters is common throughout 
India, and often attains 8 ft. The leaves are used for thatching. J. fruticulosa, 
‘Wall., is a suffruticose variety of strobilifera in the North-West Himalaya. /. 
Chappar is found in Burma, Bengal, Gorakhpur, and the sub-Himalayan tract 
to the Jumna. Three other species have trifoliolate leaves,—viz., 3. F. lineata, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 341, common nearly throughout India, flowers in paniculate 
racemes, with small bracts ; 4. /. congesta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 341, Wight Ic. t. 
390, which is closely allied to, if not synonymous with, 7’, semialata, Roxb., 
Wight Ic. t. 326, common nearly throughout India, flowers in dense axillary: 
bracteate spikes; and 5, F'. involucrata, Benth. in Pl. Junghuhn. 246, sub- 


144 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [ Spatholobus. 


Himalayan tract from Assam to Kamaon; flowers in subsessile heads with 
large tomentose, ovate-lanceolate bracts. ; 


13. CROTALARIA, Linn. 


Herbs or shrubs, with simple or digitately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-7-folio- 
late) leaves. Stipules free or decurrent, sometimes small or none. Flowers 
yellow blue or purplish, usually in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. 
Calyx-lobes distinct, or calyx more or less bilabiate. Standard orbicular 
or ovate, usually callous at base, shortly clawed ; wings obovate or oblong ; 
keel-petals beaked. Stamens monadelphous in an open sheath; anthers 
unequal, alternately basifixed and versatile. Ovary 2-0o-ovulate; style 
bearded. Pod globose or oblong, turgid, 2-valved. 


1. C. Burhia, Hamilton; Benth. in London Journal of Botany, ii. (1843) 
474; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 26.—Vern. Sis, sissai, meini, pola, Trans- 
Indus; Khep, khip, khippi, buta, bhata, but, Pb.; Lathia, kharsan, 
kauriala, Harriana, Delhi. 

An erect or procumbent shrub, with slender, close-set entangled branches, 
flexible and rush-like when young, stiff and rigid when old. Leaves small 
and scanty, oblong or linear, generally less than 3 in. long, more or less 
pubescent. Flowers yellow with red veins, on short pedicels, far apart 
in long racemes, forming terminal rigid divaricate panicles. Legume 
short, villous, 1-3-seeded, twice the length of calyx. 

Common in the plains of Sindh and the Panjab, Peshawar valley, in 
sandy places. Fl. Nov.-March, Ropes are made of it in the Panjab, and it is 
browsed by cattle. 

Crotalaria juncea, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 193; Fl. Ind. iii. 259.—Sans. 
Sana. Vern. Sann, sanni (Taag, Bombay). The well-known Indian hemp ; 
is cultivated throughout North-West India for its fibre. Several other large 
herbaceous species of Crotalaria are common weeds in the forests, 


14. ALHAGI, Desv. 


Calyx campanulate, with 5 small acute teeth. Petals unguiculate, claws 
nearly as long as calyx ; standard broad; keel blunt. Stamens diadelph- 
ous, anthers uniform. Ovary linear, sessile ; style filiform, incurved. Pod 
linear, generally moniliform, contracted between seeds, rarely continuous. 


1. A. Maurorum, Desv.; W. & A. Prodr. 232.— Syn. Hedysarum 
Alhagi, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 344. The Camel-thorn. Vern. Jawasa, 
jewussi, jawa, jawan, jawant. (Kas, Sindh.) 


A small, nearly glabrous shrub, extremities pubescent; armed with 
numerous axillary, spreading spines, 4-1 in. long. Leaves simple, short- 
petiolate, oblong, coriaceous. Flowers red, on short slender pedicels, 1-6 
from the axillary spines. Pod about 1 in. long, straight or falcate. 

Widely spread, from Greece and Egypt through Western Asia and Afghanis- 
tan to the plains of North-Western India; extending east as far as Monghir 
on the Ganges, and south to the Southern Mahratta country. Also in Guzerat 
and the Konkan, Generally found in dry barren places. Fl, March, April. ; 
fr. ripens August. 


Alhagi.] XXXI. JEGUMINOSZ. 145 


Camels delight in it as fodder. In Guzerat, Sindh, and the Southern Panjab, 
sereens (tatties) employed during the hot winds are made of it. Near Kandahar 
and Herat nianna is found and collected on the bushes at flowering time, after 
the spring rains, 


15, DESMODIUM, Desyv. 


Shrubs or herbs, with trifoliolate or unifoliolate stipellate leaves. Calyx 
campanulate or turbinate. Corolla exserted ; standard broad ; wings more 
or less adhering to the keel ; upper stamen entirely or partially free ; style 
incurved ; stigma minute, capitate. Pod usually articulate, the articula- 
tions flat, 1-seeded, rarely splitting open at the upper suture. 


Leaves 3-foliolate ; bracts subulate . ‘ : ; . Dz tilicefoliam. 
Leaves 3-foliolate ; bracts orbicular, foliaceous . - . D. pulchellum. 
Leaves 1-foliolate, ovate, softly tomentose ‘ : . WD. latifolium. 


1. D. tiliefolium, Don.—Syn. D. nutans, Bot. Mag. t. 2867; D. 
argenteum, Wall. Vern. Sambar, sammar, shamru, shambar, chamra, 
chamyar, chamkat, chamkul, martan, matta, marara, gur kats, gurshagal, 
pri, muss, chiti must, kali must, murt, laber. 

A large, somewhat diffuse shrub, with trifoliolate leaves. Branchlets, 
inflorescence, pods, and leaves greyish tomentose or canescent. Leaflets 
broad-ovate or obovate from cuneate or rounded base, often mucronate, 
with 4-6 pair of prominent lateral nerves, green and glabrescent above, 
clothed beneath with a matted tomentum of whitish silky hairs, terminal 
leaflet largest, 2-5 in. long. Flowers red, on slender pedicels, longer than 
calyx, fasciculate, in spreading terminal panicles, with long drooping 
branches ; bracts subulate, bractlets setaceous, at the base of calyx. Pods 
2-3 in. long, } in. broad; joints 6-10, somewhat longer than broad. 


Common outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, 3000-9000 ft. Fl. June- 
Sept. Bark fibrous, ropes are made of it which are strong but not durable. In 
Kullu and Kunawar, paper and pasteboard for the Buddhist monasteries in 
Tibet is made of the bark (H. Cleghorn). The branches are browsed by cattle. 


2. D. pulchellum, Benth.—Syn. Hedysarum pulchellum, Linn. ; Roxb. 
Fil. Ind. iii. 361; Dicerma pulchellum, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 230; 
Wight Ic. t. 418. 


An erect pubescent shrub. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets ovate, obtuse, 
the terminal 4-5 in. long, more than twice the size of the lateral ones. 
Stipules subulate, with long bristly points. Flowers in terminal and 
axillary spiciform racemes, the flowers in the axils of 2-foliolate bracts, 
the common petiole terminating in a long bristle, the two lateral leaflets 
orbicular, enclosing the flower. Pod generally with 2 joints. 


South India, Bengal, Burma, Oudh, and Gorakhpur, particularly in the Sal 
forests, Fl. B.S. 


3. D. latifolium, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 223; Wight Ic. 270,—Syn. 
Hedysarum latifolium, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 350. 


A shrub with a short woody stem and spreading branches. Leaves uni- 
K 


146 XXXL. LEGUMINOSZ, | | Desmodium, 


_ foliolate, broad-ovate, 4-5 in. long, with an obtuse or cordate base, rough 
above, soft-tomentose beneath. Stipules semicordate, cuspidate. Flowers 
bright purple, in axillary and terminal racemes. Pods 4-5 jointed, hairy 
with stiff hooked hairs. 


Bengal, Ceylon, Burma. Oudh forests. Kamaon. Fl. C.S. 

This genus comprises numerous other shrubs and undershrubs within the 
range of this Flora, of which the following are the more common kinds :—Simple 
leaves have: 1. D. triquetrum, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 224 (Hedys. trig., Roxb. 
iii. 347) ; with broadly winged petioles. 2. D. gangeticum, DC.; Wight Ic. 271 
(Hedys. ganget., Roxb. iii, 349); with ovate, acute-leaves. Trifoliolate leaves 
have: 3. D. floribundum, G. Don.—Syn. D. multiflorum, DC. D. dubwum, 
Bot. Reg. t. 967; Bot. Mag. t. 2960. 4. D. oxyphyllum, DC., leaves and pods 
nearly glabrous; pods reticulate. 5. D. concinnum, DC. (D. pendulum, Wall. 
Pl. As. rar. t. 94), leaflets oblong, with marked lateral nerves, ascends to 7000 ft. 
in the North-West Himalaya. 6. D. gyrans, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 294 (Hed. gyrans, 
Roxb, iii. 351) ; lateral leaflets small, very sensitive, showing a rotatory motion 
during the day. 

16. OUGEINIA, Benth. 


Tree with trifoliolate leaves, and large stipellate leaflets, the 2 lateral 
opposite. Stipules free, deciduous. Flowers white or pale rose-coloured, 
on slender pedicels, 2 or 3 from one point, in short fasciculate racemes on 
the old wood. Bracts small, scaly ; small persistent bractlets under the 
calyx. Calyx indistinctly 2-lipped, upper lip emarginate or bidentate. 
Standard nearly orbicular, short-clawed. Wings conform to and equal to 
the keel, slightly adhering to it. Stamens connate to beyond the middle, 
one quite free; anthers equal. Ovary sessile, with numerous ovules ; style 
incurved, subulate; stigma capitate, terminal. Pod linear-oblong, flat, 
veined, contracted between the seeds, scarcely dehiscent. Seeds 2-5, 
flat. | 


1. O. dalbergioides, Benth.—T AB. XXIII.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 36.— 
Syn. Dalbergia Oojeinensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 220; Wight Ie. t. 391. 
Sans. Tinisa. Vern. Sannan, sandan, chandan, Pb., N.W.P.; Shanjan, 
panan, Oudh; Tinsa, tinnas, tiwas, tewas, dhewas, C.P.; Ser-marra, 
Gondi; Tunnia, Banswara ; Telus, Khandeish Dangs. 

Pubescent, terminal leaflet broad-oval, 2-6 in. long, lateral oblique-oval, 
13-3 in. long ; edge undulate, shallow-crenate, 4-8 prominent main nerves 
on either side of midrib. 

A common tree in Central and Northern India, as far as the Godavery on the 
east side and Canara on the west side of the Peninsula. In the outer Himalayan 
forests from the Great Gandak river to the Sutlej, ascending in the valleys to 
4000, and in places to 5000 ft. The Jhelam appears to be its north-western 
limit, but it is scarce between that river and the Sutlej. Its southern and eastern 
limits require further inquiry. It is found in the Oudh, Gorakhpur, Godayery, 
and Canara forests. The old leaves are shed in Jan. and Feb., the new foliage 
comes out in April, May. The flowers appear before the leaves are fully out, 
from. March-May. rs . 

A middle-sized tree, 20-40 ft. high, with a short, crooked, and often gnarled 
trunk, 3-5 ft., occasionally 7-8 ft. girth. Bark cinereous or dark brown, with 
long perpendicular and short cross-fissures, brittle corky scales peeling off. 


Ougeinia.| XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. 147 


"at 


a” 


Sapwood small, heartwood varies from light-greenish brown, with yellow tinge, 

to dark-red brown. It is close-grained, hard, the cub. ft. weighs 57-60. lb., 

Strong, tough, and durable ; takes a beautiful polish. Much valued for agricul- 

~ ng implements, wheels, naves, furniture, also for building. Combs are carved 

of it. 

An astringent red gum exudes from incisions in the bark. The bark is 
ounded and largely used to intoxicate fish. Twigs much lopped as cattle- 
odder. In places difficult of access, tall and well-grown specimens are occa- 

sionally met with, but most older trees have been mutilated by lopping and 

stripping off the bark. 

To the tribe of Hedysaree belongs Aschynomene aspera, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 
299.—Syn. Hedysarum lagenarium, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 365. Vern. Sola, Phil- 
Sola. A large perennial water-plant, with thick stems mainly composed of light 
white pith, which is made into toys, floats, and Solah hats, invaluable as a pro- 
tection against the sun. Abundant in tanks and marshes in Bengal. 

Brya Hbenus, DC., Bot. Mag. t..4670, the green or West Indian Ebony, a 
small tree with orange-coloured flowers, and dark green, nearly black heartwood, 
of Jamaica and Cuba, also belongs to this tribe. 


17. DALBERGIA, Linn: fil. 


Trees or climbers, with alternate, imparipinnate leaves, without stipels ; 
leaflets alternate. Flowers small, white, lilac or purple, in dichotomous 
or irregularly branched panicles; bracts and bractlets small, Calyx 
5-dentate, the lowest anterior tooth generally longer. Standard ovate or 
orbicular; wings oblong, as long as standard ; keel obtuse, shorter than 
standard, its petals connate at the top. Stamens either diadelphous, the 
10th stamen free, or monadelphous, with 9 or 10 stamens, or equally dia- 
delphous, with 2 bundles of 5 stamens each, and the vagina slit below as 
well as above; anthers small, erect, didymous, the cells back to back, 
attached to the end of the filament, opening by diverging or divaricate 
slits, or with a short slit at the top. Ovary stipitate, with few ovules ; 
style short, incurved, with a small terminal stigma. Legume like a 
samara, oblong or linear, flat, thin, indehiscent, with 1 or a few seeds. 
Seeds reniform, flat. 


Trees or erect shrubs ; stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous. 


Shrubs or small trees ; panicles regularly dichotomous . . 1. D. rimosa, 
Large trees; panicles not dichotomous. 
Leaflets obtuse or emarginate ; flowers pedicellate . 2. D. latifolia. 
Leaflets acuminate ; flowers sessile . ‘ : ; . 8. D. Sissoo. 


Trees ; stamens 10, equally diadelphous. 
Leaves with reticulate venation, without prominent lateral 
nerves; petals and stamens inserted in the middle of the 
calyx-tube . é ; ¢ . F ‘ ; . 4, D. paniculata. 
Leaves with prominent parallel lateral nerves ; petals and 
stamens inserted at the base of calyx-tube. 
Leaflets 11-15; panicles lax; the 3 anterior calyx-teeth 
acute, the 2 posterior obtuse ‘ : - : . 5, D. lanceolaria. 
Leaflets 13-19 ; panicles compact ; 4 calyx-teeth obtuse, the 
. 5th longer and subacute. : : : r . 6. D, hircina. 
Climbing shrubs ; stamens 10, equally diadelphous . , . 7. D. volubilis. 


Several valuable South American timber-trees belong to this genus. Of the 
principal varieties of Rosewood exported from Rio Janeiro, the two finest are sup- 


148 XXXI. LEGUMINOSAE. [ Dalbergia. 


plied by species of Dalbergia, chiefly by D. nigra, classed in the same section 
as the Indian Svssoo and Llackwood (Bentham, Synopsis of Dalbergiess, Linn. 
Soc. Jour. iv., Suppl. 5). 


1. D. rimosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 233; Wight Ic. t. 262. 


A large shrub or small tree, glabrous. Leaflets 5-9, oval, 2-3 in. long, 
acute at both ends, with numerous, prominent, parallel nerves. Panicles 
terminal and axillary, lax, regularly dichotomous; flowers on short pedicels, 
small, less than % in. long. Calyx supported by 2 obtuse bractlets, cam- 
panulate, all teeth obtuse, shorter than the tube. Claws of petals very short. 
Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary short-stipitate, ovules 1-2. Legume 
2-3 in. long, 1 in. broad or less, 1-seeded. 


Sikkim Terai, Assam, Kasia hills, and Silhet. Also in the Siwalik tract and 
outer Himalaya west to the Jumna, ascending to 4000 ft., J. L. S. Fl. March, 
April; seed ripens Nov., Dec. 


2. D. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 113; Fl. Ind. iii. 221; W. & A. 
Prodr. 264; Wight Ic. t. 1156; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 24. The Blackwood 
or Rosewood tree of Southern India.—Vern. Sitsal, Oudh; Saksal, Sitsal, 
Mirzapore distr. ; Shisham, Banswara; sirras, sirsa, sissa, sissu, Mandla 
and Chindwara distr. of C.P.; Biti, Can. 


A large glabrous tree, with dark-purple heartwood. Leaflets 3-7, generally 
5, alternate, broad-obovate or orbicular, obtuse or emarginate. Flowers 
greenish or yellowish white, on slender pedicels as long or nearly as long 
as the calyx-tube, in axillary, branched, and divaricating panicles. Calyx- 
segments oblong or ovate, obtuse. Stamens 9, all united in a sheath, 
open on the upper side. Ovary glabrous, with 5 ovules; style slender, 
nearly as long as ovary ; legume oblong-linear or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4- 
seeded. 


Dry forests of South and Central India, frequently associated with Teak and 
Bamboo in South India, also in the evergreen forests (Bedd.), extending north to 
the Satpura range, Bandelkhand, and the Malwa plateau (Bassi in Meywar). 
Also in the Andamans, in lower Bengal, Behar, in Sikkim at the foot of the 
Himalaya, and (scarce and small) in the Baraitch and Gonda forests of Oudh, 
along the base of the hills. Old leaves are shed Feb., March, new leaves appear 
in April, The flowers appear with the young foliage, or before the old leaves 
fall ; the pods ripen from Oct.-Feb. 

In South India and the Godavery forests (Ahiri), a large tree 60-80 ft. high, 
with an erect, but not generally straight or regular trunk to 20 ft. girth. In 
North India a moderate-sized or small tree. Numerous thick branches, spread- 
ing into a large shady crown. Branchlets grey, bark of trunk }-1 in. thick, 
cinereous, less rough than the bark of Sissoo, Foliage fine glossy dark green. 
Coppices well, and propagates itself readily by self-sown seed. Easily raised 
from seed, but of slow growth, especially while young ; 5-9 rings per in. of radius. 

Sapwood large, whitish ; heartwood with an irregular outline, from deep nut- 
brown to blackish purple, with white or purplish veins and streaks of lighter 
colour, and small whitish specks ; fine-grained, strong, and heavy. The aver- 
age weight of seasoned Blackwood fluctuates between 50 and 54.68 lb. ; the lower 
figure is that given by Skinner, and the higher is the result of Baker’s experi- 
ments made with Malabar wood. In the Central Provinces list, however, the 
weight is given at 66 lb. The average value of P, ranges between 722 and 


Dalbergia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 149 


1104, and may be taken at 950. Old trees are often hollow, and have ring- 
shakes. When fresh-sawn, the wood has an agreeable smell. Much valued 
for furniture. Combs and a great variety of ornaments are carved of it. Largely 
used for yokes, cart-wheels, ploughs and other scree implements, knee- 
timbers of boats, and for construction, also for spokes and fellies of gun-carriage 


wheels. In Oudh the tree is pollarded for cattle-fodder. 


3. D. Sissoo, Roxb.—Tab. XXIV.— Fl. Ind. iii. 223; W. & A. 
Prodr. 264; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 25. The Stssoo tree.—Sans. Siusapa. 
Vern. Shisham, sissu, throughout North India; Shewa, Pushtu; Tal, 
sufedar, shin, shia, nelkar, Pb. ; Stssai, Oudh. 


A large tree with brown heartwood. Young parts pubescent or tomen- 
tose. Leaflets 3-5, alternate, broad-ovate, acuminate, glabrous when old. 
Flowers yellowish white, nearly sessile, in unilateral spikes, which are 
arranged in short axillary paniclés; ramifications of inflorescence and 
calyx pilose. Stamens 9, all united into a sheath, open on the upper 
side. Ovary on a long stalk, pubescent; style very short, much shorter 
than the ovary; stigma large ; legume linear-lanceolate, generally 2-3- 
seeded. 


The Sissoo tree is indigenous in the sub-Himalayan tract, and in the outer 
Himalayan valleys, from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 3000, and at times 
to 5000 ft. Generally gregarious, mostly on sand or gravel along the banks of 
rivers or on islands, extending 50-100 miles into the plains. Believed to be indi- 
genous also in Guzerat, Beluchistan,and Central India. I have never seen it really 
wild outside the sub-Himalayan belt. Cultivated and often self-sown through- 
out India; thrives best on light soil, and requires a considerable amount of 
moisture. The old leaves turn reddish brown, and begin to fall in December, 
but continue to be shed up to February, when the young foliage comes out, 
continuing until April. The full-grown foliage is of a fine clear green colour. 
Young trees are occasionally leafless for a few weeks ; old trees are hardly ever 
without leaves. Fl. from March-June, at times with a second flush between 
July and October; the seed ripens from November-February, and generally 
remains long on the tree. 

Under favourable circumstances a large tree, attaining 60 ft. and more, with an 
erect but not straight or regular trunk 6-12 ft. in girth ; large branches sup- 
pe a spreading crown. Young shoots downy, bifarious, drooping; branch- 

ets cinereous or light brown ; bark of trunk 3-1 in. thick, grey or pale brown ; 
narrow strips atfobating between more recent obliquely longitudinal shallow 
fissures, and distant, older deep cracks, which tail off into each other. 

Sapwood small, light-coloured ; heartwood close-grained, brown, mottled 
with darker veins, in old trees sometimes very dark, nearly black. Medullary 
rays very fine. Pores large, scanty, uniformly distributed, often joined by narrow 
concentric bands of whitish tissue. A cub. ft. of seasoned heartwood weighs 
between 45 and 50.1b. Skinner gives it at 50, but this is too high as an average. 
The results of Baker’s numerous experiments range between 42.68 and 46.25 ; 
the average of my experiments of 1864 was47.83, and of 1865, 45.83. Instances 
are, however, recorded of a greater weight (55.5 lb., average of 3 experiments by 
Major Russell, Calcutta, 1862). Unseasoned wood weighs 64-701b. The trans- 
verse strength of Sissoo is probably somewhat less than of Blackwood, but con- 
siderably greater than of Teak, and even greater than of Sal. Skinner gives the 
value of P. at 870; the average of 33 experiments made by me in 1864 was 739, 
and 51 experiments made in 1865 gave 865. Considering these, and the results 


150 XXXI, LEGUMINOS&. [ Dalbergia. 


of the numerous recorded experiments by Baker, Cunningham, and others, and 
excluding extremes, the mean value of P. will be found to range between 700 
and 900. Sissoo is very elastic, it seasons well, does not warp or split, and 
takes a fine polish. It is durable in the Panjab and North-West India, less so 
in Bengal. Boats made of Sissoo on the Chenab will last 20 years, 

Sissoo wood is esteemed highly for all purposes where strength and elasticity 
are required. It is used extensively in boat-building, for carts and iages, 
agricultural implements, camel-saddle-frames, doors and window-frames, and in 
construction generally. It is an excellent and beautiful furniture-wood. At 
present the use of Sissoo wood is only limited by the insufficient supply. Until 
about 1820, considerable supplies of large Sissoo logs were regularly imported 
into Calcutta from the forests of the sub-Himalayan tracts of Nepal and adjoining 
districts. In those days Sissoo was the principal wood used for the construction 
of gun-carriages in Bengal; and it was only between 1820 and 1830 that Sissoo 
of large dimensions became scarce, and that Sal timber began to be used exten- 
sively for this purpose, being more plentiful than Sissoo, though heavier, and 
not easily seasoned. The twigs and leaves are often lopped for cattle-fodder ; 
camels prefer Sissoo to Kikar. The raspings of the wood are used in native 
medicine. | ‘ 

The Sissoo is easily raised from seed, grows rapidly with along tap-root. The 
night frosts in the Panjab turn the leaves black, but do not kill the plants. The. 
roots are bitter, and are not touched by white ants or rats. The Sissoo tree con- 
tinues to grow rapidly untilit attains maturity. In the Panjab it attains, under 
fair conditions, on an average 24 ft. girth in 12, and 44 ft. in 30 years. It cop- 
pices well, and in the Southern Panjab and Sindh it has always been raised 
from slips, often cuttings of thick branches. The slips are cut 1 ft. long, and are 
put in about the end of Feb., sometimes in March. 

In the large plantations made since 1865 in the Panjab plains, the Sissoo is at 
present the most important tree. Its requirements and treatment are beginning to 
be well understood, and several thousand acres are now stocked with it. Here, as 
well as in its natural habitat,the Sissoo shows a decided preference for a light sandy 
soil. The tree is healthiest in the low Sailaba lands, which stretch along the 
main rivers, and are kept moist by percolation. On the bar or high ground be- 
tween the rivers it thrives with the aid of canal irrigation when the soil is a 
sandy loam. On stiff binding soils the roots are small and the trees often un- 
healthy. On saline soils, and when there is a substratum of kankar, the Sissoo 
will not thrive. Regarding the eventual yield of these Sissoo plantations, and the 
production per acre, no definite estimate can yet be based upon the fragmentary 
data available. But so much is certain, that these plantations will yield large 
supplies of fuel and a proportion of timber, though it may appear doubtful 
whether so near its north-western limit the tree will attain dimensions at all 
approaching to those of the Sissoo in the more moist and forcing climate of the 
Nepal and Sikkim Terai, or in Bengal. 


4. D. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl t. 114; Fl. Ind. iii. 227; W. & A. 
Prodr. 265.—Vern. Katsirsa, Oudh ; Dobein, dhobin, passi, C.P. ; Padra, 
Dharwar. 


A large or moderate-sized tree, the wood in broad concentric masses, 
alternating with narrow layers of fibrous tissue. Young branchlets, peti- 
oles, and inflorescence hairy. Leaves turn black in drying; leaflets 9-13, 
generally 1 in. long, obovate, oblong or oval, glabrous, hairy beneath along 
midrib ; venation reticulate; no prominent lateral nerves. Panicles ter- 


Dalbergia. | XXXI, LEGUMINOSZ. 151 


minal and axillary ; flowers bluish white, nearly sessile, crowded on short 
unilateral racemes; bracts oblong, villose, early deciduous. Calyx cam- 
panulate, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, all teeth acute. Claws of 
_ petals as long as calyx-tube. Standard from cordate base oblong, broader 
above, with straight sides, not thickened above the claw. Stamens 10, 
equally diadelphous ; inserted with petals in the middle of calyx-tube. 
Ovary glabrous, ovules 2-3. Legume 14-24 in. long, 3-2 in. broad, 1-2- 
seeded, narrowed at base and at top. 


South and Central India. Gonda forests in Oudh. Siwalik tract west to the 
Jumna, ascending to 2500 ft. Leaves are shed Feb., March ; the new foliage 
comes out in April and May, with the flowers. 

A moderate-sized or large tree (60 ft. high in the Satpuras). Trunk erect, 
irregularly scooped out, fluted and compressed, attaining 5-6 ft. girth. Bark 
smooth, greenish white or cinereous. Wood greyish white, no heartwood. 
Structure most remarkable, entirely different from that of other Dalbergias. 
Broad concentric masses of wood alternate with narrow soft layers of a 
fibrous substance, so that planks cut of old trees often fall to pieces. The 
seasoned wood weighs 48, and the unseasoned wood 54 lb. per cub. ft. (R. Th.) 
Eventually this remarkable species may have to be placed in a distinct genus. 


5. D. lanceolaria, L.—Syn. D. jfrondosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ‘diy. 226 ; 
Wight Ic. t. 266; W. & A. Prodr. 266.—Vern. Takolt, bithua, N.W.P. ; 
Barbat, parbati, Banswarra ; Gengri, Panch Mehals ; Harrani, Dharwar. 


A tree, glabrous, inflorescence covered with ferruginous pubescence. 
Leaflets 11-15, oval or oblong, obtuse, 1-2 in. long; lateral nerves 
numerous, parallel, joined by reticulate veins. Panicles large, lax, ter- 
minal and axillary ; flowers 4-3 in. long, on short slender pedicels, in short 
unilateral racemes. Calyx broad-campanulate or turbinate, hairy outside, 
glabrous inside, the 2 upper teeth obtuse, the 3 lower teeth acute. Stan- 
dard obovate, thickened above the claw. Stamens 10, equally diadelphous. 
Ovary long stipitate, generally hairy at the base, with 3 ovules. Legume 

14-4 in. long, $-? in. broad, 1-3-seeded. 


South India on the west side, as far as Banswara on the Mhye river, on the 
east side to Behar. Also in the Siwalik and outer Himalayan tract, extending 
west to the Jumna river, ascending to 2500 ft. Leafless for a short time, young 
foliage in March ; fl. H.S.; seed Sept., Oct. 

A middle-sized tree, attaining 30-40 ft., with a straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth. 
Bark thin, light or brownish grey. Wood white, without the peculiar concentric © 
layers of D. paniculata. Small patches of black heartwood in the centre. 


6. D. hircina, Ham. ; Benth. Journ. Linn, Soc. iv. Suppl. 46.—Vern. 
Sarao, bandir, tantia, gogera, N.W.P. 


A small tree. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence clothed with 
dense ferruginous tomentum. Leaves 6-10 in. long. Leaflets 13-19, 
oval or oblong, obtuse, with adpressed hairs on both sides ; lateral nerves 
numerous, parallel, joined by reticulate veins. Panicles short, axillary, 
compact. Flowers small, } in. long, on slender pedicels, as long as calyx. 
Calyx campanulate, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, 4 teeth ob- 
tuse, the 5th longer and subacute. Standard ovate, gradually narrowed 


152 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. | Dalbergia. 


into a claw, and thickened above it. Stamens 10, equally diadelphous, 
inserted with petals at the base of calyx-tube. Ovary stipitate, hairy. 
Legume straight, linear, 14-2 in. long, } in. broad, 1-4-seeded. 


Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, at 2500-5500 ft., from the Jumna to Nepal. 
Fl, Apr., May ; the seed ripens in July. 


7. D. volubilis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t, 191; Fl. Ind. iii, 231; W. & A. 
Prodr. 265. Vern. Bhatia, Kamaon ; Bankharra, Oudh., 


A large climber, glabrous, only petioles and ramifications of inflores- 
cence pubescent. Leaves 4-6 in, long; leaflets 11-13, nearly opposite, 
oblong, generally broader at the top, obtuse, retuse, often mucronate, 
glabrous, with reticulate veins, no prominent lateral nerves. Inflorescence 
large, terminal, and axillary, drooping, composed of numerous compact, 
pedunculate, dichotomous panicles, which consist of short unilateral 
racemes, bracts oblong, deciduous after flowering. Flowers pale blue, 4 in. 
long; calyx short-pedicellate, tubular-campanulate, villous, the 2 upper 
teeth acute, the 3 lower obtuse, Claws of petals shorter than calyx- 
tube. Standard broad. Stamens 10, equally diadelphous. Ovary long- 
stipitate, with 2 ovules. 

Sub-Himalayan tract. Kamaon to Sikkim, Oudh forests, Behar, the Central 
Provinces, Bandelkhand, and the Coromandel coast. Common in the Sal forests 
of Oudh. Fl, Febr., March ; seed May. A large climber with very tough wood. 


18. PTHEROCARPUS, L. 


Trees with alternate, imparipinnate leaves; leaflets alternate, without 
stipels. Flowers large, yellow, in simple racemes or lax panicles. 
Calyx campanulate, with an acute base, generally curved, 5-dentate. 
Petals on long claws, those of the keel free, or slightly connate at the 
top. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the tube slit above, more or less 
divided into 2 bundles of 5 each, the 10th stamen frequently free ; 
anthers versatile, cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary with 2-6 
ovules. Pod flat, orbicular or ovate, generally somewhat oblique, the 
seed-part in the middle. Seeds 1-3, separated by hard dissepiments. 


1. P. Marsupium, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 116; Fl. Ind. iii. 234; W. & A. 
Prodr. 266; Bedd. Fl. Sylv..t, 21. Often called Bastard Teak.—Vern. 
Biya, bija sal, byjasar, bijhua, bia, bibla (Honay, Canar.) 

A large deciduous tree, with full foliage and dark-green shining leaves. 
Leaflets 5-7, coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse, emarginate or acuminate, with 
scattered adpressed hairs on both sides when young; glabrous, shining 
when full-grown ; lateral nerves numerous, arcuate, joined by prominent 
reticulate veins. Flowers 4 in, long, on short pedicels, in short lateral 
and terminal paniculate racemes. Calyx, peduncles, and pedicels with 
scattered adpressed hairs. Stamens and petals inserted above the base of 
calyx. Claws shorter than petals, lamina of all petals broad, waved or 
curled. Stamens monadelphous, the tube divided deeply into 2 bundles. 
Ovary hairy. Pod angular, nearly orbicular, 13-2 in diam. ; style lateral. 


Common formerly in South and Central India, though now in many places 


Pterocarpus. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. cot. a 


rare or nearly extirpated. On the west side found in the Santolah forests of 
Meywar, S.W. of Neemuch ; on the east side as far as the Rajmahal and Mirzapur 
hills, near the Ganges ; also in the extreme 8.E. corner of Kamaon, ascending to 
3000 ft. ; not reported from the Oudh forests. Fl. May, June ; the seed ripens 
Dec.-March. , 

Attains a considerable size, with an erect, but not very straight trunk 6-8 ft. 
gitth. Yields beams 20 ft. long, and 20 in. square. In Central India large trees 
are now rare, save in the less accessible parts of the forests. (Maikal range and 
Delakhari Sal forests.) Bark 4-3 in. thick, cinereous or dusky grey, rugose, with 
the outer softer corky layers flaking off. Inner bark reddish brown, fibrous. 
Sapwood large, whitish. Heartwood reddish brown or nut brown, close-grained, 
tough, and strong. In the green state the cub. ft. weighs 65-70 lb., seasoned 
between 51 and 56 1b. Skinner gives the value of P. at 868. The results of 
Puckle’s experiments in Mysore range between 693 and 950. Seasons well, 
takes a fine polish, and is durable. The heartwood is full of gum-resin, and 
stains yellow when damp. Makes beautiful furniture, and is much used for 
doors and window-frames, posts and beams. Highly valued for cart and boat- 
building, for cotton gins and agricultural implements. In the peninsula it is 
considered, next to Teak and Blackwood, the most valuable tree, and the timber 
often fetches the same price as Teak. From wounds in the bark flows copiously 
a red gum-resin, true Kimo, coll. in 8. I., and exported. It is sold in little 
angular ~pieces, brittle, black and shining ; melts in the mouth with a strong, 
simply astringent taste, like the kino of Butea frondosa, which it much 
resembles. 

To the same genus belong: 2. P. santalinus, L. fil., the red Sanders wood of 
the North Arcot, Cuddapah, and Kurnool forests. Also found by Beddome in 
the Godavery forests, but not known further north, with 3 leaflets and smaller 
flowers ; claws as long as the lamina of petals. 3. P. endicus, Willd., with 7-9 
acuminate leaflets, the Padowk of Burma. The rosewood or lancewood of 
western tropical Africa is the produce of P. ertnaceus, Poir. ; Guill. et Perr. Fl. 
Seneg. t. 54. 


19, PONGAMIA, Vent. 


Trees with imparipinnate leaves, the leaflets opposite, without stipels. 
Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or with 5 indistinct teeth. Standard broad- 
ovate, thickened at the base, with callous inflexed auricles at the top of 
the claw ; keel obtuse, its petals cohering at the back near the top. Sta- 
mens 10, monadelphous, the tenth stamen free at the base, in the middle 
connate with the rest into a closed tube ; anthers versatile. Ovary nearly 
sessile, with 2 ovules ; style filiform, incurved, with a small terminal stigma. 
Legume oblong, indehiscent, 1-seeded, shell thick, coriaceous, the sutures 
obtuse, without wings. Seed reniform, thick, hilum small. 


1. P. glabra, Vent.; W. & A. Prodr. 262; Wight Ic. t. 59; Bedd. 
FL. Sylv. t. 177.—Syn. Galedupa indica, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 239. 
—Sans. Karanjaka. Vern. Papar, papri, karanj, karanjh, kanji, kunj. 
Local n. Suikchein, Pb.; Charr, Mairwara. 

A moderate-sized tree, glabrous, almost evergreen, with bright-green shin- 
ing leaves. Leaflets 2-3 pair, ovate or elliptic, short-acuminate, 3-5 in. 

long, with 4-6 lateral arcuate nerves on either side of midrib. Flowers 
mixed blue, white, and purple; petals dark-veined. Pod thick, hard, 
semi-ovate, about 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, acute at both ends. 


154. XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Pongamia. 


Common near banks of streams and watercourses, and elsewhere in moist 
localities; often associated with Terminalia Arjuna, in South and Central India, 
Burma, and Bengal. Also at the foot of the Himalaya, and in the outer 
valleys extending west to the Ravi (not common), and ascending to 2000 ft. 
Outside India in Ceylon, Malacca, the Indian Archipelago, extending northward 
to South China, and eastward to the Fiji Islands, Timor, and tropical Australia. 
The leaves are shed in April, and are renewed soon afterwards. Fl. May, June ; 
the pods ripen in April of the ensuing year. | 

Attains 50-60 ft ; trunk short, not very regular, 5-8 ft. girth ; crown spread- 
ing, shady. Bark smooth, striated, of a whitish or dusky cinereous colour, 1 
in. thick. Inner bark yellowish, fibrous, with an unpleasant smell. Wood 
yellowish, with darker veins, hard, and tough ; sap and heartwood not distinct. 
Used for building, but not durable, readily eaten by insects. In South India 
solid cart-wheels are made of it. The pods (bara karan) and the leaves are 
used in native medicine, and oil is expressed from the seeds, used for burning, 
and medicinally (Pharm. Ind. 79). 


20. DERRIS, Loureiro. 


Climbing shrubs or trees, with alternate imparipinnate leaves ; leaflets — 
opposite, exstipellate. Flowers violet, purplish, or white, in simple or 
paniculate racemes. Calyx truncate. Standard unappendaged ; wings 
obliquely oblong, slightly cohering to the keel-petals. Vexillary stamen 
united to the rest near the middle, rarely free; anthers versatile. Ovary 
2-0 -ovulate ; stigma terminal. Legume indehiscent, oblong or orbicular, 
flat, membranous, or coriaceous, narrowly winged on the upper or both 
sutures. Seeds solitary or several, compressed. 


1. D. scandens, Benth. in Linn. Journ. iv. Suppl. 103.—Syn. Dal- 
bergia scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 192; Fl. Ind. ni. 232; W. & A. 
Prodr. 264. 


A large climbing shrub, with imparipinnate leaves. Leaflets 3-4 pair, 
elliptic-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, glabrous, dark green, subcoriaceous, com- 
mon petiole pubescent. Flowers on filiform pedicels, light rose-coloured, 
in long slender racemes. Pods flat, oblong, marginate, 2-3 in. long, 2-4- 
seeded. 


Baraich and Gonda forests in Oudh, Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma, 
Indian Archipelago, North Australia, and South China. Fl. R.S.; fr. C.S., HAS. 
Attains 1 ft. in girth: 

D. robusta, Benth. 1. c. 104—Syn. Dalbergia robusta, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. . 
244. D. Krowei, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 229,—a tree, with narrow-linear pods 2-3 
in. long, and } in. wide, of South India, Ceylon, Bengal, is found in Kamaon 
(Madden), ascending to 5000 ft. (vern. Buro). 


Seconp Sus-OrpEr, CASALPINIEZ. 


Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs, with pinnate, abruptly bipinnate, bifoliolate, 
rarely unifoliolate leaves; leaflets generally not stipellate. Flowers 
bisexual, generally irregular. Calyx of 5 more or less connate sepals. 
Petals 5, or fewer, imbricate in bud, the upper petal inside. Stamens 10, 
or fewer, rarely numerous, free, or more or less connate. Seeds with or 
without albumen ; the embryo with a straight radicle. 


Mezoneurum. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 155 


Leaves bipinnate, common petiole long. 
Pod flat, thin, membranous, indehiscent, with a broad 


wing on the seminiferous suture ‘ : . 1, MEZONEURUM. 
Pod thick or more or less turgid, not winged. 
Calyx imbricate, of 5 unequal sepals . Z é . 2. CASALPINIA. 
Calyx valvate, of 5 equal sepals . ‘ ; , PorncrAna (p. 157). 
Calyx valvate, of 4 sepals, the 2 upper connate . CoLVILLEA (p._157).. 
Leaves = aaanamel common petiole short, “ne ada leaflets 
minute : : . 3. PARKINSONIA. 
Leaves simple or bifoliolate. 
alyx gamosepalous ; seeds numerous. 4, BAUHINIA. 
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals ; pod 1-seeded 5. HaRDWIOKIA. 
Leaves abruptly pinnate. 
Calyx-tube turbinate, segments 4; petals 3 6. TAMARINDUS. 
Calyx-tube very short, segments B; petals 5 . 7. CASSIA. 
Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped ; petals none 8. SARACA. 


1, MEZONEURUM, Desfontaines. 


Climbing shrubs with bipinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal or axillary, 
solitary or panicled racemes. Calyx oblique, with 5 broadly-imbricate 
. segments, anterior segment larger, concave, outside in bud. Petals 5, 
rather unequal. Stamens 10, free; anthers uniform. Ovary with 2 or 
more ovules, stigma terminal, truncate, or dilated. Legume indehiscent, 
or nearly so, compressed, central suture longitudinally winged. Seeds | 
compressed, exalbuminous. 


1. M. cucullatum, W. & A. Prodr. 283.—Syn. Cesalpinia cucullata, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 358. Vern. Biskoprah, Oudh; Ragi, Bombay. 


A powerful climber, branches and petioles armed with strong hooked 
prickles. Pinnz 3-7 pair; leaflets 4-5 pair, coriaceous, shining, ovate, 
acuminate, 2-4in. long. Flowers yellow in axillary and terminal panicles, 
composed of a few rigid racemes. Pods flat, shining, unarmed, foliaceous, 
3-4 in. long, 1 in. ts with a broad membranous wing on the semini- 
pes suture. Seeds 1 


ngal, Oudh forests, — Western Ghats. Indian Archipelago. FI. 
Now eb. Fr. ripe March. 


2. CASSALPINIA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, often climbing, and armed with prickles. Leaves bi- 
pinnate. Flowers white, yellow, or red, in simple or panicled racemes. 
Calyx-lobes 5, imbricate, the lower outside and often larger. Petals 5, 
orbicular or obovate, nearly equal. Stamens 10, free ; anthers uniform, 
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, inserted at the base of the short 
calyx-tube ; ovules few. Pod compressed, coriaceous, indehiscent, or 2- 


__ valved, Seeds in some species separated by cellular partitions, generally 


exalbuminous, with a short straight radicle. 


Pods covered. with closely-set prickles ; a prickly climber . . lL. C. Bonducella. 
Pods smooth, without prickles. 
A prickly climber ; pubescent ; flowers in lateral racemes . 2. C. sepiaria. 
An erect, almost unarmed shrub ; ao flowers in ter- 
minal corymbs . , ‘ : A F . 8. C. pulcherrima. 


156 XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. [ Cesalpinia. 


1. ©. Bonducella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 357.—Syn. Guilandina Bondu- 
cella, Linn. The fever-nut. Vern. Katkaranj, kat karinga, karanjo, kar- 
anja, karonj. (Karbat, kachka, Sindh.) 


A scandent shrub ; pubescent ; branches, petioles, inflorescence armed, 
sparsely or densely, with short, unequal, slightly recurved prickles. Leaves 
ample, 1-14 ft. long, pinne 6-8 pair ; leaflets opposite, 6-10 pair, elliptical 
with a rounded, somewhat unequal-sided base, apex mucronate. Stipules 
large, cut into large segments. acemes axillary, many-flowered, simple 
or branched below, bracts linear-lanceolate, with a spreading or recurved 
apex, projecting beyond the unopened flowers. Calyx rusty-tomentose, 
with recurved lobes, the inferior lobe largest, hood-shaped. Petals yellow, 
spreading, the upper sometimes spotted with red. Pods 2-valved, 2-3 in. 
long, 14-1# in. broad, coriaceous, covered with sharp, straight, spreading 
prickles. Seeds 1-2, globose or ovoid, smooth, shining, bluish grey or 
lead-coloured, # in. long. 


Widely spread throughout the tropics, indigenous or naturalised in South- | 
ern, Eastern, and a great part of North-Western India, ascends to 2500 ft. in 
Kamaon. In the Panjab only cultivated, and occasionally run wild in hedges 
and waste places. Common in the Salt line fence in Harriana. The large yel- 
low flowers appear in the rains. Is an excellent hedge-plant. The i con- 
tain a fixed oil, resin, and a bitter substance: they are tonic and antiperiodic 
(Pharm. Ind. 68). 

C. Bonduc, Roxb. (Guilandina B., Linn.), a nearly allied species in South 
India and Burma, has nearly glabrous leaves, no stipules, and erect bracts. In 
W.& A. Prodr. 280, the two are united, under the name of G. Bonduce. 


2. ©. sepiaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 360; W. & A. Prodr. 282; Wight 
Ic. t. 837. Mysore thorn.—Vern. Urn, uri, uran, arlu, kando, relu, relmi, — 
Pb. ; Kingri, aira, karaunj, agla, karkari, kannena, Garhwal, Kamaon ; 
Aila, Oudh ; Senseni, Chittor in Meywar ; Chillar, Bombay. 


A large, prickly climber. Pubescent ; branches, petioles, and peduncles 
armed with short, strong, recurved prickles. Leaves ample, 10-18 in. long, 
pinne 6-10 pair; leaflets opposite, 8-12 pair, oblong, obtuse, on short 
petioles ; stipules semisagittate, deciduous. Flowers yellow, in simple axil- — 
lary racemes, pedicels longer than flowers, jointed at the top, bracts lan- 
ceolate, clothed, as well as pedicels and calyx, with ferruginous tomen- 
tum. Lobes of calyx oblong, broader above, a little shorter than the petals, 
the inferior lobe hood-shaped, larger than the others. Stamens some- 
what longer than petals, villous below. Pod glabrous, oblong, obliquely 
cuspidate, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. broad. Seeds 4-8, ovoid, mottled, brown and 
black, less than } in. long. 


Indigenous and naturalised throughout India and Burma. Outer hills of the 
Himalaya, extending to the Indus, ascending in places to 6000 ft. Said by 
Roxburgh to have been introduced into Bengal from Mysore by General Martin. 
Fl. Feb.-May ; Aug. (Hazara.) Makes an almost ‘mene fence: Hyder 
Ali planted it round fortified places. 

Nearly allied is the Sappan-wood, C. Sappan, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 16; 
Fl. Ind. ii. 357. Vern. Patang, Bakam, a large prickly tree in South India, 


Cesalpinia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS2. 157 


Burma, and Bengal, with yellow flowers in large terminal panicles, unequal- 
sided leaflets, and thick, woody, smooth, shining, dark-brown pods, broader at 
top, obliquely truncate and mucronate, The wood, which yields a valuable dye, 
is largely exported from Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, and Siam. 

C. Nuga, Ait.Syn. C. paniculata, Roxb. 1. c. 364; Wight Ic. t. 36, 
Bengal, Indian Archipelago,—is a prickly climber, with short rhomboid, cuspi- 
date, 1-seeded pods. 


3. ©. pulcherrima, Sw.—Syn. Poinciana pulcherrima, Linn. ; Roxb, 
Fl, Ind. ii. 355 ; W. & A. Prodr, 282. Vern. Krishna-chura, Beng. 


A large shrub. Glabrous, armed with a few scattered prickles. Pinnz 
3-9 pair, leaflets 5-10 pair, obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate. Flowers 
large, orange or bright yellow, on long pedicels, more than twice the 
length of flowers, supported by early caducous, subulate bracts, in ter- 
minal pyramidal racemes. Calyx-tube turbinate, segments oblong, the 
inferior segment larger, hood-shaped. Petals }-1 in. long, narrowed into a 
claw, edge often lacerate. Style and stamens much longer than corolla ; 
filaments slightly hairy below, stigma minute. Legume linear-oblong, flat, 
obliquely rounded at the top. 


Cultivated in gardens in most parts of India. Said originally to have been 
brought from the Moluccas. In the West Indies it is either indigenous, or nat- 
uralised at a very early date (Macf. Fl. Jam. 331), 

C. coriaria, Willd., the Divi-divi or Lnbi-dibi, is a spreading tree 20-30 ft. 
high, indigenous in the West Indies and Central America, unarmed, glabrous, 
with bipinnate leaves, pinnz unpaired, leaflets linear ; flowers white, scented, 
in short compound racemes, and broad, oblong, glabrous, twisted pods. The 

ods are rich in tannin. The tree has been introduced into Western and South 
ndia, and its cultivation deserves to be extended, as it yields valuable material 
for tanning. 


Three splendid ornamental, soft-wooded trees, nearly related to Cesalpinia, 
are largely cultivated in India. 1. Poinciana regia, Bojer, Bot. Mag. t. 2884, 
a native of Madagascar, introduced into India within the last 60 years, and 
commonly grown in gardens north-west as far as the Jumna, with 8-20 pair of 
pinnee, large bright-scarlet flowers, in terminal and axillary racemes ; petals 2-3 
times longer than calyx-lobes, 2 in.:long, almost orbicular, tapering into claws 
1 in, long, the upper petal more cuneate, variegated and striated with red and 
yellow ; stamens nearly as long as petals. Pods 2 in. broad, 20-24 in. long. 
2. P. elata, Linn., Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 178, indigenous in forests of the western 
and eastern coasts of the Peninsula, as far north as Guzerat, common near 
towns and villages in Marwar (Madden), and cultivated largely in South 
India, with yellowish flowers in lax corymbs, terminal or from the upper 
axils, petals somewhat longer than calyx, 1 in. long, on short claws, with a 
rounded lamina, much curled on the margin, stamens much exceeding petals, 
2-4 in. long, 3. Colvillea racemosa, Bojer, Bot. Mag. t. 3325, 3326, with large 
leaves, pinnze 20-30 pairs, bright-scarlet flowers in erect, compact, cylindri- 
cal racemes, 18 in. long, terminal and from the upper axils, petals as long as 
calyx, unequal, the upper and inside petal orbicular, convolute, the 2 lateral 
petals longer, cuneate, the 2 upper longest, falcate. This tree was discovered 
on the western coast of Madagascar by Professor Bojer in 1824, brought by him 
to the Mauritius, and introduced into India about 1840. Generically, these 2 
genera differ from Casalpinia by a valvate calyx, consisting in Poinciana of 
5 equal segments, while Colvillea has 4, of which the 2 uppermost are connate 
nearly to the top. 


158 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, [ Parkinsonia. 


3. PARKINSONTA, Linn. 


Spiny shrubs, or small trees, with bipinnate leaves; primary peti- 
oles short, secondary elongated, abruptly pinnate, with ‘minute leaflets. 
Flowers yellow, in lax axillary racemes. Calyx divided nearly to base 
into 5 equal, membranous, slightly imbricate segments. Petals 5, equal, 
spreading. Stamens 10, free; filaments pilose at base ; anthers uniform, 
elliptical. Ovary 8-15-ovulate, style filiform, recurved in bud. Pod 
linear, contracted between the seeds, seeds albuminous. 


1. P. aculeata, Linn.; W. & A. Prodr. 283.—Vern. Vilayati kikar, Pb. - 


Common (primary) petiole $ in. long, ending in a stout sharp spine, 
often with lateral stipulary spines. Pinnz 6-10 in. long, 2-4 on either 
side, clustered, flat, coriaceous, with or without minute leaflets. Racemes 
shorter than leaves, pods 3-6 in. long. 


Indigenous in the West Indies and tropical America, cultivated in most 
tropical countries, almost naturalised in India, where it is grown as a hedge- 
plant. Has spread largely throughout the Panjab since annexation, and thrives 
well in the more arid districts. Common in the Salt line fence in Harriana. 
Fl. throughout the vear. Branches lopped as fodder for goats. Wood whitish, 
light and | soft, but close-grained, polishes fairly. 


To the same tribe as the preceding genera (Hucewsalpiniew) belongs Hama- 
toxylon campechianum, Linn., the logwood, a most valuable dyewood of Central 
America and the West Indies ; ; also Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Arnott, Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. t. 44, one of the largest timber-trees of the evergreen forests ‘along the 
Western Ghats. 


4, BAUHINTA, Linn. 


Trees, shrubs, or climbers, with simple or bifoliolate leaves, the leaflets 
distinct, or more or less connate. Flowers white, pink, or purple, in 
simple or paniculate racemes. Calyx gamosepalous, turbinate or tubular, 
cleft into 5 segments, or split on the upper side, and spathaceous. Petals 
5, spreading, slightly unequal. Stamens 10, all or only a portion perfect, 
free or more or less connate ; anthers versatile, the cells dehiscing lon- 
- gitudinally. Ovary stipitate, stalk free or adnate to the tube, with 2 or 
numerous ovules. Pod indehiscent or 2-valved, long, linear, or oblong. 
Seeds numerous. 


Stamens 10, all perfect; ovary-stalk free ; pod indehiscent (sub- 
genus Pileostigma). 
A tree; calyx 5-cleft; legume marked with regular pone ; 
reticulate veins. 1. B. malabarica. 
A tree ; calyx spathaceous ; legume irregularly reticulate . 2 B. racemosa, 
Perfect stamens 3, 4, or 5; ovary-stalk adnate to calyx ; pod 
2-valved (sub-genus Phanera). 
Trees ; flowers large, in short racemes. . 
Perfect stamens 3; calyx 2-cleft to the base; leaflets con- 


nate to the middle. 3. B. purpurea. 
Perfect stamens 5 ; calyx spathaceous ; leaflets connate be- 
yond the middle . : 4, B. variegata, 
A tree; flowers small, in large panicles ; perfect stamens 3; 
calyx 2-3 cleft to the base ; leaflets connate totheapex . 5. B. retusa, 


A climber ; flowers middle-sized in large corymbs . : . 6, Be Vahlit. 


Bauhinia. | XXXI, LEGUMINOSZ. 159 


- Of the sub-genus Pauletia, with large flowers, a spathaceous calyx, the ovary- 
stalk free, 10 perfect stamens, and a narrow linear pod, there are two species, 
which will probably be found in the range of this Flora. 1. B. acuminata, 
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 324; W.& A. Prodr. 295. Vern. Kachnar. A large 
erect shrub, with greyish-brown bark. Leaves 2-lobed nearly to the middle, 
each lobe (leaflet) with 4 penniveined nerves ; lobes ovate, pointed. Flowers 
white, 2 in. across ; calyx tapering into a long fine apex, divided into 5 hairy, 
filiform teeth. Pod flat, 3-4 in. long, 4 in. broad, upper suture thickened and 
3-keeled. Bengal, South India, Burma. 2. 5. tomentosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
ii. 322; W. & A. Prodr. 295. A shrub, with ash-coloured bark. Branchlets, 
petioles, and under side of leaves with rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves 2-lobed 
to the middle, lobes obtuse, 3-nerved. Stipules subulate, 4 in. long. Flowers 
white or pale yellow, 4 in. across. Pods flat, tomentose, 4-5 in. long, $ in. broad. 
South India, Indian Archipelago. 


1. B. malabarica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 321; W. & A. Prodr. 294.—Vern. 
Amlosa, Oudh ; Amli, N.W.P.; Boaygyin, Burm. | 


A tree, nearly glabrous ; inflorescence, calyx, petioles, and nerves on 
the underside of leaves ‘with rusty pubescence. Leaves cordate at base, 
broader than long, leaflets united beyond the middle, each with 4-5 
nerves. Racemes axillary, often 2 or 3 together, short, nearly sessile ; 
bracts triangular, ciliate, deciduous. Flowers 4 in. long, pedicels slen- 
der, longer than calyx, calyx funnel-shaped, teeth 5, equal, triangular. 
Petals spathulate, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile, slightly monadelphous 
at the base. Legume linear, 12 in. long, 2 in. broad, long-acuminate, on 
a stalk 1 in. long or longer, marked with regular parallel, waved, and re- 
ticulate veins, generally descending from the edges to the middle of the 
valves. 


Sub-Himalayan forests from the Ganges to Assam, frequently associated with 
Sal. Oudh Sal forests, but not plentiful. Alsoin Behar, the Godavery forests, 
Mysore, along the western coast, and in Burma. Fl. Oct., Nov.; fruit April, 
May. . In Oudh attains 30 ft., and a girth of 4-5 ft. In Burma and Malabar it 
is a large tree. Foliage dark green. Heartwood small, dark brown, weight 
42 lb. per cub. ft.in Burma. The leaves are acid, and are eaten. 


2. B. racemosa, Lam.; W. & A. Prodr. 295; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 182. 
—Syn. B. parviflora, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 323. Vern. Kosundra, 
taur, Pb.; Kachnal, gurial, thaur, N.W.P.; Ashta, makkina, Oudh ; 
Mahauli, Banda; Maula, ashto, dhorara, C.P. ; Dhondri mara, Gondi ; 
Hpalanben, Burm. 


A small tree, pubescent, or rusty-tomentose: Leaves cordate at base, 
broader than long ; leaflets united beyond the middle, with 4 nerves each. 
Racemes terminal or opposite to leaves, lax, 3-6 in. long; flowers distant, 
whitish yellow, 4 in. long; pedicels shorter than calyx. Bud curved, 
unequal-sided. Bracts subulate, tomentose, deciduous. Calyx spatha- 
ceous, at length reflexed, 5-toothed. Petals linear-lanceolate, stamens 
10, all fertile and united at the base. Legume linear, thick, generally 
oie 4-12 in. long, 1 in. broad; valves marked with irregularly reticu- 

te lines. 


160 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [ Bauhinia. 


Dry forests of South and Central India, Burma, Bengal, Oudh. Sub-Hima- 
layan tract to the Ravi, ascending to 5000 ft. in Kamaon. Old leaves are shed in 
Dec., or later ; the new foliage appears between March and June, Fl. March- 
June ; the pods ripen Nov.-March. 

A small, crooked, bushy tree, 15-20 ft. high, branchlets drooping, Bark 1 in. 
thick, rough, with exfoliating ie aa scales, dark grey or brown. Inner 
bark bright red, fibrous. Wood reddish brown, heart small, irregularly shaped, 
of a darker colour. R. Thompson makes the weight of the seasoned wood (OC, 
Prov.) 56 lb. per cub. ft. Rope, strong and durable, is made from the inner 
fibrous bark ; also slow-matches for matchlock-men. 


3. B. purpurea, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 320; W. & A. Prodr. 296. 
—Sans. Kharvallika. Vern.* Kolar, karar, karalli, Pb.; Koliar, kaniar, 
kandan, khairwal, N.W.P.; Kwillar, Oudh ; Kodwari, Gonds, C.P. 


A tree. Nearly glabrous ; young branches, inflorescence, and calyx 
covered with brown pubescence, Leaves coriaceous, cordate at base, as long 
as broad ; leaflets united to the middle, or a little beyond, 4-5-nerved, the 
inner edges often overlapping. Racemes paniculate. Flowers of a deep 
rose-colour, pedicels in the axils of triangular bracts, with a pair of subu- 
late bracteoles in the middle. Calyx cleft to the base of the limb into 
2 reflexed segments, the one emarginate, the other 3-toothed, sometimes 
cohering at the apex. Petals oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 1-2 
in. long. Fertile stamens 3, occasionally 4, long, ascending. Ovary hairy, 
stalk cohering on one side with calyx-tube. Legume 6-12 in. long, linear, 
flat, pointed. B. triandra, Roxb., with white flowers, is probably a 
variety of B. purpurea. 

Wild in dry forests of most parts of India, as far west as the Indus, ascendi 
to 4000, and at times to 5000 ft.,also in Burma. Often associated with Sa@/ an 
Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus). Cultivated throughout India. Particularly 
fine in the Kotree Doon and the Patlee Doon, and their side valleys; also in 
the Sal forests of the Meikla range, C. Prov. In North-West India fi. from 
Sept.-Nov. Pods ripen Jan.-April, . 

A moderate-sized tree, to 40 ft. high, with a short trunk attaining a girth of 
6-9 ft. Bark 4 in. thick, smooth, or rough, with rounded exfoliating scales, 
whitish, ash-coloured, or dark brown. Heartwood of a handsome yellowish or 
reddish brown colour, hard, close-grained, durable. Sapwood liable to be at- 
tacked by insects. Employed for agricultural implements, and in construction 
when found sufficiently large. The cub. ft. of seasoned wood weighs 39 Ib., 
of green wood, 45-48 lb. ; value of P. 567 (Skinner). 

The bark is used for tanning, the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, the 
flower-buds are pickled and eaten as a vegetable. 


4. B. variegata, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 319; W. & A. Prodr. 296. 
—Sans. Kovidara, kanchandra. Vern. Kachnar, North and Central 
India; Koliar, kural, karal, padrian, Pb.; Khwairal, gurial, gwiar, 
barial, N.W.P. 

A tree, young branches, under side of leaves, inflorescence, and calyx 
with short pubescence. Leaves with ‘cordate or rounded base, as broad 
as long ; leaflets connate beyond the middle, with 5-7 nerves. Racemes 


* The vernacular names of B. purpwrea and variegata demand further inquiry. 


; 


‘@ : 
a 


Bauhinia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. 161 


short, axillary or terminal, with few flowers. Bracts small, broad, tri- 


- angular. Flowers large, 2 in. long, fragrant. Calyx spathaceous, ovate, 


- — 
' 


5-toothed at the apex. Petals oblong, the fifth broader, ovate or obovate. 
Perfect stamens 5. Ovary-stalk cohering with the calyx-tube. Legume 
6-18 in. long, linear, flat. Two varieties: one with red flowers, 4 petals 
light purple, the 5th deep purple, tinged with cream and red ; the other 
with white flowers, B. candida, Roxb. 1. c. 318, 4 petals white, the 5th 
variegated inside with yellowish green. 

Wild in most wooded parts of India, as far west as the Indus, also in Burma. 
Abundant in the warm glens between the Kosilla and Sarda (Madden). Cullti- 
vated throughout India. Fl. Feb.-April; old leaves are generally shed before 
flowers appear ; young foliage in April and May. 

A moderate-sized tree, with a short erect trunk, attaining 4-5 ft. girth. Bark 
light or dark grey, with vertical cracks. Wood light or reddish brown, weight 
54 lb. per cub. ft. (seasoned), 672 bb. (green), R. Th., considered less durable 
than that of B. purpurea, much used for agricultural implements, Bark 
astringent, used for tanning and dyeing. Leaves and flower-buds eaten as vege- 
tables ; flower-buds are often pickled. 


5. B. retusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 322.—Syn. B. emarginata, Royle. 
Vern. Kural, Pb. ; Kandla, kanalla, Kamaon. : 

A small tree, glabrous, only extremities of inflorescence and calyx 
with short whitish pubescence. Leaves entire, or emarginate, broad-ovate 
with a cordate or straight base, broader than long, with 9-11 nerves, branch- 
ingabovethe middle. Flowers numerous, pale yellow, 4 in. across, on long 
slender pedicels in corymbose, pedunculate racemes, forming large terminal 
panicles. Calyx ovate, split into 2 or 3 segments. Petals clawed, hairy 
outside, lamina orbicular, beautifully marked with dark purple veins. 
Perfect stamens 3, ovary hairy below, curved, the stalk adnate to the 
calyx-tube. Legume oblong, 4-6 in. long, 1 in. broad, often broader at 
the top. : 

Siwalik tract and outer N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 4500 ft., west to the 
Bias. Oudh, and occasionally in the Central Provinces. Chiefly in damp places. 
Fl. Sept. A small tree with a short trunk 3 ft. girth, spreading branches, and 
long, slender, waving, pendulous branchlets. Bark smooth, cinereous. Wood 
“ames A brown insipid gum exudes from the bark, and is collected in the 

ehra Doon. 


6. B. Vahlii, W. & A. Prodr. 297.—Syn. B. racemosa, Vahl ; Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 325. Vern. Marwar, taur, Pb. ; Malghan, mdljan, malu, 
N.W.P. ; Maurain, jallaur, Oudh ; Sihar, maul, C.P. 

A gigantic climber, clothed with dense grey or ferruginous tomentum, 


_ branchlets frequently terminating in a pair of opposite, revolute tendrils. 
Leaves very large, often 12 in. across, deep-cordate, as broad as long ; 
leaflets connate to the middle, each with 5-7 prominent arcuate, penni- 


veined nerves. Stipules obtuse, falcate. Flowers ? in. broad, on long 


_ Slender pedicels, in terminal corymbose racemes. Bracts subulate, bract- 
_ lets 2, above the middle of pedicel. Calyx-limb ovate, splitting to the 
_ top of the tube in two reflexed segments. Petals clawed, obovate, hairy 
_ outside. Perfect stamens 3. Ovary oblong, hairy, stalk adnate to calyx- 


L 


162 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Bauhinia. 


tube. Legume pendulous, flat, thick, 6-18 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, woody, 
clothed with thick dark-brown tomentum. Seeds orbicular, flat, smooth, 
brown, 1 in. diam. 


Common in the forests of Northern and Central India, in the sub-Himalayan 
tract from the Chenab to Assam, Behar, and on the western coast. Fl April; 
the pods of the previous year ripen about the same time. 

Stem irregularly ridged and furrowed, often more than 100 ft. long, with a 
fibrous bark and porous wood, in broad, irregularly concentric layers. Foliage 
dense, with an almost impenetrable network of branchlets, covering the largest 
trees, smothering them, or causing their stems to grow crooked and irregular, 
One of the greatest enemies of the Sal tree, but nearly extirpated by the labours 
of the forest officers in the Khyregarh forests of Oudh. Rope is made from the 
bark ; the leaves are used for packing, as plates, and umbrellas are made of them. 
The pod (chthar) is roasted, and the seeds are eaten. 


5. HARDWICKTIA, Roxb. 


Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves and small flowers in racemose 
panicles. Calyx of 5 distinct, ovate or orbicular, petaloid, imbricate 
sepals. Petals none. Stamens 10, alternately shorter, generally all fer- 
tile. Anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile, free, 
with 2 ovules. . 


1. H. binata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 209; Fl. Ind. ii. 423; W. & A. Prodr. 
284; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 26.—Vern. Parsid, Singrowlie hills; Anjan, 
C.P.; Acha, Tam. 


Glabrous. Leaves bifoliolate ; leaflets sessile, entire, obtuse, obliquely 
ovate, or semicordate, with 4-5 arcuate nerves; common petioles + or 4 
the length of leaflets. Stipules small, cordate, caducous. Flowers greenish 
yellow, on long slender racemes, arranged in axillary or terminal panicles ; 
pedicels shorter than flowers; bracts minute, caducous. Ovary oblong; 
style ascending, with a large, peltate stigma. Legume lanceolate, 2-3 in. 
long, with parallel longitudinal veins, a solitary seed near the top. 


In dry forests of South and Central India, but not everywhere ; generally 
gregarious in belts or patches of greater or less extent. It is wanting in the 
moister forests below and above Ghat on the west side of the Peninsula. In 
Central India, the tree is known in Chanda, Berar, Khandeish, and Nimar, on 
the eastern slopes of the Pachmarhis, near the Dhidi river, and on the Singrow- 
lie hills, south of the Soane river. Seed ripe April, May. 

An elegant tree, attaining 50-60, occasionally 120 ft., with a tall, straight, and 
regularly shaped stem, and a narrow oval crown. Bark black, rough, with ex- 
foliating scales. Young leaves tinged with red; mature foliage dark green ; 
branchlets slender, drooping. Easily raised from seed, and throws up strong 
shoots from stumps. 

Sapwood small, whitish ; heartwood dark reddish brown, sometimes nearly 
black, close- and fine-grained, strong, very hard and very heavy, weight 67-85 
Ib. per cub. ft., 100-120 lb. when green ; value of P. 942 (Skinner). Liable to 
split, but does not warp, takes a fine polish, and is exceedingly durable. Used 
for bridge- and house-posts, and for ornamental work. ee 

The bark yields a valuable fibre, which requires no pare is strong, 
and is in places much used for cordage. Cattle are exceedingly fond of the 
leaves. In the Cauvery forests, Northern Mysore, and Berar, the trees were 
formerly, and are still to a great extent, pollarded for cattle-fodder. 


Tamarindus. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, ; 163 


6. TAMARINDUS, Linn. 


An unarmed tree, with abruptly pinnate leaves, small caducous stipules 
and racemose flowers. Calyx with a turbinate tube, and 4 imbricate, 
membranous segments. Petals 3, the lateral ones ovate, the upper inner 
one narrower, concave. Stamens 3, perfect, incurved, united in a sheath to © 
the middle, with oblong versatile anthers, dehiscing longitudinally, a few 
short filiform staminodes at the edge of the sheath. Ovary stipitate, the 
stalk adnate to the calyx-tube, with numerous ovules; a thick style and 
clavate stigma. Pod oblong, curved or nearly straight, thick, outer peri- 
carp a thin crustaceous shell, inner layer an acid pulp, traversed by fibres. 
Seeds obovate or roundish, often angular, compressed, with a brown, very 
hard, thick, shining testa and no albumen. 


1. T. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 215; W. & A. Prodr. 285 ; 
Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 184. The Tamarind.—Sans, Chukra, chincha. Vern. 
Amli, ambli, imli, Hind. ; Chintz, Konkan; Magyiben, Burm. 


Leaves 3-6 in. long, leaflets 10-15 pair, linear-oblong, glabrous, obtuse, 
with fine reticulate venation, and more or less distinct intramarginal 
nerves. Racemes loose, with 10-15 flowers, at the end of short lateral 
branchlets. Petals unilateral, beautifully variegated with red and yellow. 
Pod pendulous, 3-8 in. long, 1 in. broad. 


Cultivated throughout India and Burma, save in the North-Western Panjab ; 
trees are found as far as the Jhelam, but the fruit does not ripen west of Am- 
balla. In the Central Provinces, the Bassi forests Meywar, and in many parts 
of South India, the tree is found self-sown in waste and forest lands, but there 
seems no sufficient evidence of its being originally indigenous in India. 
Wherever I have seen it, it has been in the vicinity of existing or abandoned 
cultivation. The tree is cultivated in the tropics of both the New and Old World, 
and is believed to be truly indigenous in tropical Africa (Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. 
ii. 308). Never leafless, the foliage changes in March and April ; fl. May, June ; 
fruit ripens 7-9 months after flowering. 

A large tree, attaining 80 ft. or more, with a short thick trunk (25 ft. girth 
not rare), often ridged, with a magnificent broad and high, shady crown. 

4 in. thick, dark grey, brownish to blackish, tesselated by longitudinal fissures 
and cross-cracks.. Wood yellowish white, hard and close-grained, the outer and 
younger wood a little softer, but the sapwood not defined by a concentric line, 
such as we find it in the wood of Teak, Sissoo, Sal, Bija sal, Oak, and other 
trees. Heartwood small near the centre, outline very irregular, dark purplish 
_ brown, projecting into the yellowish outer wood with radiating ramifications, so 
that planks frequently show alternate layers of light- and dark-coloured wood. 
} Annual rings indistinct, medullary rays very numerous, very fine, pores 
| moderate, equal, uniformly distributed, each pore or group of pores surrounded 
| by lighter-coloured tissue. Weight of outer wood (sap) 60 lb. (Cunningham) ; 
of the dark-coloured heartwood from 79-83 lb. Value of P. 605-623 (sap- 
wood), 850 (heartwood). Polishes well, and though extremely hard and diffi- 
cult to work, is prized ighly for many purposes when a tree past fruit-bearing 
is felled. Naves and other parts of wheels, mallets, planes, tent-pegs, furni- 
ture, rice-pestles, oil-presses, and sugar-crushers are made of it; it is an excel- 
lent wood for turning. The heartwood is very durable, the outer wood is apt 
to be eaten by insects. 


164 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. | Tamarindus. 


Mainly cultivated on account of the acid pulp of the pod; there are several 
kinds, with sour, sweetish, and red pulp. The pulp contains Citric, Malic, and 
Tartaric acids ; large quantities are imported into England from the West Indies. 
It is officinal as a laxative and refrigerant (Pharm. Ind. 64), The seeds (chincha) 
are used in native medicine ; pounded, they are eaten in times of scarcity, and 
the powder mixed with gum makes cement. 


7. CASSIA, Linn. 


Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves and yellow or 
red flowers. Calyx-tube very short, segments 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 
5, nearly equal, imbricate. Stamens 10, all perfect, or a portion (3 or 5) 
more or less abortive. Legumes indehiscent or 2-valved. Seeds albu- 
minous. 


A tree, leaves without interpetiolar glands ; pods long, cylin- 


drical ‘ ; : , ° 1. C. Fistula. 
A shrub, leaves with interpetiolar glands; pods flat ‘ . 2. C. auriculata 
Shrubby or herbaceous ; leaves without glands ; pods flat, broad, 
oblong, obtuse. 
Leaflets obovate, obtuse ; valves of pod crested - . 38. C. obovata, 
Leaflets lanceolate, acute ; valves of pod without appendages. 4. C. angustifolia. 


Leaflets oblong, obtuse ; valves of pod without appendages . 5. C. holosericea. 


1. C. Fistula, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 333; W. & A, Prodr. 285.— 
Syn. Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers. The Indian Laburnum. Sans. Su- 
varna. Vern. Amaltas (fruit and tree), North India. Local names: 
Karangal, kiar, kaniar, ali, Pb., Himal.; Chimkani (rattler), Sindh ; 
Girmala, gurmala, garmalu, Dekkan, Guzerat ; Kitwali, kitola, ttola, 
shimarra, sim, N.W.P.; Warga, Oudh ; Jaggarwah, raila, hirojah, C.P. ; 
Jaggra-marra, Gonds, C.P.; Gnushwoay, Burm. 

A moderate-sized tree, nearly glabrous, extremities pubescent. Leaves 
12-18 in. long, leaflets 4-8 pair, ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-5 in. long, on 
petioles + in. long, lateral nerves numerous, approximate, branching, 
stipules minute, conical or setaceous. Flowers racemose, large, bright 
yellow, fragrant, on long slender pedicels in the axils of minute bracts 
which are caducous long before expansion; racemes lax, pendulous, 1-2 ft. 
long. Calyx of 5 nearly equal, ovate obtuse lobes ; petals oval, narrowed 
into short claws, nearly equal. Stamens unequal, the 3 lower longest, on 
incurved filaments, with oblong anthers, dehiscing longitudinally, 4-6 
intermediate, with the anther-cells diverging at the base, and opening at 
that end by pores, the remaining 1-3 very short, with indehiscent anthers. 
Pod cylindrical, pendulous, 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. diam., dark brown, smooth, 
hard, indehiscent, divided into numerous flat 1-seeded cells by thin trans- 
verse partitions, filled with a soft black sweetish pulp. Seeds flat, smooth, 
shining, the flat cotyledons with curved edges, so as to be S-shaped in 
the transverse section. 


Common throughout the forest-tracts of India. 'Trans-Indus on the hills 
near Peshawar ; ascends to 4000 ft. in the outer Himalaya. Leafless for a short 
time in the dry season; the fresh leaves of a lively green colour, appear April- 
May. Fl. in spring, and occasionally a second time in autumn. Pods ripen in 
the cold season. 


. 
~ Cassia.| XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 165 


In Northern and Central India a small tree, rarely exceeding 30 ft., with a 
short trunk 3-5 ft. girth. Bark thick (# in.), yellowish or greenish grey, darker 
in old stems, with cross-wrinkles and shallow longitudinal cracks, and brown, 
irregularly shaped, exfoliating scales. Sapwood large, heartwood brick - red 
when fresh-cut, red or reddish brown when seasoned, often beautifully mottled 
and streaked, hard, tough, works easily, takes a fine polish, but is somewhat 

brittle, and apt to crack. The cub. ft. of green wood weighs 72-78 lb. ; for 
seasoned wood, Skinner gives the average at 61, the extremes of the experiments 
available are 52 and 66. The coefficient of transverse strength (P.) is 846 (Skin- 
ner). The annual rings are fairly distinct, the pores large, uniformly distri- 
buted, save occasionally in a narrow line of autumn wood without pores. Each 
pore in a patch of white tissue, and these patches joined by wavy lines of similar 
tissue. Very durable, but large pieces are rare. Used for posts, ploughs, bows, 
and spars of native boats. Axles of carts are made of it in Burma. 

The bark is used for tanning and dyeing ; red juice exudes from wounds in 
the bark, which hardens into a gum, called Kamarkas, used like the gum of 
Butea frondosa. The pulp which fills the pod is a strong purgative, used 
largely in native medicine, as well as in Europe (Pharm. Ind. 65). Twigs and 
leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder in Oudh and Kamaon. 


2. ©. auriculata, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 290.—Syn. Senna auriculata, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 349. Vern. Tarwar, Awal. 


Pubescent. Leaves 3-5 in. long ; leaflets 8-12 pair, oval, obtuse, mu- 
cronate, with short filiform glands at the base of each pair. Stipules 
large, foliaceous, semicordate. Flowers yellow, in terminal, corymbose, 
leaf-bearing panicles. Calyx-lobes unequal, petals equal, ovate, unguicu- 
late, twice the length of calyx. Perfect stamens 6 or 7, with long cylin- 
drical anthers ; antherless staminodes 3 or 4. Pod flat, 3-4 in. long, $ in. 
broad, with 4-6 seeds. 

A shrub, common in South and Central India, also in Rajputana. The bark 
is used for tanning and dyeing leather, and the root in the manufacture of steel. 
Fl. Oct.-March. 


To this genus belong the plants which yield the Senna leaves (Pharm. 
Ind. 65). ‘They are shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs, leaves without glands, 
flowers in axillary racemes ; pods flat, broad, arcuate, dehiscent ; natives 
of tropical Africa; the following 3 species extending to North-West 
India, and 2 of them to the dry belt of South India. 


3. ©. obovata, Colladon; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 631.—Syn. Senna 
obtusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 344. Cassia obtusa, W. & A. Prodr. 288 ; 
Wight Ic. t. 757. 


A diffuse procumbent perennial herb, with glabrous, obovate, obtuse 
leaflets in 3-7 pairs; stipules obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, spreading 
or decurved. Racemes erect, at length exceeding the subtending leaf. 
~ Pod oblong-reniform, broadly rounded at the extremity, the valves thinly 
_ coriaceous, and marked longitudinally over the seeds with a single series 
- of rounded crest-like plaits. . 

Salt range to 2500 ft. (sanna), and Trans-Indus (jijan), Sindh, Guzerat, South 

India, tropical Africa. . 


166 XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. [ Cassia. 


4, C. angustifolia, Vahl.—Syn. C. lanceolata, Forsk. ; Royle IL t. 37. 
Senna officinalis, Gertn. ; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 346. Vern. Sanna makki, 
Pb. | 

A bushy herbaceous plant. Leaflets 5-8 pair, narrow ovate-lanceolate, 
stipules subulate, spreading or reflexed. Racemes exceeding the subtend- 
ing leaf. Pod broadly oblong, slightly curved, rounded at the extremity, 
the valves chartaceous, glabrous, smooth, without appendages. 


Sindh, Guzerat, South India, cultivated in the N.W. Provinces. 


5. C. holosericea, Fresenius ; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 278. 


A small shrub. Leaflets oblong, 5-8 pair, closely velvety pubescent 
above and beneath ; stipules subulate, spreading, somewhat rigid. Ra- 
cemes erect, shorter than leaves. Pod flat, broadly falcate-oblong, rounded 
at the extremity ; valves thinly chartaceous, pubescent, without append- 
ages, 

Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia, Aden, Sindh. 


Ceratonia Siliqua, Linn., the Carob tree (Algaroba), is indigenous in Spain 
and Algeria, the eastern part of the Mediterranean region, and in Syria ; its flat 
pods, full of sweet, nutritious pulp, are a common article of food in the Medi- 
terranean for man, horses, pigs, and cattle, and are imported into the Panjab 
under the name of Kharnub nibti. A slow-growing evergreen tree, with 
heavy wood, excellent as fuel, and valued for cabinet-work, has great powers of 
reproduction, and is satisfied with a scanty supply of moisture. It has been 
grown in the Panjab, and may prove a valuable introduction. Its characters 
are somewhat anomalous. Abruptly pinnate leaves, small polygamous or 
dicecious flowers, without petals, with 5 stamens, versatile anthers, and a broad 
disc surrounding the ovary. The structure of the seed, with thick, flat cotyle- 
dons, enclosed in a fleshy albumen, brings it near the genus Cassva. 


8, SARACA, Linn, 


Unarmed trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small, caducous 
stipules. Flowers yellow or red, in short panicles. Calyx-tube long, 
funnel-shaped, lined with the disc, limb cleft into 4 petaloid, ovate, nearly 
equal segments, imbricate in bud. Petals wanting. Stamens 3-9, free; 
anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally, on long filaments. Ovary stipi 
tate, the stalk adnate to the calyx-tube ; style filiform; stigma terminal, 
obtuse. Pod oblong, coriaceous or woody, 2-valved. Seeds without 
albumen. 


1. S. indica, Linn. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 57.—Syn. Jonesia Asoca, Roxb 
FL Ind. ii. 218; W. & A. Prodr. 284; Wight Ic. t. 206. Sans. Asoka. 
vanjula. Vern. Asok, Asoka (Jassundi, Bombay). 


Glabrous, leaves 12 in. long, drooping and coloured when young 
Leaflets opposite, 4-6 pair, lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth, shining, 3-9 in 
long. Stipules intrapetiolar, oblong, striate. Flowers in corymbos: 
panicles, terminal, or at the end of short lateral branches, with numerow 
ovate, ciliate, coloured bracts, 2 at the base of the calyx persistent, th: 
others at the ramifications of the panicle deciduous. Peduncles ani 
pedicels coloured, flowers orange on expanding, gradually changing t 


~ Saraca.| XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 167 


red. Edge of the disc a crenulated ring at the mouth of the calyx-tube. 
Pod 6-10 in. long, 2 in. broad, valves hard, woody, reticulate outside. 
Seeds 4-8, smooth. 


Indigenous in the forests of South India and Eastern Bengal, cultivated near 
Hindu temples and in gardens in most parts of India, FL March, April ; fr. 
ripens Aug., Sept. Heartwood hard, dark-coloured. 


Tuirp SuBp-OrperR, MIMOSEZ. 


Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs, with abruptly bipinnate, rarely pinnate 
leaves, and small flowers in heads or spikes, Flowers regular, occasionally 
polygamous. Sepals generally connate into a 5-lobed calyx, rarely free, 
valvate. Petals hypogynous, as many as sepals, usually connate, valvate. 
Stamens hypogynous, as many as sepals, double their number, or nume- 
rous, free or monadelphous, with small, 2-celled anthers, the cells dehis- 
cing longitudinally. Pollen (in species of Acacia, Albizzia, and Pitheco- 
lobium) cohering in 3-4 masses in each cell. Seeds without albumen, the 
embryo with a straight radicle. 

Stamens 10 ; anthers with deciduous apical glands. 
Flowers in spikes or racemes (Indian species). 
Unarmed climbers ; pods 2-3 ft. long, flat, epee be- 
tween seeds. : : 1. Entapa. 


Shrubs or trees, often spinescent. 
All flowers bisexual, or sterile flowers mixed with the 


fertile. 
cide edicelled, in long slender racemes; pods 
ved 2. ADENANTHERA. 
Flowers sessile, in slender cylindrical spikes ; ; pods 
2-valved 3. PIPTADENIA. 
Flowers sessile, in cylindrical spikes: pods indehiscent 4. PRosoris. 
Upper flowers of the dense cylindrical spikes bisexual, 
’ the lower neuter . 5. DIcHROSTACHYS. 
Flowers in globose heads ; pod thick, woody, faleate 6. XYLIA. 
Stamens 8-10 or more, but definite, anthers without glands. 
Pods flat, linear, 2-valved 7. LEUCENA, 
Pods 2- valved, the valves separating in joints or entire from 
the persistent frame , ° 4 8. MrmosA. 
Stamens indefinite, more or less connate. 
Armed or unarmed trees ; pinne 1-2 pair; pods coriaceous, 
twisted : a ‘ : : é , { . 9. PITHECOLOBIUM. 
Unarmed trees ; pinne generally numerous ; pods re flat, 
straight, 2- ‘valved 10. ALBIZZIA. 
Stamens indefinite, free ; armed trees, shrubs or climbers 5 pods 
dehiscent or indehiscent, flat or turgid 3 ‘ . dl. Acacta. 


1, ENTADA, Linn. 


1. E. scandens, Benth. in Hook. Journ. of Botany, iv. (1842) 332.— 
Syn. HL. Pursetha, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 267. Mimosa scandens, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 554. Vern. Gilla, Beng. ; Gardal, Bombay. 


A large climber, stems angled, often curiously twisted and curled. 
Glabrous, but inflorescence pubescent. Common petiole ending in a long, 
woody, bifid tendril. Pinnz 2 pair; leaflets 3-4 pair, 1-3 in. long, shining. 
Flowers pale yellow, sessile, in long slender spikes, generally 4-8 on a 


168 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. | Entada. 


common peduncle, from the axils of the former leaves, on 2-3 year-old 
branchlets. Pods ligneous, of an immense size, 2-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad, 
constricted between the seeds, consisting of 10-30 1-seeded, flat, rounded 
joints, the valves separating from the more durable thick rim. Seeds 
flat, ovate or nearly orbicular, brown, shining, testa very hard. 

South India, Eastern Bengal, Nepal, Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, 
Fiji Islands, Queensland. West Indies (probably the same species, the seeds 
carried by the Gulf Stream to the western shores of Europe). Fl. March-May; 
fr. Dec., Jan. The seeds are eaten, cooked or roasted; children play with them, 
and they are made into snuff-boxes and other articles. 


2. ADENANTHERA, Linn. 


Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, pedicelled, in slender axillary or panicu- 
late racemes. Calyx campanulate, with short teeth. Petals free or 
connate at the base. Stamens 10, free ; the anther-cells adnate to a broad 
connective, bearing a deciduous gland at the top. Ovary sessile or short 
stipitate, with numerous ovules in 2 rows, a filiform style, and a small 
terminal stigma. Legume linear, 2-valved, the valves often contorted 
after opening. Seeds thick, with a hard red or bi-coloured testa. 


1. A. pavonina, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 370; W. & A. Prodr. 271; 
Wight Ill t. 84; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 46.—Sans. Kuchandana. Vern. 
Thorlagunj, Mar. 

A large tree, glabrous or pubescent, unarmed. Leaves 1-3 ft. long, 
abruptly bipinnate, pinne opposite, 4-6 pair; leaflets alternate, elliptic- 
oblong, obtuse, 4-12 pair. Racemes paniculate, cylindrical, pedunculate, 
about 4 in. long. Flowers small yellow, fragrant, on slender pedicels. 
Legumes linear, twisted, about 9 in. long. Seeds shining, hard, bright 
scarlet, compressed, but convex on both sides, oval or orbicular. 

South India, Burma, Bengal. Known to extend as far as Khandeish and 
Guzerat on the west side of India, and as far as Sikkim on the east side, but will 
probably be found in the forests of Gorakhpur, Oudh, and Central India south 
of the Satpuras. Fl. March-May ; seeds ripen Aug.-Oct. : 

Trunk erect, bark rough, dark-coloured. The wood is described by Skinner 
as follows: “ Heartwood hard and durable, when fresh-cut of a beautiful coral- 
red colour, and sometimes marked with stripes of a darker shade ; after expo- . 
sure it turns purple, resembling Rosewood; weight 56 lb. P. = 863.” The seeds 
are worn as ornaments, and used as weights (about 4 grs.) by goldsmiths and 
jewellers. Oil is expressed from them. 


3. PIPTADENIA, Benth. 


Characters of Adenanthera, but pods linear, flat, not contorted ; seeds 
flat. Flowers sessile. 


1. P. Oudhensis.—Syn. Adenanthera Oudhensis, J. L. Stewart, MSS. 
Vern. Genti, gaint, Oudh. 

A moderate-sized tree, armed with large conical prickles. Glabrous, inflor- 
escence only pubescent. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, pinne 2 pair, common 
petiole about 3 in. long, with a large, flat, circular gland at the base of 
the lowest pair; secondary petiole 1 in. long, bearing 1 pair of sessile, 


_ Piptadenia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. 169 


subcoriaceous, reniform leaflets, 2-3 in. long and 14-2 in. broad. Flowers 
greenish yellow, sessile or nearly sessile, in dense cylindrical spikes 1-3 in. 
long, arranged in short axillary panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, nearly trun- 
cate, with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, lanceolate, 3 times longer than calyx. 
Stamens longer than petals, terminal glands globose. Pod stalked, linear, 
flat, 9-12 in. long, 4 in. broad. Seeds 15-20, compressed, brown, broad- 
oval. 


Discovered in March 1871, by Mr Richard Thompson, in the Oudh forests 
under the base of the hills in the Gonda division, where it is common, clothing 
the sides of the hills, and entering into them along the valleys. The leaves are 
renewed in March, and the tree flowers in April. 

Attains 40 ft., with a short trunk, which divides into numerous upright 
branches, with drooping branchlets, resembling Hardwickia binata in general 
appearance. Bark of younger branches smooth or wrinkled, with large, conical, 
compressed, sharp-pointed prickles. Bark of stem and older branches } in. 
thick, ey, brown, to dusky red, rough with flattish, exfoliating, woody scales. 
Inner bark red, fibrous. Wood light red, close-grained, durable, very hard ; 
seasons well without cracking. Heartwood not distinct. The trees are pollarded 
for cattle-fodder. 


4, PROSOPIS, Linn. 


Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, generally sessile, in spikes or heads. 
Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Petals valvate, free or connate 
below. Stamens 10, free, exserted ; anthers tipped with a sessile or stipi- 
tate gland. Ovary sessile, with numerous ovules, a slender style, and a 
small terminal stigma. Legume coriaceous, indehiscent; the seeds em- 
bedded in a spongy, hard, or scanty pulp. 

Pod linear, contracted between seeds, pinne 2 pair . 1. P. spicigera. 
Pod short and thick, pinnze 2-5 pair : . 2 P. Stephaniana. 
Several trees of this genus forma marked feature in the vegetation of the dry 


ro of Chili, Peru, Texas, and Mexico, with sweetish succulent pods called 
Algarobo, eaten by the Indians, and given to horses, 

1. P. spicigera, Linn. —Tab. XXV.—Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 63; W. & A. 
Prodr. 271; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 56; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 634.—Syn. 
Adenanthera aculeata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 371. Vern. Jand, jhand, jant, 
’ khar (pod Sangri, Sankar), Pb. ; Kandi, kundi, Sindh; Chaunkra, Agra, 
Bhurtpur; Khejra, khejri, Rajputana; Sangri, shangri, Pertabgarh ; 
Sémru, sémri, sumri, hamra, Panch Mehals, Guzerat; Shemi, shema, 
saunder, Dekkan. 


A moderate -sized thorny tree. Glabrous, branches and branchlets 
_armed with scattered, broad-conical, somewhat compressed prickles. 
Leaves bipinnate, pinnz opposite, usually 2 pair, leaflets 7-10 pair, 
obliquely oblong, cuspidate, more or less distinctly 3-nerved. Spikes 
slender, in short axillary panicles. Flowers small, yellow, in the axils of 
ovate, obtuse, membranous bracts. Calyx cup-shaped,membranous. Pod 
pendulous, linear, contracted between seeds, 5-10 in. long, filled with a 
brown mealy substance. 


Common and gregarious in the Panjab, Rajputana, north and middle Sindh, 


170 XXXI. LEGUMINOS. [ Prosopis. 


where the tree forms extensive forests, pure, or mixed with Capparis aphylla, 
Salvadora, ana a few species of Acacia. In the Panjab, these forests are on the 
high land (Bar) between the main rivers. In Rajputana, they are likewise on 
high ground, (Bhartpur, Kishengurh, Meywar), But in Sindh, with less moisture, 
and a normal annual rainfall of less than 10 inches, they generally are found at 
no great distance from the river. Prosopis, however, in Sindh, thrives on 
ground more dry than the Zamarisk, the Poplar, and Acacia arabica, the 
pure Prosopis forests ed. generally beyond the range of actual inundation, 
Ascends to 1500 ft. on the hills Trans-Indus, and in the Salt range. Also in 
Guzerat, Bandelkhand, the Dekkan, and in the dry region of the Peninsula as 
far south as Tuticorin, Outside India in Beluchistan, Persia, Mascat. I have 
never found it where the annual rainfall exceeds 40 inches, and it seems to 
thrive best where the rainfall is less than 30 inches. In Meywar, Prosopis is 
common north of the Bunass river, and is there universally called Khejri. It is 
often associated with Acacia leucophlea (Arinj). South of the Bunass, Prosopis 
is scarce, but retains its name as far as Pertabgarh, where it is called Sangri. 
A a continues to be common south of the Bunass, and is there called 
ejra. 

The tree is leafless for a short time; the young foliage comes out early in 
March ; fl. in Feb. (Guzerat), in March, April (Sindh), in April, May (Panjab). 
The fruit ripens from May-Aug. Easily raised from seed ; young trees do not 
suffer from frost ; throws out vigorous coppice-shoots. Growth probably slow, 
3 ft. girth in 30 years (Saharanpur gardens), 4-5 indistinct annual rings per in, 

Attains 30-40 ft., with a short erect trunk, generally under 6 ft. girth, attain- 
ing 10-12 ft. girth and 60 ft. height in Sindh. For dimensions of exceptionally 
large trees, see Panjab Plants, p. 74. . Branchlets drooping, foliage light. The 
base of the stem is often surrounded by a mass of stiff, thorny, entangled bran- 
ches and suckers. There is a cupressiform variety, with ascending branches 
and a narrow crown. Bark #? in. thick, dark grey, or light brownish grey, 
rough, with deep longitudinal furrows and horizontal cracks. Adult foliage 
grey, round galls common on leaflets, and woody excrescences on branches and 
branchlets. 

Wood light, yellowish brown, with irregular masses, of dark-brown or black 
heartwood in the centre of old trees. Marked wavy concentric lines. Coarse- 
but even-grained. Weight in the Panjab and Sindh between 49 and 58.5 Ib. 
per cub. ft. when seasoned, 82 when green (Dalzell, Fenner, and Stewart). 
Skinner gives 72 lb. for seasoned and 95-100 lb. for green wood, with 981 for 
the value of P.; but the identification of the wood experimented upon seems 
open to doubt. Easy to work, tough, but not durable, liable to dry-rot, and 
readily eaten by insects. Used for building, for carts, and agricultural imple- 
ments ; is a favourite wood for well-curbs in parts of the Panjab; ordinary 
furniture is made from it in Sindh. A good fuel for steamers and locomotives, 
its heating power being near that of Babool, and much higher than that of the 
Tamarisk. Experiments made at Karachi in May 1869 gave the following 
results :— 

were consumed in evaporating 
Prosopis spicigera, 1374 1b. } 11.8 cub. ft. of water per hour 
Of the wood of < Acacia arabica, 1388 ,, during 7 hours, the pressure of 
Tamarix gallica, 1627 ,, | steam being kept at 27 lb. on 
the square inch. 


Nevertheless, Tamarisk-wood is often preferred in the Indus steamers, pro- 
bably because the pieces have a more convenient shape, and are easier handled. . 

A mild gum, not used, exudes from wounds in the bark. The pod (Sang72, 
sankar, Pb.), is much used as fodder for camels, cattle, and goats; the mealy, 
sweetish substance which surrounds the seeds is an article of food in parts of 


Prosopis. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 171 


the Panjab, Guzerat, and the Dekkan. The pods are collected before they are 
quite ripe, and the mealy pulp is eaten raw, or boiled with vegetables, salt, and 
butter. Is considered indigestible if consumed in large quantities. The tree 
is worshipped by Hindus at the Dussera festival. 


2..P. Stephaniana, Kunth; Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 633.—Jembit, 
Arab, : . 


A small thorny shrub, 2-24 ft. high, with smooth white bark, ex- 
tremities and leaves hairy. Pinnz 2-5 pair; leaflets 8-12 pair, linear. 
Pods short, thick, 1-14 in. long, black, rugose, with 6-7 seeds. 

Peshawar valley, and further east, sparingly as far as Amballa. Beluchistan, 


Afghanistan, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, Turkestan. Never leafless; 
small roundish excrescences common on branchlets and leaves. 


5. DICHROSTACHYS, DC. 


Flowers sessile, pentamerouS, in dense cylindrical spikes, the upper 
flowers of each spike bisexual, the lower neuter, with long, much-exserted, 
filiform staminodes. Teeth of calyx short. Petals valvate, more or less 
connate. Stamens 10, free, exserted; anthers tipped with a globose, 
often stipitate gland. Ovary subsessile, multiovulate ; style slender, 
stigma terminal. Legume linear, compressed, coriaceous, twisted, inde- 
hiscent, or irregularly opening. Seeds compressed, shining. 


1. D. cinerea, W. & A. Prodr. 271; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 185.—Syn. 
Mimosa cinerea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. 174; Fl. Ind. 1. 561. Vern. Vurtuli, 
Hind. ; Kunlai, kunrat, Mairwara. 


A rigid thorny shrub, or small tree, with white or grey bark. Pubes- 
cent, armed with axillary spines, straight, strong, and sharp, often pro- 
longed into leaf-bearing ‘branches. Leaves. bipinnate, generally 1-2 in. 
long ; pinne 8-10 pair, with stipitate glands at the base of each pair; 
leaflets small, ciliate, 12-15 pair. Stipules subulate, in. long. Spikes 
axillary, pedunculate, solitary, or 2-3 together, as long as, or shorter than 
leaves; bracts lanceolate, membranous. Upper fertile flowers yellow, 
the lower sterile flowers white, purple, or rose-coloured. Pods 2-3 in. 


long, + in. broad, irregularly twisted, generally 3-8 on one peduncle ; 
seeds 10-15. 


Common on dry stony hills in South and Central India; has been found as 
far north as Futtehgarh on the Ganges, near Jeypur, and on the hills of Mair- 
wara, near Todgarh. Fl. hot season. Bark of trunk soft, with deep longi- 
tudinal furrows. Heartwood hard, dark reddish brown. 


6. XYLIA, Benth. 


1. X. dolabriformis, Benth. 1. c. 417; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 186.—Syn. 
Inga xylocarpa, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 269. Mimosa xylocarpa, Roxb. 
Cor. Pl. t. 100; Fl Ind. ii. 543. Zhe Ironwood of Burma. Vern. 
Jamba, Konkan ; Boja, Godavery forests ; Pynkado, Burm. 


A large tree, unarmed. Common petiole short, 1-2 in. long, bearing 1 
pair of pinne, with 2-6 pairs of oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate leaf- 
lets, 3-9 in. long, the terminal leaflets largest. Flowers pale yellow, in 


172 XXXl. LEGUMINOSZ. | Xylia. 


globose, tomentose, long-pedunculate flower-heads, 1 in. diam. Petals 
linear, valvate, slightly cohering at the base. Stamens 10, free ; anthers 
basifixed, with deciduous stipitate glands. Pod thick, woody, flat, falcate, 
4-6 in. long, 2-23 in. broad at the broadest part. Seeds 8-10, oval, com- 
pressed, shining, 4 in. long. 

Burma, South India, extending to the Godavery forests on the east side, and 
(as far as known at present) to the Colaba district on the west side. (In- 
cluded in Forsyth’s List of Central Prov. timber-trees.) Leafless during part of 
the dry season. Fl, March-April; fr. autumn. Bark grey. Trunk tall, of 
great girth. Heartwood dark red, very hard ; weight between 58 and 70 lb. 
Aver. of P. 800. 


7. LEUCZAENA, Benth. 


1. L. glauca, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. (1842) 416.—Syn. Acacia 
frondosa, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 275. 


A shrub or small tree, unarmed, with large bipinnate leaves, linear 
leaflets, white flowers in globose, axillary heads, forming short terminal 
leafy panicles. Petals 5, free, linear, valvate. Stamens 10, anthers versa- 
tile, without glands. Pods clustered in umbels of 3-6, linear, stipitate, 
thin, flat, shining, 4-6 in. long, 2-valved, with numerous prominent seeds. 

Indigenous or naturalised in most tropical countries, commonly cultivated 


in gardens in India ; net uncommon in the outer valleys of Garhwal and Ka- 
maon. Fl. June-Aug. ; fr. autumn. 


8. MIMOSA, Linn. 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with bipinnate, often sensitive leaves, generally 
without petiolar glands, but with stipels at the base of pinne. Flowers in 
globose heads or cylindrical spikes, tetramerous or pentamerous, rarely tri- 
or hexamerous. Calyx minute, pappiform, rarely campanulate. Petals 
more or less connate, valvate. Stamens definite, generally twice the 
number of petals, and more than twice their length. Anthers small, 
without glands. Ovary with 2 or many ovules, style filiform, with a 
small terminal stigma. Pod oblong or linear, the valves membranous or 
coriaceous, separating entire or in transverse joints from the persistent 
sutural frame. 


1. M. rubicaulis, Lam. ; Hooker Ic. Plant, ii. t. 156; W. & A. Prodr. 
268.—Syn. M. octandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 200 ; M. mutabilis, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. ii. 564. Vern. Ral, khair, didriar, Pb.; Agla, Kamaon ; Kigli, 
kingret, Rohilkhand ; Kacheyta, Gorakhpur; Hajeru, Sindh. 

A large, straggling, prickly shrub, 10 ft. high. Pubescent; branches, 
petioles, and peduncles armed with short, curved, sharp prickles. Pinnz 
3-10 pair; leaflets 6-15 pair, unequal-sided, linear- oblong, obtuse. 
Flower-heads on peduncles 1-14 in. long, svlitary or fasciculate, forming 
racemes near the ends of branches. Flowers tetramerous ; calyx short- 
campanulate, 3 or 4 times shorter than the funnel-shaped corolla. 
Stamens 8. Pods stipitate, glabrous, armed or unarmed, 3-5 in. long, 4 
in. broad, curved, separating from the sutural frame in square joints. 


Mimosa. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. 173 


Common in open or thin jungles throughout the greater part of India, in the 
plains extending to the Ganges, and in the hills as far as the Indus (ascend- 
ing to 4000 ft. in Kamaon) ; in the Panjab, abundant in the outer hills and the 
Siwalik tract, and found at times on the banks of rivers or canals, some way 
oe oa plains. Fl. Aug.-Sept.; fr. Nov.-Jan. Gunpowder is made of the 
charcoal, 


9, PITHECOLOBIUM, Martius. 


Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves, generally with glands at the base 
of pinne and leaflets. Flowers generally white, in globose heads or cylin- 
drical spikes ; pentamerous, rarely hexamerous, generally bisexual. Calyx 
campanulate or tubular, with short teeth. Corolla tubular or funnel- 
shaped, segments valvate. Stamens indefinite, much longer than corolla, 
more or less connate ; anthers small. Ovary with numerous ovules ; style 
filiform, with a small terminal stigma. Pod compressed or flat, variously 
contorted, coriaceous, 2-valved. Seeds included in a scanty pulp. 


Leaflets 1 pair; pod turgid, twisted . , ‘ 4 . P. dulce. 
Leaflets 2-4 pair; pod fiat, spirally contorted . : . LP. bigeminum. 


1. P. dulce, Benth. in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, iii. (1844) 199; 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 188.—Syn. Mimosa dulcis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 556 ; 
Pl. Cor. t. 99. Inga dulcis, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 268. Manilla Tama- 
rind. Vern. Vilayati (foreign) imli, dakhani (southern) babool. 


A large tree, armed with short, straight, stipulary thorns. Glabrous or 
lightly pubescent. Pinnz and leaflets 1 pair each ; leaflets unequal-sided, 
oblong or obovate, obtuse, 1-14 in. long. Common and partial petioles 
terminate in short bristles ; small cup-shaped glands at the base of pinnz 
and leaflets. Flowers white, in small globose, sessile or short-pedunculate, 
canescent heads, on long racemose panicles. Pod turgid, twisted, linear, 
4 in. broad. Seeds embedded in a firm sweetish pulp. 


Indigenous in the hot regions of Mexico, introduced into the Philippine 
Islands, and thence into India. Cultivated commonly in South India, and here 
and there in Central and North-West India. 

A large tree, with a straight stem, and drooping branchlets. Bark 4-3 in. 
thick, ash-coloured, smoothish, irregularly rugose. Fl. Jan.-March ; fr. ripens 
April-June. Sapwood small, heartwood reddish brown, not heavy, 40 lb. per 
cub. ft., smells unpleasantly when fresh-sawn, used for various purposes. A 
good avenue-tree. Coppices well in South India, grown for fuel. Extensively 
cultivated as a hedge-plant. In Manilla it is grown on account of the fruit, 
which is eaten. From the seeds oil is pressed in Madura and Tinnevelly. 


2. P. bigeminum, Martius ; Benth. 1. c. 206.—Syn. Inga bigemina, 
Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 269. Vern. Kachlora, Kamaon. 


A large, unarmed, glabrous tree, extremities inflorescence, and pods 
with short, dark, ferruginous pubescence. Common petiole short, 1-3 in. 
long, with a raised oval gland, bearing 1, rarely 2 pairs of pinne, with 
2-4 pairs of large, shining, ovate or elliptic-oblong, acuminate leaflets, 
3-6 in. long. Heads with 6-12 subsessile flowers, in axillary panicles. 
Peduncles fasciculate, but generally superposed, in a vertical line, one 


174 XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. | Pithecolobium. 


above the other. Pods flat, linear, in. broad, curved, generally spirally 
contorted, dark brown outside, reddish brown inside. 
Forests of the western coast, Eastern Bengal, Nepal, and Kamaon, Ceylon. 


Indian Archipelago. Fl. March-May. Heartwood dark-coloured ; it is some- 
times called Ironwood. 


10, ALBIZZIA, Durazzini: 


Unarmed trees or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves and large (in the 
Indian sp.) globose flower-heads. Flowers white, yellow, or rose-coloured, 
usually pentamerous. Calyx tubular to campanulate, toothed. Petals 4-5, 
united half their length or more, valvate. Stamens indefinite, exserted, 
generally exceeding 4 in.; filaments united at the base, or in a long ex- 
serted sheath ; anthers minute, pollen cohering in 3-4 masses in each cell. 
Legume straight, flat, oblong or broadly linear, indehiscent or 2-valved, 
valves usually thin, continuous or sinuous from abortion of seeds. Seeds 
compressed. 

Pinne 1-2 pair; leaflets 1-3 pair, penniveined, 3-5 in. long . 1. A. lucida. 
Pinne 2-8 pair; leaflets $-2 in. long, broad-oblong, main nerves in 

the middle or nearly so. . 

Extremities rusty- or grey-tomentose; pinne 3-8 pair; leaflets 

10-25 pair ; : ‘ . ; . ‘ ; 

Extremities glabrous or pubescent; pinne 2-4 pair ; leaflets 3-9 

alr. 

Leaflets with 6-10 prominent lateral nerves; flowers 3 in. 
long, sessile, the flower-heads in large terminal panicles ; 
pods brown, 1 in. broad : ° ; ‘ ; ‘ 

Leaflets with reticulate veins ; flowers 1} in. long, pedicellate, 
the flower-heads in short corymbose racemes ; pods straw- 


2. A. odoratissima. 


3. A. procera. 


coloured, 2 in. broad , F : s ; . 4, A. Lebbek. 
Pinne 6-15 pair; leaflets $-3 in. long, falcate; main nerves 
lateral. 
Flowers rose-coloured ; stipules linear ; leaflets 10-30 pair . 5, A. Julibrissin. 


Flowers yellow; stipules broad-cordate ; leaflets 20-40 pair . 6. A. stipulata. 

Pinne 6-15 pair; leaflets + in. long, linear; midrib in the middle; 
flowers yellow, fragrant; branchlets with soft yellow down . 7. A. amara. 

A. lophantha, Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 421, of Western Australia, introduced 
on the Nilgiris and now quite naturalised, is a rapidly growing small tree, with 
8-10 pairs of pinne; leaflets 20-30 pair; flowers in axillary pedunculate 
spikes. | | 

1. A. lucida, Benth. ; Lond. Jour. of Bot. iii. (1844) 86.—Syn. Mimosa 
lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544; Inga lucida, Wall. 


A large tree; glabrous, peduncles and calyx only slightly pubescent. 
Common petiole 3-5 in. long, pinnz 1-2 pair; leaflets 1-3 pair, subcoria- 
ceous, shining, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, penniveined, 3-5 in. long. 
Peduncles fasciculate, paniculate, bearing heads of 6-10 sessile flowers. 
Corolla 4 times the length of calyx. Pod linear, straight, 8-10 in. long, 
1-14 in. broad. The foliage somewhat resembles that of Pithecolobium 
bigeminum, but the tree is easily distinguished by the straight pod, and the 
fasciculate, not superposed, peduncles. ) 


Burma, hills of East Bengal, Nepal, and probably also in the Oudh and 
Gorakhpur forests, and in Kamaon. Fl. April, May. 


Albizzia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 175 


2. A. odoratissima, Benth. 1. c. 88.—Syn. Acacia odoratissima, Willd. ; 
W. & A. Prodr. 275; Mimosa odoratissima, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 120; Fl. 
Ind. ii. 546; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 54. Vern. Lasrin, karambru, polach, 
Pb. ; Siris, siran, bhandir, N.W.P. ; Bersa, bas, bassein, C.P. ; Chichwa, 
Gonds, Satpura range; Serissia, Bassi, Meywar; Kali Harreri, Panch 
Mehals ; Thitmagyi, Burm. 

A large tree, with dark-green foliage. Branchlets, petioles, inflorescence 
and under side of leaves rusty- or grey-tomentose. Common petiole 6-12 
in. long; pinne 3-8 pair, 4-6 in. long. Leaflets 10-25 pair, 1 in. long or | 
less, linear-oblong, unequal-sided, pubescent above, pale and tomentose 
beneath. Flower-heads fasciculate, on peduncles 4-? in. long, in compact 
corymbs, these arranged in lax, terminal panicles. Flowers sessile, pale 
yellow, fragrant, 1 in. long to extremity of stamens, calyx and corolla 
hairy. Calyx small; campanulate, 4-5 times shorter than corolla. Legumes 
broad-linear, 6-8 in. long, 1 in. broad, of a red-brown colour, tomentose 
when young, glabrous when old, with 10-15 seeds. 

South India, Burma, Bengal, Maikal and Satpura range in Central India. 
Panch Mehals in Guzerat. Bassi forests in Meywar, sub-Himalayan.tract west to 
the Indus, ascending to 3000, and at times to 5000 ft. FI. April-June ; pods 
ripen Jan., Feb., and remain long on the tree. Never quite leafless, fresh foliage 
in spring. 

Attains a large size in Burma and Western India, in North and Central India 
30-45 ft. high, with a tall, nearly straight trunk 5-6 ft. girth. Bark 4 in. thick, 
light or dark grey, marked with numerous, narrow, horizontal wrinkles, nearly 
encircling the trunk. 

Sapwood less than 4 of radius, whitish. Heartwood of a rich dark-brown 
colour, tough and strong. The cub. ft. weighs 38-53 lb. Seasons well, works 
freely, takes a fine polish, and is fairly durable when kept dry. Used for naves, 
spokes, fellies, oil-mills, and furniture. A dark-brown gum exudes from wounds 
in the bark. Leaves and twigs are lopped for cattle-fodder. 


3. A. procera, Benth.—Tab. XXVI.—Lond. Jour. of Bot. iii. 89.— 
Syn. Acacia procera, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 275 ; Mimosa elata, Roxb. 
Cor, Pl. t. 121; Fl. Ind. ii. 548. Vern. Safed-Siris, Gurar, Karra, karo, 
ghorar, kharanji, karinji, gurbari, gurkur, baro, North and Central India; 
Karallu, kinye, kilai, kili, tihiri, Bombay ; Sttben, Burm, 


A large tree, with yellowish or greenish white bark. Glabrous, young 
leaves pubescent. Leaves nearly as broad as long; common petiole 6-12 
in. long, with a large, brown, oblong gland near its base ; pinne 3-4 pair, 
spreading, the upper pinnz 6-9 in. long. Leaflets 6-8 pair, 1-2 in. long, 
obliquely-ovate, or oblong-ovate, with 6-10 prominent lateral nerves on 
either side of midrib. Flower-heads with 15-20 flowers, on peduncles 1 
in. long or less, in fascicles of 2-5, forming large, lax, terminal panicles. 
Flowers yellowish white, sessile, 4 in. long to extremities of filaments ; 
calyx tubular, half the length of corolla; segments of corolla oblong, hairy 
at the end. Legumes linear, 6-9 in. long, #1 in. broad, with 8-12 pro- 
minent seeds. : 


Common near river-banks, on alluvial soil and in moist places, in Burma, 
Bengal, Gorakhpur, Oudh, South India, and in the sub-Himalayan tract west to 


176 XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. [ Albizzia. 


the Jumna. Ravines of the Maikal and Satpura range, of the Rewah hills, and 
of the Barrea hills east of Guzerat. Never quite leafless ; the new foliage comes 
out in April, May. Fl. May, June; fr. Jan., Feb. 

Attains 60-80, and at times 100 ft. ; trunk large, erect, not regularly shaped, 
girth 6-9 ft., at times much more. R. Thompson records specimens in the 
Gonda forests of Oudh 100 ft. high and 19 ft. girth. Bark 4 in. thick or less, 
yellowish, or greenish white or grey, smooth, with narrow horizontal lines, 
shallowly and distantly pitted by the falling of thin irregular scales, 

Sapwood large, often 4 of radius, yellowish white, not durable. Heartwood 
light or dark brown, with broad wavy belts and patches of a darker colour, an- 
nual rings very indistinct. Pores numerous, large, equally distributed. Straight- 
and even-grained, seasons well, works freely, and is durable. Weight of cub. ft. 
40-55 lb. seasoned, 70-80 lb. green, so that it loses nearly half its weight in drying. 
Largely used for sugar-cane crushers, rice-pounders, wheels, agricultural im- 
plements, bridges, and house-posts. It takes a beautiful polish, and, not bei 
heavy, would make a good furniture-wood. In times of scarcity the bark, mix 
with flour, has been used as food. The bark is also used for tanning. 

Easily raised from seed, and grows readily from cuttings. Growth very rapid, 
more rapid than of Szzs. In 12 years attains 3-4, and in 30 years 4-6 ft, 
(North India). 


4, A. Lebbek, Benth. 1. c. 87; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 53; Boissier Fl. 
Orient. ii. 639.—Syn. Acacia Lebbek, Willd. ; A. speciosa, Willd. ; W. & 
Prodr. 275 ; Mimosa Sirissa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544. Stris. Sans. Sirisha. 
Vern. Siris, sirisha, shirish, sirtn, sirij, sirai, kalsis, tantia, North and 
Central India ; Serla, sirla, Banswara ; Harréri, Panch Mehals, 


A large tree with dark-grey bark. Extremities and leaves glabrous or 
pubescent. Common petiole 3-12 in., a large gland near the base, and 1 
or more interjugal glands ; pinnee 2-4 pair ; leaflets 3-9 pair, unequal-sided, 
oblong, obtuse, subsessile, lateral nerves not prominent, veins reticulate. 
Peduncles 2-4 in. long, in fascicles of 2-4 from the upper axils, 
forming a short corymbose raceme, Flowers white, fragrant, glabrous 
or pubescent, 14 in. long to the extremities of stamens, on pedicels 
4 in. long. Calyx campanulate, less than half the length of corolla, with 
short deltoid teeth. United base of filaments included. Legume 8-12 in. 
long, linear-oblong, 2 in. at the broadest, of a straw-yellow colour, thin, 
with 8-12 large, distant, prominent seeds. 


Indigenous in the forests of South India, the Satpura range, Bengal, and the 
sub-Himalayan tract, extending west to the Indus, and ascending to 5000 ft. 
Oultivated throughout the drier parts of India, in Egypt (avenues of Cairo), 
Mesopotamia, in Afghanistan near Jellalabad, in tropical Africa, America, and 
in Australia. Partially leafless for some time in the hot season, the leaves 
are renewed in March, April, and sometimes there is a second flush in autumn. 
The flowers chiefly appear in April, May, but often at other times. The pods 
ripen in Sept., and remain hanging on the tree throughout the cold and hot 
season. 

Attains 40-60 ft., with a girth of 6-8, and at times 10-12 ft. When planted 
far apart as an avenue-tree, its trunk is short ; but, when drawn op Bamboos 
and other trees in the forest, it has a long straight stem. Bark 4 in. thick, 
dark or brownish grey, rough with numerous, short, irregular cracks, and ele- 
vated horizontal lines. Sapwood large, often occupying half the radius, whitish. 
Heartwood dark reddish brown, darker, nearly black bands alternating with 


Albizzia.] XXXI, LEGUMINOSA. 177 


bands of lighter colour. Tough, seasons well, works freely, and takes a fine 
polish ; weight of cub. ft. 50-55 lb. Fairly durable. Much valued for sugar- 
cane crushers, oil-pestles and mortars, furniture, well-curbs, naves, spokes, and 
other wheel-work. A mild pellucid gum exudes from cracks in the bark. The 
leaves and twigs are a favourite fodder for camels. ‘ 

Easily raised from seed; its growth during the first few years is exceedingly 
rapid. Young plants suffer from frost severely in the Panjab, Trees 12 years 
old in the Panjab have 23 ft. in girth, 30 years 44 ft., and at Sakkhar in Sindh, 
on low alluvial soil, trees 17 years old have attained 5-6 ft. in girth. In Sindh 
and the South Panjab it is often grown from cuttings, which strike root readily, 
even large sticks and posts put in the ground shooting vigorously. The roots 
spread widely, but are shallow, and the tree is apt to be blown down. In 
Central and North-West India it is commonly grown in avenues, but it is an 
unsightly tree during the hot season with the large, dry, yellow pods hanging 
on the bare branches. In the Antilles it is called Fry-wood, the sound of the 
pods in the wind resembling that of frying meat. 

The structure of the wood of this.and the two preceding species of Albizzia 
is similar ; in all three the sap is large ; on a longitudinal section the pores are 
prominently marked, and on a cross-section the heartwood shows darker con- 
centric lines or irregular concentric bands, often interrupted (segments of the 
circle only), These darker lines or patches probably coincide, in most cases, 
with the lines separating the wood formed in successive seasons; nevertheless it 
can by no means be said that these woods have clearly-marked annual rings. 
The pores are largest in A. procera ; they are often in groups of 2, and always 
surrounded by small rounded patches of white tissue ; these patches are not 
generally connected with each other, but, being arranged in more or less con- 
centric lines, they give the appearance of wavy, lighter-coloured bands. A. 
Lebbek has smaller pores, frequently in groups of 2, each pore or group of pores 
in a patch of lighter tissue, but these patches are always distinct. The medul- 
lary rays are somewhat larger in A. procera than in Lebbek. 


5, A. Julibrissin, Boivin ; Benth. 1. c. 91 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 639, 
—Syn. Acacia Julibrissin, Willd. ; A. mollis, Wall. Pink Siris. Vern, 
Sum, kurmru, surangru, shirsh, buna, tandai, mathirshi, brind, Ph. ; 
Siris, barau, baraulia, bhokra, N.W.P. The specific name is a corruption 
of Gulab-resham, the rose-silk. 


A large shrub or moderate-sized tree, extremities and leaves pubescent 
or tomentose, rarely glabrous. Common petiole 6-12 in. long, a large 
gland on the naked part, and smaller interjugal glands above. Pinneze 
6-12 pair, leaflets 10-30 pair, unequal-sided, the middle nerve near the 
upper edge, from a broad and obtuse base oblong-falcate, acute, 4-3 in. 
long, 4 in. broad at base. Flowers light rose-coloured, 1-14 in. long to 
the extremity of stamens ; peduncles 2-3 in. long, in fascicles of 2-3 from 
the upper axils, forming short corymbose racemes ; pedicels short, Calyx 
and corolla pubescent, with white silky hairs. Calyx funnel-shaped, half 
the length of corolla. Filaments irregularly connate at the base, tube 
included. Legume linear, 4 in. long, ? in. broad, pubescent; seeds 4-6. 


Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 5000, and at times 
to 6000 ft, North Persia, China, Japan. Generally on rocky but moist ground. 
Fl. April-June; the pods ripen in autumn and remain long on the tree. Culti- 
vated in the Mediterranean region, and in America. 

M 


178 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. | Albizzia. 


Trunk 5 ft. girth, with a large spreading head, growth rapid. Branchlets 
dark grey, stiff, flexuose, sulcate. Bark 7 in. thick, dark grey, with long horizon- 
tal wrinkles, and whitish, elevated, oval spots ; foliage bright green ; growth 
fairly rapid, 3-4 rings in 1 in. of radius. Sapwood large, yellowish, with nu- 
merous white specks ; heartwood dark, almost black in old trees, beautifully 
mottled with lighter and darker shades of colour apparently coinciding with the 
annual rings. Pores in small detached patches of whitish tissue. Medullary 
rays conspicuous, shining, very numerous. The wood is hard, strong, moder- 
ately heavy, and takes a good polish. Furniture is made of it. 


6. A. stipulata, Boivin ; Benth. 1. c. 92; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 55.—Syn. 
Acacia stipulata, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 274. A. Smithiana, Wall. ; A. 
Kangraensis, Hort. Sahar. ; Mimosa stipulacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 549. 
Vern. Ot, O&€, Sirin, shirsha, kastr, Pb.; Siran, kaunjeria, N.W.P.; 
Pattia, samsundra, Oudh ; Bummaizah, Burm. 


A large tree, branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence tomentose or pubes- 
cent. Stipules large, semi-cordate, membranous, deciduous. Common 
petiole 6-12 in. long, with a large gland near the base ; pinne 6-15 pair, 
4-5 in. long ; leaflets 20-40 pair, 4-4 in. long, from a broad base oblong- 
linear, the middle nerve near the upper edge, acute, pubescent. Flowers 
yellowish, inodorous, 4 in. to 1 in, long to extremity of filaments; stamens 
slightly tinged with red. Calyx and corolla pubescent; calyx tubular, 
half the length of corolla, or somewhat less. Segments of corolla ovate. 
Flower-heads fasciculate in racemes, on peduncles 1 in. long, supported by 
broad bract-like ovate stipules, deciduous, and covered with ferruginous 
tomentum. Legumes 6 in. long, # in. broad, with 8-12 seeds. 

South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal. Oudh, sub-Himalayan tract west to 
the Indus, ascending to 4000 ft. Abundant in the Kangra valley, overtopping 
the coppice-wood of Quercus annulata. Young leaves Feb.-March; fl. April- 
June; pods ripen in autumn. | 

Attains 50 ft. in North India, trunk not very straight, dividing into large 
spreading limbs, which support a broad depressed crown, somewhat resembling 
that of Poinciana regia. Extremities of branchlets velvety, branches fur- 
rowed. Bark } in. thick, dark grey, with numerous small vertical wrinkles, 
and a few larger horizontal furrows with prominent edges extending half-way 
round the trunk, which has the appearance as if it were constricted with cords, 
smooth pieces flaking off between the furrows. Sapwood large, white, readily 
attacked by insects; heartwood reddish brown. Pores large, prominently 
marked on a longitudinal section ; weight of cub. ft. 48-56 lb. Not much 
valued in the Panjab Himalaya. (The wood of Bummaizah from Burma is 
beautifully mottled.) The branches are lopped for cattle-fodder. 


7. A. amara, Boivin; Benth. 1. c. iii. 90.—Syn. Acacia amara, Willd. 
A. Wightii, Grah.; W. & A. Prodr. 274. Mimosa amara, Roxb. Cor. 
Pl. t. 122; Fl. Ind. ii. 548. M. pulchella, Roxb. ib. Vern. Lullez, 
lallye, Dekkan. 


An unarmed tree ; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence downy, with 
soft yellowish tomentum. Common petiole 2-4 in. long, pinne 6-15 pair. 
A circular gland on the petiole, and at the insertion of the uppermost 
pair. Leaflets small, numerous, linear, } in. long, the midrib nearly in 
the middle of the leaflet.. Peduncles fasciculate in the axils of the upper- 


Albizzia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 179 
most leaves bearing yellow fragrant flower-heads of 12-20 sessile pubes- 
cent flowers. Corolla three times the length of calyx. Pod linear-oblong, 
with waved edges, 4-6 in. long and 1 in. broad. 

South India, the Dekkan, and near Mundlaysir (Mandleswar), north of the Ner- 
budda river (Jacquemont). Fl. April-June. Bark smooth, greenish. Skinner 
describes it as follows: “The wood is strong, fibrous, and stiff, close-grained, 
hard and durable, of a dark-brown colour, superior to Sal and Teak in trans- 
verse strength and direct cohesive power. Weight 70 1b. per cub. ft. seasoned, 
P.=1284. Used for beams of native houses, and in the construction of carts ; 
the wood of the crooked branches is used for ploughs.” 


11. ACACIA, Willd. 


Trees or shrubs (the Indian species) armed with Teenie or stipular 
spines. Flowers small, yellow or white, in globose heads or cylindrical 
spikes, with numerous scaly pales between the flowers. Leaves bipin- 
nate (the Indian species). Calyx and corolla usually 4-5-merous; calyx 
campanulate or cup-shaped, toothed or lobed. Petals valvate in bud, more 
or less connate or cohering. Stamens indefinite, free, generally very nu- 
merous, not exceeding } inch in length ; anthers minute. Pod dehiscent 
or indehiscent, seeds compressed. 


Stipules spinescent, generally straight, more or less connate 
~at base ; trees or shrubs, not climbing. 


Flowers in lax spikes ; pods thin, broadly falcate f . 1. A. Latronum. 
Flowers in globose heats, ; peduncles aH: fasciculate. 
Bracts at the base of flower-hea ‘ . A, Farnesiana, 
Bracts in the middle of peduncle. 
A tree; pods convex, moniliform, contracted between 
seeds 3. A. arabica. 
A fea: pods flat, linear-oblong, 4 i: broad : flowers 
sweet-scented 4. A. Jacquemonti. 
A shrub or small tree ; pods flat, linear, bin broad ; 
smell of flowers unpleasant 5. A. eburnea. 
Flowers in globose heads ; peduncles paniculate : 6. A. leucophlea. 
Stipules not spinescent ; two or three infra-stipular, generally 
recurved, prickles below the insertion of each leaf; flowers 
in cylindrical spikes ; trees or shrubs, not climbing. 
Pods indehiscent or imperfectly dehiscent. 
Three infra- stipular prickles ; common petiole 1-2 in. 
long 7. A. rupestris, 
Two infra-stipular prickles ; : common petiole 1-2 in. Jong” 8. A. modesta, 
Two infra-stipular prickles ; common petiole 3-6 in. long. 
Leaflets 15-30 pair, oblong- linear, 4 in. long . 9. A. ferruginea. 
Leaflets 6-8 pair, obovate or oblong, lin. long . . 10. A. lenticularis. 
Pods two-valved, dehiscent. 
Bark dark- coloured ; petals 2-3 times longer than calyx . A, Catechu. 
Bark white ; petals less than twice the length of calyx . 12 A, Suma. 
Stipules not spinescent, prickles not infra-stipular, but scat- 
tered ; flowers in globose heads ; climbing shrubs. 
Pods thick, fleshy, imperfectly dehiscent . 13. A. concinna. 
- Pods thin, flat, dehiscent. 
Leaflets subfaleate, subcoriaceous, pale or rust-coloured . 
beneath ' reel A, ceesia. 
Leaflets narrow-linear, membranous, not pale beneath . 15. 4. pennata. 


Several Australian species of this genus have been sity f on the Nilgiris, 


180 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Acacia. 


and elsewhere in India, the most important of which are: A. dealbata, Link. ; 
Benth, Fl. Austr. ii. 415. Zhe Silver Wattle; N.S. Wales, Victoria, and Tas- 
mania ; a tree spreading rapidly by numberless root-suckers, with grey bipinnate 
hoary leaves, linear leaflets, and small yellow flower-heads in axillary and ter- 
minal panicles. A. melanoxylon, Australian Blackwood, R. Brown ; Benth, 1. 
c. 388 ; N.S. Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia; a large tree with 
hard and durable wood, coriaceous phyllodia (vertically dilated leaf-stalks) in- 
stead of leaves, except on young trees which have partially bipinnate leaves. 
Flowers in globose compact heads on short axillary racemes. Sapwood small, 
heartwood dark brown, often beautifully feathered and mottled, strong and tough, 
used for axe-handles, other implements, and cabinet-work. 


- 1, A. Latronum, Willd. ; Benth. in Lond. Jour. of Bot. i. (1842) 506 ; 
W. & A. Prodr. 273.—Syn. Mimosa Latronum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559. 


A shrub or small tree, armed with numerous stout stipular spines, con- 
nate at the base, generally of two kinds, the smaller 4-1 in. long, the 
larger 2 in. long, conical, ivory-white and hollow inside. Leaves often 
fasciculate, common petiole 1-14 in. long, a gland on the naked part ; 
pinne 3-5 pair, 1 in. long or less; leaflets 10-12 pair, small, linear, glab- 
rous or pubescent. Spikes lax, subsessile, often fasciculate, 1-14 in. long, 
flowers white at first, turning yellow afterwards, fragrant. Pods thin, 
subcoriaceous, dehiscent, broadly falcate, 1-14 in. long, 4-3 in. broad, 
3-4-seeded. 

South India, Dekkan. Fl, Jan.-March. Often gregarious, forms formidable 
thorny thickets. Bark dark brown, dotted with white. 

Madden, 1. c. 448, speaks of a “ very beautiful and exceedingly bushy Acacia ” 
in hot valleys of East Kamaon (vern. Bhes), “ either A. dumosa or Latronum.” 


2. A. Farnesiana, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 52.—Syn. Mimosa Far- 
nesiana, Linn.; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 557. Vachellia Farnesiana, W. & A. 
Prodr, 272. Vern. Vilayati kikar, vilayati babul, Gu-kikar. 

A thorny shrub, glabrous or pubescent, armed with straight stipular 
spines. Common petiole 14-2 in. long, pinne 4-8 pair, cup-shaped glands 
below the lowest, and often at the base of the uppermost pair ; leaflets 
linear, ciliate or nearly glabrous, 10-20 pair. Flowers in globose heads, 
deep yellow, sweet-scented, supported by broad membranous bracts at the 
base of the head. Peduncles slender, 3-5, fasciculate. Calyx 5-toothed; 
corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Pod 2-3 in. long, glabrous, with elevated, 
nearly parallel, reticulate lines, turgid, nearly cylindrical, scarcely dehis- 
cent, filled with dry spongy tissue and a double row of seeds. 

Cultivated all over India, indigenous in America, from New Orleans, Texas, 
Mexico, to Buenos Ayres and Chili. Fl, Feb., March. Exudes gum, which is 
collected in Sindh. 


3. A. arabica, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr: 277; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 47.— 
Syn. Mimosa arabica, Lam. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.149 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 557, Vern. 
Kikar, Pb. ; Babbar, Sindh ; Babul, babur, N.W.P., Central India. 


A tree, with thorny branches. Petioles, peduncles, and branchlets pu- 
bescent, leaves glabrous. Stipular spines spreading, generally straight, 
varying in length 4-2 in. long, smooth, generally whitish, with sharp, often. 


Acacia. } XXXI. LEGUMINOSAi. 181 


shining brown points. Pinnz generally 3-6 pair ; common petiole 1-2 in. 
long, cup-shaped glands at the base of the lowest, and generally also of the 
uppermost pair ; leaflets linear, 10-20 pair. Peduncles slender, 3-5, fasci- 
culate, with 2 opposite scaly bracts in the middle of the peduncle. Flowers 
golden yellow, in globose heads. Corolla campanulate. Pod stalked, com- 
pressed, 6 in. long, moniliform, much contracted at both sutures between 
the seeds, whitish-tomentose, rarely glabrous. 


Cultivated or self-sown throughout the greater part of India, save in the most 
humid regions on the coast, and in the extreme North-West, beyond the Jhelam, 
where the winter-frost is too severe. Stunted trees are occasionally found as 
high as 3000-4000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya. In Sindh, near Delhi, in 
the Ghunna forest near Bhartpur, in Guzerat, and the Koruns of the Northern 
Dekkan, the tree forms extensive and generally pure forests ; the pure Babul 
forests of Lower and Middle Sindh..cover upwards of 27,000 acres. In North 
Sindh, Babul trees are found in small numbers as standards over underwood 
of Tamarisk. The tree is probably indigenous in Sindh, and perhaps also in 
the Northern Dekkan. In the Panjab it is not indigenous. Outside India it 
is found in Africa, Arabia (A. nlotica, Del. Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 635), with glabrous 
pods, and (cultivated) in Persia and Afghanistan. The tree is never leafless ; 
the young foliage comes out in Feb. and April. Fl. July-Sept. (Panjab). 

Attains 50-60 ft., with a short, not very straight or regularly shaped trunk 10- 
15 ft. long, and 5-6 ft. girth, attaining 10-12 ft. under favourable conditions, the 
largest girth recorded being 164 ft. near Multan (Edgeworth). Branches spread- 
ing, forming a fine broad shady crown. Bark thick, dark brown, nearly black, 
with deep narrow, regular longitudinal fissures, joined by short cross-cracks. 
Inner bark reddish brown, very fibrous. The sapwood is large, and generally 
occupies the fifth or sixth part of the radius ; it is whitish, coarse-grained, and 
soft. The heartwood is pale red, nearly colourless when fresh-cut, but on expo- 
sure to the air turns red or dark reddish brown, often with blackish streaks. 
Pores numerous, uniformly distributed, generally surrounded by a small rounded 
patch of lighter-coloured tissue, often close together in the inner belt of each 
annual ring, the outer belt having fewer pores, and appearing on that account of 
a darker colour. Medullary rays numerous; on a longitudinal section the pores 
and the shining plates or bands of the medullary rays are very prominent. The 
green wood weighs between 69 and 72 lb. (Stewart), the weight of seasoned wood 
in the Panjab is 48 (Stewart), in Gwalior 53.7 (Cunningham), and Skinner gives 
the average (for wood from South India) at 541b. The value of P. is 884 (Skin- 
ner) and 875, extremes 743 and 1201 (Cunningham). The wood is tough and 
close-grained, very durable if water-seasoned. It is used extensively for naves, 
spokes, and fellies of wheels, for well-curbs, sugar-rollers, oil-presses, and rice- 
pounders, agricultural implements, mallets, axe-handles, and tent-pegs. In 
Sindh it is much employed in boat-building, particularly for knees and crooked 
timbers. For construction it is rarely possible to get pieces sufficiently long, 
but in Sindh it is often used for rafters. It is also used for railway-sleepers. 
It is an excellent fuel, and has greater heating powers than either Prosopis 
spicigera or the Z’amarisk. 

A gum, similar to gum-arabic, exudes in large quantities from wounds in the 
bark ; it is collected and used in native medicine, by dyers and cloth-printers, 
and with the gum of other trees it forms part of the Kast Indian gum-arabic, 
In Sindh and Guzerat much Lakh is produced on the tree, particularly on the 
small half-dry branches. When once the insect attacks a tree, it spreads 
rapidly, killing the small branches as it proceeds, and it is said that it would 
kill the tree were not the twigs cut off with the Lakh. Good crops of Lakh, 


182 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. | [ Acacia. 
however, occur only after one or two dry years, and are said to foretell an un- 
healthy season. The bark is used for tanning and dyeing, and a decoction of it 
is used to wash the hair. It is a powerful astringent (Pharm. Ind. 77). In 
times of scarcity it is ground and mixed with flour. The bark of the root is 
much used in the preparation of native spirits. 'The unripe pod, which is very 
astringent, makes (with an iron-salt) excellent ink; in Africa the pods are used 
for tanning. Camels, cattle, goats, and sheep delight in the green pods with 
the tender shoots and leaves ; and to obtain the pods and leaves, the trees are 
often extensively lopped and mutilated. 

The Kikar has been cultivated on a large scale in the plantations of the Pan- 
jab plains. North-west of the Sutlej river, however, the result has hitherto been 
unsatisfactory. With sufficient: moisture the seed springs up readily, and at first 
the growth is most rapid and luxuriant... But the stants are mostly cut down by 
the frosts of December and January ; and though they generally shoot up again, 
the fresh shoots are cut back by the cold of successive seasons, and young trees 10- 
15 ft. high may often be seen killed by frost to the root. The end is, that a large 
proportion of trees perish ; and thus it has come to pass, that in many places 
where Sissoo and Kikar had been. sown in equal proportions, or where even 
a larger proportion of the Acacia had been sown, the result has been a forest 
almost exclusively composed of Sissoo, There are, however, numerous excep- 
tions ; successful and thriving Kikar plantations are in existence in the Northern 
Panjab, between the Chenab and Jhelam rivers, and self-sown Kikar springs up 
abundantly in fields. Young Beech and silver Fir frequently suffer from frost 
in their native home in the midst of self-sown forests of their own kind. The 
latest experience in the Panjab seems to show that Kikar iterates among 
other trees escaped the frost, but died when sown by itself in lines. South- 
east of the Sutlej river, the tree suffers less. Besides frost, the Kikar in its 
young state has many enemies, The roots are sweetish, and are eaten greedil 
by rats; pigs also are fond of them, and often dig up young plants ; in Sin 
the porcupine gnaws the bark round the base of the trunk, and the leaves are 
often eaten by insects. Young Kikar sends down its tap-root much deeper than, 
Sissoo ; in older trees, however, the side-roots develop more than the tap-root, 
and old Kikar is shallow-rooted and easily blown over. The rate of growth 
is less rapid than of Sissoo, but more rapid than of Zizyphus Jujuba. In the 
Panjab it attains a girth of 23 ft. in about twelve, and of 5 ft. in about thirty 
years. In the forests of Lower and Middle Sindh the average growth has been 
ascertained to be— | 


At 35 years 4 ft. girth, measured 4 ft. from the ground. 
? 55 2? 6 ” ” ? ? 


These are averages ; under favourable circumstances a much more rapid growth 
has been noticed. Thus at Jacobabad in Sindh, the Kikar, planted when the 
station was established in 1844, has attained, in common with the Sissoo and 
other trees, in less than thirty years 50-60 ft., with girths of 6-8 ft. 

The Kikar is not very long-lived, and old trees are generally hollow. It 
thrives on light and heavy soils, and will even live on Kankar, if the bed is not 
too thick. It demands a great amount of light, and while young thrives best 
on a loose soil, ploughed or otherwise, where the air has free access to the roots, 
The tree coppices fairly well, and may be grown from cuttings. It forms a good 
hedge when trimmed. Several varieties of this important tree have been de- 
scribed, the most important is var. cupressiformis—vern. Kabuli-kikar, kabula- 
babbar, kikari. A tall broom-like tree, with close yree ties eet, some- 
what like a Cypress, common in parts of the Panjab, particularly in the Jech 
Doab between Jhelam and Chenab, near the station of Jhelam, and about Jhang ; 
also found in Sindh, Rajputana (Bauli, at Nibahéra), near Delhi, and in the 


Acacia. | XXXI, LEGUMINOSA. 183 


Dekkan. (Rdm kanta, rém babil.) This variety is easily raised from seed, 
the seedlings showing at once their peculiar character ; in poor soil and with 
little moisture it is as hardy as the ordinary kind, but its growth appears to be 
slower. Trees are occasionally found with the branches on one side bent over, 
while those on the other are erect and ascending. Edgeworth states that 
near Multan the cupressiform variety and the ordinary form may at times be 
seen on the same tree. : 

The variety called spina albida is probably no variety at all. All strong 
young shoots from stumps of felled trees, or from a browsed or mutilated young 
tree, or luxuriantly growing young plants, have generally very long, strong, white 
spines, and this has probably given rise to the idea of a variety with white spines. 


4, A. Jacquemonti, Benth. in London Journ. of Botany, i. (1842) 499. 
—Vern. Hanza, Afg.; Kikar, babul, bamul, babbil, Pb.; Ratabaulz, 
Guzerat. 

A small bushy shrub, with stiff flexuose smooth brown branches. 
Glabrous, stipular spines straight, 1-14 in. long, ivory-white, connate at 
base. Pinnz generally 2-4 pair; common petiole 1-2 in, long; glands 
small and indistinct ; leaflets 5-10 pair, oblong-linear, somewhat fleshy. 
Peduncles fascicled, 5-10 from each axil, with 2 opposite scaly bracts 
about the middle of the peduncle. Flowers: capitate, yellow, sweet- 
scented. Legume stipitate, 2-3 in. long, flat, glabrous, broad-linear, 4 in. 
broad. 

East flank of Suliman range, ascending to 2500, and at times to 3200 ft. 
Outer Himalaya near the Jhelam, to about the same elevation, Panjab plains, 
Sindh, banks of the Nerbudda (Jacquemont), Common in ravines and dry 
water-courses in Rajputana and North Guzerat. Fl. Feb.-May. Bark dark-red 
brown, rarely cinereous, somewhat. sulcate, but smooth and never speckled. 
The bark of the root is used in the distillation of spirits ; the branches are cut, 
and leaves thrashed out with sticks to be used as fodder, 


5. A. eburnea, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 276.—Syn. Mimosa eburnea, 
Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 199; Fl. Ind. t. 558. Vern. Marmat, Dekkan. 


A large shrub or small tree. Branchlets hairy or glabrous, armed with 
straight spines, often ivory-white, and 1-2 in, long. Pinne 2-4 pair; 
common petiole 4-1 in. long, with a large cup-shaped gland at the inser- 
tion of the uppermost pair, and often another gland below the lowest pair. 
Leaflets 6-8 pair, small, oblong ; petioles and leaflets often ciliate with 
long hairs. Peduncles axillary, solitary or several, bearing globose, golden- 
yellow flower-heads, with a pair of membranous bracts below the middle. 
Corolla tubulose ; palez cuneate, ciliate. Flowers with a somewhat un- 
pleasant smell. Pods generally 2-4 at the apex of the peduncle, from one 
flower-head, narrow-linear, 2-5 in. long, + in. broad, slightly contracted 
between the seeds. Seeds 8-12. 

East flank of Suliman range, ascending to 3000 ft., rarely to 5000 ft., rare in 
the Salt range. Outer Himalaya, as far east as Kamaon. Rocky beds of ravines 
in Oudh (R. Th.) Sindh, Oujein, the Dekkan, and South India. Also in 
Afghanistan, and at Aden. Generally found in dry, barren places. Fl. Nov.- 
Jan. ; fr. May, June. Generally a shrub, at times a small tree 14-15 ft. high, 
with erect trunk, stiff divaricate, scrubby branches, and sparse greyish foliage. 
Bark dark grey or reddish brown. 


184 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Acacia. 


6. A. leucophlea, Willd.—Tab. XXVII.—W. & A. Prodr. 277; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t, 48.—Syn. Mimosa leucophlea, Roxb. Cor, Pl. t. 150; FL 
Ind. ii. 558. Vern, Reru, raunj, karwr, nimbar, North India; Ringa, 
runj, reunja, rohant, jhind, C.P.; Arinj, areinj (Khejra in South Meywar, 
near Bassi and Sadri), Rajputana; Raundra, runjra, Banswara; Jhand, 
Jallander Doab, and about Delhi; Hewar, South. Mar. country. 


A thorny tree, branchlets, petioles, leaves, and branches of inflores- 
cence grey-tomentose. Armed with strong, straight stipular spines. 
Common petiole 1-24 in. long; pinne 5-12 pair ; small, circular, cup- 
shaped glands generally at the insertion of each pair. Leaflets 12-30 
pair, linear. Flowers pale yellow, nearly white, in globose heads, on 
short peduncles, arranged in large terminal, leafless panicles ; two mem- 
branous bracts on the peduncle. Pods linear, 4-6 in. long, 4 in. broad, 
solitary, or 2-3 on one peduncle, clothed with short brown tomentum. 
Seeds 8-12. 


Plains of the Panjab from Lahore to Delhi. Siwalik hills, between the Jumna 
and Ravi. Bandelkhand, Rajputana, the Satpura range, Khandeish, and South 
India. Ceylon, Burma, and Java. Young leaves in April. Fl Aug.-Nov., 
sometimes as early as May ; fr. Nov.-April. 

Attains in places a considerable size, 6 ft. girth, with a crooked, gnarled 
trunk. Near Amritsar a specimen 15 ft. girth, and 80 ft. high, is said to have 
been found. Trunk generally taller than that of A. arabica, branches ascending, 
less numerous. On the dry hills of Mairwara, near Todgarh (normal rainfall 
about 12 in.), this is a thorny shrub or small tree, with 2-4 pair of pinne, and 
8-10 pair of leaflets. 

Bark thin, cinereous, yellowish, or light brown, with few deep narrow, longi- 
tudinal fissures, and short shallow cross-cracks, smooth between. Inner sub- 
stance dark brown. Sapwood whitish, open, porous, and coarse-grained; heart- 
wood small, reddish or dark purple, with darker wavy, concentric streaks, 
close- and fine-grained. Seasons well, and takes a fine polish, but is somewhat 
brittle. Strong and tough, but often eaten by insects. Skinner gives the weight 
of seasoned wood 55, of” green wood 62 lb., and the value of P. 860. An ex- 
cellent fuel for locomotives. | 

The bark is ground and mixed with flour during times of scarcity. In South 
India the bark is largely used in the preparation of spirits from sugar and palm- 
juice, and it is added on account of the tannin it contains, in order to precipi- 
tate the albuminous substances of the juice. The right of collecting the bark is 
often farmed out. By steeping the bark in water for 4-5 days, and beating it, 
a tough fibre is made, used for making nets and coarse cordage. 

Large woody excrescences are often formed on the branches, somewhat re- 
sembling those of Prosopis spicigera, but more spongy in structure. Young 
pods are used as vegetables, and the seeds are ground and mixed with flour. 


7. A. rupestris, Stocks; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii, 638.—Vern. Khor, 
Sindh ; Kumta, Rajputana. 

A small thorny tree, 6-12 ft. high, branchlets and petioles pubescent. 
Armed with 3 infra-stipular prickles, the 2 lateral straight, the third 
recurved, all shining brown, compressed, and decurrent. Leaves 1-2 in. 
long; pinne 3-5 pair;. petiole armed with numerous whitish prickles, 
with a gland below the lowest pair, and between the end pair of pinnze. 
Leaflets grey, linear, ciliate. Spikes lax, 3-5 in. long, on short peduncles. 


Acacia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 185 


Flowers fragrant. Calyx green, teeth short, triangular, corolla and fila- 
ments white. Anthers lemon-yellow. Pod thin, flexible, pubescent 
when young, brown when ripe, sub-dehiscent, thickened at the edges, 
veined on the surface, linear-oblong, 3 in. long, # in. broad. (The speci- 
mens collected in Rajputana are without prickles on the petioles.) 


Dry rocky hills of Sindh, Northern Aravalli hills, near Kishengarh, Todgarh, 
and Bednor. In flower and fruit in Dec. 1869 (D.B.) Bark smooth, yellowish 
grey, wood light yellow, heavy and hard, with small irregular masses of black 
heartwood in the centre. Takes a beautiful polish. Used for weavers’ shuttles, 
Exudes gum, which is collected in Sindh, and sold with that of A. arabica. 

Another species, with 3 infra-stipular prickles and an armed petiole, but 
with a short broad pod 2 in. long, is A. hamulosa, Benth. 1. c. 509. Aden and 
Arabia. 

8. A. modesta,* Wall. PL As. rar. t. 130; Jacqu. Voy. Bot. t. 56; 
Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 638.—Syn. A. dumosa, W. & A, Prodr. 274. 
Mimosa dumosa, Roxb, FI. Ind. ii. 559, and probably M. obovata, Roxb. 
ib. 561. Vern. Palosa, Afg,; Phala, phalai, phulaht, Pb. 


A thorny, moderate-sized tree, rarely unarmed, with grey foliage. 
Glabrous, a few scattered hairs on petiole and peduncle. Armed with 
twin, strong, shining dark-brown conical infra-stipular prickles. Leaves 
pale grey or glaucous ; pinne 2-3 pair; leaflets 3-5 pair, obliquely oblong 
or obovate. Common petiole 1-2 in. long, a small round gland below the 
lowest pair of pinne. Stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers white or 
pale yellow, sweet-scented, nearly sessile, in lax, cylindrical, drooping 
spikes, the spikes solitary or 2-3 together, 1-2 in. long, on slender ped- 
uncles, Petals connate beyond the middle, Pod stalked, flat, indehis- 
cent, linear-oblong, 2-3 in. long, $ in. broad. Seeds 3-5, compressed. 


Trans-Indus, in places abundant, in the plains and on the east flank of the 
Suliman range, ascending to 4000, and at times to 4500 ft. Common in the 
Salt range, and in the northern part of the Panjab plains, extending to Saharan- 
pur and Delhi. Sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills between Indus and Sutlej, 
ascending to 3000 ft. Afghanistan. Leaves change in March. Fl. March, 
April, the white flower-spikes contrasting elegantly with the delicate green 
colour of the young foliage ; but the flowers fade soon, and the leaves turn into 
an ash-grey colour, Fr. autumn ; the pods remain on the tree for months. 

25-30 ft. high, trunk short, at times 10-12 ft, girth ; branches stiff, divaricate, 
forming a bushy, rounded crown. Branchlets drooping. Bark rough, with a 
multitude of irregular narrow cracks. Sapwood large, coarse-grained, somewhat 
glossy on a longitudinal section. Heartwood dark brown, nearly black, close- 
grained, compact and heavy. Stewart found the cub. ft. of seasoned wood to 
weigh 53.4 to 56 lb., and of green wood 69.5 to 761b. Strong and durable, prized 
for cart-wheels, sugar-cane crushers, ploughs, teeth of harrows, and Persian 
water-wheels, A tasteless gum exudes from wounds in the bark. The leaves 
and fallen blossoms are collected for cattle-fodder. 

The tree is readily raised from seed, and answers admirably for hedges. Its 
growth is slow, much slower than that of Sissoo or Kikar, 


9. A. ferruginea, DC. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.51; W. & A. Prodr. 273,— 


* I retain Wallich’s as the safer name, being supported by his excellent figure and 
description, for the identity of the tree with 4. dumosa, W. & A., might possibly be 
doubted. . 


186 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [ Acacia. 


Syn. Mimosa ferruginea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Kaiger, Panch 
Mehals. 


A large tree, with rough, dark-coloured bark; glabrous, armed with 
twin, short, infra-stipular prickles, rarely unarmed. Common petiole 3-6 
in. long, common and secondary petioles with thickened base; glands 
small, circular or linear at the base of the upper pairs of pinne, and 1 be- 
low the pinne; leaflets oblong-linear, grey or glaucous, 15-30 pair; 
pinnee 4-6 pair, 2-3 in. long. Flowers pale yellow, in lax, axillary spikes, 
4-5 in. long, the spikes often numerous, and sub-paniculate near the ends 
of branches. Calyx about 4 the length of corolla, with short triangular 
teeth. Pods glabrous, light or dark brown, 3-4 in. long, flat, thin, inde- 
hiscent, nearly 1 in. broad. 


South India, the Konkan, Mundlaisir, and forests of the Panch Mehals in 
Guzerat. Fr. Jan., Feb. Bark strongly astringent, used, like that of leuco- 
phlea, in the distillation of arrack (Bedd.) Heartwood reddish brown. . 

The tree in the Panch Mehals was identified by Mr Dalzell, in his list of the 
P.M. trees, April 1863, with A. Verek, Guillemin et Perrotet, Fl. Senegambize, 
t. 56, a tree, which forms large forests north of the Senegal river, extending to 
the edge of the desert; is also found in Nubia and Kordofan, and yields 
some of the best kinds of gum-arabic. But A. Verek has (generally) a third 
infra-stipular prickle. The prickles have a broad decurrent base, and the leaves 
are smaller and hairy. 


10. A. lenticularis, Hamilton ; Benth. 1. c. 508. 


A small tree ; perfectly glabrous, armed with twin infra-stipular prickles, 
or unarmed ; leaves large glaucous ; common petiole 3-6 in. long; pinne 
2-3 pair; leaflets 6-8 pair, about 1 in. long, obovate or oblong, obtuse. 
Flowers sessile, in axillary spikes, 3-5 in. long; corolla more than twice 
the length of calyx. Legume linear, flat, membranous, indehiscent, 6-9 
in. long, 1 in. broad. 


Siwaliks of Kamaon, Rajmahal hills. Reported from the Central Provinces, 
but I have not seen specimens. This is probably “Ahyn” of Madden, Journ. 
As. Soc. xvii. I. 570, “an armed tree with the blossoms of the Khyr and the 
fruit of the Stris; wood excellent. Forests about Burmdeo and Punagiri.” 


11. A. Catechu, Willd.—Syn. Mimosa Catechu, Linn. Suppl. 439; 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 175. M. Sundra, Roxb. 1. c. t. 225. Acacia catechu- 
oides, Benth. A. Sundra, DC.; Benth. 1. c. 510. A. Sandra, Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. t. 50. Vern. Khair, kheir, Kher. (Shaben, Burm.) | 


A moderate-sized tree, with thorny branches and rough dark-coloured 
bark. Branchlets and petioles generally dark-brown or purple, glabrous, 
shining ; below the insertion of each leaf a pair of compressed, sharp, 
brown, shining, infra-stipular prickles. Common petiole 3-4 in. long, 
often armed with scattered prickles, a gland below the lowest pair of 
pinne, and at the insertion of the 3-4 uppermost pairs. Pinnz 10-20 
pair ; leaflets numerous, linear, imbricate, glabrous or pubescent, less than 
4 in. long, generally turning brown in drying. Spikes lax, axillary, 
cylindrical, pedunculate, 2-4 in. long, solitary or fascicled, flowers pale 
yellow, sessile. Petals linear, connate at the base, 2-3 times longer 


Acacia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 187 


than calyx. Pods stipitate, thin, brown, shining, 2-3 in. long, 3-3? in. 
broad, seeds 3-10. 


Common in most parts of India and Burma. Apparently not indigenous in 
Sindh, but common in the Aravalli hills, and in the sub-Himalayan tract, 
extending west to the Indus, and ascending to 3000 ft. in the valleys. Ceylon, 
and Eastern Africa. Generally gregarious in the sub-Himalayan tract, on islands, 
and the banks of rivers near their entrance into the plains. Fl. May-July ; 
fr. autumn ; the pods remain long on the tree. The old leaves are shed in Feb.- 
March ; the new foliage appears March-April. 

30-40 ft. high, trunk short, not very straight, 4-6 ft. girth, attaining 10 ft. 
Branches straggling, thorny ; foliage light, feathery. When cut or lopped it is 
often reduced to a low-tangled shrub, with long, thorny branches. Bark 4-3? in. 
thick, dark grey, or greyish brown, in old trees nearly black, rough and. exfoli- 
ating in long narrow strips or scales. Inner bark reddish, fibrous. Sapwood 
large, yellowish white ; heartwood dark ‘red, extremely hard, annual rings in- 
distinct. Medullary rays numerous ; pores uniformly distributed, each sur- 
rounded by a patch of lighter-coloured tissue. Cunningham determined the 
weight of wood grown in Gwalior at 70.2 lb., the value of P. resulting from his 
experiments is 779. Of wood grown in the Central Provinces, the weight is 
given as 75.4 (R. Th.), (76.5 unseasoned), and 79.2 (Centr. Prov. List). These 
last figures are high, and the question naturally arises whether the woods 
were really seasoned. From Burma two varieties are mentioned in my list 
of Burma woods (1862), Nos. 29 and 30, weighing 56 and 70 Ib. respectively. 
There is thus still some uncertainty regarding the weight of the wood of this 
tree, and this uncertainty is increased by the confusion which has hitherto 
existed in the nomenclature of this and the allied species. Skinner’s list does 
not contain A. Catechu, but he describes two woods which he calls Acacia 
Suma (Tella Sundra, Telugu), weight 77, P.=801, and Acacta Sundra (Nulla 
Sundra, Telugu), weight 81, P.=915. R. Thompson gives the weight of A.Sundra 
(from the Centr. Prov.) at 60 lb. seasoned, and 81 lb. green. I do not venture 
to decide to which of the species here described these specimens belonged. The 
wood seasons well, takes a fine polish ; the sap is apt to be eaten by insects ; the 
heartwood is exceedingly durable, even more so than Teak. It is not attacked 
by white ants, and not touched by Teredo navalis. It is used for rice-pestles, 
sugar-cane and oil-seed crushers, cotton-rollers, wheel-wright’s work, ploughs, 
bows, spear- and sword-handles. In Burma it is preferred to all other woods 
for house-posts. In North India it is considered to yield the best charcoal for 
blacksmith’s work. The bark is very astringent, rather bitter, in places used 
for tanning. The most valuable product of the tree, however, is Catechu 
(Katha). The heartwood is cut into chips, which are boiled in water in 
earthen pots, the red solution is poured off, and boiled again over fresh chips, 
and after this has been repeated several times, it is boiled down in large round 
flat iron bowls to the thickness of a black paste, which, when dry, is the Cutch 
of commerce, a heavy compact mass, with a shining dark-brown or black 
fracture. In this manner Cutch is manufactured in Pegu, and the preparation 
of it in India is similar. Pale Catechu is a more earthy substance of dull red- 
dish colour. Madden (1. c. 565) describes the Katha made in Kamaon as crys- 
tallising on leaves and twigs thrown into the concentrated liquor. Cutch or 
Catechu is a most valuable article, extensively consumed in the East with the 
Betel-leaf, and largely exported to Europe for dyeing and tanning. It is bitter 
and very astringent, and 1s used medicinally (Pharm. Ind. 62). 


12. A. Suma, Kurz. MSS.—Syn. Mimosa Suma, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 568 ; 
Il. in Herb. Kew, t. 1867 ; Acacia Catechu, Benth. 1. c. 510; Bedd. FI. 


188 XXXI. LEGUMINOS. [ Acacia. 


Sylv. t. 49. Vern. Sai-kanta, Beng.; Kumtia, Pertabgarh; Dhaula 
khejra (white Acacia), Banswara. Gorado, Mandevi; Son kairi, Dangs. 


A large tree with white bark. Branches flexuose, branchlets and 
petioles downy with whitish or grey soft pubescence. Below the inser- 
tion of each leaf a pair of sharp conical infra-stipular prickles, downy 
while young, brown shining afterwards. Common petiole 4-10 in. long, 
unarmed, a large cup-shaped gland, oval, and often +45 in. long near the 
base, or half-way between the base and the first pair of pinnz; smaller 
circular glands at the insertion of the upper 3-10 pair; pinnze 10-20 pair; 
leaflets numerous, linear, } in. long, imbricate or approximate, pubescent 
and ciliate, grey or greyish green when dry. Flowers pale yellow, sessile, 
in lax, axillary, cylindrical, pedunculate spikes, often interrupted at the 
base. Petals more or less cohering beyond the middle, less than twice 
the length of calyx. Peduncles and calyx downy with soft grey pubes- 
cence. Spikes 2-4 in. long, generally fasciculate, and paniculate at the 
ends of branches. Pods stipitate, thin, 2-4 in. long. 

South India (common in Mysore, between Shemoga and Bangalur), Bengal, 
Guzerat, extending north to Banswara and Pertabgarh (D.B., 1870). Fl. May- 
Aug. Large conical thorns on the white bark. Heartwood red, catechu made 
of it. Bark (in Pertabgarh) peeled off and used for tanning. 

There is considerable confusion in the synonyms of these two species. For 
the first, which is the most generally distributed Catechu-yielding Acacia, and 
is readily distinguished by the dark-coloured bark, I maintain Willdenow’s 
name, Acacia Catechu, as he quotes (iv. 1079), t. 175, of the Corom. Plants, 
and I unite with it A. catechuordes, Benth., which does not appear to me to be 
specifically distinct. For the second species, with white-coloured bark, Mr 
Sulpiz Kurz has, I understand, adopted Roxburgh’s name Swma, which to me 
also seems the most appropriate. The excellent description of the Flora Indica 
is supported by the admirable manuscript-drawing quoted above. This species 
I do not know from North India. Mr R. Thompson notes, besides A. Catechu, 
A. Sundra, from Oudh and the Central Provinces ; this may be Swma, but un- 
fortunately I have not seen his specimens. I do not venture to identify Willde- 
now’s A. polyacantha with Suma, nor do I feel sure which species are meant — 
by A. Catechu and Sundra of Wight and Arnott’s Prodromus. In Beddome’s 
Fl. Sylv. t. 49, A. Catechu (Suma) is said to have a dark-brown bark, but 
this error is corrected in p. xcv of the Manual. 


13, A. concinna, DC. ; W. & A. Prodr. 277.—Syn. Mimosa concinna, 
Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern. Ailah, rassaul, Oudh; Ban-ritha 
(forest soap-nut), Beng. ; Sikikai, sikekai, Dekkan. 

A large climbing and prickly shrub; branchlets, petioles, and pedun- 
cles tomentose or pubescent, and armed with numerous scattered sharp 
recurved prickles. Common petiole 3-4 in. long, with a gland below 
the first pair of pinne, and | or 2 glands at the insertion of the upper- 
most pairs. Pinne 4-6 pair; leaflets 12-20 pair, linear, from a rounded, 
unequal-sided base, 4-4 in. long, glabrous or ciliate when full grown, 
Stipules large, semicordate, striate. Flower-buds purple ; flowers yellow, 
in globose heads. Calyx and corolla thinly membranous, pubescent. 
Ovary pubescent all over, or with a few isolated hairs. Flower-heads on 
slender peduncles 1-14 in. long, fasciculate, forming racemose panicles at 


Acacia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. — 189 


the ends of branches. Pods thick, fleshy, imperfectly dehiscent, some- 
what contracted between seeds, 4-5 in. long, 1 in. broad. 

South India, Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago. Abundant in the Oudh 
forests. Fl. March-July ; the fr. ripens in the ensuing cold season, The pods 
(and in Oudh the pounded leaves also) are used for washing the hair. The 
leaves are acid, and are eaten. 

A. rugata, Ham.; Benth. 1. c. 514 (ovary villose), does not in my opinion 
differ from A. concinna. In the specimens of both concinna and rugata ex- 
amined by me, the ovaries are always more or less hairy, and this is the main 
character given. I follow Wight and Arnott in maintaining the name A. con- 
cinna for the united species. 


14. A. cesia, W. & A. Prodr. 278.—Syn. Mimosa cesia, Linn. ; 
Roxb. ii. 565. Acacia Intsia, Willd. ;.W. & A. Prodr. l. c. ; Benth, 1. c. 
515. Vern. Katrar, Kamaon. ; 

A large climbing and prickly shrub ; branchlets, petioles, and pedun- 
cles pubescent, and armed with short, conical, sharp, scattered prickles. 
Branchlets and petioles angled and sulcate. Common petiole 3-12 in. long, 
with oblong, raised convex glands, one above its base, and 2 or 3 smaller 
glands at the base of the uppermost pinne ; pinne 4-15 pair; leaflets 
10-30 pair, subcoriaceous, pubescent, shining above, pale or rust-coloured 
beneath, subfalcate or from an oblique base linear-oblong, acute. Stipules 
deciduous, linear or lanceolate, striate. Flower-buds brown or greenish 
white; flowers pale yellow, in globose pedunculate heads. Peduncles 
fasciculate, in large terminal ‘panicles. Pods thin, flat, dehiscent, 4-6 
in. long, 1 in. broad ; rusty, or brown-tomentose when young, glabrous 
afterwards. 


Common in most parts of India and Burma. In the sub-Himalayan tract to 
the Chenab, ascending to 4000 ft. in Kamaon, Fl. April-Aug. ; the pods ripen 
in autumn, 


15. A. pennata, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 277.—Syn. Mim. pennata, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern. Agla, awal, Kamaon. 3 


Differs from A. ccesia by narrow linear leaflets, not pale beneath, a large 
flat raised oval gland half-way between the base of the common petiole 
and the first pair of pinne, and glabrous pods. 


South India, Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago. Nepal, Kamaon, and Oudh 
forests. Fl. June-Aug. 


OrpverR XXXII. ROSACEA, 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, rarely opposite, simple or com- 
pound, stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. Calyx superior or inferior, 
gamosepalous ; lobes 5, the 5th next the axis, imbricate in bud. Disc 
annular, or lining the calyx-tube. Petals 5, rarely none, perigynous, 
often orbicular and concave, deciduous, imbricate, claws short or none. 
Stamens numerous, rarely 1 or few, inserted with the petals or on the 
disc, 1- to multiseriate, incurved in bud; anthers small, usually didy- 
mous. Carpels 1 or more, free or connate, or adnate to the calyx-tube ; 


190 XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Prunus. 


styles as many, free or connate; ovules 1 or 2, usually collateral in each 
carpel, rarely more. Fruit various, a pome, or one or many drupes 
achenes or follicles, rarely a berry or capsule. Albumen scanty or none ; 
cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short.—Gen. Pl. i. 600; Royle Ill. 201 ; 
Wight Il. i. 199. 


Ripe carpels not enclosed within the calyx-tube. 
Carpel 1. Fruit a drupe. 


Style terminal ; drupe with a hard, bony stone 1.. PRUNUS. | 
Style basal ; drupe with a coriaceous endocarp 2. PRINSEPIA. 
3. RuBUs. 


Carpels many, fruit of many small drupes 
Ripe carpels enclosed within the calyx-tube. 
Carpels many, 1 pendulous ovule in each. Fruit of many free 
achenes enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube 4. Rosa. 
Carpels 1-5 ; ovules 2 collateral in each carpel ; fruit fleshy, 
1- 2- or 5-celled. 


Fruit 2-5-celled ; cells with cartilaginous walls 5. Pyrvus. 
Fruit a drupe, with 1-5 included stones ] 6. CRATAGUS. 
Fruit a drupe, with 3-5 bony half-exserted stones . 7. COTONEASTER, 
Fruit a drupe, including a 5-celled, dehiscent spent with 

erustaceous valves . 8. STRANVZSIA. 


1, eee Linn, 


Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, glandular-serrate leaves ; petioles 
with 2 glands. Flowers white or red, solitary, corymbose or racemose. 
Calyx deciduous. , Petals 5. Stamens 15-39, perigynous ; filaments free. 
Carpel 1; style terminal; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Drupe with 
an indehiscent or 2-valved, 1-seeded, smooth or rugged stone. Seed 

pendulous ; testa membranous ; albumen scanty or none. 
Flowers fasciculate, umbellate, or solitary. 
Pericarp tough, dry, fibrous ; flowers before the leaves . 1. P. Amygdalus. 


Pericarp a soft fleshy pulp. 
Flowers solitary or twin, appearing before or with the 


leaves. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, conduplicate in bud 
Leaves cordate or ovate, convolute in bud 
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, convolute in bud 
Flowers fasciculate or umbellate, appearing after the leaves. 


2. P. persica. 
3 
4 
Calyx turbinate ; leaves glabrous . . 5. P. Cerasus. 
6 
7 
8 


. P. armeniaca. 
. P. communis. 


Calyx long- tubular ; leaves white-tomentose beneath . P. prostrata. 
Flowers umbellate, appearing before the leaves . P. Puddum. 


Flowers in racemes or corymbs. 
Leaves oblong ; flowers in long drooping racemes . P. Padus. 


Leaves ovate ; flowers in pedunculate corymbs ; . 9. P. Mahaleb. 


1. P. Amygdalus, Baillon Histoire des plantes, i. 415. —Syn. Amyg- 
dalus communis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 500; Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 
641. The Almond-tree. Vern. Badam. 

A moderate-sized, deciduous, glabrous tree, with light-green foliage, 
greyish when full grown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, conduplicate in bud, 
serrulate ; petiole glandular, as long as the greatest width of leaf, or longer. 
Stipules subulate, fimbriate. Flowers white, tinged with red, appearing 
before the leaves, on short peduncles, twin or solitary, from. scaly buds 

on last year’s wood. Calyx campanulate. Drupe velvety, pericarp dry, 
separating into 2 valves when ripe. Stone compressed, with shallow 


Prunus.| XXXIL ROSACEA. 191 


wrinkles and minute holes. Cotyledons large, plano-convex, filled with 
oil ; albumen none. 

Cultivated in Afghanistan and Persia, whence large quantities of (sweet and 
some bitter) almonds are brought to India. Also in Kashmir and the plains of 
the Panjab. Indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kurdistan, the Caucasus (doubt- 
fully), and in Turkestan. Naturalised in Greece and North Africa, Hardy in 
England, where it flowers in February. In the Panjab the fruit is scanty, and 
not good, The Almond was known to Theophrastus and other classical writers. 


9. P. persica, Benth. & Hook. fil—Syn. Amygdalus.Persica, Linn. ; 
Roxb. Fl Ind. ii. 500. Persica vulgaris, Mill; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 
640. The Peach with velvety, and Nectarine with smooth fruit.—Vern. 
Ghwareshtai, Afg.; Aru, aor, chinannu, beinni, beimu, Pb.; Aru, N.W.P. 


A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, with dark-green foliage ; glabrous. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, conduplicate in bud, serrate, petiole with 2-4 
glands, or without glands, shorter than greatest width of leaf; stipules 
‘subulate, fimbriate. Flowers rose-coloured, appearing before or with the 
leaves, sessile, from scaly buds on last year’s wood. Calyx campanulate. 
Drupe downy or smooth, with a tender succulent sapid pericarp, the stone 
deep and irregularly furrowed. Cotyledons large, plano-convex, filled 
with oil ; albumen none. 

Commonly cultivated in the Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, also Trans- 
Indus, in the plains of the Panjab, the Dekkan, in Afghanistan, Western Asia, 
Europe, and China. It is certainly naturalised in the N.W. Himalaya, and is 
often found apparently wild. Inthe same way it has been found in North Persia 
and in Transcaucasia, but it seems more probable that the peach-tree is origin- 
ally indigenous in China, where its cultivation has been traced back to the tenth 
century B.c. Into South Europe it was introduced from Persia about the com- 
mencement of the Christian era. Hardy in England. In the N.W. Himalaya 
it is grown at different elevations, in Kunawar up to,10,000, and in Lahoul to 
9000 ft. FL, according to elevation, between January and May, the fruit ripen- 
ing between May and October. The foliage turns red before it is shed. 

The tree is grown for its fruit, which is an important article of food. The 
blossom is apt to be killed by frost, and a small green beetle at times strips the 
tree of its leaves. ‘The wood ‘of trees past bearing is used for building srg other 
work ; the heartwood is brown, compact, even-grained, and smooth to work. 


3. P. armeniaca, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501.—Syn. Armeniaca 
vulgaris, Lam. ; Boissier Fl. Orient. 11. 652. The Apricot. Vern. Hari, 
gardalu, jaldaru, shwan, cheroli, cherkush, serkuji, shari, Pb. hills; Iser, 
Kashmir ; Zardalu, Pb. plains ; Chuari, zardalu, N.W.P. Himalaya. 

A moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Nearly glabrous, petioles of young 
leaves pubescent. Leaves convolute in bud, broadly ovate, nearly as 
broad as long, acuminate, crenate ; petiole glandular, half the length of 
leaf; stipules lanceolate. Flowers pinkish white, solitary or fasciculate, 
appearing before or with the leaves from scaly buds on the previous year’s 
wood ; peduncles generally short, includedin buds. Calyx campanulate. 
Drupe downy or smooth, with a tender, succulent, sapid pericarp, the 
* ‘stone smooth, with a thickened sulcate margin. 


Commonly cultivated between Indus and Sarda, in the N.W. Himalaya, in the 
plains of the Panjab, in Afghanistan, Western and Central Asia, Europe, and 


192 XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Prunus. 


China. Hardy in England. In the Himalaya the fruit ripens well up to 10,000 
ft., but it is best between 6000 and 9000 ft. In West Tibet the tree is cultivated 
as high as12,000 ft.: at that elevation, however, the fruit seldom ripens properly. 
Believed to be indigenous in the Caucasian region, and to have been introduced 
into Europe about the same time as the Peach-tree. Often found seemingly 
wild in the N.W. Himalaya. Fl. Jan.-May, according to elevation, the fruit 
ripens between June and Sept. The foliage turns yellow in August, and be- 
comes red before falling. 

Attains 30-35 ft. and 5-6 ft. girth ; crown close, spreading, rounded. In the 
N.W. Himalaya the dried apricots form a considerable portion of the food of 
the people, particularly during autumn and winter. In the apricot districts— 
for instance, on the Sutlej, Tonse, and Jumna—the roofs of all houses are covered 
with the yellow fruit in the season, spread out to dry. The dried fruit is an 
important article of trade, and is imported into the plains from the hills, and 
from Afghanistan. Oil is extracted from the kernels, which is burnt, used in 
cooking, and forthe hair. The heartwood of the apricot is reddish, and is much 
used for various ordinary purposes. P. dasycarpa, Ehrh., the Black Apricot, 
a variety with dark purple velvety fruit, is cultivated in Kashmir, Afghanistan, 
Beluchistan, and in Europe. 


4, P. communis, Hudson; Hook. Stud. Fl. 106.—Vern. Alucha, olchi, 
er, aor, gardalu, Pb. 


A shrub or moderate-sized tree, unarmed or spinescent; extremities 
pubescent, Leaves convolute in bud, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
more or less pubescent along the nerves beneath ; petioles shorter than 
greatest breadth of leaf. Stipules linear, fimbriate. Flowers on slender 
pedicels, 3 or 4 times the length of calyx-tube, from lateral often leaf-bear- 
ing buds. Pedicels solitary or in pairs, buds often approximate. Drupe 
globose or oblong. 

I follow Bentham (Handbook of the Brit. Flora, i. 236) and Hooker in unit- 
ing the Sloe, the different kinds of plums, damsons, and prunes under one 
species. The principal sub-species are the following :— | 

a. P. spinosa, Linn. ; Boissier 1. c. 650.—Sloe, black-thorn. A shrub with 
divaricate spinescent branches, bark black ; pedicels solitary or in pairs, 
glabrous ; drupes erect, small, globose or sub-globose. Europe, North 
Africa. 

b. P. insttitia, Linn. ; Boissier 1, c. 651.—Bullace. A shrub with straight 
branches, sometimes spinescent, branchlets velvety ; leaves pubescent be- 
neath ; pedicels in pairs, downy; drupes middle-sized, globose, #-1 in. diam., 
drooping. Europe, North Africa, 

c. P. domestica, Linn, ; Boissier 1. c. 652.— Plum, prune. A tree, unarmed, 
branchlets glabrous ; pedicels in pairs, pubescent ; drupes large, oblong, 
drooping. 

d. P. divaricata, Ledebour ; Boissier 1. c, 651.—Syn. P. cerasifera, Ehrh. ? 
A small tree, unarmed, rarely spinescent, branchlets glabrous, pedicels 
solitary ; leaves whitish-villous beneath at the nerves or at_the midrib 
only ; drupe yellow, globose, or ovoid. Macedonia, Caucasus, North Persia. 


I do not venture to decide to which sub-species the Kashmir plum belongs. 
The drupe is nodding, globose or ovoid, 3 in. long; the branchlets are glabrous, 
the leaves woolly beneath, with long hairs half-way up the midrib; the pedicels 
are solitary or in pairs from one bud, but appear fasciculate because several 
flower-bearing buds (shortened branchlets) are often approximate. It is cultivated 
for its fruit, which is very palatable, in Kashmir at 5000-7000 ft., at places in 


Prunus. | XXXII. ROSACEA. 193 


the Panjab plains, and in Afghanistan. The wood is light or dark reddish- 
brown, smooth to work. In Kashmir the skeleton of the so-called Papier-maché 
boxes is made of it. About Almora two kinds of plum are cultivated, one a 
dark-blue damson (Bhotiya badam), ripens in July, the other (Ladakh) orange- 
red, much larger, and ripens in June (Madden As. Soc. Jour. xvii. pt. I. 445). 
The cultivation of plums and prunes in Europe is very old, probably as old 
as that of pears and apples. Plinius mentions a large number of varieties (in- 
gens turba prunorum). Some of the better kinds, however (damascena), were 
rought from Syria. 


5. P. Cerasus, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Flora 107. Cherry.—Vern. Gulas, 
olchi, krusbal, Pb. Him. 


An unarmed shrub, or moderate-sized tree ; glabrous or nearly so. 
Leaves conduplicate in bud, elliptic or obovate, abruptly acuminate, irregu- 
larly crenate-serrate ; petiole less than the breadth of leaf, 2 glands on 
the edge of leaf near base, or on the petiole ; stipules linear or subulate, 
fimbriate, Flowers white, on long slender peduncles in fascicles of 2-5, 
from lateral generally leaf-bearing buds. Calyx turbinate, lobes obtuse. 
Drupe smooth, sweet or acid, with a polished round stone. 


I follow Bentham 1. c. 237, and Hooker, in classing the sweet and acid Cher- 
ries as one species. The following are commonly accepted as the distinctive 
characters of the two sub-species. 

a, P. Avium, Linn.; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 649. A tree, without root-suckers; 
leaves flaccid, drooping, hairy beneath, petiole with 2 glands. Flower-bearing 
buds leafless, peduncles drooping ; calyx-tube contracted at the mouth, lobes 
entire, subacute ; fruit sweet. Indigenous in Europe and North Africa, 

b. P. Cerasus, Linn.—Syn. Cerasus caproniana, DC.; Boissier 1, c. 649. A 
shrub, or small tree, numerous suckers from the root ; leaves subcoriaceous, 
firm, shining, erect, no glands on petiole. Flower-bearing buds leaf-bearing, 
pogarelos stiff ; calyx-tube not contracted at the mouth, lobes serrate, obtuse. 

ruit acid, naturalised in Europe, indigenous in Western Asia. It must have 
been a variety of the acid cherry which was introduced to Rome by Lucullus. 
Sweet cherries were cultivated in Italy before his time. 

Several varieties of cherries are cultivated in Kashmir, Bussahir, and else- 
where in the North-West Himalaya, generally between 5000 and 8000 ft. ; some 
are also found in a seemingly wild state. Fl. April-May. In Kashmir the fruit 
ripens in June. A moderate-sized tree, with short trunk, and a rounded dark- 
green crown. The bark flakes off in horizontal belts. 


6. P. prostrata, Labillardiére ; Sibth. Fl, Greca t. 478.—Vern. Tara, 
ter, talle, Pb., Him. 


A small scraggy shrub, 5-6 ft. high ; branchlets hoary. Leaves ovate or 
oblong, sharp-serrate, narrowed into short petiole, glabrous above, densely 
clothed with white woolly tomentum beneath ; petiole without glands. 
Flowers red, on short peduncles, appearing with the leaves, generally 
twin from lateral buds. Calyx-tube cylindrical, pubescent or glabrous 
outside, teeth short, obtuse, hairy inside. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, } in. 
long, reddish purple when ripe, with scanty pulp. 

North Afghanistan frequent between 11,000 and 12,000 ft. Common in the 
arid parts of the North-West Himalaya. Kashmir (5000-7000 ft.), Chenab 
(7500-8500 ft.), Lahoul (10,000 ft.), Ravi, rare (7500-8500 ft.), Sutlej (8000 ft.). 

N 


194 XXXII. ROSACEA. | Prunus. 


Also in Persia, on the Caucasus, Taurus, in-Asia Minor, Syria, Crete, Greece, 
Sardinia, Spain, and Algeria. Fl. Apr. Hardyin England. In dry rocky places, 
with stiff, divaricate, often procumbent branches. Bark reddish brown or black- 
ish, longitudinally rugose, a smooth white pellicle peeling off. The fruit is eaten. 

This sp. might be identified with P. Cerasus Griffith, Boiss, Fl. Or. ii. 648, 
but the characters separating Grefithi from prostrata, solitary flowers and 
glabrous calyx-tube in the latter, do not seem to be constant. ' 


7. P. Puddum, Roxb. MSS.—Syn. P. sylvatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501; 
Cerasus Puddum, Wall. PL As. rar. t. 143. Sans. Padmaksh. Vern. 
Chamiari, amalguch, paja, pajja, Pb. ; Paddam, padm, paya, N.W.P. 

A handsome moderate-sized tree, with glossy green leaves; nearly 
glabrous. Leaves ovate, long-acuminate, sharply and often duplicate- 
serrate, 3-5 in. long, petioles $ in., with 2-4 large glands near base of leaf. 
Stipules palmately 3-5-fid, the divisions lanceolate, glandular-fimbriate. 
Flowers white or pink, appearing before the leaves, on slender pedicels as 
long as flowers, or somewhat longer, often branched, in umbellate fascicles 
crowded near the ends of branches. Calyx turbinate, with ovate acute 
lobes. Stigma stellate, 3-lobed. Fruit in pendulous clusters, yellow and 
red, ovoid or globose, 4-2 in. long, acid, and somewhat astringent when 
ripe ; kernel ovoid, rugose and furrowed. 


Wild, and frequently cultivated in the Himalaya and the Doons, from the 
Indus to Sikkim, generally at elevations between 2500 and 7000 ft. Kasia 
hills. Fl. Apr.-May, sometimesin autumn. Madden states (Bhimtal in Kamaon), 
“The flowers appear in Oct.-Nov., and are soon succeeded by the leaves. In 
January the leaves are beset by myriads of aphides, which distil great quantities 
of honeydew * over them;” and adds that the tree is evergreen at Almora, and 
ripens its fruit in spring. Trunk short, 4-5 ft. girth. Bark brownish grey, 
smooth, peeling off in flakes. Wood reddish brown, hard, strong, and durable, 
uséd for walking-sticks and bludgeons. Fruit acid and astringent, not much 
eaten or valued. 

P. Pseudocerasus, Lindl., China, Japan, is nearly related to C. Puddum. Two 
other species belonging to the same group as the Cherry and Puddum are found 
in the North-West Himalaya. 1. P. humilis, Bunge, called Revs, she, buinardla, 
rapori, talle, in the Panjab Himalaya, is a small glabrous shrub, with brownish- 
grey bark, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, deep- and sharp-serrate leaves, fimbriate, 
and often bifid stipules, which is found between 7000 and 12,000 ft. in the more 
arid parts of the North-West Himalaya, from the Chenab to the Jumna, also in 
N oak China, and is supposed to be the wild form of Prunus japonica, Thunb., 
several varieties of which are cultivated in Japan on account of their beautiful 
white or pink, often double, blossoms. 2. P. tomentosa, Wall., found in Kash- 
mir by T. Thomson, between 5000 and 6000 ft., is remarkable on account of its 
softly-tomentose, ovate leaves, and an ovoid, acuminate, nearly sessile fruit. It 
is similar to P. tomentosa, Thunb., a shrub or small tree, wild in North China, 
and cultivated in gardens in Japan, with sessile scarlet fruit ; valued in Japan 
as a remedy against dysentery (Sieb. Zucc. Fl. Jap. p. 53 t. 22). 


8. P. Padus, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 107.—Syn. Cerasus Padus, Bois- 
sier Fl. Orient. ii. 650. Cerasus cornuta, Wall.; Royle Ul. t. 38, f. 2. 
Bird Cherry. Vern. Paras, kalakat, gidar-dak, bart, zum, zam, zambu, 
jamu, jamut, chile, duidla, krun, Pb. ; Jamana, Kamaon. 


* The honeydew is possibly a secretion of the leaves, which attracts the aphides. 


*. 


Prunus. | XXXII. ROSACEA. 195 


Nearly glabrous ; young branchlets, inflorescence, and axils of nerves on 
the underside of leaves pubescent. Leaves conduplicate in bud, oblong 
or obovate, greatest width generally above the middle, acuminate, serrate, 
slightly cordate at the base ; stipules linear, early deciduous. Flowers 
white in lax racemes, appearing after the leaves, 3-8 in. long at the end 
of short lateral, often leaf-bearing branches. Bracts linear, caducous. 
Stamens 25-30. Drupe globose, } in. long, red first, then dark purple or 
nearly black. 


Himalaya, between 4000 and 10,000 ft., at times ascending to 12,000 ft., from 
the Indus to Sikkim. Occasionally planted. A widely-spread tree, from North 
and Central Europe through Siberia to Amur land and Kamtchatka. Cau- 
casus and Western Asia. Deciduous, the mature foliage dark green, turning 
red before its fall, generally in autumn, sometimes as early as June. Fl. April- 
June to Sept. Fr. usually ripens July-Oct., remains long hanging on the tree. 

Usually found in mixed forests; thrives best in moist places, where it attains 
50 to 60 ft., with a girth of 5-6 ft. Bark 4 in. thick, brown or purple, fairly 
smooth, a scurfy tuberculate grey pellicle peeling off. Wood brownish white, 
close- and even-grained, takes a fine polish. In France it is occasionally used by 
cabinet-makers. The fruit is sour, with a slight mawkish astringent flavour, but 
is much eaten by the hill people. In Sweden and Lapland, and some parts of 
Russia, the bruised fruit is fermented, and a spirit distilled from it. The unripe 
fruit of this species is often attacked by an insect, and then swells out into a 
curved horn-like excrescence ; hence Wallich’s name of P. cornuta. Similar 
excrescences are often found on Plum-trees in Europe, particularly on prunes 
(Zwetschen) in Germany. The leaves are considered excellent cattle-fodder. 

A small tree, resembling P. Padus, with coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate leaves, 
and numerous short lateral racemes, 2-4 in, long, and 10-20, generally 15 
stamens, is 2. capricida, Wall., in the Himalaya, between 6500 and 8000 ft., 
from the Jumna to Bhutan, and in the Kasia hills. 


9. P. Mahaleb, Linn.—Syn. Cerasus Mahaleb, Boissier Fl. Orient. 
11.649. French, Bois de Ste-Lucie. German, Weichsel Kirsche. 


A small deciduous, glabrous tree. Leaves ovate, obtusely serrate ; 
petioles 3 or } the length of leaf. Flowers fragrant, on lateral, peduncu- 
late, corymbose racemes on the previous year’s wood, lower pedicels 1 in. 
long and longer. Drupes ovoid, compressed, + in. long. 

Cultivated at Kelat in Beluchistan (Stocks). Wild*in Western Asia, on the 
Caucasus. Wild or naturalised in South and Central Europe. The scented 
kernels are sold as medicinal in the bazaars of Sindh and South India. (On 
_ the Rhine, as far north as Altenahr and the Drachenfels.) The wood of the 
European tree is prized on account of its fragrance, hardness, and the fine polish 
it takes. Tobacco-pipe tubes and snuff-boxes are made of it. It is believed 
that this tree was introduced from the East into Europe simultaneously with the 
Horse-chestnut tree. Hardy in England. | 


2. PRINSEPIA, Royle. 


A shrub with lanceolate, serrate leaves and bisexual flowers. Calyx 
persistent, tube cup-shaped, with 5 unequal, rounded lobes, imbricate in 
bud. Petals 5, inserted at the mouth of calyx, rounded, short-clawed. 
Stamens numerous, inserted with petals, multiseriate, with short filaments ; 


196 XXXII, ROSACEA, [ Prinsepia. 


anther-cells separated by a broad connective. Carpel 1, sessile, with 2 
pendulous, collateral ovules.. Drupe oblique, oblong- cylindrical, fleshy, 
with a coriaceous l-seeded kernel. Remains of style at the base of the 
drupe. 


1. P. utilis, Royle ; Il. t. 38 f 1—Vern. Bekkar, bekkra, bekkli, bhekal, 
bhigal, bekala, karanga, N.W. Him. Local names: Gurinda, Hazara ; 
Tatua, philwara, Rajaott 5 Jinti, Chenab ; Cherara, dhatela, jhatela, Ghar- 
wal, Kamaon. 

Nearly glabrous, youngest branchlets only pubescent. Leaves coriace- 
ous. Axillary spines often leaf-bearing. Flowers white in short axil- 
lary racemes, generally from the outside base of the spines. Drupes 
purple, seeds oily. 

Common on dry rocks at elevations between 2000 and 9000 ft. in the outer 
Himalayan ranges from Hazara to Bhutan. Also on the Kasia hills. ~ Generally 
in flower in autumn, in fruit in spring. From the seeds oil is expressed, used 


as food, and for burning. The pith of stem and branches is large, and in drying 
separates into thin horizontal layers. Wood close-grained. 


3. RUBUS, Linn. 


Trailing shrubs or creeping herbs, almost always prickly. Leaves alter- 
nate, simple or compound, the stipules more or less adnate to the petiole. 
Flowers white or red, in terminal or axillary corymbose panicles, rarely 
solitary. Calyx broadly cup-shaped, deeply cleft into 5 persistent lobes. 
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels many, on a convex receptacle ; 
style subterminal ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Drupes many, l-seeded, 
crowded on a dry or spongy conical RT 
Leaves simple, lobed. ; . 1. R. paniculatus. 


Leaves tri- or quinque- -foliolate, rarely unifoliolate. 
Petiole of terminal leaflet less than half the length of common 


petiole ; fruit black . 2. R. fruticosus. 
Petiole of terminal leaflet more than half the e length of of com- 
mon petiole ; fruit yellow. 3. R. flavus. 


Leaves imparipinnate, rarely trifoliolate. 
Flowers in lax corymbose panicles ; petals red, shorter than 
calyx-lobes ; fruit white-tomentose when unripe, black 


when ripe ; leaflets 2-5 pair . 4, R. lasiocarpus. 
Flowers often axillary ; petals white, as long as calyx- -lobes ; 

fruit oblong, red when ripe ; leaflets 1-3 pair ‘ 5. R. rosefolius. 
Flowers axillary ; petals white, as long as calyx-lobes ; fruit 

subglobose red or deep orange; leaflets 1-2pair . . 6. R. biflorus. 


1. R. paniculatus, Sm.; DC. Prodr. ii. 567 (not Roxb. or Schlech- 
tendal).—Syn. R. tiliaceus, Sm. (probably). Vern. Kala akhi, Kangra. 
Anchu, pattarola, kala hisalu, Kamaon, Garhwal. 

A shrub, armed with few, short, scattered prickles ; branchlets, inflor- 
escence, and underside of leaves clothed with dense soft grey silky tomen- 
tum. Loaves from a cordate, rarely entire rounded base, broad-ovate, 
acuminate, longer than broad, serrate, more or less lobed with 3 or 5 pro- 
minent basal nerves. Stipules and bracts linear or oblong, often cleft at 
the top, or half-way down, into linear segments. Flowers on long slender 
pedicels, in lax, spreading terminal panicles. Calyx-segments ovate-lan- 


Rubus. | XXXII. ROSACEA. 197 


ceolate, long-acuminate, longer than the white petals. Fruit blackish 
purple. | 

Common in many parts of the Himalaya from Hazara to Sikkim, between 
3000 and 8000 ft. Kasia hills, Fl. April-June. 

Nearly related to this species are two other brambles with white flowers and 
entire, lobed leaves, marked by pectinate stipules and bracts, deeply cleft, often 
nearly to the base, into linear segments ; 2. reticulatus, Wall., from the higher 
ranges (7000 to 10,000 ft.) in Kamaon and Sikkim, grey tomentose, with 
leaves reticulate beneath, generally broader than long, and compact cylindrical 
pee and R. rugosus, Sm. (2. Hamiltonianus, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 234), 
rom Nepal and the Eastern Himalaya, the mountains of Burma, Ceylon, and 
South India (on the Ghats as far north as Mahableshwar), rusty tomentose, 


with leaves rugose above, and finely reticulate beneath, ovate calyx-segments, 
and red fruit. 


2. R. fruticosus, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 109. Blackberry, Bramble. 
—Vern. Ankri, alish, alach, kanachi, chench, pakhana. 


A large shrub, armed with few recurved compressed prickles. Branches 
more or less angular. Branchlets, inflorescence, and underside of leaves 
canescent, or clothed with short grey tomentum. Leaves trifoliolate on 
flower-bearing, and often quinquefoliolate on leaf-bearing branches ; 
leaflets oval or obovate, irregularly serrate ; petiole of terminal leaf less 
than half the length of common petiole. Stipules linear. Flowers in 
compact cylindrical panicles ; calyx reflexed, Fruit more or less hemi- 
spherical, black when ripe. 


Afghanistan, Waziristan, Peshawar valley, and further south in the trans- 
Indus territory. Salt range 1500-3000 ft. Common in Hazara, Rajaori, Kash- 
mir, as far as the Ravi, generally between 2000 and 6000 ft. This is a tomen- 
tose form of the common Blackberry, a widely-spread species in Europe, Siberia, 
West Asia, and North Africa. Of the numerous European forms of the Black- 
berry, &. discolor, Weihe et Nees, Deutsche Brombeer straucher, t. xx.; Engl. 
Bot. t. 447 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 695, is probably most nearly allied to the 
Himalayan variety. Fl. April-June ; fruit ripens Sept.-Oct, 


3. R. flavus, Ham.—Syn. R. Gowreephul, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 517 ; W. 
& A. Prodr. 298 ; Wight Ic. t. 231. R. ellipticus, Sm, (R. Wallichianus, 
W. & A. Prodr. 298, Wight Ic. t. 230 (= R. hirtus, Roxb.), does not 
seem to differ from this species). Vern. Akhi, dnkri, kunachi, guracha, 
pukana, Pb., Him. ; Hsar, hishalu, hisalu, Garhwal, Kamaon, 


A large shrub with long trailing branches, armed with copious long 
reddish bristles and sharp curved prickles. Branchlets, inflorescence, 
petioles, and underside of leaves clothed with soft grey or tawny tomentum. 
Leaves trifoliolate, those at the base of branchlets often unifoliolate ; 
leaflets elliptical or rotundate, sharp-serrate, often acuminate, the terminal 
largest ; midrib of terminal leaflet forming an angle with petiole. Petiole 
of terminal leaflet often forming an angle with, and generally exceeding 
half the length of common petiole. Flowers white, in axillary fascicles 
and in broad compact rounded terminal panicles; pedicels short or long, 
slender. Calyx-segments broadly ovate, striate. Petals cuneiform, oho- 
vate, twice the length of calyx. Fruit yellow. 


198 XXXII, ROSACEA. [ Rubus. 


Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia hills, mountains of South 
India. In the N.W. Himalaya and Siwalik tract, at elevations between 1500 
and 8000 ft. Fl. March; fruit ripens April, May. . 


4, R. lasiocarpus, Sm.; W. & A. Prodr. 299; Wight Ic. t. 232.— 
Syn. &. racemosus and albescens, Roxb. ii. 519; R. mysorensis, Heyne.— 
Vern. Gunacha, pagunai, pukana, Hazara; Kandiari, kharmuch, sir- 
ganch, guracha, Kashmir ; Tulanch, Chenab ; Niu, kalliachi, Bias; Kala- 
war, kala hisalu, Garhwal, Kamaon. 

A spreading shrub, with long stems, rooting at the extremities, armed 
with few straight or curved sharp prickles. Branches round, often purple, 
glabrous, or pruinose, rarely with glandular hairs. Leaves canescent or 
white-tomentose beneath, imparipinnate ; leaflets 2-5 pair, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, with large serratures, the terminal leaflet often lobed. Flowers 
on long slender pedicels, in lax corymbose panicles. Inflorescence and 
calyx white-tomentose ; petals red, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate calyx- 
lobes. Fruit white-tomentose when unripe, black when ripe. 

Abundant throughout the Himalaya, the Kasia hills, the mountains of Burma, 
South India, and Ceylon. In the North-West Himalaya, and in the Siwalik 
tract, at elevations between 2000 and 8000 ft. Rare in the Peshawar valley, pro- 
bably brought down by the rivers. Fl. March, April; fruit ripens June, July. 
Fruit very good to eat. Hardy in England. 


5. R. rosefolius, Sm. ; DC. Prodr. ii. 556.—Syn. R. rosceflorus, Roxb. 
ll. 519; R. pungens, Cambess. in Jacqu. Bot. t. 59. Vern. Kanachi, 
Hazara, Khagan ; Yeshul, Kamaon, Garhwal. 


A spreading shrub, armed with straight and curved prickles, glabrous, 
or with glandular hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 1-3 pair, lanceo- 
late, deep and irregularly serrate or lobed ; stipules lanceolate. Flowers 
on long slender pedicels, axillary, or in lax terminal corymbs. Calyx- 
lobes ovate-lanceolate, long-aristate, 4-1 in. long, as long as, or a little 
shorter than, the large white petals. Fruit oblong, or cylindrical, red 
when ripe. : *. 

Himalaya from Hazarato Assam. Kasia hills. Java, China, Japan. In the 
North-West Himalaya between 5000 and 10,000 ft. Often cultivated with 
double flowers, var. coronarius.—Bot. Mag. t. 1783. 


6. R. biflorus, Buch. ; DC. Prodr. ii. 558; Bot. Mag. t. 4678.—Vern. 
Chanch, kantaunch, khaniara, Kashmir ; Karer, akhreri, akhe, Ravi. 


A large spreading shrub, armed with scattered sharp prickles, subulate 
from a broad base, the branches covered with a white pruinose coating, 
which is easily rubbed off. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets generally 1 pair 
only, ovate-lanceolate, deep- and irregularly serrate, the terminal leaflet 
often lobed ; stipules lanceolate. Flowers white, on long slender pedicels, 
solitary, or in fascicles of 2 or 3 in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx- 
lobes ovate-lanceolate, shortly aristate, as long as petals. Fruit drooping, 
subglobose, red or deep orange, sweet. 

Himalaya from Hazara to Bhutan. North-West Himalaya from 4000-10,000 
ft. Fl. April, May. Hardy in England. 


Rubus. | XXXII, ROSACEA. 199 


' Two other species are common in the North-West Himalaya :—R. niveus, 
Wall., at 7000 to 11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhutan ; leaves trifoliolate, some- 
times imparipinnate, with broad ovate leaflets, the terminal leaflet often lobed ; 
long subulate stipules ; calyx-segments often more than 4 in. long, much exceed- 
ing the small red petals; and red or yellowish brown fruit: 2. macilentus, 
Camb. in Jacq. t. 60, Kashmir to Sikkim, between 5000 and 8000 ft., with 3 
ovate-lanceolate leaflets, often 1 only, white petals as long as calyx, and bright 
yellow fruit. 


4, ROSA, Linn. 


Erect scrambling or climbing shrubs, more or less prickly, with impari- 
pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets and stipules more or less adnate to the peti- 
ole. Flowers terminal, solitary corymbose or paniculate. Calyx-tube per- 
sistent, globose urceolate or ovoid, mouth contracted, limb divided into 5 
foliaceous segments. Disc coating the calyx-tube. Petals 5, rarely 4. 
Stamens numerous, inserted on the edge of dise, at the mouth of calyx- 
tube. Carpels free below, many, rarely few, enclosed in the calyx-tube, 
the styles protruding from the tube, and occasionally united. When in 
fruit, the carpels are dry, hairy, 1-seeded achenes, enclosed in the more 
or less succulent calyx-tube, the whole forming a dry or pulpy red or 
black berry. : 

Styles united in a column as long as stamens ; flowers white 
Styles distinct ; flowers yellow ; ‘ : : 
Styles distinct ; flowers pink, red, or white. 

Branches armed with prickles and bristles; petals 4 

Branches armed with prickles only ; petals 5. 

_ Leaves 4-23 in. long; leaflets 7, obovate or rotundate . 4 BR. Webbiana. 
Leaves 2-8 in. long; leaflets 7-11, elliptical . : . 5. BR. macrophylla. 

Numerous species are cultivated in India. Those more generally grown—with- 
out, however, any reference to garden varieties and hybrids—may be classed as 
follows, the groups being partly taken from Lindley’s Rosarum Monographia, 
London, 1820, partly from Boissier’s Fl. Orientalis, ii. 669. The characters 

iven are those commonly assigned to each species, but cultivation and crossing 
ave created such a multitude of forms, that in many cases it is impossible to 
recognise any satisfactory specific distinctions. 


1. R. moschata. 
2. R. lutea. 
8. Re. 1 


SETUCEH. 


A. Stytes Disttnot. 


I. Bracteate. Fruit and branchlets clothed with dense persistent woolly 
tomentum ; flowers bracteate ; prickles twin, mostly infra-stipular. 


1. &. involucrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 513; Wight Ic, t. 234, Flowers sub- 
sessile, large, white, fragrant, surrounded by large pectinate, woolly bracts. 
Indigenous in Bengal and the Eastern Himalaya. | 

2. R. Lyell, Lindl, 1. ¢c. t.1. Flowers pedunculate, large, white or blush ; 
bracts linear, hoary, entire. Indigenous in Nepal, Kamaon, and on Mt. Aboo. 

3. R. bracteata, Wendl. ; Redouté les Roses, i. 35. Flowers large, white, 
solitary, surrounded by 8-10 ovate imbricate, finely pectinate bracts. China— 
Macartney’ s rose, with double fl., believed to belong to this sp. 


II. Hglanterie. Prickles scattered, of two kinds, some slender, setaceous, 
others stout, straight, or curved ; flowers yellow or red ; calyx-lobes persistent 
in fruit. 

4, R. lutea,-Mill. (see below). 

5. R. sulphurea, Aiton. Flowers large, yellow, always double ; leaflets 7, 


200 XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Rosa. 


glabrous above, whitish and slightly pubescent beneath. Native country not 
known. Said to have been brought to Constantinople from Persia in the six- 
teenth century (C. Koch Dendrol. i. 226). &. Rapini, Boiss. 1. c. 672—Asia 
Minor, Armenia, North Persia—a yellow rose similar to 2. sulphwrea, may 
possibly be its wild form. 

III. Gallice. Erect shrubs ; prickles scattered, mixed with bristles, which 
are mostly glandular; leaflets generally 5, rarely 7, ovate or oval, rugose, 
more or less pubescent beneath ; flowers solitary, or in few (5-15) flowered 
corymbs, rose-coloured or purple; calyx-segments more or less pinnatifid. 
Scent very delicate. The commonly accepted 3 species of this section are 
probably not specifically distinct. 


6. &. damascena, Mill. (Golab, sudburg.) Prickles unequal, the larger ones 
falcate ; sepals reflexed during flowering. Native country unknown. ‘The rose 
most generally cultivated in India. Attar (otto) of roses is made principally 
from the flowers of this species. Also called &. Calendarum, because the time 
of flowering extends over several months. 

7. &. centifolia, Linn. Cabbage rose, Moss rose, Provence rose. Prickles 
unequal, the larger faleate glandular, bristles numerous ; leaflets and calyx 
glandular-ciliate ; flowers nodding. Caucasus, mountains of Assyria. Fl. June, 
July ee 

8. R. gallica, Linn. Prickles equal, slender ; flowers erect. South and Cen- 
tral Europe, Asia Minor. Fl. June, July (Europe). 


IV. Canine. Prickles uniform, no bristles. Flowers white or rose-coloured. 


9. R. indica, Linn. ; Lindl. 1. c. 106.—Syn. &. chinensis, Jacquin ; Roxb. FI. 
Ind. ii. 513; Koch 1. c. 273. &. sineca, Linn. Glabrous, evergreen ; stipules 
very narrow, adnate nearly to the apex ; flowers large, double, half double, 
rarely single, white yellow pink red or purple, on long slender pedicels; calyx- 
segments reflexed. Indigenous in China, but early brought to India. The 
Indian (China or Bengal) roses have a powerful scent, by no means so delicate 
as that of the Gallica group: their flowering time extends over a great part of 
the year. To this species belong Rosa fragrans, Redouté, the Tea Rose, 
yellow, very fragrant ; 2. semperflorens, Bot. Mag. t. 284; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 
514, with dark-red flowers,—and numerous other varieties, &. Novsetteana, 
Red. 1. c. ii. p. 77, the Noisette Rose, is a cross of this and 2. moschata. The 
large host of Hybrid Perpetuals are chiefly derived from 2. undica. 

10. R. microphylla, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 919 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 515 ; Bot. Mag, 
t. 3490. Branchlets flexuose, prickles infra-stipular ; leaflets 9-15, small, sub- 
coriaceous. Calyx densely clothed with long subulate prickles ; segments short, 
broad-ovate, dentate. Flowers solitary, or 2-3 together, large, double, pale 
rose-coloured. Indigenous in China, Not quite hardy in England. 

11. R. alba, Linn.—Syn. R. glandulifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 4 (2). A tall 
spreading shrub, prickles scattered, straight or falcate, somewhat unequal, but 
no bristles. Foliage grey, leaflets 5-7, large, rugose ; downy and very pale be- 
neath. FI. large, often double, mostly corymbose, white, or of a delicate blush 
colour, calyx segments often pinnatifid. Probably indigenous in the Caucasian 
region, and possibly wild in Afghanistan and N.W. India. Nearly allied to &. 
canina, Linn., the common English Dog rose. 

V. Banksiane. Scandent or climbing ; stipules small, subulate, nearly free, 
often deciduous ; leaflets 3 or 5, rarely more, Flowers corymbose, not very 
large. 

12. R. Banksie, R. Brown.—Syn. R. inermis, Roxb. 1. ¢. 516. Lady Banks’ 
Rose; Bot. Mag. t. 1954; Bot. Reg. t. 1105. No prickles; leaflets 3 or 5 
shining ; flowers small, corymbose, white or yellow. China, Japan. 


Rosa. | XXXII. ROSACEA. 201 


13. R. microcarpa, Lindl. 1. c. t. 18. Armed with curved prickles ; leaflets 
3, rarely 5, shining. Flowers white, corymbose; calyx deciduous. Fruit small, 
globose, red. China. 

14, R. sinica, Aiton; Lindl. 1. c. t. 16; Bot. Reg. t. 1922, Armed with 
scattered, red, falcate prickles. Leaflets 3, shining. Flowers solitary, large, 
white ; peduncles and calyx-tube thickly covered with straight prickles or 
bristles. Fruit orange-red, muricate, crowned with the spreading rigid sepals. 
China, Japan. 

15. R. Fortuniana, Lindley ; Paxton Flower-Garden, ii. 71. Armed with 
small falcate prickles. Leaflets 3 or 5, dark green, shining ; flowers solitary, 
white, double on short, setose peduncles. Calyx-tube perfectly glabrous, with- 
out prickles or bristles. China. 


B. STYLES UNITED IN A COLUMN EXSERTED BEYOND THE CALYX-TUBE. 

VI. Systyle. Flowers numerous, in terminal corymbs ; prickles uniform ; 
leaflets 2-3 pair. 

16. R. moschata, Mill. (see below). 

17. R. sempervirens, Linn.; Bot. Reg. t. 465.—Syn. R. Leschenaultiana, 
Redouté Roses, iii. 87; W. & A. Prodr. 301; Wight Ic. t. 38. Climbing, 
prickles scattered, curved from a broad base, generally red. Leaves evergreen, 
glabrous, shining; stipules and bracts narrow, glandular, ciliate ; petioles, 
peduncles, and outside of calyx-tube with glandular bristles. Flowers white ; 
calyx-segments ovate, acuminate, densely pubescent inside, deciduous; fruit 
small, orange-coloured. South Europe, North Africa, East Himalaya, Kasia 
hills, mountains of South India. 

18. R. multifiora, Thunb. ; Bot. Reg. t. 425. Stipules and bracts linear-ob- 
long, pectinate, with linear segments. Flowers double, blush red; petioles, 
peduncles, and calyx-tube pubescent, with long soft hairs without glands. 
Calyx-segments broad-ovate, shortly acuminate. Japan, China. 


1. RB. moschata, Mill. ; Bot. Reg. t. 829.—Syn. R. pubescens, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 514; &. Brunonti, Lindl. Monogr. Ros. t. 14. Vern. Kaji, 
kuju, kajei, karer, N.W. Himal.; Phulwari, chal, Kashmir; Kwia, 
kwiala, Kamaon. 

Climbing young shoots and underside of leaves pubescent, branches 
armed with a few stout recurved prickles. Leaflets 2-3 pair, nearly sessile, 
ovate-oblong, acuminate, 1-3 in. long. Flowers white, 14 in. across, in 
large compound terminal corymbs. fPedicels 1-14 in. long, slender, pu- 
bescent, often with glandular hairs, but without bristles or prickles. 
Calyx-lobes long, narrow-acuminate, twice the length of ovary, often 
pinnatifid. Styles united in a hairy column, clavate above, as long as 
stamens orlonger. Fruit dark brown, subglobose or ovoid, 4-4 in. long. 

North-West Himalaya, from Afghanistan to Nepal, ascending to 11,000 ft., 
commencing at 2000 ft. in the Panjab, and at 4000 ft. in Kamaon. FI. May, 
June. Forms masses of thorny scrambling scrub, and climbs to the top of lofty 
trees, hanging down in elegant festoons. Cultivated in Europe (hardy in Eng- 
land), China, and throughout India, where it blooms all the year round, but 
chiefly during the cold season. Wild in North Africa, and naturalised in Spain. 


2. BR. lutea, Mill. ; Bot. Mag. t. 363 ; Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 671.—Syn. 
R. eglanteria, Linn. 


A shrub; youngest branchlets pubescent, and armed with large and 


202 XXXII ROSACEA. [ Rosa. 


small prickles ; petioles, stipules, and underside of leaves pubescent and 
glandular. Branches armed with pale, scattered, straight, nearly equal 
prickles and no bristles ; root-shoots more densely armed. Leaflets 2-4 
pair, elliptical or oblong-obovate, with deep, generally double and glandu- 
lar serratures, more or less hairy and glandular beneath. Stipules adnate | 
above the middle. Flowers yellow, solitary or 2 or 3 together, on pedi- 
cels #-1 in. long. Calyx-segments lanceolate hairy ; apex dilated and 
often dentate or pinnatifid. Ovary and back of calyx-segments with 
scattered bristles. Disc thickened ; styles villous, distinct. 

Arid parts of the inner Himalaya. Lahoul, Ladak, Western Tibet between 
8000 and 11,000 ft, In British Lahoul near villages only (Cleghorn). In Kisht- 


war at 7500 ft. (T. Thomson). Fl. June, July. Mountains of Afghanistan and 
Beluchistan. Naturalised in Central and South Europe. Hardy in England. 


3. R. sericea, Lindl. Monogr. Ros. t. 12; Royle IL t. 42 f. 1. 


Armed with large, shining, generally infra-stipular prickles 4-2 in. long, 
from a broad, flat, triangular base, straight or slightly curved upwards. 
Copious small prickles and bristles. Leaves approximate; leaflets 3-5 
pair, oblong oblong-obovate or cuneate, entire near the base, dentate near 
top with deep sharp teeth, glabrous above, silky, especially near nerves 
beneath, Stipules adnate beyond the middle, petioles pubescent. Flowers 
solitary, white or pink; peduncle and ovary glabrous. Calyx-segments 
broad-lanceolate, pubescent. Petals 4. Fruit scarlet, pear-shaped, crowned 
by the persistent calyx-segments, 

Higher ranges of the outer and inner Himalaya, between 9000 and 14,000 ft. 
from the Chir (Royle) to Bhutan. Fl. June. Hardy in England. 


4. R. Webbiana, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 42.—Vern. Kantian, shingari, 
Hazara; Shikand, sikanda, shawali, manyar, brazen, Chenab; Chua, 
Lahoul ; Sta, Ladak ; Sea, Piti. 3 

Erect shrub; glabrous, or petioles and leaves pubescent. Branchlets 
without bristles, armed with prickles of one size, straw-coloured, $-? in. 
long, on a large flattened base, straight or nearly so, divaricate or ascend- 
ing. Leaves small, subcoriaceous, 4-24 in. long ; leaflets generally 3 pair, 
subcoriaceous, obovate or rotundate, entire near the base, with deep sharp 
teeth near the apex. Flowers pink, solitary or geminate; peduncles 4-¢ 
in. long. Calyx-segments twice the length of ovary, nearly as long as 
petals, lanceolate, long-acuminate, apex slightly dilated. Pedunceles, 
ovary, and back of calyx-segments nearly always clothed with large, 
glandular hairs or bristles. Styles villous, distinct. Fruit ovoid or 
globose, 4 in. long, red, fleshy. 

Chiefly in the arid tracts of the N.W. Himalaya from the Indus to Kamaon, 
generally between 5000 and 10,000 ft., ascending to 13,500 ft. in Ladak.” On 
the south of the Safedkoh between 8000 and 9000 ft. The fruit is eaten. In 
Piti the branches are collected and piled up on houses to be used as fuel. 
Hardy in England. . 

Nearly allied is the Scotch or Burnet Rose, R. spinosissima, Linn., sub-sp. 
R. pimpinellifolia, Hook. Stud. Fl. 120, of Europe and the East, which differs 
by more numerous leaflets (generally 4-5 pair), copious, slender, large and small 


7 
' 
. 


