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Forest leaves, v.1
MNS# PSt SNPaAg059.1

Forest leaves, v.2
MNS# PSt SNPaAg059.2

Forest leaves, v.3
MNS# PSt SNPaAg059.3

Forest leaves, v.4
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Forest leaves, v.5
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Title: Forest leaves, v. 1

Place of Publication: Philadelphia

Copyright Date: 1886

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg059.1

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INDEX

Page

Abstract

Of a Paper on Government Forestry

Reserves in the i^ocky Mountain....' 281

Of Address Delivered at the Meeting
of the American Forestry Congress

in Philadelphia •..1889 by R.J.Hinton 245

Of the Third Biennial Report of the
California State Board of Forestry

for the Years 1889-1890 357

A<iams, C. K 395

Addresaf of Honorable J. W. Noble,

^Secretary of the Interior 383

Adoption of a Regular System for the

Cutting of Timber on our Public Lands, The 347

"After Us the Deluge" 135

Allegheny ^vlountain Park, An 343

Along our Southern Border 148

Along the Coast Northv/ard 209

Amended Constitution of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association 50

American Forestry

Association • • 399

Congress, The 7, 100

Anders, J. M 31, 132, 199

Andrev;s, General C. C 214

Annual Meeting 31, 100, 114

Of The Pennsylvania Forestry

Association 22, 320

Another

Great Y/aste 92

Testimony 89

Arbor Day 21, 44> 183

Bulletin 1^3

Celebration 1^5

In New Jersey 274

In the State Normal School at

V/arcester, Massachusetts 182

Proclamation 71, 161

Arizona Silicif ied VVood ^^

At Home.... w:::]]::::: 346

Ayres, h. B ^^

^i^

2.

Page
Bald Cypress, The 220

Bamboo Tree, The $4

Barker, Rodman 168, 183

Bear Meadows In Centre County, The 115

Beaver, James A •. 71, 162

Bill for the Appointment of a Forest

Commissioner for Pennsylvania, A 336

Binney, C. C 49, 114, 287, 294, 331

Blacl Locust and the Borer, The 40

Bowers, Ed. A 360

Brandymne Banks — Above the Ford 160

Brown, V/aldo F 371

Buckhout, William A 57, 86, 116

Bucks County Branch I54

Camphor Industry of Formosa, The 437

Central Asia — A Military Problem 70

Chester County branch 171

Chestnut Tree, The I45

City Parks Association 355

Of Philadelphia, The 135

Civilization and Forestry 242

Claims of Forestry, The., 197

Colorado Forestry, The 203

Composition of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association 7,8

Concerning our Sassafras Trees 177

Condition of the forests on the Public

Lands of the United States 359

Congress and Forestry 285

Constitution of the Forestry Association

of Chester County 185

Constitution of the Pennsylvania Forestry

Association 3, 50

Consumption of Timber by the Railways 4I

Coppice and Timber Growth 13

Curiosities of California ftedv/ood 74

Curious Trees 373

Deforestation 433

Delegates Appointed. . .to Attend Forestry

Convention 208

Devastation by the Tan-Bark Industry 151

Douglas and Son Forestry Report,

Extracts from 45

Douglas, Robert 4-6, 93

Drought 12

3.

Page
Dry Rot In Timber 108

Duty of the Agricultural College and

Experiment Station in Relation to

Instruction in Forestry, The 263

Dwarf Trees..... 340

Economy in the Consumption of Timber

for Railv;ay purposes 259

Editorial Correspondence 53

Egleston, N. H 3^6

Eighth Annual Meeting of the American

Forestry Congress 222

Encouragement of Tree Planting 65

Enduring Monument, An 107

Engle, H. M 81

Ensign, Edgar T 203, 281

Evergreen Forest — Air Treatment of

Pulmonary and Other Diseases 36

Extracts

From a Letter 200

From R. Douglas and Son's

Forestry Report 45

Fall Arbor i>ay 101

Famine and Forestry in Russia 393

Farmers Interest in Forestry and -'forestry

Associations, The 199

Fernow, B. E 40, 73, 252, 295, 361, 367

Fev/ Pennsylvania Forest Statistics 147

Financial '^

Fisher, Henry M. 245, 315, 368, 387

Flathead and ?Jarias River Reservation 370

Flood Damages 195

Floods, :Jain Cause of 178

Forest 11^

Abroad 8b

Culture J5

Devastation in Japan 63

Education in the United States ^95

Fires 1^7

In New Jersey ^25

In Northern Canada 213

In the National Park 299

In the Southern Pine 204

In One of its Relations to the

Orchard, The

Management in European Countries

Planting in Virginia 186

Policy in Switzerland 424

338
417

A.