Rosa. : XXXII ROSACEA. 203 


_ prickles, the ovary and calyx-segments glabrous, calyx-segments shorter than 


petals, and a depressed globose fruit. 


5. R. macrophylla, Lindl. Monogr. Ros. t. 6.—Syn. R. Hoffmeister, 
Klotsch, Reise des Prinzen Waldemar Bot. t. 7. Vern. Gulab, gulabi, ban- 
gulab. -Local names: Jikjik, Chenab; Akhiari, Ravi. 

Erect, often unarmed, pubescent, often with glandular hairs; prickles 
from a conical basis, long, straight, +-4 in. long, no bristles. Leaves 2-8 
in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pair, elliptical, the terminal 1-3 in. long, the others 
smaller. Petioles tomentose. Flowers red, 14-2 in. across, solitary or 
in terminal corymbs. Bracts large, foliaceous. -Pedicels 1 in. long, pu- 
bescent with glandular hairs and bristles. Calyx-lobes hoary or grey- 
tomentose, very long, longer than petals ; base narrowly triangular, apex 
dilated, lanceolate, toothed. Styles pilose, exserted, distinct. ‘ Fruit large, 
soft, turbinate, 1 in. long. 

Himalaya from Khagan to Sikkim. In the N.W. Him. between 3500 and 
10,000 ft. Fl. May, June. Fruit eaten. Hardy in England. 


5. PYRUS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with deciduous, simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers 
white or pink, in terminal corymbs. Calyx-tube urceolate, lobes reflexed 
or deciduous. Stamens many ; filaments sometimes connate at the base. 
Carpels 2-5, adnate to the calyx-tube; styles free or connate below ; 
ovules 2 in each cell (numerous in P. Cydonia). Fruit fleshy,2-5-celled, 
cells with a cartilaginous or bony, often 2-valved endocarp, 1-2- seeded 
(except in P. Cydonia). 

Leaves simple, flowers in simple corymbs. 

Fruit pyriform, not umbilicate at the base; styles free. 

Leaves rounded or ovate, simple ; fruit smooth . : . IL. P. communis. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, often lobed ; fruit rough : . 2 P. variolosa. | 


Fruit umbilicate, globose, depressed ; styles connate. 
Extremities white-tomentose ; peduncle as long as fruit, or 


shorter 3. P. Malus. 
Extremities glabrous ; " peduncles 3-4 times longer than fruit 4. P. baceata. 
Leaves simple, entire ; flowers solitary . 5. P. Cydonia. 
Leaves simple, lobed, or pinnatifid ; flowers in compound corymbs 6. P. Aria. 
Leaves pinnate ; flowers in compound corymbs . . . 7. BP. ursina. 


Carl Koch and Decaisne write Pirus, thus restoring the classical spelling of 
the word, changed for Pyrus in the sixteenth century. I follow Bentham, Bois- 
sier, and Hooker in retaining the spelling of Linneus ; because, if we were to 
commence altering the customary spelling of botanical names, the changes 
would be endless and confusion would be unavoidable. 


1. P. communis, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 125 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 


653. The Pear-tree. —Vern. Tang, batang, batank, nak, sunkeint, char- 


_keint, i, Pb. Him. ; Nashpati, nak, Pb. plains. 
A shrub or lars tree, entirely glabrous, or extremities, young leaves, 


"and inflorescence more or less pubescent or floccose ; branchlets often 
spinescent in young trees. Leaves rotundate, ovate, or oblong-ovate, 
acute or short acuminate, entire or obtusely serrate ; petiole slender, as 


204. XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Pyrus. 


long as leaf or nearly so. Flowers white, in short corymbs at the end of 
short, often leaf-bearing branchlets. Calyx-tube campanulate or turbinate, 
not much contracted at the mouth ; limb spreading, divided down to the 
tube or nearly so into 5 lanceolate or triangular acute lobes. Petals 
clawed, rounded, obtuse, flat, twice as long as calyx, patent. Styles 5, free. 
Fruit more or less turbinate, not umbilicate at base, crowned with the 
persistent calyx. 

Indigenous in Transylvania, South Russia, mountains of Asia Minor, the 
Caucasus, and North Persia. Believed to be indigenous in France, and other 
parts of Central Europe. Naturalised and often seemingly wild in England. 
Believed to be wild in Kashmir. Cultivated on account of its fruit throughout 
Europe, Western Asia, and in the North-West Himalaya, between 2000 and 
8500 ft., ascending in Ladak to 10,000 ft. Fl. March, April ; fr. July-Sept. 
Some good kinds are grown in Kashmir and Afghanistan, but generally the 
Himalayan pears are indifferent. Occasionally the tree is cultivated in the Pan- 
jab plains, and in other parts of India ; the fruit is hard, but good for baking and 
stewing. At Calcutta it blossoms, but never sets fruit. The wood is only used 
for ordinary purposes, and is not valued. In Europe the wood is prized on 
account of its close and compact grain ; it is used for engraving, turning, and 
mathematical instruments. Decaisne, in Jardin Fruitier du Museum (Le 
Poirier), 1871-72, i. 122, considers the Pears, comprising P. communis, variolosa, 
syrvaca, &c., as different races only of one species. 


2. P. variolosa, Wall.—Syn. P. Pashia, Don.; Decaisne Jardin 
Fruitier du Museum, Le Poirier, t. 7. Vern. Tang, batangi, tangi, shin- 
dar, kent, ban keint, katari, kithu, gad kwyt, ku, shegul, Pb.; Meal, 
mehal, mol, N.W.P.; Passi, Nepal. 

A moderate-sized tree; extremities, underside of youngest leaves, inflor- 
escence, and calyx clothed with dense white or yellow, floccose tomentum. 
Branchlets often spinescent. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a 
rounded or slightly cordate base, often lobed or pinnatifid, long-acuminate, 
crenate, on slender petioles half the length of leaf or longer. Flowers 
white, slightly tinged with pink, on lateral cymose corymbs, at the end of 
short, often leaf-bearing branchlets. Calyx-tube urceolate, mouth con- 
tracted, limb spreading, white-hairy inside and outside, divided half-way 
down into 5 obtuse or acute ovate lobes. Petals obovate, rounded, with 
dark radiating veins. Fruit nearly globose when ripe, ?-1$ in. diam., 
crowned with the base of calyx, blackish, rough, and scurfy, with 
numerous elevated round white spots. The ripe fruit by hanging gets 
yellowish russet-brown. 

Common in many parts of the Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, at eleva- 
tions between 2500 and 8000 ft. Occasionally cultivated. Also in the Kasia 
hills. Leaves and flowers March, April; fruit ripens Sept.-Dec. ; fl. occa- 
sionally in autumn. Hardy in England. 20-35 ft. high, trunk short, rarely 
exceeding 5 ft. girth, crown oval, not very close. Bark dark-coloured, with some 
whitish spots, and shallow longitudinal furrows. Wood brown, compact, fine- 
prained, and durable, not easily attacked by insects. Walking-sticks, 
combs, tobacco-tubes, and various implements made of it. The fruit is never 
eaten, until like a Medlar it is half rotten, and even then is harsh, not sweet. 
A form with glabrous pedicels and rotundate calyx-lobes from Kamaon is 
described by Decaisne (1. c. under P. Pashia) as P. Kumaoni; and another, with 


Pyrus.| XXXII. ROSACEA 205 


glabrescent, not verrucose fruit, from the Panjab, is figured on tab. 8 of the 
same work as P. Jacquemontiana. 


3. P. Malus, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 125.—Syn. Malus communis, Desf. ; 
Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 656. The Apple-tree. Vern. Shewa, Afg.; Shu, 
sho, cho, (amru)sun, seo, chint, khajir, bistr, palu, Pb., Himalaya ; 
Kushu, Ladak ; Seo, seb, North India. 

A moderate-sized tree, rarely exceeding 30 ft. ; extremities, underside 
of leaves, and inflorescence clothed with white silky tomentum, rarely 
glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate; petiole about half the 
length of leaf or shorter. Flowers white, tinged with red, in umbelliform 
corymbs, at the end of short lateral leaf-bearing branchlets. Stamens 
about 20. Styles 5, connate. Fruit umbilicate at base, globose, more or 
less depressed, crowned with the remains of the calyx. 

Indigenous in Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Persia. 
Common in woods and hedges, and believed to be wild in England, Ireland, and 
the greater part of Central and South Europe. Apparently wild in the North- 
West Himalaya, between 5000 and 9000 ft. Cultivated on account of its fruit 
throughout Europe, temperate Asia and North America, and the Himalaya, 
ascending to 9000, in Ladak to 11,400 ft. The apple-tree is grown in gardens 
in Sindh, the plains of the Panjab, the Dekkan, Tirhtt, and Chota Nagpur, and 
in many places produces good fruit. In Lower Bengal it blossoms, but does not 
set fruit. Fl. March-May ; fr. July-Sept. The wood is used for ordinary pur- 

oses. 
E The cultivation of the apple and pear in Greece and Italy is very old, and 
Pa seems no doubt that both trees are indigenous in South and Central 
urope. 


4, P. baccata, Linn.; Koch Dendrologie, i. 210. The Siberian Crab.— 
Vern. Baror, lit, lhyjo, hwar, Pb. Him.; Ban mehal, gwalam, N.W.P., 
Him. 

A small, nearly glabrous tree, with short trunk and a rounded crown of 
dark-green foliage. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrate ; petiole 
longer than half the leaf. Flowers white, in umbelliform corymbs, on 
long, slender peduncles, at the end of short leaf-hearing branchlets. Calyx- 
tube glabrous or slightly pubescent outside, urceolate, limb spreading, 
with lanceolate deciduous lobes, as long as calyx-tube or longer, white 
cottony inside. Petals with dark veins. Styles 3-5, nearly free, woolly 
at the base. Fruit red or scarlet, small, globose, umbilicate ; peduncles 
2-4 times the length of the fruit. 

Himalaya, not uncommon, from near the Indus to Kamaon, generally between 
6000 and 10,000 ft., in Piti to 11,000 ft, Cultivated occasionally on the 
Chenab. Outside India in Japan and Siberia. FI. spring ; fr. Aug -Nov. 
Hardy in England. Bark greyish brown, thick, tough, traversed by deep 
cracks, not unlike the bark of some coniferous trees. The fruit is small and 
sour, but palatable, with a true apple flavour, and is much prized by the hill 
people. Wood brownish white, even, compact, fairly hard. 


5. P. Cydonia, Linn.—Syn. Cydonia vulgaris, Pers. Boissier FI, 
Orient. ii. 656. Quince. Vern. Bihi, North India; Bamtsint, bumsitu, 
Kashmir. 


206 XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Pyrus. 


Extremities, underside of leaves, inflorescence, and calyx white-tomen- 
tose. Leaves ovate, obtuse at the base, entire, on short petioles. Stipules 
oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate. Flowers large, white, 2 in. across, on 
short peduncles, solitary, or a few together at the end of short leaf-bearing 
branchlets. Calyx-lobes leafy, oblong-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, re- 
flexed, longer than calyx-tube. Fruit pyriform, clothed with grey or yel- 
low, woolly tomentum, 5-celled ; cells cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds 
covered with mucilaginous pulp. ) 

The Quince is cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Persia, Sindh, the 
Panjab plains, and the North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5500 ft., also in 
Western Asia and Europe. Wild or apparently wild in Greece, Thracia, the 
Caucasus, Armenia, and North Persia(Boissier). According to C. Koch, Dendrol. 
i, 220, the original home of the Quince is not known. Like other pomaceous 
trees and shrubs, it springs up readily from self-sown seed, and has thus estab- 
lished itself in many localities. In the Panjab the fruit ripens in June and 
July. Hardy in England. 


6. P. Aria, Ehrh.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 126.—Syn. P. Kumaonensis, 
Wall. ; P. vestita,Wall. ; P. lanata, Don. ; Sorbus Aria, Crantz ; Boissier 
Fl. Orient. ii. 658. Vern. Gun palos, Afg. ; Doda, chola, chilana, maila 
(tang), paltu, ban pala, kanghi, thankt, morphal, marpol, Pb., Him.; 
Galion, mauli, paltu, banpalti, N.W.P., Him. 

A moderate-sized tree. Extremities, inflorescence, underside of leaves, 
and calyx clothed with white woolly tomentum. Leaves 3-5 in. long, 
ovate or obovate, coarsely serrate, and generally lobed, with 6-12 pair of 
prominent lateral nerves, each terminating in an acute lobe. Petiole 4-1 
in. long. Flowers white, odorous, $ in. diam., in terminal compound 
corymbs. Fruit red, 3-1 in. long, turbinate, or globose, crowned with the 
persistent calyx-lobes, 2-8-celled, cells 1-seeded, endocarp brittle. 


Common in many parts of the Himalaya, between 5000 and 10,000 ft., from 
the Indus to Bhutan. Also in Afghanistan, Europe, North Africa, Siberia, and 
Western Asia. Fl. Apr.-May ; fruit Aug.-Oct. Branchlets brown, with white 
specks, larger branches often white, bark of trunk reddish or dark-brown, with 
shallow, longitudinal wrinkles. The tree is readily known by the white under- 
side of leaves, the abundant white blossoms, and the showy red fruit. Wood 
light-coloured, compact. Fruit eaten when half rotten. In Europe, P. Aria is 
an exceedingly variable species, varying with undivided, lobed, and pinnatifid 
leaves, and divided by many botanists into several species. 

The common Medlar, P. (Mespilus), germanica, Linn., with spinescent 
branchlets, oblong-lanceolate leaves, large solitary white flowers, and 5-celled 
fruit, with a bony endocarp, the cells 1-seeded, is wild in Western Asia, Greece, 
and Thracia, naturalised in the rest of Europe, but has not yet been found in 
the Himalaya. 


7. P. ursina, Wall.—Vern. Séulia, hiilia. 


A shrub or small tree. Buds, inflorescence, petioles and underside of 
leaflets along nerves hispid with long, generally rusty hairs. Leaves 4-6 
in. long, imparipinnate ; leaflets 8-12 pair, opposite, sessile, oblong, the 
middle ones longer than the upper and lower, 1-14 in. long, cuspidate- 
serrate. Flowers greenish white, unpleasant-smelling, in compound 


Pyrus.] XXXII, ROSACEA. 207 


corymbs, terminal, and from the axils of the uppermost leaves, with long 
linear, rusty-pilose bracts. Calyx cup-shaped, glabrous, cleft half-way 
into acute, triangular segments. Petals rusty-villous when young. Ovary 
hairy ; styles 2-5, thick. Fruit ovoid, globose or turbinate, } in. diam. 
or less, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, bluish when ripe. (A 
variety with white fruit recorded from Kamaon and Lahoul.) | 

Himalaya not uncommon, between 6000 and 11,000, at times 12,000 ft., from 
Indus to Sikkim, Fl. June, July. Attains 20 ft., in habit most like the moun- 
tain-ash. 

P. Aucuparia, Gertn., the Mountain-ash of Europe and North Asia, with 6-8 
pair of leaflets, and scarlet fruit ; and P. Sorbus, Gertn., the Service-tree, of 
South Europe and Western Asia, with glabrous, glutinous buds, and larger 
pyriform fruit,—are nearly related to this species, P. foliolosa, Wall. Pl. As. 
rar. t. 189, also belongs to the same sub-genus Sorbus ; it is a shrub with 
elongated almost twining branches,, branchlets and petioles woolly, leaflets 
entire, only serrated at the apex, and small red fruit. Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, 
8000-9000 ft. elevation. Fl. May. 


6. CRATAGUS, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with simple, lobed or pinnatifid 
leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers white or red, in terminal corym- 
bose cymes, with caducous bracts. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate, 
mouth contracted ; lobes 5. Petals 5, inserted at the mouth of the calyx. 
Stamens many. Carpels 1-5, adnate below to the calyx-tube ; styles 1-5, 
stigma truncate, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid or globose, with a 
bony 1-5-celled stone, or with 5 bony 1- rarely 2-seeded stones. 

Leaves deeply pinnatifid : 3 P . Ll. C. Oxyacantha. 
Leaves oblong, crenate . : 2. C. Pyracantha. 

1. C, Oxyacantha,* Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 127. Hawthorn, white- 
thorn.—Vern. Ring, ringo, ramnia, pingyat, phindak, patakhan, Pb. ; 
Ban-sanjli, sir sinjli, Jhelam. 

A small tree, branchlets spinescent, leaves pinnatifid, segments 2-3 
pair, oblong, lobed or dentate, petiole half the length of leaf or less, 
Stipules large, leafy, faleate or semicordate. Cymes corymbose, many- 
flowered. Flowers white, carpels 1-2. Pedicels, calyx-tube, and segments, 
as well as the young fruit, with long thin, soft white hairs. Fruit ovoid 
or subglobose, glabrous, red, rarely yellow when ripe, with a hard bony 
1-2-celled nut. 

North-West Himalaya from Indus to Ravi, between 5500 and 9300 ft. ; also 
in Afghanistan, Western Asia, Siberia, and Europe. Cultivated in Afghanistan 
(Baber’s tomb, Kabul ; Mahomed’s tomb, Ghazni), and near villages in the 
North-West Himalaya. Fl. June, July; fr. Sept.-Oct. Attains 25-30 ft., with 
a rounded moderate-sized head. Trunk short, erect, 3-4 ft. girth, dark ash- 
_ coloured, rough, wood close-grained. Cultivated on account of its flowers and 
_ the edible fruit, which is much better than that of the European hawthorn. 

__ By many botanists the European hawthorn is commonly divided into 2 species 
_ (sub-sp. Hooker 1.c:) 1. CO. monogyna, Jacq., with 1 carpel and style, 1 nut, lan- 


* I write Oxyacantha and Pyracantha, because Linneeus (sp. plant 683, 685) treated 
these words as substantives. 


208 XXXII, ROSACEA. [ Crategus. 


ceolate calyx-segments, peduncles and calyx-tube pubescent, and deeply lobed or 
pinnatifid leaves ; and 2. C. Oxyacantha, Jacq., with 2-3 carpels and styles, 2-3 
nuts, calyx-segments triangular, peduncles and calyx-tube glabrous, leaves den- 
tate, with 3 shallow lobes at the top, flowering a fortnight earlier. The Indian 
specimens approach more to C. monogyna, and are referred to it by Boissier 1. 
c. 664. In England there are intermediate forms between the 2 sub-species, 
though in nursery-grounds the seed of C’. monogyna is not known to produce 
plants of the other form (Syme Engl. Bot. iii. 238). 


2. C. Pyracantha, Persoon.—Syn. C. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 
509 ; Bot. Reg. 30 t.52. Cotoneaster Pyracantha and C. crenulata, Koch. 
l. c. 175.—Vern. Gingaru, gianru, N.W.P. 


A large shrub, or small, much-branched, stiff-branched tree, with spines- 
cent branchlets, glabrous, the youngest branchlets sometimes pubescent. 
Leaves glabrous, shining, coriaceous, linear-oblong, 1-2 in. long, narrowed 
into a short marginate petiole, crenate, generally approximate on short 
lateral branchlets. Stipulesdeciduous. Flowers white, numerous, smaller 
than those of C. Oxyacantha, in short compound cymes. Carpels 5. 
Fruit nearly globose, less than } in. diam., orange or vermilion. 

Himalaya 5000-7000 ft., from Sutlej to Bhutan. In Kamaon as low down as 
2500 ft. Caucasus, Western Asia, and South Europe. Evergreen ; fl. April-May; 
fruit ripens July, Aug. Hardy in England. The western form, (. Pyracantha, 
has scarlet fruit, but there seems to be no other difference sufficiently important 
to maintain the two as separate species. 

Photinia dubia, Lindl. Trans. Linn. Soe, xiii. t, 10,is an evergreen shrub or 
tree, with coriaceous, crenate, prominently penniveined leaves, and white flowers 
in terminal panicles. The fruit is an ovoid berry, crowned with the persistent 
calyx, 1-5-celled, endocarp and se thin. East Bengal and Burma, has 
not been found in the N.W. Himalaya. What Madden mentions under this 
name is Stranveesia glaucescens, Lindl. 


7. COTONEASTER, Medicus. 


Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, coriaceous, generally entire, often 
downy leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers small, white or pink, soli- 
tary or in few- or many-flowered axillary or terminal corymbose cymes. 
Calyx-segments 5, short, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted 
at the mouth of calyx. Carpels 2-5, adnate wholly, or by their backs 
only to the calyx-tube; styles 2-5, free; stigma truncate; ovules 2 in 
each cell, erect. Fruit small, with 2-5 bony 1-seeded stones. 

Leaves deciduous, soft-pubescent. 

Leaves oblong or ovate ; flowers numerous in spreading com- 

pound pedunculate cymes ‘ ‘ ; / ; . 1. C. bacillaris. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate; flowers 5-10, in short compact cymes 2. C. acuminata. 
Leaves more or less persistent, obovate or rotundate, with white 

woolly tomentum beneath; flowers in short few-flowered 
cymes ; ‘ , ‘ ‘ : ; : : . 8. C. nummularia. 
Leaves evergreen, flowers solitary . 2 ; : 4, C. microphylla, 

1. C. bacillaris, Wall—Syn. C. obtusa, Wall., and C. ajinis, Lindl. 
Vern. Ri, riu, lin, lin, rau, rauns res, rish, Pb. Him. ; Ruinsh, Jaonsar 
Bawur. - 


Cotoneaster. | XXXII. ROSACEA. 209 


A large deciduous shrub or small tree, with ovate or obovate-oblong 
leaves, 1-3 in. long, entire, soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath ; stipules 
subulate, early caducous. Flowers white, } in. across, in pedunculate, 
spreading, compound, many-flowered cymes, at the end of short leaf-bear- 
ing branchlets. Fruit numerous, sub-globose, dark brown, on slender 
pedicels, in large spreading bunches. 

Waziristan, 4000-8300 ft. ; Salt range, 1500-2500 ft.; N.W. Himalaya, from 
Tndus to the Sarda. at 5000-10,000 ft. Sikkim, Bhutan. Fl. May,June. Wood 
white, strong, elastic ; used for walking-sticks in the N.W. Himalaya. Hardy 
in England. 

C. frigida, Wall. ; Bot. Reg. t. 1229, with oblong-lanceolate leaves and bright 
scarlet fruit. Nepal, Sikkim. Is nearly allied to this sp., and perhaps not 
specifically distinct. 

2. C. acuminata, Lindl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii t. 9, p. 101.—Vern. 
Riu, rauns, ruinsh. a 

A deciduous shrub, with fasciculate, ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous 
leaves, entire, 1-2 in. long; extremities and young leaves with soft silky 
hairs. Stipules subulate, ciliate. Flowers white, } in. across, in compact 
cymes with 2-10 flowers, at the end of short leaf-bearing branchlets. 
Calyx turbinate, glabrous or with long white soft hairs ; segments short, 
rounded or acute, often fringed with soft white hairs. Fruit subcylin- 
drical or turbinate, thicker at top, 4 in. long (red when ripe, cult. at Kew). 

Himalaya, Bias to Sikkim, 4500-10,000 ft. Fl. May-July. Wood white ; 
walking-sticks are made of it on the Deoban range, in Jaonsar Bawur, and ex- 
ported to the plains. Hardy in England. 


3. ©. nummularia, Fisch. et Meyer; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 666. 


A shrub or small tree, nearly evergreen, with obovate, rotundate, or 
broad-elliptic leaves, 4-1 in. long, obtuse, retuse, or mucronate, densely 
clothed beneath with white woolly tomentum. Flowers white or pink, 

in. across, in short, nearly sessile, few-flowered cymes at the end of 
short leaf-bearing branchlets. Calyx and pedicels densely white tomen- 
tose. Fruit black. 

Afghanistan, Beluchistan, N.W. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, 6000- 
11,000 ft. Also on the Caucasus, in the Crimea, Armenia, and Syria. Fl, April, 
May. Hardy in England. 

A sp. of Cotoneaster, with glabrous calyx, larger flowers in pedunculate 
cymes, pubescent pedicels, is found in Hazara, Kashmir, and the arid tracts of 
the inner Himalaya (Piti, Lahoul), and is probably the same as the common 
European species, C’. vulgaris, Lindl., Hook. Stud. Fl. 127, which is also known 
from Siberia and Tibet. The fruit of the European shrub is red, rarely black. 


4, ©. microphylla, Wall.; Bot. Reg. t. 1114.— Vern. Khariz, luni, 
Kashmir ; Garri, Kamaon. 

An erect or prostrate evergreen shrub, with small, coriaceous, glossy 
dark-green, obovate or cuneate-oblong leaves, solitary, large, -snow-white 
flowers, nearly 4 in. across, and scarlet fruit. 

Common in the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, 5000-11,000 ft. Fl. May, 
June. Used in Kashmir for making baskets. The ripe fruit is sweet. (J. L. S.) 

O 


210 XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Cotoneaster. 


This small showy shrub is hardy in England, and is cultivated in a great 
variety of forms, some of which have been described and figured as distinct 
species (C. thymefolia, congesta, Saunders Refugium Botanicum, t. 50, 51). 

C. busxifolia, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 992, with 3-flowered peduncles, and ovate 
leaves, from Kamaon, and the Nilgiris and Pulneys, is closely allied to C. 
microphylla. On the Nilgiris and Pulneys this is a very rigid ramous shrub or 
small tree ; the wood is dense and elastic, and clubs are made of it (Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. Manual, p. 98). 


8. STRANVZESIA, Lindl. 


A tree, with alternate, simple, serrulate, coriaceous evergreen leaves and 
flowers in large corymbose cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate, base semiad- 
nate to the ovary, with 5 short, erect, persistent segments. Petals 5, 
sessile, pilose at base. Stamens 20; filaments subulate, inserted in the 
mouth of calyx. Ovary villose, half free, 5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; 
styles 5, connate half-way up, stigma reniform. Fruit a fleshy. drupe, 
including a 5-celled, 5-valved capsule ; dehiscing loculicidally, the crus- 
taceous valves separating from each other and from the axis, the dissepi- 
ments remaining attached to the inner face of the valves. 


1. 8. glaucescens, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1956.—Syn. Crategus glauca, 
Wall. Vern. Garmehal, sind, Kamaon. 

A small evergreen tree, with lanceolate leaves 4-6 in. long, glabrous 
above, pale beneath, and pubescent along the middle nerve. Flowers 
white, 4 in. across. Calyx white-tomentose. 

Himalaya, outer ranges, Garhwal, Kamaon (woods and ravines, associated with 
Quercus, Andromeda, Myrica, and Symplocos), Nepal, generally between 3000 
and 4000 ft., ascends to 8000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl. April, June. Fr. Sept., Oct. 
Very tender in England. 20 ft. high, trunk short, crown close, rounded, dark 
green, Wood dull reddish-brown, fine-grained, hard. 


Orper XXXIIT. SAXIFRAGES. 


Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; flowers regular, generally bisexual. Calyx 
free, or adnate to ovary, 5-lobed, rarely 4-12-lobed, valvate or imbricate 
in bud. Petals 5, rarely 4 or none, imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens 
as many as petals, or double their number, free ; anthers dorsifixed, con- 
nective frequently glandular at the back. Disc tumid, annular or glan- 
dular. Carpels 2 or more, usually connate into a 2- rarely 1-celled ovary ; 
styles as many as cells, free or united ; stigmas capitellate ; ovules many, 
placentee attached to the inner angle; parietal in the 1-celled ovaries. 
Fruit a 1-3-celled berry or capsule, or of 2 or more many-seeded follicles. 
Seeds small; embryo minute, in a copious, fleshy or horny albumen.— 
Gen. Pl. i. 629; Royle Ill. 215 (Philadelphee), 225 (Grossulariew, Saxi- 
Fragee) ; Wight Ill. ii. 50. ; 

Leaves opposite. 

Stamens 8-10; flowers in terminal corymbs; outer flowers 

large, sterile ; ‘ : ° ; itil hone 

Stamens 10; capsule globose, separating into 3-5 distinct 

cocci . : ‘ : , Sribhtig’s fhe ; . 2 De8urzia. 

Stamens numerous ; capsule turbinate, dehiscing loculicidally 3. PHILADELPHUS. 


1, HyDRANGEA. 


Hydrangea. | XXXII, SAXIFRAGEZ. 211 


Leaves alternate. 
Flowers numerous, in long racemes; fruit a 2-celled capsule, 
free. j 4 : ‘ : p ; : ~ 4 Irma. 
Flowers axillary, or in short racemes ; fruit a berry, inferior, 
. ; . 5, RiBEs, 


crowned by the remains of calyx . 


1. HYDRANGEA, Linn. 


Erect or climbing shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate, exstipu- 
late. Flowers in terminal corymbs with deciduous bracts, the outer 
flowers often sterile and larger than the fertile inner flowers. Calyx-tube 
adnate to the ovary, turbinate or hemispherical ; limb truncate or 4-5- 
dentate. Petals 4-5, valvate. Sterile flowers apetalous, but calyx-limb 
with 4-5 large petaloid veined segments. Stamens 8-10, inserted at the 
base of an epigynous disc, filaments filiform, anthers short. Ovary in- 
ferior, more or less incompletely 2-4-celled ; styles 2-4, free or connate at 
the base; ovules very numerous. Fruit a membranous capsule, crowned 
by the calyx-limb, and the persistent styles, 2-4-celled, dehiscent at the top 
between the styles, many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a membranous 
testa ; embryo in fleshy albumen. : 


1. H. altissima, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 50. 


A large climbing shrub, glabrous, with loose, grey or brown, membran- 
ous, shining bark, peeling off in long rolls like that of the birch. Leaves 
ovate, acuminate, dentate, 4-6 in. long; petiole 1-2 in.; main lateral 
nerves 6-8 on either side of midrib. Flowers whitish, calyx-segments of 
sterile flowers +-4 in. long, obovate. 

Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. in shady forests from Sutlej (Nagkanda, Serahn) to ~ 
Bhutan. Fl. June, July. Very tenderin England. Bark used as a substitute 
for paper (T. Thomson, Him. Journ. 47). 

wo other species are found in Kamaon : H. aspera, Don., with oblong-lanceo- 

late leaves, sharp serrate, grey tomentose beneath, styles free from the base; 

aoe A. vestita, Wall., pubescent, with broader leaves, and styles connate at the 
ase, 

_H. Hortensia, DC., the common Hydrangea, or Chinese Guelder Rose, from 
China and Japan, is cultivated as an ornamental shrub in Europe and India on 
account of the splendid heads of sterile flowers, which are green at first, then 
rose-coloured or blue. 


2, DEUTZIA, Thunb. 


Shrubs, pubescent or scabrous, hairs generally stellate. Leaves and 
branches opposite. Leaves serrate, exstipulate. Flowers white, corym- 
bose or axillary. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to the ovary ; limb 5- 
toothed. Petals 5, induplicate-valvate or imbricate in bud. Stamens 10, 
inserted under the edge of the epigynous disc, the alternate stamens 
longer; filaments flat, often winged, terminating in two teeth at the 
top; anthers didymous, nearly globose. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled ; 
styles 3-5; ovules numerous, imbricate on fleshy placentz. Capsule 
globose, 3-5-celled, separating septicidally into 3-5 distinct cocci, or de- 
hiscing at the apex between the styles. Seeds numerous ; testa mem- 
branous ; albumen fleshy. 


212 XXXII. SAXIFRAGEA. | Deutzia. 


Rough, with grey stellate pubescence ; petals oblong, pubescent 1. D. staminea. 
Smooth, with soft scattered stellate hairs ; petals obovate, smooth 2. D. corymbosa. . 


1, D. staminea, Brown ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 191; Bot. Reg. xxxiii. 
t. 13.—Vern. Muneti, Kamaon. 


A shrub, branchlets and inflorescence scabrous with grey stellate 
pubescence. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-24 in. long, on short 
petioles, rough on both sides with stellate pubescence, grey beneath. 
Flowers white, fragrant, on short trichotomous panicles, with linear 
bracts, at the ends of branchlets. Calyx-teeth triangular acute, somewhat 
shorter (when in flower) than the cup-shaped. tube. Petals oblong, pubes- 
cent outside. 


Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhutan. Fl. May, June. Hardy 
in England, <A variety with larger flowers is D. Brunoniana, Wall. 


2. D. corymbosa, Brown; Royle Ill. t. 46, f. 2; Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 5. 


A shrub, not scabrous ; branchlets and leaves with scattered, soft, stel- 
late hairs or scales; bark peeling off in long shining rolls. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-5 in. long, on short petioles. Flowers white, 
in broad, trichotomous, corymbose panicles, at the ends of branchlets ; 
bracts small, deciduous. Calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse, shorter when in flower 
than the hemispherical tube. Petals broad-obovate or rounded, glabrous. 


Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft., from Sutlej to Bhutan. Fl. May, June. Hardy 
in England. 


3. PHILADELPHUS, Linn. 


Shrubs, often with stellate hairs. Leaves and branches opposite; no 
stipules. Flowers white or straw-coloured, axillary or corymbose. Calyx- 
tube turbinate, adnate to the ovary, with 4, rarely 5 lobes, valvate in bud. 
Petals 4, rarely 5, convolute in bud. Stamens 20-40, inserted under the 
edge of the epigynous disc ; filaments subulate ; anthers globose. Ovary 
3-5-celled ; styles 3-5 ; ovules numerous, imbricate. Capsule turbinate, 3- 
5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds numerous, testa membranous, 
reticulate ; albumen fleshy. 


1, P. coronarius, Linn.—Syn. P. tomentosus, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 46 f. 1. 


A shrub, branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate, sometimes elliptic, acumi- 
nate, dentate with distant teeth, clothed beneath with long soft white 
hairs, 2-3 in. long, on petioles ++ in. long; three pairs of main lateral 
nerves, two from the base or from near the base, arcuate, the innermost 
pair nearly meeting at the apex of the leaf, a third pair generally half- 
way up the midrib. Flowers axillary, in short racemes at the ends of the 
branches, strongly scented. Calyx-lobes pubescent inside, ovate, nearly 
as long as calyx-tube. Style deeply 4- or 5-cleft, as long as stamens or 
shorter. 

North-West Himalaya, Kishtwar to Kamaon 6000-10,000 ft., Sikkim. Fl. 
May-July. Also in Japan, China, Mantshuria, the Caucasus, and (indigenous 
or naturalised) in Central Europe. Hardy in England. I cannot find any 
specific difference between the European and Himalayan shrub. The im is 
less hairy, and has more elliptic leaves, 7 


_ 


Philadelphus. | XXXII, SAXIFRAGEA:. 213 


4, ITEA, Linn. 


Trees and shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, exstipulate leaves. Flowers 
small, white, in long, terminal, and axillary simple racemes. Calyx-tube 
adnate at the base to ovary, with 5 ovate or subulate persistent lobes. 
Petals 5, perigynous, linear. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge of a 
perigynous disc ; anthers short, oblong. Ovary oblong, free or half free, 
2-celled ; style simple, erect, persistent, with 2 furrows. Capsule free, 
septicidally 2-valved, each valve terminated by half the style, the stigma 
cohering. Seeds numerous or few. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of a 
scanty fleshy albumen. 


1. I. nutans, Royle—Vern. Lelar, Kaghan ; Garkath, Kamaon. 


A shrub, leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate, 4-6 in. long, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above, pubescent 
or glabrous beneath ; main lateral nerves 5-7 pair, anastomosing by slender, 
closely parallel, transverse, and by distinct intramarginal veins. Flowers 
in fascicles of 3-5, on pedicels as long as calyx, in slender drooping racemes 
4-8 in. long. Calyx and pedicels pubescent or glabrous. Capsules re- 
flexed. 

North-West Himalaya 3000-6000 ft., from Hazara (rare) to Kamaon. FI. 
Apr.-July. 

5. RIBES, Linn. 


Shrubs, often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, 
plaited or convolute in bud. Stipules none or adnate to petiole. Flowers 
white red yellow or green, solitary or racemose, often unisexual ; pedi- 
cels bracteate. Calyx adnate to ovary, limb tubular or campanulate, 
4-5-fid, imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Petals small, 4-5. Stamens as 
many as, and inserted with petals in the throat of the calyx. Ovary infe- 
rior, l-celled ; styles 2 ; ovules few or many, on 2 slender parietal placente, 
Berry ovoid or globose, 1-celled, with few or many seeds. Seeds horizontal; 
testa with a gelatinous coat; albumen adhering to the testa; embryo 
minute. 

Armed ; peduncles 1-2 flowered . . 1. R. Grossularia. 
Unarmed ; flowers racemose unisexual ; " racemes erect ; calyx- 
limb short, flat. 
Pubescent and viscid with stipitate glands ; leaves nea: 
orbicular with obtuse lobes 2. R. orientale. 
Nearly glabrous ; leaves with large acute or acuminate lobes. 3. B. glaciale. 
Unarmed ; flowers racemose bisexual, racemes drooping ; calyx- 
limb campanulate. 
Leaves glandular, dotted beneath; bracts minute . . 4. RB. nigrum. 
Leaves eglandular ; bracts ovate . : 5. R. rubrum. 


1. R. Grossularia, Linn. ; Wall. in Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i 515 ; Hook. 
Stud. Fl. 134. —Syn. R, Himalense, Royle. ’R. alpestre, Wall. ; ; Jacq. 
Voy. Bot. t. 75. Gooseberry. (Krusbdr, Swed.; Groseille, Fr. ; . Krushow- 
nik, Russ. ; Krausbeere, Graselbeere, local German names, seem all to 
have the same origin, and Grossularia is derived from them.) Vern. 
Pilsa, pilikcha, kansi, teila, amlanch, Upper Chenab and Lahoul. 


‘ 


214 XXXII. SAXIFRAGEA, [ Ribes. 


A small pubescent shrub, armed with 1-3 spines under the leaf-buds, 
and often with smaller scattered prickles, Leaves fasciculate on short 
lateral branchlets, nearly orbicular, 3-5-lobed, 1 in. diam.; lobes irregularly 
crenate. Flowers solitary or twin, greenish, drooping, on short, pubescent, 
1-3-bracteate peduncles. Berries glandular-hairy. 

Southern flank of Safedkoh 8000-12,000 ft. Arid tracts of the inner Hima- 
laya, from the Indus to Kamaon, between 8000 and 11,500 ft. Kaghan, Lahoul, 
Kunawar, Niti, Europe (in Norway to near the 63d degree N. lat.), North Africa, 
Armenia, Caucasus. Fl. spring ; fruit ripe Sept.-Oct., small and sour. Lin- 
neus established two species: KR. Grossularva, with glandular hairy fruit, 
&. Uva crispa, with the ripe fruit glabrous. Both are cultivated in numerous 
varieties throughout Europe; they are, however, now commonly united into one 
species. 

2. R. orientale, Poiret ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 817.—Syn. R. lepto- 
stachyum, D»e. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 76. R. villosum, Wall. in FI. Ind., ed. 
Carey, ii. 514. &. glandulosum, Thoms. West Him. 104. Vern. Gwdl- 
dakh, kaghak, Kaghan; Nangke, nyai, phulanch (the fruit nyangha), 
Chenab ; Askuta, askutar, Ladak; Yange, Piti. 

A small shrub, unarmed, pubescent with short hairs, and viscid all over 
with numerous, yellow or brown stipitate glands. Leaves generally fasci- 
culate ; branchlets marked with the scars of bud-scales and leaves. Leaves 
nearly orbicular, with cordate or rounded base, 3- rarely 5-lobed, crenate- 
dentate, greyish brown beneath; basal nerves 3 or 5, with few lateral 
nerves. Flowers unisexual, dioicous, in erect racemes, with linear or ob- 
long, concave, ciliate, deciduous bracts, somewhat longer than pedicels. 
Male racemes with many, female with few flowers. Calyx flat, cup-shaped ; 
segments ovate, obtuse, much longer than the small obovate petals. Fila- 
ments short, not exceeding anthers. Berry red or yellow when ripe, with 
scattered glandular hairs, } in. long or less, with about 10 seeds, 

Safedkoh 8000-10,000 ft. Arid tracts’ of inner Himalaya, between 6500 (on 
the Indus, T. Thomson) and 14,000 ft., from the Indus to Nepal. Tibet. Afghan- 
istan (Griff.) Persia. Kurdistan, Caucasus, Armenia, Syria (Hermon, Lebanon). 
I follow Karl Koch, Dendrol. 656, and Boissier 1, c.,in uniting under one species 
the West Asiatic and Himalayan plant, as I find no specific difference. FI. 
April-June ; fruit ripe Oct., mawkish sweet. 


3. R. glaciale, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii, 513.—Syn. 
R. acuminatum, Wall. 

An erect, unarmed shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; branches 
with brown, shining, perfectly smooth cuticle, peeling off in long strips 
or rolls. _ Leaves 1-3 in. long, 3- sometimes 5-lobed, lobes acute or acumi- 
nate, more or less deeply cut, the subdivisions serrate, basal nerves 3-5, 
the midrib with 2-4 pairs of main lateral nerves; glabrous or pubescent 
beneath along the nerves, occasionally with scattered sessile or stipitate 
glands. Flowers green (Wall.), fuscous (H. & Th.), in pubescent and 
glandular racemes, 2-3 in. long, erect when in flower, drooping when in 
fruit ; bracts linear-oblong, longer than pedicels, nearly as long as flowers. 
Berry round, smooth, red, (black?), as large as a common red currant, sour 
and astringent. 


Ribes.] XXXII. SAXIFRAGEA. | 215 


Himalaya at high elevations, 7000-11,000 ft. from Kashmir to Bhutan. 
Fl. May. Hardy in England. 


4, R. nigrum, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 134; Hooker & Thomson, Pre- 
cursores ad Fl. Ind. in Journ. Linn. Soe. ii. 88. Black Currant. 


An erect unarmed shrub ; calyx and underside. of leaves with round, 
sessile, yellow glands ; petioles and racemes pubescent. Leaves somewhat 
longer than broad, with cordate base, 3- rarely 5-lobed ; lobes triangular, 
acute, serrate, 2-3 in. long; basal nerves 3, each with 2-4 pair of main lateral 
nerves. Petioles as long as leaf, with a broad winged base. Racemes 
slender, few-flowered, drooping; bracts minute, much shorter than pedicel. 
Berries 4 in. diam.,. globose, black (in gardens in Europe also white and 
purple), with a strong aromatic smell and taste. | 

Kashmir (5000-11,000 ft.), Kunawar (7000-12,000 ft.), Garhwal and Kamaon, 
vern. papar (6000-10,000 ft.), J. L. S. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria. Fl. July; 
fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 


5. R. rubrum, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 134.—Syn. R. Himalense, Dne, 
in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t.77. Vern. Gwaldakh, Khagan; Rode, muradh, nabar, 
nabre, Chenab. 


An erect unarmed shrub, without glands. Petioles and racemes pubes- 
cent. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, often with long scattered hairs, as 
broad as long, with cordate base, 3- rarely 5-lobed; lobes ovate-triangular, 
crenate, basal nerves 3 or 5, the 3 inner penniveined, with 3-5 pair of 
main lateral nerves. Petioles as long as or longer than leaves, with 
a broad, membranous, often ciliated base. Racemes many-flowered, 
drooping ; bracts ovate, shorter than or as long as pedicel. Berries } in. 
diam., globose, red, acid (sweet insipid, Jacquemont). 


Himalaya between 5000 and 12,000 ft., both in the outer moister region 
and the inner arid tracts. The red currant is indigenous in Europe, in Siberia, 
as far as Kamtchatka, and in North America. Redand white varieties are cul- 
tivated in gardens in Europe. In Lahoul the berries (niangha), are yellow when 
unripe, black but with the taste of red currants when ripe (Jeschke). The 
Lahoul specimens have large flowers, with a deep campanulate calyx, the lobes 
of which are ciliate. I follow Hooker and Thomson, 1. c. 89, in referring R. 
Himalense, Due., to &. rubrum, L.; but the matter seems to demand farther 


inquiry. 
Orper XXXIV. HAMAMELIDEZ. 


Shrubs and trees, with petiolate leaves, and persistent or deciduous 
stipules. Flowers unisexual or bisexual. Calyx-tube more or less adnate 
to ovary, limb truncate or lobed. Petals 4-, occasionally wanting. 
_ Stamens 4- oo, definite or indefinite, perigynous. Ovary consisting of 2 
carpels, generally free and rostrate at the top, 2-celled ; styles 2, subu- 
late. Fruit a 2-valved capsule, the carpels separating at the top, rostrate 
with persistent styles. Seeds with a straight embryo in a fleshy albumen. 
—Gen. Pl. i. 664; Royle Ill. 234. 


216 XXXIV. HAMAMELIDE. | Parrotia 


1, PARROTTIA, C. A. Meyer. 


Trees and shrubs, with large, deciduous stipules, deciduous crenate 
leaves and capitate flowers, the flower-heads enclosed in large membran- 
ous bracts. Calyx campanulate, adhering to the base of ovary; petals 
none. Stamens 5-15, perigynous ; filaments long, filiform ; anthers basi- 
fixed, oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2 (rarely 
3); one ovule in each cell. 


1, P. Jacquemontiana, DecaisneTab. XXVIII.—Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 
82.—Syn. Fothergilla involucrata, Falconer. Vern. Pusser, peshora, 
pahu, po, killar, kerru. 

A large deciduous, gregarious shrub or small tree, with stellate pubes- 
cence on young branches, stipules, calyx, and the underside of young 
leaves. Leaves orbicular or obovate, obtuse, penniveined, the lowest pair 
of nerves from the base, margin deep-crenate. Stipules broadly oblong, 
as long as petioles or longer. Flower-heads ovoid, 4 in. long, with about 
20 sessile flowers, on short thick stalks, generally at the end of short, leaf- 
bearing branchlets, each head enclosed in 4 large rotundate bracts, mem- 
branous, white, often emarginate. Flowers bisexual ; calyx campanu- 
late ; limb thick, woolly, truncate or with a few linear lobes. Stamens 
generally 15, inserted inside the limb of calyx; anthers oblong without © 
appendage, the cells dehiscing laterally by 2 narrow longitudinal valves, 
opening like a pair of folding-doors. Capsule woolly, with stellate tomen- 
tum, girt by the adhering calyx-tube, 2-celled, the cells separating when 
ripe, each cell with 1 seed in a hard, horny endocarp, which opens at the 
top in 2 rostrate valves. Embryo oblique in copious albumen. 


North-West Himalaya in many places, from the Indus to the Ravi, at eleva- 
tions between 2800 and 8500 ft. Rare trans-Indus. Generally found on low 
slopes, growing gregariously in extensive thickets, often covering several acres, 
to the exclusion of other shrubs, and with little or no grass underneath. The 
stems are grouped in close clusters of 5-6 or more together, 15-20 ft. high, and 
about 15 in. girth, with a few divaricate branches at the top. Rarely solitary, 
with a more tree-like habit. Fl. March-May ; fr. July-Sept. The foliage turns 
yellow before being shed. 

Bark thin, firm, dark brown, occasionally light silvery grey, with many 
specks, and tramsverse, blotchy, darker rings, not much marked, except by small 
circular, elevated, whitish spots. Sapwood whitish, heartwood brown, close, 
compact, fine- and even-grained, strong, 12-16 rings per inch of radius. High'y 
esteemed for walking-sticks, charpoys, tent-pegs, and rice-pestles, also used for 
bows (goleil) for throwing pellets (el) of baked earth. 

This tree is valuable on account of the toughness and pliability of its twigs, 
which are used extensively for binding loads and basket-work. They are pre- 
ferred to all other material for making the twig-bridges over the great rivers of 
the Panjab Himalaya. These bridges are often 300 ft. long, and consist of one 
large rope to walk on, and two smaller side ropes, one for each hand, with much 
smaller ropes connecting the hand-ropes with the foot-rope. In Western Kash- 
mir, near Mozuffurabad, these ropes are made of hides, but ordinarily they are 
twisted of twigs of Parrotia, when it can be got, mixed with Cotoneaster, Olea, 
and Indigofera, and where these plants are not attainable, they are made of the 
Birch and Willow. The Parrotia is cut for this purpose at all seasons of the 
year. With frequent piecemeal repair such bridges do not generally last more 
than three years. 


_ es 


Parrotia. | XXXIV. HAMAMELIDEA. 217 


P. persica, C. A. Meyer ; Led. Fl. Ross. ii. 376, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 818, 
which grows in the low forests on the south and south-west coast of the Caspian 
Sea (hardy in England), differs by long, apiculate anthers, dehiscing longitud- 
inally in the ordinary manner.—Oliver Trans, Linn. Soc, xxiii, 459. 


OrpeR XXXV. RHIZOPHORES. 


Trees and shrubs, generally glabrous, with opposite, petiolate, coriaceous, 
entire leaves. Stipules interpetiolar, early caducous. Flowers generally 
bisexual, regular. Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary, or free, limb 
4-14-toothed or -lobed ; lobes valvate, usually coriaceous and persistent. 
Petals as many as calyx-lobes. Stamens 2-4 times the number of petals ; 
filaments free ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, or with numer- 
ous cells, Ovary 2-5-celled, or dissepiments partially suppressed ; ovules 
mostly geminate, collateral, péndulous ; style generally 1 ; stigma simple 
or lobed. Fruit coriaceous, l-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, or 3-4-celled, 
and septicidally dehiscent.—Gen. Pl. i. 677; Royle Ill. 210; Wight IIL. 
i. 207. 


The seed germinates on the tree, with a long exserted radicle 
(Mangrove trees). 

Ovary adnate at the base only, protruding beyond the calyx- 

tube. 

Calyx 4-merous; petals entire ; anthers multilocellate, sub- 

sessile, ovary 2-celled . i d ‘ ; 

Calyx 5-6-merous ; petals truncate, or bifid, with apical sete ; 

anthers 2-celled ; filaments filiform d . E 

Ovary entirely adnate to and included in the calyx-tube, calyx 

8-14-merous; petals bifid, with apical sete ; anthers 2- 

celled ; filaments filiform . ‘ : . F 

The seed does not germinate on the tree ; calyx-segments 5-8 ; 

petals 5-8; stamens 10-16 . : : ‘ ‘ 


1. RHAIZOPHORA. 


2. CERIOPS. 


8. BRUGUIERA. 


cr 


. CARALLIA. 


1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn. 


Trees with stout branchlets, marked with annular scars of leaves and 
stipules, wholly glabrous. Stipules elongate. Cymes axillary, peduncu- 
late, few- or many-flowered. Flowers coriaceous. Calyx-tube short, sup- 
ported by confluent bracts ; limb 4-lobed ; lobes triangular or oblong. 
Petals 4, entire, edges generally with long woolly hairs. Stamens 8-12, 
perigynous ; anthers sessile or nearly so, erect, linear-oblong, triangular 
in section, the 2 inner faces multilocellate, pollen liberated by the separa- 
tion from the inner faces of a common membrane. Ovary half-inferior, 
2-celled ; ovules geminate, pendulous; style 2- dentate at the top. Fruit 
coriaceous, long-exserted, ovoid or conic, l-celled, l-seeded. Seed with- 
out albumen ; cotyledons conferruminate. Germination takes place in 
the fruit on the tree, the radicle protrudes soon after flowering as a long 
cylindrical body, thicker near the end, attains a length of 12 in. or more, 
and at length roots in the mud when the fruit falls. 

1. R. mucronata, Lam. ; Wight Ic. t. 238.—Syn. R. Mangle, Roxb. ; 
Fl. Ind. ii. 459. &. Candelaria, W. & A. Prodr. 310. Vern. Kamo, 
Sindh ; Bhora, Beng. 


218 XXXV. RHIZOPHOREA. [ Rhizophora. 


A moderate-sized tree, with elliptical leaves, terminating in a distinct 
mucro or narrow apiculus, broadly cuneate, or slightly rounded at base ; 
blade 3-5 in, long, 2-3 in. broad ; midrib very prominent beneath, attenu- 
ate upwards. Peduncle axillary, compressed, often recurved, longer than 
petiole, bearing lax few-flowered dichotomous cymes. Flowers 8-androus, 
sweet-scented ; calyx-segments triangular; petals white, edges woolly. 
Fruit ovoid, furrowed, supported at the base by the calyx. The radicle 
of the seed germinating on the tree often 24 ft. long. 

Sindh, tidal creeks of the estuary of the Indus. Coasts and back-waters of 
the peninsula, Bengal and Burma. A widely-spread species on the coasts of 
Africa, and over the Indian Archipelago to Australia. 25 ft. high, with a small 
crown. Wood red, hard, and durable ; the bark is used for tanning, the fruit 
is said to be eatable. 

hk. conjugata, Linn., a small tree, nearly related to this, and frequently 
associated with it, has narrow leaves, short 2-3-flowered cymes nearly sessile 
below the leaves, 12 stamens, and the radicle attaining 12-18 inches. 


2. CERIOPS, Arnott. 


Trees or large shrubs, wholly glabrous. Flowers coriaceous. Calyx- 
tube short, supported by confluent bracts; limb 5-6-partite ; segments 
oblong-lanceolate. Petals 5-6, truncate, or emarginate. Stamens 10-12, 
inserted between the divisions of a lobed, annular disc ; filaments slender, 
filiform ; anthers small, ovate-oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. 
Ovary half-inferior, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style undivided. 
Fruit and germination as in Rhizophora. 


1. C. Candolliana, Arnott ; Wight Ic. t. 240.—Vern. Kirrari, chauri, 
Sindh. 


A tall shrub or small tree, with obovate leaves 2-3 in. long, 1-2 in. 
broad, base cuneate, apex broad, rounded; midrib prominent beneath. 
Peduncles short, bracteolate, and shortly 2-3-forked at the top. Flowers 
subsessile, subcapitate. Petals 5, oblong, truncate, with 3 clavate sete, 
base abruptly narrowed, margins slightly cohering below the middle. 
Stamens 10, alternately shorter. 

Sindh, mud forests at mouth of Indus and salt-water creeks. Coast of penin- 
sula, Indian Archipelago, extends to Australia, and is found on the east coast 
of Africa. Wood hard, durable, used for the knees of boats, and for other pur- 
poses in Sindh. Bark employed as litter for cattle. 

Kandelia Rheedu, W. & A. Prodr.311, Wight Ill. t. 89, is a small tree, com- 
mon on the western coast, also in Bengal and Burma, which may possibly be 
found in Sindh. Leaves oblong, obtuse ; peduncles axillary, much longer than 
petioles, 2-3-chotomous, with 4-9 pentamerous flowers, petals narrow, deciduous, 
thin, membranous, bifid, edge laciniate, hairy; stamens numerous, and an ob- 
long-conical fruit much longer than the calyx-tube. 


30. BRUGUIERA, Lam. 


Trees with the habit of Rhizophora. Flowers coriaceous, solitary or 
few together, on short, axillary, recurved peduncles, without bracts. Calyx 
ebracteolate, turbinate, adnate at the base to the ovary, the upper portion 


Bruguiera.| XXXV. RHIZOPHOREZ:. 219 © 


free ; segments 10-15, thick, linear. Petals as many, 2-lobed. Stamens 
twice the number of petals ; anthers linear, 2-celled, mucronate, about as 
long as filaments. Ovary inferior, included in calyx-tube, 2-4-celled, with 
2 pendulous ovules in each cell; style filiform, with 2-4 minute stigmatic 
lobes. Fruit turbinate, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, Germin- 
ation as in Rhizophora. 


1. B. gymnorhiza, Lam.; W. & A. Prodr. 311.—Syn. B. Rheedii, 
Blume ; Wight Ic. t. 239 A. Rhizophora gymnorhiza, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 
460 ; Griff. Ic. t. 645 iv. Vern. Kakra, kankra, Beng. 


A large evergreen tree, with oblong-elliptical, short-acuminate leaves 
3-6 in. long, 14-24 in. broad, narrowed into a petiole about 1 in. long. 
Stipules oblong, 1-2 in. long, very deciduous. Flowers solitary, about 1 
in. long. Calyx thick and rigid, lobes usually about 12, the tube about 
4 the whole length. Petals shorter than calyx, deeply 2-lobed, densely 
hairy at the base ; margins induplicate, more or less hairy all the way 
up ; sete usually 1 in the notch and 3-4 at the end of each lobe. Anthers 
embraced in pairs by the induplicate edges of the petals. Fruit at first 
crowned by the calyx-limb, which often falls off as the radicle protrudes, 
the latter assuming a narrow spindle-shaped form, with about 6 promi- 
nent angles. 

Sindh, estuary of the Indus. Coast of Peninsula, Sundarbans. Indian 
Archipelago. North Australia. Wood yellowish brown, hard and durable. 
This tree sends down numerous roots from the trunk and branches, which 
eventually raise the stem, so that it appears divided before it reaches the ground, 
Rhizophora mucronata and other Mangroves do the same. Griffith (on the 
family of the Rhizophorez, Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society 
of Calcutta, viii. 6) ascribes the lifting w?P of the stem to the resistance 
which the roots meet at their extremities. Nearly allied to this, and probably 
a variety only, is— 

B. ervopetala, Wight. Ill. i. p. 210, Ic. t. 239 B—syn. B. parietosa, Griff. Ic. 
t. 641,—with large solitary flowers, calyx-lobes 8-12, margin of petals from 
base to apex densely hirsute. 

Three other Indian species enumerated in Wight’s Ill. p. 210, differ from 
B. gymnorhiza by smaller flowers in axillary, pedunculate 2-to many-flowered 
cymes ; they are small glossy trees closely allied to each other, and probably 
form one species only. 1. B. caryophylloides, Blume (Rhiz. babies par 
Griff. Ic. t. 642). 2. B. malabarifica, Arnott. 3. B. parviora, Arnott (Rhizo- 
phora parviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 461). 


4, CARALLIA, Roxb. 


Trees and shrubs, wholly glabrous, with small flowers in pedunculate, 
compact trichotomous cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate, produced beyond 
the ovary, with 5-8 short segments. Petals as many as calyx-segments, 
unguiculate, orbiculate, serrate or laciniate. Stamens twice the number 
of petals, inserted on the crenulate edge of the disc, which clothes the 
ealyx-tube. Ovary adnate to calyx, generally 4-celled ; ovules 2 in each 
cell. Embryo terete in a copious albumen. 


1. C. integerrima, DC. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 193; Benth. Journ. Linn. 
Soc. iii. 74.—Vern. Manioga, Burm. 


220 : XXXV. RHIZOPHOREZ:. _ [Carallia. 


A large tree, with entire, elliptic obovate or oblong leaves. Flowers 
6-8-merous, nearly sessile in capitate cymes; petals white, orbicular, 
deeply laciniate, with lanceolate segments. 

Common in evergreen forests of South India, Burma, Bengal, and the Eastern 
Himalaya. On the western coast it extends to the latitude of Bombay, and 
will probably be found in the range of this Flora either on the Satpura hills or 
in the Gorakhpur, Oudh, or Kamaon forests. Found also in South China, 
the Philippine Islands and tropical Australia. Timber reddish brown, rather 
brittle, but very ornamental, with broad medullary rays, which show on a ver- 
tical section like undulating, broad irregular bands, giving the wood a beautiful 
mottled appearance. Polishes well. | 

C. lucida, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 211; Fl. Ind. ii. 481 ; Wight Ic. t. 605, is doubt- 
fully referred to C’. lancecefolia, Roxb. by Bentham, 1. c. 75. In Wall. cat. 4880 
C. lucida is quoted from Kamaon. 


OrpeR XXXVI. COMBRETACES. 


Trees or shrubs, with simple, petiolate, entire leaves, without stipules. 
Flowers bracteate, bisexual, rarely polygamous. Calyx-tube adnate to the 
ovary ; limb 4-5 cleft, generally campanulate with valvate segments. 
Petals none, or 4-5. Stamens as many as calyx-segments, or twice the 
number, inserted on the limb or inside the calyx. Ovary wholly adnate 
to calyx-tube, 1-celled; style simple, filiform. ‘Fruit often winged or 
- angled, 1-celled or 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, with a coriaceous or mem- 
branous testa, without albumen. Embryo straight, with a small superior 
radicle, and fleshy, oily, convolute, plicate, or contortuplicate cotyledons. 
—Gen. Pl. i. 683 ; Royle Ill. 209; Wight Ill. i. 211. 


Flowers in spikes or racemes. 
Climbing shrubs or undershrubs, with opposite leaves 


. 1, ComBRETUM. 
Trees or shrubs wholly glabrous, with alternate thick fleshy 


leaves * . . > ‘ , 2 . 2. LUMNITZERA. 
Large trees, with alternate or subopposite leaves ; fruit large, 
a fleshy drupe, or dry, with 3-7 wings . ; . 8. TERMINALIA. 


Flowers in globose heads ; fruit small, flat, imbricated . 4, ANOGEISSUS. 

Calycopteris floribunda, Lam. (Getonia floribunda, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 87; Fl. 
Ind. ii. 428), is a large climbing shrub ; branchlets, underside of leaves, inflor- 
escence, and calyx rusty-pubescent ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 
greenish, in large rounded, terminal panicles. Fruit villous, ovoid, 1-seeded, 
crowned with the persistent calyx, with 5 enlarged, linear-lanceolate, mem- 
branous lobes, 3-1 in, long—Burma, Bengal, South India, probably in the 
Centr. Prov. Fl. March-April. G. nutans, Roxb., is probably not specifi- 
cally different. 

Quisqualis indica, Linn.; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 427 ; Wight IIL t. 92 (Q. willosa, 
Roxb., The Rangoon Creeper),—is a large scandent shrub with showy flowers, 
first white, then blood-red or orange, in drooping racemes. Calyx-tube filiform, 
3-4 in. long, bearing at the throat 5 elliptic-oblong petals. Fruit oblong, 14 
in. long, with 5 sharp angles or wings.—Burma, Indian Archipelago, grown in 
gardens throughout the greater part of India. Fl. May-Sept. 


1. COMBRETUM, Linn. 


Shrubs, generally climbing, with opposite, rarely verticillate petiolate 
membranous leaves, and polygamo-doicous flowers. Calyx-tube cylin- 


Combretum. | XXXVI. COMBRETACEA. 221 


drical or 4-5-angled, constricted above the ovary, witha campanulate 4-5- 
cleft deciduous limb. Petals 4-5, small, inserted between the calyx-lobes. 
Stamens 8 or 10, biseriate, with long slender filaments, and small didymous 
anthers. Ovary l-celled, with a subulate style, and 2-6 pendulous 
ovules. Fruit coriaceous, often filled with spongy cellular tissue, 4-6- 
angled or 4-6-winged, 1-seeded. 


1. ©. decandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 232 ; Cor. Pl. t.59.—Syn. Poivrea 
Roxburghii, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 317: Vern. Dhobela, Chindwara ; 
Punk, Gonda, Oudh. ; 

A large climbing shrub ; young leaves, branchlets, and inflorescence 
clothed with soft silky pubescence. Leaves glabrous, opposite, elliptic- 
oblong, acuminate, about 6 in. long on short petioles, with 6-8 main 
lateral arcuate nerves on either side of midrib. Flowers pentamerous arid 
decandrous, on numerous cylindrical, terminal, and lateral bracteate 
spikes, forming a long panicle, the floral-leaves coloured. Bracts as well 
as peduncles and calyx clothed with soft ferruginous hairs. Fruit 1 in. 
long, with 5 equal broad obtuse membranous wings. 

Common in Bengal, Behar, South India, Oudh, Kamaon, and the Central 
Provinces, chiefly in open jungle. Fl. Feb.-March ; fruit June. 

C. nanum, Hamilt.; Wall. Cat. 3994, is a small undershrub, vern. Pharsia, 
Kamaon, perfectly glabrous, with a thick woody prostrate stem. Common in 
grass-lands of the Doons, Siwaliks, and sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna 
to Sikkim, in the Oudh forests, in ’ Behar, and the Central Provinces. Flowers 
‘i in. long ‘to end of stamens, in terminal and axillary spikes, bracts deciduous, 
eaves opposite, broad-obovate, 2-4 in. long, with 3-4 pair of main lateral arcu- 
ate nerves. The leaf- and flower-bearing stems are burnt down annually to the 
root by the fires. Fl. March, April. 


2. LUMNITZERA, Willd. 


Trees or shrubs with alternate, thick and somewhat fleshy leaves. 
Flowers white or red, nearly sessile, racemose. Calyx-tube oblong, a little 
prolonged beyond the ovary, with 2 adnate bractlets ; limb campanulate, 
5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5-10; filaments filiform ; anthers 
cordate. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-5 pendulous ovules. Fruit small, ovate- 
oblong, more or less compressed, bluntly angled, crowned by the persis- 
tent calyx, enclosing in a fibrous pericarp a hard osseous 1-seeded nut. 
Seed linear, cotyledons convolute. 


1. L. racemosa, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 316.—Syn. Petaloma alter- 
nifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 372. Vern. Kripa, Beng. 

A tree or tall shrub, perfectly glabrous, with spathulate fleshy crenate 
leaves 2 in. long, somewhat approximate near the ends of branches ; 
lateral nerves 3-5 on either side of midrib, indistinct. Petals white. 
Stamens 10. Racemes (more correctly spikes, as the flowers are all but 
sessile) lax, longer than leaves, axillary, or from below the leaves. 

On the edge of salt-water creeks and back-waters in the Sunderbunds, in 
Malabar and the Konkan ; may possibly be foundin Sindh. Found also on the 
Zambesi river, and in Australia. Wood strong and durable ; used for building, 
and furnishes a large portion of the fuel for Caleutta (Roxb. ) 


222 XXXVI. COMBRETACEA. [ Terminalia. 


3. TERMINALIA, Linn. 


Trees or large shrubs with alternate or subopposite leaves, generally 
petiolate and entire. Flowers sessile, small, greenish or white, generally 
in long spikes, bisexual or polygamous. Calyx-tube ovoid or cylindrical, 
constricted above the ovary ; limb campanulate or cylindrical, 5-toothed, 
deciduous. Petals wanting. Stamens 10, in 2 rows; anthers small, 
versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, 
rarely 3, pendulous from the top of the cell. Fruit 1-seeded, the seed 
included in a coriaceous or osseous kernel ; testa membranous ; cotyledons 
convolute. 

Fruit fleshy, ovoid, without wings. 
Leaves approximate near ends of branches; petiole longer 
than 3 blade of leaf. Spikes axillary, and below the 
leaves; bracts small, caducous . 1. 7. bellerica. 
Leaves distant, often subopposite ; petioles shorter than } 
blade of leaf. Spikes terminal and oe often epg 
late, bracts lanceolate or subulate . . 2. 7. Chebula. 


Fruit coriaceous, with 3-7 longitudinal wings. 
All leaves subopposite ; fruit large, with 5-7 thick narrow 


wings 3. 7. Arjuna. 
Upper leaves often alternate ; fruit large, with 5 thin broad 

wings . 4, T.. tomentosa. 
Upper leaves always alternate ; fruit small, in large panicles 

with 1 very large and 2 small wings . 5. 7’. paniculata. 


1. T. bellerica, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 198; Fl. Ind. ii. 431; W. & A. Prodr. 
313 ; Wight Ill. t. 91; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 19.—Sans. Tusha, baheruka. 
Vern. Bahera, bhaira, Hind. ; Balra, balda, Dekkan; Behedo, Mandevi ; 
Tahaka marra, Gonds, C.P. ; Manjit (the bearing tree), C.P. (R. Th.) ; 
Tissein, Burm. 

A large tree, with slight soft rust-coloured pubescence on young branch- 
lets and calyx. Leaves approximate at the ends of branchlets, glabrous, 
slightly pubescent when quite young, coriaceous, pale beneath, broad- 
elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 3-8 in. long, base often unequal, apex obtuse, 
retuse, or short-acuminate, main lateral nerves arcuate, prominent, 5-8 on 
either side of midrib. Petiole longer than 4 length of leaf. Flowers 
sessile, dirty grey or greenish yellow, with a strong offensive smell. 
Spikes slender, interrupted, 3-6 in. long, on this year’s shoots in the axils 
of leaves or below the leaves, male and bisexual flowers mixed. Bracts 
linear, very early caducous. Free part of calyx cup-shaped, cleft half-way 
into 5 acute triangular segments, woolly inside, with long brown hairs. 
Filaments inserted below the calyx-segments and twice their length. 
Fruit ovoid, grey, velvety, with 5 more or less indistinct furrows # to 1 
in. long; nut thick and hard. Roxburgh describes the petiole with 2 
‘f opposite glands on the upper side of the apex, and sometimes near the 
base.” I do not find any distinct glands on the specimens before me, 
and do not recollect having seen them in India. 

Common in the plains and lower hills throughout India and Burma, but not 


found indigenous in the arid region which comprises Sindh, Western Raipalians 
and the Southern Panjab. Along the foot of the Himalaya and in the outer 


Terminalia. | XXXVI. COMBRETACE. 223 


valleys it extends nearly to the Indus, but is scarce near its western limit. 
Common in the Oudh Sal forests, Sheds its leaves in Feb. and March ; the 
new leaves come out in April. The young foliage is of a copper- or tan-colour. 
FL Feb.-May ; the fruit ripens during the ensuing cold season. 

Attains 80-100 ft., with a tall, straight, regularly-shaped trunk 6-10, and at 
times 16-20 ft. girth. Branches spreading, forming a broad massive crown. 
Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey, uneven and tesselated by broad longitudinal fur- 
rows, crossed by short narrow transverse wrinkles, the old bark exfoliating in 
dry corky scales. Wood light grey or yellowish, open- and coarse-grained, 
easily worked, but not durable. No distinct heartwood, the cub. ft. of green 
wood weighs 58-60, of seasoned wood 39-43 lb. Used for planking, packing- 
cases, canoes, and in the North-West Provinces for house-building after having 
been steeped in water. An insipid gum exudes from wounds inthe bark. The 
fruit is a favourite food of monkeys, deer, sheep, goats, and cattle. It is one 
of the Myrobalans of commerce, and is used in dyeing cloth and leather, and in 
tanning, and is exported to Europe, Native ink is made of it, and it is used in 
medicine (Pharm. Ind. 88). The kernels are eaten, but are said to be intoxi- 
cating. Oil is expressed from them. 


2. T. Chebula, Retzius—Tab. XXIX.—Roxb, Cor. Pl. t. 197; Fl. 
Ind. ii. 433; W. & A. Prodr. 313; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 27.—Sans. Hari- 
taki. Vern. Har, Harra, harara, Hind.; Halra, Harla, Dekkan ; Hir, 
Mahoka, Gonds, Satpura range ; Pangah, Burm. 


A large tree ; young branchlets, leaf-buds, and youngest leaves with 
long soft shining, generally rust-coloured, sometimes silvery hairs. Leaves 
distant, mostly subopposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, 3-8 in. long, 
main lateral nerves arcuate, prominent, 6-12 on either side of midrib. 
Petiole shorter than 4 length of leaf, 2 or more glands on the upper side of 
the petiole. Flowers sessile, dull-white or yellow, with a strong offen- 
sive smell. Spikes 2-4 in. long, often panicled, at the end of this year’s 
shoots, terminal, above the leaves, and in the axils of the leaves. Bracts 
subulate or lanceolate, longer than flower-buds, falling after the flowers 
open. Free part of calyx cup-shaped, cleft half-way into 5 acute triangular 
segments, woolly inside with long brown hairs. Filaments more than 
twice the length of calyx-segments. Fruit obovoid from a cuneate base, 
sometimes ovoid, 1-14 in. long, more or less distinctly 5-angled ; nut ‘thick 
and hard, with a rough surface, irregularly 5-grooved. TZ. citrina, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 435, from East Bengal, leaves broad-lanceolate, with a tapering 
base ; fruit elongate-obovoid, nut deeply 5-grooved, may possibly be a 
variety only. 

Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., and extending west 
to the Sutlej. Common in Eastern Bengal, Behar, Central India, and South 
India. South of the Nerbudda I have always found it more common and of 
larger size at elevations above 2000 ft.—for instance, on the high lands of the 
Satpuras. Cultivated occasionally in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab to 
the Indus. Sheds its leaves in Feb. and March, the new foliage comes out in 
April, the flowers appear shortly afterwards, and the fruit ripens January to 
‘March of the ensuing year, 

In the Panjab generally a small tree 4-5 ft, girth, farther south and under 
favourable conditions, attains a large size, 80-100 ft., with a tall, straight, regu- 
larly-shaped stem 8-12 ft. girth. Bark 4-1 in. thick, dark-coloured, cracked 


224 XXXVI. COMBRETACE. [ Terminalia. 


and furrowed, woody scales exfoliating. Sapwood large, heartwood with an ™ 
irregular outline, pale or dark brown, finely mottled, often with a yellowish or 
greenish tinge, hard, close-grained, and heavy. Regarding weight and transverse 
strength there is some uncertainty. Skinner gives the weight of the wood from 
the Peninsula at 54 lb. per cub. ft., R. Thompson (wood from the Satpura) 
at 633. Pangah wood from Burma is said to weigh 58 lb. by Benson, 60 by 
Skinner, and the result of my experiments in 1864 was 66.3. But in 1861, 
when preparing a collection of woods for the Exhibition of 1862, I found the 
Burma wood to weigh 53 lb. only. As there is no reason to believe that the 
Pangah of Burma is a different species, the readiest explanation is, that the 
weight of the wood varies within wide limits—viz. between 53 and 66 Ib. per 
cub. ft. So much is certain, that it is heavier than the wood of 7’. bellerica. The 
value of P. is given by Skinner (for South India wood) at 825, for Burma wood 
at 1032, which agrees with the result obtained by Benson (1033). My experi- 
ments with Burma wood (in 1864) gave 810, 1230, and 1230. Pangah wood has 
numerous fine medullary rays, the annual rings are fairly distinct, the pores are 
numerous in the inner (spring and summer) wood, and there is oftena narrow 
belt of outer (autumn) wood without pores. It takesa good polish, and is fairly 
durable ; it is used for furniture, carts, agricultural implements, and house-build- 
ing. The bark is employed for tanning and dyeing. Hollow rounded galls to 
1 in. diam. are formed on the young twigs; they are very astringent, used to 
make writing-ink, in tanning, and in divaing The galls are called Halre-ke-phiil 
in the Dekkan, and Kadukai in Tamil. The dried fruit are the Black Myroba- 
lans of commerce (Har, harra). The dried unripe fruit is called Balhar, 
zangthar, kalehar (Moodeen Sheriff Suppl. to the Pharm. of India 242), and 
many varieties of it are sold for tanning, dyeing, and as a medicine. 


3. T. Arjuna, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 28.—Syn. 7. Berryi and glabra, W. 
& A. Prodr. 314; Pentaptera Arjuna and glabra, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 438, 
440. Sans. Arjuna, kakubha (Roxb.) Vern. Anjun, arjun, arjina, 
anjant, arjan, kahia, kawa, kowa, koha. (Arjuna sadra, Guzerat.) 


A large tree, with huge often buttressed trunk, smooth grey bark, and 
drooping branchlets; glabrous, inflorescence only slightly pubescent. 
Leaves generally subopposite, hard, coriaceous, oblong, 5-8 in. long, on 
short petioles, with 2 large, often cylindrical glands at the base of the leaf 
or on petiole, glabrous on both sides, pale brown beneath ; main lateral 
nerves arcuate, 10-15 on either side of midrib. Flowers, like those of 
T. tomentosa, in cylindrical, pedunculate, terminal and axillary spikes, 
generally congregated into short panicles. Fruit 1-14 in. long, with 5-7 
equal, brown, hard, coriaceous, thick, narrow wings, less than 4 in. wide, 
indistinctly and irregularly marked with ascending cross-lines. 

Common on the banks of rivers, streams, and dry water-courses in Central 
and South India and Bengal. Also in the Oudh forests. Farther west in the Si- 
walik tract and the outer Himalayan valleys, only here and there (Garhwal, 
Hardwar). In the Panjab it is cultivated (not indigenous), west to the Ravi. 
Fine specimens near Kangra. Fl. April, May; the fruit ripens in the cold 
season. The tree is never quite leafless, 

Attains 80-100 ft., with a tall, large, but not regularly-shaped trunk, 40-50 
ft. to the first branch, 10-20 ft. girth, with angular excrescences and huge but- 
tresses. Crown handsome, close, large, oval ; branchlets drooping. Bark greenish 
white, often green, or grey, slate-coloured or purplish, flaking off in large thin 
layers, showing a fresh green surface. Sapwood whitish, heartwood dark brown, 


in 


Terminalia. | XXXVI. COMBRETACEA. 225 


very hard. Weight, 48-54 Ib. per cub. ft. Value of P. 806-820. Apt to split 
in seasoning, not easy to work ; used for carts, agricultural implements, and 
building. The bark, sold in the bazaars of South India, is in great repute as a 
tonic, and for external use on wounds. 


4, T. tomentosa, W. & A. Prodr. 314; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 17.—Syn. 
T. crenulata and coriacea, W. & A. Prodr. 1. c.; Pentaptera crenulata, 
coriacea, and tomentosa, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 438-440. Sans. Asana. Vern. 
Sain, assain, assaina, arsain, asna, assan, N.W. Ind. ; Ain, ayin, Bomb. ; 
Saj, sijra, C.P.; Mard marra, Gonds, C.P.; Sag, hag, Sader, Saddr, 
Sadri, hadri, Nimar, Guzerat, and adjoining parts of Meywar ; Matti, kari 
matti, Canar.; Taukkyan, Burm. 


A large tree, with a tall, regularly-shaped trunk. Bark rough, black, 
deeply cracked ; young branches, inflorescence, and young leaves clothed 
with short, rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves hard, coriaceous, oblong or 
ovate, rarely obovate-oblong, 5-9 in. long, on short petioles, with 1-2 
glands near the base of the midrib, soft-tomentose beneath or glabrous 
on both sides when full-grown ; main lateral nerves arcuate, 10-20 on 
either side of midrib; the top leaves near the end of the branch gener- 
ally alternate, the lower leaves subopposite. Flowers of a dull yellow 
colour, in erect terminal panicles, the lower branches in the axils of leaves. 
Bracts lanceolate, longer than buds. Free part of calyx-tube flat cup- 
shaped, hairy within, with 5 broad ovate acute segments. (Fl. all bisex- 
ual, Roxb.) Fruit 14-2 in. long, with 5 broad, coriaceous, brown wings, 
#-1 in, broad, and as long as the fruit, marked with numerous, closely 
parallel, horizontal, prominent lines, running from the axis to the edges ; 
edges of wings thin, irregularly crenulate. There is a marked variety with 
(always?) drooping branchlets, larger broad-ovate leaves, and very large 
fruit, 2 in. long, which merits further study. I have found it in Burma 
and (April 1863) in the Oudh forests between the Mohan and Sarda rivers, 
and it has been noticed in Kamaon and elsewhere. The bark, however, 
is the same as that of the ordinary form with oblong Jeaves. 


A common tree in the moister regions of India. In the Siwalik tract and 
outer Himalayan valleys it goes west as far as the Ravi, and in places ascends 
to 4000 ft. In Western India its limit appears to be in the forests south-west 
of Neemuch, where several places (Sadri, ave Sadri, Chota Sadri) seem to have 


_ derived their names from it. It is also found on the western edge of the Malwa 


table-land, east of the Bunass river (Bassi forests). East and south of these 
points it extends throughout Central, Eastern, Southern India, and Burma. 
Thrives best in heavy binding soils. Fl. April. The fruit ripens in Feb.-April of 
the ensuing year. Coppices fairly well. The tree bears long-continued pollard- 
ing. In the Sattara district along the line of Ghats, and east of the narrow belt 
of evergreen forest which fringes the edge of the Ghats, there is a broader belt 
of forest, mainly composed of deciduous trees, from 10-15 miles wide, where the 
system of cultivation has been for centuries periodically to cut the underwood, 


_ but to leave a certain number of standard trees, which are pollarded, every time 


the underwood is cut. The underwood is burnt with the branches of the pol- 

lards, and the ashes serve to fertilise the fields. The hills in that portion of 

the district are thus studded with numerous huge pollards, principally of Zer- 

minalia tomentosa, bellerica, Careya arborea, sande Lagerstremia lanceolata ; 
P 


226 XXXVI. COMBRETACEZ. [ Terminalia. 


and along the foot of the Ghats, in the sk ae Ste: portion of the Ratnagiri dis- 
trict, as far as there is any forest vegetation left, a similar system of cultivation 
prevails, and a large portion of the pollards are of Terminalia paniculata, in 
addition to the other trees mentioned. 

T’. tomentosa does not generally lose its leaves until Feb. March or April, 
but is one of the latest trees in the dry forest to come out in fresh leaf, us 
on the Ist May 1870, in the Sattara district, Ain, Dhaura, and Moi (Odina 
Wodver) were quite bare, whereas Dopdli (Boswellia thurifera), Dhamun 
(Grewia vestita), Lendia (Lagerstremia parviflora), Kumbi (Careya arborea), 
Dhaivan (Cordia Macleodit), were in fall leaf or coming into leaf. 

Attains 80-100 ft., trunk straight, symmetrical, 40-50 ft. clear to the first 
branch, 8-10 ft. girth. In Burma the tree attains much larger size—80 ft. to 
the first branch, and a girth of 12 ft., being the average size of full-grown trees 
on good soil. A small knotty tree when kept down by lopping. Bark 1-2 in. 
thick, dark grey, nearly black, irregularly tesselated by deep and wide longi- 
tudinal furrows, and smaller transverse cracks, thick quadrangular plates 
exfoliating. Inner bark red. Sapwood whitish or yellow. Heartwood dark 
brown, mottled with darker streaks, often nearly black, hard. Medullary 
rays numerous, very fine. Pores small, surrounded by irregular, narrow, 
more or less concentrically arranged lines of whitish patches. The cub. ft. of 
seasoned wood weighs 60 lb. on an average, the extremes ranging between 50 
and 70 lb. There is no difference in weight between the Burma and Indian 
wood. The green wood weighs between 70 and 80 lb. per cub. ft. ‘The mean 
value of P. is given by Skinner at 860, which is a fair average of the numerous 
experiments made with this wood by different authors and in different parts of 
India—the extremes being 591 and 1104. Baker’s figures alone range consid- 
erably lower ; 4 experiments made with Assan from the Jainaghar (J ynaghur) 
timber agency, weighing 61.6 lb. on an average, gave the mean value of P. 
at 677. But Puckle’s experiments with Matt: wood from Mysore (weight 55.75 
Ib.) gave an average of 1010; and my experiments in 1864 with Taukkyan 
wood from Burma (weight 56.43) gave a mean value of 903. It is for further 
inquiry whether the wood of this tree from North India has less transverse 
strength than that from Burma and the South. The wood does not season 
readily, and is apt to warp and crack ; its grain is coarse and curly, and it is 
not easily worked. Its durability is most uncertain. In Burma the heartwood 
decays rapidly ; in North India beams and kurries are at times found to last 
well, and at other times they perish from dry-rot and are eaten by insects. It 
is used largely in North and Central India for house-building, for carts, rice- 
pounders, ship- and boat-building. It is an excellent fuel, yielding a powerful 
heat, and furnishing good charcoal. Potash is in places made of it. The bark 
is used for tanning, and the ashes of the bark are chewed with the Betel-leaf. 
The common Tasar (tussah) silkworm feeds on the leaves, and the tree is on 
that account pollarded (where not protected) all over the Satpura forests. Lakh 
is occasionally gathered on the branches, and in Oudh and the North-West 
Provinces the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The flowers are often attacked 
by a cynips, producing numerous small peppercorn-like galls on the flower- 
stalks, which are persistent and remain a long time on the tree, in the place of 
the fruit which is not formed. 


5. T. paniculata, W. & A. Prodr. 315; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 20.—Syn. 
Pentaptera paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 442. Vern. Kinjal, kindal, 
Konkan ; Honal, Canara. 

A large tree, nearly glabrous; inflorescence, bracts, and ovary rusty- 
tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, pale-brown beneath, oblong, acuminate, 


Terminalia.) XXXVI. COMBRETACE/. 227 


from a cordate or rounded, often unequal base, 4-7 in. long, un short peti- 
oles ; main lateral nerves 10-15 on either side of midrib. The upper 
leaves always alternate, the lower subopposite. Flowers on slender spikes 
in large spreading panicles; bracts ovate, long-acuminate, recurved. 
Ovary cylindrical or ovoid ; free portion of calyx reddish brown, globose 
in bud, afterwards cup-shaped, with Jong brown hairs inside. Fruit }-} 
in. long, sessile, close-set in large spreading panicles, with 2 smaller and 
1 large wing, the latter transversely oblong, 4-4 in. long, and #-1 in. 
broad. 


Common in the forests along the western coast ; rare above Ghat in the lati- 
tude of Bombay. I do not know it north of the Konkan, and have not noted it 
from the Khandeish Dangs and the Mandevi forests; but it may be found in 

the Nerbudda valley. Fl. Aug., Sept.; the fruit ripens in March, April. The 
timber is useful, makes good planking, and is fairly durable. The handles of 
ppegne in the Ratnagiri district are Mont of Kindal and Ain. 


> 


4. ANOGEISSUS, Wall. 


Trees with alternate, petiolate, entire leaves, and small bisexual flowers 
in globose heads on slender peduncles. Calyx-tube compressed, 2-winged 
at the base, prolonged above the ovary into a narrow, often slender tube, 
expanding at the top into a campanulate deciduous 5-cleft limb. No 
petals. Stamens 10, biseriate ; filaments filiform, exserted ; anthers small, 
cordate, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendu- 
lous ovules. Fruit small, coriaceous, broadly 2-winged, imbricated in 
globose heads, rostrate by the persistent calyx-tube. Seed ovoid ; cotyle- 
dons convolute. 


Leaves oval ovate or ovate-lanceolate, beak as long as or longer 


than fruit. 
Leaves oval or ovate; flower-heads in fascicles or short 
racemes ; peduncles as long as or shorterthan heads 1. A. latifolia. 
Leaves ovate- lanceolate, flower-heads stews ; peduncles as 
long as or longer than heads ? A : 2. A. acuminata. 
Leaves obovate, beak shorter than fruit ‘ P . 3. A. pendula. 


1. A. latifolia, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 15.—Syn. Conocarpus lati- 
folia, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 442 ; W. & A. Prodr. 316; Wight Ic. t. 994; 
Royle Ill. t. 45. Vern. Dhau, dhauri, dhaura, daiwa, dhawa, dohu, bakli, 
bankli. Local names: Golra, goldia, dhaukra, dhokri, dau, Rajputana ; 
Khardhawa, Banda ; Dindaga, dindal, Canar; Siri manu, Tel. 


A large tree, with smooth, white-grey bark ; young trees with spines- 
cent branches ; branchlets and young leaves with soft silky pubescence. 
Leaves coriaceous, subopposite, on short petioles, oval or ovate, rarely 
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse retuse or emarginate, glabrous when full-grown ; 
_ 2-4 in. long ; main lateral nerves arching, 6-10 on either side of midrib. 
Flower-heads in short axillary racemes ; peduncles as long as flower- 
heads or shorter. Wings of fruit ‘neatly orbicular, glabrous, persistent 
ealyx-tube (beak) slightly pubescent, as long as or longer than the fruit. 


228 XXXVI. COMBRETACEA, [ Anogeissus. 


Common and often gregarious in the deciduous forest of South and Central 
India. In the sub-Himalayan forests west to the Ravi, ascending to 3000 ft. 
Aravalli hills. (A variety with small silky-pubescent leaves, 14 in. long, not un- 
common in the Central Provinces.) Bare during most part of the dry season. 
From November the foliage begins to have a fine copper-tint, is generally shed 
in February, and the new leaves come out in May. Fl. May-June, sometimes 
later (Jan. Feb., Roxb.) The seed ripens Nov.-Feb. Coppices vigorously. 
Suffers from frost. In January 1870, on the borders of Pertabgarh, south-west 
of Nimach, I found that it had been injured a good deal, Acacia Catechu 
had suffered less, and A. leucophicea not at all. In North India attains 60-70 
ft., with a tall, erect trunk, often deeply fluted, and 30-40 ft. to first branch, 
girth 6-9 ft., in habit and appearance not unlike Lagerstremia parviflora. Bark 
thin, smooth, white, greenish-white or cinereous, with slate-coloured patches, 
Thin whitish flakes exfoliating. Inner bark purplish, compact. Wood light- 
or dark-brown, variegated with darker veins, the centre wood of old trees often 
very dark. A handsome wood, close- and even-grained, compact, hard, very 
tough and elastic. A cub. ft. of the seasoned wood weighs between 57 and 65 
lb, and 75-80 Ib. while green. Its average transverse strength is given by 
Skinner as P.=1220, but other authors give a lower figure. Thus the average 
of 3 experiments by Puckle (Mysore wood) is 870, and of 3 experiments made 
by J. B. French at the workshops of the Madras railway was 752. The deter- 
mination of the transverse strength, therefore, demands further experiments, So 
much, however, is certain, that the wood is highly valued on‘account of its great 
strength and toughness. It is universally used for axe-handles, poles for carry- 
ing loads ; in many parts of India the axles of native carts are made of it, which 
stand heavy weights on rough roads.* But it warps and splits in seasoning, and 
unless kept dry is not very durable. It is used extensively for construction, 
furniture, agricultural implements, and for shipbuilding. It is valued next to 
Teak, Sal, Bija sal, and Asna, It makes good charcoal, and yields excellent 
fuel. From incisions in the bark a fine white hard gum is obtained (dhauri- 
ka-gond), similar to gum-arabic, employed in cloth-printing, like that of Odina 
Wodier, and sold extensively, In Meywar and Kamaon the leaves are used for 
tanning. 


2. A. acuminata, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 16.—Syn. Conocarpus 
acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 443; W. & A. Prodr. 316. Vern. Pachi 
manu, panchman, paunchinan, Telugu; Yungben, Burm. 


A large tree, with rough dark-grey bark and pendulous branchlets; 
branches, leaves, peduncles, and calyx clothed with soft, adpressed to- 
mentum. Leaves subopposite, on short petioles, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, 
14-24 in. long. Flower-heads solitary, # in. across, when in flower, on 
slender, axillary, often reflexed peduncles; sometimes branching, often 
with a few small leaves or bracts. Free part of calyx-tube elongated, to- 
mentose. Peduncles as long as or longer than heads. Fruit with wings 
broader than long, glabrous ; edge of wings irregularly dentate ; persistent 
calyx-tube hirsute, longer than fruit. 


* The carts, which carry timber and Bamboos from the Barreea forests to the great 
timber-mart of Reyna near the Mye river, on the borders of Guzerat, have axles and 
linch-pins of Dhaura, the boss, nave and fellies of Bia (Pterocarpus Marsupium), the 
spokes of Khair (Acacia Catechu), the yoke of J'eak, and the pole of Ougeinia dalber- 
gioides. On the other hand, the carts which come up from the open country of Guze- 
rat have axle and linch-pin of iror, the nave of Rohin (Soymida febrifuga), bound 
with iron, and fellies, spokes, the yoke-pole, and platform of Babul (Acacia wrabica). 


Anogeissus. | XXXVI. COMBRETACE. 229 


Burma and Northern Circars. Godavery forests. A tree which Mr R. Thomp- 
son in 1870 found on the Nagpahar in the Mandla district, and (abundantly) on 
the Pachmarhi plateau, vern. Khardi, was referred to this species by Dr 
Stewart ; but I have not seen any of the specimens collected by Mr Thompson, 
and am therefore unable to decide whether it is this or the following species. 
R. Thompson’s description states, “The cones of this species are much larger 
than. those of (. latifolia,” which would point to C. acuminata, and not to C. 
myrtifolia, the cones of which are smaller. He further describes it as a tree of 
moderate size, bark smooth, whitish, occasionally rugose and exfoliating, dusky. 
Many-branched and well clothed with dense foliage. Leaves considerably 
smaller than those of C. latifolia. Coming into fresh leaf about May, buds and 
young leaves covered with a beautiful silvery tomentum. FI. in May ; seed 
ripens Jan‘-Feb. 

In Burma A. acuminata is a large tree, 12 ft. girth, trunk regularly shaped, 
80 ft. to the first branch on good soil. The wood is greyish brown, with orange 
or dark-brown streaks, hard, warps and cracks in seasoning. Medullary rays 
very numerous and very fine. Pores numerous, small, uniformly distributed. 
Weight of a cub. ft. 50-59 lb. _ P, =880 (Skinner), 


3. A. pendula, Edgeworth Catalogue of Plants in the Banda district, 
p. 47._Syn. A. myrtifolia, Wall. Cat. No. 4017; Royle Il. p. 209. (The 
latter name is older, but Edgeworth was the first to describe the tree.) 
Vern. Dhao, Dhaukra, kala dhokra, Meywar ; Kardahi, Gwalior. 


A small gregarious tree, with pendulous branches, and light adpressed 
pubescence on leaves and branchlets. Leaves alternate and subopposite, 
obovate, obtuse or mucronate, 4-1 in. long, narrowed into a short slender 
petiole, with 5-7 pairs of arcuate lateral nerves joined by elegant reticulate 
venation. Flower-heads small, + in. across when in flower; free part of 
calyx-tube short, pubescent. Fruit with narrow wings, nearly orbicular ; 
persistent calyx-tube shorter than fruit. 


Common in Rajputana and Bandelkhand, extends north to the banks of the 
Jumna, and south to the Mye river; has been found near Deesa (Stocks): The 
small-leaved Conocarpus on the Pachmarhi plateau is probably this species. 
(Forsyth gives Conocarpus myrttfolia from the Satpuras under the vern. name 
of Kardahi, as not very common, with reddish-white wood.—The Highlands of 
Central India, p. 462.) On dry hills only a shrub, under more favourable cir- 
cumstances a moderate-sized tree. Trunk short, 3-5 ft: girth, branchlets droop- 
ing. In January, when the tree is in fruit, the foliage has a beautiful red- 
dish-brown colour similar to the foliage of Beech in autumn. This tree forms 
forests on the hills of Meywar, near Humirgarh, Bassi, Chittor, and other 
places, either pure or mixed: Often associated with Conocarpus latifolia, 
Casearia, and a few other trees. Many of these forests of A. pendula are strictly 
preserved, among others the forest which clothes the lower slopes of the Chit- 
tor fort, and numerous temple forests in that part of the country: It is also 
found on the dry gneiss hills of Mairwara near Todgarh. The tree coppiice 
well, and as it thrives in the dry districts of Central India its requirements 
merit careful study. Heperacnte with the wood, grown in Gwalior, were made 
by Cunningham—the cub‘ ft. was found to weigh 59 lb., the value of P. in 5 
experiments ranged between 697 and 1034, average 837, 


e 


230 | XXXVI. MYRTACEA. [ Lucalyptus. 


Orper XXXVII. MYRTACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, with simple, generally entire leaves, in most genera 
dotted with translucent glands, opposite or alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers regular and generally bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 
limb free, 4-5 -cleft, often closed in bud, and bursting into irre 
lobes, or coming off entire. Dise coating ‘the calyx-tube. Petals 4-5, 
sometimes none, inserted on the edge of the disc, in bud imbricate, some- 
times more or less connate into a caducous calyptra. Stamens perigynous, 
generally numerous, inserted on or inside the edge of the disc, in one or 
several rows ; filaments free, or connate at the base in a short ring or tube, 
or in bundles generally opposite the petals ; anthers 2-celled, versatile or 
basifixed, the cells mostly dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary syncarpous, 
inferior, rarely adnate at the base only, either 1-celled, or more often with 
2 or more cells ; style simple ; stigma small, capitate or peltate; ovules 
numerous. Seeds generally without albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 690; Royle 
Il. 216 ; Wight Ill. ii. 6. 


Leaves dotted with resinous glands, generally opposite. 

Calyx truncate, the orifice closed by a deciduous operculum ; 
fruit hard and woody ; leaves of young shoots ee 
of flowering branches alternate . 1, EUCALYPTUS. 

Calyx generally lobed ; leaves opposite ; fruit fleshy. 

Free portion of calyx entire, bursting es See ee or Re 


off entire ‘ 2. PsIpIuM. 
Free portion of calyx 4-5- lobed 3. EUGENIA. 
Leaves not dotted with resinous glands, alternate. 
All stamens antheriferous ; fruit dry 4, BARRINGTONIA. 
A portion of stamens only ’antheriferous ; : fruit fleshy 5. CAREYA. 


1. HUCALYPTUS, L’Héritier. 


Shrubs or trees attaining sometimes a gigantic size, secreting more or 
less of resinous gums, whence their common appellation of “‘ Gum-trees ;” 
often flowering when quite young and small. Leaves in young saplings 
generally horizontal, opposite, sessile, and cordate; in the adult tree 
mostly vertical, alternate, petiolate, and passing more or less from broadly 
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, and falcate, always rigid. Flowers in 
umbels or heads, usually pedunculate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 
truncate, the orifice closed by an operculum (formed of the concrete petals 
and calyx-lobes?), generally thick, fleshy or woody, covering the stamens 
in the bud, and falling off entire when the stamens expand. Stamens 
numerous, in several series. Ovary inferior, the summit glabrous, flat 
convex or conical, 3-6-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell, on an 
axile placenta. Fruit consisting of the more or less enlarged truncate 
calyx-tube, usually of a hard and woody texture, interspersed with resin- 
ous receptacles. The fertile seeds are often, but not in all species minute ; 
the embryo has broad-cordate 2-lobed or bipartite cotyledons folded over 
the straight radicle, but otherwise flat. A large proportion of the seeds 


Eucalyptus. | XXXVII. MYRTACEA. 231 


are often abortive, and these are generally enlarged, variously shaped, and 
of a hard and uniform texture. 

Numerous species have been introduced into India; they grow with 
great rapidity, and the timber is much valued in Australia. It will here 
suffice to mention two species as representatives of those which are com- 
monly called in Australia Blue Gum and Stringy-bark. 

Leaves of old trees 4-6 in. long ; flowers small, umbellate ; fruit 


3-5 lines diam. . f ; i ‘ s : i é 1. £. obliqua. 
Leaves 6-12 in. long ; flowers large, sessile; fruit 9-12 lines diam. 2. EH. Globulus. 


1. E. obliqua, L’Hér. ; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 205.—Syn. #. gigantea, 
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. t. 28. Stringy-bark. 

An immense tree, attaining from 150 to 250 ft. with a very tenacious 
rugged, fibrous bark, flaking off in stringy masses. Leaves of young 
trees opposite, of flowering branches alternate, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, 
and very oblique at the base, more or less acuminate, 4-6 in. long, with 
oblique distant, anastomosing’ veins, inserted along the midrib, and in- 
tramarginal veins at some distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary 
or lateral, bearing each an umbel of about 4-12 flowers. Operculum 
shorter than calyx-tube. Stamens +} in, long, all perfect ; anther-cells 
diverging or at length divaricate and confluent at the apex. Fruit more 
or less pear-shaped, truncate at the top, 3-5 lines diameter; capsule more 
or less sunk. Seeds minute. 

This kind of Stringy-bark forms vast forests in Victoria and South Australia, 
and is abundant in ‘Tasmania, forming a great part of the hill forests, and 
ascending to 4000 ft. Specimens have been felled in the valleys at the base of 
Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 300 ft. high and 100 ft. in girth. Has been in- 
troduced extensively on the Nilgiris, and on a smaller scale, by way of experi- 
ment, in the Panjab, and in several places of the North-West Himalaya. 


2. E. Globulus, Labillardicre ; Benth. 1. c. 225 ; Paxton’s Flower Gar- 
den, iis 38, fig. 153. . Blue Gum. 


A lofty tree, attaining 350 ft. Foliage when crushed of a powerful 
almost offensive smell. Young shoots and foliage glaucous-grey. Leaves 
of the youtig tree opposite, sessile and cordate; of the full-grown tree 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, falcate, often 6-12 in. long, with 
oblique, conspicuous anastomosing veins, all inserted along the midrib, 
and intramarginal veins at some distance from the edge. Flowers large, 
axillary, solitary or 2-3 together, closely sessile on the branch or on a ped- 
uncle not longer than thick. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate, thick, woody, 
more or less ribbed or rugose, 4-7 in. diameter. Operculum shorter than 
calyx-tube. Stamens above 4 in. long; anthers ovate with parallel cells. 
Fruit semiglobular, ?-1 in. diameter; capsule nearly level with the rim. 
Seeds minute ; 10,000 sifted fertile seeds per ounce (F. v. Mueller). 

Gregarious in Victoria and the south of Tasmania. Introduced on the Nil- 
giris and (experimentally) in the Panjab. Cultivated in the plantations made 
in the south of France (near Nice) on barren hills. Growth extremely rapid 
while young (9 ft. girth in twenty years on the Nilgiris). Heartwood brown, 


hard, tough, durable, takes a fine polish. The leaves are used as a febrifuge in 
Australia. 


232 XXXVII. MYRTACEA. | Zucalyptus. 


The yarrah wood of Western Australia (Z. rostrata, Schlechtendal, Benth. 
1. c. 240) is a very strong and durable wood, but apt to crack and split unless 
thoroughly seasoned. _It is said to resist white ants and the Teredo navalis, and 
has been imported to India for railway-sleepers. The Red Gum of Australia 
is the opens of several species, especially of H. resinifera, Smith, Benth. 1. ¢. 
245. It isnearly allied to Kino, is largely imported into Europe, and is used in 
medicine (Pharm. Ind. 71). Several ethereal oils (Hucalyptus oil, Mali oil) are 
distilled from the leaves of other species, and form an important article of ex- 
port. Thus there are many reasons why the cultivation of those species of 
Eucalyptus, which will thrive in India, deserves to be encouraged. 


2, PSIDIUM, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves; peduncles axillary, 1- or few- 
flowered ; flowers large. Calyx-tube ovate, adnate at the base, the upper 
free portion quite entire, closed in the bud, at length irregularly bursting 
into lobes or coming off entire. Petals 4 or 5, free. Ovary 2- or more- 
celled, with many ovules in each. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds 
with a hard testa; embryo curved with a long radicle and short coty- 
ledons. 


1. P. Guava, Raddi; Grisebach West Ind. Fl. 241.—Syn. P. pomi- 
Jerum, Linn. Bot. Reg. t. 1079, with globose; P. pyriferum, Linn., with 
obovate fruit. The Guava-tree. Vern. Amrit, amrid (the Persian name 
for Pear), Safri-am, North-West India; Piydara, Beng. 


A small tree or large shrub, young branches pubescent. Leaves ob- 
long or elliptic-oblong, 4-6 in. long, on very short petioles, pubescent be- 
neath, nearly glabrous above, with 15-20 pairs of prominent main lateral 
nerves, arcuate near the edge, and joined by prominent intramarginal 
veins. Peduncles axillary, 1}-1 in. long, with 1-3 flowers. Free part of 
calyx ovoid in bud, larger than the ovoid ovary, bursting into irregular 
lobes. Petals 4 in. diam. or,more. Fruit globose or obovoid, inside red 
white or yellowish. 4 

Indigenous in Mexico, and possibly in other parts of tropical America, cul- 
tivated and naturalised in most tropical countries. In India cultivated almost 
everywhere, except in the north-western corner of the Panjab. Often run wild, 
but there is no ground for supposing that the Guava is indigenous in India. 
Wood compact, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish. 


Nearly related is the Myrtle, Myrtus communis, Linn. ; Boissier Fl. Orient. 
ii, 736—Vern. Vildyate mehndi, mirad—indigenous in the Mediterranean 
region, and often cultivated in India; evergreen, wholly glabrous, with small 
ovate acuminate leaves ; white flowers ; small black berries ; free part of calyx- 
tube short, regularly 4-5 cleft. Leaves used in native medicine. . 


3. EUGENTIA, Linn. 


Evergreen trees or shrubs, with opposite, penniveined leaves; the 
flowers tetramerous (Indian species), rarely pentamerous, in lateral or ter- 
minal trichotomous cymes or panicles. Calyx-tube from globular to nar- 
row-turbinate. Stamens numerous, in several series, free or obscurely 


Eugenia. | XXXVII. MYRTACER 233 


collected in 4.bundles ; anthers versatile, usually small, the cells opening 
longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in each 
cell. Fruit a berry with 1 or few seeds; testa membranous or cartila- 
ginous ; embryo thick and fleshy with a very short radicle; the coty- 
ledons either united in an apparently homogeneous mass, or more or less 
separable. 


Flowers large, in short 4-8-flowered terminal cymose racemes . 1. H. Jambos. 
Flowers small in trichotomous panicles arising from the previous 
year’s wood below the leaves. 
Leaves coriaceous, lateral nerves close together . . . 2. E. Jambolana. 
Leaves subcoriaceous, lateral nerves distant . ; , . 3. #. operculata. 


1. E. Jambos, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 494.—Syn. Jambosa vulgaris, 
W. & A. Prodr. 332; Wight Ic. t. 435. The Rose-apple. Sans. Jambu. 
Vern. Gulab jaman. 


A moderate-sized tree, quite glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, entire, lan- 
ceolate, 5-8 in. long, narrowed into short petioles ; lateral nerves distant, 
joined by prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers tetramerous, large, 
white, 1-14 in. to tip of stamens, on pedicels 4 in. long, in short cymose 
terminal racemes, composed of 2-4 pair of opposite flowers (1-flowered 
cymes), the uppermost opening first. Calyx-tube turbinate, edge free, 
somewhat produced above the ovary ; lobes round, obtuse. Fruit sub- 
globose, 1-2 in. long, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. 


Only cultivated within the range of this Flora, rare in the Panjab. Indigen- 
ous in the Sikkim Terai. Cultivated in many tropical countries. Fl. Feb. ; 
fruit ripens July, Aug. Trunk short; bark thin, grey, with shallow furrows, 
inner substance reddish, compact, brittle. Wood reddish brown. The tree is 
planted for shade and ornament, and on account of its fruit, the size of a small 
apple, with a delicate rose-water perfume, but dry and hardly worth eating. 


2. E. Jambolana, Lam. — Tab. XXX. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 197; 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 484.—Syn. Syzygium Jambolanum, W. & A. Prodr. 
329, often called the Black Plum. Sans. Jambu, jambula. Vern. Jam, 
jaman, jamni, phalani, phalinda, pharenda, phaunda, paiman. 


A moderate-sized tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, shining, 
entire, oval oval-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, generally long-acuminate, 
3-6 in. long, narrowed into petiole 4-1 in. long; lateral nerves numerous, 
close together, parallel, confluent near the margin, but not forming regu- 
lar prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers greenish, tetramerous, small, 
numerous, }-4 in. to tip of stamens, nearly sessile, in 3-flowered cymes 
(sometimes by abortion 1- or 2-flowered), arranged in broad trichotomous 
panicles, lateral on the previous year’s wood, rarely terminal, the ultimate 
cymes approximate at the end of each branch of the inflorescence, forming 
rounded fascicles of flowers. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, the upper part 
campanulate, produced above the ovary; lobes very short. Petals co- 
hering and falling off in a calyptra. Berry oblong or subglobose, 4-1 in. 
long, crowned with the base of the cup-shaped calyx, purple or black, suc- 


234 XXXVII. MYRTACEZ, [ Eugenia. 


culent, smooth when ripe. Exceedingly variable in the shape of its leaves, 

the size of the fruit, and also in other respects. In Wight’s Icones the 
following are figured as forms of the same species: EH. Jambolana, t. 535, 
with large loose spreading panicles and oblong 5-seeded fruit ; EZ. caryo- 
phyllefolia, Lam. t. 553; Roxb. 1. ¢. 486, with ovate-lanceolate, long- 
acuminate leaves and globose fruit; 2. obtusifolia, Roxb. 1. ¢. 485, t. 
620, with obtuse leaves and oblong 1-seeded fruit. 


Common throughout India, excepting the arid region of Sindh, and the 
southern Panjab. In the sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills extends west 
nearly to the Indus, and ascends to 3000 ft. (Panjab), 5000 ft. (Kamaon). 
Generally in moist places near rivers and water-courses, but also on high ground, 
and often associated with Sal. Commonly cultivated in India, also in other 
tropical and sub-tropical countries. In Queensland, New South Wales, and the 
Indian Archipelago, indigenous or cultivated. Fl. March, April; the fruit 
ripens in June, July. The leaves are renewed in March, the flush of the young 
leaves coming out with a bright copper-colour. (In the Panjab the tree is not 
evergreen, the old leaves are shed in January and the new foliage comes out 
from March to May.—J. L. 8.) 

Attains 70-80, at times 90 ft. ; trunk not tall, and not very straight, but often 
20 ft. clear to first branch ; girth 6-8, at times 12-15 ft. Branches spreading 
and ascending, with drooping branchlets, forming a close shady crown—a great 
relief in the hot months in the otherwise leafless forest. Foliage dark green ; 
leaves shining, aromatic. Bark 1-14 in. thick, corky, light or dark grey. Inner 
bark pale reddish-brown, compact, fibrous. Heartwood reddish-brown, tough 
and hard. Weight 43-48 lb. per cub. ft. when seasoned, 63 when green. Value 
of P. 600 (Skinner). Annual layers visible. Warps in seasoning, but is fairly 
durable. Used much for building, agricultural implements, for well-curbs, and 
well-steps, where it is considered almost indestructible. Boats and canoes are 
made of it. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning. ‘The fruit is much 
eaten by natives : in appearance it resembles a damson, has a harsh but sweetish 
flavour, somewhat astringent and acid. Is much eaten by birds ; a favourite 
food of the large bat (flying fox). A kind of vinegar is prepared from it, which 
is used in diseases of the spleen. Grows quickly at first, but slowly afterwards. 
Young plants suffer from frost in the Panjab plains. 

Nearly allied to . Jambolana, is E. salicifolia, Wight Ic. t. 539, Syzygium 
salicifolium, Graham Cat. Bomb. Pl. p. 73, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. p. 94, with narrow 
lanceolate leaves, and small white flowers in lax panicles from the old wood 
below the leaves ; a shrub or tree, common gregariously on the banks of the 
Koina river, and in other valleys of the Sattara Ghats, identified by Beddome, 
FL Syly. p. 109, with a narrow-leaved Eugenia growing in the bed of the Ner- 
budda river, near Jubbulpur. 


3. E. operculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486; Wight Ic. t. 552.—Syn. 
Syzygium nervosum, DC. P. iii. 260. Eugenia nervosa, DC. ; Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. Manual, p. 106 (but not ZH. nervosa, DC. P. iii. 284, which is a 
different tree from Cochin-China), E. cerasoides, Roxb., and £. Paniala, 
Roxb. 1. c. 488, 489, probably refer to the same tree. Vern. ai aman, 
jamawa, paiman, N.W.P.; Jaman, dugdugia, Oudh. 


A middle-sized tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous, broad- 
ovate or elliptical, 3-8 in. long, 2-4 in. broad, obtuse or shortly acumin- 
ate, narrowed into petiole, 3-1in. long, with 8-12 pairs of main lateral slightly 


Eugenia. | XXXVII. MYRTACE. 235 


arcuate nerves, very prominent below, intramarginal veins generally not 
rominent. Flowers tetramerous, small, greenish, odorous, nearly sessile, 
in 3-flowered cymes, arranged in broad lax trichotomous panicles, with 
spreading or divaricate branches, arising from the leafless nodes of the pre- 
vious year’s wood. Calyx campanulate, with short obtuse marginate 
teeth.- Petals cohering and falling off ina calyptra. Berry globose or 
ovoid, }-4 in. long, with but little mark of calyx, rugose, very juicy. 


Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 2000 ft. 
Oudh and Gorakhpur forests, Chittagong, Burma, the western coast, and Ceylon. 
Outside India in South’ China and the Indian Archipelago. The fruit is eaten, 
and the tree is planted for its fruit. The leaves are renewed in April, the old 
leaves turning red before they areshed. Fl. April, May. The fruit ripens in 
June, July. In dry places a scrubby tree 35 ft. high and 5 ft. girth, but under 
favourable conditions grows to be one of the largest and most handsome trees of 
the genus, Bark 1 in. thick or more, cinereous, brown or blackish; rough with . 
irregular hard scales, leaving cayities when they exfoliate. Inner substance 
red, fibrous. Sap-and heart-wood similar, brown, close- and fine-grained. Tough 
and durable, seasons and polishes well. Used in Kamaon and Garhwal for build- 
ing and agricultural implements. The fruit is eaten. 


4, BARRINGTONTIA, Forst. 


Trees with alternate leaves, usually approximate at the ends of branches. 
Flowers in terminal or lateral spikes or racemes, with small deciduous 
bracts. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, not at all or scarcely produced 
above the ovary. Petals 4 or 5; adhering at the base to the staminal ring. 
Stamens indefinite, in many series, connate at the base into a short ring 
or cup ; anthers small, versatile or fixed near the base. Ovary inferior, 
with an annular disc on the top within the stamens, 2-4-celled ; 2-8 ovules 
in each cell; style filiform, with a small stigma. Fruit pyramidal ovoid 
or oblong, hard and fibrous, indehiscent. Seed solitary, with a thick testa; 
albumennone. Embryo thick, fleshy, consisting of two concentric homo- 
geneous masses, the central mass corresponding to the pith, the outer to 
the bark, both separated by a thin layer of delicate vessels and fibres, cor- 
responding to the woody portion of stem and root. Cotyledons rudimen- 
tary, scale-like. On the structure of the seeds of Barringtonia and Careya, 
see Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii: 47. 


1. B. acutangula, Gartner Sem. ii. t. 101; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 204 ; 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 635; W. & A. Prodr. 333.—Vern. Samundar phil, 
panniari, ingar, Oudh ; Kanapa chettu, Telugu. 

A moderate-sized tree, with obovate or oblanceolate leaves, entire or 
serrulate, narrowed into a short petiole, glabrous, pale beneath, 3-5 in. 
long. Flowers red, in long slender pendulous racemes ; bracts oblong, 
very deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. 
Fruit oblong, 4-angled, 1 in. long or longer. 

Common on banks of streams, edges of swamps, and in moist places generally, 


in South India, Burma, Bengal, the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan 
tract, extending west to the Jumna. Also Indian Archipelago and North 


236 XXXVIL MYRTACEZ. | Barringtonia. 


Australia. Leaves shed and renewed March, April. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.-Oct. 
Attains a height of 30 and a girth of 5 ft., with a short trunk, and large crooked 
spreading branches. Bark 1 in. thick, cinereous or brownish black, rough with 
longitudinal reticulate cracks and furrows, and irregularly oblong exfoliating 
scales. Wood pale or reddish-brown, turns black if buried in mud, fine-, close-, 
but sbort-grained, hard, tough, strong, weight of cub. ft. 56 Ib. (Skinner), 39.4 
(Kyd) ; value of P. 315 (Kyd), 648 (Benson, green wood), 863 (Skinner). Said 
to be durable. No distinct heartwood. Used for boat-building, in wells, for 
carts, rice-pounders, and by cabinet-makers. The pounded bark is used to in- 
toxicate fish ; mixed with chaff and pulse, it is given as cattle-fodder. 


5. CAREYA, Roxb. 


Trees or undershrubs, with alternate leaves approximate near the ends 
of branches, and large showy flowers. Calyx wholly adnate to the ovary, 
ovoid or turbinate, with a 4-cleft limb. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 
very numerous, in several rows ; filaments distinct above, united at the 
base into a thick fleshy ring, inserted with the petals; the exterior and 
interior stamens generally without anthers, the middle row antheriferous ; 
anthers small, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 4-celled, with 
numerous ovules attached to axile placentas; style filiform; stigma 
capitate, obscurely 4-lobed or -toothed. Fruit globose, with a thick rind, 
numerous seeds embedded ina fleshy pulp. Noalbumen. Embryo large, 
almond-like, structure similar to that of Barringtonia. 


A large tree ; flowers sessile > . . . . . 1. CG. arborea. 
An undershrub ; flowers pedunculate. ‘ . ° . 2. C. herbacea. 


1. ©. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 218; Wight Ill. t. 99, 100; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t. 205, Anal. t. 18 i7.; W. & A. Prodr. 334. Vern. Kumbi 
kumbh, Khumbi. Gond. names: Kumri, Chindwara; Gumar, Mandla, 
Balaghat. 


A large tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves obovate-oblong, membranous, 
sessile or narrowed into short marginate petiole, crenate, with 10-12 
pair of prominent main lateral nerves. Flowers large, sessile, a few 
together at the ends of branchlets, white and pink, with an unpleasant 
smell. Fruit globose, green, 3 in. across, crowned with the persistent 
calyx-segments. 


Common in South India, Bengal, and Burma. Sparingly found in the forests 
of the Central Provinces, Oudh, and in the sub-Himalayan tract, where it ex- 
tends west a little beyond the Jumna. Grown here and there in gardens in the 
Panjab. (In North Australia and Queensland a tree is found nearly related to 
this, C. arborea, var. australis, Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 289.) Bare during part 
of the dry season, the new foliage appears in March, April. Fl. with the 
young leaves ; fr. ripens and falls about July. 

Under favourable circumstances attains a height of 50, and a girth of 8 ft., 
but in Central and North India is generally a much smaller tree. Bark 1-2 in. 
thick, dark grey, or dark brown, smooth or rough, with large exfoliating scales. 
Inner bark red, very fibrous. Sapwood yellowish white, iarge, heartwood dull 
red, or reddish brown, beautifully mottled, even-grained, hard and strong, does 
not season well, is. apt to split, but takes a fine polish. The weight of a cub. 
ft. of seasoned wood is given by Skinner at 50 lb., and this may probably be 


Careya. | XXXVII. MYRTACE”. 237 


accepted as a fair average, though it seems to fluctuate between wide limits, the 
extremes being 35 and 60.75. My experiments with Burma wood gave 55 in 
1862, 50.58 and 60.37 in 1864, The average of 9 experiments made by me in 
1864 was P.—768, the extremes being 645 and 950; Skinner gives it at 870, 
which is probably somewhat too high. I am inclined to accept 800 as the mean 
value of the coefficient of transverse strength, with regard to the results of all 
experiments available to me. Annual rings fairly distinct, medullary rays very 
numerous, very fine, pores scanty, mm oval groups of 3-6, uniformly distributed. 
Each annual ring marked by a narrow ring of darker wood. The wood is not 
much used in North-West India, save for agricultural implements. In South 
India and Burma used for cart-building. The bark is used as an astringent 
in native medicine, From the inner bark fuses for matchlocks are made, by 

ounding, cleaning, drying, and twisting it into a thin cord. These are said to 
ae at the rate of 12 inches per hour. Coarse strong cordage is also made of 
the bark. ¢ 


2. ©. herbacea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 217. 


A small undershrub ; a thick woody root-stock producing annually a 
herbaceous stem 12-in. high, with cuneate leaves, and a number of pedun- 
culate large beautiful pink flowers which appear in spring. 


Grass lands in Bengal, Oudh, and the Central Provinces. 


Orper XXXVIIL LYTHRARIE, 


Herbs, shrubs or trees with simple entire leaves, generally opposite, 
sometimes alternate or verticillate. Stipules none. Flowers bisexual, 
generally regular. Calyx free, campanulate cylindrical or hemispherical ; 
lobes 4-8, valvate in bud, and often with as many intermediate, usually 
exterior teeth or appendices. Petals generally isomerous and alternate 
with the calyx-lobes, obovate, often corrugated in the bud, sometimes 
wanting, inserted inside the limb of the calyx. Stamens usually definite, 
perigynous ; filaments inflected in the bud; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing 
longitudinally. Ovary free, usually 2-4-celled, cells with numerous ovules. 
attached to an axile placenta; style simple, persistent. Fruit a capsule, 
2-4- or many-celled, or by obliteration of septa 1-celled. Seeds numer- 
ous without albumen, embryo straight with a short radicle-—Gen. Pl. 
i. 773; Royle Ill. 208 (Granatee), 212 ; Wight Ill. i. 204 (Salicariee), 
ii. 2 (Granatee). 
Ovary free ; leaves with black dots or glands beneath ; calyx- 

tube curved ; ‘ é ‘ ‘ : ; . 1. Wooprorpta. 
Ovary free ; leaves without dots or glands; calyx-tube straight. | 

Calyx-lobes 4; petals 4; stamens8 . ; : } . 2. LAawsontia. 

Calyx-lobes 6; petals 6 ; stamens numerous : . ° . 8. LaGERSTR@MIA4. 
Ovary inferior ; fruit with a hard coriaceous rind, crowned by 

the persistent calyx - ‘ , ; ; ; : 
Ovary partially adnate to calyx ; fruit fleshy, base and sides 
adnate to the persistent calyx ; leaves thick . ; . 5. SONNERATIA. 


4. PUNICA. 


1. WOODFORDIA, Salisbury. 


Calyx tubular, coloured, slightly curved and widened at the mouth, 
which is oblique, and has 6 small equal deltoid lobes, and as many exter- 


238 XXXVIII. LYTHRARIE. [ Woodfordia. 


nal short appendices, persistent in fruit, expanding and generally split 
below. Petals 6, alternate with the calyx-lobes, linear-lanceolate, minute. 
Stamens 12, inserted near base of calyx, much exserted ; anthers ovate, 
_ versatile. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, exserted. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
valved, with numerous small seeds, covered with the persistent calyx. _ 


1. W. floribunda, Salisb.; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 737.—Syn. Grislea 
tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 31; Fl. Ind. ii. 233; W. & A. Prodr. 308. . 
Sans. Dhatri pushpika, Agnivala (the flame of fire). Vern. Dawi, tawi, 
tawa, dha, thawi, sautha, dahai, dhae, dhaura, dhaula. ocal names: 
Dhewtie, Oudh ; Dhuvie, surtari, C.P.; Pitta marra, Gonds, C.P. 


A large shrub, with long spreading branches, pubescent, young branch- 
lets and leaves with numerous small black glands. Leaves opposite or 
subopposite, sometimes in whorls of 3, sessile, 2-4 in. long, ovate-lanceo- 
late from a cordate or rounded base, with 6-10 prominent arcuate lateral 
nerves on either side of midrib, joined by distinct intramarginal veins. 
Flowers on slender pedicels dilated above, shorter than calyx, with a few 
bracts at base, in axillary clusters. Length of style and stamens vary in 
this plant, as noticed for Lythrum Salicaria in Oliver’s Ind. Bot. 213. 


Common throughout India, beyond the Indus at Peshawar, and in Beluchis- 
tan. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the N.W. Himalaya. Fl. Feb.-April. 10 ft. high 
or more, bark smooth, peeling off in thin scales, wood pale nut-brown, close- 
grained, used as fuel. In the north-west the flowers are collected for export to 
the Panjab, for dyeing silks. The flowers secrete much honey. 


2. LAWSONTA, Linn. 


Calyx short, broad-turbinate, deeply cleft into 4, broad-ovate lobes, 
without appendices. Petals 4, sessile, corrugated in bud, inserted on a 
raised ring at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 8, inserted in pairs be- 
tween the petals, sometimes 4 only ; filaments subulate ; anthers broad- 
oblong, the cells attached to a thick connective. Ovary globose, 4-celled ; 
style filiform ; ovules numerous, adnate to thick axile placentas. Capsule 
globose, supported at the base by the persistent calyx, pericarp brittle, 
bursting irregularly. Seeds truncate, cuneate or pyramidal, with a thick 
testa; cotyledons flat, orbicular ; radicle short. . 


1. L. alba, Lamarck ;. Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 744; Wight Ill. t. 87; 
W. & A. Prodr. 307.—Syn. LZ. inermis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 258. Z. 
spinosa, Linn. The Henna plant of Egypt. Sans. Mendhi. Vern. 
Mendi, mehndi. 


A glabrous shrub, with angular branchlets sometimes spinescent, and 
opposite, sessile coriaceous small leaves, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, from 
a cuneate base; about lin. long. Flowers greenish yellow, very fragrant, 
4 in. across, on short slender pedicels, in large terminal paniculate cymes. 


Indigenous in Beluchistan, on dry hills of the Coromandel coast, and perhaps 
in Central India, Cultivated throughout India for its leaves, and as a hedge- 


Lawsonia. | XXXVIII. LYTHRARIEA. 239 


plant. Probably indigenous in North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Cultivated 
in most tropical and subtropical countries. Fl. throughout the year. Grown 
from seed and cuttings. The leaves are powdered and made into a paste which 
is used to dye nails, skin, and beard. Regarding its cultivation in the Amballa 
district, see Edgeworth Jour. As. Soc. vii. 754, 


3. LAGERSTRGMITA, Linn. 


Trees and shrubs; leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, petio- 
late, oblong or ovate, entire. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. 
Calyx-tube short, broadly turbinate, cleft into 6 ovate lobes. Petals 6, 
inserted between the calyx-lobes, clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted 
at the bottom of the calyx-tube ; filaments long exserted, filiform ; anthers 
versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-6-celled ; style filiform; ovules numerous, 
attached to axile placentas. Fruit an oblong, coriaceous capsule, girt at 
the base by the persistent calyx, 3-6-celled, dehiscing loculicidally into 
3-6 valves; dissepiments and placentz attached to the middle of the 
valves. Seeds winged, with a membranous testa; cotyledons orbicular; 
radicle cylindrical. 


1. L. parviflora, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 66; Fl. Ind. ii. 505; Bedd. FI. 
Sylv. t. 31; W. & A. Prodr. 308.—Vern. Bakli, dhaura, Kat dhaura : 
N.W.P. ; Lendia, leindia, seina,,C.P. ; Sidda, asid, Oudh and Mirzapore 
district ; Shej, Banda; Kakria, kakrio, Banswara and Guzerat. 


A large tree, glabrous, only youngest branches and leaves slightly 
pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, sessile or very shortly petiolate, 
oblong or ovate, with 6-10 prominent, arcuate lateral main nerves on either 
side of midrib. Flowers white, fragrant, } in. across, on slender pedicels 
in panicles, few or many flowered. Calyx even, not ribbed, pubescent, 
the 6 outer stamens much longer than the rest. Capsule ovoid or cylin- 
drical, 3-5 in. long, 3-4-celled. Seed with a terminal wing, longer than 
seed, the whole ? in. long, } in. broad in the middle, with a straight thin 
edge on the inside, and a thick curved bark on the outside. 


Common in Central India, Bandelkhand, Behar, Bengal, the Oudh forests, 
and the sub-Himalayan tract to the Jumna, ascending to 3000, and occasionally 
to 5000 ft. Banswara, Guzerat. South India (frequent in Mysore and on the 
east side). The old leaves shed in March, April, the young foliage comes out 
in May. Fl. April-June ; fruit ripens in August, and remains long on the tree. 

In North and Central India attains 50-70 ft., and a girth of 6-8 ft., with a 
straight clean stem, often 30-40 ft. to the first branch. Grows well from seed, 
coppices readily, the shoots growing rapidly into tall straight poles. Bark 3-1 
in. thick, light ash-coloured, almost white, even, smooth, rarely marked with 
few shallow furrows, flaking off in dark-coloured scurfy pieces, leaving exposed 
the inner lighter-coloured layers. Wood light brown or yellowish, often with 
a reddish tinge, and mottled, smooth- and even-grained. Heartwood darker, 
but not sharply defined. Pores large ; numerous whitish wavy concentric bands 
in the wood ; annual rings not distinct. The cub. ft. weighs 40-50 lb. Elas- 
tic, tough, and of great transverse strength. Seasons well, works freely, and 
takes a fine polish. Fairly durable. Used extensively, and valued highly for 
ploughs and other agricultural implements, and for construction. Buggy-shafts 


240 XXXVIIL LYTHRARIEM. | Lagerstremia. 


and axe-handles are made of it. A sweet gum exudes from wounds in tae oark, 
and is eaten. Bark and leaves are extensively employed for tanning. 

L. lanceolata, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 33,__Vern. Bandara, nandi, nana, 
nani, Western Ghats, a common tree in the forests on the west side of the 
Peninsula as far north as Khandeish, is similar to Z. po but is readily 


distinguished by petiolate, ovate, acuminate leaves, which are bluish white be- 


neath ; larger flower-panicles, the calyx and pedicels clothed with dense grey 
ubescence, calyx-segments reflexed, and small capsules 4-4 in. long. (The 
arge capsules figured by Beddome do not apparently belong to this species.) 

3 indica, Linn. ; Wight Ill. t. 86; a handsome shrub from China, with 
large white or purple flowers ; petals long-clawed and much curled. Is culti- 
vated in gardens. 

L. Regine, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 65; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 29; is a large, bulky, 
and valuable timber-tree with large showy lilac flowers, in moist forests of Eastern 
Bengal, Burma, the western coast of the Peninsula, and at the foot of the Ghats, 
extending north as far as the Ratnagiri district, where it is called Taman.— 
Vern. Jariil, Bengal. Pymma, Burm. It differs from the three first-named 
species by the calyx longitudinally ribbed and furrowed, by all stamens being 
of equal length, and a large 6-celled ovoid or globose capsule. The wood is 
red, not heavy, and fairly strong, the cub. ft. weighs between 36 and 47 lb., and 
the average value of P. ranges from 600-850. It is used extensively for ship- 
building at Chittagong, and in Burma. 


4, PUNICA, Linn. 


Ovary inferior ; calyx coriaceous, persistent, prolonged above the ovary, 
free part campanulate, cleft into 5-7 valvate lobes. Petals as many as 
calyx-lobes, inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, crumpled in bud. 
Stamens numerous, inserted at different heights below the petals ; fila- 
ments distinct ; anther-cells attached to a large ovoid connective. Style 
filiform ; stigma capitate. Fruit large, globose, crowned by the somewhat 
tubular limb of the calyx, indehiscent, divided in 2 tiers or divisions, the 
lower 3-celled, the upper 5-9-celled ; dissepiments membranous ; placente 
in the lower division at the bottom of the cells, in the upper stretching 
from the side of the fruit to the middle. Seeds numerous, nestling in a 
pellucid pulp. Embryo oblong; radicle short, acute; cotyledons folia- 
ceous, spirally convolute. 

The structure of the fruit is remarkable. The bud in its youngest state 
shows a thick concave disc, closed by the valvate sepals or calyx-lobes. 
At the bottom of the disc appear the carpels, in two circles ; at its edge 
the petals, alternating with the calyx-lobes, and the space between petals 
and carpels is occupied by numerous rows of stamens. The carpels of the 
outer circle appear first, they are 5-9; the number of the inner carpels is 
generally 3, sometimes 5. These carpels coalesce, and the upper portions 
uniting, form the style. Each carpel has numerous ovules, which origin- 
ally appear at the bottom of its cavity. Meanwhile the sides of the con- 
cave disc keep on growing, finally the outer carpels are raised, and form 
the upper division of cells in the fruit, while those of the inner ring re- 
main at the bottom, and form the lower tier or division. The position of 
the placentz also is somewhat changed through the expansion and altered 
position of the carpels. The ripe Pomegranate may be compared to the 


= 


Punica. XXXVIII. LYTHRARIEA. 241 


fruit of a Rose, with this difference, that in the Rose the carpels are more 
numerous, that they do not coalesce, though the styles sometimes do, and 
that they are l-seeded. This brief indication of a most curious structure 
is intended to elicit further researches on the development of the ovary in 
the Indian genera of Rosacese, Myrtacee, and Lythrariex (Sonneratia and 
Duabanga). With regard to Punica, there should be consulted, besides 
Lindley’s Vegetable Kingdom, and Wight’s Illustrations, Agardh. Syst. 
Plant. 1858, t. xii.; Griffith Notule, iv. p. 641, Ic. t. 634 ; Payer Organo- 
genie Comparée de la Fleur, Paris, 1857, p. 465, t. 99; Berg in Martius 
Fl. Brasiliensis, Myrtacez, p. 6, t. 8,9. Punica is an anomalous genus, 
with some affinity to Myrtacez, but is separated from that order by the 
valvate calyx and other characters. 


1. P. Granatum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 499; W.& A. Prodr. 327 ; 
Wight Ill. t. 97. The Pomegranate. Sans. Dalima; Arab. Ruman ; 
Pers. Andr.—Vern. Anar (tree and fruit), darim, dalim, dal, daru, dharu, 
darnu. ind 


A shrub or small tree, deciduous, glabrous, often with spinescent branch- 
lets. Leaves opposite or subopposite, often fascicled, on short petioles, ob- 
long, quite entire, not dotted. Flowers sessile, terminal, solitary or in 
3-flowered cymes, usually scarlet, rarely white or yellow. Fruit 2-34 
in. diam., with a coriaceous rind; pulp red, in some varieties white. Seeds 
angled. 


Wild, common in Eastern Afghanistan and Beluchistan to 6000 ft. Hills 
west of Sindh to 4000 ft. East flank of Suliman range between 3500 and 6000 
ft. Not uncommon in the Panjab Salt range, and in parts of the North-West 
Himalaya. Abundant in Kamaon (wild ?) at elevations between 2000-6000 ft. 
Believed also to be indigenous in Syria. Run wild in Greece (Fraas Syn. Pl. 
Fl. class. 79). Cultivated extensively in many parts of India, in Western Asia, 
the Mediterranean region, and in many subtropical countries of the Old and the 
New World.* New leaves (in India) Feb., March ; fl. chiefly April, May, but 
also at other seasons ; the fruit ripens from July-Sept. Easily raised from cut- 
tings ; growth slow (18 rings per in. radius). 

Rarely over 20 ft. high, with a short trunk attaining 3-4 ft. in girth ; bark 
yellowish or dark grey. Wood whitish or yellowish white, close- and even- 
grained, hard, heavy, takes a fine polish. Several varieties of the fruit are cul- 
tivated in Kashmir, but the best Pomegranates are imported into India from 
Afghanistan ; those of Jellalabad are valued most. The bark of the root is an 
excellent vermifuge, and is considered a specific against the tape-worm (Pharm. 
Ind. 93). The rind of the fruit, ndspal, Pb. chandi, chowdi, kitshidla, Sindh, 
is extensively used as a dye- and tan-stuff ; from the flowers a light-red dye is 
made, Morocco leather is tanned and dyed with the bark of the tree. 


* The Pomegranate, the Fig, and the Vine are frequently mentioned in the Old 
Testament (e. g., Deut. viii. 8). The Pomegranate occurs in the Odyssey ; its name 
(ford) is supposed to suggest an affinity with the Hebrew and Syrian name Rimmon. 
There seems no doubt that the tree is not indigenous in Greece, and that its cultiva- 
tion was originally introduced from Syria. Of the Latin names, mala granata, que 
punica vocantur, the first is explained by the number of seeds (a granorum multitu- 
dine), the second indicates that the fruit, or at least some of the better kinds, was 
brought from North Africa. The Pomegranate is not, however, indigenous in North 
Africa, and was probably brought to Carthage from Pheenicia. 


Q 


242 XXXVIIL LYTHRARIEZ. | Sonneratia. 


5. SONNERATTA, Linn. f. 


Glabrous trees or shrubs, with opposite, petiolate, thick leaves. Flowers 
large, solitary or in 3-flowered cymes. Calyx thick, the tube broadly cam- 
panulate, adnate to the ovary at the base ; lobes 4-8, without appendices. 
Petals 4-8, narrow or none. Stamens numerous, inserted at the top of the 
calyx-tube, inflected in the bud. Ovary enclosed in, and partially adnate 
to the calyx-tube, depressed-globose, 10-15-celled ; style elongated with 
a small capitate stigma. Fruit large, depressed, fleshy and indehiscent, 
surrounded by the persistent calyx, and adnate to it at the base. Seeds 
immersed in pulp, angular with a thick testa. Cotyledons oily. 


1. S. acida, Linn. f.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 506; W. & A. Prodr. 327 ; 
Wight Ic. t. 340. 


A small tree, with drooping branches and petiolate, broadly ovate or 
obovate leaves, generally with cuneate base. Calyx-segments about 1 
in. long. Petals purple, linear, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Fruit 1-2 
in. diam. 

In salt marshes and creeks. Delta of the Indus, western coast, Sunderbans, 
and Burma coast. Also on the east coast of Africa, and in North Australia. 
Wood used as fuel (Grah. Cat. Bomb. 72). 


Orper XXXIX. SAMYDACEA. 


Trees or shrubs, with simple, petiolate, alternate, distichous leaves, and 
small deciduous stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, regular, generally bi- 
sexual. Calyx coriaceous, persistent, gamosepalous, lobes 3-7, imbricate 
or valvate. Petals perigynous, none or as many as calyx-lobes, alternate 
with them and similar to them in substance. Stamens definite or indefi- 
nite, often alternating with barren staminodes ; anthers 2-celled, the cells 
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, rarely adnate to the calyx-tube, syn- 
carpous ; ovules attached to 3-5 parietal placentie. Fruit a capsule, 1- 
celled, generally 3-5-valved, rarely indehiscent. Seeds generally few, 
with a coriaceous or crustaceous testa, and copious fleshy albumen.—Gen. 
Pl. i, 794; Royle Ill. 170. 


1. CASEARIA, Jacq. 


Trees or shrubs with alternate, distichous leaves ; stipules small lateral. 
Flowers fasciculate, small, green or yellow, on articulate bracteate pedicels. 
Calyx-tube short, with 4-6 imbricate lobes. Petals none. Stamens 6-15, 
alternating with an equal number of barren staminodes, and usually con- 
nate with them into a short tube or ring. Ovary free, narrowed into a 
short style ; ovules numerous, attached to 3-4 parietal placentee. Capsule 
3-4-valved, seeds numerous, attached to the middle of the valves. Seeds 
with a fleshy aril ; albumen fleshy; embryo straight; cotyledons flat ; 
radicle terete. 


Tomentose ; stipules minute ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong . 1. C. tomentosa. 
Glabrous ; stipules 4 in. long; leaves elliptic . ¢ g . 2. C. graveolens. 


Casearia. | XXXIX, SAMYDACE. 243 


1. C. tornentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 421.—Tab. XXXI—Syn. C. 
elliptica, Willd. ; Wight Ic. t. 1849. Vern. Chilla, chilara, bairi, bhari. 
Local names, Tondri mara, Gonds, C.P. 


A small tree; leaves and branchlets tomentose. Leaves oblong, or 
ovate-oblong from an oblique base, serrate, 3-7 in. long, on short petioles ; 
8-10 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib, joined by prominent 
parallel transverse veins ; stipules small. Flowers tomentose, greenish 
yellow, on pedicels somewhat longer than calyx, numerous, in compact 
axillary fascicles. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Stamens 8; staminodes hairy. Fruit 
ovoid, 2 in. long, somewhat fleshy, 5-6-ribbed, 3-valved, on short pedicels, 
solitary, or few together in lateral fascicles. Seeds embedded in a scarlet 
soft mass, consisting of the agglomerate arils. 


Common in Central India, Behar, the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan 
tract as far as the Indus. Also in Eastern Bengal, South India and Ceylon. 
The leaves shed Jan.-March ; new leaves appear March, April. Fl. Jan.-May, 
generally about April. 

Generally not exceeding 30 ft., with a short trunk, attaining a girth of 4 ft.; 
on good soil (frequently in the Baraitch division of the Oudh forests), attaining 
40 ft., and 7-9 ft. girth, R.T. Bark nearly 1 in. thick, cinereous, with white 
specks, or blackish brown by age, smooth, with longitudinal wrinkles, with 
rough furrows in old stems. Wood dirty white, or yellowish, even-grained, 
compact, hard, strong and elastic, 48 lb. per cub ft., R.T. Apt to split in sea- 
soning, does not warp, and works smoothly. Heartwood not distinct, employed 
for ordinary purposes, not much valued, combs are made of it. All parts of the 
tree are very bitter ; in Kamaon the pounded bark is used for adulterating the 
Kamela powder of Rottlera tinctoria. The pounded fruit yields a milky, acrid 
juice, used for poisoning fish. 


2. C. graveolens, Dalzell; Kew Journ. of Bot. iv. 107 (1852) ; Bombay 
Fl. 11.—Vern. Chilla, naro, aloal, kathera, pimpri, North-West India ; 
Gorchi, tundri, C.P. 


A shrub or small tree, glabrous ; leaves elliptic, dentate, 4-8 in. long, 
on short petioles; 8-10 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib; 
stipules 4 in. long, faleate or lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers green, 
numerous, with a disagreeable odour, clustered in the axils of the leaves, 
glabrous ; pedicels very short. Calyx-lobes 5. Stamens 8, alternating 
with acute penicillate scales (staminodes). Fruit oblong, shining, 3-valved ; 
seeds 12. 


Abundant in the Oudh forests (associated with Sal), also in the Central Pro- 
vinces, the Konkan, and Canara. In the sub-Himalayan tract as far west as the 
Chenab, locally and sparingly only, ascending to 5000 ft. The leaves are shed 
in March and April, and renewed in May. Not higher than 20 ft., girth 12-15 
in. Bark dark cinereous, with white specks, even, with-a few longitudinal 
wrinkles. Wood light-yellow, fine-grained ; the fruit is used to poison fish. 


_ Homalium, Jacquin, is another genus of this order, distinguished by a half 
inferior ovary, styles 3-5, calyx-lobes and petals 6-7, flowers in slender axillary 
racemes or terminal panicles, 

1. H. tomentosum, Benth.; Linn. Journ. iv. 34.—Syn. Blackwellia tomentosa, 
Vent. Myaukshaw, Burm. A large tree with smooth white bark (too smooth 


244 XXXIX. SAMYDACEZ. [ Casearia. 


for monkeys, the Burmese name), large subsessile obovate leaves, tomentose 
beneath, and flowers in axillary racemes. Burma, Java. 

2. H. nepalense, Benth.—Syn. Blackwellia nepalensis, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 
179, with ovate, petiolate, glabrous leaves and paniculate flowers, Nepal. 


Orpen XL, PASSIFLOREZ. 


Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees, with alternate leaves with or without 
stipules. Flowers regular. Stamens definite ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing 
longitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled, with numerous ovules, attached to 
3-5 parietal placentz. Fruit dry or fleshy with numerous seeds, covered 
with an arillus or pulpy integument, testa coriaceous or crustaceous ; 
embryo large, with foliaceous cotyledons, enclosed in a fleshy albumen.— 
Gen. Pl. 1. 807 ; Royle Ill. 220 (Papayacee) ; Wight Il. ii. 33. 

The principal genus of this family is Passiflora, comprising a large 
number of species, mostly American, and a few Indian, herbaceous or 
perennial climbers, with axillary tendrils, showy bisexual flowers, with a 
stalked ovary ; stamens adnate to the gynophore, and a ring with filiform 
appendages arising from the calyx-tube. The genus Carica belongs to the 
tribe Papayacee with unisexual flowers and no ring or corona. 


1. CARICA, Linn. 


Soft-wooded trees or shrubs with milky juice, stem generally simple, or 
with few branches, leaves at the ends of branches, No stipules. Flowers 
in axillary racemes or panicles, uni- or bi-sexual. Calyx small, 5-lobed. 
Corolla in the male flowers gamopetalous, 5-lobed; in the female flowers, 
of 5, linear-oblong deciduous petals. Stamens 10, inserted in the mouth 
of the corolla, those opposite to the lobes on short filaments, those 
alternate with them sessile; anthers adnate to the filaments, 2-celled, 
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, ovules numerous, attached in 2 
rows to 5 parietal placentz. Fruit fleshy, sulcate, indehiscent with 
numerous seeds. Embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat, 
oblong. 


_ 1, ©. Papaya, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 824; W. & A. Prodr. 352 ; 
Wight Ill. t. 106, 107.—Vern. Pupaya, pepiya. 


A small soft-wooded, fast-growing, and short-lived tree, with large 
glabrous palmatifid and. palminerved leaves, 12-24 in. across, on long 
hollow petioles, forming a round tuft at the top of the stem, Flowers on 
axillary panicles, pale yellow, fragrant, generally dioicous, but occasion- 
ally a few female flowers on a male plant. Male flowers in long drooping 
panicles, Female flowers in short clusters. Ovary I-celled. Stigma 
sessile, 5-lobed, lacerated. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, l-celled. Seeds 
numerous, black, enclosed in sweet mucous pulp, and covered with a 
loose hyaline skin or arillus ; testa thick, brittle. 


Indigenous in Brazil, and probably also in Central America and the West 
Indies. Cultivated throughout South India, Burma, and Bengal; in North-West 
India as far as Saharanpur and Delhi. The Papaya must have been introduced 


Carica. | XL. PASSIFLOREA. 245 


into India at an early date after the discovery of America, for in 1626 seeds 
were brought to Naples from India (De Candolle Geogr. Bot. ii. 917). The 
Indian name of the plant is derived from that under which it was known in 
America (Papaw, papay), and the Burmese name of 7’himbawthi (fruit brought 
by sea-going vessels) is a further confirmation of its foreign origin. In flower 
and fruit nearly throughout the year, bears fruit 18 months after sowing. The 
unripe fruit is eaten as a vegetable and preserved, the ripe fruit is sweet and 
very pleasant, the seeds are pungent. Meat becomes tender by washing it with 
water impregnated with the milky juice, or by suspending the joint under the 
tree. 


Tetrameles nudijlora, R. Brown ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 212—Syn. 7. Graham- 
cana, Wight Ic. 1956—is a ee deciduous tree, of the Order Datiscee. FI. 

ellow, small, dioicous; male flowers in erect panicles, crowded at the ends of 
ie female flowers in pendulous racemes. Calyx 5-cleft ; petals none; 
stamens 4; styles 4. Capsules small, many-seeded, dehiscent at the top. 
Leaves cordate, long-petiolate, tomentose beneath. Fl. Feb.-March, while 
leafless. Burma. Western coast from Bombay southwards, Wood soft. 


Orper XLI. CACTESA, 


Perennial plants, often arborescent, with succulent stems of anomalous 
form, flat, lobed, columnar, ovoid or globular. Leaves minute, scale-like, 
rarely perfect ; epidermis of the younger parts of stem and branches green 
and furnished with pores. Flowers usually large and handsome, sessile, 
solitary, bisexual and regular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb short 
or tubular; lobes numerous, on the margin only, or covering the entire 
surface of the ovary. Petals numerous, inserted at the mouth of the 
calyx, the outer conform to the calyx-lobes. Stamens indefinite, fila- 
ments filiform, long ; anthers ovate, versatile. Ovary inferior, syncarpous, 
1-celled ; ovules numerous, on parietal placentz ; style terminal, simple ; 
stigma radiating. Fruit succulent, 1l-celled. Seeds numerous, — Gen. 
Pl. i. 845; Royle Ill. 223; Wight IIL ii. 48. 


1. OPUNTIA, 


Branches flat, jointed, the joints ovate, obovate, or oblong, bearing 
tufts of spines or bristles. Leaves small, very caducous, under each 
younger tuft. Flowers arising from the tufts or margins of the 
joints, yellow or reddish. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; 
lobes numerous, the outer scale-like or foliaceous, adnate to the ovary, the 
inner short, flat. Petals numerous, connate at the base, spreading. 
Stamens indefinite, in many series ; filaments shorter than petals, free or 
connate. Style cylindric, thicker below, constricted at the base ; stigma 
with 2-7 thick erect branches. Fruit pyriform, umbilicate at the top, 
tubercled, and often having spines. Seeds with a hard osseous testa, 
foliaceous cotyledons, and copious or scanty albumen. 


1. O. Dillenii, Haworth; W. & A. Prodr. 363 ; Wight Ill. t. 114.— 
Syn. Cactus indicus, Roxb. FI. Ind, ii. 475. Prickly Pear. Vern. Ndag- 
phana (the hood of a serpent), nagphansi, Hindi; Chappal sénd, Dekkan. 


7 


246 XLI. CACTEA. [ Opuntia. | 


Erect, with numerous spreading branches, often 10-15 ft. high, gregar- 
ious, forming extensive and impenetrable masses of thorny, fleshy, articu- 
late stems ; joints obovate, flat, 6-10 in. long, glaucous-green, with minute, 
cylindrical or conical, fleshy, caducous leaves under each tuft on the 
youngest joints. Tufts on the surface of the joints about 1-2 in. apart, 
nearer together on the edges, subglobose, nearly } in. diam., consisting of 
dense woolly hairs, and numerous short, very sharp spinescent brownish 
bristles ; one or several strong, sharp cylindrical spines from each tuft, 
unequal in length, one much longer than the rest, 1-2 in. long. Spines 
whitish, except the point, which is darker coloured and somewhat trans- 
parent. Flowers from the upper edge of the joints, 2-3 in. across, yellow, 


tinged with red, open during the day only. Stamens half the length of 
petals. 


Indigenous in America, but naturalised in India, extending north-west to the 
Jhelam. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the N.W. Himalaya. Often destroyed locally 
by the multiplication of a species of coccus ; thus at Almora in 1846 (Madden 
1, c. 585), and in 1844 in the Panjab (Stewart Panjab Plants, p. 101). Forms 
impenetrable hedges, and was used by Tippoo Sultan to strengthen his fortifi- 
cations. Was planted as a fence along portions of the Great India Peninsula 
Railway in the Dekkan ; but is too much exposed to injury from fire, the grass 
which grows up abundantly between the stems drying up during the hot season, 
and catching fire readily, which destroys the entire hedge. Is regarded as an 
objectionable weed in most parts of India, as it harbours reptiles and spreads 
rapidly, occupying ground without return. The joints strike root, but its rapid 
extension is mainly due to the spread of the seed through birds which eat the 
fruit. 

Three species of the genus, closely allied to the Indian species, are natural- 
ised in the Méditerranean region ; but it is a subject for farther inquiry whether 
they should be kept distinct as species, and whether any of them may be 
identified with the Indian Opuntia. The history of the distribution of these 
remarkable plants from America over such a large portion of the warmer regions 
of the Old World merits farther study on the part of Indian and Mediterranean 
botanists, and it may not be out of place here to state a few of the leading. 
facts. 

Boissier (Voyage Botanique dans le Midi de l’Espagne, 1837, ii. 229) men- 
tions Opuntia vulgaris, Mill. only, as growing in the Mediterranean region, but 
adds that in Granada there are two forms, distinct by the length of their spines, 
leaving it undecided whether they are species or varieties. Grisebach (Vegeta- 
tion der Erde, i. 322) enumerates three species, and under these may be brought 
all forms described by Visiani (Flora Dalmatica, 1842, iii, 143), Gussone (Floree 
Sicules Synopsis, 1842, i. 549), Tenore (Sylloge Fl. Neapolitans, 1831, p. 239), 
Webb (Hist. Nat. des Iles Canaries, 1840, iii. i. p. 209), and Lowe (Flora of Ma- 
deira, 1868, p. 313). 

a. O. Ficus Indica, Mill.—Syn. Cactus Opuntia inermis, De Candolle Plantes 
Grasses, t. 138. Erect, 8-12 ft. high, joints oval or obovate, 1 in, thick, and 
more than 12 in. long, with short thick tufts of pale or yellowish bristles, with- 
out spines, or with feeble weak spines, or with one strong sharp spine. Flowers 
yellow ; fruit prickly outside, eatable, 3-4 in. long. Abundant in North Africa, 
Syria, the South of Europe (Madeira and the Canaries?). The fruit, which - 
ripens from July to Sept., forms an important article of diet for the inhabitants 
of those countries. Indigenous in Jamaica and South Florida, where the fruit 
is also eaten. The introduction of this sp. into India has been suggested (Royle 


Opuntia. | XLL CACTEA. 247 


Ill. 223). Called Opuntia Ficus Indica by Visiani and Gussone, O. vulgaris 
by Tenore. Webb calls Ficus Indica the principal species in the Canaries, but 
- Lowe refers this and the Madeira Opuntia to Opuntia Tuna, Haw. (Cactus 
Tuna, Linn.) Whatever the correct name for the Opuntia on those islands may 
be, it is important to state that this is the penne employed in the Canaries for 
raising Cochineal. The first introduction of the insect 30 or 40 years ago was 
violently opposed by the country people, especially in Teneriffe, on the ground 
of its rendering the Z’uneras, or plants of Opuntia, barren, and injuring the 
crops of their favourite fruit, called Figos, which are much used, both fresh 
and dried, Lowe 1. c. 316. 

b. O. amyclea, Tenore 1. c. 240; Fl. Neap. t. 236. Stature of 0. Ficus Indica, 
with 4-6 stout, divergent, unequal, whitish spines on each tuft, angular at 
the base, orange-coloured flowers, and smaller, hardly eatable fruit. Dalmatia, 
South Italy, Sicily, the Canaries. Webb 1. c. calls this sp. 0. Z’una, Mill., but 
Lowe refers it to the Indian species O. Dilleniz, Haw. ; and the specimens in 
Hb. Kew from the Canaries (coll. Bourgeau) seem to confirm this view. 'Tenore 
figures, Gussone. and Visiani describe their plant as having very short, nearly 
obsolete tufts at the base of thé spines; whereas the specimens from the 
Canaries have a thick tuft of woolly hairs. The spines of these specimens are 
more angular than those of the Indian Opuntia, and somewhat transparent 
along their entire length. The identity, therefore, of the Indian Opuntia with 
the spinescent kind of South Europe and, the Canaries is a matter for farther 
inquiry. Lowe describes his plant with yellow flowers tinged with red outside. 

c. O. nana, Visiani (O. vulgaris, Mill. in Koch Synops. Fl. Germ. 291), is a 
small spinescent plant, the joints only a few inches long, not erect, but diffuse, 
leaning against rocks, found in Dalmatia and the warmer valleys of Tyrol and 
Switzerland. 

The Cochineal insect in Mexico and other parts of Central America lives on 
several Opuntias nearly allied to those here described. As stated above, its in- 
troduction has been successful on Teneriffe, and there it thrives on a species 
closely related to the Indian one. Wight (Ill. ii. p. 50), and Royle (Ill. p. 223), 
describe the steps that have been taken to encourage its cultivation in India, 
Some Cochineal has been produced in India, and though the price of the article 
has diminished of late, it may yet become a matter of some importance in the 
drier districts of the country. 


Orpver XLII. ARALIACEA. 


Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, with alternate simple 
or compound leaves. Flowers regular, umbellate, or capitate. Calyx 
adnate to ovary, limb short, entire toothed or lobed. Petals generally 
5, very deciduous, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens as 
many as petals, rarely numerous ; filaments inflexed ; anthers didymous, 
versatile. Disk epigynous. Ovary 2- or more-celled, 1 ovule in each 
cell. Fruit a drupe or berry, with 1 or more 1-seeded cells. Seed pen- 
dulous ; testa membranous; albumen dense, fleshy; embryo minute, 
ovoid or oblong.—Gen. Pl: i. 931 ; Wight Ill. ii. 60; Royle Ill. 233, 

Soft-wooded Araliaceous shrubs and small trees, often scandent or epi- 
phytic, are not uncommon in the tropical forests of India. Within the 
range of this Flora they are not numerous, and it will suffice to mention a 
few, besides the Ivy, as representative forms. : 


248 XLII. ARALIACEA. [ Aralia. 


Petals imbricate ; leaves digitate, pinnate, or bipinnate, leaflets 


serrulate ; stipules not prominent . ‘ : - . 1, ARALIA. 
Petals valvate ; leaves simple, coriaceous : ; ; . 2. HEepEra. 
Petals valvate ; leaves digitate, coriaceous c ‘ ; . 8 HEPraAPLEURUM. 
Petals valvate ; leaves tripinnate . ; : , ‘ . 4 HETEROPANAX. 


1. ARALTA, Linn. 


Herbs or shrubs, leaves digitate pinnate or bipinnate, leaflets mem- 
branous, serrulate. Flowers umbellate. Petals 5, ovate, not unguiculate, 
imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit drupaceous with 2-5 crusta- 
ceous or hard pyrenes in a fleshy exocarp. Albumen not ruminated. 


1. A. Cachemirica, Decaisne; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 81.—Syn. Panazx de- 
composita, Wall. 


A large perennial herb 6-10 ft. high; leaves bipinnate, rough, with 
short hairs, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequal-sided. Umbels 
in large terminal panicles. Styles 5, connate at base. Pyrenes 5. 


Abundant in the North-West Himalaya 5000-9000 ft., up the Sutlej as far as 
Dippi. Sikkim at 10,000-14,000 ft. Fl. June-Oct. 


Pentapanax, Seemann, nearly allied to Aralia, has glabrous, imparipin- 
nate leaves, with 3-7 leaflets, and entirely connate styles: 1. P. parasiti- 
cum, Seem. Journ. Bot. ii. 296.—Syn. Hedera parasitica, Don. Vern. Kot 
Semal, Kamaon, is a climbing soft-wooded shrub ; rootlets on branches, leaflets 
5, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, entire, 2-3 in. long. East Bengal, Nepal, Kamaon, 
(ascending to 7500 ft.) 2. P. Leschenaultw, Seem.—Syn. Hedera Leschenaul- 
tii, Wight and Arn. Prodr. 377 ; H. trifolvata, Wight Ic. t. 307; H. fragrans, 
Don. (not Roxb.), is a soft-wooded shrub, with 3, rarely 5, broad-ovate mem- 
branous leaflets 4-5 in. long, with long subulate serratures. Nilgiris, Sikkim, 
Nepal, Kamaon (ascending to 8500 ft.) 


2. HEDERA, Linn. 


Woody climbers. Leaves simple, stipules none. Flowers in panicu- 
late umbels, polygamous. Disc tumid. Ovary 5-celled; styles short, 
connate. Berry subglobose, 5-celled, 5-seeded ; endocarp membranous or 
parchment-like, closely investing the ovoid seed. Albumen ruminated.— 
Two species, one in Australia, the other in the temperate regions of the 
Old World. 


1. H. Helix, Linn. ; Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 515; Bois- 
sier Fl]. Orient. ii. 1090 ; Hook. Stud. Fl1.172. Jvy. Vern. Halbambar, 
arbambal, Jhelam ; Karmora, mandia, Kashmir ; Kwrol, Chenab; Kurie, 
karur, Ravi; Brimbrum, dakari, Bias; Karbaru, kaniuri, Sutlej ; Banda, 
Kamaon. 

A large woody climber, stem and branches attaching themselves closely 
and adhering firmly to wood, rocks, walls, and the bark of trees, but not 
penetrating into the living tissue. Branchlets, leaves, and petioles wholly 
glabrous, shining. Leaves leathery, dark-green above, pale-green beneath, 


Hedera. | XLII. ARALIACEZ. 249 


2-5 in. long, exceedingly variable, those of flowering branches ovate or lan- 
ceolate, with a tapering base, the others more or less triangular in outline ; 
3- or 5-lobed, with a rounded or cordate base, the lobes deep or shallow, 
often lobulate ; petiole slender, varying in length, generally shorter than 
leaf. Flowers yellowish-green, in pedunculate globose umbels; peduncles 
and pedicels clothed with minute stellate scales. Berry yellow, shining, 
3- or 4-seeded. 


Afghanistan, and hills trans-Indus. Panjab Salt range. Himalaya, 3000- 
9000 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia hills. Europe, North Africa, West- 
ern Asia, Japan. Fl. Oct. to April. The berries of the European Ivy are black, 
rarely yellow. Attains a large size. Mathieu, Fl. For. 138, describes a stem 

own near Montpellier, 433 years old, 6 ft. 7 in. girth. Wood light-grey or yel- 

ow, soft and light. The Ivy is not a parasite ; nevertheless it considerably im- 
pedes the growth of the trees to which it attaches itself. 


3. HEPTAPLEURUM, Geertner. 


Large shrubs or trees. Leaves digitate, leaflets coriaceous, entire. 
Stipules prominent, connate between branch and petiole. Flowers in 
racemes or in paniculate umbels. Petals generally 5-6, rarely more, val- 
vate. Stamens as many as petals. Top of fruit generally raised beyond 
the calyx-limb. . 


1. H. venulosum, Seemann; Journ. Bot. iii. 80.—Syn. Paratropia 
venulosa, Wight Ill. t. 118; Hedera terebinthacea, Wall.; Aralia digi- 
tata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 107. Vern. Dain. 


A small, soft-wooded tree with straggling branches, often sending out 
rootlets. Leaflets 5-6, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, unequal, the 
middle leaflet largest ; common petiole 5-6 in. long, partial petioles 4-2 
ie ang: Flowers in paniculate umbels. Berry smooth, yellow, ovoid, 

-celled. 


South India, Burma, Bengal, Satpura range, Kamaon, ascending to 3000 ft. 
Fl. Feb., March. 


4, HETEROPANAX, Seemann. 


1. H. fragrans, Seem. Journ. Bot. iv. 297.—Syn. Panaz fragrans, Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. ii. 76. 


A small soft-wooded tree 15-20 ft. high, leaves glabrous, tripinnate, 2-4 
ft. long, leaflets ovate or rotundate, entire, 3-6 in. long, on short petioles. 
Flowers yellow, fragrant, polygamous, subsessile or shortly pedicellate, in 
compact subglobose, paniculate umbels, the umbels at the end of branches 
and branchlets generally composed of bisexual, the lateral ones of male 
flowers. Petals 5, valvate. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, filiform, distinct. 
Fruit laterally compressed, } in. across, broader than long, 2-celled ; en- 
docarp crustaceous ; albumen ruminated. 


Burma, East Bengal, sub-Himalayan tract Kamaon (above 2000 ft.) to Assam. 
Fl. Oct.-Dec. “at 


250 XLIL. ARALIACEA. [ Fatsia. 


Fatsia papyrifera, Decaisne.—Syn. Aralia papyrifera, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 
4897, the eed Rice-paper ples belongs to this order. It is a shrub with 
large white pith, from which the rice-paper is cut, and large palmately 
5-lobed leaves with stellate pubescence. Indigenous in Formosa, and culti- 
vated in China. 


Orper XLII. CORNACEA, 


Shrubs or trees, with leaves usually petiolate, entire, without stipules. 
Flowers regular, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb none or cup- 
shaped, truncate or 4-5-dentate, persistent, open or valvate in bud. Petals 
wanting, or 4-5 inserted at the base of an epigynous disc. Stamens as 
many as petals, rarely 2 or 4 times their number; anthers 2-celled, de- 
hiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 1-4-celled, 1, rarely 2 ovules in 
each cell, pendulous. Fruit generally drupaceous, with a 1-4-celled ker- 
nel, or with 2 distinct stones. Seeds pendulous, with a membranous thin 
coriaceous testa, copious fleshy albumen, and generally thin foliaceous 
cotyledons.—Gen. PL. i. 947 ; Royle Ill. 215 (Alangiee), 234; Wight IIL. 
ii. 1, 68. 


Leaves alternate ; petals strap-shaped ; anthers long, basifixed ; 
style elongate. 
Stamens numerous; flowers fasciculate . 3 , ‘ : 1. ALANGIUM. 
Stamens as many as petals ; flowers paniculate ; ‘ ‘ 2. MARLEA. 
Leaves generally opposite ; petals short ; anthers short, attached 


to the back; style short 3. CoRNUS. 


1. ALANGIUM, Lam. 


Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, petiolate, oblong, entire, persistent 
leaves with 3 basal nerves. Flowers white, bisexual, in axillary fascicles. 
Calyx-tube turbinate, somewhat prolonged beyond the ovary, truncate 
or 5-10-dentate. Petals 5-10, strap-shaped, valvate, afterwards reflexed. 
Stamens as many as petals, or 2-4 times their number ; filaments short, 
hairy ; anthers linear ; cells adnate to the connective, and dehiscent later- 
ally. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule; style filiform. Fruit a berry, crown- 
ed with the persistent limb of calyx. Seeds oblong, with ruminate albu- 
men, a superior cylindrical radicle, and foliaceous, veined, cordate-ovate 
cotyledons. | 


1, A. Lamarckii, Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeyl. 133 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 
215.—Syn. A. hexapetalum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 502; W. & A. Prodr. 
326; Wight Ill. t. 96. A. decapetalum, Wight Ic. t. 194; W. & A. 
Prodr. 325. A. tomentosa, Lam. Sans. Ankola, nikochaka. Vern. Akol, 
akola, akhora, akaul, ghowl, koeli (Alangi, Tamil, whence generic name). 


A shrub or tree, branchlets often spinescent. Leaves membranous, 
3-6 in. long, on petiole 3 in., exceedingly variable in shape, from linear- 
oblong to elliptic, obtuse acute or long-acuminate, pubescent or tomen- 
tose when young, glabrous or pubescent below when full-grown, main 
lateral nerves 5-8 on either side of midrib, joined by prominent transverse 


Alangium. | XLII. CORNACEA. 251 


and intramarginal veins. Flowers white, fragrant, on short bracteate 
pedicels, solitary or fasciculate; pedicels and calyx hairy. Calyx 6-10- 
dentate ; petals 6-10; stamens twice as many ; filaments with long stiff 
hairs at the base. Fruit # in. long, tomentose, filled with red pulp. 

I follow Thwaites in uniting the 3 species of Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. 
Botanique i. 174, and adopting his new specific name. The appearance 
of the plant is exceedingly variable, and the different forms, tomentose 
or glabrous, with broad acuminate, and with narrow, almost linear leaves, 
with or without spines, merit farther study. 


Common in places in South and Central India, Bengal, Oudh, and North- 
West India. In the sub-Himalayan tract, only as far west as the Ganges. 
Ceylon and China. Never quite leafless; the foliage is renewed in April-May. 
Fl. usually Feb.-April ; fr. May-Aug. 

In North and Central India attains 30-40 ft. under favourable conditions, 
but generally remains much smaller. Trunk short, erect, to 2} ft. girth. Bark 

in. thick, grey with some white specks, smooth, with irregular undulations. 

ood light- or yellowish - brown, often dark-coloured in ‘the centre, fine- 
even- close- and smooth-grained, tough and strong, weight 49 lb. per cub. ft. 
Value of P. 875, easily worked, with a beautiful glossy surface, well suited for 
ornamental work. Used for pestles to crush oil-seeds, wooden cattle-bells, and 
various other purposes. Yields excellent fuel. Coppices well. Fruit mucila- 


ginous, sweet, somewhat astringent and acid, is eaten. Root aromatic, used 
in native medicine, 


2. MARLEA, Roxb. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire or angularly-lobed leaves. 
Flowers bisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx-limb minutely toothed. 
Petais 6-10, linear, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as petals ; filaments 
short, adhering at the base to petals; anthers long and linear. Ovary 
adhering to calyx above the middle, 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in 


each cell. Style filiform, with a 4-lobed stigma. Fruit a drupe, often 1- 
celled, 1-seeded. 


1. M. begoniefolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 283; Fl. Ind. ii, 261; Bot. 
Reg., 1838, t. 61. Vern. Garkum, budhal, tumbri, N.W.P.; Bodara, 
Bias ; Padlu, Ravi ; Sialu, Chenab; Prot, Kashmir ; Tilpattra, chitpat- 
tra, kurkni, Jhelam. 


A small tree, glabrous, youngest parts with rust-coloured pubescence. 
Leaves 3-10 in. long, varying from ovate acuminate, to broad obliquely 
cordate, often broadly and angularly lobed, petioles 3-1} in. long ; basal 
nerves 3 or 5, main lateral nerves 2 or 3 on either side of midrib, petioles 
and nerves often reddish. Cymes a little longer than petioles, loosely 4- 
20-flowered. Flowers conspicuous, with white petals and yellow anthers. 
Stamens and style hairy, stigma 4-lobed. Drupe ovoid, }-4 in. long, 
crowned with remains of calyx, with scanty, soft, dark-coloured pulp, and 
a hard stone. Radicle short, superior. J. affinis, D*. in Jacquem. Voy. 
Bot. t. 83, from Kashmir, is described with hairy style and 2-lobed 
stigma. The North-West Himalaya specimens which I have examined 
have hairy styles, and a 4-lobed stigma. 


252 | XLII. CORNACEA. [ Marlea. 


Siwalik tract and outer Himalayan ranges, ascending to 6000 ft., from near 
the Indus, to Bhutan, in Sikkim to 9000ft. Kasia hills, Silhet, and Chittagong. 
Dense shady forests, sparse in the North-West Himalaya. Fl. March-May; fr. 
July-Oct. A handsome tree, never growing to any great height. Bark smooth, 
cinereous. Foliage resembles that of some Maples. In Silhet it is called Mar- 
lea or Marliza, and the wood is employed for building. The leaves are col- 
lected for sheep-fodder in the North-West Himalaya. 


3. CORNUS, Linn. 


Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs, with opposite, rarely alternate leaves. 
Flowers bisexual, white or yellow, in heads or dichotomous cymes. Calyx- 
teeth 4, minute. Petals 4, oblong or ovate, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, 
alternating with petals, filaments subulate or filiform, anthers oblong. 
Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, one ovule in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, 
with a 2-celled, 2-seeded, hard, crustaceous or osseous putamen. Seeds 
oblong, compressed ; testa membranous, albumen fleshy, cotyledons folia- 
ceous, radicle sessile. 


Flowers in compound cymes. 
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, penniveined, main lateral 
nerves 5-8 pair . ; ; ; , 
Leaves oblong, penniveined, main lateral nerves 3-5 pair 2 
Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 2-3 pair of lateral nerves, 
sub-basal : ; ‘ ; : . 938 C. sanguinea. 
Flowers in globose, bracteate heads, drupes confluent . 4. C. capitata. 


1. ©. macrophylla, Wall.— Tab. XXXII.—Roxb. FI. Ind., ed. Carey, 
1.433. Vern. Kast, kachir, haleo, allian, harru, haddi, nang, kandara, 
Ravi to Jhelam; Kaksh, kachur, kochan, Sutl. and Bias; Kdgsha, 
ruchia, N.W.P. 


A middle-sized tree, with opposite broad-ovate, acuminate leaves, pale 
glaucous beneath, 4-6 in. long, base rounded, sometimes slightly cordate, 
not narrowed into petiole; when young with short distant adpressed 
hairs, generally attached in the middle ; main lateral nerves arcuate, 5-8 
on either side of midrib, joined by prominent transverse and intramar- 
ginal veins ; petiole 4-1 in. long. Flowers in ample, terminal compound 
cymes, 2-4 in. across, on peduncles, bearing 2 or 3 pair of opposite, or 
nearly opposite ‘branches, dividing dichotomously ; the flowers at the ends 
of branchlets in short unilateral racemes. Cyme longer than the naked 
portion of peduncle. Flowers before opening 4 in. long, twice or three 
times the length of pedicels. Calyx, outside of petals, and pedicels 
strigose with white adpressed hairs ; disc thick. Drupe globose, less than 
z in. long, crowned with the remains of calyx and dise. 


Frequent in many parts of the Himalaya, from near the Indus to Nepal, 
between 3000 and 8000 ft. Fl. May, June. Generally scattered, though some- 
times in considerable numbers, in shady mixed forests, a handsome tree 40-50 
ft. high, and attaining a girth of 5-6, at times 8 ft. Crown rounded, close, 
shady. Bark brownish, smooth, with longitudinal wrinkles. Wood light-red- 
dish, compact, and even-grained, noted as yielding excellent charcoal for gun- 
powder, 8-9 rings per in. rad, The fruit is eaten, and the leaves furnish fodder 
for goats, 


1. C. macrophylla. 
. C. oblonga. 


Cornus. | XLII. ‘CORNACES. 253 


2. ©. oblonga, Wall. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 432.—Vern. Kas- 
mol, N.W.P. ; Bakar, ban-bakur, Pb. 


A middle-sized tree, with opposite, oblong, acuminate leaves, base 
acute narrowed into petiole, glaucous beneath, 2-6 in. long, when young 
with short adpressed hairs, lateral nerves arcuate, 3-5 on either side of 
midrib, petiole 4-3 in. long. Ample terminal compound cymes on short 
peduncles. Flowers white or purplish white, odorous, full-sized buds less 
than } in. long, on short pedicels. Outside of petals glabrous ; calyx and 
pedicels slightly strigose ; disc thick. | Drape ovoid, crowned with the 
remains of calyx, somewhat more than 2 + in. long. 

Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, from near the Indus to Bhutan, between 
3000 and 6000 ft. Fl. Sept.-Oct.; fr. Jan.-April. Attains 40 ft. and a girth 
of 4-5 ft. Bark reddish brown, very rugose, especially longitudinally. Wood 
white, shining, with numerous red and brown medullary rays, fine-grained and 
hard, 


3. C. sanguinea, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 172.—Dogwood. 


A shrub or small tree, pubescent, with membranous, opposite, elliptic 
or ovate-elliptic leaves, acute or short-acuminate, main lateral nerves 4 pair, 
arcuate, the lower 2 or 3 pair proceeding from the base or the lowest 
third of midrib, all, or the upper 3 pair meeting at the apex of the leaf. 
Leaves 1-3 in., petiole 4 in. long. Cymes terminal, dense-flowered, 2 in. 
across, peduncle longer than cyme. Flowers cream-white, buds before 
opening + in. long. Berry subglobose, less than 4 in. long, black when 
ripe. 

Found by Dr Stewart, once only, in a close forest, with a northerly aspect, at 
7000 ft., on the high mountain-range south of the Kashmir valley, a few small 
trees in fruit, 18-20 ft. high, ramous ‘from near the ground, with straight branches 
into a lax roundish crown, and thin grey or brownish bark, covered with a 
smooth, silvery pellicle, which peels off. A common shrub in Europe and 
Siberia, I am doubtful whether Dr Stewart’s specimen should be referred to 
OC. sanguinea or to C’. australis, C. A. Meyer; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 1092, of 
Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and North Persia ; the difference between the two 
penis is very slight, the hairs on the under side of the leaves of (. sanguinea 

ught to be simple, and somewhat curled, those of australis should be 2-armed 
stiff. CC’. sanguinea in Europe is a slow-growing shrub, spreading readily by 
beads and root-suckers, and standing a good deal of shade. The wood is hard 
and close-grained. The pericarp of the fruit contains oil, The young shoots are 
red in spring, the leaves turn red in autumn, hence the name. 


4, ©. capitata, Wall. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 434; Pl. As. rar. t. 214.— 
Syn. Benthamia fragifera, Lindley ; Wight Ill. t. 122. Vern. Bamora, 
bamaur, N.W.P.; Tharmal, tharbal, tharwar, thesi, Pb. 


A small tree, young branches and leaves scabrous with short stiff ad- 
pressed hairs. Leaves coriaceous, pale below, opposite, generally approxi- 
mate at ends of branchlets, 2-3 in. long, elliptic-oblong, penniveined, with 
4 pair of arcuate main lateral nerves ; petioles 4 in. long, with a broad, 
almost sheathing base. Flowers closely packed, in globular terminal 
heads with a conspicuous involucre of 4 yellow, petal-like bracts, 


254 XLIIL CORNACEA. | Cornus. 


peduncles 1-2 in. long. Drupes united in a yellowish strawberry-like fleshy 
head, 1-2 in. diam., each drupe with a hard, 1-seeded stone. 


Himalaya 3500-8000 ft., from the Bias to Bhutan, Kasia hills, Fl. April-Oct. 
Wood close-grained, very hard. Fruit sweetish, mingled with a little bitter, 
eaten and made into preserves. 


A remarkable genus of this order is Awcuba, Thunb., with evergreen, glab- 
rous, shining serrate leaves, and dioicous flowers. A. japonica, Thunb., is now 
one of the most common hardy evergreen shrubs in England and western 
Europe. A. himalarca, Hf. & Th.; Hook. f. Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 12, from the 
outer ranges of Sikkim, is closely allied to it. 


Orper XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 


Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, simple entire 
ternately cut or pinnate, usually exstipulate. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, 
limb 3-5-toothed or lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, regular or irregular, 
lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-10, inserted on the corolla-tube, 
equal or unequal, anthers versatile. Ovary 1-6-celled, ovules solitary or 
numerous. Fruit a berry or drupe, rarely capsular, 1- or many-seeded, 
Albumen copious, fleshy, embryo generally minute.—Gen. Pl. ii. 1; Royle 
Ill, 235 ; Wight IIL. ii. 69. 


Corolla tubular or campanulate ; ovary cells with 1 or many 
ovules ; style filiform. 
Stamens 5 ; calyx 5-dentate ; ovary 2-3-celled ; : 1. LonicERa. 
Stamens 5; calyx 5-lobed, lobes linear ; ovary 5-celled ; 2. LEYCESTERIA. 
Stamens 4; calyx 5-lobed, lobes linear, elongate ; ovary 3-celled. 
Fruit l-seeded , ; R ; ‘ ; : 3. ABELIA. 
Corolia rotate or short-tubular. One ovule in each cell; style 
short, or stigma sessile. 
Leaves simple. : , , : ; ‘ ; : 4, VIBURNUM. — 
Leaves pinnate . : : : : : : | : 5. SAMBUCUS. 


1, LONICERA, Linn. 


Erect, prostrate or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers 
in péduncled cymes or heads, often connate in pairs by the ovaries, and 
subtended by connate bracteoles. Calyx-tube ovoid or subglobose ; teeth 
5, often unequal. Corolla tubular, funnel or bell-shaped, limb oblique 
or 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Disc tumid. Ovary 2-3-celled, style 
filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules many in the inner angle of each cell. 
Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled, cells few-seeded. Seeds ovoid or oblong, testa 
crustaceous. 


To this genus belongs the Woodbine or Honeysuckle of Europe, L. Periclyme- 
num, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 175. From India 28 species, nearly all Himalayan, 
are enumerated in Hooker and Thomson’s Preecursores ad Floram Indicam, 
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 165. Of these it must suffice here to mention 7 species 
which are characteristic of the forest vegetation in the outer and middle ranges 
of the N.W. Himalaya. 


Corolla 5-lobed, not bilabiate ; bracteoles large, generally . 
connate, and enclosing the ovaries. 
A large shrub, unarmed; leaves lanceolate . : ; 1. L. angustifolia. 


Lonicera. | XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACE. 255 


. DL. spinosa, 


A small bush, spinescent ; corolla-tube long slender 
. L. Myrtillus. 


2 
A small bush, corolla-tube broad-campanulate 3 
Corolla bilabiate, bracteoles large, more or less connate. 
Pubescent ; leaves petiolate, flowers nearly sessile : 4. L. quinquelocularis. 
Glandular hairy; leaves nearly sessile, white beneath, 
flowers pedunculate i P 2 , ‘ 5 
Corolla bilabiate, bracteoles small, free. 
Glabrous ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair 6 
Glandular hairy; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair 7 


. L. hypoleuca, 


. L. orientalis. 
. L. alpigena. 


1. L. angustifolia, Wall.—Vern. Géang, Jaonsar; Pilru, Sutlej. 


A shrub 6-12 ft. high, with slender branches ; bark grey, peeling off in 
long fibrous shreds. . Glabrous, or youngest parts pilose ; leaves lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, pale beneath. Flowers in pairs, on slender axillary 
peduncles, $-1 in. long; bracteoles connate, cup-shaped, enclosing the 
ovaries. Bracts 2, linear or foliaceous. Corolla 4 in. long or less, regular, 
white or pale rose coloured, scented. Berry red, the size of a pea, with 
1-6 seeds. 

Not uncommon in the Himalaya, from near the Indus to Sikkim. In the 
North-West Himalaya at 6000-10,000 ft. Dippi, and other forests in Kunawar, 
Deoban range, Jaonsar Bawar. . Fl. May, June; fruit sweet, eaten. Hardy in 
England. 


2. L. spinosa, J acquemont.—Syn. Xylosteum spinosum, Decaisne, in - 
Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 86. L. linearis, Hb. Royle. 


A small rigid shrub, wholly glabrous, with stiff divaricate, spinescent 
branchlets and small, linear-oblong coriaceous leaves. Flowers #? in. long, 
on short peduncles, tube long, slender ; limb broad, spreading ; an‘hers 
and style exserted. ™ 


Inner arid Himalaya and Tibet, 11,000-15,000 ft. Fl. July. 


3. L. Myrtillus, Hf. & Th. 1. c. 168. 


A small shrub with prostrate branches. Leaves }-3 in. long, elliptic- 
oblong or obovate-oblong, glaucous beneath. Flowers white subsessile, 
corolla short, broad-campanulate, 4 in. long ; anthers and styles included. 

Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, 9000-12,000 ft. Fl. June-Sept. Nearly 


allied are L. parvifolia, Edgew., and L. purpurascens, H. f. & Th, (Xylostewm 
purp., Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 87). 


4. L. quinquelocularis, Hardwicke ; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 537.—Syn. LZ. 
diversifolia, Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 169; Bot. Reg. xxx. 
1844, t. 33. Himalayan Honeysuckle. Vern. Jarlanget, adet, trans-Indus; 
Phut, Jhelam ; Tita bateri, pakhur, Kashmir ; Bakhru, Chenab ; Khim, 
sai, Ravi; Dendru, Bias; Kliunti, zhang, razbam, bijgat, Sutlej; Bet 
kukri, bhat kukra, cheraya, kurmali, Kamaon. 

A large erect shrub, pubescent or soft-tomentose. Leaves 1-2 in. long, 
ovate or elliptic, acute, on short petioles. Flowers nearly sessile, in axil- 
lary clusters of 2-4 ; ovaries free. Bracts linear, ciliate ; bracteoles broad- 
ovate, ciliate, obtuse, connate at the base. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 5-cleft, 


256 XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACE. [ Lonicera. 


hairy. Corolla yellow, ? in. long before opening ; limb 2-lipped, upper 
lip broad, 4-dentate, lower lip linear. Berry sessile, ovoid, } in. long, 
crowned with remains of calyx. 

Common North-West Himalaya 2500-9000 ft., also Suliman range and 
Safedkoh trans-Indus. Bhutan. Fl. June, July. Bark grey, peeling off in 
long shreds. Cattle feed on its leaves and branches. ardy in England. 
Closely allied to LZ. Xylosteum, Linn., of Europe and Siberia, which, however, 
has smaller flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles. 


5. L. hypoleuca, Decaisne, Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 89.—Vern, Kharmo, kodi, 
Chenab ; Zhiko, rapesho, Sutlej. 

A small shrub, with glandular hairs, particularly on bracteoles and 
corolla; leaves nearly sessile, from cordate base oblong or broad-ovate, 
obtuse, pale-grey beneath ; flowers twin, on short peduncles ; bracts linear- 
oblong ; bracteoles connate, cup-shaped, enclosing the connate ovaries, 


Arid tracts of the inner Himalaya on the upper Jhelam, Chenab, Sutlej, and 
in Garhwal, at 8000-10,000 ft. Fl. June. 


6. L. orientalis, Lamarck; Hf. & Th. 1. ce. 170.—Syn. LZ. Govaniana, 
Wall. 

A slender glabrous shrub ; leaves membranous, petiolate, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-12 on each side of midrib, 
anastomosing by prominent reticulate veins. Flowers twin ; ovaries con- 
nate, supported. by minute rounded bracteoles and subulate arcuate bracts. 
Calyx-lobes subulate. Corolla 4 in. long before opening, deeply bilabiate. 
The 2 ovaries connate into a pyriform black berry. 

North-West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kamaon, 6000-10,000 ft. Also in 
Iberia and on the Caucasus. Fl. June. Hardy in England. Closely allied is 
L. heterophylla, Dee. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 88. 


7. L. alpigena, Linn. ; H. f. & Th. 1. ¢. 171.—Syn. LZ. Webbiana, Wall. ; 
oxyphylla, Edgew. 

With glandular hairs; leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, 
with 6-8 pairs of main lateral nerves, reticulate veins not prominent. 
Peduncles longer than of L. orientalis. Corolla with unequal very gib- 
bous base. 


North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Kamaon, 8000-10,000 ft. Also in the 
Alps of Europe. Fl. June. Hardy in England. 


2, LEYCESTERIA, Wall. 


An erect shrub, with hollow, herbaceous stems ; the flowers sessile, in 
bracteate whorls. Calyx-limb 5-lobed, lobes linear. Corolla funnel- 
shaped; stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous pendulous ovules. 
Fruit a fleshy, 5-celled, many-seeded berry. 


1. L. formosa, Wall.; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 182; Wight II. 
t. 121, D.— Vern. Nalkarru, saunjla, Kamaon. 


Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the petioles connate 


Leycesteria. | XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 257 


with their broad base. Bracts foliaceous, more or less purple, sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate, commonly 6 under each whorl, the two outer ones 1-14 
in. long, generally connate at the base. Corolla white, with a tinge of 
purple. Berry dark-purple, approaching to black, as large as a small 
gooseberry, crowned with the persistent calyx, and covered with short 
glandular hairs. 


Not uncommon in shady forests of the Himalaya between 5000 and 10,000 ft. 
Sutlej to Sikkim. Kasia hills. Hardy in England. 


3. ABELIA, Brown. 


Small shrubs, with bracteate flowers. Calyx-tube angular, limb 
-5-cleft, lobes foliaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovary 
3-celled, 2 cells with several abortive ovules, the third with one perfect 
ovule. Berry coriaceous, 1-seeded. | 


1. A. triflora, R. Brown in Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 15.—Vern. Adei, 
pakhtawar, trans-Indus ; Cheta buta, Jhelam; Ban bakhuru, salanker, 
Chenab ; Dalung, kut, sai, Ravi; Zhang, matzbang, pent, Sutlej ; Munrz, 
gogatti, Kamaon. 


A shrub, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale beneath, hairy along edges 
and midrib ; petioles united by their broad bases. Flowers in dense ter- 
minal bracteate heads; bracts foliaceous, the upper sessile. Flowers 3 
together on short peduncles, the middle sessile, the two lateral short- 
pedicellate, all supported at the base of the calyx by linear-lanceolate 
bractlets. Calyx hairy, 5-ribbed ; lobes linear, ciliate, with a prominent 
midrib, $-1 in. long at the time the fruit ripens. Corolla white, tinged 
with pink, scented. 


Abundant in the North-West Himalaya between 4000 and 10,000 ft. ; also 
on the Safedkoh and Suliman range. FI. June-Aug. Is browsed by goats. 
Hardy in England. 


¢ 


4, VIBURNUM, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees with simple leaves. Flowers white or pink, in terminal 
or axillary corymbs or panicles. Calyx-limb 5-toothed ; corolla 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style conical, trifid, or stigmas 3, sessile ; 
one pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe dry or fleshy ; endocarp crus- 
taceous, l-seeded, 1-celled, or spuriously 2- or 3-celled by the endocarp 
projecting into the cavity. 


A large genus with some species widely spread in Europe, wild, and culti- 
vated as ornamental shrubs. V. Opulus, the Guelder Rose, with large outer 
sterile flowers, a native of Europe, Siberia, and North America ;-and V. Tinus 
of the western Mediterranean region, remarkable because its showy flowers 
stand the cold of average winters in England, and are destroyed only in very 
severe seasons. Of the sixteen Indian species described by Hooker and Thomson 
in the Journ. Linn. Soe. ii. 174, it will suffice to enumerate seven, the most 
common in the North-West Himalaya. 

Leaves membranous, deciduous; drupe 1-celled. 
Corolla short-campanulate ; leaves with dense grey tomen- 
tum beneath . : ‘ : Si AAne ; . lL. V. cotintfolium. 
Corolla rotate ; leaves glabrous or pubescent . ; . 2 Vz. stellulatum. 
R 


258 XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. [ Viburnum. 


Leaves membranous, deciduous ; drupe spuriously 3-celled. 
Flowers with the leaves, in ’ slender drooping panicles 3. V. erubescens. 
Flowers before the leaves in sessile corymbs. 

Main lateral nerves close, 8-10 pair ; ; drupe § in. long . 4. V. nervosum. 
ar lateral nerves distant, 7-9 ~, san se a in. 
ong 5 

Leaves coriaceous, evergreen ; drape 1-celled.. 

Corolla tubular, limb erect ; corymbs without bracts 6. V. coriacewm. 

Corolla rotate ; corymbs with ciliate bracts. : 7. V. punctatum. 


1. V. cotinifolium, Don. ; Bot. Reg. t. 1650 ; Wight Til. t. 121 A.— 
Syn. V. polycarpum, Wall. Vern. Mar ghwalawa, trans-Indus ; Rich 
uklu, bankunch, Jhelam; Richabi, kilmich, giich, Kashmir ; Bathor, 
papat kalam, khimor, rajal, tumma, Chenab ; Katonda, Ravi; Fanwu, 
khatip, tiistiis, SUSSU, Sutlej ; ; Gwia, Kamaon.* 


. V. fetens. 


A large shrub, inflorescence and under side of leaves clothed with dense 
grey stellate tomentum. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or rotundate, entire 
or crenulate, 2-5 in. long, glabrous or pubescent above, on short thick 
petioles ; main lateral nerves oblique, 5-6 pair, dividing into prominent 
branches half-way between midrib and edge of leaf. Flowers numerous, _ 
in sessile or short-pedunculate corymbs. Calyx lobes short ; corolla turbi- 
nate, white tinged with pink. Drupe oblong, + in. long, compressed, with 
2 furrows on each face, 


Abundant between 4000 and 11,000 feet in the N.W. Himalaya, also on the 
Suliman range. Fl. June-July. The ripe fruit is sweetish, and is eaten. 
Hardy in England. Nearly allied to V. Lantana, Linn., of Middle and South 
Europe and the Caucasus, with white, rotate corolla, 


2. V. stellulatum, Wall.; Pl. As. rar. t. 169.—Syn. V. Mullaha, Ham. 
Vern. Jal bagu, Jhelam; Amliacha, phulsel, Kashmir; Tit maliya, 
Kamaon. 


Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence with stellate pubescence. Leaves 
glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-lgnoralaes 
long-acuminate, dentate, with large, sharp teeth ; 3-5 in. long; petioles 
4-1 in. long; main lateral nerves 5-6 pair, oblique, undivided save near 
the margin, the lowest pair only with strong branches on the outside. 
Flowers small, in large, compound, nearly umbellate corymbs; corolla 
white, rotate, pubescent outside. Drupe ovate-oblong, compressed, shin- 
ing, t-4 in. long. 

Common in the N.W. Himalaya, between 6000 and 10,000 ft. Fl. July- 


Aug. ; fruit acid, eaten. V.envolucratum, Wall., probably does not differ from 
this species. 


3. V. erubescens, Wall.; Pl. As. rar. t. 134.—Syn. V. Wightianum, 
Wall. ; W. & A. Prodr. 388; Wight Ic. 1024. 


A shrub or small tree, with slender cinereous branches, nearly glabrous 
or pubescent. Leaves broad-ovate or oblong, with cordate or rounded 
base, acuminate, Spas, 2-3 in. long ; petioles 4-3 in. ; main lateral nerves 


* The vern. names of the sp. of Viburnwm demand further inquiry. 


Viburnum. | XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEA:. 259 


5-6 pair, arcuate, the lowest pair from the base. Flowers 4 in. long, 
white, or yellowish white, or pale rose-coloured, in slender drooping 
pedunculate panicles. Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse. Corolla tubular, wider 
above, limb spreading, Stamens 5, inserted at the same height in the 
mouth of the corolla. Fruit red, ovoid, } in. long, the endocarp project- 
ing into the cavity with two wings so as to give the appearance of 3 cells. 
Seed flat, concave, with the two edges bent inward. 

Himalaya from Kamaon to Bhutan 5000-11,000 ft. Nilgiris and Ceylon 
above 4000 ft. Fl. March-May, 


4, V. nervosum, Don.—Syn. V. grandiflorum, Wall. Vern. Ambre, 
amrola, ari, Ravi; Ris, dab, Bias. - 

A shrub, with stiff, stout, dark grey or brownish branchlets. Leaves 
generally approximate at the ends, elliptic or oblong, acuminate, serru- 
late, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 3-4 in. long; petioles # in. ; 
main lateral nerves closely parallel, 8-10 pair. Flowers white or rose- 
coloured, odorous, # in. long, appearing before the leaves in terminal, 
- short, sessile, dense corymbs ; peduncles, pedicels, and bracts with long 
white hairs. Calyx-lobes short, obtuse. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a 
spreading limb. Stamens unequal, 3 inserted below, 2 above, in the 
corolla-tube. Drupe flat, ovate, 4 in. long ; endocarp projecting into the 
cavity, and seed concave as in V. erubescens. 

Himalaya from the Jumna to Sikkim. Jaunsar Bawar forests 7000-9000 ft. ; 
ascends to 12,000 ft. Fl. May. 


5. V. foetens, Decaisne ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 84. Vern. Guach, uklu, kiinch, 
Jhelam ; Kilmich, guch, kwillim, kulara, jamara, Kashmir; Tilhanj, pulmu, 
tilats, tuin, Chenab; Talhang, tandei, tundhe, tunani zenani, Ravi. 


Closely allied to V. nervosum, differs only by larger, glabrous leaves, 
main lateral nerves more distant, 7-9 pair; corymbs lax ; and drupes 
in. long. The stamens are biseriate, as in V. nervosum, 2 inserted above, 
3 below, and the seed is concave. The flowers are sweet-scented, but 
the branches, when bruised, emit a bad smell. 


Common in the Panjab Himalaya at from 5000-11,000 ft. Fl. May-June. 
The fruit is sweetish, and is eaten. 


6. V. coriaceum, Blume.—Syn. V. capitellatum, W. & A. Prodr. 388 ; 
V. cylindricum, Ham. Vern. Kala Titmaliya, Kamaon. 


A shrub or small tree, glabrous, only youngest branchlets, petioles, 
peduncles, and pedicels glandular-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, entire 
or sinuate, oblong, long-acuminate, 3-6 in. long, with 3-4 pair main 
lateral nerves. Flowers } in. long, numerous, in pedunculate, umbellate 
corymbs, without bracts. Corolla short, tubular, somewhat wider at the 
mouth ; limb erect, with 5 obtuse, short lobes. Stamens exserted. 
Drupe 1-celled ; endocarp not projecting into the cavity. 


Himalaya 4000-7000 ft. from Sutlej] to Sikkim. Kasia, Ceylon, Nilgiris. FI. 
Nov.-May. 


260 XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEA. [ Viburnum. 


7. V. punctatum, Ham.—Syn. V. acuminatum, Wall. ; Wight Ic. 
t. 1021. 


A shrub with stout branches, wholly glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, 
elliptic, acuminate, 3-5 in. long; margins revolute, beneath with numer- 
ous fine round dots; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair. Flowers small, in 
large, terminal corymbs, with angular branches, and broad, ciliate bracts. 
Corolla rotate. Drupe 4 in. long, l-celled ; endocarp undulate on a cross- 
section, not projecting into cavity. 

Outer Himalaya in Kamaon and Nepal, ascending to 5000 ft. Nilgiris, 
pulneys, Anamallays, Western Ghats, Canara. FI. Jan.-March. 


5. SAMBUCUS, Linn. 


Large herbs, shrubs or trees, with large pith. Leaves pinnate. Flowers 
small, in umbellate corymbs or panicles. Calyx-limb 3-5 - toothed. 
Corolla rotate or campanulate, 3-5-cleft. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-5-celled ; 
style short, 3-5-partite, or stigmas 3-5, sessile; one pendulous ovule in 
each cell. Drupe with 3-5 cartilaginous cells. Seed compressed, 
embryo long. 


1. S. Ebulus, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 174. Dwarf Elder.—Vern. 
Richh kas, mushkiara, ganhila, Shelam ; Gandal, gwandish, siske, tasar, 
Chenab. 


Large herbaceous stems 3-6 ft. high, from a perennial root-stock, glab- 
rous; leaflets 3-5 pair, shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, sharply and 
closely serrate. Stipules foliaceous, often pinnate. Flowers in a large, 
sessile or pedunculate, compact corymbose cyme 4-6 in. across. Corolla- 
limb concave. 


Upper Chenab and Jhelam between 4000 and 11,000 ft. Europe, North 
Africa, West Asia. Fl. April-July. Leaves fetid when bruised. 


Orper XLV. RUBIACES. 


Trees, shrubs, or herbs, rarely climbers, with opposite or whorled leaves, 
and inter- or intra-petiolar stipules, either free or connate with the petioles, 
or forming a short sheath or ring round the stem within the petioles. 
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entire or with as many teeth 
lobes or divisions as lobes of the corolla, rarely more or fewer. Corolla 
gamopetalous, inserted round the epigynous disc ; lobes 4, 5, or sometimes 
more, rarely only 3, either imbricate (often contorted) or valvate in the 
bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, alternating with them, 
and inserted in the tube; anthers versatile, with parallel cells opening 
longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 2- or more-celled, rarely 1-celled. Fruit 
various. Seeds with a fleshy or horny albumen, rarely with little or no 
albumen. — Gen. Pl. ii. 7; Royle Til. 237; Wight Ill. ii. 72 (Cin- 
chonacec). 


Seeds numerous ; flowers numerous, in globose heads. 
Glabrous; corolla imbricate ; fruit a fleshy syncarpium . 1. ANTHOCEPHALUS, 


' Anthocephalus. | XLV. RUBIACE&. 261 


Pubescent ; corolla valvate; capsules dry, distinct, in 
globose heads. 
Leaves oval or obovate; calyx truncate; stigma with 


concave base 2. STEPHEGYNE. 
Leaves cordate; calyx 5- ‘lobed ; ; stigma clavate or capi- 
tate 3. ADINA. 


Seeds. numerous, ‘in 2- valved capsules : flowers numerous, in 

spikes or panicles, 
Corolla valvate; flowers in 3-chotomous panicles ; cor- 
olla - lobes fringed; capsule dehiscing septicidally 


from below ; leaves evergreen . 4. CINCHONA. 
Corolla valvate ; "flowers in bracteate spikes ; ; capsule ‘dehis- 
cing loculicidally ; ; leaves deciduous . : ¢ . 5. HYyMENODICTYON. 
Corolla imbricate ; flowers in 3-chotomous panicles . . 6 WENDLANDIA, 
Seeds numerous, in indehiscent berries ; flowers few ; corolla 
contorted. 


Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, rarely fasciculate. 
Ovary 1-celled ; ee parietal ; flowers 5-9-merous 7. GARDENIA. 
Ovary 2-celled ; placentz ondissepiment; flowers 5-merous 8. RANDIA. 
Flowers small, in sessile opposite axillary fascicles . 9. HYPTIANTHERA. 
Seeds 2, each enclosed in a chartaceous endocarp. 
Flowers in trichotomous panicles. 
Leaves coriaceous ; stipules es ae ; style short 


exserted, 2-fid . . 10. Ixora. 
Leaves membranous ; ; stip. sheathing ; ; style long ex- 
serted, undivided . ; . . 11. PAVETTA. 
Flowers in axillary fascicles. ; ; . 12, CorFEa. 
Seeds solitary, fruit a fleshy syncarpium with numerous 1- 
seeded pyrenes, several pyrenes often connate : . 13. Morinpa. 


Seeds 5; ovary 5-celled ; flowers in trichotomous panicles . 14. HAMILTONIA. 


1. ANTHOCEPHALOUS, A. Richard. 


Large trees, glabrous, with opposite, petiolate coriaceous leaves, and 
large interpetiolar caducous stipules. Flowers in globose, compact, ter- 
minal heads, without bracts and bracteoles. Calyx-tubes more or less con- 
nate, the limb cleft into 5 spathulate or oblong lobes. Corolla funnel- 
shaped, mouth glabrous, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted in the 
mouth of the corolla-tube, on short flattened filaments, the anthers ovate- 
oblong, apiculate. Ovary 2-celled below, 4-celled above, the placentz 
bifid above; style filiform, exserted, stigma fusiform; ovules numerous 
in each cell. Fruit a fleshy syncarpium, with numerous pyrenes, 4-celled 
above, 2-celled below, each with few seeds. Seeds minute, with a fleshy 
albumen ; embryo clavate, with short cotyledons and an obtuse radicle. 


1, A. Cadamba, Benth. & Hook.—Syn. Nauclea Cadamba, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. i. 512; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 35. Sans. Kadamba, nipa. Vern. 
Kaddam, karam. 


A large tree, with horizontal branches. ‘Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous 
and shining above, pubescent beneath, acuminate, 5-9 in. long, with 10-12 
pairs of prominent main lateral nerves. Flower-heads solitary, peduncu- 
late, 1-2 in. diam., orange-coloured, scented, with large, white, fusiform 
projecting stigmas, fruit yellow, size of a small orange. 


Cultivated in Bengal and North India, as far west as Saharanpur. Wild in 


262 XLV. RUBIACEZ, [ Anthocephalus. 


Ceylon and North Canara, and perhaps elsewhere along the western coast. 
Believed also to be indigenous in Assam. Fl. May-July. Trunk tall, erect, 
regularly shaped. Wood light yellow ; the cub. ft. weighs 36-47 lb. ; the mean 
ic of P. was found 616 (Puckle), and 618 (Cunningham). The flowers 
offered in Hindu shrines ; the fruit is eaten. Often cultivated for ornament 
and the shade of its close foliage. 

Nauclea purpurea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 54, FL. Ind. i. 515, which has been con- 
fused with this species (Dalzell Bombay Fl. Suppl. 48) is a different tree, with 
purple flower-heads, capitate stigma, a 2-celled ovary, and a capsule splitting 
into 4 valves from the base. 


2. STEPHEGYNE, Korthals. 


Shrubs or trees, with opposite, petiolate leaves, and large caducous 
interpetiolar stipules. Flower-heads compact, globose, axillary and ter- 
minal, generally supported by 2 large bracts. Flowers surrounded by pale- 
aceous bracteoles. Calyx-tube short, limb cup-shaped or tubular, truncate 
or indistinctly 5-dentate. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube elongate, glabrous 
or hairy inside, limb divided into 5 short, acute, valvate lobes. Stamens 
5, filaments short filiform, inserted in the mouth or the upper part of the 
corolla-tube ; anthers attached by the back, lanceolate, with a cordate base, 
apiculate. Ovary 2-celled, with a long filiform style, exserted, the stigma 
cylindrical, often with a concave base. ‘Ovules numerous, imbricate, pla- 
cente pendulous, or adnate to the dissepiment. Fruit globose, consisting 
of numerous dry distinct capsules, 2-valved, the valves dehiscing from the 
base, many-seeded. Seeds small, with a winged testa and fleshy albumen. 


1. S. parvifolia, Korth.—Syn. Nauelea parvifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 
52, Fl. Ind. i. 513; Wight Ill. t. 123; W. & A. Prodr. 391 ; Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. t. 34. Vern. Kaddam, kallam, keim, kanget. Local n. Phaldu, 
Kamaon ; Mundi marra, Gonds, C.P.; Kumra, Banswara; Htein thay, 
Burm. 


A large tree, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves oval rotundate or 
obovate, varying much in size, 2-6 in. long, at times longer, on short 
petioles ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, the lowest 2 pair from near the base 
of leaf. Stipules large, pale, obovate. Flower-heads light yellow, nearly 
white, 1 in. diam., on peduncles about twice the length of head, generally 
supported by 2 leaf-like, oblong bracts, narrowed into a long slender petiole. 
Bracteoles spathulate, as long as or somewhat longer than calyx-tube. 
Stigma cylindrical, with a concave base. 


A common tree in the greater part of India and Burmah. Often gregarious, 
particularly in moist places. In the sub-Himalayan belt its western limit is 
the Bias river, but trees are found (doubtfully indigenous) as far as the Chenab, 
and it ascends to 4000 ft. The tree is leafless for a short time in spring; the 
new leaves come out in May. Fl. May-July; fr. Nov, Dec., often remains 
long on the tree. 

50-60, at times 80 ft. high, with a short, erect, often irregularly-shaped trunk, 
sometimes buttressed, attaining a girth of 6-7, at times 10-12 ft. Bark thin, 
$-¢ in. thick, bluish grey, sometimes brownish grey, with dark patches of old 
exfoliating scales, leaving exposed the inner lighter-coloured bark. At times 


Stephegyne. | XLV. RUBIACEZ. 263 


marked with cicatrices, from which issues a whitish, afterwards rufescent gum. 
Wood grey to light-reddish brown, compact, close- and fine-grained, hard ; 
weight 35-47 lb. per cub. ft. seasoned, 54 lb. green ; value of P. 683 (Skinner), 
586 (mean of 2 exp. by Cunningham), Durable, if not exposed to wet. No 
distinct heartwood. Medullary rays very numerous, very fine. Easily worked, 
and polishes well. Used for building, furniture, agricultural implements, combs, 
and to a large extent for turned and carved articles, platters, cups, spoons. The 
leaves are used for fodder. 

To the same genus belongs Stephegyne (Nauclea) diversifolia of Burma (Bin- 
gah, Burm.) 

3. ADINA, Salisbury. 


Trees with opposite, petiolate leaves, and large interpetiolar caducous 
stipules. Flower-heads compact, globose, solitary or paniculate, with or 
without bracts, receptacle pilose. Flowers surrounded by paleaceous 
bracteoles. Calyx-tubes prismatic, limb 5-lobed. Corolla-tube elongate, 
funnel-shaped, glabrous inside, lobes 5, obtuse, valvate. Stamens 5, in- 
serted in the mouth of the corolla-tube ; anthers short, oblong, on short 
filaments, exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform, exserted, stigma clavate 
or capitate, the placentz pendulous, with numerous, imbricate ovules. 
Fruit dry, globose, of numerous distinct 2-valved capsules, dehiscent 
septicidally, sometimes separating from a persistent axis. Seeds oblong, 
winged at both ends, albumen copious, cotyledons plane, radicle terete 
superior. 


1. A. cordifolia, Hf. & Benth.—Tab. XXXIIT.—Syn. Nauclea cor- 
difolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 53; Fl. Ind. i. 514; W. & A. Prodr. 391; 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 33. Vern. Haldu, hardu. Local n. Tikkoe, Baraich 
and Gonda (Oudh) ; Hardu marrah, Gonds, Satp. range ; Haldwa, uldu, 
Banswara ; Hedu, heddi, Konkan ; Hnawben, Burm. 


A large tree, branchlets, leaves, petioles pubescent. Leaves cordate, 
short-acuminate, 4-9 in. long, nearly as broad as long, with 5-7 pair of 
prominent main lateral nerves, the 2 lowest pair from the base ; petioles 
half the length of leaf or longer. Peduncles axillary, as long as petioles, 
each bearing 1, rarely 2, globose yellow flower-heads, 1 in. diam. to tips 
of styles, which are long-exserted, with capitate stigmas. Receptacle 
pilose, with short, linear bracteoles. Corolla-tube pubescent outside. 
Fruit-head consisting of numerous distinct dry, pilose, clavate capsules ; 
axis of capsule persistent, flat, membranous, linear, 1-nerved. 


A common tree throughout the moister regions of India, extending in the 
sub-Himalayan tract to the Jumna, and ascending to 3000 ft. Not gregarious, 
and seedlings not numerous. The old leaves shed April-May, the tree is then 
leafless for a short time, until the new foliage comes out in May and June. FI. 
June, July, often later ; seeds ripen Dec.-March. Young leaves often eaten by © 
the larva of a moth, in such vast numbers as to strip the tree of all foliage, 

which in that case is usually renewed during the rainy season. 

Attains 80 ft. in North and Central India, but grows much taller in Burma and 
on the west side of India. Trunk straight, tall, often with large buttresses near 
the base, girth of 10-18 ft. not uncommon in the Kamaon Bhabar, many large 
spreading and ascending boughs, forming a broad rounded crown. Foliage light 


264 | XLV. RUBIACES. [ Adina. 


green. Bark 1-2 in, thick, grey or brownish grey, rough, with many longitudinal 
wrinkles and cracks, with a whitish pellicle on the smoothish persistent scales 
between the cracks. Inner substance of bark reddish brown, streaked with 
white, fibrous, laminated. Wood yellow, often changing when seasoning into a 
reddish nut-brown colour, with white specks, compact and fine-grained. No 
distinct heartwood. Skinner gives the weight of seasoned wood at 42 Ib., 
and this agrees well with the results of my experiments, 42 (1862), 43 (1864). 
The extremes are 36.3 (Puckle) and 49 (Cunningham). The value of P. is given 
by Skinner at 664, which seems a likely average, and agrees well with Cunning- 
ham’s experiments. In 1864 I obtained a higher average as the mean of 9 
experiments—viz., 760, the extremes being 530 and 950, A valuable wood, for 
it is fairly durable. R. Thompson states that logs of it lying for years in the 
Kamaon forests were not touched by white ants or other insects, supposed to be 
protected by a bitter substance in the wood, In South India it soon decays 
when exposed to wet. Seasons well, works easily, takes a fine polish, and is 
good for turning, but is somewhat apt to warp and crack. Employed exten- 
sively in construction, for furniture, agricultural implements, opium-boxes, 
writing-tablets, gun-stocks, combs. Canoes are scooped out of the trunk. 

To the same genus belongs Adina (Nauclea) sessilifolia of Burma (Thit- 
payaung, Burm.) 


4, CINCHONA, Linn. 


Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite, petiolate leaves, and inter- 
petiolar, deciduous stipules. Bark bitter. Flowers white red or purple, 
odorous, in terminal panicles, with short, linear or subulate bracts, the 
lower branches in the axils of leaves. Calyx-tube turbinate, pubescent, 
limb 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla tubular, pubescent outside, with a 
flat spreading 5-lobed limb ; lobes valvate, edge fringed with soft hairs. 
Stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-tube, with short or long filaments, anthers 
linear, attached to the back near the base. Ovary 2-celled; style slender, 
with 2 short obtuse branches, papillose inside. Ovules numerous, attached 
to linear placentz adnate to the dissepiment. Capsule ovoid, oblong 
or cylindrical, 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscing from the base septicidally. 
Seeds numerous, peltate, testa broadly winged, with denticulate or irregu- 
larly lacerated edge ; albumen fleshy, cotyledons ovate, radicle terete. | 


This genus, though not indigenous in India, is of the greatest importance for 
the wellbeing of its inhabitants, on account of the powerful medicinal qualities 
which the bark of many of the species possesses, Their cultivation has been 
attempted in Kangra, and on the Satpura range of Central India; some notice 
therefore appears called for in this place. About 36 species are known, and 
they are distributed over a narrow belt along the range of the Andes or Cordil- 
leras of South America, at elevations between 2300 and 8000 ft., principally 
along their eastern declivities, from lat. 19° south in Bolivia to lat. 10° north in 
Venezuela. The bark of about 15 species has important medicinal value, and 
most of these have been introduced into India since 1860, mainly through the 
labours of C. R. Markham, C.B., who was deputed to Peru in 1859 by the Sec- 
retary of State for India, and was most successful in organising a regular supply 
of plants and seeds of the different species. Mr Markham himself collected and 
brought to the coast, in spite of great difficulties, large quantities of seeds and 
plants of the Calisaya and other species from the Caravaya district in South 
Peru. Mr R. Spruce sent seeds and plants of the C. succirubra (red bark). 
Mr Cross collected seeds of C. officinalis and allied species in the province of 


a a 


Cinchona. | XLV. RUBIACE. 265 


Loxa (crown bark); and the importation of micrantha, peruviana, and other 

bark species of the Huanuco district, is due to Mr Pritchett. The plants 
collected by Mr Markham himself unfortunately perished on the voyage, but 
the seeds imported through the agency organised by him succeeded; and dur- 
ing a tour through Southern India in 1861, he selected the principal localities 
for plantations on the Nilgiris, and other hills on the west side of the Penin- 
sula. The Government plantations on the Nilgiris have, since the commence- 
ment, been under the skilful superintendence of Mr M‘Ivor. From Bengal the 
late Dr T. Anderson, then Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, went 
to Java in 1862, brought from thence a supply of plants and seeds of various 
merits and established the Cinchona plantations in Sikkim with these, sup- 
plemented by plants and seeds from the Nilgiris, and by Calisaya seeds ob- 
tained from other sources. It will be sufficient to enumerate here the 4 principal 
species cultivated in the East Indian plantations, being the more valuable kinds 
of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Besides these there are several species in New 
Granada, the more important of which are: C. ay kot Mutis; Karsten Flora 
Columbie, i. t. 11,12; and C. pitayensis, Wedd. ; Triana, Nouvelles Etudes sur 
les Quinquinas, 1870, p. 61 (Syn. C. corymbosa, Karsten, |. c. t. 10, and C’. Triane, 
Karsten, t. 22), remarkable by the corolla-tube hairy inside, and believed to yield 
the Pitayo bark, introduced into India by Mr Cross. 


Leaves broad-ova] ; flower-panicles pyramidal ; capsule oblong 1. OC. succirubra. 
Leaves oblong, obtuse, often narrow ; flower-panicles pyramidal ; 
capsule ovate . ; ‘ ; < : ‘ : ‘ 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; panicles short-corymbose ; 
capsules oblong or ovate-oblong ; : ; ‘ : 
Leaves broad-ovate or obovate, decurrent into short marginate 
petiole, nearly glabrous; capsule lanceolate . R ; 4. C. micrantha. 


2. C. Calisaya. 
3. C. officinalis, 


1. C. succirubra, Pavon ; Howard Illustrations of the Nueva Quino- 
logia of Pavon, 1862, t. 8.—Syn. C. cordifolia, var. #., Mutis ; Triana, 1. ¢. 
t. 20, bis. 


A tree, 15-40 ft. high, pubescent. Leaves without pits in the axils of 
lateral nerves, broad-oval, 6-10 in. long, 4-64 in. broad, acute at both ends, 
nearly glabrous above, soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath ; petiole 1-14 
in. long ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules oblong. Flowers rose- 
coloured with white hairs; 4-3 in. long, close together in large terminal 
panicles. Branchlets, nerves, and underside of leaves often red. Capsule 
oblong, 1-14 in. long. Varies with broader and narrower leaves, and with 
pale and pink flowers. : 


Indigenous in the warm and moist forests on the western and south-western 
slope of Chimborazo in Ecuador, north-east of Guayaquil, between 2300 and 
5000 ft., but has probably a wider range. According to recent researches, this 
species yields the red bark of commerce, which is exported from Guayaquil, 
and which was long known and valued, though the tree yielding it had not 
been identified. Seeds and plants of this species were collected in the Limon 
forests west of the Chimborazo, and in the district of Guaranda, and sent 
to India by Mr R. Spruce in 1860; and from this source mainly have been 
raised the extensive plantations of (’. succirubra on the Nilgiris and other 
hills of South India, and in Sikkim. The bark of this species is rich in Cin- 
chonine and Cinchonidine, but comparatively poor in Quinine. The special 
advantage is that it thrives at lower elevations than any of the other species 
which yield valuable bark, but it is sensitive to frost and long - continued 


266 XLV. RUBIACE. ' [Cinchona. 


drought. In Sikkim it thrives at an elevation of 1000 ft. in the vicinity of 
the Sal forest. It has been grown on the Chikalda hills in Berar, and on the 
Pachmarhis. The success of these experiments however, remains to be proved. 
In Burma it is grown on the hills east of Toungoo. The wood is close-grained, 
but not hard ; the medullary rays are numerous, and the pores are arranged in 
linear radial groups of 3-5 between the medullary rays, 


2. C. Calisaya, Weddell, Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas, 1849, t. 3. 


A large tree, or a shrub when stunted. Leaves oblong, or obovate- 
oblong, obtuse, rarely acute, sometimes very narrow, 3-6 in. long, nar- — 
rowed into a short petiole, glabrous, shining above, more or less pubes- 
cent beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with more or less indistinct 
pits (scrobiculi) in their axils. Flowers less than 4 in. long, pubescent, 
light flesh-coloured, hairs white. Panicles large, terminal. Filaments 
generally shorter than half the length of anthers. Capsule ovate, $ in. 
long. The shape of the leaves varies exceedingly. 


Indigenous on the east side of the second Cordillera range, between 13° and 
16° 30’ S. lat., in the northern districts of Bolivia and the province of Caravaya 
in Peru, at an elevation between 4800 and 6000 ft. A stunted variety, B. 
Josephiana, Wedd. 1. c. t. 3, bis, with oblong-lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous 
leaves, was found by Weddell on grass-lands (Pajonal) outside the forests. 
These grass-lands he believes were formerly covered with forest which graduall 
receded from the inroads of the jungle-fires, and the stunted Calisayas remained. — 
A similar encroachment of the grass-lands upon the forest by the action of the 
annual fires is not rare in India. The trees outside the forest, which resist the 
action of the fires, get stunted and gnarled, and often present a different aspect 
from the same species in the forest. C. Calisaya yields the Royal, also called 
Yellow or Calisaya bark, which is exported from Arica in south Peru. It is 
perhaps the most valuable of all Cinchona barks, rich in alkaloids, of which 
Quinine forms more than one-half, sometimes four-fifths, 

In Sikkim, C. Calisaya thrives remarkably well at moderate elevations. It 
seeds freely, and proves a free and rapid grower. This species was first intro- 
duced into the Buitenzorg Botanic Garden in Java by Justus Carl Hasskarl, 
who was sent to Peru by the Dutch Government in 1852. A large proportion 
of his importations, however, consisted of a comparatively worthless species, C. 
Pahudiana, Howard (identified by Triana, 1, c. 68 with C. carabayensis, Wedd.), 
with subcoriaceous, elliptic, not scrobiculate leaves, densely tomentose beneath, 
pink flowers, the a -tube pentagonous, with 5 longitudinal open slits on 
the edges, and pubescent capsules. 


3. ©. officinalis, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 5364.—Syn. C. Condaminea, 
Humb. et Bonpl. ; Weddell, 1. «. t. 4. 


A large tree, leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed 
into petiole 1 in. long or longer, glabrous, or slightly pubescent beneath, 
distinctly scrobiculate ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair, the pits in their 
axils distinctly visible on the upper side of leaf. Flowers pubescent, in 
short corymbose pubescent panicles, 4-3 in. long, flesh-coloured, capsules 
oblong or ovate-oblong, 4 in. long or longer. 

Indigenous in the forests of Loxa in Ecuador, on the east side of the Andes, 


at elevations between 6000 and 9000 ft. Produces the Pale, also called 
Loxa or Crown bark. Cultivated at high elevations on the Nilgiris and in 


Cinchona. | XLV. RUBIACE. 267 


Ceylon.” Rich in alkaloids, of which more than one-half is Quinine. Crown 
bark is yielded by several varieties or closely allied species, most of which have 
been introduced into the Indian plantations. In Howard’s Nueva Quinologia 
the following are figured: 1. C. Chahuarguera, Pavon ; 2. C. crispa, Tafalla ; 
3. O. Uritusinga, Pavon ; 4. C. heterophylla, Pavon (identified by Triana l. c. 
59 with CO. Chahuarguera, Ruiz et Pavon),—all from the Loxa and other dis- 
tricts of Ecuador. 


4. C. micrantha, Ruiz et Pavon,; Weddell, l. c. t. 14, 15; Howard, 
1. c. t. 5. 


A large tree. Leaves broad-ovate or obovate, 6-12 in. long, 4-8 in. 
broad, decurrent into a short marginate petiole, glabrous above, nearly 
glabrous beneath, with more or less distinct pits in the axils of the nerves. 
Main lateral nerves 10-12 pair. Flowers white, 4 in. long. Capsule 
lanceolate, $ in. long. 


Indigenous on the east side of the inner Cordillera in Peru and Bolivia. 
This, with C. nitida, Ruiz et Pavon ; Wedd. 1. c. t. 10, and perwviana, Howard, 
1. c. t. 27, yields the grey or silver barks which are rich in Cinchonine, though 
they contain no Quinine, or very little of it. The grey barks are cultivated on 
the Nilgiris and in Sikkim. 


5. HYMENODICTYON, Wall. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite, petiolate, deciduous leaves. Bark 
bitter. Stipules interpetiolar, deciduous, glandular-serrate. Flowers 
small, pentamerous. Corolla funnel-shaped or narrow campanulate, pilose 
outside ; lobes short, valvate. Anthers linear or oblong, filaments short, 
compressed, attached to the back of a broad connective. Dise annular. 
Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, long exserted, stigma fusiform, 2-lobed, 
ovules numerous, attached to cylindrical placentas adnate to the dissepi- 
ment. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-valved, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds 
numerous, imbricate, testa winged, wing elongated, bifid below, edge lacer- 
ated ; embryo small in a fleshy albumen. 


Flower-spikes erect, in terminal panicles. ‘ ; 1. H. excelsum. 
Flower-spikes drooping, axillary ‘ ; ; : 2. H. flaccidum. 


1. H. excelsum, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 149; W. & A. 
Prodr. 392.—Syn. Cinchona excelsa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 106; Fl. Ind. i, 
529. Vern. Bartu, barthoa, Pb.; Bhaulan, bhalena, bhamina, dhauli, 
N.W.P. ; Kikirkat, bhirkir, Oudh; Bhohar, potur, putir, C.P.; Don- 
dru, dandelo, Panch Mehals. 

A large deciduous and pubescent tree. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 
acuminate, 6-12 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules caducous, 
oblong, with a broad almost cordate base. Flowers greenish white, 
fragrant, very numerous, on slender pedicels in short clusters along the 
axis of dense cylindrical compound spikes, congregated in erect terminal 
panicles, the clusters in the axils of linear deciduous bracts, the spikes 
in the axils of long-pedunculate floral leaves or bracts, shaped like 
the leaves, but coloured and deeply reticulate. Corolla funnel-shaped, 


268 XLV. RUBIACEA. | Lymenodictyon, 


with a long slender tube, and a broad campanulate mouth. Capsules 
3 in. long, recurved on pedicels half their length or longer. Cinchona 
thyrsiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 530, fr. Bengal, is probably the same species. 


Forests of the Peninsula and Central India, extending on the west side as far 

north as the Panch Mehals. Burma, Bengal, Behar, Oudh forests, and sub-Hima- 
layan tract, west to the Ravi, ascending to 5500 ft. in the outer Himalaya. 
Leafless from November until May or June. Fl. June, July. Capsules ripen Oct.- 
Jan., remain long on the tree, conspicuous on the bare branches. A small tree 
in the C.P., but attains a large size, h. 50 ft., g. 6-8 ft., in Oudh and the north- 
west, and much larger dimensions in Burma. Very common in the Oudh forests, 
associated with Sal and Haldu, also in the outlying Scrub jungle. Bark 1 in. 
thick, cinereous or dark brown, smoothish or with elevated corky ridges, peel- 
ing off in large membranous scales. Middle bark purplish brown, inner bark 
white, streaked with red and orange. Wood light-coloured, soft, light, but close- 
grained. Heart and sap not distinct. Used for agricultural implements, scab- 
bards, grain measures, palanquins, toys, and similar articles. The inner bark is 
bitter and astringent, and is used as a febrifuge ; the bark is also used for tan- 
ning, and the leaves as cattle-fodder. 


2. H. flaccidum, Wall. 1. c. 152; Pl. As. rar. t. 188. 


A moderate-sized glabrous tree. Leaves approximate at the ends of 
branchlets, elliptic, acuminate, 6-10 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-10 
pair. Stipules deciduous, oblong with narrow base. Flowers white, 
numerous, sessile, fasciculate in dense cylindrical, pedunculate, drooping, 
axillary spikes, each spike with one long pedunculate coloured reticulate 
floral leaf on the peduncle. Capsules 4 in. long or less, reflexed, on short 
pedicels. 

Hills of Eastern Bengal. Nepal, outer Himalaya, as far as the Jumna, ascend- 
ing to 5000 ft. Fl. June, July. Capsules ripe Oct., and remain long on the tree, 
Bark cinereous or brown, somewhat rugose. Leaves red before being shed. 

H. obovatum, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 219, on the hills of the western coast 
as far north as Bombay, has elliptic or obovate leaves, on long petioles, pubescent 
beneath, finely reticulate between 6-8 pair of main lateral nerves, flowers sub- 
sessile, fasciculate in erect spikes, each spike with a coloured floral leaf, forming 
short terminal panicles. 


6. WENDLANDIA, Bartling. 


Shrubs or small trees, leaves opposite and in whorls of three. Stipules 
interpetiolar or intrapetiolar. Flowers small, supported by bracteoles in 


many-flowered terminal panicles. Calyx-tube subglobose, limb with 5 — 


nearly equal persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, limb spreading, of 5 im- 


bricate lobes. Anthers versatile, exserted. Ovary 2- rarely 3-celled, style 


slender, stigma bifid, but lobes often cohering. Capsule globose, crus- 
taceous, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds compressed horizontal, testa mem- 
branous, sometimes narrow-winged, embryo short in a fleshy albumen. 
Grey-tomentose ; stipules recurved ; corolla-tube short ; filaments 

as long as anthers ; ; 1. W. exserta, 


Nearly glabrous ; stipules adpressed ; corolla-tube long ; filaments 
shorter than anthers. ; ‘ ‘ ‘ . 2. W. tinctoria, 


1, W. exserta, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 402.—Syn. Rondeletia cxserta, 


= a eee a ee ee 


Wendlandia. | XLV. RUBIACEA. | 269 


Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 523. R&R. cinerea, Wall. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 141. 
Vern. Chaulai, chila, chilkiya, tila, Kamaon ; Birsah, tilki, Oudh; Kursi, 
Seoni district ; Marria kari, Gonds of Chindwara; Tilliah, Baigas of 
Mundla. | 

A small tree, grey-tomentose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, entire, pubescent above, clothed with short soft grey tomentum 
beneath, 6-9 in. long, main lateral nerves prominent, 16-20 pair. Stipules 
interpetiolar, ovate, upper part recurved. Flowers white, fragrant, in 
large tomentose panicles. Lobes of corolla reflexed, as long as tube. 
Filaments exserted, as long as anthers. 

Common in South and Central India, Bengal and in the sub-Himalayan 
tract as far west as the Chenab. Abundant in the Baraitch and Gonda forests 
of Oudh, where in some places it grows in dense patches to the exclusion of 
other trees. Common on the Nerbudda, particularly in broken, raviny ground. 
Very abundant and of large size in the vicinity of the Pachmarhis. Fl. March, 
April. Generally only about 25 ft. high with 3 ft. girth, but in places attains 
50 ft. and 5 ft. girth. Trunk short crooked or forking, branches upright. 
Foliage pale green. Bark rough, with longitudinal shallow cracks, exfoliating 
in long strips. Wood reddish, close-grained, extremely hard, fibrous and tough; 
though small, used for building and agricultural implements. 


2. W. tinctoria, DC.—Syn. Rondeletia tinctoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 522. 


A small tree, nearly glabrous, flower-panicles and under side of leaves 
pubescent. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, acuminate, 
narrowed into short petiole, shining above, pubescent or glabrate beneath, 
main lateral nerves 10-12 pair, prominent. Stipules interpetiolar, adpressed, 
triangular - ovate, cuspidate with a long apex. Flowers white, sessile, 
fascicled, in large hairy panicles. Corolla-tube four times the length of 
the recurved lobes. Anthers exserted, on very short filaments. 

Bengal, Behar, Nepal, Oudh forests (Gonda), Kamaon. Fl. Jan.-March. 20 ft. 


high, with a short crooked stem 3 ft. girth. Bark employed in Bengal as a 
mordant in dyeing. 


7. GARDENTA, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees, the young shoots often exuding a resinous gum. 
Stipules solitary on each side, entire, more or less connate round the stem 
within the petioles, often early deciduous. Calyx-limb produced beyond 
the ovary, truncate, toothed or divided into 5 or more lobes. Corolla- 
tube cylindrical, or slightly dilated upwards, lobes 5 or more, contorted in 
the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, usually more or less exserted. Ovary 
1-celled, incompletely divided by 2, 3, or rarely more projecting parietal 
placentz, with several ovules to each placenta. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 
usually crowned with the limb of the calyx, endocarp often hard and 
imperfectly 2-5-celled. Seeds numerous, immersed in the fleshy or pulpy 
placente. 


Armed with strong axillary, often leaf-bearing spines ; calyx 
truncate with 5 short subulate teeth. Fruit grey, 2-3 in. 
long ‘ i ateits : ; ; . , ; 1. G. turgida. 

Unarmed ; flowers 5-6-merous ; limb of calyx short. 

Limb of calyx with 5 or 6 ovate or triangular divisions ; 


270 XLY. RUBIACEA. [ Gardenia, 


fruit oblong; leaves cuneate-oblong, sessile, with broad, 
often cordate base , é ‘ > . ; ; 
' Limb of calyx with 5 long, subulate divisions ; fruit ovoid ; 
leaves elliptic-oblong, narrowed into short petiole : 3. G. lucida. 
Unarmed ; flowers 9-merous ; limb of calyx tubular, deeply cleft 
into 9 lanceolate hirsute segments ; fruit nearly globose, 
leaves obovate, narrowed into short petiole ; ; n 4. G. latifolia. 


1. G. turgida, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 711 ; Wight Ic. t. 579.—Vern. Thanella, 
N.W.P. ; Khurrur, khuriari, Oudh, Singrowlee, Mirzapur, Mundla, Sioni, 
Chindwara ; Ghurga, Oudh ; Pendra, Phendra marra, Gonds, C.P. 

A small tree. Branches with thick soft, mealy, grey, rarely light rust- 
coloured bark, armed with strong axillary, often leaf-bearing spines. 
Leaves greyish green, soft- tomentose beneath, pubescent above, rarely 
(specimens from South India) nearly glabrous, obovate, obtuse or short- 
acuminate, sessile, with a long tapering base, and 4-6 pair of main lateral 
arcuate nerves. Stipules interpetiolar, distinct, triangular. Flowers 1-4, 
axillary or at the end of short leafless lateral branchlets. Calyx short, 
campanulate, limb truncate with 5 short subulate teeth. Corolla white, 
fragrant, tube 3 times the length of calyx, limb with 5 oblong divisions, 
longer than tube. Fruit ovoid or turbinate, grey, rough, 2-3 in. long, 
with 9 obtuse longitudinal ridges at the base, crowned with the scar of 
calyx; shell of nut hard, bony, 5-valved. : 


Sub-Himalayan tract from the Kali to the Jumna, ascending to 4000 ft. 
Aravalli hills near Todgarh (Karumba), Banswara (Gangdalzi). Common in the 
Oudh forests, Behar. South India (the glabrous form, and limb of calyx more 
distinctly lobed). Old leaves shed in March, young foliage in May; fi. generall 
March and April. Barely 15 ft. high, with a short erect trunk, 25 ft. girth, batk 
3 in. thick, spongy, white or rusty farinaceous. Wood dirty white, with darker 
streaks, close-grained, hard, 56} lb. per cub. ft. (R. T.) Splits and cracks in 
seasoning. Fruit not eaten, but used medicinally (in Kamaon), 


2. G. gummifera, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 576; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 708, 
709 (G. arborea); W. & A. Prodr. 395.—Vern. Dekamali, kamarri, kar- 
marri, C.P. 

A large shrub, rarely a small tree, nearly glabrous, unarmed, leaves pu- 
bescent when young, rough when old, buds resinous. Leaves sessile, 
often with cordate base, cuneate-oblong or obovate-oblong, 2-3 in. long, 
with 12-16 pair main lateral nerves, stipules sheathing. Flowers ter- 
minal, 1-3 together, almost sessile. Calyx pubescent and scabrous, limb — 
short, with 5-6 ovate, or triangular divisions, Corolla large, white, yellow 
in the evening, fragrant, tube 14-2 in. long, limb spreading, segments 
narrow, oblong, half the length of tube, almost glabrous. Stigma clavate, 
entire, striated. Fruit oblong, with numerous longitudinal, elevated 
lines, 1-14 in. long, crowned with persistent calyx. Nut with a thin 
crustaceous shell, nearly 4- or 5-celled. 

Ceylon, South India, and Satpura range, C.P. Bare of leaves until the end 
of the hot weather ; fl. March, April, before the new leaves come out. Branch- 
lets rough, reddish. _Wood white and hard; the fruit is eaten. From wounds 
in the bark exudes a beautiful yellow gum-resin, which is collected and sold 
with the gum of G. lucida. 


2. G..gummifera. 


Gardenia. | XLV. RUBIACEA. 271 


To the same group of Gardenia belongs G. forida, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 2627, 
3349, with oblong-elliptical coriaceous leaves, 2-4 in. long, acuminate, narrowed 
into short petiole, with 6-10 main lateral nerves, calyx-segments linear, nearly 
1 in. long, fruit oblong, above 1 in. long, crowned by the persistent calyx-seg- 
ments. Indigenous in China, and cultivated throughout India on account of 
its large white fragrant flowers. 


3. G. lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 707 ; Wight Ic. t.575 ; W. & A. Prodr. 
395.—Vern. Dikamali. Local n. Konda manga, kokkita, tetta manga, C.P. 


Glabrous, unarmed, with resinous buds. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, 
or short-acuminate, narrowed into short, marginate petiole, 3-10 in. long 
with 20-25 pair main lateral nerves; stipules sheathing, cut into un- 
equal segments. Flowers large, solitary, on pedicels 4-1 in. long from 
the axils of the uppermost leaves near the ends of branches. Limb of 
calyx with 5 long linear-subulate divisions. Corolla large, pure white, 
fragrant, tube long, glabrous,-striated, limb spreading, with 5 obovate- 
oblong lobes, as long as or a little shorter than the tube, glabrous. 
Stigma entire. Fruit oblong or ovoid, smooth, marked with longitudinal 
lines, crowned with the persistent calyx ; shell of nut hard, woody, thick, 
nearly 2-celled by the prominent placentz. 


Burma, South India, and Central Provinces. Fl. March-June; fr.0.S. A 
large shrub or a small tree 25 ft. high, trunk short erect, 3 ft. girth, numerous - 
stiff decussate branches. Young shoots greyish-green, smooth, resinous. Wood 
close-grained, hard, is made into combs, and is recommended for turning. A 
- gum-resin (dikamal) exudes from wounds in the bark, is collected and sold in 
the bazar, hard opaque, yellow greenish or brown, with a strong smell. Useful 
in the treatment of sores and cutaneous diseases, and for keeping off flies and 
worms. 


4. G. latifolia, Aiton; Hort. Kew. i. 369 ; W. & A, Prodr. 395; Wight 
Ic. t. 759. Vern. Papra, paphar, C.P.; Ban pindalu, N.W.P.; Pannia- 
bhil, Gonds, Mandla; Gungat, bhandara, Gonds, Satpura; Phiphar, 
Baigas, Balaghat. 


A small tree ; nearly glabrous, young leaves pubescent, mature leaves 
dark green and glossy. Leaves opposite or in threes, oval or obovate, 
entire, narrowed into short petiole, with 10-20 pairs of prominent lateral 
nerves, and small, hairy glands in the axils of the nerves on the under 
side. Stipules connate in a sheath round the stem within the petioles. 
Flowers terminal, generally solitary, nearly sessile. Limb of calyx cam- 
panulate, deeply and irregularly cleft into generally 9 lanceolate hir- 
sute segments. Corolla large, white in the morning, yellow in the 
evening, fragrant, tube 2-3 in. long, hirsute om the outside ; limb spreading, 
divisions generally 9, obliquely obovate, hairy, on the outer edge overlap- 
ping in the bud, as long as the tube, or equal to half its length. Stigma 
clavate, thickand fleshy. Fruit nearly globose, 14-2} in. long, adpressed 
pilose when young, when ripe cinereous or speckled greenish yellow, 
crowned with the lower part or the whole of calyx, and enclosing a nut, 
with a thin, hard, but brittle shell, bearing on the inside 4 or 5 parietal 
placentee. 


272 XLV. RUBIACEA. [ Gardenia. 


Common in dry place, in many parts of India, in the sub-Himalayan forests 
ascending to 3000 ft., north-west as far as the Jumna, in Bengal, Behar, Central 
India, South India, and Ceylon. Trunk short, 3 and at times 4 ft. girth, with 
stiff divergent branches, forming a small rounded head, up to 30 ft. high. New 
leaves in the beginning of May; fl. in April and May ; the fruit ripens in the 
ensuing cold season. Bark }3-} in. thick, white, grey or greenish, scurfy and 
farinaceous, but upon the whole smooth. The wood is white, with a yellowish 
tinge, close- and fine-grained; it weighs when dry 52-53 lb. per cub. ft., is easy 
to work, and durable ; combs are made of it, and it has been recommended for 
engraving and turner’s work. Annual rings distinct. 

A tree figured in Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 134, and described in that work, and in Fl. 
Ind. i. 706, under the name of G’. latifolia (G. enneandra, Konig ; W. & A. Prodr. 
394 ; Wight Ic. t. 574), from the Circars and the Carnatic, has the lobes of the 
corolla as long as the tube (no constant character in this group), and the calyx- 
limb short-dentate. Roxburgh identifies it with Aiton’s G. latifolia, but thinks 
it different from that plant as figured by Gartner, Carp. iii. t. 193. The ques- 
tion, whether the plant described and figured by Roxburgh is specifically distinct 
from G. latefolia, Ait., as here described, demands farther inquiry. 


8. RANDIA, Linn. 


Shrubs or rarely trees, often armed with opposite axillary thorns. Sti- 
pules solitary on each side, pointed, with a broad base, but not united, 
often deciduous. Calyx-limb more or less produced beyond the ovary, 
truncate, toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube cylindrical, short or long, rarely 
dilated at the top ; lobes 5, contorted in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, 
included in the tube or exserted. Ovary 2-celled, with several, usually 
numerous ovules in each cell, attached on the dissepiment to a fleshy pla- 
centa. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, often crowned by the calyx-limb. 
Seeds numerous, immersed in the fleshy or pulpy placenta. 


Corolla-tube glabrous, much longer than calyx; fruit a small 
4-seeded berry, ¢ in. long : ; ; ‘ ; «1. R. tetrasperma. 
Corolla-tube hairy, short ; fruit large, more than 1 in. long. 
Branches rust-coloured; spines 1-4, at the end of short 
branchlets ; calyx with 5-8 short obtuse lobes ; fruit grey, 


2 in. long ‘ ; : ‘ : ; ‘ : . 2. R. uliginosa. — 
Branches grey ; spines axillary ; calyx with 5 broad ovate 
foliaceous divisions ; fruit yellow, 1-14 in. long ‘ . 38. &. dumetorum, 


1. R. tetrasperma, Benth. & Hook.—Syn. Gardenia tetrasperma, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 709, ed. Carey, ii. 555. Vern. Bara garrit, Kamaon. 


A small shrub, with grey, decussate, stiff branches, and short, often 
spinescent branchlets. Leaves glabrous, 4-2 in. long, obovate or oblan- 
ceolate, narrowed into short petiole, approximate near ends of branchlets ; 
stipules triangular-subulate. Flowers greenish- white, scented, sessile, 
pentamerous. Calyx-lobes as long as tube, subulate from a triangular 
base. Anthers exserted. Corolla-tube 4 in. long; lobes nearly as long, 
oblong; apex subulate. Stigma long, spindle-shaped. Fruit a globose 
berry, crowned with the persistent calyx, + in. long, 4-seeded. 


Himalaya from Indus to Bhutan. In North-West Himalaya ascends to 6000 
ft. Fl. April, May. 


Randia. | XLV. RUBIACEZ. 273 


Nearly allied is R. rigida, DC. (Posoqueria rigida, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. 
Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 570) ; a rigid shrub about 6 ft. high, pubescent, with short, 
sharp axillary spines, }-} in. long, and ovate, acuminate leaves on short petioles, 
with cordate or rounded base, white fragrant flowers in axillary, nearly sessile 
fascicles ; corolla-tube Se long ; berries small, many-seeded, globose purple. 
Eastern Himalaya and Nepal. Probably also in Kamaon. 


2. R. uliginosa, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 398; Wight Ic. t. 397.—Syn. 
Gardenia ul., Roxb. Pl. Cor, t. 135; Posoqueria ul., Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 
712. Vern. Pindalu, pindara, Kamaon ; Panar, Oudh ; Paniah, Gorakh- 
pur; Bharani, katil, C.P. ; Kaurio, Panch Mehals ; Mhaniben, Burm. 


A tall shrub or small tree ; nearly glabrous, trunk and branches with 
dark, rust-coloured bark. Smaller branches quadrangular, bearing short, 
round, diverging, decussate branchlets, with several pair of approximate 
leaves, 1-3 flowers, and at the top 1-4 strong sharp decussate thorns, about 
Zin. long. Leaves shining, smooth above, pubescent with short scattered 
hairs beneath particularly along the nerves, obovate, or obovate-oblong, 
from cuneate base, with 6-8 pairs of main lateral nerves ; petioles short. 
Limb of calyx tubular, obtusely 5-8-toothed or nearly entire, a little 
shorter than the tube of the corolla, which is large, showy, white or 
cream-coloured, with a broad spreading limb of 5-8 round obtuse lobes ; 
mouth of tube shut up with a ring of close white hairs. Fruit ash- 
coloured, crowned with persistent calyx, 2-celled, ovoid, 2 in. long, with 
a thick hard dry pulp. 


Common in many parts of India. In the sub-Himalayan forests as far west 
as the Jumna, ascends to 2500 ft. Panch Mehals, Oudh, Central Provinces, 
South India, Bengal, and Burma. Often gregarious, mostly in low, moist 
places. Fl. May-June ; fr. Dec.-Feb. Leaves shed Feb., renewed April. 15- 
20 ft. high, with short erect trunk, 2 ft. girth. Branchlets decussate, horizon- 
tal, with spines and flowers at their extremities. Bark 1 in. thick, dark-rusty, 
rough with brown scales. Foliage dark or bright green. Wood whitish, close- 
grained, hard, 41 lb. per cub. ft. Fruit sold in bazaars of Oudh and Behar, 
eaten when cooked or roasted. Leaves browsed by deer and cattle. 


2. R. dumetorum, Lam.—Syn. Gardenia dumetorum, Roxb. Cor, Pl. t. 
136 ; (Posoqueria), Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 713 ; Wight Ic. t. 580; W. & A. 
Prodr. 397. Vern. Mindla, mandkolla, Pb.; Arara (the shrub, Aitch. Cat. 
71), Hushiarp.; Mainphal, manyul, karhar, N.W.P.; Main, maini, 
Oudh; Mainhiri, manneul, C.P. 


A shrub or small tree, armed with strong opposite axillary spines 1-14 
in. long. Leaves obovate, acute, from cuneate base, narrowed into a short 
marginate petiole, rough on both sides with short stiff hairs, rarely gla- 
brous ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair. Flowers greenish-yellow or nearly 
white, fragrant, at the ends of short lateral leaf-bearing branchlets, solitary 
or 2-3 together, on short peduncles. Calyx campanulate, strigose with 
stiff adpressed hairs ; limb with 5 broad-ovate foliaceous divisions. Corolla 
white ; tube short, not much longer than calyx-lobes, strigose with stiff 
adpressed hairs ; limb spreading, its divisions oval or oblong. Fruit glo- 

8 


274 XLV. RUBIACEA. [ Randia. 


bose or ovoid, yellow when ripe, 1-14 in. long, with a thick, firm fleshy 
pericarp ; kernel cartilaginous, 2-celled, the seeds embedded in a quantity 
of gelatinous pulp, attached to the middle of the partition. R. longispina, 
DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 398; Wight. Ic. t. 582; is probably the same 


species. 


Exceedingly common in most parts of India, extending north-west to the 
Bias river, and ascending in the outer Himalaya to 4000 ft. Ceylon, Java, and 
South China, In Kamaon and Garhwal abundant in some of the Sal forests, 
also in the Gonda and Baraitch divisions of the Oudh forests. Loses its leaves 
Feb.-April ; new foliage April-May. Fl. generally March-May; fr. Noy.- 
March. Very variable in habit and size, from a small stiff shrub to a handsome 


small tree, 15-20 ft. high, with a straight, often ridged and furrowed trunk, 2-4 


ft. girth, with numerous thin, rigid branches, forming a rounded rather open 
crown. Bark $ in. thick, cinereous or brownish-grey, rough with white elevated 
dots, wrinkled but not marked with cracks or furrows; at times quite white 
and smooth. Sapwood large, dirty-white, heartwood light brown, fine- and even- 
grained, compact, firm, hard, heavy and strong, Liable to warp. Used for 
agricultural implements, fences, and fuel. Bark of root and stem, and the fruit 
are used in native medicine. The unripe fruit is bruised, pounded, and used to 
poison fish ; when ripe it is roasted, and eaten. The leaves are lopped and used 
as cattle-fodder. Growth slow ; a section of a tree known to be 65 years old, 


4 in. radius, hollow inside, showed 54 annual rings on 2 in. of the radius near 
the circumference. 


9. HYPTIANTHERA, W. & A. Prodr. 


Shrubs, wholly glabrous, with terete branches, and interpetiolar, trian- 
gular acuminate, persistent stipules. Flowers small, white, sessile in 
opposite axillary fascicles, bracteolate. Calyx-tube short, turbinate ; limb 
cleft into 5, somewhat unequal, acuminate, persistent lobes. Corolla-tube 
short, pilose within ; lobes 4-5, contorted in bud. Anthers 4-5, sessile on 
the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, with 2 large oblong, hirsute 
branches. Fruit an ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 6-10-seeded berry. Seeds 
imbricate ; embryo small in a horny albumen. 


1. H. stricta, W. & A. Prodr. 399.—Syn. Randia stricta, Roxb. Fl. 
Ind. i. 526. 


Leaves lanceolate, shining, 3-5 in. long, on short petioles ; main lateral 
nerves arcuate, joined by distinct intramarginal veins. 


Bengal, Oudh forests, common on shady banks of streams, Generally a shrub, 
with many stems from one root, at times a small tree, 15-20 ft. high, with short 
erect trunk. Evergreen. Fl. April. 


10. TXORA, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, 
evergreen; stipules interpetiolar. Flowers in trichotomous corymbs. 


Calyx-tube ovoid, limb short, persistent, 4- rarely 5-dentate. Corolla’ 


hypocrateriform ; tube slender, limb of 4, rarely 5 lobes, generally shorter 
than tube, contorted in bud. Stamens inserted in the mouth of the cor- 
olla, filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, with 2 short exserted 


o- 


Izxora.] XLV. RUBIACEZ. | 275 


branches, 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit a coriaceous or fleshy 2-seeded 
berry with chartaceous endovarp. Testa membranous, albumen cartilag- 
inous, embryo incurved at the back of the seed, radicle inferior. 


1. I. parviflora, Vahl; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 383; W. & A. Prodr, 429 ; 
Bedd: Fl. Sylv. t. 222.—The Torch-Tree. Vern. Gandhal, Hindi ; Ran- 
gan, Bengal; Kauria, Sadri, Meywar ; Kurat, Bombay. 

A large shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves short petiolate, 
coriaceous, hard, shining, cuneate- or obovate-oblong, often with a slightly 
cordate base, 4-5 in. long, with prominent reticulate veins, and about 10. 
pair of more or less prominent lateral nerves. Stipules triangular, subulate. 
- Flowers white or pink, 4-4 in. long, in terminal corymbose trichotomous 
panicles. 

Common in South India, extending north to the Satpura range. Bengal, 
Behar, Ceylon. Fl. March, April The green branches make excellent torches, 
and are used for that purpose by Dak runners. _ The wood is fairly close-grained. 

I. coccinea, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 375; W. & A. Prodr. 427.—Syn. J. Band- 
huca, Roxb.; J. grandiflora, Ker ; the Flame of the Woods (Sans. Bandhuka, 
raktaka) ; with oblong sessile leaves on a cordate base, bright scarlet flowers 2 
in. long, in short compound terminal corymbs, is indigenous in South India, 
Chittagong, Burma, the Indian Archipelago. Cultivated in gardens all over 
India, and in most tropical countries. Naturalised in North Australia. FI. 
throughout the year, particularly during the rains. 


11. PAVETTA, Linn. 


Shrubs and small trees, glabrous pubescent or tomentose. Leaves 
opposite, petiolate, mostly membranous. Stipules intrapetiolar, decidu- 
ous, generally connate into a sheath. Flowers in trichotomous corymbs, 
white or greenish. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube slender, lobes 4-5, 
stamens inserted in the mouth of corolla. Ovary 2-celled; style long, 
slender, filiform, stigma fusiform undivided or 2-dentate ; ovule one in 
each cell attached to the dissepiment. Fruit a fleshy 2-seeded berry, with 
chartaceous endocarp. Testa membranous, albumen corneous, embryo 
incurved at the back of the seed, radicle inferior. 


1. P. tomentosa, Smith; W. & A. Prodr. 431.—Syn. Ivora tomentosa, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 386; WightIc. t. 186. Vern. Juz, Beng. 


A large shrub ; branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with short 
tomentum. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 5-8 in. long, on petioles 1 in, 
long ; main lateral nerves 10-15 pair. Flowers white, faintly. fragrant, in 
broad spreading trichotomous panicles. Corolla, before opening, 1 in, 
long, lobes 4 in. long. 

South India, Burma, Bengal ; common in the outer Himalayan ranges of 
Garhwal and Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft. Fl. March, April. 


- P. indica, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 431 (/zora Pavetta, Roxb. i. 385), glabrous, 
with lanceolate or oblong-elliptic leaves on short petioles, 8-10 main lateral 
nerves, white flowers in broad flat-topped trichotomous corymbs, is a common 
deciduous shrub in South India as far north as Bombay, and probably on 
the south face of the Satpura range. Abundant in Bengal. Fl. April, May. 


276 XLV. RUBIACEA. [ Pavetta. 


Plectronia didyma, Benth. & Hook.—Syn. Canthium didymum, Geertn. ; 
Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 221 ; C. wmbellatum, Wight Ic. t. 1034 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. 
Fl. 113 ; is a beautiful evergreen tree 30 ft. high, with dark-green, oval, short- 
acuminate coriaceous leaves, and white flowers in axillary umbels on short 

eduncles. Corolla-segments valvate, tube hairy inside at the mouth. Drupes 
} in, long, numerous, on slender pedicels, compressed, with two lateral furrows, 
almost didymous. South India, common along the western Ghats, possibly in 
the Central Provinces. Wood yellowish, with irregular masses of black wood 
in the centre, close-grained hard and heavy. Vern. Arsil, Bombay. 


12. COFFEA, Linn. 


Shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of 3. 
Stipules interpetiolar, broad, acuminate, persistent. Flowers white, 
sessile or on short pedicels, solitary or fascicled in the axils of leaves, 
Calyx-tube short, with a short, truncate or dentate limb. Corolla hypo- 
crateriform or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4-5, oblong, obtuse, patent, contorted 
in bud. Stamens inserted in the mouth of the corolla ; anthers sessile, or 
attached to short filaments at the back near the base. Ovary 2-celled, 
style bifid at the top ; ovule one in each cell attached to the dissepiment. 
Berry globose or oblong, dry or fleshy, 2-seeded, each seed enclosed in a 
coriaceous or chartaceous endocarp (the husk of the coffee). Seeds plano- 
convex, the inner side flat, with a deep longitudinal furrow, filled up by 
the testa and a portion of the endocarp. Embryo curved, at the back and 
near the base of the horny albumen, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle inferior. 


1. C. arabica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 539; Wight Ic. t. 53. Coffee. 
—Vern. The bean Bun, when roasted and ground Kahwa. 


A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves 5-7 in. long, opposite, oblong, 
acuminate, narrowed into short petiole ; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, 
joined by intramarginal veins, and slender parallel reticulate veins. 
Flowers numerous, in axillary fascicles. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes 
oblong, as long as tube. Filaments 4-4 the length of anthers. Berry 
fleshy, purple when ripe. 


Indigenous in Abyssinia, and in Soudan, where it is said to form large forests. 
The use of coffee has long been known in Abyssinia, but it is not certain when 
the shrub was first cultivated. In Arabia it has been cultivated since the 
fifteenth century ; there is, however, no proof of its being indigenous in that 
country. In the sixteenth century coffee became known in Europe, and in 
America ‘its cultivation was commenced in 1718 by the Dutch in Surinam. 
Coffee was grown in Java in the latter half of the seventeenth century. It is 
said that into India it was first introduced (last century) by a Musalman saint, 
who lived and died on the summit of the great mountain in the Shimoga divi- 
sion of Mysore, called after him Baba Buden, that he brought the coffee-tree 
from Arabia, and planted it near his dwelling, whence it gradually spread to 
other parts of the country (Bowring, Eastern Experiences, p. 157). The coffee- 
tree accommodates itself readily to a moist climate, and under the influence 
of a rainfall of 100 inches on the Ghats of Munzerabad, Coorg, and Wynad, 
produces coffee similar in quality to that grown in Egypt, Arabia, and other 
countries, with a comparatively dry climate. It thrives in Chota Nagpur, on 
the Chikalda hills in Berar, and elsewhere in Central India. In the Dehra 


Coffea. | XLV. RUBIACEZ, 277 


Doon it grows freely, and produces fruit abundantly, but requires to be pro- 
tected against frost while young. It is remarkable that coffee and tea contain 
the same substance, an alkaloid (Coffeine or Theine), to which (partly at least) 
the effect upon the nervous system of coffee and tea must be attributed. Tea 
contains between 1 and 34 °/, of this substance, and coffee between $ and 1 °/.. 
Coffeine is also found in the Maté or Paraguay tea, Zlex paraguayensis, in the 
Rola, Korra, or Gorra nuts, the seeds of a sterculiaceous tree, Cola acumin- 
ata, R. Br.; Bot. Mag. t. 5699, of tropical Africa, cultivated in Brazil and the 
West Indies, which form an important article of trade, and are chewed by the 
negroes of West Africa and the West Indies as a condiment. It is also con- 
tained in the seeds of a sapindaceous tree (Paullinia sorbilis, Mart.) in Brazil, 
which are powdered and made into a paste, called guarana bread ; used to make 
a refreshing drink. 

Coffea bengalensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 540; Bot. Mag. t. 4917; Kath-jahi, 
Kamaon ; is a small shrub with large snow-white flowers, solitary or in pairs, 
and ovate, long-acuminate leaves. Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, and the outer hills 
of Kamaon. Fl. Feb.-March. 


13. MORINDA, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees, leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of three, generally 
membranous. Stipules interpetiolar, or connate into a sheath. Flowers 
white, sessile on a globose receptacle, forming globose or ovoid flower- 
heads, with the calyx-tubes often connate. Calyx-limb truncate or ob- 
securely dentate, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, or hypocrateriform ; 
lobes coriaceous, 5, rarely 4 or 6-7, valvate in bud. Stamens inserted in 
_the mouth of corolla ; filaments short, anthers attached by the middle of 
the back. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell, attached to the dissepi- 
ment below the middle (normally 2-celled, but the 2 cells are converted 
into 4 by the introverted carpellary leaves being so produced laterally, as 
to reach the walls of the ovary—Thwaites) ; style with 2 stigmatic lobes, 
rarely entire. Drupes of each flower-head distinct or united in a com- 
pound succulent berry, including a number of hard 1-seeded pyrenes, 
usually 2-4 proceeding from each flower. 


1. M. exserta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 545; W. & A. Prodr. 419.—Sans. 
Achyuta. Vern. Al, Ach, ack. Local. Alleri, Alladi, Panch Mehals ; 
Ainshi, North Konkan. 


A moderate-sized tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, narrowed 
into short marginate petioles, ovate or elliptic-oblong, 4-5 in. long, main 
lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules triangular or ovate. Peduncles mostly 
solitary, leaf opposed by the abortion of the axillary leaf, 1 in. long or 
longer. Corolla-tube ? in. long. Stamens exserted. Style bifid.. Drupes 
igs into a fleshy syncarpium, irregularly ovoid or globose, #-1$ in. 

ong. 

__ Indigenous in many parts of India, in Bengal, Burma, the Peninsula, the 
Panch Mehals. A fast-growing tree 30-40 ft. high, with a deeply-cracked spongy 

bark of greyish yellow colour. Fl. March-June. Blossoms and bears seed at 

a very early age. Wood bright yellow, darkening into yellowish brown; made 

into plates and dishes. The ‘bark of the root is used for dyeing red and yellow. 

Skinner gives the weight of the wood of M. citrifolia at 30 Ib. What he enters 

under /. exserta from Burma is a Randia, possibly R. uliginosa. 


278 XLV. RUBIACEZ. [ Morinda. 


Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 541-546, describes 4 species closely allied to this, which are 
important, as the root of all is used for dyeing. 1. WM. citrifolia, Linn., from 
Pegu, with glabrous, lucid leaves. 2. M. tenctoria, Roxb., cultivated throughout 
India, with glabrous, but not lucid leaves. 3. JZ. bracteata, Roxb.; Wight Il. 
t. 126, from Ganjam, glabrous, flower-heads supported by a few linear-lanceolate 
bracts, adnate to the calyx-tubes of outer flowers. 4. MW. multiflora, from Nag- 
ae and Berar, downy, peduncles often opposite, axillary, the end of the brane 
orming a short panicle. These 4 species have the anthers not exserted, the 
stipules are interpetiolar, free, or only connate at the base, not sheathing. I 
am. inclined, however, to think that the wild and cultivated plant cannot be 
specifically distinguished, and that it will be more convenient to consider the 5 
species described by Roxburgh as one, which would then be called M. citrifo- 
fia, Linn, Beddome, FI. Sylv. t. 220, unites WZ. citrifolia and tinctoria, and 
Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 145, points out that. the presence of bracts and the 
exserted anthers are variable characters. JV. citrifolia, Linn., is found in Java 
and other islands of the Indian Archipelago, in Queensland, on the Sandwich, 
and other islands of the Pacific. When the ach is cultivated, it is generally 
raised from seed, and dug up when a few years old, unless trees are wanted to 
produce seed. A full account of its cultivation in As. Researches, iv. 35 (1799). 
Entirely distinct from this sp. are Morinda angustifolia, Roxb. 1. ¢. 549 ; 
Cor. Pl. t. 237, from Bengal, Burma (cultivated in Toungyas as a dye), and Sin- 
gapore, distinct drupes, and IZ. umbellata, Linn.—Syn. WM. scandens, Roxb. 1. 
e. 548, a diffuse or climbing shrub common in Southern and Eastern India, with 
4-8 umbellate terminal peduncles. 


14. HAMILTONTA, Roxb. 


Shrubs with opposite, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate penniveined leaves, 
and short, intrapetiolar, broad, acute, persistent stipules. Flowers fascicu- 
late, in large trichotomous panicles. Calyx-tube ovoid, limb 5-cleft, seg- 
ments subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube long, lobes 5, 
valvate. Stamens inserted in the mouth of the corolla, anthers attached 
by the back to short, subulate filaments. Ovary 5-celled, with 5 furrows, 
the dissepiments disappearing afterwards. Capsule 1-celled, 5-seeded, 
opening at the apex into 5 valves. Seeds triquetrous, testa of 2 layers, 
the outer reticulate. _Cotyledons foliaceous, cordate, induplicate, radicle 
inferior. ; 


1. H. suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 554.—Syn. H. propinqua, Dne. 
in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 91; Spermadictyon suaveolens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 
236; S. azureum, Wall. Bot. Reg. t. 1235. Vern. Muskei, kantalu, 
jisauni, Chenab ; Niggi, tulenni phul, gohinla, Ravi; Kanera, pudari, 
Bias; Phillu, Sutlej ; Iogia padera, Kamaon. 


A shrub, with divaricate, more or less herbaceous branches. Leaves 
elliptic-oblong, 6-9 in. long on short petioles, glabrous or pubescent, firm, 
hard and rough, main lateral nerves 10-16 pair, arcuate, anastomosing 
with intermediate more slender nerves. Branches of panicle pubescent. 
Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, in compact fascicles, with subulate 
bracts, white or blue, fragrant, calyx-segments linear or subulate, longer ~ 
than ovary, clothed all over with long hairs, and often in addition with a 
few distant filiform gland-tipped teeth, or hairless, with glandular teeth, ~ 
or clothed with short pubescence only. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, pubes- 


Hamiltonia. | XLV. RUBIACEA. 279 


cent outside, anthers more or less exserted, stigma included or ex 
serted. 

A common but somewhat variable shrub, on rocky dry hills, generally only 
a few feet high, but attaining in places 8-12 ft. It is known from Behar, the 
Aravalli hills (Mairwara), and Mount Aboo, the Salt range in the Panjab, and 
the Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 5000 ft. Fi. Oct.-Dec. 
Wood small, but in Chamba said to be used for making gunpowder-charcoal. 
H. mysorensis, W. & A. Prodr. 423, from Mysore and Western India, fl. white, 
Jan.-March, is closely allied, if not the same species ; the glandular-tipped teeth 
of calyx-segments, which are supposed to be its specific character, are found 
equally in specimens from Behar, North-West India, and Mairwara. Graham, 
Bomb. Cat. 91, asks whether they are identical, and adds they look much like 
each other. I am inclined to think that farther researches on the spot will show 
that they are not specifically distinct. 

Leptodermis lanceolata, Wall. ; Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 90.—Vern. Padera, 

on ; is a small shrub with white sessile flowers in bracteate heads, forming 

large terminal panicles. Each flower is enclosed in a tubular 2-toothed and 2- 
nerved membranous involucre, composed of 2 connate cuspidate bracts, the cap- 
sule is cylindrical, 5-valved, the valves terminate in ovate, persistent ciliate 
calyx-lobes, and separate from 5 central fibrous, reticulate 1-seeded bags. North- 
West Himalaya 5000-10,500 ft. ; fl. June-Aug. Leaves fetid when bruised. 


Orper XLVI. ERICACEZ. 


Shrubs, small trees or rarely wiry herbs. Leaves usually alternate, 
_ simple, exstipulate. Calyx more or less deeply divided into 4 or 5 teeth 
or lobes, tube adnate to the ovary (Vacciniew) or quite free (Hricinee). 
Corolla hypogynous or epigynous, the tube ovoid, globose, tubular, or 
campanulate. Stamens generally double the number of corolla-lobes, hy- 
pogynous or epigynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening at the top by 2 pores 
or oblong slits, or rarely longitudinally. Ovary inferior or superior, usually 
4-5- co - celled, with many ovules in each cell, on axile placentas, Style 
slender ; stigma entire or minutely lobed. Seeds very small, with a fleshy 
albumen ; embryo straight, often minute.—Royle Ill. 255 (Vacciniee), 
257 ; Wight Il. ii. 116, 119. 


This Order comprises two sub-Orders: 1. Vacciniec, with inferior ovary, 
containing the Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn.) of Europe, and numerous 
species of the same genus on the mountains of Southern and Eastern India. 
2. Hricinee, with superior ovary, comprising the numerous heaths of Europe 
and South Africa, and to which sub-Order belong the two genera which find a 
place in this Flora. 3 


Capsule globose, 5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally  . : . 1. ANDROMEDA. 
Capsule cylindrical or conical, 5-18-celled, dehiscing septicidally 2. RnHopopENDRON. 


1, ANDROMEDA, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees with alternate, petiolate leaves. Calyx without bract- 
lets. Sepals 5, wholly or partially distinct, valvate in the bud. Corolla 
5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening 
by a terminal pore. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, dehiscing loculi- 
cidally, dissepiments remaining on the valves. Seeds numerous, minute, 


280 XLVI. ERICACEA. [ Andromeda. 


linear, on thick placentz projecting from the summit or the middle of the 
axis. 


1, A. ovalifolia, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1199.—Syn. Pieris ovalifolia, 
Don. Vern. Ayatta, eilan, ellan, ellal, arur, rattankat, Ph. ; Eyar, ayar, 
N.W.P.; Anjur, angiar, Nepal. 

A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves coriaceous, entire, 3-6 in. - 
long, ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, penniveined, on 
short petioles. Flowers white to bluish, flesh-coloured sometimes, in uni- 
lateral, bracteate racemes ; bracts lanceolate, deciduous. Corolla tubular, 
slightly constricted at the mouth, Filaments subulate from a thickened 
base, ciliate, included, but nearly as long as corolla-tube, with two spread- 
ing ciliate filiform appendices at the apex; anthers awnless, oblong. 
Sutures of the capsule with a linear ridge, which pulls away separately 
when the capsule opens. 

Common in the outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, usually between 
4000 and 8000 ft., at times ascending to 10,000, and descending as low as 2000 
ft. Kasia hills, Burma, and Japan. In oak and pine forests, and often asso- 
ciated with Rhododendron arboreum. Leafless for some time in winter, new 
foliage Feb. Fl. April-June; capsules ripen July-Sept. Growth slow, 34 
rings per inch. Bark rough, with numerous narrow, deep, close-set cracks, tail- 
ing off into each other. Inner bark fibrous. Wood light reddish-brown, com- 
pact, firm, not durable, used only as fuel and for making charcoal. Buds and 
young leaves are poisonous to goats ;* the young leaves are used to kill insects, 
an infusion and the juice of the leaves are applied externally in skin diseases. 

A. formosa, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1200.—Syn. Pieris formosa, Don. ; is an 
evergreen tree with lanceolate serrulate leaves, racemes in large terminal pani- 
cles, Bhutan, Sikkim (7000-10,000 ft.), Nepal, and (doubtfully, Madden) in 
Eastern Kamaon at 7000 ft. 


2. RHODODENDRON, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, entire, alternate leaves and large showy 
flowers usually in compact terminal clusters or umbelliform corymbs, from 
large buds with scaly bracts. Calyx free, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, or 
obsolete. Corolla campanulate or infundibuliform, 5-12-lobed, sometimes 
slightly irregular. Stamens 10-20, commonly declinate, as well as the 
style ; anthers short, opening by terminal pores, awnless, Ovary supe- 
rior. Capsule cylindrical or conical, 5-18-celled and -valved, dehiscing 
septicidally. Seeds numerous, scale-like. Placente projecting from the 
axis, either 2 in each cell (the inflected and distinct edges of the carpellary 
leaves), bearing seeds on the outside only, or one placenta in each cell 
bearing seeds on both sides. 

Flowers in terminal corymbs ; calyx small, flattish. 

Flowers on short pedicels; capsules 10-celled, 10-valved . 1. R. arboreum. 

Flowers on slender pedicels #-1 in. long ; capsules 5-6-celled 2. R. campanulatum. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs ; calyx cleft to the base ; lobes 


foliaceous, membranous . : : - : : Ae Oe Anthopogon. 
Flowers solitary ; calyx foliaceous . é ‘ ; . w« 4 BR. lepidotum. 


* See Cleghorn in Journ. Agr. Hort. Soc. of India, xiv. 260 (1867). 


Rhododendron. | XLVI. ERICACEA. 281 


1. R. arboreum, Sm.—7 vee Rhododendron. Vern. Ardawal, Jhelam ; 
Mandal, Chenab ; Chiu, aru, Ravi; Bras, broa, birdns, birinsh, Bias to 
Sardah ; Bhorans, guras, Nepal. 


A small tree; leaves crowded at the ends of branches, coriaceous, 
elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, rarely obtuse, 4-6 in. Jong, glabrous, 
shining above, with a dense silvery film of small scales beneath ; main 
lateral nerves 15-25 on either side of midrib, prominent beneath, de- 
pressed on the upper surface. Flowers commonly crimson-scarlet, occa- 
sionally white pink or rose-coloured, or marked with purple or yellowish 
spots, 1-2 in. long, on short peduncles in sessile, dense, many-flowered 
terminal corymbs ; buds subglobose, covered with broad tomentose scales. 
Calyx small, flat, persistent, with 5 spreading unequal teeth. Corolla 
between turbinate and campanulate, with 5 unequal lobes. Stamens 
alternately longer. Capsules on thick, hirsute peduncles, 4-4 in. long, 
cylindrical, about 1 in. long, curved, 10-grooved, 10-celled. Seeds minute, 
on bipartite placente. 


Hills trans-Indus. Common on the outer ranges of the Himalaya from the 
Indus to Bhutan, between 3000 and 8500 ft., ascending at times to 11,000. Does 
not extend into the arid parts. Often associated with Quercus incana and 
Andromeda. Never leafless, the foliage is renewed gradually. Time of flower- 
ing varies, the usual period is March-May; has been seen in flower during 
winter, with snow on the ground. Again at times the blossoms do not come 
out until June or July (Simla, 1849, 1867). Growth slow, 14 rings per inch, 
Hardy at Kew in sheltered places. 

Attains 30-40 ft., with a short, often gnarled, not straight trunk, 7-8 ft. girth, 
specimens of 15-17 ft. have been measured, but these large stems are always 
hollow. Bark 1 in. thick, chestnut brown, corky, rimose, wrinkled. Wood 
light or dark brown, close-grained and hard, but not strong ; employed for 
building, made into dishes, and used for fuel and charcoal. Annual rings very 
clear and distinct. Flower-buds and young leaves believed to be poisonous to 
cattle. The flowers are eaten, and made into a pleasant subacid jelly ; they are 
at times intoxicating. They are offered in temples, and are applied for headaches. 

R. nilagiricum, Zenker—Syn. R. arborewm, Wight Ic. t. 1201; Bedd. FI. 
Sylv. t. 228; on the Nilgiris, Pulneys, and Anamallays ; is closely allied, and 
perhaps not specifically distinct. It has shorter and generally broader leaves, 
with a rusty film beneath, and a broadly tubular or campanulate corolla-tube, 
with a spreading, nearly flat limb. At high elevations in the N.W. Himalaya 
R. arboreum is said to have a rusty, not silvery, film beneath. 


2. R. campanulatum, Don ; Bot. Mag. t. 3759.—Vern. Gaggar, yurmi, 
Kashmir ; Sarngar, shinwala, Ravi; Shargar, Bias; Simrung, Sutlej. 


A shrub ; leaves crowded at the ends of branches, coriaceous, elliptic 
or elliptic-oblong, 3-5 in. long, smooth, shining above, with a dense buff- 
coloured film beneath ; midrib prominent, main lateral nerves indistinct. 
Flowers whitish pink or lilac, 1-1} in. long, on slender peduncles #1 
in. long, in sessile terminal corymbs. Buds subglobose, covered with 
glabrous or pubescent scales. Calyx small, flat, persistent. Corolla 
campanulate. Capsules cylindrical, about 1 in. long, curved, 5-6-celled, 
5-6-valved. 


282 XLVI. ERICACEA. | Rhododendron. 


Himalaya 9500-14,000 ft., found in the inner more arid tracts (e.g., Kuna- 
war), as well as on elevated points of the outer ranges (Chir, Kedar Kanta). 
From the Indus to Nepal. &. Wallichit, Hook, fil.; Rhod. Sikk. t. v. ; Bot. 
Mag. t. 4928 ; from Sikkim, 11,000-13,000 ft.; is believed to be a variety of this 
species. Fl. May-July. The leaves (Z’amdku, hulds, patti Kasmir) are brought 
to the plains and used as snuff. Wood close-grained. Hardy in England. 


3. R. Anthopogon, Don; Royle Ill t. 64.—Syn. Osmothamnus fra- 
grans, DC, Vern. Nichni, rattankat, nera, Shelam ; Tazak-tsun, Kashmir; 
kai zaban, morua, talisa, Ravi; Talisri, Bias. 


A small alpine shrub, with a heavy aromatic odour, young parts with 
glandular hairs and rust-coloured scales. Leaves approximate at ends of 
branchlets, 1-14 in. long, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shining above, fer- 
- ruginous beneath, edge recurved. Flowers on short pedicels in short 
terminal corymbs. Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, membranous, ciliate. 
Corolla hypocrateriform, with a long slender tube, and a plain patent 
limb. Capsule surrounded by the persistent calyx, 5-celled, 5-valved. 
Style short, erect, clavate. 


Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, generally above the forest limit, between 11,000 
and 16,000 ft. Chir, Kedar Kanta, Kunawar. “ Nothing exceeds the beauty 
of its flowers, whether we consider the texture of the corolla, exquisitely tender, 
translucent, or the rich blush of the first opening blossoms, which insensibly 
passes into snowy white, then faintly tinged with sulphur, all colours seen on 
one and the same plant.”—Hook. Rhod. Sikk. p. 7. Fl. June-July. Hardy at 
Kew in sheltered places. 


4. R. lepidotum, Wall. ; Royle Ill. t. 64.—Vern. Names of preceding. 


A small alpine shrub, aromatic, young parts with silvery or rust-coloured 
scales. Leaves approximate at ends of branchlets, #-1 in. long, oblong or 
obovate-oblong, acute, the under side with a silvery or brownish film, edge 
recurved. Flowers varying from red to dingy yellow, solitary or 2-3 
together, on ‘pedicels }-? in. long. Calyx-lobes oval, obtuse, not ciliated. 
Corolla with a broad short tube and a patent concave limb. Style short, 
thick, recurved. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 


Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, between 10,000 and 16,000 ft. Lahaul, Hattu, 
Kunawar, &c.. The leaves of this and the preceding species (taltsfar, Pb.) are 
used as stimulants in native medicine. 


OrperR XLVII. MYRSINEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, entire or toothed leaves, with- 
out stipules. Flowers small, usually pentamerous or tetramerous, in 
axillary clusters racemes or panicles, rarely in terminal panicles. Calyx 
free or rarely adhering to the ovary. Corolla regular, gamopetalous and 
_polypetalous, rarely wanting. Stamens epipetalous, as many as petals or 
divisions of the corolla, and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled, ovules 
numerous or few, attached to a free central placenta,’ which is often thick 
and globular. Fruit an indehiscent berry or drupe, rarely splitting length- 


Masa. | XLVII. MYRSINEZ. 283 


Wise on one side. Seeds with few exceptions albuminous, often with 
more than one embryo.— Royle Ill. 264 ; Wight IL ii, 137. 


Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary . J é . 5 : . 1. Masa. 
Calyx free ; petals free to the base ; , : , . . 2. EMBELIA. 
Calyx free ; petals united in a short tube, with a deeply-lobed limb. 

Corolla without appendages ; anthers longer than short filaments. 


Flowers in dense axillary clusters . . A ; ‘ . 3. MYRSINE. 
Flowers umbellate, corymbose, or paniculate . : ; . 4, ARDISIA. 
Corolla with appendages; filaments long ; flowers in axillary 
clusters. : : : : d ; : . . 5. REPTONIA. 


1. MASSA, Forskal. 


Flowers in simple or compound racemes with small bracts and two 
bracteoles under each flower. Calyx-tube adherent, limb 5-lobed, corolla 
5-lobed. Stamens 5, filaments slender, anthers short. Ovary inferior or 
half-superior. Ovules numerous, more or less embedded in a fleshy pla- 
centa. Style short. Berry crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, many- 
seeded. 


Glabrous, racemes much longer than petiole. ‘ . 1. M. indica. 
Pubescent, racemes as long as petiole . ‘ ; . 2 M. argentea. 


1. M. indica, A. DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 1206.—Syn. Beobotrys indica, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 557. Vern. Kalsis, Kamaon ; Atki, Bomb. 


A large shrub, sometimes with a tendency to climb ; glabrous, inflor- 
escence only slightly pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong ovate-oblong or 
lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, on petiole }-in. long, membranous, dentate, with 
large distant teeth, edge revolute. Flowers white, mostly unisexual, on 
slender pedicels, as long as flowers, in compound, nearly sessile, axillary 
racemes, the racemes of male flowers 1-2 in. long, longer than those of the 
female flowers ; bracts shorter than pedicel. Calyx-lobes obtuse, slightly 
ciliate or pubescent. Anthers broad, nearly rotundate. Berry globose, 
white, 7; in. across. This and other species of Mesa are liable to a pecu- 
liar monstrosity, the flowers being replaced by dense spikelets of closely 
imbricated bracts, which transform the racemes into dense sterile panicles. 


A common shrub in South India, Burma, and Bengal. In the sub-Himalayan 
tract west to the Ganges, ascending to 5000 ft. Also in Ceylon, China, the 
Indian Archipelago.. The specimens from N.W. India certainly belong to 1. 
indica ; whether M, montana, A. DC., is a distinct spécies, I do not venture to 
decide. Fl. at different times, chiefly April-Oct.; the berries ripen in the 
course of three months, and are eaten in Nepal. In Canara the leaves are used 
to poison fish. 


2. M. argentea, Wall. Fl. Ind., ed Carey, ii. 233.—Vern. Phusera, 
gogsa, N.W.P. 


A large shrub, 6-8 ft. high; branches subscandent, clothed with soft 
and dense pubescence. Leaves elliptic, 6-10 in. long, dentate with sharp 
teeth, slightly pubescent above, white or grey-tomentose beneath, acu- 
minate, on petiole 1 in. long. Flowers white, on short pedicels, in short 
compact axillary racemes as long as petiole, with a few short branches 


284 XLVII. MYRSINE. [ Mesa. 


at the base. Berry round, smooth, white, size of a peppercorn. Seeds 
numerous, minute, immersed in the surface of the fleshy globular placenta. 


Outer Himalayan ranges, Kamaon and Nepal 4000-6000 ft. Fl. April-May. 
Fruit July, is eaten. 


2. EMBELIA, Burm. 


Shrubs or woody climbers. Flowers small, in simple or branched 
slender racemes, either axillary or forming a terminal panicle. Calyx 
free, deeply 5-lobed. Petals 5, rarely 4, distinct, spreading. Stamens 
as many, inserted at the base of and not exceeding the petals ; filaments 
filiform, anthers short. Ovary superior ; style short ; ovules few, embed- 
ded in a globular fleshy placenta. Fruit a dry 1-seeded berry. 


Flowers in large terminal panicles; main lateral nerves of leaves 


numerous, indistinct ; } d . ; ‘ 1. Z. Ribes. 
Flowers in axillary racemes; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, promi- 
nent ; ‘ ° . ‘ ‘ 3 ‘ 2. E. robusta, 


1. E. Ribes, Burm. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 586.—Syn. E. glandulifera ; 
Wight Ic. t. 1207. Vern. Karkannie, Bomb. ; Baberung, Silhet. 


A large climbing shrub ; glabrous, only branches of inflorescence densely 
pubescent. Leaves 2-3 in. long, coriaceous, entire, shining above, paler 
beneath, elliptic - oblong, acuminate, narrowed into a short marginate 
petiole ; main lateral nerves numerous, parallel, not prominent ; glands 
along midrib, petiole or edge of the leaf near base, or wanting. Flowers 
polygamous, small, pubescent, of a greenish-yellow colour, on pubescent 
pedicels longer than calyx, in slender racemes, forming large terminal 
panicles. Bracts shorter than pedicels. Calyx-lobes acute. Petals elliptic, 
acute. Stamens on short filaments, included. Berry the size of a pepper- 
corn, black, succulent, wrinkled when dry; seed solitary, globose, aro- 
matic and somewhat pungent. 

Common in South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal, and will probably be found 
in the Satpura range. Also in China and the Indian Archipelago. In Silhet 
the berries are collected and used to adulterate black pepper (Roxb.) The 
berries, sold under the name of Bebrang, Babarang, Waiwarang in the bazaars 
of India as an anthelmintic, are the fruit of this species. 


2. E. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 587.—Syn. £. Tsjeriam cottam, 
Wight Ic. t. 1209; #. Basaal, Don. Vern. Amti, Ambat, Barbatti, 
Byebering, Bomb. ; Bebrang, Oudh. 


A large, spreading and scrambling shrub or small tree, very variable in 
appearance. Branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves, and racemes more 
or less rough with rust-coloured pubescence, sometimes glabrous. Leaves 
2-4 in. long, membranous, entire, elliptic, short-acuminate ; petioles short, 
terete, or channeled, but not marginate; main lateral nerves promi- 
nent, 6-12 on either side of midrib, with shorter intermediate ones, 
anastomosing by intramarginal veins. Flowers dioicous or polygamous, 
greenish white, glandular-pubescent, on pedicels longer than calyx, in 
axillary racemes varying in length, those of the male flowers longer, but 


Embelia. | XLVII. MYRSINEA. 285 


not generally exceeding the length of leaf. Bracts subulate, shorter than 
pedicels. Petals oblong, reflexed. .Stamens in male flowers long-exserted. 
Berry dry, spherical, nearly 4 in. diam., generally with more or less dis- 
tinct longitudinal ribs. 


Common in western India, Bengal, Behar, and the sub-Himalayan tract as far 
asthe Jumna. Trunk short, erect, branchlets covered with numerous callous 
dots, round or linear. Fruit ripens Oct.-March. 

E. villosa, Wall., Behar, leaves soft villous underneath, flower-racemes long, 
slender, 4-6 in. long, is closely allied to this, if specifically distinct. 


3. MYRSINE, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, with coriaceous leaves. Flowers small, on short 
pedicels, in dense clusters, usually from the axils of fallen leaves. Calyx 
4- or 5-lobed. Corolla deeply 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens as many ; anthers 
erect, ovate or lanceolate, on’ very short filaments. Ovary free, style 
short. 

Small trees, wholly glabrous; fruit clustered. 
Leaves serrate ; main lateral nerves few ; 1. M. semiserrata. 


Leaves entire ; main lateral nerves numerous, indistinct . 2 M. capitellata. 
A shrub, branchlets pubescent ; fruit solitary . ‘ 3 . 3& MM, africana, 


1. M. semiserrata, Wall. ; Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 293 ; Tent. Fl. Nep. 
t. 24.—Vern. Parwana, kingkung, gogsa, bamora, gaunta, N.W.P.; Bilsi, 
beresi, kalikatha, Nepal. (M. acuminata; Vern. Chupra, Kamaon, 
Madden Journ. As. Soc. xvii. i. 368, is probably the same species). 


A small or middle-sized tree, glabrous, with resinous leaf-buds. Leaves 
coriaceous, lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, entire 
or sharply serrate from the middle to the apex, sprinkled with numerous 
resinous pellucid dots, edge revolute, midrib prominent beneath ; main 
lateral nerves anastomosing by prominent reticulate and intramarginal 
veins. Flowers small, scentless, tetrandrous or pentandrous, polygamous, 
white, with a light pink tinge, on short pedicels in numerous axilla 
rounded fascicles, with small, ovate deciduous brownish scales at the base. 
Calyx persistent. Corolla-tube very short, lobes more than twice the 
length of calyx, oblong, recurved. All parts of the flower with resinous 
dots. Anthers ovate exserted. Ovules 3-4, semi-immersed in a horizontal 
line round the globose fleshy free placenta. Style short, with a fleshy 
stigma, expanding from a tubular hase into a large unilateral, 3-lobed 
fimbriated limb. Drupe the size of a pea, red, globose, a little depressed, 
smooth and shining ; exocarp soft, fleshy, endocarp crustaceous. Seed 
one, globose. Embryo cylindric, slightly curved, surrounded by a carti- 
laginous albumen, slightly ruminated and pitted on the outside. 


Outer Himalayan ranges, 3000-9000 ft., from the Bias to Bhutan. Fl. and 
fr. Dec.-March. In favourable places attains 30-40 ft. Bark ash-coloured, often 
dark, nearly black, longitudinally wrinkled, with many prominent, callous 
dots. The fruit is eaten. Wallich states that the wood is chocolate-coloured, 
compact, heavy hard handsome and much esteemed in Nepal for carpenter’s 
work, 


286 : XLVII. MYRSINEZ. [ Myrsine. 


2. M. capitellata, Wall.; Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 295 ; Tent. Fl. Nep. 
t. 25; Wight Ic. t. 1211; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 234, 


A small or moderate-sized glabrous tree. Leaves coriaceous, lanceo- 
late elliptic- or obovate-oblong, 3-7 in. long, gradually narrowed into a 
short, marginate petiole, entire, with resinous dots near the edge, midrib 
prominent, lateral nerves numerous, slender, parallel, indistinct. Flowers 
polygamous, greenish, with copious minute, elevated, resinous, brown dots; 
on short pedicels, in lateral rounded heads, sessile, or on short woody 
peduncles, axillary, or on the previous year’s wood. Calyx small, per- 
sistent. Corolla-tube short, lobes oblong, recurved. Anthers oval, partly 
exserted. Stigma blunt or 2-lobed. Drupe globose, 4 in. diam. 

Mountains of South-Western India and Ceylon, Burma, and Eastern Bengal. 
Nepal. Fl. and fr. Dec.-March. The fruit is eaten ; wood similar to that of 
M. semiserrata. 


_ 3. M. africana, Linn.—Syn. MW. bifaria, Wall. Vern. Shamshdd, 

Afg.; Bebrang, kakhum, kokhuri, karuk, gugul, jutru, chachri, pratshu, 
branchu, khushin, papri, bandaru, busin, atulgan, Pb. ; Guvaini, pahari 
cha (hill tea), chupra, N.W.P. 


A shrub; branchlets, petioles, and lower part of midrib pubescent 
with short, ferruginous hairs. Leaves bifarious, coriaceous, lanceolate 
or obovate, narrowed into a very short petiole, 4-1 in. long, sharply ser- 
rate, the serratures cuspidate, midrib prominent ; main lateral nerves few, 
inconspicuous, anastomosing by reticulate veins. Flowers small, white, 
with a pale pink tint, dotted with brown resinous dots, male and bisexual, 
tetrandrous, nearly sessile, in axillary fascicles of 4-6. Anthers oblong, 
purple, twice the length of the corolla. Style short ; stigma large, flat, 
verrucose. Drupes solitary, globose, red, smooth, ;'5 in. diam. 


Common in N.E. Afghanistan and the hills trans-Indus, in the Salt range, 
and the outer Himalaya from 2500 to 8500 ft., extending eastward into Nepal. 
Abyssinia, Cape of Good Hope. Fl. March-May ; fr. 5 PE ov. Attains 20 
ft., branching from the ground. Bark grey, with numerous elevated specks, 
and. shallow longitudinal wrinkles, occasionally a whitish pellicle peeling off. 
- Well worth trying for garden-hedges. The wood is used for fuel; the fruit is 
sold in the bazaars of North-West India under the name of Bebrang. 


4, ARDISIA, Linn. 


Trees shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers larger than in other Myrsi- 
nace, in umbels or short corymbs, axillary or terminal, solitary, or form- 
ing branched panicles. Calyx free, 5-lobed. Corolla deeply 5-lobed, 
lobes spreading or reflexed, convolute in bud, tube very short. Stamens 
5; filaments short ; anthers erect, lanceolate, appendiculate at the top ; 
base emarginate or bifid. Ovary l-celled; style subulate, usually long 
and persistent, the stigma not enlarged; ovules generally 6-12. Fruit 
fleshy, globose, 1-seeded. 


Flowers in axillary corymbs shorter than leaf . 


1. A. humilis. 
Flowers in terminal panicles . : ‘ : ee SY 


jloribunda. 


Ardisia. | XLVII. MYRSINE. 287 


- 1. A. humilis, Vahl ; Wight Ic. t. 1212.—Syn. A. solanacea, Roxb. 
Corom. t. 27; Fl. Ind. i. 580. Vern. Kantena, maya rawa, C. Prov. 


A large shrub, wholly glabrous, Leaves 4-8 in. long, obovate-oblong, 
narrowed into a short marginate petiole, entire, short-acuminate ; midrib 
prominent, main lateral nerves numerous, oblique, arcuate, parallel, not 
very conspicuous. Flowers light rose-coloured, 4 in. across, in peduncu- 
late, axillary corymbose racemes, shorter than leaves. Pedicels 4 in. 
long, longer in fruit, red, in the axils of oblong or rounded concave, de- 
ciduous bracts. Calyx nearly to the base 5-cleft, lobes oval or rounded, 
obtuse. Berry size of a small cherry, round, black, 1-seeded, full of 
bright-red juice. 


South India and Ceylon. Burma. Bengal. Sub-Himalayan tract as far 
west as the Jumna, ascending to 3000 ft. Generally on banks of streams and in 
moist places. Indian pe goer 2 South China. FI. at all seasons, principally 
March-May. Bark yellowish grey or brownish. Wood used as fuel. . 


2. A. floribunda, Wall.; Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii, 272. 


A shrub or small tree, young shoots, tender leaves, and inflorescence 
clothed with short, loose, purple pubescence, full-grown leaves glabrous. 
Leaves pale beneath, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 in. long, shallow and 
indistinctly crenulate, narrowed into a marginate petiole 4 in. long; mid- 
rib prominent, lateral nerves indistinct. Flowers small, red, on short 
coloured pedicels, thickened at the top, in terminal compound ovate 
panicles, with linear bracts, the lower branches in the axils of leaves, 
and often leaf-bearing. Calyx almost white, lobes spreading, ovate, acute. 
Corolla rotate. Anthers bursting from the middle to the apex, terminated 
by a subulate appendix. 


Outer Himalaya to 5000 ft. Garhwal, Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, 
Kasia hills. 


5. REPTONTA, A. DC. 


Evergreen shrubs with entire coriaceous leaves, and small flowers. 
Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with a short tube, and 5 spreading lobes, con- 
volute in the bud, with 5 small scales alternating with the lobes, and 
inserted in the mouth of the tube. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; ovules 


1-4 on a small placenta at the bottom of the ovary. Drupe globose, seed 
albuminous. 


1. R. buxifolia, A. DC.—Tab. XXXIV.—Syn. Monotheca Muscaten- 
sis, A. DC. ; Edgeworthia buxifolia, Fale.; Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. t. 9. 
Vern. Garar, Afg.; Gurgiura, Pb. 


A large shrub or small tree, with axillary spines and spinescent branch- 
lets ; young branches and leaves pubescent. Leaves 1-14 in. long, obo- 
vate oblong-obovate, or oblong-elliptic, thick, coriaceous, with thickened 
edge, narrowed into a short petiole; when full-grown shining above, 
glaucescent and puberulous beneath. Flowers whitish, or greenish yellow, 


288 XLVII. MYRSINEZ. [ Reptoma. 


nearly sessile, in dense axillary clusters with minute, ovate, scaly per- 
sistent bracts. Calyx rusty tomentose, lobes ovate, obtuse, imbricate in 
bud. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers short lanceolate, on 
long exserted slender filaments. Ovary hairy, with long subulate style, 
exserted in the bud ; ovules 5. Drupe sessile, globose, supported by the 
persistent base of calyx, 4 in. diam. or more, glabrous, greenish, with a 
fleshy sweet pericarp in a coriaceous rind. Seeds 1, globose, or 2 hemi- 
spherical ; testa smooth, osseous, albumen white, cartilaginous, deeply 
ruminate. Embryo arcuate. 

Common in the western part of the Panjab Salt range, and abundant on the 
hills trans-Indus from Peshawar to Dera Ishmael Khan, ascending to 4700 ft. 
According to Griffith common in Eastern Afghanistan. Also in Arabia. One 
of the characteristic plants of the trans-Indus territory, growing mostly on dry 
rocky hills. Evergreen; fl. Feb.-April ; fr. May and onward, often remaining 
long on the branches. Attains 15-20 ft., often with a short straight trunk at- 
taining girth of 2-3 ft., with numerous spreading divergent branches, forming 
a close rounded head. Young shoots clothed with delicate pubescence, bark 
of stem ash-coloured or blackish, tesselated into small irregularly quadrangular 
pieces by deep longitudinal and transverse furrows and cracks, resembling that 
of Fraxinus Moorcroftiana. Wood beautifully variegated, light brown and 
whitish, with slender medullary rays, and indistinct annual layers, compact, 
even-grained, hard and strong. The fruit is much esteemed, and during the 
season is sold in most bazaars ; the pulp is sweet, but there is not much of it. 
The hard seed is uneatable, it is strung in rosaries. 


Orper XLVIII. SAPOTACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, frequently with milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire, 
usually coriaceous, without stipules. Calyx free, lobes 4-8. Corolla 
hypogynous, regular, divided into the same number of lobes, or a larger 
number in 2 or 3 series. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, as many 
as corolla-lobes, or as the lobes of the inner circle, and opposite to them, or 
numerous. Staminodes often alternating with the fertile stamens, or with 
the divisions of the corolla. Ovary superior, 2 or more-celled, 1 ovule in 
each cell; style simple, stigma entire or slightly lobed. Fruit a berry 
or drupe, usually indehiscent. Seeds either with a fleshy albumen and 
foliaceous cotyledons, or without albumen and with fleshy cotyledons. 
Testa hard, generally shining.—Royle Ill. 262 ; Wight Ill. ii. 142. 


Leaves with prominent lateral nerves. Corolla campanulate or 
ovoid ; limb with 5-14 lobes. Stamens 20-40 without sta- 
minodes. Seeds without albumen  . ‘ ; ; . 1. Bassta. 

Leaves with numerous fine parallel veins. Corolla rotate ; limb 
with 15-24 lobes in 2 rows. Stamens 5-8, alternating with 
staminodes. Seeds albuminous . , : ; 


Isonandra Gutta, Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847), t. 16, the tree which yields the 
gutta-percha of commerce, has 6 corolla-segments, 12 stamens without stam- 
inodes and penniveined leaves, Singapore, Borneo, and other islands of the 
Indian Archipelago. j ; 

Achras Sapota, Linn, (Sapota Achras, Mill.), is a large tree with reddish- 


2. MIMUSOPS. 


Bassia. | XLVIII. SAPOTACEA. 289 


brown, hard, heavy and very durable wood (Bullet or Bully wood) from Cen- 
tral America and the West Indies, which produces the Sapota, one of the most 
pleasant fruits known, when completely ripe ; is grown in gardens in Bengal, 
and as far north as Saharanpur. 


1. BASSIA, Keenig. 


Trees, with milky juice. Flowers on axillary, generally fasciculate 
pedicels. Calyx divided nearly to the base into 4-8 biseriate lobes, the 
outer lobes subvalvate, the inner subimbricate in bud. Corolla ovoid or 
campanulate, limb of 5-14 divisions. Stamens numerous, or twice or 
thrice as many as lobes of the corolla, all fertile, in 1-3 series ; anthers 
erect, lanceolate from a cordate base, cuspidate or aristate, 2-celled ; 
cells distinct, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary hirsute, 4-8-celled ; style 
simple, long exserted. Fruit an oblong or globose berry, 1-4-seeded. 
Seeds oblong, exalbuminous, with a shining crustaceous testa. Cotyledons 
oblong-elliptic, fleshy, filled with oil, radicle inferior. 


Corolla-tube fleshy ; lobes erect ; anthers 22-30, sessile ; . 1. B. latifolia. 
Corolla-tube not fleshy ; lobes spreading; anthers 30-40, on long 
filaments . ; ‘ : : : . ‘ ; . 2. B. butyracea, 


1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 19; Fl. Ind, ii. 526; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 
t. 41.—Sans. Madhika. Vern. Mahwa, mahua, mohwa. Local names : 
Irup mara, Gondi. 


A large tree; young branches, young leaves, pedicels and petiole pu- 
bescent or tomentose, Leaves coriaceous, firm, hard, clustered near ends 
of branches, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-6 in. long, short-acuminate, on 
petioles 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 10-12 pair. Stipules subu- 
late, 4 or $ the length of petioles. Flowers numerous, near the ends 
of branches below the terminal leaf-bud, drooping, on pedicels 1-14 in. 
long. Calyx coriaceous, densely clothed with rusty tomentum ; sepals 4-5, 
ovate. Corolla cream-coloured ; tube ovoid, fleshy, limb with 7-14, often 
8 or 9, short erect ovate teeth. Stamens 20-30, generally 24 or 26; 
anthers hispid at the back with stiff hairs, sessile, inserted in three series 
on the inside of the corolla-tube, the upper series near the mouth. Fruit 
green, fleshy, ovoid, 1-2 in. long, seeds 1-4. 


Cultivated, propagating itself by self-sown seedlings, and protected in most 
parts of India. In the Panjab, it is grown in the sub-Himalayan tract and the 
outer valleys as far as the Ravi, but not commonly in the plains. Abundant in 
all parts of Central India from Guzerat to Behar. There seems no doubt that 
the tree is indigenous in the forests of the Satpura range, of Western India 
above Ghat, and perhaps also of eastern Kamaon. Thrives in dry stony ground. 
The old leaves are shed gradually from Feb. to April, the fresh leaves opening 
out immediately afterwards. The flowers generally appear before the new 
leaves, in March and April; and after the corollas have dropped, the leaf-buds 
above the flowers expand. Fruit ripens June, July. 

Attains 40-60 ft., with a short trunk 6-7 ft. girth, and numerous spreading 
branches, forming a close, shady, rounded crown. Bark 1-2 in. thick, grey, 
brown or blackish, with shallow wrinkles and cracks. Inner bark red, milky. 

Sapwood large, reddish white, heartwood reddish brown, close- and even- 

T 


290 XLVIII. SAPOTACE. [ Bassia. 


grained. Seasons well, is strong tough and durable. The cub. ft. of seasoned 
heartwood weighs 63 (Fowke), 66 (Skinner), 68.5 (Cunningham, Gwalior). R. 
Thompson gives it 52.8 (heartwood ?), Unseasoned, 78-81 Ib. Value of P., 
715 (Cunningham), 760 (Skinner). Not much used, as the tree is not generally 
felled. Has been used for railway-sleepers in the Cent. Prov. A gum exudes 
from cracks and incisions in the bark. 

The succulent flowers fall by night in large quantities from the tree, and are 
gathered early in the morning ; they have a sickly sweet taste and smell. They 
are dried in the sun, sold in the bazaar, and form an important article of food 
in many parts of India, They are eaten raw or cooked, often with parched 
grain, and put in sweetmeats. Coarse and strong spirit is distilled from them. 
The ripe and unripe fruit is eaten. From the seeds a greenish-yellow oil 
is expressed, which has at first the consistence of common oil, is eaten by 
Gonds and other tribes of the’ Satpura range, and is used to adulterate ghee 
(clarified butter). In a cold climate the oil keeps good a long time, but in the 
plains of India it gets a bitter taste and rancid smell after a few months’ expo- 
sure to the air, separating into a heavy brown mass below, and a little clear 
fluid above. The oilcake is used to poison fish, and the smoke from burning it 
is said to kill insects and rats. It is also used as an emetic. 


2. B. butyracea, Roxb.—Tab. XXXV.—=As. Res. viii. 499; Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. i. 527.—Vern. Chiura, Chaiura, Kamaon; Cheuli, Oudh. 
(The butter is called Chaiura ka pina in Kamaon, and phulel, phulwa, phal- 
ward, in the plains.) 


A large tree ; branchlets, petioles, pedicels and under side of leaves 
with soft floccose tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, clustered near ends of 
branches, obovate or obovate-oblong, 6-12 in. long, on petioles 1 in. long; 
main lateral nerves 15-20 pair. Stipules minute, caducous. Flowers 
numerous, near the ends of branches, below a tuft of leaves or in the axils 
of the lower leaves, drooping, on pedicels 1-14 in. long. Calyx coriaceous, 
densely clothed with rusty tomentum ; sepals 5, ovate. Corolla pale 
yellow, tube cylindric, not fleshy, as long as calyx, limb of 8 spreading, 
oblong obtuse divisions, as long as tube. Stamens 30-40, glabrous, in- 
serted in the mouth of the tube, filaments as long as anthers. Berry. 
ovoid, smooth, fleshy, 1-3-seeded. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalayan ranges, 1500-4500 ft., Kamaon to 
Bhutan. Sparse (as a small tree) in the hill forests of the Gonda division of 
the Oudh forests. Attains 40-50 ft., with a short, straight trunk 5-6 ft. girth. 
Fl. Nov.-Jan.; in Kamaon bees are believed to make excellent honey from the 
flowers (Madden). Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey, brownish or blackish. 

The sweet, insipid pulp of the fruit is eaten. From the seeds a soft solid 
vegetable butter is extracted, of the consistence of fine lard, and of a delicate white 
colour, which does not melt in the heat of the plains, and keeps a long time 
without deteriorating. It melts completely at 120° F. Perfumed with cloves 
or attar of roses, it is used as ointment, and is held in high esteem as an 
external application in rheumatic and other painful affections (Pharm. Ind. 
131). The cake left after the oil has been extracted is eaten. The flowers are 
not eaten. 


Bassia longifolia, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 523 ; Vern. Ippi, ippe, Wlupi ; is 
a common and most useful tree in the forests of western Mysore, Malabar, the 


Bassia. | - XLVI. SAPOTACEA. | 291 


Anamallays, and the Circars, with lanceolate leaves, The flowers are dried, 
roasted, and eaten, and oil is pressed from the seeds. 

_ The seeds of Bassia Parkit, Don., of tropical West Africa, yield the Shea 
butter, used as food and for burning, and described by Mungo Park. 


2, MIMUSOPS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs; leaves with prominent midrib, and numerous fine 
parallel lateral veins. Flowers axillary, on recurved pedicels. Calyx- 
segments 6-10, in 2 series. Corolla rotate, lobes 3 times or rarely twice 
as many as calyx-seoments, generally in 2 rows. Stamens 6-10, inserted 
opposite the inner corolla-lobes, and alternating with bifid or laciniate 
staminodia ; anthers lanceolate, extrorse ; filaments attached to the back 
of a broad connective. Ovary 6-8-celled, ovules attached near the base. 


Seeds more or less compressed, testa hard and shining ; albumen copious, 


cotyledons broad and flat. = * 


Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate ; staminodes bifid, 
glabrous E : : : : : - . 1. M. indica, 
Leaves elliptic, obtuse; staminodes irregularly jagged, glabrous 2. M@. Roxburghiana. 
Leaves elliptic, short-acuminate; staminodes lanceolate, densely 
3 ; . 38. M. Elengi. 


hairy outside . : ; : : ; 

1. M. indica, A. DC.; Prodr. viii. 205; Wight Ic. 1587.—Syn. ©. 
Kauki, Wall. Cat. 4149 (not Linn.) ; WM. hewandra, Roxb. of Bedd. FL. 
Sylv. p. 141, and probably also of Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 15, and Fl. Ind. ii. 
238. Vern. Khir, khirni, kirni, Hind. ; Rain, Bassi, Meywar ; Palla, 
Tam. and Telugu. 


A large evergreen tree. Leaves coriaceous, shining, wholly glabrous, 
sometimes approximate near ends of branches, blade 2-4 in. long, obovate- 
oblong obtuse or emarginate, petiole $-1 in. long. Flowers whitish, } in. 
across, in axillary fascicles of 3-6 flowers, peduncles shorter than petioles. 
Calyx-segments 6, ovate, acute, shortly tomentose outside, edges hairy. 
Corolla of two circles, the inner consisting of 6-8 oblanceolate segments, 
narrowed into a short claw, and alternating with 6-8 pairs of linear, sub- 
coriaceous acute segments of the same length, forming the outer circle. 
Stamens 6-8, exceeding half the length of corolla-segments, opposite to 
the lobes of the inner circle, alternating with an equal number of flat, 
bifid, more or less denticulate staminodia, which are as long as, or a little 
shorter than the filaments. Fruit a yellow berry, generally 1-seeded, size 
and shape of an olive. . 


Indigenous in the forests of South India and Ceylon, of Central India (Banda, 
Edgew.), and Guzerat. Commonly cultivated near villages in many parts of India, 
as far west as Multan, Lahore, and Gujranwalla. FI. Nov.-Dec. In North 
India attains 50-60 ft., with an erect trunk. Bark dark grey or blackish, rough. 


- Numerous rigid, spreading branches, forming a large shady head. Wood red- 


dish-brown, heavy, hard and tough, close- and even-grained ; used for sugar-mill 
beams, oil-presses, house-posts ; it is an excellent wood for turning. Weight 
70 Ib. Value of P. 944 (Skinner ; Palla-wood, M. hexandra). The fruit is 
eaten. . 


The naming of this well-known tree has been a matter of considerable diffi- 


292 XLVIII. SAPOTACE. [ Mimusops. 


culty. Linnzus in his Flora Zeylanica (1747), p. 57, describes two species : 
-M. Elengi (foliis alternis remotis), regarding which there is no doubt ; and 
another, subsequently, in Sp. Plant., called by him M. Kauki (foliis confertis). 
These species were based upon specimens collected in Ceylon by Paul Hermann, 
Professor of Botany at Leyden, between 1670 and 1677, and now preserved in 
the British Museum. Robert Brown (Prodr. Fl. Nove Holl. 1810, p. 531) iden- 
tifies with 1. Kauki an Australian tree, which had been found by Solander in 
1770 on islands off Cape Fear in Queensland. Grisebach (West Ind. Fl. 1864, 
p- 400) adheres to this view, and defines the area of the species as “ Pacific 
islands, tropical Australia, and the East Indies on the sea-shore.” He also refers 
to it a tree cultivated in the West Indies, and figured by Sir Wm. Hooker in Bot, 
Mag. t. 3157, under the name of J. dissecta. Bentham, however (Fl. Austr. iv. 
285), considers that Hermann’s Cingalese specimen differs from the Australian 
plant, which he calls I. Browniana, and that it should be referred to M, 
indica, A. DC., a tree, with extremely hard strong and very durable timber, 
which is common in the hot, drier parts of Ceylon (Thwaites Enum. 175). I 
have also examined Hermann’s specimen, and though I do not venture to offer 
any opinion regarding its identity with the tree from Australia and the Indian 
Archipelago, I have no hesitation in saying that it cannot be referred to the 
North Indian tree. The leaves are obovate, acute, and the petiole more than 
one-half the length of the blade. They are pale beneath, though not in so 
marked a manner as the leaves of the tree from Australia and the Indian Archi- 
pelago; but it must be remembered that the specimen is 200 years old. It is in 
bud, too young for a satisfactory examination of the parts of the flower. The 
North Indian tree has concolor leaves, which are obovate-oblong, obtuse or 
emarginate, with a petiole about ¢ the length of leaf. The figure of Rumph. 
Herb. Amb, iii. t. 8, quoted in Linn. Spec. Plant., does not prove anything either 
way; and under these circumstances I do not feel warranted in adopting the Lin- 
nan name for our tree. The Linn. Herb. at the Linnean Society contains two 
specimens of Mimusops : one is M. Llengi, though marked Kauki, Konig, in Lin- 
neeus’ handwriting (apparently by way of indicating the origin of the specimen), 
but Hlengz in pencil by Sir J. E. Smith ; the other is very incomplete, and may 
be a large-leaved form of J. Hlengi, it certainly is not Khirnt. It is marked 
M. Elengi in Linneeus’ handwriting, and M. Kauki? in that of Sir J. E. 
Smith in pencil, Roxburgh’s UY. hexandra is supported by t. 15 of the Coro- 
mandel plants, and by atype specimen, in leaf only, in the Wallichian herbar- 
ium. This specimen apparently belongs to the tree under discussion, and Rox- 
burgh’s description also is evidently intended for it. But as pointed out in DC. 
Prodr. viii. 204, and in Wight’s III. ii. p. 144, the staminodes are not correctly 
represented in the plate ; and it is possible, as Wight suggests, that the flowerin 
branch and fruit was taken from one species (M. indica), and the pale 
flower from the other (IZ. Roxburghiana). Roxburgh’s name, therefore, cannot 
be admitted. It is, moreover, inappropriate, as the tree has both hexandrous and 
octandrous flowers. Nothing therefore remains but to fall back upon De Can- 
dolle’s name, M. indica, which is supported by good descriptions and the plate 
in Wight’s Icones. The specimens of the tree from South and North India are 
identical, though there is a certain amount of variation in the shape of the stam- 
inodes, which, however, in all Indian specimens examined by me, and in some of 
the Ceylon specimens, are bifid. There are, however, Ceylon specimens with 
entire, not bifid staminodes, longer than stamens, which may possibly belong to 
a different species. 

S. Kurz, in his Report on the Vegetation of the Andamans, and in Journ. As. 
Soc. xl. 1871, p. 70, calls the Andaman Bullet-wood, M. indica. The Martaban 
tree, which is (probably) erroneously quoted by De Candolle under this species, 
may very likely be identical with the Andaman Bullet-wood, but the Hindustan 


Mimusops. | XLVIII. SAPOTACEA. 293 


tree, as described by De Candolle and figured by Wight, is certainly different; for 
Kurz describes the Bullet-wood with solitary flowers, the fruit depressed-globular, 

5-6-seeded, and not unlike in shape and size to a wood-apple. The Bullet-wood 
(Kuppali, Burm.) is a large tree, attaining a girth of 14 ft., with a tall straight 
stem, 60 ft. clear, which forms nearly pure forests on the level lands along the 
coast of those islands behind the beach, and the Mangrove swamps. The heart- 
wood is dark reddish-brown, very strong, close-grained and durable, but apt to 
split. A large series of experiments which I made with this beautiful wood 
at Calcutta in 1864 gave the following results: Weight of cub. ft. between 66 
and 71 Ib., average 67.9 lb. Value of P. between 748 and 1091, average 895. 
Skinner describes, under the name of J. indica (Pilawa, Tam.), another, but 
much lighter wood, believed to have come from the jungles about Tinnevelli, and 
used for gun-stocks in Madras, weight 48 lb., value of P. 845. I doubt, how- 
ever, whether this is a sp. of Mimusops. 

In conclusion, I may add that the Australian and Indian Archipelago tree 
(M. Kauki, R. Br., Browniana, Benth.), with long-petioled obovate leaves, grey 
beneath (soft with fine densely*matted scales or hairs), and large ovoid fruit, 
1-2 in. long, has been long cultivated in Calcutta. Roxburgh describes (Fl. Ind. 
ii. 238) and figures it (Ill. in Hb. Kew., 2480) under the name of M. Kauki (Bua- 
sow, Malay), and it is mentioned from Goa in Dalz. & Gibson Bomb. FI. Suppl. 
50. In Java it is cultivated on account of the fruit, which is eaten, and it 
appears probable that the tree was cultivated in Ceylon, so that if Hermann’s 
specimens should belong to it, they may have been gathered from a garden- 
tree. 


2. M. Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. t. 1588. 


A large tree, differing’from the preceding by elliptic leaves, larger flowers 
on slender pedicels 1 in. long, calyx-segments ovate-oblong, acute, stam- 
inodes irregularly jagged, stamens half the length of corolla-segments. 
Fruit depressed-globose, about 6-seeded. 


Nilgiris, Anamallays, and other forests on the west side of the Peninsula. 


3. M. Elengi, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 14; Fl. Ind. 11, 236; Wight Ic. 
t. 1586 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 40. Sans. Vakula, kesara. Vern. Bukal, 
Beng., Mahr.; Mulsari, Maulsari, Hindi; Barsoli, Bassi, Meywar ; 
Khayaben, Burm. 


A large evergreen tree, glabrous ; only youngest leaves, pedicels and 
outside of calyx with short rusty pubescence. Leaves coriaceous, shin- 
ing, wholly glabrous when full-grown, blade about 4 in. long, elliptic, 
short-acuminate, on petiole $-? in. long. Flowers pure white, fragrant, 
nearly 1 in. across, in axillary fascicles of 2-6 flowers, drooping, on ped- 
uncles shorter than, or as long as petiole. Calyx-segments 8, ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla of 2 circles of lobes, the inner consisting 
of 8-10 obovate-oblong segments, narrowed at base, alternating with twice 
their number of linear-oblong lobes of the outer circle, all lobes more or 
less dentate near the apex. Stamens 8, opposite to the lobes of the inner 
circle ; anthers long-acuminate, alternating with an equal number of lan- 
ceolate staminodes, which are shorter than stamens, and densely hirsute 
on the back with long stiff hairs. Fruit a smooth, ovoid, 1-seeded berry, 
yellow when ripe, about 1 in, long. 


Indigenous in the forests of the Northern Circars, Ceylon, and the western 


294 XLVIII. SAPOTACEA. | Mimusops. 


Ghats, as far north as Kandalla (Graham, 106), Cultivated throughout India 
and Burma, extending north-west as far as Delhi, Lahore, and Multan, FI. 
March-April. Attains 40-50 ft,, with a short trunk, wood reddish-brown, close- 
and even-grained, weight 61 lb, Value of P. 632 (Skinner). The tree is culti- 
vated on account of its fragrant star-shaped flowers, which are used for garlands. 
The fruit is eaten, and oil is expressed from the seeds, The bark is used medi- 
cinally (Pharm. Ind. 131). 


OrperR XLIX. EBENACES. 


Trees or shrubs, with entire, alternate, rarely subopposite leaves on short 
petioles, without stipules. Flowers axillary, or from the old wood, regu- 
lar, usually dioicous, the female flowers often solitary, the male flowers in 
clusters or small cymes. Calyx free, 3-5-lobed, rarely with 6 or 7 lobes. 
Corolla hypogynous, lobes as many as those of the calyx, usually contorted 
in the bud. Male flowers: stamens inserted on the torus, or on the 
corolla-tube, generally near its base, number indefinite, or twice or four 
times: the number of calyx-lobes. Anthers erect, linear or lanceolate, 2- 
celled, dehiscing at the sides longitudinally, connective usually prolonged 
beyond the anthers. Female flowers with or without staminodes. Ovary 
free, 3- or more celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles 
1-5, distinct or connate at the base. Fruit a berry, usually indehiscent. 
Seeds few, albuminous, radicle superior, cotyledons foliaceous.—Royle Il. 
261; Wight Ill. ii. 145; W. P. Hiern, A Monograph of Ebenaceze in 
Cambridge Philos. Soc. Trans. xii., 1873. 


1, DIOSPYROS, Linn. 


Flowers dioicous. Calyx 3-7-lobed, usually 4-5-lobed, persistent and 
generally enlarged in fruit. Ovary 4-16-celled, generally with 1 ovule in’ 
each cell. Fruit generally pulpy, with 1-10 seeds. Albumen cartilag- 
inous, white and uniform, or more or less ruminated on the outside. _ 


Leaves always alternate ; albumen uniform ; stamens 16. 

Pubescent or tomentose ; male flowers in short peduncu- 
late cymes - . : ’ ‘ ; § : ‘ 
Pubescent or tomentose; male flowers in sessile compact 

fascicles . : : ; : : : ; 

Nearly glabrous ; male flowers sessile, 2-3 together 
Leaves always alternate ; albumen uniform; stamens 40 ; 
leaves oblong, coriaceous shining, evergreen; flowers 


large . s : ’ ; cae a ° : : 5. D. Embryopteris. 


1. D. Melanoxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 46; Fl. Ind. ii. 530.—Sans. 
Kendu, tinduka. Vern. Tend, Tendu, taindu, kendu, temru, abnus, 
(the heartwood). Local names: Tumrz marra, Gondi ; Timburni, Mar. 


Leaves often opposite; albumen ruminated ’ : “ 1. D. Melanowyjon. 


2. D. montana. 


3. D. Chloroaylon. 
4. D. Lotus. 


A middle-sized tree, branchlets, young leaves, inflorescence clothed with 
soft grey or tawny tomentum. Leaves mostly subopposite, coriaceous, 3-6 
in. long, but sometimes much longer, to 12 in. long, when full-grown 
glabrous above, tomentose or pubescent beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-8 
pair, often irregular and branching. Petioles j-4 in. long. Male flowers 


Diospyros. | XLIX. EBENACEA. 295 


tetramerous, sessile or nearly sessile, in short pedunculate 3-12-flowered, 
often drooping axillary or extra-axillary cymes, bracts subulate, as well 
as calyx and corolla densely tomentose. Stamens included, 12-16, free, 
inserted in 1 circle on the torus. Female flowers solitary, axillary or ex- 
tra-axillary, generally 2, opposite to each other, larger than male flowers, 


subsessile, or on short thick peduncles. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Corolla 


somewhat less than twice the length of calyx, divided at the top into 
4-5 short, cordate, acute or shortly acuminate lobes. Staminodes 8-10 or 
fewer, sometimes connate in pairs, at the base or higher up. Styles 2 or 
3, bifid, ovary densely hairy, 4-8-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit yel- 
low when ripe, ovoid or globose, 1-14 in. across, supported by the flat 


‘spreading calyx-lobes, with undulating, often reflexed edges. Pulp yel- 


low, soft, sweet, slightly astringent. Seeds 4-8, compressed, oblong, the 
back curved, shining, brown, often marked with bands-across. Albumen 
ruminated. a 


Under this species I unite D. Tupru, Buchanan; Hiern, Ebenacee, 158; 
and D. Melanoxylon, Roxb. ibid. 159, comprising D. exsculpta, Hamilton 
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 110 (D. Tupru, ib. 111), which is described with 
3-4-flowered male peduncles, female flowers 4-5-merous, with 6 staminodia; 
D. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 5382, Wight Ic. t. 182, 183 (D. exsculpta, 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 66), with 3-flowered male peduncles, female flowers 
pentamerous, without staminodia. Whether D. Wightiana, Wall. ; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t. 67, should also be referred here as done by Hiern (under 
Melanoxylon), I do not venture to decide. The figure shows numerous 
male flowers, pentamerous female flowers with a 5-winged calyx and 10 
staminodia. 


Common in the dry deciduous forests of the plains and lower hills, excepting 
the arid region and the northern part of the Panjab. In the sub-Himalayan 
tract the Ravi is its north-western limit. In Rajputana I have not found it 
north-east of Humirgarh on the Bunass river. The leaves are shed in March- 
April, about the time that the fruit ripens ; they are renewed soon afterwards, 
the flowers appearing with the young leaves. Coppices well, throws out root- 
suckers, and is very tenacious, so that it often is the last of the forest-trees which 
disappear on land cleared for cultivation (R. Thompson). Attains 30-50 ft., 
and 6 ft. girth. Bark 4 in. thick or more, dark grey, or blackish, rough, with 
numerous transverse and longitudinal cracks and furrows, exfoliating in oblong 
scales. Inner bark red. Wood whitish, with a red tinge, tough and fairly dur- 


- able, used for building, shoulder-poles, and shafts of carriages. The centre of 


old trees generally consists of an irregularly-shaped mass of jet-black ebony 
(abniis, battc), larger or smaller according to the age of the tree and other circum- 
stances, and often with irregular projections. Trees, before felling, are generally 
tested by boring into the wood to see whether the ebony in the centre is suffi- 
ciently large. vs large trees the ebony often attains a diam. of 12-18 in, Ac- 
cording to the experiments available, the specific gravity of the ebony produced 
by this tree fluctuates between 1.080 (Fowke), and 1.362 (Centr. Prov. List). On 
an average it may be said that the cub. ft. weighs 75 to 80 lb. The value of 
P. has been found 1180 (Skinner), 862 (Cunningham, Gwalior wood), and 756 
(Fowke). Kyd and R. Thompson found the weight of (probably) the outer wood 
49.5 and 49.6 per cub. ft., and from Kyd’s experiments the value of P. of this 


296 XLIX. EBENACEA. [ Diospyros. 


wood appears to be 547, The fruit is eatable, has a pleasant taste, and affords 
an agreeable refreshment during the hot season in the dry leafless forests of the 
Satpura range. Forsyth (Highlands of Central India, 463) mentions a cultivated 
variety without stones. 


The best Indian ebony is the produce of D. Hbenwm, Koenig ; Hiern, 1. ¢. 208; 
Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 180 ; Bedd. FL. Sylv. t: 65; a large tree of South India 
and Ceylon, with glabrous, shining leaves, anthers 16-32 on 8 filaments, each 
filament divided into 2-4 antheriferous branches, albumen not ruminated. 


D. quesita, Thwaites Enum Pl. Zeyl. 179; Hiern, 1. c. 174; Bedd. Ic. Pl. 
_Ind. Or. t. 128; alarge tree of Ceylon, furnishes the most valuable of the timber 
known as Calamander, a beautiful wood for ornamental cabinet-work, with 
alternate bands of brown and black, caused probably by the irregular ramifica- 
tions of the darker-coloured heartwood. 


2. D. montana, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 48; Fl. Ind. ii. 538 ; Wight Ic. t. 
1225.—Syn. D. cordifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 50; Fl. Ind. 538; D. Goindu, 
Dalz. Bombay Fl. 141 ; D. Waldemarii, Klotzsch in Reise Prinz Wald. 
t. 55. Vern. Hirek, keindu, temru, pasendu, Pb.; Tendu, dasaundu, 
lohari, N.W.P.; Bisténd, Oudh; Makar tendi, Banda; Pasend, Bhurtpur; 
Temru, Meywar ; Ambia, Banswara ; Hadru, Panch Mehals ; Kanchan, 
kadal (Forsyth), Pattewar, patwan (R. Thompson), C.P. 


A moderate-sized tree, pubescent or tomentose, rarely glabrate, often 
armed with spinescent branchlets. Leaves always alternate, varying in 
shape, oblong linear-oblong elliptic- or obovate-oblong, from a rounded or 
cordate base, acuminate, 3-6 in. long, with 4-8 main lateral nerves on 
either side of midrib, and several smaller intermediate ones; petiole less 
than } in. long. Male flowers 2-6, sometimes more, in pedunculate, axil- 
lary or extra-axillary=bracteate cymes, peduncle somewhat longer than 
petiole. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, lobes ovate, obtuse, pubescent or glabrous 
and ciliate at the edges. Corolla urceolate with 4 short lobes. Stamens 
16, glabrous, in two series, the 8 inner shorter, opposite to the outer 
stamens, and connate with them at the base; anthers longer than fila- 
ments, more or less cuspidate, somewhat exserted. Female flowers solitary, 
axillary, larger than male flowers, nodding, pedicels as long as, or some- 
what longer than petiole, with 2 small bracts at the apex. Calyx deeply 
4-cleft, lobes ovate, pubescent or glabrous. Staminodes 4, 8, or 12, in 
one series. Ovary glabrous, 8-celled, 1 ovule ineachcell. Fruit globose, 
4-14 in. diam., supported by the enlarged leathery calyx. Seeds 2-8, 
albumen not ruminated. 


Common, but not gregarious, in most parts of India, excepting Sindh and the 
northern part of the Panjab. In the sub-Himalayan tract the Ravi is its north- 
western limit. It is found in Harriana, in the plains to the west of Delhi, in 
the public forest (Ghunna) near Bhurtpur, and in the Gangrar forest between 
Humirpur and Chitor (Meywar). Planted in Central Sindh (J. L. 8.) Leaves 
renewed Feb.-March ; fl. March-May; the fruit ripens in the ensuing cold 
season. : 

Generally 20-30, occasionally 50 ft. high, with an erect, not very straight, 

omewhat angular trunk. Girth 3-4, at times 5 ft.; branches lax, wide-spread- 


sang en mene 


Diospyros. | XLIX. EBENACEZ. 297 


ing, branchlets drooping. Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey to rusty brown, smooth, 
rough in old trees from exfoliating scales. Inner bark woody, not fibrous, light 
yellow, turning orange, astringent. Wood beautifully variegated with black and 
white streaks, hard and durable, a beautiful furniture-wood. Twigs and leaves 
lopped for fodder in Oudh. The fruit has an unpleasant smell, a bitter taste, 
and a-viscid bitter pulp; it is not eaten. 


& 


D. lanceeefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 537, Hiern, 1. c. 213, is a moderate-sized 


_ tree, with coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate leaves, narrowed at the 


base, male flowers fascicled in short cymes, corolla tubular, and tomentose sub- 
globose fruit 1 in. long, Eastern Bengal, noted by Madden, I. c. 378 (vern. Ar- 
dinia), from the Kota Doon in Kamaon, which requires confirmation. 


3. D. Chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 49; Fl. Ind. ii. 538.—Syn. D. 
capitulata, Wight Ic. t. 1224, 1588 (bis). Vern. Ninai, Surat, Nasik. 


A tree or large shrub, with deeply-cracked bark ; tomentose, sometimes 
armed with spinescent branchlets. Leaves alternate, 1-2 in. long, elliptic 
obovate- or elliptic-oblong, pubescent above, with rust-coloured tomentum 
beneath. Flowers white, tetramerous, the male subsessile, in compact, 
sessile axillary fascicles of 6-10 flowers ; bracts ovate. Calyx nearly to the 
base 4-cleft, lobes rounded, acute, strigose outside with stiff hairs. Corolla 
glabrous, except 4 lines of hairs outside. Stamens 16, glabrous, in 2 rows, 
the inner smaller, inserted on the base of the corolla, anthers broad-oblong 
or ovate-oblong, as long as filaments. Female flowers solitary, sessile or 
subsessile. Calyx strigose outside, corolla glabrous, ciliate with long stiff 
hairs at the edges of lobes. Staminodes 7-9, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, 
8-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Styles 4. Fruit globose, } in. diam., eat- 
able. Seeds 2-3, albumen uniform. 


South India, as far as Orissa on the east, and Guzerat on the west coast. FI. 
June. Wood yellow, hard and durable. 


4. D. Lotus, Linn.—Tab. XXXVI—_Vern. Amlok, amlik, malik 
(the male tree Gwalidar), Pb. 


A middle-sized tree, nearly glabrous, young branchlets and under side 
of young leaves only strigose with scattered hairs. Leaves alternate, 3-6 
in. long, ovate- or elliptic-oblong, acuminate ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, 
petioles $ in. long. Flowers tetramerous, rarely pentamerous. Calyx half- 
way down 4-lobed, lobes obtuse, ciliate. Corolla glabrous, lobes obtuse, 
ciliate at the edges. Male flowers nearly sessile, in small axillary or 
extra-axillary sessile clusters of 2-3 flowers. Stamens 16, in 2 series, fila- 
ments short ; anthers lanceolate, cuspidate, hispid along the connective on 
both faces. Female flowers solitary, nearly sessile, staminodes 8, in 1 
series, hairy. Ovary glabrous, hairy near apex only, 8-celled ; styles 4. 
Fruit dark purple or blackish when ripe, shining, glaucous with bluish 
bloom, globose or ovoid, $-? in. diam., supported by the enlarged, coria- 
ceous, flat spreading calyx. Seed compressed, albumen uniform. 


Wild, not uncommon in the western part of the Jhelam basin from the 
western end of the Kashmir valley at Baramila, to the Indus at 2500-6000 ft. 


298 XLIX, EBENACEA, | Diospyros. 


More abundant trans-Indus, in Swat and other districts north of the Peshawar 
valley, N.E. Afghanistan, Beluchistan, wild and cultivated. Three trees (pro- 
bably brought by Fakirs) at Jaggatsikh in Kullu (6000 ft.) called Bissahri pala, 
the largest 12 ft. girth. Outside India in Asia Minor, Persia, the Caucasus, 
China and Japan. Naturalised in South Europe. Hardy in England. The 
leaves turn yellow in autumn, and are shed about the end of the year, the new 
leaves coming out in spring. Fl. April-May ; fr. June-Aug. Growth slow, 10 
rings per in. radius. 30-40 ft. high in India, with a massive straight trunk, 
generally under 6 ft. girth. Foliage bright green. Bark 1 in. thick, dark — 
brown or black, tesselated by cracks, somewhat resembling that of Reptonia 
buxifolia. The fruit is sweetish, and much prized by the Afghan tribes, who 
eat it fresh or dried, plain or with rice, and use it in sherbets. The Lotus of 
ancient writers is not this tree, but probably Zizyphus Lotus, p. 89. 


5. D. Embryopteris, Persoon; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 69.—Syn. Embryop- 
teris glutinifera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 70 ; Wight Ic. t. 843, 844. D. gluti- 
nosa, Koenig ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 5383. Vern. Gab, Beng., N.W.P.; Kusi, 
Banda. 


A middle-sized tree ; almost glabrous, youngest leaves only silky with 
adpressed hairs. Leaves alternate, distichous, coriaceous, smooth, shin- 
ing, oblong, 5-8 in. long, on thick wrinkled petioles less than 4 in. long. 
Flowers white or cream-coloured, scented, tetramerous. Male flowers in 
small axillary drooping pedunculate cymes of 3-6 flowers. Stamens 40; 
anthers linear, somewhat hairy, filaments shorter than anthers, 2 and 2 
connate nearly to the anther, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. 
Female flowers large, solitary, axillary, drooping, on short pedicels. Sta- 
minodes 2-4. Ovary hairy; styles 4-6, with broad, pectinate stigmas. 
Fruit globose, supported by the enlarged calyx-lobes, covered with rusty- 
coloured, mealy tomentum, glabrous at last, greyish yellow when ripe, 
14-2 in. diam. ; seeds 5-8, embedded in a viscid glutinous pulp. 


South India. Common on the western coast, particularly along backwaters 
(Bedd.), Ceylon, Burma, Bengal, Banda. In the sub-Himalayan tract, extends 
to the Jumna, ascending to 2500 ft. Also in Siam and Java. Evergreen, fl. 
March-May ; fr. Dec. Growth moderate, 7-8 rings per in. radius. Attains 30- 
35 ft., with an erect trunk, not always straight, 4 ft. girth, spreading branches, 
forming an open oval crown. Bark 4 in. thick, black, generally with a thin, 
whitish or rust-coloured scaly pellicle. Wood pinkish grey or light brown, with 
dark patches, used for building, and in Ceylon for masts and yards. The fruit 
contains much tannin ; an infusion of it is used to steep fishing nets and lines, 
to make them more durable. The viscid pulp of the ripe fruit is used as gum, 
in bookbinding, and in place of tar, for paying the seams of fishing-boats. The 
extract of the fruit is an excellent astringent (Pharm. Ind. 132). Oil ex- 
tracted from the seeds by boiling, as well as the bark, and leaves are used in 
native medicine. 


Orprr L. STYRACEA, 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers 
regular. Calyx-tube usually more or less adnate to the ovary, limb 5-, 
rarely 4-lobed. Corolla perigynous, regular, deeply divided into as many 


Symplocos. | L. STYRACEA. 299 


lobes as the calyx, or rarely twice as many, imbricate or valvate in the 
bud. Stamens usually indefinite, epipetalous, attached in one or more 
series to the corolla-tube. Ovary more or less inferior, 2-5-celled, with 
2 or more ovules in each cell; style undivided ; stigma capitate, entire 
or lobed. Fruit generally indehiscent. Seed usually 1, the embryo in 
the axis of a fleshy albumen.—Royle Ill. 260 ; Wight Ill. ii 149. “ 


1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs with yellow, white, rarely pink flowers. Leaves often 
turning yellowin drying. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes generally ciliate. Corolla- 
lobes imbricate in the bud, the petals sometimes almost free. Stamens 
more than twice the number of corolla-lobes. Fruit a berry crowned by 
the calyx-lobes. Cotyledons shorter than radicle. 

Flowers pedicellate ; pedicels as.long as, or longer than 


calyx ; leaves membranous or subcoriaceous. 
Flowers in terminal panicles; fruit ovoid, or nearly 


globose ; : : : j ; ‘ ; 1. S. crateegoides. 
Flowers in short lateral racemes mostly below the 
leaves, on the previous year’s wood ; fruit ovoid . 2. S. ramosissima. 


Flowers sessile or nearly sessile; in compound axillary 
spikes ; leaves coriaceous. 
Fruit pitcher-shaped ; calyx and ovary glabrous . ; 3. S. spicata. 
Fruit ovoid or cylindrical ; calyx ciliate, ovary hairy . 4, S. racemosa. 


1. 8. crategoides, Hamilton; Don Prod. Fl. Nepal. 145.—Syn. 8S. 
paniculata, Wall.; Lodhra cratcgoides, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 


110. Vern. Lu, laudar, loj, losh, Pb.; Lodh, Kamaon; Ludh, Jaunsar 
Bawar. 


A large shrub or moderate-sized tree, young shoots and leaves pilose. 
Leaves membranous, elliptic or ovate, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, sharply ser- 
rate, on short petioles, turning yellow in drying. Flowers fragrant, snow- 
white, in cymose corymbs forming terminal panicles, pedicels slender, 
as long as flowers, bracts linear caducous. Calyx turbinate, tube 
glabrous, lobes rounded, ciliate. Corolla 5-cleft nearly to the base. 
Stamens numerous, filaments filiform, connate in 5 bundles. Ovary 2- 
celled ; stigma capitate, papillose. Fruit ovoid or nearly globose, 4-4 in. 
long, crowned with the remains of calyx-limb, l1-seeded, embryo curved, 
cylindrical. | 

Himalaya 3000-8000 ft., from near the Indus to Assam. Scarce near its 
_ north-west limit. Kasia hills. The new foliage appears in May, and soon 

afterwards the tree is covered with a profusion of snow-white blossoms, which 
scent the air to some distance, and turn yellow in drying. Fr. July-Oct. 
Attains 30 ft., with a straight trunk 3-4 ft. girth. Young bark cinereous with 
large lenticels. Old bark grey, brownish, or dark bluish, rough. Wood white, 


hard, durable, has been recommended for turning. A yellow dye is extracted 
from leaves and bark, which is used to mix with madder. 


2. S. ramosissima, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 257.—Vern. Lodh. 
A small glabrous tree. Leaves membranous, 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, 


300 L. STYRACEA. [ Symplocos. 


or elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate, crenate, or with small sharp glandu- 
lar teeth, petioles 4 in. long ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, prominent 
below, joined by reticulate veins and distinct intramarginal nerves. 
Flowers on pedicels as long as calyx, in short axillary and extra-axillary 
racemes not exceeding 14 in. in length, racemes generally on the previous 
year’s wood, below the leaves; bracts ovate, ciliate, deciduous, 2 at the 
base of calyx, and 1 at the base of each pedicel. Calyx pubescent. 
Stamens indefinite ; filaments flat, anthers didymous. Ovary 3-celled. 
Berries ovoid, 4 in. long, on short pedicels, 1-4 together in short racemes, 


Himalaya, ascending to 7500 ft., from the Jumna to Bhutan, Kasia hills, Fl. 
April-June; fr. July, Aug. Bark dark-red brown, with close longitudinal 
wrinkles. Wood greyish or reddish white, close-grained, hard and strong. In 
Sikkim the yellow silkworm is raised on its leaves. 


3. S. spicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 541.—Vern. Lodh (seeds Bholia), 
Kamaon (Madden, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. part i. p. 570). 


A middle-sized tree ; glabrous, inflorescence only pubescent. Leaves 
coriaceous, elliptic - oblong, serrulate, 3-6 in. long, on short petioles. 
Flowers white, turning yellow when dry, sessile or subsessile, in axillary, 
compressed, shortly pedunculate or sessile flower-spikes, 1-3 in. long, each 
flower supported by 3 ovate, pubescent bracts. Calyx and ovary glabrous. 
Drupes dry, 3-12, sessile, ovoid or nearly globose, contracted at the top 
below the persistent calyx, olive-coloured, 12-ribbed, about the size of a 
pea, enclosing a hard 1-seeded nut; peduncles 1-3 in. long. 


Common along the Western Ghats and the mountains in the vicinity of the 
Ghats, ascending to 7000 ft. Burma, Kasia hills, Assam, Sikkim. Outside 
India this tree is found in the Indian Archipelago, China, Queensland, and New 
South Wales. Fl. Sep.-Dec. The nuts, which resemble a small fluted pitcher 
(Roxb.), are strung like beads and hung round the necks of children to prevent 
evil. 


In Herb. Kew and Herb. Univ. Edinb. are specimens collected by Madden 
in Eastern Kamaon at 4500 ft., which may perhaps belong to this species, 
with elliptic-oblong, serrate, pubescent, membranous leaves 6 in. long, dovam 
sessile, calyx pubescent, ovary glabrous, in paniculate, axillary spikes } the 
length of leaf, the lateral spikes inserted near the base. They have been re- 
ferred to S. polystachya, Wall., which is very near, if not identical with S. 
spicata, 


4. §. racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 539.—Sans. Lodhra, savara lodhra. 
Vern. Lodh, Beng. 


A small tree, glabrous, only inflorescence pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, 
elliptic-oblong, serrulate, 3-6 in. long, on short petioles. Flowers yellow, 
fragrant, nearly sessile, on short axillary compound spikes 1-2 in. long, 
each flower supported by 3 ovate pubescent bracts. Calyx-lobes obtuse, 
ciliate. Filaments numerous, as long as the spreading corolla, inserted 
near its base; anthers didymous. Ovary hairy, 3-celled. Fruit oblong 
or cylindric, more or less distinctly ribbed, often slightly curved, nearly 


Symplocos. | L. STYRACEA,. 301 


4 in. long, purple when ripe, enclosing a hard 1-3-celled nut, with 1 or 2 
s 


Burdwan, Midnapur, Kasia hills, Sikkim, Nepal, Western Ghats. Attains 
20 ft. Bark rough, spongy, grey. Fl. Oct.-Dec.; fr. May. Bark used in dyeing. 


There is a tree in the Babar of Kamaon and in the hill forests of Gonda and 
Baraich (R. Thompson), which has been referred to S. Hamiltoniana, Wall. 
It is closely allied to S. racemosa, but differs by longer flower-spikes, and the 
fruit distinctly ribbed and crowned by broad membranous calyx-lobes. S. 
nervosa, A, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1235; a large tree on the Nilgiris, is near to S. 
racemosa. 


Orper LI. OLEINEZ. 


Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, entire or pinnate. No 
stipules. Flowers regular,*génerally in axillary or terminal cymose 
panicles. Calyx free, usually small, the limb of 4,5, or more teeth or 
lobes, sometimes truncate. Corolla gamopetalous, with 4, 5, or more lobes, 
sometimes divided to the base, or wanting. Stamens 2, adnate to the 
corolla, alternating with the carpels; anthers 2-celled, opening in longi- 
tudinal slits; filaments usually short. Ovary superior, 2-celled, with 2, 
rarely 1, 3, or 4 ovules in each cell. Fruit succulent or dry, seeds with 
or without albumen, embryo straight.—Royle Il. 266, 267 (Jasminece), 
Wight Ill. ii. 151, 157. 


Fruit’an indehiscent, winged samara ; leaves imparipinnate . 1. FRAXINUS. 
Fruit a capsule, dehiscing loculicidally, the valves septiferous. 


Leaves imparipinnate ; capsule woody ; no albumen : 2. SCHREBERA, 
Leaves simple or pinnatifid ; capsule coriaceous; albumen 
fleshy . : ‘ } : ’ F : . ; 3. SYRINGA. 
Fruit a drupe, with a bony or coriaceous putamen; albumen 
fleshy ; corolla rotate; leaves simple, coriaceous. ‘ 4, OLEA. 
Fruit a berry ; albumen fleshy or cartilaginous ; corolla-tube 
short ; leaves simple é , 5. LIiGusTRUM. } 


Fruit a 2-lobed berry, 1 lobe sometimes wanting ; seeds with- 
out albumen; leaves unifoliolate or imparipinnate ; corolla- 
tube cylindrical . , : " ; < : ; 

Fruit flat, capsular, separating when ripe into 2 flat 1-seeded 
cells; leaves simple A : 


6. JASMINUM. 
7. NYCTANTHES. | 


The two principal sub-Orders of this Family, often regarded as distinct Orders, 
are Jasminece, with imbricate corolla-lobes, and exalbuminous seeds (Jasminum 
Nyctanthes) ; and Oleinew, with corolla valvate, or wanting, and albuminous 
seeds (Hraxinus, Syringa, Olea, Ligustrum). Olea fragrans, however, and 
other species of that genus, have an imbricate corolla, Schrebera is somewhat 
anomalous, often associated with Bignoniacece, but in some respects closely 
allied to Syringa. 


1, FRAXINUS, Tournef. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite, imparipinnate leaves. Flowers in ra- 
cemes or panicles, polygamous or dioicous. Calyx 4-dentate, 4-cleft, or 
wanting. Petals 4 (Section Ornus), generally cohering at the base in pairs, 
or wanting (Section Fraxinaster). Stigma bifid. Fruit (samara) indehis- 


302 LI. OLEINEA. | | Fraxinus. 


cent, winged at the top, l- or 2-celled, l- or 2-seeded. Sced with a fleshy 
or somewhat horny albumen and a cylindrical embryo, radicle superior. 


Lateral leaflets petiolulate ; flowers and fruit in large terminal 


panicles ; samara supported by the persistent calyx . 1. F, floribunda. 
Lateral leaflets sessile ; fruit in short lateral racemes; no trace 
of calyx at the base of samara ‘ 2. F. excelsior. 


Lateral leaflets subsessile; fruit in numerous short lateral 
umbelliform clusters; samara supported by the persistent 
calyx . ; . ; d ; , ‘ ‘ 4 


1. F. floribunda, Wall.—Tab. XXXVII.—Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, 
i. 150; Pl. As. Rar. t. 277.—Vern. Bandarish, Afg.; Sum, sumb, sinniu, 
shin, him, hamu, Pb. ; Angan, angou, dakkuri, N.W.P.; Kangu, tahdsi, 
Nepal. 


A large tree, with compressed branchlets. Leaflets opposite, 3-4 pair, 
petiolulate, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, serrate, serratures often falcate, 
4-6 in. long, glabrous above, pilose along nerves beneath ; main lateral 
nerves prominent, 10-15 pair, often branching, joined by prominent 
reticulate veins. Flowers white, often bisexual, inodorous, on slender 
pedicels as long as flowers, in large compound terminal panicles, the 
lower branches in the axils of pinnate or linear floral leaves. Calyx 4- 
dentate, teeth sometimes short. Petals 4, oblong, narrowed at both ends, 
2-3 times the length of calyx. Stamens longer than petals. Samara 
oblanceolate, 1-14 in. long, acute, narrowed below, seed-part cylindrical 
or four-sided, supported by the persistent and somewhat enlarged calyx. 
Style not persistent. 


Afghanistan, wild and cultivated, Kandahar, Beluchistan, trans-Indus terri- 
tory, on the east flank of the Suliman range. Himalaya, not common, occa- 
sionally planted from the Indus to Sikkim, between 5000-8500 [ft., in Sikkim 
ascending to 11,000 ft. Found locally in groups in shady parts of mixed forests. 
Leafless during part of winter. Fl. at various times, usually April-May ; fruit 
ripens Aug.-Sept. Growth moderate, 8 rings per in., Wall. A tree 30 years 
old, 40 ft. high, and 4 ft. girth, Stewart. Hardy in England. . 

The finest specimens in the N.W. Himalaya are those planted near villages 
and temples on the Chenab, some of which are exceedingly handsome large 
trees, 120 ft. high, with a thick-based, erect, tall trunk, attaining a girth of 12, 
at times 15 ft. Bark cinereous, smooth, but with deep longitudinal cracks and 
transverse furrows. Wood similar to English ash, tough and hard, valued 
much for ploughs, jampan-poles, and in Kashmir reckoned the best wood for 
oars. Coral-shaped galls not uncommon on the branches, 


Closely allied to this species is the Manna Ash of the Mediterranean region, ~ — 
Ff. Ornus, Linn. Italian: Avorniello (Ornello, Calabria; Frascinu di manna, 
muddia, middia, Sicily). The difference consists in long linear calyx-lobes, 
linear petals, many times longer than calyx, the samara not narrowed at the 
base, and often terminated by the base of the persistent style. The leaflets also 
are shorter and not long-acuminate, but vary in shape exceedingly, from nar- 
rowly lanceolate to almost orbicular. This variability has given rise to the 
erroneous supposition of two species or varieties, /. Ornus and F. rotundifolia. 
Manna is the sweet concrete juice, which exudes from cuts made in the bark. 
Small sticks are inserted in the wounds, round which the manna congeals like 
stalactites, and.that which runs down to the roots is gathered on tiles or half-dry 


3. F. Mooreroftiana, 


a 


Fraxinus. | ; LI. OLEINEA, 303 


cactus leaves. The gathering of the produce begins when the stems have a thick- 
ness of at least 3 inches. The cuts are nearly horizontal, 14-2 in. long, and 1 in. 
apart. One cut is made daily, beginning at the base of the tree, the next directly 
above the first, and so on, while dry weather lasts. In wet weather, or when 
the sirocco blows, the manna dissolves and cannot be collected. The best time 
for notching is July and August, and the weather most favourable to produce 
is that in which there are steady north and north-west winds, dry air, moderate 
heats and calm nights. In the second year the cuts are made in the untouched 
part of the stem, and when after some years the tree has been all cut round, it 
is exhausted, and should be felled. The trees are replaced by coppice-shoots 
from the stool, and by planting. This is the procedure in Sicily, as described 
by Dr Cleghorn in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vol. x. 1870, p. 132. 

F. retusa, Champ. of China, is also near to F’. floribunda, but the calyx is 
larger and truncate, and the samara is always emarginate. 


2. F. excelsior, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 238.—Vern. Sum, kum, Pb. 


_A large glabrous tree. Leaflets 3-5 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, 2-4 pair, 
elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate, membranous, the terminal 
petiolulate, the lateral sessile or subsessile, with grey or tawny floccose 
pubescence underneath along the midrib ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair. 
Samaras on slender pedicels, in lateral drooping racemes, sometimes com- 
pound at the base; linear, 1-14 in. long, 4 in. broad, flat, with 5 or more 
longitudinal nerves from the base, branching and anastomosing above 
the seed-part ; base narrowed, without any trace of calyx, apex acute, 
obtuse or emarginate, often with the remains of style. 


I have examined numerous specimens from N.W. India, but only in fruit. 
There is no doubt, however, that it belongs to the section Yraxinaster without 
corolla. #. syriaca, Boiss., which is found in Afghanistan, has elliptic samaras, 
grey and subcoriaceous leaves ; the other allied species (or varieties) of Western 
Asia and South Europe (/. oxyphylla, Bieb., F. rostrata, Gussone, F’. australis, 
Gay, and #. angustifolia, Vahl), have lanceolate and deeply serrate leaflets. 
It thus stands nearer to /’. excelscor than to any other species known to me, the 
principal difference being in the number of leaflets, which are 4-6 pair in the 
common ash. But forms with 1-4 pair are not uncommon, and there is a well- 
known variety with unifoliolate leaves (7. heterophylla, Vahl). However, until 
flowering specimens are examined, the identification of this tree with /. 
excelsior, which was first made by Dr Stewart, must be regarded as provisional. 


N. W. Himalaya. Basin of the Jhelam, Chenab and Ravi rivers, between 
4000 and 6000 ft. Europe, Caucasus, North Persia (Buhse). New leaves and 
flowers in April, May ; fr. June, July. <A large, handsome tree in the N.W. 
Himalaya, 50-60 ft. high, with a straight tall trunk, attaining 7 ft. girth, 
branches erect or spreading, often with drooping branchlets, forming a lax, 
oval, pyramidal crown, in old trees rounded. Bark 4 in. thick, or more, 
eon grey, or greyish- or yellowish-green, smooth between longitudinal 
cracks, 

The wood of the European Ash is whitish, with brown, often mottled heart- 
wood, the medullary rays are narrow and very numerous, the annual rings 
clearly marked, each ring consisting of an inner belt, which is very porous, the 
tissue between the medullary rays being mainly composed of numerous large - 
pores, and an outer more compact belt with few pores. Its weight varies be- 
tween wide limits ; slowly-grown wood, with narrow rings and a larger propor- 
tion of porous tissue, being sometimes lighter than wood which had grown more 


304 LI. OLEINEA, [ Fraainus. 


rapidly. According to Nordlinger (Die technischen Eigenshaften der Hélzer. 
520), the specific gravity is between 0.57 and 0.94, Tredgold (Principles of Car- 
pentry) gives 0.690 to 0.811, or 43.1 to 50.7 lb. per cub. ft., but I have seen 
pieces of English Ash weighing as much as 55 lb, The wood is highly prized 
on account of its toughness and elasticity, it takes a beautiful polish, and is 
largely used for wheelwork, oars, handles of tools, and furniture. 

The Ash in Europe requires much light, but grows with great rapidity when 
young, and with its powerful terminal shoots pierces readily through thickets of 
the Beech, with which it is often associated. In this respect it somewhat re- 
sembles the Teak, which, though it requires much light, will yet hold its own in 
a mixed forest, because the leaders of the young trees are able to pierce through 
thickets of Bamboos and other trees. Pure Ash;forests are unsatisfactory, because 
the foliage of the older tree is light and does not cover the ground sufficiently ; 
but, mixed with Beech, the tree grows well, and the stems attain great height 
and girth. In certain localities, and under certain circumstances, the Ash keeps 
ahead of the Beech to an advanced age, and in such places the green heads of 
the tree stand out from the mass of the more yellowish-green foliage of the 
Beech ; in other places, the Beech is said to overtake the Ash when older. The 
study of this tree in the forests of Europe has a particular interest for Indian 
foresters, owing to the similarity of its growth to the Teak. The Beech forests 
of Buckinghamshire, the mixed forests (Beech, Wych or Mountain-elm, Ash, 
Sycamore, and Acer platanoides) of Lauterberg on the Harz, and the forests on 
the Rauhe Alp near Urach in Wiirtemberg, are very instructive for the study 
of this interesting tree. 

The Ash coppices well. The finest planted coppice-woods of Kent, for the 
production of hop-poles and hoops, consist of Ash and Sweet Chestnut. It is 
for farther inquiry whether the Himalayan tree here described possesses the 
numerous excellent qualities of the European Ash. 


3. F. Moorcroftiana, Wall.—Syn. F. zanthoxyloides, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. 
viii. 275. Vern. Shang, Afg.; Hanuz, nich, shilli, chuj, siju, chum, thum, 
sandal, shangal, butru, Pb. ; Auga, gaha, N.W.P. 

A large shrub, or small tree, with compressed branchlets. Leaves approx- 
imate at the ends of branchlets, often very unequal in size on the same 
tree ; leaflets opposite, 3-5 pair, 1-2 in. long, obtusely dentate, sessile or 
subsessile, the terminal narrowed into a marginate petiolule; common 
petiole narrow-winged. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in compact, 
rounded, short lateral panicles with hirsute bracts. Calyx rusty pilose 
outside, cleft to one-fourth into 4 broad, rounded teeth. Petals 4, linear- 
oblong, connate in pairs at the base. Anthers subsessile, large, erect. 
Fruit on filiform pedicels, drooping, in numerous short umbelliform 
fascicles below the leaves. Samara linear-spathulate, 1-14 in. long, seed- 
part thick, ribbed and furrowed, supported by the persistent calyx, top” 
acute, with the base of the persistent style. Seed 1, compressed, linear, 
with longitudinal ridges and furrows. 


Afghanistan and Beluchistan. Trans-Indus territory on eastern flank of Suli- 
man range. N.W. Himalaya, mainly in the inner more arid districts, Jhelam 
basin (3500-5000 ft.), Chenab, very abundant in places (3000-9000 ft.), Kuna- 
war and Piti (5000-8000 ft.), Kamaon (9000 ft.) Often.gregarious, on bare arid 
slopes. Fl. April; fruit ripens June-Aug. Growth slow, 20 rings per in. of 
radius. 

Attains at times 25 ft., with a short erect trunk 5-6 ft. girth, and stiff diver- 


Fraxinus. | LI. OLEINE. ; 305 


ent branches, forming a rounded crown. Generally a large shrub, 10-15 ft. 

igh. Bark 4-4 in. thick, cinereous or brown, scabrous with light-coloured 
specks, smooth while young, with shallow wrinkles, dark and much cracked 
when old, resembling the bark of Reptonia buxifolia. Wood light brown, with 
a few white specks, heavy, hard, close-grained, strong, polishes well. Used for 
tool-handles, yields excellent fuel. The leaves are valued as fodder for sheep 
and goats, and the tree is much lopped. | 


2. SCHREBERA, Roxb. 


Deciduous trees, with imparipinnate leaves; flowers in terminal 
trichotomous, corymbose, compound cymes. Calyx campanulate, with 5 
unequal teeth, often splitting into 2 lips. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube 
longer than calyx, limb spreading, 5-7-lobed, the lobes imbricate in bud. 
Stamens 2, inserted in the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate-oblong, cells par- 
allel, contiguous. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovules in each cell; stigma bifid. 
Fruit a large pear-shaped 2-valved capsule, thick, woody, dehiscing locu- 
licidally, the valves septiferous. Seeds 8, pendulous from the top of the 
cell, ending below in a long, lanceolate wing ; testa smooth, with a thick, 
spongy inner coating; albumen 0, radicle short, superior, cotyledons 
oblong, fleshy, longitudinally plaited. — 


1. S. swietenioides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 101; Fl. Ind. i. 109; Wight 
ll. t. 162.—Vern. Moka, mokha, goki, ghaut, gautha (Thitsoayledu, 
Burm. ) . 


A moderate-sized tree, with grey branchlets and deciduous pubescent 
leaves, sometimes glabrate afterwards. Leaflets 3 or 4 pair, ovate, entire, 
sometimes ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, base often unequal-sided, 
blade 2-4 in. long, the lateral leaflets short petiolulate, the terminal on a 
petiolule half the length of blade; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with 
shorter intermediate ones. Flowers fragrant at night. Cymes regularly 
trichotomous, 3-6 in. long, and equally broad, ramifications and linear 
bracts pubescent. Calyx pubescent. Corolla 4 in. long, white and brown, 
fragrant, the inside of lobes with elevated brown glandular dots. Cap- 
sule pendulous, rough with white elevated specks, 2 in. long. 


Found here and there, common in places, but not gregarious, in South and Cen- 
tral India, and in Burma. In Western India I found it in Banswara, and in the 
Bassi forests of Meywar, N.E. of Chittor. Said to grow in Sindh, on the hills 
west of the Indus (Graham, Bombay Cat. 112). In the sub-Himalayan tract only 
known from the south-east corner of Kamaon. Bare for several months, the 
new leaves come out April-May ; fl. Feb.-April. 

A middle-sized tree, attaining 40 ft., but generally smaller. Trunk erect, 
straight, 4-5 ft. girth, with numerous branches. Bark‘ ash-coloured, scabrous. 
Heartwood yellowish grey, close-grained, hard, 50 lb. per cub. ft., seasons 
well, without warping and splitting, works freely and is durable. Used for the 
beams of weavers’ looms, for making combs,‘and in turning. Has some of the 
qualities of boxwood. 

A second species is described by S. Kurz in Flora, 1872, p. 398, as S. pubescens 
from Jubbulpore, with subsessile leaflets. I have not seen specimens, and the 
matter requires farther inquiry on the spot. 

U 


306 LI. OLEINEA, - [ Syringa. 


3. SYRINGA, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, with entire or pinnatifid deciduous leaves ; flowers 
in a terminal thyrsus, consisting of numerous compound trichotomous 
cymes. Calyx more or less persistent, campanulate, 4-toothed, teeth 
often small. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube longer than calyx, limb 4- 
lobed, the lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the corolla-tube. 
Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; stigma bifid. Fruit a coriaceous 
capsule, more or less cylindrical, 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscing loculicidally, 
the valves septiferous. Seeds pendulous in pairs from the top of each 
cell, with a narrow wing all round. Embryo straight in a fleshy albu- 
men, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior. 


Leaves elliptic-oblong, pale beneath, 3-5 in. long, young parts pu- 


bescent ; 3 A ; ; ; : ‘ ; . 1. &. Emodi. 
Leaves lanceolate elliptic or pinnatifid, 1-2 in. long ; wholly glab- 
rous . ; ‘ ; . f , ; ; : ? . 2. S. persica. 


1. 8S. Emodi, Wall. ; Royle Ill. t. 65.—Vern. Ban phint, ban dakhir, 
banchir, razi, juart, rangkrun, rangchui, kehimu, lolti, leila, shafri, 
shapri, duden, chilanghati, Pb. 

A large deciduous shrub ; glabrous, inflorescence only and young leaves 
pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, entire, base acute, apex short-acumi- 
nate, pale beneath, blade 3-5 in., petiole 1 in. long; main lateral nerves » 
6-8 pair, arcuate. Flowers purplish lilac, scented ; thyrsus pyramidal, 3-6 
in. long, with lanceolate deciduous bracts, the lower branches in the axils 
of leaves, flowers on short pedicels, crowded in short compact cymes, 
Calyx-teeth triangular, often very short. Corolla-lobes linear- oblong, 
generally with an inflexed point: tips of anthers exserted. Capsule 
cylindrical, acute at both ends, # in. long, often curved. 

Safedkoh, trans-Indus 9000 ft. Abundant in many parts of N.W. Himalaya, 
from the Indus to the Sarda, ascending to 11,000 ft.,in the outer moister ranges, 
as well as in the inner more arid tracts (Lahoul), Hardy in England. A culti- 
vated form raised from Himalayan seed, is described and figured in Bot. Reg. 
vol. 31, tab. 6, with white flowers, and a heavy unpleasant smell. Fl. May- 
Aug.; fr. Sept.-Oct. Attains 8-10 ft, the bark of branches is warted with 
large whitish lenticels.) Wood white, even- and close-grained. Leaves used 
as fodder for goats. 


2. S. persica, Linn. Bot. Mag. t. 486.—Vern. Hiasmin, Kashmir. 


A glabrous shrub. Leaves elliptic lanceolate or pinnatifid, 1-2 in. long. 
Flowers white or purplish lilac, scented, thyrsus narrow pyramidal, 6-8 
in. long, with linear bracts; flowers in regular, trichotomous, but often 
incomplete cymes, the terminal on pedicels %-} in. long, the lateral often 
subsessile. Limb of corolla spreading, lobes ovate or obovate, acute, 
edges thickened. Capsule cylindrical, 4 in. long. 


Cultivated in Kashmir and at Lahore. Found (apparently wild, with entire 
leaves) by Dr Stewart near Kanigorum, the chief village of Waziristan, on the 
eastern flank of the Suliman range, at 8000 ft. Believed to be indigenous in 
Persia, whence it has been introduced to Europe ; hardy in England, and grown 


Syringa. | LI. OLEINE. 307 


everywhere in gardens with Syringa vulgaris, Linn., which is marked by broad- 
ovate or cordate leaves. Leafless in winter ; fl. April-May. 


4, OLEA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite, coriaceous, persistent leaves. Flowers 
often unisexual. Calyx shortly campanulate, 4-dentate or truncate. Cor- 
olla with a short tube and 4 spreading lobes, valvate or imbricate in bud 
(in a species not Indian wanting). Stamens 2, exserted. Ovary 2-celled, 
2 ovules in each cell ; style short, stigma bifid, or capitate. Fruit a drupe, 
the endocarp usually hard, the exocarp fleshy. Seed solitary, rarely 2, 
albumen fleshy, its cells filled with oil. Embryo straight, nearly as long 
as the seed, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior. 


Lateral nerves indistinct, leaves clothed beneath with a film of 
reddish scales . : : ga " d i ¢ . 1. O. cuspidata. 
Lateral nerves distinct, leaves without scales beneath. 


Flowers in compound trichotomous cymes ; corolla-lobes val- 
2. O. glandulifera. 


vate é ° , ‘ , . P d F . 
Flowers in umbelliform fascicles ; corolla-lobes imbricate . 3. O. fragrans. 


1. O. cuspidata, Wall.—Tab. XXXVIII.—Syn. O. ferruginea, Royle 
Ill. t. 65. Vern. Khwan, shwan, Trans-Indus ; Zaitun, Afghanistan 
(Griffith). Ko, kohu, kao, kau, Pb.; Kau, N.W.P.; Kahu, khau, Sindh. 


A middle-sized unarmed tree. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence 
clothed with a white or grey film of minute scales. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, cuspidate, entire, 2-4 in. long, shining above, thickly clothed 
beneath with a dense ferruginous or red film of scales, the scales minute, 
orbicular, fixed in the centre, circumference minutely and irregularly 
dentate ; midrib prominent; lateral nerves invisible beneath, indis- 
tinctly visible on the upper surface, anastomosing by intramarginal veins. 
Flowers whitish, bisexual, in axillary, more or less regularly trichotomous 
cymes, generally shorter than leaf, equalling about half its length. 
-Bracts linear, caducous ; the lateral flowers sessile or subsessile, the ter- 
minal pedicellate. Calyx short-campanulate, with 4 short teeth, nearly 
truncate. Corolla rotate, lobes ovate, acute with a distinct midrib, 
valvate in bud. Anthers oval, the cells contiguous on the outside, 
dehiscing laterally, separated on the inside by the broad elliptic connect- 
ive ; filaments short, affixed at the back, a little above the base, between 
the contiguous cells. Style short, stigma thickened, bifid. . Drupe ovoid, 
about 43 in. long, black when ripe, supported by the remains of calyx ; 
pulp scanty, oily, putamen thick, hard, bony. 


Abundant in the trans-Indus territory, one of the characteristic trees on the 
eastern flank of the Suliman range. In Afghanistan, Beluchistan, the hills of 
West Sindh, the Panjab Salt range, and in many parts of the outer ranges of the 
N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft., and extending east to the Jumna river. 
Not uncommon on the Tonse river, near Bastil (D.B.) 


I cannot follow Dr Stewart and others in identifying the Indian tree with Olea 
europea, L. The distinguishing characters of the Indian tree are a more lax in- 


308 LI. OLEINE, [ Olea. 


florescence, the upper side of the leaves deep glossy green, not grey or dull green, 
as in the Mediterranean tree, the under side red or ferruginous instead of white, 
smaller fruit, the absence of spines, and a more distinctly marked heartwood. 
These, it is true, are not characters to which systematic botanists commonly 
attach much value, but the appearance of the trees is different, and there is this 
important fact, that though the tree is common in Sindh and the hills of the 
Panjab, there is no trace of its ever having been cultivated, and the fruit turned 
to account on a large scale in those countries. Should eventually intermediate 
forms be discovered, and should botanists agree to regard the Indian and West 
Asiatic tree as one species, then the remarkable fact will have to be explained 
that the art of improving the tree by cultivation, and grafting it, was not prac- 
tised in the Panjab at an early age. In Palestine the Olive tree has been cul- 
tivated from time immemorial for the sake of its oil, and in Greece also its cul- 
tivation is very old, for Solon (early in the sixth century, B.c.) enacted laws 
regarding the growth of the Fig and the Olive. The tree is indigenous in Syria, 
and probably in Greecealso. Greek colonists carried the tree westward, to Italy, 
Istria, Spain, and the South of France, and thus the Olive has gradually become 
completely naturalised in the western Mediterranean region, for it spreads readily, - 
and the self-sown or bird-sown seedlings revert more or less to the wild form. 
The eastward spread of the Olive has been much less marked. At the time of 
Herodotus, in the fifth century, B.c., the Olive was not known in Persia, and in 
India the attempts made to grow the Mediterranean Olive are of recent date, and 
have not hitherto been successful, The real Olive is called Zastin in Persian 
and Arabic ; it has no Sanskrit name, and Olive oil is not mentioned by old 
Sanskrit writers. Few subjects are more interesting than the spread of the cul- 
tivation of this useful tree, and the interest is heightened by the close affinity of 
the West Asiatic and Indian species. 

The Indian tree grows gregariously, the leaves are shed in January and 
February, and are renewed immediately afterwards. It flowers from April 
to May, sometimes in September; the fruit ripens Aug.-Nov. The growth 
is slow. The tree is often kept down by lopping, but when it gets fair play 
and some protection it attains a considerable size, 30-40, rarely 50 ft., wit 
a short massive trunk, often gnarled and bent, girth 6, at times 10-12, ft. 
Branches stiff, crooked, widespreading, forming a broad depressed rounded 
crown. The foliage is deep glossy green. The branches are always un- 
armed, whereas they are often spinescent on the wild Olive of the Medi- 
terranean region. Bark thin, smoothish, undulated while young, when old 
exfoliating in long irregular narrow strips. Heartwood with a well-defined 
outline, dark brown, often nearly black and beautifully mottled. Sapwood 
yellowish. The wood of the Mediterranean tree is yellowish brown, irre- 
gularly mottled and veined with dark blackish-brown veins. In weight and 
structure there seems to be no marked difference. Wood from Sindh weighs 
65 lb., and this is about the weight of the Mediterranean wood. The medul- 
lary rays are fine and very close together ; the wood is marked by numerous 
whitish dots generally arranged in wavy concentric lines. Annual rings not 
very distinct, often marked by a dark line without dots. The wood takes a 
beautiful polish, is very hard, is highly prized for turning, for crooked tim- 
bers of the Indus boats, and agricultural implements ; combs are carved of it. 
It yields excellent fuel, and makes good charcoal. The fruit is a favourite food 
of crows, and ripe fruit is not often seen on the trees. The pericarp is oily, like 
that of the real Olive tree. In Afghanistan oil is extracted from the indigenous 
tree in a small way, and used medicinally (Irvine, Bellew), and about 1851 an 
experiment was made in Kohat to extract oil on a larger scale. The oil was 
excellent, but the quantity obtained was insufficient to repay an extension of the 
process. So much, however, is clear, that oil can be made from the fruit of the 


Olea. | LI. OLEINEZ. 309 


Indian tree ; and it seems eee ee that by grafting or other means the yield 
may eventually be improved. 


2. O. glandulifera, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1238 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 238. 
—Syn. O. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105, not paniculata, R. Brown 
(an Australian species); O. Roxburghiana, Roem. et Schultes. Vern. 
Gulili, raban, stra, phalsh, Pb. ; Gair, galdu, garur, Kamaon. 


Wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic, long - acuminate, entire, 
blade 4-5 in., petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, on the 
under side with small oval, open hollow glands in their axils. Flowers 
white, in terminal and lateral pyramidal compound trichotomous cymes ; 
bracts deciduous. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla rotate, lobes valvate. An- 
thers like those of O. cuspidata and europea. Fruit ovoid, shortly acu- 
minate, putamen with a thin, crustaceous or woody shell. 


Outer Himalayan ranges between 2500 and 6000 ft., from the Indus to Nepal. 
Mountains of South India. Scattered in mixed forests, in moist shady ravines, 
often associated with Acer oblongum. F1. March-May, sometimes in August. 
The fruit ripens Nov.-Feb., and often remains long on the tree. A small or 
middle-sized tree, trunk short, straight, girth 5-6 ft., branches widespreading, 
forming a handsome, broad, rounded depressed, umbrageous crown. <A very 
large tree on the Nilgiris. Young branches tetragonal, light coloured, and warty 
with lenticels, bark of trunk } in. thick, grey with elevated white specks, very 
uneven, exfoliating with brittle scales. Wood pale brown, with some white 
dots on transverse section, medullary rays and pores broader and larger than 
in O. europea and O. cuspidata. Moderately hard, close, compact, not very 
dense, capable of a high polish, not touched by insects, durable. Employed in 
construction, carpentry and turnery, and for agricultural implements. Growth 
moderate. A section of a tree 43 years old (Hort. Calc.) showed 43 rings, on a 
radius of 10 in. The bark is medicinal, the leaves are used as fodder. 


3. O. fragrans, Thunb. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 105; Bot. Mag. t. 1552.— 
Syn. O. acuminata, Wall. ; Osmanthus fragrans, Loureiro; DC. Prodr. 
vill. 291. Vern. Shilling, silang, Kamaon. 


A small tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves lanceolate- or elliptic-oblong, 
blade 4-5 in. long, acuminate, narrowed into petiole 4-? in. long, entire 
(in cultivated trees often serrate) ; lateral nerves numerous, anastomos- 
ing by prominent reticulate and intramarginal veins. Flowers dioicous, 
white, exceedingly fragrant, on long slender pedicels, in axillary, rarely 
terminal umbelliform fascicles. Male flowers: corolla-lobes oblong, imbri- 
cate, many times longer than the small 4-toothed calyx ; anthers like those 
of O. cuspidata and europea. Rudiment of ovary of 2 white falcate lobes. 
Fruit a blue, glaucous ovoid drupe, # in. long; putamen with a hard 
woody shell. Embryo cylindrical, radicle longer than cotyledons. 

I follow Bentham, Fl. Hongkongensis, 215, and Miquel, Ann. Mus. 
Lugd. Bot. ii. 264, in replacing this species under Olea. There are other 
species with imbricate corolla-lobes ; the fertile specimens from Kamaon 
are in fruit only. 


In Sirmore and Kamaon planted by temples and villages, and at passes, be- 
ween 2800 and 6800 ft. At one place, near Kapkot, it covers a considerable 


310 LI. OLEINEA. [ Olea. 


area as a shrub; but it is uncertain whether it is originally indigenous in the 
North-West Himalaya. Apparently wild in Eastern Bengal and on the Island 
of Nipon (Japan), Miquel Il. c. Cultivated in Japan, China, and most tropical 
countries. In May, June, sometimes in Sept., the tree is covered with an 
abundance of white or light-yellow flowers with an exquisite fragrance, which 
the least breath of wind carries a distance of several hundred yards. Growth 
slow, 13 rings per in. radius. In Japan often a large tree (fl. in Oct.), in Kamaon a 
small tree or shrub ; bark 4 in. thick, dark or light-grey, irregularly longitudi- 
nally rugose, and scabrous with elevated tubercles. Wood whitish, mottled 
with brown. In Kamaon the flowers are placed among clothes to keep off in- 
sects, in China they are used to flavour tea. 


5. LIGUSTRUM, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, with opposite, entire leaves. Flowers bisexual, 
in terminal trichotomous panicles. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla with 
a short tube and 4 lobes, valvate or slightly imbricate in the bud. . Ovary 
2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style short. Fruit a berry. Seeds 4 or 
fewer ; albumen copious, fleshy or almost cartilaginous ; cotyledons foli- 
aceous, radicle superior. 


1. L. robustum, H.f. & Th.—Syn. Phillyrea robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
i. 101. Olea robusta, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1242. Visiania robusta, DC. 
Prodr. viii. 289. Vern. Kert, banpatara, N.W.P. 


A moderate-sized tree, nearly glabrous. Branchlets dotted with small 
elevated white specks. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, 
glabrous on both sides, shining above. Flowers white, subsessile ; bracts 
linear, deciduous. Ramifications of panicle pubescent, with long soft 
hairs. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or 4-dentate. Corolla-tube short ; 
lobes oblong, valvate in bud. Anthers on short filaments. Berry cylin- 
drical, often curved, 4-4 in. long. 


Mountains on the west side of the peninsula. Bengal, Nepal, and Kamaon, 
2500-8000 ft. Fl. April-June ; fr. Nov.-Feb. In mixed forests, scattered, a 
handsome, middle-sized tree, 40 ft. high, trunk erect, 4-5 ft. girth, branches ascend- 
ing, forming an oval crown. Bark cinereous, scabrous with numerous warts. 
Wood light-brown, often with white dots, fairly close and durable, said to be 
somewhat brittle. In South India the bark is put into the toddy of Caryota 
wrens, to cause immediate fermentation. Closely allied are the following trees :— 

1. L. compactum, H.f. & Th. (Olea compacta, Wall.) Branchlets without ele- 
vated specks ; panicles compact, perfectly glabrous ; berries ovoid or subglobose, 
4 in. long. North-West Himalaya, Sarda to the Bias, at 3500-6000 ft. (Karama 
peak, Deoban range, D.B., June 1863). Fl. May-July. 

2. LD. nepalense, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i.151 ; Pl. As. rar. t. 270. 
—Syn. L. spicatum, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep.107. The Nepal Privet. Vern. Gum- 
Bei Fi Nepal. Branchlets dotted with callous spots. Flowers white, subsessile, 
in compact villous panicles ; bracts minute, deciduous. Calyx truncate or in- 
distinctly 4-toothed. Berries ovoid, dark blue, with a beautiful bloom on them. 
Nepal. Fl. April-June. 

3. L. bracteolatum, Don 1. c. 107, differs by linear-lanceolate bracts and more 
spreading panicles. Berries (always?) subglobose. Garhwal, Kamaon, 2500- 
7000 ft. Nepal. 

These: species of Zagustrum require farther study. 


Al 


Jasminum. | LI. OLEINEZ. 311 


6. JASMINUM, Linn. 


Shrubs or climbers, with opposite, rarely alternate, imparipinnate, or 
unifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or yellow, in axillary or terminal tri- 
chotomous cymes. Calyx-lobes 5-10. Corolla-tube cylindrical or clavate, 
the limb spreading, 5-12-lobed, the lobes imbricate, often contorted in the 
bud. Stamens included in the tube. Ovary 2-celled, 1, 2, rarely 3 ovules 
in each cell; style minutely 2-lobed at the tip. Berry 2-lobed almost to 
the base, or entire by the failure of 1 carpel. Seed usually 1 in each lobe, 
erect, without albumen ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, radicle inferior. 


Leaves opposite, simple, unifoliolate, the petiole articulate 
below the middle. 
Flowers pedicellate, solitary or in lax trichotomous cymes. 
Pubescent ; calyx-segments 5-9, longer than calyx-tube 1. J. Sambac. 
Pubescent ; calyx-segments 5-6, as long as tube or twice 
its length. 
Erect, not climbing . 
Climbing . ; : ; ; : : 
Glabrous ; calyx-segments 5-6, as long as tube 
Flowers subsessile, in compact corymbose cymes j 
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 1 or 2 pair ; or leaves 
unifoliolate . : ; ; . 3 - ‘ ; 
Leaves opposite, all imparipinnate, leaflets 1-3 pair, the ter- 
minal largest ; calyx-segments nearly as long as corolla- 
tube . : : é ‘ , ‘ ; : : 7. J. officinale. 
Leaves opposite, all imparipinnate, leaflets 3-5 pair, the low- 
est larger, the upper 1 or 2 pair confluent with the ter- 
minal leaflet d , ‘ : 3 . . 3 8. J. grandiflorum. 
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 1-5 pair : d 9. J. revolutum. 


J. arborescens. 

. J. latifolium. 

. J. glandulosum. 
. J. hirsutum. 


> mmoor 


. J. dispermum. 


There are other species within the range of this Flora ; a selection has been 
made of the more common kinds. 


1. J. Sambac, Aiton; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 88; Wight Ic. t. 704.—Sans. 
Mallika, asphota, saptala; Pers. Zambac. Vern. Chamba, migra, bél. 


.A shrub, generally climbing, pubescent. Leaves glabrate, opposite, 
2-3 in. long, on short petioles, elliptic or rotundate, entire, shortly and 
obtusely acuminate ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair. Flowers white, fragrant, 
solitary, or in 3, 5- or 7-flowered terminal cymes. Calyx-segments 5-9, 
linear, hairy, longer than calyx-tube, and half the length of corolla-tube 
or more. LBerry-lobes subglobose, 1 or 2. 


Cultivated, on account of its delightfully fragrant flowers, in numerous varie- 
ties, erect and climbing, with larger and smaller, double and single flowers, 
throughout India, and in most tropical countries. Believed to be indigenous in 
the peninsula. Fl. HS. ; 


2. J. arborescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 95; Wight Ic. t. 699; a tall 
shrub: and 3, J. latifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 95; Wight Ic. t. 703; a 
climber,—are in all other respects so much alike, that with abundant speci- 
mens before me, from Oudh, the Central Provinces, the North-West Hima- 
laya, and other parts of India, I find it impossible to draw up distinct 


312 LI, OLEINEZ. [ Jasminum. 


descriptions. Farther researches on the spot must decide whether these 
species should not, as suggested in Wight Ic. t. 703, be regarded as one. 


More or less pubescent. Leaves opposite, ovate from a broadly rounded, 
rarely cordate base, acuminate, entire, soft-tomentose on both sides when 
young, more or less glabrous afterwards, blade 3-5 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, 
petiole $-? in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, 3 or 4 pair approxi- 
mate, from the lowest third of the midrib. Flowers white, fragrant, in 
lax terminal trichotomous, more or less compound cymes, with linear 
bracts ; pedicels as long as calyx, or twice, rarely 3 times its length. 
Calyx-lobes 5 or 6, linear, as long as calyx-tube, or twice its length, 
always shorter than corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 10 or 12, linear, acute or 
cuspidate. Berries 1 or 2, ovoid or oblong, often oblique, 4-4 in. long, 
longer than calyx-segments. 


Common in most parts of India, except in the arid region and the northern 
Panjab. In the outer Himalaya extends to the Jumna, and ascends to 4000 ft, 
Often cultivated in gardens, also in the Panjab. Fl. H.S. Branches with 
smooth, greyish bark. 


4, J. glandulosum, Wall. ; Royle Ill. p. 268. 


A climbing shrub, wholly glabrous. Leaves shining, lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, blade 3-4 in., petiole } in. long. Flowers on long filiform 
pedicels many times longer than calyx, generally bibracteolate about the 
middle, solitary, or in few-flowered lax terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes 5 or 
6, linear, as long as tube. Corolla-tube slender, 1-14 in. long ; lobes 6-8, 
linear, a little shorter than tube. 


Kamaon, ascending to 4500 ft., Sikkim, Kasia. Fl. June, July (yellow, 
Royle ; white, Don Syst. iv. 61). 


5. J. hirsutum, Willd. ; Wight Ic. t. 702.—Syn. J. pubescens, Roxh. 
Fl. Ind. i. 91. Sans. Kunda. Vern. Kunda, kundo. 


A large tomentose shrub. Leaves ovate from a rounded or cordate 
base, shortly acuminate, entire, blade 1-24 in. long, and about #-14 in. 
broad, petioles 4 in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, sessile or on pedi- 
cels shorter than calyx-tube, crowded in compact, terminal, short-pedun- 
culate corymbose cymes. Calyx-lobes 8-10, linear, hairy, many times 
longer than tube, nearly as long as corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 6-9, lan- 
ceolate-oblong, cuspidate, shorter than tube. 


Common in the peninsula, Burma, Bengal, Oudh, and the Central Provinces, 
and extends in the sub-Himalayan tract to the Jumna river. Cultivated in 
gardens. Fl. rains and C.S. Branches grey-tomentose. 


6. J. dispermum, Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 99; Pl. As. rar. 
t. 274.—Vern. Surmali, Kamaon. 


A scandent shrub, wholly glabrous ; branches slender, 4-sided, divari- 


Jasminum. | LI, OLEINEA. 313 


‘eate. Leaves opposite, unifoliolate, or imparipinnate, leaflets lanceolate, 
or ovate-lanceolate, with 3 or 5 basal nerves, the terminal 2-4 in. long, 
on a petiolule 4-? in., the lateral 1 or 2 pair, 1-14 in, long, nearly sessile. 
Flowers yellowish white, fragrant, in axillary pedunculate, few-flowered 
eymes. Calyx with 5 short teeth. Corolla-tube clavate, ? in. long, seg- 
ments 5, ovate, shorter than tube. Berries twin, 2-seeded, dark purple. 


Kamaon, ascending to 5000 ft., Nepal, Bhutan, Kasia, Fl. HLS. 


7. J. officinale, Linn. — Vern. Chamba, chirichog, kirt, Kashmir ; 
Bansu, kwer, dumni, Chenab ; Dassi, samsem, Ravi. 


A large twining shrub, extremities slightly pubescent. Leaves oppo- 
site, imparipinnate, 2-3 in. long, leaflets lanceolate, the terminal largest, 
petiolulate, lateral 1-3 pair, subsessile ; common petiole marginate. Flowers 
white, fragrant, on pedicels longer than calyx, in terminal few-flowered 
corymbose cymes. Calyx-segments 5, subulate, 3 or 4 times longer than 
tube, nearly as long as corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 5, acute. Berries didy- 
mous, globose. 


Afghanistan, Waziristan. On top of Mount Tillah, Salt range at 3000 ft. Hima- 
laya from Indus to the Sarda, between 3000 and 9000 ft. Fl. May, June. Cul- 
tivated in Europe. Hardy in England. 


8. J. grandiflorum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 100; Wight Ic. t. 1257. 
—Vern. Chambel, jati. (Jahi, chambeli, Kamaon.) 


A large scandent glabrous shrub. Leaves 3-4 in. long, imparipinnate, 
leaflets 3-5 pair, the lowest generally larger than those of the uppermost 
pair ; lateral leaflets sessile, the upper 1 or 2 pair confluent with the peti- 
ole and with the terminal leaflet; common petiole marginate. Flowers 
white, tinged with purple outside, peculiarly sweet-scented, on slender 
pedicels, in terminal, lax divaricate cymes. Calyx-segments subulate, 3 
or 4 times longer than tube, $ the length of corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 
5, elliptic, obtuse or acute. Berries didymous, ovoid. 


Cultivated with single and double flowers’ in gardens throughout India ; the 
flowers are made into garlands. Fl, March-Aug. Wild in Nepal and Kamaon, 
ascending to 5000 ft. 


9. J. revolutum, Sims. ; Wight Ic. t. 1258.—Vern. Chamba, juari, Pb. 


An erect shrub, wholly glabrous. Branches angled. Leaves alternate, 
imparipinnate, leaflets 1-5 pair, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, the terminal 
largest. Flowers yellow, fragrant, in short, terminal, corymbose panicles. 
Calyx with 5 short subulate teeth. Corolla-tube 4-? in. long, lobes 5, broad- 
ovate, obtuse. Fruit didymous, berries globose. 


Afghanistan. Waziristan and hills round the Peshawar valley. Salt range 
og Sakésar 3000-5000 ft.), Himalaya, Indus to Nepal, between 2000 and 9000 
t. ; also in some of the drier tracts (Kunawar). Bhutan (Griff.) On the Nilgiris 
and the hills of Ceylon. Fl. April-June ; fr. Sept. 


314 LI. OLEINEA. — | Vyctanthes. 


7. NYCTANTHES, Linn. 


Deciduous, with quadrangular branches and scabrous ovate opposite 
leaves. Calyx campanulate, truncate, with 5-6 inconspicuous teeth. 
Corolla-tube cylindrical, limb spreading, lobes 5-8, emarginate or bifid, 
contorted in bud. Anthers 2, sessile near the mouth of the corolla. 
Stigma capitate. Capsule chartaceous, compressed, 2-celled, splitting 
into 2 flat 1-seeded cells. Seeds erect, without albumen, radicle inferior. 


1. N. Arbor-tristis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 86; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 
240.—Sans. Sephali. Vern. Har, siharu, saihiari, harsinghar, harin- 
gar, saherwa. Local names: Pakura, laduri, kuri, Pb., N.W.P.; Shalt, 
Bassi in Meywar ; Khersari, kiursaru, Gonds, C.P. 


A large shrub or small tree, rough all over with an uneven epidermis 
and stiff, whitish hairs. Leaves petiolate, entire or with a few large dis- 
tant teeth. Flowers sessile, in bracteate fascicles of 3; bracts obovate, 
the fascicles pedunculate and arranged in short terminal trichotomous 
cymes. Corolla-tube orange, limb white. 


Cultivated throughout India on account of its fragrant flowers, which open in 
the evening and drop at sunrise. Indigenous in the sub-Himalayan forests from 
the Chenab to the Sarda river, and in Assam. Common in the Baraitch and 
Gonda forests of Oudh, and in Central India from the Jumna to the Godavery. 
The old leaves shed Feb., the fresh foliage appears April, May. Flowers more 
or less throughout the year, generally during the rains, Seed ripe autumn, C.S. 
Often gregarious in dry places, 15-20 ft. high, with a short erect trunk, 3 ft. girth. 
Bark ; in. thick, light or dark grey, greenish white or pale brown, slightly 
wrinkled. Coppices vigorously. R. Thompson describes a large coppice-wood 


of it, near Ramnuggur in Kamaon, so dense as to be almost impenetrable, from 


which the neighbouring villages drew their supply of fuel. Easily raised from 


seed. Wood brown, close-grained, but splits when drying. Only used as fuel, 
merits attention in that respect. The leaves are used in polishing wood. The 
flowers are made into garlands, and a fine but transient buff or orange-colour 


for cloth is made from them. 


Orver LIT. SALVADORACESA. 


Glabrous shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire, with min- 
ute stipules. Flowers small, regular, tetramerous, in paniculate spikes 
or racemes. Calyx small, 4-lobed. Corolla hypogynous, membranous, 
more or less deeply 4-cleft, lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, filaments short, 
inserted at the base of the corolla, and alternating with its lobes; anthers 
2-celled, introrse. Disc hypogynous, 4-lobed. Ovary free, 2-celled ; stig- 
ma subsessile, 2-lobed, ovules geminate, ascending. Seeds 1-4, albumen 
none; embryo with fleshy, plano-convex cotyledons.—Royle Ill. 319 
(under Chenopodiacee) ; Wight Ill. ii. 227. . 


1. SALVADORA. 
Leaves subcoriaceous, main lateral nerves anastomosing by intramarginal 


— 


Salvadora. | LI. SALVADORACE. 315 


veins. Flowers bisexual, in the axils of deciduous bracts. Fruit a l-seeded 
berry, supported by the persistent calyx. 


Flowers pedicellate, in lax, axillary and terminal, often nodding 
panicles ; calyx small, open, lobes less than half the length 
of the reflexed petals ‘ F ; : : ; ; 

Flowers sessile, in compact erect axillary panicles, shorter than 
sats ; calyx cup-shaped, lobes nearly as long as the erect 
petals . : : : : ‘ : ‘ ; 


1. S. persica. 


2. S. oleoides. 


1. S. persica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 26; Fl. Ind. i. 389; Wight 
Ic. 1621.—Syn. S. Indica, Wight Ill. t. 181. 8S. Stocksii, Wight Ic. 
1621 B. Arab. Arak, trak. Vern. Kauri van, kauri jal, jhar, jit, jhit, 
Pb.; Kabbar, pilu, Sindh ; Jal, kharjal, N.W.P.; Jhal, Rajputana. 


A large evergreen shrub or small tree, with white branches, drooping 
branchlets, and glaucous foliage, but much clearer and brighter green than 
the foliage of S. oleoides. Leaves varying in shape from ovate to narrow- 
lanceolate, blade 1-2 in. long. Flowers greenish-white, pedicellate, pedi- 
cels slender, generally } in. long, but often much shorter. Panicles axil- 
lary and terminal, lax, often nodding, longer than leaves ; branches race- 
mose, divaricate. Calyx open, cleft half-way into short, broad, rounded, 
ciliate lobes. Corolla cleft nearly to the base into 4 oblong lobes, twice 
the length of calyx, and generally reflexed. Fruit globose or subglobose, 
2-24 lines long, fleshy, greenish-yellow, red when ripe, supported by the 
persistent yellowish cup of the calyx. 


Planted, particularly near Mussalman tombs, in many parts of India. Wild 
in the southern part of the Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan districts, in Bhawal- 
pur and Sindh. Plentiful in lower Sindh and on the Beluchistan hills. Doubt- 
fully wild on rocky ground near the Kutab Minar (Delhi). “On the Ganges 
banks all over down to near Patna” (Madden in Hb. Kew). Wild on low ground, 
particularly on saline soils in Rajputana (Bhurtpur, Kishengarh, associated with 
Capparis aphylla, Prosopis spicigera, and often with Salv. oleotdes), near the 
coast in Guzerat, the Konkan (the Habshi’s country), in the Circars and the 
northern part of Ceylon. In Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, and in Western 
Africa. The old leaves are shed in April, the new foliage coming out simul- 
taneously. Fl. Nov.-May ; in the Panjab the fruit ripens in June, in Sindh in 
Jan., Feb. Gregarious, usually in compact clumps and masses, generally a large 
shrub or a small scrubby tree, but under favourable circumstances attains 30-40 
ft., with a short trunk, often crooked and fluted, 8-10 ft. long and 4-5 ft. girth, 
Girths of 6-8 ft. are not rare in Sindh, and Edgeworth notes one tree at Pakpat- 
tan, north of Multan, 14 ft. 9 in. girth. Branches numerous, spreading, extrem- 
ities drooping, like those of the weeping-willow. Bark of branches shining, 
almost white, light ash-grey, or darker. Bark of trunk thin, grey or brownish, 
irregularly rugose. Wood whitish yellow, soft, the cub. ft. (of Sindh wood) 
weighs 404 lb. (Dalzell), 46 lb. (Fenner). Medullary rays numerous, fine, pores 
large, in concentric belts of white tissue, alternating with darker-coloured belts 
of nearly the same width. Easy to work, and takes a beautiful polish. White 
ants do not attack it, nevertheless it is but little used. It is a poor fuel, and is 
considered useless for building. Grows readily from seed and coppices well, but 
its growth is slow. 

The root-bark is very acrid, and when bruised and applied to the skin acts 
like a blister (Pharm. Ind. 170) ; the twigs are used as tooth-cleaners (miswdk). 


316 LII. SALVADORACEZ. | Salvadora. 


Shoots and leaves are a favourite fodder of camels; they are pungent, eaten as 
salad, and are celebrated as antidotes against poison. The fruit (plu, Pb.; pu, 
Sindh) is pungent, bitter, and aromatic; it is used medicinally, Salvadora 
persica has been identified with the Mustard-tree of Scripture. 


2. 8. oleoides, Dne.—-Tab. XXXIX.—Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 144.—Syn. 
S. indica, Royle Ul. p. 319. 8S. persica, T. Anderson in Linn. Soe. Jour- 
nal, v. Suppl. i. 29. Persian, Irak-hindi (Royle). Vern. Jal, van, vani, 
mitht van, Pb. ; Kabbar, khabbar, jhar, diar, mithi diar, Sindh ; Jhal, 
N.W.P. 


A shrub or small tree, with stiff branches, ash-coloured or reddish grey 
branchlets, and dull cinereous persistent foliage. Leaves glaucous, linear- 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 14-23 in. long, membranous when 
young, coriaceous and somewhat fleshy when full-grown ; main lateral nerves 
often indistinct. Flowers greenish-white, sessile, in erect compact axillary 
paniculate spikes, often clustered and shorter than leaves. Calyx cup- 
shaped, divided half-way or nearly half-way into 4 rounded, obtuse lobes. 
Corolla as long as or a little longer than calyx. Fruit globose, 24 lines 
diam., yellow when ripe, dark brown or red when dry, supported by the 
persistent calyx and marcescent corolla. : 

Abundant in the driest and most desert parts of the Panjab, trans and cis- 
Indus, often forming great part of the vegetation for miles, ascending to 3000 ft. 
trans-Indus, to 2400 in the Salt range. Less common north of the Salt range. 
In North and Central Sindh (often associated with S. persica), not common 
generally, but in one place (near Khairptir) more common than S. persica. In 
Harriana, Bikanir, near Delhi, Agra, Bhurtpur, farther east probably planted ; 
also at Aden. The leaves are renewed about April, the young foliage is often 
dark greenish-grey, but dull grey when full-grown. Fl. generally March, April ; 
fr. about June. 


In arid and saline soil a stunted scrub, but attains 20-25 ft. under favourable © 


conditions, Trunk short, often twisted or bent, girth 5-6 ft., 2 trees 11 ft. 4 
in. and 12 ft. girth near Multan, noted by Edgeworth. Large trees generally 


hollow. Branches numerous, stiff, divergent, twisted, often swollen at forks. 


Branches stiffer and crown narrower than S. persica. Branchlets ash-coloured 


or reddish grey. Bark } in. thick, whitish grey, or dark grey, cleft into small — 


plates by irregular shallow cracks, mostly longitudinal, and fewer cross-cracks. 
Inner substance hard compact. Wood whitish, compact, soft, weight 49 lb. per 
cub, ft. (Sindh). Structure similar to that of S. persica. Not touched by white 


ants in Sindh, In the South Panjab, where timber is scarce, it is often employed 


for building, and for agricultural implements ; Persian wheels are made of it, 
and (in Sindh) knee-timbers of boats. A poor fuel, requires 9-12 months to dry, 
gives no heat, but mixed with scraps of pine-wood is useful for brick - burning. 
Leaves a great deal of ash, and blocks the fire-places speedily. Shoots and 
leaves are much browsed by camels. The fruit (Pw, piu, pinju, Pb.; Puu, 


Sindh) is sweet, and is eaten largely. When dried it forms an article of trade, — 


and tastes somewhat like currants. 

Ovoid cinereous galls are often formed on petioles and flower-stalks, and 
small clustered, deformed leaves grow frequently in large numbers among the 
flowers. The tree grows readily from seed, and coppices fairly well. Its growth 
is believed to be more rapid than that of S. persica, but the annual rings are 
very indistinct, and obscured by the numerous concentric belts of alternating 
white and darker tissue (often 15-16 on 1 in. of radius). 


q 


a 


Strychnos. | LIII. LOGANIACE&. 317 


Orper LIII. LOGANIACES, 


Trees, shrubs, often climbing, or herbs. Leaves opposite, generally 
"connected by interpetiolar stipules or by a raised line. Flowers regular, 
4-5-merous. Corolla hypogynous, regular or irregular. Stamens epipeta- 
lous, usually alternating with the corolla-segments. Ovary free, 2-celled ; 

style simple, stigma often 2-lobed. Seeds albuminous.— Wight Ill. ii. 
170 ; Bentham in Journ. Linn. Soe. i. 52. 


Fruit indehiscent, with a sheli-like rind; flowers pentamerous, 


corolla valvate in bud : 1. STRYCHNOS. 
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent septicidally ; flowers tetramerous, cor- 
olla imbricate in bud ‘ , : . ; 2. BUDDLEIA. 


1. STRYCHNOS, Linn. 


Trees or climbing shrubs, with entire 3-5-nerved leaves. Flowers 
pentamerous, bisexual. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, lobes valvate. 
Stamens inserted in the throat, filaments short. Style filiform, stigma 
capitate, or indistinctly 2-lobed; ovules numerous, placentas fleshy, 
adnate to both sides of the dissepiment. Fruit a berry with a shell-like 
rind, the seeds large, compressed, embedded in a fleshy pulp. Embryo 
short straight eccentric, in a cartilaginous albumen. 


Corolla campanulate, throat bearded ; fruit black when Tipe, 3 


in. diam., 1-seeded . . 1. S. potatorum. 
Corolla-tube cylindric, many times longer than calyx; . fruit 
orange when ripe, 3-4 in. diam., many-seeded . : . 2. S. Nux-vomica. 


1. S. potatorum, Linn. fil.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 5; Fl. Ind. i. 576; 
Wight Il. t. 156.— The clearing-nut tree. Sans. Kataka. Vern. Nermali, 
nirmali, nel-mal. 

A middle -sized tree, evergreen, wholly glabrous ; trunk often irregu- 
larly fluted. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or rotundate, subsessile, or very 
shortly petiolate, 2-3 in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, in short peduncu- 
late glabrous cymes, on the previous year’s wood, at the base of this year’s 
branchlets. Corolia-tube campanulate, with tufts of white hair at the 
base of the segments between the stamens. Style cylindric, from a coni- 
cal base, stigma indistinctly 2-lobed. Berry subglobose, black when ripe, 
l1-seeded, # in. diam. Seeds compressed, nearly circular. 

South India, Bengal, Behar, Bijoragogurh forests, and probably elsewhere in 
the Centr. Prov. Bark dark-coloured, deeply cracked. Fl. H.S. Wood dur- 
able, hard and close-grained. Medullary rays numerous, whitish in darker 


tissue. Pores in large, irregularly ramified patches of whitish tissue. Pulp of 
the fruit eaten. The ripe seeds are used to clear muddy water. 


2. S. Nux-vomica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 4; Fl. Ind. i.575; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t. 243; Benth. 1 c. 103.—Vern. Kuchla, kajra; Khabaung, 
Burm. 


A small, slow-growing, evergreen, glabrous tree. Leaves ovate or rotun- 
date, coriaceous, shining, blade 4-5 in., petiole 4 in. long. Flowers green- 
ish white, on terminal pubescent pedunculate, corymbose cymes. Corolla- 


318 LILI. LOGANIACEZ. [ Strychnos. 


tube cylindric, 4-5 times longer than calyx, throat glabrous. Style filiform, 
stigma undivided. Berry as large as an orange, and of the same colour. 
Seeds flat, grey, shining, circular or reniform. 

South India, Burma, Bengal, Gorakhpur forests (D.B.), and probably also in 
the Centr. Prov. Bark smooth, ash-coloured, young shoots shining, deep green. 
Wood hard, durable, of a bitter taste. Structure similar to that of 8 potatorum, 
but the whitish patches more in concentric lines, Weight 48.75 lb. (D.B. exp. 
1864), 56 lb. (Skinner). Value of P. 623 (D.B.), 1120 (Sk.) The seeds contain 
0.28-0.53°/, of Strychnia, an extremely bitter and most poisonous alkaloid, 
mixed with Brucia, another alkaloid closely related to it. These substances 
are also found in the bark of S. Nux-vomica, and in the bark and root of 
several other species of the genus. They seem to constitute the poisonous prin- 
ciple in the Upas Radja or Teute, the arrow-poison of the Moluccas, prepared 
from the root-bark of a climber (8S. Tieute, Lesch. ; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 380). _ 
Igasuric acid (similar to Malic acid) is associated with these alkaloids. The 
orange-coloured pulp of the fruit is eaten by birds. 


2, BUDDLEIA, Linn. 


Shrubs, with a mealy or woolly tomentum, rarely glabrous. Flowers 
tetramerous. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, anthers nearly 
sessile. Capsule opening septicidally in 2 entire or bifid valves, leaving 
the dissepiment free in the centre. Seeds small, numerous. 

Flowers in dense cylindrical leafless spikes ; tomentum white or 

yellowish ; . , , - ; ; ; 1. B. asiatica. 
Flowers in leafy panicles ; tomentum tawny or rust-coloured . 2. B. paniculata. 

1. B. asiatica, Lour.—Syn. B. discolor, Roth; Wight Ic. t. 894. JB. 
Neemda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 396. Vern. Bhati, dhaula, shitintra, Kamaon. 


A large shrub; branches, inflorescence and under side of leaves covered 
with a white or yellowish soft tomentum either dense and thick, or more 
or less mealy. Leaves lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, on a short petiole, entire 
or serrulate, usually glabrous above. Flowers white, odorous, nearly ses- 
sile, in dense cylindrical bracteate erect spikes, often interrupted at the 
base, either solitary and terminal, or several together at the ends of 
branches. Corolla-tube pubescent outside, less than twice the length of 
calyx, lobes rounded, obtuse. Valves of capsule bifid. 


A common shrub in South India, Burma, Bengal, Oudh, along banks of nal- 
lahs and ravines. In the sub-Himalayan tract extends as far west as the Indus, 
ascending to 4000 ft. China. Indian Archipelago. Fl. Feb.-April. In most 
parts of Burma, this and Llumea are common shrubs on deserted hill-clearin 
(Toungyas). 7 


2. B. paniculata, Wall. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 412.—Syn. B. 
crispa, Benth. ; DC. Prodr. x. 444. Vern. Spera wuna, Afg.; Dholtu, 
Ghiuttia, N.W. Him. Also known by the names of the preceding species. 


A shrub or small tree, with a gnarled and crooked stem; branches 
woody, bark peeling off in long shreds ; branchlets, leaves, and inflor- 
escence densely clothed with soft rust-coloured or tawny tomentum. 
Leaves extremely variable, from lanceolate, entire, to ovate-triangular, 


Buddleia. | LIII.. LOGANIACEZ:. 319 


dentate and deeply cut ; blade 4-6 in., petiole 4-14 in. long. Flowers sub- 
sessile, white, fragrant, in bracteate, generally pedunculate, clusters, form- 
ing irregular terminal, leaf- bearing panicles. Bracts linear, generally 
longer than flowers. Corolla densely tomentose outside, tube cylindrical, 
twice the length of calyx, lobes rounded, obtuse. 


Himalaya, Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7000 ft. Afghanistan. Beluchistan. 


Orprer LIV. APOCYNEZ:. 


Trees, shrubs, twiners, rarely perennial herbs, the juice frequently 
milky. Leaves entire, opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, without 
stipules, or with small glandlike intrapetiolar or interpetiolar stipules. 
Flowers regular, usually cymose. Calyx free, divided nearly or quite to 
the base into 5 segments or s , generally imbricate in bud. Corolla 
hypogynous, gamopetalous, with 5 spreading lobes, contorted, rarely val- 
vate in bud, the throat hairy inside, or closed with a corona of scales. 
Stamens 5, inserted in the tube, alternating with the corolla-lobes; anthers 
erect, 2-celled, the cells opening inward in longitudinal slits, the pollen 
not collected in masses. Pistil dicarpellary ; the carpels either distinct 
below, or united in a 2-celled ovary with axile placentas, or in a 1-celled 
ovary with parietal placentas ; ovules few or more generally numerous ; 
style single or 2 distinct styles; stigma usually thickened. Seeds often 
bearing a coma or tuft of long hairs, usually albuminous, embryo straight. 
—Royle Ill. 269; Wight Ill. i. 160. 


Fruit a fleshy indehiscent berry, generally 1 - 4 - seeded ; 


leaves opposite; spines axillary : 1. CARISSA. 
Fruit a large subglobose drupe, with hard fibrous endocarp ; ; 
leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of branches . 2. CERBERA. 


Fruit of 2 many-seeded follicles, distinct from the begin- 
ning, or separating when ripe. 
Seeds naked, angular, embedded in pulp; leaves opposite 3. TABEFRNHMONTANA. 


Seeds naked, winged ; leaves alternate, sessile . 4, RHAzyA, 
Seeds naked, winged ; leaves alternate, petiolate, crowded 
at the ends of branches 5. PLUMERIA. 


Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the lower end—that i is, the 
end opposite the hilum ; leaves opposite ; stamens 
exserted ‘ 6. WRIGHTIA. 
Seeds flat, attached in the middle, with a frin eof hairs 
all round ; and prominent tufts at the ends ; leaves 
whorled : 7. ALSTONIA. 
Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the hilum—that i is, at the 
upper end ; corolla without appendices. 
A small tree, not climbing ; ; fruit of 2 distinct follicles 8. HoLaARRHENA. 
Climbers ; fruit of 2 distinct follicles : .9. ICHNOCARPUS. 
Climbers ; fruit a long cylindrical, 2-valved capsule, 
separating into 2 follicles when ripe. 
Glabrous ; corolla-tube short cylindrical ; limb @ in. 


across. 10. VALLARIS, 
Tomentose ; corolla hypocrateriform, limb 2-3 in. 
across. 11. CHONEMORPHA. 


Seeds enh all over, and with a tuft of hairs at the 
um ; a corona of 5 laciniated rer a pais 
to the corolla-lobes : ¢ t . 12. Nerium. 


320 LIV. APOCYNE&. [ Carissa. 


Several plants of this family yield caoutchouc. Vahea gummifera, Lam., of 
Madagascar, and other species of the same genus, produce an excellent article, 
second only in quality to the Para caoutchouc. They are large climbing shrubs, 
with huge subglobose fruit. The African caoutchouc, a ae inferior article, is 
likewise produced by large climbing shrubs, which belong to the genus Lan- 
dolphia, with large subglobose fruit containing an acidulous pulp in a hard 
woody rind. Urceola elastica, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 473, a gigantic climber 
(fruit of 2 large globose,"many-seeded coriaceous follicles, the seeds embedded in 
fleshy eatable pulp) of. the Indian Archipelago, yields the Borneo rubber, and 
small quantities of caoutchoue are collected in India from Willughbeia edulis, 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 280, and W. Martabanica, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 272, two large 
climbers of Burma and Eastern Bengal.—(Collins’ Report on Caoutchoue, 1872.) 

Vahea belongs to the sub-Order of Carissec, with a single 2-celled ovary. 
Landolphia and Willughbeia are somewhat anomalous genera with 1-celled 
ovary, and fleshy fruit. Urceola belongs to the sub-Order Huapocynece (fruit 
of 2 many-seeded follicles), which comprises all genera described below, except 
Carissa and Cerbera. 


1. CARISSA, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees, often armed with opposite axillary spines. Leaves 
opposite. Calyx without glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical, slightly 
swollen round the anthers, lobes spreading, contorted in the bud, the 
throat without scales. Anthers oblong or lanceolate, included in the 
corolla-tube. Ovary single, 2-celled ; ovules several in each cell; style 
filiform, stigma thickened. fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds 1-4, 
rarely more, without hairs, albuminous. 


Leaves and branchlets always glabrous ; fruit 4-1 in. long, some- 
times more than 4-seeded . : : : , : . 1. CG. Carandas. 
Leaves and branchlets often pubescent ; fruit } in. long, 4-seeded 2. OC. diffusa. 


1. GC. Carandas, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 77; Fl. i. 687; Wight Ic. 
t. 426.—Syn. C. congesta, Wight Ic. t. 1289. Sans. Karamarda (the 
tree), avigna (the fruit). Vern. Karaunda, karaun, karunda, korinda, 
garinga. Localn. Timukhia, N.W.P.; Gotho, C.P. 


A large evergreen shrub with a short stem, glabrous, only inflorescence 
pubescent. Branchlets generally alternate, with twin stout, sharp, often 
forked, glabrous, shining spines at their base, 1-14 in. long ; branches ex- 
ceptionally opposite, generally without spines. Leaves coriaceous, generally 
penninerved, wholly glabrous, and shining on both sides, elliptic ovate or 
obovate, rarely elliptic-oblong, obtuse or mucronate, 14-3 in. long, 1-2 in. 
broad, subsessile or on short petioles. Flowers white, inodorous, on short 
pedicels in sessile or pedunculate pubescent cymose corymbs of 10-20 
flowers at the ends of branches. Bracts linear, pubescent. Calyx pubes- 
cent, cleft half-way or deeper into lanceolate ciliate segments. Corolla- 
lobes lanceolate, shorter than tube, but more than half its length. Ovules 
4 in each cell of ovary. Berry ovoid or globose, 4-1 in. long, 4- or more- 
seeded, shining, first red, black when ripe. 


Cultivated in most parts of India, not much in the Panjab; is wild on dry 
sandy and rocky soil in the Gonda and Baraich divisions of the Oudh forests, 


Carissa. | LIV. APOCYNEZ. 321 


Sal forests (R. Thompson), in the Gorakhpur district, in Bengal and 
South India. Foliage generally renewed in March. Fl. Jan.-April ; fruit ripens 
July-Aug. Grows rapidly, and coppices freely. 

Stem 3-4 ft. high, 2 ft. girth, -sometimes more, branches rigid, divergent, 
forming a scanty rounded crown. Branchlets reddish-brown, smooth, spread- 
ing. Bark 4 in. thick, grey or white with pale-orange streaks, smoothish be- 
tween longitudinal wrinkles, with brown exfoliating scales. Wood white, close- 
grained and hard, is an excellent fuel, and has been recommended for turning. 
Makes excellent fences. The red, half-ripe fruit is made into tarts jellies and 
pickle. When ripe, it is sold in bazaars and eaten largely. 


2. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 689; Wight Ic. t. 427.— Vern. Karaunda. 
Local n. Gan, garna, garinda, Pb. 


A small evergreen shrub, with rigid, spreading branches ; young leaves, 
branchlets and inflorescence pubescent. Branchlets opposite and single, 
spines 4-1 in. long, often pubescent and forked, generally at the base of 
the single branches. Leaves coriaceous, glabrate or pubescent beneath, 
ovate, acute, mucronate, 1-14 in. long, $-? in. broad, generally with 1 or 
2 pairs of arching basal nerves. Flowers pure white to delicate pink, 
finely odorous, on short pedicels in sessile or pedunculate cymose corymbs 
of 2-10 flowers, at the ends of branches. Bracts linear, pubescent. Calyx 
pubescent, cleft nearly to the base into lanceolate ciliate segments. Cor- 
olla-lobes lanceolate, shorter than tube, but more than half its length. 
Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Berry subglobose, } in. long, 4-seeded, 
shining, black when ripe, seeds 4. 


Abundant wild in most parts of India, in the plains of the Panjab, the sub- 
Himalayan tract, ascending to 4000 ft., and in the trans-Indus territory, gene- 
rally gregarious, here and there forming underwood in forests of Bamboo in the 
Siwalik tract, of Pinus longifolia (Kangra), of Teak (Saugor district). Useful 
by keeping the ground moist and cool under trees with light foliage which do 
notthrow heavy shade ; may be employed in the same way as Beech underwood 
under Oak or Scotch Fir in Europe. Spreads readily where clearings have 
been made, and may in such cases impede the reproduction and growth of the 
forest. Fl. March-May; fruit ripens Oct.-Feb. Very hardy, coppices freely. 
The wood, though always small, is used for turning and for making combs ; it 
is an excellent fuel. Very old wood is said (in Kangra) to be black and fra- 
grant. The leaves are greedily eaten by goats and sheep, but the chief use of 
the shrub is to furnish material for dry fences. 

The characters available for the distinction of these two species are unsatisfac- 
tory and variable, and farther inquiries may possibly show C. Carandas to be 
nothing but the cultivated form of C. diffusa. 


2. CERBERA, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, crowded on the young branches. 
Flowers large, in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx without glands. 
Corolla-tube cylindrical, without scales, lobes spreading, angular, contorted 
in bud. Anthers included in the corolla-tube, inserted about the middle. 
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, each carpel incom- 
pletely divided by a very prominent placenta, bearing 2 superposed ovules 
on each side ; stigma conical, often 2-lobed at the tip. Fruit (from the 

Xx 


322 LIV. APOCYNEA. [ Cerbera. 


abortion of one carpel) a single drupe, flattened on one side, with a woody 
or fibrous endocarp, usually l-seeded. Seeds without hairs. 


1. ©. Odollam, Gertn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 692; Wight Ic. t. 441. 


A large tree or a shrub, wholly glabrous, with thick branches. Leaves 
6-12 in. long, shining, oblong lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, nar- 
rowed into petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves numerous, par- 
allel, at right angles to midrib, joined by indistinct intramarginal veins. 
Flowers white, sweet-scented, in a corymbose pedunculate cyme. Calyx- 
segments linear, reflexed, deciduous. Bracts coloured, 4-1 in. long, cadu- 
cous. Drupe ovoid, 2-4 in. long, endocarp thick, fibrous. 


Common in salt swamps on the coast of Bengal, the peninsula and probably 
of Sindh. A widely spread tree, on the coasts of China, the Indian Archipelago, 
Queensland, and the Pacific islands. In flower and fruit throughout the year. 
Wood white, soft, and spongy. 


3. TABERNA MONTANA, Plum. 


1. T. coronaria, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 23; Wight Ic. t. 477; 
Bot. Reg. t. 1064.—Vern. Chandui, taggat, taggar. 


A shrub, 6-8 ft., glabrous, branches dichotomous. Leaves opposite, ellip- 
tic-oblong, acuminate. Flowers white ; calyx glandulose inside ; corolla- 
tube cylindrical, slender ; ovaries 2 with many ovules, style 1. Fruit of 2 
distinct recurved cylindrical follicles, 1-3 in. long. Seeds 3-6, embedded 
in red fleshy pulp ; embryo in a fleshy albumen. 


Cultivated in gardens throughout India, with single and double flowers ; ex- 
ceedingly fragrant at night. Wild in Eastern Bengal, Nepal, Kamaon, and in 
the Konkan. FI. in the hot and rainy season. 


T. utilis, Arnott in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1830, i. 318, is a tree in British 
Guiana, which yields a thick sweet nutritious milk, called Hya-hya by the 
Indians. : 


4, RHAZYA, Decaisne. 


1. R. stricta, Decaisne in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 111.—Vern. Vena, 
Salt range; Gandera, Trans-Indus ; Sewar, sihur, ishwarg. Sindh. 


A small glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, linear - oblanceolate, mu- 
cronate, sessile. Flowers white, odorous, corolla-tube cylindrical, much 
longer than lobes; ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules. Fruit of 2 
distinct erect cylindrical follicles. Seeds numerous, flat, with membranous 
wings at the two extremities ; embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen. 


Abundant in the trans-Indus territory, between Indus and Jhelam, and in 
Sindh. Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Arabia. Fl. April. Used as fuel. The 
leaves, after steeping for some days, are fodder for goats. The fruit (Sanwdr) 
and the leaves are used in native medicine. 


acelin 


Plumeria. | LIV. APOCYNE. 3238 


5. PLUMERIA, Tourn. 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, crowded at the ends of branches. 
Flowers large, in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx small, without glands. 
Corolla-tube cylindrical, without scales, lobes spreading, contorted in bud. 
Anthers inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, round the ovary. Ovary 
of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, ovules numerous ; style 
short, thick, with a 2-lobed stigma. Fruit of 2 follicles with numerous 
compressed, winged, hairless, albuminous seeds. Cotyledons flat, folia- 
ceous. 


1. P. acutifolia, Poiret.—Syn. P. acuminata, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 20; 
Wight Ic. t. 471. Vern. Gula chin, Hind.; Khair champa, Bomb. 


A small tree, wholly glabrous, with thick branches, and rough bark, 
full of tenacious, white juice... Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6-15 in. 
long, narrowed into a petiole 1-2 in. long; main lateral nerves numerous, 
transverse, parallel, joined by prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers in 
large compound, pedunculate cymes, white, fragrant, pale yellow in the 
centre. Jollicles divaricate, rigid, drooping, 6 in. long. 


Cultivated throughout India and Burma, near villages, temples, and in gar- 
dens, but not indigenous. Cultivated in Siam, China, Cochin China, and the 
Indian Archipelago (Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 38). Its home is not known. It grows 
in New Grenada and other parts of tropical America, but whether indigenous, 
is uncertain. (The other Plumerias inhabit tropical America, and P. loranthi- 
Folia, Mill. ; Mart. Flora Brasiliensis, vi. p. 42, a closely allied species, is found in 
Para and Matto-Grosso.) Fl. H. and R. 8. Ripens its fruit very rarely, At- 
tempts have been made to make caoutchouc of the milk, but without success. 


6. WRIGHTIA, R. Brown. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers in terminal corymbose 
cymes. Calyx with 5-10 broad scales inside at the base. Corolla-tube 
cylindrical, generally short; lobes spreading, before expansion twisted 
towards the right, the throat with a corona of 5 or 10 erect scales, either 
distinct or united in a ring. Stamens inserted in the throat, filaments 
short and broad, continued into a broad, tapering connective; anthers 
exserted, sagittate, connivent in a cone round the stigma, and often 
adhering laterally. Ovary of 2 carpels, distinct or connate, with numer- 
ous ovules in each, multiseriate, on axile placentas. Fruit long-cylindri- 
cal, separating into two follicles dehiscing on the inner face, filled with 
numerous oblong pendulous seeds, each with a tuft of long silky hairs 
at the lower end. Albumen none, embryo cylindrical, cotyledons con- 
volute, longer than superior radicle. 

Follicles connate into a long cylindrical capsule, separating and 


dehiscing at the same time ; leaves soft tomentose J . 1. W. tomentosa, 
Follicles distinct, cohering at the apex only; leaves rough . . 2. W. tinctoria. 


1. W. tomentosa, Roem. et Schultes; Wight Ic. t. 443.—Syn. W. 
mollissima, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 146; Wight Ill. t. 154. Meriwm tomen- 
tosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 6. Vern. Keor, kilawa, Pb. Dhudi, N.W.P., 


324 LIV. APOCYNEA, [ Wrightia. 


Oudh. Local names: Dharauli, darhela, daira, Garhw. ; Lettaukthein, 
Burma. 


A small tree, branchlets and leaves clothed with soft tomentum. Leaves 
elliptic, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole, 3-4 in. long ; main lateral 
nerves parallel, 8-12 pair. Flowers 1 in. across, in subsessile, stiff, erect, 
corymbose and tomentose cymes, with oval deciduous bracts. Corolla- 
- tube twice the length of calyx, lobes oblong, yellowish, corona fleshy, 
orange-coloured, cleft into unequal oblong lobes. Anthers white. Fruit 
subcylindrical, laterally compressed, 8-12 in. long, 4 in. across, rough 
with numerous white elevated specks, with two shallow black furrows 
at the junction of the carpels, the carpels separating when ripe ; hairs of 
seed pure white. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 3500 ft. or more (Benar- 
gad, Jaunsar Bawar, D.B.), as far west as the Bias, and very rare beyond it to 
the Indus. Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India. Ceylon and Burma. Often 
associated with Sal, but more commonly in mixed forests. The leaves are 
shed Feb.-March, the new foliage appears April-May. Fl. April-June; fr. 
Nov.-Jan. 

Attains 20-25 ft., with a short irregular trunk 3, rarely 4 ft. girth, Branches 
scabrous, with small light-coloured specks. Bark 4 in. thick, light or dark cin- 
ereous, corky, inner substance whitish, compact. ood yellowish white, even- 
and fine-grained, not hard, easy to work, heartwood not distinct. Weight 33.75 
lb., value of P. 523 (Kyd). Used in turning, carved into bowls, plates, and 
combs (Saharunpur). The bark of stem and root are administered against snake- 
bites and the sting of scorpions. Abundant yellow milky juice flows from 
incisions, containing a yellow colouring matter (Roxb.) 


There is some uncertainty regarding the colour of the corolla. Wallich (Nepal, 
Oudh, Kamaon) and Wight describe and figure W. mollissima with yellow flowers 
tinged with red, and Thwaites (Enum. Zeyl. 193) describes W. tomentosa in the 
same manner. Roxburgh says—flowers white, nectary (corona) orange-coloured ; 
ae (Hort. p. 525)—yellowish-white, with an orange-coloured throat ; and 
Graham (Bombay Plants, 114)—white. Do the flowers change colour during 
the day? According to Wallich, the flowers of mollissima are inodorous ; Voigt 
describes them as faintly smelling of rhubarb ; and J. L. Stewart “as scenting 
the forest.” It is not impossible that a distinct species with white flowers may 

et be discovered ; and it should be added that W. Wallichu, A. DC., Wight 
c. t. 1296, which is otherwise exceedingly like W. tomentosa, is described with 
white flowers. 


2. W. tinctoria, R. Br. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 241.—Syn. W. Rothii, G. 
Don; Wight Ic. t. 1319. Nerium tinctorum, Roxb. Fl. Ind.. ii. 4. 
Vern. Dhudi, Banda; Khirni, Meywar. (Seeds Indarjau, indrajau.) 


A small tree ; branchlets yellow or light brown, extremities and leaves 
glabrous or pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 3-4 in. long, acuminate, 
base rounded, petiole very short; main lateral nerves 8-10, arching, 
joined by intramarginal veins. Flowers white, in Jax terminal cymes 
with slender spreading branches. Corolla-tube twice the length of calyx. 
Corona of numerous linear scales, varying in length, some inserted with 
the filaments, others on the corolla-lobes. Fruit of 2 distinct pendu- 


Wrightia.| LIV. APOCYNEA. 325 


lous, slender follicles, 10-20 in. long, cohering at the top only, with 
elevated longitudinal lines, otherwise smooth. Var. a. tinctoria,; glab- 
rous. 8. Rothii ; pubescent, leaves rough when old. 


Common in the Peninsula, ascending to 4000 ft. (a and 8). From Central 
India 8 only, with rough leaves, is known. Bassi forests in Meywar, Nag- 
oo between Ajmir and Pokur (D.B.); Banda, Edgeworth. Leaves are shed 

eb., reappear in March-April, with the flowers. Fruit ripens ensuing C.S. 
Wood pure white, close- and even-grained, valued highly for turning and 
carving. The leaves yield Indigo (Roxb.) The seeds are sold as the sweet 
(mitha) indarjau‘in the bazaars ; they are not bitter. 

W. coccinea, Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 2696 ; Wight Ic. t. 442; a large tree with 
dark-crimson flowers, 2 in. across, solitary 3 or 6 together, from the Kasia 
hills, is occasionally abe in gardens in Northern India. Wood white, light, 
but firm, used for palkees. 


7. ALSTONIA, R. Brown. 


Trees, rarely shrubs ; leaves entire, verticillate or opposite. Calyx 
without scales or glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical, lobes spreading, 
shorter than tube, twisted towards the right before expansion. Corona 
wanting. Stamens included, inserted half-way up the tube, or higher. 
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by the style; stigma thickened ; 
ovules numerous. Fruit of 2 distinct long linear follicles. Seed oblong, 
compressed, peltate, the edge with a dense fringe of long hairs all round ; 
albumen scanty, radicle superior, cotyledons oblong, flat. 


1. A. scholaris, R. Brown ; Wight Ic. t. 422; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 242. 
—Syn. A. cuneata, Wall. Sans. Ayugma, chhada, ayuk chhada. Vern. 
Chatiun, satiun, chutian, satwin, satni (Taunmayoben, Burm.) 


A large tree, with bitter milky juice ; glabrous, inflorescence only pubes- 
cent. Leaves coriaceous, shining above, opaque and pale underneath, 
in whorls of 5-7, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, rarely acute, 4-8 
in. long, narrowed into a short petiole ; main lateral nerves numerous, 
parallel, transverse. Flowers greenish-white, sessile or shortly pedicellate, 
in compact many-flowered pedunculate cymes. Peduncles 1-2 in. long; 
cymes 8-12 arranged in a pedunculate umbel, and the umbels forming 
whorls in the axils of the terminal whorl of leaves. Calyx and corolla 
pubescent. Follicles slender, numerous, in hanging clusters. 


Sub-Himalayan tract, extending west to the Jumna, and ascending to 3000 
ft. Scarce in the Oudh forests. Bengal, western side of the Peninsula, Burma, 
Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Queensland, tropical Africa. Fl. Dec.-March ; 
fruit June. Growth apparently rapid. 

Attains 40-60, at times 80-90 ft., with a tall stem, often with a fluted or but- 
tressed base, and spreading branches in tiers of whorls. Bark dark grey, rough, 
but not cracked. Wood whitish, even-grained, somewhat porous and open, 
_ soft and light, 40 lb. per cub, ft. Easily worked ; used for furniture, boxes, 
scabbards, school-boards, and for beams in Assam. Wood and bark are bitter ; 
. bark is officinal as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, and antiperiodic (Pharm. 

nd. 137). 


326 LIV. APOCYNEA. | Holarrhena. 


8. HOLARRHENA, R. Brown. 


Shrubs or trees with opposite entire leaves. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, 
with glands inside at their base. Corolla-tube cylindrical, more or less 
swollen above its base round the anthers, lobes spreading, twisted to 
the left before expansion. Corona wanting. Stamens included, inserted 
below the middle of the tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by the 
style; stigma oblong, not thickened; ovules numerous. Fruit of 2 dis- 
tinct long slender follicles. Seeds numerous, pendulous, with a tuft of 
long hairs at the hilum; radicle superior, shorter than the auriculate, 
plaited and involute cotyledons ; albumen none. 


1. H. antidysenterica, Wall —Tab. XL.—Syn. H. pubescens, Wall. 
H. Codaga, G. Don ; Wight Ic. t. 1297. Echites antidysenterica, Roxb. 
Chonemorpha antidysenterica, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 439. Vern. Karra, 
kaura, kora, kura, kuar, keor, kuer, kari, dhudi, dhodi. Local names: 
Kogar, kiam, Pb.; Kachri, Oudh; Samoka marra, Gonds of Seoni ; 
Ankria, Bheels of Banswara. (Seeds: Karwa (bitter) indarjau.) Let- 
tauk, Burm. 


A small tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 6-12 in. long, subsessile, 
elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate, base obtuse ; main lateral nerves 10-14 
pair, joined by prominent transverse veins. Flowers white, inodorous, 
1-14 in. across, on slender pedicels, in sessile terminal corymbose cymes, 
with small lanceolate, ciliate bracts. Corolla-tube slender, many times 
longer than calyx, lobes nearly as long as tube. Follicles smooth, 8-15 
in. long, +:in. diam, Seeds narrow-oblong, 4 in. long, brown, bitter, 
hairs silky, twice the length of seed. Var. a. glabra; leaves glabrous 
on both sides. Var. 8. pubescens ; leaves soft tomentose beneath. | 


Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3500 ft., and extending westward to the 
Chenab. Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India. Banswara forests, but not 
found in the more arid parts of Rajputana. Often associated with Sal, in 
Burma in the Hin forest of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb. Old leaves 
shed Feb., the new foliage appears April-May. Fl. April-June; fruit ripe in 
the cold season, generally bursting in March or April. 

_Attains 20-30 ft., trunk short, straight, rigid and furrowed, 3-4 ft. girth. 
Bark 4 in. thick, brownish-grey or blackish, warty, with some longitudinal 
cracks, and exfoliating in thick woody scales. Foliage bright pea-green. Wood 
white, tinged with yellow or pink, even- fine- and smooth-grained, soft and 
light; heartwood not distinct. Weight 37-38 lb. Value of P. 417 (Kyd), 562 
(Skinner), 811 (Lettauk, Benson). Easy to work, carved into tobacco-boxes, 
toys, combs, spoons, forks, and platters. In Assam, where the tree grows to a 
larger size, furniture is made of it. The bark (conessz, formerly an article of 
trade), leaves, fruit, and seeds, are used medicinally (Pharm. Ind, 137) ; the 
flowers are gathered for ornaments at marriages, and the leaves are employed as 
fodder or litter. 


9. ICHNOCARPUS, R. Brown. 


Climbers with opposite leaves. Calyx 5-cleft, with small glands inside — 


at the base of the lobes. Corolla hypocrateriform, without appendices ; 
lobes hairy inside, convolute in bud. Fruit of 2 distinct, many-seeded, 
slender follicles. Seeds not rostrate, with a tuft of hair at the hilum. 


Ichnocarpus. | LIV. APOCYNEZ. 327 


& 


Flowers in compact cymes, forming elongated panicles ; corolla- 


tube barely 4 in. long . ; : . ; ; . . 1. I. frutescens, 
Flowers in lax pedunculate corymbose cymes; corolla-tube § in. 
long ‘ : . ; ; ‘ ; ; . 2. I. fragrans. 


1. I. frutescens, R. Brown; Wight Ic. t. 430.—Syn. Echites frutes- 
cens, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 12. Vern. Dudhi, Kamaon. 


A twining shrub; branchlets, inflorescence and under side of leaves with 
rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate. Flowers small (white, inodorous, Roxb., greenish white, 
sweet-scented, Voigt Hortus, 523), on short pedicels, in compact short, 
trichotomous, pedunculate cymes, forming elongated leafy panicles. Calyx 
with small basal glands. Corolla hypocrateriform, tube barely } in. long, 
lobes lanceolate, twisted, hairy along the upper face. Ovaries distinct, 
surrounded by 5 distinct hypogynous scales, as long as ovaries ; style 1. 
Fruit of 2 distinct linear, slender follicles, 2-3 in. long. Seeds numer- 
ous, pendulous, a long tuft of hairs at the hilum. 