Page

Reform • 3^8

Tree Culture on the Girard

Estate Lands 73

Tree Seeds 79

Vegetation and the Air 266, 276

Forestry 324., 329

A Business 61

Annals 395, ^0, 421

At the Worlds s Fair 365

Bill, Anew 48

Commission 133

Congress 117, 12^

Day at Mount Gretna 416

In Dakota 287

In Minnesota 215

In Nev/ York 277

Interests o

Lectures ^50

Meeting, at Lancaster, The 222

Meeting at Montgomery County 49

Movement in Philadelphia, Sketch of ^1

Pennsylvania 5, 6,

Problems, The..

Question in New York, The 164

Forests

In Ancient and :iodern India
Not Exclusively for Human Use

38
416

11

321

Of the United States, The 107

Versus Lightning ' 253

From the Media -^ American'^ 17

Future Lumber Supply Must Come From the

Pacific Slope/. 10^

Future of California, The ^15

Georgia Pine, The ^^^3

Government

Forest Reservation 408

Forestry Abroad 347

Timber Land Regulation 8

Timber suits, and the Preservation

of Forests

Timber Gests

Green, Professor H. A

Hamberg System of Forestry, The -•

Harrison, J. B ;^>

Hartzell, F. D ^^y

Hedgerov; Trees

Hemloclv in its Forested Aspects, The

Henry, James ^>

166
371
288

34
164
240

17
2>^0
24^8

5.

Page

John 1^7

43

.[',, A

257

• •

• • • •

353
371

37
317

73

91

66

277

136

355

Hershberger,

Hickory in Germany, The

Hints to Farmers

Hobbs, Jo?in E

House Bill * ' * **

How to Procure Good Forest Trees for

Planting ♦, — •

How to Start Timber Growing on a i'arci.

How Y^ood Pulp is Produced

Howco 1 1 , Vv . H • * r* r V At *

Increasing the Durability of J-xmber /i.

Influence of Forests on Climatic

Conditions

Item of Interest

Jarchow, N. H

John Bartram' s Garden

Joly, H. G -"gc

Kauri Pine -.Z^

Lament of the Norse Forest .;•• |Jj-

Landreth, Burnet ; : * ♦;; ' 'A; * •;:;"iZ7 til

Leaves by the Wayside.. 64, 81, 94, 1-^7, 167, 216

Letter From the Anthracite Coal Region ... M

Lewis, Grace ^nna .18, ;S4

List of Members of the ^-merican - orestry

Congress ■ ^'^^^ ^^^

Little, Mrs. William J^

Loblolly Pine • ^''Z

Lockington, V/. N ,„„

Long Leaf Pine, The °^

Long, Mrs. Ellen Call " ^ '!|-

Lumbering in the Cascade Range y'::'-^;;y toi

Lundy, Doctor J. P ^ '}}/., .\ Ito

Lyon, William b -^q-^

MacAlister, James ^g^

MacCartee, Robert • • • .^^

Magnolia, The ........••••• |„g

Main Cause of Destructive Flooas ;;;;*.;; 275

Mangroves 278

McKie, T.J...

McLendon, S. G m „ .00

iieasurement of Some Large Trees -^°°

Meeham, Thomas

'^^^Srihe American Forestry Association 164

Of the City Parks association...... ^y^

Of the New York Forestry Association .M

Member ship Notice

283
168

50

Page

Memorial

for forest reservations

To the President, A 168,

Messa.^e of Governor Beaver to the

Legislature of Pennsylvania

Michaux Free Lecture Course

Mill Run disaster in Massachusetts, The

Miller, Joaquin • • •

Minnesota

National Park

Woodsraen

Minnesota's New Forests

Mohr, Doctor Charles

Montgomery County

Meeting

Mount Desert and the Effect of the

Denudation of Trees

Nahmer, Adolph ol> 1^0,

National

Interest in National Resources

Park of • the Dominion of Canada, The

Native and Norway Spruce, The,

Natural Forestation.

Nature Brought to Practice

Need of Increased .Vienbership, The

Needs of Education in Forestry, The

New .

Forestry Bill, A

Members of Pennsylvania Forestry

Association 20, 31, 32, 36,

N ev;s and Announcements

On'thriiistory'of Forestry Policy

Oak and Yellow Pine, The

Oaks, Scrub

Obituary

Old Roman Water iiheel

On Enroliong New Members ••••;:

One Cause of Failure in Tree Planting
Organization of the Pennsylvania

"Forestry Association • • •

Oriental Plan tree at Montagnis, trance.

Our

Forestry Preservation.

New Parks • * " "m^ ' * *- * *

Rainless Land and How They ^^ay
Reclaimed— a Suggestion

. .

368
170

130

131
60

65

369
3>t6

105

8

152

62

A28
435

212
211
181

294

88

49
395

48

50

100

16

411
151

9

240
80

39
151

2

be

367

76
152

180

■■UMMMMMa

7.

Timber Suprly

Palmetto of the ^^outhern States,

The

Parks

Pecos River Heservation

Penn Treaty Elm •

Pennsylvania

Forestry 5, ,6

Forestry Association 106,298,386

Annual Meeting

Composition -

Constitution ••

New Members 20, 31, 32,

Roll

Temporary Organization

Forestry Laws

Makes A Start

Pines

Pike' s Peak Reservation

Pinchot, tiifford

Pines, Pennsylvania

Pinus Rigida on the Dunes at

Cape Henlopen

Plea for Pennsylvania, A

Practical Vievv, A ••••

Praetorius, G. 0 43,62,14-9,151,

Prentiss, Albert N

Present Aspect of the Forestry

Movement in Pennsylvania, The

Private Forest Preservation

Proceedings of the American Forestry
Association at its Tenth Annual
Meeting, Washington, D.C., December, 1891..

Proclamation, A

Proposed

Chair of Forestry at the

Pennsylvania University

Forestry Commission, A

School of Forestry in the

Adirondacks

Public School Notes

Publications Received

Quebec Timber Legislation. .... ._.

Recent Floods in Pennsylvania, ine

Red Cedar — Savin

Reforestation A * *-,* *o *i*

Remarks made by Honorable Carl Schurz

before the American Forestry Congr
Remove the Tax from Timber Land

Page

, 105
. 323
. 293

368
394

38
400

22
V,8

3

50

4

2

15

86

29
369
411

29

193

50

81

181

240

242
116

376
28

ress.

244
421

353

355

153

92

355
258
248

230
422

8.

7^

I

Page

Removing Trees in Autumn 387

Report

of the Council of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association 228

of the Executive Committee 329

of the State Forestry Commission I46

Results from Tree Planting 364

Retrospect, A • ^ 48

Review, A.. 40

Rings in Trees, The 35

Roadside Nut Tree • 79

Roll of the Pennsylvania Forestry

Association 4,

Rothrock, Professor J* F.... 7,128,145,160,

177,193,209,243,258,275,295,355-

Row Farm Walnut Tree, The 24O

Salutatory 1

Sanitary Influences IO4

Saunders, William 333

School of Forestry at Dehra Doon, India. 162

Scion of the Penn Treaty Elm, The 419

Scrub Oaks 9

Second Annual Report of the Council 113
Semi-annual Meeting of The Pennsylvania

Association at West Chester 170

Seventh Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association • 430

Shaler, Professor N.S 90, 137

Silk Crop for the South, The 53

Sketch of Forestry Movement in

Philadelphia 1

Soft-wooded Trees for Planting 96

»^ome Big Trees of Our Region 103

Some Facts Regarding Freshets 278

Special Meeting of the American Forestry

Association at V^ashington, D. C.

December 30, 1890 344

Spring Meeting of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association 294-

State and the Forest, '^'he 4'35

Forestry Commission, The 84

Forestry Reports 154'

Forestry Reserve, A 419

Succession of Forest Growths 201

Suggestion, A • . • 132

Suggestions in Relation to Forestry 57,60

9.

Page
Suggestive Curriculiim for a Forestry School.. 256
Summer Meeting of the American Forestry

Association, September 2-6, 1890 306,315

Synopsis of the Reports of the State Forestry

Commissioner of Colorado for 1887-8,

and 1889 ^21

Teacher and the Forest, The 385

Teak Wood \]i

Texas in Line • 5°^

The Old Field, or Loblolly Pine ^9^

Thinning Forests • ^^y

Thoughts on Practical Forestry ^4

Three More Large Trees ^°^

Timber Land Act Abuses •

Transplanting ^^2

Evergreens , ^o

Of Trees From Woods •• -^gr

Trees.

Tree r ^ • ^oA

Growth as Determined by Location J-^o

Planting • • ; • -. q^

On Streets and Roadsides ^g°

Of Our Region, Big ^^

Treeless Country, A

Trees ^^, 5I
In Towns 36

In Washington T * 'AC't^Ii J!.v,in * * * * 26

Trimming of Sidewalk Trees in Phildelphia. . . . ^26

TriD across the Continent, a.