South and Central India, Bengal, Burma. Jn north-west India known to ex- 
tend as far west as Delhi in the plains, and_to the Sutlej in the sub-Himalayan 
tract. Indian Archipelago and Queensland. The root has been used as a sub- 
stitute for sarsaparilla. 


2. I. fragrans, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 435.—Syn. (probably) Blabe- 
ropus lucidus, A. DC. ; Alstonia lucida, Don Fl. Nep. 131. Vern. Dudhi, 
Kamaon. 


A climbing shrub ; glabrous, but branchlets, petioles and under side of 
leaves often hairy. Leaves opposite, subcoriaceous, shining above, ellip- 
tic-oblong, acuminate, blade 4-5 in., petiole + in. long. Flowers on slen- 
der pedicels, in lax compound trichotomous pedunculate glabrous corym- 
bose terminal and axillary cymes. Corolla-tube } in. long, 2-thirds of its 
length narrow-tubular, suddenly widened above into a campanulate mouth; 
lobes oblong, nearly as long as tube, hairy on the upper side near the base. 
Fruit of 2 distinct linear follicles, about 6 in. long, with numerous pendu- 
lous seeds, not rostrate, a tuft of hairs at the hilum. 


North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal, ascending to 6000 ft. Bhutan, As- 
sam. Fl, April-June. Somewhat similar to Parechites Thunbergit, A. Gray 
(Rhynchospermum jasminoides, Lindl.), from Japan and China, 


10. VALLARIS, Burm. 


1. V. dichotoma, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 438.—Syn. ZEchites dichotoma, 
Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 19. Vern. Dudhi, Kamaon. 


A large twining shrub ; bark ash-coloured, glabrous, inflorescence only 
pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate, elliptic- oblong, acuminate ; a 
circle of small cylindric glands at the insertion of the leaves. Flowers 
white, fragrant, on slender pedicels, in axillary, 3-10-flowered cymes. 
Corolla-tube short, cylindrical, limb large, spreading, # in. across. Ovary 


328 LIV. APOCYNEA. [ Vallaris. 


1, 2-celled, surrounded at the base by a 5-fid ciliate, cup-shaped nectary ; 
style filiform pubescent ; ovules numerous. Fruit large, oblong, 2-celled, 
valves thick fibrous. Seeds numerous pendulous, with a tuft of hairs at 
the hilum, radicle superior ; albumen scanty. 


South India, Bengal, and Central India. Burma and Ceylon. In the sub- 
Himalayan tract west to the Ganges. Cultivated in gardens, Fl. Dec,-April. 


11. CHONEMORPHA, G. Don. 


1. C. macrophylla, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 432.—Syn. Echites macro- 
phylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 13. Vern. Gar badero, Kamaon. 


A large climbing milky shrub. Leaves opposite, large, rotundate or 
obovate, 8-12 in. long, 6-9 in. broad, tomentose beneath. Flowers large, 
white, fragrant, coriaceous, in terminal corymbose pedunculate cymes ; 
bracts large ovate, deciduous. Calyx with glands inside at the base. Cor- 
olla hypocrateriform, limb 2-3 in. across. Ovaries two distinct, surrounded 
by a cup-shaped thick nectary, style 1. Capsule long, pendulous, 12 in. 
long, quadrangular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous compressed pendulous, 
narrowed into a short beak above, and bearing a tuft of long white yo 
hairs ; albumen scanty, radicle superior. 


South India, Bengal, Nepal and Kamaon, Burma, Ceylon, and Indian Archi- 
pelago. FI. April-Sept. The milk is said to yield a kind of caoutchouc. 


12. NERIUM, Linn. 


~ Shrubs with white milk. Leaves entire, coriaceous, opposite or whorled. 
Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes with numerous fleshy 
linear glands at their base inside. Corolla-tube short, turbinate or 
campanulate, lobes spreading, unequal-sided ; corona of laciniated appen- 
dices opposite to the lobes. Anthers sagittate, on short broad filaments, 
continued beyond the anthers into a long hairy tail-like appendix, 
thickened and contorted at the top. Ovary of 2 carpels, more or less 
cohering, style 1, stigma shaped like a truncate cone. Fruit a cylindrical 
capsule. when ripe, dehiscing septicidally into 2 many-seeded follicles. 

Seeds pendulous, tomentose all over and with a tuft of hairs at the hilum ; 
albuminous, radicle superior. : 


1. N. odorum, Solander; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 2; Bot. Mag. t. 2032.— 
Sans. Karavira ; Pers. Kharzahra. Vern. Kania ,kaner, gantra, ganhu a, 
Pb.; Kaniyur, Kamaon: 


A large glabrous shrub. Leaves in whorls of 3, linear-lanceolate, 4-6 
in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, under surface uneven and irreg- 
ularly pitted, midrib very prominent, main lateral nerves numerous, par- 
allel, transverse. Flowers scented, rose-coloured white or red ; appendices 
of corona cleft into numerous filiform segments, or trifid, the lateral seg- 
ments linear, the centre one short-triangular. Fruit linear, 6-9 in. long. 


Common in North-West and Central India, Sindh, Beluchistan and Afghanis- 


Nerium. | LIV. APOCYNEA. 329 


tan. Ascends to 5500 ft. in the outer Himalaya. Generally along the sides of 
rocky stream-beds or in ravines and river-beds which are dry in winter. Culti- 
vated in gardens throughout India, with single and double flowers, Fl. April- 
June, often nearly throughout the year. Bark and root are poisonous; the 
leaves are used in native medicine (Pharm. Ind. 139). 


NV. Oleander, Linn., a common shrub in the Mediterranean region and Syria, 
> eat abundantly in similar localities, and under similar conditions, with this 
ifference, that round the Mediterranean the ravines are filled by the winter 
rains, and are dry in summer. The flowers are inodorous, the segments of the 
corolla appendices are short, irregular, and not linear or filiform, and the fruit 
is only 3-6 in. long. The shape of the corolla varies, and does not afford reliable 
distinctive characters. Other differences I am unable to indicate. Linnus 
united them under VV. Oleander. I am inclined to think that there are interme- 
diate forms, and that the Indian shrub will eventually be replaced under that 
species. 


Orprer LV. ASCLEPIADEZ. 


Perennial: herbs or shrubs, often climbing, with opposite entire leaves, 
and regular pentamerous flowers. Calyx free, divided nearly or quite to 
the base into 5 segments or sepals, imbricate in bud. Corolla-tube gener- 
ally short, the lobes contorted or valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at 
the base of the corolla, and alternating with the corolla-lobes, the filaments 
short, connate or rarely free, the anthers always connate into a tube, enclos- 
ing the style, and the connective more or less prolonged. A corona of 
variously shaped distinct or connate appendages alternating with the cor- 
olla-lobes is usually inserted upon the corolla-tube, or upon the back of 
the filaments or wanting. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, 
inserted at the base of its tube.; filaments usually connate, anthers 2- 
rarely 4-celled ; pollen granular or usually cohering in masses, the masses 
pendulous erect or horizontal, sessile or stipitate, united in pairs to the 
stigma. Pistil dicarpellary; carpels distinct below; ovules attached to the 
inner angle ; styles united above the ovaries, and thickened within the 
staminal-tube into an angular body. Fruit of 2 follicles, or of 1 only, by 
the abortion of the second carpel. Seeds usually pendulous, with a long 
silky tuft of hairs at the hilum; albumen thin, embryo straight, cotyle- 
dons foliaceous, radicle short, superior.—Royle Ill. 272; Wight I. ii. 
164. 


Filaments free ; appendages of corona short, fleshy, not aristate 1. CRryPTOLEPIS. 


Filaments free ; appendages of corona long-aristate . J . 2, PERIPLOCA. 
tee connate ina staminal tube ; pollen-masses 10, stipi- 
ate. 
Appendages. of corona laterally compressed ; follicles broad, 
semiovate . ; p A > : : ‘ . 8 CALOTROPIS. 
Appendages of corona flat ; flowers in axillary cymes . . 4, MARSDENIA. 
Appendages of corona flat; flowers in interpetiolar cymes . 5. PERGULARIA. 
Appendages of corona wanting ; a leafless shrub . : . 6. ORTHANTHERA, 


1, CRYPTOLEPIS, R. Brown. 


Corolla-lobes linear, contorted in bud, longer than the tube. Corona of 
5 fleshy oblong obtuse appendages included within the tube. Stamens 


330 LV. ASCLEPIADEA. [ Cryptolepis. 


included; filaments short, free, anthers broad-sagittate, with a tuft of hairs 
at the back, adhering at the base to the edge of the stigma, otherwise free ; 
pollen granular. Fruit of 2 divaricate, ovoid-lanceolate follicles. 


1. C. Buchanani, Roem. & Schult. ; Falconer in Linn. Trans. xix. p. 53, 
t. 5.—Syn. Nerium reticulatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 8. Vern. Karanta. 


A large twining shrub, abounding with milky juice. Leaves oblong or 
obovate-oblong, pale beneath, obtuse and mucronate, or suddenly acumin- 
ate, blade 3-6 in., petiole 4 in. long ; main lateral nerves numerous, trans- 
verse, parallel, alternating with shorter ones, with anastomosing intramar- 
ginal veins. Flowers small yellow, on short pedicels, in pedunculate 
axillary cymes, shorter than leaves. Bracts ovate-lanceolate. Follicles 
2-3 in. long. 

North-West India, plains and sub-Himalayan tract (ascending to 4000 ft.), not 
known west of the Sutlej. Nepal, Behar, Bengal, South India and Ceylon. FI. 
May-June. | 


2. PERIPLOCA, Linn. 


Corolla rotate, lobes ovate, longer than the tube, generally hairy on the 
upper surface. Corona of 5 short thick appendages, each terminating in 
a long filiform arista. Filaments short, free, anthers oblong, cohering lat- 
erally, with a tuft of hairs at the back ; pollen-grains cohering in fours. 
Follicles divaricate. 


Leaves minute or wanting . : ; ; ‘ ; 1. P. aphylla. 
Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, 2-3 in. long . ; 2. P. calophylla. 


1. P. aphylla, ‘Dne. in Jacq. Voy. t. 116.—Vern. Barrarra, barre, — 
Trans-Indus and Sibsagar Doab ; Bata, Jhelam and Chenab. 


A shrub, with erect leafless stems, glabrous or extremities pubescent, 
now and then with a few small thick ovate leaves. Flowers small, dark 
purple, sweet-scented, in short lateral rounded cymes, the corolla-lobes 
hairy above. Follicles on short thick peduncles, divaricate, cylindrical, 
gradually tapering, 3 in. long. 


Common in many places trans-Indus and Sindh. Salt range, outer Hima- 
laya, eastward to the Chenab, ascending occasionally to 3500 ft. Afghanistan, 
South Persia, Arabia, Egypt. Eaten by goats, used as fuel; the flower-buds are 
sweet, and are eaten, raw or cooked, as a vegetable. FI. March, April. 


2. P. calophylla, Falconer ; DC. Prodr. viii. 498. 


A small shrub, wholly glabrous. Leaves shining, lanceolate, long-acu- 
minate, 2-3 in. long, on short petioles; main lateral nerves numerous, 
parallel, transverse, anastomosing by oblique veins. Flowers small, red, 
in short axillary, generally opposite rounded cymes; appendages hairy ; 
corolla-segments ciliate. Follicles drooping, parallel, 3-6 in. long. 


Outer ranges of the Himalaya westward to the Jumna, and ascending to 5000 
ft. Kasia hills. Fl. March, April. 


Calotropis. | LV. ASCLEPIADEA. 331 


3. CALOTROPIS, R. Brown. 


Corolla-tube broad-campanulate, lobes ovate. Stamens connate. Corona 
of 5 laterally compressed fleshy appendages, adnate to the back of the 
staminal tube, the lower end free and incurved. Anthers continued into 
a broad membranous appendix, incumbent on the stigma; pollen-masses 
10, pendulous, in pairs, flat, stipitate. Stigma pentagonous. Follicles 
broad, semiovate. 


Corolla somewhat saccate at base, segments spreading, appendages 


of corona truncate at apex; flower-buds ovoid ; . 1. C. gigantea. 
Corolla-segments erect ; ; appendages of corona acute at ORK flower- 
buds emispherical ; ‘ A ‘ . 2 C. procera. 


1. C. gigantea, R. Br.; Wight Ill. t. 155—Syn. Asclepias gigantea, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 30. Sans. Avka. Vern. Madar, safed-ak, N.W.P. 


Young shoots, inflorescence, and under side of leaves covered with soft 
white adpressed woolly tomentum. Leaves 4-8 in. long, obovate or obo- 
vate-oblong, short-acuminate, sessile or subsessile, with a narrow, cordate, 
often amplexicaul base. Flowers purplish-lilac or white, inodorous, with 
a grey down outside, on pedicels twice their length, in axillary pedun- 
culate corymbs ; flower-buds ovoid ; corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed. 
Appendages of corona elongated, longer than staminal column, their 
length twice or more than twice their breadth, always hairy. 


Common in South and Central India, Burma and Bengal. Gorakhpur, Oudh, 
and in great profusion in an isolated locality in the Siwalik tract near Kali- 
dungi, below Naini Tal. Ceylon and Indian Archipelago. One of the most 
common plants in dry waste places. Fl. nearly throughout the year. <A large 
shrub, with thick herbaceous branches, stem 12-18 in. girth, bark thick, soft, 
ash-coloured, wrinkled. 

A fine strong silky flax from the inner bark was formerly made into cloth for 
princes and nobles. Used for bow-strings, fishing lines and nets ; does not easily 
rot in water. The hair of the-seeds is said to be made into thread in Borneo ; 
attempts to weave it have been made in Madras. Gunpowder charcoal is made 
of the young branches in Kattiawar and in the Dekkan. All parts of the plant 
are full of acrid milk, which has powerful medicinal qualities. 


2. ©. procera, R. Br.; Ham. in Linn. Soc. Trans. xiv. 246.—Vern. 
Spalwakka, Afg.; Ak, ak, mudar, North India. 


Young leaves hoary, glabrous when full-grown, inflorescence clothed 
with white woolly tomentum. Leaves 4-9 in. long, thick, subcoriaceous, 
ovate obovate or obovate-oblong, acute, sessile or subsessile, with a cor- 
date base. Flowers purplish red, pale silvery outside, with a strong, not 
unpleasant smell, on pedicels twice their length, in terminal and axil- 
lary corymbose cymes. Flower-buds hemispherical; corolla campanulate, 
lobes erect. Appendages of corona broad, not longer than staminal 
column, nearly as broad as long, glabrous, rarely pubescent. 


Common in the Panjab, Sindh (in places), the trans-Indus territory, ascend- 
ing to 3500 ft., in the sub-Himalayan tract to the Sardah river, between Indus 


332 LY. ASCLEPIADEZ. [ Calotropis. 


and Jhelam, ascending to 2400 ft., Oudh, Central India, and the Dekkan, Syria, 
Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Persia, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan. In a general 
way it may he said that C’. gigantea belongs to the moister, C. procera to the 
more dry districts. Often gregarious in dry sandy places. Never quite bare 
of leaves. Fl. Feb.-May ; fruit ripens in the ensuing cold season. Near this 
plant, and growing on its roots, is frequently seen, pushing through the sand, 
Phelipeea Calotropidis, Walp., a beautiful Orobanchaceous parasite with leafless 
succulent stems, 2-3 ft. high, terminating in purple flower-spikes. 

Generally a shrub 6-7 ft. high, but in the most arid parts of the Panjab ma: 
be seen in close clumps 12-15 ft. high, with stems 12-18 in. girth. In Sind 
stems 4-5 ft. girth have been observed (Stewart Pb. Pl. 144). Bark 4 in. thick, 
soft, corky, spongy. Wood white and light, charcoal is made from it, the roots 
are employed as tooth-brushes. In Sindh the bark is stripped off green, and 
made into halters, lines, and nets. In Arabia a soft rope is made of the fibre. 
The silky hair of the seeds is excellent for stuffing pillows and quilts. The 
plant abounds in acrid milk ; mixed with salt, it is used to remove the hair from 
hides. The driedand powdered root-bark is officinal under the name of Mudar, 
as an alterative tonic, diaphoretic, and in large doses emetic (Pharm. Ind. 141) ; 
the supposed active principle has been called Mudarine, a bitter, not crystalline 
an soluble in water, the solution coagulates when heated, composition 
unknown. 


4, MARSDENTA, R. Brown. | 


Corolla generally campanulate, limb spreading, divided into 5 lobes, 
contorted in the bud. Corona of 5 appendages, generally flat, sometimes 
auriculate, adnate to the back of the staminal column, sometimes 10 ap- 
pendages in 2 rows. Anthers terminating in a membrane, free, or only 
adhering laterally ; pollen-masses 10, erect, in pairs, stipitate. Style ob- 
tuse or rostrate. 


Appendages of corona in one series, lanceolate or linear, as long 
as or longer than stamens. Style obtuse, not rostrate. 
Corolla quite glabrous, except a ring of erect hairs which closes 
the throat; corolla-lobes shorter than tube ; leaves drying 
with a blue colour . ‘ ; . , ° d 
Corolla hairy outside ; lobes longer than tube. 
Corolla-lobes glabrous inside; appendage of corona lanceo- 
late, as long as stamens _ : ‘ : , ‘ 
Corolla-lobes hirsute inside; appendage of corona linear, 
longer than stamens . : ; ; : ‘ ‘ 
Appendages of corona biseriate, the outer fleshy, attached to the 
base of staminal column, and shorter than anthers, the inner 
attached half-way up, membranous, obtuse, shorter than an- 
—- ; style terminating in a long filiform beak, as long as 
corolla 4 ; : : : : : : ; 


1. WZ. tinctoria. 


2. M. tenacissima. 


3. UM. Roylei. 


4. M. lucida. 


1. M. tinctoria, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 589.—Syn. Asclepias tinctoria, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 43. 


A large twining shrub; branches, petioles and peduncles clothed with 
short down. Leaves pubescent when young, afterwards glabrate, turning 
blue when dry, ovate, with rounded or cordate base, acuminate, penni- 
nerved, blade 4-9 in. long, petioles 4-2 in. Flowers numerous, small, 
yellow, =’; in. long; pedicels slender, twice the length of flower, in dense 


eee 


Marsdenia. ] LY. ASCLEPIADEA. 333 


umbellate clusters, forming cylindrical, pedunculate, axillary racemes, in- 
terrupted at the base. Calyx ciliate. Corolla glabrous, save a ring of hairs 
in the throat, fobes shorter than tube ; appendages of corona lanceolate, 
as long as stamens. Follicles lanceolate, covered with long soft hairs, 
reflexed, in racemes of 4-8. 


East Bengal, Sikkim, ascending to 3000 ft. Burma. Banda district (Edgew.) 
Fl. hot and rainy season, The leaves yield a kind of Indigo. 


2. M. tenacissima, Wight et Arn. ; Wight Ic. t. 590.—Syn. Asclepias 
tenacissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 51; Cor. Pl. t. 240. 


A large twining shrub; branches, leaves and inflorescence soft-tomen- 
tose. Leaves cordate, acuminate, 4-6 in. long and 3-4 in. broad, petiole 
2-4 in. long, basal nerves 3-5. Flowers greenish-yellow, 4 in. long, on 
slender pedicels, somewhat longer than flowers, in axillary drooping 
pedunculate compound cymes. Calyx and corolla hairy outside ; corolla- 
lobes longer than tube, glabrous inside. Appendages of corona lanceolate, 
as long as stamens. Follicles ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, downy. 

Behar, Baraitch forests of Oudh, Kamaon, ascending to 4500 ft. Banda 
district. Ceylon. Fl. April; fr.in the ensuing cold season. The bark of young 
luxuriant shoots yields a large quantity of beautiful fine silky fibre, with which 
the mountaineers of Rajmahal make their bow-strings, on account of its great 
strength and durability. The following comparative experiments are recorded 


_ by Roxburgh :— 
A line of common hemp broke with 158 lb. when dry, and 190 lb. when wet. 
Boehmeria tenacissima ” 240 ,, ” ” 278 ,, ” 
Marsd. tenacissima vs 288 ss os 95" OEY gs es 


A milky juice exudes from wounds, thickening into an elastic substance very 
much like caoutchouc, which rubs out black pencil-marks. 


3. M. Roylei, Wight.—Vern. Pathor, Chenab; Tar, veri, Salt range ; 
Murkila, Kamaon. 

A large twining shrub ; branches, under side of leaves, and inflorescence 
soft-tomentose. Leaves ovate from cordate base, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, 
petiole 1-2 in. Flowers orange, 4 in. long, in compact, rounded, peduncu- 
late axillary cymes. Calyx hairy outside ; corolla-lobes longer than tube, 
hirsute inside. Appendages of corona linear, longer than stamens. 

Salt range, Panjab, and outer ranges of N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 7000 
ft. Simla, Mussoori, Kamaon. Fl. May, June. The fibre is made into fishing- 
lines, ‘ mage 


4, M. lucida, Edgew. MS. in Hb. Kew; Madden in Journ. As. Soc. 
xvii. pt. i. 370.—Vern. Dudhi, Kamaon. 


A large evergreen climber ; glabrous, only extremities and inflorescence 
pubescent. Leaves ovate, pale beneath, penniveined, 4-5 in. long, petiole 
1-14 in. Flowers purple, sweet-scented, 1-} in. long, on pedicels some- 
what longer than flower, in short-pedunculate umbelliform cymes. Calyx 
hairy outside, corolla-lobes longer than tube, hairy. Appendages of cor- 


334 LY. ASCLEPIADEZ. | Marsdenia. 


ona 10, in a double series, the outer inserted at the base of the staminal 
tube, thick, fleshy, the inner half-way up, obtuse, membranous, both shorter 
than anthers. Style prolonged into a filiform beak as long as corolla. 
Follicles lanceolate, smooth, 5 in. long. 


East Bengal, Baraich forests of Oudh, Kamaon (in shady valleys), denaptin 


to 7500 ft. ” Fl. Oct.-Nov. 
5. PERGULARIA, Linn. 


Flowers in interpetiolar cymes. Corolla hypocrateriform, limb spread- 
ing, lobes contorted in bud. Corona of 5 flat, membranous appendages, 
adnate to the base of the staminal column, with a small ligula inside below 
the apex. Anthers connate, terminating in a membrane. Pollen-masses 
10, stipitate, erect, in pairs. Style not rostrate. 


Leaves ovate ; corolla-tube glabrous inside . . 1. P. pallida. 
Leaves cordate ; ; corolla-tube hairy inside to the throat . 2. P. odoratissima. 


1. P. pallida, W. et A. ; Wight Ic. t. 585.—Syn. Asclepias pallida, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 48. Vern. Surkila, Kamaon. 


A large twining shrub ; young leaves and young shoots pubescent with 
soft, curved hairs. Leaves ovate from a cordate base, acuminate, 2-4 in. 
long, petiole about 1 in. Flowers pale yellow, inodorous, $ in. long to 
tip of corolla-lobes, on pedicels as long as flowers or longer, in many- 
flowered, short pedunculate, umbelliform cymes; peduncles shorter than 
pedicels, both hairy. Calyx almost glabrous, the segments ciliate at the 
edges, nearly as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes linear, twice the 
length of tube ; throat and inside of tube glabrous, except near its base. 
Follicles lanceolate, glabrous, 3 in. long. 


Bengal, Behar, Burma, plains of N.W. India and the Panjab. Fl. J une-Oct. 


2. P. odoratissima, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 414; Bot. Reg. t. 412.—The 
West Coast or Primrose-Creeper, Kanja-luta, Beng. 


A large twining shrub ; bark deeply cracked and spongy, young shoots 
and inflorescence pubescent. Leayes deep-cordate, acuminate, about 4 in. 
long and nearly as broad, pubescent along the nerves on both sides, and 
with a few scattered hairs between the nerves, petiole lin. long. Inflor- 
escence similar to that of P. pallida. Flowers 2 2 in. long, greenish yellow 
or orange, exceedingly fragrant. Calyx pubescent and ciliate, shorter 
than corolla-tube. Corolla-tube hairy inside to the throat, broad, nearly 
as long as the oblong lobes. Follicles ovate-lanceolate. 


Cultivated generally in gardens in India and China. Indigenous in Bengal, 
Burma, and the N.W. Himalaya, where it ascends to 4000 ft. Has been found 
as far west as Jaunsar Bawar. Fl. May-July. 


6. ORTHANTHERA, Wight. 


A glabrous leafless shrub, with minute subulate scales in the place of 
the leaves. Flowers } in. long, green, on short pedicels, in short pedun- 


as 


Orthanthera. | LV. ASCLEPIADEZ. 335 


culate axillary umbelliform cymes of 3-6 flowers. Peduncles, pedicels, 
ealyx, and corolla villous with long soft hairs. Calyx parted nearly to 
the base into 5 linear-lanceolate segments, as long as corolla-tube. Cor- 
olla campanulate, tube cylindric, longer than the oblong, erect segments, 
which are valvate in bud. No corona, but the staminal tube girt at the 
base by an undulate ring. Pollen-masses 10, stipitate, erect. Follicles 
compressed, linear, glabrous, erect, 4-5 in. long. 


1. O. viminea, Wight ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 115.—Vern. Mowa, lanebar, 
Trans-Indus ; Matti, Bias ; Khip, Delhi ; Kip, Sindh ; Chapkia, Kamaon ; 
Mahiur, Baraich, Gonda. 


Grows 3-6 ft. high, with erect branches. Fl. March, April. Trans-Indus, 
Sindh, Panjab, the Doab, sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 2000 ft., eastwards 
known as far as the Baraich and Gonda forests in Oudh, where it is abundant 
in the beds of streams, and where the flower-buds are eaten as a vegetable, 
cooked or raw (R. Th.) Rope is made of the fibre, after 4 or 5 days’ steeping. 


Orver LVI. BORAGINEZ. 


Herbs, usually with rough hairy leaves, or trees and shrubs, glabrous 
or hairy. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, usually undivided, without 
stipules. Inflorescence definite ; flowers in 1-sided (scorpioid) spikes or 
racemes, rolled back when young, and often forked or dichotomous, or in 
more or less compound, often irregular cymes. Calyx free, persistent, 
lobes or teeth 5, rarely 4 or 6, valvate in bud. Corolla gamopetalous, 
hypogynous, segments as many as those of the calyx, imbricate or indu- 
plicate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, as many as 
corolla-lobes, and alternate with them ; anthers 2-celled, the cells usually 
opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary free, of 2 carpels, entire or 4- rarely 
2-lobed, 2-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-8-celled, with 1 
ovule in each ; style simple or 2-4-fid, terminal or inserted between the 
lobes. Fruit a drupe or dry, and separating into 4, rarely 2, 1-seeded 
nuts. Seed with a thin testa, albumen none or scanty, embryo straight, 
radicle short.—Royle Ill. 303, 306 (Cordiacee) ; Wight Ill. ii. 208. 


Style twice forked ; drupe with 1 kernel . , : . 1, Corpta. 
Style bifid ; drupe with 2-4 kernels . i ; . . 2. ERRETIA. 
Style undivided ; berry with 4 kernels 2 ; , . 8 RHABDIA. 


This Order is here accepted in its wider sense, including Cordiacee, which is 
often regarded as a separate Order. It is divided into four great tribes : 1. Cor- 
die, 2. Hhretvece, with undivided ovary, terminal style, and indehiscent, often 
fleshy 4-seeded fruit. In Cordiee the style is twice forked, in Hhrettew 2-lobed 
(Zhretia), rarely undivided (Rhabdia). 3. Heliotropiec, ovary often lobed, but 
style terminal, fruit dry, often separating into several 1-seeded cocci. To this 
group belongs the sweet-scented Heliotrope (H. peruvianum, Linn.), from the 
Andes of South America, which thrives so luxuriantly on the Nilgiris and in 
South Europe. 4. Boragew, the ovary of 2, generally 4, distinct lobes, the style 
in the middle between them. To this group belong numerous annual or per- 
ennial herbaceous plants of Europe and Central Asia, of which the Borage, 
Bugloss, and the Forget-me-not are well-known examples. 


336 LVI. BORAGINEZ, [ Cordia. 


1, CORDIA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs; flowers often polygamous, in terminal or leaf-opposed 
cymes, bracts small or none. Calyx tubular turbinate or campanulate, 
4- or 5-toothed or irregularly toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube cylindrical or 
funnel-shaped, limb 4-5, sometimes more, -lobed. Ovary entire, 4-celled, 
1 ovule in each cell ; style terminal, twice forked. Fruit a drupe, en- 
docarp hard, often perforated at the apex, cells 4 or fewer by abortion. 
Albumen none, cotyledons plaited lengthwise. 


Leaves generally alternate, ovate or cordate ; flowers generally 
pentandreus. 
Leaves broad-ovate or rotundate, base rounded or cuneate ; 
calyx not ribbed . ‘ : : ‘ f 3 2 
Leaves cordate ; branchlets with dense grey or tawny tomen- 
tum ; calyxribbed  . ‘ ; > d . , 
Leaves broad - elliptic, or rotundate, dense tufts of rust- 


1. C. Myzxa. 
2. C. Macleodii. 


coloured hairs at the axils; calyx ribbed . ; ; 3. CO. vestita, 
Leaves generally subopposite, oblanceolate ; flowers generally — 
tetrandrous ‘ ; : ; ; ‘ : ‘ 4. C. Rothii. 


1. C. Myxa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 590; Wight Ill. t. 169.—Syn. 
C. obliqua, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 1378. (C. latifolia, Roxb. 1. ¢. 588. @. 
polygama, Roxb. 1. c«. 594. Sans. Selu. Vern. Lasora, lassora, lestira, 
bhokar, Hindi; Laswara, lasiara, Pb.; Lesuri, giduri, Sindh; Borla, 
bairala, baurala, Kamaon; Gondhun, khatu, Satpura range, C.P.; Bar- 
gund, vargund, Mar.; Sepistan, pistan, Guz.; Thanatben, Burm, 


A middle-sized tree ; young leaves soft-pubescent beneath, more or less 
rough when full-grown, broad-ovate or rotundate, base rounded or short- 
cuneate, blade 3-6 in. long, petiole 1-2 in.; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, 1 
or 2 pair from the base of the leaf. Flowers white, polygamous, pentan- 
drous, on short pedicels, in loose terminal and lateral pedunculate cymes, 
without bracts. Calyx without prominent ribs, entire and closed over the 
corolla in the bud, splitting irregularly, when the flower expands, into 
5 short lobes, nearly glabrous outside, lobes hairy inside. Corolla-tube 
nearly as long as calyx, with 5 narrow, recurved lobes, as long as the tube. 
Stamens exserted, filaments hairy. Drupe supported by the enlarged 
and hardened calyx, its limb irregularly and broadly toothed, ovoid or 
nearly globose, #-14 in. long, puberulous when young ; when ripe, min- 
utely rugose, but shining, yellowish brown, pink or nearly black. Kernel 
very hard, rugose, 1- or 2-celled, in a rough viscid sweetish almost trans- 
parent pulp. 

Cultivated throughout India, wild in the Panjab Salt range, the outer Hima- 
laya and Siwalik tract, from the Chenab to Assam, ascending to 5000 ft. Kasia 
hills. Gonda forests in Oudh, Satpura range, C.P. Also South India, Ceylon, 
Burma, Indian Archipelago, and Queensland. Leaves are shed in April, and re- 
newed soon after; fl. March, April ; fr. May-July. Growth moderately quick, 
3-6 rings per in. A very hardy tree. 30-40 ft. high, trunk short, erect or some- 
what crooked, 4-5, at times 6 ft. girth, branches numerous, pages then 
ascending, forming a handsome rounded crown with dense bright-green foliage. 
Branchlets reddish grey, glabrous, bark 3-1 in, thick, light- or dark-cinereous, 


Cordia. | LVI, BORAGINEZ. 337 


brown, sometimes blackish, rough with shallow longitudinal wrinkles and fur- 
rows, inner substance fibrous. Wood olive-coloured, greyish, or light brown. 
No distinct heartwood. The horizontal section shows numerous broad medul- 
lary rays and large pores, as well as concentric bands of whitish tissue, alternat- 
ing with narrow bands of darker tissue. Pores and medullary rays prominent 
on a vertical section. Soft and somewhat porous, but fairly strong, weight 
33-49 lb. per cub. ft. Seasons well, but does not stand exposure, and is apt to 
be attacked by insects. Employed in boat-building, for gun-stocks, well-curbs, 
and agricultural implements. Excellent fuel. The bark is made into ropes and 
fuses ; the fibre is also used in caulking boats. The leaves are used as plates, and 
in Pegu for the covering leaf of the Burma cheroots. The tender young fruit is 
eaten as a vegetable, and is pickled ; the ripe fruit is eaten, and is greedily de- 
voured by birds. The adhesive viscid pulp is used as bird-lime. Its juice is 
employed instead of that of the marking-nut (Semecarpus Anacardium), but 
the colour is transient. The kernel is eaten, tastes somewhat likea filbert; 
that of the cultivated tree is better. 

C. Wallichti, G. Don ; Bedd.Fh. Sylv. t. 245; is allied to this species, but 
the leaves are more cordate, and clothed beneath with dense grey tomentum. 
Forests of the western coast and Mysore. 


2. OC. Macleodii, H. f. & Th.—Tab. XLI.—Linn. Soc. Journ. ii. 128. 
—Syn. Hemigymnia Macleodii, Griff. Vern. Deughan, dhaian, dahi, 
deingan, dhaman, dewan, C.P. ; Dhaivan, Sattara. 


A middle-sized tree ; branchlets, under side of leaves, inflorescence, and 
calyx clothed with dense grey or tawny tomentum. Leaves alternate or 
- subopposite, cordate, pubescent above, membranous when young, after- 
wards firm and hard, upper surface rough, uneven, but somewhat shin- 
ing; blade 5-7 in. long and nearly as broad, petiole 2-3 in. ; three promi- 
nent basal nerves, each of the 2 outer with 4-5 main lateral nerves on the 
outside, the middle nerve with 4-5 main lateral nerves on either side, 
all joined by prominent parallel transverse veins. Flowers polygamous, 
white, on subsessile, compound, axillary and terminal cymes. Bracts 
none. Calyx at the time of flowering cylindrical, wider above, almost 
clavate, % in. long, ribbed and furrowed, splitting into 3-5, usually 5 
unequal teeth. Corolla-tube shorter than calyx, lobes obovate-oblong, as 
long as tube, undulate, spreading or reflexed. Stamens exserted, filaments 
hairy at the base. Male flowers with a rudimentary ovary, without style 
or stigma. Drupe 4 in. long, ovoid, cuspidate with the persistent base of 
style, and girt by the enlarged and hardened cup-shaped calyx, with a 
ribbed, crenate and denticulate edge. 


Central India, from the Mahanadi river in Bijoragogarh (D.B.), (probably also 
in Behar), to the Nagpahar near Ajmir (D.B.), West Dekkan as far south as 
Belgaum (Dr Ritchie, D.B.), and probably (specimens imperfect) on dry hills 
near Chikmaglur in Mysore, D.B. First brought to notice by the late Sir D. F. 
Macleod, who sent specimens from Jubbulpur (in 1842) to Dr Griffith. Attains 
30-40 ft., with short trunk, 3-4 ft. girth, and strong spreading boughs, forming 
a close, rounded crown. Bark thick, soft, corky, grey. Fl. April, May; fruit 
O.S. Heartwood light brown, beautifully mottled with darker veins and whit- 
ish lines. Weight 40-50 lb, per cub. ft. Even-grained, hard, strong, tough and 
elastic, seasons well and works easily. Used for furniture, picture-frames, and 
other ornamental work. Excellent fishing-rods are made of it. 

Y 


338 LVI. BORAGINEA. [ Cordia. 


3. C. vestita, H. f. & Th. ; Linn. Soc. Journ. ii. 128.—Syn. C. incana, 
Royle; Gynaion vestitum, A. DC. Vern. Kumbi, karik, Pb.; Kum 
paiman, pin, indak, N.W.P. ; Chinta, ajanta, Oudh. 


A small or middle-sized tree ; branchlets, under side of leaves and inflor- 
escence clothed with soft grey pubescence ; leaf-buds and base of petioles 
enveloped in dense tufts of long tawny or rust-coloured hairs. Leaves 
alternate, broad-elliptic or rotundate, upper side very rough, blade 3-4 in. 
long, 2-3 in. broad, petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 3-5 pair, 
the lowest pair proceeding from the base. Flowers yellowish-white, 
polygamous, in compound cymes, often several together on short peduncles 
at the ends of branches ; cymes of male flowers often composed of uni- 
lateral racemes. Calyx at the time of flowering clavate, 4-4 in. long, 
ribbed and furrowed, splitting into a number of unequal teeth, Corolla- 
tube as long as’ calyx, lobes obovate-oblong, as long as tube, undulate, 
spreading. Stamens exserted, filaments hairy at the base. A rudimentary 
ovary without style or stigma in the male flowers. Drupe # in. long 
cuspidate with the persistent base of style, and girt at base with the 
enlarged, hardened, fiat cup-shaped calyx, #-1 in. across, with a ribbed, 
crenate and denticulate edge. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges from near the Jhelam to the Sarda 
river, ascending to 4000 ft. Hill forests of Baraich and Gondain Oudh. No- 
where common, rare west of the Jumna. The flowers appear with or shortly 
before the young leaves in March, April; the fruit ripens Oct., Nov. Often 
only 15-20 ft. high, and 3-4 ft. girth. A planted tree on Mount Tilla in the 
Panjab Salt range 8 ft. girth, and 25-30 ft. high. Branchlets marked by the 
scars of the fallen petioles. Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey or blackish, rugose and 
longitudinally furrowed, when old exfoliating in large woody scales, showing the 
smooth silvery grey inner bark. The dark-green foliage is clustered near the 
ends of branches. Sapwood whitish, heartwood distinct, of a chocolate-brown 
colour, with conspicuous medullary rays. Close-grained, hard, heavy and strong. 
Employed for wheel- and well-work. The fruit is filled with a gelatinous pulp, 
which is eaten, and is preferred to that of C. Myxa. 


4, ©. Rothii, Roem. & Schultes ; Wight Ic. t. 1379.—Syn. C. angusti- 
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 595. Vern. Gondi, gondni, gundi. Local: Liar, 
liai, Sindh. — 

A small or moderate-sized tree. Leaves rough and pubescent beneath 
while young, generally subopposite, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, blade 
3-4 in. long, and 1-14 in. broad, petiole 4 in. long. Flowers small, white, 
generally tetrandrous, in loose, terminal or axillary pedunculate cymes ; 
peduncles and pedicels slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, bracts none. 
Calyx at the time of flowering turbinate. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter 
than calyx, lobes 4 or 5 oblong, reflexed. Stamens 4 or 5 exserted. 
Drupe ovoid, acute, mucronate, 4 in. long, yellow or reddish brown when 
ripe, glabrous, longitudinally striate, fleshy, with yellow, gelatinous pel- 
lucid pulp ; generally 1-seeded. | 


Planted and self-sown near villages in the Panjab south of the Salt range, 
Sindh, N.W.P., Rajputana, Guzerat, and Dekkan, Wild in the Kishengurh 


Cordia.| LVI. BORAGINES. 339 


forests north-east of Ajmir (D.B.) ; in Mysore, and probably in other parts of 
the peninsula. Also in Arabia and Abyssinia. Leaves are renewed in Feb., 
March. Fl. April-June ; fruit ripens in the ensuing cold season. Coppices 
well. Attains 30-40 ft., trunk short, 3-5 ft. girth, branches spreading, ex- 
tremities often drooping, forming a somewhat lax, rounded crown. Twigs 
cinereous, bark of stem thick, light or dark grey, or brownish, longitudinally 
furrowed, not much cracked. Heartwood light yellow or light brown, tough, 
42-52 lb. per cub. ft. Used as fuel, in Sindh for building, and in Cutch for 
agricultural implements. A gum issues from wounds in the bark. Ropes are 
made of the bark. The pulp of the drupe is adhesive, hence its name (gond, 
gum), and is eaten, though insipid. 


2. BHHRETIA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, often glabrous ; leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal 
or axillary cymes, with small bracts. Calyx deeply divided into 5 seg- 
ments, persistent, but not enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube short or cylin- 
drical, limb of 5 spreading lobes, imbricate in bud. Stamens generally 
exserted. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled, 1 ovule 
in each cell; style terminal bifid. Fruit a drupe, the endocarp forming 
two 2-seeded, or four l-seeded pyrenes. Albumen scanty, cotyledons 
ovate, not plaited. 


Leaves serrate ; flowers in terminal panicles, pyrenes 2 : . IL. £. serrata. 
Leaves entire ; flowers in terminal and axillary compound corym- 
bose cymes ; pyrenes 4. 
Leaves elliptic; flowers sessile ; corolla not much longer than 


calyx... ‘ ‘ , ; i , : ‘ . 2 #, levis. 
Leaves spathulate; flowers pedicellate; corolla twice the 
length of calyx. s : . , ; ; . 3. £. obtusifolia. 


1. E. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 596 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1097.—Vern. Pina, 
N.W. India; Puran, kalthaun, Pb.; Pinyan, pinjlawdai, panden, koda, 
N.W.P.; Kurkuria, arjun, Oudh; Nalshuna, Nepal. 


A middle-sized tree ; glabrous, only leaves and branches of inflorescence 
with scattered, short, generally adpressed hairs, Leaves elliptic-oblong, 
acuminate, sharp-serrate, blade 4-6 in., petiole # in. long; main lateral 
nerves arching, 8-10 on either side of midrib. Flowers numerous, white, 
small, fragrant, sessile, in clusters of 3-5, in large terminal pyramidal 
panicles. Corolla rotate. Drupe with two 1- or 2-seeded pyrenes, red 
orange or nearly black when ripe, as large as a small pea. 


Sub- Himalayan tract and outer ranges from near the Indus to Sikkim, 
ascending to 4000, occasionally to 5500 ft. Cultivated in India, China, the 
Mauritius, and elsewhere. (2. acuminata, R. Br., Benth. Fl. Austr. iv. 387, of 
Queensland and N.S. Wales, is nearly allied to this species.) Fl. Feb.-April, 
occasionally July-Dec. ; fr. Nov.-Dec., remains long on the tree. Attains 40 ft., 
with a short straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth, numerous branches, forming a handsome, 
shady oval crown, resembling Cordia Myxa in appearance. Bark dark grey o1 
brown, even, with longitudinal furrows; when old, with many small ragged, 
mostly longitudinal cracks, inner substance brown, leathery, fibrous. Wood 


340 LVI. BORAGINEZ. [ Ehretia. 


light brown, with white specks, fairly even and compact, soft, not heavy, easil 
worked, made into scabbards, sword-hilts, gun-stocks, and employed in build- 
ing and for agricultural implements. Weight 37 lb.; value of P. 530 (Kyd). 
Not durable. The unripe fruit is pickled ; ripe it is insipidly sweet, and is 
eaten. 


2. BE. levis, Roxb.-Tab. XLII.—Cor. Pl. t. 56; Fl. Ind. i. 597; 
Wight Ic. t. 1382.—Vern. Chamror, chamrir, chamraud, N.W. India ; 
Chambal, gin, Pb.; Koda, darar, N.W.P.; Datranga, Oudh ; Tamboli, 
Banda ; Tambolia, Banswara ; Dotti mara, Gonds, C.P. 


A middle-sized tree ; glabrous or more or less pubescent and ciliate. 
Leaves membranous when young, firm and nearly coriaceous when full- 
grown, entire, elliptic, obtuse or acuminate, blade 3-8 in., petiole 4 in. 
long; main lateral nerves 6-10 on either side of midrib, arcuate, joined 
by more or less prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers small, white, 
sessile or subsessile, in loose, terminal and lateral cymes, composed of 


unilateral spikes ; bracts none. Calyx hairy, lobes ovate, obtuse. Corolla 


rotate or broad-campanulate, tube a little longer than calyx, lobes twice 
the length of tube. Anthers not apiculate. Drupe nearly 2-lobed, some- 
what broader than long, 4 in. across, red, afterwards black, wrinkled, a 
scanty pulp enclosing 3-4 triquetrous, l-seeded pyrenes. 


Trans-Indus, on eastern skirts of Suliman range, ascending to 2500 ft., Pan- 
jab, Siwalik tract, ascending to 2000 ft., occasionally in the Panjab baie 
Gangetic plain, and sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 2500 ft. Oudh forests, 
Central India, Behar, Guzerat, and the Konkan. The old leaves are shed Jan., 
Feb. ; the new foliage issues Feb., March, and is light-green, somewhat viscid. 
Fl. Jan., Feb., before the leaves are quite out, occasionally up to May, or later ; 
fruit April-June. Hard vesiculose galls not rare on inflorescence. Attains 30, 
at times 40 ft., trunk erect, short, pas omen scooped, 3-4, at times 5-6 ft. girth. 
Many large branches, ascending and spreading into a rounded, lax crown. 
Branchlets light grey, or with a reddish tinge, smooth. Bark 4-1 in. thick, 
light-yellowish grey with dark specks. Foliage dark green. Wood dirty-white 


or yellowish brown, compact, even- and fine-grained, tough, easily worked, used 


for agricultural implements, and for building. The inner bark, in times of 
famine, is mixed with flour and eaten. The leaves are given as cattle-fodder. 
The fruit is tasteless, but is eaten. 


E. floribunda, Royle ; Benth. in Royle II1. p. 306, from the Dehra Doon, also 
found by Stocks at Shah Bilawal in Sindh, seems to me to be merely a variety 
with acuminate, soft-pubescent and ciliate leaves. 

E. aspera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 55 ; Fl. Ind. i. 598, with smaller elliptic or ob- 
long-elliptic leaves, tomentose beneath, scabrous and pubescent above, terminal 
corymbose cymes and small globose drupes has not been found within the range 
of this Flora. It is closely allied to #. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1383, of South 
India and Ceylon. 


3. E. obtusifolia, Hochstetter ; DC. Prodr. ix. 507. 


A small shrub, with grey branches. Leaves rough and hairy, spathu- 
late or obovate, entire, 1-2 in. long. Flowers } in. long, in short, lax, 
hairy cymes at the top of small branchlets, pedicels as long as calyx, or 


Ehretia.| LVI. BORAGINEA. 341 


longer. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, twice the length 
of calyx, lobes ovate, as long as tube. Drupe } in. across, with four 
l-seeded pyrenes. 


Sindh. Salt range, Panjab. Abyssinia. Fl. March, April. 


3. RHABDIA, Martius. 


Shrubs with alternate leaves. Calyx deeply divided into 5 segments, 
persistent. Corolla-tube short, limb 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, style un- 
divided. Fruit a dry berry with 4 pyrenes; seeds albuminous, radicle 
superior. 


1. R. viminea, Dalzell in Hooker Ic. Plant. ix. t. 823.—Syn. Ehretia 
viminea, Wall. ; E. cuneata, Wight Ic. t. 1385. 


A small much-branched shrub, branches twiggy. Leaves spathulate, 
entire, narrowed into a short’ petiole, about 1 in. long, more or less hairy 
with stiff adpressed white hairs, at times densely hispid or nearly glabrous. 
Flowers pink, on short pedicels, 2 or 3 at the ends of short lateral branch- 
lets. Calyx hispid, longer than corolla-tube, somewhat enlarged in fruit, 
which is the size of a small pea, and orange-red when ripe. 

Rocky, sandy and shingly beds of streams, Kamaon, ascending to 2500 ft., 


East Bengal, Banda, Konkan, Mysore, Burma. Fl. Oct., Nov.; branches frequently 
creeping and rooting. 


Orver LVII. CONVOLVULACEZ, 


Herbs, rarely shrubs, often twining. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers regular, pentamerous, bisexual, usually large and showy. Calyx 
free, persistent, often enlarged in fruit, of 5 distinct sepals, much imbri- 
cate in bud. Corolla generally campanulate or funnel-shaped, the limb 
usually spreading, 5-angled or 5-lobed, folded in the bud, rarely imbricate. 
Stamens 5, often of unequal length, inserted in the corolla-tube or at its 
base, and alternating with the lobes or angles of the limb ; anthers with 
2 parallel cells dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, 2- 3- or 4-celled, 
1 or 2 ovules in each cell, or 1-celled with 2 or 4 ovules. Fruit a capsule 
or succulent and indehiscent. Seeds with scanty mucilaginous albumen. 
—Royle Ill. 307 ; Wight IIL. ii. 200. 


Style filiform ; limb of corolla 5-angled or 5-lobed. 

Flowers small, ovary 1-celled ; sepals much enlarged in fruit, 
forming long, veined membranous wings; fruit a 1-seeded 
capsule . A . ‘ ; : y : } ; 1. PoRANA. 

Flowers large, ovary 2- or 4-celled ; sepals enlarged, but not 
membranous in fruit ; fruit a dry or succulent berry . 2. ARGYREIA. 

Stigma sessile ; limb of corolla of 5 deeply 2-lobed divisions ; 
fruit a berry, supported by the slightly increased calyx ; 
leaves coriaceous, evergreen. : : : ‘ ‘ 


1. PORANA, Linn. 


Large twiners. Leaves.entire. Flowers usually small, paniculate in the 
Indian species. Sepals enlarged after flowering into long membranous 


3. ERYCIBE. 


342 LVIL. CONVOLVULACEZ. . | Porana. 


wings, horizontally spreading under the fruit. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 
4 ovules, Capsule usually 1-seeded by abortion. 


1. P. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 235; Fl. Ind. i. 464. 


A large twining shrub; branches, panicles and under side of leaves with 
grey or brownish pubescence. Leaves cordate, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, 
petiole less than 4 the length of leaf, basal nerves 5-7. Flowers numerous, 
small, white, on pedicels longer than calyx, in large axillary and terminal 
drooping panicles ; bracts shortly tomentose. Corolla + in. long or less. 
Calyx half the length of corolla, sepals 3-5, enlarged after flowering, into 
ovate-oblong, membranous, shortly petiolate, reticulate wings, #-1 in. long, 
surrounding the globose brittle villous capsule, which is about the size of 
a small pea. 


Bengal, sub-Himalayan tract to the Ganges, ascending to 4500 ft., Burma. 
Fl, Nov.-Feb.; fr. March, April. 


2, ARGYREIA, Loureiro. 


Large, often woody climbers. Leaves entire, rarely lobed, clothed 
beneath with silky, often silvery white hairs. Flowers large, in axillary 
cymes, rarely solitary ; corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate. Ovary 2- 
celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled by a spurious dissepiment 
between the ovules; style filiform, stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. 
Fruit indehiscent, a dry or succulent berry, 2-4-seeded ; cotyledons 
folded.—This genus was divided into 2 by Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix, 325, 
Rivea with a 4-celled and Argyreia with a 2-celled ovary. I follow Ben- 
tham, Fl. Hongkong. 236, in uniting them. 


Leaves cordate or broad-ovate, breadth equal to the length or nearly © 
sO. 
Flowers white, corolla funnel-shaped ; leaves with 5-7 prominent 
basal nerves, midrib penniyeined. 


Peduncles-1-2-flowered 1. A. uniflora. 
Flowers in corymbose or panicled pedunculate cymes 2. A. ornata. 
Flowers rose-coloured or purple, corolla campanulate ; leaves 
penniveined. 
Branches and under side of leaves white-tomentose . 4 . 38. A. speciosa. 
Branches and under side of leaves hairy. 
Flowers sessile in compact 5s Naame heads with long, lan- 
ceolate bracts . . 4. A. capitata. 
Flowers pedicellate in corymbose cymes with short bracts . 5. A. setosa. 
Leaves cuneate-oblong, much longer than broad . . 6. A. cuneata. 


The geographical distribution in India of several of the species here described 
is imperfectly known. I have selected those most likely to be met with in the 
forests of North and Central India. 


1. A. uniflora, Sweet.—Syn. Rivea a ance atorsionnne Choisy -in DC. 
Prodr. ix. 326. Lettsomia uniflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 495. 


A woody climber; branchlets and under side of leaves hoary or white 


Argyreia. | LVII, CONVOLVULACE. 343 


silky-tomentose. Leaves broad-cordate, obtuse, emarginate or apiculate, 
3-6 in. broad, basal nerves 5-7, petiole about as long as leaf. Flowers 
large, pure white, peduncles 1-3-flowered, pedicels (shorter than peduncles) 
in the axils of linear, deciduous bracts. Corolla-tube 2-3 in. long, slender, 
eylindrical, limb 1-2 in. diam. 


Sindh, common on dry hills. Panjab, Central India, South India. Fl. May- 
Aug. The flowers open at sunset, and close at sunrise. 

A. bona-nox, Sweet.—Syn. Lettsomia bona-nox, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 494. The 
Midnapur creeper. A gigantic climber with spongy cracked ash-coloured bark, 
has larger flowers; very fragrant. Roxburgh calls it the prince of Convol- 
vulacez. Bengal (Serampur, Midnapur), Guzerat, the Konkan. Fl. B.S. 


2. A. ornata, Sweet.—Syn. Rivea ornata, Choisy ; DC. Prodr. ix. 
326; Wight Ic. t. 1356. Lettsomia ornata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 496. 


Differs from A. wniflora mainly by having the flowers in large spreading 
corymbose or panicled pedunculate cymes, peduncle generally longer than 
petiole. This, as well as the preceding species, demand critical study on 
the spot. 


Oudh forests, Nepal, Panjab (Aitchison), and probably widely spread in 
North-West India. Ceylon. Fl. BS. 


3. A. speciosa, Sweet; DC. Prodr. 328.—Syn. Ipomea speciosa, 
Bot. Mag. t. 2446. Lettsomia nervosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 488. The Ele- 
phant Creeper. 


A large woody climber running up the highest trees. Branches and 
under side of leaves white with a dense tomentum of soft silky hairs. 
Leaves cordate, acuminate, penniveined, 4-12 in. long, and nearly as broad, 
petiole shorter than leaf or nearly as long; main lateral nerves numerous, 
prominent, parallel. Flowers deep rose-coloured in axillary corymbose 
cymes, peduncles longer than petiole, and sometimes longer than leaf, 
pedicels as long as calyx; bracts large, foliaceous, ovate, acuminate, 
deciduous. Corolla campanulate, tube 14 in. long, limb 2 in. diam. 


South India, Bengal, North-West India (Dehra Doon, Voigt. Hort. Suburb. 
351), FL RS. 


4. A. capitata, Choisy ; DC. Prodr. ix. 332.—Syn. Lettsomia strigosa, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 491. 


A large woody climber ; branchlets, inflorescence and leaves strigose 
with long harsh brown hairs. Leaves ovate from a cordate base, acumi- 
nate, penniveined, blade 3-5 in. long. Flowers rose-coloured or lilac, ses- 
sile in pedunculate bracteate heads, supported by numerous ovate bracts, 
with long rust-coloured hairs, peduncles longer than petioles. Corolla 
campanulate. 


Eastern Bengal, Burma. Fl. Oct., Nov. A, barbigera, Choisy—syn. Con- 
volvulus barbiger, Wall., is closely allied, if specifically distinct. Burma. Java. 
Eastern Bengal. N.W. Himalaya. 


344 LVII. CONVOLVULACE&. [ Argyreia. 


5. A. setosa, Choisy 1. c. 332.—Syn. Lettsomia setosa, Roxb. F. Ind. 
i. 490 ; Wight Ic. t. 1360. 


A large woody climber ; young shoots and under side of leaves strigose 
with adpressed hairs. Leaves broad-ovate from a cordate base, penni- 
veined, blade 3-5 in. long. Flowers pink, shortly pedicellate, in compound 
corymbose pedunculate cymes. Bracts broad-ovate, deciduous. Corolla 
campanulate. | 


Northern Circars, Dekkan. Fl. Nov.-Jan. This sp. is closely allied to A. 
capitata. They require farther examination on the spot. 


6. A. cuneata, Bot. Reg. t. 661; DC. Prodr. ix. 330.—Syn. Lettsomia 
cuneata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 491. 


A large woody climber with smooth dark grey bark, young shoots and 


leaves with adpressed silky hairs. Leaves deep green, cuneate-oblong 


3-4 in. long, petiole 4 in. long or less. Flowers large, bright deep purple, 
on slender pedicels, in short axillary 3-flowered pedunculate cymes; bracts 
linear. Corolla campanulate. 


Nilgiris, Pulneys, Western Ghats as far north as Bombay, cultivated in gar- 
dens. Fl. Aug.-Sept. 


3. ERYCIBE, Roxb. 


Large climbing shrubs with entire, evergreen, coriaceous leaves. Cor- 
olla-tube short, lobes bifid, middle part firm coriaceous, hairy outside, seg- 
ments folded in bud. Stamens at the base of the corolla-tube, filaments 
short. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 erect ovules ; stigma thick sessile, lobed. 
Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded berry ; cotyledons folded. 


1. E. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 159; Fl. Ind. i. 585 ; Wight IIL. 
t. 180. 


A large climbing shrub ; young shoots and inflorescence covered with 
rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate 
(caudate), 3-5 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole; main lateral nerves 
arcuate, 4-6 on either side of midrib. Flowers yellow, in long terminal 
leafy panicles, Calyx and middle part of corolla-lobes with dense rust- 
coloured hairs, appendices (segments of corolla-lobes) rounded, glabrous, 
membranous. Connective prolonged beyond anthers, apiculate. Berry 
subglobose, 4 in. diam., supported by the persistent calyx, pulpy, black 
when ripe. 


South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal, Oudh forests. Fl. June-Nov. Indian 
Archipelago, Queensland. ; 

E. Wightiana, Graham Cat. Bombay Plants, 137; scandent, with rigid 
stems, and white, fragrant flowers, may possibly only be a variety of #. pani- 
culata.— Western Ghats, Bombay to Belgaum. 


Lycium. | : LVIII. SOLANEA. 345 


Orper LVIIL SOLANEZ. 


Herbs, shrubs or soft-wooded trees, Leaves alternate, without stip- 
ules. Flowers regular, bisexual, usually pentamerous. Calyx free, usually 
gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, lobes 5, rarely 4, induplicate-pli- 
cate, rarely imbricate in bud. Stamens epipetalous, as many as corolla- 
lobes, alternating with them. Ovary free, generally 2-celled, multiovulate ; 
style simple, terminal, with an entire or lobed stigma. Fruit an in- 
dehiscent berry, rarely a capsule, with several seeds. Embryo usually 
curved or spiral, albumen fleshy.— Royle Ill. 279 ; Wight Il. i. 194. 


1, LYCIUM, Linn. 


Shrubs, branchlets often 8pinescent. Leaves entire, usually small, 
often clustered. Calyx with 5, rarely 4 teeth, often splitting into 3-5 
lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb 5- rarely 4-lobed, the lobes imbricate 
in bud. Stamens usually unequal; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudi- 
nally. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit an ovoid or globose berry. 


Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate ; corolla-tube subcylindrical, 
more than twice the length of the lobes; calyx 5-dentate . 1. ZL. ewropeum. 
Leaves linear ; corolla funnel-shaped, tube somewhat longer than 
segments, but not twice their length ; calyx with 3-4 un- 


equal lobes 2. L. ruthenicum. 


1. L. europeum, Linn. ; Sibthorp Fl. Gree. t. 236.—Syn. L. indicum, 
Wight Ic. t. 1403 ; L. mediterraneum, Dunal; Prodr. xiii. i. 523, Vern. 
Ganger, kangu, kango, kungu, kunga biti, Pb. ; Chirchitta, niral, Delhi 
and Harriana. 


A thorny shrub, with lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves, sometimes 
pubescent when young, 4-1 in. long, alternate or fasciculate; branches 
grey. Flowers white, 4 in. long, solitary, on slender pedicels shorter than 
flower. Calyx campanulate, longer than broad, with 5 equal teeth. 
Corolla-tube cylindrical, gradually widening upwards, somewhat curved ; 
segments of limb short, rounded or ovate. Filaments glabrous, anthers 
nearly included in the mouth of the tube. Berry globose, yellow, or red, 
¢ in. diam. The specimens of South Europe and Western Asia have 
larger leaves, light purple (or white) flowers, and a broader calyx. 


Common in the plains of the Panjab, Sindh, and Guzerat.—Western Asia 
and South Europe. Fl. Oct.-March. The fruit is eaten, camels and goats feed 
on the branches. It is used as fuel, and jhamps (wattled frames) for the walls 
of huts are made of it. Hardy in Hapland 


L. barbarum, Linn. ; Miers Illustr. of South American Plants, t. 69, with 
pedicels as long as flowers, corolla-segments nearly as long as tube, stamens 
exserted, and berry ovoid, grows in Western Asia, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan 
seme in Europe), and will probably be found in Sindh and the Panjab. 

. Hdgeworthw, Dunal; Prody, xiii. 525, from Sirhind, seems to belong to this sp. 


346 LVIII. SOLANEA. [ Lycium. 


2. L. ruthenicum, Murray ; Prodr. xiii. i. 514; Miers 1. t. 70.—Vern. 
Khichar, khitsar, kitserma, Ladak. 


A small thorny shrub, wholly glabrous. Branchlets nearly white, 
spines at right angles. Leaves fleshy, linear, 1-2 in. long. Flowers soli- 
tary, 4 in. long, on pedicels half the length: of flower. Calyx white, trans- 
parent, with 3-4 unequal lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped, segments longer 
than half the length of tube. Anthers long exserted. Berry globose, 
4 in, diam. 


Siberia, Caucasia, Western Tibet. Common in the Nubra valley and Ladak 
at 10,000-13,500 ft. Fl. Aug.-Sept. Fruit sweet, but without flavour, eaten. 
Hardy in England. 


Orper LIX. BIGNONIACEZ. 


Trees, shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, 
compound, rarely simple, without stipules. Flowers bisexual, often irre- 
gular. Calyx free, tubular or campanulate, truncate toothed or split, 
lobes valvate in bud. Corolla tubular or campanulate, often bilabiate, 
lobes 5 spreading, generally unequal, imbricate, rarely valvate in bud. 
Stamens 2 or 4, rarely 5, in pairs, in the place of the fifth stamen gene- 
rally a short staminodium ; anthers 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, the cells 
opening longitudinally. Ovary free, supported by an annular disc, 2 2-celled, 
placentas two distinct in each cell attached to the dissepiment ; ovules 
numerous ; style filiform, with 2 short stigmatic lobes, Fruit often elon- 
gated, dehiscent, or indehiscent (Crescentiew). Seeds numerous, usually 
flat and bordered by a membranous wing, albumen none. The following 
genera have all a dehiscent capsule, the 2 valves separating from the dis- 
sepiment, along the edges of which the seeds are attached. —Royle Ill. 294 ; 
Wight Il. ii. 182 ; E. Bureau, Monographie des Bignoniacées (premidre 
partie), Paris, 1864. 


Capsule flat, dehiscing septicidally, the dissepiment parallel 
to the valves, wings surrounding the seed on three sides ; 
leaves bipinnate, opposite. 

Corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, inserted above the base ; 


anthers 2-celled . ‘ 1, CALOSANTHES. 
Corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens 4, inserted at the mouth of 
the long cylindric tube ; anthers l-celled 2. MILLINGTONIA. 


Capsule flat convex or cylindrical, dehiscing loculicidally, the 
dissepiment transverse to the valves, and attached to their 
median line before dehiscence. 

Seeds with long, bilateral wings ; leaves pinnate or bipin- 
nate. 


Dissepiment continuous, cylindrical flat or (on a horizon- 
tal section) cross-shaped ; seeds flat . ’ 3. SPATHODEA. 
Dissepiment jointed, cylindrical ; nucleus of seeds wedge- : 
shaped, embryo doubled up 4, STEREOSPERMUM, 
Seeds winged on three sides ; leaves simple (@igitate in in extra 
Indian species) ; ; 5. TECOMA. 


ee ee = — 


—— 


Calosanthes. | LIX. BIGNONIACE. 347 


1. CALOSANTHES, Blume. 


A soft-wooded tree, with large, opposite, bipinnate leaves. Calyx large, 
coriaceous, persistent, indistinctly toothed. Corolla campanulate, limb 
oblique, of 5, nearly equal, toothed or incised lobes. Stamens 5, inserted 
above the base of the corolla-tube, all fertile, and nearly equal; anthers 
2-celled, cells parallel. Ovary on a thick fleshy cylindrical, somewhat 
pentagonal disc ; 4 rows of ovules on each placenta. Capsule large, flat, 
linear, dehiscing at the edges, the dissepiment parallel to the valves. 
Seeds imbricate, surrounded on 3 sides by a broad transparent wing. 


1. ©. indica, Blume ; Wight Ic. t. 1337/8 ; Bureau 1. c. t. 9.—Syn. 
Bignonia indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 110. Sans. Syonaka, parna. 
Vern. Mulin, sori, tatpalang, tatmorang, Pb. ; Ullu, ulla, arlu, kharkath, 
N.W.P. ; Pharkath, Kamaon ; Sauna, assar sauna, Oudh ; Tattunua, C.P. 


Glabrous. Leaves 4-6 ft. long, pinnz 3 pair, the lowest pair bipinnate, 
pinnules broad-ovate, acuminate, petiolulate, 4-8 in. long. Flowers large, 
fleshy, dark red, with an unpleasant smell, in erect terminal, somewhat 
unilateral racemes, on long rough hollow peduncles. fPedicels 1 in. ; 
corolla 2-3 in. long, and nearly as broad at the mouth. Capsule shortly 


stipitate, 15-30 in. long and 2-34 in. broad. "Wings of seeds 2-2} in. 
aACTrOss. » 


Bengal, Burma, South and Central India. Sub-Himalayan tract, common as 
far as the Jumna, ascending to 3500 ft., rare between Jumna and Chenab, Cey- 
lon and Java. The leaves are shed Feb., March, and renewed April, May. FI. 
May-July. The great sword-like fruit ripens Dec.-Feb., and often remains 
hanging on the tree for months, 

Often several stems together, 15-20 ft. high, 12 in. girth, bark 4 in. thick, 
whitish brown, corky, wood white, open-grained, light and soft, no heartwood, 
pith large, chambered. .The- bark and fruit are used: in tanning and dyeing, 
the seeds are used to line hats, and, placed between two layers of wickerwork, 
to make umbrellas. Root, bark, leaves, and seeds are used in native medicine. 


2. MILLINGTONTA, Linn. fil. 


A large tree, with opposite bipinnate leaves. Calyx with 5 short, 
truncate, recurved teeth. Corolla-tube long, slender, cylindrical, widened 
into a funnel-shaped, oblique mouth, at the base of which the stamens are 
inserted, and which is cleft half-way into 5, nearly equal, ovate-oblong 
slightly imbricate lobes, nearly valvate in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
exserted, with a 5th staminode; anthers 1-celled, a short appendix in 
the place of the second cell, Ovules in 4 rows on each placenta. Cap- 
sule flat, linear, dehiscing at the edges, the dissepiment parallel to the 
valves ; seeds imbricate, surrounded on 3 sides by a fine transparent wing. 


1. M. hortensis, Linn. f.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 249; Bureau l.c. t. 8. 
—Syn. Bignonia suberosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 214; Fl. Ind, iii. 111. 


Young leaves and inflorescence slightly pubescent. Leaves 12-24 in. 
long, pinnee 3 pair, the lowest pair bipinnate at base, pinnules ovate, acu- 


348 LIX, BIGNONIACEA. [ Millingtonia. 


minate, petiolulate, the blade 1-2 in. long. Flowers numerous, fragrant, 
pure white, in large terminal panicles ; bracts minute, ciliate. Corolla 3-4 
in. long. Capsule 12 in. long. 


Cultivated in avenues and gardens in most parts of India, believed to be in- 
digenous in Burma and the Indian Archipelago. In North India‘the culti- 
vated tree seeds very rarely. Attains 50-60 ft., bark corky, deeply cracked. 
Fl. C.S. Wood whitish, firm and close-grained. Weight 42 lb. ; value of P. 
610. 


3. SPATHODEA, Beauv. 


Trees with opposite (rarely alternate) imparipinnate or bipinnate leaves. 
Flowers in racemes or in terminal trichotomous, cymose panicles. Calyx 
truncate lobed or spathaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb oblique, the 
lower cylindrical part of the tube varying in length, the stamens inserted 
at its upper end, so that when it is very short, their insertion is at the 
base of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a 5th staminodium ; 
anthers 2-celled, cells divergent or parallel. Ovary 2-celled, ovules in 
more than 2 rows in each cell. Capsule cylindrical, valves woody or 
coriaceous, opening loculicidally in 2 valves, the dissepiment free at the 
time of dehiscence, transverse with relation to the valves, and before 
dehiscence attached to their median line. Seeds numerous, flat, with 
long lateral wings, attached (2 rows in each cell) along two prominent 
lines (the lines of attachment to the valves) of the dissepiment ; embryo 
flat, cotyledons broad-rotundate, auriculate at the base, radicle short, 


Leaves bipinnate ; stamens inserted near the base of corolla. 
Pubescent ; calyx campanulate, 5-dentate ; pod hard, woody, 


tuberculate, more than 1 in. diam. . ; : : 1. S. xylocarpa. 
Glabrous; calyx split into 2 lips; pod slender, coriaceous, 
4 in. diam. .. : . ; : ‘ . ‘ . 2 S. amena, 


Leaves pinnate. 
Calyx spathaceous ; stamens inserted near the throat of the 
corolla. 
Leaflets rotundate, 1 in. long, the lateral short-petiolulate ; 


corolla-lobes oblong, flat ; capsule flat, smooth . 3. S. falcata. 
Leaflets ovate-oblong, 2 in. long, the lateral long-petiolulate ; 
corolla-lobes rounded, curled ; capsule convex, rough . 4. S. crispa. 


Calyx bilabiate ; stamens inserted near the base of the corolla 5. S. Roxburghii. 


The genus Spathodea, as here defined, will certainly not remain undivided, 
and should be confined to the species with pinnate leaves, racemose flowers, 
spathaceous calyx, and stamens inserted at the top of a long cylindrical corolla- 
tube. Whether S. xylocarpa and S. amena should be referred to Raderma- 
chera, Zollinger, to which they approach by their cylindrical dissepiment, I do 
not venture to decide with the materials before me. In that case Raderma- 
chera would include a very heterogeneous group with pinnate (R. stricta, Zoll.) 
and bipinnate leaves, with the calyx truncate (stricta), split into 2 lips (gigantea, 
Miq., amena), and 5-dentate (xylocarpa), not to mention the difference between 
the thick woody valves of &. xylocarpa and the membranous or coriaceous 
valves of most other species. Another question to be decided is, whether 
Heterophragma is to remain, or, as proposed by Bureau 1. c. 50, to be merged in 
Spathodea, from which it differs by the bilabiate calyx and the stamens inserted 


ee 


a 


Spathodea. | LIX. BIGNONIACEA. 349 


near the base of the corolla. These considerations have induced me, as a pro- 
visional arrangement, to keep the species described below united under the genus 
Spathodea, although they differ in habit and essential characters, and though 
the name Spathodea is not appropriate for all of them. 


1. 8. xylocarpa, T. Anderson.—Tab. XLIII.<-Syn. Bignonia «ylo- 
carpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 108 ; Wight. Ill. t. 1336 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 70. 
Vern. Kharsing, kharsingi, Bombay ; Bairsingi, Khandeish Dangs ; Jai- 
mangal, sondar-padal, Mandla, Balaghat, C.P.; Dhdta mara, Gonds, Sat- 
pura range. . 


A middle-sized tree. Leaves bipinnate, 1-4 ft. long, glabrous, hard and 
somewhat rough when full-grown ; pinne 4-6 pair, pinnules 3-5 pair, 
short-petiolulate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire. Flowers white, with a 
tinge of yellow, fragrant, appearing before the leaves expand ; pedicels as 
long as calyx or longer, clustered in bracteate umbellate fascicles, these 
in terminal, compound trichotomous cymes ; bracts oblong, shorter than 
pedicels, as well as ramifications of inflorescence and calyx soft-pubescent. 
Calyx campanulate, coloured, with 5 short and unequal teeth. Corolla 
2 in. long, oblique, segments nearly equal, curled, cylindrical part of 
tube very short, stamens inserted near the base, filaments hairy below. 
Capsule 1-3 ft. long, a little curved, hard, woody, very rough, with 
numerous large, irregular, hard tubercles, somewhat compressed, valves 
14-14 in. broad, convex, 4 in. thick, inside smooth and shining ; 
dissepiment cylindric, grey, shining, attached before dehiscence to the 
median line of the valves. Seeds numerous, in 4 rows (2 in each 
cell), flat, slightly curved, } in. long, and equally broad, wings delicate, 
transparent, oblong, 1-14 in. long from end to end; hilum 4 in. long, 
arching. 


Common in South India. Khandeish Dangs. Satpura range, Mandla and 
Balaghat (not common). Fl. April, May, when nearly leafless. The new foli- 
age appears about the commencement of the rains. Fruit takes a year to ripen. 
Growth said to be rapid. 

Attains 30-35 ft.in the Satpura range, but grows into a large tree in the 
moister forests along the western Ghats. Foliage pale green, resembling that of 
Schrebera swieteniordes. Bark light grey, } in. thick. 

Heartwood light brown, reddish or reddish-brown, close-grained tough and 
elastic, medullary rays numerous, fine pores in groups, each group in a roundish 
patch of white tissue. 


2. S. amena, A. DC, Prodr. ix. 208.—Syn. Radermachera amena, Seem. 
Journal of Botany, viii. p. 146; Bignonia amena, Wall. Pl. As. rar. 
t, 183. 


A large tree. Leaves opposite, bipinnate; leaflets ovate - lanceolate, 
entire, acuminate, glabrous, shining. Flowers large, fragrant, white, 
orange inside. Calyx bilabiate. Stamens inserted near the base of cor- 
olla-tube, anther-cells divergent. Pods rust-coloured, pendulous, slender, 
linear, 12-18 in. long, valves coriaceous, + in. broad. Seeds (including 
wings) 4 in. long. 


350 LIX. BIGNONIACE. | Spathodea. 


Malay peninsula and Burma, not seldom cultivated in gardens. Fl Nov. 
May. : 


3. 8. falcata, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 71.—Syn. Bignonia spathacea, 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 144; Fl. Ind. iii. 103. Dolichandrone falcata, Seem. 
Journ. Bot. viii. 340. Vern. Hawar, Oudh ; Kanséri, Meywar; Mendal, 
manehingi, Banswara ; Mersingi, Bomb. 


A small or middle-sized tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves generally 
opposite, 3-6 in. long, leaflets 2-3 pair, short-petioluled, with a terminal 
leaflet on petiolule $ in. long, all rotundate, 4-14 in. long, obtuse or short 
acuminate. Flowers white, in few-fowered racemes at the ends of small 
branchlets. Calyx 4-?in. long. Corolla 14 in. long; limb deeply cleft 
into 5 subequal, oblong lobes. Capsule flat, curved, smnoouny somewhat 
shining, with wavy longitudinal lines, 10- 14 in. long, and ? in. broad. 
‘ Wings of seeds oblong, half the breadth of capsule, and 1 in. long. 


Oudh. Meywar (Bassi, Santolah, D.B.), Banswara, South India. Fl. May, 
June ; fruit Dec., Jan. Wood light- coloured. 


4. §. crispa, Wall.; Bureau 1. c. t. 27.—Syn. Bignonia crispa, Roxb. 
FI]. Ind. iii. 103 ; Dolichandrone crispa, Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 340. 


A middle-sized tree ; glabrous, young shoots pubescent. Leaves oppo- 
site, 8-12 in. long, leaflets 5-7, ovate-oblong, acute, petiolules of the lateral 
1 in., of the terminal 2 in. long, blade 2-4 in. long. Flowers pure white, 
fragrant, in terminal, few-flowered racemes. Calyx 1 in. long. Corolla 
21° in. long, limb with 5 broad-ovate lobes with curled edges. Capsule 
19-15 in. long, 4 in. broad, valves convex, hard, coriaceous, brown, rough 
with paler specks. 


South India, will probably be found in the Central Provinces. Fl. May- 
June ; fruit ripe Dec. The timber is esteemed in South India for building ante : 
other | purposes, it is light-coloured and heavy. 


5. §. Roxburghii, Sprengel.—Syn. Heterophragma Roxburghii, DC. 
Bignonia quadrilocularis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 145; Fl. Ind. iii. 107. Vern. 
Warras, Bombay. 


A large tree, with a tall stem, and grey bark. Leaves tomentose 
while young, glabrous afterwards, opposite, but generally approximate 
near the ends of branches, 1-2 ft. long, lateral leaflets 3-4 pair, serrate, 
short, the terminal leaflet long petioluled. Flowers light rose-coloured, 
fragrant, in large terminal erect panicles, ramifications and calyx densely 
clothed with soft, tawny tomentum. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla campanu- 
late, the stamens ‘inserted at the base of the tube. Capsule erect, straight, 
12 in. long, 2 in. broad, 4 in. thick, divided into 4 spurious cells by a 4- 
winged dissepiment, with a crose-shaped horizontal section. 


Godavery forests (Beddome). Western forests from Khandeish to Canara. 
Fl. March, April. 


Stereospermum. | LIX. BIGNONIACEA. 351 


5. STEREOSPERMUM, Chamisso. 


Trees, with opposite, imparipinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal 
panicles. Calyx 5-dentate or 2-5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, limb 
oblique, lobes equal or bilabiate. Stamens inserted near the base of 
corolla-tube, didynamous, anther-cells divergent. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 
in 1 series on each placenta. Capsule linear cylindrical or tetragonous, 
generally contorted, opening loculicidally in 2 valves, the valves coria- 
ceous, the dissepiment thick, spongy, jointed, entirely filling the capsule, 
transverse with relation to the valves, and attached before dehiscence 
to their median line. Seeds wedge-shaped, with a rounded back, the 
nucleus doubled up between the joints of the dissepiments, radicle and 
plumula’ lying along the sharp edge of the wedge, the cotyledons being 
doubled up outwards; testa spongy or crustaceous, having the appearance 
of projecting into the seed and.dividing it into 2 incomplete cells ; wings 
oblong delicate membranous on 2 sides, attached to the rounded back 
of the seed. 


Pubescent ; capsule cylindrical, valves hard thick crustaceous, 
rough, in. diameter . : 5 ; : r < 

Glabrous ; capsule compressed, valves thin coriaceous, smooth, 
Zin. broad ; : ‘ : ; ; ; 


1. S. suaveolens. 


2. S. chelonoides. 


1. S. suaveolens, DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 1342.—Syn. Bignonia suaveolens, 
- Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 104. Sans. Patali. Vern. Paral, padal, padiala, 
padaria, parur. Local names: Pandri, phandri, C.P. 


A large tree; pubescent, young parts soft and viscous - tomentose. 
Leaves 12-24 in. long, leaflets 2-3, rarely 4 pair, shortly, the terminal leaf- 
let longer petiolulate, oval, acuminate, 3-6 in. long, often serrate, with 6-8 
pairs of prominent main lateral nerves, joined by obliquely transverse 
veins. Flowers of a dark, dull-crimson colour, exquisitely fragrant, 14 
in. long, in large, lax, trichotomous viscid panicles. Calyx campanulate, 
4-cleft, the 2 upper divisions each with 2 minute teeth. Corolla pubes- 
cent, funnel-shaped, limb oblique, bilabiate, the 3 inferior lobes longer, 
and the edges of all much curled. Capsule cylindrical, dark grey, rough, 
with elevated white specks, valves thick, hard, crustaceous ; 18-24 in. long, 
and #in. diameter; dissepiment cylindrical, brown, $ in. diameter. Seeds 
3-1} in. apart, wedged into narrow notches of the dissepiment. 


A common tree in South-, Central-India, Bengal, and Burma. In the sub- 
Himalayan tract and outer hills ascends to 4000 ft., extends north-west to the 
Jhelam, and is common as far as the Jumna. Often associated with Sal. The 
old leaves are shed in April, the young foliage appearing by the end of that 
month or early in May. The flowers issue with or before the new leaves, the 
fruit ripens Nov., Dec., and remains long on the tree. Attains 70-80 ft. in 
Kamaon, with a tall, fairly straight trunk, to 6 ft. girth, and 30 ft. to the first 
branch, much smaller in the drier climate of Central India. Bark 4-4 in. thick, 
dark grey or brown, the outer soft corky and darker-coloured layer flaking off 
in pieces, leaving a fresh smooth light-cinereous surface. “ Leaves of young 
plants harsh and serrated, those of the mature tree soft villous and entire ” (R. 


352 LIX. BIGNONIACEA. [ Stereospermum. 


Thompson). Sapwood white or yellowish, heartwood with irregular outline, 
brown or reddish-brown, often mottled with white. : 44 Ib. per cub. ft., fairly 
durable, and easy to work. Much valued for building, and generally com- 
mands a ready sale. Makes excellent charcoal. Root and bark used in native 
medicine. 


2. S. chelonoides, DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 1341; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 72.— 
Syn. Bignonia chelonoides, L.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 106. Vern. Pader, 
padel, parral, padri. 


A large glabrous tree. Leaves 12-18 in. long, leaflets 3-5 pair, elliptic, 
sometimes serrate, long-acuminate, blade 4-6 in., acumen often 1 in., 
petiole 4-4 in. long; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Flowers yellow, 
fragrant, 4-# in. long, in large, loose, trichotomous glabrous panicles. 
Calyx campanulate, 5-dentate. Corolla campanulate, limb spreading, 
oblique, lobes nearly equal. Capsule linear, compressed, curved, 12-24 
in. long, 4 in. broad, valves convex, coriaceous, smooth. Dissepiment 
subcylindrical, grey or light brown, with wide open notches for the seeds, 
which are }-4 in. apart. 


Common South India, Ceylon, Burma, and Bengal. Gonda forests Oudh, 
rare, on the driest spurs. The leaves are shed Feb., March, and renewed in 
April. Flowers appear after the leaves, April-July. Fruit Aug.-Jan., remain- 
ing long on the tree. In Oudh a small, elsewhere a large tree, with a tall 
straight trunk. Bark 4 in. thick, light-cinereous or brown, furrowed longi- 
tudinally. Heartwood reddish-brown, orange (Skinner), close-, even-grained, 
hard, elastic, easy to work, said to be durable. Weight 45 lb. (Kyd), 48 Ib. 
(Sk.), value of P. 710 (Kyd), 642 wer Used for building, and is a good furni- 
ture-wood, Bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit used in native medicine. Flowers 
used in Hindu temples. 


6. TECOMA, Juss. 


Trees or shrubs, with opposite, simple or digitate leaves. Calyx cam- 
panulate, 5-dentate. Corolla campanulate, limb oblique. Stamens in- 
serted in the lower part of the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-celled, the cells 
parallel at first, diverging afterwards. Ovary 2-celled, supported or sur- 
rounded by a fleshy annular disc ; numerous series of ovules in each cell. 
Capsule linear, dissepiment transverse, thin, flat, attached before dehis- 
cence to the median line of the valves. Seeds numerous, flat, imbricate, 
on 3 sides with a thin, white, membranous wing. 


1. T. undulata, G. Don.—Syn. Tecomella undulata, Seem. Journal of 
Botany, i. 18; Bignonia undulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 101; Bignonia 
glauca, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 142. Vern. Reoddna, rebdan, 
Trans-Indus ; Lahira, luar, rowr, rahira, Pb. ; Lohuri, lohéro, Sindh ; 
Roira, Mairwara. 


A shrub or small tree, glabrous, extremities and young leaves often 


pubescent with very minute, fasciculate hairs, Leaves generally oppo- 
site, subcoriaceous, grey, somewhat rough when old, oblong, linear-oblong, 


a ae 


Tecoma. | LIX. BIGNONIACEA. 353 


sometimes obovate-oblong, entire, blade 2-4 in., petiole 1 in. long. Flowers 
very large, bright orange-coloured, inodorous, 5-10, in short corymbs at 
_the ends of short lateral branchlets. Corolla campanulate, 2 in. across. 
Ovary surrounded by a cup-shaped disc. Capsule curved, 6-8 in. long. 
(Seemann separates Tecomella from Tecoma by simple leaves, and Bureau, 
l. ce, 53, agrees with him. The cup-shaped disc is a remarkable character 
of this species. ) 


Low hills of Sindh and Beluchistan. Trans-Indus territory, ascending in the 
Suliman range to 3000, at times to 4600 ft. Panjab Salt range, Siwalik tract, 
extending eastward to the Jumna. Occasionally in the plains of the bs 
near Delhi, Cawnpore, in Bandelkhand, Rajputana, Guzerat, and in one place 
in Khandeish (Graham Bombay, 124).—Arabia. Grown in gardens in Calcutta 
and Bombay. Evergreen or nearly so in North India, the leaves being renewed 
in Jan. and Feb. The leaves vary exceedingly in size and shape. In full 
bloom in March, April, when the tree is a most beautiful sight, especially on 
the north-west Panjab frontier. Easily raised from seed and cuttings. Cop- 
pices well. Fruit ripens May-July. Where protected grows into a handsome 
tree, 30-40 ft. high, with a stem 12-15 ft. clear, and 5-8 ft. girth, with a fine, 
rounded, rather open crown, extremities of branches drooping. Generally only 
a stiff shrub, 8-10 ft. high. Twigs grey, bark of stem 4-} in. thick, reddish 
brown, or dark grey, corky, rough with shallow longitudinal furrows, and ridges 
between, crossed by short, shallow, transverse cracks, becoming scurfy by age 
and peeling off. Heartwood dark greyish-brown, often mottled with white. 
Medullar rays fine, whitish, pores surrounded by patches of whitish tissue. 
Close- and fine-grained, hard, 44 lb. per cub. ft. Works easily, takes a beauti- 
ful polish, tough, strong and durable. Highly prized for furniture, carving-work, 
and agricultural implements. The leaves are greedily browsed by cattle. 


Orper LX. VERBENACES, 


Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or digitate, opposite, whorled 
or rarely alternate, without stipules. Flowers irregular, rarely regular. 
Calyx persistent, gamosepalous, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla hypogy- 
nous, gamopetalous, lobes usually 4 or 5, more or less 2-lipped, imbri- 
cate in bud. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, usually 4, nearly equal 
or one pair longer, and when the corolla is regular, as many as lobes and 
alternating with them; anthers 2-celled, the cells usually parallel and 
opening longitudinally. Ovary not lobed, or but slightly 4-lobed, 2- or 
4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; style terminal, usually with 2 short stig- 
matic lobes. Fruit dry or fleshy, indehiscent, or separating into 2 or 4 
segments nuts or pyrenes: seeds few, in the Indian species without albu- 
men ; embryo straight with thick cotyledons and an inferior radicle.-— 
Royle Ill. 298 ; Wight Ill. ii. 212. 


Fruit a hard bony 1-4-celled endocarp, surrounded by a spongy 
pericarp, enclosed in an enlarged and inflated calyx; corolla- 
tube short ; leaves entire ; : ; ; é > 

Fruit a dry or fleshy drupe, the entire fruit separating into 2 or 
4 pyrenes, supported by an enlarged and often succulent 
ealyx; corolla-tube slender, cylindric ; leaves simple . 2, CLERODENDRON. 

Z 


1. TEcToNA. 


354 LX. VERBENACEA. | Tectona. 


Fruit a fleshy drupe ; calyx not much enlarged ; leaves simple. 
Flowers in terminal racemiform panicles “composed of lateral 
cymes; corolla-tube short, with a wide open mouth ; 
style unequally 2-lobed > 3. GMELINA. 
Flowers in terminal trichotomous panicles, or ina spike-like 
thyrsus ; corolla-tube short, campanulate or cylindrical, 


lobes unequal ; style with 2 short acute stigmatic lobes 4. PREMNA. 
Flowers in axillary cymes ; corolla campanulate, ener 
style dilated and truncate, or shortly 2-lobed . 5, CALLIOARPA. 
Flowers in bracteate heads or spikes. 6. LANTANA. 
Fruit a fleshy drupe ; calyx not enlarged ; leaves digitate 7. VITEX. 
Fruit dry, dehiscent into 4 one- séedled segments. 
Calyx campanulate ; corolla-tube short, limb bilabiate . . 8, CaRYOPTERIS. 
Calxy with a large spreading circular limb ; corolla-tube cy- 
lindric, curved . 9, HoOLMSKIOLDIA. 
Fruit a 2-valved nin ; calyx | 6 sepalous, supported by 
bracts : 10. AVICENNIA. 


1. TECTONA, Linn. fil. 


Trees with four-sided branchlets; young shoots and leaves clothed with 
stellate tomentum. Leaves large, opposite, entire. Flowers in trichoto- 
mous panicles. Calyx campanulate, lobes 5-6, imbricate in bud. Corolla 
infundibuliform, tube short, about as long as calyx, lobes 5 or 6, spread- 
ing, nearly equal. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, exserted. Ovary 
4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; stigma bifid. Fruit an indehiscent, hard, 
bony 4-celled nut, enclosed in a thick spongy covering, which is sur- 
rounded by the enlarged and inflated membranous calyx. Albumen 0; 
embryo straight, with fleshy, oily cotyledons, and an inferior radicle. 


1. T. grandis, Linn. fil—Tab. XLIV.—Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 6; Fl. Ind. 
i. 600; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 250. The Teak tree.—Sans. Saka; Arab. Saj ; 
Pers. Saj, sal. Vern. Sagun, Hind. ; Sag, sagwan, Mar.; Tekku, Tamil 
and Malayalim ; Téku, Telugu ; Tégu, Tulu and Canarese ; Kyun, Burm. ; 
Jati, Java. 


A large deciduous tree ; branchlets four-sided and channelled, with 
large quadrangular pith. Leaves oval or obovate, blade 1-2 ft. long, 6-12 
in. broad, petiole 1-14 in. long, in seedlings and coppice-shoots the leaves 
much larger, 2-3 ft. long; upper side rough, under side clothed with 
dense stellate, grey or tawny tomentum ; main lateral nerves prominent, 
8-10 pair, with 2 or 3 large branches near the edge of leaf, joined by 
numerous parallel transverse veins. Flowers white, on short pedicels, 
in large erect terminal cross-branched cymose panicles 1-3 ft. long, with 
short lanceolate bracts. Fruit subglobose, more or less indistinctly 4-lobed, 
1 in, diam., the thick spongy pericarp consisting of a dense felt of branched 
hairs ; the nut uneven, with 1, 2, 3, rarely 4 seeds, and a central cavity 
having the appearance of a 5th cell. When the seed germinates, the outer 
wall of each cell comes off bodily like a round, concave cap. The inflated 
calyx, enclosing the fruit like a bladder, is generally ovoid, sometimes de- 
ete reticulate, and more or less crumpled or irregularly plaited, 1-14 
in. diam. 


Or 


Tectona. | LX. VERBENACEZ. 355 


The Teak tree is indigenous in both peninsulas of India, in the eastern drier 
part of Java, in Sumatra, and in some of the other islands of the Indian Archi- 
pelago. In Western India it does not extend far beyond the Mhye. In Feb. 
1870 I found it in the Sadri or Santola forests a few miles north of that river, 
about 20 miles south-west of Neemuch. In Central India it attains its northern- 
most point in the Jhansi district at lat. 25° 30’, and from that point the line of 
its northern limit continues in a south-easterly direction to the Mahanadi river 
in Orissa. In Burma proper, Teak is known to extend to the 25th degree N.L., 
and it is reported from Munipur at about the same latitude. There is no proof 
of its being indigenous in Bengal, though there is a report of its having formerly 
been found wild in Assam, between Tezpur and Bishnath. It is, however, 
cultivated throughout Bengal, Assam and Sikkim, and in north-west India, 
without difficulty, as far as Saharanpur. In the Panjab it is difficult to raise, 
and it has not been grown west of Lahore. As regards moisture, Teak seems to 
require a rainfall of 30, but to thrive best under a mean annual fall of 50 to 
120 inches, 

The temperature of the Teak-producing districts may be illustrated by the 
following statement of the méan temperature ‘during the four seasons at the 
following stations,—four of which, Cannanore, Bombay, Rangoon, Toungoo, 
represent a climate where the tree thrives to perfection ; and three, viz., Baitul, 
Nursingpur, and Sagar, being situated near the northern limit of its area. 


Cannanore. Bombay. Rangoon. Toungoo. Baitul. Nurs. Sagar. 
Dec., Jan., Feb., mean; 80°0 75°7 75°6 72°4 60°8 62°4 64°5 


March, April, May, 84.4 83.0 80.7 84.3 80.0 80.6 83.5 
June, July, Aug., 78.9 81.8 80.1 80.4 77.6 82.5 86.4 
Sept., Oct., Nov., 79.9 80.7 80.9 78.6 71.8 75.9 72.8 

Year, " 80.8 80.3 79.3 78.9 72.5 5.4 768 


Thus it may be said that the Teak tree thrives with a mean temperature during 
the cold season between 60° and 80°, during the hot season between 80° and 85°, 
during the rains between 77° and 87°, during autumn between 71° and 81°, and 
that the mean annual temperature which suits it best lies between 72° and 81°. 
The absolute extremes of the Teak districts are illustrated by the following 
statement of maximum and minimum temperatures observed at three of the 
above-named stations during the 12 months of the year :— 


NURSINGPUR. RANGOON. BomBAY. 

Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. 
Jan., 89° 84° 62° 92° 60° 88°2 
Feb., 48 92 59 97 68.8 87.2 
March, 58 96 64 100 67.2 93.3 
April, 65 102 75 100 74 93.2 
May, 74 104 73 95 79.3 94.2 
June, are 106 75.5 90 76 95.3 
July, 73 99 75 89 75.8 89.4 
Aug., 73 91 76 {88.5 74.4 89.2 
Sept., 67 91 76 96 75 88.3 
Oct., 60 92 74 : 92 73 92.5 
Nov., 60 79 69.5 90.5 71.6 91.5 
Dec., 47 75 62 90 66.2 90.8 


Teak, however, can bear temperatures considerably lower than those indi- 
cated by these figures. In the valleys of the Satpura range and on the Mhye 
river in Western India frost is not uncommon in the Teak - producing districts, 
In Burma, Teak ascends to 3000 ft. in the hills east of Toungoo, and in a few 
other places, but does not attain large size at that elevation ; and in the Pegu 
Yoma hills, a different description of forest, composed partly of evergreen trees 
with a great deal of Xylia dolabriformis, takes the place of Teak at elevations 
above 2000 ft. On the Anamallay mountains it grows to perfection at about 


306 LX. VERBENACEA. | Tectona. 


2500 ft. (Beddome FI. Sylv.), and many of the best Teak forests of Western 
India above Ghat in Wynaad, Coorg, and North Canara, are above 2000 ft. 
Beddome states that on the mountains of the peninsula it rises to a little above 
4000 ft., but at any elevation above 3000 it is of poor growth. 

Teak grows on a great variety of soils, but shows a decided preference for 
certain descriptions. In Burma it thrives best on the sandstone of the Pegu 
Yoma ; there it forms tall, straight, and regularly-shaped stems, and natural 
reproduction from self-sown seedlings is fairly good. But it thrives equally 
well on the granite of the eastern Sitang forests, and the splendid forests of 
North Canara have granite as the underlying rock. Again, some of the finest 
Teak localities in the Thoungyeen district of Tenasserim are upon limestone, 
and in some of the dells and valleys of the Khandeish Dangs the tree grows to 
- great perfection on soil produced by the disintegration of basaltic rocks. Thus 
we find Teak on light and sandy soils, as well as on those which are binding 
and heavy. But under all circumstances there is one indispensable condi- 
tion, perfect drainage and a dry subsoil. To the absence of perfect drainage 
I ascribe the circumstance that Teak does not seem to thrive on level ground 
with alluvial soil. Instances of natural Teak forests in such localities are found 
on the headwaters of the Beeling and Domdamee rivers in Martaban, in the 
lower Bonee forests, and in some other places in the plains of Pegu. In such 
soil the Teak grows freely and rapidly—more rapidly than on the hills—but 
the trunks are irregular, fluted, and ill-shapen ; while on the adjoining hills the 
tree habitually forms tall, clean cylindrical stems. 

It is remarkable that the only pure or nearly pure natural Teak forests 
which are known are found on alluvial soil. Otherwise, the tree, though gre- 
garious, is always associated with Bamboos and trees of other kinds, often form- 
ing a small proportion only of the forest. Thus in the better Teak localities of 
Burma, Teak is estimated to form about one-tenth ; but the’ proportion of Teak 
to the trees of other kinds fluctuates exceedingly : sometimes it equals their 
number ; in other instances, again, it does not form one-hundredth part of the 
trees in the forest. The associates of Teak are, besides Bamboos, the ordinary 
trees of the dry forest. To a certain extent these vary in different parts of 
India, but the following kinds may be regarded as the usual companions of 
Teak: Schleichera trijuga, Dalbergia latifolia, Ougeinia dalbergroides, Cassia 
Fistula, Pterocarpus Marsupium, Terminalia tomentosa, bellervca, Anogeissus 
latifolia, Lagerstremia parviflora, Diospyros Melanoxylon, Gmelina arborea, 
Briedelia retusa, and to these must be aby in Burma and in some forests of 
the peninsula, Pterocarpus indicus, Xylia dolabriformis, Anogeissus acumin- 
ata, several species of Sterculia, Hriolena, Premna, and Cordia. On alluvial 
soil in the plains Teak is often associated with Careya arborea, Adina cordt- 
folia, Stephegyne parvifolia, and (in Burma) with Lagerstremia Regine. 
Teak is hardly ever found in Sal forests, and but rarely in the Ein forest of 
Burma (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus). Nor is it a denizen of the evergreen forest 


of Burma and the Western Ghats, though there are a few instances on record 


(in the Attaran and Thoungyeen forests of Tenasserim) where the evergreen 
forest has, probably owing to a cessation for a series of years of the annual 
forest-fires, extended itself into a Teak locality, and in such cases the Teak has 
been drawn up to a ey height by the rapid growth of the surrounding ever- 
green trees, being fed at the same time by the constantly increasing fertility of 
the soil. For there is a vast difference between the moist and loose black soil 
of the evergreen forest, which is enriched year after year by the products of the 
gradual decomposition of leaves, branches, and other debris of the forest, and 
the barren soil of the dry forest, where the whole of the annual fall of leaves 
and branchlets is annually consumed by the jungle-fires, and the ashes, instead. 
of affording nourishment to the trees, are adie away by the first rush of the 


— 


Tectona. | LX. VERBENACEZ. 357 


rains. Seedlings, however, are wanting where Teak grows up under such con- 
ditions. For the Teak is eminently a light-requiring tree, analogous in that 
respect to the Oak and Scotch Fir—light sericnd and free circulation of air 
being two conditions indispensable for the development of Teak seedlings. 

In dry and hot situations, the Teak loses its leaves in November, December, 
or early in January ; but where the ground is moist, the tree often remains 
green until Feb. or March. The new foliage comes out in May. 

Teak flowers during the rains, in July and August, and ripens its seed be- 
tween November and January. In summer it is readily recognised at a con- 
siderable distance by the whitish flower-panicles, which overtop the green 
foliage ; and in winter, the feathery erect fruit-panicles distinguish it at. the 
first glance from all other trees. One of the greatest obstacles to the spread 
of the Teak is the circumstance, that the seed ripens and falls to the ground at 
the commencement of the hot season, before the annual fires pass through the 
forest. The tree produces seed at an early age, and generally seeds freely and 
regularly every year ; but a large proportion of the seeds are destroyed by the 
fires, and of those which escape humbers are washed away, in the hills at least, 
by the first torrents of the monsoon. The germination of the seed is slow and 
somewhat uncertain ; a large amount of moisture is required to saturate the 
spongy covering, and for this reason it has been found useful, where Teak is 
. cultivated, to soak the seeds in water for some time before sowing them. At 
the time of germination, the expanding embryo bursts open the caps or valves 
of the fruit, and two or three plants not rarely spring from one nut. When the 
seed is sown in nurseries, it generally takes about a fortnight before the first 
seedlings show themselves above ground, and they continue coming up succes- 
sively for a considerable period, numerous seedlings appearing during the second 
and third year, and a large proportion not germinating at all. The seedlings 
have a long taproot, which during the first two or three years is often as long 
as the stem above ground. The root is soft, almost fleshy, and seedlings are very 
sensitive to any injury of their roots, differing in this respect entirely from Oak 
seedlings, which are in no way injured by the shortening of their taproot. 
Teak seedlings, therefore, are as a rule best transplanted the same season in 
which they are raised. 

During the early period of its life the growth of Teak is exceedingly rapid. 
As an instance, I may mention the Thinganneennoung plantation on the Upper 
Winyeo river (Attaran) in Tenasserim. Here a large nursery was established 
on rich soil (the site of an old evergreen forest) in March and April 1856, and 
in July 1858 I counted on a plot (28 ft. wide and 66 ft. long, or 1848 sq. ft.) 
841 plants,—of which 17 were 27-32 ft. high, with a girth, at 1 ft. above the 
ground, between 9 and 13 in. ; 70 were 20-27 ft. high, with a girth of 6-9 in. ; 
and the rest, viz., 754 plants, were less than 20 ft., with a girth under 6 in., the 
large number of small and oppressed plants being due to the circumstance’ that 
seedlings had neither been taken out for transplanting nor had they been 
thinned. Under favourable circumstances, trees attain a girth of 18 in. (at 6 ft. 
from the ground) in 10-15 years ; after that the growth slackens, and a girth of 
6 ft. is not generally attained under 100 years. The following figures illustrate 
the average rate of growth at the Nelambur plantation in Malabar, on favour- 
able soil and in a moist, hot, forcing climate. From a survey made of it in 1868 
by Captain W. Seaton, Conservator of Forests, British Burma, the circumfer- 
ence was measured at 6 ft. from the ground. 

ye ; trees per iat: years old, 37 ft. high; average girth 12in., maximum 20 in. 
BS, hy OB fe oon. hes 

This is the oldest large Teak plantation in India ; it was commenced in 1844 

by the late Mr Conolly, collector of Malabar. These results are borne out by the 


358 LX. VERBENACEA. _ [ Tectona. 


experience of Teak planting in Burma, which, however, does not go farther back 
than 1856. Thus the average girth of trees in plantations 4 years old (580-660 
trees per acre), in the Rangoon, Toungoo, and Tharawaddee district, has been 
found to vary from 5 to 9 in., the maximum being 14 in., while their average 
height was between 15 and 27 ft. Plantations 10 years old show an average 
girth of 15 in., and a height of 40-45 ft. ; and trees 15 years old at Prome have 
attained a girth of 23 in., the largest measuring 32 in. In order to obtain a 
basis for regulating the working of the Teak forests in Burma in 1856, I col- 
lected all data which were available at that time, and based upon them the fol- 
_ lowing estimate, which is placed side by side with a modified estimate, framed 
in 1868, to serve as the basis of a revised working plan of those forests. 


Girth at 6 ft. from ground. Age, estimated in 1856. In 1868. 
18 in. 10 years. 19 years: 
36, 22 5, 46 ,, 
54 ,, 375 88°; 
Y Ue G2" 1,5 160 ,, 


The first of these estimates was mainly based upon the growth of trees 
planted in gardens of Calcutta and Moulmein, and upon information obtained 
from Bombay and Java (Report on the Teak Forests of Pegu for 1856, p. 75, 76); 
and the revised estimate was based upon additional data obtained by periodical 
measurements of trees in the Thoungzay and Thoukyeghat forests of Pegu, and 
by the examination of the annual rings. The plantations of Burma and Mala- 
bar, on good soil and under otherwise favourable circumstances, may possibly 
attain the rate of growth of the first estimate ; but in the natural forests, where 
the soil, instead of 
lets, is impoverished by the annual fires, the rate of growth will probably be 
found to approach more nearly to the later estimate. These remarks relate to 
the Teak in Burma and South India; regarding the rate of growth in the dry 
and hot hills of Central India, within the range of this Flora very little is known. 
-The experience hitherto gained in the plantations made since 1867 in the Sat- 
pura hills of the Central Provinces seems, however, to show that with care and 
water the plants make fair pres during the first 5 years, the difficulty being 
that frost and drought kill a large proportion. In the Teak forests of Java 
the growth is stated to be very rapid; the trees are generally felled at the age 
of 40-50, and at 100 years they are said to attain a diameter of 4 ft. 


Teak has a powerful terminal shoot, and this is an important point in its — 


favour, as the young Teak is thus able to pierce through the thicket of other 
trees and Bamboos, and to seek the light which it absolutely requires for its 
development. In this respect there is considerable analogy between the Teak 
and the Ash (see p. 304). Teak, like many other trees, attains nearly its full 
height during the early part of its life. It is probable that, as a rule, the tree 
attains half its length with a girth of 2-3 ft., and that it does not considerably 
increase in height after it has attained a girth beyond 5 or 6 ft. 120-150 ft. is 
probably the greatest height which a Teak tree in its natural home, the 
deciduous forest, ever attains, and stems more than 100 ft. long to the first bran: 
are not often found. The largest number of tall stems which I have ever seen 
were in the Gwaythay forests, east of the Sitang river above Toungoo, on granite 
rock. The following is an abstract of the measurements taken by me there in 
March 1861 :— 

Girth at 6 ft. from ground, 8 ft. ; length of stem to first branch, 72 ft. 

7 106 


9 ” ” ? > ” 
106 ,, 
114 ,, 


8 


” ” 8 ”? ? : 29 
33 ” 16 oP 29 ? 
” 99 9 9 ” 9? 


being enriched by the decomposition of leaves and branch- 


. Meare 


li 


ea ae 


Tectona. | LX. VERBENACEA. 309 


On the Anamallays Beddome records trees with a girth of about 22 ft., and 
a straight trunk of some 80 or 90 ft. to the first bough. In the North Canara 
forests clear stems 70-80 ft. long are not rare ; in the Ahiri forests, lat. 19° 30’, 
Col. Pearson, reports stems 60-70 ft. high ; and even considerably farther north 
in the Khandeish Dangs, lat. 20° 45’, I have measured clear stems 60-70 ft. long to 
the first branch. Teak attains a large diameter, girths of 10-15 ft. are not un- 
common, and numerous instances of 20-25 ft. areon record. The forest tracts, 
however, in India which now contain Teak of such dimensions, are neither 
numerous nor extensive. The Teak forests richest in large timber on the west 
side of the Peninsula are the Travancore, Anamallay, Wynaad, South-West 
Mysore, and North Canara forests. The Dangs at the foot of the Khandeish 
Ghats also have a considerable quantity of large timber. In the centre of the 
Peninsula are the Godavery forests, of which Ahiri, east of the Pranhita river, 
near the foot of the third barrier, is the most compact and valuable. 

In British Burma, the sandstone hills of the Pegu Yomah, the outer valleys 
on both sides of the mountain-range which separates the Sitang and Salween 
rivers, and the Thoungyeen yalley, contain the best Teak localities. Teak, 
however, is far more abundant beyond the frontier, in Burma proper on the 
tributaries of the Irawaddi, and the headwaters of the Sitang river, in the 
Karenee country, the Shan States tributary to Burma, and in Siam on the 
feeders of the Salween, Thoungyeen, and Meinam rivers. 

Itis estimated that the Teak plantations of Burma, when mature, will contain 
at the age of 80 years about 60 trees per acre, measuring on an average 6 ft. in 
girth, and yielding 3000 cub. ft. of marketable timber, which, with the thinnings, 
is expected to amount to a mean annual yield of 47 cub. ft. per acre (Report on 
the revised plan of working the Burma forests of Feb. 1868). The natural Teak 
forests, not being pure or compact, do not distantly approach to this yield. As 
an instance of a particularly rich forest, I may quote Col. Pearson’s survey of 
a sample acre in Ahiri, stocked with 18 large trees, containing an aggregate 
of 22 tons, or 1100 cub. ft. of timber. Most of these trees, however, were pro- 
bably more than two centuries old. The following figures, taken from official 
reports, illustrate the average quantity of Teak standing on the ground in forest 
tracts which are fairly well stocked :— "ie } 


, 


AREA SURVEYED. TREES COUNTED ON 100 AcREs. 
rifles 4/6” 6’g. Below 4’6”’g. Total. aR 
fn 48 873 1832 2187 eak. 
< 8 229 4.4 1058 Teak. 
9 » (Mirkullu) 13 ,, 26 43 208 277 Blackwood. 

1856-67. British Burma 08% %. 170 112 512 794 Teak. 
1868, Pegu eh tape 149 120 1419 1688 Teak, 

1870-71. Tht tbexsn dis.) 17 ,, 864 802 2158 2824 Teak, ~ 
1871-72. ,, (Tharawaddi) 8 ,, 137 152 610 899 Teak. 


A portion of the Ahiri forests (on the hills) contains Teak, Blackwood (Dal- 
bergia latifolia) and Bamboos only ; the forests in Burma contain a variety of 
trees besides Teak and Bamboo. 

A great proportion of the Teak on the Kymore and Satpura ranges consists 
only of coppice-wood. The same may be said of most Teak forests on the dry 
hills of the Dekkan, and of the Konkan Teak forests a great portion consists 
of coppice-woods. Teak has great powers of reproduction, it coppices vigorously, 
and the shoots grow with prest rapidity, much more rapidly at first than seed- 
lings. This great power of reproduction is another point which favours Teak in 
its struggle of existence against other trees, for most Teak seedlings which come 
up naturally are cut down to the ground by the jungle-fires of the hot season: - 
some are killed, but. many sprout again during the rains ; and though they are 
cut down repeatedly by the fires of successive seasons, yet meanwhile the root 


360 LX. VERBENACE. [ Tectona. 


stock increases in size every year by the action of the shoots which come up, 
and at last, often after the lapse of many years, it produces a shoot strong enough 
to outlive the fire. Thus in many cases what appears a seedling plant of Teak 
is really a coppice-shoot from a thick gnarled root-stock, bearing the scars of 
successive generations of shoots, which were burnt down by the annual fires. 
The coppice-shoots of Teak attain a large size, and form good serviceable 
timber. 

The bark of the stem is about 4 in. thick, grey or brownish-grey, with shal- 
low longitudinal wrinkles or furrows, peeling off in long narrow thin pieces. 
The sapwood is white, narrow ; the heartwood, when a green tree is cut, has a 
pleasant and strong aromatic fragrance, and a beautiful dark golden-yellow 
colour, which on seasoning soon darkens into brown, mottled with darker 
streaks. The timber retains its aromatic fragrance to a great age, whenever 
afresh cutismade. It is marked by large pores, mostly single, rarely in groups 
of 2-3, unequal in size, and unequally distributed, more numerous and larger in 
the inner part of each annual ring (the spring wood), less numerous and smaller 
in the outer belt ; the medullary rays are fine. On a vertical section the pores 
are distinctly marked. The annual rings of Teak are fairly distinct. When 
collecting the data in 1856 for the first regular plan for working the British 
Burma forests, I was doubtful whether the concentric rings visible in the wood 
corresponded with the annual increment of the tree, This question has now 
been set at rest by the examination of sections of numerous trees of known age, 
grown in gardens and plantations, and they may now be taken as a safe guide 
for determining the rate of growth of the tree. The average weight of seasoned 
Teak fluctuates between 38 and 45 lb., and the value of P. between 500 and 
700. ~The experiments on record tend to show that the Burma wood is some- 
what lighter than the wood from the Anamallays, Malabar, and other forests 
on the west side of India;-but the weight of timber depends so much upon 
the degree of seasoning, that in order fully to establish a difference in the weight 
of the wood produced in different forest tracts, fresh comparative experiments 
with timber, dried artificially in the same manner, will have to be made. The 


following is a brief abstract of the results of the experiments at present avail- — 


able, omitting those where one or two experiments only are on record :— 


Burma, 94 exper. by various authors, weight 42.63 lb., value of P. 651 
Western coast, 14 ,, Pe » 4441 ,, po 665 
Nagpore, 4 ,, Capt. Fowke, » 45.20 55 BF 472 
Half-seasoned timber from different sources, 4 exp. 46.81 ,, fe 591 


The first item includes 18 exp. made by me in 1864 at Calcutta, with the 
assistance of Mr Clifford and Baboo Tincowry Ghose, giving an average weight 
of 40,24 lb., and value of P. 567, as well as 46 exp. made by usin 1865, giving 
37.71 lb., and 654 as the average value of P. A series of interesting experiments 
made by Capt. Simpson with different descriptions of Teak imported at Moul- 
mein, is recorded in Balfour’s Timber Trees, 2d edit., p: 276, of which the fol- 
lowing is an abstract :— 

Good timber, killed (by girdling), 13 exp., weight 43.5 1b., value of P. 478 

Young timber, _,, a 4 Z 41.8 ,, e 660 

Large (old), sy 3 8 As 38.0 ,, ch, 591 
Dead timber (nathat), not killed, 5 * 39.5 ,, 3 631 


The difference in these results may to a certain extent be accidental, for the 
variations in different specimens of timber from the same source are very great; 
but the fact that the timber of old trees, and of trees which had died naturally, 
is lighter than that of younger trees, seems not unlikely. In conclusion, the 
result of Skinner’s experiments should be mentioned :— 


“eal 


ee” 


Tectona. | LX. VERBENACE&. 361 


Malabar Teak, weight 45 lb., value of P. 814 
Moulmein ,, yy 30 S353 a 809 
Pegu ”? ? 37 ”? ”? 736 


Unseasoned wood he makes 55-60 Ib., but the weight of green Teak is consi- 
derably higher. The transverse strength of Teak is nearly the same as that of 
British Oak, but considerably less than that of either Sal or Sissoo; compared 
with these, Teak may be called brittle. Its weight is moderate as compared with 
most of the more useful Indian woods, the Conifers of course excepted. It does 
not, however, float unless thoroughly seasoned, and for that reason a peculiar 
mode of seasoning by girdling is practised in many Teak-producing tracts 
from which the timber is exported by floating. 

Girdling consists in making a deep circular cut through the bark and sap into 
the heartwood, so as completely to sever the communication between the bark and 
sapwood above and below the cut. The girdled tree dies after a few days if the 
operation has been effectually performed ; but if even the smallest band of sap- 
wood is left, connecting the outerlayers of wood above and below the girdle, the 
tree is not killed, and often recovers completely, one side of the trunk being 
clothed again with fresh bark. The girdled tree is allowed to stand one or two 


years, and often longer if a large tree, and being exposed to the wind and to 


the action of the sun, seasons more rapidly and more completely than a tree 
that has been felled green. Girdling is an old custom in Burma and Travan- 
core, and it was formerly practised further north in some of the forests below 
Ghat on the western coast. Timber seasoned in this manner is generally drier, 
and lighter than timber felled green. Girdling is not now practised in the 
Anamallay, Wynaad, Mysore, and Canara forests, whence most of the Teak 
commonly known as Malabar Teak is obtained ; and this circumstance may 
account for the greater weight of Teak from the western coast as compared 
with Burma Teak. It may here be mentioned that most trees with a distinctly 
marked heartwood may be killed by girdling, but that the effect is very slow 
upon trees which have no distinct heartwood, such as the species of Nawclea, 
Hymenodictyum, Ficus, &e. 

One of the most valuable qualities of Teak timber is, that once seasoned 
it does not split, crack, shrink, warp, or alter its shape. In this respect it is 
far superior to Sal, works easily and takes a fine polish, the wood of stems 
which have grown up isolated with strong and numerous side branches being 
often beautifully mottled, But its principal value is its great durability, which 
is greater than that of most Indian woods. In contact with iron, neither the 
iron nor the Teak suffers, and in this respect it is far superior to Oak. White 
ants eat the sapwood, but rarely attack the heartwood of Teak. It does not, 
however, resist the attacks of the Teredo navalis. The great durability of Teak 
is, probably with justice, ascribed to the circumstance that the wood contains 
an aromatic oil, which gives it a peculiarly pleasant smell and an oily surface 
when fresh cut. In Burma this oil is manufactured on a small scale, to be used 
medicinally, by filling an earthen pot, which is placed inverted upon another, 
with chips of wood, and putting fire round it, upon which an oily substance 
trickles down into the lower vessel. Shipbuilders in English dockyards are of 
opinion that the Teak which was brought to England in former years was more 
oily than that now imported, and that pieces of Teak taken out from old 
ships are more oily when cut than the Teak which is imported at the pre- 
sent time. As nearly all the Teak now comes from Rangoon and Moulmein, 
and as a considerable proportion of the Teak imported in former years came 
from the western coast of India, it is not improbable that the circumstance 
mentioned above has something to do with this difference—viz., that the Burma 
Teak is killed by girdling, whereas the Teak imported formerly from Malabar 


362 LX. VERBENACEZ, _ [ Tectona. 


had for the most part been felled green. This supposition is confirmed by the 
circumstance that a considerable bee of the timber formerly exported from 
Rangoon consisted of large planks (Shinbyin) not sawn, but split from green 
trees. It has even been asserted that the Teak trees in Burma are tapped for 
oil, but this is not the case ; and the idea probably wh te ts in the circum- 
stance that wood-oil is largely obtained in Burma by the tapping of several 
species of Dzipterocarpus. It will, however, require direct experiments to 
establish the fact that the wood of girdled trees contains less oil than the 
wood of trees felled green. 

The great drawback of Teak is, that the centre of the heart is rarely sound, 


but that a more or less irregular hollow, often surrounded by unsound wood, 


runs along the axis of the tree. This peculiarity Teak has in common with 
other Indian woods, but perhaps to a somewhat greater extent. The mischief 
is probably mainly caused by the annual fires, which scorch and often burn the 
bark of young trees, for it is well known that all such external injuries are 
apt to induce decay in the heart of the tree. An additional cause in the case 
of Teak may be the large mass of pith in the centre of young stems, and 
particularly in coppice-shopts, which, as explained above, are the beginning of 
most Teak trees in the natural forests of India. This supposition, however, 
requires confirmation by further researches ; at present it is nothing but a sur- 
mise which appears to have some probability. So much appears certain, that a 
very rapid growth of the tree during its first few years in Teak plantations is 
no matter for congratulation, for in such luxuriant shoots the pith is often 4 in. 
square or more, and it is often inhabited by insects, which bore through from 
the outside, admitting air and foreign substances, and thus facilitate decay. 
The comparative value of rapidly and slow grown Teak has not yet been deter- 
mined in a satisfactory manner. It is well known that the rapidly-grown Oak 
produced on’ alluvial soil in South and Central Europe is for many purposes 
considered equal, if not superior, in value to the slow-grown timber of Northern 
France and Germany, or of England. It seems, however, to be a fact, estab- 
lished by experience at the Bombay dockyard, that the fast-grown saplings of 
the Malabar plantations are less valuable for oars than the slow-grown poles 
produced in the coppice-woods of Severndroog and Colaba. 

The various uses of Teak are well known. In India, Teak is prized for 
construction and shipbuilding beyond any other timber, though for certain 
purposes other woods are preferred. In Europe it is used for railway-car- 
riages, for the decks of ships, and the backing of ironclads ; and the demand for 
this excellent timber has in no way been diminished by the circumstance that 
iron has superseded timber for the building of ships generally. Rangoon and 
Moulmein are at present the principal places whence Teak is exported, and the 
following statement shows the quantities of Teak timber, in loads or tons of 50 
cub. ft., brought to those two ports from the interior during the last five years 
for which data are available :— 


From British Forests. Foreign. Total. 

Tons. Tons, Tons. 
1867-68, . > ; . ‘ 33,104. 88,018. 121,122. 
1868-69, . ‘ } . . 52,258. 76,903. 129,161. 
1869-70, . S ~ d ‘ 39,843, 52,157. 92,000. 
1870-71, . ‘ . 9 * 57,086. 82,484. 139,570. 
1871-72, . = ; : ° 52,125. 98,409. 150,534; 


The leaves of Teak are used as plates, to wrap up parcels, and for thatching ; 
they contain a red dye. The es rubbed with water on a stone to the consist- 
ence of a thin paste, allays the pain and inflammation caused by handling the 
black varnish (Z'hit-st) of Melanorhea usitatissima. Flowers and the young 
fruit are believed to be diuretic (Pharm. Ind. 164). 


! 


| 


Clerodendron. | LX. VERBENACEA. | 363 


2. CLERODENDRON, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or in 
whorls. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, enlarged, often enclosing the 
fruit.. Corolla-tube slender, limb spreading, lobes 5, equal. Stamens 4, 
exserted, often very long. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style 
filiform, with 2 short acute stigmatic lobes. fruit a more or less succu- 
lent or almost dry drupe, the endocarp or the entire fruit separating into 
four 1-celled, or two 2-celled pyrenes. Albumen none, radicle inferior. 


Leaves broad, the length not twice their breadth, petioles more 
than quarter the length of blade. 


Calyx cleft half-way ; fruit dry; leaves small, rhomboid . 1. C. phlomoides. 
Calyx cleft nearly to the base ; fruit fleshy ; leaves large, 
cordate _. 2. C. nfortunatum. 
Leaves ovate or oblong, petioles short ; calyx ‘truncate or with 
short teeth. 


Corolla white, tube 1 in. long, many times longer than calyx 3. C. inerme. 
Corolla blue, tube short, not more than twice the ength of 


calyx . 4. C. serratum. 
- Leaves linear- lanceolate, subsessile ; ; calyx cleft half- way, cor- 
olla-tube 2-3 in. long. : 5. C. Siphonanthus. 


1. ©. phlomoides, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1473 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 57. 
—Vern. Urni, North India ; Zrun, arni, Guzerat. 


A tall pubescent shrub, branches cinereous. Leaves rhomboid, 1-2 in. 
long, petiole 1 in. Flowers white, fragrant, on slender pedicels, as long 
as calyx, in a terminal leafy rounded panicle, composed of axillary 3-9- 
flowered cymes. Calyx campanulate, cleft half-way down. Corolla-tube 1 
in. long. Fruit black, nearly dry, with 4 kernels. 


Common in many parts of India, principally in the drier regions. Panjab, 
Sindh, Mairwara, the Dekkan, Behar, Bengal. Oudh and the Central Provinces. 
Ceylon. Fl. nearly throughout the year. 


2. @. infortunatum, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1471.—Syn. Volkameria 
infortunata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 59. Vern. Bhant, bhat. 


A small shrub, branches and under side of leaves soft-tomentose. 
Leaves cordate or ovate-cordate, entire or dentate, 6-9 in. long, petiole 
1-3 in. Flowers white, tinged with red, on short pedicels, in terminal 
rounded trichotomous panicles, bracts minute. Rian: cup-shaped, cleft 
to near the base, lobes lanceolate. Corolla-tube ? in. long. Berry fleshy, 
slightly 4-lobed, subglobose, somewhat depressed, 4 in. diam., black, 
shining when ripe, and enclosed in the enlarged, red leathery calyx. 


Common as underwood in forests, and under the shade of isolated large trees 
throughout South and Central India, Bengal, and Burma. Oudh forests, very 
abundant in the Sal forests of Kheree, where it attains 12 ft. Sal forests of 
Kamaon and Garhwal. FI. Dec.- April. 


3. ©. inerme, Giirtn. de Fruct. et Sem. i. t. 57 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 58 ; 
DC. Prodr. xi. 660. 


A large, often scandent, glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite ovate or 


364 LX. VERBENACEA. [ Clerodendron. 


elliptic, entire, acuminate, subcoriaceous, shining ; blade 2-3 in., petiole 
4 in. long. Flowers white, in axillary, pedunculate, 3-9-flowered cymes. 


Calyx campanulate, nearly truncate, with 5 short acute teeth. Corolla- 


tube 1 in. long. Fruit dry, pear-shaped, 1 in. long, separating when ripe 
into four 1-seeded segments. 


Common along the sea-coast of Bengal and the pentyeues probably also in 
Sindh. A widely-spread sea-coast plant. Ind. Archip., Australia, China, FL 
nearly throughout the year. Often planted as a hedge in gardens. 


4, C. serratum, Spreng. ; Wight Ic. t. 1472.—Syn. C. ternifolium, 


D. Don. Volkameria serrata, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 62. V. farinosa, 
Roxb. ibid. 64. Vern. Barangi. 


A large shrub, youngest shoots and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves 
glabrous, opposite, or in whorls of three, oblong, elliptic-oblong, oblanceo- 
late, serrate, shortly petiolate, 4-8 in. long. Flowers blue, in a terminal 
thyrsus, cylindrical in flower, pyramidal in fruit, composed of short lateral 
trichotomous cymes. Bracts ovate, bractlets lanceolate. Calyx campanu- 
late, truncate or with 5 short teeth. Corolla-tube short, not more than 
twice the length of calyx, mouth oblique.. Berry succulent, + in. across, 
shining black when ripe, lobed, with 1-4 lobes. . 


Himalaya from the Sutlej to Assam ascending to 5000 ft. Kasia hills, 
Nilgiris and Western Ghats. Fl. May-Aug. 


5. C. Siphonanthus, R. Brown ; Wight Il. t. 173.—Syn. Siphonan- 
thus indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 67. Vern. Barangi. 


A large glabrous shrub, branches herbaceous, hollow, channelled. Leaves 
in whorls of 3-5, linear-lanceolate, subsessile, pale beneath, 6-9 in. long. 
Flowers white when first opening, gradually changing into cream colour, 
in a large terminal loose thyrsus, composed of pedunculate cymes in the 


axils of leaves. Calyx campanulate, cleft half-way into 5 ovate segments. 
Corolla-tube slender, 2-3 in. long, curved. Berries 1-4, ovoid, dark blue, 


joined at the base, and supported by the enlarged, spreading red calyx. 


Cultivated in gardens throughout India. Wild in Kamaon, Bengal, Burma, 


and the Dekkan. FI. hot season and autumn. Root and leaves used in native 
medicine. 


3. GMELINA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs with undivided leaves. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Cor- 
olla-tube short, widening gradually into a wide open mouth, limb oblique, 
with 4 or 5 spreading unequal lobes. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each 
cell ; style filiform, unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a succulent drupe, with a 
hard 1-4-celled kernel. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous. 


An unarmed tree, with cordate leaves . ; : .' 1. G& arborea. 
A spinescent shrub, with ovate leaves . : ; . 2. G. asiatica. 


1. G. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 246; Fl. Ind. iii. 84; Wight Ic. t. 


Gmelina. | LX. VERBENACEA. 365 


1470 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 253.—Vern. Gumhar, khammara, kambhar, 
kumar, gambari. In Western and Central India: Séwan, shewan. 


A middle-sized or large tree, pubescent. Leaves tawny tomentose 
underneath while young, cordate or broad-ovate, acuminate, with a 
rounded or cordate base, blade 4-8 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, petiole more 
than half the length of leaf. Flowers pentamerous, yellow, tinged with 
brown, in terminal and axillary racemiform panicles composed of lateral 
cymes ; inflorescence, calyx and corolla clothed with dense soft tawny 
tomentum. Corolla 5-lobed, 2-lipped. Drupe ovoid, smooth, yellow 
when ripe, | in. long. 

A widely-spread tree through the greater part of India, Burma, and Ceylon. 
In the sub-Himalayan tract it extends to the Chenab, ascending to 3000 ft. and 
even higher, but is scarce in the Panjab. Grows on the dry hills of the Ara- 
valli range near Ajmir. Not gregarious, and nowhere abundant. The leaves 
are shed Feb.-April, the new foliage appears April-May. Fl. generally before 
the leaves, Feb.-April. Fruit ripens May-June. Readily raised from seed, 
growth rapid, 3 rings per in. 

Attains 60 ft. and 6 ft. girth in Oudh and Central India, but grows to be a 
much larger tree in Bengal and Burma. Stem erect, attaining 30 ft. to the first 
branch, not very regularly shaped. Bark grey, or greyish brown, smooth, or 
scurfy, at last exfoliating in broad, irregular, thick, scurfy flakes, leaving exposed 
the fresh, light-coloured, smooth surface. Branchlets ash-coloured, smooth, 
with white specks. Wood whitish or pale-yellow, strong and close-grained, but 
not heavy. 30-40 lb. per cub. ft. Does not crack, warp, or shrink in seasoning, 
is easily worked, takes paint and varnish readily. Lasts well under water, also 
in tidal streams, better than Teak (Roxb.) Highly esteemed for planking, fur- 
niture, the panels of doors, carriages and palankins, well - work, for decks of 
boats, for toys, lacquered boxes, and all kinds of ornamental work. The fruit is 
eaten by the Gonds of the Satpura, who protect this tree near villages ; deer 
feed on it. Fruit, root, and bark are used in native medicine. 


2. G. asiatica, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. c. 87 ; Wight Il. t. 174. 


A large branching shrub, with spinescent branchlets. Leaves ovate, 
pubescent when young, glabrous afterwards. Flowers yellow, tetramer- 
ous, in racemiform panicles at the ends of branches. Calyx and corolla 
strigose with adpressed hairs. Corolla curved, infundibuliform, 14 in. 
long. Drupe obovate, $ in. long. 


South India, Ceylon, and Indian Archipelago. Probably in the Central Pro- 
vinces, Fl. nearly throughout the year. An excellent hedge-plant. 


4, PREMNA, Linn. 


Shrubs or trees with opposite, undivided leaves. Flowers in a bracte- 
ate terminal trichotomous panicle or thyrsus. Calyx persistent, truncate, 
or with 2-5 short obtuse teeth, sometimes 2-lipped. Corolla tubular, 
short, limb cleft into 5 or more, commonly 4, lobes, either nearly equal, 
or 2-lipped, upper lip consisting of 1 (the largest and outer) lobe, some- 
times emarginate or nearly bifid, lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous or nearly equal ; anthers rounded, inserted on the back, the cells 
diverging at the base. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; style fili- 


366 , LX. VERBENACE. | Premna. 


form, stigma bifid, sometimes nearly entire. Fruit a fleshy drupe with 
a hard, rugose or tuberculate 2-4-celled kernel. Albumen none ; radicle 
inferior. The leaves and twigs of most species have an unpleasant smell 
when bruised. 
Trees or shrubs, pubescent or glabrate ; stigma bifid, corolla 

4-lobed. 


Flowers in trichotomous corymbose panicles. 
Leaves ovate or obovate, acute or short-acuminate ; main 


lateral nerves 2-4 pair. . , ; > . 1. P. integrifolia. 
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, long-acuminate ; main lat- 
eral nerves 4-6 pair . : : > : 2. P. mucronata. 
Flowers in a terminal, cylindrical thyrsus . ; 3. P. interrupta. 


A tree, densely stellate-tomentose ; stigma indistinctly bifid, 
corolla 5-lobed ; calyx in fruit cup-shaped enclosing the 
base of drupe . 4 ¥ ‘ - ; 4 ; . 4. P. tomentosa. 

A climber ; leaves glabrous, shining . ; . 5. P. scandens. 

An herbaceous undershrub . d : : ; : . 6. P. herbacea. 


1. P. integrifolia, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1469.—Syn. P. serratifolia, 
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 77 ; P. spinosa, Roxb. ib. Vern. Bakarcha, 
Garhwal; Ganniari, Oudh. 


A large shrub or middle-sized tree; stem and older branches often _ 
armed with strong opposite spines, branchlets unarmed. Leaves pubes- 
cent when young, ovate or obovate, entire or dentate, blade 2-3 in., 
petiole $-1 in. long; main lateral nerves 2-4 pair. Flowers greenish 
white, somewhat viscid, exhaling an unpleasant smell, in terminal corym- 
bose panicles. Calyx 2-lipped or irregularly 5-toothed. Corolla twice 
the length of calyx, the outer lobe much larger than the others. Drupe — 
black, globose, 4 in. diam. | 

South India, Ceylon, Bengal. (Oudh forests, Garhwal, R. Thompson and J. 
L. Stewart. I have not seen specimens). Indian Archipelago, China, and 
North Australia. The leaves are shed in Feb., and are renewed between Feb. 
and April, earlier in moist places, later on poor dry ground. The flowers 
appear soon after the leaves ; they resemble Elder flowers. Attains 30 ft. with 
stiff branches. Stem 5 ft. girth, with spines and excrescences, Oftenashrub 
only. Bark cinereous. Branchlets foctid when bruised. Wood white, moder- 
ately close-grained, no heartwood. The fresh-felled wood frequently exudes a 
green-coloured sap. ; 

Closely allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct, is P. latifolia, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. iii. 76; Wight Ic. t. 869, from South India, said to have been found in 
Kamaon. 3 : 

: 


2. P. mucronata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 80.—Vern. Bankhar, gian, Pb. ; 
Bakar, bakarcha, basota (bas, smell), dgniiin (ag, fire), tumari, jhatela, 
N.W.P. j 

A small tree, extremities and under side of leaves pubescent or soft 
tomentose. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, base rounded 
or cordate, entire or irregularly dentate; main lateral nerves 4-6, on 
either side of midrib; blade 3-6, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers in ter- 
minal corymbose trichotomous panicles. Calyx with 4 or 5 rounded, 
nearly equal teeth. Corolla-lobes equal or bilabiate, upper lip retuse or __ 


Premna. | LX. VERBENACE. 367 


emarginate, lower lip of 3 equal lobes, throat closed with white hairs. 
Drupe globose, } in. diam. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, extending north-west as far as the 
Chenab, and ascending to 3500 ft. Oudh forests, Sikkim, Bhutan, Silhet. The 
leaves are shed Jan., Feb, Fl. April-June. Attains 25 ft., trunk short, erect, 
2 ft. girth, branches divergent, twigs pubescent. Bark light- dark- or reddish- 
grey, even, with longitudinal wrinkles, Wood hard, a good fuel, used for light- 
ing fires by friction. 

Closely allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct, is P. barbata, Wall.— 
Vern. Ganhila, Pb.; Lammar, N.W.P. Outer Himalaya from the Jhelam to 
Assam, ascending to 5500 ft., said to differ by a 4-cleft calyx and a less conspi- 
cuous beard in the throat of the corolla, A moderate-sized tree, bark cinereous. 
Fl. April-June. The twigs have a strong unpleasant smell. 

P. glaberrima, Wight Ic. t. 1484, from South India, and P. micrantha, 
Schauer, DC. Prodr. xi. 635, are also closely allied to P. mucronata. P. cordi- 
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 78 ; Wight Ic. t. 1483, a shrub from South and West- 
ern India, resembles it in the shape of the leaves, but differs by a truncate or 
bilabiate calyx. 


3. P. interrupta, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. xi. 633. 


A small tree, inflorescence and under side of leaves pubescent. Leaves 
oblanceolate or obovate, 4-8 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, acu- 
minate, entire, or indistinctly dentate. Flowers greenish, sessile, in com- 
pact sessile or shortly pedunculate cymose clusters supported by folia- 
ceous lanceolate bracts, and forming a cylindrical, terminal thyrsus, often 
interrupted at the base. Calyx bifid. Corolla-lobes 4, nearly equal. An- 
thers and style exserted. Drupe globose, 4-4 in. diam. 


Kamaon, 6000-7000 ft. Nepal, Sikkim, 6000-8000 ft. Fl. May-Aug. A 
purple gum exudes from wounds in the bark. Wood 43 lb. per cub. ft. 
Wall. 


P. racemosa, Wall.; DC. Prodr. xi. 633, Kasia, Sikkim, Nepal, is closely 
allied to this species. 


4, P. tomentosa, Willd.; Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 76; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 
251, 


A moderate-sized tree; branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence densely 
clothed with soft tawny tomentum of stellate hairs. Leaves triangular- 
ovate, acuminate, entire, 4-6 in. long, 3-4 in. broad, on petiole 1 in. long, 
Flowers pale greenish-white, shortly pedicellate, in loose terminal, rounded 
trichotomous panicles, Calyx truncate or indistinctly bilabiate at the 
time of flowering, clothed with stellate hairs. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes 
nearly equal. Style exserted, minutely, and indistinctly bifid. Ovary 
densely tomentose. Drupe ribbed, indistinctly lobed, globose, 4-} in. 
diam., the lower half enclosed in the somewhat enlarged, cup-shaped, 
membranous calyx. 


South India, Java, Ceylon, and probably in the Godavery forest of the Cen- 
tral Provinces. Wood yellow, hard, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish. 


5. P. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 82 ; Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 199, is a large climb- 


368 LX. VERBENACEA. [| Premna. 


ing shrub in Eastern Bengal and Western India, with glabrous, shining, ovate, 
long-acuminate leaves, and greenish- white flowers in a terminal corymbose 
panicle. 6. P. herbacea, Roxb. 1. c. 80, is a small undershrub, common in the 
grass lands of the sub-Himalayan tract, from Garhwal to Assam, Oudh forests, 
Tirhoot. A woody perennial root produces annually, after the jungle-fires, a 
cluster of sessile, cuneate or obovate, pubescent leaves, edge with large triangu- 
lar serratures, and a terminal, pedunculate, corymbose cyme, shorter than the 
leaves, with pale-yellow flowers, which open Feb.-April. 


5. CALLICARPA, Linn. 


Shrubs, generally clothed with soft stellate tomentum. Leaves oppo- 
site, simple. Flowers in axillary dichotomous cymes, with divaricate 
branches and small tomentose bracts. Calyx truncate, 4- rarely 5-den- 
tate. Corolla-tube short, limb spreading, lobes 4, rarely 5, nearly equal. 
Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, exserted. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in 
each cell; style filiform, dilated and truncate, or shortly 2-lobed. Fruit 
a small succulent drupe, the endocarp of 4 distinct 1-seeded pyrenes. 


Clothed with dense woolly tomentum; leaves crenate . 1. OC. macrophylia. 
Hoary with short stellate hairs ; leaves entire . : . 2. C. arborea. 


1. C. macrophylla, Vahl ; DC. Prodr. xi. 644; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393.— 
Syn. C. incana, Roxb. 1.¢. Vern. Pattharman, ba-pattra, baunu, Jhelam ; 
Sumali, Chenab ; Denthar, driss, Ravi; Daya, Kamaon ; Mathara, mat- 
tranja, Beng. | 

A tall shrub, branches, petioles, and peduncles thickly clothed with 
tawny or grey woolly tomentum. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
rarely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, 6-10 in. long, petiole $ in., 
wrinkled, soft pubescent above, floccose-woolly or cottony underneath ; 
main lateral nerves 12-15 pair. Cymes much branched, with numerous, 
distinct, small rose-coloured flowers, common peduncle as long as petiole. 
Corolla-tube barely twice the length of calyx. Stamens much exserted. 


Bengal, Gorakhpur, Oudh, Rohilkhand, extending as far west as Hazara in. 
the sub-Himalayan tract. Ascends to 6000 ft. Burma. China, Fl. May-Jan. 
In Hazara the heated leaves are applied to rheumatic joints. 


C. tomentosa, Willd.—_Syn. Roxburgh, Schauer ; DC. Prodr. xi. 640 ; China, 
differs by long hairs intermixed with the tawny tomentum ; the flowers are in 
compact globose hirsute heads on the ramifications of the cymes. Has not yet 
been found in Northern India. 

C. lanata, Linn. Mant. Plant. 331; Vahl Symbol Bot. iii. 13—Syn. C. 
Wallichiana, Walpers ; DC. Prodr. xi. 641 ; Wight Ic. t. 1480, of Ceylon, South 
and Western India, white woolly tomentose, has ovate, acuminate leaves, matted 
underneath with dense white tomentum, 6-12 in. long, entire or slightly crenate, 
petiole 1-24 in. long ; flowers pink or pale lilac, peduncle shorter than_petiole, 
corolla more than twice the length of calyx. Will probably be found in the 
Centr. Prov. 


2. OG. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 390; DC. Prodr. xi. 641.—Syn. C. 
lanata, Hook, in Hb. Kew. Vern. Ghiwala, dera, Kamaon. 


A tree ; branches, petioles, peduncles, and under side of leaves hoary 


Callicarpa. | LX. VERBENACEZ. 369 
with short soft stellate hairs. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, entire, glabrous above, blade 6-12, petiole 1-2 in. long; main 
lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Flowers lilac or light purple, with an unplea- 
sant smell; cymes large, spreading, twice the length of petiole, common 
peduncle as long as petiole or longer. 


Burma (common on deserted toungyas on the hills between Sitang and Sal- 
ween). Hills of eastern Bengal, Nepal. Baraitch forests of Oudh. Kamaon, 
ascending to 4000 ft. A small tree in Oudh, 25 ft. high, stem 18 in. girth. Fl. 
aye June. Bark soft, grey. Wood whitish, hard, close-grained, polishes beau- 
tifully. 


C’. longifolia, Lam.—Syn. C. lanceolaria, Roxb. 1.¢. 395 ; East Bengal, Burma, 
Indian Archipelago, Queensland ; pubescent, often glabrate, has serrate, lanceo- 
late, membranous leaves, flowers in loose cymes with slender branches. Will 
probably be found in the Gorakhpur forests. 


6. LANTANA, Linn. 


1. L. alba, Miller.—Syn. L. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 89 ; Wight Ic. 
t. 1464. LZ. collina, Dene. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 141. LZ. dubia, Royle 
Ill. t. 73. | 


A shrub; branches 4-sided, hoary or pubescent. Leaves opposite, 
ovate, crenate, pubescent or hirsute, blade 1-3 in., petiole 4 in. long. 
Flowers white light purple or yellow, scentless, in pedunculate axillary 
bracteate heads or short spikes, peduncles as long as leaf, bracts ovate, 
hirsute or villous. Calyx minute. Corolla-tube curved, } in. long, limb 
oblique, spreading horizontally, divided into 4 unequal lobes. Drupe 
smooth, globose, dark violet, as large as a pea, enclosed by the enlarged 
but thin transparent calyx ; nut 2-celled. 


_ _ Plains of North India. Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3000 ft. Sindh, 
Dekkan, Nilgiris, Ceylon. Fl. April-June. 


7. VITEX, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate, usually of 3 or 5 leaflets. 
Calyx 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube short, limb spreading, 5-lobed, 
lowest lobe larger than the others. Stamens 4, in pairs, ascending and 
exserted. Ovary 2-or 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; style filiform, shortly 
and acutely 2-lobed. Fruit a succulent drupe, putamen separating into 
4 hard 1-seeded pyrenes. 


1. V. Negundo, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 519; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 70.— 
Syn. V. bicolor, Willd. V. incisa, Lam. Vern. Marwan, moraun, 
maura, mora, wana, banna, bana, torbana, biuna, Pb. ; Shwari, shiwari, 
shawali, mewri, N.W.P. ; Nirgunda, Bombay. 


A small tree or large shrub; branchlets, under side of leaves or inflor- 
escence hoary with short grey pubescence. Leaflets 3 or 5, lanceolate, 
shortly petiolate, entire toothed or pinnatifid, the central one 3-4 in. 
long, the lateral ones usually smaller; common petiole 1 in. long. 


2A 


370 LX. VERBENACE&. [ Vitex. 


Flowers small, bluish purple, in opposite lateral cymes, forming an elon- 
gated terminal thyrsus, often compound at the base. Calyx-teeth trian- 
gular. Corolla +-4 in. long. 


Common nearly everywhere in the plains and lower hills of India, westward 
to Peshawar and Sindh. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya. 
China. Fl. March-May. The branches are used for wattle-work. 


V. trifolia, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. ¢. 69, is very closely allied, but is supposed to 
differ by shorter calyx-teeth, leaves often unifoliate, white-mealy beneath, leaf- 
lets short - petiolate, generally sessile, always entire. Bengal, South India, 
Burma, Indian Archipelago, Australia. 


V. Agnus-castus, Linn., of South Europe and Western Asia, to Afghanistan, 
has flowers nearly 4 in. long. 

V. altessima, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. c. 71 ; Wight Ic. t. 1466 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 252. 
—Vern. Vauladi mara, Can.; with 3- rarely 5-foliolate leaves, broadly winged 
petioles (on young shoots), the flowers in a terminal thyrsus, is an important 
timber-tree with strong wood in South India and Ceylon. 

V. Leucoxylon, Linn. fil. ; Roxb. 1. ¢. 74; Wight Ic. t. 1467 ; with lax axil- 
lary cymes, 5-foliolate coriaceous leaves and unwinged petioles, is a large tim- 
ber-tree in Burma, also found in South India and Ceylon. 


8. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge. 


1. C. Wallichiana, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 625.—Syn. Clerodendron 
odoratum, D. Don. Vern. Moni, Kamaon. 


A shrub with 4-sided glabrous branches ; extremities and young leaves 
pubescent. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate; blade 2-4 in., petiole $ in. long. Flowers sweet-scented, in 
short axillary dichotomous bracteate axillary cymes, opposite or in whorls 
of 4-6. Calyx parted into 5 lanceolate segments with distinct middle 
nerves. Corolla-tube twice the length of calyx; limb bilabiate, upper 
lip 2-fid, lower 3-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled. Cap- 
sule dry, surrounded by the somewhat enlarged calyx, separating when 
ripe into 4 valves, each with a l-seeded kernel attached to the inside of 
the valve, so that the kernels appear to have a narrow winged edge. 


Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 3000 ft. Salt 
range. Ouch forests in ravines. FI. April; the seed ripens soon after flower- 
ing. 


9. HOLMSKIOLDIA, Retz. 


1. H. sanguinea, Retz.; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 140.—Syn. Hastingia 
coccinea, Koenig; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 65. Vern. Kul tolia, Kamaon. 


A large woody climber with showy flowers. Leaves opposite, petiolate, 
ovate, crenate. Calyx membranous, scarlet tinged with orange, tube 
short, limb large, circular, 1 in. diameter, entire. Corolla tubular, curved. 
Stamens exserted. 


Outer Himalaya, Sutlej to Assam, ascending to 3000 ft. Fl. Oct.-Dec, 


Avicennia. | LX. VERBENACEZ. 371 


10. AVICENNIA, Linn. 


1. A. officinalis, Linn.—Syn. A. tomentosa, Jacq. ; Wight Ic. t. 1481 ; 
Wall. Pl. As, rar. t. 271. 


A small tree or large shrub, with thick fleshy branchlets and opposite 
coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate leaves. Flowers yellow, sessile, in rounded 
heads. Calyx of 5 sepals, supported by ovate ciliate bracts. Corolla- 
tube short, limb of 4 nearly equal segments. Capsule compressed, ovate, 
mucronate, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Radicle woolly, cotyledons thick, fleshy, 
folded. The seed often germinates on the tree. 


Salt marshes on the coasts of the peninsula, the Red Sea, Africa, Burma, 
Australia, Fl. April, May. i 


North America the root of P. decandra is used medicinally as an emetic, pur- 
gative, and narcotic. 

P. dioica, Linn. (Pircunia dioica, Moq.), known as Bella Sombra, is a fast- 
growing tree with thick-based trunk and soft coarse-grained fibrous wood, indi- 
genous in La Plata and Brazil, grown (in avenues) in Spain, Gibraltar, Malta, 
and introduced to Bombay and Calcutta. 


Orper LXI. POLYGONEZ. 


Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with alternate simple stipulate leaves. 
Stipules usually sheathing the stem (ochreate). Flowers small herma- 
phrodite or unisexual. Perianth herbaceous or coloured, 3-6-lobed or 
3-6-phyllous, lobes or leaves 1- or 2-seriate, equal or inner series larger. 


372 LXI, POLYGONEA. [ Calligonum 


Stamens perigynous or subhypogynous, usually 6, 9, 10, rarely more, 
alternate with the perianth-lobes when 1l-seriate. Ovary usually free, 
compressed or trigonous, rarely 4-gonous, l-celled, with a solitary erect 
ovule. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Seed albuminous ; albumen farinaceous. 
—Royle Il. 313. 


Stamens 10-20; nut setose or echinate . “ : . 1. CALLIGONUM. 
Stamens 6-8 ; nut smooth, enclosed within the accrescent 
inner perianth-leaves > . ; : ; ‘ ATRAPHAXIS (p. 873). 


1, CALLIGONUM, Linn. 


Nearly leafless, much-branched shrubs. Flowers hermaphrodite.  Peri- 
anth 5-partite, scarcely or not at all accrescent. Stamens 10 or more. 
Styles 4; stigmas capitate. Nuts subtetragonous, with numerous closely 
forking setze disposed in 8-16 vertical series. 


1. ©. polygonoides, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xiv. 29.—Syn. C. comosum, 
L’Heritier in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 180. Vern. Balanja, berwaja, tatuke, 
Afg.; Phok, phog, Pb., Sindh and Shekhawatti (flowers phogal). 


A glabrous, almost leafless shrub, with numerous branches, which are 
grey or reddish grey, flexuose and twisted, branchlets often fascicled, 
green and shining when young, internodes 1-2 in. long. Stipules short, 
sheathing, thinly membranous, transparent. Leaves scarce, subulate, very 
small. Flowers small, numerous, on filiform pedicels, in fascicles of 2-5 
from the axils of the sheathing stipules. Perianth deciduous, deeply cleft 
into 5 thin obtuse membranous segments, red with broad white edges, 
the 2 outer somewhat smaller. Stamens 10, filaments dilated and pubes- 
cent at base. Nuts oblong, $ in. long, densely covered with long filiform, 
twice or thrice dichotomously branching sete, 4 in. long, placed in 8-16 
longitudinal lines, their base thickened and confluent so as to form irregu- 
larly-shaped crests. 


Common locally in the more arid parts of the Panjab plains, both cis- and 
trans-Indus, north as far as Lahore. Abundant west of Mozaiicen where 
it constitutes in places half the larger vegetation, the other half consisting 
of Salvadora oleowdes. Sindh all along the base of the hills. One of the most 
abundant and characteristic plants of the Bikanir desert. North-East Afghan- 
istan, ascending to 5000 ft. Persia, Arabia, Syria, Egypt, Algeria. Grows gen- 
erally in groups or clumps, often on hummocks, generally a small shrub 3-4 
ft. high, but when old, often arborescent, 12-15 ft. high, stems 2-3 ft. girth, with 
spreading branches. The young shoots come out about Feb., March, and the 
shrub is soon after covered with small pinkish flowers, filling the air with a strong - 
pleasant odour, as of over-ripe strawberries. The fruit ripensabout June. The 
bark of stem is whitish or reddish-grey, rough with broad, shallow furrows, inner 
substance red. The wood is red, with a tinge of brown, often mottled, fibrous 
and hard. Heartwood distinct; of darker colour. In the Panjab it is only 
used as fuel, but in Bikanir twigs and branches are much employed for walls 
and roofs of huts. Most old stems are hollow, even those under 4 in. diam. 
The abortive flowers, which fall in great numbers, are (in the South Panjab, and 
sometimes in Sindh) swept up, made into bread, or cooked with ghee, and eaten. 
The shoots and branchlets are eagerly browsed by goats and camels. 


Atraphazxis. | LXI. POLYGONEA. 373 


Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn. (A. afghanica, Meissner, DC. Prodr. xiv. 76), is a 
thorny shrub, with small thick ovate leaves, }-4 in. long, perianth 4-cleft to the 
base, the outer segments smaller, remaining unchanged, and reflexed when the 
seed ripens, the two inner enlarged in fruit into 2 broad-ovate, reticulate 
wings, r in. diam., closely adpressed to, but much larger than the flat nut, which 
is enclosed by them. Dry stony hills in Afghanistan and Beluchistan, and 
throughout Western Asia. 


One of the few trees belonging to this Order is Coccoloba uvifera, Sea-side 
grape, common on the sea-shore of the West Indies, introduced to Calcutta. 

eaves broad-cordate, fruit reddish-purple, pear-shaped, sweetish, acid, in 
drooping racemes, consisting of the fleshy perianth, which encloses a solitary 
seed. Wood light, used in cabinet-work. 


Orper LXII. LAURINEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, more or less aromatic, with alternate exstipulate, rarely 
opposite, usually entire and evergreen leaves. Perianth regular, deeply 6- 
sometimes 4-cleft, segments equal or the outer ones smaller, imbricate in 
bud. Stamens normally 12, biseriate, those of the inner series opposite 
to those of the outer, and to the segments of the perianth, usually how- 
ever half or more of the inner or outer stamens are wanting, or reduced 
to short staminodia. Anthers adnate, cells 2 collateral or 2 pairs super- 
posed, each cell opening by a valve. Ovary free, 1-celled, rarely imper- 
fectly 2-celled (adnate in Hernandia), ovules 1, rarely 2 or 3, pendulous ; 
style simple ; stigma dilated. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe, often sup- 
ported by the persistent perianth or base of perianth. Seed pendulous, 
exalbuminous ; testa membranous ; cotyledons thick, oily, filling the seed 
and enclosing the plumula and short superior radicle-—Royle Il. 324. 


Flowers usually bisexual ; anthers 4-celled, those of the inner 
stamens extrorse. 

Berry supported by the persistent cup-shaped, truncate or 
dentate base of perianth . : , : - ‘ 

Berry supported by the entire 6-cleft perianth, which is in- 
durated and somewhat enlarged . ; : : . 

Berry supported by the entire 6-cleft, not indurated, spread- 
ing or reflexed perianth : ; , : i 

Flowers bisexual ; anthers 2-celled, those of the inner stamens 
lateral ; fruit large, base imperfectly 2-celled. . . 4. BBILSCHMIEDIA, 
Flowers dioicous ; anthers 4-celled, all introrse. 

Flowers in pedunculate heads, enclosed in an involucre of 4-6 
bracts ; flower-heads arranged in corymbs racemes or 
clusters 3 ; : ‘ ; F ; : ; 

Flowers in sessile or subsessile clusters, enclosed (in bud) by 
deciduous imbricate bracts . " e F ; . 6. Lisa. 

Flowers dioicous ; anthers 2-celled, all introrse ; s . 7%. DAPHNIDIUM. 


Several American trees of this Order yield excellent timber. The Greenheart of 
Demerara, Nectandra Rodict, Schomb., is a splendid timber, hard heavy close- 
grained and exceedingly durable. It is not attacked by Zeredo navalis. The 
bark (Bebeeru bark) is used as a febrifuge in Guiana, and has been found to con- 
tain an alkaloid (Beberia), which has been identified with the alkaloid in the bark 
of Buxus sempervirens, and in Pareira Brava (the root of Chondodendron tomen- 
tosum, Ruiz et Pavon, not of Cissampelos Parevra, as erroneously stated on p. 10. 
It is believed that Beberia is with Quenine an ingredient of Warburg’s drops. 


1. CINNAMOMUM. 
2. PHBE. 


8. MACHILUS. 


5. TETRANTHERA. 


374 LXII, LAURINEZ. [ Cinnamomuin. 


1. CINNAMOMUM, Burman. 


Evergreen trees or shrubs, bark and leaves more or less aromatic. 
Leaves opposite or alternate, 3-nerved or penniveined. Flowers in ax- 
illary or terminal panicles, often unisexual. Segments of perianth 6 
(sometimes more by the transformation of the outer stamens). Stamens 
biseriate, the outer series consisting of 6 perfect stamens, with introrse 4- 
celled anthers, each cell opening by a valve, the inner series of 3 perfect 
stamens with twin glands at their base, and extrorse sometimes 2-celled 
anthers, and 3 short staminodia, alternating with the stamens. Ovary 
free; style filiform, terminating in an obtuse, discoid, often oblique, some- 
times 3-dentate stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, supported and surrounded 
at the foot by the persistent base of the truncate or 6-toothed perianth. 


Leaves opposite or subopposite, 3-nerved ; persistent base of 


perianth 6-dentate (Section Malabathrum) . : . 1. C. Tamala. 
Leaves alternate, penniveined ; persistent base of perianth 
truncate (Section Camphora) . : : 5 . 2. C. glanduliferum. 


1. C. Tamala, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 17.—Syn. C. albiflorum, Nees ; 
Wight Ic. t. 140. Laurus Tamala, Hamilton ; L.fCassia, Roxb. FI. Ind. 
ii. 297 (not of Willd.) Vern. Dalchini, Pb.,N.W.P.; Kirkiria, kikra, 
sinkamt, silkauti, N.W.P. 


A handsome, moderate-sized tree ; young twigs 4-sided, greenish grey, 
glabrous, smooth. Leaves subcoriaceous, opposite or subopposite, rarely 
alternate, elliptic-oblong, from an acute base acuminate, 3-6 in. long, 


glabrous, shining, the midrib dividing some distance (up to } in.) above ~ 


the base into 3 longitudinal nerves, joined by distinct reticulate veins. 
Flowers whitish, numerous, in axillary and terminal pubescent panicles, 
pedicels as long as calyx. Calyx silky-pubescent, lobes membranous, 
with 3-7 distinct longitudinal nerves, ovate-oblong, obtuse, separating in a 
transverse line above the base, but below the middle, and falling off after 
flowering. Berry black when ripe, succulent, ovoid, 4 in. long, sup- 
ported by the 5-lobed somewhat thickened base of the calyx. 


Himalaya from 3000 to 7800 ft., common east of the Sutlej, extending 
sparingly to near the Indus. Kasia hills, Silhet, Tipperah, Burma, also in 
Queensland (Australia).- Generally in shady, moist glens, not gregarious, but 
scattered in mixed forests. The leaves are renewed in May, and at that period 
the tree is conspicuous by the delicate pink colour of the young foliage. FI. 
Feb., March, often on to April, May ; the fruit ripens June-Oct., frequently re- 
maining on the tree for months. Growth probably slow. . 

Attains 40 ft., with a straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth, bark compact, aromatic, 
brown or with a yellow tinge, with numerous whitish specks and blotches, 
wrinkled but not marked by cracks, fissures or furrows. The leaves have a fine 
aromatic smell and taste, stronger when dry. Wood light-brown, mottled, even- 
grained, with a glossy surface. The bark, especially that of the root, is used 
medicinally, and exported to the plains as tajkalmz, tajkalam, but under this 
name the bark of other sp. of Cinnamomum also is sold. The leaves also 


| 


Cinnamomum. | LXII. LAURINEZ. 375 


are medicinal, and are sold under the name of tezpat, tajpat.—(Pharm. Ind. 
196. 

Closely allied ;to this species is C’. zeylanicum, Breyn ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 13— 
Syn. Laurus Cinnamomum, Roxb. ii. 295, the true or Ceylon Cinnamon-tree, 
distinguished by thick coriaceous leaves, pale beneath, with 3 main nerves from 
the base, large terminal flower-panicles, and coriaceous calyx-lobes, without nerves, 
separating at about the middle from the lower half, which is persistent. ‘The 
flowers have an unpleasant smell. The true Cinnamon is indigenous in the 
forests of Ceylon, ascending to 8000 ft. Cultivated in Ceylon, and in other 
tropical countries. According to Leschenault de la Tour, Mémoires du Muséum 
WVhistoire naturelle, viii. (1822); 436, and notes on the subject collected during 
a late visit to Ceylon, which I owe to the kindness of Dr George King, the Cin- 
namon tree in Ceylon is generally grown in irregular coppice-woods, pure or 
mixed with other shrubs. Some of the stools are of great age and girth, and are 
said to have been planted by the Dutch when they held the island. The for- 
mation of fresh Cinnamon coppice is thus described by Leschenault de la Tour: 
The tree flowers more or less Gitptont the year, but most abundantly in Jan., 
Feb., and the fruit ripens from June to August. The seeds, which are oily, do 
not long retain their vitality ; they are sown soon after ripening, either in nur- 
series to be transplanted in Oct. or Nov., or onthe spot in plots about 1 ft. square 
and 6-7 ft. apart. The plants attain 7-8 ft. in 6-7 years, and those which are 
then fit to be peeled are cut, and the shoots which spring up are thinned out 
when they are 2, 3, or 4 years old, or even at an earlier age. They are not cut 
when less than 4 in., or more than 2} in. diam. The whole growing crop in 
one plotis never cut over at once, as would, for instance, be done in a regularly 
managed Oak coppice-wood, but those shoots only are selected which appear 
fit to be used, and are in such a state as to be peeled readily. The main 
point attended to seems to be, to cut the shoots when quite young and tender; 
it is said that the bark of the older shoots yields inferior Cinnamon (G. King). 
The cutting is done during the rainy season, between May and October; the 
bark is peeled off after cutting in 3 or 4 long narrow strips from each shoot; it 
is then tied tightly together in parcels, and left for 24 hours. At the end of this 
time the epidermis and the outer bark are removed, and the inner bark, which is 
the aromatic and valuable part, is dried, the first day in the shade, the second 
day in the sun, when it gradually rolls up, forming the quills of Cinnamon, 
which are placed into each other and tied in bundles. The fruit of the Cinna- 
mon tree is eaten greedily by crows, pigeons, and other birds ; the seeds pass 
uninjured, and thus the spread’ and preservation of the tree is secured apart 
from the planted coppice- woods. Indeed, formerly almost all Cinnamon 
brought to market was from naturally-grown trees ; and to enable their Cinna- 
mon collectors to enter the forests beyond the limits of their own possessions, the 
Dutch concluded a treaty with the King of Candy: and it is said that planting 
was only resorted to when the supply from natural sources had become deficient. 


The following species, among others, are described by Meissner in De Can- 
_ dolle’s Prodromus as distinct; but they are so closely allied to the true Cin- 

namon that Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 253, and Bedd. Fl. Sylv. (under Cinn. 
Wightiz), consider them as mere varieties: 1. C’. obtusifolium, Nees (Laurus ob- 
tusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 302), a large tree, as large as a Mango, with opposite, 
thick coriaceous, elliptic-oblong leaves (6-12 in. long), which are often in fours 
under the large terminal spreading panicles, Indigenous in East Bengal and 
Burma. 2. C. imers, Reinward (LZ. mtida, Roxb., C. dubiwm, Nees) ; Wight Ic. 
t. 130, 122, 122 (bis), and 135, lateral nerves and reticulation indistinct. South 
India, Burma, East Bengal, Nepal, and (doubtfully) Kamaon. 3. C. Wighti¢ 
Meissner ; Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 262. Nilgiris. 


376 LXII. LAURINEA. [ Cinnamomum. 


2. ©. glanduliferum, Meissner ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 25.—Syn. Laurus 
glandulifera, Wall. Vern. Malligiri, marisgiri, Nepal. 


A large (probably) deciduous tree ; branchlets very glaucous when 
fresh ; leaf-buds large, ovoid, covered with ovate imbricate scales. Leaves 
alternate, thick-coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, penniveined, main lateral 
nerves 4-8 pair, narrowed into petiole ? in. long, blade 3-4 in. long ; small 
glandulose pits, generally hairy, in the axils of the lateral nerves. Flowers 
small, yellowish-green, fragrant, in axillary grey-pubescent corymbs, several 
corymbs approximate near the ends of branchlets. Berry supported by 
the truncate base of perianth. } 


East Bengal (Chittagong, Silhet, Sikkim). Nepal, 6000-8000 ft. (Chandagiri, 
south, and Sheopore, north of the Nepal valley), Petora in Kamaon (about 5000 
ft.) Fl. May, June. Attains 60-80 ft., with a straight erect trunk of 12 ft. 
girth and above. Foliage dense, shady. Bark 1-2 in. thick, the outside cracked 
and spongy ; inner substance of a fine cinnamon colour, regularly striped with 
white lines, owing to a number of parallel layers of a white resinous substance. 
The smell and taste of the bark, while fresh, is extremely aromatic and pleas- 
ant, somewhat pungent, resembling that of Sassafras; that of the root is 
more powerfully scented than the bark of trunk and branches. Wood pale- 
yellow, very light, not strong; while fresh it has a strong smell of Camphor, 
like that of which the China camphor-wood trunks are made, becoming by age 
somewhat fainter, but more agreeable, resembling that of the bark. Grows 
freely at Calcutta.—Wall, in Transactions of Medical and Physical Society, vol. 
i., 1823, p. 5. 


C. Camphora, Nees & Ebermaier ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 24—Syn. Zaurus cam- 
phorifera, Keempfer'; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 304, Camphora oficinarum, Bauh. ; 
Wight Ic. t. 1818 ; the Japan Camphor-tree, belongs to the same section, but 
has longer-petiolate leaves, main lateral nerves 2-3 pair, the lowest pair pro- 
ceeding from near the base of the leaf. Camphor is a crystalline volatile 
substance, in chemical composition akin to volatile oils, which is obtained by 
boiling chips of the wood and roots with water, when the crude camphor is 
sublimed with the steam and deposited on straw, with which the head of the 
retort is filled. It is afterwards purified by sublimation with lime or chalk. 
The tree. attains a considerable size, and is indigenous in China, Japan, and 
Cochin-China ; some of the China camphor-wood trunks sold in Calcutta are 
made of it. 


The Sassafras tree, Sassafras officinale, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 171, belongs 
to a different tribe of this Order : it is a large dioicous tree, the male flowers have 
9 fertile stamens, all with introrse anthers, and without staminodia, the female 
flowers have 6 short sterile stamina, the leaves are obovate, with cuneate basis, 
often 3-lobed. Bark and wood of the root are fragrant and a valuable medi- 
cine (Pharm. Ind, 192). North America, from Canada to Florida. 


2, PHGiBE, Nees. 


Shrubs and trees (always?) evergreen. Leaves alternate, penniveined. 
Flowers bisexual, in axillary panicles, bracts deciduous.. Perianth funnel- 
shaped, 6-cleft. Stamens biseriate, the outer series consisting of 6 perfect 
stamens opposite to the segments of the perianth, with introrse, 4-celled 
anthers, the cells opening by valves ; the inner series of 3 perfect stamens, 


as 


Phebe. | LXIIl. LAURINE. 377 


with twin glands at their base, and extrorse anthers, alternating with 3 
short staminodia. Ovary free ; style filiform, stigma discoid. Fruit a 
l-seeded berry, supported by the persistent, somewhat enlarged and in- 
durated 6-cleft perianth, fruit-bearing pedicel thickened. 


1. P. lanceolata, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1821.—Syn. Laurus lanceolaria, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 309 ; Ocotea lanceolata, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. rar. ii. 
71. Vern. Chan, chandra, badror, shalanghi, Pb.; Haulia, dandora, 
kawal, sin kauwal, bilphari, N.W.P. 


A shrub or middle-sized tree, glabrous, only youngest branchlets pu- 
bescent. Leaves alternate, often approximate and subverticillate at the 
base of the flower-panicles, lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, narrowed into a short 
petiole ; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, joined by more or less prominent 
reticulate veins. Flowers pale yellow, in lax pedunculate axillary panicles, 
often congregated in the axils of the upper leaves, pedicels a little longer 
than perianth. Perianth glabrous outside, the segments acute, edge finely 
ciliate, hairy inside. Inner series of stamens and staminodia hairy, stam- 
inodia obtusely sagittate, on a short stalk. Fruit black, succulent, oblong- 
ovoid, } in. long. 


Outer Himalayan ranges, from Bhutan to the Jumna, ascending to 6000 ft. 
(west to the Jhelam, not common, J.L.S.) Kasia hills, Silhet, Upper Burma 
(Bhamo on the Irawaddi). Fl. Feb.-June ; the fruit ripens June-July. 

P. pallida, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 34, a small tree with pubescent panicles 
and perianth, and somewhat more coriaceous leaves, is probably only a pubes- 
cent variety ; I can find no other distinguishing characters. Kamaon, Nepal, 
ascending to 5000 ft. Moist ravines of eastern Oudh forests. Fl. June. 

P. paniculata, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 37—Syn. P. villosa, Wight Ic. t. 
1822; Laurus villosa, Roxb. ii. 310, (probably) with broader leaves, tomentose 
beneath, tomentose branchlets, petioles, and grey-hairy panicles and perianth, 
Nepal, Sikkim, Kasia hills, Kamaon? (Madden),* is closely allied to, if not 
identical with, P. Wightii, Meissner 1. ¢. 38 ; Wight Ic. t. 1820 (P. paniculata), 
of the Nilgiris. 


Similar in appearance is Apollonias Arnotti, Nees ; Wight Ic. t.1819 ; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t. 291, with 2-celled anthers, those of the 6 outer stamens introrse, 
of the 3 inner ones extrorse. Berry $in. long. Tinnevelly, Travancore ghats, 
Malabar (Beddome), 


3. MACHILUS, Rumphius. 


Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, penniveined. Flowers bisexual, in 
terminal and lateral panicles. Perianth divided to the base into 6 biseriate 


* «¢There (towards the summit of the Kamola Ghat, above the Kotah Doon) is also 
a species of Hmbelia, with fruit in umbels (probably H. robusta, Roxb., D.B.), and a 
handsome shrub, T'etranthera fruticosa, or apetala, which also grows at Pinagiri, 
below Gangoli, &c., and is sometimes known as the Gar-bijaur, or wild Citron, and 
Maida or meda-lakri; but the tree particularly so designated, pointed out to me near 
Ramesar, appeared to be Laurus villosa, Roxb., and its hill-name Kapua kauwal.”— 
Madden in As. Soc. Journ. xvii. i. 391. At p. 587 he mentions the same vernac- 
ular name (Kapua kauawal), as L. tomentosa? Sarda (Sarju) river at the Gangoli or 
Shera bridge (2500 ft. elev.) 


378 LXIU. LAURINEA. [ Machilus. 


segments, persistent, but not changed in fruit. Stamens biseriate, the 
outer series of 6 perfect stamens, opposite to the segments of the perianth, 
anthers introrse, 4-celled, the cells opening upwards by valves ; the inner 
series of 3 perfect stamens with twin glands at their base and extrorse 
anthers, alternating with 3 short staminodia ; stamens and staminodia of 
the inner opposite to the stamens of the outer series. Ovary free; style 
filiform, stigma discoid. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, supported by the per- 
sistent, often reflexed, segments of the perianth. 


1. M. odoratissima, Nees.—Syn. Laurus odoratissima, Wall. Vern. 
Dalchini, mith-patta (sweet leaf), prora, badror, Pb.; Kawala, N.W.P. 


A middle-sized or large tree with deep-green foliage. Leaves glabrous, 
shining, lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, petiole $ in. long, main lateral nerves 
15-20 on either side of midrib, often alternating with shorter intermedi- 
ate nerves, veins very finely and uniformly reticulate, raised so as to leave 
minute hollows between. Flowers pale yellow, fragrant. Perianth 4 in, 
long, the inner segments a little longer than the outer ones, peduncles, 
pedicels and outside of perianth with soft silky hairs. Berry ovoid, $ in. 
long, dark purple when ripe. 


Outer Himalayan ranges, ascending to 7000 ft. in the north-west, and to 8000 
ft.in Sikkim. Is found, although rare, as far north as Hazara. Kasia hills, 
Burma, Fl. March-Aug. The leaves have a pleasant orange-like aroma, they 
have frequently small rounded excrescences. 

M. macrantha, Nees ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 264; Wight Ic. t. 1824 (probably 
the same species as M/. glaucescens, Wight Ic. t. 1825), a small tree with 
elliptic thick-coriaceous glaucous leaves, grows on the Western Ghats, and the 
Nilgiris (Dalzell Bombay Fl. 221). 


Persea gratissima, Gertn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1823 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4580; the Avo- 
cado or Alligator Pear, is a large tree, indigenous in South America, introduced 
into tropical India (fr. July-Aug. in Calcutta), has paniculate greenish-white 
flowers, similar to those of Machilus, and a pear-shaped fruit 4-6 in. long, with 
a large seed in a soft butyraceous pulp. The perianth falls off before the fruit 
ripens. In the West Indies and South America the fruit is eaten raw or as a 
vegetable. 


4, BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees. 


Trees with subopposite or alternate penniveined leaves. Flowers bisex- 
ual, in short axillary racemes. Perianth deeply 6-cleft, deciduous. Outer 
circle of 6 perfect stamens, opposite to the segments of the perianth, gen- 
erally alternating with small glands ; anthers introrse, the inner circle of _ 
3 perfect stamens, with lateral, semi-extrorse anthers alternating with 3 _ 
short staminodia; anthers 2-celled, valves opening upwards. Ovary in- 
completely 2-celled, with 3 ovules ; style filiform,“stigma discoid. Fruit 
a dry oblong 1-seeded berry, base incompletely 2-celled. 


1. B. Roxburghiana, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 63; Wight Ic. t. 1828. 
—Syn. Laurus bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 311. Vern. Konhdiah, — 
Oudh. 


Beilschmiedia. | LXII. LAURINEA. 379 


A small evergreen tree with dark-green shady foliage. Leaves glabrous, 
shining, thick-coriaceous, subopposite or alternate, 4-6 in. long, elliptic- 
oblong, main lateral nerves 6-8 on either side of midrib, joined by promi- 
nent reticulate veins, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers whitish, in short axil- 
lary racemes, peduncles, pedicels and perianth pubescent, stamens strigose, 
with short white hairs, glands and staminodes yellow, thick, fleshy, stipi- 
tate. Berry 2 in. long, dark purple when ripe, with much whitish grey 
bloom, which rubs off easily, pulp pale yellow. 


Burma, East Bengal, Nepal, Oudh forests (sparingly in moist shady ravines 
of the Gonda and Baraich district), Durga Deo forest in Kamaon ? leaves only, 
D.B. Fl. April. Attains 30 ft. and 6 ft. girth. Bark smoothish, grey or 
brown, peeling off in small corky scales, inner substance red, 3 in. thick. Heart- 
wood small, dark grey, sapwood white. 


B. fagifolia, Nees ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 263 ; of Canara and the Konkan, is 
very similar. Dalzell, Bombay FI. 222, refers the tree of the Bombay Ghats to 
B. Roxburghiana. 


5, TETRANTHERA, Jacq. 


Trees or shrubs with alternate, rarely subopposite leaves. Flowers 
dioicous, in small umbels or clusters (flower-heads), enclosed in bud by 
an involucre of 4-6 large concave deciduous imbricate bracts, arranged in 
short racemes or clusters, axillary, or in the axils of fallen leaves. Peri- 
anth-segments usually 6, equal or nearly so, sometimes wanting. Male 
flowers : stamens 9-12, sometimes more, all polleniferous ; filaments of the 
inner stamens with 2 glands at the base, anthers 4-celled, those of the 
inner stamens sometimes 2-celled. Female flowers: ovary free, 1-celled, 
l-ovuled ; stigma dilated and lobed, staminodes sterile or wanting. Berry 
supported by the flattened or cup-shaped base of the perianth. 


Perianth of a few hairy subulate deciduous segments, or want- 
ing; flower-heads in pedunculate umbels or corymbs . L. ZT. laurifolia. 
Perianth 6-cleft ; flower-heads in sessile umbels or clusters . 2. 7. monopetala. 


1. T. laurifolia, Jacq. ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 178.—Syn. T. apetala, 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 147; Fl. Ind. iii. 819; 7. Roxburghti, Nees. Vern. 
Maida, meda lakri,* Pb., N.W.P.; Gwa, rian, chandra, Pb.; Gar 
bijaur,* singrauf, N.W.P.; Medh, Oudh;'Ménda, C.P.; Ungdungnet, 

urm. 


A middle-sized evergreen tree, very variable, branchlets inflorescence 
and leaves more or less pubescent, the older Jeaves often glabrate. Leaves 
alternate, ovate ovate-lanceolate elliptic- or obovate-oblong, pale beneath, 


* Madden (see footnote to p. 877) gives these names to 7’. fruticosa, Roxb. But 
this is a shrub with racemose flower-heads, probably synonymous with 7’. glabrata, 
Wall. (Lepidadenia glabrata, Wight Ic. t. 1838) ; and 7. Panamonja, Hamilton ; 
Wight Ic. t. 1836 ; DC, Prodr. xv. i. 197. Roxburgh’s 7. fruticosa is from Silhet 
(fl. June-July) ; L. glabrata from the Pulneys, the Nilgiris, and Mergui (Wight) ; 
— ements has been found in Assam, Mergui, and (according to Wight) near 

ourtallum. 


380 LXII. LAURINEA. | Tetranthera. 


blade 5-10 in., petiole 4-2 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, joined 
by prominent reticulate veins. Flower-heads yellowish, in pedunculate 
umbels or corymbs, generally as long as petiole, or a little longer, partial 
peduncles shorter than common peduncle, flowers 8-12, rarely less, on 
slender pedicels ; involucre of 4 rounded concave membranous bracts, 
in. long ; involucre, pedicels and peduncles grey-tomentose with soft long 
hairs. Perianth-segments very irregular, generally wanting. Filaments 
hairy, with long soft hairs. Berry subglobose, + in. diam., black and 
almost dry when ripe, supported by the thickened club-shaped pedicel 
and base of perianth. 


Common in the shady parts of the Oudh forests, scarce in the Central Pro- 
vinces, abundant in Kamaon and Garhwal, ascending to 4500 ft., often in Sal 
forests, not uncommon in the outer Himalaya to the Ravi. Panjab Salt range, 
ascending to 2500 ft. South India, Ceylon, Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago, 
China, North Australia, and Queensland. Fl. June-July, the leaves are re- 
newed April-May. Numerous forms of this extremely variable tree have been 
described ; a marked variety from Garhwal (T. Thomson, June 1845), Patlidoon 
and Lalldang (April 1863, D.B.), has elliptic-lanceolate leaves, clothed with 
dense grey tomentum, but there are intermediate forms which undoubtedly 
belong to 7’. laurzfolia. ‘A similar variety has been found in Canara (Dr 
Ritchie, May 1853). 7’. tomentosa, Roxb.; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 177 ; Wight Ie. 
t. 1834, of South India, the leaves of which resemble this variety, has solitary 
flower-heads, and is quite different, though Dalzell, Bomb. Fl. 222, seems to 
make it synonymous with apetala. 

Attains 40-50 ft. and a girth of 4-5 ft. Bark 1 in. thick, dark grey or brown- 
ish, somewhat excavated by the exfoliation of dark, rough scales, not marked 
by cracks or furrows. Inner bark brown, viscid, and glutinous. The leaves 
when bruised have a smell of cinnamon. Wood greyish brown, close- and 
even-grained, durable, not very hard, no distinct heartwood. Medullary rays 
fine, numerous, pores small, numerous, surrounded by patches of white 
tissue. The bark, of this and of the next sp., is sold and exported to the plains 
under the name of Meda-lakri, given medicinally and applied externally (bruised 
and mixed with goat’s milk) on sprains and bruises. 


2. T. monopetala, Roxb.-Tab. XLV.—Cor. Pl. t. 148 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 
821.—Syn. T. macrophylla, Wall. Vern. Meda (maida) lakri, plains of 
North India; Gwa, Pb.; Singraf, sangran, marda, kat marra, kakuri, 
kerauli, patoia, N.W.P. ; Katmoria (the male), papria (the female tree), 


Ganges above Hardwar (Hardwicke As. Res. vol. vi. 378); Randkarri, 


katmédh, Oudh ; Mendah, Gonds of Balaghat ; Ungduwng, Burm. 


A middle-sized evergreen tree, branchlets, under side of leaves, and in- 
florescence with slight, often rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves alternate, 
elliptic-oblong, acute, blade 4-8 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, main lateral 
nerves 8-10 pair. Flower-heads whitish, pedunculate, in sessile or sub- 
sessile axillary clusters, peduncles shorter than petioles, flowers 5-6 on 
short hairy pedicels ; involucre of 5 rounded concave membranous bracts, 
4 in. long. Perianth 5-6 cleft, membranous. Stamens 9-13; filaments 
hairy, the inner shorter with a pair of kidney-shaped glands at the base. 
Berry ovoid, ¢ in. long, black when ripe, supported by the spreading, some- 
what enlarged base of the perianth. 


1 

’ 

¥) 
4 


i a 


finn 


Tetranthera. | LXII. LAURINEZ. 381 


Abundant in the Oudh forests, sparingly on the Satpura range, not uncom- 
mon in Kamaon and Garhwal, Siwaliks and sub-Himalayan tract west to 
the Ravi, ascending to 3200 ft. Salt range to 3000 ft. Extends farther north 
than T. laurifolia. Bengal, Burma (everywhere in the plains and the valleys 
of the principal rivers). South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. Fl. March- 
May, the leaves are renewed about the same time ; the fruit ripens June-July. 
Generally found in ravines on the banks of streams, or on rich deep soil. 

Attains 30-40 ft., trunk short, erect, 4-6 ft. girth, generally hollow when old. 
Bark dark grey, smooth, but scabrous with elevated white dots, the older parts 
with reticulate cracks, exfoliating in corky scales. The leaves are often beset 
with round hollow galls or excrescences. Pith large, wood whitish, pale yellow 
or brown, heartwood distinct, darker coloured (R. Th.) Is used for ordinary 
agricultural or domestic purposes. The bark has an astringent and somewhat 
aromatic taste, and is used in native medicine. The leaves when bruised have 
a smell of cinnamon ; silkworms are fed with them. 

T. Doshia, Don Fl. Nep. 65.—Syn. 7’. oblonga, Wall. ; Cylicodaphne ob- 
longa, Meissner ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 205; Lepidadenia Griffithiz, Wight Ic. t. 
1846, is an evergreen tree with oblong-lanceolate glabrous leaves, 6-9 in. long, 
flower-heads on long slender pedicels in sessile or short-pedunculate axillary 
corymbs ; berries half immersed in the cup-shaped persistent perianth. Nepal, 
Assam, Malay peninsula, Canara. 


Dodecadenia grandiflora, Nees; DC. Prodr, xv. i, 210, is a tree with penni- 
veined lanceolate glabrous leaves, with fine prominent reticulation, and large 
solitary (or twin) subsessile axillary flowers, surrounded by numerous imbri- 
cate pubescent bud-scales, berry ovoid, $ in. long, supported by the flat, persis- 
tent base of the perianth. Kamaon, East Himalaya. 


Actinodaphne is a large genus nearly allied to Dodecadenia and Tetranthera. 
The flowers are in lateral clusters, generally pedicellate, enclosed (in bud), by 
imbricate bracts. The leaves are penniveined, whorled at the ramifications and 
at the ends of branches, and the branchlets are mostly whorled likewise. A. 
Hookeri, Meissner ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 296—Syn. A. lanceolata, Dalz. Bombay 
Fl. 312, is a large shrub, with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, glabrous, dark 
green and shining above, glaucous beneath, young shoots and petioles rusty- 
tomentose, common along the Western Ghats of Canara and Sattara, and 
particularly abundant in the Mahableshwar forest, also found by Beddome in 
the North Arcot and Cadapah forests. A. angustifolia, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 
1841, similar in habit to the preceding, but the leaves rusty-tomentose beneath. 
Courtallum, Nilgiris, East Bengal, Burma, where it is common in the evergreen 


en cae of the Pegu Yomah and other hills (Shwoaygjo and Nalingjo, 
urm, 


6. LITSABGA, Juss. 


Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, often whorled and crowded at 
the ends of branches, usually penniveined; main lateral nerves not 
numerous, and the lowest pair often proceeding from near the base and 
more prominent, so as to make the leaves appear triplinerved. Flowers 
dioicous, pedicellate, in sessile or nearly sessile lateral clusters, surround- 
ed by deciduous bracts which are imbricate in bud. Perianth-segments 
usually 4. Stamens of the male flower usually 4 in the outer, and 2 in the 
inner circle, all perfect, anthers 4-celled, introrse, the lower pair of anther- 
cells often lateral; a pair of glands at the base of each of the two inner 


382 LXII. LAURINEA. | Litseea. 


stamens ; no staminodes. (Sometimes 3 stamens in the inner circle, 2 of 
which have single glands only.) No stamens in the female flower. 
Berry supported by the persistent base of perianth, 


Leaves often whorled, 6-12 in. long, triplinerved . . 1. L. lanuginosa, 
Leaves alternate, 4-6 in. long, penniveined . d . 2. L. zeylanica. 


1. L. lanuginosa, Nees; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 221.—Syn. Tetranthera 
lanuginosa, Wall. Vern. Kalban, Pb.; Kokra, N.W.P. 


_ A middle-sized, evergreen tree, with large leaf-buds, enclosed by imbri- 
cate, soft-pubescent scales. Leaves often glabrous, coriaceous, lanceolate, 
acuminate, 6-12 in. long, narrowed into petiole 1 in. long, midrib divided 
some distance (4 in.) above the base into 3 main nerves, the middle 
nerve penniveined in the upper half of the leaf. Flowers on hairy pedi- 
cels 4 in. long, in dense sessile lateral clusters. Perianth campanulate, 
villous outside ; segments ovate, acute. Glands of interior anthers stipi- 
tate. Berry oblong, acute at both ends, 4 in. long. 


Outer Himalaya, Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 6000 ft., very spar- 
ingly north to the Indus (J.L.8.) Fl. June. 


2. L. zeylanica, Nees; Benth. Fl. Austr. v. 307 ; Wight Ic. t. 132, t. 
1844.—Syn. L. consimilis, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 223; also L. foliosa, 
Nees, and ZL. wmbrosa, Nees. Vern. Chirndi, shalanglu, rauli, chilotu, 
charkha, Pb. ; Kanwal(a), titbora, sara, jhatela, chirara, chirchira, 
NoW. 2. 


A middle-sized evergreen tree, glabrous, only leaf-buds and pedicels 
pubescent. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, 4-6 in. 
long, on petiole 4 in. long, lanceolate, penniveined, but the lowest pair 
often more prominent than the others. Flowers yellowish-white, pedi- 
cellate, in dense sessile lateral 6-12-flowered clusters. Perianth funnel- 
shaped, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate, pedicels and outside of perianth 
pubescent, rarely glabrous. Glands of interior anthers sessile. Be 
subglobose, 4 in. diam., on slender pedicels $ in. long. I follow Bentham 
in identifying the North Indian form with the tropical, L. zeylanica and 
foliosa. The only difference that I can trace is, that L. consimilis has 
always penniveined leaves, hairy pedicels, obtuse perianth-segments, and 
subglobose berries on slender pedicels ; whereas in the tropical form the 
- leaves are generally triplinerved, the pedicels are sometimes glabrous, the 
perianth -segments often acute, and the fruit is occasionally ovoid on 
- thick pedicels. Farther examination of the trees on the spot is needed 
to decide whether there are two or several species, and how they should 
be defined. Roxburgh’s Laurus involucrata (top of the mountains, Coro- 
mandel coast), Cor. Pl. t. 187, is doubtless intended for this plant, but 
the figure and the description have clusters of 4-5 flowers only. 


L. consimilis grows in the Himalaya, apahen ais shady forests between 2000 
and 8000 ft. from the Chenab to Nepal, inland as far as Serahn and Poinda ‘ 
in Bussahir (Sept. 1864, D.B.) FI. March-May; fr. Sept-Oct. Attains 20-25 — 


4 
j 


-| 


Litscea. | LXII. LAURINEZ. 383 


ft., and a girth of 3-4 ft. Oil is extracted from the fruit, which is used for 
burning. 
L. tenis grows in Ceylon (to 6000 ft.), on the Western Ghats, the Nil- 
iris, and other mountains of South India, in Hong Kong, and in Queens- 
d. JL. foliosa and umbrosa, which I cannot distinguish from L. zeylanica, 
grow in East Bengal, South India, Burma, and the Malayan peninsula. Wood 
light reddish-brown, compact, even-grained, not heavy. Laurus involucrata 
“has much the appearance of Z. Camphora, every part of it smells strongly of 
camphor, the roots and berries exceedingly so, and are very acrid, the fresh bark, 
well bruised and mixed with pepper, is by the hill people employed to cure 
wounds. The leaves are triplinerved, and when they first appear, they are 
covered with a most beautiful soft satin-like, yellowish silver down” (Roxb. 
Cor, Pl. ii. p. 46). . 


7. DAPHNIDIUM, Nees. 


Trees or shrubs with alternate palminerved or penniveined leaves. 
Flowers dioicous, pedicellate, in sessile or nearly sessile lateral clusters, 
surrounded by deciduous bracts, which are imbricate in bud. Perianth- 
segments usually 6. Stamens of the male flowers usually 6 in the outer, 
and 3 in the inner circle, all perfect ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, a pair of 
glands at the base of each of the 3 inner stamens, no staminodes. Berry 
supported by the persistent base of perianth. 


Leaves glabrous, with 3 main nerves from the base . L. D. pulcherrimum. 
Leaves tomentose beneath, penniveined . ‘ ; . 2 D. bifarium. 


1. D. pulcherrimum, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i, 229.—Syn. Tetranthera 
pulcherrima, Wall. Vern. Dadia, N.W.P. 


An evergreen tree, wholly glabrous, except the inflorescence. Leaves 
thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, lanceolate, long-acuminate, apex linear, 
1 in. long, with 3 prominent main basal nerves, blade 4-6 in., petiole 4 
in. long, Flowers yellow, on short’ pedicels, numerous, in axillary sessile 
clusters, perianth and pedicels hairy. Berry ovoid, 4 in. long, on pedicels 
4 in. long. 

Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, between 4000 and 9000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl. March, 
April; fr. June-July. 


2. D. bifarium, Nees; 1. c, 231.—Syn. Tetranthera bifaria, Wall. 


An evergreen shrub or tree ; buds, under side of leaves and inflorescence 
rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, rusty- 
tomentose beneath, elliptic-oblong, 2-4 in. long, penniveined, petioles 
short. Flowers on short hairy pedicels, numerous, in axillary sessile 
clusters. Berries subglobose, 4 in. diam., supported by the flat, broad 
persistent base of the perianth, on short stalks. 


Kamaon, ascending to 5000 ft. Nepal, East Bengal. Hong Kong. Fl. March, 


Closely allied to Daphnidium are: 1. Aperula Neesiana, Blume; DC, 
Prodr. xv. i. 241, a tree with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, perianth 4-6-fid, 
with very aromatic berries as large as a pepper-corn. Nepal, Sikkim, to 8000 


384 LXI. LAURINE. | Daphnidium. 


ft., Burma, on the higher mountains between the Sitang and Salween, and the 
Thoungyeen and Houndrow rivers. In Burma it is called Karawayben. 2. 
Laurus nobilis, Linn.—Sweet Bay or Laurel—Ghar, Arab., well known on ac- 
count of its aromatic leaves, is a small slow-growing evergreen tree, indigenous 
in the Mediterranean region. Hardyin England. Differs from Daphnidiwm 
by a 4-cleft perianth and 12 fertile stamens. A greenish coloured fat is ex- 
pressed from the seeds. 


Orper LXIII. THYMELACES. 


Shrubs small trees or wiry herbs with tenacious bark, and alternate 
or opposite, entire, exstipulate leaves. Flowers usually bisexual, regular. 
Perianth gamophyllous, hypocrateriform or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4-5 im- 
bricate ; throat with or without scales. Stamens usually as many or twice 
as many as perianth-segments, inserted in the throat or tube. Ovary free, 
1-celled (in Thymelacez proper), with a solitary pendulous ovule ; style 
simple or 0, stigma capitate. Fruit indehiscent, a nut or drupaceous. 


Seed usually exalbuminous ; embryo straight with. a superior radicle.— 
Royle Ill. 321. 


Leaves evergreen, coriaceous; perianth not splitting laterally 1. DAPHNE. 
Leaves deciduous, submembranous ; perianth splitting later- 


ally as the fruit enlarges . 2. WIKSTREMIA. 


1. DAPHNE, Linn. 


Shrubs with alternate, mostly evergreen leaves. Flowers bisexual, 
generally in terminal heads. Perianth coloured, tubular or funnel- 
shaped, limb of 4 equal spreading segments, without scales. Anthers on 
short filaments inserted in two rows of 4 each, those of the upper series - 
opposite to the perianth-segments, those of the lower alternate with them. 
Stigma capitate, subsessile. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, remaining en- 


closed until near maturity in the inflated perianth-tube. Testa thick, 
crustaceous. , 


Flower-heads without bracts; leaves 1-2 in. long . ; 1. D. mucronata. 
Flower-heads with numerous bracts ; leaves 3-5 in. long . 2. D. papyracea. 


D. Laureola, Linn, ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 322—Spurge Laurel—with poisonous 
berries, West Europe, North Africa, West Asia, has greenish fiowers in short 
lateral racemes. LD. Mezereum, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 322, is deciduous, the 


pink flowers in lateral clusters before the leaves. North-East Europe. Siberia. 
The bark is used as a vesicant. 


1. D. mucronata, Royle Ill. t. 81.—Vern. Laghune, Afg.; Kutial, 
kanthan, gandalun, gandlena, channi niggt, shalangri, zhikak, zosho, shang, 
mashur, swana, jikri, dona, kagsari, sind, kansian, kansai, sonat, Ph. ; 
Pech, Sindh. 


A tall shrub, branchlets and young leaves soft-pubescent. Leaves 
coriaceous, lanceolate oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, sub- 
sessile, midrib prominent, terminating in a short sharp mucro with indis- 


Daphne. ] LXIII, THYMELACE. 385 


tinct reticulate veins. Flowers white, with a pink tinge, slightly scented, 
subsessile, in terminal heads of 3-9 fl., without bracts, or with a few small 
early deciduous bracts. Perianth-tube } in. long, outside densely grey- 
tomentose, segments acute, ovate or lanceolate, half .or three-fourths of 
the length of tube, tube glabrous inside and marked with 8 longitudinal 
nerves, 4 terminating in the tips of segments. Stamens inserted on the 
longitudinal nerves, those of the lower series in the upper half of the 
tube. Fruit when ripe orange or scarlet. 


Eastern flanks of Suliman range between 3000 and 7000 ft. Common in 
the Himalaya between 2300 and 9000 ft. Also found in the inner more 
arid valleys of the North-West Himalaya. Fl. Sept., Oct.; fr. May, June ~ 
(“blooms May-July, at times Oct., the fruit usually ripening June - Oct.” — 
Stewart). The inflorescence is sometimes abnormally enlarged and trans- 
formed into angular subglobose lumps. Attains 7-8 ft., bark shining, dark 
grey or reddish brown, rugose and irregularly undulate. Wood white, mottled 
with wavy lines, soft, used in Chamba to make charcoal for gunpowder. Bark 
and leaves are used in native medicine, the berries are eaten, but are said to 
cause nausea and vomiting. On the Sutlej a spirit is distilled from them. 

D. Cachemireana, Meisner in DC. Prodr. xiv. 535, from the Pirpanjal, is 
described with wholly glabrous leaves and axillary short-pedunculate flower- 
heads. I have not seen specimens corresponding to the description. 

D. acuminata, Boiss. et Hohenacker; DC. Prodr. 536, from Kurdistan, 
Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, has longer pedunculate flowers and short ob- 
tuse segments of perianth. There are, however, specimens from Afghanistan 
intermediate between this species and D. mucronata, and the question arises 
whether these species should not be united. 

D. oleoides, Schreber ; as described by Meisner in DC. Prodr. xiv. 533, is 
closely allied to the Himalayan plant, which he partly refers to it. All 
Himalayan specimens, however, both from the inner and outer ranges, belong 
to one species. Dr Stewart proposed to unite under D. oleotdes the Hima- 
layan, West Asiatic, and Mediterranean forms, including D. acuminata, busx- 
folia, collina, and sericea, and this view will probably be confirmed by far- 
ther researches" of botanists who may be fortunate enough to study these 
shrubs in the Mediterranean region, Western Asia, and India. At _ pre- 
sent it seems preferable briefly to state the slight and variable characters by 
oo — uropean and West Asiatic forms are supposed to be distin- 
guished :— 

1. D. oleoides, var. brachyloba, Meisner, a small depressed shrub, Leaves 
crowded at the ends of branches, glabrate, acute. Heads of 2-6 white fl., tinged 
with pink. Segments of perianth ovate, acute, shorter than half the tube. FI. 
May, June. Western Asia. 

2. D. oleoides, var. jasminea, Meisner—Syn. D. jasminea, Sibth. Fl. Greeca, 
t. 358; D. glandulosa, Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 553. Same as preceding, but seg- 
ments of perianth acute, lanceolate, nearly as long as or longer than half the 
tube. South Europe. 

3. D. buxifolia, Vahl ; DC. Prodr, 534. Leaves pubescent, segments of peri- 
anth subobtuse, shorter than half the tube. Western Asia. 

4. D. collina, Smith ; Sibth. Fl. Greeca, t. 359 ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 554, 
Leaves hairy beneath. Fl. large, pink or purple, segments of perianth ovate, 
obtuse. South Europe, Asia Minor. Hardy in England. 

5. D. sericea, Vahl ; DC. Prodr. xiv. 535. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, pu- 
bescent beneath, flowers numerous in bracteate heads, segments of perianth 
obtuse, shorter than one-third the tube. Greece, Western Asia. 

2B . 


386 LXII, THYMELACES, [ Daphne. 


2. D. papyracea, Wall. ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 148.—Syn, D. cannabina, 
Wall. ; D. odora, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 68 (not Thunb.) Vern. Wiggi, 
mahadeo ka phil (God’s Flower), Pb. ; Set baruwa, satpura, N.W.P. | 


A tall shrub, branches often bi- and tri-furcate, youngest branchlets 
slightly pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, approximate near ends of — 
branches, glabrous, lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed into a short, mar- 
ginate petiole, midrib prominent, lateral nerves numerous, indistinct. 
Flowers scented, white yellowish or purple, sessile, in terminal heads of 
6-12 fi., surrounded by numerous oblong or lanceolate bracts. Perianth- 
tube 4 in. long, pubescent outside, segments ovate, acute, less than half 
the length of tube. Stamens of the lower series inserted in the middle of 
the tube. Fruit ovoid, succulent, red or orange when ripe. 


Himalaya between 3000 and 9000 ft., from near the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia 
hills. Fl. March-April, also in autumn. Attains 7-8 ft., bark ash-coloured, 
smooth, smells unpleasantly when bruised. In Nepal and Kamaon, paper is 
made of the inner fibrous bark, which is boiled with wood-ashes, washed, and 
beaten to pulp on a stone, and spread on frames made of bamboo matting. 
Daphne paper is very strong and tough, does not crack or break, very durable, 
is not eaten by insects, and used for important records. There is a tradition in 
Nepal that the art of making paper was introduced from China about 500-600 
years ago. Indian Daphne paper much resembles some kinds of Chinese paper. 
The flowers are offered up in Hindu temples. 


D. odora, Thunb. ; Japan, is similar, but has more coriaceous leaves and a 
glabrous perianth, 


2. WIKSTRGEMIA, Endl. 


Trees or shrubs with opposite or alternate, submembranous, deciduous 
leaves. Style terminal, short; stigma capitate. Berry at first included 
in the perianth, which splits open laterally, and ultimately falls off. 


1. W. virgata, Meisner ; DC. Prodr. xiv. 547.—Syn. W. canescens, 
Meisner ; W. salicifolia, D®® in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 149 ; Daphne sericea, 
Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 69; D. canescens, Wall. ; D. virgata, Wall. Vern. 
Bhat niggi, thilak, Pb.; Chamlia, Kamaon. 


A small shrub, with slender branches, pubescent with long soft hairs. 
Leaves subopposite and alternate, lanceolate-oblong, about 2 in. long, on 
short petioles. Flowers white, subsessile, in many-flowered heads or 
spikes, which are arranged in terminal panicles. Perianth-tube slender, 
pubescent outside with soft silky hairs, many times longer than the ovate- 
oblong, obtuse segments. Ovary hairy. : 


Himalaya, in the Panjab to near the Indus, between 5000-7000 ft. Common 
in Kamaon and Nepal. Kasia hills, Ceylon. Fl. June-Aug. Paper (inferior) 
and rope are made from the bark in Kamaon. * 


Edgeworthia Gardnert, Meisner—Syn. Daphne Gardneri, Wall., is a large 
shrub with herbaceous lanceolate leaves, and large, derise, subglobose flower- 


heads, 14 in, diam. Ovary with a dense tuft of stiff hairs, style long, filiform. 
Nepal, Sikkim. 


Wikstremia. | LXIII. THYMELACEA. 387 


by aaa lintearia, Lamarck ; Bot. Mag. t. 4502, the Jamaica Lace-Bark, is a 
middle-sized tree, with ovate leaves and white flowers in loose terminal spikes. 
The inner bark consists of numerous distinct (annual) layers of finely reticulate 
fibre, made into ropes, whips, paper, lace, and all kinds of wearing apparel. 


Under this Order is generally classed Aguilaria Agallocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 
422; and Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 199 ; Hoot: Ic. t. 6; Royle Ill. p. 171, t. 36, a 
large tree, with alternate leaves and decandrous, bisexual flowers, the stamens 
alternating with short scales placed in the mouth of the perianth, which yields 
a great portion of the famous Aloes or Hagle-wood, used as incense and to make 
ornaments and rosary beads. Mountains east of Bengal. 


OrpeR LXIV. ELH AGNES. 


Trees or shrubs, more or less lepidote, with alternate exstipulate en- 
tire leaves. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, or unisexual in Hippophaé, 
regular. Perianth inferior, gamophyllous, tubular, with a 4-lobed limb, 
valvate in estivation, or dimorphic in Hippophaé (of male fl. diphyllous, 
of female fl. tubular). Stamens usually 4, epiphyllous, alternate with 
the perianth - lobes; 4, with subsessile anthers, between the 2 perianth 
leaves in Hippophaé. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, 
closely invested by the persistent accrescent base of the perianth-tube ; 
style simple, laterally stigmatose. Fruit indehiscent, enclosed within 


the at length succulent perianth-base ; albumen thin; radicle inferior.— 
Royle Ill. 322. 


Flowers unisexual, dioicous; perianth of male fi. 2-leaved . 1, HippopHAer. 
Flowers bisexual ; perianth tubular, 4-cleft . ‘ , . 2, EL#AGNUS. 


1. HIPPOPHAE, Linn. 


Shrubs or small trees, often spinescent, with alternate narrow leaves and 
precocious flowers. Male flowers sessile, in the axil of deciduous bracts. 
Perianth of 2 opposite round or oblong leaves. Stamens 4. Female 
flowers axillary, solitary, pedicellate. Perianth tubular, minutely bifid at 
the mouth. 


Under side of leaves white, velvety, with a dense tomentum of 


short stellate hairs . : : : : ; ; : 1. H. salicifolia. 
Under side of leaves densely clothed with white or rust-coloured 
stellate scales : , ; ‘s 2. H. rhamnoides. 


1. H. salicifolia, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 68.—Syn. H. conferta, Wall. 
Vern. Ashik, Nepal ; Stirch, Bassahir. / 


A large shrub, with scattered lateral thorns, the ends of main branches 
often thorny. Leaves membranous, 2-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, narrowed 
into a short petiole, edges revolute, green and glabrate above (pubescent: 
while young), white velvety beneath, with dense soft tomentum of short 
stellate hairs ; branchlets, petiole and midrib clothed beneath with circular, 
irregularly indented rust-coloured scales, a few ferruginous scales occasion- 
ally on the under side of leaves. Fruit fleshy ; seed dark brown, shining, 
compressed, ovate or obovate, 4 in. long, with a deep longitudinal furrow 
on one and a shallow furrow on the other face. 


388 LXIV, ELMAGNEA. [Hippophaé. 


Outer and middle Himalaya. Sutlej re up to Chini. Baspa valley (Shoang, 
Sangla). 5000 to 10,000 ft. Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim (7000-10,000 ft.) Probably 
also on the Bias river, and in the lower Chenab and Jhelam valley. Fl June, 
July ; fr. Sept., Oct. Attains 20 ft. Hardy in England. 


2. H. rhamnoides, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 323.—Syn. H. tibetana, 
Schlechtendal in Linnea, xxxii. 296. Vern. Tsarapp, tsarma, tsar- 
mang, sirma, tsik, tarru, niechak, tserkar, Ladak, Piti, and Lahoul. 
Regarding the following names it is uncertain whether they relate to this 
or to the preceding species: Kula bis, bantphint, amb, kanda, milech, 
Pb. ; Dhur chuk, tarwa, chuk, chuma, N.W.P. 


A large thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree. Leaves subcoriaceous, 
4-2 in. long, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed into short petiole, 
edges flat or revolute, branchlets and under side of leaves densely clothed 
with silvery or rust-coloured circular, irregularly indented scales, but not 
pubescent ; upper side of leaves with a few scales when young, glabrous 
and dull green afterwards. Fruit fleshy, orange or bright scarlet when 
ripe, seed dark brown, nearly black, shining, obovoid, slightly compressed, 
less than 4 in. long, with a deep longitudinal furrow on one and a slightly 
depressed line on the other side. The specimens from the inner Himalaya, 
Tibet, Afghanistan, and Central Asia are silvery, whereas the European 
shrub has often ferruginous, mixed with silvery scales, and this character 
does not furnish any distinction between H. tibetana and rhamnoides. 
In the seeds I can discover no difference. 


Afghanistan. Inner arid tract of the N.W. Himalaya, chiefly in the moist gra- 
velly stream-beds (Lahoul, Ladak, Piti, upper Kunawar, inner Kamaon, Tibet), 
between 7000 and 12,000 ft., found as high as 15,000 ft. at Darma Yankti in 
Tibet (R. Strachey and Winterbottom). Beyond India, in Central Asia, and 
in Europe, where it is abundant in the shingly and gravelly valleys of the Alps 
and Apennines, along the Rhine (as far as Strasburg), and on other rivers 
descending from these mountains, and common in many places on the coast of 
the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the German Ocean, and the Baltic. Cultivated” 
for ornament in Europe, and (as a fruit-tree) at Kabul. Fl. and fr. May-Nov. 
The geographical limits of these two species demand farther inquiry on the 
spot. In the upper Sutlej valley Dr Stewart and I collected specimens (in 1864) 
of H, salicifolia as far up as Chini, and of rhamnoides as low down as Riba, 
below the mouth of the Tidong river, and the specimens collected in the arid 
region of the upper Sutlej, Chenab and Indus valleys, and on their tributaries, 
all belong to H. rhamnoides. Dr Stewart regarded both as one species, and it 
remains for future observers to determine whether there are intermediate forms, 
and whether (which is quite possible) H. salicifolia is identical with the Euro- 
pean and Central Asiatic plant, modified by the influence of a moister climate, 
and less severe cold in winter. Ido not attach much value to the different shapes 
of the seeds, discussed in detail by Schlechtendal (1. c. 295), for I find that there 
is considerable variation in this respect ; but the stellate hairs (with 6-9 distinct 
arms) of salicifolia, are completely different from the flat circular, irregularly 
indented scales of rhamnoides, composed of numerous elongated cells radiating 
from a dark centre. It should, however, be borne in mind, that scales and stel- 
late hairs differ in degree only ; and it will be an interesting inquiry to trace 
intermediate stages, if there are any, and to indicate the connection of the struc- 
ture of this fine tomentum with the difference in the climatic conditions. At 
present I had no alternative but to keep the two forms apart as distinct species. 


Hippophaé. | LXIV. ELHAGNEZ. 389 


Gregarious, on dry ground a low prostrate shrub, in moist places a small 
tree 20 ft. high, with stiff thorny branches, trunk sometimes 5-6 ft. girth, 
often forming dense thickets, extending continuously for miles, and nearly 
impervious, except along certain beaten tracts (T. Thomson, West Himalaya, 
195). The roots of the European shrub are long spreading, with numerous 
root-shoots (drageons), and the shrub is very useful in the French Alps in 
fixing the loose gravel and rubble of mountain torrents and stream-beds. The 
bark is described by Stewart as follows—the description probably refers to the 
Tibetan plant: “The older bark gets reddish brown, and remains for a time 
pretty smooth, that of the trunk is 3 lines thick, inner substance brownish black 
with white dots, externally very dark, almost black-edged, white occasionally 
showing through long deep, very irregular, vertical and shallow short transverse 
furrows, which divide it into tesselated plates, the surface of which is smoothish, 
somewhat shining, but undulated, brownish grey, the base being brown, with 
white elevated specks;tircular and transverse-oblong to 6 in. long. The bark 
has from a little distance some general resemblance to that of Acacia modesta.” 
The wood of the European shrub is yellowish brown, and has distinctly-marked 
annual rings, the inner or spring wood of each ring being porous, and mainly 
composed of numerous moderate-sized vessels, the outer or autumn wood being 
more compact with fewer pores, medullary rays numerous, very fine. It is used 
for fueland charcoal, The thorny branches are used for piled-up hedges, and the 
shrub is invaluable in the dry treeless tracts of the inner Pevaalaa: In Lahoul 
the thickets of Hippophaé are “so valued as to be considered village property ” 
(Cleghorn, Panjab Forests, 151). The fruit is intensely acid, but boiled with 
sugar it forms a palatable and wholesome preserve (H.C.) In Kunawar it is 
made into a condiment (Chatn7). 


2. ELHAGNUS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, occasionally spinescent, with alternate entire leaves, 
- densely lepidote at least on the under surface. Flowers hermaphrodite or 
unisexual by abortion, regular, pedicellate in axillary fascicles. Perianth 
tubular or dilatated above, with a spreading 4-valved limb, base of the 
tube closely constricted around the ovary ; limb at length deciduous, cir- 
cumsciss immediately above the ovary. Stamens 4, epiphyllous, alternate 
with the perianth lobes. Fruit enclosed in the succulent persistent and 
accrescent base of the perianth, with a bony or coriaceous kernel. 


Kernel thick, osseous ; a deciduous tree . ; ‘ ; ; 
Kernel thin, coriaceous, inside clothed with a dense felt of 
white hairs. 
Free part of perianth campanulate, not more than twice the 
length of segments ; fruit 1-14 in. long; an evergreen 


1. £. hortensis. 


shrub . , ‘ ‘ ; : ; : ; : 2. LH. latifolia. 
Free part of perianth tubular, more than twice the length of 
segments ; fruit in. long; adeciduous shrub. 4 3. H. umbellata. 


1. E. hortensis, M. Bieberstein. —Syn. EH. angustifolia and E£. 
orientalis, Linn. (partly); Sibth. Fl. Greca, t. 152; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. 
Germ. t. 549; Bot. Reg. t. 1156. £. Moorcroftii, Wall. Pers. Zin 
zeid. Vern. Sanjit, sanjata, Afg.; Sirsing, sirshing, Tibet ; Shialik, 
N.W.P. 

A middle-sized tree with silvery grey foliage and branchlets; branches 
shining, reddish-brown. Leaves ovate- or oblong - lanceolate, obtuse, 


390 LXIV. ELZAGNEA, [ Eleagnus. 


blade 1-3 in., petiole } in. long, under side, as well as petioles and branch- 
lets, covered continuously by silvery circular scales, composed of radiating 
cells, upper side dull green with copious scattered scales, midrib promi- 
nent beneath, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, indistinct. Flowers yellow, 
fragrant, axillary, pedicellate, 1-3 together. Perianth silvery outside, gla- 
brous and yellow inside, the upper free portion campanulate, 4-dentate. 
Fruit axillary, solitary, ovoid-oblong, red when ripe, ? in., stalk 4 in. long, 
kernel oblong, with a thick osseous shell. Seed oily. 


Indigenous in Central Asia, Syria, Macedonia and Greece. Cultivated in the 
Mediterranean region, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Yarkand, and in Tibet, between 
7000 and 10,600 ft. (Baltis, near Leh, Nubra). Thomson, 1. c. 243, describes the 
Hleagnus (and Apricot) growing in places in Baltistan where “no cultivation 
could ever have existed,” but adds that “ they were too few in number to be really 
regarded as indigenous.” Is this tree ever cultivated in the Panjab Himalaya 
under the name of Ghewdin? FI. (in Tibet) May-July ; fr. Aug. The tree is 
deciduous, but the withered leaves remain attached to the tree instead of falling 
off at the end of autumn. Attains 25 ft., with an erect, straight trunk, 5-6 ft. 
girth, and a rounded, close handsome crown. Bark thick, fibrous, smooth, light 
grey, between deep longitudinal, ragged, dark-brown furrows. Sapwood narrow, 
heartwood dark brown, porous and soft, medullary rays numerous, used for fuel. 
A transparent brown and white gum, similar to gum-arabic, exudes from wounds 
in the bark (Beluchistan, Stocks). The tree is mainly cultivated on account of 
its fruit, which is acid (sweetish acid and mealy when ripe in Greece) and eat- 
able. A spirit is distilled from it in Yarkand, and Moorcroft states that the 
annual yield of a tree is often 16-20 lb. of dried fruit. Hardy in England. 


2. E. latifolia, Linn.—Tab, XLVI.—Wight Ic. t. 1856.—Syn. £. 
conferta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 440. . ferruginea, A. Rich.; DC. Prodr. 
xiv. 610. Vern. Ghiwai, mijhaula, Kamaon. 


Evergreen, with divergent axillary spines; branchlets, petioles and 
under side of leaves densely clothed with silvery or ferruginous, circular, 
lobed and dentate scales. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, blade 5-6 
in., petiole 4 in. long, upper surface glabrous, shining. Flowers few or 
numerous, pale yellow, scented, pedicellate, in axillary, often shortly pe- 
dunculate clusters. Perianth clothed outside with silvery scales, the 
upper free part (in the bisexual flowers) campanulate, not more than 
twice the length of segments. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 1-14 in. long, red or 
yellow when ripe, succulent, putamen coriaceous, with 8 prominent ribs, 
clothed inside with a thick felt-like coating of white silky hairs. 


Himalaya, Kamaon to Bhutan. (Panjab 1500 to 9000 ft., according to Dr 
Stewart.) Kasia hills, Silhet, Burma, South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. 
Fl. (usually) Nov.-Feb. ; fr. May, June, often remaining long on the tree. A 
tall straggling or more or less scandent shrub, or a small tree. The wood re- 
sembles that of #. hortensis, The fruit has an agreeable acid taste, somewhat 
astringent, and is eaten. , 

Roxburgh, 1. c. 441, describes 2. arborea (with white flowers, Ill. in Herb. 
Kew, 2432) as a large tree, a native of the Garrow hills, fruit shaped like an 
olive, but much larger. Is this a distinct species ? 


3. E. umbellata, Thunberg.—Syn. HE. parvifolia, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 


Eleagnus. | LXIV. ELZAGNEA. 391 


81, fig. 1; Bot. Reg. xxix. t. 51. Vern. Ghiwain, kankol, kankoli, Pb., 
N.W.P. ; Giwain, gawai, gahin, ghin, gihen, gianhan, kiain, banmewa, 
Pb. (Dr Stewart gives these names to Z. latifolia, which is not, as far 
as I am aware, a native of the Panjab.) 


A deciduous shrub, often thorny, the current year’s shoots and under 
side of leaves silvery grey with shining white scales, branches dull grey- 
ish-brown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, blade 1-24 in., petiole } in. 
long, under side densely clothed with silvery scales, upper side bright 
green, with a few scattered stellate hairs. Flowers white, axillary, often 
2 or 3 together, appearing with the leaves on the current year’s shoots. 
Perianth silvery outside, white or pale yellow inside, the upper free por- 
tion slender, tubular or elongate-conical, the 4 teeth less than half the 

length of (the free) tube. ‘Fruit ovoid or globose, } in. long, succulent, 
putamen ribbed, coriaceous, clothed inside with a dense felt of soft white 
hairs. 

Himalaya from near the Indus to Bhutan, between 3000 and 10,000 ft. 
China. Japan. Hardy in England. FI. April-June. The fruit is eaten. 

I follow Maximowicz, Diagn. Plant: Nov. Jap. Dec. viii, 560, im uniting /. 
umbellata and parvifolia, and in distinguishing them from Z. latifolia, with 
which they are united by Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 252. Dr Stewart consid- 
éred that both 7. latifolia, the flowers (gil sanjad, daéki phal) sold in the 
Panjab drug-shops, and_ parvifolia were found in the Panjab, but the latter, 
with white, exquisitely Heliotrope-like scented flowers, much less common. 


Orper LXV. LORANTHACEZ. 


Evergreen parasitic shrubs, living on stems, branches or roots of other 
shrubs or trees. A few species apparently terrestrial, are probably root- 
parasites. Leaves coriaceous, entire, usually opposite, often wanting. 
Flowers small and inconspicuous or larger and gaily coloured, regular, 
hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth in Viscum and Arceuthobium 
simple, epigynous, with 2-4 valvate lobes, in Loranthus apparently double, 
the outer (calyx) adnate to the ovary with a free truncate or toothed 
limb (probably an annular dilatation of the axis), the inner (corolla) of 
3-6 free or equally or unequally cohering segments (petals), valvate in 
estivation. Stamens as many as perianth-lobes or petals, opposite and 
adnate to them. Ovary inferior with a solitary erect ovule adnate nearly 
throughout to the wall of the ovary, which thus presents a homogeneous 
mass on section. Fruit more or less baccate, often with a strongly vis- 
cous mesocarp. Seed solitary, albuminous, in Visewm occasionally poly- 
embryonous.—Royle Ill. 235 ; Wight Ill. ii. 63 ; Oliver on Loranthacez 
in Linn. Soc. Journ. vii. 90. 


Flowers unisexual, dioicous or monoicous ; perianth coriaceous 
or fleshy, inconspicuous. 
Joints not sheathing; anthers with many cells, dehiscing 
by numerous pores P ‘ , ° . ; P 
Joints terminating in a cup-shaped sheath ; anthers 1-celled, 
dehiscing by a transverse slit . 4 : ; . 2, ARCEUTHOBIUM. 
Flowers bisexual, showy ; petals 5-6, long, linear, freeorconnate 3. LORANTHUS. 


1. Viscum. 


392 LXV. LORANTHACEZ. [ Viscum» 


1. VISCUM, Linn. 


Glabrous shrubs with trichotomous or dichotomous branches. Leaves 
opposite or wanting. Flowers minute, dioicous or monoicous. Male fi. : 
perianth 3-4-fid, anthers adnate to the perianth-lobes, multilocellate, de- 
hiscing by pores on the inner face» Female fl.: perianth 3-4-lobed, lobes 
deciduous or persistent. Style short or 0. 


Leaves flat, conspicuous; perianth-segments deciduous. 
Flowers dioicous; berries white . ° ; 4 2 . 1. V. album. 
Flowers monoicous ; berries dark-coloured. 

Berry ovoid-oblong, smooth ; leaves falcate or obliquely 
ovate, acute ;. A 4 4 3 2 " 

Berry subglobose, warty or with minute elevated dots; 
leaves obovate, obtuse ‘ ¢ ’ ; P . 3& V. orientale. 

Leaves wanting ; branches flat, jointed. 

Joints cuneate; berries minute; perianth-segments per- 

sistent . ; é ; : : : : . 4. V. articulatum. 
Joints linear; berries 3 in. diam. ; perianth - segments 

deciduous . ; : : : ; : - 


2. V. monoicum 


5. V. attenuatum. 


1. V. album, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 324.—Syn. V. stellatum, Don 
Fl. Nep. 142 (probably). Mistletoe. Vern. Turapani, Afg.; Bhangra, 
banda, bambal, kakbang, ahalu, wahul, rene, reori, reng, Pb.; Ban, banda, 
N.W.P. 


A rounded, very ramous, yellowish-green shrub, about 2-3 ft. diam., 
wholly glabrous. Stems terete, branches jointed, dichotomous. Leaves 
flat, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, apex rounded, about 2 in. long, with 
3-5 indistinct longitudinal nerves. Flowers dioicous, sessile, in clusters of 
3 or 5, in the bifurcations of branches, enclosed in fleshy, slightly ciliate 
concave bracts, the terminal flower solitary in a cup-shaped bract, the - 
lateral flowers in pairs (at right angles in the case of 5 fl.), each pair in- 
cluded in an elongated concave bract, with rounded edges. Perianth-seg- 
ments triangular, acute, thick, deciduous. Berry white, smooth, almost 
transparent, subglobose, + in. diam. . 


Afghanistan. Trans-Indus on the eastern slopes of the Suliman range at 
3000-4000 ft. N.W. Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 3500 and 
9000 ft. Europe, Syria, Caucasus, Siberia, Amurland, Japan. Fl. March- 
May ; fr. Sept.-Nov., often remaining long on the tree. The Mistletoe lives on 
most trees (rare on Oak, and never on the Horse- and Sweet Chestnut) in 
Europe. In the N.W. Himalaya it is chiefly found on the Apricot, Peach, 
Pyrus variolosa, Crateegus Pyracantha, the Walnut, Elm, Alnus, Populus 
nigra, less often on Pavia, the Pear, Olea cuspidata, Morus serrata, Salix, 
Quercus Ilex (Afghanistan and Suliman range), and has once been found on 
Oak in the N.W. Himalaya. In Lahoul it is used medicinally, and in Europe 
bird-lime is made of the viscid pulp of the fruit. 

When the seed of the Mistletoe germinates, the roots penetrate the bark to 
the surface of the wood, where they spread and are gradually enclosed by the 
new layers of wood, and thus it comes to pass that the roots of Viscum (and 
Loranthus) get embedded in the wood of the foster-plant. 'The tissue of para- 
site and foster plants, however, remains always distinct. Branches infested with 
these parasites swell out irregularly, are often twisted and deformed, and even- 


Viscum. | LXV, LORANTHACE. 393 


tually perish. The tissue of the parasite-roots is softer than the surrounding 
ut f of the foster-plant, and decays readily. This explains the curiously 
ved cavities or cup-shaped hollows in the wood of trees which have been 
attacked by Loranthus. Some species of Viscwm throw out superficial roots 
from their stem, which attach themselves to the bark of the foster-plant by 
suckers. Regarding the anatomy of the Mistletoe, and the alterations which 
the wood-tissue of the Maple and other trees undergoes when attacked by it, 
see Harley on the Parasitism of the Mistletoe (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 175). 


2. V. monoicum, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 763.—Syn. V. bengalense, Roxb. 
Ill. in Herb. Kew, t. 1181; V. faleatuwm, Wall. 


Stems terete, branches jointed, trichotomous, or dichotomous by the 
abortion of the central or one of the side shoots. Leaves bright green, flat, 
falcate or obliquely ovate, acute, narrowed into a short petiole, 2-4 in. long, 
with 3-5 prominent longitudinal nerves, edge slightly undulate. Flowers 
monoicous (sometimes dioicous?), short-pedicellate, in axillary peduncu- 
late clusters of 3-5 flowers, supported by a common transversely oblong 
concave bract, with acute cusps. Berry smooth, oblong, blackish-brown 
when ripe, } in. long, on a short stalk. 


This species is with certainty known only from the Sundarbans (Roxburgh), 
Silhet, the Kasia hills (to 3000 ft.), the Sikkim.Terai and lower hills (to 4000 
ft.), and Gorakhpur. Oudh forests (on Hlawodendron Roxburghit), according to 
sp. collected by R. Thompson and identified by Dr Stewart, which, however, I 

_have not seen. There are also specimens in Herb. Kew collected by Edgeworth 
in Banda, on Zizyphus xylopyra and Bassia latifolia, which probably belong 
to this species. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept. 


3. V. orientale, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 379; Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 
141; Blume, Fl. Jave (Loranthee), tab. 24, 25.—Syn. V. verticillatum, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 764 (not Linn.) 


Stems terete, branches jointed, trichotomous or by abortion dichoto- 
mous. Leaves flat, thick, fleshy-coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, 1-2 in. long, 
with 3-5 indistinct longitudinal nerves. Flowers monoicous, short-pedi- 
cellate, in axillary short-pedunculate or sessile clusters of 3-5 flowers, 
often several clusters in one axil, each cluster supported by a common, 
transversely oblong concave bract. Berry globose or subglobose, } in. 
diam., with numerous minute prominent dots, and often with larger 
warts. 


Behar, South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Hong Kong. FI. March- 
June. The characters, geographic distribution, and foster-plants of this and 
the preceding species demand farther inquiry, and particularly better examin- 
ation of the growing plants ; they seem to be very closely allied. 


4. V. articulatum, Burm.; Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 141.— Syn. V. 
moniliforme, Blume, 1. c. t. 25 B; W. & A. Prodr. 380; Wight Ic. t. 
1018,4019. Vern. Pand. 


A ‘small leafless parasite, with numerous slender branches, forming 
tufts from a few inches to 2 ft. in length. Stems terete, branches fleshy, 


394 LXV. LORANTHACE. [ Viscum. 


trichotomous, flat, jointed, joints 4-4 in. long, linear-cuneate, from a nar- 
row base widening upwards, not striate, but often with a prominent mid- 
dle line. Flowers monoicous (sometimes dioicous, var. coralluides, KR. 
Wight), sessile and clustered at the end of joints ; segments of perianth 
minute, triangular, persistent. Berry globose, very small, crowned by 
the persistent segments of perianth, 3-4 in sessile clusters. 


Himalaya from Hazara to Kamaon 4000-9000 ft, Kasia hills, mountains of 
South India and Ceylon. Mt. Ophir, Malacca, Java, China and Japan, Queens- 
land and New South Wales. Fl. May-July ; fr. Oct.-Nov. Grows on a great 
variety of trees ; in the N.W. Himalaya on Quercus /lex (Jani and Kunai in 
Kunawar), incana, annulata, dilatata (Jaunsar), on Rhus, Olea, Rhododendron 
arboreum, and the Apricot tree; in the Nilgiris on Hurya; in Japan on 
Symplocos and Litsea. 


5. V. attenuatum, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 380.—Syn. V. dichoto- 
mum, Don Fl. Nep. 142 (probably). Vern. Bidu, pand, Pb., N.W.P. ; 
Patha, Banda; Banda, C.P. 


Stems terete, branches flat, jointed, di- or tri-chotomous, forming loose 
tufts up to 3 ft. long; joints 1-2 in. long, striated with 6-12 prominent 
ribs, tapering towards the base, generally linear, less than } in. wide, but 
sometimes oblong or ovate-oblong. Flowers monoicous, sessile, in sessile 
clusters of 3 at the ends of joints, each flower supported by a rounded, 
often ciliate concave bract. Perianth-segments thick, triangular, deciduous. 
Berry subglobose, 4 in. diam., yellow when ripe. I retain the name accepted 
by Wight & Arnott, but believe that farther researches will identify the 
plant with V. compressum, Poiret, Encycl. Méth. Suppl. ii. 861 (1811); 
Blume, 1. c. t. 26, in which case this name will take precedence. Miquel’s 
identification of V. articulatum (moniliforme) with V. compressum (FI. 
Ned. Ind. i. pt. i. 806) I fail to understand, the 2 species (as I take 
them) being completely different. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges from the Ravi to Assam, ascending in 
the Panjab to 3000, in Kamaon to 5000, in Sikkim to 6000 ft. Kasia hills. 
Behar, Banda, South India, Ceylon, and Java, Fl. June-Oct. 


2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, M. Bieberstein. 


Leafless parasitic shrubs with articulate branches. Flowers minute, 
dioicous. Male fl., perianth 3-5-partite. Anthers sessile, 1-celled, de- 
hiscing by a transverse slit. Female fi, perianth 2-dentate. Stigma 
sessile. 


1. A. Oxycedri, M. Bieb.; Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii, 380.—Syn. Vis- 
cum Oxycedri, DC. Vern. Shuk, Sai, Lahoul. 


A small parasite, with fleshy stems, dividing di- or tri-chotomously into 
numerous jointed branches, forming close tufts 1-5 in. long; joints (of 


the lower branches) about 4 in. long, nearly four-sided, somewhat com- 


pressed, terminating in a cup-shaped sheath which encloses the base of 


| 


Arceuthobium. | - LXV. LORANTHACEA. 395 


the next joint. Flowers dioicous, sessile in fascicles of 3-5, half immersed 
in concave bracts. Fruit short-stalked, ovoid, mucronate, ;4, in. long, 
fleshy, deep green or blackish, white when dry ; seed in the lower half, 
cylindrical, thrown out with great force when the fruit is ripe, often 
2-3 ft. off, and being covered with a viscous pulp, attaches itself readily 
to any branch upon which it falls. 


This remarkable plant grows on Juniperus excelsa, in Lahoul on the Upper 
Chenab, at 9000-11,000 ft., where it was discovered by the Rev. H. A. Jeschke 
of the Tibet Moravian Mission. It pushes long creeping roots between bark 
and wood, and thus, as well as by seed gradually overspreads the plant on which 
it has once taken root, often killing the branch or the entire tree. Male and 
female plants are found on the same foster-tree. The fruit ripens in winter, 
fourteen months after flowering. The same species grows on Juniperus Oxy- 
cedri and on J. communis on the Caucasus, in Armenia and Kurdistan, Dal- 
matia, the French Alps (Basses.Alpes near Sisteron), Algeria, and (on Pinus 
errs and other species) in America on the Rocky Mountains, in California 
and Mexico. 


3. LORANTHUS, Linn. 


Shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate leaves, often with stellate hairs. 
Flowers usually large, showy, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx adnate, 
limb entire or toothed. Petals 3-6, epigynous, free or equally or unequally 
_cohering below. Stamens subequal or alternately shorter, epipetalous 
(rarely free) ; anthers variously affixed, elliptical to linear, occasionally 
multilocellate, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior ; style elongate, 
stigma capitate. Fruit more or less fleshy, with a single seed. 


Petals free ; pedicels opposite, in the axils of deciduous bracts. 1. LZ. ligustrinus. 
Petals connate into a tube ; sohes generally alternate. 
Flowers tetramerous ; pedicel and ovary pubescent. 
Branchlets and under side of leaves stellate-tomentose. 
Ovary turbinate ; berry club-shaped. 
Leaves ovate, 5-7 in.; petiole lin. long . F 4 
Leaves broad-ovate from sub-cordate base, 2-3 in.; peti- 
olefin. long . 3 ‘ ‘ ; 3 A 
Ovary cylindric ; berry cylindric or ovoid . ; ; 
Branchlets and leaves glabrous ; flowers red and green in 
lateral fasciculate umbels or corymbs . A 5 . 5. L. umbellifer. 
Flowers pentamerous ; pedicel and ovary glabrous . . 6. L. longiflorus. 


2. L. pulverulentus. 


3. L. cordifolius. 
4. L. vestitus. 


1. L. ligustrinus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 219. 


A parasitic shrub or a small (apparently) terrestrial tree, probably par- 
asitic on roots. Branches grey, young shoots and inflorescence with slight 
ferruginous pubescence. Leaves opposite, glabrous, coriaceous, the upper 
sometimes alternate, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 1-3 
in. long. Flowers } in. long, pale-pink outside, deep-red inside ; pedicels 
opposite in the axils of lanceolate deciduous bracts, in axillary, often 
trichotomous, panicles or racemes, which are shorter than the subtending 
leaf; small persistent ciliate bracteoles at the base of calyx. Corolla 
_ of 4 distinct linear petals, the upper half spreading or reflexed, the 


396 LXV. LORANTHACEA. [ Loranthus. 


lower half converging into a four-sided, slightly expanding tube. Fila- 
ments red, attached to the base of petals; anthers basifixed. Ovary 
rusty-tomentose, campanulate, supported by an ovate, acute, semi-amplexi- 
caul, adpressed bracteole, and topped by the narrow, entire calyx-limb ; 
stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid, + in. long, truncate at top, brown when 
ripe. 


Siwalik tract and outer Himalayan ranges from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascend- 
ing to 4000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl. May-July. Generally parasitic, on Albizzia 
ease, Mes Intsea ; found (apparently) terrestrial by Dr Hooker in the 

asia hills. 


2. L. pulverulentus, Wall. 1. c. 221.— Vern. Parand, Kamaon ; 
Banda, C.P. 


A stout, woody parasite ; inflorescence, young shoots, and under side 
of young leaves with dense yellowish-white, mealy, stellate tomentum. 
Leaves deep-green, opposite, coriaceous, ovate, blade 5-7 in., petiole 1 in. 
long ; 8-10 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib. Flowers pale- 
green, 1 in. long, thickly tomentose, on short pedicels, in lateral racemes 
about 2 in. long, which are often fasciculate and axillary, or in the axils of 
fallen leaves; bracts none, but a small persistent bracteole at the base of 
ovary. Corolla slender, tubular, curved ; segments linear, unilateral, about 
one-third the length of the tube. Anthers basifixed, about as long as free 
portion of filaments, cells adnate to a brown linear connective. Stigma 
minute, capitate. Berry 4 in. long, club-shaped, mealy. 


Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft., Nepal, Sikkim Terai and outer hills, Bhutan, 
Central Provinces (on Butea frondosa), Konkan. FI. Dec.-June. 


3. L. cordifolius, Wall. 1. c. 222 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 302. 


A stout, woody parasite; branchlets, young shoots, inflorescence, and 
under side of leaves soft-tomentose.. Leaves opposite, broad-ovate, obtuse, 
from a subcordate base, blade 2-3, petiole 4 in. long. Flowers 1 in. long, 
outside with tawny or rusty stellate tomentum, on short pedicels, in 
short lateral dichotomous corymbs; bracts none, but a small persistent 
bracteole at the base of ovary. Corolla slender, tubular, straight or 
slightly curved, segments 4, lanceolate, about one-third the length of tube. 
Anthers basifixed, longer than free portion of filament, cells adnate to a 
linear obtuse connective. Stigma club-shaped, with a pointed conical tip. 
Berry club-shaped, 4 in. long. 


Kashmir (often abundant on dead tops of Platanus), Garhwal and Kamaon, 
ascending to 5000 ft. Hazaribagh in Behar. FI. Nov.-Dec. 


4. L. vestitus, Wall. 1. c. 218, and Pl. As. rar. t. 230.—Vern. Pand, 
N.W.P. 


A stout, woody parasite; branchlets, young shoots, inflorescence, and 
under side of leaves with dense ferruginous tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, 
opposite, ovate-oblong or -lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole 4 in. long; 


Loranthus.] . LXV. LORANTHACEZ. 397 


blade 2-3 in. long, shining above, concave and densely tomentuse beneath, 
margins recurved. Flowers ? in, long, tomentose, rust- and cinnamon- 
coloured outside, purple and smooth inside, subsessile in compact lateral 
clusters ; bracts none, but a small persistent ovate acute bracteole at the 
base of ovary. Calyx indistinctly toothed. Corolla tubular, apex sub- 
globose in bud ; segments 4, thick, concave, ovate, acute, spreading, half 
the length of tube. Anthers basifixed, shorter than free part of filaments. 
Ovary cylindric, rounded at the base ; stigma capitate, 3-lobed. Berry 
eylindric, or ovoid, 4 in. long. 

N.W. Himalaya from the Ravi to the Sarda, ascending to 7000 ft., on Quer- 
cus incana, Odina Wodier, Schleichera tryjuga, Randia. Oudh forests, Nepal, 
Wall) hills (on Oaks and Hleagnus). FI. Oct.-Jan. (most part of the year, 


5. L. umbellifer, Schultes.—Syn. Z. wmbellatus, Wall. 1. c. 222 (not 
Roth). Vern. Banda. 


Glabrous, with long verrucose branches. Leaves opposite, ovate-lan- — 


ceolate, glabrous, coriaceous, blade 4-6 in., petiole 4 in. long. Flowers 1} 
in. long, blood-red at base, green at top, in lateral fasciculate umbels or in 
short corymbs; bracts none, but. small bracteoles at the base of ovary ; 
peduncles, pedicels, ovary, and outside of corolla slightly pubescent. Calyx 
short, 4-dentate. Corolla tubular, slender ; segments 4 linear, reflexed, 
quarter the length of tube. Anthers basifixed; filaments short, strap- 
shaped, free portion much shorter than anthers. Style angular, stigma 
minute, capitate. 


Himalaya, Sutlej to Bhutan, between 3000 and 10,000 ft. Kasia hills. Has 
been found on Rhododendron arboreum, Andromeda, and Salix babylonica. 


6. L. longiflorus, Desrousseaux; W. & A. Prodr. 384 ; Wight Ic. t. 302. 
—Syn. L. bicolor, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 139; Fl. Ind. i. 548: Vern. Pand, 
amut, Pb.; Banda, C.P.; Patha, Banda; Bara manda, Beng. 


A large handsome parasite, wholly glabrous, bark grey, with numerous 
woody branches, large leaves, and handsome flowers. Leaves thick-coria- 
ceous, usually opposite, extremely variable in shape, from linear (L. fal- 
catus, Linn., South India, Ceylon) to oblong broad-ovate and rotundate 
with amplexicaul base (ZL. amplexifolius, DC., South India, Ceylon) ; lat- 
eral nerves usually indistinct. Flowers large, 14-2 in. long, the lower 
part red, the upper green, in unilateral racemes; pedicels as long as or 
longer than ovary ; bracts none, but a semi-amplexicaul concave bracteole 
at the base of ovary. Corolla tubular, curved, split half-way down between 
two segments, swelling from the base to within a third of the mouth, then 
contracting a little; segments 5, linear, reflexed to one side. Anthers 
basifixed, narrow-linear, equal in length to the free portion of filaments ; 
filaments attached above the base of corolla-segments. Ovary glabrous, 
cylindrical or urceolate, with a rounded hase, topped by the projecting, 
entire, or irregularly dentate calyx. Berry oblong, pulpy, crowned with 
the cup-shaped calyx, black, 4-5 in. long. A remarkable form with oblong 


398 LXV. LORANTHACEA. [ Loranthus, 


leaves and pubescent ovary and pedicels from Western India, perhaps a 
distinct species. (Belgaum—Vern. Kokam phul ka banda, on Flacourtia, 
Chloroxylon, and Garcinia.) : 


The most common of the Indian species of Loranthus. In the Siwalik tract 
and outer Himalaya it extends west to the Jhelam, ascending to 3000 and at 
times to 6000 ft. in the Panjab, and to 7500 ft. in Kamaon. Common in Oudh, 
Bengal, Central and South India, Ceylon, and Burma ; also in North Australia, 
Queensland, and New South Wales. Grows on most trees,—in North India 
chiefly on Melia, Bauhinia, Albizzia procera, Acacia modesta, the Peach and 
Pear trees, on Rottlera tinctoria; in Oudh on Buchanania, Bassia, Diospyros ; 
and in most parts of India it infests the Mango tree ; the branches on which it 
grows swell, get disfigured, sickly, and eventually die. Fl. chiefly from Nov. 
to June, but in places throughout the year. 


Orpen LXVI. SANTALACES. 


Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees, sometimes (Thesiwm) parasitic on the 
roots of other plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without stipules. 
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth epigynous, gamo- 
phyllous ; limb 3-4-lobed ; lobes valvate or subvalvate in zstivation. Sta- 
mens as many as, and opposite to perianth-lobes, epiphyllous. Ovary in- 
ferior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta, bearing 2-5 pendulous ovules. 
Fruit a nut or drupe, 1-seeded ; seed albuminous, with a straight embryo, 
radicle superior.—Royle Ill. 322. 


Flowers bisexual, in short axillary panicles ; stamens 4-5; small 
trees with opposite leaves : ‘ ° ; : : ; 
Flowers male and bisexual; stamens 3; male fl. in pedunculate 
clusters, arranged in leafy racemes ; female fl. solitary ; shrubs 
with alternate leaves. ; ; : : : : . — 2, OS¥RIS. 


1, SANTALUM. 


1. SANTALUM, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate leaves. Perianth cam- 
panulate; limb usually 4-lobed. Stamens opposite to the perianth-lobes. 
Central placenta of the ovary filiform, ovuliferous near the base. Fruit a 
drupe with a pitted or roughish putamen. 


1. S. album, Linn. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 256; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 442; 
Bot. Mag. t. 3235.—Syn. S. myrtifolium, Wall. ; Sirium myrtifolium, 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 2. Sandalwood. Sans. Chandana. Vern. Chandan, chan- 
dal, sandal. (Gandha, Can.) . 


A small evergreen, glabrous tree; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate ; blade about 2 in. long, narrowed into petiole } in. long. Flowers 
deep brownish-purple or blood-red, inodorous, in axillary cymose panicles. 
Perianth campanulate, limb of 4 valvate triangular segments. Stamens 
exserted, adnate to the perianth-tube, and alternating with 4 rounded ob- 
tuse scales, Style as long as perianth, Berry black, globose, 1-seeded. 
(For development and fertilisation of the ovule, see Griffith on the 
Ovulum of Sant. album in Trans, Linn. Soe, xviii. 59.) 


Santalum.] LXVI. SANTALACEZ. 399 


Indigenous in the drier districts of the bine particularly in Mysore, 
extending south to the Madura district and north to Kolapur ; also on the 
hills of the Coromandel coast.. Timor and East Java. Grown in gardens in the 
Dekkan, Bengal, Central India, Guzerat, Rajputana, as far north as Saharan- 
pur. Fl. March-July, also at other seasons. Attains 20 ft. and a girth of 3 ft., 
with slender drooping branchlets, and light foliage. Is mainly spread through 
the agency of birds, and springs up abundantly in hedges and in the midst of 
shru 


The sapwood is white and scentless, the heartwood yellowish-brown and 
strongly scented ; weight 55 lb. (Fowke), 58 lb. (Skinner); value of P., 878 
“nage 874 (Skinner). The heartwood is used as incense and perfume, and 

or carving. It is an important article of trade in India, and largely exported 
to China and Arabia, where it is mainly used as incense. In Madras, the wood 
has been found admirably suited for engraving, nearly as good as boxwood, 
though not quite so hard. Sandalwood oil is distilled from the wood. 

Plantations of Sandalwood have been established in Mysore and in the Madras 
Presidency. The climatic conditions under which it seems to thrive best are : 
a rainfall between 20 and 50 inches; and the following limits of temperature 
during the different seasons—cold season 70°-80°, hot: season 80°-90°, rainy sea- 
son 70°-80°, autumn 70°-80°. The heartwood of the tree grown in North India 
has a slight scent. 

The export of Sandalwood from India to China is very old. Other species of 
Santalum, which likewise yield fragrant Sandalwood, grow on the islands of the 
Pacific. About 1778 the export of Sandalwood from the Sandwich Islands to 
China commenced on a large scale. An interesting sketch of the history of the 
Polynesian Sandalwood trade is given in Seemann’s Flora Vitiensis, p. 212. 


2. OSYRIS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves. Flowers her- 
maphrodite or unisexual. Perianth of male fl. slender, of hermaphrodite 
fi. obconical, 3-4-lobed above. Stamens 3-4. Central placenta of ovary 
very short, ovuliferous at the apex. Fruit drupaceous. Seed solitary, 
with copious albumen. 


1. O. arborea, Wall—Syn. O. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1853 
(sometimes called O. nepalensis). Vern. Bakardharra, bakarja, Kamaon 
(Jameson Catalogue, 200) ; Popli, Belgaum. 


A twiggy glabrous shrub ; branchlets 3-sided, with prominent sharp 
angles. Leaves coriaceous, obovate or elliptic-oblong, 1-14 in. long, mu- 
cronate, subsessile or narrowed into a short marginate petiole; male 
flowers 5-10, on short pedicels, in axillary, pedunculate clusters, often 
arranged in racemose panicles, Bisexual flowers solitary, axillary on long 
slender pedicels. Drupe subglobose, glabrous, } in. long, red when ripe. 


Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft., Simla, Kamaon, Nepal, Bhutan, mountains 
of South India, Western Ghats. Fl. Dec.-April. Specimens collected by R. 
Thompson in the Central Provinces (in fruit) are pubescent all over, also peri- 
anth and drupe ; the leaves are smaller, elliptic-oblong,—perhaps a new species. 
Similarly pubescent specimens are in Herb. Kew, collected by Dr Stocks (in 
Sindh ?) | *..~ 


400 LXVII. URTICACEA. | Plecospermum. 


Orper LXVII. URTICACEA. 


Trees shrubs or herbs with alternate, rarely opposite stipulate leaves. 
Flowers apetalous, dioicous or monoicous, more rarely bisexual or poly- 
gamous, inconspicuous, solitary or variously disposed. Perianth simple, 
3-5-lobed or -partite, or reduced to 1 or 2 segments, in the female flower 
occasionally tubular and undivided, or wholly wanting. Male fl.: stamens 
usually as many as perianth-segments and opposite to them. Female fl. : 
ovary free rarely adherent, 1- rarely 2-celled; styles often 2, connate at 
base, usually laterally stigmatose or stigma sessile ; ovule solitary, erect 
and orthotropous, or laterally affixed or pendulous with a superior micro- 
pyle. Fruit a nut or small drupe, in Moree and Artocarpee usually 
consolidated in a syncarpium, in Ulmus samaroid ; seed with or without 
albumen ; embryo various, radicle superior.—Royle Ill. 333, 335, 341. 


This Order is here taken in a wide sense, including the following Tribes, 
which are commonly regarded as separate Orders :— 


Urticece.—Fl. unisexual ; stamens equal in number to perianth-lobes ; fila- 
ments inflected in bud, uncoiling elastically when the fl. opens ; style 
1, simple—Boehmeria, Girardinia, Urtica, Laportea, Pouzolzia, Sar- 
cochlamys, Debregeasia, Villebrunea, Maoutia. 

Morece.—F 1. unisexual, usually in dense spikes or heads; stamens equal 
in number to perianth-lobes, filaments inflected in bud; style 1, 
oftener 2, connate at the base—Plecospermum, Morus, Broussonetia, 
Streblus, Taxotrophis, Phyllochlamys. 

Artocarpee.—F 1, unisexual, in dense spikes or heads, often with fleshy 
axis, or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle ; stamens as many as perianth- 
lobes or fewer, not inflected in bud ; trees or shrubs with milky juice, 
leaves convolute in bud and amplexicaul stipules—Ficus, Cudrania, 
Antiaris, Artocarpus, Castilloa, Brosimum. 

Celtidee.—F 1. unisexual or polygamous in axillary or lateral cymes ; fila- 
ments short, erect or slightly incurved in bud; styles 2, ovary 1- 
celled ; fruit drupaceous—Celtis, Sponia. 

Ulmacece.— F1. mostly bisexual; stamens not inflected in bud; styles 2, 
ovary 1-2-celled ; fruit dry, usually winged—UJ/mus, 


Stamens inflected in bud ; style one, simple. 
A shrub, armed with axillary thorns; female flowers in 
globose heads; perianths connate, tubular with a small 
4-dentate mouth ; fruit a fleshy compound berry with 
few large seeds . ; : ‘ : : ; ; 1. PLECOSPERMUM. 
Trees or shrubs without thorns ; female fl. in heads, spikes, 
or panicles ; perianths not connate. 
Stigma long linear ; fruit dry. 


Flower-heads in spikes or panicles ; stigma persistent. 2. BOEHMERIA. 
Flower-heads sessile, axillary ; stigma articulate 3. PoUZzOLZIA. 
Stigma sessile, tufted ; fruit of numerous small berries in 
globose heads . ; - : : > ; 4, DEBREGEASIA. 
Female perianth none; stigma penicillate ; flower-heads 
in axillary panicles . ; : : ‘ . 5, MAovTia. 


Plecospermum. | LXVII. URTICACE. 401 
Stamens inflected in bud ; styles two, more or less connate at 
the base. 
Female fl. numerous, spicate . ‘ : ‘ : . 6. Morus. 
Female fl. solitary ; ° ‘ ° . 47. STREBLUS. 


Stamens not inflected in bud; style one. 
Flowers on the inside of a hollow, globose, or pear-shaped 
receptacle A , : ; . ‘ . ‘ 8. Ficus. 
Flowers on the outside of a fleshy receptacle ; in globose 
or cylindrical heads. 
Flowers dioicous ; perianths of 4, free, not connate seg- 
-. ments or leaves . ; ; “ ‘ ; r 
: Flowers monoicous ; male perianth of 2-4 segments or 
leaves ; female perianths tubular connate with each 
other ° F . ‘ : < : . 10. ARTOCARPUS, 
Stamens not inflected in bud; styles two, more or less connate 
at the base. 
Flowers polygamous ; ovary 1-celled; fruit fleshy. 
Perianth deciduous ; stamens shorter than perianth . 11. CELTIS. 
Perianth persistent ; stamens longer than perianth . 12, Sponta. 
Flowers commonly bisexual; ovary 1-2-celled; fruit a 
winged samara : > ; ‘ : ; . 13. ULmus. 


9. CUDRANIA. 


1. PLECOSPERMUM, Trecul. 


Tree or shrub with alternate entire leaves. Flowers dioicous, collected 
in dense globular heads. Male fl.: perianth 4-fid, segments imbricate. 
Stamens free ; filaments inflexed in estivation ; anthers globose, 2-celled. 


_ Ovary rudimentary. Female fl.; perianth gamophyllous, with a narrow 


4.dentate mouth. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule ; 
style filiform, exserted ; stigma papillose. Fertile nuts consolidated with 
the succulent perianth-segments and abortive ovaries into an irregular few- 
seeded berry-like syncarpium ; seed exalbuminous. 


1. P. spinosum, Trecul; DC. Prodr. xvii. 233; Wight Ic. t. 1963.— 


Syn. Batis spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 762; Trophis spinosa, Willd. 


(partly). 


A large shrub or small tree, armed with straight axillary spines ; 
branchlets glabrous, only extremities and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves 
glabrous, short-petiolate, oval elliptic or obovate, obtuse or acute, entire, 
2-3 in. long, lateral nerves and reticulate veins indistinct. Flower-heads 
yellowish, axillary, solitary or 2-3 together, on peduncles as long as heads, 
the male heads } in. diam., the female heads smaller while in flower, but 
enlarging in fruit to about } in. Male fl,: perianth-segments obtuse or 
emarginate, hairy outside. Stamens inserted around a hairy rudimentary 
ovary, inflexed in bud, exserted afterwards. Perianths of female fl. con- 
nate into a pubescent globose head, the orifice of each perianth indistinctly 


_ 4toothed, and a single filiform papillose style protruding from it. Fruit 


a compound irregularly-shaped 1-2-seeded berry, 4 in. diam., the other 
ovaries being abortive. 


Nepal, Rohilkhand (Salt range, rare, on the top of mountains at 3000 ft.— 
J.L.8.) South India, Ceylon. FI. Feb.-April. Bark fibrous. 
20 


402 LXVII. URTICACER. [ Boehmeria. 


2. BOHHMERIA, Jacq. 


Shrubs or small trees with opposite or alternate toothed or occasionally 
lobed simple stipulate leaves. Flowers small dioicous or monoicous, in 
globose usually 1-sexual clusters, Male fi.: perianth 4- (rarely 3-) -lobed 
or -partite, segments valvate in estivation, Stamens as many as perianth- 
segments. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : perianth tubular, compressed 
or ventricose, usually narrowed to a minutely 2-4-toothed mouth. Ovary 
free or adherent, 1-celled, with a solitary erect or ascending ovule; style 
laterally stigmatose. Nut dry. Seed with more or less ‘albumen. 

Leaves alternate; branches terete. 

Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate; petiole half the length of 

leaf or longer . ‘ : ' : 5 ; ‘ 

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; petiole many times shorter than 


leaf . , : . ¢ A : i } é 2. B. rugulosa. 
Leaves opposite; branches four-sided. 
Leaves broad-ovate ; petiole one-fourth the length of leaf or 
longer ; ; ; : : : ; : .~ 3. B. platyphylla. 
Leaves lanceolate ; petiole many times shorter than leaf . 4, B. macrophylla. 


1. B. nivea, - 


1. B. nivea, Hook. et Arn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 206 ; Hooker’s Journal 
of Botany, iii. (1851) 315, t. 8.—Syn. Urtica nivea, Linn. U. tenacis- 
sima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 590; Wight Ic. t. 688. China grass, Rheea. 


A shrub ; young branches and shoots herbaceous, branches and _ peti- 
oles tomentose, with long soft hairs. Leaves alternate, broad-ovate, 3-6 
in. long, acuminate, dentate with large triangular, slightly curved teeth, 
base truncate but tapering suddenly into petiole, the upper side of leaf 
pubescent and rough, the under side white, densely matted with closely 
adpressed hairs ; basal nerves 3, all penniveined, the lateral nerves joined 
by prominent transverse veins ; petiole half the length of leaf or longer, 
stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers greenish, monoicous, in axillary 
panicles ; panicles in pairs, shorter than petiole, bearing numerous sessile 
flower-heads along their entire length, female panicles in the upper, male 
panicles in the lower axils. Style much exserted, hairy. | 


Indigenous, and cultivated in China, Japan, and the Indian Archipelago. 
Cultivated;in Assam, upper Bengal, and (within the last 20 years) in North-West 
India. Fl. July-Sept. The inner bark of the young shoots contains one of the 
finest fibres produced by the vegetable kingdom. It is soft, fine, with a beauti- 
ful silky gloss, and at the same time exceedingly strong. The exquisite textures 
known under the name of China grass cloth are made of it. Examined under 
the microscope, Rheea fibre consists of large single tubes or elementary fibres, 
whereas the fibre of jute, hemp, and flax, consists of bundles of tubes or elemen- 
tary fibres. The elementary fibres of Rheea are much longer than those of jute, 
hemp, or flax. Cotton, like Rheea, consists of single tubes (hairs), but they are 
thinner, much shorter, and less strong. Rheea fibre is an article vastly superior 
to jute (the produce of Corchorus capsularis, p. 37). Both fibres were brought 
to notice in Europe about the beginning of this century, both are produced in 
Bengal, but the value of the jute exported from India exceeds £4,000,000 a-year, — 
and is now inferior in value only to the exports of cotton; opium, and rice, whereas | 
the export of Rheea is as yet insignificant. The reason of this is twofold. The) 
preparation of jute is easy, and that of Rheea difficult; and secondly, jute thrives | 


: 


Boehmeria.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 403 


luxuriantly in the climate of Bengal on comparatively poor soil, whereas Rheea 
requires rich soil and continuous moisture. Rheea is easily pe agated from 
cuttings, and when grown for its fibre, it resembles a perennial plant, the her- 
baceous shoots being cut several times a-year. 


2. B. rugulosa, Weddell.—Syn. Urtica rugulosa, Wall. 


A small tree with greyish-brown branches, the youngest branchlets as 
well as petioles and under side of leaves hoary. Leaves alternate, elliptic- 
lanceolate, short-petiolate, 3-5 in. long, obtusely dentate, with 3 longitu- 
dinal nerves from the base to the apex of leaf, each nerve penniveined, 
the lateral veins of the midrib anastomosing in a marked manner with 
those on the inside of the two side nerves, the lateral veins on the outside 
of the side nerves being joined by an intramarginal vein running close 
under the edge of leaf, nerves and veins prominent on the under side, im- 
pressed and (the veins) indistinct on the upper side of leaf. Flowers 
dioicous in round sessile clusters, each cluster in the axil of a cordate 
membranous bract, the clusters arranged in long undivided lateral spikes. 
The leaves somewhat resemble those of Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, with 
which it has sometimes been confused, but it is readily distinguished by 
the long simple flower-spikes. 

‘Garhwal (Kotridun), Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan. 5. nervosa of Madden 
(The Terai and outer mountains of Kamaon, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. i. 587), and of 
Jameson (Catalogue, 1854)} “Vern. Geti, gainti ; wood excellent for making bowls, 
for which purpose it is extensively used in Kamaon,” is probably this species. 


3. B. platyphylla, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 60; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 210.— 
Syn. B. rotundifolia, Don, ibid. U. macrophylla, Wall. Vern. Gargela, 
Kamaon. 


A shrub with four-sided herbaceous branches; branchlets and leaves 
rough with scattered short adpressed hairs. ‘Leaves broad-ovate, acumin- 
ate, dentate with large triangular teeth, basal nerves 3, all penniveined, 
blade 3-9, petiole 1-5 in. long. Flowers whitish, monoicous and dioicous, 
in long axillary interrupted spikes, generally much longer than the sub- 
tending leaf. Male spikes often branching, in monoicous plants occupy- 
ing the lower axils of the leaves. Styles hairy, exserted. An extremely 
variable plant, of which 3 principal varieties may be noted in the North- 
West Himalaya. «. macrostachya; Splitgerbera macrostachya, Wight Ic. t. 
1977, with very large long-petiolate leaves, female spikes generally undi- 
vided. £8. rotundifolia, with rotundate abruptly acuminate leaves, ¥. 
scabrella ; Urtica scabrella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 581; Wight Ic. t. 691, 
with small leaves, flower-spikes as-long as leaf or shorter. 

Outer ranges of the Himalaya, ascending to 7500 ft. Parisnath in Behar. 


East Bengal, hills of South India and Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Japan and 
China. Fl. April-Aug. 


4, B. macrophylla, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 60; DC, Prodr. xvi. i. 209.— 
Syn. Ortica pendulifiora, Wall. 


A shrub or small tree, branchlets four-sided, and strigose with short 
adpressed hairs. Leaves 6-12 in. long, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, soft- 


404 LXVII, URTICACEA, [ Boehmeria. 


pubescent beneath, upper side rough, the substance of the leaf projecting 
in raised angular plots between the impressed veins, basal nerves 3, the side 
nerves extending through three-fourths of the length of leaf, the midrib 
penniveined in its upper part. Stipules lanceolate, with a ‘prominent 
hairy midrib, petioles strigose, 1 in. long. Flowers monoicous, in long 
drooping axillary simple spikes ; the clusters of flowers in the axils of 
lanceolate bracts. 


Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 4000 feet. Kasia hills. Fl. Aug.-Sept. 


The true nettles (Urtica, Girardinia, Laportea) differ from Boehmeria 
and its allies by stinging hairs and the perianth of the female flower being 2-4- 
cleft, not tubulose. Gurardinia heterophylla, D®* in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 153 
—Syn. Urtica heterophylla, Willd. Vern. Keri, Jhelam ; Kingi, Chenab; Hin, 
sanoli, Ravi; An, jan, kal, Bias ; Karla, bhabar, Sutlej ; Awa, alla, chichru, 
bichua, N. W. Himalaya, is a large gregarious forest weed, multiplying exceed- 
ingly on rich soil; covered all over with long stinging bristles, leaves large, 
dentate, pinnatifid,3-lobed, and sometimes entire, stipules ovate, flowers dioicous, 
in branching, more or less glomerate, paniculate spikes, female perianth of two 
unequal segments, nuts flat, ovate, acute, 1-2 lines long, glabrous, shining, sur- 
rounded by a mass of bristles, with which the ramifications of the panicle are 
thickly set. Himalaya, 2500 to 8000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl. July, Sept. Closely 
allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct, are G'. palmata, Wedd., DC. Prodr. 
xvi. i, 101—Syn. G. Leschenaultvana, D»e-, with large cordate stipules, edge of 
leaves cut into long lanceolate triangular teeth—Nilgiris ; and G@. zeylanica, 
Dne.; DC. Prodr. ibid.—Syn. Urtiea heterophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 586, Wight 
Ic. t. 687 ; female panicles when in fruit short compact, irregularly reniform, 
but sometimes cylindric, stipules ovate—Burma (abundant in the forests of the 
Pegu Yoma, particularly in the Zamayi), Mount Aboo, Western Ghats, and the 
Konkan, Ceylon. The WVdlgirt nettle includes both G. palmata and G. zey- 
lanica. These 3 species (or varieties) yield a fine and strong fibre, which is 
made into twine and ropes. Coarse cloth is made of it in Sikkim. 

Laportea crenulata, Gaudich. ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 306—Syn. Urtica crenulata, 
Roxb. iii. 591 ; Wight Ic. t. 686—Mealum-ma of Sikkim, 1s a large shrub, with 
glossy penniveined entire or crenulate leaves, 6-18 in. long, flowers dioicous, 
female perianth minute, campanulate, 4-lobed ; numerous minute poisonous 
hairs on young shoots, which make the handling and even the vicinity of the 
plant extremely painful, the effects lasting for days. It is a remarkable fact 
that the sting of this plant is poisonous only in autumn (Hook. Him. Journ. 
ii. 188). East Bengal, Burma, evergreen forests of the western coast ; Ceylon 
and Java. Ropes are made of the fibre. Well known to children in Europe is 
the burning sting of Urtica diovca, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 332, a perennial herb 
of Europe, and the temperate regions of the northern and southern hemisphere 
(Kashmir and Kunawar in the N.W. Himalaya). 


3, POUZOLZIA, Gaudichaud. 


Shrubs or herbs, usually with alternate leaves. Flowers monoicous, 
rarely dioicous, in sessile axillary clusters or spikes, the male and female 
flowers usually intermixed, Male flowers: perianth 4-5-lobed or -partite, 
segments valvate in estivation. Stamens 3-5. Pistilrudimentary. Female 
flowers: perianth tubular or ovoid, narrowed at the 2-4-toothed mouth. 
Ovary included, usually free, 1-celled with a solitary erect or ascending 
ovule ; style laterally stigmatose, filiform, deciduous. Nut enclosed in 
the persistent, sometimes winged perianth. 


Pouzolzia.| - LXVII. URTICACEZ. 405 


1. P. viminea, Wedd. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 228.—Syn. P. ovalis, Miq. 
P. borbonica, Wight Ic. t. 2100. 


A small shrub with slender virgate branchlets ; branches, petioles ‘and 
nerves on the under side of leaves, strigose. Leaves alternate, ovate- 
_ lanceolate, pale beneath, acuminate, dentate with large acute teeth, rough 
‘with numerous minute raised points, blade 3-6, petiole 4-1 in. long; basal 
nerves 3, extending to three-fourths the length of leaf. Flowers monoi- 
cous, in sessile axillary clusters, with numerous ovate bracts. 


Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft. Bhutan, Assam, Kasia hills, 
Chittagong, Burma, Java. Fl. June-Sept. In Sikkim the leaves are eaten. 


Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Gaudich.—Syn. Urtica pulcherrima, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. iii. 588, is a large shrub with beautiful, alternate, serrate, lanceolate leaves, 
grey beneath, shining but rough above, with 3 longitudinal nerves, joined by 
regularly transverse reticulate veins, blade 6-12, petiole 1-2 in. long; flowers 
dioicous, in short axillary recurved panicles, 2 from each axil, composed 
of short glomerate spikes, female perianth obliquely campanulate, the mouth 
lateral, 4-toothed. Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Burma, forming in Pegu, with 
Blumea grandis, Buddleia, and other fast-growing large herbs and shrubs, the 
dense thicket which springs up on deserted Toungyas. (T7'satyaben, Burm.) 


4, DEBREGEASIA, Gaudich. 


Shrubs with rough serrate alternate leaves. Flowers monoicous or 
_ dioicous, the male clustered, the female in small heads. Male flowers: 
perianth 4- rarely 3-partite, segments valvate in estivation. Stamens 4 
or3. Pistil rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth tubular, dilated below, 
with a narrow 4-toothed mouth, more or less adnate to the 1-celled ovary. 
Ovule solitary, suberect ; stigma sessile, tufted. Fruit a small drupe, the 
outer fleshy layer resulting from change during maturation of the perianth 
and outer stratum of the ovary. Albumen copious. 


Flower-heads in dichotomous cymes . , ‘ ; 1. D. longifolia. 
Flower-heads sessile or subsessile ‘ ; , , 2. D. bicolor. 


1. D. longifolia, Weddell in DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 235%.—Syn. Conoce- 
phalus niveus, Wight Ic. t. 1959. Missiessya velutina, Wedd. 


A large shrub, branchlets pubescent and often with long scattered hairs. 
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper side rough, under side grey with soft 
pubescence of fine adpressed hairs, penniveined, the lowest pair of lateral 
nerves from the base, blade 4-6, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers monoicous, 
in small heads, on dichotomous axillary cymes, numerous bracteoles mixed. 
with the flowers. Male perianth longer than bracteoles. Fruit yellow, 
of numerous minute, pointed fleshy berries. 


Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 5000.ft. Kasia hills, Burma (common 
on deserted Toungyas), South India, Ceylon, Java. Fr. Oct.-Jan. 


2. D. bicolor, Wedd. 1. c. 235%.—Syn. D. hypoleuca, Wedd. Missi- 
essya hypoleuca, Wedd. Urtica bicolor, Roxb. ii. 589. Boehmeria salici- 
folia, Don Prodr, Fl. Nep. 60. Vern. Kharwala, shakai, Afg.; Chainchar, 
chainjli, chenjul, amrer, sandari, Jhelam ; Sansaru, siiss, Chenab; Siaru, 


406 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Debregeasia. 


stharu, tulsiari, east of Ravi; Pincho, prin, Upper Sutlej ; Tushiari, 
Kamaon. 

A large shrub, branchlets and petioles with soft grey tomentum. 
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, serrate, upper, side 
rough with numerous minute round elevated dots, under side white, with 
soft densely matted tomentum, penniveined, the lowest pair of lateral 
nerves basal. Flowers monoicous, in round axillary sessile or subsessile 
heads, numerous bracteoles mixed with flowers. Male perianth outside 
white-tomentose, as long as bracteoles. Fruit yellow, of numerous minute 
pointed fleshy berries. 

Afghanistan. Salt range. Common, generally in valleys near water, in the 
North-West Himalaya east to the Sarda river, ascending to 5000 ft., and extend- 


ing up the Sutlej valley as far as Wangtu. Fl. March, April; fr. June-Aug. 
Twine and ropes are made of the fibre. 


Villebrunea frutescens, Blume ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 235% (Syn. Urtica frut- 
escens, Thunb. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 589, and Bohmeria efrutescens, Thunb.), is a 
shrub, with slender pubescent branches, ovate, acuminate, serrate leaves, con- 
color or white beneath, 3-nerved, the midrib penniveined in the upper half of 
leaf, blade 2-4, petiole 1-2 in. long. Flowers dioicous, in sessile or subsessile 
compact heads, lateral, below the leaves, numerous bracteoles between the 
flowers. Fruit of many minute dry ovoid nuts, the base surrounded by the 
connate, half fleshy bracteoles—Kamaon, Vern. Gur tushiara (?), Madden, 
Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft., Bhutan, China, Japan. 


4, MAOUTIA, Weddell. 


Shrubs, with alternate triplinerved leaves, hoary-tomentose beneath. 
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, clustered or capitate, the clusters loosely 
and irregularly cymose, cymes usually in pairs from the axils. Male 
flowers: perianth 5-partite. Segments valvate in estivation. Stamens 5. 
Pistil rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth usually 0. Ovary ovoid, 
with a solitary suberect ovule; style short; stigma sublateral persistent. 
Nut slightly compressed or trigonous, outer stratum slightly fleshy. AI- 
bumen thin. . | 


1. M. Puya, Wedd.—Syn. Urtica Puya, Wall. Boehmeria frutescens, 
Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 59. B. Puya, Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1851) t. 7. 
Vern. Poi, pua, N.W.P. See Madden in Journ. As. Soc, xviii. i, 622. 


A shrub, branches with long soft hairs. Leaves elliptic, long-acumin- 
ate, dentate with large triangular teeth, white beneath with densely mat- 
ted hairs, 3 prominent basal nerves, blade 3-6, petiole 1-2 in. long, stipules 
axillary, deeply bifid. Flowers monoicous, in small round heads, either 
unisexual or composed of male and female flowers mixed, the flower-heads 
in axillary dichotomous panicles shorter than petioles, with slender 
branches. Female flowers without perianth. Nuts triquetrous, 


Garhwal, Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 4000.ft. Kasia hills. Burma, 
hills east of Toungoo above 2500 ft. (D. B.) Fl. May-July. Cloth and fishing- 
nets are made of the fibre. Regarding this and other Nettle-fibres, see Royle, 
Fibrous Plants of India. 


Morus. ] LXVIL. URTICACEZ. 407 


6. MORUS, Linn. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous stipules. 
Flowers unisexual, monoicous. or dioicous; male flowers in deciduous 
spikes, female flowers i in spikes or heads. Perianth in male flower always 
deeply 4-parted, in female flower of 4, sometimes of 2 or 3 segments or 
distinct leaves. Stamens 4, opposite to and longer than perianth-seg- 
ments, inserted around a minute rudimentary ovary, anthers 2-celled, in- 
trorse, opening longitudinally, filaments flattened at base. Ovary I-celled 
or 2-celled, one cell smaller and often without an ovule, otherwise one 
ovule in each cell. Fruit a compound berry, consisting of the succulent 
perianths, enclosing each a 1-seeded carpel with a thin membranous, after- 
wards gelatinous pericarp. Embryo curved in a fleshy albumen. 

Perianth of female flowers of 4 leaves or segments, the 2 inner 
flat or concave, the 2 outer more or less keeled. 


Female flower-spikes short ovoid... » 
Leaves acute ; styles short, free, glabrous or slightly 


hairy . 1. M. alba. 
Leaves long- acuminate ; styles long, hairy, connate to 
one-fourth their length . i : ; 2. M. indica. 
Female flower-spikes long, cylindric : 3. M. levigata. 
Perianth of female flowers of 2-4, generally 3, equal, oblong 
segments ” ‘ : 4, M.-serrata. 


Bureau, in the xvii. sé, of De Candolle’s eredeailta unites all these 
under M. alba, but maintains M. nigra as a distinct species. The matter 
_ seems to demand farther inquiry on the spot in India. 


1. M. alba, Linn.—Tab. XLVII.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 594; DC. 
Prodr. xvii. 238 ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 657.—Syn. M. tatarica, "Limn, 
Mulberry. Marier blane, Fr. ; Maulbeerbaum, Germ. ; Moro, It. Vern. 
Tut, tul, tulklu, chinni, chin. 


A middle-sized deciduous tree, youngest branchlets, petioles, and under 
side of leaves along nerves slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate, base often 
cordate, dentate, frequently lobed, blade 2-3 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, 3 
basal nerves, middle nerve penniveined. Fl. monoicous, the sexes often 
on distinct branches (Willkomm). ‘Female spikes pedunculate, peduncle 
as long as spike or nearly so, perianth and style glabrous or slightly ciliate. 
Perianth-segments of male flower elliptic. Styles distinct, varying in length. 
Fruit white or red, sweet. 

From this species M. nigra, Linn. ; Reichenb. Fl, Germ. t. 658—the 
Black Mulberry ; Gelso nero, It.—is distinguished by tomentose broader 
more firm and thick leaves, often 5-nerved, short-pedunculate or subsessile 
female flower-spikes, perianth and styles densely hairy, and purple, acidu- 
lous and sweet fruit. Male and female fl. on distinct branches, often dioi- 
cous (Willkomm). I do not venture to decide whether M. atropurpurea, 
Roxb. 1. c. 595, with long cylindric dark-purple fruit, brought to Calcutta 
from China, should be referred to MW. alba, of which Bureau makes it a 
variety. : 

The Mulberry is commonly cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, abundantly 


408 LXVII. URTICACEM. [ Morus. 


in the Peshawar valley and-the northern part of the trans-Indus territory. Also 
in the Panjab plains, in Kashmir and the North-West Himalaya, ascending in 
Ladak to 11,000 ft. Likewise in Europe, Western, Central Asia, and China. 
The home of the Black Mulberry is unknown ; it is stated to be wild in Persia 
and Afghanistan (classic writers were familiar with the tree, which was early 
introduced to Greece, and thence to Italy), The black is a larger tree than the 
white Mulberry ; both are hardy in England. In Eastern Europe M. nigra is 
more tender than J. alba. The home of the White Mulberry is probably 
China ; it was not known to ancient writers, and was introduced into Europe in 
the fifteenth century (Hehn Kulturpflanzen, 283). In North India the tree is 
leafless during the cold season, the new leaves appear from the middle of Feb- 
ruary to March or even to April—there is great variation in that respect ; and 
trees are often seen bare, while others close to them are in full leaf. Fl. March, 
April; the fruit ripens May, June, later of course at great elevations. Attains 
30-40 ft., with an erect trunk 6-8 ft. girth (occasionally 10-12), one in the Salt 
range 16 ft. Bark grey or light brown, with shallow furrows. Sap white, soft, 
heartwood yellow, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, with distinct annual rings, 
which, as in the Ash, are marked by an inner belt of large pores close together, 
forming the spring wood, the outer belt being wider, with small, scanty, but 
uniformly distributed pores. Medullary rays numerous, showing in a vertical 
section like narrow horizontal bands. Polishes well, and is a strong useful 
wood, much employed for building, furniture, and agricultural implements. 
Also used in boat-building on some of the Panjab rivers. Weight of the Euro- 
pean wood 38-56 lb. The twigs are tough and strong, in Kashmir they are used 
for binding loads, The leaves are largely used as fodder, particularly for sheep 
and goats, In Kashmir the tree is important for feeding the silkworm, and the 
felling of trees even in private gardens is prohibited. 

The chief product of this tree, however, inthe Panjab, Beluchistan, and Afghan- 
istan, is the fruit, of which there are many varieties, sweet and acid, and of all 
shades of colour, from white to a deep blackish purple. The large white kind 
of the Peshawar valley (Shah tat) is one of the best. The following kinds are 
cultivated in Beluchistan, according to Stocks: Siah, colour black and white 
mixed ; Ledana (seedless); Pewandi (grafted), with delicious pearly small 
white fruit; Shah tit (Royal Mulberry); Khar tut (Jackass Mulberry). It 
remains for farther inquiry on the spot which of these varieties should be 
classed under M. alba and migra, and it is not impossible that it may, in 
the Panjab and Afghanistan at least, be found impracticable to maintain the 
distinction between the two species, In Kashmir and Afghanistan the fruit 
furnishes a considerable portion of the food of the inhabitants in autumn, 
and much of it is dried and preserved. 


2. M. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 596.—Syn. M. parvifolia, 
Royle. Sans. Tula. Vern. Tul, Pb.; Tutri, N.W.P.; Tut, Bengal. 


A deciduous shrub or small tree; buds, stipules, and youngest leaves 
with long hairs. Leaves pubescent when young, rough afterwards with 
minute round raised dots, ovate, long-acuminate, sharp-serrate, often deeply 
lobed, with 3 basal nerves, midrib penniveined, blade 2-5 in., petiole $-1$ 
in. long. Male fl. short - pedicellate, perianth - segments elliptic, hairy as 
well as.pedicel and peduncle. Female fl.: spikes short-ovoid, on slender 
peduncles about half the length of spike ; leaves of perianth obovate, with — 
broad white edges ; styles long, hairy, connate to about one-fourth their — 
-length. Fruit small, ovoid or subglobose, black when ripe. Dr Stewart 
considered this as merely a variety of M. albu. Farther researches on the 


Morus. | LXVII. URTICACEZ. 409 


spot will perhaps confirm this view ; the question is, whether the char- 
acters here stated—long-acuminated leaves, connate styles, and the shape 
of perianth-segments—are constant or not. 


Not uncommon wild in the sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills of the Panjab 
and Kamaon, ascending to 5000 and occasionally to 7000 ft. Wild in the val- 
leys of Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. China, Japan. This is the Mulberry 
which is generally cultivated as a low shrub in Bengal, Burma, and in places in 
the peninsula for its leaves, which are used to feed the silkworm. FI. Feb. ; fr. 
May. Grows sometimes into a small tree, 20-25 ft. high, with 16-18 in. girth. 
Bark grey. Wood hard and close-grained. 


3. M. levigata, Wall.—Syn. WM. glabrata, Wall. Vern. Tut. 


A middle-sized or large deciduous tree; stipules and bud-scales with 
long soft hairs, extremities and youngest leaves slightly pubescent. 
Leaves glabrous, smooth or slightly rough, ovate, short-acuminate, some- 
times lobed, base often cordate, blade 3-7 in., petiole about 1 in. long, 
basal nerves 3, midrib penniveined with 4-6 pairs of main lateral nerves. 
Flowers in long, drooping, short-pedunculate spikes, peduncles hairy. 
Male fl. sessile, perianth-segments concave, very hairy outside, filaments 
slightly dilated at base. Female fl.: perianth of 4 glabrous, rotundate, 
concave segments; styles slightly connate at base, papillose, otherwise 
nearly glabrous. 


Wild and cultivated in the Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, ascending (in 

East Nepal) to 4000 ft. Burma (evergreen forests, Thoungyeen, D.B,, March 
1859). Cultivated (scarce) on the Soane in Behar. Fl. Nov.-March; fr. March- 
May. ‘The fruit is long, cylindrical, yellowish-white, sweet but insipid. 


4, M. serrata, Roxb. 1. c. 596.—Syn. M. pabularia, Dre. in Jacq. Voy. 
Bot. t. 151. Vern. Kran, karin, tut, kaura, karru, tulukul, tulklu, sod, 
an, shta, chimu, kimu, Pb. ; Kimu, himu, N.W.P. 


A large deciduous tree with scaly buds ; branchlets, petioles, and young 
leaves soft-pubescent or tomentose, Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, often 
lobed, edge deeply cut with large acute serratures, stipules broad-lanceolate, 
blade 2-8 in., petiole 1-2 in. long. Flowers (dioicous, Madden) in short- 
pedunculate cylindrical spikes, male spikes 1-2 in., female spikes $ in. 
long, peduncles soft-tomentose, with long hairs. Male fl.: perianth-seg- 
ments elliptic-oblong, very hairy outside; filaments tapering from a broad 
flat l-nerved base. Female fl.: perianth-segments 2-4, commonly 3, equal, 
ciliate, styles connate at base, very hairy. Fruit not very fleshy, mucila- 
ginous, sweet, purple. 


Common wild locally, in many parts of the N.W. Himalaya, generally from 
4000 to 9000 ft., descending in places to 2500 ft. Cultiv, up to Chergaon in 
Kunawar. The young leaves come out in May; fl. April, May; fr. June-Aug. 
Attains 60-70 ft., with an erect trunk of great girth, 9-10 ft. not uncommon. 
Dr Stewart noted several of 20 ft., and one, a magnificent specimen, at the Hindu 
temple, Barmaor on the Ravi, in the Chamba State (elev. 7000 ft.), of 28 ft. 
girth. Growth apparently slow, annual rings distinct. Bark pale greyish- 
brown, with a reddish tinge, smooth or rough with irregular shallow vertical 


410 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Morus. 


fissures, not running into each other, Sometimes the outer bark peels off in 
scales, somewhat similar in aupeanange to the bark of Asculus indica. Heart- 
wood yellowish or dark reddish-brown, with white medullary rays. Easily 
worked, not heavy, polishes beautifully, and might answer for cabinet-work. 
Is used for agricultural implements, toys, troughs, and similar articles, The 
tree is often lopped for cattle-fodder. 


Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent.; DC. Prodr. xvii. 224; Bot. Mag. t. 
2358, the Paper Mulberry, is a middle-sized dioicous tree, with ovate 
dentate leaves, the upper side rough, the under side soft-tomentose, male 
flowers in cylindrical catkins, female flowers in compact, tomentose heads, 
from which project, at the time of maturity, long fleshy stalks, bearing 1- 
seeded carpels. The leaves of young trees and root-suckers are often lobed. 
Japan, China, Polynesia, Siam. Hardy in England, also in France and 
Western Germany. Wood light-coloured, even-grained, not hard and not 
heavy. The Yapa-cloth of the South Sea Islands is made of the inner 
bark ; in Japan paper is made of it, particularly the thick paper for the 
eggs of the silkworm; and in Siam and Burma the thick blackened card- 
boards, used like slates in Europe for accounts and other writing. (Pala- 
baik Burm.) In February 1859 I found it growing apparently wild, on 
the Salween river (lat. 18° 40’) near Kolodo and Dahguin zeik, at the 
borders of the Karenee country. This useful tree seems to accommodate 
itself readily to different conditions of climate, and might advantageously 
be cultivated in North-West India. 


7. STREBLUS, Loureiro. 


Tree or shrub with alternate coriaceous distichous leaves and small lat- 
eral early deciduous stipules. Flowers dioicous, male in shortly pedun- 
culate axillary clusters, female singly pedunculate. Male fl.: perianth 
4-partite, segments imbricate, stamens inflexed in estivation. Female fl: 
perianth 4-phyllous, segments dry concave concealing the ovary. Ovary 
l-celled with a solitary pendulous ovule, stigmas 2 filiform. Fruit glo- 
bose, enclosed in the accrescent perianth. Albumen none. 


1. S. asper, Lour.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. gen. t. - 26.— Syn. 
Trophis aspera, Retz.; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 761; Hpicarpurus orientalis, 
Blume; Wight Ic. t. 1961. Vern. Jindi, Pb.; Stora, sthoura, kar- 
channa, rusa, Oudh, N.W.P.; Barranki, barinika, Tel. 


A rigid shrub or a small scraggy tree with dark-green foliage, branch- 
lets hairy, all parts full of milky juice. Leaves short-petiolate, elliptic or 
obovate, 2-4 in. long, penniveined, irregularly dentate, rough on both sides 
with minute raised round dots; stipules obliquely lanceolate. Flowers 
dioicous. Male fl. in short-petiolate globose heads, with a few bracteoles 
at the base; perianth campanulate, 4-fid, pubescent outside. Female fi. 
solitary, on slender peduncles, longer than flower, supported by 2 brac- 
teoles ; perianth 6-fid, closely imbricate, two opposite ,segments inside, two 
outside ; styles two, long-filiform, connate at the base. Fruit a yellow 1- 
seeded berry, partly enclosed in the enlarged perianth. 


= 


Streblus. | LXVII. URTICACEZ. 411 


_ Sub-Himalayan tract west to the Bias river. Oudh forests, Banda, Behar, 
Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, and Indian Archipelago. Geine- 
rally in dry open forests, often on poor soil, Male trees generally more abun- 
dant than female trees. The leaves are renewed in March. FI. Jan.-March; fr. 
May-July. Attains 20 ft., with a short erect trunk, 3-4, rarely 6 ft. girth. 
Bark 4 in. thick, grey, greenish-white or brown, smooth, with faint ridges, rough 
when old, with small corky exfoliating scales. Inner substance milky, com- 
posed of greenish-white, reticulate, soft silky fibres. Wood white, tough and 
elastic, no distinct heartwood. Weight 423 lb. (Kyd), 45 lb. (Skinner). Value 
of P. 570 (Kyd), 604 (Skinner). A good hedge-plant, coppices well, and has 
been recommended for the production of fuel. The twigs are used as tooth- 
brushes, and the leaves to polish wood and ivory. In Siam paper is made of 
the bark. The leaves are lopped extensively for fodder. The milky juice is 
used medicinally, the berries are greedily eaten by birds. 


Phyllochlamys spinosa, Bureau in DC. Prodr. xvii. 218—Syn. Z'axotrophis 
Roxburghit, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 78; Bedd. F]. Sylv. Anal. gen. t. 
26; Trophis spinosa, Roxb. 1. e762; Hpicarpurus spinosus, Wight Ic. t. 1962 
—Vern. Sukalz, Tel, is a small tree on the hills of the Coromandel coast and 
farther south in the peninsnlts with straight axillary, often leaf- and flower- 
bearing spines, male fl. in sessile heads, female fl. solitary, short-pedunculate, 
perianth of 4 lanceolate tapering leaves, enlarged in fruit, and much longer 
than the yellow cup-shaped berry, from which the seed, enclosed in a thin 
endocarp, protrudes in a way similar to the seed of Z’axus, whence the name of 
Taxotrophis (uniting the characters of Taxus and Z'rophis). 


8. FICUS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, juice usually milky. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, 
entire or lobed; stipules amplexicaul, usually deciduous. Flowers uni- 
sexual, minute, on the inside of a hollow, globose ovoid or pear-shaped 
receptacle, commonly called a fig, supported at the base by 3 or 4 bracts, 
the mouth of the receptacle closed by numerous scales in several rows, the 
inner scales turned inwards, those of the outer row more or less erect. 
Numerous bractlets generally between the flowers. Receptacles usually 
androgynous, male flowers few, near the mouth, rarely numerous, mixed 
with the female flowers, or in separate receptacles. Perianth thin, colour- 
less, hyaline or membranous or subcoriaceous, and then frequently red, 
of 3-6 segments or distinct leaves, the segments of the female perianth 
often narrow, and sometimes very thin or entirely wanting. Stamens 1 
or 2, rarely more, and then opposite to the perianth-segments ; anthers 
generally of two distinct cells, versatile or basifixed. Ovary 1-celled, very 
rarely 2-celled, style usually lateral, short or filiform ; stigma terminal, 
peltate, or long, penicillate, or bifid. Receptacles either in the axils of 
leaves, generally in pairs, or clustered on leafless but often bracteate race- 
mose or paniculate branches on the old wood. The fruit generally requires 
several months to ripen; it consists of the enlarged, generally fleshy recep- 
tacle, often stalked, with the bracts at the base of the stalk, enclosing num- 
erous minute seed-like nuts, often surrounded by the persistent membran- 
ous or succulent perianth. Embryo curved in a fleshy albumen. 


_ A large genus, comprising upwards of 600 species, of which more than 60 are 
Indian. Uvrostigma, Covellia, and other genera, established by Gasparrini and 


412 LXVII. URTICACEZ. 


Miquel, are now reunited with Ficus in the enumeration of s 


I. Receptacles axillary, usually in pairs; the ripe fruit often in 
the axils of fallen leaves. 

Receptacles sessile or subsessile ; leaves glabrous or hairy, 
never rough ; male fl. monandrous ; stigma elongated, 
feathery (subgenus Urostigma). 

Main lateral nerves 4-15 pair, prominent. 
Petioles short, less than one-fourth the length of blade. 
Roots from branches numerous, growing into sup- 
ports and secondary stems ; fruit pubescent, red 
when ripe 
Roots from branches not numerous ; 5 ‘fruit tomentose, 
grey when ripe 
Petioles one-third or one-half the length of blade. 
Fruit sessile ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair ; fruit 
white when ripe 
Fruit on short peduncles ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair 
Petioles long, exceeding half the length of blade; fruit 
black when ripe. 
Point (acumination) of leaf linear, 1-3 in. long ; petiole 
generally as long as greatest breadth of leaf 
Point of leaf subulate, $ to 1 in. long ; Prepon: shorter 
than greatest breadth of leaf 
Main lateral nerves numerous, slender 

Receptacles pedunculate ; leaves generally rough ; male fi. 
often 2-3-androus; stigma generally bifid. (These spp. 
belong to various subgenera, the characters and limits 
of which are not yet exactly defined.) 

Petioles between one-fourth and one-half the length of 
leaf. 
Leaves generally lobed ; branchlets pubescent or gla- 
brous 
Leaves dentate, not generally lobed ; branchlets to- 
mentose . . 
Petioles less than one-fourth the length of leaf. 
Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate. 
Leaves elliptic- oblong; main lateral nerves 7-10 pair 
Leaves ovate ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair . ° 
Leaves oblong- -lanceolate, long-acuminate . 
II. Receptacles on leafless racemose or paniculate branches from the 
old wood, generally on the trunk ; male fl. generally monan- 
drous, perianth of 3-4 large hyaline segments, enveloping 
each other ; female perianth none or small, or very thin and 
transparent (subgenus Covellia). 
Leaves alternate. - 
Leaves short-petiolate, very unequal-sided, the low er 
lobe of the base rounded, projecting 
Leaves not unequal-sided ; petioles 1-4 in. long. 
Leaves lanceolate 
Leaves broad-ovate, with deeply cordate base. 
Leaves opposite 


1. F. bengalensis,* Linn. ances F. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 539; 


* There is some doubt as to what tree was intended by Linneeus under the name of 
F. indica, and I follow Miquel in calling the Banyan, F. bengalensis, though Roxburgh 
referred it to F. indica, Linn. The tree which Miquel refers to F. indica, pe 


mentioned at p. 415. 


[ Ficus. 


pecies published 
by Miquel in the third volume of Annales Musei Bot. Lugduni Batavi, 1867. 


10. 
. F. scandens. 
12. 


ge fF 


. 14, 
ot bs 


« 18, 


. F. bengalensis. 
. F. tomentosa, 


. F. infectoria. 
. F. Wightiana. 


. F. religiosa. 


. F. cordifolia. 
. Ff. retusa. 


. F. Carica. 
. £. virgata. 


F. parasitica. 


F, trachycarpa. — 


FF. Cunia. 


F. glomerata. 
F. Roxburghit. 
L. hispida. 


“a i ES ee. 


— | 


Ficus. | LXVII. URTICACEA. 413 


Urostigma bengalense, Gasp. ; Wight Ic. t. 1989. Banyan.—Sans. Vata. 
Vern. Bor, bar, bera, bargat, Hind. ; War, Bombay. 


A large tree with spreading branches, sending down numerous slender 
roots, which descend to the ground and afterwards become trunks. Leaves 
alternate, approximate near the ends of branches, ovate, entire, obtuse, 
base cordate or rounded, 3-5-nerved, the midrib with 4-6 pair of main 
lateral nerves, joined by fine transverse reticulate and distinct intramar- 
ginal veins, coriaceous, smooth above, soft-tomentose pubescent or gla- 
brate beneath, blade 4-8, petiole 1-2 in. long, a broad smooth gland at the 
top of the petiole on the under side; stipules sheathing, leaving annular 
scars on branchlets. Receptacles sessile, axillary, each receptacle supported 
by 2-4, more or less connate, broad obtuse bracts. Male and female fl. 
in the same receptacle mixed with long linear bracteoles ; perianth 3-4- 
parted, male fl. monandrous. LEruit globose, pubescent, red when ripe, 
4 in. diam. 


Commonly planted by Hindoos throughout India, as far north as Peshawar, 
in the outer Himalaya as high as 4000 ft. Wild in the forest tracts of the 
sub-Himalayan tract, Oudh, Bengal, and Central India, irregularly distributed, 
common in places, and wanting in others. In North India the leaves are renewed 
in March and April; the fruit ripens April, May, and remains long on the 
tree ; the young foliage hasa brownish colour. The Banyan sends down aerial 
roots from the branches to a greater extent than any other Ficus ; they root in 

_the ground and grow into trunks, which serve as a support for the horizontal 
branches, and as feeders, thus gradually increasing the diameter of the crown. 
Many specimens are known in Bengal with the crown 200-300 ft. in diameter 
and larger. Grows 70-100 ft. high, the main stem generally of moderate girth. 
In North-West India the rootdrops are much less numerous and strong than in 
the moister and warmer climate of Bengal and the peninsula, but the trunk 
attains a large size, 25 or 30 ft. girth being not uncommon, and trees exist even 
in the dry climate of the Panjab, with numerous rootdrops covering considerable 
areas. The bark is 1 in. thick, grey, but darker coloured than that of the Peepul, 
smooth and even, with circular shallow furrows, inner bark pale-red, fibrous. 
The bark of old stems often exfoliates in flat roundish scales. Wood open- 
grained, not durable, whitish, with concentric wavy bands of lighter-coloured tis- 
sue. Medullary rays numerous, distinctly marked. Pores large, few, often in 
ae ; the cub. ft. weighs 30-36 lb., and Skinner gives the value of P. at 600. 

indoos do not generally fell the tree, but the wood is occasionally used for 
boxes, door-panels, and is said to be valued for well-rings. The rootdrops 
are tough and elastic, and are used for tent-poles, poles for carrying loads, 
also for cart-yokes, A coarse brown cordage is made of them, which the Sikhs 
used largely for slow-matches for their matchlocks. Birdlime is prepared 
from the acrid milky juice ; when dried it has the form of dark-brown lumps. 
Brahmins use the leaves as plates, and leaves and twigs are a favourite fodder 
of cattle and elephants. Lakh is collected from the tree in some parts of the 
eastern and central Panjab and in Ceylon, not in Sindh. The fruit is sweetish, 
and is eaten during times of scarcity ; it is greedily devoured by birds. The 
leaves are applied to bruises, and the bark is used in native pharmacy. Like 
other sp. of /icus, the Banyan often grows from seeds left by birds in the fork 
of another tree, whence it sends down aerial roots, which gradually form a net- 
work of thick woody roots or stems, enclosing the trunk of the parent tree, 
which is buried in the mass of the Ficus, and at last perishes. Trees killed in 


414 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Ficus. 


this manner by epiphytic Ficus are called Vyaungthat in Burma. 'The Toddy 
palm (Borassus flabelliformis) is often seen thus encircled by the Ficus, the 
crown alone appearing. 


2. F. tomentosa, Willd.; Roxb. 1. c. 550; Wight Ic. t. 647.—Syn. 
Urostigma tomentosum and obversum, Miquel; Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. 
(1847)°573. 


A large tree, throwing out roots from the branches, which do not, how- 
ever, grow large; branchlets, petioles, and under side of leaves grey-to- 
mentose. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic- or obovate-oblong, acute, base cor- 
date, lateral nerves 6-8 pair, the lowest pair basal; transverse and intra- 


marginal veins distinct; blade 3-7, petiole 4-14 in. long. Receptacles 


axillary, in pairs, tomentose. Fruit } in. across, grey, woolly, supported 
by 3 large tomentose bracts. 

Banda district, Behar, and probably Satpura range. Western Ghats of Canara 
and Mysore. . SE 

F’. mysorensis, Roth—Syn. Urostigma mysorense and dasycarpum, Miq., is 
closely allied, but has larger oblong fruit and 12-15 pairs of main lateral nerves. 
A large tree, yielding excellent shade, in Malabar, Canara, and the Konkan, 
Ceylon. Common in the western forests of Mysore. 


3. F. infectoria, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 551 ; Wight Ic. t. 665.— 
Syn. F. venosa, Ham. ; Urostigma infectorium and U. Tjakela, Miq.1.c. 566, 
567. Sans. Plaksha. Vern. War, var, batbar, jangli pipli, palakh, trim- 
bal, Ph. ; Pilkhan (also in Pb.), ramanjir, N.W.P. ; Pakhar, pakharia, 
Oudh, N.W. and C.P. ; Keol, kaim, khabar, pakri, sohun pakar, C.P. 


A large tree, young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, 
glabrous, shining, abruptly acuminate; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, 
alternating with shorter intermediate nerves, the lowest pair from the 
base ; blade 4-8 in., petiole 2-3 in. long. Receptacles sessile, axillary, in 
pairs, each supported by 3 small bracts. Style filiform, stigma long, peni- 
cillate. Fruit globose, } in. diam., white when ripe. 


Not uncommon on the lower hills of the Suliman range trans-Indus, in the 
Salt range, the Siwalik tract, and outer Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft. in the 
Panjab, to 5000 ft. in Kamaon. Common in the Oudh forests, Bengal, Burma, 
and the Central Provinces. West side of the peninsula from the Konkan to 
Malabar. The leaves are renewed between Feb. and April; the fruit ripens 


May, June, and often remains on the tree until the ee year’s fruit is formed. | 


Attains 40-50 ft., trunk short, irregularly shaped, not rarely sending down single 
roots from stem or branches. Often found as an epiphyte on other trees. Bark 
orey, even, but exfoliating in long strips ; inner substance fibrous, tough, milky. 
Wood reddish- or brownish-white. The cub. ft. weighs 30 lb. Not durable. 
The young shoots are eaten in curries, and the leaves are used as fodder for 
cattle and elephants. A good avenue-tree, grows rapidly, quicker than Szris. — 


4, F. Wightiana, Wall. ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 327.—Syn. Urostigma 


Wightianum and perseefolium, Miq. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 566, 
567. 


A large tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate ; 
main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with intermediate slender ones, the lowest 


Pee) vie, ene ee ee 


pete pie 


~ Ficus.) LXVII. URTICACEA. 415 


pair basal, intramarginal veins distinct ; blade 3-6 in., petiole 1-14 in. 
long. Receptacles axillary, in pairs, sometimes in the axils of fallen 
leaves, pedunculate, peduncles | line long. Fruit subglobose, 4-4 in. diam, 
supported by very small bracts. 


South India, Ceylon, Hongkong. I refer to this sp. specimens collected by R. 
Thompson in the Baraich forests of Oudh (“a small tree”). Dr Stewart, how- 
ever, referred them to Urostigma Pseudo-Benjamineum, Miq. 1. ¢. 566, which 
he, as well as Beddome, Manual Fl. Sylv. 223, identify with /. comosa, Roxb. 
Cor. Pl. t. 125; Fl. Ind. iii. 552. . comosa is described and figured by Roxb. 
with slender, often pendulous branchlets, and oval, long-acuminate leaves taper- 
ing into a slender petiole about 1 in. long. Fruit contracted at the base, rich 
deep yellow or purple when ripe, the size of a gooseberry. Tinnevelly hills and 
mountains on the east side of the peninsula. 

This group of Indian figs to which /. Wightiana and comosa belong, demands 
farther study on the spot. Nearly allied to them are the two following species : 
1. F. Tsiela, Roxb. 1. c. 549; Wight Ic. t. 668; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 314; Mig. 
Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 286—Syn. Urostigma Pseudo-Tiela, Miq. (1847) 566. 
A large tree with smooth bark, wholly glabrous, leaves ovate, long-petiolate ; 
lateral nerves slender, numerous, some more prominent than the others ; fruit 
turbinate, purple when ripe. Bengal, mountains of South India. 2. /. indica, 
Linn. Syst. Veg. 922; Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 287—Syn. U. Tyiela, Miq. 
Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. 580, with thick-coriaceous, shining, short-petiolate leaves. 
East Bengal, Burma, Philippine Islands. 


5. F. religiosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 547 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 314. 
—Syn. Urostigma religiosum, Gasp. ; Wight Ic. t. 1967. Peepul. Sans. 
Pippala. Vern. Pipal, Hind. ; Pipro, Panch Mehals; Ravi, Telugu ; 
Baude nyaung, Burm. 


A large tree wholly glabrous, with irregularly-shaped trunk and wide- 
spreading branches. Leaves drooping, coriaceous, shining, broad-ovate, 
3-4 in. broad, edge undulate, with a long narrow acumen (1-3 in. long), 
basal nerves 5-7, midrib penniveined, basal and lateral nerves anastomos- 
ing by close and prominent reticulate veins, petiole slender, generally as 
long as greatest breadth of leaf. Receptacles sessile, generally in pairs, 
axillary, each receptacle supported by 3 obtuse pubescent bracts, often 
splitting as the receptacle expands. Male and female flowers in the same 
receptacle, mixed with lanceolate bracteoles ; perianth 3-4-parted, male 
flowers monandrous. Fruit subglobose, somewhat flattened, $ in. across, 
dark purple when ripe. 


Commonly planted by Hindoos throughout India, and by Buddhists in Cey- 
lon and Burma. This tree is peculiarly sacred to the Buddhists. Rare in the - 
arid tract of North-West India. Inthe outer Himalaya planted trees are found 
as high as 5000 ft. Wild in the forests of the sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal, and 
Central India. Not indigenous in Burma. In North and Central India the 
tree is leafless during a short time, generally only for a week or two ; the leaves 
are renewed between February and April, the young foliage is reddish. The 
fruit ripens during the hot season, in April, May in the Panjab, and sometimes 
as late as Oct., Nov. (Centr. Prov., R. Th.) Attains 80-90 ft., trunk short, most 
irregularly shaped, fluted and buttressed, of large girth, 25-30 ft., not uncommon, 
Stewart mentions a tree 25 ft. girth at 5000 ft. in Chamba, and another of 36 


416 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Ficus. 


ft.in Sindh. The roots spread wide near the surface, and are often above 
ground. Bark thick, light-grey, smooth, on old trunks rough with large exfoli- 
ating scales, inner substance red, fibrous, milky. 

The seed of the Peepul, like that of the Banyan, often germinates on roofs, 
walls, and on other trees. ‘The Peepul is particularly destructive to buildings. 
It is often found as an epiphyte on Dalb. Stssoo, Bauhinia purpurea, and other 
trees. Loranthus and other parasites are not generally found on this species or 
on F’, infectoria and glomerata. 'The wood is pinkish-white, with narrow con- 
centric bands of lighter colour, open-grained, not strong or durable. Medullary 
rays marked, showing like narrow horizontal bands on a vertical section. Pores 
few, large. The cub. ft. weighs 443 Ib. (Cunningham, Gwalior), 34 (Skinner) ; 
the value of P. is 458 according to Cunningham’s, and 584 according to Skinner’s 
experiments. The tree, being sacred, is rarely felled ; the wood is used as fuel 
and to make packing-cases. In Central India the young leaf-buds are eaten as 
a vegetable by the hill tribes during times of scarcity, the twigs and leaves are 
a favourite fodder of elephants ; Roxburgh states that silkworms like the tender 
leaves of this tree next to the Mulberry leaves. Stick-lakh is largely produced 
on the Peepul in Central India. Apart from being a sacred tree, it is planted 
on account of its dense shade, and is easily raised from seed and cuttings. In 
the Panjab cuttings do not succeed so well as those of the Banyan. Grows more 
rapidly than Sissoo, Sirzs, or even Albizia procera. At high elevations (4000 
ft.) the extremities are often nipped by frost. The leaves, bark, and fruit are 
officinal in native medicine. The skeleton leaves are used for painting by the 
Chinese artists. 


6. F. cordifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 548 (not Blume*).—Tab. XLVIII.— 
Wight Ic. t. 640.—Syn. Urostigma cordifolium, Miquel in Lond. Journ. 
Bot. vi. (1847) 564. Ficus populiformis, Schott ; Miquel Mus. Lugd. 
Bat. iii. 287, perhaps /. terminalioides, Griffith, and affinis, Gr. Ic. Pl. 
As. t. 550, 553. Vern. Rumbal, palak, badha, pilkhan, Pb.; Kdbar, 
gajiun, gajua, prpal, N.W.P.; Gagjaira, Oudh; Pakar, khabar, C.P.; 
Pakri, Assam ; Paw, Bomb. 


A large tree. Leaves wholly glabrous, shining, ovate, acuminate, with 
rounded or cordate base, edge undulate, basal nerves 3-5, midrib penni- 
veined, basal and lateral nerves joined by closely reticulate and distinet 
intramarginal veins, prominent in young, less distinct in old leaves, blade 
4-5, petiole 2-3 in. long. Receptacles sessile, axillary, in pairs, each sup- 
ported by 3 bracts, male and female flowers in the same receptacle, peri- 
anth 3-4-parted, male flower monandrous. Fruit globose, black when 
ripe, $ in. diam. 

Wild ; here and there, not common, in the Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, 
ascending to 5000 ft., and extending west to the Chenab. Bengal, Central 
- India, and Western Ghats near Bombay. The leaves are renewed in March, 
and the fruit ripens in May and June. Attains 40-50 ft., trunk short, of irregu- 
lar shape, deep-furrowed and fluted, girth 7-8 ft., branches numerous, spread- 
ing. Resembles /. religiosa on a small scale. Often epiphytic, embracing 


* F. cordifolia, described from Java by Blume (Bijdragen, 1825, 438), has priority, 
as Roxburgh’s Flora, though written early this century, was not published until 1832, 
but has, according to Miquel Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii, 260, not been found since Blume’s 
time. Under these circumstances, Roxburgh’s well-known name for a well-known tree 
may be permitted to stand for the present, pending a revision of this difficult genus, 


Ficus. | LXVII. URTICACE. 417 


other trees and killing them. Bark 1 in. thick, yellowish grey, longitudinally 
wrinkled, with hard scales exfoliating. Wood pinkish white. The leaves are 
used as cattle-fodder. The fruit is eaten. In the Durrung district of Assam it 
is cultivated for rearing the lakh insect (G. Mann). 


7. F. retusa, Linn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 327; Fl. Austr. vi. 166.— 
Syn. F. Benjamina, Roxb. 1. «. 550. #. nitida, Thunb. ; Wight Ic. t. 642. 
F. pallida, Wall. (?) Urostigma pisiferum and ovoideuwm, Miq. in London 
Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 581. 


A large handsome tree with dense foliage, wholly glabrous. Leaves 
coriaceous, shining, oval or obovate, acute or short-acuminate, blade 2-3 
in. long, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long ; main lateral nerves numerous, 
slender, not very prominent. Fruit subglobose, 4 in. diameter, sessile, 
axillary, solitary or in pairs, purple when ripe, with small yellowish specks 
(Roxb. Fl. Ind.) ; the Ill. in Hb. Kew, No. 688, has greyish yellow fruit. 


Kamaon (Kosilla valley at 3000 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom), Banda, Bengal, 
South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Burma, China, North Australia, Queens- 
land. Dense shade, makes an excellent avenue-tree. Specimens collected in 
Oudh, not seen by me, identified by Dr Stewart with this species, are described 
by R. Thompson as from a small epiphytic tree, with full dark-green foliage. 

F. Benjaminea, Linn., has slender drooping branches, elliptic or broad-ovate, 
shortly petiolate leaves, elegantly marked with numberless fine parallel lateral 
veins, close together, and joined along the edge by a distinct intramarginal vein. 
Fruit ? in, diameter. East Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago, Queensland. 
a species, as well as /’. retusa, is called Nyaung-thabieh (Hugenia Ficus) in 

urmese. 

fF’. elastica, Blume ; Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, 446 ; 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 541 ; Wight Ic. t. 663; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. rar. t. 552—the 
Assam Caoutchouc-tree—vern. Borgach, attah bar, Assam; Kagirt, Kasia 
(Griffith) ; Kasmir, Silhet (Roxb.),—is a large tree, with irregularly-shaped 
stem and spreading branches, from which roots descend to the ground. The 

_ leaves are thick - coriaceous, shining, elliptic, midrib very prominent, with 
numberless straight parallel fine lateral veins, nearly at right angles to the 
midrib, blade 3-6 in. long, on seedlings and root-shoots much longer, stipules 
long, sheathing, rose-coloured. Fruit ovoid, greenish yellow, the size of an 
olive. Sub-Himalayan tract from Sikkim to the extreme eastern boundary of 
Assam, foot of the hills at the head and on the south side of the Brahmaputra 
valley. Pandua and Jantipur hills, which bound the Silhet valley on the north. 
The tree towers above the surrounding forest ; Griffith(Journ. As. Soc. vii. i. 1838, 
132) describes a specimen, 100 ft. high, circumference of main trunk 74 ft., of 

_ trunk and supports 120 ft., of area covered by the branches 610 ft. The Assam 

_ Caoutchoue, when pure, is a superior article, but it seems certain that Para rub- 

| ber, the produce of several species of Hevea (p. 445), retains its firmness longer 
and is more suitable for work requiring great elasticity and power of resistance. 

In Assam, however, it is often mixed, not only with pieces of bark, wood, sand, 

| . but also with the milk of other species of Ficus which is inferior in 

- quality. 

__ £. elastica is a free and rapid grower, easily propagated by cuttings, and 

its cultivation in Assam on a large scale will doubtless prove successful. In 

Germany, where it is commonly grown as an ornament of drawing-rooms, it was 

formerly known under the name of Berlin weed. It is cultivated in gardens 

_ throughout the tropics and as an avenue-tree in Java. In that island, however, 

it seems also to be indigenous; Blume (1. ¢.), in 1825, states that it grows on 
2D 


418 LXVII. URTICACE. | Ficus. 


limestone, gives the vernacular names as’ Karet, karet tapok, and describes a 
variety, bengalica (introduced from Calcutta *), with acuminate, undulate leaves. 
In the Preface to Rumphia, ii. (1836), he says that the Java tree is capable of yield- 
ing Caoutchouc. Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. ii. 348, makes three species— Urosti, 
elasticum (introduced), U. Karet and odoratum (indigenous in Java) ; but in his 
latter work, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 287, he unites the three under /, elas- 
tica, Nois (evidently a misprint for Nobis in Blume). A species nearly allied 
to I. elastica is F’. macrophylla, Desf. Queensland and New South Wales. 
There is no proof of F’. elastica being indigenous in Australia. (Benth. Fl. 
Austr. vi. 170.) 

F. laccifera, Roxb. 1. c. 545; Wight Ic. t. 656,—vern. Kathal Bat, Silhet, 
—a large tree, wholly glabrous, with large, firm, shining, ovate or elliptic, short- 
acuminate leaves, petioles 1-2 in. long, with 3 basal and 4-8 main lateral nerves 
on either side of midrib, and numerous fine intermediate nerves between; 
fruit sessile, axillary, ovoid, the size of a gooseberry—is said to be tapped for 
Caoutchoue, like /’. elastica. This tree grows in Assam, Silhet, the Andamans, 
Malabar (Beddome Man. 223), and probably in Burma ; the Caoutchoue yielded 
by it merits farther examination. In Silhet Lakh is collected from its branches. 


8. F. Carica, Linn.—/Fig-tree. Vern. Anjir. Local names: Kimri, 
fagu, fagurt, fagari, Pb. ah 
A middle-sized deciduous tree, with glabrous, smooth, grey or brown 
branches, the branchlets of the current year pubescent. Leaves cordate, 
3-5-nerved, dentate, and more or less deeply lobed, lobes obtuse, blade 
4-8, petiole 2-3 in. long, upper side rough, under side tomentose ; stipules 
early deciduous. Receptacles pedunculate, axillary, turbinate, narrowed 
into a stalk, and supported at the base by a few membranous, early decid- 
uous bracts. The receptacles which appear first, in the lower axils, are 
androgynous, containing a few male, with numerous female flowers, those 
which appear later in the year, in the upper axils, only produce female 
flowers. Male fl. near the mouth of the fig, perianth-segments 3-5, 
stamens 1-5, generally 3, filaments longer than perianth. Female fl. : 
perianth-segments 3-5, ovary sometimes 2-celled, style lateral, filiform, 


bifid at the top. Fruit, when ripe, yellow or dark purple, greatly varying 
in size and colour. 


Cultivated in the plains of N.W. India, and in the outer hills of the N.W. 
Himalaya, as high as 5000 ft., also in the Dekkan. Cultivated largely in Belu- 
chistan and Afghanistan, and said to be wild about Kandahar. Cleghorn (Pan- 
jab Forests, 177) states that Figs are indigenous (but small) in Kaghan, The 
Fig-tree is indigenous in Syria and Palestine, and its cultivation in those coun- 
tries is as old as that of the vine. In South Europe it is completely naturalised, 
and is not uncommonly found in an apparently wild state. ras in England. 
In the Panjab the fruit generally ripens from May to August. Bark whitish or 
light grey, smooth or finely rugose. Wood soft, white with a yellowish tinge, Figs 
are an important article of food in Western Asia. In Afghanistan, numerous var- 
ieties are cultivated (makkaz with black, sada with white fruit). The Figs grown 
in India are generally poor. Dried Figs are used extensively in native pharmacy 
(Pharm. Ind.215). Gasparrini, an Italian botanist, studied the classification of the 
genus, the varieties of the (apparently) wild and cultivated Figs, and the process of 

* Blume may have received the name F. elastica from the Bot. Garden, Calcutta, 


but it is not included in Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis, and the Flora Indica did not 
appear until 1832, so that Blume must stand as the authority. 


ad 


Ficus. | LXVII, URTICACE. 419 


caprification, an old practice, by which it was supposed that the setting and ripen- 
ing of the Fig was promoted. He established the genera Urostigma and Covellia 
(p. 412), and divided the common Fig-tree (7. Carica) into two genera, Yicus 
and Caprificus, each of which he subdivided into numerous species. Gaspar- 
rini distinguishes Caprijficus, which comprises the wild Figs, the fruit of which 
is not eatable, from /’cus by the 3-partite female perianth, and the ovary always 
1-celled, but the minute sexual organs of this genus, which develop themselves 
in a crowded state, pressing against each other, while the delicate parts of the 
flower are being formed, present great variation and irregularity, the limits of 
which for each species are as yet only imperfectly known. The kind called by 
Gasparrini Caprijicus is generally inhabited by an insect (Psenes caprvjici), and 
it was an old practice in Greece, described by Aristotle and Theophrastus, to 
plant the Capri Fig by the side of the Fig, or to suspend the fruits of the one to 
the branches of the other, the supposition being that the insect enters the unripe 
fruits of the domestic Fig and causes them to set or accelerates their ripening. 
This practice of caprification seems to have spread to South Italy from Greece, 
and it is still practised in parts of these two countries, as well as in Asia Minor, 
though it is unknown in Spain, the South of France, and, as far as I am aware, 
in Afghanistan and India, Numerous endeavours to explain the rationale of 
this practice have been made by scientific men ever since the time of Theo- 
phrastus, the generally accepted opinion being that the insect promotes the fer- 
tilisation of the Fig, making an opening by which the pollen escapes, or by car- 
rying the pollen from the Figs with male flowers to those which have only female 
flowers. Against this stands the fact, that many kinds of Fig attain maturity 
with sterile seeds—that is, seeds in which the embryo has not been developed, 
and therefore fecundation is not an essential condition to the ripening of Figs. 
Gasparrini, however, not satisfied with general objections, made a series of in- 


_ teresting experiments, which he published in 1845, from which it would ap- 


pear that caprification has no effect whatever on the ripening of the Fig, and 
that, however old the practice of Greek and Italian gardeners may be, its advan- 
tage or usefulness can in no way be established. Twenty years later (in 1865), 
the same author published the result of experiments, which he had undertaken 
to investigate another practice of the Neapolitan cultivators, called punc- 
turation, which consists in anointing the mouth of the unripe Fig, when it has 
arrived at a certain size, with a very small quantity of olive oil. There is no 
doubt that this practice advances maturation by about ten days, and Gasparrini 
found that, while the application of other liquids was without any effect, most 
oils or fatty substances, as well as most acids (particularly tartaric and diluted 
sulphuric acid), if applied to the scales at the mouth of the fig, had the effect of 
considerably accelerating maturity. These remarkable experiments seem to sug- 
gest the possibility of an action by the insect upon the development of the fruit, 
which has not yet been discovered. English translations of these two interest- — 
ing memoirs will be found in the Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, 
iii. 185, and New Series, ii. 1. 

Licus Sycomorus, Linn.—Syn. Sycomorus antiquorum, Gasp., is a large, 
spreading, very shady tree, common in Egypt and Abyssinia, planted in avenues 
near Cairo, and believed to attain a great age. Branchlets, petioles, and nerves 
hairy ; leaves coriaceous, glabrate, upper side shining, broad-ovate with cor- 
date base, entire or repand ; basal nerves 3, midrib penniveined. Receptacles 
on leafless paniculate branchlets from the trunk or larger boughs, male and 
female flowers in distinct receptacles. The wood was used by the old Egyptians 
for mummy cases. 


9. F. virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 530; Wight Ic. 649.—Syn. F. cari- 
coides, Roxb. 1. ¢.529; Wight Ic. t. 634 (probably). Vern. Anjir, inzar, 


420 LXVII. URTICACEA, [ Ficus. 


Afeg. ; Fagu, fog, fag, fagoru, dhidi, dhura, phedu, kak, kok, daholia, Pb. 
hills; Fagwara, thapur, Pb. plains; Gular, khabara, anjiri, beru, bedu, 
N.W.P. 


A small or middle-sized tree with hoary or pubescent branches, branch- 
lets of the current year, as well as petioles, young shoots and young 
leaves soft-tomentose. Leaves rough above, soft-tomentose beneath, 
broad-ovate, dentate, not or very rarely lobed, 3 basal nerves, and 4-6 
pair of main lateral nerves on midrib ; blade 3-5, petiole 1-2 in. long. 
Receptacles tomentose, pedunculate, axillary, pear-shaped, not stipitate 
when young, but when farther advanced narrowed into a stalk, which 
lengthens out and often attains 4 in., being supported at its base by 3-4 
ovate membranous bracts, mouth half closed with numerous cordate ciliate 
scales ; peduncle $-? in. long. Fruit yellow when ripe, $-1 in. diam. 
Leaves of this sp. sometimes slightly resemble those of F. Roxburghii, 
but these have more prominent transverse veins, and the upper surface 
always glabrous, never rough or tomentose. The branchlets of F. Row- 
burghit are hollow, those of F’. virgata solid with large pith, like those of 
Ff, Carica. From F. Carica it is best distinguished by tomentose branch- 
lets and the rarely lobed leaves, which are less rough than those of the 
common Fig. There is some doubt regarding F. caricoides, which is re- 
presented by Roxb. in Ill. Hb. Kew, 1730, with larger leaves and the 
fruit not, or very shortly stipitate. 


Common wild on the eastern slopes of the Suliman range, ascending to 5000 
ft., and in the plains of the trans-Indus territory, in the Salt range, the Siwalik 
tract, and outer hills, extending eastward to Nepal, and ascending to 5000 ft. 
(on the Sutlej to 9000 ft.) Urnithe upper limit in Kunawar. Oudh forests, 
plains of the Panjab. Cultivated in N.W. India, in Sindh, Beluchistan, and 
Afghanistan. The leaves are renewed in March, the fruit ripens June-Oct. 
The tree resembles /, Carica in habit so much as to be easily confused with it; 
the trunk is short, 6-7 ft. girth (one of 10 ft. noted by Dr 8.), with a rounded 
bushy crown, but it often is only ashrub. Bark of a dull-grey colour (ashy 
white, Madden), very smooth, with only a few small scars and specks. In the © 
plains the fruit is not generally eaten, in the hills it is eaten largely, and is | 
often succulent, sweet, and pleasant. , | 


10, F. parasitica, Koenig ; Thwaites Enum. 266; Mig. Ann. Mus. © 
Lugd. Bat. iii. 292.—Syn. F. Ampelos, Koen. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 553; — 
Wight Ic. t. 652. F. excelsa, Vahl; Roxb. 1. c.. 552. / 


} 
‘ 
A large tree, or epiphytic on other trees, Leaves rough on both sides, — 
or on the under side only, short - petiolate, elliptic - oblong, entire, main 
lateral nerves 7-10 pair, joined by reticulate and distinct intramarginal © 
veins, blade 5-6, petiole } in. long. Receptacles pubescent, in pairs, axil- 
lary, pedunculate. Male flowers few, monandrous, perianth-segments 3-5, 
linear, hairy. Female flowers: perianth of 5-6 long, linear, hairy segments ; 
style lateral, short, stigma indistinctly lobed. Fruit yellow when ripe, 
subglobose, 4 in. diam. | , 


Kamaon, at the foot of the hills, Banda, Behar, Bengal, South India, Ceylon. : 
Often epiphytic, encircling the stems of other trees with its anastomosing roots. 
The leaves are used to polish ivory (Roxb.) 


) 
| 


Ficus. | LXVII. URTICACEZ. 421 


11. FP. scandens, Roxb. 1. c. 536 ; Wight Ic. t. 643. (Not F. scandens, 
Roxb. of Stewart Pb. Plants, 214.) 

A climbing shrub; leaves coriaceous, rough on both sides, or on the 
under side only, short-petiolate, ovate, entire, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, 
with shorter intermediate nerves between, the lowest pair basal, joined by 
slender reticulate and intramarginal veins, blade 4-6, petiole }-1 in. long. 
Receptacles in pairs, axillary, pedunculate, but not stipitate, supported at 
the base by 3-4 ovate bracts. Male flowers few, monandrous; perianth of 
both sexes red, glabrous, of 4 linear segments. Style lateral, short, stig- 
ma 2-lobed, Fruit subglobose, 4 in. diam., yellowish-green when ripe, 
peduncle $ in. long. ; 


Kamaon, Parisnath in Behar, Eastern Bengal. 

Ficus radicans, Roxb. 1. c. 536 ; Wight Ic. t. 671—Syn. /. wrophylla, Wall., 
is a scandent shrub with rooting stems, often epiphytic. Leaves short-petiolate, 
elliptic or elliptic-oblong, suddenly narrowed into a long linear apex, midrib, 
nerves and veins very prominent beneath, impressed on the upper side of leaf, 
main lateral nerves 3-4 on either side of midrib, anastomosing by stout intra- 
marginal transverse and reticulate veins, Fruit axillary, subglobose, pedun- 
culate, 4 in. diam., yellow or orange when ripe. East Bengal, Burma, Indian 
Archipelago. 

12. F. trachycarpa, Mig. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) 430; Ann. 
291. 

A shrub or small tree, with rough branchlets. Leaves rough, short- 
petiolate, oblong - lanceolate, long-acuminate, dentate with large distant 
teeth, main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, arcuate, blade 4-6 in., acumen (tail) 
1 in., and petiole $ in. long. Receptacles axillary, solitary, short-pedun- 
culate, male and female flowers in one receptacle. Male flowers: perianth 
gamophyllous, segments 3-5, hairy ; stamens 1 or 2, anthers versatile, cells 
parallel, distinct. Female flowers : perianth-segments linear, ciliate, gen- 
erally 5. Ovary stipitate, style short, lateral, bifid at the top, but early 
deciduous. Fruit ovoid, # in. long, rugose with a very uneven surface, on 
short peduncle. 


Sutlej valley near Rampur, Kamaon, ascending to 5000 ft. Sikkim, Kasia 
hills, Burma. Fr, May, June. 


13. F. Cunia, Buch. ; Roxb. 1. c. 561; Wight Ic. t. 648 ; Mig. Ann. 
Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 296.—Vern. Khewnau, Garhwal ; Khirhur, Oudh ; 
Kasse, Gorakhpur ; Ghwi, C. Prov. 


A small or sometimes a large tree, branchlets scabrous. Leaves alternate, 
bifarious, unequal-sided, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough on 
both sides, under side soft-tomentose while young, base semicordate, the 
lower half forming a large rounded, projecting, 3-nerved lobe; main lateral 
nerves 8-12 pair, with prominent transverse veins, blade 6-15, petiole $ 


“in. long. Fruit turbinate, ribbed, pedunculate, in pairs or in threes, in 


long leafless panicled racemes from the trunk, often several feet long. 
Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 4000 ft. in the outer hills, and extending 


| west to the Chenab. Oudh forests, in ravines and water-courses. East Bengal, 


Parisnath, Coromandel coast, Burma. The principal crop of the fruit ripens in 


422 LXVIL URTICACEA. [ Ficus. 


Aug., Sept. In Oudh it only attains 12 ft., with a girth of 2 ft. It is said that 
the leaves are used for polishing wood. The fruit is eaten. 

F. conglomerata, Roxb. 1. ¢. 559, Wight Ic. t. 669, is probably the same species ; 
it is said to differ by shorter leaves and sessile receptacles. 


14. F. glomerata, Roxb.—Tab. XLIX.—Cor. Pl. t. 123; Fl, Ind. 
558; Wight Ic. t. 667.—Syn. Covellia glomerata, Miq. Sans. Udum- 
bara. Vern. Kathgular, krumbal, rumbal,kakammal, dadhuri, Pb. ; Gular, 
paroa, lelka, N.W.P. ; Gular, Oudh, Banda; Umar, Umrdi, tue, C.P. ; 
Thapan, yay thapan, Burm. 


A middle-sized or large tree, youngest shoots pubescent. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, glabrous when full-grown, entire, under side pale, and covered with 
minute green dots, main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, the lowest pair near the 
base, blade 4-6, petiole 1-2 in. long. Receptacles pedunculate, downy, in 
short thick paniculate clusters on the trunk and larger branches. Male 
flowers few, near the mouth of receptacle, perianth of broad, very thin, 
hyaline segments closely enveloping each other, enclosing 1 or 2 unequal 
stamens, filaments short, connate at the base. Female flowers mostly long- — 
pedicellate. Fruit subglobose, 1-2 in. diam., downy, red or orange coloured 
when ripe. 

Salt range (rare), Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya. Common in Oudh 
and the Gangetic plain. Bengal, Central and South India. Generally on 
the banks of streams and rivers. North Australia and Queensland (Benth. 
Fl. Austr. vi. 178). Often planted, also in the plains of the eastern Panjab. 
The fruit generally ripens from April to July ; the leaves are renewed be-- 
tween Jan. and April. Attains 40-60 ft., and a girth of 5-8 ft., with a short 
stem and large spreading branches. Stewart measured an old hollow tree in 
the Bias valley of 14 ft. girth, and trees 80-100 ft. high have been reported from 
the Sutlej. Bark 4 in. thick, grey or brown, without cracks or furrows, but in 
old trees occasionally rough from exfoliating scales. Wood reddish or brownish 
grey, no distinct heartwood, the cub. ft. weighs 36.26 lb. (Cunningham, Gwalior), — 
26.5 lb. (R. T., Cent. Prov.) From Cunningham’s experiments, the value of P. — 
appears to be between 403 and 513. Lasts well under water, but is otherwise — 
not durable. It is used for well-frames. The tree abounds in milky juice, from — 
which bird-lime is made ; the leaves are used for cattle- and elephant-fodder. - 
The ripe fruit is eaten ; in times of scarcity the unripe fruit is pounded, mixed 
a flour, and made into cakes. Leaves, bark, and fruit are used in native” 
medicine. 


15, F. Roxburghii, Wall. ; Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 296.—Syn. 
F. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 556 (not Desf.); Wight Ic. t. 673. 
F. sclerocarpa, Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 558 (1) Covellia macrophylla, Miq. Hook. 
Journ. Bot. vii. 465. Vern. Urbul, urmul, baru, tusi, trimbal, trimal, 
tramal, tirmi, tiamle, Pb. ; Trimmal, timal, timla, N.W.P. 


A middle-sized tree, with hollow branchlets ; under side of leaves hoary 
or with soft grey pubescence. Leaves broad-ovate, with deeply cordate 
base, acute, irregularly dentate, 3 basal and 4-6-main lateral nerves on either 
side of midrib, joined by prominent transverse veins at right angles to basal 
and lateral nerves; blade 6-18 in. long, petiole 1-4.in. Fruit tubercled, 
hairy, yellowish green, tinged with red when ripe, turbinate, 1-2 in. long, 
2-3 in. broad, marked with 8-12 longitudinal ridges, mouth closed with 


Ficus. ] LXVII. URTICACEZ. 423 


numerous cordate scales, pedunculate, in clusters of 6-20, on short thick 
leafless branchlets, on the trunk and at the base of main branches. 


Siwalik and outer Himalaya, ascending to 5000, and in places to 6000 ft., 
and extending west to the Indus. Silhet and Chittagong. Fruit ripens (in 
North India) March-May. Trunk short erect, dividing into a few stout 
branches, which spread into a broad shady crown. The leaves are valued as 
elephant- and cattle-fodder. The fruit is eaten and sold in bazaars ; its flavour 
is not unpleasant. Wood heavier and harder than that of other species. 

f. triloba, Ham.; Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 290—Syn. F. horsuta, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 528 ; Wight Ic. t. 670; F. hirta, Roxb. 1. c. 5381; F. Roa- 
burgh, Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot, vii. 456, is a tree of Eastern Bengal, belonging 
to another section of the genus, branches leaves and receptacles densely clothed 
with ferruginous tomentum, leaves large, cordate or 3-lobed, fruit large, sessile, 
axillary, in pairs, hairy, of a rich yellow colour, ovoid, thick fleshy, supported 
eee base by 3 ovate acuminate bracts, perianth deeply 3-5-parted, red, male fl. 

ous. 


16. F. hispida, Linn. fil. ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 176.—Syn. F. oppositi- 
folia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 124; Fl. Ind. iii. 561 ; Wight Ic. t. 638; Griff. 
Ic. Pl. As. t. 560. F. demonum, Koenig ; Roxb. 1. c. 562 ; Wight Ic. t. 
641. Sans. Kako dumbara (the Crow’s Udumbara). Vern. Daduri, 
degar, rumbal, Pb.; Kagsha, gobla, totmila, Kamaon; Kat gularia, 
Oudh ; Dhédu mera, Panch Mehals. 


A small or middle-sized tree, young luxuriant shoots hollow, nodes 
marked by annular scars, branchlets rough with short stiff hairs. Leaves 
all opposite, ovate- or obovate-oblong, entire or dentate, rough above, 
tomentose beneath, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, the lowest pair from the 
base of leaf, joined by prominent transverse veins, blade 4-8 in., petiole 
1-2 in. long. Receptacles pedunculate, sometimes axillary in pairs, more 
generally clustered on leafless, often long pendulous branchlets from the 
old wood on trunk and branches. Male flowers: afew near the mouth of 
receptacle, monandrous, perianth of 3 or 4 broad hyaline segments envelop- 
ing each other. Female flowers numerous, pedicellate ; perianth thin and 
transparent ; ovary stipitate, stigma large, funnel-shaped. Fruit obovoid, 
hairy, with 6 longitudinal ridges, 1 in. long, greenish when ripe. 


Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, ascending to 3500 ft., and extending west 
to the Chenab. Abundant (in moist mater in the Oudh forests. Common in 
Bengal and the Central Provinces. Panch Mehals, South India, Ceylon, Burma, 
Indian Archipelago, North Australia and Queensland. The leaves are renewed 
Feb., March ; the fruit ripens April, May, and often remains long on the tree. 
Usually a small tree, but attains 60 ft. in Sikkim. Bark thin, grey or greenish, 
rough, inner bark milky. Wood coarse-grained, very light, 24? lb. per cub. ft. 
P.=360 (Kyd). The acrid milk is used medicinally in Kangra, The tree is 
much lopped for cattle-fodder, 

The following frutescent species of Ficus, which are found in the North-West 

Himalaya, may be briefly mentioned here: 1. /. foveolata, Wall. Cat. No. 
4493 ; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 561, ii. ; scandent, branches often rooting, branchlets, 
petioles, under side of leaves and peduncles hairy, leaves short-petiolate, coria- 
ceous, oblong-lanceolate, main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, alternating with shorter 
ones, all anastomosing by prominent reticulate and intramarginal veins. Fruit 
axillary, pedunculate but not stipitate, hairy, subglobose, supported at its base 


424 | LXVIL URTICACEA, [ Ficus. 


by 3 membranous bracts, Style long filiform, undivided. Wangtu bridge, 
Sutlej valley, Kamaon, ascending to 7500 ft., Sikkim, Bhutan (a middle-sized 
tree, with red, fleshy fruit, Griff. It. not. 137), Kasia hills. Probably = J. 
reticulata, Miq. Ann, iii. 294 (identified with /. scandens, Roxb., in Stewart 
Pb. Plants, 214), and J. Luducca, Roxb. 534; Madden As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 
644—Vern. Kabra, Almora. 

2. EF. nemoralis, Wall. Cat. 4517. Glabrous. Leaves membranous, lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate, main lateral nerves arcuate, 10-16 pair, with numerous 
shorter intermediate ones, joined by very fine, distinct, but not prominent reticu- 
late veins, blade 5-6, petiole 4 in. long. Male fl. numerous, mixed with females, 
2-3-androus ; perianth red, of 3-4 lanceolate segments, anthers large, basifixed, 
on short filaments ; female perianth of 3-4 lanceolate subconcave segments ; style 
short. Fruit globose, } in. diam., in pairs, pedunculate but not stipitate, sup- 
ported at its base by 3 acute membranous bracts. Outer Himalaya, from the 
Jhelam to Sikkim, ascending to 7000 ft. 

3. Ff. pubigera, Wall. Cat. No. 4518, identified by Miquel with Ff. erecta, 
Thunb. (Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 294). Extremities and petioles hairy. 
Leaves glabrous, or with floccose hairs beneath, oblong-lanceolate, entire, long- 
acuminate, main lateral nerves 8-10 pair, blade 5-8, petiole 4 in. long. Fruit 
hairy, globose, # in. diam., short-pedunculate but not stipitate. Kamaon, as- 
cending to 3000 ft. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Kasia hills. 

A remarkable shrub, of the subgenus Covellia, common on banks of rivers 
and in rocky river-beds in Sikkim, Kasia, the hills of Oudh and Kamaon, is (4.) 
FP. tuberculata, Wall. Cat. No. 4539 (but not of Roxburgh). 8S. Kurz (Journal 
As. Soc. of Bengal, xlii. pt. ii. 1873, 106) identifies it with a similar shrub which 
grows in Pegu and Martaban (/. pyrrhocarpa, Kurz), but the identity of the 
Burman and North Indian species seems doubtful. The North Indian shrub 
has rough and hairy branchlets, lanceolate opposite leaves, approximate near 
the ends of branches, 5-7 in. long, narrowed into a short hairy petiole, harsh on 
both sides with short adpressed hairs, stipules lanceolate, persistent, hairy ; 
receptacles hairy, with circular raised tubercles, and a few scales on the outer 
surface, pedunculate, on short leafless bracteate panicles from the old wood ; 
perianth of female fi. none or early caducous, ates long filiform, hairy. Far- 
ther inquiries may perhaps identify it with, either 7. lanceolata, Buch., Roxb. 
1. c. 557; Mig. Ann. iii. 297, or F. laminosa, Hardwicke ; Roxb. 531 ; Madden 
As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 643—Vern. Chancherri, the leaves used to feed cattle. 

5. F. heterophylla, Linn. fil.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 532; Wight Ic. t. 659, is a 
straggling shrub, with alternate, short-petiolate, very rough leaves, either undi- 
vided oblong, or variously lobed. Receptacles axillary in pairs, pedunculate, 
yellow when ripe, with whitish scabrous spots. On the banks of rivers and in 
ae places generally. Oudh, Banda district (Edgeworth), Bengal, South India, 

eylon. 

6. J. repens, Willd.; Roxb. 1. c. 585 ; Wight Ic. t. 636, is a small scandent or 
procumbent shrub, with rooting stems, common in grass-lands of Oudh, Bengal, 
Burma and South India ; leaves alternate, long-petiolate, very rough, ovate, often 
with cordate base, undivided or variously lobed. Fruit obovoid, narrowed into 
a long stalk, supported at the base by bracts, the stalk as long as or longer than 
the axillary solitary peduncle. Male fl. few, near the mouth of receptacle, monan- 
drous, perianth of 4 hyaline oblong segments ; female fl. numerous, perianth of 
5 thin hyaline lanceolate segments ; style short, undivided. 


9, CUDRANTA, Trecul: 


Spinose shrub with alternate leaves and axillary globose flower-heads. 
Flowers dioicous. Male fl.: perianth of 4-5 narrow segments, concave 
and obtuse above. Stamens 4, pistil rudimentary. Female fl. of 4 im- 


Cudrania. | LXVII. URTICACEA, 425 


bricate concave segments. Ovary free, l-celled, with a solitary pendu- 
lous ovule ; style simple, stigma filiform. Nuts free, enclosed in the con- 
solidated fleshy perianth and receptacle ; pericarp crustaceous. Albumen 
scanty or 0, 


1. C. javanensis, Trecul; Benth. Fl, Austr. vi. 179 (not Wight Ic. t. 
1960).—Syn. Maclura javanica, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. t. 31. 
Trophis spinosa, Wall. Vern. Manda, mandei, kangu, N.W.P. 


A straggling shrub, armed with axillary, straight or curved, spines ; 
branchlets pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, glabrous, short-petiolate, 1-4 
in. long, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, acute or obtuse, entire, pen- 
niveined and reticulate, but veins not prominent. Flower-heads pubescent, 
globose, axillary, solitary or 2 together, short-pedunculate, the males 4 in. 
diam., the females smaller at first, but increasing, when mature, to ? in. 
or more. Male flowers closely packed, perianth leaves 3-5 distinct, often 
unequal, cuneate, the upper part concave and hairy outside. Filaments 
short, not inflexed in bud, inserted round a glabrous, subulate rudimen- 
tary ovary, anthers oblong, 2-celled. Female flowers crowded, more or 
less immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Leaves of perianth 4, upper part 
thickened and velvety. Style one, short, barely exserted. Fruit a com- 
pound, irregularly-shaped berry as large as a small Custard apple (Mad- 
den), formed of the enlarged fleshy perianths and receptacle, each perianth 
enclosing a one-seeded nut. 


Dehra Doon, Garhwal, Rohilkhand, Nepal, Oudh, Sikkim, Kasia, Burma, 
Ceylon, Eastern Africa, Indian Archipelago, Queensland, and New South Wales. 
Fl, April-June; fr. Aug.-Nov. Bark smooth, yellowish brown or blackish, 
marked with white oblong lenticels. Wood used as fuel. 


10. ARTOCARPUS, Linn. 


Evergreen trees with milky juice ; leaves alternate. Flowers monoicous. 
Male and female indistinct, globose or cylindrical heads, Male flowers : 
perianth 2-3-4-phyllous, segments free or connate, concave, imbricate in 
estivation. Stamen1,exserted. Female flowers: perianth tubular, entire, 
with a minute mouth. Ovary free, 1-locular (rarely 2-3-locular), with a 
solitary pendulous ovule; style terminal or lateral, simple or 2-3-fid), 
stigma various. Nuts enclosed in the persistent perianths, which are con- 
solidated in a large fleshy syncarpium. Seed exalbuminous. 


Nearly glabrous ; branchlets with annular scars ; . IL. A. integrtfolia. 
Extremities and under side of leaves grey: -tomentose ; branchlets 
without annular scars ; : ; ‘ . 2. A. Lakoocha. 


1. A. integrifolia, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 522 ; Wight Ic. t. 678 ; 
Bot. Mag. t. 2833, 2834. Jack-tree.—Sans. Panasa. Vern. Kanthal, 
katol, kathal, N.W. India; Phandas, Bombay ; Pein nayben, Burm. 


A large tree, glabrous, only youngest shoots with short stiff hairs; 
branchlets with annular raised lines, the scars of the stipules. Leaves 
coriaceous, smooth, shining above, rough beneath, elliptic or obovate, 
obtuse, midrib prominent beneath, with 7-8 main lateral nerves on either - 


q 


426 LXVII. URTICACEZ. [ Artocarpus. 


side of midrib ; blade 4-8 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, stipules large, with a 
broad amplexicaul base, sheathing in bud, early caducous ; leaves of young 
plants and of shoots from the root often lobed. Flower-heads ovoid, 
elongated, on short lateral branchlets, generally on the trunk or larger 
branches. Fruit large, hanging on short stalks, oblong, fleshy, with a 
thick cylindrical receptacle and a muricated rind 12-30 in. long and 6-12 
in. diam. Seeds reniform, oily. 

Cultivated in N.W. India (rare in the Panjab, and not beyond Lahore), in 
Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma, Ceylon, and the Indian Archi- 
pelago. Regarding its native home, there is yet some uncertainty. Rumphius 
(Herbarium Amboinense, i. 106) states that it grows in the forests of Ceylon, like 
other forest trees, but Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 262, is of opinion that it cannot 
be considered truly indigenous. In the Indian Archipelago the tree is believed 
to be cultivated only, and in Burma, though the Jack is often found in 


and dense forests (e. g., in the Attaran district), yet I have only found it in the 


vicinity of deserted settlements. According to Wight 1c. and Beddome (FI. 
Sylv. Manual, p. 219), the tree is wild in the mountain forests of the western 
Ghats, ascending to 4000 ft. Fl. Dec.-Feb.; fr. May-July. Attains 40-50 ft., 
with a short erect trunk of great girth, and a dense shady crown. Bark thick, 
often with deep cracks, inner substance soft. Sapwood white, heartwood yellow 
when fresh cut, reddish brown when seasoned, the wood of old trees some- 
what resembling mahogany in colour and appearance. Takes a beautiful polish, 
Medullary rays sharply defined, light-coloured, of moderate width, pores large, 
uniformly distributed, each pore in a patch of yellow tissue, often in concentric- 
ally arranged patches or interrupted bands. Weight between 42 and 45 Ib. 
per cub. ft. Value of P. 788, Skinner ; between 513 and 889, Puckle; fracture 
splintery. Warps and cracks unless well seasoned. Used for carpentry and 
furniture, and imported into England for cabinet-work, turning, and for brush- 
backs. A yellow dye is made of the wood. The leaves, bark, and the rind of 
the fruit abound in a tenacious white milk, used as bird-lime. The fruit is an 
important article of food in Burma, South India, and Ceylon, the seeds are 
roasted and eaten. Young trees bear fruit on the branches, older trees on the 
trunk, and very old trees often at the base of the trunk near the root. 

Other species with amplexicaul stipules and annular.scars on branchlets are : 


1. A. Chaplasha, Roxb. 1. ¢. 525; Wight Ic. t. 682—Vern. Chaplash, Beng., 


Taun peinnayben (Mountain Jack), Burm., a gigantic timber-tree of East Bengal 
and Burma, wood prized for canoes, structure similar to that of A. integrefolra. 
Leaves of young plants pinnatifid, of old trees entire ; flower-heads globose, long- 


peduneulate ; fruit globose, the size of a large orange. 2. A. hersuta, Lam.; — 


Roxb. l.c. 521 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 308; Angels wood. Vern. Heb Halsu, Canar., 
a most valuable timber-tree of the evergreen forests of the western Ghats, male 
fl. in long cylindrical spikes ; fruit ovoid, size of a large lemon, the tops of peri- 
anths enlarging and forming numerous hispid spines. Wood strong, close- 
grained, of a yellowish brown colour, highly prized for ship-building and other 
purposes, weight per cub. ft. 36-40 lb., P.=744. 3. A. incisa, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. 
t. 2869-71, the Bread fruit-tree, a native of the South Sea Islands, but now in- 


3 


troduced into most tropical countries; bears fruit on the western coast, in — 


Ceylon, and in Burma. Leaves pinnatifid, with a connate base 1-3 ft. long, male 
fl. in club-shaped spikes. 


2. A. Lakoocha, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 524; Wight Ic. t. 681.—Sans. 
Lakucha. Vern. Titin, dheu, daheo, Pb. ; Dhau, dahi, Kamaon ; Barhal, 
Banda, Behar; Déphul, Bengal; Myauklouk, Burm. 


wi 


A 


seca 4 a 


Artocarpus.| LXVII. URTICACEA. 427 


A large tree; branchlets and under side of leaves with soft grey tomen- 
tum. Leaves coriaceous, oval or ovate, obtuse or short-acuminate, entire, 
blade 6-10 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, upper side glabrous, shining, under 
side soft-tomentose, 10-14 pair of prominent main lateral nerves; stipules 
lanceolate, with a narrow base, not sheathing, deciduous. Flower-heads 
globose, axillary, the male subsessile, the female short-pedunculate. Fruit 
acid, of an irregular roundish shape, 3-4 in. diam., velvety, yellow when 
ripe. ; 


Outer hills of Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft. Sikkim, East Bengal, Burma. 
Evergreen forests of the western Ghats, Ceylon. Occasionally planted in the 
Siwalik tract of the Panjab, rarely inthe plains. Attains 50-60 ft., with a short 
trunk of great girth. Bark $ in. thick, light- or dark-grey, rough, but without 
cracks or furrows. Sapwood large, whitish, heartwood yellowish or dark red- 
brown, structure similar to that of A. integrifolia. Weight 40 lb. per cub. ft., 
D.B., Burma List, 1862. Used for furniture, in Burma canoes are made of it. 
The male flower-heads are pickled, and the fruit is eaten. 


Antiaris innoxia, Blume—Syn. A. saccidora, Dalz. & Gibs. ; Bomb. Fl. 244 ; 
Wight Ic. t. 1958 ; Bedd. FL. Sylv. t. 307,—is one of the largest, Beddome says 
the largest tree of the evergreen forests of the western Ghats, and the hills 
between them and the coast. Found as far north as Kandala, also in Ceylon. 
Leaves elliptic-oblong, rough, short-petiolate ; female flowers solitary, enclosed in 
an involucre of connate imbricate bracts, sessile, with 2 styles ; male fl. crowded 
on a thick flat receptacle ; fruit fleshy, purple, 1-seeded. Sacks are made of the 
thick woolly fibrous inner bark, described as follows in Graham’s Catalogue, 
193: “A branch is cut corresponding to the length and diameter of the sack 
wanted, soaked a little, and then beaten with clubs until the liber separates from 
the wood. This done, the sack formed of the bark is turned inside out, and 
. down, until the wood is sawed off, with the exception of a small piece 

eft to form the bottom of the sack, and which is carefully left untouched.” In 
Ceylon rope is also made of the bark. 

Another sp. of the same genus is found in the dense evergreen forests of the 
Thoungyeen valley in Tenasserim (yah setk, Burm.), the juice is used by the 
Karens to poison arrows, but the poison does not seem equal in its effects to 
that of the famous Upas tree of the Indian Archipelago (Antiaris toxicaria, 
Lesch.; Blume Rumphia, i. t. 23). The largest tree which I ever measured in 
Burma belonged to this species ; it grew in the evergreen forest of the Thoungyeen, 
was 250 ft. high, and had a girth of 38 ft., the trees of the surrounding evergreen 
forest having an average height of 200 ft. (Attaran Forest Report, 1860, p. 55). 
Beddome states that A. znnoxia attains a similar size on the western Ghats. 


The Caoutchouc exported from Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and 
Ecuador is the produce of the Uleé tree, Castiloa elastica, Cervantes, and per- 
haps a second species of the same genus. It is a superior article, and the intro- 
duction of the tree into India seems desirable. C. elastica is a large tree, 
branchlets and under side of leaves with long soft rust-coloured tomentum ; 
leaves short-petiolate, oblong. Flowers monoicous, female flowers numerous, 
on plane circular lateral receptacles (Collins’ Report on Caoutchouc, 1872, 11), 


The Palo de Vaca or Cow tree of Caracas (Galactodendron utile, Kunth ; 
Bot. Mag. t. 3723-24), a gigantic tree with coriaceous shining leaves, has been 
referred to the genus Brosimum. From incisions made in the trunk it yields 
oe quantities of thick gluey milk without any acridity, drunk extensively, 
and very wholesome and nourishing. Brosimum has one female flower inside - 


428 LXVII, URTICACEA. [ Artocarpus. 


a subglobose receptacle, covered on the outside with numerous stamens and 


peltate bracteoles. The snake or letter wood of the West Indies, Guiana, and 
Mexico, a beautiful heavy dark-coloured wood with small pores and numerous 
very fine medullary rays, which on a vertical section appear like linear bands 
with sharply defined and exactly parallel sides, is the produce of a tree of this 
genus, Piratinera guianensis of Aublet, the Bois de lettres, a large tree of 
- Guiana, identified by Poppig with Brosemum Aubletit of the Huallaga river in 
North Peru, and by Miquel with Brosimuwm discolor, Schott, a small tree of 
Brazil. Another species, B. Namagua, Seemann, of New Granada and Cen- 
tral America, has a thick woolly fibrous inner bark, which is made into beds, 
garments, and ropes, and used as sails in the native canoes (Hooker’s Journal, 
iii. (1851) 269). 


11. CELTIS, Tournefort. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers polygamous, 


in axillary or lateral cymes. Perianth deciduous, of 4-5 segments, imbri- 
cate in bud. Stamens as many as, and shorter than, perianth-segments, 
in the male flowers surrounding a rudimentary ovary inserted on a hairy 
disc. Ovary on a hairy disc, stigmata 2, sessile, deciduous. Fruit an 
ovoid or globose drupe, with a hard, coriaceous or bony kernel. 


1. C. australis, Linn.—Tab. L.—Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 1338, t. 667. 


—Syn. C. tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 63; C. caucasica, Willd. ; Mico- 
coulier, Fr.; Perlaro, bagolaro, It.; Zrirgelbaum, Germ. Vern. Tagho, 
takhum, Afg.; Brimlu, khirk, khalk, khark, khirg, ku, roku, choku, bramji, 
batkar, kai, bigni, biugli,2Pb.; Kar, Kunawar; Tagha, Sindh; Kharak, 
khartka, khirk, N.W.P. 

A middle-sized deciduous tree, with bifarious branches ; young leaves, 
branchlets, and petioles hairy. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, unequal- 
based, acuminate, more or less rough when full-grown, serrate, the lower 
third of the leaf often entire, 3 basal nerves, the midrib penniveined, 
blade 3-5 in., petiole 4 in. long; stipules subulate, caducous, shorter than 
petiole. Flowers yellowish-white, tetramerous or pentamerous, bisexual 
flowers axillary, pedicels more than twice the length of petiole, the male 


flowers on shorter pedicels, in lateral fascicles or short racemes, below the — 


leaves, or in the axils of the youngest leaves. Drupe ovoid, 4 in. long, 
putamen reticulate-rugose, seeds oily. 


Afghanistan, ascending to 8800 ft. Suliman range trans-Indus. Salt range. 
Himalaya, ascending to 8500 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia hills. A 
in western Asia and the Mediterranean region. Upper limit on the Sutlej: 
Jangi right, Morung left bank. Frequently planted in the Panjab plains and 
the N.W. Himalaya, in Sindh and Beluchistan. Fl. March-May, before the 


leaves appear, or with the first leaves ; fr. July-Sept. Attains 30-40 ft.; trunk — 
short, straight, 6-8 ft. girth, one noted 16 ft.; branches spreading. Bark $ in. ¥ 
thick, bluish-grey, or brown, smooth or rough with brown and whitish, often — 
raised specks, not furrowed, but frequently with numerous small cracks and 


* 


circular wrinkles, the trunk often appearing as if constricted with cords. Growth 


generally slow. Wood light-coloured, close- and even-grained, hard and tough, 
a continuous belt of large pores in the spring wood, other pores smaller, uni- 
formly distributed, joined by narrow undulating often zig-zag lines of whitish 
tissue. Hardy in England. . 


Celtis. | LXVII. URTICACEA. 429 


In the North-West Himalaya churn-sticks are made of it, and it is used as fuel 
and for charcoal. The wood of the European Celtis varies much in weight—sp. 
grav. 0.66-0.88 (41 to 54 1b.)—though not so much as the wood of the Ash, which 
also has a continuous belt of large pores in the spring wood. In the south of 
France it is cultivated extensively in coppice-woods ; oars, hoops, whip-handles, 
and similar articles requiring tenacity and elasticity, are made of it. In the 
Himalaya it is chiefly planted for shade and fodder, and the winter supply of 
hay is often stored in its branches. The bark is used for sandals (Cleghorn). 
The fruit is insipidly sweet and has not much flesh. It is eaten: a larger, 
blackish or dark purple kind is called roku on the Sutlej ; a smaller, yellow or 
orange kind, ‘hike. 

Aitchison (Cat. 139) notes C. caucasica, Willd., from the Jhelam, the Salt 
range, Kashmir, Kamaon, and (cultivated) Sindh. My opinion is that all the 
Celtis of North-West India with glabrous fruit belong to one species, which 
I identify with C. australis, L. 

C. eriocarpa, Decaisne in J igs Voy. Bot. t. 152, from Kamaon, differs from 
C’.. australis by ovate-lanceolate leaves and a pubescent ovary and drupe, but it 
seems doubtful whether it is specifically distinct. Stewart identifies this with 
C’. Acata, Hamilton, and gives its distribution and vernacular names as follows: 
Eastern skirts of the Suliman range trans-Indus. Salt range 2000-3000 ft. 

_Himalaya from the Indus south-eastward, ascending to 4500 ft., Kamaon, Nepal, 
and Ondh. Vern. Vagha, Afg.; Batkar, bat taman, Pb.; Akata (whence the 
specific name), katdia, Hindi. 

C. Roxburghti, Planch.—Syn. C’. trinervia, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 65 (not Lam., 
which is a West Indian species), has subcoriaceous, ovate, acuminate, almost 
glabrous leaves, entire or dentate near the apex, fertile flowers often in pairs 
(on slender axillary racemes, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 238). South India, Bengal, Burma. 
Dr Stewart states that this species is found (rare) in the Siwalik tract of the 
Panjab and Kamaon, also (not common) in the Central Provinces, and gives the 
following vernacular names: Kharak, batkar, briimaj, briindu, Pb.; Cheri 

chara, kathiinidr,C.P. Ihave not seen specimens from N.W. and Central India. 

In the xvii. vol. of De Candolle’s Prodromus, Planchon refers the Celtis of 
North-West India to the following species :— 

1. C. caucasica, Willd. Leaves oblique- or rhomboid-oblong-ovate, acumin- 
ate, triplinerved. Stipules linear, longer than petioles of young leaves, ovary 
slightly pubescent at the base of the style ; kernel slightly reticulate. Cauca- 
sus, North Persia, Cabul, Beluchistan, Salt range, Kashmir, 

2. C. ertocarpa, Decaisne. Leaves lanceolate; drupes grey - tomentose. 
Panjab. é 

3. C.. tetrandra, Roxb. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong cuspi- 
date, with an unequal-sided base, triplinerved, drupe wholly glabrous, kernel 
slightly rugose. Kamaon, Nepal, Silhet, Nilgiris (“ common, vern. Adona”), 
and to this species he refers the following as synonymous: 1. C. glabra, Planch. 
Kamaon. 2. C. serotina, Planch., Wight Ic. t. 1970. 3. C. Acata, Hamilton 
in Trans. Soc. Linn. xvii. 201. Bengal, Behar. 4. C. nepalensis, Planchon. 
Kamaon, Tenasserim, Andamans. He does not say that he identifies with it 
5. C. Roxburghu, Planch. Ann. Se. Nat. iii. series x. 302 (C. trinervia, Roxb.), 

but seems to imply that it belongs to this species (Prodr. xvii. 179). 


. 3 12, SPONTA, Comm. 


Trees with alternate 3-nerved serrate leaves. Flowers ,monoicous, in 
axillary cymes. Perianth persistent, tube short, limb of 5 segments, con- 
eave, induplicate in bud, slightly overlapping, nearly valvate. Stamens 


430 LXVIIl. URTICACEA. [ Sponia. ‘ 


5, longer than perianth. Fruit a minute drupe, supported by the persis- 
tent perianth, and crowned, while half ripe, by 2 short stigmatose styles. 


Leaves rough on both sides, oblong-lanceolate ; male cymes com- 


pact, as long as petiole 5 ‘ : F d j 1. S. politoria. 
Leaves soft-tomentose beneath, ovate ; cymes spreading, longer 
than petiole é é ‘ ‘ ’ ° : ‘ 2. S. orientalis. 


1. S. politoria, Planch. ; DC. Prodr. xvii. 202.—Syn. Celtis politoria, 
Wall. Vern. Bantamman, kanglu, khuri, Pb. ; Jaun, khasaroa, marni, 
batu, N.W.P. ; Banharria, Oudh ; Khaksi, Nepal. 


A small tree with short trunk and bifarious exceedingly rough leaves, 
branchlets rough with long hard white hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
with almost equal-sided base, 2-5 in. long, penniveined, serrate, pale be- 
neath, rough on both sides with scattered. hairs and the raised base of 
numerous fallen hairs, main lateral nerves arcuate, 4-6 pair, the lowest 
pair from near the base of leaf, petiole 4 in. long; stipules deciduous, 
longer than petiole. Cymes of male flowers as long as petiole, of female 
flowers a little longer than petiole. 


Salt range. Siwalik tract and outer hills from the Chenab to Nepal. Abun- 
dant in the Oudh forests in dry sandy or stony places. Sikkim, Central Pro- 
vinces. The leaves are renewed in Marchand April. Fl. April-June. Attains 
15 ft. and a girth of 12 in., with a few spreading branches. Bark 4 in. thick, - 
ereenish-white, or reddish-brown, smooth or with longitudinal wrinkles, inner 
bark red, viscid, fibrous. Wood reddish nut-brown, fibrous and elastic, with a 
moderately close-grain (R. T.) The leaves are as hard as sand-paper and are 
used to polish wood and horn. 


2. S. orientalis, Planch. ; DC. Prodr. xvii. 200.—Syn. Celtis orien- 
talis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 65. Probably not different from Sponia 
Wightti, Pl. ; Wight Ic. t.1971; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.311. Indian Nettle- 
tree, Charcoal-tree. Vern. Badu manu, C.P.; Gol, Bombay. | 


A small rapidly growing and short-lived tree with pubescent branchlets. 
Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, base unequal-sided, — 
cordate, soft-tomentose beneath, and more or less rough on the upper side, — 
midrib with 3-4 pairs of main lateral nerves ; stipules deciduous, as long as — 
petioles of young leaves. Cymes lax, spreading, considerably longer than — 
petiole. Stigmas covered with long threads. Drupe black when ripe. 


Nepal, Bengal, Satpura range (not common), South India, Ceylon. Forms 
part of the secondary growth where the evergreen forest has been cleared in — 
Western Mysore and Coorg. Has been planted in Wynaad for shade in — 
coffee plantations, where the original forest had been imprudently cleared away. 
Fl. April-June (the greater part of the year, Roxb.) Attains 30 ft. with an 
erect short trunk, 2-3 ft. girth. Bark dark grey or blackish, smooth. The — 
inner bark is tough and strong. 

S. velutina, Planch. ; Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 324, branchlets and under side — 
of leaves soft-pubescent. China, Indian Archipelago, Burma, Bengal ; is pro- — 
bably not specifically distinct. . 


Ulmus. | LXVII. URTICACE. 431 


13. ULMUS, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, more or less distichous, unequal- 
sided leaves and caducous stipules. Flowers bisexual, in lateral fascicles. 
Perianth campanulate, generally persistent, 4-5- or 8-9-fid, segments 
imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as perianth-lobes, adnate to the 
tube of perianth, and opposite to its segments; anthers fixed by the 
back. Ovary free, 1-2-celled; styles 2, papillose on the inner face, 1 
ovule in each cell. Fruit an indehiscent flat samara, surrounded on all 
sides with a broad membranous wing, on an articulate pedicel. Seed 
pendulous, no albumen, embryo straight, radicle superior. 

In the following synopsis I have included, besides the North Indian species, 
the more important of the European Elms, as some of them are closely allied to 
the North-West Himalayan species. 


Leaves entire ; perianth deciduous ; ovary long-stipitate . 1. U. integrifolia. 
Leaves serrate ; perianth persistent ; ovary subsessile. 
Stamens and perianth-segments 5-8 ; flowers appear before 
the leaves. 
Pedicels more than twice the length of perianth; sta- 
' mens and perianth-segments 5-8. 
Articulation of pedicel near its base, lower portion 
much shorter than upper; samara not fringed at 
edges ° ‘ . ; ; : ° ‘ 2. U. Wallichiana. 
Articulation of pedicel near the top; lower portion 
much longer than upper ; samara fringed at the 
edge with long hairs . ‘ : , ° : 
Pedicels less than twice the length of perianth; sta- 
mens and perianth-segments 5-6. 
Seed in the middle of samara . ; = ‘ ‘ 4, U. montana. 
Seed near upper end of samara . : ‘ é ° 5. U. campestris. 

Stamens and perianth-segments 4 ; flowers appear with the 

leaves . " . . é ‘ é P . 6. U. parvifolia. 

1, U. integrifolia, Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 78; Fl. Ind. ii. 68 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. 
t. 310.—Syn. Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. DC. Prodr. xvii. 164; 
Wight Ic. t. 1968. Vern. Papri, khulen, arjan, rajain, kacham, Pb. ; 
Papar, kanju, Kamaon ; Papri, Bhartpur; Dhamna, kinj, Oudh; Kar- 
anjt, chilbil, chilmil, kumba, kunja nali, begana, Cent. Prov. ; Chilla, 
Banda ; Wawali, Mar. ; Navili chettu, Tel. 

A large deciduous tree, usually glabrous, only inflorescence pubescent. 
Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, entire, those of seedlings and root- 
shoots sometimes ‘serrate, blade 3-5, petiole 4 in. long, main lateral nerves 
5-7 pair. Male and bisexual flowers mixed, in cymose lateral fascicles. 
Perianth hairy, nearly cleft to the base, segments 5. Stamens in bisexual 
flowers 5, in male flowers 8, anthers hairy, no rudiment of ovary in male 
flowers. Ovary stipitate, compressed, generally l-celled. Samara oval or 


3. U. effusa. 


 suborbicular, unequal-sided, 1 in. long, on a long slender articulate pedicel, 


the upper portion being the elongated stalk of the ovary, often with the 
remains of the perianth at its base. A variety with pubescent extremities 
and under side of leaves from Ceylon. 


Sub-Himalayan tract, extending west to the Bias, but rare between Jumna and 
Bias. Common in Garhwal and Kamaon, ascending to 2000 ft. Abundant in 


432 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Ulmus, 


the Gonda and Baraich forests of Oudh, and in the Banda district, not uncom- 
mon in the Satpura range. Behar, South India, Ceylon, Burma. Often planted 
in North and Central India. Prefers a dry, sandy or shingly soil. The leaves 
are shed between Sept. and Jan., the fresh leaves appear in March and April, 
soon after the flowers, which come out in Feb.-March. The fruit ripens June- 
Aug., and remains long on the tree, A fast-growing tree, attains 60-70 ft., with 
a tall straight stem, 20-30 ft. clear, and 6-8 ft. girth, with short buttresses, fur- 
rowed and scooped out higher up. Bark thick, pale- or dark-grey or light-brown, 
with small tubercles in lines, and longitudinally rugose, not cut up by cracks-or 
furrows, smelling unpleasantly when bruised. Wood yellow or light-brown, 
soft and open-grained, light but strong. Medullary rays very fine, pores moder- 
ate-sized, uniformly distributed, annual rings distinct. No distinct heartwood. 
Employed in building, for carts, carving, durability uncertain. Much used for 
fuel and charcoal. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, and the tree is often 
used to stack fodder for winter supply. 


2. U. Wallichiana, Planch.=—Tab. LI.=_DC. Prodr. xvii. 158. In 
Herb. Wall. as U. erosa, Roth, and U. effusa, Willd. Vern. Kain, khdi, 
bren, brera, bran, brankul, brori, amrai, marari, maral, marrin, marran, 
marazh, makshari, manderung, maldung, shko, kummar, Pb. ; Himbareh, 
Kullu, Cleghorn ; Mored, pabina, chambar maya, N.W.P. 


A large deciduous tree, branchlets with rough pubescence. Leaves 4-8 
in. long, elliptic, long-acuminate, main lateral nerves 15-20 pair, each ter- 
minating in a large serrature, the outer edge of which is serrulate, petiole 
4 in. long ; stipules membranous caducous. Flowers bisexual, fasciculate, 
in short lateral racemes, common peduncle pubescent, 1 in. long, pedicels 
fasciculate, 3-6 from one point, the portion below the articulation pubes- 
cent, much shorter than the upper glabrous portion. Perianth persistent, 
turbinate, glabrous, segments 5, obtuse, ciliate. Samara short-stipitate, 
obovate, pubescent, seed about the middle, wing reticulate. The indu- 
mentum of the leaves varies exceedingly, in some specimens the leaves 
are soft-pubescent or tomentose on both sides, in others they are rough, 
in others again they are glabrous above, and pubescent or rough beneath. 
Dr Stewart referred this sp. to U. campestris. 


Not uncommon in the North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal at 
3500 to 10,000 ft., often planted, also cultivated at Kabul. Fl. early in spring, 
while the tree is leafless ; the fruit ripens May-June. Attains 80-90 ft., trunk 
erect, often of immense size, tapering from a broad base, 12-16 ft. girth, in culti- 
vated and protected trees to 24 ft. Old stems mostly hollow. The branches 
are erect at times, which gives the tree a poplar-like appearance. Bark whitish, 
light- or dark-grey, or dark brown, very rough, with long diagonal cracks, cut- 
ting the outer bark into diamond-shaped exfoliating scales. Wood brown, not 
much valued in the Himalaya. The bark is tough and very strong ; cordage, 
sandals, and slow-matches are made of it. The leaves are lopped extensively for 
cattle-fodder. 


3. U. effusa, Willd.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 1337, t. 666.—Syn. 
U. pedunculata, Fougeroux ; DC. Prodr. xvii, 154. 


A large tree, trunk often buttressed at the base, flowers drooping on long 
slender pedicels, in lateral fascicles on the previous year’s wood. Samara 


—- . 
_Ulmus.] LXVII. URTICACE. 433 


fringed at the edge with long hairs, on long slender pedicels, the lower 
portion below the articulation, 3-5 times the length of the upper portion. 


Eastern Europe. Flowers in spring before the leaves. Wood not much 
valued. Specimens very similar to this found by T. Thomson in Kashmir at 
5000 ft. (April 1848, at Ganderbal) are in the Kew herbarium, but flowers and 


young fruit are subsessile. 
4. U. montana, Sm.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 334; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 
1332, t. 662. Wych or Mountain Elm. Bergriister, Germ. 


A large forest tree, with lax foliage and drooping branchlets, bark peel- 
ing off in linear or oblong scales. Leaves rough, ovate-oblong, long-acumi- 
nate, 3-6 in. long, base very unequal-sided. Flowers subsessile in lateral 
clusters on the previous year’s wood. Seed in the centre of the samara. 


Indigenous in Scotland, the north of England, Norway (to 65° N.I.), and in 
other parts of North Europe. Flowers in spring before the leaves. Not rarely 
mixed with Beech in the forests of France and Germany. Japan and North- 
Eastern Asia, not in Siberia. Wood highly prized, on the Harz it fetches a higher 
Py than Oak. Ona horizontal section the spring wood appears as a continuous 

elt of large pores, the outer parts of each annual ring having much smaller 
pores in narrow wavy concentric bands. On a vertical section the large pores of 
the spring wood are very prominent, and the medullary rays appear as straight 


horizontal bands with parallel sides. 


5. U. campestris, Spach ; Willk. Forstl. Fl. 476 ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 334 : 
Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 1331, t. 661. Common Elm. Feldriister, ulme, 


Germ. ; Orme, Fr. ; Olmo, It. 

A large tree with stiff, often brittle branches, bark dark, nearly black, 
with deep longitudinal furrows, often corky, especially along the branches 
(U. suberosa, Ehrh.) Leaves rough, 2-3 in. long, base often nearly equal. 
Flowers subsessile, in lateral clusters on the previous year’s wood. Seed 


above the centre of the samara. 

Indigenous in Central and South Europe, naturalised, not indigenous in Eng- 
land, commonly planted in parks and avenues. North Asia, Turkestan, North 
China, Japan, Syria, Armenia, Caucasus, and probably Afghanistan. Flowers 
in spring before the leaves. In France the wood of this species is valued higher 
than that of U. montana for cart and machine building, and for many other 
purposes ; but it requires long and careful seasoning (Mathieu, Fl. For. 207). 
In England the branches of this elm are exceedingly brittle. The structure of 
the wood resembles U. montana. Weight 35-55 1b. 

To U. campestris I am inclined to refer (with Dr Cleghorn, Pb. Forests, 79) 
the small-leaved elm of the N.W. Himalaya. Leaves 2-3 in. long, base nearly 
ean glabrous, or slightly rough or pubescent, flowers and fruit unknown. 

- Not common, and generally near villages, in the N.W. Himalaya, on the upper 
Jhelam, Chenab, Bias, Sutlej, and Indus, and in the Nubra valley, ascend- 
ing to 10,500 ft.—Vern. Yambok, Ladak ; Bran, brahmi, kai, mortin, mardi, 

mauru, mannu, mandu, mamjr, meru, merinu, bhamnt, Pb. ; chipal, in the Pb. 
lains. Some of the specimens resemble U. pumila, Linn., a small shrub of 
iberia, with subsessile fasciculate flowers and glabrous campanulate perianth, 
which, however, Maximowicz considers as merely a variety of U. campestris, L. 
(Diagnoses plant. nov. Jap. Decas xiii. 22). In the inner Himalaya, it is gener- 
ally found as a small shrub along the river-beds, but it is often planted near vil- 
lages, and is then a middle-sized tree, with thick trunk, attaining a girth of 20- 

2E 


434 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Ulmus. 
30 ft.and more. Bark brown, surface whitish between deep dark-coloured longi- 
tudinal regular furrows, running diagonally into each other. Straight woody 
spines (the base of dead branches) often project from the wood into the bark. 
The wood is valued more than that of the large-leaved elm (U. Wallichiana.) 

6. U. parvifolia, Jacq. Pl. Rar. Hort. Schcenbrunn. t. 262.—Syn. U. 
virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 67 ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 290. 


A slow-growing shrub or tree, branchlets pubescent. Leaves coria- 
ceous, smooth, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, short-petiolate, 2-4 in. long, 
serrate, main lateral nerves branching, 14-16 pair. Flowers reddish, ap- 
pearing with the leaves, male and fertile mixed, in lateral scaly fascicles, 
lower part of pedicel pubescent, much longer than the glabrous upper part 
(above the articulation). Perianth campanulate, glabrous, segments 4, 
obtuse, ciliate. Stamens 4. Samara obliquely oval, glabrous, short-stipi- 
tate, seed in the middle, wings reticulate. 

Kamaon, Sikkim, 4000-5000 ft., Bhutan, Burma, China, Japan. Introduced 
into the Bot. Garden, Calcutta, from China. The bark peels off like that of the 
Plane tree (C. Koch, Dendrol, ii. 423). Fl. Sept. (Nagasaki), Nov. (Calcutta), 
Sept., Oct. (Vienna), May, June (C. Koch). In Japan-planted in hedges. Pro- 


_ bably evergreen, or leafless only for a short time. U. virgata, Wall. Cat. No. 
3548 : DC. Prodr. xviii. 159, from Nepal, is a doubtful species. 


Orper LXVIII. PLATANEZ. 


Trees with flaking bark, alternate palmatifid leaves, caducous stipules 
and monoicous achlamydeous flowers collected in unisexual globose pen- 
dulous heads, intermingled with squamiform bracteoles. Male heads: 
consisting of numerous clesely congested short stamens and minute some- 
what fleshy paleaceous scales ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, de- 
hiscing longitudinally. Female heads: of numerous ovaries approximated 
in pairs immersed in scales similar to those of the male heads; ovary 1- 
celled, with 1 (or 2) pendulous ovules; style subulate-filiform, laterally 
stigmatose. Fruit a small 1-seeded nut, crowned by the persistent style, 
and surrounded by rigid sete. Albumen 0, or very thin. 


1. PLATANUS, Tourn. 
(Only genus, the characters those of the Order.) 


1. P. orientalis, Linn. ; Sibth. Fl. Greece. t. 945. Oriental Plane.—Vern. 
Chinar (the Persian name). Local names: Buin, buna, boin, Kashmir. 


A large deciduous tree, with grey flexuose branches, woolly buds, 
young leaves and current year’s shoots with soft, tawny, or ferruginous 
tomentum. Leaves glabrous, along nerves pubescent beneath, palminerved, 
deeply 3-5 lobed, lobes lanceolate, entire or dentate, 6-9 in. diam., petiole 
3-5 in. long, pubescent, with a broad striated thickened base. On young 
luxuriant shoots the leaves often have a cuneate base, and the stipules are 
foliaceous and lobed. Fruit-heads globose, 1-14 in. diam., on short pedicels, 
on drooping axillary peduncles 4-6 in. long. 


Cultivated in Afghanistan and the North-West Himalaya, particularly in the 
Kashmir valley (5300 ft.), east to the Bias and Sutlej, ascending to 8300 ft. in 


~ Platanus.] LXVIIL, PLATANEAL, 435 


Western Ladak. It grows well at Peshawar, and at the foot of the North-West 

-Himalaya—e. g., at Amb in the Hushiarpur district—and fairly well, without 
attaining any large size, at Amritsar and Lahore. Farther east it does not 
thrive, and in the Saharanpur garden trees do not live longer than a few years. 
The oriental Plane is indigenous in ravines and moist valleys of Greece, Mace- 
donia, Armenia, and North Persia, Hehn (Culturpfl.“¥99) thinks that it was 
introduced from Asia Minor into Greece. Hardy in England. The foliage 
often gets reddish about October before it falls, the young leaves appear late in 
April, the flowers appear April, May, the fruit ripening soon afterwards and 
remaining long on the tree. Attains 75 ft. in Kashmir and Chamba, with a 
girth of 10-20 ft., the largest girth noted by Dr Stewart at Sirinagar being 28 ft. 
The branches spread wide; Stewart records two trees, one at Kishtwar (5500 ft.) 
on the Chenab, the other at Tikri in Chamba territory (same elevation), on a 
tributary of the Ravi, girth 19-20, extreme length of branches from trunk 37 and 
44 ft, The Nasim Bagh on the border of the great Kashmir lake is a large grove 
planted by Akhbar the Great soon after he had taken Kashmir in 1588. Originally 
the grove, which is about 800 by 400 yards, contained 1200 trees, a large pro- 
portion of which are still standing. In 1838, Vigne found the average girth to 
be 13 ft., anid supposed their age to be 248 years. The largest, close to the water, 
averaged 20 ft. in girth. Of two trees 170 years old at Brein in Kashmir, Vigne 
found one 1622”, the other 20/10” in girth, and the largest Plane he had seen 
was under the Elbirg mountains near Teheran 66 ft. in girth. Near Vostitza 
in the Morea, a tree over 40 ft. in girth isrecorded, Many renowned large Plane 
trees in Asia Minor. 

The bark is } in. thick, light or dark grey, peeling off in large thin scales. 
Wood yellowish white, somewhat resembling Beech-wood, with numerous broad 
medullary rays showing on a vertical section as glossy shining plates, with irregu- 
larly wavy outline. Pores numerous, very fine, uniformly distributed. Annual 
rings distinctly marked. No distinct heartwood. It is compact, fine-grained 
but not strong, and is not valued in Kashmir except to make boxes, trays, pen- 
cases, and similar articles which are lacquered and painted. In Afghanistan, 
where timber is scarce, it is said to be used for gun-carriages ; in Persia and in 
the Levant furniture, doors, and window-frames are made of it. It takes a 
beautiful polish, and the mottled grain recommends it for cabinet-work. 

P. occidentalis, Linn., of North America, and more commonly cultivated in 
Western Europe than the oriental Plane, differs by less deeply lobed leaves, 
which are pubescent when full-grown, and by slightly smaller fruit-heads. 


Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster—Syn. C. muricata, Roxb, FI. Ind. iii. 519— 
of the Order of Caswarimec, is a large tree with leafless drooping branches, 
thickly set at the ends with numerous approximate slender articulate branchlets, 
which are deciduous and fulfil the function of leaves. Flowers monoicous, the 
male flowers monandrous, in terminal cylindric spikes, the female flowers in 
small pedicellate globose heads. Fruit asubglobose cone, formed of the enlarged 
and thickened woody bracts ; seeds with a membranous wing. Indigenous on 

_ the coast of Chittagong and Burma, in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, 

_ North Australia, and Queensland. The Beefwood of Australia. Cultivated 

- throughout India, thrives at Amballa. Wood hard, heavy, brown, darker near 

the centre, medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Polishes well, but cracks 

and warps. Yields excellent fuel; plantations of it for that purpose have been 
made near Madras. 

The wood of C. stricta, Aiton ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 195—Syn. C. guadri- 
valvis, Labill.,—the She Oak of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, and New 
South Wales, and of several other Australian species, is marked by broad medul- 
lary rays, and is used for cabinet-work. 


436 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. [ Euphorbia, — 


Orpen LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA, ” 


Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often with acrid milky juice; leaves alternate 
or opposite, usually stipulate, rarely compound. Flowers always unisexual. 
Perianth very various ; a calyx only or calyx and corolla, both present or 
both sometimes’ wanting. Stamens various. Ovary superior, 3-celled, rarely 
2- or 1-celled, or with more than 3 cells; styles as many as carpels, free or 
connate, usually stigmatose on the ventral face ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, 
pendulous. Fruit capsular, separating into its constituent carpels when ripe, 
or succulent and indehiscent. Seed oily, albuminous; embryo straight with 
a superior radicle and flat cotyledons in a fleshy albumen.—Royle IL 326. 

This large Order(containing upwards of 3300 species) is distributed nearly 
over the entire globe. Buxus and Sarcococca, which are here ineluded, 
are commonly classed under a separate Order, Buxacew, distinguished by 
styles distinct from the base and the absence of milky juice. The other 
genera here mentioned are classed under the following tribes by Joh. 
Miiller in vol. xv. pt. il. of De Candolle’s Prodromus. They all belong 
to the series Platylobew with broad plane cotyledons. 
Phyllanthee.—Ovary-cells with 2 ovules ; lobes of male calyx imbricate 

—Bischoffia, Antidesma, Putranjiva, Phyllanthus, Breynia, Melan- 
thesopsis, Securinega, Andrachne. 
Bridelieew.—Ovary-cells with 2 ovules; lobes of male calyx valvate— 
Bridelia, Lebidieropsis, Cleistanthus. 
Crotonee.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule; lobes of male calyx imbricate ; 
stamens inflexed in bud—Croton. | 
Acalyphew.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule; lobes of male calyx valvate ; 
stamens erect in bud—Tvrewia, Mallotus, Homonoya, Ricinus, Hevea. 
Hippomanece.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule ; lobes of male calyx imbricate ; 
stamens erect in bud—Fzcecaria, Jatropha, Givotia, Codiceum. 
Euphorbieew.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule; flowers involucrate, involucres 
calyciform, enclosing male and female flowers—Euphorbia. 
Flower-heads resembling single flowers, consisting of a calyx- 
like involucre, including several male flowers (single 
stamens) and 1 central female flower (a single pesos 
late pistil) . ; 1. EUPHORBIA. 
Male and female flowers distinct, not united in heads, 
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in spikes racemes or pan- 
icles ; ovary-cells 1- ovulate. 
Male flowers with 5 petals alternating with calyx-seg- 
ments ; flowers monoicous . 2. CROTON. 
Petals wanting; stamens free, or only connate at the base. 
Calyx-segments 3-4, imbricate ; stamens 3-4 ; flowers 
usually monoicous; male flowers in bracteate 
spicate clusters é 3. EXCdCARIA. 
Calyx-segments 5, valvate ; stamens numerous ; male 
flowers in simple racemes or spikes. 
Leaves opposite ; flowers dioicous ; fruit a fleshy 


drupe, not dehiscent . 4, TREWIA. 
Leaves alternate ; flowers monoicous ; fruit a ‘dchis- 
cent capsule t ‘ 5. MALLOTUS. 


Petals wanting; filaments connate into a many-branched 
central column . ‘ ‘ ; . 6. Homonoya. 


Euphorbia. | LXIX., EUPHORBIACEZ. 


Flowers dioicous, in panicles, catkins, or spikes ; ovary- 
cells 2-ovulate. 
Leaves compound ; flowers in axillary panicles ‘ 
Leaves simple ; male flowers in catkins ; female flowers 
in axillary spikes . 2 : ‘ ; ‘ : 
Flowers usually monoicous, in axillary clusters, fascicles, 
or solitary. 
Leaves opposite ; styles free and distinct , 7 
Leaves alternate, usually distichous ; styles more or less 
united. 
Calyx 5-lobed, valvate ; petals 5. 
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2; fruit a berry . 


Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3; fruit a dehiscent capsule. 


Main lateral nerves prominent; petals obovate . 
Lateral nerves indistinct ; petals minute 


437 


. BISCHOFFIA. 


. ANTIDFSMA. 


. Buxus. 


. BRIEDELTA, 


. LEBIDIEROPSIS. 
. CLEISTANTHUS. 


Calyx 4-6-lobed, imbricate ; petals wanting. 
Stamens central ; no rudiment of ovary. 
Fruit a drupe with a hard rugose l-seeded putamen 13. 
Fruit dehiscent, dry or fleshy. 
Calyx deep 5-6-cleft ; segments not appendicu- 
late A ‘ : , ; , ee & Fe 
Calyx turbinate, 6-lobed; the lobes appendi- 
culate at the back (berries red) F Agia 9" 
Stamens surrounding a rudimentary ovary, as long 
as stamens. 
Small trees; fruit fasciculate, short-pedunculate ; 
white dehiscent berries é ; ‘ 2 HUES 
Small shrubs or undershrubs; fruit capsular, 
solitary, axillary, on long slender peduncles 17. 


PUTRANJIVA. 


PHYLLANTHUS. 


BREYNIA. 


SECURINEGA. 


ANDRACHNE. 


African Oak or Teak, a heavy wood (60-70 lb. per cub. ft.), stronger than 
English Oak or Indian Teak, which does not affect iron in contact with it, but 
is not otherwise as durable as Teak, is employed for certain purposes in ship- 
building. It is exported from the west coast of tropical Africa, and the tree 
yielding it is as yet imperfectly known. In Hooker’s Journal of Botany, ii. 
(1850) t. 6, it is described as Oldfieldia africana, Benth. & Hook., with digitate 
leaves and a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, and is doubtfully classed under Huphor- 
biacee: Joh. Miiller (Prodr. xv. ii, 1259) refers it to Sapindacee. 


1. HUPHORBIA, Linn. 


Herbs, shrubs, or small soft-wooded trees with fleshy branches abound-. 
ingin milky juice. Leaves of the stem alternate, without stipules, or with 
stipular spines, in some species opposite and stipulate, those of the flower- 
ing branches opposite. Flower-heads resembling single flowers, consisting 
of a calyx-like cup-shaped involucre, with 4-5 teeth, alternating with as 
many large horizontal glands, which encloses 10-15 male and 1 central 
female flower. Male fl.: one 2-celled, often didymous anther on an arti- 
culated filament. Female fl. : a stipitate, 3-celled ovary, protruding from 
the involucre, style 3-cleft, the branches 2-lobed. Numerous fimbriate 
bracts often between the male flowers, the outer ones sometimes adnate 
to the involucre. Capsule separating into three 2-valved cocci. 


Besides numerous annual and perennial herbs, this genus comprises in 
India a number of shrubs or small trees with fleshy stems, which should be 
noticed here. In the following the characters are given by which the species 


438 LX1X. EUPHORBIACEA. [ Euphorbia. 


are commonly distinguished. They demand, however, farther study on the spot, 
and it is not impossible that their number will eventually be reduced. The 
geographical distribution of some of them in India is as yet imperfectly known. 


Armed with pairs of stipular spines. 


Branches with 5 sharp prominent angles . ‘ ’ : 1. EZ. Royleana. 
Branches round, with 5 more or less spirally-twisted ribs . 2. E. neriifolia. 
Branches round, not ribbed or angled - ‘ , ‘ 3. H. Nivulia. 
Unarmed ; stems and branches cylindric; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate . ‘ ; : A ‘ 4. E. Tirucalli. 


1. E. Royleana, Boissier in DC. Prodr. xv, ii. 83.—Syn. E. pentagona, 
Royle Ill. t. 82 (not of Haworth).—Vern. Thor, North India. Local 
names in Panjab: Suli; Jhelam; Chula, Chenab; Chin, Ravi; Chiu, 
chit, chunga, surs, Bias ; Sura, tsi, Sutlej ; Sihtind, Kamaon. | 


Branches angular, generally pentagonous, angles sharp, undulate. 
Spines twin, short. Flower-heads yellow, in sessile clusters. 


Common on the dry hills of the Siwalik tract from Kamaon to the Jhelam, 
entering some distance into the valleys, and ascending to 4000, occasionally to 
6000 ft. According to Aitchison (Cat. 132), not on Mount Tilla or the Salt range, 
but Stewart (Pb. Pl. 194), gives V’ordanda, danda, tor as the Salt range names. 
This is probably the species on the dry hills near Jeypur, which furnishes a great 
part of the fuel for that city. Attains 15-16 ft.; the stems have generally a girth 
of 2-3, but sometimes of 5-6 ft. In the outer hills it is often planted as a hedge ; 
zrows readily from cuttings, even in the driest soil. The wood is soft and use- 

ess. It is cultivated at places near the foot of the hills—e. g., at Sealkot, Jal- 
andar, but does not thrive far out in the Panjab plains. 

Besides 1. Royleana, the following Indian species with angular branches 
have been described :— 

a. LH. antiquorum, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ; Wight Ic. t. 897.—Sans. 
Sihiinda. Vern. Nara sij, tekata sij, Beng.; Tidhara, tidhara sehnd, Hindi. 
Branches with 3, rarely 5 angles, leaves minute or wanting. Peduncles solitary 
or in pairs, a little above the spines, usually with 3 flower-heads, the centre head 
fertile. Common on dry hills in Bengal and the peninsula. Wood white, light, 
soft, but even-grained. : 

b. L. Cattumandoo, Elliot in Wight Ic. t. 1993, Katte mandw (knife medicine), 
Tel. Branches with 5 sharp prominent angles which are deeply sinuate between 
the nodes, the furrows between the angles forming ate channels. The leaves 
are cuneate, mucronate. This species grows in great abundance in the Vizaga- — 
patam district ; it flowers from March to the beginning of June, after the leaves 
fall ; the fresh leaves appear in July and August. Attains 8-14 ft., with a stem 
3-4 ft. high, The milk flows freely when branches are cut; it is collected, 
boiled, formed into cakes or cylinders, and used as a cement for fixing knives 
into handles and for similar oses. When dry it is resinous and brittle, 
and its properties are essentially different from those of Caoutchouc or Gutta- 
Percha, 

c. H. trigona, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ; Wight Ic. t. 1863. Branches with 3 
prominent angles, deeply sinuate between the nodes, and hollowed out between 
the angles ; 2, sometimes 4 stout stipular spines, and large, deciduous, shining, 
cuneate leaves at the ends of branches. Peduncles from the sinuses on the 
angles of the branches, short, thick, generally with 3 flower-heads, the centre 
one sessile, with male flowers only, the lateral ones pedicelled, fertile. Fl. Feb.- 
April, after the leaves have fallen. Brought from the Molucca Islands to Cal- 


Euphorbia. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. 439 


cutta in 1798 (Roxb.) Rocky arid hills near Coimbatur (Wight), Andamans 
(S. Kurz). 

d. L. tortilis, Rottler ; Wight Ic. t. 898. Branches with 3 prominent angles, 
spirally twisted. Flower-heads numerous, fasciculate on the angles above the 
nodes. Dry hills near Madras and of the Coromandel coast. 


2. E. neriifolia, Linn. (not Roxb.) ; DC. Plantes Grasses, t. 46.—Syn. 
HL. Ligularia, Roxb. 1. c. 465. Vern. Thor, Bombay; Gangichu, Pb. ; 
Munsa sij, Beng. 

A small tree. Stem cylindric, branches terete, but with 5, more or less 
spirally twisted ribs. Spines twin. Leaves near the ends of branches, 
cuneate or oblanceolate, 6-12 in. long, narrowed into petiole. Peduncles 
solitary, in the sinus between the nodes with dichotomous cymes of 3-15 
flower-heads. 


Common in the Konkan and Dekkan (Dalzell Bomb. Fl. 226). Cultivated 
near villages in most parts of India, also in the Siwalik tract of the N.W. Him- 
alaya. Fl. Feb.-March. The leaves fall in autumn and appear again after 
flowering, in March or April. Attains 20 ft., stem often 12 in. diam. The 
milk is employed externally in native medicine, and the root, mixed with black 
pepper, for the cure of snake-bites. 


3. E. Nivulia, Hamilton in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 286; Wight Ic. t. 
1862.—Syn. Z. neriifolia, Roxb. |. c. 467. Vern. Sij, Beng. 


A shrub, stems and branches round, without ribs or angles ; branchlets 
in whorls of four. Spines in pairs, spirally arranged. Leaves cuneate or 
obovate, sessile, fleshy, mucronate, 4-6 in. long. Peduncles 3-flowered, 
from the nodes. 


Dry hills Garhwal, Peninsula, Guzerat, and Sindh (Dalzell Bomb, Fl. 226). 
Leafless Jan.-March, Fl. March; fr. April-May. Grown in hedges. 


4, BE. Tirucalli, Linn. ; Roxb. l. c. 470.—Milk-bush. Vern. Lanka 
sij, Beng. ; Séhnd, Hindi; Tiru kalli, Malayalim. 

A small tree or shrub, with round stems and smooth green, terete 
branches, not angled and unarmed. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flower- 
heads numerous, in clusters at the ends and in the forks of the branches. 


Indigenous in Africa, introduced into India, and now naturalised in the Penin- 
sula and Bengal, cultivated in North-West India as far as Hushiarpur. Often 
planted in hedges, Fl. during the rains. Attains 20 ft.; the wood is strong, and 
used for building. Milk extremely acrid and vesicant. 

Luphorbia pulcherrima, Willd.—Syn. Poinsettia pulcherrima, Graham ; 
Bot. Mag. t. 3493, is a well-known garden shrub, with large crimson floral leaves. 
Indigenous in Mexico and Central America, and now commonly grown in Indian 
gardens as far north as Saharunpur. 


2. CROTON, Linn. 


Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate, petiolate leaves, often with scales 
or stellate hairs. Flowers usually monoicous, in terminal spike-like rac- 
emes, the female flowers at the base of the spike. Calyx 5-parted. Petals, 
in the male flowers, alternating with calyx-segments, in the female flowers 


440 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA, [ Croton. 


often wanting. Disc of 5 glands, alternating with petals. Stamens cen- 
tral, numerous, filaments free, with the anthers inflected in bud. Ovary 
2-4-, generally 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule dividing into 3, 2- 
valved cocci. 


1. C. oblongifolius,* Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 685; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 573. 
—Syn. C. levigatus, Wall. Vern. Arjunna, Oudh; Bara gach, Bengal. 


A middle-sized tree ; extremities, inflorescence, calyx and ovary with 
small adpressed circular silvery scales. Leaves pale green, glabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate, dentate, penniveined, blade 5-10, petiole 1-2 in. long, 
stipules small, caducous. Flowers pale yellowish-green, on short pedicels, 
in the axils of minute bracts, in long terminal racemes, female and male 
flowers generally mixed ; the latter more numerous. Calyx of 5 ovate 
segments. Petals white, woolly, as long as calyx-segments. Stamens 12. 
Fruit subglobose, indistinctly 3-lobed, 6-furrowed, } in. diam. 


Common in the central and eastern part of the Gonda district, Oudh, spread- 
ing in belts through miles of forests. Behar, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon. The 
leaves are shed early in March, and turn red before falling, the young foliage 
appears soon afterwards, forming a pleasant contrast with the leafless forest 
around. Fl. April (Oudh), Nov.-Feb.(Burma). Seedripens April-May. Attains 
30 ft., and a girth of about 3 ft. Trunk erect, short, often irregularly furrowed, 
bark 1 in. thick, grey or brownish, inner bark red, coarsely fibrous. Wood 
white, close-grained, moderately hard, cracks in seasoning, no distinct heartwood. 
Bark leaves and fruit are used externally in native medicine. 

CO. Tighium, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682 ; Hayne Arzneigew. xiv. t. 3—the 
Purging Croton ; Vern. Jepal, jamal gota—is a small tree, glabrous, without 
scales, pedicels and ovary hairy. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, with 3 basal 
nerves. Female fl. without petals. Capsule obtusely 3-cornered, ? in. long. 
The seeds are a powerful drastic purgative, and the oil is a valuable medicine 
(Pharm. Ind. 200). Bengal, South India, Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. 


3. EXCGECARIA, Linn. 


Trees or shrubs, mostly glabrous, with alternate, rarely opposite, stipu- — 
late and petiolate leaves. Flowers monoicous, rarely dioicous, in terminal 
or axillary spikes ; female flowers generally few, at the base of the spike, 
sometimes in separate spikes. Male flowers fasciculate, sessile or short- 
pedicellate, the fascicles bracteate, generally with bracteoles between the 
flowers. Calyx membranous, sometimes cup-shaped, generally of 2-3 seg- 
ments or distinct sepals. No disc or petals. Stamens 2-3, filaments gener- 
ally free, central, anthers didymous, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-3- 
celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; styles as many as cells more or less connate 
‘at_ the base, stigmatose inside. Fruit a dry capsule or a berry, 2-3-celled, 
and always opening loculicidally in 3 valves. 


A few female flowers at the base of the male spikes. 
Calyx of male flowers 3-fid, segments ovate ; leaves rhomboid, 


long-petiolate entire . ; ‘ 3 ; ‘ : 1. E. sebifera. 
Calyx of male flowers of 3 distinct linear segments ; leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate, short-petiolate, serrate P Pte 2. H. acerifolia. 


* Linneus made Croton neuter, but Kpérwy is masculine. 


Excecaria. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACE. 441 


Male and female flowers in distinct spikes ; calyx of male flowers 
of 2 broad, nearly distinct, thinly membranous segments ; 
leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate . : A P 3. EH. insignis. 


1. E. sebifera, Miill. Arg.; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 1210.—Syn. Croton 
_ sebiferum, Linn. Stillingia sebifera, A. de Juss. ; Benth.* Fl. Hongk. 
302. Sapium sebiferum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 693. The Chinese Tallow- 
tree. 
A small and glabrous tree. Leaves rhomboid or broad-ovate, entire, 
 long-acuminate, blade 2-3, petiole 1-2 in. long, main lateral nerves 
6-8 pair. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal drooping spikes 3-5 in. 
long, with a few female flowers at the base of the spike. Male flowers 
unequally pedicellate, in bracteate fascicles, 2-3-androus ; calyx 3-fid. 
Female flowers solitary, short-pedicellate ; calyx 4-partite. Capsule dry, 
smooth, subglobose, acute, $ in. long. Seeds 3, enclosed in a thick layer 
of white fatty substance, attached’to a central column which splits into 
3 slender divisions. 


Indigenous and cultivated in China and Japan. Introduced into Bengal and 
the sub-Himalayan tract of North-West India, where it thrives luxuriantly. Fl. 
June ; the seeds ripen in autumn. Bark grey. In Japan and China the tallow 
is separated from the seeds by boiling in water ; it is harder than animal tallow, 
and candles are made of it, which are coloured and generally used in Chinese 
temples. The seeds (after the tallow is removed) yield oil, and a black dye is 
made of the leaves. The wood is light and soft but even-grained. 

_ £. baccata, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Sapiwm baccatum, Roxb. 1. c. 694; S. populi- 
folium, Wight Ic. t. 1950—is a large glabrous tree with ovate, entire, acuminate 
leaves, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, flowers in paniculate spikes, male and 
female flowers generally on distinct branches (dioicous, Roxb.) Male flowers 
in bracteate fascicles, calyx 4-dentate. Fruit a 2-celled more or less 2-lobed 


berry, purple when ripe. East Bengal (Szlla, Silhet), Burma (Linhlan), Indian 
_ Archipelago. 


2. E. acerifolia, I. Didrichs.—Syn. Stillingia Himalayensis, Klotzsch 
in Reise des Prinzen Waldemar, t. 21. Vern. Putkia, phutkia, N.W.P. 


A large glabrous milky shrub, with deep-green foliage. Leaves mem- 

branous, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, short-petiolate, main lateral nerves 

prominent, 6-8 pair. Flowers monoicous, a few female flowers at the base 

of the spikes. Male flowers sessile, in bracteate fascicles ; calyx of 3, some- 

times 2 or 4, almost distinct linear segments. Stamens 3. Fruit a dry 
- coriaceous, 2-3-lobed capsule, # in, across. 


Kasia hills, Nepal, Kamaon, abundant in a few places. FI. May; fr. Oct.- 
Noy. Attains 20 ft., bark brownish-grey, longitudinally wrinkled. The root 
- when crushed has a disagreeable smell, and is used occasionally as a carthartic. 

Nearly allied is #. indica, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Sapium indicum, Roxb. 1. e. 
692 ; Wight Ic. t. 1950 (Huraa, Beng.)—a small tree with coriaceous oblong- 
lanceolate, serrulate leaves on short petioles. Spikes solitary, with afew female 
flowers at the base. Male flowers in short, bracteolate spikelets ; calyx 3-cleft 
to near the base, segments broad-ovate. Fruit a large globose 3-seeded capsule, 
with thick woody valves. Bengal, Burma (evergreen forests), Ceylon. The 
seeds are used to intoxicate fish. 


442 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. [ Exceecaria. 


3. E. insignis, Miill. Arg—Syn. Falconeria insignis and F. Wallichi- 
ana, Royle Ill. t. 84% F. malabarica, Wight Ic. t. 1866. Vern. Dudia, 
bilodar, biloja, kardlla, Pb. ; Khinna, khina, lienda, lendwa, linda, N.W.P. 


A middle-sized or large, glabrous, milky, deciduous tree, with thick 
branches and bright-green foliage. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
dentate, blade 6-15 in., petiole thick, 1-2 in. long, with 2 stipitate circular 
glands at the apex, main lateral nerves arcuate, 15-20 pair. Flowers in 
long, somewhat fleshy, naked terminal spikes, male and female flowers on 
distinct branches (dioicous, Wight). Male flowers shortly pedicellate, in 
circular fascicles, the inner flowers, which expand first, falling off from 
the persistent base of their pedicels. Calyx of 2 broad, nearly distinct 
thin membranous segments. Fruit a spike of numerous, subsessile, ovoid 
capsules, } in. long, on a thick rachis, the capsules 2-3-celled, fleshy at 
first, dry and irregularly dehiscent when ripe. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and warm valleys of the outer hills, extending west to 
the Bias, and ascending to 4000 ft. (im Kamaon to 5500 ft.), Chittagong, Burma, 
Karnil hills (Bedd.) and Western Ghats, known as far north as Nassik. Leafless 
during the dry season; the young foliage appears in May. Fl. Jan.-March, 
while the tree is bare; fr. May, June. Attains 50-60 ft., trunk 12 ft. long and 
3 ft. girth. At 5000 ft. in Kamaon a stunted tree, 10-12 ft. high, and not rarely 
killed to the ground by frost. Bark grey, smooth, shining, with large broad 
longitudinal wrinkles. All parts of the tree are full of an acrid milk, said to 
be poisonous. Wood whitish, very soft, spongy and brittle, used to make the 
cylinders of native drums. 

EH. Agallocha, Willd. ; Roxb. 1. ¢. 756, is a small, glabrous, crooked, and 
stunted milky tree in the Sundarbans, on the sea-coast of Bengal, the peninsula, 
the Indian Archipelago, and North Australia (Geria, Beng.), with coriaceous, 
elliptic-lanceolate, slightly crenate leaves, lateral nerves indistinct, and dioicous, 
fragrant flowers in axillary spikes. Male flowers fasciculate, calyx of 4 linear 
sepals, anthers 3, on long exserted filaments. Capsule 3-lobed, coriaceous, $ in. 
across. The white milk is acrid and poisonous. The Agallochum wood is not 
the produce of this tree, but of Aguilaria Agallocha, Linn. (p. 387). 


To the tribe of Hippomanec belong also :— : ih 

Jatropha Curcas, Linn. ; Roxb, FI. Ind. iii. 686, is a glabrous soft-wooded 
shrub, with long-petiolate cordate, angular leaves, and yellow flowers in axil- 
lary pedunculate paniculate cymes. Calyx-segments 5, imbricate in bud, 
Petals twice the length of calyx-segments. Disc of 5 glands alternating with 
petals. Stamens 10, the 5 inner connate into a central column, the 5 outer free. 
Ovary 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 1 in. long, 3-celled, 3- 
valved with 3 dark brown or black seeds. Indigenous in tropical America ; cul- 
tivated in most tropical countries and naturalised in India. Common at the 
foot of the hills in Oudh and Kamaon—Vern. Safed ind (Madden). The oil of 
the seed (Hnglish Physic Nut) is a strong purgative (Pharm. Ind. 203). 


Givotia rotileriformis, Griff. ; Wight Ic. t. 1889; Bedd. Fl. Sylvy. t. 285, a 
middle-sized tree, young shoots, inflorescence, and under side of leaves densely 
grey-tomentose with stellate hairs, leaves alternate, broad-ovate or rotundate 
with cordate base, crenate. Flowers dioicous, in axillary slender panicles, calyx 
nearly to the base 5-cleft, petals alternating with the sepals in both male and 
female flowers. Fruit fleshy indehiscent, 1-seeded. Mysore and Dekkan. Wood 


soft — light, used to carve figures, toys, and the like, which are lacquered and 
painted. i 


SS 


- en a eee = 


Excecaria. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. 443 


Codiwum variegatum, Blume—Syn. C. pictum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3051 ; 
Croton variegatum, Linn.—a shrub with glabrous, shining, entire, oblong leaves 
with prominent lateral nerves, often variegated, and cultivated on that account 
in gardens of tropical and sub-tropical India. Male flowers with petals ; fruit 
a dehiscent capsule. Indigenous in the Indian Archipelago. 


4, TREWIA, Linn. 


A deciduous tree, with opposite long-petiolate leaves. Flowers dioicous, 
the male in long drooping racemes, the female in few-flowered racemes. 
Calyx-segments 3-4, in the male flowers equal and valvate, in the female 
flowers unequal and imbricate. Petals none. Stamens central, numerous, 
filaments free, anthers dehiscing longitudinally, connective not prolonged 
beyond the anthers. Ovary 3-4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style 1, short, 
with 3-4 long filiform very papillose stigmas. Fruit a fleshy drupe, not 
dehiscing, with a hard bony, 3-4-celled endocarp. Seeds without arillus, 
flat cotyledons and superior radicle in a fleshy albumen, 


1. T. nudiflora, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 837; Wight Ic. t. 1870, 
1871; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 281.—Syn. /. macrostachya, Klotzsch Reise des 
Prinzen Waldemar, t. 23. Vern. Tumri, khamara, Kamaon; Bhillaur, 
bhiliaura, Oudh ; Pitali, Beng. ; Petari, Bombay. 


Youngest parts with caducous tomentum, ovary soft-tomentose, other- 
wise glabrous. Leaves cordate or broad-ovate, glabrous, with 5 basal 
nerves, the midrib penniveined, blade 6-9, petiole 3-4 in. long. Flowers 
greenish yellow; male racemes 4-9 in. long; flowers on short slender 
pedicels, in bracteate fascicles of 3-4 ; female flowers on longer pedicels, 
solitary or in few-flowered racemes. Calyx-segments of female flowers 
thinly membranous, caducous. Stigma 1 in. long. Drupe depressed-glo- 
bose, mucronate, 1 in. diam. 

Sub-Himalayan tract, west to the Jumna, and ascending to 3000 ft. Common 
in the Dehra Doon, the Kamaon Bhabar, and in Oudh. Banks of the Nerbudda 
between Jubbulpur and Mandla. Bengal, South India, Burma, Ceylon and 
Java, Banks of rivers, in swamps and damp places. The leaves are shed Jan.- 
Feb., and the young foliage comes in March, April. Fl. Nov.-April. Attains 
60 ft. with astraight trunk, 30 ft. to the first branch, and 6-7 ft. girth. These are 
the dimensions of male trees in the Oudh forests. Female trees are smaller, with 
shorter trunks and more straggling branches (R.T.) The leaves somewhat 
resemble those of Gmelina arborea and Thespesia populnea. Bark 4 in. thick, 
smooth, whitish, greenish, or greenish-brown, inner bark greenish-yellow, fib- 
rous. Wood whitish, straight-grained, moderately tough, no distinct heartwood. 
Used to make the cylinders of native drums, and for agricultural implements. 


5. MALLOTUS, Loureiro. 


Shrubs or trees with alternate (rarely opposite) long-petiolate stipulate 
leaves. Flowers usually dioicous, in racemes or spikes. Calyx 2-5-cleft, 
valvate in the bud. No disc or petals. Stamens numerous, central on a 
raised receptacle, filaments free or cohering at the base, anther-cells dis- 
tinct, longitudinally adnate. Ovary 2-5-, generally 3-celled, 1 ovule in 
each cell ; styles as many as cells, simple, recurved, plumose along the inner 
side. Capsule tomentose or muricate, 2-5-celled and 2-5-valved. 


444 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ, [ Mallotus. 


1. M. philippinensis, Mull. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 289. Syn. Rott. 
lera tinctoria, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 168; Fl. Ind. iii. 827. Sans. Punnaga, | 


kesara. Vern. Kamela, kamila, kamal, kambal, kembal, kimila, North — 
India; Rien, ritina, roli, Kamaon; Rohni, Oudh; Rauni rori, C.P.;_ 
Shendri, Bombay ; Taw thidin, Burm. * | 

A large shrub or small tree, branchlets, inflorescence and under side of — 
leaves hoary. Leaves alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous — 
above, hoary and with minute red glands beneath, blade 4-9 in., petiole — 
2-3 in. long, 2 depressed glands at the base of leaf, 3 basal nerves, midrib — 
penniveined, the nerves joined by numerous parallel veins at right angles — 
to the midrib. Flowers white and yellow, dioicous, subsessile, in axillary © 
and terminal paniculate bracteate spikes. Ovary tomentose, 3-celled, 
styles 3, } in. long, thickly papillose. Fruit a 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-valyed — 
capsule, + in. diam., dehiscing loculicidally, and densely covered with a 
bright red powder, consisting of minute stellate hairs and fine grains of a 


red resinous substance soluble in alcohol and ether. 


Common in the sub-Himalayan tract, extending nearly to the Indus, and as- 
cending to 4500 ft. Common in Oudh, Bengal, Central- South-India and Burma. 
Ceylon, the Indian Archipelago, Formosa and Loo Choo islands, and North ~ 
Australia. Fl. Nov.-Jan. ; the fruit ripens in the hot season. Never leafless; _ 
the leaves are renewed Nov.-Dec. (Oudh, R.T.) Attains 20-30 ft., generally with ‘| 
branches from the base, sometimes with an erect but short, generally fluted © 
and irregularly-shaped trunk, 3-4 ft. girth. Bark j in. thick, inner substance 
compact, fibrous, reddish-brown, visible at the bottom of numerous, shallow — 
reticulate longitudinal wrinkles, surface between the wrinkles light- or dark-grey, — 
at times nearly black. Wood light-brown, only used for fuel. The bark is used 
for tanning ; leaves and fruit are applied externally, with honey, against the bite ~ 
of poisonous animals. The most important produce, however, is the powder 
which covers the ripe fruit (Kamela, Kamala). It is used for dyeing silk, 
as a purgative and anthelmintic (Pharm, Ind. 202). The seeds are sold in # 
Panjab bazaars as a medicine under the name of baobrang, and at Almora th 
are said to be sold as bebarang (Hmbelia Ribes, p. 284). _ 

M. albus, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Rottlera tetracocca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 826 ; A. 
mappoides, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 230—is a large tree with large cordate, often subpel- 
tate alternate leaves, branches and under side of leaves tawny with dense stellate 
tomentum, ovaries 4-celled, capsules generally 4-celled, 4-valved, tomentose, anc 
covered all over with soft hairy appendices.—Bengal, Indian Archipelago, West- 
ern India, perhaps in Nimar. - 

MW. repandus, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Rottlera dicocca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 829, is a 
weak subscandent shrub, tawny tomentose, with cordate leaves 2-4 in, long, 
ovaries 2-celled, styles 2, capsules 2-lobed, 2-valved, hairy. Bengal, Indian 
Archipelago, South India, 


6. HOMONOYA, Loureiro. 


Shrubs with alternate leaves, stipules caducous. Flowers generally — 
dioicous, the male flowers in spikes, the female flowers in spiciform rac-— 
emes. Calyx of the male flowers of 3, of the female flowers of 5 nearly 
distinct segments, those of the former valvate, of the latter imbricate in 
bud. Disc and petals none. Stamens polyadelphous, anthers numerous, ~ 


Homonoya. | LXIX, EUPHORBIACEA. 445 


1-celled, adnate to a many-branched central column. Ovary mostly 3- 
celled, 1 ovule in each cell, Capsule small, 3-seeded. 


1. H. riparia, Lour.—Syn. Adelia neriifolia, Roth ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 
849; Wight Ic. t. 1868. Vern. Taniki, Tel. Yay-tagyiben, Burm. 


A small shrub, somewhat resembling a willow, branches hairy. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, penniveined, under side with circular scales 
and scattered hairs. Flowers dioicous, in axillary bracteate spikes about 
half the length of leaves. Anthers and stigmas red. Capsule tomentose, 
3-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. 


Common in rocky river-beds of South and Central India. Attains 6-8 ft., 
and flowers Nov.-March. 

H. retusa, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Adelia retusa, Wight Ic. t. 1869—has sessile obo- 
vate or oblanceolate dentate leaves, female flowers in short spikes, male flowers in 
axillary fascicles. River-beds in the Dekkan. 

Ricinus communis, Linn. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 689—Sans. Hranda; Vern. 
Rand, arand, rendi, erendi, ind, Hind. : Local n. Aneru, Chenab ; Harnauli, 
Salt range ; Tirki, the small kind in Guzerat ; Haralu, Canar.,—the well-known 
Castor Oil or Palma Christi plant, a soft-wooded tree, of short duration, which 
is often cultivated as an annual, ¢. g., in Guzerat and Bengal, for its oil, is nearly 
allied to Homonoya, but differs, apart from the peltate palmately lobed leaves, 
by monoicous flowers, and a fleshy appendage on the seed near the funicle. The 
large prickly capsules consist of 3 subcylindrical lobes rounded at the ends, with 
3 spotted seeds. Cultivated in the Mediterranean region, the United States, the 
West Indies, India, China, and the Indian Archipelago, Naturalised in the sub- 
Himalayan tract of the Panjab, indigenous in Arabia and North Africa. Asa 
small tree, it is cultivated near villages in Bengal to feed the Arindi silk-worm 
(Roxb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 42). Regarding the cultivated varieties of the 
Castor Oil plant in India, see Hamilton in Trans, Linn. Soc. xiv. 248, 


Para Rubber, the finest and most durable caoutchouc as yet known, is 
- the produce of several species of Hevea, a South American genus, particu- 
larly of H. braziliensis, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Siphonia brasiliensis, Willd. ; 
Hayne Arzneigewichse, xiv. t. 5 ; Collins’ Report on Caoutchouc, 1872, 1 
_ —a large evergreen tree, indigenous in the province of Para, and on the 
| Orinoco river, with alternate, glabrous, ternate, long- petiolate leaves, 
leaflets entire, acuminate. Flowers monoicous, in large white-tomentose 
lateral panicles. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, petals none. Anthers adnate 
toa central column. Fruita large 3-lobed, 3-valved capsule, having the 
appearance of 3 slightly connate cylinders, rounded at the ends, thick, 
woody-fibrous. Seeds 3 large, smooth, shining, spotted, with a thick 
brittle testa. 


7. BISCHOFFTIA, Blume. 


Leaves trifoliate, stipules early caducous. Flowers dioicous or monoic- 
) ous, in axillary panicles. Calyx of 5 valvate segments, those of the male 
’ flowers concave, enclosing the stamens at first, afterwards reflexed, those 
| of the female flowers lanceolate. Petals none. Stamens 5, opposite the 
segments, and inserted round a raised circular central body (rudimentary 
ovary), filaments very short. Ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, styles 


446 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. [ Bischoffia. 


linear, entire. Fruit a globose drupe, enclosing 3 indehiscent 1-2-seeded 
cocci. 


1. B. javanica, Blume.—Syn. B. oblongifolia, D™* in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 
t. 154; Andrachne trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 728 ; Microelus Raeperi- 
anus, W. & A.; Wight Ic. t. 1880 ; Stylodiseus trifoliatus, Bennett ; 
Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 235. Vern. Kein, Garhwal; Kovsa, Kamaon ; Jrum, 
Oudh. 


A large glabrous tree. Leaflets petiolulate, crenate, elliptic, acuminate, 
4-6 in. long. Flowers pale-greenish yellow, on short pedicels, bracts lan- 
ceolate, deciduous. 


Moist shady ravines in the sub-Himalayan forests of Kamaon and Garhwal. 
Common in the Gonda forests of Oudh, and in the Gorakhpur forests. Bengal, 
South India, Burma, Indian Archipelago, South China, Polynesia. The leaves 
are renewed in Feb. and March. Fl. March, April. The fruit ripens in April of 
the ensuing year. An exceedingly handsome tree, attaining 70 ft., and 7 ft. girth, 
with a shady oval crown. In dry places a stunted tree 15-20 ft. high. The 
foliage is deep green, and turns red before falling. Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey, 
brown or blackish, smooth or rough, with cracks, and exfoliating fibrous angular 
scales, inner bark reddish, fibrous. Wood pale red, fine- and close-grained, 
greyish or reddish brown, seasons well, is said to be durable. Used for furniture. 


8. ANTIDESMA, Burm. 


Trees or shrubs: with alternate, entire, stipulate, penniveined leaves. 
Flowers dioicous, numerous, small, the male flowers in deciduous spikes, 
the female flowers in spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx of 3-5 imbricate 
lobes. Petals wanting. Stamens opposite to calyx-lobes, inserted round 
a rudimentary ovary, filaments free. Disc of distinct glands, alternating 
with filaments and calyx-segments. Ovary l-celled, with 2 pendulous 
ovules, styles 3 or 4, short, united at the base. Fruit an indehiscent, 
generally 1-seeded drupe. 


Soft-tomentose ; flowers sessile; calyx deeply 5-cleft; stamens5 1. A. Ghesembilla. 
Extremities with scattered rust-coloured hairs; flowers pedi- See | 
cellate ; calyx cup-shaped ; stamens 2-3. ; : . 2 A. diandrum. 

1. A. Ghesembilla,* Gertn.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 85; Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. Man. 200.—Syn. A. paniculatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 770; Wight 
Ic. t. 820. A. pubescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 167 ; Wight Ic. t. 821. Vern. 
Byattsin, Burm. 

A small deciduous ramous tree with light grey bark, branchlets, young 
leaves and inflorescence soft-tomentose. Leaves oval or obovate, 2-3 in. 
long, short-petiolate, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, stipules subulate, as long 
as petiole. Flowers greenish yellow, male spikes 1-2 in. long, female 
spikes somewhat shorter, both in short terminal panicles and very tomen- 
tose, female flowers sessile. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, stamens 5. Drupes small, 
dark purple when ripe, pulp agreeably acid. ‘ane 


* It appears doubtful what Gertner included under A. Ghasembilla. See Tulasne 
Ann. Se. Nat. ser. iii. xv. 238. I follow Miiller, Bentham, and Beddome in identi- 
fying it with this sp. 


_ Antidesma.| LXIX. EUPHORBIACE. 447 


Nepal, Oudh forests (common), Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma (in the 


Eng forest of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus), Indian Archipelago, Hong-Kong. 
Fil. May, June. Fruit eaten. 


2. A. diandrum, Tulasne.—Syn. Stilago diandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 
166; Fl Ind. ui.759. Vern. Amil?, sarshoti, sarsheti, Garhwal; Dhakki, 
Gur mussureya, Ban mussureya, Oudh, Gorakhpur. 


A small deciduous tree, branchlets, petioles, and under side of leaves 


along midrib, with scattered rust-coloured hairs, otherwise glabrous. 


Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, 2-4 in. long, glab- 
rous, shining, stipules lanceolate. Flowers greenish-yellow, male and 
female on short pedicels, in the axils of subulate bracteoles, spikes (rac- 
emes) terminal, solitary, or 2-3 together, slender; male spikes 2-3 in. 
long, female spikes shorter. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-dentate. Stamens 2-3. 
Drupes small, of a pleasant acid taste. 


Sal forests of Garhwal, Kamaon, and Oudh, Behar, Bengal, South India, Java. 
Fl. May, June; fr. Dec.-Jan. The leaves turn brick-red before falling. Bark 
thin, smooth, whitish, scooped, inner bark pale red, fibrous. Trunk often chan- 
nelled. Wood pinkish white, hard, and close-grained. The leaves are acid, and 
made into preserve (chutney) ; the fruit is eaten. 


9. BUXUS, Tournefort. 


_ Evergreen shrubs or undershrubs, with 4-sided branchlets and oppo- 
site, exstipulate leaves. Flowers monoicous, in axillary clusters. Calyx, 
of male fl. deeply 4-cleft, the segments opposite in pairs, of female fl. 
deeply 6-cleft, the segments in two circles of 3 each. Stamens 4, oppo- 
site the calyx-segments, inserted around a 4-sided rudimentary ovary. 
Ovary 3-celled, 3-cornered, with a flat top, the corners terminating in 
thick short styles, which alternate with the 3 inner calyx-segments. Cap- 
sule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, each valve ending in 2 horns, being 


the halves of 2 of the styles, dissepiments attached to the valves. Seeds 
3-6, trigonous. . 


1. B. sempervirens, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 330.—Syn. B. Wallichiana, 
Baillon ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 18. Bow. Buchsbaum, Germ.; Buis, Fr. ; 
Bosso, It. Vern. Shanda laghune (barren Daphne), Afg.; Chikri, Kash- 
mir; Pappar, papri, paprang, shamshad, shumaj, Pb. 


A shrub, or small tree, extremities and petioles hairy.. Leaves ever- 
green, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, varying in shape from linear-lanceolate 
to ovate, 1-3 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, the tissue of the leaf 
consisting of two distinct strata, cohering at the edge, the upper stratum 
containing midrib, nerves, and veins. Flowers sessile, yellowish, with a 
powerful, unpleasant smell (Himalayan tree), in short, sessile, axillary 
heads or spikes, the terminal flower generally female, surrounded by 
numerous male flowers. Styles (in the Himalayan specimens) half the 
length of ovary, shorter in the European specimens. 


Trans-Indus on the east side of the Suliman range (3000-4500 ft.) Salt 


448 LXIX. EUPHORBIACE, [ Buccus. 


range, common here and there in the N.W. Himalaya between 4000 and 8000 
ft. (e.g., in Khagan ; on the Ruttun Pir and near Pinch in Kashmir ; opposite 
Chergaon on the left bank of the Sutlej in Kunawar, &c. Also in Bhutan, at 
about 6000-7000 ft. A widely spread tree, Central and South Europe, North 
and West Asia. China and Japan. 

Fl. March-May. The fruit ripens Aug.-Oct., the open empty capsules remain- 
ing on the tree a long time. Gregarious, attains 15-16 ft., with a short, erect, 
straight trunk 20-30 in. girth, generally stunted from lopping. Growth slow, 
15-20 rings ‘per inch of radius. Bark 4-4 in. thick, somewhat corky in texture, 
grey or yellowish, often irregularly tesselated in small polygonal plates by 
wrinkles and deep furrows. Wood yellowish-white or grey, no distinct heart- 
wood, but the colour often deeper near the centre. Very close-grained, compact, 
and heavy. Himalayan Boxwood resembles that from Europe, Smyrna, and 
the Black Sea in structure and mechanical properties ; the pores are uniformly 
distributed, exceedingly fine and numerous ; its weight is 60-65 lb. per cub. ft. 
The use of Boxwood for engraving, carving, turning, and mathematical in- 
struments is well known: the Himalayan wood has by some authorities been 
stated to be softer and less fitted for these purposes ; others, again, have found 
it equal to the best wood from Europe and western Asia. Boxwood to be 
used for engraving, requires careful and lengthened seasoning. In the N.W. 
Himalaya small boxes for butter, honey, snuff, and tinder are made of it, 
and in the plains it is carved into combs. The branches of the Himalayan Box 
are often placed on roofs of houses in the hills under the layer of earth with 
which they are covered, and last well when thus employed. The leaves are 
poisonous to cattle’; only goats eat them sparingly with impunity. In the south 
of France the leaves are largely used as manure in vineyards. 

Baillon (Monographie des Buxacées, Paris, 1859) and Miller, DC. Prodr, xvi. 
i. 18, distinguish the Himalayan Box as a distinct species, under the name of 
B. Wallichiana, the difference mainly consisting in the length of the styles. 
The unpleasant smell of the flowers is also noticed in the Box grown in France 
(Mathieu Fl. For. 211). 

Sarcococca saligna, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Buxus saligna, Don Fl. Nep. 63; S. 
pruniformis, Lindley Bot. Reg. t. 1012; S. trinervia, W. Ic. t. 1877 ; Lepido- 
delma podocarpifolia, Klotzsch in Reise des Prinzen Waldemar, t. 22—is a small 
evergreen glabrous shrub with alternate lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, 
more or less distinctly triplinerved, yellowish-white flowers in short axillary 
racemes, a few female flowers at the base of the racemes, and small purple ovoid 
berries. Afghanistan, Himalaya at 4000-7000 ft., Kasia hills, Nilgiris and 
western coast. Fl. March-May. 


10, BRIEDELIA, Willd. 


Trees, shrubs, or climbers ; leaves alternate, short-petiolate, generally 
distichous, with prominent parallel lateral nerves. Flowers monoicous, 
subsessile, in axillary clusters ; bracteoles numerous between the flowers. 
Calyx-tube more or less turbinate, often short and flat ; segments 5, val- 
vate in bud. Petals 5, smaller than calyx-segments. Male fl.: stamens 
5, inserted on a central column, placed on a flat sinuate disc. Female fl. : 
ovary 2-celled, the base enclosed in the calyx-tube, and surrounded by an 
inner membranous, cup-shaped, or tubular disc, variously lobed or lacin- 
iate, which is inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, and is generally 
surrounded at its base by an outer fleshy annular disc ; styles 2, bifid, more 
or less connate at the base. Fruit a herry, enclosing 2 indehiscent cocci. 


Briedelia. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. 449 


Branchlets and under side of leaves tomentose ; bracteoles few, 
coriaceous. 
A tree ; lateral nerves 15-20 pair; calyx slightly enlarged in 
fruit . : P ; ‘ , : . : : 1. B. retusa. 
A climbing shrub ; lateral nerves 8-12 pair; calyx much en- 
larged in fruit ? , { ° 7 oe : ; 
Branchlets and leaves wholly glabrous; bracteoles numerous, 
thinly membranous . : : : ‘ : 


2. B. stipularis. 


3. B. montana. 


1. B. retusa, Sprengel.—Tab. LV.—DC. Prodr. xv. ii, 493; Bedd. 
Fl. Sylv. t. 260.—Syn. B. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 734 ; B. spinosa, 
Willd. ib, 735 ; Cluytia spinosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 172. Vern. Pathor, 
mark, Pb.; Khaja, Bijnaur, Oudh, Gorakhpur ; Kassi, khassi, Oudh and 
C.P.; Gauli, Garhwal; Angnéra, Banswara; Asana, asauna, Bombay ; 
Tseikchy?, Burm. | 


A middle-sized or large deciduous tree, spinescent when young, branchlets 
and under side of leaves usually soft-tomentose. Leaves short-petiolate, 
elliptic-oblong, 3-6 in. long, midrib prominent, with 15-20 pairs of promi- 
nent, straight, parallel, latreal nerves ; stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers 
monoicous, yellow, subsessile, crowded in lateral clusters, generally arranged 
in terminal paniculate spikes. Petals of male flowers on long claws, lam- 
ina thick, obovate, lobed ; of female flowers lanceolate. Fruit subglobose, 
green, nearly black when ripe, fleshy, 4 in. diam., supported by the some- 
what enlarged coriaceous calyx. B. crenulata, Roxb., with axillary flower- 
heads, is said to be dioicous by Roxburgh. At present I am inclined to 

regard it as a variety only, chiefly found in Western India, 


Sub-Himalayan tract, not common, ascending to 3500 ft., generally in moist 
ravines, found west as far as the Chenab. Common in the Oudh forests and on 
the Satpura range, in Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, South India, abundant in the 
forests of Western India, where I have found it north as far as Banswara near 
the Mhye river. Commonly associated with Sal in Oudh and on the Satpura 
range.- A middle-sized tree in North and Central India, not generally exceed- 
ing 30 ft. in height and 4 ft.'in girth, but a large tree with a straight tall trunk in 
Bengal, Western India, and Burma, stems and branches of young trees have nume- 
rous scattered long sharp spines, which fall off as the tree gets older. Fl. May- 
July ; fr. Oct.-Jan. Old leaves shed March-April, young leaves appear May, 
June. Bark thin, grey or brownish-black, rough, scurfy with small scales, 
sometimes deeply cracked, inner bark reddish, fibrous. Sapwood pale yellow- 
ish-white, heartwood grey, yellowish or dark olive brown, compact, even-grained 
and hard. Medullary rays fine, numerous. 

Weight 54 1b. (R. Th., Cent. Prov.), 60 (Skinner), 66 (Z'seikchyt from Burma, 
D. B., List No. 23). Not easy to work; but durable. Used for house-building, 
agricultural implements, and cart-building. The bark is very astringent and 
is used for tanning, the leaves are valued as cattle-fodder, and the tree is fre- 
quently lopped. The fruit is sweetish and eatable. 


| 2. B. stipularis, Bl. ; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 499.—Syn. B. scandens, Roxb. 
FI. Ind. iii. 736 ; Cluytia scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 173. Vern. Mad- 
latah, undergupa, Oudh. 


A large, more or less climbing shrub, with drooping branches ; branch- 
lets and under side of leaves with soft tawny tomentum, Leaves short- 
2 F 


450 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. [ Briedelia. 


petiolate, elliptic or obovate, 2-6 in. long ; lateral nerves 8-12 pair, with 
prominent transverse veins at right angles; stipules broad-lanceolate. 
Flowers monoicous, yellow-tomentose, subsessile, crowded in lateral heads, 
in the axils of leaves or bracts, generally arranged in terminal panicu- 
late spikes. Broad-lanceolate tomentose bracteoles between the flowers. 
Calyx-segments long-triangular, persistent and considerably enlarged in 
fruit. Drupes oblong-ovoid, often 2-seeded, nearly 4 in. long, black 
when ripe. 3 

Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 2000 ft., from Jumna to Sarda. Abundant 
in the Oudh forests. Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay peninsula, 
Indian Archipelago. Fl. at various seasons, mainly May-Oct. 


3. B. montana, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 735.—Syn. Cluytia mon- 
tana, Cor. Pl. t. 171. Vern. Geta, Oudh, N.W.P. ; Kargnalia, Kamaon. 


A middle-sized tree, wholly glabrous, branchlets tuberculate. Leaves 
elliptic or obovate, pale beneath, 4-8 in. long, main lateral nerves 10-15 
pair; stipules deciduous. Flowers monoicous, greenish, short-pedicellate, 
crowded in compact axillary heads with numerous, thin, membranous, ciliate 
and fimbriate bracts between the flowers ; male and female flowers in the 
same head. Petals oblanceolate. Drupes ovoid-oblong, or globose (Roxb.), 
4 in. long, on short thick stalks, supported by the not enlarged membran- 
ous calyx. - 


Sub-Himalayan tract, west to the Jhelam, ascending to 3500 ft. Oudh forests 
(ravines in the hills). Bengal, Orissa, Behar. Fl. April, May; fr. Sept-Nov. 
The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. 


11. LEBIDIEROPSIS, Miill. Arg. 


A small tree with alternate, short-petiolate, oval leaves ; lateral nerves 
not prominent. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, subsessile, in axillary 
bracteolate clusters, male and female flowers in distinct clusters. Calyx- 
tube flat, shortly turbinate, segments 5, lanceolate, valvate in bud. 
Petals minute. Male flowers: stamens 5, filaments inserted on a central 
column, which is placed on a broad circular disc and prolonged into a 
short 3-lobed rudimentary ovary. Female flowers: ovary 3-celled, styles 
3, bifid. Fruit a hard 3-celled, 6-valved capsule on a thick stalk. Seeds 
3, cotyledons flat, fleshy. 


1. L. orbicularis, Miill. Arg —Syn. Cluytia collina, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 
169; Fl. Ind. iii. 732. Briedelia collina, Wall. Vern. Garrar, gharrar, 
C.P. 


A large shrub or small tree, with scanty light-green foliage. Branchlets, 
petioles, calyx and bracteoles hairy. Leaves glabrous, 2-4 in. long, with 
reticulate venation. Flowers yellowish green. Capsule 1 in. long ; brown 
shining, ovoid or obovoid, indistinctly 3-lobed. 


Satpura range, Bandelkhand, South India, Ceylon. Fl. June; fr. Dec., Jan. 
Bark blackish, very rough. Wood reddish, durable, but brittle. The rind of 
the fruit is said to be poisonous. 


Cleistanthus. | LXIX, EUPHORBIACEA. 451 


12. CLEISTANTHUS, Hooker. 


Trees with alternate, short-petiolate, penniveined leaves, lateral nerves 
prominent. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, subsessile in axillary clusters 
or short spikes, with bracteoles between the flowers. Calyx-tube turbi- 
nate or cup-shaped, segments 5, valvatein bud. Petals 5, those of the 
male flowers minute. Male flowers: stamens 5, filaments free, inserted 
round a thick rudimentary ovary. Disc urceolate. Female flowers: 
ovary partly immersed in the calyx-tube, 3-celled, styles 3, more or less 
2-fid. Disc membranous, cup-shaped or cylindric. Fruit a 3-celled 6- 
valved capsule. Seeds often connate in pairs at the base. 


1. CG. oblongifolius, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Cluytia oblongifolia, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. iii. 731. Briedelia oblongifolia, Hooker & Arnott. Vern. Dukesa, 
Silhet. 


A middle-sized tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 6-12 in. long, 
glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers greenish yellow, in small 
lateral clusters ; bracteoles broad-ovate ciliate. Female flowers : calyx-tube 
turbinate, disc cylindric, laciniate at the top. Petals obovate, ciliate. 
Fruit ovoid, supported by the persistent base of calyx, $ in. long. 


Silhet. Sub- Himalayan tract and outer valleys of Sikkim and Assam, 
ascending to 4000 ft. According to Stewart in the Siwalik tract of Kamaon, 
extending west to the Ganges. Fil. March-May; fr. Aug., Sept. Wood hard 
~ and durable (Roxb.) 


13, PUTRANJIVA, Wall. 


Trees with alternate, coriaceous, stipulate leaves. Flowers dioicous, the 
male flowers in axillary clusters ; the female flowers pedunculate, axillary, 
solitary or a few together. Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted, of the 
female flowers 4-6-parted, segments narrow. Petals and disc wanting. 
Stamens 2-3, central, filaments free, monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary 
2-3-celled. Fruit indehiscent, l-seeded with a hard bony endocarp. 


1, P. Roxburghii, Wall.—Tab. LITI.—Wight Ic. t. 1876; Royle Il. 
t. 83%; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 275.—Syn. P. amblyocarpa, Mill. Arg. DC. 
Prodr. xv. ii. 444. Nageia Putranjiva, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 766. Sans. 
Putranjiva. Vern. Putajan, Pb.; Jia puta, joti, juti, putra jiva, 
N.W.P.; Patji, Oudh ; Jwputrak, Hindi. 


A middle-sized evergreen tree, with dark-green foliage, branchlets and 
petioles pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, with unequal-sided base, ser- 
rulate, short-petiolate, 3-5 in. long, the upper side glabrous, shining, lateral 
nerves numerous, joined by reticulate veins ; stipules subulate, deciduous. 
Male flowers small, yellow, subsessile, numerous, collected in sessile irregu- 
larly globose axillary heads; calyx 3-5-cleft, stamens 3, filaments more 
or less connate. Female flowers pedunculate, axillary, often in twos or 
threes ; calyx 5-6-cleft, segments oblong, obtuse. Ovary 3-celled, pubes- 


452 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. [ Putranjiva. 


cent, styles 3, short, dilated into triangular lobed stigmas. Fruit ovoid, 
smooth, white, 3 in. long, nut pointed, very hard, rugose, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 


Sub-Himalayan tract, common in places, ascending to 2500 ft., and extending 
west to the Chenab, frequent in the budh forests. Bengal, Burma, South India, 
Ceylon, often cultivated. Generally in low shady, moist, mixed forests, often 
associated with Hugenia and Ficus glomerata. FI. March-May, and the fruit 
ripens in Jan.-June of the ensuing year. Leaves renewed in April. A fine 
shady tree, which merits extended cultivation. Attains 40-50 ft., with a straight 
erect trunk, 4-5, at times 9 ft. girth, numerous divergent, spreading branches. 
Bark 4 in. thick, grey, smooth or verrucose, with numerous horizontal lines of 
round light-coloured specks, inner bark yellow, fibrous. Wood light-grey, 
streaked with darker lines and patches, not very hard, even-grained and durable. 
Weight 36.6 lb. per cub. ft. (Wallich), probably heavier. Used in places for 
tools and in turning. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, the nuts are 
strung up in rosaries and in necklaces for children to keep them in health, 
whence the name, “life of the child.” The nuts of Hl@ocarpus Ganitrus (p. 43) 
are used in the same manner. 


14. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn. 


Trees shrubs or herbs ; leaves stipulate, mostly distichous, entire, pen- 
niveined, short-petioled. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in axillary or 
lateral clusters, sometimes solitary. Calyx-segments 4-9, generally 5-6, 
imbricate, without any appendages at the back. Petals none. Disc of 
distinct glands, alternating with calyx-segments, sometimes wanting. 
Stamens central, 2-15, generally 3, filaments free or variously connate. 
No rudiment of ovary in male flowers. Ovary 2-15-celled, generally 3- 
celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; styles as many as cells, generally slender, 
bifid, and more or less connate. Fruit always dehiscent, sometimes fleshy. 
Seeds without arillus or strophiole. 


Small trees with ovate or elliptic leaves ; no disc or glands at the 
base of stamens or ovary; anthers 3-6 on a central column; 
styles connate into a short column ; fruit a 4-6-celled cap- 
sule with red seeds. (Subgenus Glochidion.) 

Softly tomentose ; anthers 3 . ; é . 
Glabrous ; anthers 4-6 . ; ; ; , ‘ ; : 

’ A climbing shrub with elliptic or obovate leaves ; disc of 5 dis- 
tinct glands alternating with calyx-segments ; stamens 5, 
the 3 inner connate into a central column; ovary 8-12- 
celled ; styles distinct, minute ; fruit a dark-purple small 
succulent berry . ; ; . , , ’ : ‘ 

A middle-sized tree with numerous linear leaflets ; anthers 3-5 on 
a central column ; ovary half enclosed in a cup-shaped disc ; 
style 1, deeply 3-fid; fruit a large globose pale-yellow 3- , : 
celled berry ; , , , ; . . « 4 P, Emblica. 


1. P. nepalensis. 
2. P. lanceolarius. 


Bi reticulatus. 


1. P. nepalensis, Miill. Arg. 1. c. 291.—Syn. Bradleia ovata, Wall. 
Vern. Gol kamela, (gur)sawa, sama, chamar kas, amblu, kalm(a), koa- 
mil, Pb. ; Mowa, bakalwa, N.W.P. ; Kari, koria, C.P. 


A small tree, branchlets softly tomentose. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 
pubescent on both sides, 2-3 in. long, short-petiolate, main lateral nerves 


Phylilanthus. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. 4538 


arcuate, 4-6 pair; stipules subulate. Flowers in axillary fascicles, the 
female subsessile, the male on long filiform pedicels, male and female 

“generally in the same fascicle. Male fl.: Calyx of 6 lanceolate segments, 
slightly hairy outside. Anthers 3, oblong, 2-celled, extrorse and cohering 
at the back, on a short central column, connective prolonged beyond the 
anther-cells. Female fi.: Calyx of 5-6 ovate segments, hirsute outside. 
Styles connate into a cylindric column, nearly as thick as the ovary, 
divided at the top into 4 thick ovate teeth longer than calyx, the lower 
part hirsute. Capsule 4-6-celled, pubescent, seeds red. 


Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 5500 ft., and extending 
west tothe Indus. Sikkim, Western Ghats, Canara, and Mysore. Glochidion 
velutinum and arboreum, Wight, t. 1907, from the Nilgiris, are probably the 
same species. Fl. and fruit Feb. to Aug. Attains 25 ft., and 3-4 ft. girth. 
Bark grey or reddish, with shallow longitudinal furrows. The leaves have a 
powerful nauseous smell. Wood brownish-white, compact but soft, the bark 
is used for tanning. “ 

Glochidion neilgherrense, Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 277, a tree of the Nil- 
giris, is similar, but glabrous. 

Phyllanthus bicolor, Mill. Arg. 1. c. 311.—Syn. Briedelia acuminata, Wall., 
belongs to the same group, with 3 anthers, but differs by lanceolate leaves, 
glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath along midrib, male and female fl. 
generally in separate fascicles, small 3-5-celled capsules on pedicels longer than 
the diam. of capsule. Nepal, Sikkim, Kasia hills. 


2. P. lanceolarius, Miill. Arg.—Syn. Bradleia lanceolaria, Roxb. FI. 
Ind. iti. 697; Glochidion lanceolarium, Dalzell Bombay Flora, 235. 
Vern. Bhoma, Bombay ; Angiti, Silhet. 


A small glabrous tree. Leaves shining, coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic- 
oblong, acuminate, 4-6 in. long, stipules triangular, main lateral nerves - 
arcuate, 6-8 pair. Flowers pale greenish-cream-coloured in axillary fasci- 
cles, the male numerous, on long filiform peduncles, the female few and 
sessile. Male fi. : Calyx of 6 glabrous, linear-oblong segments. Anthers 
4-6, oblong, 2-celled, extrorse and cohering at the back, on a short central 
column, connective prolonged beyond the anther-cells. Female fl.: Calyx 
of 6 unequal, thick, imbricate segments. Styles 6, glabrous, connate into 
a 6-sulcate, glabrous column, much thinner than the hairy ovary. Cap- 
sule shortly stalked, depressed, 4 in. diam., 4-6-celled, seeds red. 


Kamaon Bhaber, Oudh forests (in moist ravines), Nepal, Sikkim Terai, East- 
ern Bengal, Burma. Fl. Dec.-April. Bark grey, with longitudinal wrinkles, 
the outer bark peeling off from the reddish-brown smooth inner layers. Rox- 
See aad that it grows to be a large useful timber-tree, the wood being hard 
and durable. 


3. P. reticulatus, Poiret.—Syn. P. multiflorus, Willd. Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
ili. 664 (not Poiret); Anisonema multiflora, Wight Ic. t. 1899; Dalz. 
Bomb. Fl. 234. Vern. Panjuli ; (makhi, Bhurtpur). 


A large straggling or climbing shrub with numerous stout woody 
branches, and long drooping branchlets. Leaves membranous, glab- 


454 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. [ Phyllanthus. 


rous or slightly pubescent, elliptic or obovate, short-petiolate, about 1 in. 
long; lateral nerves joined by reticulate veins. Flowers in axillary fas- 
cicles, on slender pedicels, male fl. more numerous, generally 1 or 2 female 
fl. in a fascicle of male flowers. Calyx of 5 ovate membranous segments, 
and 5 distinct glands alternating with them. Stamens 5, the 3 inner 
longer, on thick filaments, more or less connate into a central column, 
the 2 outer short, free. Ovary globose, 8-12-celled ; styles short. Fruit 
a black or dark-purple depressed succulent berry } in. diam, 


Common on low moist ground. North-West India, Sindh (climbing over the 
largest trees in the Belas along the Indus), Rajputana (Bhurtpur Ghunna), Ben- 
gal, South India, Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. Flowers nearly through- 
out the year. Bark grey ; wood greyish brown, light, soft, pores large and 
numerous, 


4. P. Emblica, Linn.—Tab. LII.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 671; Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. t. 258.—Syn. Hmblica officinalis, Gertn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1896. Sans. 
Dhatri, amalaka. Vern. Ambal, ambali, Pb. ; Daula, dmla, amlika, aura, 
aunra, aola, North and Central India; Milli mara, Gonds of Satpura ; 
Nelli mara, Canarese ; Shabju, Burm. 


A small or middle-sized tree with grey bark and light-green feathery 
foliage. Leaves linear acute, glabrous, $ in. long, edge thickened, subses- 
sile, distichous and approximate, imbricate when young, on hairy 4-8 in. 
long branchlets, having the appearance of pinnate leaves ; stipules minute. 
Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in lateral fascicles on the leaf-bearing 
branchlets, in the axils of the leaves or on the naked portion of the branch 
below the leaves, female flowers few, subsessile, male flowers numerous, 
on short slender pedicels, both on the same branchlet. Calyx of 6 ob- 
long obtuse segments. Disc in the male flowers of 6 minute glands. 
Anthers 3-5, extrorse on a central column. Ovary 3-celled, half immersed 
in an annular disc, style short with 3 recurved stigmas, dilated and lobed 
at the top. Fruit a fleshy globose berry, ? in. diam., 3-celled, 6-seeded, 
with 6 prominent lines, pale yellow, sometimes reddish when ripe, of an 
acid and astringent taste. 


Common. in dry deciduous forests in most parts of India, except in the ex- 
treme north-west corner of the Panjab, ascending in Garhwal and Kamaon to 
4500 ft. Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. Often cultivated. Fl. March- 
May ; the fruit ripens Oct.-Feb. More or less leafless from February to April. 
Attains 30-40 ft., and 3-6, occasionally 9 ft. girth, but generally smaller, Trunk 
often crooked or gnarled, frequently with irregular excrescences, branches stro 
spreading. Bark thin, grey greenish or brown, with fine, close horizon 
wrinkles, and few vertical cracks, inner substance dark red or purple, compact 
and fibrous. Wood mottled brown, red, and yellow, inner wood darker colour- 
ed, but no distinctly marked heartwood, hard, close- and straight-grained. 
Medullary rays very broad, of a lighter colour than the tissue between, showing 
on a vertical radial section like shining plates and giving a reticulate appear- 
ance on a tangential section. The broad medullary rays give the wood some 
resemblance to that of Carallia integerrima. Weight between 42.5 and 49 lb., 
value of P. between 532 and 617. Puckle (List of Western Mysore Woods, 
1862) gives the weight at 67.5 lb., and the value of P. from 898 to 1052. Used 


Phyllanthus. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. 455 


for agricultural implements, and much valued for well-work, as it is durable under 
water. The bark is employed for tanning ; chips of the wood and small branches 
thrown into impure or muddy water are said to clear it effectually (Pharm. Ind. 
205). The fruit is the Emblic Myrobalan ; used as a medicine, for dyeing and 
tanning, and pickled and eaten. 


15. BREYNTA, Forst. 


_ Glabrous shrubs with penniveined stipulate leaves. Flowers monoicous, 
axillary. Calyx turbinate, 6-lobed. Stamens central ; three 2-celled an- 
thers longitudinally adnate to a central column. Disc wanting. Ovary 
longer than calyx, truncate ; styles minute. Seeds without arillus. 


1. B. rhamnoides, Miill. Arg. 1. c. 440.—Syn. Phyllanthus sepiaria, 
Herb. Roxb. (identified by Miiller also with P. Vitis-idewa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
iii, 665). Melanthesa rhamnoides, Wight Ic. t. 1898. Vern. Tikhar, 
Oudh. 


A large shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate, obtuse, 
shortly petiolate, 1-14 in. long’; stipules triangular, acute. Flowers soli- 
tary, axillary, pedicels short, with a few membranous bracts at the base. 
Fruit a red globose berry. 


Oudh forests common, Banda, Bengal, South India. Fil. April, May. 


Melanthesopsis patens, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Melanthesa turbinata and obliqua, 
- Wight Ic. t. 1897, 1898 ; Phyllanthus turbinatus and patens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 
666, 667—is a shrub or tree of South India and Bengal, similar to Breynia 
rhamnoides, but distinguished by a trifid style and arillate seeds. 


16. SECURINEGA, Juss. 


Glabrous trees or shrubs with more or less distichous branchlets and 
penniveined stipulate leaves. Flowers usually dioicous, the male flowers 
in axillary fascicles, Calyx 5-cleft, segments imbricate, persistent, the 
2 outer somewhat smaller. Petals none. Stamens 5, opposite to the 
calyx-segments ; filaments free, filiform, surrounding a rudimentary 2-3- 
fid pistil as long as stamens. Disc of 5 glands alternating with the 
stamens. Ovary glabrous, 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, styles 3, connate 
at the base, generally bifid. Fruit more or less succulent, separating when 
ripe into 3 (sometimes 2 only) 2-seeded cocci. 


Flower-bearing branchlets angular, unarmed . ~. 1. 8. obovata. — 
Flower-bearing branchlets terete, spinescent . : 2. S. Leucopyrus. 


1. S. obovata, Mill. Arg. 1. c. 449.—Syn. Phyllanthus retusus and 
virosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657, 659. Vern. Dalme, dhani, bakarcha, 
ghari, gwala darim, N.W.P. | 


A large ramous unarmed shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous, branch- 
lets angular. Leaves subsessile, oval or obovate, 1-2 in. long. Flowers 
dioicous, on slender pedicels, numerous, in. axillary fascicles. Styles 


456 LXIX. EUPHORBIACE, [ Securinega. 


spreading or reflexed, deeply-cleft into 2 or 3 linear-segments. Fruit a 
white globose dehiscent berry, } in. diam. 


Trans-Indus at the base of the Suliman range Sate) not common in the sub- 
Himalayan tract of the Panjab. Common in Kamaon (ascending to 5000 ft.) 
Nepal, Bengal, South and Central India, Burma, Indian Archipelago, China, and 
Australia, Fl. (in North India) May, June ; fr. July-Oct. ; in Bengal in fl. and 
fr. nearly throughout the year. Attains 25 ft. or more, with a short erect trunk 
3-4 ft. in girth. Bark grey, rusty or reddish-brown, with small light-coloured 
specks. Wood white, said to be close-grained, strong, and durable, and not 
attacked by insects ; it is used for agricultural implements. The bark is very 
astringent, and is used to intoxicate fish. ‘The fruit is eaten. 


2. S. Leucopyrus, Mill. Arg—Tab. LIV.—Syn. Phyllanthus Leu- 
copyrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 658. Fliggea Leucopyrus, Willd. ; Wight Ic. 
t. 1875. Vern. Pereit pastawane, Afg. ; Karkin, rithei, girthan, gargas, 
bhathi, bata, vanuthi, girk, Pb. (some of these names possibly apply to S. 
obovata) ; Hartho, ainta, N.W.P.; Kiran, Sindh; Challa manta, sale 
manta, C.P. 


A large spinescent shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous, branchlets 
terete. Leaves ovate, 1-2 in. long, petioles 4-4 in. long. Flowers dioic- 
ous, on slender pedicels in axillary fascicles. Male flowers numerous, 
female flowers few. Styles erect or spreading, entire or shortly bifid. 
Fruit a white globose dehiscent berry 4 in. diam. 


Trans-Indus, eastern slopes of Suliman range, ascending to 3800 ft. Salt 
range, not uncommon. Sindh. Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending in Garhwal and 
Sikkim to 5000 ft. Bengal, Central and South India, Ceylon, Burma, Indian 
Archipelago, Australia. Fl. chiefly May, June; fr. July-Sept., often remain- 
ing long on the tree. Bark ash-coloured, dark-bluish, or dark reddish-brown 
with small white specks, Wood close-grained, strong, chiefly used as fuel. The 
fruit is eaten. 


17. ANDRACHNE, Linn. 


Shrubs and undershrubs with alternate, stipulate, entire, generally 
ovate leaves. Flowers monoicous, male flowers generally fasciculate, 
female flowers solitary, axillary on long slender pedicels, Calyx-segments 
5-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many as calyx-segments, shorter than 
calyx, those of the female flowers minute. Disc of free or connate glands. 
Stamens 5-6, around a cylindric rudiment of ovary, filaments free or mona- 
delphous. Ovary 3-celled, styles 3, connate at the base, the free portion 
dichotomous ; stigma capitate, minute. Fruit a 6-valved capsule. Seeds 
without aril or strophiole. | 


1. A. cordifolia, Miill. Arg.; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 234.—Syn. Phyllan- 
thus cordifolius, Wall. P. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch. Reise des Prinzen 
Waldemar, t. 24. Leptopus cordifolius, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 156. 
Vern. Kirkni, girgili, Shelam ; Bersu, Chenab; Barotri, madare, Ravi ; 
Mitkar, chirmiutti, pin, Bias; Tsatin, Sutlej. 


il a 5 tcl AR I 


Andrachne. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. 457 


A shrub with slender branches, in places only an undershrub, extremi- 
ties, petioles, and under side of leaves hairy. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
penniveined, blade 1-2 in., petiole filiform, }-? in. long. Flowers monoic- 
ous, axillary, on long filiform pedicels. Disc of male flowers consisting 
of 5 flat bifid glands. Styles shortly connate at the base, deeply bifid. 
Capsule } in. across. 


Common in the North-West Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, ascending 
to 8000 ft. (Dippi forest). Fl. May-Sept. 

A. telephioides, Linn., is a small dadenthirab of the Mediterranean region and 
West Asia, found also in the Panjab Salt range, with ovate or obovate leaves. 
" i Sprengel, has reniform or orbicular leaves and grows from Egypt to 

indh, 


Orper LXX. BETULACEZ. 


_ Trees with scaly buds and alternate penniveined simple leaves; stipules 
deciduous. Flowers monoicous in drooping catkins. Male flowers: 
bracts stalked, often peltate, bearing on the stalk and on their inner face 
2-3 generally tetrandrous flowers with small perianths of membranous, 
often unequal scales. Anthers 2-celled, cells often distinct. Female 
flowers: 2 or 3 in the axils of (generally) 3, more or less connate bracts ; 
perianth none. Ovary free, compressed, 2-celled, 1 pendulous-ovule in 
each cell. Fruit a small l-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen ; cotyle- 
_ dons flat, radicle superior. The cotyledons of the germinating embryo 
are raised above the ground. 


Anther-cells distinct ; scales of female catkin deciduous . t x 1. BETULA. 
Anther-cells more or less connate ; scales of female catkin persistent, 
enlarged and woody in fruit i ; ° ‘ . ‘ ‘ 2. ALNUS. 


l. BETULA, Tournefort. 


Deciduous trees with serrate leaves, resinous dots beneath. Anthers 
8-12 inserted on the inside or stalk of the bract, more or less distinctly 
arranged in tetrandrous flowers, each anther opposite to a membranous 
scale ; anther-cells distinct. Female flowers, 3 in the axil of each bract. 
Bracts of catkin deciduous in fruit, generally membranous. Fruit with a 


membranous wing on 2 sides. 

Female catkins single ; bracts in fruit indurated, deeply 3-lobed, 
broader than wings ; wings narrower than fruit ; , 

Female catkins fasciculate ; bracts in fruit membranous, linear- 
oblong, with 2 small teeth or lobes at the base, narrower than 
wings ; wings much broader than fruit. . ; , ; 2. B. acuminata. 


1. B. Bhojpattra. 


1. B. Bhojpattra,* Wall.—Syn. B. Jacquemontii, Spach. ; Jacq. Voy. 


*T retain Wallich’s name Bhojpattra (Pl. As. Rar. ii. 7, 1831), which is adopted by 
Lindley, Bot. Reg., and Regel (Monographia Betulacearum, 1861, and DC. Prodr. xvi. 
ii. 177), though it seems certain that Don’s B. utilis (Prodr. Fl. Nep. 58, 1825) was in- 
tended for this tree. But Don’s description, ‘‘ foliis ovatis acuminatis inequaliter ser- 


458 ' “ LXX. BETULACEA. [ Betula. 


Bot. t. 158. Sans. Bhurja. Vern. Birj, bhi, birzal, phurz, Pb. Hima- 
laya ; Shag, shak, pad, phatak, takpa, Ladak, Lahoul, Piti, Kunawar ; 
Bhujpattra, N.W.P. , 

A moderate-sized tree, shrubby near its upper limit ; extremities, peti- 
oles and leaf-buds pubescent, the bark exfoliating in thin broad horizontal 
belts. Leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, hairy along midrib, 
pubescent when young with scattered hairs; blade 2-3 in., petiole 4 in. 
long; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, prominent beneath, impressed on 
the upper side ; the under side generally with resinous dots. Bracts of 
male flowers stalked, the stalk bearing numerous glabrous scales, ciliate 
at the edge, the lower membranous, transparent, the upper coloured. 
Anther-cells distinct, glabrous, with a tuft of few hairs at the tip. .Bract 
of female flowers pubescent, deeply 3-lobed, hardened in fruit, broader 


than the winged fruit ; lobes linear-oblong. Wings narrower than greatest 


breadth of nut. 


Higher ranges of the Himalaya, extending far into the inner arid tract, in the 
Panjab not under 7000, in Sikkim and Bhutan not under 9500 ft., ascending 
commonly to 11,000, and often to 12,000 ft., in Zanskar, Tibet, and inner Sik- 
kim to 14,000 ft. Chir ata@2,150 ft. Afghanistan. Higher mountains of Japan. 
Gregarious, forming pure forests, often at the upper limit of arborescent vegeta- 
tion, generally rising 500 ft. above the upper limit of Abies Webbiana; seems to 
prefer north and west aspects. The leaves are shed in Oct., and the new foliage 
comes out in April and May. Attains 50-60 ft. ; trunk erect, somewhat crooked, 
6-7 and at times 10-12 ft. girth ; branches erect, twigs drooping, forming a hand- 
some broad-oval crown with light foliage. Bark smooth, wrinkled, reddish- or 
purplish-brown, with whitish linear or oblong stripes (lenticels) and fine parallel 
lines, the outer bark consisting of numerous distinct paper-like layers, exfoliat- 
ing in broad horizontal rolls or belts. Wood white, straight-grained, not hard, 
but tough to cut. Weight 35.5 lb. per cub. ft. (Wall.) In the arid inner Hima- 
laya, where timber is scarce, it is used extensively for building, and other pur- 
poses. It is elastic, and has been recommended for turning. The bark is the 
most valuable part of this tree ; it is used as paper for writing and packing, for 


umbrella-covers, and to line the inside of the hooka-tube. Hindoos use it in — 


various religious ceremonies. It is called Z'oz, bhoj pattar, in Kashmir, drawa 
on the Chenab, and bharangi in Kamaon, and is largely exported to the plains. 
In Kashmir and Kunawar it is often placed under the flat earth roofs, and is 
said to be very lasting. Twig bridges are made of the branches of this Birch, 
and the trees are often lopped for fodder. 


2. B. acuminata,* Wall.—Tab. LVI.—Pl. As. Rar. t. 109.—Syn. B. 
cylindrostachys, Wall.; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 179. Vern. Piya uidish, chambar 
maya, Pb.; Bhiujpattra, haur, shaul, N.W.P.; Shakshin, Tibet; Utis, 
Nepal. 


ratis utrinque ramulisque villosis basi rotundatis subtus canescentibus,” hardly applies 

to this species, and certainly does not give its distinguishing characters. Don adds, 

on Wallich’s authority, that the epidermis is used under the name of Bhog Pattrah; 

( pet proves nothing, for both species of Birch are called Bhuj pattra in the N.W. 
imalaya. 

* I retain this name, which is supported by Wallich’s plate and description. Don’s 
B. alnoides, which he describes as dioicous, and nitida, are ,probably synonyms, but 
Don’s descriptions are insufficient to identify them. B. nitida, Don, is retained as a 
distinct but doubtful species in De Candolle’s Prodromus. 


ee aes eee 


Betula.] LXX. BETULACEA, _ 459 


A moderate-sized tree, the current year’s branchlets pubescent ; root- 
suckers and luxuriant shoots soft-tomentose. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, unequally serrate, teeth cuspidate, often aristate, more or 
less pubescent, sometimes soft-tomentose beneath when young, glabrous and 
often shining when full-grown, with scattered hairs on the under side along 
midrib, numerous brown red or black resinous dots on the under side ; 
blade 3-6 in., petiole $ in. long; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Catkins 
fasciculate, short-pedunculate, 3-4 in. long, slender while in flower, } in. 
diam. while in fruit. Bracts of male catkin subsessile, with 3 tetrandrous 
flowers on the midrib ; perianth of 4 hairy linear leaves ; anthers hairy, cells 
distinct. Bracts of female catkin lanceolate at the base, with 2 obtuse or 
acute teeth or short lobes, as well as ovaries and styles hairy with long 
hairs. Wings much broader than fruit, and broader than the membran- 
_ous bract of the fruit. 


Himalaya, generally in the outer ranges, extending west to the Sutlej basin, 
commonly between 5000 and 10,000 ft. Kasia hills 3000-5000 ft. In shady 
mixed forests, in valleys near streams, mostly singly, not gregarious. Fl. Nov., 
Dec. ; fr. April, May. Attains 50-60 ft., trunk short, 6 ft. girth and more, 
branchlets somewhat drooping. Wood whitish, there is some doubt regarding 
its qualities : Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. ii. p. 7, states that it is hard and greatly 
esteemed by the inhabitants of Nepal, and is employed for all purposes where 
strength and durability are required. The bark peels ‘off in thick rolls, the 
lenticels are shorter than in B. Bhojpattra, elliptic or elliptic-oblong. 


Betula alba, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl, 346—Birch ; Birke, German ; Bouleau, 
French—the most important of the numerous species and varieties of this genus 
in Europe, has long-petioled rhomboid or ovate leaves, solitary female catkins, 
the fruiting bracts with a cuneate base and a broad 3-lobed apex, wings twice or 
nearly thrice the breadth of fruit. The wood is yellowish- or reddish-white, 
with numerous fine medullary rays, and numerous fine, uniformly distributed 
pores. No heartwood. Weight 32-48 lb. Excellent fuel. Used for carving, 
furniture, and agricultural implements ; in the Highlands of Scotland, and in 
North Scandinavia also, for building and a variety of other purposes, The 
bark is used on roofs under a layer of earth like the Himalayan Birch, and is 
said to be imperishable. Baskets, boxes, mats, and cordage are made of it 
in Lapland. 

B. papyracea, Willd., the Paper or Canoe Birch, is a most useful large tree 
in Canada and the Northern United States. The bark splits into fine paper-like 
layers, is used as paper, for thatching, and ornaments are made of it. But its 
principal use is to make the light portable canoes used on the lakes and rivers 
of Canada. In spring the bark is detached for this purpose in plates 10-12 ft. 
long and 33 in. broad, which are stitched together with fibrous roots of the white 
oo, (Abies alba, Michaux). Regel classes this Birch as a sub-species under 

. alba. 


2. ALNUS, Tournef. 


Deciduous, rarely evergreen trees, with dentate, sometimes entire leaves. 
Male fl.: either tetrandrous, with 4-lobed perianth, or 6-12 anthers inserted 
on the stalk of the bract, in the axils of membranous scales ; anther-cells 
connate, rarely distinct. Female fl.: 2 in the axil of each bract; bracts 


460 LXX. BETULACEZ. | [ Alnus. 


indurated, woody, persistent in fruit, covered before maturity by a waxy 
or resinous substance. Nuts with a membranous or coriaceous wing, or 
unwinged. 

Branchlets glabrous ; fruit catkins numerous in large erect pani- 


cles . , ; : ; : ; 5 . - . L. A. nepalensis. 
Branchlets pubescent ; fruit catkins 3-5 in short erect racemes . 2. A. nitida. 


1. A. nepalensis, D. Don; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 131.—Vern. Kohi, 
koe, Pb. ; Udis, udish, wusta, N.W.P. ; Boshi swa, Nepal. 


A moderate-sized tree; branchlets glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, 
with tufts of hairs in the axils of lateral nerves, elliptic, acute, entire or 
indistinctly denticulate, blade 4-6, petiole ? in. long ; main lateral nerves 
14-18 pair. Flowers appearing after the leaves. Catkins paniculate or 
racemose. Male catkins subsessile, slender, 4-10 in. long, numerous, 
in large terminal pedunculate drooping panicles; each bract with 6-12 
anthers on short filaments, more or less distinctly separated by ciliate 
scales into several 2-4-androus flowers; anther-cells connate. Female 
catkins 4 in. long, pendulous in flower ; perianth-leaves and stamens 
10-12, in lateral racemes or racemose panicles. Fruit catkins ovoid or 
subcylindric, short-pedicellate, 4-1 in. long, in erect lateral panicles. 
Wings of fruit membranous, narrow, often broader at the top, somewhat 
irregular, 


Himalaya, extending west to the Ravi, between 3000 and 9000 ft. Kasia 
hills. Mixed forests, often in ravines, or fringing the banks of streams, Fl. 
Oct.-Dec. ; the fruit ripens in winter, and remains long on the tree. Attains 
50-60 ft., with an erect, straight trunk and a shady crown. Bark thick, com- 
pact, outside a agro or yellowish silvery, somewhat resembling the bark of 

irch. Wood pale brownish-red, with large very distinct reddish-brown medul- 
lary rays. The bark, exported to the plains under the name of Utis, is used 
for tanning and dyeing. 


2. A. nitida, Endl—Tab. LVITI.—Vern. Gira, Afg.; Shrol, srol, 
saroli, sawali, rikunra, chamb, chadp, chapu, tsapu, piak, kunsa, kundash, 
niu, Pb. Himalaya; Rajan, rajain, Pb. plains. 


A large tree ; current year’s petioles and branches pubescent. Leaves 
subcoriaceous, glabrous, with tufts of hairs in the axils of lateral nerves 
beneath, ovate, acuminate, more or less distinctly dentate; blade 4-6, 
petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Flowers appearing 
after. the leaves; catkins racemose. Male catkins short -pedicellate, 
drooping, 2 in. long, 4-6 in terminal erect bracteate, and at the base often 
leaf-bearing racemes. Anthers sessile, densely crowded, so that the 
arrangement into distinct flowers cannot be traced ; anther-cells nearly 
distinct. Fruit catkins ovoid or cylindric, on short stalks, #-14 in. long, 
3-5 in erect lateral racemes. Fruit with a narrow coriaceous edge. 


Common in the Panjab Himalaya, ascending to 9000 ft., and not uncommon 
along the banks of the main rivers some distance into the plains. On the Sutlej, 
its upper limit is Spii on the right, and Namgia-on the left bank. Pabur and 


Alnus. ] LXX. BETULACEA. 461 


Tonse rivers. Generally fringes the banks of mountain-streams and rivers. FI. 
Sept.-Oct. . Attains 80-90, and at times 100 ft., with a straight tall clear trunk, 
generally 6-8, often 12, and at times 15 ft. girth. The largest trees are seen in 
the basins of the Jhelam and Chenab. Bark brown, rough with dark furrows. 
The wood is whitish, used for bedsteads ; the hooked sticks of rope bridges are 
made of it. The twigs are tough, and are used for tying loads and in the con- 
struction of twig bridges. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning. 

A. orientalis, De. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 185, somewhat resembles this species, 
but differs by large short ovoid or subglobose fruit catkins, fruit without wing 
or edge. Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Cilicia. 


The two sp. of this genus which are important for the forester in Europe are : 
1. A. glutinosa, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 346; Alder ; Schwarzerle, German; 
Aune glutineux, French ; Ontanonero, It., with glabrous glutinousleaves. Europe, 
North Africa, Cilicia, Asia Minor. Important as coppice-wood in deep marshes. 
Wood soft, white when fresh cut, turning, on exposure to the air, into orange- 
red, pale red when seasoned, the wood of knotty trees often beautifully mottled. 
No heartwood. Weight 26-40 lb... Used for carving ; herring-barrels are made 
of it. Lasts well under water. 2. A. incana, Willd. ; Weisserle, Germ. ; Aune 
blanc, Fr.; with pubescent leaves. North-East Europe, and mountains of 
Central Europe, descending to the plains along the main rivers, and often cul- 
tivated. Caucasus, Siberia, Amurland. Throws up abundantly root-suckers. 
Both have distinctly tetrandrous flowers, 4 on the stalk of each scale, with 4- 
lobed perianth, fruit with a narrow coriaceous edge. 


Orper LXXI. SALICINEZ. 


Deciduous, fast-growing but not long-lived trees or shrubs, with scaly 
buds. Wood soft, light, even-grained. Leaves alternate, simple, stipu- 


late. Flowers dioicous in lateral catkins, which are similar in both 


sexes, with spirally-arranged scales, each bearing one flower in its axil. 
A glandular cup-shaped or irregularly-formed disc, in the male fl. with 
two or more, generally free stamens ; in the female fl. with a 1-celled 
ovary, consisting of 2-4, generally 2, connate carpels which terminate in 
as many short styles as there are carpels, numerous ovules on parietal 
placentas adnate to the median line of the valves. Fruita 1-celled 2-4-, 
generally 2-valved capsule dehiscing from the apex, the valves spreading 
or rolling back. Seeds numerous, minute, with a mass of long silky 
hairs on the funicle, which enclose the seed ; albumen none; embryo 
straight ; radicle inferior. Fruit catkins not persistent. 7 


Leaves short-petiolate ; scales entire; stamens 2-12, generally 2, 


long exserted ; capsule 2-valved . : ’ ; ‘ 1, SALIx. 
Leaves long-petiolate ; scales cut or jagged ; stamens 4-30; cap- 
sule 2-4-valved ‘ a : ; ‘ . : 2. PoPpuuus. 


1. SALIX, Tournef. 


Leaves lanceolate ovate or elliptic, petioles short, generally less than 
one-fourth the length of leaf. Stipules deciduous, larger and more per- 
sistent on shoots and root-suckers, Scales of catkins deciduous or more or 


462 LXXI. SALICINEA, [ Salix. 


less persistent, lanceolate rotundate or obovate, entire. Disc of 2— 
glands or nearly annular. Stamens 2-12, generally 2, long, protruding 
from the scales, filaments filiform, free or more or less connate. Stigmas 
2, often bifid or lobed, at the end of a short or elongated filiform, some- — 
times bifid style. Capsule 2-valved, the valves generally rolling back, 
placentas near the base of the valves. 


In the following enumeration, a selection has been made of the more import- 
ant willows of N.W. India, and notes have been added regarding those European 
willows which are most nearly related to them. The study of this genus is 
difficult, on account of the numerous hybrids and cross-breeds between the dif- 
ferent species. The arborescent willows are most useful trees, and merit great 
attention on the part of foresters in India. 

Willows are invaluable to protect and fix the banks of rivers, and extensive 
plantations for that purpose may be seen all along the banks of the Rhine and 
other large European rivers. As coppice-woods with short rotation they are 
grown in Osier-beds, and cut annually (for’ basket-work), or when 3-4 years 
old, for hoops and other larger material. Along roads, brooks,and on meadows 
they are often grown as pollards. The wood is used for carving and many 
other purposes. The inner bark is tough and fibrous, fishing nets and lines are 
made of it in North America. 


Stamens 3 or more, free. 
Leaves lanceolate, serrulate ; capsules ovoid, long - pedicel- 


late . ‘ . : ‘ : ; ° ‘ . IL. S. tetrasperma. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; capsules ovoid-lanceolate, 
short-pedicellate . ; , ‘ : . ; . 2. S. acmophylia. 


Stamens 2, free. 
Flowers with or after the leaves; catkins on leaf-bearing 
peduncles. 
A tree with generally drooping branches; leaves linear- 


lanceolate, glabrous ; style short : ‘ . 3 S. babylonica. 
A tree with spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, silky 
beneath ; style short ; ; a ieee .: 4 S, alba. 
A large shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic or obovate- 
oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; style short 5. S. elegans. 
A small shrub; leaves broad-elliptic, green on both sides, 
paler beneath ; style long filiform ae ag . 6. S. hastata. 
Flowers before the leaves ; catkins sessile or subsessile. 
Stigma sessile or subsessile. 
Leaves elliptic or obovate, rugose, crenate ‘ . 7. & Caprea. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, not rugose, 
entire ; ; ; ; 5 , . 8. S. Wallichiana. 
Style long, slender. 
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, serrate, glaucous beneath ; 
capsule glabrous 9. S. daphnoides. 


Leaves linear -lanceolate, white-tomentose beneath ; 
margin revolute ; capsule grey-tomentose . . 10.. 8. viminalis. 

Stamens 2, connate.to the apex or nearly so. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales dark-coloured at top, with 
long silky hairs ; ; 7 ‘ ; : . 11. S. pycnostachya. 
Leaves narrow-linear ; scales yellow, glabrous . ‘ . 12. S&S. angustifolia. 


1. §. tetrasperma, Roxb.—Tab. LVIII.—Cor. Pl. t. 97; Roxb. Fl. 
Ind, iii. 753 ; Wight Ic. t. 1954 ; Andersson in DC, Prodr, xvi. ii, 192 ; 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 302.—Syn. S. ichnostachya, Lindl.; Wight Ic. t. 1953. — 


Saliz. | LXXI, SALICINEA. 463 


Vern. Bed, bet, bent, baishi, Hindi; Laila, bains, bhainsh, N.W. India. 
Local n.: Badha, Pb. plains; Bis, bish, beis, bitsa, bin, bidu, kschme, bak- 
shel, magsher, safedar, Pb. Himalaya; Yir, Kashmir; Bilsa, Oudh ; Pani 
jama, Bengal; Wallunj, bacha, Bombay ; Momakha, Burm. Jed is the 
Persian name for willow ; no Sanscrit name is known. 


A small or moderate-sized tree, extremities with long silky hairs. Leaves 
lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, serrulate with minute ser- 
ratures, glaucous beneath, glabrous when full-grown, or with a few soft 
adpressed hairs, often long persistent and subcoriaceous; main lateral 
nerves numerous, prominent. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on leafy 
peduncles; scales pale, those of the female catkins deciduous. Male catkins 
sweet-scented, lax, drooping, 2-3, sometimes 4 in. long, rachis, scales and 
base of filaments hairy ; fl. 5-10-androus; stamens free, anthers minute, 
elliptic. Fruit catkins lax ; capsules 2 lines long, on slender pedicels 
half the length of capsule or longer, often in groups or half whorls of 3-4, 
glabrous or hairy, mostly rugose when ripe, ovoid, base often subglobose, 
narrowed into a short style with 2 spreading, generally entire stigmas ; 
gland semicircular, many times shorter than pedicel, seeds 4-6. Andersson 
describes the capsules as “glaberrime.” Wight (ichnostachya) and Bed- 
dome figure them as pubescent, and I have found them hairy in several 
cases. Roxburgh describes them as 4-seeded, whence the name, which 
Andersson retains on account of the arrangement of the capsules (‘‘ capsule 
subquaternatim collectz ”). 


Common on river-banks and in moist places nearly throughout India; in 
Sindh and the plains of the Panjab only planted, except near the banks of the 
Chenab, and other Himalayan rivers. Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges of 
the Himalaya, west to the Indus, ascending to 6000, and at times to 7000 ft. 
Ascends to 7000 ft. on the mountains of South India. Java. Often gregarious, 
R. Thompson mentions a forest of great extent in the swamps of Dharmapur 
in Baraich, Cultivated in Afghanistan. In North India the leaves are shed in 
Dec. and Jan., the new foliage appearing Feb.-March. In Burma I have seen 
it leafless during the rains. It flowers in autumn and the cold season, but also 
in March and April. The seeds in this as in the other willows ripen soon after 
flowering. Attains 30-40 ft., with a straight trunk, hollow when old, 5-6 ft., 
and not rarely 10 ft., in girth. Bark i in. thick, grey brown or blackish, rough 
with broad shallow, irregular vertical furrows, and irregularly-shaped plates 
between the furrows. Where the tree grows near water, particularly if subject 
to inundation, the lower part of the stem gets covered, often 2-3 ft. high, with 
numerous small rootlets. 

Sapwood large, whitish, heartwood distinct, of dark-brown colour (R. 
Thompson). The Burma wood weighs 37 lb. (D.B. List of 1862). Not much 
used. The charcoal has been used in the manufacture of gunpowder. Baskets 
are made of the twigs, and the leaves are given as cattle-fodder, the tree being 
often lopped for that purpose. According to Dalzell (Bombay Fl. Suppl. 82), 
the bark is used as a febrifuge ; it is, however, believed not to contain any salicine 
(Pharm. Ind. 213). 

S. pyrina, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 193, from Nepal, is very similar, only 
more hairy, and the capsules more elongated. 


2. S, acmophylla, Boiss. ; DC. Prodr. 195.—Vern. Bed, Afg. ; Bada, 
bisu, Pb. Himalaya. . 


464 | LXXI. SALICINEA, [ Salix. 


A moderate-sized glabrous tree; branchlets often pendulous. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, entire, wholly glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, 2-3 in. 
long. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on leaf-bearing peduncles ; scales 
pale, with long silky hairs, those of female catkins deciduous ; male catkins 
compact, cylindric, erect or slightly nodding, 1-2 in. long, scales and base 
of filaments with long silky hairs; stamens 4-6 ; anthers short, elliptic, or 
nearly circular. Female catkins nodding, 1 in. long, capsules on short 
pedicels, ovoid-conical, glabrous, style short, with 2 spreading entir 
stigmas. . 


Afghanistan, Sindh, N.W. Himalaya (Indus to Bias), and near Delhi. Often 
cultivated. Persia and Syria. Fl. Feb., March. A handsome tree with a 
straight trunk 6-7 ft. girth, often much larger, branches lax, forming a rounded 
crown, the branchlets often pendulous. About Quetta the tree is much lopped 
for cattle-fodder. : 

Andersson refers to this 8. glaucophylla and dealbata, two species previously 
established by him upon specimens collected in North-West India by Jacque- 
mont. Some specimens, however, which evidently belong to this species, in Herb. 
Kew. were referred by him to S. octandra, Sieber, which is identified with S. 
Safsaf in his Monographia Salicum, 1863, p. 10, and in the Prodromus, p. 196. 
Aitchison (Cat. 140) calls the tree S. octandra, Del., and Stewart referred it to 
S. Safsaf, Forsk. This, however, is a different tree, with serrulate leaves, 8- 
androus flowers and subglobose capsules on long slender pedicels, common in 
Nubia, Abyssinia, and Egypt. Geographically, and as regards characters, S. 
acmophylla appears to be intermediate between S. tetrasperma and Safsaf. 


There is another willow in Afghanistan, apparently intermediate between 5S. 
Safsaf and S. aemophylla, with serrulate leaves, wholly glabrous, glaucous be- 
neath, lateral nerves numerous, distinct, small erect male catkins, stamens 3-8, 
and large ovoid capsules on long slender pedicels. A low shrub with loiip red 
branches, in river-beds near Topchi, with Berberis, Tamarix, Rosa, Hippophaé, 
in other places a middle-sized tree with pendulous branches (Griffith), 

S. egyptiaca, L., is, according to Andersson in DC. Prodr, 196, an uncertain 
species. Dalzell (Suppl. to Bombay Fl. 81) quotes it as growing on the road from 
Poona to Kandalla, and describes it with very narrow, almost linear leaves, 
branches not drooping, and the flowers like those of S. tetrasperma. 


S. triandra, l.; Hook. Stud, Fl. 336—Syn. 8. amygdalina, L. ; Reichenh. 
Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 604, is a large glabrous shrub or moderate-sized tree. Leaves 
wholly glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, with glandular teeth, stipules semi- 
cordate, flowers with the leaves ; catkins on leaf-bearing peduncles. Male cat- 
kins slender, slightly drooping ; the flowers triandrous, lax ; dise of 2 glands. 
Capsules glabrous, pedicellate, stigma subsessile. Common in Osier-beds, yields 
excellent material for basket-work. Bark of old trees exfoliating in thin flakes. 
Throughout Europe, north to Lapland. Caucasus and Siberia. 

S. pentandra, .; Hook. Stud. Fl. 336; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 612, is a 
glabrous shrub or large tree. Leaves wholly glabrous, viscid when young, 
shining, subcoriaceous when full-grown, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely 
dentate ; teeth often glandular. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on long leaf- 
bearing peduncles. Male catkins compact, cylindric, drooping, the flowers 4-12- 
generally 5-androus, close together. Capsules glabrous, pedicellate ; stigma sub- 
sessile. Disc of 2 glands in both male and female flowers. Throughout Europe 
(north to Lapland), North Asia. 

The bark of the two last-named, as well as that of several other species—e.g., 


- Salix. | LXXI. SALICINE. 4.65 


S. daphnoides and purpurea—is bitter, and contains a crystalline principle called 
Salicine, which has been used in Europe, with doubtful success, as an antiperi- 
odic and tonic. The bark of some kinds contains as much as 3-4 per cent of this 
substance. 


3. S. babylonica, Linn.—Tab,. LIX.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 212.—Syn. 
S. pendula, Moench; C. Koch, Dendrologie, ii. 507. Weeping Willow. 
Vern. Bisa, bada, bed, katira, majniin, Pb. ; Giur, Kashmir. 


A large tree with drooping branches, glabrous shining branchlets, and 
thin cylindric acute buds. Leaves glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, 
petiole sometimes hairy and the youngest leaves occasionally with a few 
adpressed hairs, linear-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, generally not more than 
4 in. wide, finely serrulate, midrib whitish, prominent, lateral nerves 
numerous but not conspicuous ; stipules falcate, serrate. Flowers appear- 
ing with the leaves; catkins on peduncles with afew small leaves. Male 
catkins short, cylindric, slender, curved, 4-1 in. long, of a straw-yellow 
colour ; scales lanceolate, pale, hairy as well as rachis; stamens 2 free, 
anthers short, elliptic. Female catkins drooping, 1 in. long ; scales lan- 
ceolate, pale ; capsules sessile, conical, glabrous or slightly pubescent at 
the base ; stigmas 2, sessile. 


Cultivated in Afghanistan. Commonly planted in the plains of North-West 
India, westward more common ; also in the Himalaya (to 9000 ft. on the 
Jhelam), Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim (to 7000 ft.), Bhutan (to 8000 ft.) In North 
India the male tree is much more common than the female tree. Wild, accord- 
ing to Dr Stewart, in places on the eastern flanks of the Suliman range, and 
“apparently indigenous,” according to Aitchison (Cat. 140),in one locality near 
Hushiarpur. 

Cultivated in South and Central Europe (Britain, Denmark, but not in 
Northern Scandinavia and Russia), and in most subtropical countries. Pos- 
sibly wild in North China, Persia, and Kurdistan (the specimens collected by 
Kotschy are in leaf only). Introduced into Europe, the female tree only, 
and propagated by cuttings, in the seventeenth century, possibly earlier ; repre- 
sented by Benvenuto Cellini on a basin at Florence, executed in the sixteenth 
century. (Extracts from Targioni-Tozetti, historical notes on the introduction 
of various plants into Tuscany, in Journ. Hort. Soc. of London, ix. 1855, 177.) 
Not mentioned by classical writers. The Garab of the 137th Psalm, which Lin- 
neeus considered the Weeping Willow, and called S. babylonica, was, as pointed 
out by C. Koch 1. ¢, 507, probably not a Willow, but Populus ewphratica. In 
the Panjab it is leafless during the cold season, and the new foliage appears in 
Feb., March. Fl. Feb.-May. Attains 50 ft. with a straight erect trunk, 6-7 ft., 
at times 10-12 ft. girth, branches numerous large spreading, forming an elegant 
oval crown, the branchlets always drooping, sometimes nearly reaching the ground 
exactly as the Weeping Willow cultivated in Europe. Bark 3-4 in. thick, grey, 
yellowish-grey or brownish, cleft into narrow smooth shining plates by wide, 
shallow, rough furrows and short straight transverse cracks, Wood close- and 
even-grained, takes polish. The chief use of the tree is that the branches are 
made into baskets, wattles, and are used for weirs and the protection of canal- 
banks. It is propagated by cuttings, and grows rapidly if sufficiently supplied 
with water. Dr Stewart. records 4-5 rings per in, and a girth of 4 ft..as the 
average of 6 trees, 10 years planted out. 

Andersson classes S. japonica, Thunb, Fl. Jap. 24, with longer cylindrical 


26 


466 LXXL SALICINEA. [ Sali. 


male catkins and sharply-serrate leaves, as a variety of S. babylonica. OC. 
Koch 1. c. 506, keeps it distinct, and states that the branchlets are not pendulous. 
Keempfer describes the tree with hanging branches. The Weeping Willow of 
Europe is probably nothing but the pendulous variety of a Willow with erect 
branches, analogous to the Weeping Ash or the pyramidal Poplar, Oak, and 
Kikar, and having constantly been propagated from cuttings and not from seed, 
its characters have not varied. Regarding the character and mode of growth of 
the original wild forms of this species farther inquiries are needed. The names 
of S. tetrasperma (laila) and of babylonica (majntin) are supposed to relate to 
fhe eee Persian love-story, the subject of many poems (Stewart Pb. 
. 208). 


4. §. alba, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 337; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 
608.—Common Willow. Saule blane, Fr.; Weisse Weide, Germ. 


A large silky-pubescent tree with grey or whitish foliage. Leaves 
white beneath with adpressed silky hairs, narrow-lanceolate, denticulate ; 
stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on leaf- 
bearing peduncles. Male catkins compact, cylindric, drooping ; stamens 2 
rarely more, scales yellow or brown, oblong, ciliate. Female catkins lax, 
scales yellow, ciliate. Capsules pubescent, subsessile ; style short, bifid, 
each branch bearing a bifid stigma. 


Cultivated in Ladak, Kashmir, to 6000 ft. (Thomson Western Himalaya, 180). 
Western Asia, Siberia, North Africa. Europe (introduced from Asia, according 
to Andersson). Fl. April. Attains 70-80 ft., but is commonly cultivated in 
Europe as a pollard tree along streams and on moist meadows or pastures. A 
variety with yellow or reddish branchlets (vitellina) is common in Osier beds. 
The wood of this, as of most Willows, is white near the circumference, yellow or 
brown towards the centre, the medullary rays are fine and numerous, the pores 
are very numerous, fine and uniformly distributed. The annual rings are dis- 
tinctly marked by a dark line. It is soft, and weighs 26-33 lb. 


S. fragilis, L. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 336; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 609—T'he 
Crack- or Redwood Willow, is a fast-growing moderate-sized bushy tree, extremi- 
ties silky-pubescent, branchlets divergent, forming nearly a right angle with the 
branches, and easily broken off at the junction (whence the name). Leaves 
glabrous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, crenate or serrate. Flowers after the 
leaves, catkins generally lax, on leafy peduncles, scales long, pale-yellow, ob- 
long-lanceolate, obtuse ciliate. Male catkins cylindric, drooping, stamens 2, 
free, sometimes 3-4. Capsules glabrous, short-pedicellate, narrowed into a short 
bifid style, each branch bearing a bifid stigma. Europe (often cultivated), 
Siberia, Asia Minor, Aleppo, Caucasus. One (male) specimen from Lahoul 
(Rev. H. Jeschke). Cultivated in Ladak with S. alba (Thomson 1, ¢. 180). 
Wood (in Europe) yellowish red, supposed to be more durable than that of 
other Willows. 

S. Russelliana, Sm., the Bedford Willow, is a variety of S. fragilis ; by some. 
it is considered a hybrid between S. fragilis and alba. 


5. S$. elegans, Wall. ; DQ. Prodr. xvi. ii. 256.—Syn. S. Kumaonensis, 
Lindl. SS. denticulata, And.; Reise Prinz. Wald. t. 89. The following 
names, given in Pb. Pl. 208, partly relate to this species: Beis, bitsu, bed, 
bida, beli, yir, Chenab; Bada, Ravi; Bashal, Sutle)j. 


Saliz.] LXXI. SALICINEZ. 467 


A shrub or small tree, branches glabrous, dark brown or black, the 
current year’s branchlets, petioles, and upper side of midrib often pubes- 
cent with short hairs. Leaves elliptic- or obovate-oblong, wholly glabrous 
except midrib on the upper side, glaucous beneath, 2 in. long, when young 
membranous, afterwards hard, subcoriaceous, lateral nerves indistinct, 
numerous, joined by prominent reticulate veins. Flowers after the leaves ; 
catkins slender, on pubescent leaf-bearing peduncles, scales yellow or dark 
brown. Male catkins compact, 14 in. long; stamens 2, distinct, anthers 
short-elliptic. Female catkins 3-5 in, long, drooping, scales minute, slightly 
pubescent; capsules glabrous on short pedicels; styles short, stigmas 
spreading. 


Common in the North-West Himalaya, particularly in the outer ranges from 
6000 to 10,000 ft. Lahoul, Sdiling forest Kunawar, Niti Pass at 11,500 ft. Also 
in Nepal. Known as far north as Marri, Fl. March, April. 


6. S. hastata, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. 11. 2577 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 
tab. 570. | 


A small shrub, young shoots with long soft deciduous silky hairs, 
branches glabrous, dark brown or black. Leaves membranous, glabrous 
when full-grown, or with long soft hairs along midrib and nerves beneath, 
green on both sides, but somewhat paler beneath, elliptic, dentate, 1-3 in. 
long, #-2 in. broad ; stipules large, broad-ovate or semicordate. Flowers 
with the leaves ; catkins subsessile, supported by a few small leaves, scales 
small, brown or black, but generally entirely concealed by long white 
silky hairs. Male catkins cylindric, compact; stamens 2, free, anthers 
yellow, oblong, protruding with the shining filaments from the dense 
mass of long silky hairs. Female catkins somewhat lax, 2-6 in. long; 
capsules glabrous, often }in. long, on short pedicels, terminating in a long 
filiform style with 2 spreading stigmas. 


Inner arid Himalaya and Western Tibet, between 9000 and 15,000 ft. Baltal 
at the head of the Sind valley in Kashmir, head of the Butna valley below the 
Bardar Pass in Kishtwar, Dras, Lahoul, and the Werang Pass in Kunawar, are 
the outermost points where this Alpine Willow has yet beenfound. Alps and 
mountains of Central Europe, also in Sweden and Denmark. Fl. June-Aug. 


This species is nearly allied to two Alpine European Willows which are also 
found in the mountains of Scandinavia, England, and Scotland—S. nigricans, 
Sm., and S. phylicifolia, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 338, 339. They flower before 
the leaves, the scales are less hairy, the capsule is pubescent, longer pedicellate 
and terminating in a long filiform bifid style, with bifid stigmas. S. nigricans 
has ovate-oblong reticulate pubescent and often rugose leaves. S. phyluczfolia 
has glabrous leaves, shining above, glaucous beneath, generally elliptic-lanceo- 
late. Both are shrubs, but often attain the stature of small trees. 


7. S. Caprea, Linn. —Tab. LX.—Hook. Stud. Fl. 337 ; Reichenb. Ic. 
Fl. Germ. t. 577.—Sallow. Saule Marceau, Fr.; Sahlweide,Germ. Vern. 
Bed mushk (scented willow), Pb. 


A large shrub or small tree. Leaves elliptic or obovate, crenate, glab- 


468 LXXI. SALICINEA. [ Salix. 


rous above, grey-tomentose beneath, more or less rugose; main lateral 
nerves prominent, 8-12 on either side of midrib, with shorter intermediate 
ones between ; stipules large, semi-reniform. Flowers appearing before 
the leaves ; catkins densely silky, subsessile, supported at their base by a 
few foliaceous bracts. Male catkins ovoid-oblong, thick, about 1 in. long, 
erect, sweet-scented, scales dark-coloured ; stamens 2 ; anthers elliptic- 
oblong. Female catkins cylindric, 2-3 in. long, nodding; scales black 
above the middle; capsules downy grey, } in. long, cylindric from an 
ovoid base, on short pedicels; stigmas 2, erect, subsessile. 


Cultivated at Peshawar, Lahore, Ludiana, and elsewhere in the Panjab, also 
in Rohilkhand. Wild throughout Europe (Lapland), in North Asia, on the 
Caucasus, in Asia Minor and Persia. Said to have been introduced in the 
Panjab from Kashmir by Hari Chand, soon after he conquered that country 
for Ranjit Singh, but has not been found wild there. Dr Stewart thought that 
it had been introduced into India by the Moguls. The leaves are shed about 
the end of December, and the tree is leafless until March. The flowers appear 
in Feb. while the tree is bare ; they are collected and a scented water is dis- 
tilled from them, which is mixed with sherbet and is a favourite drink of wealthy 
Musalmans in North India. 

As grown in India, it is a small tree 25-30 ft. high, with short erect trunk 3 ft. 
girth. The Willow-gardens at Lahore, several acres in extent, are on low alluvial 
moist land near the Ravi, and consist entirely of male trees. The tree is raised 
from cuttings ; they are irrigated occasionally, and are never pollarded. Bark 
dark grey or yellowish-brown, cut into irregular smooth plates by longitudinal, 
branching black furrows, with cracked wrinkled edges, and short cross-cracks. 

In Europe the Sallow occurs generally as a large shrub, as underwood, and in 
coppice-woods ; often a useless companion of more valuable woods in young 
thickets, plantations, or coppice-woods, and generally thinned out whenever 
possible. In Kent there were formerly large extents of coppice of this willow, 
for the production of hop-poles, but they have mostly given way to the more 
hee Ash and Sweet Chestnut. In England it flowers about the end of 
March or the beginning of April, and the flowering branches of the male tree 
are used instead of palms in Roman Catholic churches on Palm Sunday. The 
bark of this and of several other Willows contains tannin, and is used for the 
manufacture of leather in Scotland and the north of Scandinavia. In Europe 
the wood is reddish near the centre ; it is somewhat heavier than that of most 
other European species. Nérdlinger gives 27-39, and Mathieu mentions a piece 
from Corsica of 46 lb, 


8. §. Wallichiana, And.Tab. LXI.—-DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 223.—Vern. 
Bwir, Pb. ; Bhains, bhangli, katguli, N.W.P. 


A shrub or small tree, youngest shoots and under side of leaves glossy 
with grey silky pubescence. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, 
not rugose, entire, 2-3 in. long; lateral nerves numerous, not very con- 
spicuous. Flowers appearing before the leaves; catkins densely silky, sub- 
sessile, supported at their base by a few foliaceous bracts; scales black. 
Male catkins erect, cylindric, 1-14 in. long; stamens 2, anthers elliptic- 
oblong. Female catkins cylindric, 3-4 in. long, drooping, scales black ; 
capsules downy, grey, slender, } in. long, short-pedicellate ; stigmas 2, 
erect, subsessile. Distinguished from 8. Caprea by the shape and silky 


Salix. | | LXXI. SALICINEZ. 469 


tomentum of the smooth leaves and the long female catkins with slender 
capsules. 

Afghanistan, Kashmir valley, common, also cultivated. Inthe plains near the 
Chenab. Mahassu near Simla (7000-8000 ft.) Kamaon (2500-9000 ft.) Nepal 
and Bhutan. Fl. March, April. Baskets are made of the branches, and twigs 
are used as tooth-sticks, : 


9. S. daphnoides, Vill. Tab. LXII.—-DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 261 ; Hook. 
Stud. Fl. 340.—Syn. S. pomeranica, Willd., and pruinosa, Wendl. ; 
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 602, 603. Vern. Bed, bidai, betsu, beli, bushan, 
bashal, mudanu, shun, thail, Pb.; Yur, Kashmir; Changma, chamma, 
malchang, kalchang, West Tibet. 


A tall shrub, sometimes a large tree, with glabrous shining yellowish 
reddish-brown or nearly black branches, often covered with grey or glau- 
cous bloom, easily rubbed off ; youngest shoots slightly pubescent ; buds 
large, ovoid-lanceolate, downy: Leaves 3-5 in. long, linear- or elliptic- 
lanceolate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, serrate ; lateral nerves numerous, 
prominent. Flowers appearing before the leaves; catkins densely silky, 
sessile, scales fringed with long silky hairs, the upper half black. Male 
catkins erect, cylindric, 1-14 in. long; stamens 2, anthers oblong, yellow. 
Female catkins cylindric, 2-4 in. long, nodding ; capsules glabrous, sub- 
sessile, style long slender, stigmas 2, divergent, entire. ‘The stipules of 
the Indian and North Asiatic form (S. acutifolia, Willd.) are lanceolate, 
of the European form they are semicordate. The leaves in the inner arid 
Himalaya are linear-lanceolate, in the outer ranges they are broader, ellip- 
tic-lanceolate. There is a variety with velvety branches and leaves. 


Common in the inner arid Himalaya, ascending to 15,000 ft. Indus valley 
near Iskardo (7000 ft.), Ladak, Lahoul, Dras, Shayok, Nubra, Piti, Kunawar. 
Frequently cultivated (to 14,000 ft. in Ladak). Outer ranges, descending to 2300 
ft. (Stewart), Kashmir (Stewart), Mahassu ridge near Simla 8000 ft. (T. Thom- 
son), Deoban range (D.B.), Kamaon, Betali Pass at 8700 ft. (Strachey & Winter- 
bottom). Alps and mountains of Central Europe, descending into the plains 
along the Rhine and other rivers; coasts of the Baltic; Russia, Siberia, 
Amur. Introduced to England in 1820, and run wild in Yorkshire. Planted 
largely, within the last 20 years, in North Germany, to fix the ground on 
railway embankments and cuttings, and on dry sandhills, for which its strong, 
long-spreading roots render it particularly suitable. Fl. March, April, later at 
high elevations. 

Attains 60 ft. with a straight erect trunk, 6-7 and at times 9-12 ft. girth, 
branchlets at times pendulous. In Ladak at 15,000 ft. it is a small tree 15 ft. 
high and 3 ft. girth. Round gall-like knots are not uncommon on the branches, 
Bark usually light grey, in old trees and at great elevations often nearly black 
and rough with furrows. This species (according to Stewart) is much grown in 
Lahoul between 8500 and 11,000 ft., from cuttings 9-12 in. long, generally near 
water ; it thrives best in light soil, where it sends down long roots. Three trees 
are usually planted together, and they are often bound round with cloth or 
branches to protect them against cattle. The twigs are used for baskets and 
wattles in the N.W. Himalaya. In Ladak the houses are built of willow wattle 
and daub. ‘Twig bridges of willow branches are found in Piti, Zanskar, and 
Ladak. The wood of this and of the other species cultivated in the arid forest- 
less inner valleys is used for building, pails, tubs, and tools. But the principal 


470 LXXI. SALICINEA. [ Salix. 


use of this and other willows in those tracts is to furnish cattle-fodder. The 
trees are pollarded every 3d or 4th year, at higher elevations every 5th year. 
This is done in spring, before the new leaves appear, the smaller twigs are given 
unstripped with the bark of the larger branches, the wood of these being used 
as fuel. In Lahoul the leaves of willows, like the leaves of most available trees, 
are used as litter for cattle. 


S. ensignis, Anders. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 262—Vern. Bitsu, Pb. ; Gir, Kash- 
mir,—is a large shrub or small tree, with many strong branches, with tomentose 
branchlets and semicordate stipules ; differs from S$. daphnoides by hairy cap- 
sules and glabrous, large, obtuse, black scales of the female catkins. Not com- 
mon. Kashmir (5000-8000 ft.), Piti (9000-12,000 ft.) 


10. 8. viminalis, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 340; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 
t. 597.—Osier, osier blanc, French ; Korbweide, German. Vern. Bitsu. 


A shrub or small tree, young shoots with dense grey silky pubescence. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, margin revolute, 4-5 in. long, pubescent or glab- 
rate above, densely clothed beneath with soft matted silky tomentum ; 
stipules lanceolate. Flowers before the leaves ;. scales of catkins brown or 
black at the apex, fringed with long silky hairs. Male catkins sessile, 
erect, cylindric, 1 in. long; stamens 2, anthers elliptic, yellow. Female 
catkins subsessile, cylindric, 2-4 in. long; capsules } in. long, grey-tomen- 
tose, subsessile, narrowed into a long slender style, longer than the diver- 
gent stigmas. SS. Smithiana, Willd., supposed to be a hybrid of S. vim- 
inalis and Caprea, has semicordate stipules, the leaves often broader, and 
style shorter than the stigmas. | 

Panjab, Himalaya, Jhelam and Chenab, 5000-9000 ft. Kashmir. Dras 
to 10,000 ft. Baspa valley, Kunawar at 9000 ft., Lahoul. S. Smethiana in - 
Sikkim 5000-8000 ft. Common throughout Europe, where it is the principal 
and most valuable willow of Osier-beds, on account of its long and tenacious 
branches, in Siberia, Songaria, and on the Amur. Fl. March, April. 


S. incana, Schrank ; Reichenb. Ic. t. 596, has the foliage of viminalis, but the 
catkins are (not at first) pedunculate, the scales and capsules are glabrous. The 
stamens are more or less connate at the base. South Europe, Asia Minor. 


11. 8. pyenostachya, And.; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 309.—Vern. Chang- 
ma, West Tibet. 


A shrub or a small tree, young shoots silky-pubescent ; branchlets vio- 
let, brown red or blackish, smooth, shining. Leaves glabrous when full- 
grown, lanceolate, entire or serrulate, 2-3 in. long, midrib prominent, 
lateral nerves numerous, oblique, not conspicuous. Flowers after the 
leaves, scales fringed with long soft hairs. Male catkins cylindric, nod- 
ding, on leaf-bearing peduncles ; scales brown, oblong, obtuse ; stamens 2, 
filaments connate to the apex or nearly so. Female catkins cylindric, 
compact, nodding, 2 in. long; scales black at the top, capsules sessile, 
silky (glabrous, Andersson); style short, thicker at the top, stigmas 2, 
broad, bifid. 


At high elevations in the inner arid Himalaya, not common. Zanskar 


Saliz. | LXXI. SALICINE. 471 


(12,000-14,000 ft.) Ladak, ascending to 15,000 ft., often found dying at the 
higher elevations. Cultivated at 13,000 ft. in Ladak. Fl. May, June. The 
leaves turn red in Sept., before falling. Generally a shrub 6-7 ft. high, growing 
in clumps in dry stream-beds, at times a small tree 16 ft. high, with a trunk 
2 on git, and divaricate branches. Red and brown galls occur on petioles 
and midrib. 


S. oxycarpa, And. ; DC. Prodr. 310, is a monadelphous willow closely allied 
to the preceding sp., and only differing by the fl. appearing with or a little before 
the leaves ; larger, more pubescent, serrate leaves; black scales of male and 
brown of female catkins, catkins longer and less compact, the female attaining 
4 in. Kashmir and Kishtwar 6000-11,000 ft. Fl. June. S. Ledebouriana, 
Trautvetter ; DC. Prodr. 308, of the Baikal and Altai mountains, in Songaria ; 
Elbrus in North Persia, is similar to S. pyenostachya. S. purpurea, Linn. 
Hook. Stud. Fl. 342—Syn. S. Helix, Linn. Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ., tab. 582- 
585, is a glabrous shrub, with lanceolate serrate, often opposite leaves, fl. before 
the leaves, scales dark coloured silky, stamens monadelphous, anthers red be- 
fore bursting, afterwards black, capsules short, ovoid, obtuse, sessile, stigmas 
subsessile, ovate. Common in Osier-beds of England, France, and Germany. 
Europe, North Asia, Persia, and Asia Minor. Mixed with this sp. and S. vem- 
inalis is often found an intermediate form, believed to be a hybrid between the 
two: S. rubra, Hudson; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 586, with leaves soft- 
pubescent beneath, margin revolute, stigmas linear on a shorter or longer filiform 
style. 


12. S, angustifolia, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 315. 


A low shrub, with long virgate, glabrous branches ; young shoots silky- 
pubescent. Leaves narrow-linear, 4 in. broad, subsessile, 1-2 in. long, 
midrib prominent. Flowers after the leaves in subsessile cylindric catkins, 
- with a few leaves at their base ; scales yellow, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. 
Stamens 2, filaments connate, bearing two 2-celled anthers. Capsules 
sessile, grey with silky adpressed hairs, narrowed into a short style bear- 
ing two 2-cleft stigmas. 


Inner arid Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. Iskardo, Shayok and Nubra valley 
(also cultivated), Zanskar, Afghanistan. North Persia, Songaria, Caucasus, Ural. 
Fl. May. 


Several species of Willow form small procumbent shrubs on the higher ranges 
of the N.W. Himalaya ; the more common are: 1°. S. flabellaris, Anders, ; 
Reise Prinz. Waldemar, t. 90, with obovate acute crenate leaves, blade #-1 in., 
petiole ¢ in. long, scales oblong, as long as capsules ; Dras, Lahoul, Kunawar, 
11,000 to 15,000 ft. 2°. S. Lendleyana, Wall.; DC. Prodr. 296, with small lan- 
ceolate or elliptic-lanceolate leaves, scales ovate, shorter than capsules. Kamaon 
(11,000-14,000 ft.), Nepal, Sikkim (at 16,000 ft.) Both are wholly glabrous, the 
catkins appear after the leaves on leafy peduncles, the male fl. are diandrous, the 
capsules glabrous, and the styles short. They are nearly allied to S. retusa, L. ; 
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. tab. 558, which inhabits the Pyrenees and the Alps of 
Switzerland and Austria, and they are somewhat similar to S. Myrsinites, Linn. 
Hook. Stud. Fl. 341; Reichenb. t. 559, which, however, has longer cylindric 
catkins, hairy capsules and reticulate leaves, . 


472 LXXI. SALICINEA, [ Populus. 


2. POPULUS, Tournef. 


~ Leaves broad, rarely lanceolate or linear ; petioles generally exceeding 
one-fourth the length of leaf, the leaves of shoots and suckers often differ- 
ently shaped. Scales of catkins caducous, obovate or rotundate, crenate 
lobed or cut. Disc flat or cup-shaped, often oblique, membranous or thick 
and slightly fleshy. Stamens 4-30, inserted on the disc, filaments gener- 
ally less than twice the length of anthers. Stigmas 2-4, often lobed. Cap- 
sule 2- 3- or 4-valved, with the valves spreading, each valve bearing a 
placenta along its median line. 


Capsule 2-valved. 
Buds viscid ; leaves and catkins glabrous . : : ; 1. P. nigra. 
Buds hairy ; leaves white-tomentose beneath, catkins hairy 2. P. alba. 

Capsule generally 3- or 4-valved, rarely 2-valved. 

Capsule pedicellate ; leaves of different shapes, some linear, 
others broad-ovate, cut and lobed : ‘ ; 

Capsule pedicellate ; leaves cordate, ciliate : 

Capsule subsessile, rugose ; leaves ovate, not ciliate 


. P. euphratica. 
. P. ciliata. 
. P. balsamifera. 


oe oO 


1. P. nigra, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 335; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 
619. Black Poplar.—Vern. Suféda, Pb. plains ; Frast, Kashmir ; Prost, 
farsh, makkal, Chenab; Kramali, biuns, do, Sutlej]; Yarpa, yulatt, kabul, 
Ladak. (Safédar is the Persian for Poplar.) 


A large glabrous tree with spreading, or (in N.W. India always) erect 
branches, forming a narrow cylindric crown (P. pyramidalis, Rozier— 
Syn. P. fastigiata, Desf, the Lombardy Poplar). Buds viscid. Leaves 
glabrous, subcoriaceous, broad-ovate rhomboid or almost triangular, nearly 
as broad as long, crenate and acuminate ; blade 2-4, petiole 1-24 in. long; 
3 basal nerves, midrib penniveined. Male catkins compact, red, glabrous, 
stamens 15-30. Female catkins glabrous, lax, drooping, dise shallow, in- 
distinctly dentate, pedicel shorter than cup ; stigmas 2, subsessile, broad, 
obcordate. Fruiting catkins 4-6 in. long; capsules 2-valved (always ?) 
pedicels shorter than capsule. 


Planted in the N.W. Himalaya, particularly in Kashmir, and in the basins 
of the Jhelam, Chenab, and Sutlej rivers (Kunawar to Spui and Dabling), be- 
tween 3000 and 11,500 ft., in Ladak a$ high as 12,500 ft. Occasionally piaitel 
in the plains, at Lahore, Peshawar, Hushiarpur, and elsewhere. Nearly always 
the cupressiform or pyramidal variety. The tree is common in Afghanistan 
(wild, according to Griffith, at Shekkabad, near Kabul, at 7500 ft.) The 
spreading variety is wild in Europe (naturalised, not indigenous in England), 
and throughout North and West Asia. C. Koch (Dendrologie, ii. 489) states that 
in Hungary, South Russia, and Asia Minor, the tree has more erect branches, 
forming an elongated crown, similar to that of the Lombardy Poplar. The latter 
has long been cultivated in Italy ; it is not, however, mentioned by classical 
writers, and must have been brought from Asia by the Arabs, or at a later period. 
From Italy it was introduced into France in 1749 (Mathieu), and into England 
in 1758 (Loudon). Like the Weeping Willow, it has maintained its peculiar 
characters unaltered, having always been propagated from cuttings. Most of 
the Lombardy Poplars in Europe are male ; the female tree of it is known, but 


Populus. | LXXI. SALICINEA. 473 


scarce. In India the tree does not often flower, but specimens in young fruit 
(collected in Kashmir by T. Thomson) are in Herb. Kew. The tree is leafless 
in winter, and the leaves turn yellow before being shed. The pyramidal Poplar 
in N.W. India has the same shape, and attains the same size (90 ft. high, 6-8, some- 
times 10-12 ft. girth) as the Lombardy Poplar in Europe ; it is generally planted 
as an avenue-tree—a very fine specimen of a poplar avenue is the one near Siri- 
nagar in Kashmir, about a mile long, perfectly straight, lining a road which 
runs east and west across the fine grassy plain towards the Takhti Suliman. Dr 

_ Stewart estimated the number of trees at 1700; they are 90-105 ft. high and 6-7 
ft. girth, many of the trees with dry branches at the top. In Ladak the trees 
do not exceed 50-60 ft. 

The Lombardy Poplar, when old, has a furrowed and often twisted trunk ; 
the bark is grey, rough with numerous vertical cracks and fissures. The wood 
is whitish brown, near centre very soft and light, even-grained ; its structure is 
similar to that of P. alba. ‘The weight of the Lombardy Poplar wood is between 
24.9 and 27.4 lb., that of the round-headed black Poplar 24.3 to 32.4 1b. per 
cub. ft. (Nordlinger). In Afghanistan it is, like the white Poplar, used for grape- 
boxes. In Europe the wood of the black Poplar is used for planking, packing- 
cases, wooden shoes, and (in Italy) for window-blinds. Paper is also made of 
it. The wood of the Lombardy Poplar, which is often knotty, is (in France) 
sometimes used for veneering. The black Poplar pollards well. Both kinds 
are rapid growers ; the black Poplar attains 80 ft. and a diam. of 2 ft. in 50 
years ; they are always propagated from cuttings ; the black Poplar is useful to 
fix the soil on slopes too dry for the Willow. In India the tree is often lopped 
for cattle-fodder. 


2, P. alba, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 335 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 614. 

— White Poplar, Abele. Silber pappel, German ; Peuplier blanc, French. 
“Vern. Sperdor, spelda, Afg.; Chitta (white) bagnu, safedar, jangli frast, 
Sras, prist, rikkan, sannun, chanun, mal, Pb. 


A large tree, the current year’s branchlets, buds, petioles, and under 
side of leaves with dense white, soft, cottony tomentum. Leaves ovate, 
with obtuse sinuate lobes, those of luxuriant shoots deeply 3-5-lobed, 
blade 2-4, petiole 1-2 in. long, basal nerves 5, the midrib penniveined. 
Catkins hairy ; male flowers 4-10-androus. Female catkins : disc shallow, 
entire, stigmas apparently 4, really 2, each of 2 linear lobes. Pedicels 
longer than disc and shorter than ovary. Capsule short-pedicellate, 2- 
valved. 


Wild and cultivated in the N.W. Himalaya between 4000 and 10,000 ft., on 
the Jhelam, Chenab, and (planted only) in Kunawar above Miru and Poari, on the 
Shayok in Chorbat as high up as Turtuk (9200 ft.) Planted in the Peshawar val- 
ley, the trans-Indus territory, in the Panjab plains (not common), and in Sindh. 
Wild and planted in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, North Persia, Caucasus, Siberia, 
Songaria, Europe, North Africa. Flowers in early spring, before the leaves ; these 
come out in March (in the plains). In India a moderate-sized tree, 30-40 ft. high, 
girth 6, rarely 8 ft. In Europe often attains 100 ft., with a tall straight stem 50- 
60 ft. long, anda diam. of 6-10 ft. Bark 4-2 in. thick, light- or yellowish-grey, 
smooth when young, getting darker and rough when old. Wood white, with a 
reddish tinge, brown near the centre, soft and light, but even-grained. Not much 
valued in India. In Afghanistan the shallow round boxes in which grapes are 
packed for export to India are made of the wood of this species and of P. nigra. 
The wood has numerous very fine medullary rays, and numerous small pores 


474 LXXI. SALICINEA, [ Populus. 


uniform in size and uniformly distributed, annual rings fairly distinct. Weight 
25-35 lb. (Nérdlinger). In Europe the wood is much in request for acking-cases, 
the bottom planks of carts and waggons, for turning, and toys. In India it is 
generally raised from cuttings, often of large size. The growth is rapid ; the 
tree (in Europe) attains a diameter of 2-3 ft. in 50 years (according to Mathieu, 
a diam. of 2 metres in 40 years). Like most Poplars, it sends up abundant root- 
suckers. The Indian tree does not often flower, specimens in fruit, collected in 
W. Tibet by T. Thomson, are in Herb. Kew. Dr Stewart states that he never 
saw a tree in flower or fruit. 


P. canescens, Sm., the Grey Poplar of Europe, leaves hoary, and afterwards 
glabrous beneath, is by Hooker classed as a sub-species under P. alba. The 
wood takes a good polish. 

P. tremula, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 335; Reichenb., Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 618— 
the Aspen—Tremble, French; Aspe, Zitter pappel, German; belongs to the same 
group as P. alba, with 2-valved capsule and pubescent buds. The leaves are 
pubescent when young, almost orbicular, on long slender pedicels, dentate with 
large obtuse teeth, the leaves of shoots and suckers are different, larger and 
short-petiolate, Europe, North and West Asia, Africa, A moderate-sized, some- 
times a large tree, spreads widely by means of root-suckers, and is often very 
inconvenient in coppice-woods and thickets of hardwood trees. The wood is 
white, and of late fies been much sought after for the manufacture of paper. 
Burckhardt, in his excellent work, “ Saen u. Pflanzen,” 451, states that in the ~ 
north-eastern Harz forests the price of this wood has increased sevenfold 
within a short time on that account. | 


3. P. euphratica, Olivier.—Tab. LXIII.—-DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 326.— 
Syn. P. diversifolia, Schrenk. Vern. Bahan, bhan, jangli benti, safedar, 
_Pb.; Bahn, Sindh.; Patki, Brahui ; Hodung, Ladak. 


A large glabrous tree, extremities sometimes hoary ; buds slightly pu- 
bescent, not viscid. Leaves coriaceous, most variable in shape, those of 
seedlings, young trees and luxuriant shoots, pollard- and coppice-shoots, 
linear, short-petiolate, 3-6 in. long, those of older trees and on branches 
with short internodes, generally broad-ovate rhomboid or cordate, blade 
2-3 in. long and equally broad, often broader than long ; petiole 1-2 in. 
long. The broader leaves have generally the upper half dentate, cut or 
lobed, they have also 3-5 basal nerves, and the midrib penniveined ; the 
narrow leaves are entire, without prominent lateral nerves. All kinds of 
intermediate forms are frequently seen on the same tree, and on the same 
branch the lower leaves are often broad, and the upper narrow, lanceolate. 
(In Tibet the leaves vary much less than in the plains of the Panjab.) 
Catkins lax, nodding. Male fi.: scales oblanceolate ; disc on long slender 
pedicels, flat, 8-cleft ; stamens 8-12, anthers oblong, quadrangular, longer 
than filaments. Female fl. pedicellate, dise membranous, caducous, 
tubular with 8-12 linear segments; stigmas 3, more or less irregularly 
crescent-shaped, narrowed into short styles. Capsule lanceolate, open- 
ing into 3, rarely 2 valves, 4-4 in. long; pedicel slender, shorter than 
capsule. 


Common in the forest belt of Sindh along the Indus, particularly in upper 
and middle Sindh, where its seedlings spring up in abundance, some time after 


Populus. | LXXI. SALICINEZ. 475 


the annual floods have receded, on the fresh alluvial deposits (Katchas) which 
are formed every year by the action of that river. There the Poplar forms 
standard trees over the underwood of Tamarisk (p. 22). Not uncommon in 
the valleys of the Suliman range to 3000 ft. on small feeders of the Indus, 
and also found in nooks and corners along the main river between Dehra 
Ismail Khan and Attok. Higher up the Indus and its feeders, it is known in 
Ladak, it is common in Nubra along the Shayok river, growing in pure sand 
(Thomson, West. Him. 191). Dr Stewart mentions a tract along the (Nubra ?) 
river at 10,500 ft. almost a mile long, covered by it, a plot of over a score of 
trees at 12,000 ft., and am occasional tree at 13,500 ft. The tree is also wild in 
the Southern Panjab (female more common than male trees), forming thickets 
along the lower course of the Sutlej river, about Multan and between the Sutlej 
and Indus. It has not been found, however, wild on any of the other Panjab 
rivers in. the Himalaya or along their upper course in the plains. It has been 
reported from Lahoul ; but Dr Stewart, who botanised over both branches of the 
Chenab in that district, the Chandra and Bagha, to the upper limit of trees, 
never found it, nor was it reported by the Rev. H. Jeschke. It is commonly 
lanted in gardens and on roadsides in the plains of the Panjab, and thrives well. 
he tree is indigenous in Afghanistan (abundant near Kandahar), in Songaria, 
on the Sir Daria in Turkestan (Fedtschenko), in Kurdistan, on the Euphrates 
and Tigris, between Shiraz and Aboushir in Persia, in Central Arabia, along the 
river Jordan in Palestine, and along ravines in the hills of Oran in Algeria 
(Bourgeau). On the banks of rivers, which form its principal habitat, the tree 
is often gregarious. It is nearly leafless from Jan. to March, and flowers in Feb., 
the seeds ripening between April and June. While in flower it is either leafless 
or with a few old leaves left. 
In the Sindh forests the tree attains 40-50 ft., and a girth of 5-8 ft.; the 


_ trunk is regularly shaped, but not very straight. In Ladak it is 20 ft. high, 


with a girth of 3-4 ft. Bark 4 in, thick, marked with irregular vertical furrows ; 
inner bark fibrous. Where the tree is subject to inundation, the lower part 
of the trunk often gets covered with short horn-like roots, similar to what is 
seen on Willows, and from the wood of the trunk short hard spine-like pro- 
cesses are often found projecting into the inner part of the bark, as in Ulmus 
(p. 434). The wood is harder and more compact than that of the preceding 
species ; the outer wood is whitish, the inner reddish with dark-brown veins, 
nearly black in old trees. The medullary rays are fine, numerous, the pores 
are much larger than in nigra and alba, they are uniformly distributed, solitary 
or in groups of 2-5. In the South Panjab the wood is only used for the lining 
of walls, but in Sindh it is employed largely for beams, rafters, panelling, and 
turnery. Most of the lacquered Sindh boxes are made of this wood. On the 
Euphrates and Tigris it is also used for planking and boat-building. It is em- 
ployed as fuel for domestic use in Sindh and the South Panjab. The heating 
powers are not great, and it is therefore not much used for the river steamers ; 
but in Ladak, where fuel is very scarce, it is much prized. The leaves fur- 
nish fodder for goats and cattle, and the tree is lopped occasionally for that pur- 
pose both in the plains and in Tibet. Gunbmintek is made of the inner bark in 
Sindh, and the bark is given as a vermifuge. The tree grows rapidly (3-4 rings 
per in. of radius), the annual rings are often unequal in width ; it throws out 
numerous root-suckers, and becomes troublesome in gardens. It coppices vig- 
orously ; in Sindh coppice-shoots are often used for rafters, and it bears pollard- 
ing for a long time. 


4. P, ciliata, Wall. ; Royle Ill. t. 842, Vern. Sufeda, bagnu, phalja, 
phlassu, falrs, phalsh, ban phrastu, dud phras, asan, suali, rikkan, saki, 
pabe, chanun, krammal, Pb. 


476 LXXI. SALICINEA. [ Populus. 


A large tree, with lanceolate, viscid, resinous buds, the yellow resinous 
gum sometimes secreted in masses; young shoots slightly pubescent. 
Leaves pale and pubescent along nerves beneath, cordate, acuminate, 
dentate, with obtuse, glandular, ciliate teeth, otherwise glabrous, blade 
3-7, petiole 2-5 in. long; basal nerves 3, the midrib prominent, penni- 
veined. Female catkins drooping, compact while in flower, lax in fruit. 
Disc large, enclosing more than half the ovary, dentate with rounded 
obtuse teeth, pedicel shorter than disc, but lengthening out in fruit. 
Stigmas 3-4, large, obcordate, subsessile. Fruiting catkins 6-9 in. long, 
pendulous ; capsule ovoid, }-4 in. long, 3-4-valved, each valve bearing a 
placenta on a black median line ; hairs of seeds as long as capsule ; pedi- 
cels as long as capsule. 


Himalaya, at 4000-10,000 ft. from the Indus to Bhutan in mixed forests, most 
common north-west of the Jumna. In Kunawar, Rarang is its upper limit ; it 
is not uncommon near Chini and Pangi, but there is no proof of its having 
been found in the inner arid tract either on the Sutlej or on the Indus. It has 
not been found trans-Indus, but Dr Stewart thought that it would probably be 
found higher up on the Suliman range than where he had been, and in his MSS. 
he entered Shadwa as the Pushtu name of the tree. The leaves are shed in 
October, and turn light yellow before falling ; the new leaves come out early in 
spring, with or soon after the flowers. Attains 60-70 ft., with a tall, erect 
straight trunk, 6-8, occasionally 10 ft. girth, often ridged and almost buttressed. 
Bark grey, smooth with vertical wrinkles. Galls, brittle, brown, subglobose, 
1 in. diam., are often found on young branches. The leaves somewhat resemble 
those of Ficus religiosa, and the tree is sometimes called pahari pipal, with 
the least breath of wind they make a continuous fluttering noise. The wood 
is soft, white ; water-troughs are made of it. The leaves are valued as fodder 
for goats. 


5. P. balsamifera, Linn.—Syn. P. suaveolens, Fisch., and laurifolia, 
Ledebour Fl. Ross, iii. 629. Vern. Phalsh, makkal, pakhshu, pakh but, 
kramal, Pb. Berfa, changma, yarpa, magkal, mahal, West Tibet. 


A large tree, with long, angled, flexuose, graceful branchlets and viscid 
resinous buds, youngest shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves often crowded 
at the ends of short lateral branchlets, subcoriaceous, glabrous, pale, often 
tawny beneath, ovate, acuminate, dentate, blade 2-5, petiole 1-3 in. long. 
Male catkins cylindric, drooping, rachis angular, slightly winged; dise 
pedicellate ; stamens 20-30, filaments slender, longer than anthers. Female 
catkins lax, drooping, 5-6 in. long when in fruit; rachis generally hairy. 
Dise cup-shaped, or turbinate, sinuate-dentate. Ovary rugose, often 
hairy ; stigmas 2-3, broad, 2-lobed. Capsule subsessile, girt at base by the 
glabrous yellow disc, 2-4-valved, each valve bearing a placenta on the 
inside along its median line. 


Commonly planted in the inner arid N.W. Himalaya. Lahoul (9000-10,800 
ft.), Kunawar (8000-9000 ft.), Piti (10,000-13,000 ft.), Zanskar, Ladak (to 14,000 
ft.) Wild on the Shayok in West Tibet, and throughout North Asia and 
North America (Tacahamac tree). Also in Afghanistan (Hyderkhet, on the 
Schneesh river, Stewart), Hardy in England. Fl. April-May; the fruit 
ripens in Aug. and Sept. Attains (in Tibet at moderate elevations) 60-70 


Populus. | LXXI. SALICINEA. ATT 


ft., and a girth of 6, sometimes 9 ft. Trunk not very tall, often gnarled when 
old, crown broad rounded, or more frequently long, oval, sometimes approx- 
imating to the cypress shape. Bark thick, furrowed and rough, dark grey. 
Galls are common on leaves and branches. Leaves and branchlets are full of 
balsamic juice, which stains paper ; balsam also exudes on a fresh cut between 
bark and wood. The trees are often lopped for cattle-fodder. A tincture pre- 
pared from the buds has been used medicinally in North America. 


Orper LXXII. CUPULIFER, 


Trees, rarely shrubs, with scaly buds and alternate simple leaves with 
deciduous stipules. Flowers monoicous. Male flowers in bracteate spikes, 
catkins or heads, rarely solitary. Perianth none, or consisting of 5 or more 
lobes or leaves. Stamens 5, or more, rarely fewer; anthers 2 - celled. 
Female fl. : 1 or several enclosed in an involucre of free or more or less 
connate bracts. Perianth adnate to ovary, limb minute, indistinct, or 
more or less regularly toothed. Ovary inferior, generally 2-3-, in a few 
cases more -celled ; styles as many as cells. Fruit indehiscent, generally 
1-seeded, more or less enclosed in the enlarged foliaceous or hardened in- 
volucre. Seed large, solitary, rarely 2 or 3; testa thin; albumen none ; 
cotyledons thick, fleshy, farinaceous or oily ; radicle short, superior. 


Male flowers in heads or in lax interrupted catkins or spikes ; 
perianth of 4-10 lobes or leaves ; anthers 2-celled, cells 
connate ; ovary 3-7-celled, 2 collateral ovules in each cell. 
(Order Cupuliferce of most authors.) 
Fruit a gland (acorn), solitary, 1-seeded, the lower part (rarely 
the entire acorn) included in a cup of imbricate scales 
or concentric belts ; : F ‘ . ‘ 1. QUERCUS. 
Fruit of 1-3 generally 1-seeded nuts, enclosed in a thick cori- 
aceous prickly involucre, opening irregularly : 
Male flowers in dense cylindrical drooping catkins; perianth 
none ; stamens inserted on the base or inside of a broad 
scale; anthers 1-celled, or 2-celled with distinct cells; ovary 
2-celled, one ovule in each cell. (Order Corylacec of most 
authors. ) 
Fruit small, 1-seeded, in the axil of large foliaceous bracts in 
drooping spikes . ; ‘ : . ; ‘ : 
Fruit a large 1-seeded nut, enclosed in a large cut and 
lobed, sometimes spinescent, sheathing involucre . ; 4, CoRYLUS. 


2. CASTANOPSIS. 


3. CARPINUS. 


1. QUERCUS, Linn. 


Deciduous or evergreen trees, with entire or serrate, coriaceous or sub- 
coriaceous leaves. Male flowers in drooping catkins or erect spikes. Peri- 
anth 3-8-lobed, stamens as many as lobes, or more numerous ; anthers hairy 
or glabrous, cells connate. (A rudimentary ovary in subg. Pasania.) Fe- 
male flowers in clusters or spikes, rarely solitary, each flower enclosed in 
an involucre of numerous bracts, which in fruit form a cup, and are either 
imbricate or connate into concentric belts. Limb of perianth minutely 
toothed. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; styles 3, stigmatose 
along the inner surface or at the apex only, often red. Fruit a gland 
(acorn), with a coriaceous pericarp, 1-seeded, the rudiments of the abortive 


478 LXXII. CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus. 


ovules at the base or the top of theseed. The cotyledons are thick fleshy, 
as a rule farinaceous, in a few cases oily (candles are made of the acorns 
of an oak in New Grenada). 


Of this large genus 281 sp. are described in De Candolle’s Prodromus. A. §. 
CErsted, in his introduction to “Liebmann, Chénes del’ Amérique tropicale,” 1868, 
proposes to divide it into 4 genera, with the following diagnostic characters, three 
of which contain species described below :— 


Styles stigmatose along the inner surface; male 
flowers in drooping catkins ; leaves generally 
serrate or lobed. 

Scales of cup imbricate 4 ; . 
Scales of cup in concentric belts. ; ‘ 

Styles stigmatose at the apex only; male flowers 
in erect spikes ; leaves entire. 

Scales of cup imbricate . j : , . 3. PasantA (18). 
Seales of cup in concentric belt . ; . 4, CYCLOBALANUS. 


1. Quercus (1-15). 
2. CYCLOBALANOPSIS (16,17). 


Under this arrangement the species of Quercus are American, European, and 
West Asiatic, whereas the species of the other genera are confined to Eastern 
Asia and the Indian Archipelago, with one exception, Pasania densiflora, (rst. 
of California. The following clavis includes (in brackets) the more important 
European and West Asiatic Oaks. 


Leaves serrate dentate lobed or pinnatifid ; male fl. in pen- 
dulous catkins, without rudimentary ovary. 
Cup with imbricate scales, adpressed or spreading (Quercus, 
(Ersted). 
Scales closely adpressed in the ripe fruit, more or less 
connate at base. 
Leaves persistent until winter, generally beyond the 
appearance of the new leaves; styles linear or 
linear-clavate. 
Full-grown leaves tomentose or pubescent beneath. 
Acorn globose, supported at the base by a flat or 
slightly concave cup; main lateral nerves 8- 
12 pair, bifurcating . S ; : . IL. Q. semecarpifolia. 
Acorn cylindrico-conical, the lower half or third 
part enclosed in a hemispherical cup. 
Main lateral nerves 6-12 pair, not prominent . 2. Q. Zlex, 
Main lateral nerves 10-20 pair, prominent. 
Leaves 4-8 in. long, rusty or tawny-tomentose 
beneath ; main lateral nerves 10-16 pair 3. Q. lanuginosa. 
Leaves 8-6 in. long, grey-tomentose beneath ; 
main lateral nerves 14-20 pair ‘ 
Full-grown leaves glabrous on both sides i . 
Leaves deciduous in autumn; styles short, thick, 
clavate, and often lobed. 
Leaves dentate, deeply lobed or pinnatifid; main 
lateral nerves 6-12 pair. 
Leaves glabrous, short-petiolate, with auriculate 
base; fruit pedunculate ? ; : ‘ 
Leaves pubescent beneath, narrowed into petiole ; 
fruit sessile . ; > : ° ; . (7. Q. sessiliflora.) 
Leaves velvety beneath, pubescent above; fruit 
short-pedunculate F , ‘ . . (8. Q. Toza.) 
Leaves dentate, main lateral nerves 10-14 pair . (9. Q. lusitanica.) 


Q. incana. 
Q. dilatata. 


ou 


(6. Q. pedunculata. ) 


Quercus. | LXXII, CUPULIFERZ. 479 


Scales free, spreading or reflexed in the ripe fruit ; styles 
linear, acute or subulate. 
Main lateral nerves 6-10 pair ; leaves dentate lobed 
or pinnatifid. 
Branchlets glabrous ; leaves deciduous in autumn 
(in some varieties later), pubescent beneath . (10. Q. Cerris.) 
Branchlets tomentose ; leaves deciduous in spring, 
tomentose beneath } : : 7 . (11. Q. Aegilops.) 
Main lateral nerves 6-10 pair; leaves persistent, den- 
tate, tomentose beneath. © 
Fruit on the current year’s shoots . ; . (12. Q. Suber.) 
Fruit on the previous year’s shoots. E . (13. Q. occidentalis.) 
Main lateral nerves 14-16 pair, each nerve terminat- 
ing in a long fine subulate serrature ; leaves 
deciduous j , : ; . : . 14 Q. serrata. 
Main lateral nerves indistinct; leaves persistent, 
’ glabrous when full-grown, with spinescent teeth (15. Q. coccifera.) 
Cup with concentric belts (Cyclobalanopsis, CErsted). 
Leaves pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long; main lat. 
nerves 10-14 pair ‘ ‘ ‘ : : . 16. Q. annulata. 
Leaves glabrous, white beneath, 6-12 in. long ; main 
lat. nerves 20-25 pair . ; : : 
Leaves entire ; male fl. in erect spikes ; stamens surrounding 
a rudimentary ovary (Pasania, Cirsted) : : . 18. Q. spicata. 


17. Q. lamellosa. 


According to A. De Candolle, the abortive ovules are in spp. 1-15 at the base 
of the fruit, generally attached to a more or less elongated placenta, but in Q. 
spicata, and probably in Q. annulata and lamellosa, at the top of the fruit. 


1. Q. semecarpifolia, Smith.—Tab. LXIV.—Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 
174.—Vern. Barchar, jangal ka parungi, Jhelam; Kreu, khareu, krui, 
Chenab, Ravi; Karshu, karsui, karzu, sauj, Sutle} to Sarda; Ghesi, 
Nepal. 


A large tree, leafless for a few weeks in spring, the spring shoots catkins 
and young leaves with soft hairs. Leaves coriaceous, rigid, glabrate above, 
densely clothed beneath with ferruginous tomentum, very variable in 
shape, subsessile or short-petiolate, elliptic- or obovate-oblong from cordate 
base, obtuse, 2-5 in. long, entire or dentate with long, subulate, spines- 
cent teeth, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, generally bifurcating and branch- 
ing at half their length, prominent beneath, and impressed on the upper 
side of leaf. Male flowers in drooping slender catkins 2-3 in. long, the 
catkins generally fasciculate, from the base of the spring shoots, or from 
the axils of fallen leaves on the previous year’s branchlets. Bracts broad- 
ovate, ciliate. Perianth-segments obtuse, ciliate; stamens 6-18, anthers 
glabrous, apiculate. Female flowers in short-pedunculate spikes; styles 
3-5, elongate, linear, recurved. Scales of cup membranous, brown, ovate- 
lanceolate, obtuse, softly hairy. Acorn globose, 1 in. diam., glabrous, 
black or dark brown when ripe, supported, but not enclosed, by the small, 
concave cup; the ripe acorns on the current year’s wood. The leaves 
of young trees or young shoots are generally dentate, but entire and 
dentate leaves are not rarely found on the same branch. 


Safedkoh at 10,000 ft. N.W. Himalaya, mostly on north and north-west slopes, 


480 LXXIf. CUPULIFERZ. | Quercus. 


between 8000 and 10,000 ft., occasionally descending to 6000 and ascending to 
12,000 ft. Nepal, Bhutan. Leafless for a short time in April and May, the 
flowers generally appear with the fresh leaves, sometimes in June ; the fruit ripens 
in August, and soon falls to the ground, where it often germinates within a few 
days. Generally gregarious, often covering considerable areas to the exclusion 
of almost every tree of other kinds, not rarely forming the upper limit of forest 
vegetation. Attains a larger size than any oak of the N.W. Himalaya. Trees 
70-80 ft. high, with 7-8 ft. girth, are not rare; they often attain 12 ft., and Dr 
Stewart measured one 15 ft. girth at 5 ft. from the ground, the trunk bifurcat- 
ing at 10 ft. In Nepal, Wallich mentions 80 to 100 ft., with a girth of 14-18 ft., 
as common dimensions. Where the young trees have grown up close together, 
the Karzu has an erect, straight trunk, clear of branches. The growth of the 
tree is generally slow, 10-15 rings per in. of radius. Bark grey, cut by shallow 
cracks into small four-sided scales, with truncate corners. Wood greyish-brown, 
hard and heavy, medullary rays fine and numerous. In the hills it is used for 
building, door-frames, bedsteads, carrying-poles, helves, and ploughs, but it is 
said to warp and to be liable to be eaten by insects. Owing to the remote locali- 
ties where 1t mostly grows, and to its great weight, it has not been exported to 
the plains: Yields excellent charcoal. The leaves are commonly stored as 
winter fodder for cattle. : 


2. Q. Ilex, Linn. Holm Oak—Yeuse, Fr. ; Leccio, It.—Syn. Q. Baloot, 
Griff. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 38. Vern. Charrei, serei, balut, Afg. ; Sper- 
cheret, pargat, kharanja, Trans-Indus ; Chur, kharsu, khareu, irri, ytiru, 
yirt, heru, (kathun)ban, bre, brekche, Pb. 


A middle-sized evergreen tree, often only a shrub, the shoots of the cur- 
rent year pubescent, with grey stellate hairs. Leaves 2-3 in. long, coria- 
ceous, exceedingly variable in shape, elliptic or oblong, entire, or with 
large spinescent teeth, petioles and under. side clothed with soft grey 
tomentum, upper side at first pubescent with stellate hairs, afterwards 
glabrate, main lateral nerves 6-12 pair, not prominent. Male flowers in 
slender drooping catkins, the catkins in axillary fascicles, perianth some- 
what irregularly divided into 4-5 membranous ciliate segments. Anthers 
(in the Indian specimens) hairy, shortly and obtusely apiculate. Ovary 
conical, soft-tomentose, exserted ; styles 3-5, linear-clavate, spreading, sur- 
rounded at the base by the acute, more or less distinct scales of the perianth. 
Fruit pedunculate, rarely sessile, generally 2-3 acorns at the end and angles 
of a flexuose peduncle, shorter than the leaf. Acorns at first nearly enclosed 
in the campanulate or turbinate cup, when mature cylindric with conical 
top, light brown, glabrous, shining ; scales of cup closely adpressed, hoary, 
base ovate, narrowed into a linear or lanceolate apex, the ripe acorns on 
the current year’s wood. A variety with eatable seed is Q. Ballota, Desf. 
Th. Kotschy (Die Eichen Europas u. d. Orients, t. 38) describes and 
figures the anthers of Q. Ilex as glabrous, but there are specimens from 
Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean with hairy anthers. It is a 
matter for farther inquiry whether in this section of Quercus this is a 
good specific character. The Indian and Afghanistan specimens have 
densely hairy anthers, and short nearly oval leaves. — 


North-East Afghanistan, Kaffiristan, on the Safedkoh, ascending to 10,000 
ft. Abundant on the eastern flank of the Suliman range (5000-6500 ft.) Hills 


Quercus. | LXXII, CUPULIFERZ. , 481 


north of the Peshawar valley at 3500 ft. Arid traets of the inner Himalaya, on 
the upper Jhelam, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, generally between 3000 and 8500 

In Kunawar its lower limit is Chergaon and Panwi, its upper Teling and 
Purbni. The Holm Oak is also indigenous in the entire Mediterranean region, 
extending in the west of France north to the Loire, and in a few places even 
farther (Sarthe, Finisterre), Forms extensive forests in Provence, Algeria, 
Spain, Sicily, Corsica (in the region of P. Pinaster, above the zone of Phillyrea, 
Arbutus, Pistacia, and below the forests of Pinus Laricio). It is known from 
Asia Minor, near the Black Sea, and De Candolle quotes it from Palestine ; but 
as far as known at present there is a gap in its range of distribution between 
the Mediterranean region and Afghanistan, which seems to favour the main- 
tenance of Griffith’s species, Q. Baloot. There is, however, no essential char- 
acter separating the Indian from the Mediterranean tree, and I therefore follow 
T. Thomson, who first identified them (Western Himalaya, 73). The tree was 
introduced into England in 1581, is commonly planted, and attains a large size. 
Tn favourable seasons the acorns ripen regularly at Kew. It is hardy in south- 
west Germany, not in the north and north-east. Fl. April-May. In France the 
fruit ripens in Sept. (Mathieu), in England in Nov. In Europe the leaves remain 
two years on the branches. Gregarious, but not often forming dense or pure 
forests ; in N.W. India sometimes associated with Olea, 

In India generally attains 20-40 ft., with a short straight trunk 5-6 ft. girth, 
but is often seen of larger size. In Afghanistan it is often a large shrub, and in 
central France it grows in the same manner. It is a slow-growing tree, but 
coppices vigorously ; there are extensive coppice-woods for fuel and bark in the 
south of France (e.g., near Draguignan). Seedlings have a long straight tap-root. 
The bark is light- and dark-grey, often nearly black, tesselated and cut into quad- 
rangular plates by wavy longitudinal furrows and straight transverse smaller 
cracks, somewhat resembling the bark of Reptonia busifolia. Sapwood small, 
whitish, heartwood dark-brown, often mottled or with darker patches, and in 
old trees the centre wood often reddish-brown or nearly black, the annual rings 
indistinct. Pores small, medullary rays very broad (4-4 line), giving an irregu- 
larly reticulate appearance on a vertical section. ‘The wood is close-grained, 
very hard and heavy ; the weight of the European tree varies between 60 and 
69 lb. per cub. ft. It warps, twists, and splits much in seasoning, but takes a 
fine polish. Ploughs and other agricultural implements are made of it where it 
grows in the N.W. Himalaya; and quantities are imported into the western 
Panjab from the Suliman range, in the shape of short cylindrical pieces, called 
Kharanja ka bazu (arms of oak), to be made into tool-handles. The wood is ex- 
cellent fuel, and much of the fuel used in Peshawar consists of it. It yields good 
charcoal. Fences are made of the branches with prickly leaves, and those with- 
out prickles are stored for winter fodder. The acorns are said to be a favourite 
food of the large white-faced monkey (Langiir): the acorns of the sweet variety 
form an important article of food in Spain and Algeria. 

It is not improbable that part of the oak-galls of the Panjab bazaars (majz), 
which are given medicinally as an astringent, and used for dyeing the hair, are 
from this species. 


_ 3. Q. lanuginosa, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 57.—Syn. Q. lanata, Wall. 
Vern. Ranj, rianj, rai banj (King of Oaks), Kamaon; Banga, Nepal. 


A large evergreen tree; spring shoots and young leaves densely clothed 
with thick soft rust-coloured or tawny tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, 
oblong-lanceolate, dentate with distant obtuse triangular teeth, upper side 
glabrous, shining, under side densely clothed with thick soft tawny or 

2H 


482 LXXII. CUPULIFERA, [ Quercus. 


rust-coloured tomentum ; midrib and main lateral nerves 10-16 pair, pro- 
minent beneath, impressed on the upper side of leaf, blade 4-8, petiole 4-1 
in. long ; stipules ovate or oblong, middle part hairy, edge thinly mem- 
branous. Male fl. densely clothed with long soft hairs, in slender droop- 
ing catkins, bracteoles acute ciliate. Perianth irregularly divided into 4-5 
short lobes ; anthers glabrous, shortly and obtusely apiculate. Female fi. 
densely tomentose, styles linear. Acorns sessile, solitary or in pairs, on 
the current year’s wood, cup hemispherical, with adpressed ovate scales. 


Naini Tal and a few other places in Kamaon, between 6000 and 7500 ft. 
Nepal, Bhutan. Fl. April, May ; fr. Oct., Nov. Gregarious, often associated 
with Q. wcana, attaining 70-80 ft., with a straight erect trunk. The leaves are 
used as cattle-fodder. 


4. Q. incana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 642.—Vern. Ban, banj, banj. Local 
names: Vari, Salt range ; Rinj, rin, Jhelam, 


A middle-sized or large evergreen tree, with grey foliage, the current 
year’s shoots and petioles hoary. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 
serrate with sharp mucronate teeth, glabrous above, densely clothed be- 
neath with short white tomentum ; main lateral nerves 14-20 pair, pro- 
minent beneath, blade 3-6, petiole 4 in. long; stipules linear. Male fi. 
pubescent with soft white hairs, in slender drooping catkins, bracteoles 
obtuse, longer than perianth. Perianth irregularly divided into 4-5 short 
lobes ; anthers glabrous, shortly and obtusely apiculate. Female fl. axil- 
lary, sessile, generally in clusters of 2-5; styles linear-clavate, spreading. 
Acorns on the current year’s wood, sessile or subsessile, cup at first 
almost entirely enclosing the acorn, afterwards campanulate, enclosing 
half the acorn, which is at first tomentose, afterwards glabrous, brown and 
shining ; scales rough, closely adpressed. 


Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, generally between 3000 and 8000 
ft. ; not in the Kashmir valley or the surrounding hills, and not in the arid 
tracts. Its upper limit in the Sutlej valley is opposite Chergaon. Gregarious, 
often associated with Rhododendron arboreum and Andromeda. The leaves are 
generally renewed in March and April, the flowers appear about the same time, 
the acorns commence to ripen in August, and frequently remain on the tree 
until the young fruit of the ensuing year appears. Attains 50-60 ft., with a 
short straight trunk 6-8 ft. girth (12 ft. has been noted), but at lower elevations 
it does not generally exceed 30 ft. and 4-5 ft. girth. It can be grown in the 
plains (Saharanpur). Bark dark-coloured, rough with cracks and fissures. 

Sapwood soft, porous, heartwood reddish-brown, compact, hard and heavy ; 
used for building and ploughs, as fuel, and to make charcoal. The bark is used 
for tanning, and the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The acorns are greed- 
ily eaten by pigeons, bears, and the large (Langir) monkey. They form part of 
the officinal Balat of the Panjab bazaars, given as a diuretic and in gonorrhea. 


5. Q. dilatata, Lindley; Royle Ill t. 84, f. 2—Syn. Q. floribunda, 
Lindl. Vern. Zaih, Kafiristan; Ban, banji, banchar, barachar, barain, 
bannt, paring, chora, kali ring, maru, maur, moru, karsh, marghang, Pb. ; 
Moru, tilanga, kilonj, tilonj, timsha, N.W.P. 


A large evergreen tree, glabrous, youngest shoots only with slight floc- 


Quercus. ] LXXII. CUPULIFERZ. 483 


cose pubescence. Leaves glabrous, dark-green, coriaceous, shining, oblong- 
lanceolate with a rounded or cordate base, entire or with sharp spines- 
cent teeth ; blade 2-3 in., petiole } in. long ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, 
joined by minute reticulate veins. Male fl. in slender, lax, drooping cat- 
kins ; female fl. in short axillary spikes. Styles 3-5 linear-clavate. Acorns 
generally solitary, short-pedunculate or subsessile, ovoid, brown, half ex- 
serted, the lower half enclosed in a hemispherical cup; scales lanceolate, 
closely adpressed, the ripe acorns on the branch of the current year. 


North-east Afghanistan, Bharaul in Kafiristan (6000-7000 ft.) Safedkoh 
(9000-10,000 ft.) Eastern flanks of the Suliman range (6000-7000 ft.) Common 
on the outer ranges of north-west Himalaya from 4500 to 9000 ft., extend- 
ing east to the Kali. In the Sutlej valley Jani in Kunawar is the upper 
limit of this species. Flowers and changes its leaves in spring. Gregarious, 
but generally associated with other trees. Attains 80-90 ft., with a fine close 
dark-green crown, and a tall, erect, but often gnarled trunk, 8-9 ft., at times 
15 or 18 ft. in girth. Madden notes a tree 100 ft. high and 19 ft. 8 in. girth. 
Bark brownish-grey, with elongated scales, darker and larger than those of Q. 
semecarprfolia. Wood brownish, hard heavy and durable, largely used in 
building, for agricultural implements, axe-handles, and for Jampan-poles. On 
the Sutlej the timber of this species is prized more than that of the other Oaks, 
the order of merit of the others being Q. incana, semecarprfolia and annulata. 
The leaves are prized as fodder for sheep and goats, and the trees are often 
severely lopped for that purpose. 


6. Q. pedunculata, Ehrh. British Oak. Chéne pédonculé, French ; Stieleiche, 
German. A large long-lived timber-tree. Leaf-buds ovoid; leaves deciduous, 
short-petiolate or subsessile, obovate - oblong, with auriculate base, generally 
deeply cut into broad rounded lobes, glabrous or slightly hairy beneath along 
midrib ; main lateral nerves 6-12 pair, often alternating with shorter inter- 
mediate ones. Perianth-segments of male flower lanceolate ; anthers glabrous ; 
styles broad and short. Fruit 1-5 on axillary peduncles 2-6 in. long on the 
current year’s wood. Scales of cup adpressed. Europe, Asia Minor, Ural and 
Caucasus, forming extensive and often nearly pure forests in the alluvial plains 
along the principal rivers of Central Europe—e.g., in Hungary, Croatia, on the 
Oder and Elbe in North Germany, on the Loire and the Adour in France. 


7. Q. sesseliflora, Sm. Chéne rouvre, French; Zrawbeneiche, German. Like 
the former, but leaf-buds ovoid-lanceolate, leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed into 
a petiole $ in. long, deeply cut into oblong or broad rounded lobes, pubescent 
when young, glabrate or pubescent when full-grown; main lateral nerves 6-10 
pair, often alternating with shorter intermediate ones. Fruit in sessile or sub- 
sessile clusters. Leaves and flowers generally 10-14 days later than of Q. pedun- 
culate, Europe and Asia Minor, forming extensive forests, often associated with 
the Beech and _Hornbeam, rarely pure, on mountainous and hilly ground, not, 
as a rule, on alluvial soil. @. pubescens, Willd., is a tomentose variety princi- 
pally found on warm dry hills in South Europe, where it takes the place of the 
more glabrous Q. sesstliflora of the North. 


In England and the lowlands of Scotland Q. pedunculata is the commoner of 
the two Oaks, but in North Wales and the hill-parts of northern England Q. ses- 
seliflora is more frequent (Benth. British Fl. 422), Intermediate forms between 
these two Oaks are found in England and elsewhere, and the leading systematic 
botanists of the present day, Bentham, Hooker, and A. De Candolle, unite 


484 LXXII CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus, 


them under the name of Q. Robur, Linn. Foresters, however, particularly in 
France and Germany, find no difficulty in keeping them apart. The seedlings 
of both species have a long tap-root ; they coppice vigorously, and the bark is 
used largely by tanners. The value and uses of Oak-timber for casks and barrel- 
staves, furniture, house- and ship-building, are well known. There is not much 
difference in the structure and qualities of the timber of the two species. Sap- 
wood small, soft, whitish, decays rapidly, and is attacked by insects ; the heart- 
wood well defined, brown, hard, strong and generally durable, except under certain 
circumstances in contact with iron. Medullary rays of two classes ; numerous 
very fine rays and (comparatively) few very large rays, some commencing at the 
centre, others at the outside of annual rings ; the large rays 4-4 line wide, 2-3 
in. high, giving the wainscot appearance on vertical sections. Annual rings 
distinctly marked by an inner belt (spring wood) of large pores, close together, 
and an outer belt of compact wood with fine pores, generally arranged in linear 
or wedge-shaped. patches at right angles to the annual rings, and only visible 
under the glass. The weight of Oak (seasoned heartwood) fluctuates between 33 
and 64 lb. per cubic ft. It is an interesting question, which is not without prac- 
tical importance, how far the weight of Oak-timber depends upon the width of 
the annual rings. Mathieu (Fl. For. 234, 240) is of opinion that faster-grown 
Oak-timber is generally heavier, the porous tissue of the spring wood forming a 
smaller proportion of the entire wood. The following data, which I have noted 
on samples of Oak-timber from different sources presented to the Kew Museum 
by the Admiralty, bear out this view to a certain extent ; slow-grown Adriatic 
timber, for instance, with 20 rings on one inch of radius, weighing 41 Ib. per 
cub. ft., while faster-grown wood from Trieste, with only 6? rings, weighs 50 Ib. 
Exceptions, however, are not wanting; thus the heaviest timber is a somewhat 
slower-grown wood from Sardinia with 11 rings per inch :— 


Sardinia, 66 rings on 6 in. of rad. Weight, 59.3 lb. 
6 


Trieste, 40 ,, ® a SOG 5 
Dantsic, 75 ,, a » 48.4 ,, 
Italy, 72 5 ” » 48.1 ,, 
Tuscany, 84 ,, ” » 46.2 5, 
Adriatic, 120 ,, s » 408% 


8. QY. Toza, Bosc ; Kotschy 1. c. t. 22. Chénetauzin, Fr. A small deciduous 
tree, young shoots silvery white ; with long spreading roots, throwing up abundant 
root-shoots. Leaves petiolate, obovate-oblong, generally pinnatifid, segments 
linear-oblong, the middle ones often lobed, thick-velvety beneath, and pubescent 
above with stellate hairs. Perianth-segments of male fl. lanceolate, hairy ; an- 
thers glabrous ; styles broad and short. Fruit 2-4, short-pedunculate, on the 
current year’s wood ; scales of cup adpressed. West of France, Spain, Portugal, 
probably also in Syria. Forms vigorous coppice-woods on sandy soil, and yields 
excellent bark for tanning. Wood mainly used for fuel. 

9. QY. lusitanica, Webb; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 17. A large tree, sometimes 
a shrub, the foliage deciduous in autumn or persistent to the end of winter. 
Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong, generally grey-tomentose beneath while young, 
glabrate when full-grown, dentate with large triangular rounded or oblong teeth ; 
main lateral nerves straight, parallel, undivided, 10-14 pair. Perianth-segments 
of male fl. lanceolate ; anthers glabrous ; styles thick, short. Fruit on the cur- 
rent year’s wood, sessile or short-pedunculate, solitary or in pairs ; scales of cup 
adpressed. Mediterranean region, Syria and Asia Minor. To this sp. belong, 
according to A. De Candolle, a. the “Chéne zeen” of Algeria, Q. Mirbeckia, 
Durieux, Mathieu FI. For. 250, a magnificent long-lived tree, attaining 120 ft., 
with 20 ft. girth, and forming extensive forests, particularly in Eastern Algeria, 


Quercus. | LXXII, CUPULIFERA. : 485 


B. Q. infectoria, Olivier, the Gall or Dyers’ Oak. A shrub or middle-sized 
tree in Greece, Bosnia, Asia Minor, and Syria, extending east to the confines 
of Persia, with cylindrical acorns, the leaves grey underneath, yielding the 
Galls used in medicine and dyeing, which are imported: into Europe from the 
Levant. 

10. Q. Cerris, Linn.; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 650.—Syn. Q. austriaca, 
Willd. ; Kotschy Eichen, t.20. Turkey or Mossy-cupped Oak. Chéne chevelu, 
Fr. ; Zerreiche, Germ. <A large tree. Leaves petiolate, elliptic or oblong, vari- 
ously lobed, often pinnatifid, pubescent and pale beneath, glabrous above, main 
lateral nerves 6-10 pair ; stipules and outer bud-scales long, setaceous. Perianth- 
segments of male fl. 4-6, oblong or ovate ; stamens 4-6, anthers hairy ; styles 
linear, recurved. Fruit on the previous year’s wood, solitary, or in clusters 
of 2-4, sessile or on short thick peduncles ; cup large, scales free, subulate, 
spreading or recurved. Asia Minor, North Syria, South Europe, extending 
north to Hungary and Lower Austria, and in France to the Doubs and Loire. 
Often associated with the common Oak. FI. May ; the fruit ripens in Sept. 
of the second year ; the leaves fall in Oct. or Nov. The Lucombe and Fulham 
Oaks, believed to be hybrids between Cerris and Suber, are evergreen, or nearly 
so. Structure of the wood similar to that of the common Oak ; the sapwood 
is larger, the heartwood of a deeper brown, and the large rays more numerous, 
giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot grain. Weight, 53-58 lb. It grows 
more rapidly than the common Oak, with a straight powerful terminal shoot ; 
in England it was introduced in 1735, and trees 10-12 ft. girth are not rare. 

Q. pseudosuber, Santi; Kotschy 1. c. t. xxxv., differs from Y. Cerris by per- 
sistent, coriaceous, less deeply lobed leaves which are grey-tomentose beneath. - 
In a few localities of Provence, in Algeria, Sicily, Italy, and Istria. Yields 
cork of an inferior description. 

ll. Y. Afgilops, Linn. ; Hook. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 384, t. 38.—Syn. 
Q. Vallonea, Kotschy 1. c. t. 7. Vallonea Oak. A moderate-sized tree, leaf- 
buds obtuse, hoary, branchlets of the current and previous year grey-tomentose. 
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, grey-tomentose beneath, and often on the upper 
side also, dentate with large triangular cuspidate teeth or deeply lobed and often 
pinnatifid, main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, midrib flexuose in the upper part of 
leaf. Male fl. mostly hexandrous, bracteoles lanceolate, caducous, generally 
longer than perianth, anthers hairy, not apiculate. Styles subulate, recurved. 
Fruit sessile, solitary, cup large, 1-14 in. diam., at first enclosing the acorn, 
afterwards hemispherical, scales free, thick, linear, often angular, hoary, erect or 
more generally reflexed, acorn ovoid, more commonly cylindrical, 1-2 in. long, 
green when ripe. Eastern Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Syria. In Syria the tree 
grows gregariously, never as a bush, but rising on a stout gnarled trunk 3-7 ft. in 
girth,.to the height of 20-30 ft., Hook. 1. c. 385. The acorns are eaten raw and 
boiled, the cupule is used for tanning and dyeing, and is exported in large 
quantities from Asia Minor under the name of Vellanz, Vallonea. The leaves 
fall in winter or early spring, a little before or after the young leaves come out. 

Q. persica, Jaub. et Spach ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 47, of Persia and Kurdistan, 
differs by oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaves, with “10-16 pairs of main lateral 
nerves, 

12. &. Suber, Linn.—Cork Oak. Chéne liege, Fr. Sovero, sughero, It. A 
middle-sized, long-lived tree, with thick corky bark, and scanty foliage, other- 
wise resembling Q. Ilex. Leaves evergreen; remaining two years on the 
branches and sometimes longer, branchlets and under side of leaves with short 
grey tomentum. . Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, crenate or dentate, the 
teeth sometimes long-cuspidate ; blade about 2, petiole} in. long. Male fl. in 
fasciculate, somewhat compact, drooping catkins, perianth campanulate, 6-fid, 
anthers generally hairy. Styles linear, recurved. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on 


486 LXXIL CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus. » 


short thick peduncles, on the current year’s wood. Lower scales of cup ovate, 
adpressed, upper lanceolate, spreading. Western Mediterranean region, South- 
ern and Eastern Spain, Algeria, South France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Dalmatia. 
Attains a very large size in Andalusia, Hardy in England. The wood is simi- 
lar to that of Q. Zlex, medullary rays very broad, nearly 1 line wide, but larger 
pores. Cork is the outer bark of the trunk, composed of cellular tissue ; it com- 
mences to form at an early age, and is generally taken off in intervals of 7-10 
years. It is removed during the summer months, and great care is necessary 
not tv injure the surface of the inner bark, and the layer of soft cellular tissue 
between the inner bark and the cork, from which the latter is regenerated. — 
The naked trunks of the trees from which the cork has recently been removed, 
have a peculiar reddish colour, until they reclothe themselves with a fresh layer 
of cork. The first crop (called liége male in Provence) is cracked and irregu- 
lar, and is generally without value; the succeeding crops form the cork of 
commerce, and a tree continues to yield these periodical crops until an advanced 
age. The principal supply of cork comes from Spain, but France also has fine 
and valuable Cork-Oak forests; the tree is often mixed with Q. Jlex and 
Pinus Pinaster, on the range of hills called Les Maures in Provence, be- 
tween Hyéres and Draguignan, and in Corsica. In Algeria the Cork-Oak 
forests are more extensive, but they have of late years suffered much from fires, 
The tree has a thin and light foliage, and thus favours the growth of Hrica 
arborea and other underwood, which catches ‘and spreads fire readily during the 
dry and hot summer months. In Provence, also, destructive forest-fires have 
at various times damaged extensive forests containing the Cork-Oak. Plants 
of the Cork-Oak have repeatedly been sent to India, but as yet without much 
success. 

13. Q. "occidentalis, Gay ; DC. Prod. xvi. ii. 44 (figd. by Kotschy 1. ¢. t. 33 
as Q. Suber), differs from Q. Suber, mainly by requiring two years to ripen its — 
fruit, which is on short stout peduncles on the previous year’s wood. Portugal, 
Gallicia, Asturia, South-West France. The leaves remain a little more than a 
year on the branches. Produces cork of excellent quality, which is collected 
like that of Q. Suber. More hardy than Q. Suber, extends considerably farther 
north; many of the old Cork-Oak trees in England and Ireland belong to this 
species. Mathieu (Fl. For. 265) relates a remarkable instance of Cork-Oak 
plantations made at Belle-Isle-en Mer (lat. 47° 20’), in 1826, with plants and 
acorns brought from Catalonia (Q. Suber) and the Landes (Q. occidentalis). 
The former all perished, but the latter survived. In spite of these interesting 
and well-established facts, it seems doubtful whether Q. occ¢dentalis ought to be 
retained as a distinct species. The duration of the leaves, and the time which 
the acorns require to ripen, are subject to great variations in several species of 
this genus ; and it seems doubtful whether these characters can, in the present 
case, be relied upon for specific distinction. 


14. Q. serrata, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 176 (not of Roxb.)—Syn. Q. poly- 
antha, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 2771. 


Amiddle-sized deciduous tree; buds ovoid-lanceolate, closed, scales acute, 
floccose, youngest shoots pubescent with soft hairs, flowers tawny-tomen- 
tose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate when mature, coriaceous, glabrous, shin- 
ing, often with tufts of hairs in the axils of the main lateral nerves, young 
leaves soft-tawny-tomentose beneath, and with scattered hairs on the upper 
side ; main lateral nerves 14-16 pair, parallel, each terminating in a long 
fine subulate serrature, often } in. long, transverse nerves numerous, fine, 
at right angles to lateral nerves ; blade 4-6, petiole slender, 1-14 in. long. 


Quercus. | LXXII. CUPULIFERA. 487 


Male flowers in slender pendulous racemes, bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, a 
little longer than perianth. Female flowers in short axillary spikes, style 
filiform, with capitate and often bifid apex. Fruit subsessile on the pre- 
vious year’s wood, solitary or in clusters of 2-3, cupule at first enclosing 
the acorn, opening afterwards, scales numerous, free, linear or subulate, 
hoary, the outer reflexed, the inner erect; acorn subglobose, glabrous, 
shining, more than half immersed in the cup, which is 14 in. diam. 


Nepal, Sikkim (3000-5000 ft.), Kasia. Japan, Korea, North and West China. 
FL March-May. The young leaves appear with or after the flowers (in Japan, 
in May). The wood has middle-sized pores and broad medullary rays. This 
is one of the species of Oak on which the Japanese Oak-silkworm (Yamamdai 
or Yama mayu, Mountain Cocoon) lives, which yields a strong but rough and 
hard silk, spun in Japan with cotton or other silk, but not much exported. 
The tree is either planted in avenues or as short rotation coppice-wood, which is 
cut over every third or fifth year. The eggs (glued on strips of paper) are tied to 
the Oak-bushes when the buds begin to swell; sometimes they are bred under 
cover on Oak-bushes placed in water, and put out upon the trees when they are 
a few weeks old. This silkworm is also raised on the hills of the Shantung and 
Sechuen districts in China (Ostr. Ungar. Expedition nach Siam China u. Japan, 
1872, Append. 172, 282). 

Q. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 641; Ill. in Herb. Kew, 2393, has male and 
female flowers, with much soft dark-brown down (Roxb.), in long erect panicu- 
late spikes, and probably is Castanopsis indica, A. DC. 


15. Q. coccifera, Linn. ; Sibthorp. Fl. Greeca, t. 944; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 
t. 643; Kotschy |. c. t. 29.—Chéne kermés, Fr. A shrub, sometimes a 
small tree, branchlets and young leaves with scattered stellate hairs. Leaves 
_ ovate or oblong-ovate, dentate with spinescent teeth, small, firm, coriaceous, 
glabrous, shining, dark green, with prominent reticulate’ veins and indistinct 
lateral nerves. Male flowers distant, in lax pendulous catkins, perianth 2-6- 
fid ; stamens 2-6, anthers glabrous, apiculate ; styles subulate, recurved. Fruit 
solitary, sessile on the previous year’s wood, scales of cup connate at the base, 
upper part free, linear, reflexed, the innermost scales erect. Forms large 
extent of low brushwood on dry hills in the Mediterranean region, used as 
fuel, the bark for tanning ; a Coccus which lives on this species was formerly 
collected and used largely as a dye. 

Q. calluprinos, Webb ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 54—Syn. Q. pseudococcifera, Hook. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 381, not Desf.; Chéne garrigue, Fr.—is supposed to 
differ from Q. coccifera, by oblong leaves with cordate base, the teeth rarely spin- 
escent, and a larger cup with longer but not spinescent scales ; but these charac- 
ters are not constant, and there are intermediate forms, so that possibly they may 
eventually be regarded as one species only. Mediterranean region and Western 
Asia to the borders of Mesopotamia. Often alow shrub only, but where protected 
grows into a stately tree. The famous Oak of Mamre, called “ Abraham’s Oak,” 
belongs to this species ; Hooker ¢. ¢. t, 36) gives a sketch of it, and states that 
this species is by far the most abundant tree throughout Syria, covering the 
rocky hills, of Palestine especially, with a dense brushwood of trees 8-12 ft. 
high, branching from the base, thickly covered with small evergreen rigid leaves 
aud bearing acorns copiously, which like the cup are exceedingly variable in 
shape. 


16. Q. annulata, Smith.—Tab. LXV.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 100.—Vern, 
Bran, bren, banni, indri, Pb. ; Pharonj, phanat, phaliant, Kamaon. 


488 LXXIL | CUPULIFERZ. [ Quercus. 


_ A large or middle-sized evergreen tree, nearly glabrous, buds glabrous, 
shining, ovoid, often more or less distinctly 4-sided, the scales imbricate 
all round or arranged in four vertical rows. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous 
and shining above, clothed beneath while young with grey short silky 
pubescence, lanceolate-oblong with an unequal-sided base, acuminate, 
lower half entire, upper half with sharp cuspidate and somewhat curved 
serratures, main lateral nerves undivided, 10-14 pair ; blade 3-6, petiole 
3-1 in. long. Male flowers in lax slender drooping catkins, bracteoles 
lanceolate, twice the length of perianth, hairy, perianth of 5 lanceolate 
segments. Female flowers sessile, 2-3 on short axillary peduncles, scales 
of cupule more or less connate into 2-3 concentric sheaths, the outer often 
5-lobed, styles 4, broad and short, recurved. Fruit solitary or in pairs, 
on short stout peduncles, cup hemispherical, consisting of 4-8 concentric 
grey velvety belts, the inner entire, the outer obtusely dentate, acorn 
short ovoid, glabrous, shining, the lower half enclosed in the cup. 

Q. semiserratu, Roxb. FI. Ind. tii. 641 ; Wight Ic. t. 211, from Silhet, 
is probably this species ; the description and the drawing (Ill. in Hb, Kew, 
2392) agree, with one exception ; the gland is cylindric and four times 
longer than the cup. Nothing is known regarding the male flower, and 
I have not seen authentic specimens. It isa common tree in Burma, where 
it is called Thitcha. Q. velutina, Lindl., is probably the same species. 


Valleys of the outer Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., here and there on the 
Jhelam, Chenab, Ravi, Bias, and Sutlej, more common in Garhwal and Kamaon, 
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Kasia hills. Generally on warm dry slopes, often gre- 
garious and associated with Q. zncana near the lower limit of that tree. These 
two species form coppice-woods in the Kangra valley with standards of Albizzia 
stipulata (O7%). Fl. March, June ; the fruit ripens Aug. to Oct. Attains 60 ft. 
with a straight erect trunk 5-6 ft. girth. Growth slow. Bark dark grey, rough 
with transverse deep and short thick-edged fissures. Wood similar to that of 
Q. incana, but less valued. 


17. Q. lamellosa, Smith ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 149; Hook. f. Il. Him. 
t. 20.—Vern. Shalshi, pharat-singhali, Nepal. 


A large tree, with thick branchlets, and short subglobose leaf-buds, the 
scales spirally arranged. Leaves firm, coriaceous, white, waxy beneath, 
and with matted deciduous pubescence, oblong-lanceolate op elliptic, cus- 
pidate-serrate, main lateral nerves 20-25 pair, like the midrib impressed on 
the upper side and very prominent beneath, joined by transverse veins 
at right angles, blade 6-12 in., petiole 14 in. long. Fruit in short pedun- 
culate axillary spikes, cup while young of few, when full-grown of nume- 
rous (10-16) concentric belts, hemispherical, attaining 2 in. diam., acorn 
velvety, subglobose, more than half enclosed in the cup. Q. paueilamel- 
losa, Alph. DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 101, is not specifically distinct, the number 
of concentric belts is larger in full-grown cups. 


Nepal, Sikkim (5000-8000 ft.) One of the commonest trees about Dazjiling. 
Bhutan. Fl. in spring ; the fruit ripens in November. Attains 80-120 ft., wit 
a tall straight trunk 40-60 ft. high, and 9-15 ft. girth. 


Quercus. | LXXII. CUPULIFERZ. 489 


18. Q. spicata, Smith; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 46.—Syn. Q. squamata, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 638; Wight Ic. t. 213. Vern. Dandwa singali, phaco 
singhali, arkaula, Nepal; Bara chakma, Silhet ; Thitcha,* Burm. 


A large evergreen tree, with thick, glabrous branchlets, Leaf-buds 
open, scales imbricate, lanceolate, cuspidate. , Leaves entire, glabrous, 
shining, coriaceous, thick and firm, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
narrowed into a short petiole, 6-9 in. long, main lateral nerves 12-18 pair. 
Flowers in erect terminal and axillary spikes, forming terminal panicles. 
Male and female flowers on distinct spikes, and often on separate trees. 
Male flowers in sessile globose or elongated tomentose heads, supported 
by 3 lanceolate bracts, the middle one longer than the lowest flower, with 
subulate bracteoles between the flowers. Perianth-segments 5-6, stamens 
10-12, surrounding a tomentose rudimentary ovary. .Fruit in sessile 
clusters of 3-5, arranged in erect spikes with woody rachis, 9-12 in. long. 
Cup with adpressed imbricate scales, enclosing the acorn while young, 
afterwards flat-concave, supporting the base of the subglobose acorn, ad- 
joining cups generally connate. Acorn hard, 2-1 in. diam. 


Nepal, Sikkim (2000-4000 ft.), Bhutan, Assam, Kasia, Chittagong, Burma, 
Indian Archipelago. Fl. March, April; the fruit ripens Sept.-Oct. of the 
second year, 


Other common Indian evergreen Oaks of this section with entire leaves and 
spicate fruit, are: 1. Q. fenestrata, Roxb., glabrous; scales of cup imbricate, nearly 
_ connate, apex free, spreading. East Bengal, Burma. Wood hard, warps much, 
medullary rays very broad. 2. Q. dealbata, Hook. f. & Th. (probably identical 
with Q. acuminata, Roxb.), leaves white-hoary beneath, scales of cup imbricate. 
East Bengal, Burma. 3. Q. lappacea, Roxb., with pubescent membranous or 
thinly coriaceous leaves, upper half of cup-scales free, spreading. East Bengal, 
Burma. 4, Q. lancecefolia, Roxb., glabrous ; cup with concentric bands, with- 
out scales, enclosing # of acorn. A species differing from most other Oaks by 
a ruminate albumen, and by the structure of the wood, which has very fine 
medullary rays. East Bengal, Burma. 


2, CASTANOPSIS, Spach. 


Evergreen trees with entire, rarely serrate coriaceous penniveined leaves. 
Flowers in erect spikes, arranged in terminal panicles, the female flower- 
spikes generally terminal, the male spikes lateral and more numerous. 
Male flowers fasciculate ; perianth 5-6-lobed ; stamens generally twice as 
many, surrounding a hairy rudimentary ovary; anthers small, 2-celled, 
cells connate. Female flowers 1-3, included in an involucre of numerous 
scales. Limb of perianth of 6 biseriate segments. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 
ovules in each cell; styles 3, rarely more, linear, stigmatose at the apex. 
One to three l-seeded nuts entirely included in the enlarged capsuliform 

‘subglobose involucre, which is coriaceous, outside thickly covered with 
sharp, often branching, prickles, and splits open irregularly. Cotyledons 
farinaceous. 


* Thitcha is the Burmese name also for Q. fenestrata, lappacea, semiserrata, and 
other Oaks. 


490 LXXII. CUPULIFERA. [ Castanopsis. 


Leaves entire, glabrous ; involucre tomentose, with stout stellate 


and branching spines ) : : ‘ 2 - 1. C. tribuloides. 
Leaves serrate, tomentose beneath : - ‘ ; ; . 2 C. indica. 


1. C. tribuloides, Alph. DC.; Prodr. xvi. i. 111.—Syn. Quercus armata, 
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 296; Fl. Ind. ii. 640; Wight Ic. t. 770. Q. ferox, 
Roxb. 1. c. 639; Wight Ic. t. 218. Vern. Tumart, katonj, Kamaon ; 
Kanta singar, Assam ; Singhara, Tipperah ; Kyantsa, Burm. 


A large evergreen tree, youngest shoots slightly pubescent, leaf-buds 
open, with erect lanceolate scales. Leaves entire, firm-coriaceous, glab- 
rous, shining, pale beneath, lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed into short 
petiole, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Flowers in erect paniculate pubes- 
cent spikes, male and female flowers on distinct spikes, but generally in 
the same panicle. Male flowers sessile, solitary, or 3-5 together, in small 
clusters ; perianth of 6 segments ; stamens 12, on long filaments, surround- 
ing a tomentose rudimentary ovary. Styles long, linear, erect. Fruit on 
long erect spikes, with woody rachis; acorn ovoid, completely enclosed 
by the thorny involucre, which is grey-tomentose, and thickly set with 
stout stellate and branching spines, each about 4.in. long. i a 
ruminated, 


South-east Kamaon, near the right bank of the Sarda river, between 2000 and 
6000 ft. Nepal, Sikkim (4000-7000 ft.), Bhutan, Kasia, Chittagong, hills in 
Burma above 3000 ft. Fi. April, May; the fruit ripens in autumn of the second 
year. Wood hard, weight 62 lb. ; in Nepal large mortars and pestles for grind- 
ing grain are made of it, and it is a favourite wood for carpenters’ work. 


. CG. indica, Alph. DC. ; Prodr. xvi. ii. 109.—Syn. Castanea indica, 
Boab. l. c, 643, 


A middle-sized evergreen tree, current year’s branchlets and under side 
of leaves rusty-tomentose, leaf-buds open, scales lanceolate. Leaves subses- 
sile or short-petiolate, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, cuspidate-serrate, 6-9 
in. long, main lateral nerves 15-20 pair. Flowers in erect paniculate 
tomentose spikes, male and female flowers generally in distinct spikes, but 
in the same panicle. Male flowers sessile, in rounded bracteate clusters ; 
perianth of 6 segments ; stamens 12, filaments long slender, surrounding 
a tomentose rudimentary ovary. Female flowers solitary, or 2-3 in one 
cup, often with short stamens; styles linear, erect, the ends spreading. 
Fruit in erect spikes, with a thick woody rachis, Acorns often 2 in one 
cup, which encloses them completely, and is thickly set with fasciculate 
prickles about 4 in. long. Cotyledons not ruminated. 


Nepal, ascending to 4000 ft. Sikkim, Terai, Assam, Kasia, Chittagong. FI. 
Aug.-Nov. ; the fruit ripensin the following autumn. The seeds are eaten in 
Silhet, and are said to taste like inferior filberts. 


Two genera, Fagus and Castanea, important as forest-trees in Europe, are 
allied to the Indian Castanopsis. In both, the involucre encloses several female 
flowers with linear styles, and is enlarged and ‘hardened during maturity into a 
coriaceous capsule-like covering, which splits into 4 valves, covered, in the case 


Fagus.| LXXII. CUPULIFERA. 491 


of Fagus, with soft bristles, enclosing a three-cornered nut, and in the case of 
Castanea with numerous sharp stellate prickles, enclosing a rounded nut. The 
male flowers of /agus are in pendulous ‘eds, those of Castanea in long slender 
erect spikes, having at their base a few involucres with female flowers. The 
cotyledons of Yagus are oily, raised aboveground, and become green when ger- 
minating. Those of Castanea are farinaceous, and remain underground. 

Fagus sylvatica, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl, 344, the Beech—Buche, Germ. ; Hétre, 
Fr. <A large, not very long-lived, deciduous tree, with dense shady foliage, under 
which no grass, and very few shade-enduring shrubs, such as the Holly, will grow, 
but which enriches the soil. The tree bears a large amount of shade over- 
head, and forms a most useful mixture with Oak and Scotch Fir, the Beech 
being cut at 80-100 years, and the Oak and Fir being left to attain twice that 
age. ‘The wood is white when fresh cut, turning into a reddish-grey when dry ; 
it has no distinct heartwood, The pores are fine, numerous, uniformly distri- 
buted ; the medullary rays numerous, not long, often interrupted, of two classes, 
narrow and broad, appearing on a vertical section as shining plates. An excel- 
lent fuel, but not durable, and apt to warp and split. Weight, 41-52 lb. The 
wood is used for tools, furniture, wooden shoes, the keels of vessels ; and in 
France, North Italy, and Austria, after impregnation with sulphate of copper, 
for railway-sleepers. The wood of clean stems which have grown up in compact 
masses splits well,and is made (in North Italy, Cansiglio forest near Treviso) 
into sieve-frames and similar articles. The Beech does not attain the same age 
as the Oak, but it generally grows more rapidly. The tallest tree I have seen 
is arenowned beech in the‘Steigerwald, near Kloster Ebrach, Franconia ; 150 ft. 
high, stem 90 ft. to the first branch, 15 ft. girth at foot, and 9 ft. at the first 
branch, supposed to be 300 years old. Beeches exceeding 20 ft. girth are not 
uncommon in England. Its home is Western, Central, and South Europe, 
not in Greece, and it'is common on the Taurus and Caucasus (Talish and 
Elburg). Its north limit passes through the south of Norway and Sweden ; 
it is not found indigenous in Russia north of the 52d degree north latitude. 
In South Europe the Beech is only found at a considerable elevation, and 
sometimes forms the upper limit of forest vegetation. On the mountains of Cor- 
sica, for instance, the vertical regions are as follows: 1°. Evergreen brushwood 
(Maki) ; 2°. Pinus Pinaster, Quercus Ilex, and Castanea vesca ; 3°. Pinus Lar- 
acio ; 4°. Abies pectinata (the Silver Fir) ; and 5°. the Beech. The tree has a 
marked partiality for limestone and chalk ; well-known instances are the fine 
beech-forests of Buckinghamshire, the luxuriant growth of the tree-on the chalk 
cliffs of Moen and Riigen, and the magnificent forests on Muschelkalk and Lias 
in Central Germany. 


Castanea vulgaris, Lam. ; DC, Prodr. xvi. ii, 114.—Syn. C. vesca, Geertn. 
Sweet Chestnut—Chdtaignier, Fr.; Hdelkastanie, Germ. A large, long-lived, 
deciduous tree, of rapid growth while young, more rapid than the oak, and at- 
taining a gigantic size, stems 30-40 ft. girth and certainly 1000 years old not rare 
in South Europe, and much larger stems being on record—e.g., the renowned 
chestnuts of the Autna, two trees, sound and vigorous, 60-80 ft., and one (cas- 
tagno dei centi cavalli) hollow, in 5 pieces, more than 190 ft. girth. Sapwood 
white, heartwood dark-brown, the annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of 
large pores close together (spring wood), surrounded by an outer belt of more 
compact wood with very fine pores, generally arranged in wavy lines. Medul- 
lary rays very fine, numerous, which distinguishes chestnut from oak timber 
ataglance. Weight, 37-54 1b. Old trees have often ring-shakes and central 
hollows, and the timber is not so durable as that of oak ; in the south of Europe 
it is used for building, furniture, and cask-staves ; but the legends of the roofs of 
old churches and other buildings made of chestnut timber, in France and Eng- 


492 LXXII. CUPULIFERA. [ Castanea, 


land, are mythical—wherever examined, such timber has been found to be oak. 
1t coppices vigorously; along the Vosges it is grown for vineyard poles, in Kent 
and Sussex for hop-poles. In the south of Europe the chestnut forms extensive 
forests more or less cultivated, the fruit being its most valuable produce, form- 
ing an important article of food for the inhabitants of the mountainous regions 
of Central France, Spain, Corsica, Italy, and Greece. It is not certain whether 
its original home is in Asia Minor and Greece, or whether it is also indigenous 
in Italy and Spain. In England it was introduced at an early age. The tree 
has been grown in the N.W. Himalaya, and should be encouraged as an im- 
portant food-producing tree, wherever it bears fruit. 


3. CARPINUS, Tournef. 


Deciduous trees ; buds elongate, closed, with imbricate scales. Leaves 
membranous, serrate. Male flowers in drooping sessile lateral hairy cat- 
kins ; perianth none; stamens 6-12 on short filaments, attached to the 
base of the broad-ovate scales ; anther-cells distinct, stipitate, hairy at the 
tip. Female flowers in slender drooping terminal spikes, in pairs in the 
axils of deciduous linear-lanceolate bracts, each flower supported by a 3- 
lobed or undivided persistent involucre, which is enlarged in fruit. Ovary 
2-celled, limb of perianth dentate ; styles 2, erect, filiform. Fruit 1-seeded, 
enclosed in a hard. pericarp, 6-12-ribbed, crowned by the perianth-teeth, 
and often by the persistent styles, small, many times shorter than the en- 
larged membranous 3-7-nerved reticulate involucral bracts. 


Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, duplicate-serrate . ; 1. C. viminea. 
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, teeth simple, subulate . : 2. C. faginea. 


1. C. viminea, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 106; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii, 127. 
Vern. Charkhri, kai, Pb. ; Pumne, goria, chamkharak, N.W.P. 


A moderate-sized tree with slender drooping verrucose branches ; 
leaf-buds cylindric, scales shining, fringed with short soft hairs. Leaves 
glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, with large serratures serrulate on the outside, 
long-acuminate, acumen linear, serrate; blade 3-4 in., petiole slender, hairy, 
4 in. long. Involucral bracts ? in. long, 3-5-nerved, lanceolate, unequal- 
sided, the broad half dentate with large obtuse teeth, the narrow half 
entire, often with a short lobe near the base; fruit 1-2 lines long (2-seeded, 
Lindley in Wall. 1. c.) : 


Himalaya, extending west to the Ravi, between 5000 and 7000 ft. Kasia 
hills. Male catkins appear before the leaves, female fl. with the leaves in spring. 
Fr. June-Sept. Often found near water. Bark thin, grey. Wood yellowish- 
white, Sap heavy, believed to be durable. Growth moderately slow, 10 rings 
per inch. 


2. C. faginea, Lindley.—Tab. LXVI.—Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 5. Vern. 
Shirash, mar, Pb.; Gash, N.W.P. 


A moderate-sized tree ; branchlets and petioles soft-tomentose. Leaves 
pubescent when young, glabrous afterwards, elliptic-oblong, acute, short- 
petiolate, serrate with simple subulate serratures, 3-5 in. long. Involucral 
bracts 3 in. long, pubescent, 4-6-nerved, triangular, very unequal-sided, the 


Carpinus. | _-« LXXIL. CUPULIFER. — 493 


midrib close to one side, which is entire, forming the basis of the triangle, 
the other two sides coarsely dentate. | 


_ On the Bias between 4000 and 5500 ft., on the Sutlej at 6000, in Garhwal, 
Kamaon at 7000 ft. Nepal and Bhutan. Bark dark brown, smooth, lightly 
wrinkled. Fl. March, April; fr. July, Aug. 


Two species of Carpinus are in Europe. 1°. C. Betulus, L.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 
345, the Hornbeam—Charme, Fr. ; Hainbuche, German, with duplicate-serrate 
leaves, 3-lobed involucral bracts, the middle lobe longer ; a moderate-sized slow- 
growing tree, with great powers of reproduction. Coppices vigorously, and 
makes useful pollards on dry grass-land. Is not injured by frost, and is often 
seen in Germany fringing the edges of the Beech-forest along the bottom of val- 
leys, where the Beech would suffer. The wood is white, heavy (39-51 Ib., 
Nordlinger), and is marked by numerous medullary rays, which on a vertical 
section are 3-4 in. high. Great:heating power, yields a better fuel than even 
the Beech. Used mainly as fuel ; tool-handles, the teeth of cog-wheels, and 
screws of wood are made of it. Central and Eastern Europe, very common in 
Northern and Eastern France, indigenous in the South of England, and of Swe- 
den. Western Asia as far east as Asterabad, south of the Caspian. In Central 
Europe commonly associated with the Beech. f 

2°. C. duinensis, Scop.—Syn. C. orientalis, Lam.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 
t. 634. A small tree or large shrub, with (generally) small duplicate-serrate 
leaves and ovate 6-8-nerved involucral bracts. Italy, Dalmatia, Hungary, 
Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Persia, and Turkestan. 


Ostrya carpinifolia, Scop.—Syn. O. vulgaris, Willd. ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 
t. 635—the Hop Hornbeam, is a moderate-sized tree, with leaves similar to 
those of the Hornbeam, from which it is distinguished by the involucral bracts, 
forming a membranous oval bag enclosing the fruit. Central and Eastern 
Mediterranean region, not in Spain, and in France only near Nice, and on 
the coast a little farther west. Forests of it in Greece. Asia Minor, Armenia. 


4. CORYLUS, Tourn. 


Deciduous shrubs or small trees ; buds closed, scales imbricate ; branch- 
lets and petioles generally with glandular hairs. Male flowers in drooping 
cylindrical hairy catkins, catkins fasciculate, or 2-3 on a common ped- 
uncle, perianth none, stamens 4, attached to the inside of a broad scale, to 
the edges of which are attached two smaller scales ; anther-cells distinct, 
with a tuft of hairs at the tip, on short, often partially connate fila- 
ments, appearing sometimes as 8 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Female 
flowers in small sessile ovoid lateral bud-like spikes, with imbricate scale- 
like bracts, the flowers in pairs in the axils of the upper bracts, each 
flower enclosed by two or more minute scales (involucre) cleft into numer- 
ous narrow lobes. Limb of perianth minutely toothed. Ovary 2-celled, 1 
ovule in each cell; styles 2. Fruit usually clustered, each consisting of a 
hard usually 1-seeded nut, enclosed in the enlarged involucre (scales), which 
forms a leafy entire or 2-leaved sheath, mouth lobed, lobes sometimes spin- 
escent. The oily cotyledons of the germinating seed remain underground. 


Leaves ovate-oblong ; lobes of involucre spinescent; stamens 4, 

anthers 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel . s : é 1. C. ferox. 
Leaves obovate ; lobes of involucre not spinescent ; stamens 8, 

anthers l-celled . : 3 : : : . : P 2. C. Colurna,. 


494. LXXII. CUPULIFERA. : [ Corylus. 


1. CO. ferox, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 87 ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 129. 


A small tree, with elongate silky buds, the outer scales erect. Leaves 
pubescent when young, ovate-oblong, acuminate, closely serrate with un- 
equal cuspidate serratures ; blade 4-5 in., petiole hairy, 4 in. long. Catkins 
fasciculate, scales obovate, acute, bearing at their base 4 subsessile stamens, 
each with 2 distinct contiguous anther-cells. Fruit in clusters of 3-6, in- 
volucre villous, thick, almost fleshy, with pinnatifid lobes, the divisions 
terminating in slender spines 4 in. long. VPericarp hard thick. 


Nepal, Sikkim (8000-10,000 ft.) Fl. Sept. Oct. Wood light, compact, and 
of a pale colour. 


2. C. Colurna, Linn.—Syn. C. Jacquemontii, Dne. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 
t. 160. C. lacera, Wall. Vern. Urni, Jhelam ; Winri, wii, warawi, 
wuriya, thangi, thankoli, Kashmir and Chamba; Shirli, sharoli, geh, 
Sutlej ; Kapas?, bhotia, badam, N.W.P. 


A small or moderate-sized tree; buds short, nearly hemispherical. 
Leaves glabrous, obovate, acuminate, base cordate, unequally serrate, main 
lateral nerves 10-12 pair, each nerve terminating in a more or less distinct 
lobe ; blade 5-6, petiole 1-14 in. long. Catkins fasciculate, scales obovate, 
acute, bearing along the midrib eight 1-celled anthers on short often more 
or less connate filaments. Fruit in clusters of 2-3, involucre subcoriaceous, 
double, the inner sheathing, with numerous elevated ribs, cleft into linear- 
lanceolate serrate lobes with glandular hairs ; the outer of several laciniate 
bracts. 


N.W. Himalaya, 5500-10,000, ascending in places to 10,500 ft., on the Sutlej 
as far as Pangi on the right, and Poari on the left bank. Also in South-East 
Europe and Asia Minor. Gregarious, often forming extensive thickets, not rare 
near the upper limit of tree vegetation, and sometimes associated with Parrotia. 
Often cultivated. Hardy in England. FI. early in spring; the fruit ripens in 
July, August. Generally a small tree with short trunk, but often (particularly 
cultivated specimens) attains 40-50 ft., with an erect. somewhat gnarled trunk, 
6-7 ft. girth. Growth apparently slow, 10-12 rings per inch of radius. Bark 
thin, brownish-grey, very rugose with numerous dark wrinkles, equal in width 
to the intervening low rounded ridges, the ridges divided by short cross-fissures 
into long scales, which in old trees often detach themselves at the base, and ex- 
foliate upwards, like the bark of &sculus indica. Wood compact, not hard or 
heavy, with fine medullary rays, considered a good timber—(have old trees a dis- 
tinct, dark-brown heartwood?) The kernels are as good as English hazel-nuts, 
and form an important article of food in some parts of the hills. In the bazars 
of the Panjab plains they are sold under the name of jindak for medicinal 
purposes. They are imported into England from the Levant as Turkey nuts. 


C. Avellana, Linn.—Hook. Stud. FI. 345, the common Hazel—Hasel, German ; 
Coudrier, French, is a shrub with short-petiolate broadly ovate or rotundate 
leaves, hairy while young, and a single palmately-lobed involucre. Europe, 
Caucasus, Armenia, and Asia Minor. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Tyrol. The male 
catkins are formed in autumn, and open very early, between Jan. and April, long 
before the leaves are out. The Hazel is common in mixed coppice-woods in 
England, the North of France, and some parts of Germany. It requires a good 


Corylus. | LXXII. CUPULIFERA. 495 


deal of light, but thrives well under standards of Oak, Birch, and Ash. Makes 
excellent hoops. No heartwood, medullary rays broad, pores fine. 


Orper LXXIIL MYRICACEA. 


Shrubs or trees, mostly aromatic, with alternate simple, exstipulate, 
generally serrate, coriaceous leaves with a prominent midrib and often 
resinous dots beneath. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, the male and 
female in catkins or spikes. Male fl.: Stamens 2-16, in the axil of lateral 
bracts, sometimes with 2 or more lateral bractlets ; anthers 2-celled, the 
filaments often connate at the base. Female fl.: Perianth none; ovary 
l-celled with 1 basal ovule, in the axil of a lateral bract, generally 
surrounded by 2-4 more or less adhering bracteoles; stigmas 2, sessile. 
Fruit a hard-shelled, 1-seeded nut, clothed with a fleshy or waxy pericarp. 
Seed exalbuminous, cotyledons fleshy, radicle superior. 


1, MYRICA, Linn. 
(Characters those of the Order.) 


1. M. sapida, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 45.—Vern. Kaphal, kdephal, 
N.W. Himal.; Kobusi, Nepal. 


A moderate-sized (always?) evergreen dioicous tree, the current year’s 
branchlets tomentose or pubescent. Leaves with a faint pleasant aromatic 
smell when rubbed or broken, alternate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, nar- 
rowed into a short petiole, those on older trees 3-5 in. long, entire, coria- 
ceous, on the under side pale or rust-coloured, with numerous black 
resinous dots; petiole and midrib pubescent ; main lateral nerves anasto- 
mosing by prominent intramarginal and reticulate veins. Leaves on 
young plants and shoots 5-8 in. long, membranous, with large and sharp 
serratures, and more numerous, prominent, main lateral nerves. Male 
catkins cylindric, $ in. long, sessile in lax axillary drooping racemes, as 
‘long as leaf or shorter.. Female flowers in slender axillary spikes, styles 
red. Fruit a sessile ovoid drupe, several on axillary peduncles, ? in. long, 
tuberculate, pubescent while young, glabrous when ripe, with scanty red- 
dish pulp, which is composed of cylindric or clavate fleshy hairs filled 
with red juice mixed with fine dry hairs or fibres. Nut rugose, pitted. 


Himalaya, outer ranges, from 3000 to 6000 ft., extending north-west to the 
Ravi, but scarce beyond the Sutlej. Assam, Kasia hills. Not gregarious in the 
N.W. Himalaya, generally in mixed forests. The leaves are renewed in April 
and May ; flowers generally in Oct.-Dec., the fruit ripening in May. It fas 
however, been found in flower in spring. Attains 30 ft., with a thick erect 
trunk. Bark dark- or brownish-grey, with deep vertical wrinkles. Wood pale- 
brown, heavy, compact, and hard. The fruit is eaten, and it is sold in the bazars 
of the hills, the pulp is scanty, but with a pleasant aromatic sweet and acidu- 
lous taste. The bark is the most valuable product of the tree ; it is largely ex- 
ported to the plains, used as an aromatic stimulant, and externally as a plaster 
against rheumatism (Pharm. Ind. 217). 


4.96 LXXII, MYRICACEA. [Myrica. 


Wallich identified this with a Japanese tree described by Kaempfer (Ameen, 
Exot. 798) under the name of Jubaz (vulgo Jamma momu). Hooker, Bot. Mag. 
t. 5727, is of opinion that it may be a variety of MU. Nagi, Thunb. (Va, vulgo 
Nagi, tsikkura siba, Kempfer Am. Exot. 773, 874), to which he refers as a syn- 
onym WM. integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 765 ; Wight Ic. t. 764, 765, a shrub or 
tree of Silhet, the Kasia hills, and Assam, with an ovoid drupe, the size of a 
prune, yellow when ripe, which ripens in May, is too sour to be eaten raw, but is 
pickled and used as a condiment. Md. Nagi, Thunb., is synonymous with J. 
rubra, Sieb, et Zucc.; Benth Fl. Hongkong. 322; it is a large tree, not un- 
common on the hills in Japan (vern. /amamo Voki), and much cultivated on 
account of its deep-red purple acidulous fruit in Japan and China, which is 
eaten raw and cooked. ‘The characters by which these three species are gen- 
erally distinguished are as follows: male catkins simple, not paniculate in Y/. 
Nagi, paniculate in WV. integrifolia and sapida, the partial catkins short, few- 
flowered, closely approximate in MW. integrifolia, with the bracts larger, as long 
as or longer than the stamens. The number of stamens varies, Dr Hooker’s 
view is probably correct, and when it is fully established, the North Indian 
tree must then be called M. Nagi, Thunb., with a wide range, from the Panjab 
to Japan, and from China to the sea-coast of Singapore and Borneo, where it 
grows as a shrub 12 ft. high. 


Myrica Gale, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 347, Sweet Gale, or Bog Myrtle, is a 
deciduous gregarious aromatic shrub in peat-bogs, moors, and wet places 
of Britain, North and Central Europe, North Asia, and North America, which 
flowers before the leaves come out in April, May, and ripens its fruit (compact 
resinous spikes) in August. : 

The following, and probably several other species of this genus yield vege- 
table wax, which forms the outer covering of the fruit: 1. I. cerifera, L., 
Bayberry or Wax Myrtle, a small shrub of North America, shores of Lake Erie 
and sea-coast to Florida, with numerous small nuts encrusted with white wax. 
2. M. cordifolia, L., the Wax Myrtle or Candleberry bush of dry sand-hills in 
South Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. Leaves ovate-dentate with cordate 
base, fruit + in. diam. 3. I. arguta, Kunth., a monoicous evergreen shrub on 
the mountains of Venezuela and New Grenada, and the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, 


and Bolivia. 
| Orper LXXIV. JUGLANDEZ. 


Trees, rarely shrubs, with alternate pinnate often aromatic leaves with- 
out stipules. Flowers monoicous, the male in lateral catkins, the female 
solitary, clustered in erect or drooping spikes. Male fl.: Stamens 3-10, 
inserted on lateral bracts, generally surrounded by 3-6 membranous scales ; 
anthers 2-celled, filaments short. Female fl.: Perianth adnate to ovary, 
sometimes enclosed by foliaceous bracts, connate and cup-shaped at the 
base ; ovary l-celled with 1 erect ovule. Fruit a 1-seeded 2-valved nut, 
often incompletely 2- or 4-celled at the base, and enclosed by a coriaceous 
or fleshy pericarp, which remains attached to the nut or eventually separ- 
ates from it. Seed without albumen, cotyledons fleshy, oily, sinuous or 
corrugated, 2-lobed, radicle short, superior. 

Fruit a large woody nut, enclosed in a thick coriaceous-fleshy 
pericarp, which separates from it when ripe. \ . 1, JUGLANS. 


Fruit small, enclosed in large foliaceous bracts, in drooping 
spikes ; pericarp not separating from the nut . ‘ . 2. ENGELHARDTIA, 


Juglans. | LXXIV. JUGLANDEA. 497 


This small but remarkable family, which has great analogy with Pastacia 
among Anacardiaceee, except the free ovary and curved embryo of the latter, 
contains, besides these two genera, the following: 1. Carya, inflorescence similar 
to Juglans, but male flowers fasciculate, and petals of the female flowers want- 
ing; C’. alba, Nutt., and several other species of this North American genus (hardy 
in England) furnish valuable timber, and yield the well-known Hickory-nuts. 
2. Platycarya strobilacea, Sieb. & Zuce. (Soreailiee chinensis, Lindl.), a tree of 
Japan and China (hardy in England), with the female flowers at the base of the 
male catkins, forming a cone when in fruit. 3. Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Spach, 
a tree of Armenia, the Caucasus, and North Persia (hardy in England), with 12 
pair of serrate leaflets, the male catkins at the base of the female flower-spikes, 
which are long, lax, and drooping, the fruit with 2 broad lateral wings, 


1. JUGLANS, L. 


Aromatic trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; petioles broad-based, leaving 
large scars on falling. Male flowers in lateral catkins from the axils of 
fallen leaves, on the previous year’s wood. Perianth of 3-6 unequal lobes 
inserted on a lateral bract. Stamens 10-40, filaments free, very short. 
Female flowers solitary or several together at the ends of branches ; calyx 
tubular, adhering to the ovary, 4-toothed, 4 small petals in the sinus be- 
tween the teeth. Stigmas 2, more or less fleshy, fimbriate. Fruit with 
a thick coriaceous or fleshy pericarp, enclosing a hard woody, mostly irreg- 
ularly-furrowed endocarp or nut-shell, Embryo sweet, edible. 


1. J. regia, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631.— Walnut—Noyer, French ; 
Walinuss, German. Sans. Akshota, akhota. Pers. Charmaghz (four 
_ brains or kernels), used in Kashmir and Afghanistan. Vern. Akhrot. 
Local names: Ughz, waghz, Afghanistan ; Akhor, khor, krot, dun, Kash- 
mir; Kabotang, thanka, Pb.; Starga, Ladak; Ka, Kunawar; Akhor, 
khor, kharot, korot, Jaunsar and Kamaon. 


A large tree, youngest shoots velvety or with floccose pubescence. Leaf- 
lets elliptic-oblong, entire (rarely serrulate), subcoriaceous, glabrous, with 
tufts of hairs in the axils of nerves beneath, main lateral nerves prominent, 
15-20 pairs ; terminal leaflet largest, petiolulate, the lateral, 3-4 sometimes 
5-6 pair, subsessile, nearly opposite, those near the base smaller ; common 
petiole 6-12 in. long, glabrous or hoary. Male catkins appearing with the 
leaves in the previous year’s axils and on the previous year’s wood, some- 
times in pairs, green, pubescent, cylindric, 2-5 in. long ; bracts pedicellate, 
oblong, with 6 perianth-lobes and 10-20 stamens, the buds of the coming 
year’s catkins being ready-formed in the leaf-axils, Female flowers 1-3, 
limb of calyx minute, indistinctly toothed, petals linear-lanceolate, green, 
varying in length, sometimes half the length of ovary. Fruit green, ovoid, 
glabrous, 2 in. long, enclosing a brown, irregularly-furrowed nut, which is 
2-valved, acute at the upper end and divided by 2 thin coriaceous dissepi- 
ments into 4 incomplete cells, one dissepiment separating the 2 cotyledons, 
the other dividing them at the back into 2 lobes. Seed with 2 integu- 
ments, the outer yellowish brown, the inner white, very fine. 

Of the varieties described in DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 136, the following may 

2 1 


498 LXXIV. JUGLANDES. [ Juglans. 


be mentioned. «a. tenera, shell of nut thin, fragile. 6. belowdchistana, 
leaflets 2 pair, entire, the terminal leaflet 8-10 in. long. Beluchistan 
near Quetta (a few trees only, Stocks). y. kamaonia, petiole rusty-tomen- 
tose, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, 6-9 in. long, fruit pubescent, shell 
of nut thick and very hard. Kamaon and Jaunsar (cultivated, and wild 
on the head-waters of the Dharaghad, June 1873, D.B.) . 


Wild in many forests of the North-West Himalaya and in Sikkim ; also, 
according to the generally received opinion, in trans-Caucasia and probably in 
Armenia. C. Koch, however (Dendrologie, i. 584), states that the tree is not 
wild in either of these countries or in Asia Minor, and suggests that its home may 
possibly be found in Central Asia. Cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, on 
the hills in the trans-Indus territory, at 5000-6000 ft. near villages; abundantly 
in Kashmir, in the North-West Himalaya between 3500 and 10,000 ft., both in 
the outer ranges and in the inner arid tract, in Nepal, Sikkim, and the Kasia 
hills. In Kunawar its upper limits are Spui on the right and Namgia on the 
left bank, and in Nubra it is cultivated up to nearly 11,000 ft. Grown and 
bears fruit in gardens in Peshawar, grows but does not bear fruit in Calcutta. 
Commonly cultivated in Europe and Western Asia. In Western Europe the 
Walnut is grown nearly to 58° N.L. in Ross-shire, but only in sheltered places. 
Near Edinburgh the tree grows with vigour, but ripens its fruit only in the finest 
and hottest summers (Selby, British Forest Trees, 44). On the east side of Europe 
it is found to 52°. It was known to the ancients, and Pliny states that it was 
brought from Persia (A. De Candolle, Geographie Bot. 393, 968). Leafless in win- 
ter, the new foliage comes out from Feb. to April, according to elevation, and the 
flowers appear about the same time. The fruit ripens July-Sept. Attains, under 
favourable circumstances, 80-100 ft. and a girth of 10-15, and not rarely-of 20 ft. 
Instances of large trees are: 22 ft. girth at Sali on the Chenab at 8200 ft. ; 28 
ft. Kullu, Stewart ; 17 ft. and 100 ft. high, Tutwa forest, Dharaghad, Jaunsar, 
D.B. Old trunks are often buttressed. In Ladak the trees have short trunks 
not exceeding 7-8 ft. girth, with a low rounded crown. Bark $ in. thick, silvery 
or dark grey, sometimes mixed with reddish brown.. Sapwood greyish white. 
Heartwood brown or greyish brown, often veined with darker shades, darker 
near the centre. Weight, 40-48 Ib. (Europe). Medullary rays short, moderately 
broad, numerous. Pores equal in size and uniformly distributed, solitary or in 
radial groups of 2-4, annual rings distinct; besides the annual rings, numerous 
minute concentric lines. The heartwood is very durable, works well and does 
not warp or split ; it is a beautiful furniture-wood and polishes well ; the prin- 
cipal use is for gun-stocks. It is also used for turning, and in Kashmir much 
of the lacquered ware is made of it. The bark is largely exported to the plains, 
and sold, under the name of danddsa, to clean the teeth and strengthen the 
gums. It is also used (on the Bias) as a dye-stuff and in native medicine. .The 
twigs and leaves are used as winter fodder, which, with hay, is often stored on 
the large boughs of the tree. On the Sutlej it is said that trees which are 
lopped for fodder will continue yielding fruit, provided they get rest every 
fourth year. The nut, however, is the most important product of the tree ; 
that of the wild tree has a thick, extremely hard shell with a small kernel, 
which is rarely eaten : the cultivated varieties are numerous, one much valued 
in Kashmir is called kaghazt (paper-shelled). Where the tree is most commonly 
cultivated, in Kashmir, Pangi, and Kunawar, Walnuts form an important article 
of food. They are also exported largely to the plains, to Bengal, and the rest 
of India. Oil is made of them in Europe and in India. , The outer covering of 
the fruit is employed as a dye in Kashmir ; in Europe it is used for tanning, as 
well as the bark of the tree. The tree produces fruit at an early age. On the 


Juglans.| LXXIV, JUGLANDEA. 499 


Chenab and in Kunawar it does not ripen its fruit well at an elevation above 
9500 ft. The wild Walnut merits cultivation as a forest-tree on account of its 
timber ; when grown in compact masses it cannot be expected to produce much 
fruit, but the timber would probably prove one of the most valuable of the 
leaf-bearing trees of the North-West Himalaya, and it has the advantage of not 
being too heavy for floating. The tree, however, requires a rich and deep soil, 
and will probably not prove to be a rapid grower. 

J. nigra, lL, the Black Walnut, sometimes called Black Hickory, of North 
America, particularly in Ohio and Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas, has 
serrate, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate leaflets, and a spherical incompletely 
4-celled nut. Wood beautifully veined, valued for furniture, heavier than that 
of J. regia (lighter according to Nérdlinger, Techn. Eigensch. d. Holzes, 522). 

J. cinerea, li., the Butter-nut of Canada and the Northern States, has oblong- 
lanceolate, downy leaflets, an oblong nut, 2-celled at the base. 


2. ENGELHARDTIA, Leschenault. 


Resinous trees or large shrubs. Leaves sometimes apparently paripin- 
nate by the abortion of the terminal leaflet. Male flowers in cylindric 
lateral catkins. Perianth of 3-6 lobes, adnate to a lateral generally stip- 
itate often 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4-12, anthers subsessile. Female 
flowers in long drooping bracteate spikes. Calyx adnate to the ovary 
with a 4-dentate limb, Petals none. Stigmas 2, sessile, linear, papillose. 
Bract cup-shaped, enclosing the flower, limb divided into 4 unequal seg- 
ments, the inner rounded, often crenate, the three outer membranous, 


_ veined, generally oblong, the middle one longest. Fruit small, enclosed 


by the enlarged bract ; pericarp thin, firmly adhering to the endocarp. 


1. BE. Colebrookiana, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 208.—Vern. Timar 
rukh, Pb.; Mowa, gobar mowa, bodal mowa, Kamaon ; Khusam, Banda. 


A large shrub or moderate - sized tree, the current year’s branchlets 
tomentose or pubescent. Leaves generally approximate near the ends of 
branches, mostly imparipinnate, leaflets 3-5 pair, nearly opposite or alter- 
nate, shortly petiolulate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, base unequal- 
sided, subcoriaceous when full-grown, pubescent or tomentose when 
young, the upper side glabrous when full-grown, the under side tomen- 
tose or with minute round yellowish scales ; main lateral nerves 10-15 on 
either side of midrib, joined by prominent reticulate and intramarginal 
veins. Male catkins numerous, 3-5 in. long, generally clustered at the 
base of the female spikes. Bract stipitate, more or less 3-lobed, bearing 
4-5 oblong obtuse scales, one generally at the base, the others at the top 
or along the sides of the bract, and 6-8 sessile hispid mucronulate anthers. 
A tuft of hairs, in the place of a rudimentary ovary, not rarely between 
the anthers. Female spikes pedunculate, 5-6 in. long, drooping, lax when 
in flower, cylindric, compact when in fruit, outer bracts in fruit spathulate- 
oblong, obtuse, the middle one 1-1} in. long, the two lateral ones half 
that length, each with a prominent midrib, and reticulate veins, with 
minute round scales, glabrous or pubescent, the inner bract irregularly 
dentate, hispid with long stiff hairs. 


500 LXXIV. JUGLANDEA, [ Engelhardtia. 


Siwalik tract and outer North-West Himalaya, ascending to 6500 ft., common 
and often gregarious, covering i areas on dry hillsides in Kamaon and 
Garhwal, extending to the Chenab, but scarce west of the Jumna. Kalliangarh 
hills in the Banda district. Leafless during part of winter; the flowers ap 
with the young leaves in March and April, and the fruit ripens in May. Bark 
light or dark grey. Attains a girth of 4-5 ft. in North-West India. 

Farther researches on the spot will probably show that this species is only 
a tomentose and small-sized variety of E. spicata, Blume Flora Javae. t. 1, 5, of 
Nepal, Sikkim, East Bengal, Burma, and the Indian Archipelago. In Java this 
is a gigantic tree, 150-200 ft. high, with pale-red, hard, and heavy wood, made 
into (solid) cart-wheels and gigantic cattle-troughs. The leaves are more gla- 
brous, the leaflets more oblong and acuminate, petiolate or sessile, the female 
spikes are 12-20 in. with bracts 2 in. long, and the male catkins 4-8 in. long. 
The bracts of the male flowers often terminate in a mucro, and they are some- 
times abnormally lengthened out into a 3-lobed bract, similar in appearance to 
the outer lobes of the female bracts. The scales attached to these bracts vary 
in size and shape, from linear-oblong to triangular, and the number of stamens 
in one flower is between 4 and 10. In the female flower the styles are some- 
times bifid. 

L. Roxburghiana, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 199—Syn. Juglans ptero- 
cocca, Roxb. F1. Ind. iii. 631—is difficult to identify. Roxburgh’s figure exactly 
represents the habit and fruit of #. spicata, Blume, for which it is probably in- 
tended. Casimir De Candolle identifies it with that tree, but the representa- 
tion and description of the male flower is entirely different. Roxburgh describes 
and figures (Ill. in Herb. Kew, 2395, copied in Pl. As. rar.) the male flower as 
consisting of 4 regular scales or sepals, with 3 stamens at the base of each, and 
in the plate these stamens surround what appears to be intended for a rudimen- 
tary ovary. The female flower-spikes also are erect, and not longer than the 
male catkins. I have seen no specimens at all corresponding to the plate, and 
probably there was a mistake in the original drawing. Wallich’s specimens 
from Nepal marked /. Roxburghiana, agree with H. spicata, Blume. It seems 
remarkable that Wallich, who was acquainted with the tree, should have over- 
looked the error in the original drawing when publishing it in his Asiatic Plants, 
Roxburgh states that the bark of Juglans pterococca is thick, dark-brown, pos- 
sessing much tannin, and is reckoned by the natives (of Silhet, where it is called 
Bolas) the best they are acquainted with for tanning. 


Orprer LXXV. GNETACEZ. 


Shrubs, climbers, undershrubs, rarely trees, the branches articulated at 
the nodes. Leaves opposite (Gnetwm) or rudimentary, consisting of a 
2-lobed sheath (Ephedra). Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in heads or 
spikes. Male flowers consisting of 2-8 monadelphous stamens, enclosed. 
in a 2-fid sheathing perianth ; filaments connate into a fleshy column ; 
anthers 1- or 2-celled (3-celled in the abnormal genus Welwitschia). Female 
flowers consisting of a naked ovule, enclosed by a sheathing or imbricate 
bract, and several integuments, one of which is often prolonged into a fili- 
form appendix resembling a style. Fruit 1- or 2-seeded, enclosed in the 
more or less succulent, persistent fleshy bracts. Embryo in the axis of a 
copious albumen, with 2 foliaceous cotyledons, radicle superior.—Royle 
Ill. 347. 


Ephedra. | LXXV. GNETACEZ. 501 


1. EPHEDRA, Tourn. 


Shrubs or undershrubs with nodose stems, and articulate opposite or 
whorled branches. Wood analogous in structure to the wood of conifers, 
composed of rays and wood-cells with discs, Leaves reduced to a mem- 
branous sheath with 2 opposite, sometimes linear lobes. Flowers dioicous, 
rarely monoicous, in terminal and lateral short, bracteate, sessile or pedun- 
culate spikes, opposite in pairs or whorled. Male flowers in the axils of 
opposite bracts, forming an ovoid 4-20-flowered spike ; anthers 2-10, two- 
celled, opening by pores at the top. Female spike of 2 flowers, rarely 1, 
enclosed by a membranous bifid or bipartite sheath, surrounded at the base 
by numerous imbricate bracts. Seeds two, flat on the inner, convex on 
the outer face, rarely 1 seed only. 


Branches erect, internodes 1-2 in. long ; anthers 6-10, stipitate ; 
tube of inner sheath of female flowers short, included within 


the outer bracts, bifid, lobes exserted , ; ; d 1. £. vulgaris. 
Branches slender, flaccid, sometimes scandent, internodes 1-4 in. 

long ; anthers 2-5, sessile; tube of inner sheath of female 

flowers exserted, truncate or indistinctly 2-lobed , : 2. EL. Alte. 


1. E. vulgaris, Rich. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 354.—Syn. E. monostachya, 
and distachya, Linn. ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ, t. 539. Vern. Asmania, 
budshur, butshur, chewa, Pb. ; Khanda, khanna, Kunawar; Tse, tsapatt, 
trano, Ladak. 


A small rigid shrub, branches green or brownish, cylindric, with numer- 
ous raised scabrous lines, internodes 1-2, sometimes 24 in. long, sheaths 
yellow or brown, with a white membranous edge and 2 acute teeth, shorter 
than sheath. Male spikes yellow, subsessile, in lateral or terminal, often 
whorled clusters ; anthers 6-10, the inner ones stipitate. Female spikes 
lateral or terminal, in pairs or whorled clusters, subsessile or short-pedun- 
culate ; tube of inner sheath short, included within the outer bracts, 2-fid, 
lobes exserted. Fruit ovoid, succulent, sweet, pale- or bright-red when 
ripe, + in. long, seeds 2. 


Dry stony hills, Afghanistan and Beluchistan, inner arid and intermediate 
Himalaya, Jhelam, Chenab, and Sutlej, between 7800 and 12,800 ft. (Urni the 
lower limit in Kunawar), West Tibet to 16,600 ft. (Stewart), inner Kamaon and 
inner Sikkim, and adjoining parts of Tibet, ascending to 16,000 ft., South Europe, 
North Africa, Western Asia, Caucasus, Siberia. Fl. April-June, later at high 
elevations ; the fruit ripens Aug.-Oct. At high elevations, often not more than a 
few inches high, lower down attains 2-4 ft., with woody, often gnarled, stems, and 
numerous, opposite or whorled, straight erect, and often tuberculate branches. 
Bark grey, rugose, inner substance fibrous, brown, very tough. Wood whitish- 
yellow. The fruit, which looks pretty, clustered on the dark-green branches, is 
very sweet, and is eaten in some places—e. g., on the Sutlej. The branches are 
browsed by goats, the Yak does not touch them. In the treeless parts of Ladak 
the woody roots and stems are used as fuel. 


2. E. Alte, C. A. Meyerm-Tab. LXIX.—Versuch einer Monographie 
d. Gattung Ephedra, St Petersburg, 1846, 75.—Syn. L. ciliata, Fischer 


502 LXXV. GNETACEA, [ Ephedra. 


et Meyer. Arab. Alte. Vern. Kuchan, nikki (small), kurkan, bratta, 
tandala, lastuk, nangarwal, Pb. 


A shrub with slender flaccid, generally whorled branches ; branchlets 
often filiform, with numerous raised longitudinal lines, often rough with 
short hairs, internodes 1-4 in. long, sheaths very short, with two tri- 
angular or linear teeth longer than sheath, often prolonged into narrow 
linear leaves. Male spikes sessile, in lateral or terminal, often whorled 
clusters ; anthers 2-5, sessile.- Female spikes pedunculate, solitary or in 
pairs ; tube of inner sheath exserted, truncate or indistinctly 2-lobed. 
Fruit ovoid, succulent, tasteless, | in. long, red when ripe. 


Plains of the Panjab and Sindh, ascending in the Salt range to 3000 ft. Af- 
ghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Aden, Sinai. Madden, As. Soc. Journ. xvii. i. 404, men- 
tions an Hphedra in Rajputana (Vern. Phok, generally the name of Calligonum 
polygonordes) ; if an Hphedra, it probably is this species. Somewhat gregari- | 
ous, forming dense clumps of low brushwood in the most arid, sandy or stony 
places ; branches brown or somewhat glaucous, often scandent on other trees. 
Fl. March, April (sometimes in October) ; the fruit ripens in May, and is often 
long persistent. Bark brown, bunches of stem and branches are sometimes used 
for cleaning brass dishes, 


f. alata, D»* ; DC. Prodr. 358, is a much larger shrub, 9-10 ft. high, with 
stiff erect branches, marked by having bracts and sheath of female flowers with a 
broad white membranous margin, the inner sheath of the female flowers nearly 
2-partite to the base, and 3-8 subsessile anthers on a long-exserted column. ~ 
Deserts of North Africa, from Algeria to Egypt, Sinai, Persia.—Aitchison (Cat. 
142) quotes “ Edgeworth, Multan.” I have not seen specimens ; Edgeworth in 
Florula Mallica Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 194, enters H. alata (without auth.), 
which may possibly be intended for #. alata, Schimp., a synonym of #. Alte. 


Gnetum scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518—Syn. G. edule, Blume; Vern, 
Kimbal, imbli, Bombay—is a stout climbing shrub, with opposite coriaceous 
elliptic - oblong petiolate leaves, 5-6 in. long, which turn black in drying ; 
flowers monoicous in cylindric verticillate, paniculate spikes, with numerous 
short annular sheaths, the flowers mixed with articulate hairs closely packed in 
their axils. Male flowers monandrous, anthers of 2 distinct cells, opening by a slit 
at the apex, at the end of a thick column, protruding from a thick clavate angular 
sheath, which splitsin two. Female flowers consisting of numerous naked ovules 
similarly arranged, and mixed with articulate hairs. Fruit an oblong 1-seeded 
drupe, 1-14 in. long, narrowed into a thick short stalk, red when ripe. The 
seeds are eaten. Common in the dense forests of the Western Ghats and 
the Konkan—East Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago, China. The wood 
of Gnetum consists of a large number of distinct wedge-shaped ligneous masses, 
which are arranged in concentric circles, and separated by cellular tissue. It 
thus resembles the wood of Menispermacee (p. 10). 


Orpen LXXVI CGONIFERZ. 


Shrubs or trees, generally evergreen and resinous. Wood without - 
vessels, hence on a horizontal section without pores, consisting of medul- 
lary rays and long thick-walled wood-cells, tapering at the ends, with 
circular discs (lenticular cavities between the walls of adjoining cells), on 
the sides parallel to the rays ; in the wood of roots on all sides. The tur- 


Araucaria. | LXXVI. CONIFERZ. 503 


pentine (resin) is generally secreted in large, branching, intercellular ducts 
lined by thin-walled cells, either in the bark, or in the wood, vertical 
in the mass of wood-cells, and horizontal in the medullary rays. The 
annual rings are, as a rule, distinctly marked by a belt of thick-walled 
wood-cells in the outer (autumn) wood, and a belt of larger wood-cells 
with thin walls in the inner (spring) wood of the succeeding year. In 
many coniferous woods the inner belt of each annual ring is soft, and 
the outer belt compact and hard. Leaves alternate, rigid, scale-like, 
subulate, acicular or linear, rarely with a broad blade ; without stipules. 
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, without perianth. Male flowers in 
deciduous catkins. Female flowers solitary, capitate, or in spikes (cones), 
consisting of one or several ovules adnate to, or surrounded by carpel- 
lary scales. Albumen fleshy and oily (in-Araucaria farinaceous) ; coty- 
ledons generally more than two, whorled.—Royle Ik 348.* 


According to Parlatore, in D€. Prodr. xvi. i, this Order comprises 216 
species. Those of North-West India belong to the following tribes :— 


Abietinew (Pine, Parlatore).—Fruit a cone, with numerous imbricate, 
carpellary, generally woody scales, each bearing at its base two seeds 
(developed from inverted ovules) and inserted in the axil of a bract, 
the bract often dry and not apparent when the fruit is ripe—Pinus, 

~ Cedrus, Abies, Larix. 

Cupressinee.—Fruit with few carpellary scales, varying in shape and 
substance, sometimes fleshy, each bearing at its base, or on the stalk 
when the scales are peltate, 1 or numerous seeds (developed from 
erect ovules). No bracts—Cupressus, Juniperus, Callitris, Biota. 

Taxinece (a distinct Order of many botanists).—Fruit 1-seeded (1 erect 
ovule), supported by a few imbricate scales—(in Taxus surrounded 
by a fleshy cup-shaped disc) Taxus, Podocarpus. 


There are two other tribes—Araueariee and Taxodiee—to which the 
following remarkable trees belong: Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook., the 
Bunya Bunya of the aborigines of North-East Australia in 27°S.L. A 
tall tree with a straight stem and numerous tiers of short rigid whorled 
branches. The cones, which are said to ripen every third or fourth year 
only, are nearly as large as a man’s head, and contain numerous large far- 
inaceous seeds, which are an important article of food of the inhabitants. 
The cones of Araucaria consist of numerous imbricate carpellary scales, 
each scale with only 1 seed at the base. 

The seeds of A. imbricata, Pavon, are also eaten, This tree grows on 
the higher mountains of Chili (36°-48° S.L.), is hardy, though it is occa- 


* Regarding the Coniferous trees of the N.W. Himalaya, the following papers in 
the Journ. Agric. and Hortic. Society of India contain much valuable information : 
- Madden, Observations on some of the Pines and other Coniferous Trees of the Northern 
Himalaya, and on Himalayan Conifer, vols. iv. and vii., 1845, 1850; Cleghorn, 
Notes upon the Pines of the N. W. Himalaya, vol. xivy., 1866. Of official reports, the 
report on the Deodar forests of Bussahir, by D. Brandis, J. L. Stewart, and Capt. E. 
Wood, Calcutta, 1865, contains most information on the growth and natural history 
of the Himalayan Conifers, 


504 LXXVI. CONIFER, [ Sequoia. 


sionally injured by severe frost, and extensively cultivated in England, 
where it was introduced in 1796, the highest specimen being at Dropmore, 
50 ft. high in 1871. This, like the other species of this genus, continues 
its growth throughout the year; the buds are open, not enclosed in scales; 
and young leaves are being formed at all times of the year. The wood of 
some Araucarias is supposed to have no proper annual rings ; the con- 
centric*bands are often incomplete, and are believed not to indicate any 
periodical interruption of the vegetation, like that which causes the 
formation of annual rings of other coniferous and leaf-bearing trees. 

The tribe of Taxodiew includes, besides many other interesting trees of 
North America, Japan, China, Australia, and South Africa, the two giants 
of California, Sequoia sempervirens, Endl., and S. gigantea, Torrey ( Welling- 
tonia gigantea, Lindley). The former, the Redwood of the coast, is found 
in a narrow belt between 34° and 42° N.L. in the mountains of California ; 
it has been known to attain 300 ft., with a girth of 55 ft. Its cones are 
1 in. long, the timber is excellent, and it coppices vigorously. 

Sequoia gigantea, the Wellingtonia or Mammoth-tree, is well known as 
the reputed tallest tree on record, attaining 300 to 330 ft., and a circum- 
ference of 80-100 ft. One individual is stated to have been 450 ft. high. 
As regards height, Hucalyptus Globulus and obliqua of Tasmania, and 
other Australian Hucalypti (p. 231), rival the Californian tree. Abies 
Douglasit (p. 527) and Sequoia sempervirens probably stand in the sec- 
ond rank ; and Antiaris innoxia (p. 427), with the Deodar (p. 518), under 
exceptionally favourable circumstances, take the third. Of European 
trees the Silver Fir (p. 529) comes next, but it rarely attains, even in the 
most luxuriant and compact forests of the Southern Schwarzwald, 200 ft. 
Eng., one-half the height of the Wellingtunia ; and it remains consider- 
ably behind the great variety of trees which.compose the dense evergreen 
forests of Tenasserim and of the crest of the Western Ghats (where not 
cleared for coffee plantations), which often form a dense mass of vegeta- 
tion, unbroken for miles, on an average 200 ft. high. 

The Mammoth-tree has a much more limited range of distribution than 
any of the other forest giants just mentioned. Like the Deodar, Pinus 
excelsa, and the Larch of the Alps and Carpathians, it is an inhabitant of 
the mountains, but, so far as known at present, it is only found in a belt 
25 miles long in N.L. 38°, in the valleys on the west side of the Sierra 
Nevada of California at an elevation of 4000 to 7000 ft. 

The wood of the Mammoth-tree has distinct concentric rings, the inner 
belt of each being composed of soft spongy wood, while there is a narrow 
but hard and horny outer belt of darker colour. It has been asserted that 
two or more of such rings are formed in one year. The cones of 8. gigan- 
tea are 2-24 in. long; they consist of imbricate scales, like the cones of 
Abietinee, but each scale has 5 seeds at its base. Both Seguoias are 
hardy in England. 


Fruit a cone with imbricate scales, . 
Leaves persistent, in clusters of 2-5, in the axilsof membran-  ; 
ous scales; cones ripen the 2d, sometimes the 3d year, 
scales thickened at the apex ; $ ; ‘ 4 1. PINUS. 


Pinus.] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 505 - 


Leaves persistent, numerous, in tufts at the ends of arrested 
branchlets ; cones requiring 2 years to ripen, scales broad 
with a thin sharp edge : ‘ ‘ : ‘ ; 

Leaves persistent, single, not in tufts; cones ripening the 
same year; scales with a thin sharp edge ‘ é 

Leaves deciduous, in tufts ; cones ripening the same year; 
scales with a thin sharp edge ; . : ; : 

Fruit woody subglobose, with peltate scales, tightly closed 
before maturity ; leaves persistent, closely adpressed, scale- 
like and imbricate, or subulate ; r ; : 5. CuPpRESsUSs. 

Fruit fleshy. 

Female catkins ovoid, of 3-6 coalescent scales, fleshy in fruit, 
ripening the second year forming a 1-3-seeded berry. 6. JUNIPERUS. 

Female flowers solitary, consisting of an erect ovule seated on 
a fleshy disc, which enlarges into a fleshy cup surround- 
ing the seed . * . d . ; é : ‘ 


2. CEDRUS. 
8. ABIES. 


4, LARIX. 


7. Taxus. 


1, PINUS, Linn. 


Evergreen monoicous trees, the branches generally in whorls at the base 
of each year’s terminal shoot. Leaves on the first shoots of seedlings and 
on elongating branchlets single, acicular subulate or squamiform, bearing 
in their axils arrested branchlets, consisting of a short, tubercular axis, and 
a number of membranous sheathing scales which surround a cluster of 2-5 
- acicular leaves. Axillary buds are as a rule only developed into elongated 
branches at the end of each year’s terminal shoot, one whorl of side branches 
being formed annually, so that the age of a young tree may be ascertained, 
not only by counting the annual rings of the wood, but also by the num- 
ber of whorls on the stem. There are, however, exceptions: Pinus excelsa 
and Pinaster often form two whorls in one season, and P. Gerardiana and 
others are apt to throw out scattered side branches, not in regular whorls. 
The male catkins are in the axils of membranous bracts, clustered round 
the branch in a dense raceme at the base of the current year’s shoot, so 
that in those branches, which habitually bear male flowers, there are often 
breaks in the foliage indicating the position of previous year’s catkins. 
Antheriferous scales numerous, imbricate, each scale with 2 distinct an- 
ther-cells on its under surface, prolonged beyond them into a membranous 
crest. Female flowers on separate branches, solitary or in whorls, gener- 
ally at the end of the current year’s shoot, subsessile or pedunculate, ped- 
uncle with scaly bracts. Ovules inverted, in pairs at the base of the car- 
pellary scales, each scale in the axil of a bract which disappears before the 
fruit ripens. Cones sessile or stipitate, formed of the enlarged woody 
carpellary scales, which are more or less thickened at the apex. Seeds 
oily, with a hard woody testa, in shallow excavations at the base of the 
scales, often winged. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. 


Leaves in clusters of three ; cones ovoid or ovoid-conical. 
Sheathing scales persistent, fimbriate at the edges; seeds 


with a large wing ; , : ; ; ‘ : 1. P. longifolia. 
Sheathing scales deciduous ; seeds with a short caducous 
wing : 2. P. Gerardiana, 


Leaves in clusters of five ; sheathing scales deciduous ; cones 
cylindric, scales not much thickened at the top . é 3. P. excelsa. 


506 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Pinus. 


A two-leaved Pine is described under the name of P. Royleana, Jameson 
(Report upon the Bot. Gardens of the N.W. Provinces, 1854, p. 43, and Journ. 
Hort. Soc. 1855, 52). The cones, of which a number are in the Kew Museum, 
are ovoid-conical, 2 in. long, the ends of the scales with a sharp hook similar to 
the cones of some varieties of P. sylvestris. The leaves (which I have not seen) 
are described as 2 in a sheath, 2-24 in. long, stiff and light glaucous green, 
sheaths short and partially persistent. Seeds very small with a broadish wing, 
. rather more than4in.long. Cotyledons6. Jameson states that it was discovered 
in 1850 by the Garden Seed Collectors on the Gosainthan mountain in Nepal, 
at an elev. of 10,000 ft. above the sea. Seeds were sent to England, from which 
plants were raised in the Hort. Soc. Garden in 1853, but this is all that is 
known regarding this doubtful species, which Parlatore doubtfully suggests 
might be P. Kasya (DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 390), but it evidently is closely allied 
to P. sylvestris. Another doubtful species, classed by Parlatore under the 
2-leaved Pines, is P. persica, Strangways (Loudon’s Gardeners’ Magazine, 1839, 
p- 130), shape of the cone said to be like that of P. Pinea, seeds large, with 
gibbous wings. Under this name a 2-leaved Pine is cultivated at Kew,.be- 
lieved to be P. halepensis. Parlatore describes it with cylindric obtuse cones, 
and the leaves in threes and fours, 


1. P. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 651; Cleghorn, Pines of the N.W. 
Himalaya, t. 3; Royle Ill t.85. Sans. Sarala. Vern. Nakhtar (shautai, 
splinters of wood), Afg. ; Chil, chir, drab chir, Pb. ; Saral, Jaunsar ; Chir, 
salla, sapin (straight tree), kolon, kolan, kolain, kallon, Garhw., Kamaon ; 
Thansa, Royle, N.W. Him. ; Dhup, Oudh. In Sikkim called Giiet-hing 
by the Lepchas, and Teadong by the Bhotias. — 


A large tree with symmetrical branches high up on the trunk, forming a 
rounded head of light foliage. Bark rough, cut into polygonal plates by deep 
dark-coloured furrows. Leaves in clusters of three, 9-12 in. long, some- 
times longer, slender, inner face keeled, so as to be nearly triquetrous, with 
a rounded convex back. Sheath persistent, greyish brown, of numerous 
closely imbricate bracts, fimbriate at the edges with long fibres. Cones 
on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, solitary or in whorls of 3-5, 
ovoid-conical, 4-7 in. long, 3 in. diam. above the base. Scales 14-2 in. 
long, # in. broad, and 3 in. thick at the top, the apex (apophysis) forming — 
a spreading or recurved obtuse pyramidal beak, with 4-6 more or less dis- 
tinct rounded faces. Seeds with a thin membranous wing 3-1 in. long, © 
obtuse, oblanceolate and unequal-sided. Cotyledons 12 on the average 
(Madden). 

Afghanistan, cultivated at Kandahar, 3500 ft. Kafiristan at 6000 ft. Eastern 
slopes of the Suliman range, where Dr Stewart, in 1860, supposed its lower limit to 
be over 9000 ft., Pb. Pl. 226. Abundant in the Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya 
from the Indus to Bhutan, generally between 1500 and 6000 ft. elevation, occa- 
sionally ascending higher, to 7500 ft.in Kamaon. The lower and upper limits of 
this tree in the different parts of the Himalaya, under different circumstances, are 
by no means well known. In the Panjab, north of the Sutlej, 1800 ft. is gene- 
rally regarded as the lowest, and 5000 ft. as the upper limit ; at Simla the tree 
grows as high as 7000 ft., and this is generally its upper limit in Kamaon. In 
Sikkim and Bhutan it does not rise beyond 3000 or 4000 ft. In the Sutlej 
-valley this Pine skirts, in open forests, the trees standing far apart, the lower 
slopes of the hills on both sides of the Sutlej river as far as the Wangtu bridge, 
where it reaches its upper limit in the valley. Cultivated in the plains of North- 


Pinus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 507 


West India, and grows even at Calcutta. In England requires shelter in winter. 
Gregarious, forming nearly pure, open forests, often with scanty underwood of 
Andromeda, Berberis, Rhus Cotinus, and locally at lower elevations, of Carissa 
diffusa. F 1. Feb.-April ; the cones require 12-15 months to ripen; they open and 
shed their seeds in April or May, but are long persistent afterwards, so that in 
autumn there are numerous seedless cones on the trees. Ribbentrop (Panjab Arbo- 
ricult, 178) states that in the Panjab the seed ripens in October, and that the best 
time to collect seed is to pick the cones from Dec. to March. The leaves gene- 
rally remain 2-3 years on the branches, the oldest being shed in May and June. 
Attains 70, and at times 100-110 ft.; trunk tall, erect, straight, 5-7, rarely 10-12 
ft. girth. Crown oval when young, rounded when old, extremities of branch- 
lets turned upwards, foliage of old trees dark, of young trees lighter green. 
Bark 4 in. thick, cut up by deep fissures and cracks into irregularly polygonal, 
sometimes oblong thick, large grey or reddish plates, inner substance reddish- 
brown, compact. Wood yellowish, reddish-white or brown, no distinct heart- 
wood. The weight of seasoned Chir, according to experiments made at Rurki, 
is 27 lb., and the value of P. 932 (average of 10 exp., extremes 818 and 1084). 
Experiments made at Almora by Capt. Jones in 1844, and recorded by Madden, 
give 34-45 as the weight of unseasoned wood felled one month, P=626 (15 exp.), 
and 36-41 Ib. for seasoned timber, P=545 (5 exp.) The wood is easy to work, 
and is extensively used in the hills for building—roof-trees are said to last two 
generations in Kamaon—also for shingles where slate is not available, at the tea 
plantations for tea-boxes, and there is a considerable export of it to the plains on 
several of the Himalayan rivers. On the Sutlej and Bias it is largely employed for 
the bottoms of boats. As a rule, however, the wood is not durable; ,it is attacked 
by insects, and decays rapidly when exposed to wet. In Kamaon, about Piura, 
and in several places on the Wardwan branch of the Chenab, a large proportion 
- of the trees have the bark and the fibres of the wood much spirally twisted, in 
the same way, only to a much greater degree than is often seen in horse-chest- 
nuts in Europe. The wood of the twisted trees is useless for any purpose save 
fuel. It has been supposed that the twist is caused by the local winds, but the 
twisted are often mixed with straight-grown trees, exactly as is the case in an 
avenue of horse-chestnuts, and their occurrence is confined to particular locali- 
ties not more exposed to the action of the wind than the neighbouring tracts. 
The Chir probably produces more turpentine and resin than the other Coni- 
fers of the North-West Himalaya ; it is obtained by making incisions in the 
stem, or by stripping off the bark. The crude turpentine and resin is called 
Biroza or ellis Jiroza, generally in N.W. India, dhwip in Oudh, berja or 
biroja in Garhwal, and khalja near Simla. The Sanscrit word is kshira, whence 
probably the name chz7v. In a report on the resinous products of the Garhwal 
Forest Division, of March 1867, R. Thompson states that the quantity. of berxja 
annually brought down to the markets at the foot of the hills may be assumed 
at between 1000 to 1200 maunds of 80 Jb. each, at prices varying from 3 to 45 
rupees per maund,—and he describes the procedure as follows: “ Several deep 
triangular-shaped niches are cut into and around the trunk of the tree. The 
niches are 12-18 in. long, and 6-8 in, deep. The base of the niche is hollowed 
out so as to form a sort of receiver for the resin after it exudes. These are 
emptied out as filled, which takes 10-15 days from the time of first cutting. 
The receivers are filled and emptied several times during the season, which lasts 
from 15th March to 15th June, or 3 months. The yield of an ordinary-sized 
tree is 10-20 lb. of berja for the first, and about a third of the quantity the 
second year, after which the tree either dies or is blown down.” In the Panjab 
in 1868 the crude resin sold for 4-7 rupees permaund. Tar (mixed with turpen- 
tine and products of destructive distillation of wood) is also made by filling an 
earthen pot (perforated at the bottom with small holes) with chips of resinous 


508 LXXVI. CONIFERZ. [ Pinus. 


wood, the pot is closed and luted over with wet mud, pieces of dry cow- 
dung are heaped over it, and lighted. This fuel burns slowly, and the tar runs 
into a second smaller pot placed underneath the other ina hole dug in the 
ground (Journ. As. Soc. ii. 249). Spirit of turpentine is distilled from the erude 
turpentine in the Panjab, the Bijnaur district, and elsewhere in North-West 
India ; in the Panjab the crude turpentine to be distilled is mixed with water 
and carbonate of soda. The residue (pale resin, colophony) is called séindras in 
Bijnanr. The wood of stumps and of trees which had been notched and muti- 
lated is often so full of resin as to be translucent, and such wood is used for 
torches and in place of candles, in houses and mines, The bark is used for 
tanning, and as fuel for iron-smelting. Charcoal is often made of the wood. 
The charcoal of the leaves, mixed with rice-water, is used instead of ink. The 
seeds (kalghoza, chalhatti) are eaten, and are of some importance as food in 
times of scarcity; they have a strong taste of turpentine. 

The Chir requires much light, and seedlings will not spring up under shade. 
Nevertheless the regeneration of Chir forests by self-sown seedlings is good, and 
will, with properly-regulated cuttings, probably not present any great difficulty 
wherever fires and cattle can be excluded. It is easily raised from seed, but re- 
garding its cultivation on a large scale not much experience has yet been gained. 
Ribbentrop (Hints on Arboriculture in the Panjab, 179) states that the tree 
makes a long tap-root in its early youth, which must not be injured in trans- 
planting. The growth is moderately rapid (4-5 rings per inch). It has much 
tenacity of life. 


Nearly allied is P. Kasya, Royle; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 390, the Pine of the 
Kasia hills (2000-6000 ft.), and ot the mountains east of Toungoo, between the 
Sitang and Yunzalin rivers in Burma, where I found it in Feb. 1859, forming 
extensive forests at elevations above 3000 ft., as a large tree, attaining 200 ft. in 
height, the wood very resinous. (Z%myuben, Burm.) It has shorter and more 
slender leaves (3 in a sheath), the young cones are recurved, on long bracteate 
stalks, the ripe fruit is smaller than that of P. longifolia, 2-3 in. long, the top 
of the scales flat or convex, without any prominent beak at the end. On the 
Yunzalin plateau, the male flowers open in Feb., and at that time cones of 
several stages of growth are on the trees. Of the tree in the Kasia hills Hooker 
gives the following account : “ They had 5 years’ old-cones on them as well as 
those of all succeeding years ; they bear male flowers in autumn, which impreg- 
nate the cones formed the previous year. Thus the cones formed in the s ring 
of 1850 are fertilised in the following autumn, and do not ripen their seeds ti 
the second following autumn, that of 1852.”—-Himalayan Journals, ii. 288. The 
time of impregnation of the female flowers of P. longifolia merits farther in- 

uiry, also the time which the cones require to ripen. It would be remarkable, 
though not unexampled (see Quercus Suber and occidentalis), if two species so 
closely allied were found to differ in this respect. 


2. P. Gerardiana, Wall.—Tab. LXVII.—Royle Il. t. 85 ; Cleghorn 
let. 4. Vern. Chilghoza, jalghoza, Afg.; Chiri, prita, marri, galboja, 
galgoja, Chenab; Kashti, Ravi; Ri, rhi, Kunawar ; Kannuchi, koniun- 
chi, kaninchi, West Tibet. Called Konecha, kolecha, by the Juwahir Bhu- 
tiyas (Madden). The seeds: Neoza, nioza. 


A middle-sized tree with a short rounded crown and grey bark, peeling off 
in large flakes. Foliage dark green, branches smooth, nut-brown. Leaves 
in clusters of three, 3-5 in. long, stiff, 2 line broad ; sheath and bracts 
deciduous. Cones while young (catkins) erect on stout scaly peduncles 
1 in. long, when mature glaucous, ovoid-oblong, 6-9 in. long, 4-5 in. diam. 


Pinus.] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 509 


at base. Lower part of scales 1-14 in. long, 1-14 in. broad at top, upper 
part recurved, obtusely triangular, compressed, spinescent. Seeds cylin 
dric, 1 in. long, with a short caducous wing. 


Common in North Afghanistan and Kafiristan, abundant on the Safedkoh 
and probably also at high elevations on the Suliman range. In the N.W. 
Ramaiers, locally in the inner valleys with a drier climate, beyond the influ- 
ence of the periodical rains. Indus valley between Astor and Iskardo, and in 
Gilgit. On the Chenab, common below Kilar, on a short portion of the main 
river, and on the Marru, a tributary (5800-8000 ft.) A few trees occur at one place 
on the Ravi (at 8000-8500 ft.) In Kunawar, generally occupying the lower 
slopes of the mountain-sides near the river, between 6000 and 10,000 ft. (Capt. 
Gerard states up to 12,300 ft. near Sungnam), from Chergaon and Jani to Han- 
garang and Dabling. Planted at Serahn, 15 miles lower down the valley, and 
within the full range of the monsoon, but does not bear fruit. Also in British 
Garhwal, between Malari and Bampa, on the route to the Niti Pass, at 6000- 
10,000 ft. (Dr Jameson, 1846). Gregarious, but not forming dense forests, fre- 
quently associated with Deodar, often on dry steep rocky slopes, on granite and 
clay-slatein Kunawar. The male flowers appear in June and July,and the yellow 
pollen falls abundantly at that time, and is carried about by the wind. The 
cones ripen in the second year; at lower levels by the end of September, at 
higher elevations about the middle of October. The leaves remain 3-4 years on 
the branches. Attains 30-40, at times 50-60 ft., with a short straight trunk (clear 
of branches, to 8 or 10 ft.), girth 6-7, rarely 12 ft. ; branches strong, horizontal 
or decurved, the ends turned up, forming a broad oval or rounded compact 
bushy crown. Bark grey, greenish grey, often silvery, with darker blotches, 
without fissures cracks or roughness, exfoliating in long thin flakes, leaving ex- 
posed patches of the fresh, smooth, darker-coloured inner bark. The peculiarly 
smooth bark of this species, which is never transformed into a rough outer coat- 
ing like that of the other pines, was first noticed by Dr W. Hoffmeister, who 
accompanied Prince Waldemar of Prussia in his journey through India in 1845 
and 1846. 

The wood is used for the hook which supports the passenger’s seat on the 
single-rope swing-bridge ; it probably is tough, but is hardly ever felled, as the 
tree is valuable on account of the edible seeds, It is very resinous, and a white 
resin also exudes abundantly from the bark and cones. Baskets and rough 
water-buckets are made of the bark. The cones are plucked before they open, 
and are heated to make the scales expand, and to get the seed out. Large quan- 
tities of the seeds are stored for winter use ; they form a staple food of the in- 
habitants of _Kunawar, are often eaten ground and mixed with flour. Itisa 
common saying in Kunawar, “One tree a man’s life in winter.” They are 
also exported to the plains, and considerable quantities are imported annually 
into North-Western India from Afghanistan by the Khaiber and Bolan Passes. 
They are oily, with a slight but not unpleasant turpentiny flavour. The seeds 
and an oil extracted from them are used in native medicine, . 


Tothe same section (Z'eda, with 3 leaves in a sheath) as the preceding species, 
belong three important trees of Eastern North America: 1. P. australis, Mich- 
aux, the Long-leaved or Yellow Pine, also called Pitch Pine, a large tree, which 
clothes extensive dry sandy tracts, known as the Pine Barrens, along the 
coast of South Virginia, the two Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. The heart- 
wood is compact, heavy (40-53 lb. per cub. ft.), strong, durable, and much prized 
in America for house- and ship-building. It is very resinous, and yields the 
main supply of American resin and turpentine. 

Michaux (Forest Trees of North America, 1819, ii. 271) gives the following 


510 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Pinus. 


description of the mode of procedure, which is confirmed by other accounts : 
In winter a cavity is cut into the base of the trunk about 3 or 4 inches from the 
ground, commonly of the capacity of 3 pints, and about 4in.deep. These cavities 
are called boxes, and they have the shape of a large distended waistcoat-pocket. 
When the trees are large, 2 or sometimes 4 boxes are excavated on opposite 
sides of the trunk. Two oblique gutters are made at the edges of the box, and 
the surface of the stem is hacked or chipped above the box ; this is repeated once 
a-week ; the first year the chippings extend 12 in. upwards, and are carried up 
higher every year, but after 5 or 6 years the tree is generally abandoned. The 
turpentine begins to run about the middle of March, and the hottest months, 
July and August, are the most productive. The boxes generally fill every three 
weeks, and the turpentine is ladled out with wooden shovels into pails. Fires 
are the great danger, and on that account the ground at the foot of the trees is 
carefully cleared of leaves and herbage. The solid masses of resin, which con- 
crete on the chipped part of the stem, are collected under the name of scrap- 
ings. In ordinary years it is estimated that 3000 trees, which generally form 
the charge of one person, yield 75 barrels of turpentine and 25 barrels of serap- 
ings in one season, which supposes the boxes to be emptied five or six times 
during the season. The method of collecting resin of P. Pinaster, Laricio, and 
halepensis, in France and Corsica, described at p, 514, differs essentially 
from the American system, the scars being flat, and the turpentine being col- 
lected either in earthen pots, or in cavities cut in the roots or made m the 
sand at the foot of the tree. Large quantities of tar are made from the tops 
and branches and dead trees of Penus australis in charcoal-kilns, which have 
the shape of a truncated and inverted cone ; Michaux states that a kiln 10-12 
ft. high, 20 ft. diam. below, and 25-30 ft. above, yields 100 barrels of tar, 
which seems a very large quantity. It is evident that the yellow pine is more 
resinous than most other Conifers, The wood of this tree is extensively used for 
building in the Southern States, it is also exported largely to the West Indies. 
The species is distinguished by long cylindrical cones, 6-10 in. long, the scales 
armed with short recurved spines ; the leaves are 10-15 in. long. 

2. P. Teeda, Linn., the Loblolly Pine, grows in the Southern States, mainly 
in the long narrow marshes that intersect the Pine Barrens. It also is tapped 
for resin, but is less valued. 

3. P. rigida, Mill., the Pitch Pine, inhabits the Northern States ; during last 
century it yielded large quantities of resin and tar, but the wholesale destruce- 
tion of the trees has diminished or stopped the supply from that source. 


3. P. excelsa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 201; Cleghorn 1. ¢. t. 2.—Syn. P, — 
Peuce, Grisebach ; P. pendula, Griff. Vern. Piuni, Afg.; Biar, Hazara; 
Chil, chir, chiltu, chitu, chiu, from Kashmir to Jaunsar ; Chila, Garhwal ; 
Kail, Bias and Sutlej (outer hills); Zam, thim, Chamba and Kunawar ; — 


Yara, yur, yiro, Kashmir ; Shomshing, Lahoul ; Raisalla, lamshing, byans, 
on the upper Sarda ; Tongschi, Bhutan. 


A large tree, with dark-coloured bark, divided into small irregular plates. 


Foliage bluish-green, or greyish-green in exceptional cases, particularly at — 
high elevations. ‘Leaves in clusters of 5, 6-8 in. long, slender, drooping, — 


sheath and bracts deciduous. Cones erect while young, on peduncles 1-2 
in. long or longer, pendulous when mature, cylindric, 6-10 in. long ; scales 


closely imbricate, 2-24 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, cuneate-oblong, flat, apex — 
(apophysis) not much thickened, rhomboid, the ends rounded. Seeds — 


ovoid, 4 in. long, or a little longer, with an oblong, obliquely truncate 
wing. Cotyledons usually 9. 


eee. =: 


Pinus.] LXXVI. CONIFER. 511 


Mountains of Kafiristan north of Jellalabad (Griffith), Safedkoh (Griffith and 
Bellew), near Rondu on the‘Indus below Iskardo. Himalaya between 6000 and 
10,000 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan, extending considerably into the more arid 
tract. Lahoul, Kunawar as far as Sungnam and Namgia. Niti Pass in Garh- 
wal, Nepal, Bhutan. Wanting in central and north-west Kamaon (Madden), and 
in Sikkim. The tree is occasionally found as low as 5000 and as high as 12,500 
ft. P. Peuce, which has been identified with P. excelsa by Hooker (Journ. 
Linn. Soe. viii. 145), was first discovered by Grisebach on Mount Pelister or 
Peristeri near Bitolia in South Macedonia, near the borders of Albania, where it 
forms a considerable extent of forest at the upper limit of arborescent vegetation, 
above the range of the Beech, from 4400 to 5800 ft., descending to 3000 ft. (as a 
shrub only), and in places ascending to 6100 ft., and has since been found far- 
ther north on the Kom mountain in Montenegro. Between Macedonia and Af- 
ghanistan, a distance of 2200 miles, no trace of the tree has yet been discovered. 
P. excelsa is hardy in England, but seems inclined to seed rather early and too 
freely ; its leading shoots are very luxuriant, but often bent and irregular. 
These peculiarities are noticed near Simla, wherever the tree grows below its 
normal line of elevation. Introduced 1823, the largest tree at Dropmore is 70 
ft. high. 

Pr eiidelec is gregarious, but does not often form pure forests of large extent. 
It generally is mixed with the Deodar, Abies Webbiana, and Smithiana, and is 
often found at the edges of mixed forests of leaf-bearing trees, At higher levels 
it grows among the Alpine Birch (Bb. Bhojpattra), and at lower levels it is not 
rarely found associated with Pinus longifolra near the upper limit of that tree. 
In Kunawar it forms forests of considerable extent above and below the Deodar 
belt, and is mixed with it. In the Baspa valley Deodar ceases at an elevation 
of about 9500 ft., but P. excelsa extends considerably higher, both at the bottom 
- and on the sides of the valley. In the forests on the left bank of the Sutlej 
above the mouth of the Baspa, it often forms the main portion of the forest 
between the Deodar and the Alpine Birch. 

It flowers from the end of April to the middle of June ; in October the young 
cones are 1 in. long, and pea-green, in April they attain 3-4 in., and they ripen 
in the autumn of the second year. The seedless cones are persistent for a long 
time, hanging on the branches with their broad gaping scales. The leaves remain 
3-4 years before they are shed. Attains 100-120, and sometimes 150 ft. in height, 
In isolated trees the branches are low, nearly to the ground ; they are whorled, 
horizontal, the ends turned up, except when laden with fruit. Branches smooth, 
dark-erey, sometimes purplish-brown. Bark dark-coloured, cut into drab-grey 
rough scales, by parallel vertical fissures and cross-cracks ; in old trees the scales 
are broad, irregularly polygonal, with whitish or silver-grey surface, divided by 
dark-coloured rough furrows. 

Sapwood whitish, heartwood light-brown, often with reddish lines and 
resinous knots, compact, even - grained, soft and easy to work. As regards 
durability, it ranks next to Deodar, of the north-west Himalayan Conifers, and is 
preferred to Abies and to Pinus longifolia. Inthe Panjab Himalaya, it is said 
to last 7-8 years as shingles, 8-10 years as beams in walls, and 15 years as ordi- 
nary inside planking. Where Deodar cannot easily be obtained, it is largely used 
for house-building, shingles, water-channels, water-troughs, wooden spades, and 
other implements. It is said to be the best wood available in the Panjab 
for pattern-making, as it works extremely well and can be got without much 
resin. It yields an excellent charcoal for iron-smelting. <A variety of the wood, 
valued less than the normal kind, is called dar chil at the Ravi and Chenab timber 
depots. The term is not used in the forests. The wood grown on south aspects 
is said to be heavier and to contain more turpentine. Turpentine, resin, and 
tar might be readily obtained from this tree ; it probably is nearly as resinous as 


512 LXXVI, CONIFERA. [ Pinus. 


P. longifolia. The wood is much used for torches ; jagni, Pushtu; mashal, 
Hindi. Chips and small pieces of the wood form an article of trade in the tree- 
less inner Himalaya, under the name of Ldshi, chanshing. The cones are useful 
for lighting fires. The bark is used to roof huts in the forest, and trees are 
often seen denuded of their bark to a considerable height. The leaves and 
twigs are much used for litter ; and the leaves of this species, as well as of P. 
longifolia, are mixed with mortar and plaster in building. Madden states that 
in Kamaon, ina fair dry winter, the leaves and branches get covered with a liquid 
exudation, which hardens into a white kind of manna, sweet, not turpentiny, 
which is eaten, A similar exudation (Manne de Briangon) is collected in the 
French Alps on the leaves of the Larch, and used as a purgative. 


P. Strobus, Linn., called White Pine in America, and Weymouth Pine in 
England, is similar to P. excelsa, but has shorter leaves and more slender cones, 
It is a large and most important timber-tree, formerly often found 200-250 ft. 
high and 18 ft. in girth, which grows luxuriantly in damp forests mixed with 
leaf-bearing (deciduous) trees, in the Northern United States from the head- 
waters of the Mississippi eastward, on the Alleghany Mountains, and in Southern 
Canada. The wood is white or pale-yellowish white, soft and light (30-35 Ib.), 
free from knots, easily worked, is-durable, but has little strength. It is the 
wood used most in North America for building, furniture, and other purposes, 
and is exported from Canada. The tree grows rapidly while young, is hardy in 
England (introduced 1705), France, and Germany, it has been cultivated on a 
considerable scale in some forest tracts of Germany, where the timber pro- 
duction per acre has been found higher than that of other Conifers. 

To the same group, with 5 leaves in one sheath, belongs P. Cembra, Linn. ; 
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 530.—Arve, Zirbelkiefer, Germ. ; Cirmolo, It. ; Cein- 
brot, auvier, Fr.; Arolla of the Alps. A middle-sized, slow-growing, and long- 
lived tree of the Alps and Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe, which forms 
extensive but irregular forests between 4000 and 7000 ft., often at the upper 
limit of arborescent vegetation. The leaves are short, stiff, dark-green, and the 
cones short, ovoid ; the seeds are wingless, broad, ovoid, and somewhat 3-sided. 
They are eaten. 


Of the Section Pinaster, with 2 leaves in each sheath, no species except the 
doubtful one mentioned at p. 506 inhabits North-West India. The remark- 
able tropical Fir of Tenasserim and Siam, which S. Kurz has identified with P. 
Merkusvt of Sumatra and Borneo Elars 1872, 264) belongs to this section. It 
is closely allied to P. sinensis, Lambert (Benth. Fl. Hongk. 337)—Syn. P. 
Massoniana, Lamb. ; of South China, Formosa and Loo Choo islands. Both 
species have semicylindric leaves, 7-9 in. long., the convex back marked 
with numerous prominent lines, and persistent sheaths ; the cones are ovoid 
or ovoid-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, recurved when ripe, the thickened part of 
the scales rhomboid. They are much alike, and may perhaps eventually be 
united. In the Tenasserim specimens the end of the scales (apophysis) is pyra- 
midal, 4-7-sided, while in P. stnensis it is flat. The Tenasserim Pine grows in 
forests of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus of the Thoungyeen valley, which occupy 
vast areas of high ground and dry undulating hills, the moister valleys be- 
tween being covered with Bamboo forest, often containing Teak. The wood is 
exceedingly resinous, the stems not very tall (50 ft. to first branch) and not 
very regularly shaped. } 

P. Thunbergit, Parlatore; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 388—Syn. P. Massonsana, 
Sieb. et Zuccar ; Fl. Jap. t. 118, 114—is a large tree of Japan, Corea, and North 
China, hardy in England, with stiff rigid leaves 3-5 in. long. 


Pinus.| LXXVI. CONIFER. 513 


The following are the more important European species of the section 
Pinaster :— 


® P. sylvestris, Linn., Hook. Stud. Fl. 348 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 521.— 
Scotch Fir. Kiefer, Fohre, Germ. ; Pin sylvestre, Fr. A large tree with tall 
stem, clear of branches to a great height, bark red, foliage greyish, sometimes 
bluish green, crown pyramidal while the tree is young and growing vigorously 
upwards, rounded afterwards. Leaves glaucous, 2-4 in. long, remaining on the 
branches 2-3 years ; sheath short. Cones pedunculate, reeurved, not shining, - 
ovoid-lanceolate, unequal-sided, 14-24 in. long, ends of scales rhomboid, rugose, 
with a transverse keel, sometimes pyramidal and beaked. Wings 3 times the 
length of seeds. Central and North tne Also on the mountains of Spain, 
North Asia, Caucasus, mountains of Asia Minor and of North Persia. A variety 
with longer cones (3 in.), the lower scales with a thick blunt beak, leaves and 
twigs fragrant when bruised, is described by Andrew Murray as sub-sp. Haynensis 
(Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1869, p. 473). It was raised from seed supposed to have 
been received from the North-West Himalaya. The tree, however, has not yet 
been found in India, unless it is P..Royleana mentioned before. It seems not 
impossible that some Scotch Fir cultivated in the Himalaya has been the origin 
of P. Haynensis and Royleana. In the northern Alps its upper limit is 5000, 
and in the southern 6000 ft. In the Maritime Alps inland from Mentone its 
range is from 1770 to 5100 ft. On the Pyrenees it grows between 3000 and 5000, 
and on the Sierra Nevada between 5000 and 6500 ft. FL May ; the cones ripen 
in the autumn of the second year, but often do not open until the following spring. 
Eminently gregarious, forms extensive natural and generally pure forests in the 
Highlands of Scotland, in the plains of North and East Germany, and in the 
Baltic provinces of Russia. Thrives best on soil which transmits water readily, 
particularly in sandy soil. Attains under favourable circumstances 150 ft., with 
clean stems 70-80 ft. long. Such dimensions are not rare in the Scotch Fir 
forests of Franconia, particularly in the Steigerwald, between Wurzburg and 
Bamberg, where it is grown with an underwood of Beech. Sapwood large, 
enclosing a distinctly-marked reddish heartwood, durable and strong. Weight 
25-46 lb. The seedlings require much light, but forests of Scotch Fir can, 
under favourable circumstances, be regenerated by natural reproduction. Im- 
ported into England from the Baltic and Norway, under the names of Red 
Memel, Dantzg Fir, and Red Deal. 


2. P. montana, Mill.; Willkomm Forstl. Flora, 169.—Syn. P. Mughus, 
Scop. P. Pumilio, Henke; P. uncinata, Ramond; P. obliqua, Saut. ; 
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 522, 523. Pan & crochets, Fr. ; Krummholz, Leg- 
Fohre, Laische, Germ. <A slow-growing moderate-sized tree, with branches down 
to the base, unless growing in close masses ; crown pyramidal, not rounded or 
tabular when old, the lower part of the stems mostly bent down and prostrate 
along the ground; bark dark-coloured, greyish-brown, never red, foliage dark 
green. Leaves green, rigid, 2 in. long, remaining 3-5 years on the branches, the 
sheaths a little longer than those of P. sylvestris. Cones sessile, erect or spread- 
ing, not recurved, shining, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, unequal-sided, 1-2} in. 
long ; ends of scales rhomboid, often with a recurved beak, always with a black 
ring round the centre. Wings 3-4 times the length of seed. Alps and moun- 
tains of Central Europe, from the Pyrenees to Bukowina, also on the moun- 
tains of Spain and Calabria. Forms a large extent of defse but low forests on 
the plateaus of the Schwarzwald above 2000 ft., the stems creeping and inter- 
lacing in a remarkable manner, but always sending up erect leaders. Much 
of this land, wet and swampy formerly, has now been drained and planted 
with spruce. An important forest-tree on the Bavarian Alps between 2000 and 

2K 


514 , LXXVI. CONIFERA, [ Pinus. 


5000 ft. The wood is much heavier than that of the Scotch Fir, very durable, 
mainly used as fuel and for charcoal; but the chief value of the tree in the Alps 
consists in its thriving on poor soil and in exposed situations, and serving to 
clothe steep stony, dry and wet slopes, preventing their denudation, and affording 
protection against slips and avalanches. Young plants bear more shade than 
BP. sylvestris. 


3. P. Laricio, Poiret; Willkomm Forstl. Flora, 184; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. 
Germ. t. 524.—Syn. P. austriaca, Endl. ; Schwarzkiefer, Germ. A large tree, 
with tall straight cylindric stem, clear of branches to a great height, foliage dark 
green, branchlets turned up at the ends. Leaves green, 2-5 in. an, ersistent, 
3-4 years on the branches, with a sharp whitish point. Cones sessile, 2-3 in. 
long, spreading, ovoid-lanceolate, shining, yellowish red when ripe. Seeds large, 
wing 3-4 times the length of seeds. Mountains of South Europe and Asia Minor, 
forming extensive forests in Spain, in Corsica at 3000-5000 ft., and lower Austria 
(Wiener Wald). Fl. May; the cones of this, as of the other allied species, ripen in 
autumn of the second, and shed their seed in spring of the third year. Attains 
150 ft. in Corsica. Wood very resinous, sap large, heartwood red, very durable, 
heavier than Larch, up to 56 lb. (Mathieu). Mathieu, Fl. Forest, 398, records 
an instructive series of measurements of the number of rings of sap- and heart- 
wood of the wood from Corsica. A tree 90 years old, with a radius of 235 mm., 
had 73 rings of sapwood, in the aggregate 185 mm. broad; and a tree of 375 
years, with a radius of 380 mm., had 190 rings of sap, measuring 80 mm. and 
185 rings of heartwood. The Austrian Pine is tapped for resin in Austria, and 
of late years the splendid forests of P. Laricto in Corsica have been worked on 
a large scale for resin, the mode of procedure being the same as in the forests 
of P. Pinaster in France. In its youth the tree has a rapid growth, and long 
powerful leading shoots. In England the Corsican and Austrian Pine are con- 
sidered distinct varieties. 


4, P. Pinaster, Solander ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 525.—Syn. P. maritima, 
Lamarck ; Cluster Pine—Pin maritime, Fr. <A large tree, with a tall but not 
very straight stem attaining great girth, branches high up, forming a rounded 
crown; bark very thick, cut by deep fissures, foliage dense, dark green. 
Leaves thick, rigid, 1 line broad, 5-8 in. long, remaining 3 years on the branches. 
Cones purple when quite young, clustered at the end of the current year’s shoots, 
when ripe subsessile, spreading or reflexed, in whorls and dense clusters of 5-10 
or more, ovoid-cylindric, nut-brown, shining, 4-5 in. long, and 2-3 in. diam. at 
base, ends of scales sharply and transversely keeled, with a dark-grey conical, 
sharp tip. Mediterranean region, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, South and West 
France, Corsica, where it forms, with Quercus Ilex, a zone intermediate between 
the evergreen Maki of the coast and the forests of P. Laricio. Italy, Dalmatia. 
Fl. April, May ; the cones ripen in autumn of the second year. Prefers a light 
sandy soil, and thrives luxuriantly on the white shifting sands of the Dunes along 
the coast of Gascogne, which, by means of sowings steadily continued ever 
since 1789, have now been converted almost entirely into forests of this tree. 
It also forms extensive nearly pure forests, toa great extent planted, on the 
heaths of the “ Landes.” 595% 

The wood has numerous large resinous ducts, and the tapping of the tree is car- 
ried on in a methodical manner in Gascogne, which should be imitated in India 
if it be resolved to work any of the Himalayan Pines systematically for resin. 
When the tree has attained a girth of 3-4 ft., a flat cut is made near the ground 
through the bark into the wood, a few inches high, and about 5 inches wide ; the 
resin which exudes is collected in small earthen pots, fixed at the base of the cut, 
into which it runs over a flat piece of zinc. From time to time, once or twice 
a-week during the season (1st March-15th Oct.), the cuts are extended upwards, 


Pinus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 515 


and this is continued until the flat scar or cut (care) is 10-12 ft. high. This is 
generally accomplished at the end of 5 years, and then the old scar is abandoned, 
and a fresh scar is opened at the opposite side of the tree, and when this has 
‘been completed, a third and at last a fourth scar are opened. In this manner a 
‘tree can be worked for resin during a considerable period, the old scars healing 
over by the formation of fresh bark, while fresh scars are opened, often on the 
place of an old scar. This procedure, when only one scar at a time is worked, 

is called “gemmage @ vie.” But when a tree is to be cut, then numerous scars 
are opened and worked simultaneously, and this is styled “ gemmage @ mort.” 
In the same manner, when young trees-are to be thinned out, they are tapped at 
a much earlier age, and as much resin got out of them as possible. As the scars 
advance in height the pots are raised also, and in order to get up to them the 
‘workmen carry a short pole with notches, which serves as a ladder. Fire in 
summer is the great risk in forests worked for resin, and in order to prevent _its 
spread, broad fire-paths are cleared throughout the forests. P. Punaster has 
been cultivated on a considerable scale in the sand-dunes near Boulogne ; it 
was introduced into England as early as 1596, and there are splendid speci- 
mens in Windsor Park (Belvidere), Fulham, and elsewhere. An attempt has 
also been made to plant it on the sands of the Madras coast, but a tropical cli- 
mate is not apparently adapted to the requirements of this tree, The tree grows 
with great rapidity while young, and in South-West France often forms two 
whorls of branches in one season. It has powerful descending and spreading 
roots, and is thus peculiarly adapted for fixing loose movable sands. 


5. P. halepensis, Mill.; Christ in Flora, 1863, p. 370 ; Lambert, Pinus, ed. 1832, 
t. 7; Reichenb, Ic. Fl. Gerth. t. 526.—Syn. (the Greek tree) P. maritima, 
Lamb. 1. c. t. 6; Sibthorp Fl. Graeca, t. 949. Pin d Alep, Fr. A moderate-sized 
tree, sometimes shrubby, with light foliage, of a light-green or bluish-green 
colour, and a rounded crown. Bark on branches and young stems smooth, 
shining, silver grey, on older stems dark coloured, furrowed. Leaves slender, 
2-4 in. long, grey or bluish green, remaining two, often only little more than one 
year on the branches, hence the thin foliage ; sheaths ¢ in. long, whitish, mem- 
branous. Cones on peduncles 4 in. long, recurved, solitary or 2-3 together, lan- 
ceolate, 2-4 in. long, reddish brown, and mostly shining when mature, the ends 
of scales rhomboid, flat or convex, with or without a distinct transverse keel. 
Mediterranean region, from Portugal and North Africa to Syria and Arabia. 
Taurus in Asia Minor, where it forms extensive pure forests. Ascends in 
Spain to 3000, and on the Taurus to 3500 ft. Fl. April, May ; the cones 
require two years to ripen, and do not shed their seeds until July and Aug. of 
the third year. Hardy in the south of England. Might be tried in the plains 
of the Panjab. In Provence, where this pine is common in the vicinity of the 
sea, it is tapped for resin, but is less productive than P. Pinaster. In Greece 
the tree (aedxos, modern Greek) is abundant, forming extensive but irregular 
and open forests on the stony and rocky hills of Attica, Megara, around the 
Gulf of Lepanto, on the islands of the Archipelago, and in the Morea, ascend- 
ing to 3000 ft. on Hymettus and Pentelicus. The wood is used for building, 
and the tree is largely tapped for resin ; pieces of the resinous wood are used 
as torches, and the bark is employed for tanning. Link, after having seen the 
Greek tree in Attica, in 1838, maintained it under the name of P. maritima, 
Lamb., as distinct from P. halepensis, distinguishing it mainly by the (light) 
‘green colour of the foliage, which is generally more grey or glaucous in the tree 
of Italy and France (Linnea, xv. (1841) 495). He added, however, that these 
2 species were difficult to distinguish. Christ (Flora, 1863, 371) shows that the 
forms from Greece, Italy, and France vary exceedingly in the end of the scales 
(apophysis), and equally so in the other characters, and that no fixed distinction 


516 LXXVI. CONIFERA, — [ Pinus. 


can be maintained between the two species. Grisebach, however, retains P. mari- 
tema, Lamb., as a distinct species, peculiar to the evergreen region of the eastern 
Mediterranean, distinguishing P. halepensis by shorter leaves and the ends of 
the scales transversely keeled (Flora, 1861, 597, and Vegetation d. Erde, i. 315). 

P. pyrenaica, Lapeyr.; DC. Prodr. xvi. 384.—Syn. P. Brutia, Tenore Fl. 
Neap. t. 200, is a large tree, forming extensive forests in the mountains of Cen- 
tral Spain, and on the south face of the Pyrenees (2000-3000 ft.), also found 
in Calabria (2400-3600 ft.), Crete, Cyprus, the Taurus of Cilicia, and in Syria 
and Bithynia, with subsessile spreading cones 2-3 in. long, conical, with a flat 
base, and in dense clusters of 3-15 or more, ends of scales almost flat ; leaves 
4-8 in. long, dark green, narrow, lax, not rigid. 


6. P. Pinea, Linn. ; Reichenb. Ic, Fl. Germ. t. 428, 429. The Stone Pine. 
Pignon, Fr. ; Pigno, It.; Pinie, Germ. A large tree with a tall not very 
straight stem, clear of branches to a great height, and bearing a flat umbrella- 
shaped crown. Leaves 3-6 in. long, rigid, with a sharp point, remaining 3 
years on the branches, narrower than those of P. Pinmaster. Cones large, ovoid 
or subglobose, 4-6 in. long, smooth, shining, the ends of scales convex-pyrami- 
dal with 4-6 rounded faces, seeds # in. long, without wings, edible, forming an 
important article of trade. Throughout the Mediterranean region, chiefly 
in the vicinity of the coast, and often in forests of large extent. The cele- 
brated Stone Pine forest “ Pineta,” near Ravenna, stretches for a distance of 20 
miles along the coast of the Adriatic. Stone Pine forests are in Tuscany, 
Portugal, Andalusia, on Mount Athos in Macedonia, and in Asia Minor. The 
original home of the Stone Pine is probably the eastern Mediterranean region. 
The tree is hardy in the south of England, and -its cultivation might be tried © 
in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab. Fl. April, May; the cones take 3 
years to ripen. 


2, CEDRUS, Link. 


Evergreen monoicous trees. Leaves needle-shaped, single on elongated 
shoots and on the first shoots of seedlings, otherwise in dense fascicles 
on short arrested branchlets. Catkins:single, cylindric at the ends of the 
leaf-bearing branchlets. Anther-cells 2, dehiscing longitudinally, adnate 
to the under side of imbricate scales, which are prolonged into flat ovate- 
oblong, obtuse, denticulate crests. Ovules inverted, in pairs at the base 
of the carpellary scales, these in the axils of small bracts, which disappear 
before the fruit ripens. Cones ripening the second year, lateral, erect, 
formed of broad obtuse carpellary scales, with a thin edge and a thickened 
woody base. Seeds oily, with a hard woody testa, and broad membran- 
ous wings, 


1. C. Deodara, Loudon; Cleghorn 1. c. t. 1.—Syn. Pinus Deodara, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 651. Deodar, Himalayan Cedar. Sans. Devadaru 
(the divine tree). Vern. Nakhtar, lmanza, Afg.; Diar, dewdar, deodar, 
dedwar, dadar, Hazara, Kashmir, Garhwal, and Kamaon; Paludar, 
Hazara; Kelu, keoli, kilar, kilet, Chenab to Jumna; Kelmang, Kunawar ; 
Giam, Tibet. 


A large tree with dark-coloured bark, the extremities of branchlets — 
drooping while young. Foliage (in North-West India) dark green, lighter, 


Cedrus. } | LXXVI. CONIFERZ. 517 


sometimes bluish green in young trees. Leaves 1-14 in. long, rigid, sharp, 
triquetrous, the leaves of 3-5 years on the branches. Cones erect, 4-5 in. 
long and 3-4 in. diam., ovoid or ovoid-cylindrical, obtuse, scales closely 
imbricate, broadly cuneate, 2-24 in. broad and 1-14 in. long, the upper 
edge rounded. Seeds } in. long, wings large, triangular, with rounded sides. 


The Deodar, so far as known at present, has a limited range of distribution. 
It is indigenous on the mountains of Afghanistan and North Beluchistan, and 
in the North-West Himalaya, where its eastern limit is below the Niti Pass on 
the Dauli river, one of the main feeders of the Alaknanda. No indigenous 
forests of it are known east of 80° or west of 66° long. On the Safedkoh © 
it grows between 6000 and 10,000 ft., and in the Himalaya generally between 
4000 and 10,000 ft., but descends in places to 3500 and ascends to 12,000 ft. 
The tree is commonly planted in Kamaon near villages and in temple-groves, 
and here and there in Nepal. It is gregarious and forms extensive forests 
in the basin of the main tributaries of the Indus, on the Tonse, Jumna, 
and Bhagirati rivers, and on two feeders of the Alaknanda. In these 
forests the Deodar alone covers large areas, or is associated with Panus ex- 
celsa and Abies Smithiana, less commonly with Abies Webbiana, and the three 
Oaks, Quercus incana, dilatata, and semecarpifolia. The Cypress, Birch, Taxus, 
and in Kunawar and Pangi Pinus Gerardiana, are also companions of the 
Deodar. It extends to the limits of the arid zone, but does not enter it as Pinus 
excelsa. On the Chenab it ceases at Galing above Triloknath, and in the Sutlej 
valley the upper limit is the Hangarang Pass on the right and Dabling on the 
left side, and on the Baspa it ceases below Rakcham. In these valleys and 
on the Indus P. excelsa grows much higher up. It is wanting in Lahoul. The 
- Deodar was introduced into England in 1822, and is hardy in England and Scot- 
land, also in South Europe, France, and South-West Germany. On the Rhine 
at Coblenz, Bonn, and Cologne it suffers from late spring frosts. On the other 
hand, at Tharant in Saxony, where the winter is more severe, the Deodar seems 
to do well. In the Himalaya it is found on gneiss, granite, and silicious shales, 
and is not wanting on limestone (Jaunsar, Chenab). 

The male catkins appear in September, and shed their yellow pollen in Octo- 
ber, which is blown about in abundant profusion. In the ensuing spring the 
young cones are about 1 in. long ; in October, twelve months after flowering they 
have attained half size, and ripen in October or November of the second year, 
thus requiring 24-26 months to come to maturity. The scales and seeds fall, and 
in November and December the persistent scaleless axis of the cones is often seen 
on the same tree with the half-formed cones of the preceding year and the 
female catkins recently fertilised. The Deodar seeds freely and regularly, 
but every third or fourth year the cones are apt to fail. In April a flush of 
young leaves comes out at the ends of the tuft-like branchlets, of a light, often 
bluish-green colour, forming a striking contrast with the older darker yreen 
foliage of the previous years. Owing to the close proximity of the leaves of 
successive years on the stunted branchlets, it is not easy to say how many years 
they persist, 3-5 years seems to be the average. The foliage of young Deodars 
grown in Europe is generally bluish green; in the Himalaya this colour is 
seen occasionally, but as a rule the foliage, save the youngest shoots of spring, 
is green and rather dark. Young Deodar requires shelter and bears a good 
deal of shade ; the terminal shoots, like the extremities of the branches, are soft 
and drooping, nevertheless, they pierce with great. vigour through thickets of 
other trees, and it is not a rare occurrence to see the proportion of Deodar in 
an Oak forest increase by self-sown seedlings, which come up under the shelter 
of the Oak and make their way through its foliage. In compact forests the tree 


518 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Cedrus. 


clears itself early of its side branches, and forms tall clean straight cylindrical 
stems, which carry their girth well up to a great height. The tallest Deodar 
which I have measured was in the Nachar forest on the Sutlej (Oct. 1864), 250 
ft. high, 20 ft. in girth at the base, and more than 550 years old, and there was 
a considerable number of trees in the same forest above 200 ft. high. This, 
however, was an exceptional case ; the forest had grown up close together on 
terraces of fields deserted centuries ago, and the trees had found ample nourish- 
ment in the deep and loose soil of these terraces, the old walls of which were still 
standing (Bussahir Forest Report, 1865, 3). 

In this place, as under similar circumstances elsewhere, the Deodar carries its 
girth well up, as illustrated by the following measurements of the girth of five 
trees in Nachar, at the base of the stem, at 40 and at 80 ft. :— 


AT BASE. AT40 FEET. AT 80 FEET, 


ER an. | ee Thee (3s 
1. 9-10 7 6 6 6 5’ 11” at 94 ft. 
2. 9 7 7 SLE 4 6 
3. 10 9 8 7 7 6 
4, 15 10 ll 2 10 2 8’ 7” at 122 ft. 
5. 14 7 12 7 ll 0 7’ 1” at 150 ft. 


Taking the girth at base at 100 in. and the sectional area at 100 sq. in., the 
girth and sectional area (square of quarter girth) would on an average be as fol- 
lows, at heights of 40 and 80 ft. :-— 


Average girth, 100 in. 78 in. 65 in. 
Av. sec. area cal- 
culated by sq. > 100 sq. in. 60 sq. in. 42 sq. in. 
of qr. girth. 


When isolated, the tree has in its youth a pyramidal crown with branches 
close to the ground. Ata certain age, which varies according to locality and 
circumstances, the Deodar loses its leading shoot, the uppermost branches spread 
out and form a flat tabular top. Trees which grow isolated on the crest of 
ridges or otherwise in exposed positions, have these flat tabular tops in a very 
marked manner. Isolated trees attain large girths, the largest on record, in 
Kunawar, are 30-36 ft.; and Dr Stewart measured one at Kiiarsi in the Ravi 
basin, at 7500 ft. elevation, 44 ft. 2 in. at 2, and 36 ft. 4 in. at 6 ft. from the 
ground, A tree measured in October 1864 above the village of Purbani in 
Kunawar, was 34 ft. 4 in. in girth, and judging by the annual rings of trees felled 
in that neighbourhood, probably about 900 years old. } 

The bark is 1-14 in. thick, dark grey, often blackish with a brown or purple 
tinge, cut by long vertical dark furrows and short transverse cracks into long 
irregularly truncate scales. The wood of mature Deodar, unless very old, is 
generally sound throughout, but there are exceptions. Thus in the following 
blocks of the Bhagirati forests the proportion of unsound first-class trees was 
found to be as follows :— : 

Hirsil, sound 920, unsound 736. 

Tailgari, sith 7 LAD 4 589. 

Dinargad, . ,, 35,178, 5 -22,886. 
(Colonel Pearson’s Report on the Bhagirati Forests, 1869.) 


It has not been ascertained whether this unsoundness should be attributed to 
the practice of burning the forest for temporary cultivation or to other causes. 
The sapwood is whitish and not durable, in mature trees it is 14-3 in. thick, the 
heartwood has a fine light-brown colour, is fragrant and somewhat oily, com- 


Cedrus.] LXXVI. CONIFER. 519 


act, even-grained, does not readily warp or split, and is exceedingly durable. 
e timber from the Jhclam forests is reckoned the best; it is very oily and ° 
darker coloured. The weight of seasoned Deodar varies between 25 and 44 lb. 
In the Panjab it is generally supposed to weigh 40 lb, The transverse strength 
is less than that of P. longifolia, so far as recorded experiments go. The values 
of P. are as follows: I. Panjab timber, nine experiments made at Rurki—549 
to 669 ; ten experiments by Major Robertson and Captain Henderson—461 to 
649 ; thirty-three experiments by Cunningham—189 to 858 ; average of Panjab 
timber, 575. II. Garhwal timber, eight experiments made at Rurki—390 to 
798 ; average, 592. III. Kamaon timber, twenty experiments made by Captain 
Wm. Jones, and recorded by Madden in Journ. Agric. Soc. of India, vii. 1850, 
at Almora in Oct. 1844—viz., ten with timber cut Sept. 1844, weight 38 Ib., 
value of P. 443, and ten with seasoned timber, weight 40 lb., value of P. 560. 
In this case, as in the experiments with P. longifolia noted above, it is remark- 
able that the average weight of seasoned timber is about the same as of that cut 
a month previous. It should, however, be mentioned, that the Almora experi- 
ments do not give P. longifolia a much greater transverse strength than Deo- 
dar ; and it has been stated, but probably on insufficient grounds, that the trans- 
verse strength of Deodar is greater than that of either Pinus longifolia, Pinus 
excelsa, or Abies Smithiana. A larger series of systematic experiments to de- 
termine the physical and mechanical qualities of the timber of the more impor- 
tant Himalayan Conifers is much wanted. The sapwood commences to decay 
while the logs are seasoning in the forest, much of it is knocked off on the slides by 
which the timber is sent down to the water’s edge, and during the long water tran- 
sit to the plains, while the logs are rubbing and bumping against the numerous 
rocks in the rivers. The heartwood is by far the most durable of the Himalayan 
timbers of this tribe (Abietinew), and in the climate of Kashmir and the Panjab 
it is almost imperishable. Stewart states (Panjab Pl. 220) that the Deodar pillars 
of the great Shah Hamaden mosque in the capital of Kashmir are probably 
more than 400 years old (the date, 804 Hijra, 1426 a.D., is entered in an inscrip- 
tion over the door), and that to all appearance they are perfectly sound. Some 
of the bridges in Srinagar are said to be of still greater antiquity ; the wood of 
which the piers are constructed is Deodar, and part of it is alternately wet and 
dry. These piers, it is believed, have never been renewed since the bridges were 
built. White ants eat the sap, but rarely attack the heart-wood. The boats 
built of it on the Panjab rivers are said to last forty years. Owing to these ex- 
cellent qualities, combined with lightness, Deodar has from time immemorial 
been the wood most prized in the Panjab and Sindh, and the timber-trade on 
the five rivers and their feeders is of very old date. The consumption of the 
wood, however, has, like that of most of our more valuable Indian woods 
(Teak, Sissoo, Sal, Blackwood), increased largely and rapidly since the British 
occupation of the country. Barracks and other public buildings, bridges, 
canals, and mainly the construction of railways, have created a large and press- 
ing demand, the first effect of which has been the destruction, beyond hope of 
recovery, of numerous and extensive forests formerly stocked with fine Deodar. 
Not only were the forests cut down wholesale without any regard to their re- 
generation, but of the timber felled a small proportion only was utilised, the 
greater part being destroyed by the forest-fires, or broken to splinters on their 
way to the river over precipices and rough slides, and another portion being 
jammed up in numerous narrow rocky passages in the river, or caught and 
abstracted by the people living near the banks. This state of things was first 
prominently brought to notice by Dr Cleghorn, who was deputed in 1861 to 
report on the timber resources of the Panjab; and thorough and vigorous 
action to remedy these evils was taken by the late Dr Stewart, who in 1864 
was appointed the first Conservator of Forests in the Panjab. 


520 LXXVI. CONIFER, [ Cedrus. 


During the first 3-4 years of its life Deodar grows slowly, attaining 12-20 in. 
in height, with spreading roots, which do not go deep down. In this shrubby 
and stunted state the young plant can maintain its existence under the shade of 
other trees for a ean arts number of years without making much progress, 
but when light overhead is given, then a leader is at once formed, which 
shoots up rapidly. At amore advanced age the rate of growth of the Deodar 
is determined without difficulty by counting the annual rings: they are well- 
marked, and as vegetation rests completely in winter at the elevation where the 
tree grows, there is no reason to doubt that each concentric ring indicates one 
year’s growth, in the same manner as is the case in the coniferous trees of Europe. 
It has been asserted that the Wellingtonia gigantea, and several other conifer- 
ous trees, form two rings a year... There is no ground to suppose that this is the 
case in the Deodar or in any of the other Himalayan Conifers ; and we have 
from the commencement employed the same methods for ascertaining the funda- 
mental facts upon which the plan for working these forests must be based, which 
are used for regulating the management of coniferous forests in France and Ger- 
many. ‘The data available show clearly that the rate of growth of the Deodar 
is much influenced by the greater or less moisture of the climate. Thus, 
in the forests at the head-waters of the Bhagirati river, in a dry climate, the 
tree requires upwards of 200 years to attain a girth of 6 ft. ; whereas in the 
Jaunsar forests, in the outer hills, with a heavy rainfall, 70 years suffice to 
attain this size. The present estimate is, that in the upper Bhagirati forests it 
takes a Deodar on an average 86 years to increase in girth from 4 ft. 6 in. to 6 


ft., and that in Jaunsar this is accomplished in 23 years. In the upper Kuna- - 


war forests, in a dry climate, where vineyards occupy the lower slopes of the 
valley, and where Pinus Gerardiana and Quercus Ilex are associated with the 


Deodar, the age of a tree 6 ft. in girth is 140 years or more ; while in the outer 


hills, in the vicinity of Simla, with an annual rainfall of 50-80 in., it is usual 
to find that trees 70-100 years old have attained that size. Again, the Deodar 
timber floated down the Cabul and Swat rivers to Peshawar, which is pro- 
duced in the comparatively dry climate of Afghanistan, shows a slow rate of 
growth—logs from the Cabul river having at the butt end, for a girth of 6 ft., 
on an average 214, and timber from the Swat river 156 rings. In the case of 
the Cabul timber the lower temperature has, probably in addition to the dry 
climate, a considerable influence in retarding the rate of growth. Besides 
climate, there are other elements which influence the rate of growth of Deodar, 
as well as of other trees in mountainous countries. Foremost stands elevation, 


in the second place the greater or less steepness of the slope, and the nature of . 
the soil. Again, trees which have grown up in a crowded state lay on wood | 


more slowly, and have necessarily narrower rings, than trees which have stood 


more isolated and bear a fuller head of branches. Of these elements several are — 
often found combined, and it is not therefore in all cases easy to determine the | 


influence of each separately. The rate of growth of Deodar in the Bussahir and 


neighbouring forests was studied with special care in autumn 1864, with the 
view of determining the data which should form the basis of a preliminary plan — 


for working these forests, and the results are recorded in the official Report 
already quoted. Additional data have since been collected in other forest dis- 


tricts. At page 9 of that Report an abstract statement is given, exhibiting the © 


results of the examination in detail of the annual rings near the base of 380 


trees, classified in three Bret divisions—forests with slow, average, and rapid — 


rate of growth. As explained before, the forest tracts classed under the first 
division (age of trees 6 tt in girth above 140 years) are mostly situated in a dry 
climate in the vicinity of the arid zone of the inner Himalaya; those classed 
under the third division (age of trees 6 ft. girth below 110 years) are mostly in 
the outer ranges under the full influence of the monsoon ; and those with an 


> 


itm mci. tt wna ogee ing DCE A a A - 


Cedrus. | LXXVI. CONIFER. 521 


~ 


intermediate rate of growth are chiefly situated in the intermediate ranges 
and valleys. There are, however, several noteworthy exceptions, showing that 
various circumstances besides moisture influence the rate of growth of the 
Deodar. Thus, in the Phinla, Kiuden, and Kilba forests, 138-154 years were 
found as the average age of a tree 6 ft. in girth—a slow rate, although these forests 
are situated in the lower, that is, moister portion of Kunawar. The high eleva- 
tion of these forests (8000-10,000 ft.) explains this apparent anomaly. Again, 
Col. Pearson records an average of five rings to an inch of radius in the Bodia 
forest of Jaunsar at an elevation of sobabkp 6000 ft., and eight rings in the 
Tutwa forest, north of the Karama Peak, several thousand feet higher. Another 
ooh same is the Nachar forest, at the bend of the Sutlej valley, at about 7000 
ft. elevation, under the influence of a heavy monsoon, on level ground with _ 
deep and rich soil, as mentioned above. Yet the growth of 30 trees examined 
gave an average of 149 rings for a girth of 6 ft. Here the trees had grown up 
close together, hence the unusually tall stems and slow growth. To a certain 
extent this circumstance may have contributed to keep down the rate of growth 
in the Phinla and Kilba forests. The influence of the gradient was exemplified 
by a number of trees examined in the Serinche forest, on the Baspa river above 
Sangla. Here 10 trees, which had grown on level ground, attained a girth 
of 6 ft. in 62 years on an average ; and 4 trees on a slope of 30 degrees had re- 
quired 132 years to accomplish this,—the extremes being, in the first case, 36 
and 83, and in the second case 102 and 173 years. 

Regarding the crop of timber per acre in a mature Deodar forest, our informa- 
tion is scanty. The large mass of the natural pure Deodar forests is imper- 
fectly stocked ; most of those from which the timber could readily be sent 
down to the river are nearly exhausted, so that the opportunities for examining 
fully-stocked tracts have not been numerous. The following data are recorded 
_ in the Report quoted above :— 


AREA SURVEYED, AGE OF FOREST, TREES PER CROP PER ACRE.: 
Cub. ft. 


ears Acres. Years. ACRE, 
1. Jaunsar, Mayshak forest, . , 0°69 70 54 2464 
2. " above Khattowa village, 0.46 84 69 3604 
3. ” Chilara forest, . : 0.34 83 70 4323 
4. Kunawar, Kiuden forest, . ‘ 1.60 180 56 5512 
5. " " ‘ 4 0.33 180 90 8972 
6. " Nachar forest, . : 2.30 250 62 12,300 


Cub. contents calculated by square of quarter girth. 


This includes, not the tops and branches, but only that portion of the stem 
which, under existing circumstances, yields marketable timber. In the Nachar 
forest, the available length was taken at 80 ft., and in the other forests at 50-60 
for first-class (above 6 ft. girth), and at 25-30 for second-class trees (4-6 in. to 
6 ft. girth). That portion of the Nachar forest in which this survey was made, 
contained (before felling operations commenced) per acre 54 first-class trees, 
yielding 218 cub. ft., and 8 second-class, containing 66 cub. ft. each. The 
other forest tracts contained between 54 and 90 trees of the two first classes— 
that is, exceeding 4 ft. 6 in.in girth. By way of comparison it may be stated 
that, in North Germany, forest tracts of limited extent, exceptionally well 
stocked, and older than 120 years, have been found to yield the following 
crop :-— 

Scotch fir 85-95 ft. high, 565 cub. metre per hectare, 8,074 cub. ft. per acre. 

Beech above 95 ft. ,, 600 . t, 8,574 5 

Spruce 95-130 ft. ,, 760 f + 10,860 


Cub. contents calculated by exact measurement, not by squares of the quarter 
girth. . 


+P) 


522 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Cedrus. 


Some of the mixed forests of spruce and silver fir in the Schwarzwald, 150- 
170 ft. high, contain more, probably about 12,000 or 13,000 cub. ft. per acre. 
In mature forests of average quality the crop is between one-half and three- 
fourths of these figures. These quantities do not include tops and branches, but 
they include all wood above 7 centimetre diam., or 84 in. in girth, and they 
are calculated by exact measurement ; whereas in calculating the data relating to 
Deodar, that part of the tree only was taken into account which was supposed 
to be marketable at the time the surveys were made, and consequently nothing 
under 3 ft, girth was included, and the calculation was made by the square of 
the quarter girth, .In the Nachar forest, moreover, the length of available timber 
was arbitrarily assumed at 80 ft.; because, though the average height of the trees 
was 150-200 ft., yet, on account of breakages, a greater length was not as a rule 
supposed to be utilised (Bussahir Forest Report, p. 24). If in the Nachar 
forest the entire length of stem down to 9 in. girth had been taken, and the 
calculation made by exact measurement, the result would probably have been 
18,000 cub. ft. per acre. These, however, were exceptional cases of compact and 
pure Deodar forests of limited extent. Excluding such exceptional cases, there 
seems no ground to expect that regular Deodar forests will yield timber crops 
heavier than those of the Spruce and Silver Fir in Central Europe. The great 
mass of Deodar-producing tracts in the N.W. Himalaya is very poorly stocked 
with mature timber. The result of 20 surveys made by me in June 1863 in 
the different parts of the Jaunsar forests on an aggregate area of 485 acres, gave 
1195 first- and 1662 second-class, or a total of 2857 Deodar trees above 4 ft. 6 
in. girth, amounting to nearly 6 trees per acre of both classes ; and 82 surveys 
made in the Bussahir forests in October 1864, in conjunction with Capt. E. Wood 
and the late Dr Stewart, gave 3743 Deodar trees of the first and 4099 of the 
second class—total, 7842 trees of both classes, amounting to 12 trees above 4 ft. 
6 in. girth per acre. The survey of the Bhagirati forests, which was made in 
1869 under the direction of Colonel Pearson, gave a total of 116,700 first- and 
53,660 second-class trees on 11,500 acres, or about 15 trees above 4 ft. 6 in. girth 


per acre on an average. The second-class trees in this case were fewer than ~ 


those of the first ; as a rule, most surveys in forests already worked have hitherto 


shown an excess of second over first class trees. A great portion of the Bhagi- | 


rati forests, however, had never been worked when the survey was made; 
but many of those I surveyed in Bussahir had been much impoverished by fell- 
ing, and in the majority Deodar was not the only tree, but was associated in 


varying proportions with Pinus excelsa, Abies Smethiana, and a few other trees. 
The great demand for Deodar wood has naturally called forth estimates of the — 


total quantity of mature timber available for the requirements of the present 
generation. The foregoing remarks regarding the irregular character of these 
forests will explain that these estimates could not be made from areas stocked 


with Deodar, but the only way in which a result could be obtained was to make © 


approximate estimates of the number of trees available. In December 1868, 


the late Dr Stewart estimated the number of first-class Deodar trees in the 
Kashmir forests, which could be made available for the market without great — 


trouble and expense, at 117,000 trees, and he thought that the Panjab forests in 
British territory, and those leased from the Rajahs of Chumba and Bussahir, 
might probably yield the same quantity. The Jaunsar forests on the Deoban 
ridge, between the Tonse and Jumna river, were estimated by Colonel Pearson in 
May 1869 to contain 34,000 available first-class trees, and the Bhagirati forests 
(not including the Nilang bares A as mentioned above, 116,700 first-class trees. 
If to these are added the probable contents of the available forests on the head- 
waters of the Tonse and Jumna rivers, the total number of first-class Deodar 


trees which were considered readily available for the market in 1868 and 1869 — 


did not at that time exceed 500,000. Regarding this estimate, it should be borne 


hed dete te, es 


Cedrus.] : _ LXXVI. CONIFERZ. 523 


in mind that most of the northern forests, from the Jhelam to the Sutlej, had 
been worked excessively during the last 25 or 30 years, and that in the Panjab 
those localities only were included in the estimate which were situated on slopes 
immediately overhanging the river or its main tributaries, whereas a large por- 
tion of the south-eastern forests on the feeders of the Jumna and the Ganges 
rivers were intact, and that here forests situated at a distance from the main 
river were included in the estimate. In addition to the quantity mentioned, 
there are extensive forests containing Deodar in side valleys, on small tributaries, 
and in places difficult to work, which it is hoped may be found to contain twice 
or three times the quantity estimated to stand in the vicinity of the main 
rivers. Nevertheless it is evident from these data that the quantity of Deodar 
growing in the N.W. Himalaya is limited. The natural regeneration of this _ 
valuable tree by self-sown seedlings is good when the climate is moist, the 
soil ample, and the slopes not too steep, save where a complete clearance has 
been made, for then herbs, brambles, and brushwood occupy the ground and 
prevent the growth of seedlings. And this is noticed equally where the clear- 
ance has been effected by felling and where the forest has been cut down by 
avalanches. Deodar requires shelter while young, and does not come up with- 
out it. Most forests, however, contain a large proportion of young trees, In 
the Bhagirati forest (area 11,500 acres), excluding the Nilang, the number of 
trees of the different classes was reported as follows :— 


First class above 6 ft. in girth, , ; i 116,700 trees. 
Second class 4 ft. 6 in. to 6 ft. girth, : é 53,660 _,, 
Third class 1 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 6 in girth, . : 127,536, 


Fourth class below 1 ft. 6 in girth, 5 ‘ 213,281 —,, 


and the proportion is similar in other forests. Speaking broadly, the trees which 
_ now belong to the two first classes must be made to last until a sufficient number 
of the younger classes and planted Deodar shall have attained a marketable size 
—that is, for a period which will be found to vary in the different forest tracts 
between 50 and 100 years. 

As compared with other Conifers of the tribe of Abcetinew, Deodar has a 
great power of reproduction, and its branches often show a tendency to form 
straight leading shoots. In many parts, particularly in the outer ranges, the 
tree near villages is lopped of its branches to a considerable height. The naked 
stem reclothes itself with side branches in a short time. Trees are often found 
with the main stems, instead of running up straight, dividing into numerous 
branches, each forming a separate leader. This division sometimes takes place 
near the ground, sometimes at a height of 10 ft. or more. These leaders form 
tall and well-shaped tops, so that ata distance the forest has a deceptive appear- 
ance. The trees appear to be tall and well formed, whereas on approach they 
are found to be worthless for timber, being only the candelabrum-like branches 
of a short stem. Forked stems also are not rare, with two parallel leaders in- 
stead of one ; and when young trees grow up isolated, with branches down to the 
ground, it sometimes happens that one of the lower branches sends up a straight 
leader at some distance fromthe stem. This tendency to form secondary leaders 
sometimes shows itself in Deodar planted in England ; in the Himalaya it is 

articularly marked where the main leader has been cut or mutilated, or crushed 

y snow, or where avalanches have passed through the forest. In the vicinity 
of villages, and particularly near the edge of the arid and treeless. tract, the 
Deodar is much cut to furnish material for building and fencing ; and in places, | 
e.g. in upper Kunawar, it is customary to cut the upper part of the stem only 
(the top of the tree answering the purpose with less tae upon which the 
side branches left on the stem lower down repair the damage by taking the lead 
and forming straight ascending secondary stems. The Deodar has so great a 


524 LXXVI. CONIFERAL. [ Cedrus. 


power of reproduction that if only a small branch is left on the stump of a felled 
tree, numerous shoots grow up, which almost have the appearance of coppice- 
shoots. Unlike most other trees, the trees of the Pine tribe do not coppice 
from a leafless stump ; but so great is the power of reproduction in the case of 
the Deodar that the appearance is often deceptive, and indeed it has, though 
I believe without sufficient data, been asserted that Deodar coppices like Oak, 
Teak, and other leaf-bearing trees (Laubhélzer, Bois feuillus), 


C. Liban, Barr.—Syn. Pinus Cedrus, Linn., and C., atlantica, Manetti—the 
Lebanon and Atlas Cedars—are so closely allied to the Deodar that it is not 
possible to separate them by constant specific characters. This has been clearly 
proved in Dr Hooker’s important paper in the Natural History Review, 1862, 11, 
on the Cedars of Lebanon, Taurus, Algeria, and India. Both have shorter leaves 
than the Deodar, and the extremities of the branches are stiff and not drooping. 
Under cultivation in England the three Cedars show each a peculiar habit of 


growth, the Atlas Cedar being particularly distinguished by a stiff erect rigid . 


leader, and stiff spreading branches with short leaves. The foliage of the 
Lebanon and Atlas Cedar is generally dark, that of the Deodar is often light 
or bluish green, but there is a silvery variety both of the Atlas and Lebanon 
Cedar, and, as mentioned above, Deodars with bluish foliage are not wanting, 
though rare, in the N.W. Himalaya, Old trees of all three kinds when growing 
isolated, particularly in exposed situations, are apt to form tabulated tops; 
and, on the other hand, where the Lebanon Cedar grows up crowded in 
groups or compact masses, it forms tall and erect stems, like the Deodar in 
the Himalaya. The male catkins, the cones, and seeds furnish no difference of 
importance. At Kew the Deodar is the first to come out with a flush of young 
leaves, the Lebanon Cedar follows a fortnight later, and the Atlas Cedar comes 
last, after another interval of a few days. The early commencement of the 
vegetation in the case of the Deodar explains its being less hardy on the conti- 
nent of Europe than the Lebanon Cedar, which thrives well and attains a con- 
siderable size all along the Rhine from Basle to Cologne. In central France 
young trees often suffer from frost (Mathieu, Fl. For. 379). On their native 


mountains all three Cedars have a distinctly marked heartwood, which is brown, — 


close-grained, and aromatic ; but the wood of trees planted in Western Europe 
has a pale-reddish colour, is light, spongy, soft, and slightly aromatic. The 


wood of the Lebanon Cedar grown in England weighs 30 lIb., and Mathieu 
quotes 29 lb. as the weight of wood grown at Nancy (age 19 years, diam. 11 in.), | 


while a piece of wood from the Atlas (age 88 years, diam. 7 in.) weighed 48 Ib. 
In Western Europe the Lebanon Cedar has an extremely rapid growth. 
Mathieu cites one, 125 years old, and 23 ft. girth at 6 ft. from the ground (FI. 


For. 381). Of the numerous instances of rapidly-grown Cedars in England, it — 


will suffice to quote a group at Bayfordbury, Herts, mentioned by Selby (British 


Forest Trees, 539), of 12 or 14 trees, 90 years old, and measuring 10-14 ft. in girth © 


near the base. The Atlas Cedar grows on the higher mountains of Algeria, 
where it forms extensive forests at an elevation between 4000 and 7000 ft. The 
Lebanon Cedar is found in Asia Minor on the Anti-Taurus (lat. 40°) between 


3900 and 4200 ft., and, farther south, on the Taurus mountains, where it forms — 
(with Pinus Laricio) the upper forest region between 4000 and 6400 ft. up to 


the limit of arborescent vegetation. It also occurs in the northern part of the 
Lebanon chain, where Ehrenberg found it in’ forests of Oak ; and the last oe 
is that remarkable grove of about 400 trees, at the head of the Kedisha valley 
(lat. 34° 14’), which has been mentioned by many travellers, and which Hooker 
has well described in the paper quoted above. The grove measures about 400 
yards in diameter, it stands in a broad shallow valley, drained by a feeder of the 
Kedisha, which runs to the Mediterranean, at an elevation of about 6500 ft. 


Cedrus. | LXXVI. CONIFER. 525 


above the sea, which, as the crow flies, is only 18 miles ‘distant, and 3500 ft. 
below the highest point of the Lebanon, which is about 3 to 4 miles farther 
north, The trees stand in nine groups on the broken ground of an ancient 
moraine, the relic of a colder period when the Lebanon was covered with per- 
-petual snow, and sent its glaciers down into this valley. The largest tree is 40 
t. in girth, but 8 trees only measure above 20 ft., and the smallest have a girth 
of 18 inches. The growth, as might be expected at that elevation, has evidently 
been slow ; no young growth is coming up. At present this grove does not 
recruit itself by self-sown seedlings, which are all destroyed by goats, but appears 
destined to diminish slowly by the death and destruction of the old trees. 

It is a remarkable fact that the natural habitat of the Deodar, Pinus excelsa, 
and several other coniferous trees, is limited to high elevations on large moun- 
tain-ranges, that they are nowhere found indigenous in the plains, and that 
their area of distribution is interrupted by great distances. 


3. ABIES, Tournef. 


Evergreen monoicous trees. .Leaves single, not tufted, needle-shaped, 
or narrow linear. Branches whorled and scattered. Male catkins single, 
cylindric, in the axils of leaves ; anther-cells 2, dehiscing longitudinally, 
transversely, or in an irregular manner, adnate to stipitate scales. Ovules 
inverted, in pairs at the base of the carpellary scales, which are in the 
axils of membranous or coriaceous bracts. Cones ripening the same year, 
terminal or lateral, hanging or erect, formed of numerous, obtuse, imbri- 
cate, carpellary scales, with a thin edge and a woody base, deciduous or 

persistent. Seeds oily, winged. 


Cones at the ends of branches; scales persistent after the seeds 
fall ; bracts small, drying up and not apparent in ripe cones 
(Abies of Loudon, Picea of Link, and Z'suga of Carriére). 


Cones cylindric, pendulous, 4-6 in. long; leaves green , 1. A. Smithiana. 
Cones ovoid, spreading or drooping, 1 in. long; leaves white 
beneath ; : . . , . . ‘ ’ 2. A. dumosa. 
Cones lateral, erect ; scales fall with the seeds (Picea of Loudon, 


SUMMERS oy 5 or 53'oela aodbeie sowie. & A. Webbiana; 


I follow Asa Gray, Botany of Northern United States, 471, and Willkomm, 
Forstl. Flora, 58, in uniting Abies, Picea, and T'suga. 


1. A. Smithiana, Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense, t. 36; Cleghorn, 1. c. 
t. 5.—Syn. A. Khutrow, Loudon; A. spinulosa, Griffith ; Pinus Smith- 
jana, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 246; P. Khutrow, Royle Ill. t. 84; Picea 
Morinda, Link, in Linnea, xv. 522. Vern. Wesha, bajur, Afg. ; Kachan, 
kachal, Hazara and Kashmir; Rewari, ban ludar, sangal, salla,. salle, 
saret, kauli, roi, rag, rao, bang re, krok, Panjab Himalaya; Landar, an- 
andar, timber depots in the plains; Rau, raiang, re, Sutlej ; Rai, Jaun- 
sar; Kandre, re, rhai, rao, kudrau (khutrau, Royle), rialla, ragha, mor- 
inda, kail, kilu, Garhwal and Kamaon ; Seh, Sikkim. 

A. large tree with tall straight stem, pyramidal crown, dark - green 
foliage, and pendulous branchlets. Leaves single, scattered in spirals all 
round the branches, persistent 5 years, stiff, sharp, 4-sided, 1-14 in. long. 
Cones terminal, pendulous, cylindric, obtuse, 4-6 in. long, 1-2 in. diam., 
dark brown when ripe ; scales broadly ovate from a cuneate base, upper 


526 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Abies. 


edge thin, sharp, rounded. Seeds small, 24 lines long, with large spath- 
ulate wings. 


Afghanistan, Kafiristan, Gilgit, north of the great bend of the Indus. Com- 
mon in the Panjab Himalaya, in Jaunsar, and in the Bhagirati forests, less com- 
mon in Kamaon. Is generally found on northern and western slopes, between 
6000 and 11,000 ft., alone, but more commonly in mixed forests with leaf-bearing 
trees, or associated with Deodar, Pinus excelsa, and Abies Webbiana, growing 
500 ft. higher than A bes Webbiana on the Harang Pass in Kunawar, but generally 
remaining below the upper limit of that tree. In lower Kunawar A. Smithiana 
is commonly associated with Deodar ; it forms a large proportion of the Dippi, 
Jani, and Punang forests, some of those in the Baspa valley, and of the Barang 
forests above the mouth of the Baspa river. It does not, however, extend into the 
arid tract, its upper limit being Pangi on the right, and the Tidong river (Rispa) 
on the left bank. In upper Kunawar Pinus Gerardiane takes its place in the 
Deodar forests. In Sikkim and Bhutan A. Smzthiana grows in the innermost 
valleys between 7800 and 10,000 ft. Hardy in England and Scotland, where it 
grows with great vigour, often grafted on the common Spruce. 

In April a flush of young light-green leaves at the tips of the branchlets gives 
the tree a variegated appearance, the old foliage being dark green, slightly darker 
than that of Deodar, but not so dark as A. Webbiana. The bud-scales generall 
cohere, like a conical cap at the end of the young shoots, until they at last fi 
off. The flowers appear in April, the young cones increase in size rapidly and 
ripen in Oct. and Nov. of the same year. In the N.W. Himalaya the tree attains 
100-120, and sometimes 150 ft., with a girth of 8-10, often of 12-15 ft. Dr 
Stewart records one of 21 ft. The tree is covered with branches down to the 
ground, except where it grows in compact masses ; the branches are whorled and 
horizontal, spreading out farther than those of A. Webbiana ; their extremities 
are very bushy, with numerous hanging vertically, leafy, tassel-like branchlets, 
which give the tree a peculiar an eragatys appearance. The crown is tall, 
conical, and the foliage dense. The bark is pale- or brownish-grey, tesselated 
by shallow cracks into small irregularly four-sided scales, 

The wood is white, the outer wood turning red and decaying rapidly. It is 
even- and straight-grained, and is good for packing-cases, planking and indoor 
work, but as a rule not durable, except under shelter ; yet in many places it 
is used by the hill people for shingles, and for construction. It is generally 
somewhat heavier than the wood of A. Webbiana. The bark is used to roof 
shepherds’ huts, and water-troughs are made of it. Twigs and leaves furnish 
litter and manure, The young cones form part of the drug sold as gaz-pipal in 
the Panjab bazars, 


Nearly allied to A. Smithiana is the Huropean Spruce, A. excelsa, DC.— 
Syn. Pinus Abies, Linn.; Picea excelsa, Link.; Hpicéa, Fr.; Fichte, Rothtanne, 
Germ. ; Pezzo, It., extensive forests. of which are found in the mountains of 
Central Europe, in East Prussia, the Baltic provinces, Norway and Sweden, and 
in a great part of Russia. On the south side of the Alps the Spruce forms large 
forests in Friaul on the head-waters of the Piave and Tagliamento rivers, which 
have from time immemorial furnished building timber to the eastern Medi- 
terranean. The fact that most of these belong to towns and villages, has en- 
abled the communities of these districts to build roads, bridges, and schools, 
and has thus served largely to increase the prosperity of the country. It is 
found in the Cansiglio forest near Treviso ; on the maritime Alps, inland of Nice 
and Mentone, where it descends to 1800 ft. (M. Moggridge), on the north side of 
Mount Ventoux, and on the Pyrenees, but it is wanting in Turkey, in Italy 
south of the Euganean hills, in Corsica, and in Spain, It is not indigenous in 


Abies.] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 527 


Western France, or in Britain. A variety with smaller cones (Siberian Spruce) 
forms large forests on the Ural Mountains, in Siberia, and Dahuria. In planta- 
tions the Spruce succeeds more readily than most.conifers. It is the principal 
tree in the forests of the higher Harz, and of a great portion of the Saxon forests, 
where it is almost exclusively regenerated by planting. On the other hand, 
on the Schwarzwald, on the Vosges, and on the Jura, it reproduces itself without 
difficulty from self-sown seedlings. The resinous ducts of the wood are few and 
small, but the bark is highly resinous, and in former times the Spruce on the 
Schwarzwald and in Thuringia were largely tapped forresin. For this purpose 
a narrow longitudinal cut was made into the bik to the wood, and the dry resin 
which collected in this channel was from time to time scraped off; the cut 
was occasionally enlarged, and thus old trees may still be seen on the Schwarz- 
wald the trunks of which are furrowed with numerous deep longitudinal chan- 
nels, 4-5 ft. long. The wood of the Spruce, however, is much more liable to 
dry-rot than that of P. Pinaster, and the result is that almost all the old Spruces 
tapped for resin are found rotten in the heart as high up as the channels, and 
often higher, so that the lower part of the stem is useless. Apart from this, 
there are other circumstances, not yet sufficiently investigated, which often 
cause unsoundness in the heart of the Spruce. The wood, known in England 
under the name of White Pine, or White Deal (imported from Norway and the 
Baltic), has no distinct heartwood, and the cub. ft. weighs between 21 and 37 
lb. (Nordlinger). 


2. A. dumosa, Loudon.—Syn. Pinus dumosa, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 
55; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 429. P. Brunoniana, Wall. ; Pl. As. rar. t. 247. 
Hemlock Spruce, of Nepal. Vern. Tangshing, changathasi dhup, Nepal ; 
Semadung, Sikkim. 


A large tree with spreading branches and pendulous branchlets. Leaves 
narrow-linear, 4-1 in. long, edge recurved and finely serrulate near the 
apex, covered beneath with a white mealy substance. Male catkins short, 
subglobose, axillary, shorter than leaves, pedunculate ; numerous lax 
ovate bracts at the base of peduncle. Cones terminal, erect or horizon- 
tal, ovoid, 1 in. long, scales persistent, broad-elliptic, obtuse, bracts not 
apparent when the cone is ripe. Seeds winged. 


North-East Kamaon, first discovered by Capt. Webb, and found again by Mr 
T. Webber, late of the Forest Dept. of the N.W. Provinces, Nepal. In the inner 
valleys of Sikkim descending to 8000, and ascending to 10,500 ft. Bhutan, FI. 
May, June. Dr Hooker records one in Sikkim 120 ft. high and 28 ft. girth, 
Him. Journ. ii, 108. The leaves are apt to fall from branches cut or broken off, 
and on this account Wallich first called it Piomus decidua. Not quite hardy in 
England ; suffers from late spring frosts. Wood soft, white, not durable; bark 
used for roofing. 


The Hemlock Spruce of Canada, A. canadensis, Michaux, with short linear 
distichous leaves, white beneath, and small terminal drooping cones, is a large 
tree of Canada and the northern United States. Wood not durable, and often 
ny twisted, but the bark extensively used for tanning leather. Hardy 
throughout North Europe. 

The Douglas Spruce, A. Douglasii, Lindl., is a tree forming extensive forests 
in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains, in Vancouver’s Island, Columbia, 
and other parts of North-West America, which attains 300 ft. and more 
near the coast of the Pacific, and furnishes valuable timber, very strong, 
believed to be equal to the best Larch, has narrow-linear leaves 1 in. long, white 


528 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Abies. 


beneath, and cylindric cones 3 in. long, with lax rounded scales, much shorter 
than the linear-oblong persistent bracts, which are deeply trifid at the apex, the 
middle segment longest, ¢ in. long, spinescent. Hardy, and of very rapid growth 
in England and Scotland. Introduced 1827; at Dropmore there is a tree which, 
at the age of 44 years, was 100 ft. high with 9 ft. 7 in. girth, at 3 ft. above the 
ground. Many specimens in Perthshire raised from layers and cuttings since 
1846, were in 1871 40-70 ft. high (Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1870). 


3. A. Webbiana, Lindl. ; Pinetum Woburnense, t. 41 ; Link in Linnza, 
xv. 532; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 371.—Syn. A. Pindrow, Royle Ill. t. 86. 
Picea Webbiana, Loudon ; Cleghorn, l. c. t. 6. P. Pindrow, Loudon. 
Pinus spectabilis, Lambert; Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 55. P. Webbiana, 
Wall. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 425. P. Pindrow, Royle; ib. 424. Himalayan 
Silver Fir. Vern. Paludar, rewari, Jhelam ; Badar, budar, tting, Kash- 
mir ; Dhunu, rag, rail, pe, re, salle, sara, Chamba; Tos, Kullu; Spun, 
pun, krok, kalrai, Kunawar; Bharda, thanera, Shali ; Pindrau, pindrai, 
Hattu ; Kudrom, Muttiana; Burul, burra, buldu, Baji; Kalrai, satrai, 
chur, Kotkai; Raho, row, chilrow, kilaunta, Chir; Morunda, morinda, 
Taroche, Jaunsar, and Garhwal; Chilrow, Kullu, Garhwal; Ragha, rao 
ragha, ransla, raisalla, Kamaon ; Wuiman, Byans ; Gobria, (gobra), salla, 
Sikkim ; Dun shing, Sikkim, Bhutan ; Partal, palt, Panjab plains at tim- 
ber depots. 

A large tree with a dense cylindric crown of dark-green foliage, Leaves 
single, spirally arranged all round the branchlets, but generally-more or 
less spreading in one plane so as to appear distichous, flat, narrow-linear, 
1-3 in. long, 1 line broad, narrowed into a short terete petiole, apex emar- 
ginate, or with 2 sharp teeth, under side with 2 whitish longitudinal fur- 
rows on either side of the raised midrib, upper side dark green, shining. 
Duration of leaves 8-10 years, catkins axillary, cylindric, obtuse, about 1 
in. long. Cones erect, subsessile, cylindric or ovoid, often clustered, obtuse, 
4-6 in. long, 14-3 in. diam., dark purple or brownish purple when ripe. 
Scales closely imbricate, broadly. cuneate or obovate, edge rounded, bracts 
many times shorter than scales. Seeds oblong or obovoid, half the length 
of the broad obovate truncate wing. Two varieties, considered as species 
by Royle, Madden, and Parlatore: a. A. Webbiana, on exposed rocky 
ridges at higher elevations, a smaller tree, with shorter, less bifarious leaves, 
and usually thicker and shorter cones: 6, A. Pindrow, on better soil, in 
sheltered places, a large tree, with longer leaves and generally cylindric 
cones. The scales fall when the seed ripens, and leave the naked persis- 
tent axis of the cone standing upright on the branches. 

North Afghanistan and Kafiristan, on the Safedkoh, between 8000 and 9000 
ft. Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, forming extensive forests, in the 
North-West, pure or mixed with Acer and other leaf-bearing trees, at high ele- 
vations with Betula Bhojpattra ; often associated with Abzes Smithiana and 
Pinus excelsa. In the Panjab it is usually found between 7000 and 11,500 ft., 
but descends occasionally to 5500, and ascends to 12,500 ft., which is its upper 
limit in Kunawar. Up the Sutlej valley it extends to Lipi on the right, and ~ 
Dabling on the left side. On the Chir its lower limit is 10,000 ft. InJaunsar, 
Garhwal, and Kamaon its limits are 7500 and 13,000 ft., and here it is only 
found in the middle ranges at a distance of 35-40 miles from the plains. In the 


Abies. | LXXVI. CONIFER. 529 


inner ranges of Sikkim and Bhutan A. Webbiana forms, with Abies dumosa, the 
Yew, together with Oak, large Rhododendrons, and small Bamboo, the upper 
zone of coniferous forest, between 9000 (sometimes 8500) and 13,000 ft. In 
the outer ranges it does not descend below 10,000 ft. vee Him. Journ. i. 191). 
In the North-West Himalaya it thrives best in cold damp glens, with a nort 
or west aspect, and in such places it often constitutes alone, or associated with 
the alpine Birch, the upper forest belt ; Pinus excelsa often going higher, and 
always extending farther into the arid tract. A flush of young leaves breaks out 
in April and May, of a bright green colour, contrasting strongly with the dark- 
green old foliage. At a distance the foliage looks almost black; and, like the 
silver fir of Central Europe, the tree has given the name of Black Forest (Kala 
ban) to several mountain forests of the N.W. Himalaya. Fl. April; by the 
end of May the cones are about 3 in. long, and they ripen in Sept. of the same 
year, the scales and seeds falling in October. In North Europe the tree 
suffers in spring, because it starts into growth too early; it succeeds in 
Ireland and South-West England. Attains 120-150 ft., and a girth of 9-15 
ft. Several instances are recorded of trees exceeding 20 and even 30 ft. in 
girth. Except in very compact and dense forests, the branches go low down, 
nearly to the ground ; they are short, spreading nearly horizontally, and form- 
ing a tall narrow cylindric crown, the outline resembling that of the Cypress 
or Lombardy Poplar. Bark of young trees smooth, silvery grey, of old stems 
darker grey or brownish grey, cut into long narrow acute seales by deep nar- 
row vertical grooves, often running in spirals round the trunk, and anasto- 
mosing at acute angles. The wood is whitish, inodorous, open-grained and soft. 
Exposed to the weather it is not durable. Weight, 21 lb. (Wallich), 27-35. 
Value of P. (average of 10 exp.) 440, Capt. W. Jones, Oct. 1844, cut Sept. 
1844. In Bhutan the wood is used for house-building ; from Sikkim it is ex- 
ported to Tibet. “ It splits well, is white, soft, and highly prized for durability,” 
Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 44. In Kullu and near Marri shingles are made of it ; 
indoors it is said to last 3-6 years in Kullu, and 8-10 years at Marri. In the dry 
climate of Lahoul and Kunawar it is much valued for construction. Pieces of 
the bark are employed to roof shepherds’ huts, On the Jhelam the twigs and 
leaves are used for fodder, and are stored for the winter. According to Wallich, 
a violet dye is extracted from the cones in Nepal. A large yellowish fungus 
(wnglan) grows on the roots in N.E, Kamaon, eagerly eaten by the Bhoteas 
(Madden). 


The Silver Fir of Europe is A. pectinata, DC.—Syn. Pinus Picea, Linn. ; P. 
Abies, Du Roi; Picea pectinata, Loudon: Sapin, Fr. ; Tanne, Weisstanne, 
Edeltanne, Germ. ; Abete, abezzo, Ital.,—the largest of the European conifers, 
which, when grown in compact masses on good soil and under exceptionally 
favourable circumstances, attains a height of 180 to 200 ft. The leaves persist 
8-10 years, they are linear, apex emarginate, dark green and shining above, and 
white beneath. The cones are erect as in the Himalayan Silver Fir, the bracts 
pointed, longer than the scales, which fall after the seed ripens. The tree is in- 
digenous in the mountains of South and Central Europe. It forms splendid 
forests on the north face of the eastern Pyrenees, south of Carcassonne and 
Limoux in the Département de PAude. In Spain it is found on the moun- 
tains of Catalonia and Aragon ; in Corsica it constitutes a belt of forest between 
the Pinus Laricio and the Beech, and is associated with the latter near the 
limit of arborescent vegetation. Forests of it, though unfortunately less exten- 
sive than might be desirable, are in several places on the crest of the Appenines. 
In the Vosges and the Schwarzwald it is the most important tree; and Silver 
Fir is found in some of the Spruce forests of Saxony and Thuringia. In Britain 
and Scandinavia it is not indigenous. While young the Silver Fir bears a 

L 


530 LXXVI. CONIFERZ. [ Abies. 


great deal of shade, and is on that account particularly well suited for regeneration 
by self-sown seedlings. Its artificial cultivation is much more difficult and uncer- 
tain than that of the Spruce. The fine Silver Fir forests of the old convent of - 
Vallombrosa, however, below the crest of the Appenines overhanging the Arno 
above Pontassieve, arean instance of successful reproduction of this tree on a large 
scale, continued for centuries entirely by planting. These forests are now State 
property, and are attached to the Royal Italian Forest School of Vallombrosa. 

The stems are cylindrical, carrying their girth well up. The Silver Firhasa 
considerable power of reproduction ; trees which have been lopped and mutilated 
often send up a number of leaders from their side branches, and parallel double 
or forked stems are not rare. The wood has very few minute resinous ducts. 
As regards weight, Nordlinger gives it the same range as Spruce, but Mathieu 
states that as a nile it is somewhat heavier (Fl. For. 365). a the same place 
he records that the wood of the Aude Silver Fir was found to possess a greater 
transverse strength and elasticity than any other coniferous timber, excepti 
the wood of Pinus australis from Florida. By puncturing the bark s 
quantities of turpentine are obtained. 

Closely allied to the Silver Fir is the Cephalonian and Greek Silver Fir, 
united with it by Parlatore and Grisebach, but distinguished by Loudon, Link, 
and Willkomm as A. cephalonica, Loudon—Syn. A. Apollinis, Link, and A. 
Regine Amalie, Heldreich. It is supposed to be distinguished by acute, often 
sharply-pointed leaves, and by spindle-shaped cones, This tree forms extensive 
forests on the mountains of Cephalonia and Greece, generally commencing 
above 3000 ft., but sometimes descending to 1500 ft., often forming the upper 
limit of the forest where the mountains are sufficiently high, sometimes asso- 
ciated with P. Laricio. For the Indian forester this tree has a special interest, 
as it is one of the few abietineous trees, which are supposed to have the 
power of throwing up coppice-shoots from the stump. A full account of it 
is given by T. v. Heldreich in Regel’s Gartenflora, 1860, p. 313. Two Greek 
Forest Officers, Balsamaki and Origoni, visited in 1859 an extensive forest of 
this fir in Central Arcadia in the district of Tripolitza. The inhabitants of 
the neighbouring villages had been in the habit from time immemorial of cut- 
ting the upper part of the stems at different heights, according to the size of 
the scantling required, and the result was the same as that described, p. 523, 
in the case of the Deodar in upper Kunawar—the side branches below the 
cut had sent up a number of vertical shoots, which often attained 18-20 ft. in 
length, and a diameter of 1} ft., thus forming candelabrum-like trees, exactly 
like the Deodar in mutilated forests of the N.W. Himalaya. It was even stated 
that young trees cut down above the root had thrown up regular coppice-shoots. 
This last statement, however, seems to require confirmation. All that is ree 
at present is, that the Deodar and the Greek Silver Fir have (compared with 
other trees of the Pine tribe) great powers of reproduction ; it remains for 
farther inquiry, whether they actually throw up coppice-shoots from leafless 
stumps. 

A. Nordmanniana, Link, a stately tree with dark compact foliage, and ovoid 
cones, of late years much cultivated in England, forming forests in the Crimea 
and the Caucasus, is regarded as a variety of the Silver Fir by Parlatore and 
Grisebach. 5 

A. Pinsapo, Boissier, is a beautiful tree with regularly whorled branches, rigid, 
short broadly linear thickly set leaves, erect, at right angles, all round the branches 
in a regular spiral. Male flowers numerous, purple. Cones cylindric-ovoid, 
4-5 in. long, the bracts shorter than the seed-scales. On the Serrania de Ronda, 
in the province of Malaga, between 3000 and 3600 ft., and lately found on the 
Atlas mountains in Algeria (A. baborensis). Extensively cultivated in England, 
where it thrives remarkably well. 


Lariz.] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 531 


4, LARIX, Tournef. 


Deciduous resinous trees. Leaves needle-shaped, single on elongating 
shoots and on the first shoots of seedlings, but otherwise in dense fas- 
cicles. on arrested branchlets, which do not as a rule lengthen out and 
develop into side branches. Male catkins sessile, lateral on short thick 
scaly but leafless peduncles (stunted branchlets). Anther-cells 2, longitu- 
dinally dehiscent. Female catkins often on the same branches as the 
male, at the ends of arrested leaf-bearing branchlets. Ovules inverted, in 
pairs at the base of the carpellary scales, these in the axils of cuspidate, 
l-nerved bracts, which are longer than the scales. Cones erect ; scales per- 
sistent, with a thin obtuse edge ; bracts generally protruding between the 
scales when the fruit is ripe. Seeds oily, winged. 


1. L. Griffithii, H. f. & Th. ; Hook. Ill. Him. Pl. t. 21.—Syn. Pinus 
Grifithii, Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi. 1. 411. Vern. Sah, saar, Sikkim. 


A graceful tree with conical crown and long pendulous branches. Leaves 
slender, narrow-linear, about 1 in. long. Male catkins ovoid-cylindric, 4 in. 
long. Cones cylindric, 2-3 in. long, erect—/.e., on recurved branchlets on 
the pendulous branches. Bracts reflexed, subulate, twice the length of 
the carpellary scales, persistent in fruit. 


Inner ranges of West Bhutan, Sikkim, and East Nepal, between 8000 and 

12,000 ft. Said to extend west to the sources of the Did Kosi river, which 
descends from Mount Everest. Fl. May, the fruit ripening in Oct. of the same 
year. Wood white, soft, without heartwood, but splits well, and is reckoned 
the most durable of the coniferous timbers exported into Tibet from Sikkim 
(Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 44). 


The European Larch is L. europea, DC.—Syn. Pinus Larix, Linn. ; Ldirche, 
Germ. ; Méléze, Fr. ; Larice, Ital—a large tree with small ovoid cones 1-1 
in. long, the bracts dry when the cones ripen, and barely protrude beyond the 
lower carpellary scales. Indigenous in the Alps and Carpathian mountains, 
forming extensive forests in the French Alps, pure, or mixed with Pinus Cembra 
and P. montana, less abundant, and generally associated with the Spruce in 
Switzerland, the Bavarian and Austrian Alps. It ascends to the limit of arbor- 
escent vegetation, and is not rarely the highest tree in company with the Spruce 
and P. Cembra. The Siberian Larch, Z. sebirzca, Led., which forms large forests 
in the plains of Russia and Siberia, and is found on the Ural and Altai mountains, 
isa different species. The heartwood of the European Larch is well defined, red, 
compact, even-grained, strong, and very durable, does not warp nor split, and 
is prized more than Oak in the mountains where it is indigenous. Resinous 
ducts numerous, small or moderate-sized. The Romans prized the wood much. 
Pliny mentions a beam 1163 ft. long and 23} in, square, brought to Rome by 
the Emperor Tiberius. The cubic ft. weighs 27-49 lb., and even more. On 
account of the value of the wood, its rapid growth, and the certain success 
of plantations while young, the Larch has been cultivated on a very large 
scale far beyond the limits of its natural habitat, particularly in Germany, 
Scotland, and France. Speaking broadly, the result is favourable up to a 
certain age. Larch plantations, which are cut down at the age of 40-60 years, 


532 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Larix. 


have in many instances been found to give most satisfactory results ; beyond 
that age, however, its My is not satisfactory on a large scale, and a 
disease has shown itself of late years which has in many cases seriously in- 
jured plantations of much younger age. Considerable quantities of Larch 
seed have at different times, by well-meaning persons, been imported to the 
N.W. Himalaya, but as yet without any result. Except on the borders of 
the arid tract, beyond the range of the Deodar—e.g., in Lahoul, Piti, and 
Ladak—there seems no inducement to repeat these experiments, as the 
Deodar is at home in the N.W. Himalaya, and is fully equal in value and 
in rapidity of growth to the best mountain Larch. The wood of the Larch 
yields large quantities of turpentine, which is used medicinally under the name 
of Venetian turpentine. A number of holes, about 1 in. diam., and somewhat 
inclined towards the circumference, are bored into the trunk, but not quite to 
the heart of the tree, small channels of wood are inserted in each hole, and the 
turpentine which runs out during summer is collected in wooden buckets placed 
underneath. Holes that cease to run are closed, and yield a fresh supply 
when reopened. In autumn all holes are carefully closed with wooden stop- 
pers, and if this precaution is duly observed, it is said that a tree will continue 
to yield during 40-50 years ; but the wood of the trees thus tapped is said to 
lose its good quality, and can only be used as fuel. This is the practice in 
the valley St Martin, Pignerolo district of Piedmont, between Mont Cenis and 
Monte Viso. It is described by Duhamel in his ‘ Traité des Arbres et Arbustes,’ 
1755, and quoted by Mohl. The editor of the ‘Nouveau Duhamel’ (1812), 
states that it is the practice in the Swiss Canton de Vaud, probably a mistake. In 
South Tyrol one hole only, 1 in. diam., is bored about a foot above the base of the 
trunk fully to the centre in spring, and is at once firmly closed by a wooden 
stopper. In autumn the hole is opened and emptied of the turpentine which 
has collected in it during summer, and is then closed again. It is again opened 
and emptied in the second autumn, and so on during a number of years. In 
this way all large trees are tapped in certain forests of South Tyrol, as described 
by Mohl in ‘ Botanische Zeitung,’ 1859, p. 329, and the wood of the trees thus 
tapped is said not to deteriorate in any way. Mohl’s paper discusses the con- 
nection between the different modes of tapping coniferous trees for resin and 
the distribution of the resinous ducts in wood (Larch, Pinaster, and Laricio), 
and bark (Spruce and Silver Fir). The bark of the Larch is used for tanning 
and for dyeing. 


5. CUPRESSUS, Linn. 


Evergreen aromatic trees, with small closely adpressed scale-like broad- 
based opposite leaves, imbricate on the younger branchlets, distant, decus- 
sate, and often less closely adpressed on older branchlets. Male catkins 
numerous, small, cylindrical, sessile at the ends of branchlets ; scales stipi- 
tate, peltate, each bearing 2-4 subglobose anther-cells under the edge. 
Female catkins terminal, fewer than male; scales few, decussate, each 
bearing at the base 8 or more erect ovules narrowed at the apex. Cone 
subglobose, requiring somewhat longer than a year to ripen, consisting of 
thick woody peltate, angular scales, with numerous seeds, attached to 
the stalk of the scales. Cotyledons 2-3. 


Crown narrow-cylindrical ; branches erect; cones few, 1 in. 
diam. . ; ; . ‘ ; . ; ; ‘ 1, C. sempervirens. 
Crown broad-pyramidal ; branches spreading ; cones numer- 


ous, clustered, 4 in. diam. 2. C. torulosa. 


Cupressus. | LXXVI. CONIFER. 533 


1. C. sempervirens, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 468; Reichenb. Ic. F. 
Germ. t. 534. In India only the cylindrical (so-called pyramidal) variety 
occurs, C. fastigiata, DC. Cypress.—-Cipresso, Ital. Vern. Saru, sarw, 
saras, N.W. India. 


A tall tree with a fluted stem ; branches erect, often adpressed to the 
trunk, forming a narrow dense cylindrical crown of dark-green foliage. 
Branchlets four-sided, leaves ovate-oblong. Cones few, 1 in. diam., and 
grey when ripe, greatly varying in shape, on peduncles } in. long; scales 
rough, with a projecting point or boss, convex or keeled. Seeds ovoid 
or oblong, angular, with a narrow wing. 


Planted in gardens in Afghanistan and N.W. India, ¢g., at Agra, Ajmir, 
Delhi, also in Kashmir and the outer Himalaya, in Kamaon to 3000 ft. Grows 
in Calcutta. Cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region. Hardy in 
England. The pyramidal variety is not found wild anywhere; the variety 
with spreading branches, regarded by Grisebach and others under the name of 
C. horizontalis, as a distinct species, is wild on the west side of Lebanon, on 
the mountains of Crete and Asia Minor, and probably also in North Persia. 
Fl. Feb.-April ; the fruit ripens during summer of the second year, and is often 
long persistent on the tree. In N.W. India the tree attains 6-7, occasionally 9 
ft. girth, and 70-80, occasionally 100 ft. in‘height. Its growth is slow ; Grise- 
fh tneetiarie two cypresses found by him near a convent on Mount Athos, 
proved by inscriptions to be more than 1000 years old, the radius of which had 
increased at the rate of #, inch only a-year. Near Somma, in Lombardy, a 
cypress is shown which was renowned in Cesar’s time on account of its size 
and beauty. The bark is thin (less than 4 in.), dark grey or brown, with 

numerous longitudinal wrinkles and shallow furrows. The wood is reddish- or 
brownish-white, close-grained, but not hard, the inner belt of each annual ring 
(spring wood) soft, the outer belt (autumn wood) harder and reddish. Medullary 
rays numerous and distinct. Very fragrant, with a strong peculiar and pleasant 
scent: It is exceedingly durable, and in the Levant and Greece is prized for 
trunks and boxes, the contents of which are proof against most insects. 


2. C. torulosa, Don; Prodr. Fl. Nep. 55.—Himalayan Cypress. 
Sans. Surahva. Vern. Devi diar, Ravi; Deodar, Kullu, Baji; Leauri, 
Jaunsar; Raisalla, Naini Tal. 


A large tree ; branches horizontal, whorled, with drooping extremities, 
forming a broad pyramidal crown. Branchlets round or indistinctly four- 
sided ; leaves ovate-triangular, white-margined. Cones numerous, clus- 
tered, erect, bluish when ripe, $ in. diam. ; scales flat or convex, rugose, 
but smoother than those of C. sempervirens. Seeds compressed, convex 
on both sides, with a narrow orbicular wing. 


Outer ranges of the Himalaya from Chamba to Nepal, but more local and less 
common than most other Himalayan conifers, generally, but not always on dry 
warm rocky slopes. Several small patches on the Ravi, more abundant in part 
of Kullu, between 5500 and 8000 ft. (not in Mandi, where, according to Stewart, 
Vigne and Moorcroft mistook a small Deodar forest.for Cypress.) Common, on 
limestone, on the north side of the Shali and Tikka ridge north of Simla, asso- 
ciated with Deodar, Abies Smithiana, A. Webbiana, and Taxus. In Jaunsar, 
on the limestone rocks of the Lokandi and Moila Hills, on limestone below the 
Karama Peak, associated with Deodar and A. Smithiana. On the south-east 


534 LXXVI. CONIFERZ. [ Cupressus. 


face of Chinar Peak, above Naini Tal, on clay-slate, but in the vicinity of lime- 
stone rocks. Not uncommon in Garhwal and Kamaon, and in Nepal. Grows 
at Saharanpur, at Poona, at Calcutta, and thrives vigorously on the Chikalda 
Hill in Berar at 3000 ft. elev. Madden states that the tree is indifferent to the 
nature of the rock, and that it is found both on limestone and on silicious rocks. 
What I have seen of its growth makes me think that it prefers limestone. Fl. 
Jan.-Feb., the cones ripen in Oct.-Nov. of the second year, and are often long 
persistent on the trees, Attains generally 70-80 ft., and a girth of 6-8 ft., but 
larger trees are not uncommon. Dr Stewart records one near Girar on the 
Belj, a feeder of the Ravi, at 6500 ft., 15 ft. girth, and over 120 ft. high; and 
Madden speaks of 15-17 ft. girth, and a height of 150. The roots often embrace 
masses of rock, and the base of the trunk swells out in such cases. At Naig, 
south of Lobha, Stewart records a famous grove, the trees 12-17 ft. girth, and 
one 27 ft. girth near the ground, with enormous roots clasping great rocks, pro- 
bably not under 1000 years old. The growth, as far as known, appears to be 
slow. Dr Stewart records 12-18 rings on one inch of radius. Bark very thin, 
barely 7 in. thick, the outer layer peeling off in numerous long narrow dark- 
grey thin strips, which are often spirally twisted round the trunk ; inner sub- 
stance of bark reddish brown. The surface of the bark is rougher and darker 
than that of Juniperus excelsa, with which this Cypress is often confounded. 
Wood white, with a tinge of red or yellow, deeper coloured in the centre, fra- 
grant, the scent similar to the scent of the Cypress wood from Turkey and 
Greece, even-grained, not hard, easy to work, but not strong. Medullary rays 
distinct, somewhat darker than the rest of the wood, annual rings consist of an 
inner softer and an outer harder and darker belt. At Naini Tal it has been 
much used for building, particularly for indoor work, and on the Ravi and 
Sutlej it is sometimes used for beams. But, as a rule, the tree is not used for 
secular purposes. In Kullu images are made of it, and the poles to carry the 
sacred ark, for which purpose Birch and Elm are also employed. Tle wood is 
often burnt as incense in temples. 


C’. glauca, Lam. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 470 ; Dalz. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 83.—Syn. 
C. lusitanica, Willd. Commonly cultivated in gardens in Western India above 
Ghat ; does not succeed below Ghat, according to Dalzell. Largely cultivated 
in Portugal, helieved to have been introduced from Goa. Supposed to be dis- 
tinguished from the two preceding species mainly by the bluish colour of the 
leaves and cones, and by the projecting subulate boss of the scales. The 
value of the former character, however, is demonstrated by the Deodar, which 
is commonly bluish when cultivated in Europe, and occasionally in the Hima- 

_laya, but the great mass of which, in its native forests, is dark green. The 
character taken from the scales of the cone may be more constant, but the 
specific distinctions between the three Cypresses described, sempervirens, toru- 
losa, and glauca, seem to invite farther inquiry. 

C. funebris, Endl.; the weeping Cypress—Vern. Chandang, Sikkim—an ele- 
gant tree, with hanging distichous branches and lanceolate mucronate leaves, 
with a spreading apex, is planted in China near pagodas, also planted in 
Bhutan near temples and monasteries, between 2000 and 7000 ft., and on the 
great Ranjit river in Sikkim near convents and cemeteries; also in Nepal. 
Grows at Calcutta. 


Biota orientalis, Endl.—Syn. Thuja orientalis, Linn., the Arbor vite, is a 
small evergreen tree, indigenous in Japan and China, much cultivated in India 
and Europe, with the foliage similar to that of the Cypress, but the cones con- 
sisting of 3-4 pairs of decussate oblong woody scales, with the apex recurved, 
and at the base of each 1 or 2 unwinged seeds, 


Cupressus. | LXXVI, CONIFERZ. 535, 


Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 452.—Syn. Thuja articu- 
lata, Vahl—is a small tree of Western North Africa, where, according to Mathieu, 
it covers large areas either alone (Fl. For. 355), or mixed with Pinus hale- 
pensis, Phillyrea, and other evergreens, and is remarkable on account of 
the compact heavy and very fragrant heartwood, which has a rich brown 
colour, and takes a most beautiful polish. The tree coppices readily, and the 
forest-fires, which are lighted by the Arab herdsmen (as they are by the pastoral 
a of India), frequently kill the stem to the ground, when abun- 

ant shoots spring up from the root, which attains a great age, and often a 
considerable size. These masses of root have a beautifully mottled grain ; ex- 
eta ornaments and small articles of furniture are made of them, and veneers 

or the most elegant cabinet-work. This wood was one of those called Kedpos, 
citrus (see p. 56), was highly prized by the Romans, and fabulous prices were 
paid for tables made of it. The branchlets are green, articulate, and bear at 
the base of each joint 4 minute decussate scale-like leaves. The fruit is $ in. 
diam., four-sided, consisting of 4 valvate scales, and containing 6 winged seeds. 
The tree exudes a strongly-scented resin (Gum Sandarach). 


6. JUNIPERUS, Linn. 


Evergreen trees or shrubs, with distinct, generally red-coloured heart- 
wood. Leaves either all linear or subulate, erect or spreading, in whorls 
of three or dimorphous, viz., on the first shoots of seedlings, and on 
luxuriant shoots, subulate and spreading, and on the other branches scale- 
like, opposite, generally decussate, and imbricate. Flowers monoicous or 
dioicous, terminal or axillary. Male catkins small, cylindrical or ovoid ; 
scales whorled, imbricate, bearing each at its base 3-6 anther-cells. Fruit 
ripening the second year, fleshy, subglobose, consisting of 3-6 connate 
carpellary scales (the lower sterile), the tips of which are often visible on 
the surface of the ripe fruit. Seeds 1-3, with coriaceous testa embedded 
in the resinous pulp of the berry (galbulus). 


All leaves whorled, erect or spreading, linear, pungent ; catkins 
axillary . , : : . ° é A d . 1. J. communis. 
All leaves whorled, subulate, pungent, the upper adpressed, 
imbricate ; male catkins terminal ; female catkins at the 
ends of short lateral branchlets A ‘ , ; 
Leaves dimorphous, those on the great mass of branches scale- 
like, decussate, adpressed and imbricate, on others subu- 

_ late, pungent, erect or spreading. 

Foliage bushy; branchlets four-sided ; the scale-like leaves 
oblong, more or less keeled at the back, apex not closely 
adpressed; berries ovoid, subacute, 1-seeded. (A shrub 
in the N.W. Himalaya, in Sikkim atree) . j ‘ 

Foliage light and open ; branchlets spreading, indistinctly 

four-sided ; the scale-like leaves ovate, convex, closely 
adpressed, with a large resinous gland on the back ; 
berries globose, very resinous, 2-5-seeded. (A tree in 
the N.W. Himalaya) . > 4 ‘ ; , . 4. J. excelsa. 


2. J. recurva. 


3. J. Wallichiana. 


1. J. communis, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 348; Reichenb. Ic. FI. 
Germ. t. 535.—Juniper. Genévrier, Fr. ; Wachholder, Germ. Vern. Nich, 
pama, pethra, bentha, betar, Kashmir, Chamba, and Kullu; Lang shir, 
thelu, lewar, Kunawar; Chuni, shupa, Piti. 


536 LXXVI. CONIFERZ. [ Juniperus. 


A dense, diffuse shrub, in Europe sometimes a small tree, procumbent 
at great elevations. Foliage greyish green. Leaves spreading, in whorls 
of three, linear, 4-4 in. long, pungent, narrowed at base, nearly flat and 
bluish green above, light green, conyex or obtusely keeled beneath, per- 
sistent 3-4 years. Catkins axillary, supported at the base by small bracts ; 
the male ovoid, yellow ; the antheriferous scales broad-ovate, acuminate ; 
the female flowers small, resembling leaf-buds. Berries subglobose, on 
short scaly stalks 4-4 in. long, erowned at the apex with the tips of the 
carpellary scales ; pulp sweet and resinous. Seeds generally 3. 


South side of Safedkoh at 9000 ft. North-West Himalaya, but not in the 
innermost arid tract, abundant in places as far east as the Sutlej, less common 
beyond it. Hills near the mouth of the Sindh valley, Kashmir, at 5400 ft. ; in 
the Butna valley ascending to 11,000 ; in Lahoul to 12,500 ft.; in Kunawar be- 
tween 9000 and 11,000 ft.; to 14,000 ft. on the Bias and in Garhwal ; eastern- 
most point entrance of the Bidns valley in North-East Kamaon. Throughout 
Europe to the North Cape. In Greenland, North Asia, also on the Caucasus and 
on Mount Ararat. In North and Central Europe it is found both on the plains 
and on mountains. On the Riviera, near Nice and Mentone, it goes down to 
the coast, but farther south it is found on mountains only. Thus in Spain it 
occurs (according to Willkomm) on the Guadarama mountains from 3500 to 
6000 ft., in the Sierra Nevada from 6500 to 8000, and on Mount Athos in Mace- 
donia (according to Grisebach) from 5200 to 6000 ft. Juniperus nana, Willd., 
which many botanists consider as a variety merely of the common Juniper, 
ascends even higher, and is found in the Alps and on the mountains of South 
Europe, in the Alpine zone far beyond the forest belt. On the dry stony hills 
of the Muschelkalk formation in North and Middle Germany the Juniper is 
sometimes a useful nurse of plantations, and it often affords shelter in such 
localities to self-sown seedlings of other trees. In East Prussia and the Baltic 
provinces the Juniper is often gregarious, covering large extents of ground with 
open brushwood ; and under partial shelter it becomes arborescent, extending 
over large areas, associated with other trees Me illk. Forstl. Fl. 217). In the 
North-West Himalaya the Juniper is chiefly found on high dry bleak slopes, 
usually gregarious, sometimes mixed with J. recurva, often in patches form- 
ing a belt above the upper limit of the forest. Fl. March, April; the fruit 
ripens in August and September of the second year. 

Generally an irregularly-shaped shrub with stiff branches, branchlets erect or 
spreading, procumbent at high elevations. In the Himalaya it rarely attains more 
than 6-7 ft. with a disproportionately thick stem, 18-24 in. girth. In Europe the 
tree occasionally grows 30-40 ft. high with a girth of 4-5 ft. Bark whitish grey, 
exfoliating in thin flakes, leaving the brown inner substance exposed. Sapwood 
large, white ; heartwood brown, fine-grained, compact, the annual rings dis- 
tinctly marked by a dark narrow line. Used for fuel, very acceptable on high 

asses. The twigs are resinous and aromatic ; they are placed before the Deota 
in temples, and, like the wood, are burnt as incense (dhwp). The fruit is sweet, 
aromatic, and very resinous. In Kamaon it is added to spirits distilled from 
barley. (In North Germany the berries are largely collected and oe 
to Holland for the manufacture of gin.) They are sold as medicine in the bazars 
of North India under the name of Abhil, hiiber, administered in decoction as a 
stimulant, diuretic, and emmenagogue. 


2. J. recurva, Ham.; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 481.—Weeping Blue Juni- 
per, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 28. Vern. Wetyar, bettar, chiich, thelu, telu, 


Te 


Juniperus. | LXXVI. CONIFER. 537 


talu, phulu, Pb.; Bettir, bhedara, bendhara, bidelgunj, thelu, phulu, 
jhora, guggal, bil, uri, agani, N.W.P.; Pama, Tibet; Deschi, Sikkim. 


A gregarious shrub or moderate-sized tree; branchlets decurved or 
drooping. - Leaves adpressed, } in. long, in whorls of 3, generally approxi- 
mate and imbricate, distant on older branchlets, lanceolate, pungent, back 
convex. Catkins and berries at the ends of short lateral leaf-bearing 
branchlets. Berries oblong or ovoid-oblong, pointed, 4-4 in. long, with 


. the tips of carpellary scales near the apex, green at first, olive or blue 


afterwards, dark-brown or almost blackish-purple, smooth shining when 
ripe. Seed 1, oblong, obtuse.—J. sguamata_ is a procumbent variety with 
broader, curved leaves. 


South side of Safedkoh near Pewar Pass 8000-9000 ft. Himalaya 7500 to 
12,000 ft., ascending to 13,000, and on the Niti Pass to 15,000 ft. In Sikkim 
and Bhutan at 9000-12,000 ft. Occasionally planted near temples, ¢.g., at Panwi 
in Kunawar. FI. chiefly in June, July ; the fruit ripening July to October of 
the second year. In Sikkim and Bhutan attains 30 ft. with a pyramidal crown, 
and drooping branchlets. In the North-West Himalaya it is only known as 
a gregarious shrub, often covering large areas, either pure or mixed with J. com- 
mums, the stems decumbent, at times 6 in. diam., very long, running over or 
under the surface of the ground, and from these creeping stems rise numerous 
short erect branches, which make it very difficult to traverse such thickets, 
Bark smooth, cinnamon-coloured, generally peeling off in conspicuous flakes 
which curl up. Heartwood reddish-brown, fragrant, useful as fuel at high ele- 
vations. The sprigs are used in the distillation of spirits ; coarse barley-flour 
is made into balls, covered with the sprigs and leaves, wrapped up in blankets 
and kept warm for 3-4 days until it ferments, when it is used in the distillation 
of arrack from rice. The shrub is sacred, and the resinous twigs are used for 
incense (dhiip, gigal). 


3. J. Wallichiana, Hf. & Th. in Herb. Kew.—Black Juniper of Sik- 
kim, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 55. Vern. Tchokpo, Sikkim. 


In the north-west a large gregarious shrub, in Sikkim a large tree, with 
densely massed bushy branchlets. Leaves dimorphous, the scale-like 
leaves oblong, back almost keeled, obtuse, in 4 rows, so as to make the 
branchlets 4-sided, apex not quite adpressed, those on the lower branch- 
lets linear, pungent, and somewhat spreading. Male catkins terminal. 
Berries numerous, erect, on lateral leaf-bearing branchlets of variable 
length, ovoid, acute, 1-4 in. long, blue, shining when ripe, 1-seeded. 


Himalaya 9000 to 15,000 ft. from the Indus to Sikkim. Fl. April, May ; fr. 
Aug. Bark brown, smooth, exfoliating in large flakes. This is the large tree 
Juniper of the inner ranges of Sikkim, attaining 60 ft., with spreading branches. 
The wood of the Sikkim tree resembles /. excelsa in structure. 

J. Pseudo-Sabina, Fisch. et Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 682, a shrub of 
Siberia, mountains of Davuria and Songaria, is identified with this species by 
Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi. 482; but the fruit, which is 1-seeded like that of 
J. Wallichiana, is described as recurved, not erect. The classification of the 
Junipers of Asia seems to require critical revision. 


538 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Juniperus. 


4. J. excelsa, M. Bieb.—-Tab. LXVIII.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 484.— 
Syn. (partly) J. chinensis, Linn., as accepted by Parlatore in DC. Prodr. 
‘487. Himalayan Pencil Cedar. Apurs, uppurz, Beluchistan; Chala, 
chalet, Jhelam; Shukpa, shur, shurgu, lewar, Chenab and Sutlej ; Shur- 
bita, shirgu, shukpa, Tibet; Dhup, padmak, surgi, N.W.P. ; Dhupi, 
dhupri chandan, shukpa, Nepal. | 


A small or middle-sized tree, stunted at high elevations, with slender, 
terete, nearly distichous branchlets. Foliage light green, not unlike in 
colour that of Pinus excelsa. Leaves of two kinds (dimorphous), on the 
upper and outer branches scale-like, closely adpressed, imbricate, ovate, 
acute or pungent, back convex with a resinous gland; on the lower 
branches, subulate, pungent, 4 in. long. Male catkins terminal. Berries 
very resinous, + in. diam., subglobose, black when ripe, at the ends of 
lateral leaf-bearing branchlets of variable length, 4-4 in. long, seeds 2-5. - 


Afghanistan and North Beluchistan. Arid tract of the North-West Himalaya 
and West Tibet, generally gregarious on rocky slopes. At the head of the Kun- 
har river (the westernmost feeder of the Jhelam), in Kaghan, at the head of the 
Sind river in Kashmir, on the upper Chenab, Bias and Sutlej (above the Tidong 
valley and the wie Pass), on the upper Indus and its tributaries, and at the 
head-waters of several feeders of the Ganges. Said to be plentiful in inner 
Nepal, but not found farther east. The range of elevation is from 5000 ft. 


(Rondu on the Indus) to 14,000 ft. in Ladak. It grows at the Saharanpur 


arden, and is hardy in England. Beyond India it is difficult to define the 

imits of this tree, as there are several species closely allied to it which will be 
noticed below. ‘The Indian tree seems to be identical with that found in the 
Crimea, on the Caucasus, and the Ural mountains. In the N.W. Himalaya it 
flowers in summer, and the berries ripen in September of the second year. The 
tree does not generally attain a ye exceeding 50 ft., the trunk is short, but 
of great girth, 10 ft. and 6-7 ft. at higher elevations (11,000 ft.) being not un- 
common, and several over 20 ft. girth being known. The trunk is generally 
crooked and gnarled, and divides into many large, diffusely spreading twisted 
boughs, which rapidly diminish in girth, and grow to no great height. An ex- 
.treme specimen is in Lahoul, 33} ft. girth, divided into contorted branches not 
over 30 ft. high. The crown has often an irregular and grotesque shape. The 
branchlets are slender, glaucescent, erect or spreading, shorter and less pendu- 
lous than those of Cupressus torulosa, but very like it in hand specimens. Bark 
of branchlets reddish-brown, shining, with a cinereous silvery pellicle peeling off. 
The bark of the trunk is reddish-brown or grey, smooth between longitudinal 
cracks, exfoliating in long fibrous strips. Inner substance compact, fibrous. The 
rate of growth is slow, three sections recorded by Stewart gave 24, 40, and 44 
rings per inch of radius respectively. The sapwood is large, light-coloured, 
the heartwood light or dark red, even- and close-grained, with a scent similar to 
that of the pencil cedar, but less powerful ; it is much harder than the American 
pencil cedar. Like the wood of most Junipers, the annual rings in the wood of 
J. excelsa are distinctly marked by a dark narrow line. The medullary re 
are often darker than the rest of the wood. Weight, 25-37 lb. per cub. ft. 
Quetta and Kelat it is much used for rafters and building. In the bare and 
arid tracts, where it is chiefly found, it is used for many purposes. Supports 
of water-channels are made of it, and the heartwood is said to be almost im- 
perishable in moist earth. In Lahoul it is used, alternating with stones, for the 
walls of houses, as well as ‘for beams. In Kunawar some of the temples are 
built of it ; it is made into drinking-cups and walking-sticks. 


Juniperus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 539 


At Leh it is largely used as fuel (the driftwood that comes down the Zanskar 
river); it burns quickly with a peculiar smell. Charcoal is made of it in places, 
In Kunawar it is burnt for incense, and is exported for that purpose. The fruit 
is very turpentiny and not eatable ; under the name of Ahéber, it is medicinal 
in Sindh, and is said to be used as incense. ms 

The species closely allied to this are: 1. J. chinensis, Linn., China, and 
Japan, very similar to J. excelsa. 2. J. foetidissima, Willd. ; DC, Prodr, xvi. ii. 
485 (united with J. excelsa by Grisebach Veg. der Erde,i.572). Forms forests 
with other conifers on the mountains of Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Ar- 
menia, Syria, and is also found on the Caucasus ; 1-2 seeds, according to Parla- 
tore. 3. J. procera, Hochstetter, on the mountains of Abyssinia and Arabia 
Felix ; 2-3 seeds. 4. J. thurifera, Linn, ; Portugal, Spain, and Algeria, above 
3000 ft. elevation ; 2-3 seeds. All these are trees, sometimes attaining a con- 
siderable size ; and in addition to them Grisebach distinguishes 5. J. egea, 
from the Greek Archipelago, with sessile fruit. 6. J. Sabina, Linn., is gene- 
rally a shrub, rarely a small tree ; seeds generally 1-2, rarely 3-4, Parlatore ; 
fruit smaller than that of the preceding species,’except J. procera, which also 
has small berries. The distinguishing characters between these species are some- 
what uncertain. 

Juniperus virginana, Linn., the American Peneil Cedar, near the coast of 
the Atlantic from Maine to Florida, with compact scented red heartwood, and 
J. bermudiana, Linn., of the Bermudas, the West Indies, and Florida, mainly 
yield the wood of which pencils are made. 

Juniperus drupacea, Labill. ; DC. Prodr. 476—Syn. Arceuthos drupacea, An- 
toine & Kotschy—is a dioicous shrub or small tree, with large subglobose fleshy 
and eatable fruit 1 in. diam., consisting of 9 scales, the tops of which are pro- 
minent in 3 whorls, 6 near the apex and 3 at the base of the fruit. Leaves in 
whorls of three, lanceolate, rigid, pungent, # in. long, 1-14 lines broad. Moun- 
tains of Asia Minor, on Lebanon and Antilebanon, rare on the higher mountains 
of Greece, Attempts might be made to cultivate this useful tree in the drier 
parts of the Panjab Himalaya. Hardy in England. 


7. TAXUS, Tournef. 


Slow-growing and long-lived evergreen trees or shrubs, with tough red 
- heartwood. Leaves linear, distichous. Flowers sessile in the axils of 
leaves, usually dioicous. Male catkins subglobose, stipitate, supported 
at the base by empty bracts, the axis bearing at its end numerous peltate 
scales, each on its lower edge with 3-6 anther-cells, dehiscing longitudin- 
ally. Female flowers resembling leaf-buds, consisting of a few imbricate 
scales, enclosing an erect ovule, surrounded at the base by a disc which 
is membranous in flower, but-enlarges into a red fleshy cup, surrounding 
the seed. Testa bony, embryo with 6-7 cotyledons. 


1. T. baccata, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 500; Hook. Stud. Fl. 349 ; 
Reichenb. Ic, Fl. Germ. t. 538.—Syn. 7. nucifera, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 
_t. 44; 7. Wallichiana,.Zuce. Yew. Hibe, Germ. ; If, Fr.; Tasso, It. 
Vern. Sarap, badar, Afg.; Birmi, barma, tung, thinu, sungal, piistil, 
chogu, Kashmir, Chamba; Rukhal, Bias ; Barmi, Shali ; Thuna, Hattu ; 
Yamdal, Kunawar; Thiuner, geli, gallu, lust, N.W.P.; Nhare, Tibet ; 
Tingschi, Sikkim. 

A large tree with dense, dark-green foliage. Leaves linear, 1 line 
broad and 14 in. long, apex sharp, base narrowed into a short petiole, 


540 LXXVI. CONIFERS. [ Taxus, 


decurrent along the branch with two raised lines. Male flowers yellow. 
Fruit a red ovoid berry, somewhat more than ; in. long, open at the 
mouth, so that the top of the dark olive-green seed appears. 


Kafiristan, south side of the Safedkoh. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, 
abundant in places, but very local. Not uncommon in Hazara, common in the ~ 
dense forests of A. Webbiana, A. Smithiana, Acer, Pavia, Juglans, on the upper 
part of the northern slopes of the range stretching from the Shali to Narkan 
also on the sides of Hattu, both north and south, in the Balsan forests east o 
the Giri, opposite to Imbri, and in many other places between Sutlej and Ganges. 
In Kunawar it is found, here and there, above 9000 ft.—e. g., above the Nachar - 
forest, and in the Baspa valley. In Garhwal and Kamaon it is generally found 
between 6000 and 8500 ft., ascending to 11,200 ft. at Kedarnath. It grows in 
Sikkim, on the outer ranges at 9500 to 10,000 ft., in the inner ranges descendi 
to 7000 ft. in Bhutan and on the Kasia hills (at 5000 ft.), and has been fo 
in upper Burma. As defined by Parlatore, this species extends throughout 
Europe, North Africa, and is found on the mountains of Asia Minor, Armenia, — 
and on the Caucasus; he enumerates 5 species besides, two from Japan an 
three from North America, which Hooker regards as all forms of the same species, 
In Central and North Europe the Yew is indigenous both in the plains and 
on the mountains, but in the Mediterranean region it is only found at a con- 
siderable elevation. In some regions of the Himalaya its lower limit is not 
exactly known ; it does not extend into the inner arid zone. It is certain that 
the Yew was more common formerly in many forests of Central Europe than 
it is at present; the young plant requires shelter, and, like the Holly, thrives 
in deep shade. Any system of forest management, therefore, which requires 
entire or partial clearances, impedes its growth and prevents repre 
self-sown seedlings. In the Himalaya the Yew clothes itself with young bril- 
liant green shoots in April and May, and the flowers open between sich and 
May. In Europe it flowers, according to latitude and elevation, between March 

nd May, and the young shoots generally appear a week after my Will- 
komm, Forstl. Fl. 223), The fruit ripens (in India and Europe) from Sept. to 
Nov. of the year of flowering. 

In the Himalaya the Yew attains a considerable size ; Madden records a tree 
at Gangtitri 100 ft. high and 15 ft. girth. In the Panjab Himalaya the com- 
mon size is 5-6 ft. girth; in Hazara 8-9 ft. is not uncommon, In Europe the 
largest and oldest Yew-trees are recorded in Britain ; specimens 10 ft. diam. 
and 30 ft. girth are not rare in England and Scotland, and some are on record 
with a diam. of 15-20 ft. The growth of the tree is slow ; and there is no doubt, 
from an examination of the annual rings and from historical records, that some 
of the Yew-trees now in existence in England are considerably more than 1000 
years old./ The bark is thin, panty gtid Sad hard and smooth, cleft longitud- 
inally and peeling off ; inner substance fibrous. The growth is very slow, 20- 
32 rings per in. of radius are recorded from the Himalaya, and this accords 
with the experience of the growth of the tree in Europe. Sapwood whitish, 
the heartwood is reddish-brown, compact, hard and heavy, 46-59 lb. per cub. 
ft. It is strong and elastic, and takes a beautiful polish. In Europe it is 
used for all kinds of turnery, for carving, and other purposes which require 
a firm and elastic wood. Whip-handles are made of the branches, and from 
time immemorial it has been the principal wood used for bows, The Indian 


‘ wood, as far as known, has the same qualities as that of the European tree ; 


bows, carrying-poles, and native furniture are made of it, but it might be more 
extensively used. The tree is held in great veneration in some parts of the 
N.W. Himalaya, it sometimes is called Deoddar (God’s tree); the wood is burnt 
for incense, branches are carried in religious processions in Kamaon, and in 


Taxus. | LXXVI. CONIFER. 541 


— the houses are decorated with the green twigs at religious festivals. The 
bark (sang, sangha) is exported to Ladak from Kunawar, to be mixed with tea, 
and to be used as a red dye. In Kunawar a decoction of it is administered for 
rheumatism. The branches are used to support earth roofs. The leaves (bermz) 
are exported to the plains of the Panjab, and used medicinally as a stomachic ; 
in Europe they are considered poisonous, but not everywhere nor under all 
circumstances. Goats, rabbits, and sheep eat them freely (Selby, Brit. Forest 


Trees, 374). The berries are sweet and harmless, and are eaten by the natives | 
of the N.W. Himalaya. 


Podocarpus neriifolia, Don ; DC. Prodr. xvi, ii. 514, is a large evergreen 
tree with somewhat whorled branches and alternate, coriaceous, linear-lanceo- 
late leaves with a prominent midrib, 4-5 in. long ; male catkins axillary, cylin- 
dric, antheriferous scales with 2 anther-cells; fruit axillary, fleshy, 1-seeded, 
ovoid, on a fleshy receptacle. 

Nepal, Sikkim, Kasia, ascending to 3000 ft. A remarkable tree in Burma, 
nearly allied to it, which S. Kurz, however, refers to P. bracteata, Blume, of the 
Indian Archipelago, grows in the evergreen forests of the Bithoko range, be- 
tween the Yunzaleen and Salween rivers, above 2000 ft., where I found it in 
March 1859, also on the coast-range of the Tenasserim provinces. It is called 
Thit min, the Prince of trees,in Burma. The wood is close-grained and highly 
prized in Burma. 


Orper LXXVIL PALME. 


. Stem solid, either an underground perennial rhizome, producing flower- 
stalks and tufts of leaves, or more commonly above ground, erect, scandent 
or supported by other trees and bushes. The stem above ground is, with 
few exceptions, simple and without leaf-bearing side branches. The vas- 
cular bundles do not unite into concentric masses of wood and bark, 
separated by acontinuous cambium layer, but are distinct, scattered in the 
cellular tissue of the trunk. They consist of vessels, varying in size, which 
on a horizontal section appear as pores; secondly, of elongated or poly- 
gonous cells, generally forming a mass of softer tissue, immediately sur- 
rounding the vessels ; and, thirdly, of a mass of long thick-walled bast- 
cells or fibres, of which the hard horny portion of the bundle is composed. 
Near the circumference the bundles are generally more numerous, smaller 
and harder, owing to the predominance in them of the bast-cells or fibres, 
while near the centre they are sparse, containing a relatively larger pro- 
portion of cells and vessels. The result is, that the centre of a Palm stem 
is generally the softest part, not rarely becoming hollow by the decay of 
the cellular tissue. The vascular bundles can be traced from the interior 
of the stem to the base of the leaf, which is generally broad, and in most 
cases cylindric and sheathing. The youngest leaf in the terminal bud is at 
the top in the centre ; as the bud expands it enlarges, and at last eneloses 
the circumference of the stem, hence the vascular bundles descending from 

it bend inward towards the centre. Lower down these same bundles 
- gradually bend outward toward the circumference, where they can be 
traced for a considerable length in a vertical direction under the surface. 
This explains a remarkable feature in the structure of the Palm stem, 
which shows itself most distinctly in a vertical section made parallel to 


542 LXXVII PALMA. [ Borassus. 


the radius, but may also be observed in a horizontal section. In vertical 
sections a portion of the vascular bundles will be found to run straight 
downward, but they are crossed by other bundles at oblique angles. The | 
latter are those portions which bend outward towards the base of the leaf or 
the lower part of the stem, In transverse sections some bundles may gene- 
rally be noticed, cut through in a slanting, not horizontal direction ; these 
were cut across in their outward course towards the circumference ‘of. the 
tree. Again, the structure of each bundle is different in its upper and lower 
part : in its upper part it contains all three classes of elementary organs 
enumerated above, vessels, fibres, and cells; whereas the lower part is almost 
entirely composed of fibres. This will explain the different composition — 
of the vascular bundles near the centre, and the circumference of the stem. 
The stem of many Palms has a distinct rind composed of thick-walled cells, 
and inside of it the outer vascular bundles (consisting mainly of thick- 
walled fibres) are sometimes nearly confluent, but never entirely so. But 
though the outer stratum is harder, there is no distinct bark that can be 
stripped off, and no continuous confluent cambium layer as in Dicotyledons 
and Conifers: Nor are there any annual rings in the wood of Palms. 
After the stem has once attained a certain size, it does not materially 
increase in thickness, though it sometimes swells out in an irregular 
manner. 

As regards the surface, one group of Palms has smooth and shining 
stems, annulate with raised rings, which are not quite horizontal, but 
slightly and alternately inclined to opposite sides. These rings are the 
scars of fallen leaves, and according to the length of the joint or internode, 
they are at.greater or less distances from each other. The Rattans (Cala- 
mus) and the Betel Palm (Areca) are instances of this group. In another 
group (Chamcrops, Borassus, Cocos, Phenix) the surface of the stem is 
rough with the persistent base of the petioles, and in this group the inter- 
nodes are always short, and the leaves and scars of petioles are arranged 
around the stem in a series of close spirals. It will be readily understood 
that in the Palms of the second class the leaves always stand close together, 
forming a dense tuft at the end of the stem, while in those of the first 
group: the leaves stand at some noes often covering a considerable 
length of the stem (Calamus). 

The leaves of seedlings are always aendivided 4 those which are formed 
at a later period are generally either pinnately or palmately divided, the 
pinne or segments being linear or lanceolate, mostly folded longitudinally 
with numerous and parallel nerves. The segments of palmatifid leaves are 
frequently bifid, those of pinnately divided leaves are either entire or 
irregularly lobed (Wallichia, Caryota, and allied genera), and in that case 
the edge or outline of the leaf runs partly with the nerves, partly across 
at an oblique angle, a portion of the outline appearing dentate by the pro- 
. jecting ends of the nerves. The petiole is always broad-based, and gene- 
rally amplexicaul or sheathing. 

The inflorescence is terminal in some Palms (Corypha, Metroxylon), but 
lateral in most cases, either in the axils of existing or fallen leaves. It is 
generally a panicle enclosed in bud by large sheathing bracts (spathes), 


. Borassus. | LXXVII. PALMA. 543. 


the common peduncle (spadix) being often branching, thick, and some- 
times woody. The flowers are rarely bisexual, generally dioicous, monoi- 
cous, or polygamous. Calyx and corolla, as a rule, consist of 3 segments 
or leaves each, those of the fertile flowers are commonly persistent in fruit. 
Stamens 6, rarely 3, 9, or numerous ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudi- 
nally. Ovary 3-celled, one ovule in each cell; sometimes 3 distinct 
1-celled carpels. Seed albuminous, albumen cartilaginous, horny, or oily. 
Embryo small; cylindric, when germinating the upper end remains en- 
closed in the seed, enlarging considerably at the expense of the albumen, 
while the lower part lengthens out, throwing out lateral rootlets, and at 
a greater or less distance from the seed, the plumula emerges from the 
slit, bearing one or two truncate sheaths, which surround the undivided 
leaves of the seedling.—Royle Ill. 394 ; Martius, Historia Naturalis Pal- 
marum, folio, vol. i.-ili., 1823-1850. Griffith, The Palms of British 
India in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History, vol. v., 1845, and 
(with plates and additions) in folio in the Posthumous Papers: Calcutta, 
1850. 


This Family, which comprises upwards of 680 species, is commonly 
divided into the following six Tribes :— 


Borassinece.— Leaves fan-shaped ; flowers unisexual, commonly dioicous ; 
male flowers.in the axils of whorled closely imbricate bracts, in thick 
cylindric spikes ; albumen horny or cartilaginous—Borassus, Hy- 
phene, Lodoicea. 

Coryphinee.—Leaves fan-shaped, base of petiole broad-based or sheath- 
ing, sheath fibrous ; flowers bisexual or polygamous, in compound 
panicles ; carpels 3, distinct or cohering ; albumen horny—Chame- 
rops, Corypha. 

Phanicinee.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, petiole on a short reticulate 
fibrous sheath ; flowers dioicous, in long spikes at the end of a com- 
pressed, often woody peduncle ; carpels 3; fruit fleshy, 1-seeded, 
enclosing a hard seed with bony albumen—Pheniz. 

Arecinece.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire or jagged; petioles sheathing ; 
flowers monoicous, inflorescence of long drooping spikes at the end 
of a thick, almost fleshy peduncle ; seeds hard with horny albumen 
—Wallichia, Caryota, Areca, Ceroxylon, Arenga. 

Cocoinece.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, petioles amplexicaul, with a 
fibrous base ; flowers monoicous, inflorescence of long drooping spikes 
at the end of a thick sometimes branched peduncle ; albumen oily 
or cartilaginous—Cocos, Eleis. 

Lepidocaryinee.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, petioles on long sheaths, 
petioles and sheaths with prickles, scattered or in oblique lines or 
rings ; flowers monoicous or dioicous, in compound panicles, with 
sheathing bracts at the ramifications, common peduncle, petiole or 
sheath often terminating in long thorny whip-like thongs; ovary 
3-celled ; fruit covered with closely adpressed, imbricate, recurved 
scales ; albumen horny—Calamus, Metroxylon, Sagus. 


544 LXXVIL PALMA. [ Borassus, 


Leaves fan-shaped. 
Flowers dioicous, in paniculate spikes; male spikes thick, 
cylindrical, flowers fasciculate in the axils of broad 


whorled imbricate connate bracts, ovary 3-celled : 1. Borassus. 
Flowers polygamous, in compound panicles without bracts ; 
carpels 8, distinct . ‘ : ‘ ° . . 2, CHAMZROPS, 
Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. 
Pinne cut and jagged, often cuneate ‘ ° : . 3. WALLICHIA, 


Pinne linear or lanceolate, entire. 
Leaves terminal. 
Flowers dioicous ; fruit fleshy, enclosing a hard seed 4 


with bony albumen . ‘ ; ° F ; 4, PHG@NIX. 
Flowers monoicous ; pericarp fibrous, endocarp hard, 
bony, albumen oily . . . ; ‘ ‘ 5. Cocos. 
Leaves distant, lateral, on long thorny sheaths ; flowers 
in long panicles with sheathing bracts . Ssths 6. CALAMUS, 


1. BORASSUS, Linn. 


Stem tall cylindric, with a large terminal crown of fan-shaped leaves. 
Petiole semiterete, broad-based, edges serrate, with hard horny spinescent 
serratures. Flowers dioicous, spadix with few simple branches, lower 
part covered with numerous large sheathing coriaceous and fibrous imbri- 
cate bracts. Male inflorescence composed of thick cylindric spikes, in 
pairs or in threes at the ends of the branches of the spadix. Axis thick, 
cylindric, covered with numerous broad whorled closely set and imbricate 
bracts, connate at the edges, each bearing in its axil a fascicle of 10-12 
flowers and numerous membranous bracts, the flowers concealed in bud, 
but becoming exserted on expansion by the lengthening out of the cor- 
olla tube. Calyx campanulate, trifid to the middle ; segments narrow- 
oblong or linear. Corolla a slender solid tube, which, lengthening out, 
rises above the bract, and expands into a 3-partite limb, with oval con- 
cave segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the solid corolla tube ; filaments 
short ; anthers sagittate ; no rudiment of ovary. Female spikes pani- 
culate, with numerous annular sheathing bracts, each flower consisting 
of 8-12 unequal, closely imbricate, rounded coriaceous concave leaves 
(bracts sepals and petals), all similar in shape and texture. Ovary 3-celled, 
surrounded by 6-9 small sterile stamens ; stigma sessile. Fruit enclosed 
by the enlarged and partly fleshy closely imbricate perianth and bracts, 
3-seeded. Albumen horny. 


1, B. flabelliformis, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 71,72; Fl. Ind. 790. 
The Palmyra Tree—Sans. Trinaraja (king of grasses). Vern. Tal, 
tala, tar, Hind. ; Potu tadi, the male, penti tati chettu, the female tree, 
Telugu ; Htanben, Burm. 


Young stems covered all their length with the dry leaves or lower part 
of petioles, old stems marked with the hard black long and narrow scars 
of the fallen petioles. Base of stem surrounded by a dense mass of numer- 
ous long cylindrical rootlets, consisting of a tough central vascular axis 
surrounded by a mass of fibres and a layer of thin brittle bark. Segments 


Borassus.] LXXVII. PALMA. 545 


of leaves 60-80, parchment-like, smooth, shining, folded along the midrib, 
linear-lanceolate, connate to half their length, entire, at last bifid, 18-30 
in. long, diameter of the leaf 3-5 ft. ; petiole 2-4 ft. long. Male spikes 
drooping, flowers delicate, pink and yellow, one flower only opening at 
a time in each bract. Fruit subglobose, depressed, 5-7 in. diam., smooth, 
shining, dark brown shaded with yellow, rind coriaceous, enclosing a 
yellow pulp mixed with tough straw-coloured fibres, which surround 
the seeds. Seeds 2-4, generally 3, broad, heart-shaped ; albumen white, 
cartilaginous. | 


Cultivated in the Indian Archipelago, the trans-Gangetic peninsula, Ceylon, 
South and Central India, Bengal, and Lower Sindh. In North-West India as far 
north as Alligarh and Shahjehanpur. Isolated trees in gardens in Rohilkhand 
and the Upper Ganges Doab as far as Saharanpur. Also on both sides of the 
Persian Gulf, attaining there about the same latitude as in North-West India— 
30° N.L. Fl. March ; the fruit ripens in April or aah Generally 40-60 ft. 
high, but attains 100 ft. in Burma (in the splendid Palmyra groves of the 
Prome district), and perhaps elsewhere. Forked and branching stems are occa- 
sionally found. Diam. of a full-grown tree above the generally thick base, 
about 18-24 inches. The heart of the tree is soft, but the outer wood is hard, 
heavy, and durable, consisting of numerous thick black vascular bundles. 
Weight, 65 lb. ; value of P. 944, Skinner. The stems are hollowed out and em- 
ployed as water-pipes ; cut half through lengthwise they serve as gutters and open 
channels. The outer wood is used for posts, rafters, and building generally, 
also for furniture. The leaves are, like those of Corypha, universally employed 
for writing upon (with a pointed iron style); documents written on Palm-leaves 
last several centuries ; the leaves are also used as thatch and for mats and basket- 
work. The pulp of the fruit is eaten, raw or roasted, and a preserve is made 
of itin Ceylon. The unripe seeds, and particularly the young plants 2-3 months 
old, are an important article of food. But the most valuable produce of the 
tree is the sweet sap which runs from the peduncles cut before flowering, and 
collected in Bamboo tubes or in earthen pots tied to the cut peduncle, .Nearly 
all the sugar made in Burma, and a large proportion of the sugar made in South 
India and the Konkan, is the produce of this Palm. The sap is also fermented 
into toddy and distilled. 


To the same genus belongs the Deleb Palm, Borassus Aithiopum, Mart., a 
common tree in a large tract of tropical Africa south of the Sahara, from Tim- 
buktu to the Nile, and from Lake Tchad to the Nyassa Lake. The fruit, but 
still more the young seedlings, which are raised on a large scale for that purpose, 
are important as an article of food. Two other remarkable Palms are classed 
under the tribe of Borassinee : 1. Lodoicea Sechellarum, Labill. ; Bot. Mag. t. 
2734-38, the Coco de Mer, Double Cocoa-Nut. A tall Palm with distinctly 
annulated stem, crowned with a tuft of 12-20 gigantic leaves, folded up 
when young like a shut fan, expanding afterwards into a broadly ovate blade, 
numerous lateral ribs diverging from a prominent midrib at acute angles, 
the edges more or less deeply cut ; petiole as long as leaf. The flowers are 
dioicous, and similar to those of Borassus; the male flowers, however, have 
15-20 monadelphous stamens. The fruit takes several years to come to 
maturity. It attains a gigantic size ; the weight-of the ripe fruit is often 
40-50 lb., and consists of a thick fibrous rind, enclosing 1, sometimes 2 or 3, hard 
nuts, which are 2-lobed, sometimes 6-lobed. When ripe the albumen of the 
seed is horny, but when unripe the inside of the fruit is soft and eatable. The 
unripe fruit is eaten, and the hard black shell of the nut is carved into orna- 

2M 


546 LXXVII. PALMZ. [ Borassus. 


ments, and Fakirs’ drinking-cups.. The leaves when young yield a beautiful 
material for basket and plaited work ; hats, fans, and various other articles 
are made of them ; when full-grown they are used for partitions and roofs 
of houses. This Palm is only found on two or three small rocky islands of 
the Seychelle group north-east of Madagascar, These islands were discovered 
in 1749, but long before that time the double Cocoa-nut had been known 
in India, and on the Indian Archipelago, having been washed upon the 
Maldive Islands by the monsoon, and the tree being unknown, wonderful 
stories were current regarding the nature and origin of these curiously- 
shaped nuts. 2. Hyphcene thebaica, Mart.; Hist. Nat. Palm. t. 131, 132, 133, 
the Doum Palm of Upper Egypt and Nubia, extending west to the Niger near 
Timbuktu, one of the few species of this Order, the stem of which habitu- 
ally and normally divides into bifurcating branches, each branch bearing a 
crown of fan-shaped leaves. The flowers are dioicous ; the fruit is in long 
hanging clusters, irregularly shaped, surface shining brown, 1-seeded, with a 
sweet fibrous mealy rind which has a taste like gingerbread—is eaten, and forms 


an important article of food in some parts of Africa. Rosary-beads are made of 
the horny albumen. 


2. CHAMZASROPS, Linn. 


Stems densely covered while young with the lower parts of petioles. 
Base of old stems indistinctly annulate. Leaves fan-shaped, forming 
a rounded terminal crown ; petioles sheathing, the sheath fibrous, edges 
of petioles mostly aculeate. Flowers yellow, polygamous, often dioicous, 
inflorescence a compound panicle on a thick peduncle (spadix), enclosed 
in bud by a coriaceous oblique sheath. Calyx tripartite, corolla of 3 petals, 
valvate in bud, petals and calyx-segments often more numerous. . Sta- 
mens 6-9. Carpels 3, distinct. Berries 3, or fewer by aburtion. Albu- 
men horny or cartilaginous ; embryo dorsal. 


1. C.“Martiana, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 211.—Syn. C. Khasyana, Madden, 
On the occurrence of Palms and Bamboos at considerable elevations in the 
Himalaya, Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc. iv. 186 (1853). Vern. Jhangra, jhaggar, 
tal, Kamaon ; Taggu, the Newar name in Nepal. 


A tall slender tree, 40-50 ft. high, stunted on dry ground or in other- 
wise unfavourable localities, with a globose crown of dark shining leaves. 
Petioles 3 ft. long, the sheathing base consisting of 2 layers, the inner 
layer, which separates from the outer, being composed of a network of 
brown tough fibres, crossing each other at oblique angles, forming a close 
network of rhomboid meshes ; upper part of petiole half-round, woolly, 
edges slightly denticulate. Blade orbicular, consisting of 30-40 linear 
segments 15-20 in. long, connate to one-third or one-half their length, 
emarginate or shortly bifid at the top. Inflorescence a drooping com- 
pound panicle covered with dark rust-coloured down, with several stout 
main branches, each in the axil of a large coriaceous sheathing bract. 
Petals three times longer than calyx, ovate, concave, whitish. Stamens 
6, filaments subulate, nearly free, longer thananthers. Ovaries and rudi- 
ment of ovary hairy. Berry 1, oblong, yellow at first, dark glossy blue 
when ripe. . In Wallich’s figure, and Martius’ description whieh accom- 
panies it, the fruit is yellow, probably because unripe. 


Chameerops. | LXXVII. PALMA, 547 


Grows in great numbers, forming clumps and rows, on the Thakil Moun- 
tain in eastern Kamaon, in the fork between the Sarju and Kali rivers, between 
6500 and 7800 ft., where snow generally covers the ground from Novy. till March, 
above the zone of Pinus longifolia in the region of Quercus, Rhododendron, 
Andromeda, and Taxus, in damp shady glens on the north and south-east, but 
chiefly on the north-west side. Also on Dhuj Mountain, north-east of the 
Thakil, on the Kalimoandi range between the Ramgunga and Gori rivers, and 
in the Sarju valley near Bagesar. Dwarf specimens were found by Madden in 
two localities of north-west Kamaon—viz., at the base of the Satbinga Moun- 
tain, south-east of the Gagar Pass, in very dense forest at 6500 ft. elevation, and 
on the Berchula, a spur of the Bhatkot Mountain, considerably farther in the 
interior, and at about 8000 ft. elevation, which probably is its western limit. 
Also in great abundance at Bunipa in the great Nepal valley 5000 ft. elevation 
(Wallich). Fl. April, May ; fr. Oct. The fruit is eaten, though the pulp is 
scanty and almost tasteless. 

C. khasyana, Griff. ; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 341, on precipices at Mismai 
and Mamli, Kasia, alt. 4000 ft—Vern. Pakha, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 279—is 
described as a distinct species, differing by the petioles toothed throughout, the 
nature of the fibrous net of the petiole sheaths, and the thick white paleaceous 
tomentum with which the young leaves are covered. The fruit is blue when 
ripe, like that of C. Martiana, and both Madden and Hooker have suggested the 
identity of the two. In Griffith’s posthumous work (Palms of British India, 
134), Thakil in Kamaon is given as a locality of C. khasyana. In Voigt’s 
Hort. Suburb. Calc. 641, the Kasia Palm is mentioned as cultivated in the Cal- 
cutta gardens (without having flowered) under the name of 0. Grifithiana, 
Wall. MSS. In the Revue Horticole of 1870, 276, C. Grifithii, Lodd, is de- 
seribed and figured as a Palm 10 ft. high, petiole unarmed, without serratures, 
but white-tomentose when. young ; received at Paris in 1839 from Dr Wallich in 
Calcutta. This probably is C. Martiana of Nepal and Kamaon. The question 
whether the Kasia plant is a distinct species is a matter for farther inquiry. 
No Chameerops has yet been reported from Sikkim. 


Hermann Wendland, as quoted by Gay (Chamcerops excelsa, Thunb, in Bulle- 
tin de la Société Botanique de France, 1861), classes the two species mentioned, 
together with C. excelsa, Thunb., of Japan and North China, under a new genus, 
Trachycarpus, distinguished from Chamerops by an elongated inflorescence, 
subulate filaments, hairy ovaries; the embryo dorsal, but situated above the 
middle ; whereas in C. hwmilis, and allied species of Chamerops proper, the 
embryo is situated near the base of the back, the ovaries are Fhitrotis and the 
filaments short, broad, and connate at the base. CO. excelsa is a most useful 
plant ; the leaves are made into hats and waterproof cloaks, and rope is manu- 
factured of the inner fibrous layer of the sheath. 


C. humilis, Linn., is a widely spread Palm, with small semicircular leaves of 
20-30 segments, of the western Mediterranean region and North Africa, its nor- 
thernmost limit being the Riviera near Nice, N.L. 43°. In Spain it covers 
large extents of waste land, and is sometimes found difficult to eradicate, on 
account of its deep and tough roots. Mats and baskets are made of the leaves, 
and they have of late years been meetin to make paper. The hard horny 
ruminated albumen of the seed is made into rosary-beads. 


2. C. Ritchieana, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 342.—Mazri. Vern. 
Mzarai, trans-Indus (maizurrye, Pushtu, Griff.); Kilu, kalidn, Salt 
range. The fibre is called patha in the Panjab. Pfs, pesh, pease, fease, 
pfarra, pharra, Sindh, Beluchistan. 


548 LXXVII. PALMA, [ Chameerops. 


A low gregarious shrub with greyish-green coriaceous leaves. Petioles 
entire and unarmed, 6-12 in. long, base without any reticulate inner layer, 
but with a mass of rust-coloured wool. Segments 8-15, linear, rigid, 12- 
15 in. long, induplicate, deeply bipartite. Inflorescence erect, a slender 
compound panicle, branches and branchlets from the axils of tubular 
membranous sheathing bracts with prominent reticulate longitudinal 
nerves; branchlets bifarious, with numerous flowers in the axils of turbi- 
nate membranous sheathing bracts, with a thin membranous edge. All the 
bracts are closed sheaths, with a short subulate or triangular apex ; they 
are spirally arranged, though apparently distichous on the principal axis 
and the main branches. Male (bisexual ?) flowers enclosed, while in bud, 
in the sheathing bracts, and supported by a hyaline 2-nerved, and bicus- 
pidate bracteole (similar to the palea of grasses). Calyx gamosepalous, 
thin, hyaline, 3-dentate; petals 3, oblong obtuse ; stamens 6, anda glab- 
rous conical, syncarpous rudimentary (?) ovary. Anthers sagittate, attached 
at the back above the base to the subulate filaments. Fruit an ovoid or 
subglobose 1-seeded berry, with the rudiments of 2 abortive carpels, sup- 
ported by the marcescent calyx, petals, and the remains of the 6 filaments. 
Fruit subglobose or oblong, varying in size, from 4 to 4 in. diam., surface 
minutely wrinkled. Albumen horny, with a large central cavity. Em- 
bryo basal. 

This species is altogether unlike a Chamerops, and will eventually form 
a new genus, the inflorescence, bracts, and 2-nerved bracteoles resembling 
those of some species of Calamus. The materials available (unripe fruit 
and young buds of male or possibly bisexual flowers) do not admit of 
establishing the generic characters in a satisfactory manner at present. 
This interesting Palm is recommended to the attention of botanists who 
may visit its native habitat. 


Abundant in the Peshawar valley, in Kohat, and in the trans-Indus territory 
along the eastern skirts of the Suliman range, ascending to 3000 ft.; also on the 
hills which form the western boundary of Sindh. Common locally on.a limited 
area in the central Salt range, between 2500 and 5000 ft., and on Mount 
Sakesar. Also found by Dr Stewart in one place in the Siwalik tract east of 
the Jhelam, near Sumani above Bhimbur. Ccenunce in the Khaiber Pass, and 
generally in the low arid mountains of eastern Afghanistan. Everywhere up to 
5000 ft. in Beluchistan and Mekran, except near the coast. The fruit ripens in 
summer. It is generally stemless, the tufts of leaves arising from a creeping un- 
derground rhizome, and in this shape it covers large tracts of rough rocky ground. 
But a stem grows up sometimes ; in Sindh Stocks notes it 6-8 ft. high, and Dr 
Stewart records aspecimen planted in the Saharanpur garden, from seed brought 
by Dr Jameson from Kohat more than twenty years ago, with a trunk 10-12 ft. 
high. It is a most useful plant in the arid regions where it is common. The 
Stems, petioles, and. leaves serve as fuel, the delicate young leaves are eaten as a 
vegetable, the reddish-brown moss-like wool of the petioles is impregnated with 
saltpetre (steeped in the juice of Mulberry-leaves, Bellew), and used as tinder for 
matchlocks, Excellent matting is made of the leaves (superior to that made of 
Phenix, Aitchison). Rope is also made of leaves and leaf-stalks ; at the Jhelam 
bridge of boats it was used one season, when miinj (Saccharum Sara) was 
scarce, but Dr Stewart records that it snapped with a strain which it is supposed 
munj would have resisted, The leaves are also made into fans, sandals, baskets, 


Chameerops.] LXXVII. PALMA. 549 


pouches, brushes. Trans-Indus, a rude kind of drinking-cup is made of the 
entire blade, by tying together the tops of the segments. ‘The seeds are pierced, 
made into rosaries, and are exported for that purpose to Mekka via Muscat, from 
Gwadur on the Beluchistan coast west of the Indus. 

Coryphai umbraculifera, Linn. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 177, the Talipat Palm of 
Ceylon and the Malabar coast, has bisexual hexandrous flowers in a large erect 
compound ‘pyramidal panicle, which is terminal in the centre of the crown of 
leaves, and as tall as the trunk of the tree. After the seeds ripen the vegetation 
of the terminal shoot is completed, and the tree dies. The leaves are nearly 
orbicular, with a diameter of 10 ft., segments 40-50, united beyond the middle, 
and bifid. Fans, mats, and umbrellas are made of the leaves, and the segments 
of this as well as of a closely allied species, 0. Z’aliera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 255, 
256—Sans. Jali ; Vern. Tara, Beng.—which grows in Bengal, are used for 
writing, like the leaves of Borassus, and books of these leaves last for centuries. 
There is a third species, C. elata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 176—Vern. Bajiir, Beng., 
also a native of Bengal, trunk 60-70 ft. high, and inflorescence one-fourth the 
length of the trunk. Roxburgh records that two trees of this species at Calcutta 
came into flower when about thirty years old. The two Bengal species flower 
in March and April, the seed ripening 8-9 months afterwards. The albumen of 
Corypha is horny. 


3. WALLICHIA, Roxb. 


Cespitose shrubs, generally monoicous, with tufts of leaves or slender 
reed-like stems, from an underground rhizome. Leaves pinnatifid, petioles 
with short fibrous sheaths; pinnz white beneath, lanceolate or cuneate, 
sinuate or lobed, alternate, the upper generally broader and confluent, the 
lower often subopposite and fasciculate ; lateral nerves fine, numerous, 
separating at oblique angles from the prominent midrib, and terminating 
in unequal subulate teeth, where they do not run parallel to the edge of 
the leaf. Male and female fiowers in distinct inflorescences, enclosed in 
bud by numerous imbricate sheaths. Calyx of male flowers gamosepalous, 
stamens 6 (subgenus Harina), or 3 sepalous, stamens numerous (sub- 
genus Orania). No rudiment of ovary. Calyx and corolla of female 
flower deeply 3-partite, generally coriaceous. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit 
fleshy, with acrid juice, 2-seeded or (by abortion) l-seeded ; albumen 
uniform, horny, embryo in the convex part (back) of the seed. 


1. W. densiflora, Martius ; Bot. Mag. t. 4584.—Syn. Harina oblongi- 
folia, Griffith Palms, t. 237, A.B.C. Vern. Kala Aunsa (black reed), 
gor aunsa, Kamaon. Ooh (uh) of the Lepchas in Sikkim. 


A stemless palm, forming thick tufts of large leaves 10 ft. long or more, 
which die to the ground after the fruit ripens. Petiole angular, naked in 
the lower half or two-fifths of its length, the edges separating into black 
fibres covered with dark-brown scurf; pinne linear-lanceolate, 9-18 in. 
long. Male flowers nearly white, crowded, in numerous densely packed 
spikes, which form a compact drooping, ovoid panicle, enclosed before 
flowering in large ovate, imbricated, dark-purple sheaths, streaked with 
yellow. Calyx tubular, truncate, 2 lines long; petals linear, twice the 
length of calyx, connate at the base with each other and the stamens into 
a short fleshy stalk. Stamens as long as petals. Female flowers in rigid 


550 LXXVII. PALMA. [ Wallichia. 


spreading spikes, forming an erect panicle. Fruit crowded in erect spikes, 
ovoid-oblong, brown and purple, supported at the base by the persistent 
coriaceous perianth ; pulp scanty, with a mucilaginous acrid juice ; seeds 
2, plano-convex. 


Hills east of Chittagong, Kasia hills, ascending to 4000 ft; Assam, Sikkim, 
up the Teesta valley to Chaking, at 4400 ft., growing side by side with the 
birch, willow, alder, and walnut (probably this species, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 
18). Kamaon, in shady and moist valleys, ascending to 3500, and at times to 
4000 ft., forming extensive thickets in the valleys of the Kali and Sarju. 
Bamauri Pass, below Naini Tal, and in the Patli Dun, which seems to be its 
north-west. limit. Fl. May, July. In Kamaon the leaves are used as thatch, 
and are said to be imperishable. W. caryotoides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 295—Syn, 
Harina caryotoides, Ham. ; Griff. Palms, p. 174, differs by cuneate pinne, and 
narrower ovate-lanceolate sheaths of the male inflorescence. Roxburgh’s plate 
gives the calyx of the male flower subglobose, but the description makes it 
cylindric. Chittagong, where, according to Roxb., it is called Chilpatta or Bel- 
patta. Dense evergreen forest in the Rangoon district of Pegu (Pounglin, 
Bonee, Zantingben). Tab. 237, in Griffith’s Palms, marked H. caryotoides, is 
evidently intended for H. oblongifolia. 


Nearly allied is Caryota urens, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 624; Mart. Hist. Nat. 
Palm. t. 107 ; Griff. Palms, p. 169—the Mhar Palm of Western India. A splendid 
tree with a smooth annulate stem, large bipinnate leaves 18-20 ft. long, 10-12 
ft. broad, petioles sheathing, nearly amplexicaul, panicles wedge-shaped, the 
lateral nerves terminating, as in Wallichza, in numerous short subulate teeth. 
Flowers monoicous, the male and female flowers on the same inflorescence, one 

female between two larger male flowers. Inflorescence long, hanging, 10 ft. 
long and more, consisting of a thick cylindric peduncle (spadix), surrounded at 
its base by numerous imbricate sheaths, and bearing at its end numerous slender 
simple pendulous spikes. Calyx and corolla coriaceous, anthers numerous, on 
short monadelphous filaments. No rudiment ofovary. Fruit with a thin acrid 
pulp, producing a burning sensation on the tongue, whence the name, 2-seeded, 
or 1-seeded by abortion ; seeds compressed, oblong, 4 in. long, albumen horny, 
ruminate, with black simple lines. Embryo at the back of the seed. Evergreen 
forests of the Western Ghats, extending north to the Sattara district. Also in 
Ceylon and eastern Bengal, ascending to nearly 5000 ft. in Sikkim (Hook. Him. 
Journ, i. 143), Burma (JZimboben). ‘The centre of the stem is generally soft, the 
cells being filled with a Sago-like farina (starch), which is made into bread, and 
eaten as gruel. The outer part is heavy and hard, with numerous firm, black 
vascular bundles, which are closely packed, but not confluent near the circum- 
ference, it is strong and durable, he is much used for building and agricultural 
implements. The fibres of the sheathing petioles, and of the peduncle (spadix), 
are made into rope and fishing-lines, which are said to be indestructible. But 
the main value of this Palm consists in the abundance of sweet sap which is 
obtained (as in Cocos and Borassus) from the cut spadix, and which is either 
fermented or boiled down into syrup and sugar. 


Allied to Caryota wrens is Arenga saccharifera, Labill. ; Griff. Cale. Journ. v. 
472; Palms, t. 235 A.—Syn. Saguerus Rumphi, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 626—30-40 
ft. high, with long leaves, 15-25 ft. long, 10 ft. broad, petioles sheathing, with a 
network of black horsehair-like fibres, which surround the stem, and are used 
for cordage ; pinnz fasciculate, linear, dentate, and jagged at the apex with 
numerous longitudinal nerves, white underneath. Fruit 2 in. long, fleshy, 
yellow when ripe, 3-seeded, pulp very acrid. The heart of the stem contains 


Wallichia.] LXXVII. PALM. 551 


large quantities of Sago, and the cut flower-stalks yield a sugary sap, of which 
sugar and palm wine is made. Malay Peninsula, Indian Archipelago. Said to 
grow on the hills of Orissa, Hook. & Thomson Fl. Ind, 142. 


To another subdivision of the same tribe (Arecinew) belongs the Areca Palm 
—Sans. Guvaka: Vern. Supari : Areca Catechu, Linn. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 75; Fl. 
Ind. iii. 615 ; the Betel Palm—a tall slender annulate stem, attaining 80 ft. and 
more, with a diam. of only 12-15in. Leaves pinnatifid, petiole on a long smooth 
green sheath, pinne linear-oblong, with a broad base and numerous par- 
allel basal nerves, several of which are more prominent. Flowers monoicous, 
male and female on the same inflorescence. Peduncle thick fleshy, erect, from 
lateral buds below the lowest leaf, branching, the branches bearing solitary 
female flowers and numerous slender spikes, thickly set with fragrant male 
flowers. Stamens 6, on short broad filaments, surrounding a rudimentary 
ovary. Sepals and petals of female flowers imbricate, ovary 3-celled, surrounded 
by 6 sterile stamens. Fruit orange-coloured, ovoid, 2-24 in. long, supported by 
the persistent coriaceous calyx and corolla. Pericarp fibrous, 1-celled. Seed 
“depressed-conical, obtuse, 1 in. diam. or less ; albumen horny, ruminated with 
numerous dark-brown or black curly radial lines ; embryo basal. Cultivated 
throughout the Indian Archipelago, in Ceylon, the west side of India, below 
and above Ghat, in Burma, Siam, Cochin-China, Bengal, Silhet. Believed to 
be originally a native of the Sunda islands. The use of the seed for chewing 
with lime and the leaves of Pyper Betel in India, the countries of the trans- 
Gangetic Peninsula, the Indian aaah ta oe and China, is well known, The 
finest groves of the Betel Palm which I have seen are in British Burma, on 
the hills between the Sitang and Salween rivers, and in the valleys drained by 
the feeders of the Yoonzaleen and Beeling rivers, and the Thoukyeghat and 
other tributaries of the Sitang. In the valleys of these hills are flourishing 
Betel Palm gardens to an elevation of nearly 3000 ft. Large quantities of Betel- 
nuts are brought down these rivers, and exported from Rangoon and Moulmein, 
and a grove of these Palmsisasmallfortune. Fora new plantation the ground 
is trenched and prepared with the greatest care ; =? irrigation channels, winding 
along the sinuosities of the hills, bring the needful water to the spot ; and the 
result is seen in large compact groves, which in dells and sheltered places some- 
times attain an average ‘height of 80 ft., or even more. Examples of flourish- 
ing Betel Palm groves in a comparatively dry climate are the plantations on the 
plateau of Mysore, below the great tanks, and irrigated by them. In Mysore, 
Canara, and Malabar, as in Burma, a fresh plantation is always made under 
the shelter of Plantains, In western India the Betel Palm is generally planted 
along with the Cocoa-nut, and often with Cardamoms. The soft but tough 
sheaths of the leaves are used in Burma and in western India to wrap up eatables, 
tobacco, and other articles ; also as paper towrite upon. Necklaces, the tops of 
walking-sticks, and other small objects, are turned of the seeds. 


Ceroxylon andicola, Humboldt and Bonpland, Pl. Aiquinoct. i. t. 1, also 
classed among Arecinee, a tall elegant Palm with whitish stem, attaining 190 
ft., is remarkable, because, like Chamerops Martiana, it grows at high eleva- 
tions. Humboldt first discovered it at the foot of the snow-clad volcano of Tol- 
ima, on the Parama di Quindiu, the high pass which leads across the central 
Cordillera, from the Magdalena to the Cauca river. It has since been found by 
other travellers, particularly by Albert Berg, who has represented it towering 
over the forests of Oak and Podocarpus, in plates 5 and 6 of his admirable 
work, ‘ Tropical Vegetation of South America,’ London, 1854. At an elevation 
between 6500 and°9700 ft. N.L. 4° 35”, it grows in abundance, associated with 
another alpine Palm, Oreodoxa frigida, Humb.et Kunth. The trunk is an- 


552 LXXVII. PALMZ. [ Wallichia. 


nulate, covered all over with a thin coating of a whitish substance, which is 
scraped off, mixed with tallow, and made into candles. It consists of vegetable 
wax, and a crystalline resin called Ceroxylin. 

Another wax-yielding Palm, attaining 200 ft., is described by Karsten (Flora 
Columbie, i. t. 1), as Klopstockia cerifera, from the mountains in the vicinity 
of Caracas in Venezuela, at an elevation of 5000 ft. Vegetable wax is also ob- 
tained and used to make candles from the young leaves of Copernicia cerifera, 
the Carnaba wax-Palm of Brazil, which are coated with it. This Palm has 
fan-shaped leaves, and belongs to the tribe of Coryphinec. 


4, PHOGNIX, Linn. 


Low shrubs or tall trees, the upper part of the stem closely covered by 
the bases of the petioles, the lower part rough with their scars, rarely an- 
nulate. Leaves pinnate, pinn entire, linear, rigid, folded longitudinally 
and attached obliquely with their folded base to the laterally-compressed 
petiole, the lowest pinnz often transformed into spines. Petiole semi- 
terete below the leaves, base a reticulate fibrous amplexicaul sheath. 
Flowers dioicous ; a rigid, often woody axillary compressed peduncle, 
bearing near its upper end numerous long slender but rigid spikes, which 
are interrupted in the female, compact in the male inflorescence ; pedun- 
cle enclosed in bud. in a single thickly-coriaceous keeled sheath. Calyx 
cup-shaped, 3-toothed ; petals 3, oblong and valvate in the male, ovate 
or rounded and imbricate in the female flowers. Male flowers: Stamens 
commonly 6, rarely 3 or 9, surrounding a rudimentary ovary. Female 
flowers: Carpels 3, distinct, with recurved styles. Fruit a single, generally 
oblong l1-seeded berry. Seeds with a longitudinal furrow. Albumen 
horny, embryo dorsal. 


Tall trees ; leaflets opposite or alternate, not fasciculate. 
Foot of stem often surrounded by root-suckers ; leaflets mak- 


ing a very acute angle with the common petiole. . IL. P. dactylifera. 
No root-suckers ; leaflets making half aright angle with com- 
mon petiole . 3 ; ‘ , ‘ ' . . 2, P. sylvestris. 
A low shrub with a bulbous stem, or a small tree with a slender 
stem ; leaflets fasciculate . ; ‘ : ; ‘ . 3& P. acaulis. 


1. P. dactylifera, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 786.— Vern. Khajur, 
khaji. The fruit: Khurma, chuhara, kukyan, khujiyan, kujran. 


A tall tree, attaining 100-120 ft., trunk covered with the persistent 
bases of petioles, the foot often surrounded by a dense mass of root-suckers, 
Leaves grey, longer than those of P. sylvestris ; pinne 8-16 in. long, reg- 
ularly distichous, often approximate in twos or threes on the same side 
of petiole ; petiole grey, laterally compressed, almost flat. Male panicles 
white,’ compact, 6-9 in. long, on a short peduncle ; flowers 4-4 in. long, 
sweet-scented ; sheaths outside with rusty down. Peduncles of female 
inflorescence 4-4 in. broad, sometimes broader below, spikes 12-24 in. 
long. Fruit oblong, 1-3 in. long, generally reddish- or yellowish-brown 
when ripe, pulp fleshy sweet. Numerous varieties cultivated, differing in 
colour, shape, and taste of the fruit. Seed cylindric, with a longitudinal 
furrow in front, and a small cylindric embryo in the middle of the rounded 


Phenix.] LXXVIL PALMA, 553 


back. When the seed germinates, that end of the embryo which remains 
enclosed in the albumen enlarges at the expense of the albumen, the 
horny substance of which is converted into sugar and other soluble sub- 
stances, which are absorbed by the embryo furnishing the substance for 
its early growth. The process is analogous to the conversion into sugar 
of the starch which fills the cells of the albumen of wheat, maize, rice, 
and bamboos, during germination, with this difference, that the starch 
forms the contents of the cells, whereas, in the stone of the date, the walls 
of the cells themselves furnish the food of the growing embryo. 


In India the Date Palm is cultivated and self-sown in Sindh and in the southern 
Panjab, particularly near Multan and Muzaffargarh, also in the Sind Sagar Doab 
and trans-Indus territory. Near Dhera Ghazi Khan, Date Palms are very numer- 
ous on a strip 10 to 12 miles Jong from north to south. <A few trees are found 
planted at many places in the eastern Panjab, also at Saharanpur, and here and 
there in the Ganges Doab and Bandelkhand. Is grown in the Dekkan and Guz- 
erat, but does not thrive in Bengal. The tree was probably introduced into India 
at the time of the first Mahomedan conquest of Sindh, in the commencement of 
the eighth century. Its home is believed to be the lower part of the Euphrates 
and Tigris Doab, Arabia, Palestine, the Oases of the great African Sahara, and the 
eastern Canary Islands. It thrives luxuriantly in the arid rainless regions of North 
Africa and West Asia, where it is exposed to extreme heat in the day-time, and not 
uncommonly to frost at night, but it requires a certain amount of moisture in the 
soil. In Europe it is cultivated in Spain, where it was introduced by the Arabs, 
and where it produces eatable fruit ; also on the Hyéres islands, the Riviera near 
Nice, St Remo, and Genoa, where it attains its northernmost point at 44° 30’ N.L. 
There is a wood of Date Palms at Bordighera near St Remo, said to contain over 
4000 stems, cultivated mainly to yield Palms for Palm Sunday at Rome. In South 
Italy, Sicily, and Greece, the tree is not uncommon, but the fruit is small and poor. 
On the island of Delos, Date Palms, sacred to Apollo, had been planted before 
Homer’s time. In Syria and Palestine the cultivation of the Palm-tree is older 
than the first historical records in existence. On the south shores of the Caspian 
Sea the Date Palm was formerly cultivated to a large extent. 

The tree flowers in March and April; male trees are generally less numerous 
than female trees, the female flowers are fertilised artificially. In Sindh (near 
Karachi), in Arabia, and elsewhere, this is done before the flower-sheaths open ; 
a hole is made in the sheath of the female flower, and a few bits of the male 

anicle are inserted (Stocks in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. vii. 551), The fruit ripens 
Fage Oct. Branching stems are occasionally found in the Panjab ; it has been 
supposed (Stewart, Pb. Plants, 244) that these branches are merely apparent, caused. 
by seeds germinating in the axils of the petioles ; this view, however, is im- 
probable. Many Palms have occasionally bifurcating stems, and sometimes de- 
velop a large number of side branches. A remarkable instance of a branched 
Phoenix sylvestris, in the Residency garden, Indore, with a trunk 22 ft. high 
to the first branch, and with 22 vertical closely-packed branches, is mentioned 
in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of 1874, p. 116. 

The wood of the Date Palm is lighter than that of Cocos and Borassus. The 
cellular tissue is soft; the vascular bundles generally show, on a horizontal 
section, an oval shape with two distinct large pores (vessels) at one end, the hard 
woody portion grey ; on a vertical section, they appear as shining narrow lines. 
The wood of male trees and of trees past bearing is used for building, water- 
channels, bridges, and various other purposes. Of the leaves, mats and the bag- 
like baskets universally used in the whole Mediterranean region, and in ‘other 
countries, are made. In the Panjab mats and fans are made of the leaves ; they 


554 LXXVII. PALM&. [ Phenix. 


are called Bitra or pattra in Muzaffargarh, and khdishab in Shahpur. The 
petioles make excellent light walking-sticks, split up they furnish material for 
crates and baskets ; the fibrous network, which forms the sheathing base of the 
petioles, is called kabal or khajtir ka bokla in Muzaffargarh, pack-saddles for 
oxen are made of it, and the fibre separated is made into ropes. It is also 
known as khajiir miinj (Powell, Pb. Products, 517). The fruit, however, is the 
most useful product of the tree; it furnishes, fresh or dried, the staple food of 
the inhabitants of Arabia, part of Syria, and the desert tracts of North Africa. 
In Sindh the Date is called khairma when pulled ripe, and chuwarar when 
poe before it is fully ripe, and boiled and dried in the sun. In the Panjab, 

ates form an important article of food in certain districts, and they are sold in 
the bazar under different names, according to quality and the mode of prepara- — 
tion. Thus, according to Coldstream (Powell, Pb. Products, 268), the most es- 
teemed kind is called chivnz in the Muzaffargarh district ; this is the Date of the 
best Palms, split up in the middle and dried in the sun. The second best is called 
pind; it is eaten as it comes from the tree, without farther preparation. The 
least esteemed kind is bégrz, taken from inferior trees and boiled in oil and water. 
The Panjab Dates are smaller than those of Arabia or Egypt, but they are very 
good, and particularly so when there has been little or no late rain. When begin- 
ning to get ripe, a piece of matting is often Lyn over the cluster of Dates to prevent 
birds eating them. The kernels are deemed medicinal. The large succulent head, 
cut from among the mass of leaves, is eaten—gaddah, Hind. ; gat or galli in 
Muzaffargarh. The tree yields a gum, called hukm chil. Attempts have been 
made, but without much success, to tap the Date-trees of Multan for their 
sugary sap (Stewart, Pb. Plants, 245). 


2. P. sylvestris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 787 ; F. Hamilton in Trans. Linn. 
Soc. xv. 86; Griffith Calc. Journal of Nat. Hist. v. 350 ; Palms, t. 228, 
A. Wild Date Palm. Sans. Kharjura. Vern. Khajur, khaji. In the 
North-West Himalaya, Salma, thalma, thakil. 


A tree, attaining 30-40 ft., stem rough with the prominent scars of 
fallen petioles, no root-suckers. Leaves greyish-green, 7-12 ft. long, 
pinnez very numerous, 6-18 in, long, alternate and opposite, not fascicled ; 
petiole compressed in the leaf-bearing part, brown at base. Inflorescence 
and flowers similar to those of P. dactylifera, peduncles of female flowers 
often 3-4 ft. long and 2-3 in. broad. Fruit oblong, about 1 in. long, green 
at first, reddish-yellow when ripe, pulp scanty, sweetish and astringent. 


Indigenous in many parts of India, forms extensive forests in Rohilkhand, on 
the low ground along the Ramganga river, and on the plateau of Mysore between 
Shimoga and Tumkir, in moister stretches of low ground which intersect and 
drain the rocky undulating granite hills. Not uncommon in the Siwalik tract 
and the outer Himalaya, often associated with Pinus longzfolra, attaining 5000 
ft. in Kamaon, with stems 40-50 ft. high (Madden, arborescent form of P. huma- 
lis). Ghiaunla in Garhwal at 3500 ft., 24-30 ft. high (Jacquemont). Banks of 
the Bias above Mandi (Cleghorn). In the Jamu hills at 2000 ft, elevation 
(T. Thomson, Him. Journ. 320). Salt range. Commonly planted and self- 
sown in most parts of India and Ceylon, except in Sindh and South Panjab, 
where P. dachyefnt takes its place. Most abundant in Bengal, Behar, on the 
Coromandel coast, and in Guzerat. Fl. in March; the fruit ripening in Sept. 
and Oct. Mats and baskets are made of the leaves, but the chief product of the 
tree is the sugary juice, which is extracted during the cold season from Nov. to 
Feb. The lower leaves and their sheaths are removed, and a deep notch is cut 


Phenix. | . LXXVII, PALMA, 555 


into the trunk, which then bleeds for some time, a thin slice being taken off 
every day from the surface of the cut, When the bleeding stops the tree is 
allowed a short rest, after which it is cut again and begins to bleed afresh. In 
the ensuing year the tree is allowed rest, and in the third, season a notch is cut 
on the opposite side of the trunk. This is the account given by Martin (Drury, 
Useful Plants of India, 340), and he adds that a tree is fit to be cut when ten 
years old, and continues to yield for about twenty years. The juice is either 
fermented or boiled down into sugar and molasses, and a large portion of the 
sugar made in Bengal, on the Coromandel coast, and in Guzerat, comes from 
this source. The wood of the Khajiwr is lighter than, that of Borassus and 
Cocos, 39 lb., value of P. 512 (Skinner). The vascular bundles are not black, 
but light-brown. It is used for building, water-tubes, and other purposes. 
Roxburgh describes the leaves of P. sylvestris as standing in subopposite fas- 
cicles, pointing four ways. This to a certain extent is the case in young leaves 
and leaves of young trees, but on full-grown trees the leaflets are always dis- 
Kighous, opposite or alternate. Dalzell (Bombay Flora, 278), points out the 
mistake. — 
_ P. humilis, Royle, is probably synonymous with P. sylvestris. Madden, 
Journ. As, Soc, xviii. 629, states that at Almora the fruit ripens in July and is 
then of a black purple colour, sweet, and eaten ; and that on warm aspects and 
in, a dwarfed state it reaches 7000 ft. on Binsur, It is for farther inquiry 
whether the black-fruited kind of the North-West Himalaya is a distinct 
species (see below P. acaulis var. melanocarpa and P, farinifera, Roxb.) 


3. P. acaulis, Roxb. ; F. Hamilton in Linn. Soc. Trans. xv. 88; Roxb. 
Fl. Ind. 783; Griff. Calc. Journ. v. 345; Palms, t. 228. Dwarf Date 
Palm. Vern. Khajuri, pind khajur, jangli khajur. 


A low Palm with a thick, short, ovoid stem like a bulb, densely covered 
with the persistent and hardened bases of petioles. Leaves 2-6 ft. long, 
petiole flat below, laterally compressed or 4-sided ahove; pinne narrow- 
linear in remote, nearly opposite fascicles, the upper 12-18 in. long, the 
lower short, straight, rigid, and ending in sharp spines. Flower-panicles 
of varying length, half buried in the ground, or peduncle 1-2 ft. long. 
Fruit ovoid, 4 in. long, fleshy, bright red, sweetish. A variety with 
black fruit is described by Griffith (Calc. Journ. v. 346) as P. acaulis 
var. melanocarpa. 


Common on dry stony ground in the sub-Himalayan and Siwalik tract, ex- 
tending west to the Jumna, and ascending to 2500 ft. Often associated with 
Sal and Pinus longifolia. Abundant in the Sal forests of Oudh and the Satpura 
range. Chota Nagpur, Behar, Sikkim Terai, and Sal forests of the Runjit 
valley (Shaap of the Lepchas, Hooker). Hin or Dupterocarpus forest of 
Burma. Fl. cold season ; fr. ripens April, May. 

To P. acaults I am inclined to refer two species described by Griffith in 
Palms of East India, p. 138, 139, P. Ouseleyana from Chota Nagpur and Assam, 
and P. pedunculata, common and very gregarious on open ground of the hilly 
country about Courtallum and Kunur on the Nilgiris, at 6000 ft. elevation, 
both stemless with fasciculate leaflets and long fruit peduncles (fruit red and 
sweet in pedunculata). Gertner’s P. pusilla (Fruct. p. 24, t. 9), seems to be 
near this, but his specimens are said to have come from Ceylon, where only P. 
sylvestris is reported to grow (Thwaites, Enum. Pl. 329). Whether the Palm 
described doubtfully as P. acaulis, in Bentham’s Fl. Hongkong. 340, belongs 
to this species, remains for farther inquiry. ‘ 


556 LXXVIIl. PALMZ. [ Phenix. 


On the Bababuden hills in Mysore, on the Satpura range, and in other parts 
of South and Central India, is found a small Phoenix, stemless, or with a 
slender stem, attaining 6-10 ft., leaflets slender, fasciculate, in twos and threes, 
less rigid than those of P. sylvestris and acaulis, fruit on long erect peduncles, 
12-24 in. long, and 3-3 in. broad, with numerous spikes 4-6 in. long, appar- 
ently the same plant, from the Ghat forests, which Dalzell (Bombay Fl. 279), 
doubtfully refers to P. paludosa. I have often found it, but do not know 
whether the fruit turns black when ripe, or whether it is red. This, how- 
ever, may not be a character of great moment. Roxburgh, FI. Ind. 785, de- 
scribes P. farinifera with shining black fruit, stem 1-2 ft. high, 6 in. diameter, 
leaflets rigid, opposite. If it were not for the description of stem and leaves, 
I should be disposed to identify the slender-stemmed Phenix of South and Cen- 
tral India with P. farinifera, Roxb. Hamilton (Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 87) states 
that what Roxburgh calls P. farinifera, is common in all the hills of India 
south of the Ganges, and is called Palawat in North India ; he adds, that its 
leaves, which are not so rigid as those of the other species, are bruised and 
twisted into ropes. Roxburgh states that it is a native of dry barren ground, 
chiefly of the sandy lands at a small distance from the sea near Coringa. Fl. 
Jan., Feb. ; the fruit ripens in May. He mentions that mats are made of the 
leaves and baskets of the split petioles, that the exterior or woody part of the 
trunk encloses a large quantity of farinaceous substance, used as food in times 
of scarcity, and adds, that in 1791 and 1792 it saved many lives, The identi- 
fication of Roxburgh’s tree, P. farinifera, is a matter of importance on account 
of the food produced by it. The Telugu name given by him, Chilta-ecta, is 
Chittita-chettu in Elliot’s Flora Andhrica. 

A marked species, which cannot be confused with any of the others, is P. 
paludosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 789 ; Griff. Palms, t. 229, A. B. It forms impene- 
trable thorny thickets throughout the Sandarbans, in the Delta of the rivers 
Irawaddee and Salween (7'himbaung, Burm.), in Penang and on the Andamans. 
The stems are slender, 6-20 ft. high, annulate below, the upper part densely 
covered with the thorny base of petioles. Leaflets narrow flaccid, white beneath, 
fruit ovoid, first yellow, then red, at last black-purple, $ in. long, not eatable. 


5, COCOS, Linn. 


Tall Palms, mostly with smooth annulate stems. Leaves pinnate, termi- 
nal, petioles amplexicaul with fibrous base. Flowers monoicous, inflores- 
cence of numerous simple spikes on a short and generally thick, sometimes 
branching peduncle (spadix), enclosed in bud in 1 or 2 boat-shaped hard 
coriaceous, often woody sheaths, opening longitudinally at the time of 
flowering. Male flowers more numerous than female flowers, generally in 
the upper part of the inflorescence; calyx 3-sepalous ; corolla of 3 oblong 
or lanceolate petals, valvate in bud. Stamens 6, filaments subulate, with 
or without a (minute) rudimentary ovary. Female flowers: calyx of 3 
imbricate broadly ovate or rounded sepals, supported by 2 bracts similar 
to sepals; petals smaller than sepals. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 
6 sterile stamens. Fruit 1-seeded ; pericarp consisting of an outer fibrous 
layer and an inner hard osseous kernel, which has 3 pores at the base. 
Albumen fleshy, oily, with a central cavity ; embryo cylindric at the base © 
of the albumen, when germinating protruding through one of the pores 
of the kernel. 


1. ©. nucifera, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 73, Fl. Ind. iii, 614; Mart, 


Cocos. } LXXVII. PALMA. 557 


Hist. Nat. Palm, ii. t. 88. Zhe Cocoa-nut Tree. Sans. Narikera, nari- 
kela, langalin. Vern. Narikel, Beng.; Narel, nariyal, Hind. ; Kobbari 
chetiu, Tel. ; Ung ben, Burm. 


Trunk annulate, often”curved or flexuose. Leaves 6-12 ft. long, pinnz 
distichous, equidistant, linear-lanceolate. Sheath of inflorescence of a 
woody texture, cylindric, 2-3 ft. long, outside with numerous longitudinal 
elevated lines, inside smooth shining. Peduncle (spadix) erect, stout, 
divided into short thick branches, female flowers on these and at the base 
of the numerous slender drooping spikes which are thickly covered with 
the male flowers. Fruit ovoid, indistinctly 3-cornered, 10-15 in. long, 
the fibrous pericarp covered by a thin membranous epidermis. Cavity of 
the albumen large before maturity, filled with sweetish acidulous juice 
(Cocoa-nut milk), from which, as the seed ripens, the cellular tissue of 
the albumen is gradually formed. When the seed germinates, the grow- 
ing embryo is maintained at first by the oil which fills the cells of the 
albumen, and which is gradually transformed into sugar and other sub- 
stances soluble in water. 


Cultivated nearly throughout the tropics, particularly in the vicinity of the 
sea, in Asia, in parts of Africa, in America, and on the islands of the Pacific ; 
somewhat beyond the tropics, on the Canary Islands, in Lower Sindh and Ben- 
gal. On the Mysore plateau, cultivated like the Betel Palm in irrigated groves 
below the large tanks. Its original home and the history of its spread are 
not yet sufficiently known. The Sanscrit name indicates its ancient culti- 
vation in India; it was, however, not known to classic writers, and it seems 
certain that it was introduced by the Portuguese into Western Africa and the 
Cape Verde Islands, and that it did not exist in the West Indies, Guiana, nor 
Brazil at the time of the discovery of America. It has been supposed to be 
indigenous in the Indian Archipelago and on the Nicobar and Coco islands of 
the Bay of Bengal—and this would explain its early cultivation on the coasts 
of India and Ceylon. But the nineteen species of this genus enumerated by 
Martius are all indigenous in Mexico or South America, excepting C. nucifera 
and C. mamillaris, Blanco, which Blume (Rumphia, iii. 84) considers as a 
dwarf variety with small fruit of the Cocoa-nut. Considerations of botanical 
geography would therefore point to the west coast of Central America as its 
home. Martius, indeed (Palms, i. 188), considers it not improbable that the 
original home of this Palm was on the islands near the Isthmus of Panama, 
and that the nuts were transported thence by westerly currents to Cocos Island, 
200 miles west of the coast, which was found densely covered with Cocoa-nut 
trees, by its first discoverer, without any sign of human habitations. From 
there it is not difficult to explain the farther spread of the nuts by the pst 
currents and by storms to the Sandwich, Marquesas, and other islands of the 
Pacific, and to the islands of the Indian Archipelago, whence it may have been 
introduced into India, The Cocoa-nut is said to preserve its vitality for a long 
time floating in sea-water of a certain temperature. A. De Candolle, Géographie 
Bot. ii. 976, seems inclined to accept the American origin of the Cocoa-nut, and 
Grisebach (Vegetation der Erde, ii, 11) entertains no doubt on the subject. In 
India the Cocoa-nut flowers in the hot season, and the nuts require 9-10 months 
to come to maturity. 

The manifold uses of the Cocoa-nut tree are well known: the outer wood of 
the stem is close-grained with dark-brown vascular bundles ; it works smooth 
and takes a good polish. It weighs 70 lb., value of P. 608, Skinner ; 46 lb. 


558 LXXVII. PALMA. [ Cocos. 


value of P. between 436 and 838, Puckle. Commonly known as Porcupine 
wood, made into ornaments and fancy articles ; the wood of trees. past bearing is 
used for building. The leaves are employed for thatching, and the web-like net 
of fibres which surrounds the stems at the base of the petioles is made into 
bags and paper. The cut flower-stalks, like those of Borassus and Caryota, 
yield sugar and toddy, from which arrack is distilled and vinegar made; but the 
nuts are the most valuable part of this useful tree. The thick fibrous rind (coir) 
is made into ropes, mats, carpets, brushes, and a variety of other articles. The 
hard inner shell of the nut is made into spoons and cups, and is carved into all 
kinds of ornaments. The oil forms an important article of trade, it is used for 
cooking and burning, and in Europe for the manufacture of soap and candles. 
For a detailed account of the cultivation and uses of the Cocoa-nut tree, see 
Drury, Useful Plants of India, 147. 

Elis. guineensis, Linn.; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, ii. t. 54, 56, of the 
tribe of Cocoinew, is indigenous in tropical Western Africa, and cultivated 
in Brazil. Both. the albumen and the flesh of the orange-coloured or red 
drupe are, like seed and pulp of the Olive, full of fat oil, the Palm Oil of 
commerce, which during the last fifty years has become a most important article 
of trade. The flowers are monoicous, but on distinct erect, compact, many- 
flowered panicles. The male flowers are crowded in numerous thick cylindric 
spikes, anthers 6 on the teeth of a cylindric tube. The drupes, 1-2 in, long, are 
ovoid, closely packed, 600-800, with lanceolate bracts between, in a huge ovoid 
compact panicle, often weighing 401b. A second species, #. melanococca, Geertn., 
with a partly decumbent and creeping stem, is indigenous in South America, 


6. CALAMUS, Linn. 


Stems long flexible, scandent or supported by trees and Bamboos, rare- 
ly short, stiff, and erect; the upper part covered with leaves and the 
sheaths of fallen leaves, the lower part annulate. Leaves pinnate, alter- 
nate, remote ; pinne flat, linear, rarely oblong or cuneate, often armed 
along nerves and edges with spinous bristles ; petiole and the long persis- 
tent amplexicaul sheaths armed with rigid dark-coloured prickles, often 
flat and placed in continuous, horizontal or oblique lines, sometimes form- 
ing complete rings; petioles or sheaths terminating in long whip-like 
thongs armed with prickles, scattered, or in oblique lines or rings, 
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in long axillary or extra-axillary panicles ; 
peduncles often connate at base with the sheath of the next following leaf, 
armed with prickles, the main branches in the axils of cylindric sheaths, 
truncate or terminating ina flat or concave blade ; branches and branchlets 
generally enclosed in a succession of cylindric or funnel-shaped sheaths. 
Male flowers in distichous, often scorpioid spikes, in the axils of an outer, 
generally broad-ovate and acute bract, with an inner, bicuspidate and cup- 
shaped bract, which may be regarded as analogous respectively to the flower- 
ing glume and palea of grasses. Calyx campanulate, 3-dentate. Petals 3, 
valvate in bud. Stamens 6, surrounding a rudimentary 3-fid ovary ; anthers — 
sagittate, adnate at the back. Female flowers often pedicellate, supported 
by 3 or more imbricate bracts, spirally arranged on the branchlets; calyx and 
petals like those of male flowers. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 6 sterile 
stamens, closely covered with imbricate reflexed scales, styles 3, recurved, 
1 erect ovule in each cell. Fruit 1- rarely 2-seeded, nearly dry, with a 


Calamus. | LXXVII. PALMA. 559 


hard shining rind, composed of numerous retrorse imbricate scales, spirally 
arranged on the surface of the fruit. Albumen more or less ruminate near 
the outside, embryo basal. 


1. CG. Rotang,* L.; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, iii. 334; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
iii. 777 ; Kunth Enum. Plant, iii. 207.—Syn. C. Roxburghii, Griff. in 
Cale. Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. 43, and Palms, t. 192. Common Rattan. 
Sans. Vetra, vetasa. Vern. Bet. 


Stems long, slender, climbing, enveloped in the prickly sheaths of the 
leaves, without the sheaths }-3 in. diam. Leaves 18-36 in. long, no whip 
at the end of petiole, but sheaths generally furnished with long prickly 
whip-like thongs ; leaflets equidistant, opposite or alternate, linear-lanceo- 
late, with numerous longitudinal nerves, 4-9 in. long, fine spinescent hairs 
along the edges and nerves. Prickles on sheath scattered, rigid, straight, 
with a thick concave or flat base, those on petiole chiefly at the insertion 
of leaflets, similar, but stouter and often recurved. Common peduncle of 
inflorescence with stout recurved prickles, main branches paniculate, in the 
axils of cylindric prickly sheaths wider and obliquely truncate at the 
mouth, 2-6 in. long. Fruit straw-coloured, with scanty sharply acid pulp, 
1-seeded, ovoid or subglobose, 4 in. long. 


Abundant in damp places, near Jheels, in the eastern Dehra Doon, locally in 
the Siwalik tract, the outer hills of Garhwal and Kamaon, in Nepal. Eastern 
part of the Khairigarh forests, and a few places in Gonda, in Oudh. Bengal, 
the Terai of Sikkim, valleys of the Satpura range (vern. Pepa, prabba, chettu ; 
I have not seen specimens). Western Ghats, South India, and Ceylon. FI. July ; - 
fr. in the cold season. Yields the common Rattan of North-West India, which 
is largely exported to the plains ; chairs, door-blinds, and many kinds of basket- 
work are made of it. 

Griffith, Palms t. 191, described a second species from the Doon as C.. Roy- 
leanus, and Martius (Palm. iii. 335) adopted it. According to Griffith, it differs in 
solitary long spines of petioles and sheaths, linear leaves, the corolla as long as 
the calyx, and the fruit globose, not ovate. Martius adds that the fruit of this 
has 15, and that of Rotang 19-20 rows of scales; but as far as known at present, 
the arrangement of these scales is subject to great variations in the same species. 
I do not consider C. Royleanus distinct ; but the cane-brakes of the N.W. 
Himalaya require farther study. 


Nearly allied are the following species, which may be found within the range 

of . Flora, They have whip-like thongs on the sheaths, not at the end of the 
etiole. 

F C. tenuis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 780 ; Griff. in Calc. Journ. v. 45, and Palms, t. 
193, A.B.C. Scandent, monoicous, flowers in pairs, female and male flowers 
on the same spike, leaflets equidistant, alternate, 3-nerved. Stems when cleaned 
not thicker than a common quill. Vern. Set. Common in Assam, Silhet, and 
Chittagong. 

C. fasciculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 779 ; Griff. in Calc. Journ. v. 52 ; Palms, 
t. 195, A.B. Erect when young, afterwards leaning in*search of support, and 
climbing over trees and bushes. Leaflets collected in fascicles of 2, 3, or 4, on 
opposite sides of the petiole, prickles on petioles 1-2 in. long, in twos or threes 


* Linneus’s name C. Rotang included several species ; Griffith abandoned it on that 
account, but Martius, after considering Griffith’s objections, restored it. 


560 LXXVII. PALMA. ' [Calamus, 


at the base of the pinnae, on sheaths broad-based, and often in oblique lines, 
sheaths and petioles with brownish-white mealy tomentum. Bracts of male 
flower-spikes large, funnel-shaped. Bengal, in the plains as well as in the hills : 
walking-sticks are made of the stems. 


The Rattan, which yields the long rope-like canes in Burma (Yaimatta, 
Kyein), used in the place of ropes on timber rafts,and of which the cables stretched 
across the Salween river at the rope-station are made, grows in moist valleys in 
Martaban and Tenasserim, often 200 ft. long, the elegant crown of leaves sur- 
mounting gigantic trees, over which it climbs, It is referred to OC. latifolius, 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 775 ; Griff. Palms, t. 198, leaflets fasciculate, broadly lanceo- 
late, petioles of older leaves ending in prickly whip-like thongs; prickles on 
sheaths and petioles, large in oblique rings. Also found in Eastern Bengal. The 
various kinds of canes and Rattans imported into Europe from India, Siam, Co- 
chin-China, and the Indian Archipelago,are chiefly the produce of species of Cala- 
mus and allied genera. The Malacca cane of Sumatra is presi ascribed to 
C’.. Sciptonum, which Loureiro described from Cochin-China, 


Sago is chiefly the produce of several species of Metroxylon (Sagus) which 
belong to the same tribe as Calamus, but have tall erect stems and the heart 
filled with farinaceous substance. JMetroxylon Rumphii, Mart. Hist. Nat. 
Palm. t. 159, and M.laeve, Mart., grow in the Indian Archipelago, Malacca, and 
Siam. 


Two remarkable genera, Vipa and Phytelephas, resemble Palms in general 
habit, and their large pinnate leaves, but they differ essentially in the structure 
of the flowers. Nipa fruticans, Thunb. ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. t. 171, 172, 
is abundant in the mud of the Sundarbans, in the delta of the Irawaddee and 
Salween rivers, and elsewhere on the coasts of the Bay of Bengal, and on the 
islands of the Indian Archipelago. A creeping stem bears tufts of gigantic 
feathery pinnate leaves often more than 20 ft. long. The flowers are monoicous 
on one inflorescence, a thick spadix with numerous bracts, bearing numerous 
lateral deciduous male catkins, and at the ends of each branch a few heads of 
female flowers. The male flowers are triandrous, the 3 stamens connate into one 
column ; the female flowers are without any perianth. The fruit forms large 
compact rounded heads, consisting of numerous 1-seeded fibrous angular drupes 
with a hard horny albumen. 


Phytelephas macrocarpa, Ruiz et Pavon ; Bot. Mag. t. 4913, 4914, has hard 
seeds which are largely imported into England, under the name of Vegetable 
Ivory, and used extensively for turning. Like Vipa fruticans it is gregarious, 
and has a creeping stem often 20 ft. long, with large pinnatifid leaves, 18-20 ft. 
long. The flowers are generally dioicous ; the male flowers with numerous 
stamens ; the female flowers with a 6-9-celled ovary, and a long erect 6-9-fid 
style. Western South America, between the 9th degree of north and the 8th 
of south latitude. | 


Orper LXXVIIL GRAMINEA, 


Annual herbs with a fibrous root, or a perennial underground stem 
(rhizome) producing annual or perennial stems (culms), generally in tufts or 
clusters. Rhizome mostly branching, composed of vascular bundles scat- 
tered in cellular tissue. Stems jointed, usually hollow between joints ; 
the joints near the ground often with rings of adventitious rootlets (speci- 


Arundinaria. | LXXVIII, GRAMINEA. 561 


ally in Bamboos). Leaves alternate, consisting of a tubular sheath, split 
to the base, and a narrow, linear or lanceolate blade (in Bamboos joined 
-to the sheath by a petiole) ; inner face of sheath often prolonged into a 
membranous or coriaceous ligule. Flowers mostly bisexual, arranged in 
distichous 1- or many-flowered spikelets. Spikelets supported at the base 
and often enclosed by two or more bracts (empty glumes), the axis or 
rachis bearing one or numerous distichous bracts (flowering glumes). 
Each flowering glume bears in its axil, on the short axis of the flower, the 
palea, a membranous, generally transparent bract, mostly 2-keeled. Be- 
tween palea and the flowering glume are a 1-celled ovary, with 2 distinct, 
often lateral, styles, or 1 terminal style, generally 2- or 3-fid, surrounded 
by 3, 6, rarely more or fewer stamens, and 2 or 3 membranous, often cili- 
ate scales (lodicules). Anthers 2-celled, cells contiguous, opening longi- 
tudinally. Fruit a 1-seeded caryopsis, pericarp generally closely adhering 
to the testa, and sometimes (Oats, Barley) adhering to the palea and flower- 
ing glume. Embryo at the base of the albumen on the outside, small, 
its position conspicuous on the surface when the pericarp is thin and closely 
adhering to the testa ; not conspicuous when the pericarp is thick, coriaceous, 
woody or fleshy. Albumen farinaceous, composed of thin-walled cells, filled 
those near the outsidewith albuminous (nitrogenous) substances, the mass of 
the cells chiefly with grains of starch. -Embryo consisting of a broad cotyle- 
donary body (scutellum) contiguous to the albumen, a basal radicle and the 
plumule. When germinating, the scutellum remains enclosed in the seed, 
the radicle protrudes and lateral root-fibres emerge from it, while the plu- 
mule, in the opposite direction, unfolds its leaves. During the process of ger- 
mination the starch of the albumen is gradually converted into sugar and 
other soluble substances, which pass into the embryo through the scutel- 
lum, and serve as the food of the plant in the first stage of its growth. 
Grasses comprise upwards of 4500 species, grouped under numerous tribes, 
Those here described all belong to the tribe Bambusew, which are charac- 
terised by woody, mostly perennial stems (culms) with numerous branches 
at the nodes, leaves petiolate, articulate at the base of the petiole, decid- 
uous, leaving the branchlets surrounded by persistent, generally coriaceous 
sheaths, stamens 3 or 6, rarely more, style 1, 2-3-fid, rarely undivided. 
As in Palms, the vascular bundles in the inner part of the Bamboo stem 
are composed of vessels, cells, and fibres, while those near the surface 
consist of fibres only. ‘These are close together, almost confluent, forming 
the hard outer rind of the Bamboo. At the nodes the vascular bundles 
cross from one side of the stem to the other, forming the principal mass of 
the hard horizontal partition walls which separate the joints. The stem 
of Bamboos with hollow joints has much less cellular tissue than the stem 
of Palms, and the vascular bundles differ in shape also. Morphologi- 
cally and with regard to its anatomical structure, the underground stem 
(rhizome) of Bamboos has more analogy with the perennial stem of Palms 
like Phaniz, Borassus, Cocos ; but these points demand farther study. 
An excellent monograph of Bamboos by General Munro is published in 
the 26th volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, where the 


number of species described is 170. 
| 2N 


562 LXXVII, GRAMINEZ, [ Arundinaria, 


Czspitose shrubs with slender, mostly annual stems ; spike- 
lets pedunculate, racemose or paniculate ; stamens 3, 
Branches of panicle in the axils of small linear bracts . 1. ARUNDINARIA. 
Branches of panicle in the axils of large amplexicaul bracts 2. THAMNOCALAMUS. 
Compact clumps of tall perennial stems ; spikelets generally 
sessile, in interrupted spikes; stamens 6. 
Lodicules 2 or 3 ; style deciduous, deeply 2- or 3-fid ; em- 
i bryo conspicuous on the surface of the caryopsis ° 
Lodicules none ; style filiform, undivided or 2-3-fid at the 
apex, base persistent ; embryo not conspicuous on the 
surface of the caryopsis  . ° ‘ é , 


3. BAMBUSA. 


4, DENDROCALAMDUS, 


1. ARUNDINARIA, Michaux. 


Stems slender, generally annual, erect, czspitose, with small leaves. 
Inflorescence generally terminal, paniculate or racemose ; in some species 
the flowers are on distinct leafless culms. Spikelets 2-12-flowered, flowers 
distant, distichous, imbricate, mostly bisexual, the terminal generally ster- 
ile. Empty glumes 2, narrow, with few nerves, the lower smaller than 
the upper. Flowering glume concave, with numerous nerves. Palea 2- 
keeled, narrow, generally shorter than the flowering glume. Scales 3, cili- 
ate. Stamens 3. Style divided at the top into 2 or 3 plumose stigmas. 
Caryopsis terete, with a deep furrow. 


1. A. falcata, Nees ; Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 26.—Syn. A. 
utilis, Cleghorn. Vern. Wirgal, nigal, ringal, nagre, narri, garri, gero. 
Local n. Spiug, gorwa, spiksv, pitso, Kunawar; Kwei, Tibet; Prong, 
N.W.P. 


Stems annual, 6-10 ft. high, densely cespitose, }-} in. diam., hollow, 
internodes 6-12 in. long, the sheaths on young shoots thinly membran- 
ous, glabrous 6-7 in. long, tapering into a subulate apex 14 in. long. 
Branches slender, numerous, in compact half-whorls. Leaves linear, 4-5 
in. long, 4-4 in. broad, glabrous above, with scattered soft long hairs 
underneath ; midrib prominent, whitish, longitudinal nerves numerous, 
3-5 pair, prominent ; no transverse veins. Flower-bearing stem leafless ; 
branches slender, numerous, in compact half-whorls. Spikelets in pani- 
culate racemes, the principal ramifications in the axils of short linear or 
ovate membranous bracts. Spikelets lax, $-? in. long, 2-3-flowered, the 
terminal flowers generally sterile. Empty glumes 2, about half the 
length of the lowest flower, membranous, with prominent longitudinal 
nerves, apex obtuse, ciliate. Flowering glume scabrous, acute, 7-9-nerved, 
membranous, hairy at the apex. Palea as long as the flowering glume, 
2-keeled, with longitudinal nerves outside the keels. Scales 3-nerved 
and fimbriate. Style deeply bifid. 


North-West Himalaya between 4500 and 10,000 ft., ascending to 12,000 ft. 
from the Ravi to Nepal, abundant in places, gregarious, often forming under- 
wood in moist forests of Abies Smithiana, A. Webbiana, Quercus semecarpifolia. 
Fl. May, the seeds ripen in August. Clusters compact, of 100 or more stems, 
attains 20-40 ft. according to Madden. Hardy in England. Two kinds are 
generally distinguished, one growing at lower elevations (up to 7000 ft.), thinner, 


Arundinaria. ] _ LXX VIII. GRAMINEA. 563 


with solid or nearly solid culms and narrow leaves, the other, ese between 
8000 and 12,000 ft., with shorter, thicker, and hollow culms and broader leaves, 
the foliage more feathery, Vern. Garu girch (Powell, Panjab Products, 518, 
567). It is a matter for inquiry whether one of these is not Zhamnocalamus 
tear eas or another species of Arundinaria. The solid kind is said to be 
the tougher of the two, and is used, when dry, a year after cutting, to support 
the -roofs of the hill-cottages. It is also made into mats and basket-work. 
The hollow kind is made into shepherds’ pipes, fishing-rods, and is exported to 
the plains for Hooka-tubes ; it is also employed for basket-work. 

The small Bamboo of the Nilgiris is A. Wightiana, Nees ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 
Anal. Gen. t. 28; annual stem 6-12 ft. high ; flowers in terminal slender-branched 
panicles at the end of leaf-bearing culms, spikelets 2-5-flowered, 4-3 in. long, 
single, on long filiform peduncles, leaves with indistinct transverse veins, 
sheaths persistent, coriaceous, adpressed to branchlets. 


9, THAMNOCALAMUS, Falconer. 


Characters of Arwndinaria, excepting the bracts subtending the main 
branches of the inflorescence, which are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, en- 
closing the racemes of spikelets in bud, and exceeding half their length 
when fully developed. 


Leaves with prominent transverse nerves; sheathing bracts 3 


in. long . d ‘ ? b ‘ , , d . LL. Z. spathiflorus. - 
Leaves without transverse nerves ; sheathing bracts less than 
lin.long  . ; ‘ P ° , ° ‘ . 2 T. Falconeri. 


1. T, spathiflorus, Munro 1. c. 34.~—Vern. Ringall, Deoban range. 


Stems ceespitose, } in. diam., internodes 4-8 in. long, brown, shining, 
branches 12-18 in. long, in fascicles or in half-whorls; the sheaths on 
young shoots glabrous, with numerous prominent nerves, fimbriate at the 
mouth and edges, narrowed somewhat abruptly into a distinct, subulate 
apex 2 in. long. Leaves 3-5 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, distinctly petiolate, 
3 prominent secondary nerves on either side of midrib, transverse nerves 
conspicuous ; sheath 2 in. long, striated with raised longitudinal lines, 
fimbriate at the mouth, with a long ligula, persistent after the leaves 
fall, forming an acute angle with branches. Flowers in large panicles, 
with slender drooping branches. Racemes of 2 or 3 spikelets in the 
axils of large amplexicaul oblong multinerved bracts 3 in. long. Spike- 
lets linear-lanceolate, 1-14 in: long, of 6-8 hairy distinct flowers. Empty 
glumes 2, white, membranous, glabrous, linear-lanceolate. Articulation 
of rachis between two flowers 4-4 the length of flowering glume. Flower- 
ing glume 4-? in. long, long-acuminate, 7-9-nerved, roughly hirsute, with 
long hairs at'the base. Palea much shorter than flowering glume, 2-ribbed, 
with 2 nerves between the ribs, and 2 on each side. Scales 3, lanceolate. 
Stamens 3. Style 3-fid. 

Upper part of Hattu (8400 ft.), T. Thomson, Aug. 1847, Deoban (8000 ft.) 
D.B., May 1863, Didatoli in Garhwal (8500 ft.), Strachey and Winterbottom. 
In Kamaon, Nepal, and in Sikkim on Mount Singalelah at 11,000 ft, Hooker. 


2. T. Falconeri, Hook. fil; Munro 1. e. 34, 


564 LXXVIII. GRAMINEZ. [ Thamnocalamus. 


Leaves thin, 3-4 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, narrowed into a slender peti- 
ole ; sheaths membranous, truncate below the petiole. Flowering branches 
(on ‘leafless culms ?) numerous, slender, 12-18 in. long, bearing numerous 
distant short racemes. Racemes sessile, 1 in. long, supported at the base 
by 6-8 imbricate membranous bracts, the outer shorter, ovate, the inner 
ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as spikelet. Spikelets glabrous, of one 
fertile and a terminal sterile flower ; empty glumes 2, more than half the 
length of spikelet. 


Madhari Pass, Kamaon (8000 ft.), Strachey and Winterbottom. Nepal. 


3. BAMBUSA, Schreber. 


Large, mostly erect, often gigantic Bamboos, the stems generally massed 
together in compact clumps or clusters. Flowers in a few species on 
leaf-bearing stems, generally on stems without leaves, which die after the 
seed is ripe. In some species one or a few stems only of the entire cluster 
bear flowers at one time—these are the Bamboos which flower annually ; 
in others all or nearly all stems of one cluster come into flower at the 
same time, followed by the death of the entire cluster—these are the 
Bamboos which flower after long periods, for it generally happens that all 
or most clusters of the same species come into flower simultaneously in one 
district, so that in one year all Bamboos of one species die over extensive 
areas, followed by a dense mass of seedlings, which come to maturity and 
bear flowers after a period varying according to circumstances. Spikelets 
generally many-flowered ; empty glumes 2 or more, the lower shorter, the 
upper similar to the flowering glumes. Palea 2-keeled, keels generally 
fimbriate. Scales 3, ciliate, membranous or hyaline. Stamens 6. Cary- 
opsis with a deep longitudinal furrow, often adhering to the palea and 
flowering glume. 


Branches spinescent ; leaves small . ; . ; . . 1, B. arundinacea. 
Branches unarmed, 
Spikelets terete. 
Leaves middle - sized, pale and soft - pubescent beneath, 
transverse veins none, spikelets 1-2 in. long, joints 
of rachis elongated, thickened into a hairy disc under 
the flowering glume; scales cuneate, thickened at 
base, but without prominent nerves . . 2 B. Tulda. 
Leaves large, concolorous, glabrous but scabrous ‘along 
edges, transverse veins distinct ; spikelets -} in. long, 
joints of rachis short, glabrous ; ; scales ovate or obo- 


vate, with distinct longitudinal nerves. . 3. B. Balcooa, 
Spikelets laterally compressed, flowers distichous ; leaves 
with distinct transverse veins . P , ° . 4 B. vulgaris. ~ 


1. B. arundinacea, Retz; Munro 1. c. 103; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 79; 
Fl. Ind. ii. 191; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 321. Sans. Vansa. Vern. Magar 
bans, nal bans, Pb. ; Bans, kattang, kuttung bans, N.W. and Central 
India ; Mandgay, Bombay (Dalzell) ; 3; Veduru, Telugu. 


Stems tall, green, shining, with spinescent branches, packed close in 


Bambusa.] LXXVIII. GRAMINEA, 565 


large compact clumps of 30-100, generally 30-50 ft. high, but attaining 
much larger dimensions on the west coast and in the Satpura. Joints 
4-9 in. diam., walls thick, cavity small; lower branches stiff, green, 
spreading, spinescent, with a few leaves ; upper branches alternate, regu- 
larly distichous. Spines strong, sharp, curved, either in pairs at the base 
of a branch, or in threes, the middle one the largest. Leaves small, thin, 
lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, and 4-2? in. broad, generally glabrous, sometimes 
with scattered hairs underneath, 5-6 pair of prominent longitudinal nerves 
on either side of midrib; sheaths persistent, coriaceous, 1-2 in. long, 
glabrous or pilose with scattered hairs, more or less fimbriate at mouth or 
edges. Flowers at long intervals, probably at the age of thirty years, all 
stems of one clump being covered with flowers at the same time, a few 
leaves often appear with the flowers. Spikelets mostly sessile, in dense 
half-whorled clusters at the nodes, glabrous, shining, the fimbriate edges 
‘ of the palea prominently apparent. Empty glumes 2-4; flowering glumes 
4-10, the upper generally staminiferous only and sterile. Flowering 
glume thickened and mucronate at the apex, wholly glabrous, not ciliate 
at the edges, often shorter than the palea. Scales 2, hyaline, fimbriate. 
Anthers with an obtuse glabrous point between the cells. Ovary glab- 
rous ; style deeply 2- or 3-fid, stigmatic branches long-plumose. Caryopsis 
4 in. long, enclosed in glume and palea. 


Throughout South India, particularly abundant in the Anamallays, Wynad, 
the adjoining forests of Mysore, Coorg, Malabar, and Canara. In Belgaum, the 
_ Khandeish Dangs, at Sironcha on the Godavery. On two feeders of the Bagh 

river, a tributary of the Wainganga at the base of the Satpura range. Jubbul- 
pur, Bengal, and (cultivated) in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab. 

The stems attain 70-90 ft. in the forests of Bejagarh near the Bagh river, and 
on the western coast. The manifold uses of this Bamboo for building, scaffold- 
ing, ladders, carrying and tent poles, the masts of boats, water-pipes, and various 
other purposes, are well known. Continued immersion of Bamboos in water, 
or better still in a solution of sulphate of iron or lime-water, renders them more 
durable. It forms thick and impenetrable hedges. In Hyder Ali’s time, the 
town of Bednor in north-west Mysore, was defended by a deep trench filled 
with clumps of this Bamboo. 

Isolated flowering clumps of this Bamboo are found occasionally, but as a 
rule all clumps in one district come into flower simultaneously, a few clumps 
flowering in the previous, and some in the succeeding year. After the seed 
ripens, the stems die down to the ground, and in the following year a dense mass 
of seedlings springs up, forming during a series of years a close thicket of © 
slender stems, until the young rhizome gets sufficient strength to produce 
larger shoots. Shoots of a full-grown rhizome attain their full length in one 
or two months, being covered in that stage with large leafless hairy sheaths, 
Subsequently the leaf-bearing branches develop in the axils of their sheaths, and 
the stem gradually matures and gets hard and firm. It is a matter for farther 
inquiry whether this and other Bamboos come into flower after they have 
attained a certain age. Beddome (Fl. Sylv. Manual, p. 229) is of opinion that 
this species generally flowers at an age of about 32 years, there being a flower- 
ing on record (on the western coast) in 1804, 1836, and 1868. In Canara, how- 
ever, this species (probably), Bidungulu, Can., flowered in the Stipa forests 
in 1864. This difference is in accordance with what I have observed in the 
case of other species (B. polymorpha, Kyathounwa, B. Tulda, Teiwa), that 


566 LXXVIU. GRAMINEZ. [ Bambusa. 


though the Bamboos of the same kind in one district flower simultaneously, 
those in another district follow afew years later, The large Bamboo (this species 
probably) on the Nerbudda between Jubbulpur and Mandla flowered and died 
in 1839, and the same rr eh a few years ago. Dr Hooker (Him. Journals, 
i. 155) is of opinion that Bamboos do not flower at any prescribed age, but at 
any period when full-grown and the circumstances of the season are favourable 
to their flowering. The question is by no means cleared up, and more accurate 
records of the flowering, not of Bambdos generally, but of certain species, are 
wanted. It also is a matter for farther inquiry, whether the rhizomes of those 
Bamboos, all stems of which flower and seed, die or produce fresh shoots. 
What I have seen in Burma and India, leads me to think that they die, and 
that in such cases reproduction takes place entirely from seed. It is different 
with those kinds of which a few stems only of one clump come into flower. 
The seed of this and other species of Bamboo has often saved the lives of 
thousands in times of. scarcity, 1812 in Orissa, 1864 in Canara, and 1866 
(probably B, Tulda) in Malda. When young, the hollow joints of Bamboos 
are partly full of a watery liquid, which gradually dries up as the stems get 
older. It is not impossible that the well-known silicious deposit (Tabasheer), 
which is found in the joints of this and other species, may be the residuum 
of we fluid which often fills the joints. The ashes of all Bamboos are rich 
in silica. . 

B. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 198 ; Munro 1. c. 104; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 231, is 
believed to differ in more solid stems, a paler-coloured and more striated flower- 
panicle, smaller and more coriaceous spikelets, with fewer flowers and gue 
smaller leaves often hairy on the under side. Bengal and Burma, and, accord- 
ing to Beddome, on the north-east (not on the west side) of the Madras Pre- 
sidency. 8. Kurz, however, calls the Burmese Kyakatwa, B. arundinacea, and 
I have never been able to find any difference either in growing or in herbarium 
specimens between the thorny Bamboo of Western India and Burma. Pend- 
ing farther research, I am inclined to unite the two species. 


2. B. Tulda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 193; Munro l.c. 91.—Vern. Peka Bans, 
Hindi; Zwlda Bans, Beng. ; Theiwa, Burm. 


Stems tall, unarmed, the joints with a large cavity and thin walls. Leaves 
lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, about 1 in. broad, glabrous above, underneath pale 
and with short soft pubescence, edges scabrous ; 6 pairs of slightly prominent 
secondary nerves, transverse veins none ; sheaths glabrous, with 2 distinct 
rounded, auriculate, often fimbriate lobes at the base of the short flat peti- 
ole. Flowers at. long intervals, all stems of one clump bearing flowers at 
the same time, each stem being converted into an ‘immense oblong waving 
panicle, composed of innumerable supra-decompound ramifications”’ (Roxb.) 
Spikelets lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, sessile, in clusters of 4-10, in long slen- 
der, interrupted, often branching spikes, 12-24 in. long, 1 or several stout 
and woody branches at each node, bearing numerous lateral spikes, and 
surrounded at the base by fascicles of slender sometimes branching spikes. 
Spikelets glabrous, shining, 4-10-flowered, with 4-6 empty glumes at the 
base, which are often gemmiparous, Joints of rachis elongated, thickened 
into a hairy disc under the flowering glume, and distinctly articulate at that 
point, joints one-third the length of the flowering glume, Flowering glume 
mucronate, with 13-15 broad, whitish, prominent nerves, slightly pubes- 
cent at the edges near apex. Palea sharply 2-keeled, keels long-ciliate, 


Bambusa.] LXXVIII. GRAMINEA. 567 


but not conspicuous without removing the flowering glume; 7 prominent 
nerves between the keels. Scales cuneate-oblong, obliquely truncate, 
irregularly cut and fimbriate with broad subulate teeth, base thickened, 
particularly on one side, edges and upper part transparent, no distinct 
nerves, the third lodicule generally long, linear. Anthers glabrous, con- 


nective with a short blunt apex. Ovary obovate-oblong, hirsute; style 
deeply 3-fid. 


The common Bamboo of Bengal. Not uncommon in the deciduons forest of 
Fegu,  aomagg) occupying lower and moister stretches of ground in company 
with Zinwa (Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro), the dry hills surrounding 
being covered with Dendrocalamus strictus. Also associated with Bambusa 
polymorpha, Munro, Kyathounwa. Fl. May. Generally used for roofs and 
scaffolding, found more durable if soaked in water previous to being used, The 
young shoots are pickled. Used largely to make mats for the walls and roofs 
of cottages. Baskets, fans, and window-blinds are made of it. 

B. nutans, Wall. ; Munro 1. c. 92, of Nepal, Assam, Kasia hills, and Silhet, 
agrees with B. 7'u/da in all essential characters ; the leaves are of medium size, 
pale beneath and with slight soft pubescence, the spicules are long, with elon- 

ted distinctly articulate clavate joints of the rachis, terminating in a hairy 

isc under the flowering glume, the fimbriate edges of the palea are not con- 
spicuous on the face of the spikelet, the connective of the anthers terminates in 
a blunt glabrous point, and the lodicules are cuneate, with a thick base and 
without prominent nerves. Munro states that it is a much smaller plant, with 
a slender and nearly solid stem, the leaves whiter below, and few fertile spike- 
lets. Nepal, Sikkim at 5000 to 7000 ft. (vern. Mahlo), Assam (Bidhili Bans, 
Mukial Bans), Kasia, Silhet, and, according to Dr Stewart, in the Siwalik tract, 
probably extending west to the Ganges. 


3. B. Balcooa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti. 196 ; Munro |. c. 100.—Vern. Balku 
Bans, Beng. 


Stems tall unarmed, stouter and often taller than of B. Tulda. Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, with a large rounded subcordate base, 6-12 in. long 
and 1-2 in. broad, glabrous, green on both sides, edges scabrous; se- 
condary nerves 7-11 on either side of midrib, not very prominent ; trans- 
verse veins distinct but distant ; sheath truncate at the base of the short 
petiole ; ligula membranous, broadly triangular. Spikelets 4-4 in. long, 
ovoid-lanceolate, 4-6-flowered, conspicuous by the fimbriate keels of palez, 
sessile, in compact half-whorled clusters on long interrupted spikes. 
Empty glumes 2, unequal. Flowering glumes thin, membranous, with a 
broad concave base, and a wide membranous edge, ciliate near the top, 
with prominent longitudinal nerves. Rachis not distinctly articulate, 
joints short, glabrous, not much thickened below the flowering glume. 
Palea as long as flowering glume, fimbriate at keels and hairy at edges ; 
nerves indistinct ; lodicules ovate or obovate, with longitudinal branch- 
ing nerves, each branch terminating in a long subulate cilia or tooth. 
Anthers glabrous, connective terminating in a short dark point. 


Bengal, Assam (Bara Balika), Cachar. Reckoned the best Bamboo in Ben- 
al for building, scaffolding, and other works requiring both size and strength. 
ong immersion in. water tends to make it firmer, and proof against the 


568 LXXVIII, GRAMINEZ. [ Bambusa. 


attacks of Bostrichi (Roxb.) To B. Balcooa I am inclined to refer the large 
Bamboo which is cultivated near villages in the outer hills below Simla, as high 
as Sairi (5500 ft.), but not higher. e stems attain 40 ft., they are branchless 
to a height of about 5 ft., the rings at the nodes are nearly horizontal, the joints 
12-18 in. long and 3 in. diam. ; the sheaths of young shoots are large, densely 
covered with black hairs, their breadth at base about half their length, narrowed 
into a triangular apex, longer than broad, and about 4-} the length of the sheath. 
Leaves large, 9-12 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, very scabrous at edges, otherwise gla- 
brous ; secondary nerves 7-11 on either side of midrib, not very prominent, 
transverse veins distinct, but distant. I have never found it in flower. 


B. Faleoneri, Munro 1. c. 95, is a remarkable species, described from flower- 
ing specimens collected by the late Dr Falconer in the Dehra Doon in Sept. 
1840. Spikelets lanceolate, wholly glabrous, nearly 1 in. long, about 10-flowered, 
the upper 4-5, fl. male or sterile, with short effete anthers. Flowering glumes 
mucronate, with numerous broad prominent nerves somewhat resembling those 
of B. Tulda, Palea much shorter than glume, 2-keeled, keels fimbriate ; 7 dis- 
tinct nerves between keels, and 2 lateral nerves on either side of keels. An- 
thers pilose at the top, lodicules 3, with prominent longitudinal nerves termin- 
ating in subulate teeth. Leaves, supposed by Munro to belong to the same 
species, collected by Falconer in the previous year (Oct. 1839), and by Strachey 
and Winterbottom at 4000 ft. elev. on Okenath in Garhwal, are 16 in. long, 3 
in. broad, with 14 to 16 pair of  menprias secondary nerves and distinct trans- 
verse veins, concolorous and glabrous, but scabrous beneath, they resemble the 
leaves of Dendrocalamus Hamiltonvanus. The identification of the large Bam- 
boo of the Dehra Doon and of the outer ranges between Kalka and Sairi remains 
for farther inquiry. 


4. B. vulgaris, Wendl. ; Munro 1. c. 106; Dalzell Bombay Fl. 299; 
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual, p. 232.—Syn. B. Thouarsii, Kunth; B. arundi- 
nacea, Aiton. Kulluk, bamboo, Bombay ; Una gass, Ceylon. 


Stems tall unarmed, 20-50 ft. high, green, yellow, or with green and 
yellow stripes, joints 4 in. diam. and more, with thin walls. Leaves thin, 
linear-lanceolate, 6-10 in. long, #-14 in. broad, very scabrous on the lon- 
gitudinal nerves close to the edge, secondary nerves conspicuous, 6-8 on 
either side of midrib, transverse veins numerous. Flowering stems often 
leaf-bearing. Spikelets sessile, oblong-lanceolate, laterally compressed, 
4-1 in. long, glabrous, 4-12- flowered, distichous, so that the flowers 
of each side appear distinct, and separated by a furrow, fasciculate, or 
in compact half-whorls on long, interrupted, paniculate spikes. Empty 
glumes 2; flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longi- 
tudinal nerves prominent near apex, indistinct below, mucronate and 
ciliate at the apex, fimbriate keels of palea conspicuous near the top of 
flowering glume. Lodicules transparent, thinly membranous. Anthers 
penicillate at the apex, with short hairs. Style slender, filiform, 2-3-fid 
at the end. ; 


Cultivated in many districts of India, particularly in the western Dekkan, 
Kolapur, Sattara, Poona, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong. In the eastern Panjab, 
according to Stewart. Abundantin Ceylon, up to 2000 ft. (Thwaites Enum, 375). 
Indian Archipelago, tropical America, and the West Indies. Commonly grown 
in conservatories in Europe, where it not rarely comes into flower. 


Dendrocalamus. | LXXVIII. GRAMINEA. 569 


4, DENDROCALAMUS, Nees. 


Characters those of Bambusa, several species (D. strictus, D. Hooker?) 
are known to flower annually. Scales none. Ovary hirsute ; style long, 
filiform, undivided, or 2-3-fid at the apex, base persistent. Caryopsis 
with a thick pericarp, narrowed into the persistent base of the style ; posi- 
tion of the embryo generally not conspicuous on the surface. 


Spikelets linear-lanceolate, spinescent . i ; 1. D. strictus. 
Spikelets cuneate, soft-membranous ‘ - « 2 D. Hamiltonit. 


1. D. strictus, Nees.—Tab. LXX.—Munro 1. c. 147; Bedd. Fl. 
Sylv. t. 325.—Syn. Bambusa stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 193, not Cor, Pl. 
t. 80, which is Oxytenanthera Thwaitesti, Munro, a Bamboo of Ceylon, 
the Nilgiris, and Shevaroy hills—Munro 1. c. 129. Male Bamboo. Vern. 
Bans, North India. Myinwa, Burma. Bas, Udha, Bombay. 


A middle-sized, generally deciduous Bamboo, stems with small cavity, 
or entirely solid, closely packed in dense clumps, the lower part of stem 
often variously bent, with fasciculate, stiff, horizontal, generally leafless 
branches, the upper part spreading out in all directions, often curved 
downwards, or nearly horizontal, with fasciculate slender flexuose solid 
branches, the leaves on fasciculate branchlets enclosed in coriaceous 
shining persistent sheaths ; joints 12-18 in. long, 1-3 in. diam. Sheaths’ 
of young shoots shorter than joints, glabrous, shining outside, tapering 
into a triangular apex. Leaves distichous, hairy beneath, rough and 
often hairy above, exceedingly variable in size, generally middle-sized, 
3-9 in. long, }-1 in. broad, with 6 pairs of secondary nerves, and no 
transverse veins. Flowers annually, 1 or a few stems of each clump 
only producing flowers, often mixed with leaf-bearing branches. Spike- 
lets spinescent, hairy, forming, with a number of sterile spikelets, dense 
globose spiny heads arranged in long interrupted spikes, joints between 
the flower-heads about 1 in. long. Empty glumes 2-6, flowering glumes 
2-3, generally 2, spinescent, hairy. Palea of lower flower 2-keeled, keels 
pilose, of upper flower convex, not keeled, 8-nerved. Ovary stipitate, 
hairy, style long filiform. Caryopsis brown, shining, ovoid, } in. long, 
narrowed into the persistent hairy style, pericarp (perigynium, Munro) 
coriaceous, separable from the seed, narrowed into the hairy persistent 
base of style. 


Widely spread, and very common throughout India and Burma, up to the 
borders of the arid tract. Onthe Aravalli hills, where I found it wild near Tod- 
arh in Mairwara. In the Panjab only in the sub-Himalayan tract, locally in a 
few places, and on the east side of the Salt range ; notin Sindh. Not in Ceylon, 
but in Java. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Peninsula, and to 3500 ft. in the outer 
N.W. Himalaya. Inthe Panjab it is common near the Sutlej, forms two forests 
of importance on the left bank of the Bias, several small tracts on the Chenab, 
and covers a considerable area west of the Jhelam, north of Rawulpindi. Gene- 
rally gregarious, forming extensive forests on dry hot stony hills. The youn 
foliage, which appears in May, is bright green, the old leaves get yellow an 
fall during winter, except on moist ground, where this Bamboo remains green 


570 LXXVIIL GRAMINEA. [ Dendrocalamus. 


throughout the year. Fl. between Nov. and April, the seed ripening in June. 
The stems that have flowered die after the seed ripens. Attains 20-40 ft. in the 
Panjab, in South India it grows 30-50 ft. high ; in Burma, on dry hills, 20-40, and 
on moist ground 100 ft. The stems attain their full height in a few weeks at 
the commencement of the rains ; in the Panjab they do not harden fully duri 
the first year. The stems are strong and elastic, they are much used for roofing, 
basket- and wattle-work, and they make excellent spear-handles. In the Bamboo 
forests of the Panjab and the North-West, the different sizes and descriptions of 
this Bamboo, as they are brought to market, are classified under a multitude of 
names, 


2. D. Hamiltonii, N ees ot Arnott; Munro 1. c. 151.—Vern. Pao of 
Lepchas, Wah of Mechis in Sikkim. aos 


Stems tall, 40-60 ft. high, joints short, 4-7 in, diam., with thick walls. 
Leaves firm, subcoriaceous, 6-15 in. long, 2 in. broad, glabrous above, 
rough, often hairy and generally pale beneath, transverse veins and 12- 
15 pairs of secondary nerves prominent on the under side, indistinct on the 
upper ‘side of leaf; sheath of leaf projecting considerably on both sides 
beyond the short petiole, continued into an obliquely truncate coriaceous 
ligula. Flowers annually ; spikelets in long interrupted panicled spikes, 
common peduncle thick, hollow, with numerous elevated longitudinal 
lines. Spikelets soft, membranous, glabrous, not spinescent, cuneate, in 
rounded compact lateral heads, each head supported by several broad 
shining bracts. -Empty glumes 2, subequal, flowers 2-4, one only fertile. 
Style long, filiform, 3-fid at the apex. 


Sikkim and Bhutan 2000-5600 ft., Assam. The young shoots are boiled and 
eaten. 


D. Parishii, Munro 1. ¢. 149, is described from flower-spikes only, believed 
to have been collected in the Panjab Himalaya by Lt. Parish. It is closely allied 
to D. Hamiltonii, but differs by ovate-lanceolate acute spikelets. If the speci- 
mens were really found in the Panjab, then it is not impossible that they be- 
long to the large-leaved Bamboo of the Dehra Doon, or to the one of the outer 
hills below Simla, which has been doubtfully referred to Bambusa Balcooa, for 
the leaves of both, particularly of the former, resemble those of D. Hamiltoniz. 


» Another Himalayan Bamboo of this group is D. Hookeri, Munro 1.c, 151. 
Leaves similar to D. Hamiltonii, but larger, 15 in. long and 3-4 in. broad, se- 
condary nerves 15 pairs, with transverse veins very prominent on the under side, 
indistinct on the upper side of leaf. Spikelets ovate, apex tapering, hairy. 
Assam, Kasia hills, Vern..Assey. Nearly allied, but a smaller-sized ouheed 
20-30 ft. high, with a longer 8-flowered spikelet, is D. latiflorus, Munro 1. c. 
tab. vi., of Hong Kong and Formosa. 


ADDITIONS. AND CORRECTIONS. 


P. 3. Schizandra grandiflora, H. f. and 'Th.; Fl. Ind. i. 44.—Syn. Kadsura 
grandiflora, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t..14 (Magnoliacee). A glabrous climbing 
shrub, without stipules, with white, fragrant, drooping axillary flowers ; ovaries 
numerous, imbricated on a conical receptacle, which lengthens in fruit into a 
cylindrical fleshy. axis, 6-9 in. long, bearing numerous scarlet, fleshy, 2-seeded 
carpels. Himalaya, Sutlej to Bhutan, between 6000 and 10,000 ft. Fl. April, 
May ; fr. Oct. The fruit is eaten. 

P. 3, line 17 from below, dele “ gynophore stalked.” 

Piss gi 3 read “‘carpels in a loose stalked spike,” instead of 
“capsules sessile on an elongated stalk.” 

P. 5. Polyalthia cerasoides, Benth, & Hook. Prome district, S. Kurz. 

_ P. 8. Stephania rotunda, Lour.; Hook. Fl, Ind. i. 103.—Syn. Cocculus 
Roxaburghianus, Wall. Cissampelos glabra, Roxb. F1. Ind. iii. 840. Menisper- 
mace. Vern. Gajera, garjial, Kamaon. A large glabrous climber with a sub- 
globose tuberous root. Leaves peltate, broad-ovate or suborbicular, often repand 
or sinuate-lobed, pale beneath, 3-7 in. diam. Flowers yellow, in axillary cymose 
umbels. Male flowers: sepals 6-10, narrow-cuneate, biseriate, petals 3-5, obo- 
vate, anthers 6, connate, inserted round the top of the staminal column, burst- 
ing transversely. Female flowers : sepals 3-6, petalsof the male. Drupe glab- 
rous, endocarp compressed, horseshoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled, sides hollowed 
and perforated. Seed almostfannular. N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft. 
Kasia hills, Burma. Fl. April-June. For the structure of the wood see Hooker 
& Thomson, Flora Indica (1855), p. 195. 

P. 8. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers.—Vern. Garcha, Kamaon. i 

P. 8. Under Anamirta Cocculus. For a full description of this climber, see 
Wallich, Descriptions of Indian Plants in Asiat. Researches, xiii. 403. 

P. 10. Crssampelos Pareira, Linn.—Vern. Pari, Kamaon. The botanical 
origin of the various stems and roots known as Pareira Brava and Radix Par- 
eirae has lately been mg at by D. Hanbury (Pharm. Journ. 1873, Aug.’ 
2d and 9th). The result is, that the drug is not yielded by this plant. One of 
the best kinds is the root of Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz and Pavon, a 
large climber of the same Family in Brazil, with bunches of large oval berries. 

P.12. Berberis asiatica, Roxb.—Vern. Kilmora, kingora, Kamaon. 

P. 12. B. Lycium, Royle.—Vern. Kingora. 

P. 12. B. nepalensis, Spreng —Vern. Pande kilmora, chotara, chotra, Ka- 
maon. Hardy against walls in England. 

P. 13. Holbella latifolia, Wall.—Syn. Stauntonia latifolia and S. angus- 
tifolka, Wall. Vern. hla, Kamaon. The fruit is eaten. 

P. 14. Capparis aphylla, A common and characteristic shrub of Soudan, 


572 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


N.L, 15°-20°, as far as Timbuktu on the Niger, according to Barth.—(Grisebach 
Veg. d. Erde, ii. 123.) 

P. 15. Capparis horrida, Linn. fil.—Vern. Ulta kanta, bipua kanta, Kamaon. 

P. 20. Other species of Z'amarix, of North-West and Central India, are 1. 7. 
salina, Dyer ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 248, a glabrous, glaucous shrub, with cordiform, 
subamplexicaul, strongly impress-punctate leaves; pentandrous (like 7. gal- 
lica, dioica, and articulata). Saltrange. 2. T. ericoides, Rottler.—Syn. Trich- 
aurus erccoides, W.& A. Prodr. 40; Wight Ill. t. 24 B, Ic. t. 22. A small decan- 
drous shrub, with foliage like the common Tamarisk, but larger flowers ; seeds 
rostrate, beak straight, feathered with long spreading hairs. Common in the 
rocky river-beds of the Dekkan, often associated with Rhabdia and Homonoya. 
3. T. stricta, Boiss.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i, 249, decandrous, hoary with impress-pune- 
tate glands. Sindh. Beluchistan. 
| +P. 28. Thespesia Lampas, Dalzell; Bombay F119. 7. populnea, Correa, the 
Bendy tree of Bombay, Portia tree of Madras.—Vern. Poresh, Beng., a fast-grow- 
ing tree, with cordate, long-acuminate leaves, and close-grained wood, readily 

own from cuttings, is often found in gardens and avenues of Central India. _ 

P. 32, 1. 20 from above, read “4” instead of “ 5.” 

P. 39. In Hooker’s FI. Ind. i. 387, the name G. scabrophylla is substituted for 
G. sclerophylia. The latter, however, is the older and more suitable name. 

P. 40, G. vestita, Wall., should be called G, elastica, Royle, the name being 
supported by figure and description. 

P. 44. Hiptage Madablota, Gertn.—Sans. Pundraka. 

P. 45. Hooker, in Fl. Ind. i. 421, calls the Garhwal and Kamaon plant, with 
subcordate leaves and silky white tomentum, Aspidopterys Wallichii, and the 
eastern plant, Nepal to Burma, leaves not cordate, A. nutans, Hook. f. 

P. 47. Zanthoxylum alatum is found up the Sutlej valley as far as Wangtu. 

P. 48,49. Limonia acidissema, Murraya Kenigti and Clausena pentaphylla, 
common in Burma, 8. Kurz. 

P. 50. Skimmia Laureola. FI. sweet-scented, drupes with 2-3, 1-seeded car- 
tilaginous kernels. Flowers both in spring and autumn, according to Madden, 
As. Soc. Journ. xvill. i. 606. 

P. 50, line 16, add : leaves (of Citrus) more or less dentate. 

P.51 , 25 ,, Risso calls the five species accepted by him: 1. C. Auran- 
tium, the sweet ; 2. C. vulgaris, the bitter orange ; 3. C. Limetta ; 4. C. medi- 
ca; 5.C. limonum. Risso and Poiteau classify what they call types or races, 
with regard to the shape of the oil-vesicles in the rind, as follows :. . decumana, 
with flat or convex vesicles, C. Aurantiwm, Luma, limonum, with convex, 
Bigaradia, Bergamia, Inmetta, with concave vesicles of oil in the rind. 

P. 53, line 17, read “ 2000 and 4000” znstead of “ 4000 and 3000.” 

P.53  ,, 22, add the following remarks concerning what are believed to be 
wild oranges on the Nilgiris. 1. C. vulgaris, Risso ; Wight Ic. t. 957. On the 
slopes below Kotagiri and Kunnur (Nilgiris), apparently wild, with large elliptic 
dentate leaves, petiole more or less winged, flowers large, white ; fruit orange- 
coloured, roundish or slightly elongated or depressed ; pulp acid or bitter. 2. 
C. Limetta, Risso ; Wight Ic. t. 958. Inthe Orange valley near Kotagiri, flowers 
Aug.-Sept., certainly wild ; a low, very ramous, erect, thorny bush, covered 
during the flowering season with a profusion of beautiful white fragrant flowers ; 
leaves ovate, dentate, petiole winged or margined ; flowers small white, fruit 
pale yellow, ovoid or roundish, terminated by a knob; pulp watery, acid or 
sweetish, occasionally slightly bitter. Of 

P. 56. Feronia Elephantum. Wild in the Prome district, Pegu, S. Kurz. 

P. 58. Adlanthus malabarica. Forests of the Pegu Yoma,S. Kurz. © | 

P. 60. Ochna pumila, Ham. ; Don Fl. Nep. 224, add Syn. O. nana, Royle 


Ill. 165. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 573 


P. 61. Bursera serrata, in Burma.—Vern. Thadiben, S. Kurz. 

P. 61, line 6 from below, read “ Boswellia serrata, Roxburgh in Asiatic Re- 
searches, ix. 379.” 

The correct name of this common and well-known tree has not yet been finally 
settled. H. T. Colebrooke, in a paper on Olibanum or Frankincense, As. Res. 
ix. 377 (London edition of 1809), gives Roxburgh’s figure and description of it 
under the name of B. serrata. Colebrooke found it frequent in the forest between 
the Sone (Soane) and Nagpur (vern. Sa/dz), on the route by which he travelled 
to Berar in 1797, and came to the conclusion that it was the tree yielding the 
Olibanum of commerce. In a note at the end of his paper he stated, that if 
the genus had not already received a botanical name, it might have been suit- 
ably denominated Libanus thurifera. Ina later volume of the Asiatic Researches, 
xi. 152 (Calcutta edition of 1810), Dr John Fleming published a catalogue of 
Indian medicinal plants, the names and characters of new species being, as he 
says, transcribed from Roxburgh’s manuscript, and among ‘en will be found, 
at page 158, Boswellia thurifera, Roxb. (Salar, Hindi). Fleming refers to Cole- 
brooke’s paper in the ninth volume, and there is no doubt that he means the 
same tree. It is evident, therefore, that Roxburgh, soon after the publica- 
tion of Colebrooke’s paper, probably by way of compliment to the author’s sug- 
gestion, altered the name from sevvata into thurifera. Since that time both 
names have been employed by different botanists.—Roxburgh Catalogue, p. 
32, and Flora Indica, ii. 383, Graham (Cat. 42), and Wight & Arn. (Prodr. 174) 
adopt the name thurzfera, while De Candolle (Prodr. ii. 76, 1825), Colebrooke 
in a paper on Boswellia (Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 363, 1827), and Wallich 
(Cat. 8486) give the name JB. serrata to the same tree. De Candolle quotes 
Stackhouse, Extracts from Bruce’s Travels in Abyssinia respecting the Balsam 
and Myrrh Trees, Bath, 1815, as authority for the name, but Stackhouse, 
p. 19, calls it B. serrata, Roxb., and refers to Colebrooke’s paper in the 
Asiatic Researches, from which he extracts his account of the tree. It cannot 
be said that either of the names has been more generally used by botanists, and, 
under these circumstances, the older name, B. serrata, ought to take precedence. 
There is, however, this against it, that the leaflets, though described as serrate, 
are obtusely dentate, and often entire. 

B. glabra, Roxb., first described in the Coromandel Plants, iii. p. 4, is, as ex- 
lained at p. 62, a doubtful species. Graham (Cat. 42) identifies it with the 
yalaz of the bare rocky hills of the Dekkan and the Satpura range. 

P. 67. In Burma, I have seen Melia indica and M, Azedarach only cultivated, 
but S. Kurz informs me that I. indica is wild in the Yoma hills of the Prome 
district, and I find a note in my herbarium that WM. indica is wild beyond the 
British frontier. This is a subject for farther inquiry. According to Mason, 
the Persian Lilac is called Kamakha, and the N eem, which is cultivated by 
the Burmans on account of its medicinal qualities, Thumbau kamakha, indicat- 
ing importation by ship (thimbaw) from beyond the seas, as in the case of T'him- 
bau the (Carica Papaya) and other foreign trees introduced into Burma, 

P. 68. Royle, Ill. 141, mentions two species of Melia in North India besides 
the Neem, one the Bakdin, the other the Dek ; but Madden, in As. Soc. Journ. 
xvili. i. 638, points out that there is no difference between them. 

P, 69. Melia composita has the inside of the staminal tube covered with 
white hairs, which protrude at the mouth. 

P. 69. Amoora Rohituka, common in Burma.—Vern. Z'hitni (red wood). 

P. 71. Soymida febrifuga, Burma, 

P. 72. The characters here given to distinguish (. serrata from Toona demand 
farther inquiry on the spot. In Kunawar, C. serrata has its upper limit oppo- 
site Chergaon. 

P. 75. Cansjera Rheediz.. Common in Prome district, S, Kurz, 


574 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


P. 77. Ilex odorata, Ham.—Syn. J. serrata, Royle. Vern. Garshiin, Gar- 
kaula, Kamaon. 

P. 84. Several climbing shrubs of this Order are found in Central India and 
the sub-Himalayan forests, belonging to the tribe of Gowaniece, with the ovary 
adnate to the calyx : 1. Gouania leptostachya, DC. ; Wight & Arn. Prodr. 166, 
—Vern. Kala lag, Kamaon. Leaves ovate-acuminate, crenate, with 5-6 main 
lateral nerves, arcuate. Flowers greenish in long slender, panicled racemes, 
tendrils simple, generally at’ the base of racemes. Fruit dry, inferior, with 3 
broad wings, $ in. across, separating into 3 coriaceous, 1-seeded, indehiscent 
carpels. Sub-Himalayan tract of Kamaon. Bengal. 2. G. microcarpa, DC.; 
Wight & Arn. Prodr, 167. Similar, but racemes, branchlets, and young leaves 
rusty-tomentose while young ; leaves entire, glabrous and subcoriaceous when 
full-grown, and smaller fruit. South and rolialiby Central India. 3. Helinus 
lanceolatus.—_Syn, Gouania lanceolata, Wall. <A slender twining shrub with 
entire lanceolate leaves, branchlets ending in short simple tendrils, flowers um- 
bellate, fruit obovoid, not winged, coriaceous. Plains of N.W. India, common 
in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab and Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft. 
FL in May, June. . ) 

P. 85, L. 10 from below, read “ Acajow” for “ Acayou.” / 
P. 95. The shrub mentioned as Paliurus aculeatus in the Bussahir Fores 
Report, p. 63—Vern. Thiim, upper limit in Kunawar at Javi—is Sageretia 
theesans, Brongn. Paliwrus is a shrub similar to Zizyphus, but fruit with a 
broad orbicular membranous wing 1 in. diam., of the Mediterranean region, 
common in Palestine, found east as far as Armenia, Kurdistan, and North 

Persia. 

= 96. S. Kurz informs me that the common Ventilago of Burma is V. caly- 
culata. 

P. 99. E. Regel, in a late paper on the American, Chinese, and Japanese 
species of Vitis, unites V. parvifolia, Roxb., with V. vulpina, Linn., and V. 
lanata, Roxb., with V. Labrusca, Linn. V. vulpina and Labrusca inhabit 
North America and Japan. In the same paper he advances the opinion, that 
V. vinifera is no original species at all, but the product of long-continued eul- 
tivation of the two last-named species. It is true that the grape-vine agrees 
with them aswell as with V. parvifolia and lanata, in pentamerous flowers 
and petals cohering at the apex; but its cultivation commenced in Western 
Asia, and neither vy lanata nor parvifolia, nor any of the forms of V. Labrusca 
and yvulpina, have, as far as I am aware, been found in Western Asia. he 

Pp. 99-101. Vites latifolia, lanata, indica, adnata, lanceolaria, are common 
in Burma, 8. Kurz. V. himalayana is found in Kunawar as far as Urni. 

P. 102. Leea macrophylla, Common in Burma. 

P. 104, At high elevations the Indian Horse-Chestnut is bare in winter, the 
young leaves appearing some time before the flowers. The buds are small and 
membranous, those of A. Hippocastanum are large and viscid. Cultivated in 
Kunawar, upper limit in the valley, Jangi on the right and Purbani on the left 
side.—Vern. Pu. 

P. 114. Staphylea Emodi. Kunawar as far up as Chergaon. a 

P. 117. Sabia campanulata has purple, not green flowers ; the flowers of S. 
paniculata—V ern. ‘Baal pota—Kamaon, are yellow, and the ripe fruit of an 
ultramarine blue (Madden). 

P. 117. Character of Anacardiacew, add : ovary free. mei : 

P. 118. In Kunawar upper limit of Rhus Cotunus above Wangtu, and of FR. 
semialata, Urni. 

P. 122. Pistacia integerrima, J. L. Stewart. Upper limit in Kunawar: 
Urni on the right, and Kilba on the left bank. 

P. 152. Dalbergia volubilis. Common in Burma, 8, Kurz. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 575 


-P. 154. Derris robusta. In Burma, vern. Thitpagan—read D. Krowee, Roxb. 

P. 158. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. Burma, 8, i 

P. 162. Bauhima Vahlii. Burma, S. Kurz. 

_P. 167. Line 6 from below, read “Mimosa scandens, Linn.” 

P. 174. Pethecolobium lobatum, Benth., is a large tree in the moister forests 
of Burma, with large, lobed pods and seeds similar in size and shape to those of 
Entada scandens ; eaten as a condiment in Burma, FI. Jan., Feb. (Zanyin, 
Burm.) Also Indian Archipelago. | 

P. 175. Albizzia procera. Indian Archipelago, Philippine Islands, and North 
Australia. 

P. 176. Albizzia Lebbek. Burma, S. Kurz. 

P. 177. Albizia Julibrissin. In the Kunawar valley extends as far as 
Wangtu. 

P. 179. Albizzia amara. In Kamaon, Madden. 

P. 180. Acacia arabica —Sans. Khadira. 

P. 181, Line 24 from below, dele “ uniformly distributed.” 

P. 183. A. eburnea has sometimes.5 or 6 pairs of pinne. The twisted and 
broad pod oo Hagprprite in t. 199 of Roxb. Cor. Pl. does not belong to this species ; 
it may possibly belong to A. planifrons, W. & A. Prodr. 276, a small thorny 
tree of South India, which differs from A. eburnea by having the shorter spines 
crooked, not straight. The Acacia from Kamaon(Bhes), mentioned at p. 180 
under A. Latronum, is probably a villose variety of A. eburnea. This appears 
from the full description given by Madden in p. 631 of his second paper on the 
Terai and outer mountains of Kamaon (As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 631), Young 
branches, petioles, and thorns very villous with rufous down, pinne 3-5, leaflets 
4-10; flowers white ; pods in umbels of 3-7, flat, smooth, linear, nearly straight, 

endulous, 3-8-seeded, 3-5 in. long, less than a quarter of an inch broad, the 
baidiak with a long shallow sinus between each seed. All this agrees well with 
A. eburnea, except the colour of the flower. Common in Garhwal up to. the 
Ganges, but apparently confined to the banks of the streams and rivers where 
they enter the plains and Doons. | 

P. 184, Mr Bentham informs me that A. rupestris is closely allied to, and 
perhaps not specifically distinct from, A. Senegal, Willd., which is synonymous 
with A. Verek, Guill. et Perr., mentioned at p. 186. 

P.191. Prunus persica, cultivated in Kunawar as far as Sungnam on ‘the 
right, and Morung on the left bank.—Vern. ek. 

P. 194. Line 6 from above, read “ for” instead of “ but.” 

P. 195. Prunus Mahaleb. Mountains of Greece in the region of the Silver 
Fir. 

P. 196. Prinsepia utilis. Found in Kunawar as far as Urni.—Vern, Bekling. 

P. 196. Rubus cordifolius, Don—Vern. Katrola, katrota, Almora, is, accord- 
ing to Madden, synonymous with R. telzaceus. 

». 199. Two more species are mentioned by Madden in As. Soc. Journ. xviii. 
i.: Rubus hypargyrus, Edgew., with red flowers and yellow woolly fruit. Crest 
of Chinar near Naini Tal—p. 605. R. affinis, Madden, near R. flavus, Ham., 
very green and glossy. Gagar Pass, Binsar, to 7300 ft., in shade only—p. 624. 

P. 202. Rosa Webbiana.—Vern. Ring yal. Commences at Pangi in Kunawar. 

P. 204. Pyrus Pashia, Hamilton in Don’s Fl. Nep. 236, is the older name, 
and should take precedence of P. variolosa, Wall. In Kunawaras far up as Urni. 

P. 208. Photinia japonica—Syn. Hriobotrya japonica, Lindley; W. & A. 
Prodr. 302; Wight Ic. t. 226; Mespilus Loa ot Thunb,; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 
510; Bot. Reg. t. 365; the Loquat—is a well-known fruit-tree, indigenous in 
Japan and China, and now cultivated in Bengal, South and North-West India. 
Leaves large, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tomentose beneath, with prominent 
lateral nerves, flowers white, fragrant, in terminal tomentose panicles. 


576 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, 


P. 216. Parrotia Jacquemontiana. In Kunawar near Shoang at 9000 ft.— 
Vern. Sha. 

P. 219. Line 12 from below, read “ malabarica” and “ parviflora.” 

P. 221. Combretum decandrum. Burma, 8S. Kurz. ; 

P. 223. 8. Kurz makes Pangdh, Burm., a distinct and new species, 7. tomen- 
tella, marked by a glabrous smooth calyx-tube, smaller fruit, and more copious 
cupreous pubescence. 

. 226. For an account of the Z’usseh silkworm (Phalena Paphia), which 
lives on the leaves of Z'erminalia tomentosa and Zizyphus Jujuba in Behar, 
see Roxb. in Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. 33. 

P, 246. According to another account, the Prickly Pedr was destroyed in 
1849-50 in the Jalandhar district. The insect was collected largely by the 
cloth-dyers, and yielded a brilliant colour. 

P, 255. According to Dr Stewart, Lonicera angustifolia is common in Zans- 
kar, Ladak, Nubra, ascending to 15,000 ft.—Notes of a Bot. Tour in Western 
Tibet, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 1869, p. 207. Is this not Z. spinosa, Jacquem. ? 
L. glauca, H. f.& Th. Journ. Linn. Soe, ii. 166, a small shrub, with linear- 
oblong obtuse leaves, glaucous beneath, and large ovate-oblong ciliate bracts, 
common in Zanskar, Piti, Nubra, Pangong lake, Tibet, 13,000-16,000 ft. 

P. 258. Madden (As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 609) gives the following additional 
vern. names for some of the Viburnums of the N.W. Himalaya: 1. V. cotini- 
folium (black fruit), Gaya, Kamaon. 2. V. Mullaha, Hamilton in Don’s Prodr, 
Fl. Nep. 141, which name, being older, should take precedence of V. stellala- 
tum, Wall., with abundant red, bitter fruit. rz, Simla. 3. V. fotens, De- 
caisne. Griya, Kamaon; Thelain, Bussahir. 

P. 260. Sambucus adnata, Wall. ; H. f. & Th. in Journ. Linn. Soe. ii. 180, is 
an undershrub with furrowed branches and red berries of Sikkim (6000-11,000 
ft.) Nepal, and, according to Royle Ill. 236, on the mountains of Kashmir (?) 

P. 269. A species, nearly allied to Wendlandia tinctoria, is W. puberula, DC. 
Prodr. iv. 412. Leaves with less prominent lateral nerves, and long hairs, par- 
ticularly along midrib and nerves, Corolla-tube funnel-shaped (not tubular, as 
in W. tinctorva), twice or barely twice the length of segments. Anthers linear 
(not elliptic, as in W. tenctoria). Common in Kamaon and Garhwal, ascending 
to 4000 ft. Nepal. 

P. 282. Rhod. Anthopogon.—Vern. Talsir, Bussahir. Sans. Zalisa patra 
(Madden). 

P, 299. Symplocos ramosissima (nervosa), of Madden Journ. As. Soc. xviii. i. 
625, is “evergreen, with beautifully glossy leaves, common on the north side 
of the Gagar Pass, and in similar shady places on Binsar, Bira Pinnath, and 
Panjok Khal in Garhwal, from 6000-8000 ft.” 

P. 303. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn.—Ash. Esche, German; Fréne, French. 
Weight 34-52 lb., according to Dr Hurst’s edition of Tredgold, 454 (1871). 
Nordlinger’s data correspond to 35-58 lb. 

P. 304. In Kunawar /. Moorcroftiana is found as far as Spti on the right, 
and Namgia on the left bank. 

P. 305. Schrebera swietenioides.—Vern. Ghant, ghanta (not ghaut), patali, 
ghanta parals (Bell Pe ae ee Bandelkhand. 

P. 307. The name Olea ferruginea, Royle, ought to take precedence of O. cus- 
pidata of Wallich’s Catalogue, being supported by description and figure. 

P. 310. Ligustrum compactum, common by brooks in the warmer valleys ot 
Kamaon and Kyintal near Simla, has a very bitter leaf.—Madden. As. Soc. 
Journ. xviii. i. 633. 

P. 318. Buddleia paniculata—V ern. Disheria ; ascends to 7500 ft. in Kamaon 
(Madden). . 

P, 334, Pergularia pallida, Kosilla at 4000 ft. (Madden), 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 577 


P. 341. Edgeworth, Catal. of pl. found in the Banda district, maintains 3 
species of Rhabdia: 1. R. viminea ; 2. R. sericea, Edgew., with silky pubescence, 
stems procumbent, as thick as one’s wrist, and 5-6 ft. long, abounds in the bed 
of the Sarju river, ascending to 2500 ft. ; 3. R. fluvialis, Edgew. (glabra in List), 
wholly glabrous, very peculiar in habit, growing upon granite rocks in the 
bed of. the Ken river, Banda, often submerged for wells its long branches hang- 
ing down into the water when the rocks are left exposed. These branches are 
so flexible and tough, that they may be tied in a knot without breaking. 

P. 361. The following interesting data regarding the durability of Z’eak timber 
in Bengal were communicated to me by J.C. Marshman, C.S.I,: The fort of 
the Dutch settlement of Chinsurah was erected about the year 1695, and the 
beams, the scantling of which was, if I remember aright, 12 in. by 15, were 
brought from the Teak forests in Java. The settlement was transferred to the 
English Government about the year 1826, when the old fort was pulled down 
to make room for barracks, and the beams which I saw were all as sound and 
perfect as when they were put in. Moreover, the Shah-in-Shah, a vessel built 
at Cochin of Malabar Teak, which sank in the Sundarbans some thirty or 
thirty-five years ago, was authentically known to have been at the time more 
than a hundred years old. 

P. 364. Clerodendron Siphonanthus.—Sans. Barbara, brahmani. 

P. 369. Vitex Negundo.—Sans. Sinduka. 

P. 379. In a subsequent paper (Journ, As. Soc. xviii. i. 632) Madden calls 
Tetranthera Roxburghu, Gar bijaur, which is right. 

P. 386. Daphne papyracea, Wall.— Vern. Bhallu soang, bhalua, Nepal, de- 
scribed and figured in As. Researches, xiii. 385, under the name LD). cannabina, 
Loureiro. There are 2 varieties in Kamaon, according to Madden, As. Soc. Journ. 
xViil. i, 610; one with white flowers and yellow fruit, 4000-8000 ft.—the other 
with purple flowers and fruit, 7000-8000 ft. 

P. 387. Aguilarza Agallocha.—Sans. Aguru, agaru. 

P. 418. It is remarkable that the ig, though a soft-wooded tree, is long-lived. 
Pliny mentions several aged wild Fig-trees in Rome, among others, one in the 
Forum existing in his time (70 A.D.) under the shade of which, according to 
tradition, the wolf had suckled Romulus and Remus. Whatever the truth of 
this and similar stories may be, the Fig-tree in Italy attains a great age. 

Dr Cleghorn believes that the wild Fig-tree in Kayhan may be only F. virgata. 

Garden Figs (with eatable fruit) have repeatedly been raised from the seeds 
of the wild Caprijig, and the two kinds are certainly of the same species.— 
(Targioni Tozetti, Historical Notes on the Introduction of Various Plants into 
Tuscany, Journ. Hort. Soc. 1854, 168.) 

P. 424. In general appearance /. tuberculata, Wall., agrees with the speci- 
mens which Wallich distributed under /’. lanceolata, Roxb. (Cat. No. 4512), 
and with the Burma specimens of /. pyrrhocarpa, Kurz. Roxburgh’s descrip- 
tion, and his Ill, in herb. Kew, No. 1736, also agree as far as they go; the 
question is whether the Burma shrub and the plant cultivated in the Calcutta 
- Bot. garden show the same structure of the female flower. This I have been 
unable to verify. This species, whatever it may be called, should not be con- 
fused with /. pyriformis, Hook. & Arn. ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 328 ; Miq. Ann. 
iii. 294, a shrub with similar leaves, which grows in similar localities, in water- 
courses, and between rocks in torrents in East Bengal, Burma, and China, but 
has pedunculate receptacles in the axils of the leaves, and does not belong to 
the section Covellia. 

P. 424. F. Chincha, Roxb. iii. 534, is (doubtfully) identified by Madden (As. 
Soc. Journ. xviii, i. 644), with /. sguamosa, Roxb. 531. A shrub; at the foot 
of the mountains a small spreading tree (Madden). Leaves alternate, rough, 3- 

: 2 0 


578 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, 


neryed, with distant veins running into each other along the margin of the leaf; 
petioles very short, hairy. Fruit axillary, solitary, sessile, rough, globular, 
about the size of a small gooseberry (Hardwicke in As. Soc. Res. vi. 379). 

P. 446. Bischoffia javanica, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 259. io 

P. 480. A. De Candolle distinguishes Q. Baloot, Griff. (Afghanistan), from Q. 
Ilex, Linn., mainly by the pubescence on the under side of the leaves, “ Stelle 
plane, parenchyma sub limbo tegentes iis Q. //iczs triplo minores, puncto cen- 
trali magis distincto, radiis gracilioribus et multo brevioribus.” I have been 
unable to trace any essential difference in the pubescence between the Afghanis- 
tan and Kunawar specimens on the one hand, and those of Spain, France, and 
Greece on the other. As regards shape and spinescence of the leaves, the 
Afghanistan and Indian specimens show the same variations as those from the 
Mediterranean ; there is no difference in cup and gland, and the only point 
apparently of any importance is, that the anthers are hairy in all Eastern speci- 
mens, while the Mediterranean tree has sometimes glabrous, sometimes hairy 
anthers. - 

P, 553. The branching Date-Palm at Indore is figured in Jour. Ag, Hort. 
Soc. Ind. iv, N.S., 1873. ' 


The following names of species should be written with small initials : 
Berberis kunawarensis, p. 12; Salmalia malabarica, p. 31; Balsamodendron 
gileadense, p. 65 ; Zizyphus, var. hysudrica, p. 87; Piptadenia oudhensis, 
p: 168; Prunus avium, p.193; Pyrus kumaonensis, p. 206; Aralia cashe- 
mirica, p. 248 ; Willughbeia martabanica, p. 320. The following should haye 
large initials: Swietenia Chloroxylon, p. 74; Rhus Kakrasingee, p. 122. 

The spelling of the following Sanskrit and Arabic names should be corrected: 
Swadu, p. 18; Salmali, p. 31; Nagaranga, Naranj, p. 56; Malira, p. 57; 
Kachha, p. 72; Inab, p. 98; Nili, p. 135 ; Jaya, jayants, p. 137 ; pepe : 
149 ; Kharavallika, p. 160 ; Chukra, chinché, p. 163 ; Padmaksha (dou tfal), 
p. 194; Baheduka, p. 222; Haritaki, p. 223; Dhatrt pushpita, p. 238 ; 
Délima, rumman, p. 24) ; Mallika, asphotd, saptala ( Yasmin, Persian), p. 311 ; 
Ayugma chhada, p. 325; Karavira, p. 328; Syondka, p. 347 ; Tala, p. 408 ; 
Kdakodumbara, p. 423; Putranjiva, p. 451 ; Dhatri, p. 454; Bhiirja, p. 458. 


ANALYTICAL KEY 


581 


SANSKRIT, ARABIC, AND PERSIAN NAMES. 


Achyuta, 277; agaru, 577; agnivala, 
238 ; aguru, 577 ; ainab, 98; akhota, 
‘497 ; akshota, 497; alte, 502; dmala- 
ka, 454; amra, 125; amrataka, 128; 


anar, 241; angir, 98; ankola, 250;. 


arak, 315; aralu, 58; arishta, 106; 
arjuna, 224; arka, 331; arushkara, 124; 
asana, 225 ; asoka, 166 ; asphota, 311; 
asvakarna, 26 ; avigna, 320; ayugma 
chhada, 325 ; ayuk chhada, 325 ; azad- 
dirakht, 67. 

Badara, 86; baheduka, 222, 578; band- 
huka, 275; barbara, 577; bed, 463; 
bhallataka, 124; bhiirja, 458; bilva, 
57; brahmani, 577. 

Champaka, 3; chandana, 398; chara, 
127; charmaghz, 497; chinar, 434 ; 
 chincha, 163; chukra, 163. 

Dalima, 241 ; devadaru, 516 ; dhatri, 454; 
_dhatri pushpita, 238, 578 ; draksha, 98. 

Eranda, 445, 

Gunja, 189; guvaka, 551. 

Haritaki, 223. 

Inab, 578 ; irak, 315 ; irak-hindi, 316. 

Jambira, 52; jambu, 233 ; jambila, 233; 
jaya, 137 ; jayanti, 137 ; jembit, 171 ; 
jhavuka, 20. 

Kabbar, 14; kachha or kachchha, 72; 

- kadamba, 261; kakodumbara, 423 ; 
kakubha, 224; kanchanara, 160 ; kan- 
chi, 139 ; kapitana, 128; kapittha, 56; 
karamarda, 320; karanjaka, 153 ; kara- 
vira, 328 ; karkandhu, 86; karmara, 45 ; 
karma-ranga, 45 ; karnikara, 35; kata- 
ka, 317; kendu, 294; kesara, 293 ; 
kesara, 444; khadira, 575; kharjira, 
554; kharvallika, 160; kharzahra, 


328 ; koli, 86 ; kovidara, 160; kshira, 
507; kuberaka, 72 ; kuchandana, 168 ; 
kunda, 312. 

Lakucha, 426; langalin, 557; lodhra, 
300. 

Madhitika, 289; mallika, 311 ;- malura, 
57; mandara, 139; mendhi, 238. 

Nagaranga, 53; naranj, 58, 56; narikela, 
557 ; narikera, 557 ; nikochaka, 250; 
nili, 185 ; nimba, 67 ; nipa, 261. 

Otroj, 52. 

Padmaksha, 194; palasa, 142; panasa, 
425; parna, 347; patali, 351; pichu- 
la, 21; pippala, 415; piyala, 127; 
plaksha, 414; pundraka, 572; pun- 
naga, 444 ; putranjiva, 451. 

Raktaka, 275 ; rohitaka, 69; rudraksha, 
43 ; rumman, 241. 

Safédar, 472 ; saj, 354; saka, 354; sal, 354; 
sala, 26; silmali, 31; sana, 144; sap- 
tala, 311 ; sarala, 506; savara lodhra, 
300; selu, 336; sephali, 314; setu, 
16 ; sinduka, 577; sinsapa, 149; sir- 
isha, 176 ; sobhanjana, 129; sodada, 14; 
snrahva, 533; suvarna, 164; swadu 
kantaka, 18 ; syonaka, 347. 

Tali, 549 ; talisapatra, 576 ; tinduka, 294 ; 
tinisa, 146; trinaraja, 544 ; tila, 408 ; 
tunna, 72; tusha, 222. 

Udumbara, 422 ; utrej, 52. 

Vaka, 137 ; vakula, 293; vanjula, 166 ; 
vansa, 564; varana, 16; varuna, 16 ; 
vata, 413; vetasa, 559; vetra, 559 ; 
Vijapira, 52. 

Yasmin, 578. 

Zambac, 311 ; zin zeid, 389, 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


Abniis, 294 ; ach, 277; acha, 162; achar, 

127 ; ack, O77 ; adei, eg 257 ; agani, 

537; agati, 137 ; aggai, 2; agla, 156, 

172, 189 ; aglaia, 95 ; agnitin, 78 : 
agnian, 366 ; agnu, 78; ahalu, 392; 
ahiiber, 539; aila, 156; ailah, 188; 
ain, 225; ainshi, 277; ainta, 456; 
aira, 156; aita lagtila, 44; ajanta, 338 ; 
ak, 331; ak, 331; akata, 429; akaul, 
250 ; akhe, 198 ; akhi, 197 ; akhiari, 208 ; 
akhor, 497 ; akhdra, 250; akhota, 497 ; 
akhreri, 198 ; akhrot, 497 ; akol, 250; 
akola, 250; akoria, 120; al, 277; 
alach, 197; alangi, 250; ali, 164; 
alish, 197; alla, 404; alladi, 277; 
alleri, 277; allian, 252; aloal, 243; 
aliicha, 192; am, 125 ; amalgiich, 194 ; 
amaltais, 164; amara, 128; amb, 388; 
ambal, 454; ambali, 454; ambara, 
128 ; ambat, 284; ambodha, 128 ; 
ambi, 125; ambia, 296; ambli, 163; 
amblu, 452; ambre, 259; ami, 118 ; 
amila, 101; amla, 454; amlai, 85; 
amlanch, 213; amli, 159, 163, 447 ; 
amliacha, 258 ; amlika, 454; amlok, 
297 ; amlosa, 159; amlaik, 297 ; amnia, 
85; amra, 128; amrai, 432; amrer, 
405; amri, 125; amritphal, 52; amrola, 
259; amrid, 232; amrit, 232 ; amti, 
284 ; amiidanda, 12; amir, 128; amit, 
397 ; an, 404; an, 409; anar, 241 ; 
anchu, 196 ; aneru, 445; angan, 302; 
angiar, 280; angnéra, 449; angou, 
302; angtir, 98; angiiti, 453; anjan, 
162 ; anjani, 224; anjir, 280, 418, 
419 ; anjiri, 420; anjun, 224; ankol,. 
95; ankri, 197; ankri, 197; ankria, 
326; antéri, 34; anvalla, 46; aola, 
454; adr, 191; aor, 192; apiirs, 538 ; 
arand, 445; arara, 273; arbambal, 
248 ; ardawal, 281; areinj, 184; arg- 
hawan, 132 ; ari, 259 ; arinj, 184; ar-; 
jan, 224 ; arjan, 431; arjiin, 224, 339 ; 
arjima, 224; arjuna sadra, 224; ar- 
junna, 440 ; arkaula, 489 ; arkhar, 60 ; 


Babarung, 284 ; ‘babbar, 180 ; 


arkhar, 119, 120, 121; arkol, 119, 120, 
121 ; arlu, 156, 347 ; arni, 363 ; arsain, 
225; aru, 191; dru, 281; aria, 58; 
arur, 280; asan, 475: asana, 449; as- 
auna, 449; ashta, 159; ashto, 159 ; 
ashik, 387 ; asid, 289; askiita, 214 ; 
askiitar, 214; asmania, 501; asna, 
225; asoja paharpluta, 99; asok, 5, 
166 ; asoka, 166; asokan, 5; asrelei, 
22; “asain, 225; assaina, 225 ; assan, 
225 ; assar sauna, 347 ; assey, 570 ; 
ata, 6; atki, 283 ; atilgain, 286; auga, 
304 ; aunra, 454; aura, 454 ; awa, 404; 
awal, 165, 189; ayar, 280; ayatta, 
280 ; ayin, 225; azaid-dirakht, 67. ~ 

babbil, 
183 ; babool, 178; babal, 183; babul, 
180; babar, 180 ; bacha, 463 : ; bada, 


- 463, 465 ; badam, 190, 494; ’ badar, 


528, 539; badha, 463 ; badlo, 80 ; vate 
ror, 877, 878; badu manu, 430; b 
nu, 475 ; bagriwala darim, 80 ; bahamb, 
128 ; bahan, 474; bahera, 292 ; bahn, 
474; bahil, 37; bai, 65 ; baikal, 81; 


bains, 463 ; bairala, 336; bairi, 243 ; 


bairsingi, 349 ; baishi, 463 ; bajar, 
525, 549 ; bakain, 68 ; ; bakalpata, 574 ; 

bakalwa, 452; bakam, 156 ; bakar, 
366 ; bakar, 258 ; bakarcha, 366, 455 ; 

bakardharra, 399; : bakarja, 399; bakhru, 
255 ; bakkiamela, 119; pakli, 227 ; 
bakra, 82; bakshel, 463 ; balanja, 372 ; 
balda, 222; balkubans, 567; balra, 
222 ; balit, 480; bamaur, 253 ; bambal, 


_892; bamboo, 568 ; bamora, 253, 285 ; 
_ bamtsint, 205; bamil, 183; ban, 85, 


392, 482; bana, 369; banarish, 302 ; 
ban-bakhru, 114; ban bakhuru, 257; 


ban bakir, 253; ’ banchar, 482 ; ban- 


chir, 306; banchir, 78; banchor, 78; 
banda, 248 ; ; banda, 392, 394, 396, 397 ; 
ban dakhar, 306 ; bandara, 240; ban- 
daru, 286 ; bandern, 113 bandir, 1513 
bandurgi, 113 ; banga, 481 ; bang re, 
525 ; ban- -gilab, 208 ; banharria, 430 ; 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 583 


banj, 482; banji, 482; ban kalla, 35; 
ban keint, 204; bankhar, 366; ban- 
kharra, 152; ban-khor, 103; bankiinch, 
258 ; ban lidar, 525; ban mehal, 205 ; 
ban-mendu, 113; banmewa, 391; ban 
missureya, 447; banna, 369; banni, 
482, 487; ban-nimbu, 49; ban pala, 
' 206; banpalti, 206; banpatara, 310; 
ban phrastu, 475; ban phiint, 306; 
ban pindalu, 271; ban-ritha, 188; 
bans, 564, 569; ban-sanjli, 207; ban- 
shagali, 114; bansu, 313°; bantamman, 
430; banthra, 118; bantphint, 388; 
ba-pattra, 368; bar, 413 ; bara baliika, 
567; bara chakma, 489; bara chali, 
5; barachar, 482; bara gach, 440; 
bara garri, 272; baradin, 482; bara 
karanj, 154; bara manda, 397 ; barangi, 
864; bara nimbu, 52; barari, 14; 
barau, 177; baraulia, 177; barbat, 
151 ; barbatti, 284; barchar, 479 ; bar- 
gat, 413; bargiind, 336; barial, 160; 
bari kari, 6; barinika, 410; barj, 85; 
barma, 539; barmi, 539; barna, 124; 
baro, 175; baror, 205; barotri, 456 ; 
barranga, 29 ; barranki, 410; barrarra, 
330; barre, 330; barru, 50; barsanga, 48 ; 
barsoli, 293; bart, 194; barthoa, 267 ; 
bartu, 267; baru, 422; bas, 175, 569; 
bashal, 466, 469; basna, 137; basota, 
366 ; bassar, 14; bassein, 175; bata, 
330, 456; batang, 203; batangi, 204 ; 
batank, 203 ; batavi-nebu, 55 ; batbar, 
414; bather, 43 ; bathor, 258 ; batindu, 
8; batkar, 428, 429; batrin, 123; bat 
sinjal, 92; battali, 78; bat taman, 
429; batu, 430; baunra, 24; baunu, 
368; baurala, 336; bauri, 14; bayi, 
65; bebrang, 284, 286; bed mushk, 
467; bed, 463, 465, 466, 469; bedu, 
420; begpura, 52; behari-nimbu, 52 ; 


behedo, 222; behli, 6; beimu, 191;. 
beinni, 191; beis, 463, 466; bejaura, | 


52; bekala, 196; bekkar, 196; bek- 
kli, 196 ; bekkra, 196; bekling, 575 ; 
bel, 57; belambu, 46; beli, 47, 466, 
469 ; belpatta, 550; bemal, 37 ; bend- 
hara, 537; benkar, 44; bent, 463; 
bentha, 535; ber, 14, 85, 88; bér, 86 ; 
bera, 413; béra, 86; berain, 99; 
beresi, 285 ; berfa, 476 ; beri, 85 ; béri, 
90; berja, 507 ; berra, 88; bersa, 175 ; 
bersu, 456; beru, 420 ; berwaja, 372 ; 
bet, 463, 559; betain, 67, 68; betar, 
535; bet kukri, 255; betsu, 469 ; 
bettar, 536; bettir, 537; bewal, 37; 
bhabar, 404; bhaikoi, 34; bhiains, 468 ; 
bhainsh, 463 ; bhaira, 222 ; bhala, 125 ; 
bhalaio, 120; bhalena, 267 ; bhaliau, 


bhamina, 267 ; bhamman, 37 ; bhamni, 
433; bhain, 118, 474; bhanber, 18; 
bhandara, 271 ; bhandir, 175; bhangli, 


- 468; bhangra, 392; bhaint, 363 ; bharda, 


528 ; bhat, 363; bhata, 144; bhati, 318 ; 
bhathi, 456; bhatia, 152; bhat kikra, 
255 ; bhat niggi, 386 ; bhaulan, 267; 
bhedara, 587; bhekal, 196; bhéndu, 
34; bhengil, 37 ; bhigal, 196 ; bhilawa, 
124; bhillaur, 443; bhillaura, 443; 
bhimal, 37; bhimil, 42; bhirra, 74; 
bhohar, 267 ; bhokar, 336; bhokra, 177; 
bhoma, 453 ; bhora, 217; bhorans, 281 ; 
bhor-salai, 61 ; bhoti, 29 ; bhotia, 494 ; 
bhotiya badam, 193 ; bhiij, 458; bhij- 
pattra, 458; bhirkir, 267; bia, 152; 
biar, 510; bibla, 152; bichua, 404; bida, 
466 ; bidai, 469 ; bidelgunj, 537 ; bidhili 
bans, 567; bidu, 463 ; bidungulu, 565 ; 
bigni, 428 ; bihi, 205 ; bihra, 74; bija, 
152; bijasal, 152; bijasar, 152; bijaura, 
52; bijgai, 255; bijhua, 152; bijouri, 
52 ; binsin, 286 ; bil, 57, 537 ; bila, 16, 
57; bilai kand, 141; bilangra, 18; 
bilasi, 16 ; bilati, 18 ; bili, 57; biliana, 
16; bilimbi, 46; bilin, 56; billa, 441; 
billar, 9 ; billi, 141 ; billu, 74 ; bilodar, 
442; biloja, 442; bilphari, 377 ; bilsa, 
463 ; bilsi, 285 ; bin, 463 ; bipua kanta, 
572; birali, 141 ; birar, 88 ; birari, 85 ; 
birmi, 539; biroja, 507; biroza, 507 ; 
birsah, 269; bis, 23, 463; bisa, 465; 
bish, 463 ; bisir, 205; biskoprah, 155 ; 
bisténd, 296 ; bisu, 463; bithiia, 151; 
bitsa, 463; bitsu, 466, 470; biwgli, 
428 ; bitl, 37; biuna, 369 ; biting, 37 ; 
biiins, 472; blimbu, 46; bodula, 34; 
borla, 336; bodal mowa, 499; boin, 
434; bor, 413; boshi swa, 460; 
bowala, 48; braa, 136; brahmani, 78 ; 
brahmi, 433; braksh, 30; bramji, 428 ; 
bran, 482, 438, 487; branchu, 286 ; 
brankul, 432; brarna, 16; bras, 281 ; 


' bratta, 502; brazen, 202; bre, 480; 


brekche, 480;-bren, 432, 487; brera, 
432 ; brimlu, 428 ; brind, 177 ; brinkol, 
95; broa, 281; brori, 432; brimaj, 
429; brimbriim, 248; briindu, 429; 
budhal, 251; budjari-dhamin, 36; 
bidshir, 501; biidu, 394; bai, 144; 
bain, 484; buka, 137; bukain, 68; 
bukal, 293; bildu, 528; bimsutu, 
205 ; bun, 276 ; biina, 177, 434; bin- 
arala, 194; biirans, 281; biirj, 458; 
burkundu, 133; barra, 528; buril, 
528; biurainsh, 281; birzal, 458; 
bushan, 469; biita, 144; bitru, 304; 
biitshir, 501; buzimpala, 110; bwir, 
468 ; byans, 510; byebering, 284. 


124; bhaliin, 120; bhallia, 125; _Chaap, 460; chabuk chiri, 44; chachri, 


584: 


286 ; chadua, 92; chainchar, 405 ; 
chainjli, 405 ; chaitira, 290 ; chakotra, 
55; chal, 201; chalai, 538; chalei, 
538 ; chalhatti, 508; challa manta, 
456; chalta, 1; chamaggai, 2; cha- 
mar kas, 452; chamb, 460; chamba, 
3; chamba, 311, 313; chambal, 340; 
chambar maya, 432; chambar maya, 
458; chambel, 813; chambeli, 313; 
chamiari, 194; chamkat, 145; chamkha- 
rak, 492 ; chamhiin, 94; chamkal, 145 ; 
chamma, 469; chamlia, 386 ; champa, 
3; chamra, 145; chamraud, 340; 
chamror, 340; chamrir, 340; chamyar, 
145; chan, 377; chanch, 198; chan- 
dal, 398; chandan, 146; chandan, 398, 
538 ; chandi, 241; chandra, 377, 379; 
chandui, 322; changathasi dhip, 527 ; 
changma, 469, 470, 476; chaniat, 118; 
chaniin, 473, 475; chanshing, 512 ; 
chapkia, 335; chappal sénd, 245; chap- 
pertain, 101; chappertang, 101; cha- 
pu, 460; char, 127; chara, 127; char- 
keint, 203; charkha, 382; charkhri, 
492; charr, 153; charrei, 480; cha- 
terni, 92; chatitin, 325; chato, 92; 
chatr, 92; chaulai, 269; chauli, 82; 
chaunkra, 169; chaunsh, 95; chauri, 
82, 218; chechar, 119; chedwala, 92; 
chench, 197; chenjil, 405; cheprain, 
101; cherara, 196; cherauni, 110; 
cheraya, ‘255; cheri chara, 429; cher- 
kush, 191; cheroli, 191; cheta bita, 
257; chettu, 90; cheuli, 290; chewa, 
501; chichra, 142; chichru, 404; 
chichwa, 175; chihar, 162; chikan, 
78; chil, 506, 510; chila, 269, 510; 
chilana, 206; chilanghati, 306; chilara, 
243; chilbil, 431; chilghoza, 508 ; 
chilkiya, 269; chilla, 248, 431; chil- 
lar, 156; chilmil, 431; chilotu, 382; 
chilpatta, 550; chilrow, 528; chilta- 
eita, 556; chiltu, 510; chimkani, 164; 
chinannu, 191; chinar, 484; chinni, 
407 ; chinta, 338; chinytk, 63; chir, 
506, 510; chirara, 382; chirauli, 127; 
chirchira, 382; chiri, 508; chirchitta, 
345; chirichog, 313; chirmitti, 456; 
chirndi, 19, 382; chironji, 127; chiror, 
12; chirinda, 19; chiti must, 145; 
chiti-sirin, 72 ; chitpattra, 251; chitra, 
12,114; chitta bagnu, 473 ; chittania, 
90; chittita chettu, 556; chitu, 510; 
chiu, 281 ; chit, 488; chiu, 510; chii- 
la, 142 ; chitira, 290 ; cho, 205 ; chogu, 
539 ; choklu, 120; choku, 428; chola, 
206 ; chopar, 44; chopra, 19, 79; chora, 
482; chosi, 120; chotara, 571; chotra, 
571; chowdi, 241; cha, 438; chia, 
202; chual, 78; chial, 114; chiari, 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


191; chiich, 5386; chihara, 552; chij, 
304; chuk, 388; chiklapatha, 29 ; 
chila, 438; chulcha, 142; chiile, 194; 
chim, 304; chuma, 388; chin, 407, 
438 ; chiinga, 438 ; chiini, 535 ; chiint, 
205 ; chiipra, 285, 286; chur, 480, 
528; churna, 89; chutian, 325. 


Dab, 259; daberi, 82; dadar, 516; dad- 


hiiri, 422 ; dadia, 383 ; dadtr, 92 ; dad- 
tri, 423 ; dahai, 238; dahan, 46; da- 
heo, 426; dahi, 337; daholia, 420; 
dahii, 426 ; dain, 249 ; daira, 324; daj- 
kar, 81; dakari, 248; dakh, 98; dak- 
hang, 98; dakhani, 173; dakhmila, 
119; dakh-nirbisi, 10; dakki, 98 ; dak- 
kiri, 302; daki phal, 391; dal, 73; 
dal, 241; dala, 73; dal chini, 9; dal- 
chini, 374; dalchini, 378 ; dalim, 241; 
dalli, 73; dalme, 455; daling, 257; 
dima, 134; damanat, 41; damon, 40; 
dampara, 124; danda, 438; dandal, 19 ; 
dandelo, 267; dandora, 377; dandwa 
singali, 489 ; daral, 73; darar, 340 ; dar- 
chob, 12; darhald, 12; darhela, 324; 
darim, 241; darlu, 73; darmar, 47; 
darnu, 241 ; daru, 241 ; dasaundu, 296 ; 
dassi, 313; daswila, 119; datranga, 
340; dau, 227; dauldhak, 140; dawa, 
227 ; dawi, 238 ; daya, 368 ; debdari, 5 ; 
dedwar, 516 ; degar, 423 ; deingan, 337 ; 
deikna, 68; dek, 68; dekamali, 270; 
dendru, 255 ; denthar, 368 ; deodar, 516, 
533 ; déphil, 426 ; dera, 368 ; deri, 73 ; 
deschi, 537 ; deughan, 337 ; deura, 24 ; 
devidari, 5 ; devi diar, 583; dewan, 337 ; 
dewdar, 516; dha, 238; dhae, 238; 
dhaian, 337 ; dhaivan, 337 ; dhak, 142 ; 
dhakka marrah, 82 ; dhakki, 447 ; dhal, 
73; dhaman, 337; dhamin, 40, 41; 
dhamin, 40, 41; dhamman, 37, 40; 
dhamna, 431; dhamiin, 40; dhani, 455; 
dhao, 229 ; dharauli, 324; dharu, 241 ; 
dhatela, 196; dhau, 227, 426; dhau- 
kra, 227, 229 ; dhaula, 238, 318 ; dhaula 
khejra, 188; dhauli, 267; dhauntika, 
123; dhaura, 89, 227, 238 ; dhauri, 89, 
227; dhawa, 227; dhédu mera, 423 ; 
dheu, 426; dheugr, 2; dhewas, 146; 
dhewtie, 238; dhobela, 221; dhobin, 
150 ; dhodi, 326 ; dhokri, 227 ; dholtu, 
318 ; dhondri mara, 159 ; dhorara, 159 ; 
dhota mara, 349; dhiidi, 323; dhidi, 
324, 326, 420 ; dhiina, 28 ; dhiinu, 528 ; 
dhiip, 506, 507, 538; oa 538 ; dhupri 
chandan, 538 ; dhir chik, 388 ; dhira, 
420; dhuvie, 238; diar, 316, 516; 
didriar, 172; dikamali, 271 ; dila, 123 ; 
dindaga, 227 ; dindal, 227 ; diusa, 76 ; 
divi- divi, 157; do, 472; doani, 36; 
dobein, 150; doda, 206; dodan, 107 ; 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


- dodani, 107; dodru, 76; dohu, 227; 
dom-sal, 6 ; dondru, 267 ; dor, 73, 120; 
dotti mara, 340; drab, 73; drab chir, 
506 ; draksha, 98 ; drange, 95 ; drangu, 
95; drawi, 72, 73; drek, 68; drendu, 
19 ; drob, 133 ; drinda, 76 ; driiss, 368 ; 
diden, 306 ; dudhapar, 78 ; dudhi, 327, 

_ 333; dud phras, 475 ; diidla, 119, 194, 
442 ; diigdugia, 234 ; dukesa, 451 ; diim- 
ni, 313 ; din, 497 ; dungla, 119 ; dinri, 

_ 73; diinshing, 528; dzaral, 80. 

Eilan, 280; ein, 404; eisiir, 69; ellal, 

280; ellan, 280; endra, 44; er, 192; 

erendi, 445 ; eri, 576; esar, 197 ; eyar, 

280. 

Fag, 420; fagari, 418; fagora, 92; fa- 

goru, 420; fagu, 418, 420; fagiri, 

418 ; fagwara, 420; falis, 475; fariis, 

22; farri, 40; farsh, 472; farwa, 22; 

fease, 547; findak, 494; fisauni, 278 ; 

res 420; fras, 473; frash, 22; frast, 

472. 

Gab, 298 ; gabdi, 17; gad kiyi, 204; ga- 
dimbal, 120; gaggar, 281; gagjaira, 416 ; 
gaha, 304; gahin, 391 ; gainti, 168 ; 
gair, 309 ; gajachinni, 81; gajera, 571 ; 
gajitin, 416; gajua, 416; galboja, 508; 

- galdu, 309; galgoja, 508; galion, 206 ; 
gallu, 539; gambari, 365; gan, 321 ; 
gandal, 260; gandela, 48; gandera, 
322; gandha, 398 ; gandha firoza, 507 ; 
gandhal, 275; gandi, 48; gandla, 48 ; 
ganger, 38, 95, 345; gangerun, 38 ; 
gangr, 88; gangichi, 439; ganhila, 

_ 367; ganhira, 328; ganhula, 260; gani, 

48; ganira, 328; ganjak, 123; gan- 

niari, 366; gant, 48; garar, 287; gar 

badero, 328; gar bijaur, 379, 577 ; 
gardal, 167 ; gardalu, 191, 192; gardar, 

116; gardhan, 92; gargas, 43, 456 ; 

gargela, 403; garinda, 321; garjera, 

571; garjial, 571; garkath, 213; gar- 

kaula, 574; garkum, 251; garmalu, 

164 ; garmehal, 210; garna, 321; gar- 

rar, 450; garri, 209, 562; garshtn, 

574; gar-shina, 19; gar-silung, 19; 

garugirch, 563; gariir, 79, 309; gauli, 

449 ; gaunta, 285 ; gausam, 105 ; gautha, 

_ 805; gawal kopra, 39; gaz, 21; géang, 
255; geh, 494; geia, 450; geli, 539; 
gengri, 151; genti, 168; geria, 442; 
gero, 562; gewaun, 123; ghant, 92, 
576 ; ghanta parali, 576 ; ghanta patali, 
576; ghar, 384; ghari, 455 ; gharrar, 
450; gharri-marra, 124; ghatil, 90; 
ghaut, 305; ghazlei, 20; ghesi, 479 ; 

.ghin, 391; ghiwai, 390; ghiwain, 391 ; 
ghiwala, 368 ; ghogar, 63; ghont, 92 ; 
ghorar, 175; ghotia, 90; ghowl, 250; 
ghunja, 63; ghirga, 270; ghurri, 63 ; 


585 


ghiter, 90; ghittia, 318; ghwareja, 
132; ghwareshtai, 191; ghwet, 90; 
ghwi, 421; giam, 516; gianhan, 391 ; 
gianru, 208 ; gidardak, 95, 194; gidar- 
rukh, 6; gidiri, 336; giggar, 85; gihen, 
391; gilas, 193; gilla, 167; gilo, 9; 


. gin, 340; gingaru, 208 ; gir, 470; gira, 


460; girchi, 243; girgitti, 49; girk, 
456 ; girmala, 164; girthan, 95, 456; 
girya, 74; gish, 492; giiir, 465; gi- 
wain, 391; gniet-kiing, 506; goa-sal, 
6; gobar mowa, 499; gobla, 423 ; go- 
bra, 528; gobria, 528; goganda, 25 ; 
gogatti, 257 ; gogera, 151; gogina, 25 ; 
gogsa, 92, 283, 285 ; goher, 95 ; gohinla, 
278; gojar, 132; gol, 430; gorkatri, 
136; goleil, 38 ; gol kamela, 452; gond, 
339 ; gondhun, 336 ; gondi, 338 ; gond- 
ni, 338; gonjha, 138; gonta, 24; go- 
phla, 571 ; gorado, 188 ; gorak-imli, 30 ; 
gor aunsa, 549; goria, 492; gorwa, 
562; gotaha, 90; gotho, 320; goti, 90; 
gotti, 90; giich, 258, 259 ; giidgudala, 
32; gtdlei, 92; giigal, 26, 64; gugal, 
63; giiggal, 537; guggar, 61; guggur, 
63 ; gigu, 103; gugul, 63; giigul, 286; 
gi-kikar, 180; gulab, 203; gilabi, 
203 ; gulab jaman, 233 ; gulab resham, 
177 ; gula chin, 323 ; gular, 33 ; gilar, 
420, 422; gildar, 114; giildei, 92; 
gilili, 309; gilkandar, 32; gulli, 33; 
gilnashtar, 140; gulo, 9; gil sanjad, 
-391 ; gilu, 33; guluncha, 9; gulwail, 
8; gumar, 236; gumgacha, 310; gum- 
har, 365; gunacha, 198; gunchi, 139 ; 
gundi, 338; gingat, 271; gungo, 
38; gin palos, 206; guracha, 198 ; 
giras, 281; gurbari, 175; girbheli, 
40; gircha, 571; girgu, 122; gur- 
guli, 456; girgira, 287; gurar, 175; 
gurial, 159, 160; gurinda, 196; gir 
kats, 145 ; gurkur, 175; gurl pata, 50; 
gurmala, 164; giir mussureya, 447; 
gurshagal, 145; gur tushiara, 406 ; 
giti, 90; guvaini, 286; giiya, 576; 
gwa, 379; gwala darim, 80, 455; gwa- 
lam, 205; gwaldakh, 214; gwaldakh, 
215; gwalidar, 297; gwandish, 260; 
gwep, 115; gwia, 258; gwiar, 160; 


Iya, 6. 
Hadda, 252; hadri, 225; hadru, 296; 


hag, 225; hajeru, 172; hala, 60; ha- 
lad-wail, 44; halbambar, 248 ; haldu, 
263 ; haldwa, 263; haleo, 252; halra, 
223; hamu, 302; hanidin, 103 ; 
hanchu, 78; hane, 103; haniiz, 304; 
har, 228, 314; haralu, 445; harara, 
223 ; hardu, 263; hardu marrah, 263 ; 
hari, 191 ; haring&r, 314; harin harra, 
69; harin khana, 69; harjewri, 10; 


586 


harjora, 100; harki, 120; harla, 223 ; 
harnauli, 445; harra, 223; harrani, 
151 ; harréri, 176 ; harri, 48 ; harriana, 
144; harrii, 252; harsankar, 100 ; har- 
singhar, 314; hartho, 456; haulia, 
377; haur, 458; heddi, 263; hedu, 
263; hern, 480; hewar, 184; hiadsmin, 
306 ; himbareh, 432; himu, 409 ; hin- 
gen, 59; hingot, 59; hingota, 59 ; 
hingu, 59 ; hir, 223 ; hirek, 296 ; hiro- 
jah, 164; his, 15; hisalu, 197; his- 
halu, 197; hitingarna, 15; hodung, 
474; hombu, 23; honal, 226; hoom, 
5, 7; hulas, 282; hulashi, 60; hulda, 
74; hilia, 206; him, 302; hitimbu, 
23; huriia, 441. 

Ilar, 9 ; illupi, 290 ; imar, 492 ; imli, 163, 
173; ind, 445 ; indak, 338; indarjau, 
324; indrajau, 324; indri, 487 ; ingar, 
235 ; ingol, 59; ingua, 59; inzar, 419; 
inzarra, 39; iogia padera, 278 ; ippe, 
290; ippi, 290; irri, 480; irum, 446; 
irun, 363; irtip-mara, 289; iser, 191; 
ishwarg, 322; itola, 164. 

Jaggarwah, 164; jaggra-marra, 164 ; 
jagni, 512; jahi, 313 ; jaimangal, 349 ; 
jait, 137; jal, 315, 316; jal bag, 258 ; 
aldaru, 191; jalidar, 93 ; jallaur, 161; 
aim, 233; jamal gota, 440; jaman, 
233, 234; jamana, 194; jamara, 259; 
jamawa, 234; jamba, 171; jamir, 52 ; 
jamni, 233; jamoa, 82; jamrassi, 82 ; 
jamu, 194 ; jamui, 194 ; jan, 404; jand, 
88, 136, 169 ; jangal ka pariingi, 479 ; 
jangli benti, 474; jangli frast, 473 ; 
jangli khajiir, 555; jangli pipli, 414 ; 
jangra, 88; janjhan, 137; jant, 169; 
jarimu, 112; jarlangei, 255 ; jaril, 
240; jassundi, 166; jati, 313; jau, 
21; jaun, 430; jawa, 258; jawa, 144; 
jawan, 144; jawani, 144; jawasa, 144 ; 
jaya, 137; jayanti, 137; jehali, 36; jepal, 
440 ; jerunga, 371 ; jewassi, 144; jhag- 
gar, 546; jhal, 315; jhal, 316; jhand, 
169, 184; jhangra, 546; jhar, 315, 
316; jharberi, 88; jhari, 88; jhatela, 
196, 366, 382; jhau, 20; jhigna, 123 ; 
jhijan, 137; jhinghan, 123 ; jhit, 315 ; 
jhora, 537 ; jia puta, 451; jiban, 123 ; 
jikjik, 2035; jindi, 410; jinti, 196; 
jirka, 371; jit, 315; jivputrak, 451 ; 
jonkaphal, 34; joti, 451; juari, 306 ; 
jazi, 313; jai, 275; julpai, 44; jum- 
rassi, 82; jati, 451; juti, 48 ; jutru, 
286. 

Ka, 497; kabar, 416; kabarra, 14; kab- 
bar, 315, 316; kabotang, 497; kabra, 
14; kabul, 472; kachal, 525 ; kacham, 
431; kachan, 525; kacheyta, 172; 
kachir, 252 ; kachka, 156 ; kachlei, 21; 


Cd 0 Cd o & 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


kachlora, 173; kachnal, 159 ; kachnar, 
160; kachri, 326 ; kachiir, 252 ; kadal, 
296 ; kadamba, 261 ; kaddam, 261, 262 ; 
kadewar, 80; kaephal, 495; kaghak, 
214; kaghania, 114; kaghzi nimbu, 
52; kagsha, 252, 423; kagiji nebu, 
52; kchimu, 306; kahi, 307; kahiia, 
924; kahwa, 276; kai, 428, 433; 
kaiger, 186; kaikar, 63; kaikra, 63; 
kaikun, 18 ; kail, 510, 525; kaim, 414; 
kain, 432; kait, 56; kaitha, 56 ; kajei, 
201; kai zabain, 282; kajra, 317 ; kaj- 
rauta, 6; kak, 420; kakai, 122; ka- 
kammal, 422; kakar, 63; kakbang, 
392; kakhum, 286; kakkar, 122; 
kakkeran, 119; kakkrangche, 122; 
kakkrein, 120 ; kakkri, 111, 119 ; kak- 
kru, 112; kakla, 122; kakmari, 8; . 
kakoa, 18, 90; kakor, 90; kakra, 122 ; 
kakrai, 111; kakra-singi, 123 ; kakri, 
14; kakria, 142; kakria, 239 ; kakrio, 
239; kaksh, 252; kakumdan, 82; 
kakiri, 380; kal, 404; kala akhi, 196 ; 
kala aunsa, 549; kala dhokra, 229; 
kala hisélu, 196; kala hisalu, 198; 
kalakat, 194; kala lag, 91, 96, 574; 
kala muka, 82; kala sakena, 136 ; kala 
titmaliya, 259 ; kalauri, 33 ; kala-war, 
198; kalban, 382; kalchang, 469; 
kalghoza, 508; kali harreri, 175; kali- 
katha, 285 ; kali must, 145; kalindra, 
111; kali ring, 482; kaliiin, 547; 
kallai, 2; kallam, 262; kalliachi, 198; 
kallon, 506; kalm, 452; kalp, 30; 
kalrai, 528; kalsis, 176; kalsis, 283 ; 
kalicho, 76 ; kalvari, 14 ; kamal, 444; 
kamarali-nebu, 52; kamaranga, 45; 
kamarri, 270 ; kambal, 120, 444; kam- 
bhar, 365 ; kamela, 444 ; kamila, 444; 
kamini, 48 ; kamla, 12; kamlai, 123 ; 
kammal, 12; kamo, 217; kampti, 44; 
kanachi, 197, 198 ; kanak, 95; kanak- 
champa, 35; kanalla, 161; kanapa 
chettu, 235; kanchan, 296; kanchli, 
112; kanda, 388 ; kanda, 95 ; kandan, 
160; kandara, 252; kandei, 18; kan- 
der, 14; kandhara, 19 ; kandi, 18, 169 ; 
kandiari, 80, 85, 198; kandika, 85; 
kandla, 161 ; kandlar, 76 ; kandlu, 76 ; 
kando, 156; kandre, 525; kandu, 80; 
kaner, 328 ; kanera, 278 ; kangar, 120, 
122; kangei, 262 ; kanghi, 206; kanglu, 
430; kango, 345; kangi, 18; kangu, 
302, 345, 425; kanguni,.82; kaniar, 
160, 164; kaninchi, 508; kanira, 328; 
kanitri, 248; kaniyiir, 328 ; kan), 46; 
kanja- lita, 334; kanjar, 112; any 
92; kanji, 153; kanju, 431; kank, 
18; kankar, 63; kanki, 18; kankol, 
391; kankoli, 391; kanmar, 107 ; kan- 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 587 


nena, 156; kanni, 123 ; kannuchi, 508 ; 
kanor, 103 ; kanshin, 111; kansi, 213 ; 
kantalu, 278; kantanch, 198; kanta 
singar, 490; kantena, 287 ; kanta, 88 ; 
kanthal, 425; kantian, 202; kanwail, 96; 
kanwal, 382; kanzal, 111, 112; kao, 
307; kapasi, 34, 494; kaphal, 495; 
kar, 428; karal, 160 ; karalli, 160 ; 
karalla, 442; karallu, 123, 175; karam, 
261; karambru, 175; karanga, 196 ; 
karangal, 164; karanj, 158; karanja, 
156; karanjh, 153; karanji, 175, 431 ; 
karanjo, 156 ; karanphal, 52; karanta, 
330; karanto, 39; karar, 160; karaun, 
320 ; karaunj, 156; karaunda, 320; 
karbaru, 248; karbat, 156; karchan- 
na, 410; kardahi, 229; karer, 198, 
201; kargnalia, 450; kari, 14, 452; 
kari, 326; karil, 14; kari matti, 225; 
karkanna, 88; karkannie, 284; kar- 
kari, 156; karkiin, 456; karla, 404; 
karmarri, 270 ; karmora, 248 ; karni- 
kara, 35; karo, 175; karolu, 62; 
karonj, 156; karra, 175, 326 ; karralwa, 
15; karrauth, 10 ; karri, 7 ; karru, 409; 
karsaine, 9; karsh, 482; karshu, 479; 
karsiii, 479; karuk, 286 ; karik, 338 ; 
kariin, 78, 409 ; kariinda, 320; karir, 
95, 248 ; karvila, 15; karwa indarjau, 
326; karwant, 10; karzu, 479 ; kas, 
144; kashin, 119; kashti, 508; kas- 
kei, 135; kasmal, 12; kasmol, 253 ; 
kasir, 178; kasir, 252; kassce, 421 ; kassi, 
449 ; kassuma, 105; kasu, 142 ; kasiiri, 
79; kat, 23; katadia, 429; katari, 19, 
204; katbel, 56; katbér, 90 ; kat bhe- 
wal, 42; kat dhaura, 239; kat gularia, 
423 ; katgali, 468 ; katha, 187 ; kathal, 
425; kathera, 243; kathewat, 135; 
kathgilar, 422; kathi, 23, 132, 135, 
136 ; kathimiar, 429; kathu, 135 ; 
kati, 135; katila, 34; katira, 34 ; 
katira, 465; katkaranj, 156; kat kar- 
inga, 156; katmanna, 62; kat marra, 
380 ; katmédh, 380; katmoria, 380 ; 
kat-nim, 48 ; katol, 425 ; katonda, 258 ; 
katonj, 490; katori, 10; katrain, 95 ; 
katrar, 189; katrola, 575; katrota, 
575; katsirsa, 150; katsu, 135; kat- 
tar, 18; kattawa, 19; katti, 18; katti 
mandu, 438; kattang, 564; katil, 
273; katiila, 62; kau, 307; kaula, 
76; kauli, 95; kauli, 525; kaunjeria, 
178; kaunki, 120; kaur, 14; kaura, 
409; kauri, 111; kauria, 275; kau- 
ridla, 144; kauri jal, 315 ; kaurio, 273 ; 
kauri van, 315; kawa, 224; kawal, 
377 ; kawala, 378 ; kazurati, 83 ; keim, 
262; kein, 446; keindu, 296; kel- 
mang, 516; kelu, 516; kemal, 12; 


kembal, 123, 444; kemli, 12; kendu, 
294; kent, 204; keol, 414; keoli, 516; 
keor, 323, 326; kerauli, 380; keri, 
310, 404; kewan, 34; khabar, 414, 
416 ; khabara, 420 ; khabbar, 316 ; khai, 
432; khair, 172, 186; khair champa, 
323 ; khairwal, 160 ; khaja, 449 ; khaji, 
552,554; khajir, 205 ; khajiir, 552, 554 ; 
khajuri, 555; khakra, 142 ; khakro, 142 ; 
khaksi, 430 ; khalja, 507 ; khalk, 428 ; 
khamara, 443 ; khammarra, 365 ; khan- 
da, 501; khaniara, 198; khanjak, 123 ; 
khanna, 501; khansing, 112; khar, 
169; kharai, 81; kharak, 428, 429; 
kharanja, 480 ; kharanji, 175 ; kharas, 
116; khardhawa, 227; khardi, 229 ; 
khareu, 479, 480; kharika, 428; kha- 
riz, 209; kharjal, 315; khark, 428 ; 
kharkath, 347 ; kharlei, 22; kharmo, 
256 ; kharmuch, 198 ; kharnaib nibti, 
166; kharot, 497 ; kharpat, 62; khar- 
rei, 6; kharsan, 144; kharsing, 349 ; 
kharsingi, 349; kharsu, 480; khar 
tit, 408; kharwala, 405; khasaroa, 
430; khassi, 449; khatip, 258; khai, 
307; kheir, 186; khejra, 169 ; khejri, 
169 ; khenti, 135, 136 ; khep, 144 ; kher, 
186 ; khersari, 314 ; khewnau, 421 ; khi- 
char, 346; khimor, 258; khina, 442 ; 
khinjak, 123 ; khinna, 442 ; khip, 144, 
335 ; khippi, 144 ; khir, 291; khirg, 428; 
khirk, 428; khirni, 291, 324; khish- 
ing, 73; khitsar, 346 ; khor, 184, 497 ; 
khowsey, 34; khujiyan, 552; khulen, 
431 ; khim, 255 ; khumb, 44 ; khumbi, 
236 ; khirhir, 421 ; khiri, 430; khi- 
riari, 270 ; khiirma, 552 ; khirrir, 270 ; 
khusam, 499 ; khutrau, 525 ; khwairal, 
160; kidin, 391; kiam, 326; kiamil, 
123 ; kiar, 164; kiari, 14; kikar, 180; 
kikra, 9, 374; kilai, 175; kilar, 516; 
kilaunta, 528 ; kilawa, 323; kilei, 516; - 
kili, 175; killar, 216; kilmich, 258, 
259; kilmira, 62 ; kilmora, 571 ; kilonj, 
482; kilpattar, 111; kilpattar, 112; 
kilu, 525; kilu, 111, 547 ; kimlu, 123 ; 
kimri; 418 ; kimu, 409; kindal, 226 ; 
kingaro, 81; kingi, 404; kingli, 172; 
kingora, 571; kingrei, 172; kingri, 
156; kinjal, 226; kinye, 175; kip, 
835 ; kioch, 78; kiral, 14; kiran, 456; 
kiri, 313; kirkiria, 374 ; kirmira, 49 ; 
kirmoli, 110 ; kirni, 291 ; kirrari, 218; 
kirru, 216; kirsaru, 314; kisu, 142; 
kithu, 204; kitla, 111; kitmirria, 62 ; 
kitola, 164; kitserma, 346; kitwali, 
164; klianti, 255; ko, 307; koamil, 
452; koaimla, 123 ; koan, 20, 21 ; kob- 
bari, 557; kobusi, 495 ; kocham, 105; 
kochan, 252; koda, 340; kodi, 256; 


588 


kodwari, 160; koe, 460; koeli, 250; 
kogar, 826; koha, 224; koham, 105 ; 
kohen, 132; kohi, 460 ; kohoka-mar- 
rah, 125; koht, 307; kok, 420; koka, 
125 ; kokam phil ka banda, 398 ; ko- 
kan ber, 85; kokhiri, 286; kokkita, 
271; kokra, 382; kolain, 506; kolan, 
506 ; kolar, 160; kolecha, 508 ; koliar, 
160; kolon, 506; konda manga, 271 ; 
konecha, 508 ; konhaiah, 378 ; koniin- 
chi, 508 ; kora, 326 ; koria, 452 ; korin- 
da, 320; korna nebu, 52; koroh, 26; 
korot, 497 ; korsa, 446; kossum, 105; 
kosum, 105; kosiindra, 159 ; kowa, 224; 
kramali, 472; krammal, 475; kreu, 
479; krishna-chiira, 157; krok, 525, 
528 ; krot, 497 ; krucho, 76 ; kriii, 479 ; 
krimbal, 422; kriin, 194, 409; krus- 
bal, 198; kschme, 463; ku, 204; kau, 
428 ; kiiar, 326; kuchan, 502; kuchla, 
317 ; kichni, 93; kudrau, 525; kid- 
rom, 528; kier, 326; kiji, 201 ; kuj- 
ran, 552; kiju, 201; kikai, 18; ku- 
kandra, 111; kikei, 93; kurkni, 251; 
kikirkat, 267; kukyan, 552; kur- 
kiria, 339 ; kula bis, 388 ; kulara, 259 ; 
kulluk, 568 ; kilru, 33; kul tolia, 370; 
kilu, 33; kim, 95, 303; kumali, 102; 
kimar, 365; kimba, 431; kimbal, 
502; kiimbh, 236; kumbi, 17 ; kumbi, 
236; kimbi, 338; kimila, 444; kum- 
la-nebu, 53; kummar, 432; kim-pai- 
man, 338; kumra, 262; kumri, 236 ; 
kimta, 184; kumtia, 188; kin, 132; 
kunachi, 197 ; kiinch, 139, 259 ; kunda, 
312; kindash, 460; kundi, 169 ; 
kundo, 312; kundur, 62; kundura, 
62; kinga biti, 345; kunghi, 111; 
kungku, 79; kingkiing, 285; kingu, 
345; kiinj, 153, 431; ktinja nali, 431 ; 
kunji, 92; kinku, 79; kunlai, 171; 
kunrat, 171; kinsa, 460; kira, 80, 
326; kurat, 275; kiri, 314; kurie, 
248; kirkan, 502; kirkan ber, 85; 
kirkni, 456 ; kurmali, 102, 255 ; kirm- 
ru, 177; kurol, 248; kiirsi, 269 ; 
kiisam, 105 ; kishiala, 241 ; kushmul, 
12; kiishi, 205; kisi, 298 ; kussumb, 
105; kit, 257; kuts, 1385; kuttung 
bans, 564 ; kiitz, 135 ; kwer, 313 ; kwia, 
201 ; kwiala, 201 ; kwillar, 160; kwil- 
lim, 259. 

Labanu, 62; laber, 145; ladiiri, 314; 
lahan, 46; lahiira, 352 ; lai, 20; laila, 
463 ; lakhar, 121 ; lal jhau, 21 ; lallye, 
178; lammar, 367; lamshing, 510; 
lanang, 98; lanebar, 335; langshir, 
5385 ; lankasij, 439 ; lao, 21 ; lashi, 512 ; 
lasiara, 336; lasdra, 336; lasrin, 175 ; 
lassdra, 336 ; lastiik, 502 ; laswara, 336 ; 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


lathia, 144; latkan, 17; laudar, 299 ; 
laur, 112 ; lauri, 533 ; lebu, 52; lehtia, 
138; lei, 20, 80; leila, 306; leindia, 
239 ; leinya, 20, 21 ; lelka, 422 ; lendia, 
239 ; lendwa, 442 ; lesiira, 336 ; lesuri, 
336 ; lewar, 535, 5388; lhijo, 205; 
lhim, 510; li, 203; liai, 338; liar, 
338 ; lidhra, 123; lienda, 442; lim, 
510 ; limbara, 70 ; limbarra, 69 ; limbo, 
67 ; limbu, 52; limoun, 52; limu, 52; 
lin, 208 ; linda, 442; lia ; 205; liwar, 
205 ; Imanza, 516 ; lodh, 299, 300 ; lohari, 
296 ; lohasa, 120 ; lohéro, 352 ; lohiiri, 
352 ; loj, 299 ; lokandi, 96; lolti, 306 ; 
losh, 299; lrash, 119; la, 299; liar, 
352 ; liibar, 371; ludh, 299 ; lullei, 178 ; 
lin, 208 ; lini, 209; list, 539. 


Madar, 331; madara, 140; madare, 456 ; 


madlatah, 449; mad alti, 44; magar 
bans, 564: magkal, 476; magsher, 463 ; 
mahadeo ka phil, 386 ; mahaka-marra, 
57; mahal, 476 ; maha limbo, 68, 72 ; 
maha nim, 72; maha-nimbu, 55; ma- 
harut, 63; mahauli, 159 ; mahlo, 567 ; 
mahlun, 72; mahoka, 223; mahiia, 
289; mahir, 335; mahwa, 289; mai, 
23; maida, 379; maidan-ka-kusum, 
60; mail, 92; maila, 206; maimiina, 
95; main, 273 ; mainhiri, 273 ; maini, 
273 ; mainphal, 273; maizurrye, 547 ; 
majniin, 465 ; makar tendi, 296 ; mak- 
kal, 472, 476; makhi, 453; makkai, 
418; makkina, 159; makola, 128; 
makshari, 432 ; mal, 473 ; malan, 132 ; 
malchang, 469; maldung, 432; mal- 
ghan, 161; maljan, 161; mal kakni, 
82 ; mal kangoni, 81 ; malla, 88 ; malla 
nim, 68; malligiri, 376; malu, 161; 
malik, 297 ; mamji, 433 ; mamral, 92 ; 
mamri, 82 ; manda, 425; mandal, 281 ; 
mandar, 111; mandarang, 111; man- 
dari, 111; mandei, 425; manderung, 
432; mandgay, 564; mandia, 248; 
mandkolla, 273; mandu, 433; mani- 
oga, 219; manjit, 222; manneul, 273 ; 
mannu, 433; manyar, 202; manyil, 
273; mara, 78; maradsing, 34 ; maral, 
432, 433; marara, 145; marari, 432 ; 
marazh, 432 ; marchob, 114 ; marechula, 
48; marda, 380; mareila, 81; mar- 
ghang, 482; mar ghwalawa, 258 ; mar- 
gosa, 67; marisgiri, 376; mark, 449; 
marka-marrah, 125 ; marlea, 252; mar- 
liza, 252; marmat, 183; maror phal, 
34; marpol, 206; marran, 432; marria 
kari, 269 ; marriin, 432; martan, 145 ; 
maru, 482; maruk, 58; marwan, 369 ; 
marwar, 161; mashal, 512; massu, 32 ; 
masua, 122; massiri, 128; matazor, 
371; mathara, 368; mathirshi, 177 ; 


a 


= -«.  —<_ ts .-. 76 » 7 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


‘matta, 145 ; matti, 225, 335 ; mattipal, 


59; mattranja, 368; matzbang, 257; 
maudh, 138; maul, 161; maula, 143, 
159 ; mauli, 206 ; maulsari, 293 ; maur, 
482 maura, 369 ; maurain, 161 ; mau- 
ru, 433 ; maya rawa, 287 ; mazri, 547 ; 
méal, 204 ; meda lakri, 379, 380 ; meda 
timri, 19; medh, 379; mehal, 204; 
mehndi, 232, 238 ; meini, 144 ; ménda, 
379 ; mendah, 380; mendi, 238 ; men- 
dru, 113; merinu, 433; meru, 433; 
metkir, 82; mewri, 369; mhar, 550; 
mhiia, 130; mijhaula, 390; milech, 
388; milli mara, 454; mindla, 273; 
mirandu, 82; mirri, 508 ; misri-lei, 23 ; 
mitha nebu, 52; mithi diar, 316; mi- 
thi van, 316 ; mith-patta, 378 ; mochi, 
140 ; mohwa, 289 ; moian, 124 ; moina, 
124; mdka, 305 ; mokha, 305 ; mol, 204; 
momanna, 95; moni, 370; mora, 369 ; 
moraun, 369 ; mored, 432; morinda, 528 ; 
moru, 482; moriia, 282; moriin, 433 ; 
morunda, 528; mota karmal, 1; mor- 
phal, 206 ; mowa, 335, 452, 499; mowi, 
124; moyen, 124; mudanu, 469 ; mudar, 
331; migra, 311; muhli, 68; mukial 
bans, 567; mula, 143; mulaka, 129; 


_ mulin, 347; mulsari, 293 ; mundi mar- 


N 


ra, 262; muneti, 212; minga, 129; 
minj, 548; munri, 257; munsa sij, 
439; miirad, 232; muradh, 215; mu- 
ria, 127; murkila, 333; mur-marra, 
142; mirt, 145; muskei, 278 ; mush- 
kiara, 260; miiss, 145; miitkar, 456; 
mitni, 92; mzarai, 547. 

abar, 215; nabre, 215; nagdaum, 114; 
nagphana, 245; nagphansi, 245; 
nagre, 562; nak, 203; nakhtar, 506, 
516; nal bans, 564; nalkarru, 256; 
nalshina, 339; nana, 240; nandi, 
240; nang, 252; nangarwal, 502; 
nangke, 214; nani, 240; nar, 93; 
narangi, 53 ; nara sij, 438; narel, 557 ; 
narikel, 557; naringi, 53; nariyal, 
557; narlei, 22; naro, 243; narri, 
562; nashpati, 203; naspal, 241; 
nasut, 140; nauladi mara, 370; navili 
chettu, 431; nebu, 52; nehar, 50; 
nelkar, 149; nelli mara, 454; nelmal, 
317; neoza, 508; ner, 50; nera, 282 ; 
nermali, 317 ; newar, 79; nhare, 539 ; 
niangha, 215; nichni, 282; niechak, 
888; nigal, 562; niggi, 278, 386; 
nikki, 502; nikki bekkar, 43; nikki 
kander, 93; nim, 67; nimbar, 184; 
nimbarra, 69; nimbu, 52 ; ninai, 297 ; 
nior, 92; nioza, 508; niral, 345; 
nirgal, 562; nirgunda, 369; nirmali, 
317; nia, 198, 460; nich, 304, 535; 
namani, 95 ; nyai, 214 ; nyangha, 214. 


Olchi, 192, 193; 


589 


ooh, 549; osha, 32; 
otroj, 52. . 


Paan, 118 ; pabe, 475; pabiina, 432 ; pachi 


manu, 228; pad, 458 ; padal, 351 ; pad- 
aria, 351; paddam, 194; padel, 352 ; 
pader, 352; padiala, 351 ; padlu, 251 ; 
padm, 194; padmak, 538; padri, 150, 
352; padrian, 160; padriiin, 82; pag- 
anai, 198; pahar giingri, 132; pahari 
cha, 286; pahari kaguzi, 52; pahu, 
216 ; paiman, 233, 234 ; pair, 416 ; paja, 
194; pajja, 194; pakar, 416; pakha, 
547; pakhana, 197; pakhar, 414; 
oor 414; pakh bit, 476; pak- 

ur, 255; pakri, 414, 416; pakshu, 
476; pakira, 314; palai, 120; palak, 
416; palakh, 414 ; palais, 142 ; palawat, 
556; palla, 291; palosa, 185; palt, 
528; paltu, 206; palu, 205; palidar, 
516, 528; pama, 535, 537 ; panan, 146 ; 
panar, 273; panchman, 228 ; pand, 
393, 394, 396, 397 ; pande kilmora, 571 ; 
pandri, 351; pangara, 139 ; pangra, 
139 ; pangra, 140 ; paniah, 273 ; pani 
jama, 463; panjira, 139; panjili, 
453; pankar, 103; panniabhil, 271; 
panniari, 235; pao, 570; papar, 78, 431 ; 
papar, 78, 153; papat kalam, 258 ; 
papaya, 244; paphar, 271; pappar, 
447; papra, 271; papri, 96, 431, 
447 ; papri, 153, 286 ; papria, 380 ; pap- 
rang, 447; parand, 396; paras, 194; 
parbati, 151; parbik, 10; pargai, 480 ; 
pari, 571; paridra, 140; paroa, 422 ; 
parral, 352 ; parsid, 162; partal, 528 ; 
parur, 351; pariingi, 482; parura, 
9; parwana, 285; pasend, 296; 
pasendu, 296; pash, 78; pasi, 14; 
passi, 150; passi, 204; pastiwanne, 
37; patakhan, 207; pataki, 80; 
pataki, 10; patang, 156 ; patangalia, 
110; patha, 29, 394, 397 ; pathor, 333, 
449; pati nebu, 52; pati, 451; patki, 
474; patoia, 380; pattah, 29; pattali, 
78; pattarola, 196; pattewar, 296 ; 
pattharman, 368; pattia, 29, 178; 
patti kasmiri, 282 ; patwan, 296 ; paun- 
chinan, 228; paulon, 29; paja, 194; 
pe, 828 ; pease, 547 ; peirah, 127 ; peka 
bans, 566; pendra, 270; peni, 257 ; 
pepa, 559; pepiya, 244; perei pasta- 
wane, 456; pesh, 547; peshora, 216; 
petari, 443; pethra, 535; pfis, 547 ; 
phaco singhali, 489 ; phala, 185; phalai, 
185 ; phalani, 233 ; phaldu, 262 ; phal- 
iant, 487 ; phalinda, 233 ; phalja, 475 ; 
phalsa, 40; phalsh, 475, 476; phalsi, 
40; phalwa, 40; phalwara, 290 ; 
phanis, 425; phanat, 487; —, 
351; pharat-singhali, 488; pharenda, 


590 


233 ; pharengala, 110; pharonj, 487 ; 
pharra, 547; pharsa, 41; pharsai, 40 ; 
’* pharsia, 39, 40; pharstila, 40; pharwa, 
37; phatak, 458; phaunda, 233; 
phedu, 420; phendra marra, 270; 
phindak, 207; phillu, 278; phiphar, 
271; phipni, 92 ; phitni, 85; phlassu, 
475 ; phog, 372; phogali, 372 ; phok, 
372; phok, 502; phomphli, 95; 
phulahi, 185; phulanch, 214; phulel, 
290; phulla, 92; phulsel, 258 ; phulu, 
537; phulwa, 290; phtlwara, 196; 
philwari, 201; phipari, 80; phurz, 
458 ; phusera, 283 ; phus-kakrein, 119 ; 
phit, 255; phitkia, 441; piak, 460; 
pial, 127; piar, 127; pichka, 123; 
pilchi, 20; pilchi, 21; pilkhan, 414, 
416; pilikcha, 213 ; pilru, 255; pilru 
potala, 49; pilsa, 213; pilu, 315; 
pimpri, 243; pin, 338, 456; pincho, 
79; pindalu, 273; pindara, 273; 
pindkhajir, 555; pindrai, 528; pin- 
drau, 528; pingyat, 207 ; pipal, 415; 
pipal, 416; pipro, 415; pistan, 336 ; 
pitali, 443; pitni, 85; pitso, 562; 
pitta marra, 238; piuni, 510; piyara, 
232; po, 216; pola, 144; polach, 
175; pona, 141; popli, 399; popli- 
chukay, 97; poresh, 572; potarl, 29; 
potiir, 267 ; prabba, 559 ; pratshu, 286 ; 
pri, 145; prita, 508; prist, 473; 
prong, 562; prora, 378; prot, 251; 
prost, 472; pi, 574; pudari, 278; 
pukana, 197, 198; pulau, 29; puli, 
29; pumne, 492; pun, 528; punjla- 
wai, 339; punk, 221; pinyan, 339; 
puran, 339; purain, 99; pursha, 142 ; 
pusser, 216; piistul, 539; putajan, 
451; pitkia, 441; putir, 267; putra 
jiva, 451; piiya udish, 458. 

Rag, 525, 528; ragha, 525, 528; ragi, 
155; rahira, 352; raho, 528; rai, 525; 
rai banj, 481; raiang, 525 ; rai jaman, 
234; rail, 528; raila, 164; rain, 291; 
raisalla, 510, 528, 533; rai ting, 119 ; 
rajain, 431, 460; rajal, 258; rajan, 
460 ; rakat-pita, 96; rakhal, 539; 
rakti, 139; ral, 28, 172; ramanjir, 
414; ramnia, 207; ranai, 78; rand, 
445 ; randkarri, 380; rangan, 275; rang- 
chii, 306; rang chil, 78; rangkrin, 
306; rangoe, 10; rangul, 82; ranj, 
481; rannel, 119; ransla, 528; rao, 


Ss 


525; rao ragha, 528; rapesho, 256; 


rapori, 194; rasaut, 12; rasut, 12; 
ratabauli, 183; rattanjote, 49; rattan- 
kat, 280, 282; rattika, 139 ; rau, 208 ; 
rau, 525; rauli, 382; raundra, 184; 
rauni rori, 444; raunj, 184; rauns, 
208, 209; razbam, 255; razli, 306; 


VERNACULAR NAMES. | 


re, 528; rebdain, 352; reis, 194; rek, 
575; relmi, 156; relnu, 85; relu, 156 ; 
rendi, 445; rene, 392; reng, 392; 
reodina, 352; reori, 392; reru, 184; 
res, 208; reteon, 92; reunja, 184; re- 
wari, 525, 528; rgelta, 20; rhai, 525; 
rheea, 402; ri, 208; rialla, 525; rian, 
379; rianj, 481 ; richabi, 258 ; richh kas, 
260; rich tiklu, 258; rikhali, 120; 
rikhan, 473, 475; rikhil, 121; ri- 
kinra, 460; rin, 482; ring, 207; rin- 
ga, 184; ringal, 562; ringall, 563; 
ringo, 207 ; rinj, 184, 482; rinjal, 26; 
ringyal, 575; ris, 259; rish, 208; 
ritha, 106, 107; rithu, 78; riu, 208; 
rit, 209 ; ritina, 444; rode, 215; rohan, 
71; rohani, 184; rohi, 82; rohin, 71; 
rohini, 71; rohni, 71, 444; rohun, 71 ; 
roi, 525; roir, 352; roira, 352; roku, 
428 ; roli, 444; romisk, 92; row, 528; 
rowanra, 140; richia, 252; rudrak, 
43; rudraksh, 43; rien, 444; ruinsh, 
208, 209; rikh, 20, 22; rikhro, 120; 
rumbal, 416, 422, 423; riingara, 140; 
ringra, 140; runjra, 184; risa, 410; 
rusot, 12. 

aar, 531; sada, 418; saddr, 225 ; sader, 
225; sadri, 225; safed-ak, 331; safe- 
dar, 463, 473, 474; safed ind, 442; 
safed -siris, 175; safri- am, 232; sag, 
225, 354; sagdi marra, 105; sagun, 
354; sagwan, 354; sah, 531; saherwa, 
314; sahti kindru, 123 ; sai, 255, 257, 
394; saihan, 129; saihiari, 314; sai- 
kanta, 188; sain, 225; saj, 225; sak- 
her, 26; sakhu, 26; saki, 475; sakna, 
136; saksal, 148; saku, 26; sakun, 
23; sal, 26; sala, 26; salla, 506, 525, 
528; salai, 61, 573; salanker, 257; 
sale, 61; salei, 61; sale manta, 456; 
saler, 61; salhe, 61 ;. salima, 111 ; 
salle, 525, 528; salma, 554; saloha, 
141; sdélwa, 26; sam, 31; samarri, 34; 
sambar, 145; sama, 452 ; sammar, 145 ; 
samoka marra, 326; samsem, 313 ; 
samsundra, 178; samul, 31 ; samundar 
phil, 235; sanatta, 113; sandal, 304, 
398 ; sandan, 146; sandari, 405; san- 
gal, 525; sangran, 380; sangri, 169; 
sangtara, 53 ; sanjata, 389 ; sanjit, 389 ; 
sinjna, 129; sankar, 169; sann, 144; 
sanna makki, 166 ; sannan, 146; sanni, ~ 
144; sanniin, 473; sanoli, 404; san- 
saru, 405; sapin, 506; sara, 382, 528 ; 
saraka-merrah, 127; saral, 506; sarao, 
151; sarap, 539; saras, 533; sarawan, 
122; sarei, 26, 525; sarngar, 281 ; saroli, 
460 ; sarsheti, 447 ; sarsholi, 447 ; saru, 
533 ; sarw, 533; saslendi, 110; sarye, 
26; sat-bargi, 138 ; satiiin, 325 ; satni, 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


825; satptira, 386; satrai, 528; sat- 
win, 325 ; siuj, 479 ; sauna, 347 ; saun- 
der, 169; saunjla, 256; sautha, 238 ; 
sawa, 452; sawali, 460; sea, 202; seb, 
205 ; seh, 525; séhnd, 439 ; seina, 239; 
sejan, 129; semading, 527; sémri, 
169; sémru, 169; semul, 31; semur, 


31; senjna, 129; senseni, 156; seo, 


205 ; sepistan, 336; seran, 111; serei, 
480 ; serissia, 175; serkuji, 191 ; serla, 
176 ; ser-marra, 146; seta pajja, 92; 
set bariiwa, 386 ; seutoalla, 103 ; séwan, 
365; sewar, 322; sha, 576; shafri, 
306; shag, 458; shagali, 135; shah 


tit, 408; shajna, 129; shak, 458 ;- 


shakshin, 458; shakai, 405; shalakat, 


23 ; shalanghi, 377; shalanglu, 382 ; 


shali, 314; shalshi, 488 ; shambar, 
145 ; shamor, 85 ; shamru, 145 ; sham- 
shad, 286, 447 ; shanda laghiine, 447 ; 
_ shang, 304; shangal, 304; shangala, 
76; shangri, 169; shanjan, 146; sha- 
pri, 306 ; sharamna, 123 ; shargar, 281 ; 
shari, 191; sharifa, 6; sharoli, 494; 
shash, 121; shaul, 458; shauria, 82 ; 
shautai, 506; shawali, 202; shawali, 
369; she, 194; sheawna,- 123; shegul, 
204; shej, 239 ; shema, 169 ; shembal, 
81; shemi, 169; shendri, 444; shera- 
wane, 93; sheveri, 137; shewa, 149, 
205 ; shewan, 365 ; shewarie, 137 ; shia, 
149 ; shikand, 202; shilli, 304; shil- 
ling, 309; shimarra, 164; shin, 149; 
shindar, 204; shingari, 202 ; shinwala, 
281 ; shiran, 191; shirash, 492; shir- 
ish, 176; shirsh, 177; shisham, 148, 
149 ; shiulik, 389 ; shiiintra, 318 ; shi- 
wari, 369 ; shko, 432 ; sho, 205 ; shom- 
fol, 92; shomshing, 510; shrol, 460; 
shta, 409 ; shi, 205; shué, 122; shik, 
394; shikpa, 538 ; shumaj, 447 ; shin, 
302, 469; shipa, 535; shir, 538 ; 
shirgi, 538; shirli, 494; shwan, 307 ; 
shwari, 369; shya-kil, 86; sia, 202; 
siah, 408 ; siali, 141; sidlu, 251; siaru, 
405; sidda, 239; sidhera, 78; sihar, 
322; sihar, 161; siharu, 314, 406; 
sihoura, 410; sihiind, 438; sij, 439; 
sijra, 225; siju, 304; sikanda, 202; 
sikekai, 188; siki, 78; sikikai, 188 ; 
silang, 309; silkauti, 374; sim, 164; 
simal, 31; simli, 85; simlu, 12; sim- 
mal, 31; simrung, 281; simir, 47 ; 
sindan, 123; sindrol, 92; singhara, 
490; singi, 78; singraf, 380; sing- 
rauf, 379; sinjli, 85; sinkami, 374; 
siora, 410 ; sirai, 176 ; sirla, 176 ; siran, 
‘175, 178; sirij, 176; siri manu, 227 ; 
sirin, 176; sirin, 177, 178; siris, 175, 
176, 177; sirisha, 176; sirma, 388; 


591 


sirras, 148; sirsa, 148; shirsha, 178 ; 
sirshing, 389; sirsing, 389; sis, 144; 
siske, 260 ; sissa, 148 ; sissai, 144, 149 ; 
sissu, 148, 149; sitaber, 90; sita phal, 
6; sitsal, 148 ; soa, 409; soanjna, 129 ; — 
sohaga, 69 ; sohun pakar, 414; sondar- 
padal, 349; son kairi, 188; sori, 347 ; 
soymida, 71; spalwakka, 331; spelda, 
473 ; spera wuna, 318; spercherei, 480 ; 
sperdor, 473 ; spikso, 562; spitig, 562; 
spun, 528; srol, 460; starga,~ 497; 
suali, 475 ; suféda, 472, 475; sufedar, 
149 ; sujna, 129; siikchein, 153; su- 
lamba, 123; sili, 438; silia, 206; 
sim, 302, 3803; simali, 368; simb, 
302 ; stimlu, 12; simri,169 ; sun, 205; 
stind, 210; sungal, 539; sin kauwal, 
377; sunkeint, 203 ; sinnii, 302; sun- 
thura, 53; supari, 551; siira, 438; 
suran, 89; siirangru, 177 ; sirch, 387 ; 
stirganch, 198 ; siirgi, 588 ; surjmukha, 


; 49; surkila, 334; surmali, 312; sis, 


, 4388; stir sinjli, 207; surtari, 238 ; 


siiss, 405 ; siissti, 258; swanjera, 129. 


Tabasheer, 566; tadru, 92; taggai, 322 ; 


taggar, 322; taggu, 546 ; tagha, 428, 
429 ; tagho, 428 ; tahaka marra, 222; 
tahasi, 302; taindu, 294; tajkalam, 
374; tajkalmi, 374; taker, 14; tak- 
hum, 428; takoli, 151; takpa, 458; 
tal, 546; tal, 544 ; tala, 544; talhang, 
259 ; tali, 149 ; talisa, 282; talisa patra, 
576 ; talisfar, 282 ; talisri, 282 ; talkar, 
81; talle, 193; talu, 537 ; talsir, 576 ; 
tama, 134 ; tamaku, 282 ; taman, 240; 
tambdli, 340 ; tambolia, 340; tamruj, 
82 ; tandai, 177 ; tandala, 502 ; tandei, 
259 ; tang, 203, 204 ; tangi, 204; tang- 
shing, 527 ; taniki, 445 ; tantarik, 119 ; 
tantia, 151, 176 ; tar, 333; tar, 544; 
tara, 549; tara, 193; tarkhana, 111, 
112; tarni, 132; tarru, 388 ; tarwa, 388 ; 
tarwar, 165; tasar, 260; tatmorang, 
347 ; tatpalang, 347; tatri, 119, 121; 
tattuniia, 347; tatiia, 196; tatike, 
372; taur, 159, 161 ; tawa, 238 ; tawi, 
238 ; tazak-tsun, 282; tchokpo, 537 ; 
teadong, 506; tégu, 354; teila, 213 ; 
tekata sij, 438; tékku, 354; téku, 
354; telu, 536; telus, 146; temrnu, 
294, 296; tend, 294; tendu, 294, 296; 
ter, 193 ; tetar, 119, 120; tetta manga, 
271; tewas, 146; teyriir, 49; tezbal, 
47; tezmal, 47; thab, 140; thail, 
469; thalma, 554; thakil, 554; 
thamther, 39; thanera, 528; thangi, 
494; thanka, 497; thanki, 206; 
thankoli, 494; thansa, 506;  tha- 
pur, 420; tharbal, 253; tharmal, 
253; tharwar, 253; thaur, 159; 


592 


thawi, 238; thelain, 576; thelu, 535, 


536, 537; thesi, 253; thilak, 386; 
thissa, 119; thitni, 108; thor, 438, 
439 ; thorlaginj, 168 ; thim, 95, 574 ; 
thina, 539 ; thiner, 539 ; thinu, 
539; tiamle, 422 ; tidhara, 438 ; 


tidhara sehnd, 488;  tikhar, 455 : 
tikkoe, 263; tikri, 10; tikta-raj, 69 ; 
tilanga, 482; tilats, 259 ; tilhanj, 259 ; 
tiliakoru, 10; tilki, 269 ; tilliah, 269; 
tilonj, 482; tilpara, 9; tilpattar, 111 ; 
tilpattra, 251; tilpatto, 111; timal, 


422; timar rikh, 499; timbur, 47; 
_ timburni, 294; timla, 422; timru, 
47; timsha, 482; timukhia, 320; 


timir, 47 ; tingschi, 539 ; tinnas, 146 ; 
tinisa, 146; tirmal, 47; tirmi, 422 ; 


tiru kalli, 439 ; tiswal, 47 ; tita bateri, 
255 ; titar, 121; titari, 120; titbora, 
382; tithai, 60; tithu, 60; tit maliya, 
258; titri, 119; tittri, 118; tiin, 


426; tiwas, 146; tondri mara, 243; 


tongschi, 510; tor, 438; tordanda, 
438 ; torjaga, 103; tos, 528; totmila, 
423; trama, 134; tramal, 422; trano, 


501 ; trekan, 111; trekhan, 111, 112; 


trimal, 422; trimbal, 414, 422; 
trimmal, 422; tsapatt, 501; tsapu, 
460; tsarapp, 388; tsarma, 388; 
tsarmang, 388 ; tsatin, 456 ; tse, 501; 
tserkar, 388 ; tsiii, 438; tsiik, 388; 
tin, 259; tual, 407, 408; tilanch, 
198 ; tulda bans, 566; tulenni phil, 
278 ; talklu, 407, 409; talakil, 409 ; 
tulsiari, 406 ; timari, 76, 490 ; tumari, 
366 ; timbri, 251; tue, 422; timma, 
258 ; tumra, 119; tumri, 443; timri 
marra, 294; tiin, 72; tinani madani, 
92; tinmani zanani, 92, 259; tindhe, 
259; tindhi, 92; tiindri, 243; ting, 


VERNACULAR NAMES. 


118, 528, 589; tiimga, 118, 119; 
tiingla, 118, 119 ; ; tiingu, 122 ; ; tani, 
72; tanni, 79 ; tunnia, 146 ; tiran, 
89 ; tiirapani, 392 ; tiisi, 422 » tistis, 
258 ; tushiari, 406 ; tit, 407, 408, 
oe titai, 60; titri, 408 ; ; titrum, 
1 

Udalla, 32; udar, 32; udha, 569; udial, 
32; udis, 460 ;  udish, 460 ; ; ughz, 497 ; 
ih, 549 ; akhan, 22 ; aklu, 259 ; ul. 
du, 2638 ; ’ ulta kanta, 572 ; umar, 422 ; 
aimbli, 502 ;umbu, 23; umrii, 422; una 
gass, 568; undergiipa, 449; ippurz, 538 ; 
tran, 156 ; urbil, 422 ; tri, 156 ; urmil, 
422; urn, 156; urni, 363, 494 ; ort, 
537 ; utis, 458 ; ; utrej, 52. 

Vallir, 9; van, 316; vani, 316; vani- 
thi, 456 ; var, 414; ; vargiind, 336 3 Vari, 
482; vedurt, 564 ; vena, 322; veri, 
333 ; vilayati babul, 180; vilayati imli, 
173 ; vilayati kikar, 158, 180; vur- 
tuli, 171. 

Waghz, wr Tage 570; wahal, 392; wah- 
rangur, walena, 34 ; wallaiki, 
31; walling: 463; wana, 369 ; _wansh, 
119; war, 413, 414; warawi; 494 ; 
warga, 164; warras, 350; watal, 78; 
wawali, 431 ; wesha, 525 ; ’ wetyar, 536: 
winri, 494; wiri, 494; ’wodier, 124; 
wude, 124; wiman, 528; wurak, 93; 
wiiriya, 494 ; wusta, 460. 

Yakishi, 70; ’yange, 214; yara, 510; 
yarpa, 472, 476 ; yekaddi, 19; yelta, 
20; yeshul, 198; yir, 463, 466 ; yiri, 
480; yiro, 510; yiilatt, 472 ; yiir, 469, 
510 ; yurmi, 281 ; yiiru, 480. 

Zaitin, 307; zam, 194; zambu, 194; 
zardalu, 191; zbang, 255; zhiko, 256; 
zirishk, 11; zirishk tursh, 12; zim, 
194. 


BURMESE AND EUROPEAN NAMES. 


593 


BURMESE NAMES. 


Baude nyaung, 415; bingah, 263 ; boay- 
gyin, 159 ; bummaizah, 178 ; byaitsin, 
446 ; bytiben, 2. 

Chinyik, 63. 

Doani, 36. 

Ein, 29, 555. 

Gnishwoay, 164; gyoben, 105. 

Hnawben, 263; htanben, 544; htein 

_ thay, 262; hpalanben, 159. 
Kadatben, 16 ; kamakha, 573; karaway- 
ben, 384; khabaung, 317; khayaben, 
293; kuppali, 293; kwayben, 128 ; 
kyakatwa, 566; kyantsa, 490; kyatha- 
unwa, 565, 567; kytin, 354. 

Letpan, 31; lettauk, 326; lettaukthein, 
324; linhlin, 441 ; lumboben, 127. 
Magyiben, 163; manioga, 219; mhani- 
ben, 273; mimboben, 550 ; momakha, 
463; myah seik, 427; myauklouk, 
426; myaukshaw, 243 ; myinwa, 569. 

Nabhay, 124; nalingjo, 381; nyaung- 
thabieh, 417 ; nyaungthat, 414. 

Padouk, 153; palabaik, 410; pangah, 


223, 576; pein nayben, 425 ; pymma, 
240; pynkado, 171. 

Shaben, 186; shabji, 454; shwoaygjo, 
381 ; sitben, 175. 

Tanyin, 575; taukkyan, 225; taunma- 
yoben, 325; taun peinnayben, 426; 
taunpoewtn, 35; taw thidin, 444; 
thabutgyi, 6; thabyiben, 1;  tha- 
diben, 573; thanatben, 336; tha- 
pan, 422; thayetben, 125; theiwa, 
566; thidin, 17; thimbau kamakha, 
573; thimbaung, 556; thimbauthi, 
245, 573; thitcha, 489; thitmagyi, 
175; thit min, 541; thitni, 573; thit- 
pagan, 595; thitpayaung, 264; thitso- 
ayledu, 305; tinwa, 567; tinynben, 
508 ; tissein, 222; toziben, 86; tsaty- 
aben, 405 ; tseikchyi, 449. 

Ung ben, 557; ungdung, 380; ungdung- 
net, 379; ushitben, 57. 

Yaimatta, 560; yay-tagyiben, 445; yay 
thapan, 422; yungben, 228. 

Zaningben, 550 ; ziben, 86 ; zimbyiin, 2. 


EUROPEAN NAMES. 


Abele, 473; abete, 529; abezzo, 529; 
acajou, 85, 574; African oak, 437 ; 
African teak, 437; alder, 461; alli- 
gator-pear, 378; almond, 190 ; aloes- 
wood, 387 ; angeli-wood, 426 ; apfelsine, 
53; apple, 205 ; apricot, 191; arancio, 
58; areca palm, 551; arolla, 512 ; ar- 
notto, 17 ; arve, 512; ash, 303, 576 ; 
aspe, 474; aspen, 474; Assam caout- 
chouc, 417; Atlas cedar, 524; aune 


blanc, 461; aune_ glutineux, 461 ; 
auvier, 512 ; avocado, 378 ; avorniello, 
302. 

Bael, 57; bagolaro, 428; bamboo, 564 ; 
bamboo (male), 569; banyan, 413; 
baobab, 30; barberry, 11; bastard 
cedar, 68, 71; bastard teak, 152; bay- 
berry, 496 ; bead-tree, 68 ; beberine-tree, 
373 ; Bedford willow, 466 ; beech, 491 ; 
beefwood, 435; Bella Sombra, 371; 


594 


bendy, 572 ; bergamot, 54 ; betel-palm, 
542, 551; bergriister, 433 ; bigaradier, 
53; birch, 459 ; birke, 459 ; blackberry, 
197 ; black hickory, 499 ; black poplar, 
472; black walnut, 499; blackwood, 
148; bladder-senna, 137; blue gum, 
231; bog-myrtle, 496; bois de Ste 
Lucie, 195 ; bosso, 447; bouleau, 459; 
box, 447; bramble, 197; bread fruit- 
tree, 426; buche, 491; buchsbaum, 
447; buckthorn, 98; buis, 447; bul- 
lace, 192; bullet-wood, 292 ; bullock’s- 
heart, 6; butter-nut, 499. 

Calamander, 296 ; camel-thorn, 88, 144; 
canoe-birch, 459; candleberry, 496 ; 
caoutchouc, 427; caper-plant, 14; 
carob-tree, 166; castor-oil plant, 445; 
eatechu, 187; cedar (Himalayan pen- 
cil), 5388 ; cedar (American pencil), 539 ; 
cedar of Lebanon, 524; cédratier, 52 ; 
cedro, 52 ; ceinbrot, 512 ; charcoal-tree, 
430; charme, 493; chataignier, 491 ; 
chéne chevelu, 485; chéne garrique, 
487 ; chéne kermés, 487 ; chéne liége, 
485; chéne pédonculé, 483; chéne 
rouvre, 483 ; chéne tauzin, 484; chéne 
zeen, 484; cherry, 193 ; chestnut, 491 ; 
China- grass, 402; China-rose, 200; 
Chinese guelder-rose, 211 ; Chittagong- 
wood, 66 ; cinnamon-tree, 375 ; cipresso, 
533; cirmolo, 512; citron, 51 ; cittron- 
nier, 52 ; clearing-nut tree, 317; cluster- 
pine, 514; cocoa-nut, 557 ; cocoa-nut, 
double, 545 ; coco de mer, 545 ; coffee, 
276 ; copal-tree, 26 ; cotton, 28 ; cotton- 
tree, 31; coudrier, 494 ; cow-tree, 427 ; 
crab, Siberian, 205; crack - willow, 
466 ; croton, 440 ; currant, black, 215 ; 
custard-apple, 6; cypress, 533. 

Dantzig fir, 513; date- palm, 553; date, 
wild, 554; date, dwarf, 555; deodar, 
516; dogwood, 253; Douglas spruee, 
527; Doum palm, 546; dwarf elder, 
260. 

Eagle-wood, 387; ebony, 296; edelka- 
stanie, 491 ; edeltanne, 529 ; eibe, 539 ; 
elephant-apple, 56 ; elm, 433 ; elephant- 
creeper, 343 ; epicéa, 526; esche, 576. 

Feldriister, 433; fever-nut, 156; fichte, 
526 ; fig, 418, 577 ; flame of the woods, 
275; fohre, 513; frascinu di manna, 
302 ; fréne, 576. 

Gelso nero, 407 ; genévrier, 535; goose- 
berry, 213; graselbeere, 213; green- 
heart, 373 ; groseille, 213 ; guava, 232 ; 
guelder rose, 257 ; gum-arabic, 57, 181. 

Hainbuche, 493; hasel, 494; hawthorn, 
207 ; hazel, 494 ; heliotrope, 335 ; hem- 
lock spruce, 527; henna-plant, 238; 
hétre, 491; hickory, 497, 499; Hima- 


EUROPEAN NAMES. 


layan cedar, 516; Himalayan cypress, 
533 ; Himalayan holly, 76 ; Himalayan 
honeysuckle, 255; Himalayan labur- 
num, 132; hog-plum, 128; honey- 
suckle, 254 ; hop-hornbeam, 498 ; horn- 
beam, 493 ; horse-chestnut, 104 ; horse- 
radish tree, 129. 

If, 539; Indian coral-tree, 139; Indian 
horse - chestnut, 103, 574; Indian la- 
burnum, 164; Indian nettle-tree, 430 ; 
Indian redwood, 71; Indian rose, 200 ; 
indigo-plant, 135 ; ironwood of Burmah, 
171 ; ivy, 248. . 

Jack-tree, 425 ; Japan camphor-tree, 376 ; 
jasmine, 311; jujubier, 85 ; juniper, 535, 
juniper (black), 537. 

Kiefer, 513 ; kino, 153; korbweide, 470; 
krausbeere, 213; krummholz, 513; 
krusbaer, 218; krushownik, 213. 

Lac-tree, 26 ; lace-bark, 387.; larch, 531 ; 
larche, 531; larice, 531; latsche, 513; 
laurel, 384 ; legféhre, 513; lemon, 51 ; 
lime, acid and sweet, 52; lime-tree, 36 ; 
limonier, 52; loblolly pine, 510 ; Lom- 
bardy poplar, 472; loquat, 575 ; lotus- 
tree, 298. 

Mahogany, 70 ; maki, 514 ; Malacca cane, 
560 ; mammoth-tree, 504 ; mango-tree, 
125 ; mangrove, 219; Manilla tamarind, 
173; manna-ash, 302; maple, 109; 
marking-nut tree, 124 ; maulbeerbaum, 
407 ; medlar, 206 ; méléze, 531 ; mico- 
coulier, 428; Midnapur creeper, 343 ; 
milk-bush, 439; mistletoe, 392; mon- 
key-bread tree, 30; moro, 407 ; mul- 
berry, 407 ; mfrier, 407 ; myrrh, 63; 
myrtle, 232 ; Mysore thorn, 156. 

Nectarine, 191; Neem-tree, 67; Nepal 
bladder-senna, 136 ; Nepal privet, 310 ; 
nettle, 404; noyer, 497; oak, 479; 
oak, British, 483 ; oak, cork, 485 ; oak, 
dyer’s, 485 ; oak, gall, 485 ; oak, holm, 
480; oak, mossy-cupped, 485; oak, 
Turkey, 485 ; oak, Vallonea, 485; ole- 
ander, 329.; olive, 307 ; olmo, 433; on- 
tanonero, 461; orange, 53; oranger, 
53; oriental plane, 434; orme, 433; 
ornello, 802; osier, 470. 

Palm-oil, 558; palmyra, 544; palo de 
vaca, 427; papaw, 245; paper-birch, 
459; paper-mulberry, 410; para-rub- 
ber, 445 ; peach, 191; pear, 203 ; pee- 
pul, 415 ; perlaro, 428; Persian lilac, 
68; peuplier blanc, 473; pezzo, 526; 
physic-nut, 442; pigno, 516; pignon, 
516; pin a crochets, 513; pine, clus- 
ter, 514; pine, loblolly, 510; pine, 
long-leaved, 509 ; pine, pitch, 509, 510 ; 
pine, stone, 516; pine, Weymouth, 512; 
pine, white, 512; pine, yellow, 509; 


EUROPEAN NAMES. 


pin d’alep, 515; pinie, 516; pin mari- 
time, 514; pin sylvestre, 513; pis- 
tachio, 123; plane, 434; plum, 192; 
poirier, 204 ; pomegranate, 241 ; pome- 
ranze, 53; pomplemoes, 55; poplar, 
472 ; porcupine-wood, 558 ; Portia-tree, 
572 ; portogallo, 53 ; prickly pear, 245, 
576 ; primrose-creeper, 334; pumelo, 
55 


Quince, 205. 

Raisin d’ Amerique, 371 ; Rangoon creeper, 
220; rattan, 559; red deal, 513; red 

, 232 ; red sanders, 153 ; red sorrel, 
28 ; red-wood, 504 ; rheea, 402 ; rhodo- 
dendron, 281; rose, 199; rose-apple, 
332; roselle, 28; rosewood-tree, 148 ; 
rothtanne, 526. ; 

Sago, 560; sahlweide, 467 ; sal, 26; sal- 
low, 467; sandal-wood, 398; sapin, 529 ; 
sappan-wood, 156; sassafras, 376 ; 
satin-wood, 74; saule blanc, 466; 
saule marceau, 467; Scotch fir, 513; 
Scotch rose, 202; schwarzerle, 461 ; 
schwarzkiefer, 514 ; seaside grape, 373 ; 
service, 207; shaddock, 55; she-oak, 
435; shoe-flower, 28; silber pappel, 473 ; 
silver fir, 528, 529; siris, 176, 177; 
sissoo, 149; sloe, 192; snake-wood, 


595 


428; soap-berry, 108; sour-sop, 6; 
sovero, 485; spindle-tree, 78 ; spruce, 
526; spurge-laurel, 384 ; stieleiche, 483 ; 
stone- pine, 516; stringy-bark, 231 ; 
sugar-apple, 6 ; sughero, 485 ; sumach, 
120 ; sweet-bay, 384; sweet-gale, 496 ; 
sweet-sop, 6; sycamore, 109. 

Tacahamac, 476 ; talipat-palm, 549 ; tal- 
low-tree, 441; tamarind, 163; tanne, 
529; Tartaric furze, 134; tasso, 539 ; 
tea-plant, 25 ; teak, 354, 577 ; toon, 72 ; 
torch-tree, 275; traubeneiche, 483 ; 
Trincomalee wood, 36; tremble, 474. 

Ulé tree, 427 ; ulme, 433. 

Varnish-tree, 121 ; vegetable ivory, 560 ; 
vine, 98. 

Wachholder, 585; walnut, 497; wall- 
nuss, 497; wattle, silver, 180; wax- 
myrtle, 496 ; wax-palm, 552; weeping 
willow, 465; weischsel kirsche, 195; 
weisserle,. 461; weisse weide, 466; 
weisstanne, 529; west-coast creeper, 
334; white thorn, 207; willow, 466 ; 
wood-apple, 56; woodbine, 254 ; wood- 
oil tree, 26 ; wych, 433. 

Yeuse, 480; yew, 539. 

Zerreiche, 485; zirbelkiefer, 512; zitter 
pappel, 474 ; ziirgelbaum, 428. 


INDEX 


OF 


ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 


*,”" The Synonyms are printed in italics. 


Abelia, 257. 
triflora, 257. 

Abies, 525. 
alba, 459; Apollinis, 530; 
baborensis, 530; canaden- 
sis, 527; cephalonica, 530; 
Douglasii, 527 ; dumosa, 
527; excelsa, 526; Khut- 
vow, 525; Nordmanniana, 
530; pectinata, 529; Pind- 
vow, 528; Pinsapo, 530; 
Regine Amalie, 530; 
Smithiana, 525; spinulosa, 
525; Webbiana, 528. 

Abietines, 503. 

Abrus, 188. 
precatorius, 139. 

Acacia, 179 
amara, 178; arabica, 180, 
575; cesia, 189; Catechu, 
Bentham, 187; Catechu, 
Willd., 186; catechuoides, 
186; concinna, 188; cu- 
ressiformis, 182; deal- 
Gata. 180; dumosa, 185; 
eburnea, 183, 575; Farne- 
siana, 180; ferruginea, 

185 ; frondosa, 172 ; hamu- 
losa, 185 ; Zntsia, 189 ; Jac- 
quemonti, 183; Julibris- 
sin, 177; kangraensis, 178; 
Latronum, 180, 575; Leb- 
bek, 176; lenticularis, 186; 
leucophlea, 184; melan- 
oxylon, 180; modesta, 185; 
mollis, 177; nilotica, 181 ; 
odoratissima, 175; pennata, 
189; planifrons, 575; po- 
liacantha, 188; procera, 
175; rugata, 189; rupes- 
tris, 184, 575; Sandra, 
186; Senegal, 575; Smzth- 
tana, 178; speciosa, 176; 
stipulata, 178 ; Suma, 187 ; 
Sundra, 186; Verek, 186, 
575; Wightic, 178. 


Acalyphex, 436. 
Acer, 108. 

argutum, 112; cesium, 
111 ; Campbelli, 109 ; cam- 
pestre, 109; caudatum, 
112; creticum, 111; cul- 
tratum, 112; Hookeri, 109; 
letum, 112; levigatum, 
110; laurinum, 110; Lo- 
belii, 113; Mono, 112; 
monspessulanum, 109, 111; 
oblongum, 110; opulifoli- 
um, 109, 110; palmatum, 
109; pectinatum, 112; 
pennsylvanicum, 109, 110; 
pentapomicum, 111; pic- 
tum, 109, 112; platanoides, 
109, 110 ; pseudoplatanus, 
109, 111; reticulatum, 110; 
rufinerve, 109; sacchari- 
num, 109, 110; sikkimense, 
109; spicatum, 109, 110; 
sterculiaceum, 112; tatari- 
cum, 109; Thomsoni, 109; 
trifidum, 111; villosum, 
111 


Achras. 
Sapota, 288. 
Acrocarpus, 
fraxinifolius, 
Actinodaphne, 575, 158. 
angustifolia, 381; Hook- 
eri, 381 ; lanceolata, 381. 
Adansonia, 29. 
digitata, 30. 
Adelia. 
neriifolia, 445; retusa, 445. 
Adenanthera, 168, 
aculeata, 169; Oudhensis, 
168 ; pavonina, 168. 
Adina, 363, 
cordifolia, 263; sessilifolia, 
264. 
Zigle, 57. 
Marmelos, 57. 
Aischynomene. 


aspera, 147; grandiflora 
137; Sesban, 137. sea 
Aisculus, 108. 

assamica, 104; Hippocas- 
574; indica, 
103, 574; punduana, 104. 


grandiflora, 137. 
Ailanthus, 58. 
excelsa, 58; glandulosa, 
58; malabarica, 58, 572. 
Alangiee, 250. ) 
Alangium, 250, 
decapetalum, 250; hexape- 
talum, 250; Lamarckii, 
250 ; tomentosa, 250. 
Albizzia, 174. 
amara, 178, 575; Julibris- 
sin, 177, 575; Lebbek, 176; 
575; lophantha, 174; lu- 
cida, 174; odoratissima, 
175 ; procera, 175, 575; sti- 
pulata, 178. 
Alhagi, 144. 
Maurorum, 144. 
Alnus, 459. 
glutinosa, 461 ; incana, 461 ; 
pa 460; nitida, 
460 ; orientalis, 461. 
Alstonia, 325. 
cuneata, 325; lucida, 327 ; 
scholaris, 325. 
Amoora, 69, 
Rohituka, 69, 573. 
Ampelidez, 97, 
A mpelopsis. 
humalayana, 100. 
Amygdalus. 
communis, 190 ; persica, 191. 


myris. 

pentaphylla, 49. 
Anacardiaces, 117, 574. 
Anamirta, 8. 

Cocculus, 8, 571. 
Andersonia. 

Rohituka, 69. 


vi 7? 


INDEX OF ORDERS, 


ee, 456. 


ra, 457; cordifolia, 
45 - tele hioides, 457 5 tri- 
foliata, 46, 
Andromeda, 279, 
formosa, 280;  ovalifolia, 
280. 
Anisonema. 
multiflora, 453. 


| Anogeissus, 227. 


acuminata, 228; latifolia, 
227 ; myrtifolia, 229; pen- 
dula, 2 

Anona, 4, 6. 
muricata, 6; reticulata, 6 ; 
squamosa, 6 

Anonaceex, 4. 

Anquetilia. 

aureola, 50. 


~ Anthocephalus, 261. 


Cadamba, 261 
Antiaris. 
innoxia, 427; saccidora, 
427; toxicaria, 427. 
Antidesma, 446. 
diandrum, 447,; Ghesem- 


billa, 446 ; paniculatum, 
446 ; pubescens, 446. 
Aperula. 


Neesiana, 338. 
Apocynese, 319. 
Apollonias. 
ce-eihlg 377. 
Aquilari 
Nealiochs, 387, 577. 
Aralia, 248. 
cachemirica, 248, 577; dt- 


gitata, 249; papyrifera : 
250 


Araliacess, 247. 

Araucaria, 503. 
Bidwilli, 503; imbricata, 
503 


Araucaries, 503. 
Arceuthobium, 394. 
Oxycedri, 394. 
Arceuthos. 
drupacea, 539. 
Ardisia, 286. 
floribunda, 287; humilis, 
287 ; solanacea, 287. 
Areca. 
Catechu, 551. 
Arecinese, 543. 
Arenga. 
saccharifera, 550. 
Argyreia, 342. 
barbigera, 343; bona-nox, 
343 ; ‘capitata, "343; cune- 
ata, 344; ornata, 343 ; 3 set- 
osa, 344 ; ; speciosa, 343; 
uniflora, 342. 
Armeniaca. 
vulgaris, 191. 
Artocarpex, 400. 
Artocarpus, 425. . 
Chaplasha, 426 ; hirsuta, 


GENERA, AND 


426; incisa, 426; integri- 

folia, 425 ; Lakoocha, 426, 
Arundinaria, 562. 

falcata, 562 ; utilis, 562; 

Wightiana, 563, 
Asclepiadex, 329, 
Asclepias. 

gigantea, 831; pallida, 334 ; 

 iggs Mt, 333 ; ; tinctoria, 


Aspidopterys, 44. 
pcg 44; nutans, 45, 
572; Roxburghiana, 4 45 ; 
Wallichii, 572. 
Atraphaxis. 
rt 373 ; spinosa, 
7 


Aucuba, 254. 
himalaica, 254; japonica, 
254. 


Aurantiacez, 46, 
Averrhoa, 45. 
ea 46; Carambola, 
Avicennia, 371. 
officinalis, 371; tomentosa, 
371. 
Azadirachta. 
indica, 67. 


Beobotrys. 
indica, 283. 
Balanites, 59. 
eegyptiaca, Delile, 59; 
agyptiaca, Wight, 59; 
Rovburghii, 59, 
Balsamodendron, 63. 
Berryi, 65; gileadense, 65, 
578; Mukul, 64; Opobal- 
samum, 65; pubescens, 65; 
Roxburghii, 65, 


Bambusa, 564, 
arundinacea, Ait., 568; 
arundinacea, Retz., 564; 


Balcooa, 567; Falconeri, 
568; nutans, 567; poly- 
morpha, 565, 567 ; r eain 
566 ; stricta, ”569 ; Thouar- 
sit, 568 ; Tulda, 566 ; vul- 
garis, 568. 

Bambusewx, 561. 

Baptisia. 
nepalensis, 132, 


’ Barringtonia, 235, 


acutangula, 235, 

Bassia, 289. 
butyracea, 290; latifolia, 
289 ; Jongifolia, 290; Par- 
kii, 291, 

Batis. 
spinosa, 401, 

Bauhinia, 158, 
acuminata, 159; candida, 
161; emarginata, 161; mal- 

abarica, 159 ; rviflora, 
159 ; purpurea, 60; race- 
mosa, Lam.., 159; racemose, 


SPECIES. 597 


Vahl, 161; retusa, 161; 
tomentosa, 159 ; triandra, 
160 ; Vablii, 161, 575 ; va- 
riegata, 160, 

Beilschmiedia, 378, 
fagifolia, 379 ; Roxburghi- 
ana, 378. 

Benthamia. 
Fragifera, 253, 

Berberidez, 11. 

Berberis, 1i. 
aristata, 12; asiatica, 12, 
571; kunawarensis, 12, 578; 
Leschenaultii, 12; Lycium, 
12, 571; nepalensis, 12, 
571; i linctoria, 12; vulga- 


Bachoaae 90. 
floribunda, 91; lineata, 91; 
racemosa, 91, 

Bergera. 
Koenigii, 48. 

Berrya, - 
Ammonilla, 36. 

Betula, 457. 
acuminata, 458 ; alba, 459; 
alnoides, 458 ; Bhojpattra, 
457 ; cylindrostachys, 458 ; 
Tacquemontii, 457 ; nitida, 
458; papyracea, 459 ; ut 
ilis, 2 

Betulacez, 457. 

Bignonia. 


352; crispa, 350; lauca, 
352; indica, 347; puadeee 
locularis, 350; spathacea, 
350 ; suaveolens, 351 ; 
rosa, 347 ; undulata, 352 ; 
aylocarpa, 349 
Bignoniacex, 346. 
Biota, 503. 
orientalis, 534, 
Bischoffia, oan 
javanica, 446, 578 ; oblongi- 
Folia, 446.” 
Bixa, 17. 
Orellana, 17, 
Bixinese, 16. 


244; tomen- 


gran 
Behmeria, 402. 

efrutescens, 406 ; frutescens, 
406 ; macrophylla, 403 ; 
var. macrostachya, 
nervosa, 403; nivea, 402; 
platyphylla, 403 ; Pu a, 
406 ; rotundifoli, 403 ; 
ru ulosa, 4 . salicifolia, 
405; var. pad a 403 ; 
fonnsbintiiie. 333. 

> 


598 


gossypinum, 17; heptaphyl- 
fume 31 ; Seniabariouin: 81. 
Boragese, 335. 
Boraginew, 335. 
Borassinex, 548, 
Borassus, 544, 
Aithiopum, 545; flabelli- 
formis, 544. 
Boswellia, 61. 
glabra, 61, 573; serrata, 
61,573; thurifera, 61, 573. 
Bradleia. 
lanceolaria, 453; ovata, 
452. 
Breynia, 455. 
rhamnoides, 455, 
Briedelia, 458. 
auminata,’ 453; collina, 
450 ; crenulata, 449; mon- 


tana, 450; oblongifolia, 
451; retusa, 449; scan- 
dens, 449; spinosa, 449; 


stipularis, 449. 
Briedeliez, 436. 
Brosimum, 427. 


Aubletii, 428; discolor, 
428 ; Namagua, 428. 
Broussonetia. 


papyrifera, 410. 

Bruguiera, 218. 
caryophylloides, 219; eri- 
opetala, 219; gymnorhiza, 
219; malabarica, 219; pa- 
rietosa, 219; parviflora, 
219, Kheedii, 219. 


rya. 
Ebenus, 147. 

Buchanania, 127. 
latifolia, 127. 

Buddleia, 318. 
asiatica, 318; crispa, 318 ; 
discolor, 318; Neemda, 318 ; 
paniculata, 318, 576. 

Bursera. 
serrata, 61, 573. 

Burseracez, 61. 

Butea, 141. 
frondosa, 142; parviflora, 
143; superba, 43. 

Biittneriacee, 32. 

Buxacex, 436. 

Buxus, 436, 447. 
saligna, 448; sempervirens, 
447; Wallichiana, 447. 


Cactes, 245. 

Cactus. ; 
indicus, 245 ; Opuntia iner- 
mis, 246; Tuna, 247. 

Cesalpinia, 155. 
Bondue, 156; Bonducella, 
156; coriaria, 157; cucul- 
lata, 155; Nuga, 157 ; pan- 
tculata, 157; pulcherrima, 
157; Sappan, 156; sepi- 
aria, 156. 

Ceesalpiniez, 154. 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Calamus, 558, 
fasciculatus, 559; latifol- 
ius, 560; Rotang, 559; 
Roxburghit, 559; Royle- 
anus, 559; Scipionum, 560; 
tenuis, 559 

Callicarpa, 368. 
arborea, 368 ; incana, 368 ; 
lanata, Hook., 368; lanata, 
Linn., 368; Jlazceolaria, 
369; longifolia, 369; ma- 
crophylla, 368; Roxburghii, 
368 ; tomentosa, 368; Wal- 
lichvana, 368. 

Calligonum, 372. 
comosum, 372; 
noides, 372. 

Callitris, 503. 
quadrivalvis, 535. 

Calosanthes, 347.. 
indica, 347. 

Calotropis, 331. 
gigantea, 331; 
331 


polygo- 


procera, 


Calycopteris. 
floribunda, 220. 
Camellia, 25, 
Bohea, 25; japonica, 25; 
Thea, 25 ; theifera, 25. 
Camphora. 
officinarum, 376. 
Cansjera, 75. 
ere 75, 573; scandens, 


Canthium. 
didymum, 276; 
tum, 276. 

Capparidez, 13, 

Capparis, 13. 
aphylla, 14, 571; horrida, 
15, 572; Murrayana, 14; 
obovata, 145; sepiaria, 15; 
Sodada, 14; spinosa, 14; 
Nita 16; zylanica, 


umbella- 


Caprificus, 419. 
Caprifoliaceze, 254. 
Caragana, 133 
ambigua, 134; brevispina, 
133;  crassicaulis, 134; 
Gerardiana, 133; pygmza, 
134; spinosissima, 133 ; uli- 
cina, 134; versicolor, 134. 
Carallia, 219. 
integerrima, 219; lanceze- 
folia, 220; lucida, 220. 
Careya, 236. 
arborea, 236; var. austra- 
lis, 236; herbacea, 237. 
Carica, 244. 
Papaya, 244, 573. 
Carissa, 320 
Carandas, 320; congesta, 
320; diffusa, 321, 
Carisseze, 320. 
Carpinus, 492. 


Betulus, 493; duinensis, 


SPECIES. 


493; faginea, 492; orien- 
talis, 493 ; viminea, 492. 
Carya, 497. 
alba, 497. 
Caryopteris, 370. 
Wallichiana, 370, 
Caryota. 
urens, 550. 
Casearia, 242. 
elliptica, 243; graveolens, 
243 ; tomentosa, 243, 
Cassia, 164, 
angustifolia, 166; auricu- 
lata, 165; Fistula, 164; 
holosericea, 166; Jlanceo- 
lata, 166; obovata, 165; 
obtusa, 165, 
Cassine. 
excelsa, 76. 
Castanea, 490, 491. 
indica, 490; vesca, 491; 
vulgaris, 491. 
Castanopsis, 489. 
indica, 487, 490; tribu- 
loides, 490. 
Castilloa. 
elastica, 427. 
Casuarina. 
equisetifolia, 435; muri- 
cata, 335; quadrivalvis, 
435; stricta, 435. 
Casuarinex, 435. 
Cathartocarpus. 
Fistula, 164. 


_ Ceanothus. 


flavescens, 92; triquetra, 92. 
Cedrela, 72. a 4 
australis, 73; serrata, 73, 
573; Toona, 72, 573. 
Cedrus, 516. 
atlantica, 524; Deodara, 
516; Libani, 524, 
Celastrinex, 77. 
Celastrus, 80. 
montana, 81; nutans, 82; 
paniculatus, 82; rufus, 80 ; 
senegalensis, 81 ; spinosus, 
80; verticillata, 19. 
Celtidess, 400. 
Celtis, 428. 
Acata, 429; australis, 428; 
caucasica, 428, 429; erio- 
carpa, 429; glabra, 429; 
nepalensis, 429 ; orientalis, 
430 ; politoria, 480; Rox- 
burghii, 429; serotina, 429; 
oe 428, 429; triner- 


via, 429, 
Cephalostachyum, 
pergracile, 567, 
Cerasus. 
caproniana, 193; cornuta, 
194; Mahaleb, 195; Pa- 
dus, 194; Puddwm, 194. 
Ceratonia. 
Siliqua, 166, 
Cerbera, 321. 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 


-Odollam, 322. 

Ceriops, 218. 
Candolliana, 218. 

Ceroxylon. 
andicola, 551. 

Chamezrops, 546. 

excelsa, 547; Griffithiana, 
547 ; Griffithii, 547 ; humi- 
lis, 547 ; khasyana, Griff., 
547; khasyana, Madd., 546; 
Martiana, 546 ; Ritchie- 
ana, 547. 

Chenopodiaces, 314, 

Chickrassia, 
tabularis, 66. 

Chloroxylon, 73. 
Swietenia, 74. 

Chondodendron. 
tomentosum, 373, 571. 

Chonemorpha, 328 
antidysenterica, 326; mac- 
rophylla, 328 

Cinchona, 264. 
Calisaya, 266; Carabayen- 
sis, 266 ; 
Pavon, 267 ; Condaminea, 
266 ; cordifolia, 265; cor- 
ymbosir, 265; crispa, 267 ; 
excelsa, 267 ; "heterophylla, 
267; J osephiana, 266 ; lan- 
cifolia, 265 ; micrantha, 
267 ; nitida, 267 ; officinalis, 
266 ; Pahudiana, 266 ; peru- 
viana, 267 ; pitayensis, 266 ; 
succirubra, 265; thyrsi- 
‘flora, 268; Triane, 265 ; 
Uritusinga, 267. 

Cinchonacee, 260. 

oe eri - nee a 
florum, amphora, 
376 ; dubium, 375; glan- 
duliferum, 376; iners, 375; 
obtusifolium, 375 ; Tama- 
la, 374; Wichtii, 375 ; 
Zeylanicum, 375. 

Cissampelos, 10. 
convolvulacea, 10; glabra, 
571; Pareira, 10, 571. 

Cissus. 
adnata, 100; capreolata, 
101 ; carnosa, 101; edulis, 
100; ; lanceolaria, 101; lati- 
folia, 99 ; quadrangularis, 
Linn. ,100; guadran laris, 
Roxb. 100; rose, 00. 

Citrus, 50. 
acida, 52; acidissima, 54; 
Aurantium, 53, 572; Ber- 
gemee, a 54, 572; Bigar- 
adia, 5 572; decumana, 
55, poe ‘inermis, 51; japo- 
nica, 50; Lima, ; /m- 
etta, "53, 572; limonum, 51, 
572 ; Lumia, 51, 572 ; me- 
dica, Linn., 51, 572 ; ; medi- 
ca,. Risso et Poiteau, 51; 
nobilis, 51; vulgaris, 572. 


Chahuarguera, ; 


Clausena, 49; pentaphylla 
rr SOM caraparys 


Cleistanthus, 451. 
oblongifolius, 451. 

Clerodendron, 363. 
inerme, 363; infortunatum, 
363 ; odoratum, 370 ; phlo- 
moides, 363; serratum, 
364 ; Siphonanthus, 577, 
364 : ternifolium, 364. 

Cluytia. 
collina, 450; montana, 450; 
oblongifolia, 451; scandens, 
449; spinosa, 449, 

Coccoloba. 
uvifera, 373. 

Coceulus, 9. 

_ acuminatus, 10; cordifol- 
tus, 8; glaber, 9; laurifol- 
ius, 9; Lezba, "9: Rox- 
burghianus, 571; villosus, 9. 

Cochlospermum, 17. 
gossypium, 17. 

Cocoiness, 543, 

Cocos, 556. - 
mamillaris, 
fera, 556. 

Codizeum. 

pictum, 443; variegatum 443. 

Coffea, 276. 
en 276 ; bengalensis, 


Cola. 
acuminata, 277. 
Colbertia. 
coromandeliana, 2. 
Colutea, 136 
arborescens, 137 ; cruenta, 
137 ; nepalensis, 136 ; ori- 
entalis, 137. 
Colvillea, 157. 
racemosa, 157. 
Combretacex, 220. 
Combretum, 220, 
a 221, 576; nan- 


Genifecas 502, 
Conocagpus. 
pet 228. 
i Seaah 227; myrtifolia, 


nuci- 


557 ; 


Conocephalus. 

niveus, 405. 
Convolvulacez, 341. 
Convolvulus. 

barbiger, 343. 
Copernicia. 

cerifera, 552. 
Corchorus. 

ee Ae 37. 

Cor 6. 


angustifolia, 338 ; sncand, 

Say 336; Mac 
ieodi 337 ; Myxa, 336; 
a 336 ; a pet oreo 
336 ; Rothii, 3 vestita 
338 ; Wallichii, 337. 


599 


Cordiacewe, 335. 
Cordiez, 335. 


Coriaria. 

myrtifolia, 129; nepalen- 
sis, 128. 

Cornacez, 250. 

Cornus, 252, 
australis, 253; capitata, 
253 ; macrophylla, 252 ; ob- 
longa, 253; sanguinea, 253. 

Corylaces, 477 

Corylus, 493. 
Avellana, 494; Os 
494 ; ferox, 494 ; J 
montis, 494; lacera, 494, 


orypha. 

elata, 549; Taliera, 549; 

umbraculifera, 549. 

Coryphinex, 543. 

Cotoneaster, 208. 
acuminata, 209; affinis, 
208 ; bacillaris, 208 ; buxi- 
folia, 210 ; crenulata, 208 ; 
congesta, 210 ; frigida, 
209 ; glauca, 210; micro- 
phyila, 209 ; nummularia, 
209 ; obtusa, 208; Pyra- 
Fee cet thymefolia, 
210; vulgaris, 209. 

Covellia, 411, 412, 424, 577. 
glomerata, "422 : ’ macrophyt- 
la, 422. 

Cratzegus, 207. 
crenulata, 208 ; ; glauca, 210 ; 
monogyna, 207, ana Oxy- 
acantha, Jacq., ; Oxy- 
acantha, Linn. O07: ’ Pyra- 
cantha, ’208. 

Cratzeva, 16. 

religiosa, 16; Roxburghii, 


Co 


Crescentiee, 346. 
Crotalaria, 144. 
Burhia, 144; juncea, 144, 
Croton, 439. 
preg rus 440 ; oblongifoli- 
; sebiferum, 441; Tig- 
Sas 440 ; variegatum, 443. 
Crotonez, 436. 
Cryptolepis, 329. 
Buchanani, 330. 
Cudrania, 424. 
javanensis, 425. 


ta, 533 ; 
534 ; valet, 534 ; horizon- 
talis, 533 ; lusitanica, 534 ; 
sempervirens, 533 ; toru- 
losa, 533. 
Cupulifere, 477. 
Cyclobalanopsis, 478. 
Cyclobalanus, 478. 
Cydonia. 
preset 205. 
Cylicodaphne. 
oblonga, 381. 


600 


Dalbergia, 147. 
Ffrondosa, 151; hircina, 151; 
krowee, 154; lanceolaria, 
151; latifolia, 148; nigra, 
148 ; Oojeinensis, 146; pani- 
culata, 150; rimosa, 148 ; 
robusta, 154; scandens, 154 ; 
Sissoo, 149 ; volubilis, 152, 
574. 

Dalbergiex, 131. 

Daphne, 384. 
acuminata, 385; var. bra- 
chyloba, 385; buxifolia, 
385; cachemiriana, 385; 
canescens, 3886; cannabina, 
386, 577; collina, 385; 
Gardner, 386 ; glandulosa, 
385 ;jasminea, 385 ; Laureo- 
la, 384; Mezereon, 384; mu- 
cronata, 384; odora, Don, 
386; odora, Thunb., 386; 
oleoides, 385 ; papyracea, 
386, 577; serecea, Don, 
3886 ; sericea, Vahl, 385 ; 
virgata, 386. 

Daphnidium, 383. 
bifarium, 383; pulcherri- 
mum, 383. 

Debregeasia, 405. 
bicolor, 405 ; sea ge 
405 ; longifolia, 405. 

Dendrocalamus, 569. 
Hamiltonii, 570; Hook- 
eri, 570; latiflorus, 570; 
+ ape, 570; strictus, 


Derris, 154. 
Krowee, 154, 575 ; scan- 
dens, 154; robusta, 154, 
575 


Desmodium, 145, 
argenteum, 1453; concin- 
num, 146; dubium, 146; 
floribundum, 146 ; ganget- 
icum, 146; gyrans, 146; 
latifolium, 145; multi- 
florum, 146; nutans, 145; 
oxyphyllum, 146 ; pendu- 
lum, 146 ; pulchellum, 145; 
tiliefolium, 145; trique- 
trum, 146. 

Deutzia, 211. 
Brunoniana, 212; corym- 
bosa, 212; staminea, 212. 

Dicerma. 
pulchellum, 145. 

Dichrostachys, 171. 
cinerea, 171. 

Dilleniaceze, 1. 

Dillenia, 1. 
augusta, 2; aurea, 2; in- 
dica, 1; ornata, 2; pen- 
tagyna, 2; pilosa, 2; spe- 
ciosa, 1. 

Diospyros, 294, 
capitulata, 297 ; Chloroxy- 
lon, 297; cordifolia, 296 ; 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Ebenum, 296; Embryop- 
teris, 298; exsculpta, 295 ; 
glutinosa, 298; Goindu, 
296; lancesefolia, 297 ; Lo- 
tus, 297; Melanoxylon, 
294; montana, 296; que- 
sita, 296; tomentosa, 295; 
Tupru, 295; Waldemarii, 
296 ; Wightiana, 295. 
Dipterocarpex, 26. 
Dipterocarpus, 26. 
tuberculatus, 27, 447. 
Dodecadenia, 
grandiflora, 381. 
Dodoneza, 113. 
angustifolia, 113; Burman- 
niana, 113; dioica, 113; 
viscosa, 113. 
Dolichandrone. 
erispa, 350; falcata, 350. 


Ebenacese, 294. 
Echites. 
antidysenterica, 326; di- 
chotoma, 327; frutescens, 
327; macrophylla, 328. 
Edgeworthia. 
pn Rete 287; Gardneri, 


-Edwardsia. 


Hydaspica, 132; mollis, 
132 


32. 

Ehbretia, 339. 
acuminata, 339; aspera, 
340; cuneata, 341; flori- 

. bunda, 340; levis, 340; 
obtusifolia, 340; ovalifolia, 
340; serrata, 339; umbel- 
lulata, 76; viminea, 341. 

Ehreties, 335. 

Eleagnes, 387. 

Eleagnus, 389. 
angustifolia, 389 ; arborea, 
390 ; conferta, 390; ferru- 
ginea, 390; hortensis, 389 ; 
latifolia, 390 ; Moorcroftiz, 
389; orientalis, 389; par- 
oe 390; umbellata, 


Eleis. 
guineensis, 558; melano- 
cocca, 558 
Eleocarpus, 43. 
Ganitrus, 43; serratus, 43. 
Elezodendron, 82. 
Roxburghii, 82. 
Embelia, 284. 
Basaal, 284; glandulifera, 
284; Ribes, 284; robusta, 
284; T'sjeriam cottam, 284 ; 
villosa, 285. 
Emblica. 
officinalis, 454. 
Embryopteris, 
glutinifera, 298. 
Engelhardtia, 499. 
Colebrookiana, 499; Rox- 


SPECIES. 


rt aa 500; spicata, 
Entada, 167. 


Pursetha, 167; scandens, _ 
167 


Ephedra, 501. 
alata, Dne., 502; alata, 
Schimp. 502; Alte, 501; 
ciliata, 501 ; distachya, 501 ; 
monostachya, 501 ; 
ris, 501. 

Epicarpurus. 
rate 410; spinosus, 


Erica arborea,.486, , 

Ericaceze, 279, 

Ericinese, 279. 

Eviobotrya. 
japonica, 575. 

Erioglossum. 
edule, 108 ; rubiginosum, 
108. 

Eriolena, 36. 
flavescens, 36; Hookeri- 
ana, 36; spectabilis, 36; 
Stocksii, 36. 

Erycibe, 344. 
paniculata, 344; Wight- 
iana, 344. 

Erythrina, 139. ~ 
arborescens, 140 ; indica, 
139; resupinata, 141; 
stricta, Madden, 141; 
stricta, Roxb., 141; suber- 
osa, 140. 

Euapocynee, 320. 

Eucesalpinies, 158. 

Eucalyptus, 230. 

Globulus, 231; gigantea, 
231; obliqua, 231; resini- 
fera, 232; rostrata, 232. 

Eugenia, 232. 
caryophyllefolia, 234; cer- 
asoudes, 234; Jambolana, 
233; Jambos, 233; xer- 
vosa, 234; obtusifolia, 
234; operculata, 234 ; Pan- 
tala, 234; salicifolia, 234. 

Euonymus, 77 
atropurpureus, 78; echin- 
atus, 80; europsus, 78; 
Jimbriatus, 78; grandiflor- 
us, 79; Hamiltonianus, 
78 ; japonicus, 79 ; lacerus, 
78 ; pendulus, 79 ; tingens, 


79. 

Euphorbia, 437. 
antiquorum, 438; Catti- 
mandoo, 438; Ligularia, 
439; neriifolia, Linn., 439; 
neriifolia, Roxb., 489 ; Ni- 
vulia, 439; pentagona, 438; 
pulcherrima, 439; Royle- 
ana,’ 438; Tirucalli, 439; 
tortilis, 489; trigona, 438. 

Euphorbiacee, 436. 

Euphorbiex, 436. 


7a 
use 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Eurya, 24. 
acuminata, DC., 24; acu- 
minata, Royle, *o4, japo- 
nica, 24 ; Wightiana, 24. 
Exccecaria, 440. 
acerifolia, 441 ; Agallocha, 
442 ; baccata, 441; indica, 
441; insignis, 449 sebi- 
fera, 441, 


Fagus, 490, 491. 
sylvatica, 491. 
Falconeria. 
insignis, 442; malabarica, 
442 ; Wallichiana, 442. 
Fatsia. 


Elephantum, 56, 572. 
Ficus, 411. 

Ampelos, 420; affinis, 416; 
bengalensis, ; var. 
bengalica, 418 ; : Benjamina, 
Roxb., 417; Benjaminea, 
Linn, 417; Carica, 418; cari- 
coides, 419 ; Chincha, 577 ; 
comosa, 415 ; conglomer- 
ata, 422; cordifolia, Blume, 
416; cordifolia, Roxb., 416; 
Cunia, 421; : demonum., 423: 
elastica, 417 ; erecta, 424; 
excelsa, 420; foveolata, 
423 ; glomerata, 422 ; 

terophylla, 424; hivesiti, 
423; hiria, 423 ; hispida, 
423: indica, Linn. «> 415; 
indica, Roxb., 412; infec- 
toria, 414; laccifera, 418; 
laminosa, 424; lanceolata, 
424, 577; Ludueca, 424; 
macrophylla, Desf., 418; 
macrophylla, Roxb., 422: 
mysorensis, 414; nemora- 
lis, 424; nitida, "417; Lh 
positifolia, 428 ; Hap 

417 ; parasitica, 42 popu- 
liformis, 416 ; sublease, 
424 ; pyriformis, 577 ; py- 
rhocarpa, 424, 577; radi- 
cans, 421; “religions, 415; 
repens, 424; reticulata, 
424; retusa, 417; Row. 
burghit, Mig. “ 423 ; Rox- 
burghii, Wall., 422; scan- 
dens, Roxb., 491; scandens, 


Roxb. in Stewart, 424 ; 
sclerocarpa, - 422; squa- 
mosa, 577; Sycomorus, 


419; terminalioides, 416; 
tomentosa, 414; trachy- 
carpa, 421; triloba, 423 ; 
Tsiela, 415 3 tuberculata, 
424, 577; urophylla, 421 ; 
venosa, 414; virgata, 419, 
577 ; Wichtiana, 414, 
Firmiana colorata, 34. 
Flacourtia, 18. 


Ramontchi, 18; 
18; sepiaria, 18. 

Flemingia. 
Chappar, 143; congesta, 
148; fruticulosa, 143; in- 
volucrata, 143 ; lineata, 
143; semialata, 143; stro- 
bilifera, 143. 

Fluggea. 
Leucopyrus, 456. 

Fortunea. 
chinensis, 497. 

Fothergilla. 
involucrata, 216. 

Fraxinus, 361. 
angustifolia, 303; austra- 

303 ; excelsior, 303, 

573; floribunda, 302 ; heter- 
ophylla, 308 ; Mooreroft- 
iana, 304, 576; 
302 ; oxyphylla, "308 ; re- 
tusa, 303; rostrata, 303; 
rotundifolia, 802; syriaca, 
803 ; canthowyloides, 304. 


sapida, 


Gertnera. 
racemosa, 44. 
Galactodendron. 
utile, 427. 
Galedupa. 
indica, 153. 
Galeges, 131. 
Gardenia, 2 
arborea, 270; dumetorum, 
3;  enneandra, 272; 
florida, 271; gummifera, 
270; latifolia, 271; lucida, 
271; tetrasperma, 272; tur- 
gida, 270 ; uliginosa, 273. 
Garuga, 62. 
pinnata, 62. 
Genista. 
versicolor, 134. 
Genistex, 131. 
pee abi 45, 
floribunda, 220; nutans, 220, 
Girardinia, 
pon say 404 ; Leschen- 
aultiana, 404; mata, 
404 ; Zeylanica, 4, 
Givotia. 
rottleriformis, 442. 
Glochidion, 452. 
arboreum, 453; 
larium, 453; 
rense, 453; 
453. 
Glycosmis, 49. 
pentaphylla, 49, 
Glycyrhiza. 
glabra, 139. 
Gmelina, 364. 
arborea, 364 ; asiatica, 365. 
Gnetacez, 500. 
Gnetum, 500, 
edule, 502; scandens, 502. 


lanceo- 
neilgher- 
velutinum, 


Ornus, 


SPECIES. 601. 


Goebelia. 
alopecurotdes, 133, 

Gossypium. 
herbaceum, 28, 


uania. 

lanceolata, 574;  lepto- 

ey ele 574 ; microcarpa, 
4, 


Gouanies, 574, 

Graminez, 560. 

Granatee, 237. 

Grewia, 37. 

abutilifolia, 40; asiatica, 
40; aspera, 40 ; betulee- 
folia, 38 ; bicolor, 43 5 car- 
pinifolia, 39 ; didyme, 42; 
elastica, 40, 572; helicteri- 
folia, ‘42 hirsuta, 39; 
levigata, "42 ; nana, 41; 
eae pe, 87: pilosa, 
Lam., 39; pilosa,Roxb., 39; 
polygama, 42; popu lifolia, 
38; Rothii, 43 salvifolia, 
Heyne,: 43; gr 
Roxb., 43; sa he 
scabrophylia, 39, 
sclerophylla, 39, 340) 
sepiaria, 42 ; tilisefolia, 41; 
Maen, 40, ; villosa, 


Grislea. 
tomentosa, 238. 
Grossulariew, 210. 
Guatteria. 
cerasoides, 5 ; 3 Loner? 
suberosa, 
Guilandina. 
te pete 156 ; Bonducella, 


Gymnosporia. 
spinosa, 80. 


Gynaion. 
vestitum, 338, 


Heematoxylon, 
campechianum, 158, 
Hamamelidex, 215, 
Hamiltonia, 278. 
sonar 279; propin- 
orga! 8; suaveolens, 


Hardwickia, 162. 
binata, 162. 

Harina, 
caryotoides, 550; oblongi- 
Folia, 549, 550. 

Hastingia, 
coccinea, 370, 

Hedera, 248, 
Sragrans, 248 ; Helix, 248 ; 
Leschenaultii, 248 ; ra 
sitica, 248 ; terebit y 
249 ; ; trifoliata, 248. 

Hedysarex, 131. 

wars rege 

Alhagi, 144; gangeticum, 

146; gyrans, 146; lagen- 


602 


arium, 147; latifolium, 
145; lchellum, 145 ; 
strobiliforum, 148 ; tri- 


ee 146 ; tuberosum, 


Helicteres, 34. 

Isora, 34. 
Helinus. 

lanceolatus, 574. 
Heliotropiex, 335. 
Heliotropium. 

peruvianum, 335, 
Hemigymnia. 

Macleodii, 337. 
Heptapleurum, 249. 

venulosum, 249. 
Heteropanax, 249. 

fragrans, 249, 
Heterophragma, 

Roxburghit, 350. 
Hevea. 

braziliensis, 445. 
BES nen 

a rijuga, 
Hibiscus ‘f 

esculentus, 28; Lampas, 

28; Rosa - sinensis, 28 ; 

Sabdariffa, 28. 
Hippocratea, 83. 

arborea, 83 ; indica, 83. 
Hippomanez, 436, 
Hippophaé, 387. 

conferta, 387 ; rhamnoides, 


388 ; salicifolia, she tibe- 
tand, 388 
Hiptage, 44. 
Madstlats 44, 572. 
Hirea. 
indica, 45; lanuginosa, 


44; nutans, "45 
Holarrhena, 326. 
antidysenterica, 326 ; Coda- 
ga, 326; var. glabra, 326 ; 
pubescens, 326. 
Holbeellia, 13. 
angustifolia, 13 ; latifolia, 


» 571. 
Holmskioldia, 370. 
sanguinea, 370. 

Holoptelea. 
integrifolia, 431. 
Homalium, 243. 
nepalense, 244 ; 
tosum, 243. 
Homonoya, 444. 
retusa, 445; riparia, 445, 
Hovenia, 94, 
dulcis, 94, 
Hydrangea, 211. 
altissima, 211; aspera, 211; 
Hortensia,211; vestita, 211; 
Hymenodictyon, 267. 
excelsum, 267 ; flaccidum, 
268 ; ; obovatum, 268, 
Hype anther, 
Moringa, 129, 


tomen- 


Hyphene. 
thebaica, 546. 
Fypeaneher 274. 

stricta, 274. 


Ichnocarpus, 326. 
fragrans, 327; frutescens, 


Leica ea 61. 

Tex, 76. 
Aquifolium, 76 ; dipyrena, 
76; excelsa, 76 : exsulca, 
76; odorata, 77, B74; 3 par- 
aguayensis, 76 ; serrata, 


Tlicinesx, 75. 
Indigofera, 134. 
Anil, 135; arborea, 136; 
argentea, "136 ; atropur- 
purea, 136 ; cxrulea, 136 ; 
Gerardiana, 135 ; heter- 
antha, 135; linifolia, 136 ; 
polyphylla, 135; pulchella, 
136 ; Piatosta: 135; vio- 
lacett, 136. 


gutta, 286. 

Isora. 
pergola, 34° 

Itea, 213. 
nutans, 213. 

Ixora, 274. 
Bandhuca, 275; coccinea, 
275 ; grandiflora, 275 ; 
aoe, 275 ; Pavetta, 
75; tomentosa, 275. 


Jambosa. 
vulgaris, 233. 

Jasminez, 301. 

Jasminum, 311. 
arborescens, 311; disper- 
mum, 312; glandulosum, 
312; grandiflorum, 313; 
hirsutum, 312; latifolium, 
311; officinale, 313; pub- 
escens, 312; revolutum, 
313 ; Sambac, 311. 

Jatropha. 

Curcas, 442. 

Jonesia. 

A soca, 166. 

Juglandex, 496. 

Juglans, 497. 
cinerea, 499; nigra, 499; 
eheetincs 500; regia, 


Juniperus, 535. 
_vegeea, 539; bermudiana, 
539 ; chinensis, Linn., 
539; chinensis, Linn. (par- 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 


tly), 588; communis, 535; 
drupacea, 539 ; excelsa, 
538 ; footidissima, 539 ; na- 
na, 536 ; Oxycedri 395 ; 
procera, "539; Pseudo-Sab- 
ina, 537; recurva, 536; Sabi- 
na, 539 ; ; squamata, 537; 
thurifera, 539; virginiana, — 
539; Wallichiana, 537. 


Kadswra. 
grandiflora, 571. 
ndelia, 
Rheedii, 218. 
Keyserlingia. Te 
Griffithii, 133. 
Klopstockia. 
cerifera, 552. 
Kydia, 29 
calycina, 29; fraterna, 
29 ; Roxburghiana, 29. 


Lagerstroemia, 239. 
' indica, 240; lanceolata, 
240 ; ; parviflora, 239 ; Re- 
gine, 240. 
Lagetta. 
lintearia, 387. 
Landolphia, 320. 
Lantana, 369. 
alba, 369; collina, 369; 
dubia, 369 ; indica, 369. 
Laportea. 
crenulata, 404. 4 
Larix, 531. 
europea, 531; Griffithii, 
531; sibirica, bal. 
Laurines, 373. 
Laurus. 
bilocularis, 378; Cam- 
Si 383 5. horifera, 
6; Cassia, Ort: Cinna- 
ae 375 5 glanduli- 
Sera, 376; “«involucrata, 
382 ; lanceolaria, 3877 ; 
nitida, 375 ; ie 384 ; 
obtusifolia, 375; odoratis- 
sima,, 378 ; Tamala, 374; to- 
mentosa, 377 : villosa, 377. 
Lawsonia, 238, 
’ alba, 238; inermis, 238 ; 
spinosa, 238, — 
Lebidieropsis, 450, 
orbicularis, 450, 


Leea, 101. 
alata, 102; aspera, 102; 
macrophylla, 102, 574 ; 
rubra, 102; sambucina, 


102 ; ‘Staphylea, 102. 
Leguminosex, 130. 


Lepidadenia. 
earn, 879; Griffithii, 
Lepidocaryinex, 543. . 


Lepidodelina. 
podocarpifolia, 448, 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Leptodermis, 279. 
lanceolata, 279. 


eptopus. 
cordifolius, 456. 

Lettsomia. 
bona - nox, 343; cuneata, 
344; ornata, 343 ; nervosa, 
843 ; setosa, 344; strigosa, 
343 ; wniflora, 342. 

Leuczena, 172. 
glauca, 172. 

Leycesteria, 256, 
formosa, 256, 

Libanus. 
thurifera, 573. 

Ligustrum, 310. 
bracteolatum, 310; com- 
pactum, 310, 576; ne- 
ee 310; robustum, 

10 ; spicatum, 310. 

Limonia, 47. 

Acidissima, 47, 572 ; cren- 
wlata, 47; Laureola, 50; 
pentaphylla, 49. 

Litszea, 381, 
consimilis, 382; foliosa, 
382; lanuginosa, 382 ; wm- 
brosa, 382; zeylanica, 382. 

Lodhra. 
crategoides, 299. 

Lodoicea. 
sechellarum, 545. 

Loganiacez, 317. 

Lonicera, 254. 
alpigena, 256; angusti- 
folia, 576, 255; diversi- 
folia, 255; glauca, 576; 
Govaniana, 256; hetero- 
phylla, 256; hypoleuca, 
256; linearis, 255; Myr- 
tillus, 255; orientalis, 

* 256 ; oxyphylla, 256 ; par- 
vifolia, 255; Periclyme- 
num, 254; purpurascens, 

“ 255; quinquelocularis, 255 ; 
spinosa, 576, 255 ; Webli- 
anda, 256; Xylosteum, 256. 

Loranthacez, 391. — 

Loranthus, 395. 
amplexifolius, 397 ; bicolor, 
397 ; cordifolius, 396 ; 
faleatus, 397 ; ligustrinus, 
395; longiflorus, 397 ; 
pulverulentus, 396; wm- 
bellatus, 397; umbellifer, 
397 ; vestitus, 396. 

Lumnitzera, 221. 
racemosa, 221, 

Lycium, 345. 
barbarum, 345; Edge- 
worthii, 345; europzeum, 
345 ; indicum, 345; medi- 
terraneum, 345; rutheni- 
cum, 346. 

Lythrariez, 237. 

Lythrum. 

Salicaria, 238, 


Machilus, 377. 
glaucescens, 378; macran- 


tha, 378; odoratissima, 
378. 

Maclura. 
javanica, 425, 

Mesa, 283 


argentea, 283 ; indica, 283; 
montana, 283. 
Magnoliacex, 3, 571. 
Mahonia. 
nepalensis, 12. 
Mallotus, 443. 


albus, 444; philippinensis, . 


444; repandus, 444. 
Malpighiacex, 44. 
Malus. 
communis, 205, 
Malvacez, 28. 
Mangifera, 125; indica, 125; 
sylvatica, 126. 
Maoutia, 406. 
Puya, 406. 
Marlea, 251. 
affinis, 251; begonizefolia, 
251. 
Marsdenia, 332. 
lucida, 333; Roylei, 333 ; 
tenacissima, 333; tincto- 
ria, 332. 
Melanorheea. - 
usitatissima, 121. 
Melanthesa, 
obliqua, 455; rhamnoides, 
455; turbinata, 455.. 
Melanthesopsis. 
patens, 455. 
Melia, 66. 
Azadirachta, 67; Azedar- 
ach, 68, 573; composita, 
69, 573; indica, 67, 573; 
sempervirens, 68; superba, 
69; robusta, 69, 
Meliaceze, 65. 
Meliosma, 115. 
angulata, 116; dillenisfo- 
lia, 115; myriantha, 116; 
pungens, Brand. 116; pun- 
' gens, Bedd., 116 ; simplici- 
folia, 116; Wightii, 116, 
Menispermacee, 7, 571. 
Menispermum, 
Cocculus, 8; cordifolium, 
8; hirsutum, 9; laurifoli- 
wm, 9; polycarpon, 10. 
Mespilus. 
tm te 206 ; japonica, 
575. 


Metroxylon. 

leve, 560; Rumphii, 560. 
Mezoneurum, 155 

cucullatum, 155. 
Michelia, 3. 

aurantiaca, 3; Champaca, 

3; Doltsopa, 3. 
Microelus. 

Reperianus, 446, 


SPECIES. 603 


Miliusa, 4, 6. 
velutina, 6. 

Millettia, 138. 
auriculata, 138. 

Millingtonia, 347. 
dilleniefolia, 115; horten- 
sis, 347; pungens, 116; 
simplicifolia, 116. 

Millingtoniew, 115. 

Mimosa, 172. 
amara, 178; arabica, 180; 
cesia, 189; Catechu, 186; 
cinerea, 171; concinna, 188; 
dulcis, 173; dumosa, 185; 
eburnea, 183; elata, 175; 
Farnesiana, 180; ferrugi- 
nea, 186; Latronum, 180; 
leucophlea, 184; lucida, 
174; mutabilis, 172; obo- 
vata, 185; octandra, 172; 
odoratissima, 175; pennata, 
189; pulchella, 178; rubi- 
caulis, 172; scandens, 167, 
575; Sirissa, 176; stipula- 
ge. a Bhs 187; ae 

TA, 3 xyloca 71. 

Mimosez, 167. eo 

Mimusops, 291. 
Browniana, 293 3 dissecta, 
292; Elengi, 293; hexandra, _ 
291; indica, 291; Kauki, 
Linn., 292; Kauki, R. Br., 
293; Kauki, Wall., 291; 
Roxburghiana, 293. 

Missiessya. 
een 405; velutina, 


Monotheca. 
Muscatensis, 287. 
Moree, 400. 
Morinda, 277. 
angustifolia, 278; bracte- 
ata, 278; citrifolia, 278 ; 
exserta, 277; multiflora, 
278 ; scandens, 278; tine- 
toria, 278; umbellata, 278. 
Moringa, 129. 
aptera, 130; concanensis, 
130 ; pterygosperma, 129. 
Moringez, 129. 
Morus, 407. 
alba, 407; atropurpurea, 
407 ; — 409 ; indica, 
408 ; levigata, 409; nigra, 
407 ; pabularia, 409; par- 
vifolia, 408; serrata, 409; 
tatarica, 407. 
Murraya, 48. 
exotica, 48; Keenigii, 48, 
572; paniculata, 48. 
Myrica, 495. 
arguta, 496; cerifera, 496; 
cordifolia, 496; Gale, 496; 
integrifolia, 496; Jubai, 
496 ; Nagi, 496; rubra, 
496 ; sapida, 495. 
Myricaceex, 495. 


604 


Myricaria, 23. 
bracteata, 23; elegans, 24 ; 
germanica, 23 
Myrsine, 285. ~ 
acuminata, 285; africana, 
286 ; bifaria, 286 ; capitel- 
lata, 286 ; semiserrata, 285. 
Myrsines, 282. 
Myrtaceex, 230. 
Myrtus. 
communis, 232. 


Nageia. 
Putranjiva, 451. 
Nauclea, 262. 
Cadamba, 261; cordifolia, 
263 ; diversifolia, 263 ; par- 
vifolia, 262; purpurea, 
262 ; sessilifolia, 264. 
Nectandra. 
Rodizi, 373. 
Neerija. 
dichotoma, 82. 
Nerium, 328. 
odorum, 328; Oleander, 
329 ; reticulatum, 330 ; tine- 
torum,324; tomentosum,323. 
Nima. 
quassioides, 59. 
Nipa. 
fruticans, 560. 
Nyctanthes, 314, 
Arbor-tristis, 314. 


Ochna, 60. 
collina, 60; humilis, 60 ; 
lucida, 60 ; 3; nana, 
pumila, 60, 572; squarro- 
sa, 60. 

Ochnacew, 60. 

Ocotea. 
lanceolata, 377. 

Odina, 123. 
Wodier, 123. 

Olacinez, 74. 

Olax, 74. 
nana, 75; scandens, 75. 

Oldfieldia. 
africana, 437. 

Olea, 307. 
acuminata, 309 ; compac- 
ta, 310; cuspidata, 576, 
307 : europea, 307 ; ferru- 
ginea, 576, 307 ; fragrans, 
309 ; glandulifera, 309; 
paniculata, 309 ; robusta, 
310; Roxburghiana, 309. 

Oleinex, 301. 

Opuntia, 245. 
amyclea, 247; Dillenii, 
245; Ficus - Indica, 246 ; 


nana, 247; Tuna, 247; 
vulgaris, 246, 247, 
Oreodoxa. — 


frigida, 551. 
Orthanthera, 334, 
viminea, 335. 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Osmanthus. 
- fragrans, 309. 
Osmothamnus. 
Sragrans, 282. 
Ostrya. 
rr ati 493; vulguris, 


Osyris, 399. 

arborea, 399; nepalensis, 

399 ; Wightiana, 99. 
Otosema. 

mact ophylla, 138. 
Ougeinia, 146. 

dalbergioides, 146. 
Oxalides, 45. 
Oxytenanthera. 

Thwaitesii, 569. 


Paliurus. 
aculeatus, 574. 
Palmee, 541. 
Panaz. 
STORRS 248; fragrans, 


Papayacee, 244. 

Papilionacez, 130. 

Paratropia. 
venulosa, 249. 

Parechites. 
Thunbergii, 327. 

Pareira. 

Brava, 571. 

Parkinsonia, 158. 
aculeata, 158. 

Parrotia, 216. 
Jacquemontiana, 216, 576; 
persica, 217. 

—s 477, 478; densiflora, 

7 


Passiflorese, 244, 
Pauletia, 159. 


_ Paullinia. 


sorbilis, 277. 

Pavetta, 275. . 
indica, 275; tomentosa, 275. 

Pavia. 
indica, 103. 

Pentapanax, 248. 
Leschenaultii, 248; para- 
siticum, 248. 

Pentaptera. 

Arjuna, 224; coriacea, 
225 ; crenulata, 225; gla- 
bra, 224 ; paniculata, 226 ; 
tomentosd, 225. 
ee ularia, 334. 
odoratissima, 334 ; pallida, 
334, 576. 

Periploca, 330. 

hae 330; calophylla, 


Persea. 
gratissima, 378. 
Persica. 
vulgaris, 191. 
Petaloma. 
alternifolia, 221. 


SPECIES. 


Phaleena. 
Paphia, 576. 

Phanera, 158. 

ens 131. 


Calotro idis, 332. 
Philadelphec, 210. 
PhiJadelphus, 212. 
coronarius, 212; 
sus, 212 
Phillyrea. 
robusta, 310, 
Phebe, 376. 
lanceolata, 377; Mids, 
ie ao ahr. wil 
losa, 377 ; Wightii, sr 
Pheeniciner, 543. 
Phenix, 552. 
acaulis, 555; dactylifera, 
552; farinifera, 556; hu- 
milis,555; var. melanocar- 
pa, 555; Ouseleyana, 555; 
. paludosa, 556; peduncu- 
lata, 555; pusilla, 555; 
sylvestris, 553, 554. 
Photinia. 
dubia, 208 ; japonica, 675. 
Phyllantheee, 436. 
Phyllanthus, 452. 
bicolor, 453 ; ; cordifolius, 
456; Emblica, 454; Hoff- 
meistert, 456 ; lanceolarius, 
453 ; leuico rus, 456 ; mul- 
tiflorus, 53 5 nepalensis, 
452; patens, 455; reticu- 
latus, 453; retusus, 455 ; 
sepiaria, 455; turbinatus, 
455; virosus, 455; vitis- 
idea, 455. 
Phyllochlamys. 
spinosa, 411, 
Phytelephas. 
macrocarpa, 560. 
Phytolacca. 
acinosa, 371; 
371; dioica, 371 
Phytolaccacee, 371. 
Picea, 525. 
excelsa, 526; Morinda, 525; 
pectinata, 529; Pindrow, 
528 ; Webbiana, 528. 
Picrasma, 59. 
quassioides, 59. 
Pieris. 
nn 280 ; 


tomento- 


decandra, 


ovalifolia, 


Pileostigma, 158. 

Pinaster, 512, 513. 

Pines, 503. 

Pinus, 505. 
Abies, Du Roi, 529; Abies, 
Linn., 526; australis, 509 ; 
austriaca, 514; Brunoné. 

27 ; Brutia, 516 ; 


524; Cembra, 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


excelsa, 510; Gerardiana, 
508; Griffithit, 531; hale- 
pensis, 506, 515; Hayn- 
ensis, 513; Kasya, 506, 
508; Khutrow, 525; La- 
ricio, 514; Larix, 531; 
_ longifolia, 506 ; maritima, 
- Lamarck, 514; maritima, 
Lamb, 515, 516; MJassoni- 
ana, Lamb., 512; Massoni- 


Pindrow, 528; Pinea, 516 ; 
ponderosa, 395; Pumilio, 
513; pyrenaica, 516; rigi- 
da, 510; Royleana, 506, 
513; sinensis, 512; Smith- 
tana, 525; snectubilis, 528 ; 
Strobus, 512; sylvestris, 
506, 513; Teda, 510; 
Thunbergii, 512; wncinata, 
513; Webbiana, 528. 
Piper. 

Betel, 551. 

Piptadenia, 168. 
oudhensis, 168, 578. 

Piptanthus, 132. 
nepalensis, 132. 

‘Piratinera. 
guianensis, 428. 

Piureunia, 
dioica, 371; Latbenia, 371. 

Pistacia, 122 
atlantica, 123; cabulica, 
123; integerrima, 122, 574; 
Khinjuk, 123; Lentiscus, 
123; Terebinthus, 123; 
vera, 123. 

Pithecolobium, 173. 
bigeminum, 173; dulce, 
173; lobatum, 575. 

Pittosporez, 19. 

Pittosporum, 19. 
eriocarpum, 19; floribun- 

- dum, 19. 

Platanex, 434, 

Platanus, 434. 
occidentalis, 485; orien- 
talis, 434 

Platycarya. 

' strobilacea, 497. 

Platylobes, 436. 

Plecospermum, 401. 
spinosum, 401. 

= aoa 

a ; 

Plumeria, 323. 
acuminata, 323 ; acutifolia, 
323 ; loranthifolia, 323. 

Podalyriexz, 131. 

Podocarpus, 503. 
~~ hea 541; neriifolia, 
541. 


Poinciana, 157. 

elata, 157 ; regia, 157 ; pul- 

cherrima, 157. 
Poinsettia. 

pulcherrima, 439. 
Poivrea. 

Roxburghii, 221. 
Polyalthia, 4. 

cerasoides, 5, 571; longi- 

folia, 4; suberosa, 5 
Polygonese, 371. 
Polygonum. 

tinctorium, 135, 
Pongamia, 153. 

grapra, 153; macrophylla, 


Populus, 472. 
alba, 473; balsamifera, 476 ; 
canescens, 474; ciliata,475 ; 
diversifolia, 474 ; euphrati- 
ca, 465, 474; fastigiata, 
472 ; lawrifolia, 476 ; nigra, 
472; pyramidalis, 472 ; sua- 
veolens, 476 ; tremula, 474. 
Porana, 341. 
paniculata, 342. 
Posoqueria. 
dumetorum, 273; rigida, 
273 ; uliginosa, 278. 
Pouzolzia, 404. 
borbonica, 405; ovalis, 405 ; 
viminea, 405. 
Premna, 365. 
barbata, 367 ; cordifolia, 
367 ; glaberrima, 367 ; her- 
bacea, 368; integrifolia, 
366; interrupta, 367 ; 
latifolia, 366; micrantha, 
367 ; mucronata, 366; race- 
mosa, 367 ; scandens, 367; 
serratifolia, 366; spinosa, 
366 ; tomentosa, 367. 
Prinsepia, 195. 
utilis, 196, 575. 
Prosopis, 169. 
spicigera, 169; Stephani- 
ana, 171. 
Protium. 
Gileadense, 65. 
Prunus, 190. 
Amygdalus, 190; armeni- 
aca, 191 ; aviwm, 193, 578 ; 
capricida, 195; Cerasus, 
193 ; Cerasus - Griffithii, 
194 ; cerasifera, 192; com- 
munis, 192; var. dasy- 
carpa, 192; divaricata, 
192 ; domestica, 192; Grif- 
fithii, 194; humilis, 194; 
insititia, 192; japonica, 
194; Mahaleb, 195, 575; 
Padus, 194; persica, 191, 
575 ; prostrata, 193 ; Pseu- 
docerasus, 194; Puddum, 
194; spinosa, 192; sylva- 
tica, 194 ; tomentosa, 194. 
Psenes. 


SPECIES. 605 


caprifici, 419. 
Psidium, 232. 
uava, 232; pomiferum, 
32; pyriferum, 232. 
Pterocarpus, 152. é 
erinaceus, 153; indicus, 
153 ; Marsupium, 152 ; san- 
talinus, 153. 
Pterocarya. 
fraxinifolia, 497. 
Pterospermum, 35. 
acerifolium, 35 ; Jancesefo- 
ae 35 ; semisagittatum, 


Pueraria, 141. 
tuberosa, 141. 
Punica, 240, 
Granatum, 241. 
Putranjiva, 451. 
amblyocarpa, 451 ; 
burghii, 451. 
Pyrus, 203. 
Aria, 206 ; aucuparia, 207 ; 
baccata, 205 ; communis, 
203 ; Cydonia, 205; foli- 
osa, 207 ; germanica, 206 ; 
Jacquemontiara, 205 ; ku- 
maonensis, 206,578 ; kuma- © 
oni, 204 ; danata, 206 ; Ma- 
lus, 205 ; Pashia, 204, 575 ; 
Sorbus, 207; syriaca, 204 ; 
ursina, 206 ; variolosa, 204, 
575 ; vestita, 206. 


Quercus, 477. 
acuminata, 489; Adgilops, 
485; annulata, 479, 487; 
armata, 490; «austriaea, 
485; Ballota, 480; Ba/loot, 
480, 578; calliprinos, 487 ; 
Cerris, 485; coccifera, 487; 
dealbata, 489; dilatata, 
482; fenestrata, 489 ; feroz, 
490 ; floribunda, 482; Ilex, 
480, 578; incana, 482 ; in- 
fectoria, 485; lamellosa, 
479, 488 ; lanata, 481; lan- 
cevefolia, 489; lanuginosa, 
481; lappacea, 489; lusi- 
tanica, 484; Mirbeckii, 
484; occidentalis, 486; 
paucilamellosa, 488; ped- 
unculata, 483 ; rsica, 
485 ; polyantha, 486; pseu- 
dococcifera, 487; pseudo- 
suber, 485; ubescens, 
483; Robur, 484; seme- 
carpifolia, 479; semiser- 
rata, 488; serrata, Roxb., 
487; serrata, Thunb., 486; 
sessiliflora, 483; spicata, 
479, 489; squamata, 489; 
Suber, 485; Toza, 484; 
Vallonea, 485; velutina, 
488. 
Quisqualis. 
indica, 220 ; villosa, 220. 


Rox- 


606 


Radermachera. 
amend, 349; gigantea, 
348 ; stricta, 348; xylo- 
carpa, 348. - 

Randia, 272. 
dumetorum, 273; longi- 
spina, 274 ; rigida, 278 ; 
stricta, 274; tetrasperma, 
272; uliginosa, 273. 

Reptonia, 287. 
buxifolia, 287. 

Rhabdia, 341. 
fluvialis, 577 ; glabra, 577 ; 
7 577 ; viminea, 341, 


Rhamnes, 84. 

Rhamnus, 91. 
catharticus, 93; hirsutus, 
92; oleoides, 93; persicus, 
93; procumbens, 93; pur- 
pureus, 91 ; spathuleefolius, 
93; triquetrus, 92; virga- 
tus, 92. 

Rhazya, 322. 
stricta, 322. 

Rhizophora, 217. 

Candelaria, 217 ; caryophyl- 
loides, 219; conjugata, 218 ; 
| bpciclat 219; Mangle, 

217; mucronata, 217; par- 
viflora, 219. 

Rhizophorex, 217. 

Rhododendron, 280. 
Anthopogon, 282, 576 ; ar- 
boreum, Sm., 281 ; : arbo- 
reum, Wight, 281; cam- 
panulatum, 281; lepido- 
tum, 282; nilagiricum, 
281; Wallichii, 282. 

_ Rhus, 117. 

- ageuminata, 121,122; Bucki- 
amela, 119; coriaria, 120 ; 
Cotinus, 118, 574 ; integ er 
Tima, 122 : 3 javanica, 119; 
juglandifolia, 120 ; Kakra- 
singee, 122, 578 ; mysoren- 
sis, 119; ‘parviflora, 119; 
punjabensis, 120; semial- 

ta, 119, 574; succedanea, 
121; sylvestris, 120; velu- 
tina, 118; vernicifera, 120; 
vernix, 120. 

Rhynchospermum. 
jasminoides, 327. 

Ribes, 213. 
acuminatum, 214; alpestre, 
213; glaciale, 214; gland- 
ulosum, 214 ; Grossularia, 
218 ; Himalense, Decaisne, 
O15 Himalense, Royle, 
213; leptostachyum, 214; 
orientale, 214; nigrum, 
215; rubrum, 215 ; villo- 
sum, 214 ; Uva-crispa, 214. 

Ricinus. 
communis, 445. 

Rivea. 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


hypocrateriformis, 342; or- 
nata, 343. » 

Rivina. 
Latbenia, 371. 

Robinia. 
oe 138; macrophylla, 

Rondeletia. 
cinerea, 269 ; exserta, 268 ; 
tinctoria, 269. 

Rosa, 199. 
alba, 200; Banksise, 200; 
bracteata, 199; Brunonii, 
201; Calendarum,- 200 ; 
canina, 200; centifolia, 
200; chinensis, 200; da- 
mascena, 200; eglan- 
teria, 201; Fortuniana, 
201 ; fragrans, 200; gal- 
lica, 200; glandulifera, 
200; Hoffmeister, 203; in- 
dica, 200; imermis, 200; 
involucrata, 199; Leschen- 
aultiana, 201; lutea, 2U1; 
Lyellii, 199; macrophylla, 
203; microcarpa, 201; mi- 
crophylla, 200 ; moschata, 
201 ; multiflora, 201; Noi- 
settiana, 200 ; pimpinelli- 
folia, 202; pubescens, 201 ; 
Rapini, 200 ; ; semperflorens, 
200 ; sempervirens, 201; 
sericea, 202 ; sinica, Aiton, 


201; sinica, Linn., 200; 
spinosissima, 202;  sul- 
phurea, 199; Webbiana, 


3 

Rosacez, 189, 

Rottlera. 
dicocca, 444; mappoides, 
444; tetrivcoced, 444; tinc- 
toria, 444, 

Rubiacez, 260. 

Rubus, 196. 
affinis, 575 ; albescens, 198 ; 
biflorus, 198; cordifolius, 
575; discolor, 197 ; edlipti- 
cus, 197; flavus, 197, 575; 


fruticosus, 197; Gowreephul, . 


197 ; Hamiltonianus, 197; 
hirtus, 197; hypargyrus, 
575; lasiocarpus, 198; ma- 
cilentus, 199; mysorensis, 
198 ; niveus, 199 ; panicu- 
latus, 196; pungens, 198 ; 
Tacemosus, 198; reticulatus, 
197; rosceflorus, 198; ro- 
seefolius, 198; rugosus, 
197; tiliaceus, 196, 575; 
Wallichianus, 197 
Rutacex, 46 


Sabia, 116. 
campanulata, 116, 574; pa- 
niculata, 117, 574. 
Sabiacew, 115. 
Saccharum. 


SPECIES, 


Sara, 548. 

Saccopetalum, 7. 
longiforum, 7; tomento- 
sum, 7. 

Sageretia, 94. 

Brandrethiana, 95; oppo- 
rhs 95; theesans, 95, 


Saguerus. 
Rumphit, 550. 
560 


, 560. 

Salicariee, 237. 

Salicinese, 461. 

Salix, 461. 
acmophylla, 4635; acuti- 
folia, 469; seegyptiaca, 464; 
alba, 466 ; amygdalina, 
464; angustifolia, 471; ba- 
bylonica, 465 ; Caprea, 
467 ; daphnoides, a 469 ; 
dealbata, 464 ; 
466 ; elegans, 466 5 “flabel 


laris, 471 ; fragilis, 466 ; 
glaucophylla, 467 ; hast- 
ata, 467 ; Heli, 471 ; 


ichnostachya, 462; incana, 
470 ; insignis, 470 ; japon- 
ica, 465;  Kwumaonensis, 
466 ; Ledebouriana, 471 ; 
Lindleyana, 471 5 Myrsini- 
tis, 471; nigricans, 467 ; 
octandra, Del., 464; oc. 
tandra, Sieb., ” 464; “oxy- 
carpa, 471; pendula, 465 ; 
pentandra, 464; phylici- 
folia, 467 ; pomeranict, 469; 
pruimosa, 469; purpurea, 
465, 471; pycnostachya, 
470; ; pyrina, 463 ; retusa, 
471; rubra, 471 ; "Russell- 
iana, 466 ; Safsaf, 464 ; 
Smithiana, "470 : tetrasper- 


ma, 462; triandra, 464; 
viminalis, 470; Wallich- 
a, 468. 

Saimalia. 


Malabarica, 31, 578. 
Salvadora, 314, 
indica, Royle, 316; indica, 
Wight, 316 ; : oleoides, 316; 
persica, Linn, ., 8155; per- 
sica, T. Anderson, 316; 
Stocksit, 315. 
isbeeaiag Aye 
Sambucus, 2 
adnata, 678, “‘Ebulus, 260. 
Samydacez, 249 
Santalacese, 398. 
Santalum, 398. 
ates 398 ; myrtifolium, 
98. 


Sapindacesx, 103. 

Sapindus, 106. 
acuminatus, 107; _ deter- 
gens, 107 ; emarginatus, : 
107; laurifolius, 106; rubigi- 
nosus, 108 ; Saponaria, 108. 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Sapium. 

each, 441; indicum, 
441; populifolium, 441 ; 
sebiferum, 4 


Sapota. 
rors: 288. 
Sapotacez, 288, 
Saraca, 166. 
- indica, 166. 
Sarcochlamys. 
pulcherrima, 405. 
ance ig i 
niformis, ; saligna, 
U8 trinervia, 448. 
Sassafras. 
officinale, 376. 
Saurauja, 25. 
nepalensis, 25. 
Saxifrageze, 210. 
Schizandra. 
grandiflora, 571. 
Schleichera, 104, 
trijuga, 105. 
Schrebera, 305. 
pubescens, 305; 
nioides, 576, 305. 
Scopolia, 
aculeata, 46. 
Securinega, 455. 
“i lama 456 ; obovata, 
455. 


swiete- 


M0. : 
auriculata, 165 ; officinalis, 
166; obtusa, 165. 

Semecarpus, 124. 
Anacardium, 124, 
Sequoia. 
gigantea, 504; 
virens, 504. 
Sesbania, 137, 
wegyptiaca, 137; 
flora, 137. 
Shorea, 26. 
laccifera, 26; robusta, 26, 
Simarubez, 58. 
Siphonanthus. 
indica, 364. 
Siphonia. 
_ braziliensis, 445. 
pote : oe 
myrtifolium, 398. 
Skinmia, 50. 
Laureola, 50, 572. 
Sodada 


decidua, 14. 
Solanez, 345. 
Sonneratia, 242. 
acida, 242. 
Sophora, 132. 
alopecuroides, 133; Grif- 
fithii, 133; mollis, 132; 
Moorcroftiana, 133. ~ 
Sophorez, 131, 
Sorbus. 
Aria, 206. 
Soymida, 71. 
febrifuga, 71, 573. 


semper- 


grandi- 


Spathodea, 348. 
amezona, 349; crispa, 350; 
falcata, 350; Roxburghii, 
350; xylocarpa, 349. 
Spatholobus, 1438. 
Roxburghii, 143. 
Spermadictyon. 
vice alg 278; suaveolens, 


Splitgerbera. 
macrostachya, 403. 
Spondias, 128. 
Mangifera, 128, 
Spondies, 117, 
Sponia, 429, 
orientalis, 430; polito- 
ria, 430; velutina, 430; 
Wightii, 430. 
Stauntonia. 
le ea pe 571; latifolia, 
1 


Staphylea, 114. ~ 
Bumalda, 115; colchica, 
115; Emodi, 114, 574; 
pinnata, 115; trifolia, 115. 

Stephegyne, 262. 
diversifolia, 263; 
folia, 262. 

Stephania. 
rotunda, 571. 

Sterculia, 32. 
colorata, 34; urens, 33; 
villosa, 832; Wadllichit, 34. 

Sterculiacess, 32 

Stereospermum, 351. 
chelonoides, 352; suaveo- 
lens, 351. 

Stilago. 
diandia, 447. 

Stillingia. 

Fae 441 ; sebifera, 


parvi- 


Stranveesia, 210. 
glaucescens, 210. 

Streblus, 410, 
asper, 410. 

Strychnos, 317. 
Nux-vomica, 317; pota- 
torum, 317; Tieute, 318, 

Stylodiscus. 
trifoliatus, 446, 

Styracesx, 298, 

Swietenia, 70. 

Chloroxylon, 74, 578 ; febri- 
Suga, 71; Mahagoni, 70. 

Sycomorus. 
antiquorum, 419. 

Symplocos, 299. 
crategoides, 299; Hamil- 
toniana, 301 ; nervosa, 301, 
576; paniculata, 299; po- 
lystachya, 300 ; racemosa, 

00; ramosissima, 299, 
576; spicata, 300. 

Syringa, 306. 

Emodi, 306; persica, 306 ; 
vulgaris, 307, 


SPECIES. 607 


Syzygium. 
Jambolanum, 2333; nervo- 
sum, 234; salicifoliwm, 234, 


Taberneemontana, 322. 
coronaria, 322; utilis, 322. 
Teda, 509 
Tamarindus, 163. 
indica, 163, 
Tamariscines, 20, 
Tamarix, 20. ; 
articulata, 22; dioica, 21; 
ericoides, 572; gallica, 20; 
indica, 20; orientalis, 22; 
Pallasii, 21; salina, 572; 
stricta, 572. 
Taxines, 503. 
Taxodiex, 503, 504. 
Taxotrophis. 
Roxburghii, 411. 
Taxus, 539. 
baccata, 539; nucifera, 539; 
Wallichiana, 539. 
Tecoma, 352. 
undulata, 352. 
Tecomella. 
undulata, 352. 
Tectona, 354. 
grandis, 354. 
Tephrosia, 
candida, 138. 
Terebinthacew, 117. 
Terminalia, 222. 
Arjuna, 224; bellerica, 222; 
Berryi, 224; Chebula, 223 ; 
citrina, 223 ; coriacea, 225 ; 
crenulata, 225 ; glabra, 224 ; 
paniculata, 226; tomen- 
pes: 225, 576 ; tomentella, 


Ternstremiacer, 24, 
Tetrameles. 
Grahamiana, 245; 
flora, 245, 
Tetranthera, 379. 
apetala, 379; bifaria, 383; 
Doshia, 381; fruticosa, 379; 
glabrata, 379; lanuginosa, 
382; laurifolia, 379; macro- 
phylla, 380; monopetala, 
380 ; oblonga, 381; Pana- 
monja, 379; herrima, 
383; Roxburghii, 379, 577; 
tomentosa, 380. 
Thamnocalamus, 563, 
Faleoneri, 563; 
563. 


Bohea, Et chinensis, 25 ; 


nudi- 


spathi- 


Lampas, 28, 572; ul- 

nea, 443, 572. eS 
Thuja. 

ee ta, 535; orientalis, 


Th ymelacez, 384, 


608 


Tilia. 
europea, 36, 

Tiliacese, 36. 

Tiliacora, 10. 
racemosa, 10, 

Tinospora, 8. 
cordifolia, 8, 571. 

Toddalia. 
aculeata, 46. 

Trachycarpus, 547. 

Trewia, 443; macrostachya, 
443 ; nudiflora, 443. 

Trichaurus. 

_ericoides, 572. 

Triopteris. 
indica, 45. 

Trophis. 

. aspera, 410; spinosa, Roxb., 
411; spinosa, Wall., 425; 
spinosa, Willd. 401. 

Tsuga, 525 


Ulmacez, 400. 

Ulmus, 431. 
campestris, 433; effusa, 
Hb. Wall., 482; effusa, 
Willd., 482; erosa, 482; 
integrifolia, 431; montana, 
433; parvifolia, 434; pedun- 
culata, 432; pumila, 483 ; 
suberosa, 433; virgata, 
Roxb., 434; virgata, 
hha 434; Wallichiana, 


elastica, 320. 

Urostigma, 411, 412. 
bengalense, 413; cordifoli- 
um, 416; dasycarpum, 414; 
elasticum, 418; infectorium, 
414; karet, 418; mysorense, 
414; obversum, 414; odora- 
twm, 418 ; ovotdewm, 417 ; 
perseefolium, 414; pisifer- 
um, 417; Pseudo- Benja- 
mineum, 415; Pseudo- 
Tiela, 415; religioswm, 415; 
Tjakela, 414; Tjiela, 415 ; 
tomentosum, 414; Wighti- 
anum, 414, 

Urtica. 
bicolor, 405; crenulata, 404; 
dioica, 404; frutescens, 406; 
heterophylla, Roxb., 404; 
heterophylla, Willd., 404 ; 
macrophylla, 403; nivea, 
402; pendulifiora, 403; 
pulcherrima, 405; Puya, 
406; rugulosa, 403; scabrel- 
la, 403; tenacissima, 402. 

Urticacess, 400, 

Urticex, 400. 


INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND 


Uvaria. 
cerasotdes, 5; longifolia, 5; 
suberosa, 5; tomentosa, 7; 
villosa, 6. 


Vacciniex, 279. 

Vaccinium, 279. 
Myrtillus, 279. 

Vachellia. 
Farnesiana, 180. 

Vahea. 
gummifera, 320. 

Vallaris, 327. 
dichotoma, 327. 

Vateria. 
indica, 26. 

Ventilago, 96. 
bombaiensis, 96; calycu- 
lata, 96, 574; maderaspa- 
tana, Gert., 96; madera- 
spatana, Roxb., 96. 

Verbenacez, 353. 

Viburnum, 257. 
acuminatum, 260 ; capitel- 
latum, 259; coriaceum, 259; 
cotinifolium, 258, 576; cy- 
lindricum, 259; erubescens, 
258; fotens, 259, 576; 
grandiflorwm, 259; involu- 
cratum, 258; Lantana, 258; 
Mullaha, 258, 576; nervo- 
sum, 259; Opulus, 257 ; 
polycarpum, 258 ; puncta- 
tum, 260; stellulatum, 258, 
576; Tinus, 257; Wightia- 
num, 258. 

Vicieze, 131. 

Villebrunea. 
frutescens, 406. 

Viscum, 392. 
album, 392; articulatum, 
393; attenuatum, 394; ben- 
galense, 393; compressum, 
394; dichotomum, 394; fal- 
catum, 393; moniliforme, 
393 ; monoicum, 393 ; ori- 
entale, 393; Oxycedri, 394; 
stellatum, 392; verticilla- 
tum, 393. 

Visiania. 
robusta, 310. 

Vitex, 369. 
Agnus-castus, 370; altis- 
sima, 370; bicolor, 369.; 
incisa, 369; Leucoxylon, 
370; Negundo, 369, 577; 
trifolia, 370 

Vitis, 97. 
adnata,. 100, 574; capreo- 
lata, 101; carnosa, 101; 
himalayana, 100, 574; in- 
dica, 100, 574; Labrusca, 


SPECIES. 


574; lanata, 99, 574; lan- 
ceolaria, 101, 574; lati- 
folia, 99, 574; parvifolia, 
99, 574; quadrangularis, 
100; rugosa, 99; tomen- 
tosa, 101; vinifera, 98, 
574; vulpina, 574. 

Volkameria. 

Sarinosa, 364; infortunata, 
363 ; serrata, 364. 


Wallichia, 549. 
caryotoides, 550; 
flora, 549 

Wellingtonia. 
gigantea, 504. 


densi- 


‘Welwitschia, 500. 


Wendlandia, 268. 
exserta, 268; puberula, 
576 ; tinctoria, 269, 576. 
Wikstremia, 386 
canescens, 386; salicifolia, 
386 ; virgata, 386. 
Wiliughbeia, 
edulis, 320; Martabanica, 
320, 578. 
Woodfordia, 237. 
floribunda, 238. 
Wrightia, 323. 
coccinea, 325; mollissima, 
323; Rothii, 324; tinctoria, 
324; tomentosa, 323; Wal- 
lichii, 324. : 


Aimenia. 
egyptiaca, 59. 

Xylia, 171. 
dolabriformis, 171. 

Xylosma, 17, 19. 
longifolium, 19. 

X ylosteum. 
spinosum, 255; pw'pura- 
scens, 255. 

Zanthoxyles, 46, 58. 

Zanthoxylum, 46. 
alatum, 47, 572; Clava- 
Herculis, 47; hostile, 47; 
oxyphyllum, 4 ‘ 

Zizyphus, 84 
Caracutta, 90 ; elliptica, 90; 
flexuosa, 85; floribunda, 91: 
Jujuba, 86, 576; hysu- 
drica, 87,578; latifolia, 89 ; 
Lotus, 89; microphylla, 88; 
Napeca, 86; nummularia, 
88 ; nitida, 85; Cnoplia, 
86; oppositifolia, 95; oxy- 
phylla, 85; rugosa, 89; 
Spina-Christi, 87; vulgaris, 
85; xylopyra, 90. 


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