Tulare Reservation, California ^ '^

Tulip Poplar , 367

and the Cigar-box Inbustry, The •• ^^^

' or Poplar Tree, "^^e. . . .. •• • • • ''','.'.[ 90

Twelve Tree-planting Pointers ^ ^^

University Lectures, 'T^®;;- *: 'Z **;:;;o* * *The. 286
Uses and Claims of Forestry Association, 1 ^^

Valuable Book, A. *.*.*.... 167

Value of Sawdust, The 93

Vitality of Trees ;;; 433

Wallace, Ellerslie... ...♦•••• •••^•^^g 65

Washing Away the Land for ^/ant 01 ro ^^^

Washington's Grant Trees. .. ...y ^25

Waste of Wood ; 388

wasted Resources...... -^.^ g^^^^^s 266

Water Seekers Among irees duu ^g^

Welsh, Herbert

10.

Page

V/hat

About Forestry • 360

Interest Has the Farmer in Forestry 63

The Association Wants 337

Trees to Plant 77

Who Are the Vandals 315

Wilson, William P • 276,316 ,323,3^0

Wissahichon Woods, The 12

Wolfe, Samuel 103

Wobds That will not Blaze 95

Words . of Cheer * • • 18

World^s Fair Notes 373

Worn-out Lands • • 288

Yellow Pine, The 62

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unraRTMSNT

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Philadelphia, July, 1886.

Published for the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, ^

By JOHN BIRKINBINE, 152 South 4th Street. ' '

Salutatory.

</^OREST LEAVES"
\1^ has been adopted
Ji. as the title for what
we hope will be-
come a series of acceptable publications issued in
the interest of concerted action to popularize for-
estry in the State of Pennsylvania. Our claims for
recognition, will be based solely upon the inform-
ation we may be able to collect and offe. in a
limited space, and *he perodicity of the appear-
ance of Forest Leaves will depend largely upon
the support which is given by those who are, or
who should be interested in ftrest preservation
and propagation throughout the State.

If the movement, the history of which is de-
tailed in these columns and which we are grati-
fied to announce is meeting with most flattering
success, commands the support of the people of
Pennsylvania, no effort will be spared to make
Forest Leaves welcome to all interested, by giv-
ing in condensed form the best information obtain-
able.

Forest Leaves is not intended to merely rep-
resent the theory of forestal culture or manage-
ment; but IS expected to be the organ of an asso-
ciation, the object of which is to collect and
distr.bute information upon practical methods to
be pursued, and commercial as well as sanitary
results to be obtained by argumenting the pro-
portion of wooded area in the State.

The prevailing sentiment of those who orga-
nized the present movement, recognizes that trees
like grain, grow for man's benefit, which when ripe
should be cut and put to use. It however con-
demns the useless destruction of forests with the
same emphasis that it would the waste of growing
grain, and would encourage an equal interest in
each, believing that a due proportion of forest is as
esential to the public weal as a sufficiency of farm

• n i ^^ ^^^^ "^^ ^^^^ ^^ reduce the amount of
tilled land, but is anxious to protect the farms by
maintaining a climatic equilibrium which is only

possible where forests are retained in proper
proportion Recognizing the large industrial
interests dependent upon the forests of Penn-
sylvania, it would by reforestation of waste lands
and preventing needless destruction, make these
industries permanent.

It would while considering the present, look to
the future, and, by concert of action, secure legis-
lative enactments to prevent useless waste of our
already reduced forests and encourage the propa-
gation of new growths, which while benefiting the
present generation will maintain Pennsylvania
a goodly heritage for those who follow us.

Such laws as may exist will be published and
all judicious means to have them rigidly enforced
will be advocated.

The present issue of Forest Leaves is bv
necessity merely introductory, and in addition to
the history, constitution and organization of t ic
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, presents some
communications : but we are assured of other valu-
able contributions from the pens of some of our

best writers, for future numbers.

___^ •

Sketch of the Forestry Movement in

Philadelphia.

IN the winter of 1886 a few prominent women
of Philadelphia were impelled by the increas-
ing destruction of the noble forests of Penn-
sylvania, to some concerted action in the way
of forest preservation and the replanting of waste
lands, in order to supply the timber for the abso-
lute needs of the near future. After a few infor-
mal meetings, held at the residence, of Mrs. Brin-
ton Coxe, a public meeting was called at the Hall
of the Historical Society, on the evening of May
26th, at which Mr. Clayton McMichael presided.
Addresses were made upon several aspects ot
the question by Professor Rothrock and Professor
James of the University of Pennsylvania, Dr.
Anders, the Rev. Dr. Lundy and Mr. B. Fernow,
Qhief of the Forestry Division of the Agricultural
Bureau at Washington.

\^0 ZliS

MUTILATED TEXT

, I

FOREST LEAVES.

(

FOREST LEAVES.

!3

Professor Rothrock, whose address was well
outlined in the F/ii/a. A^cor^y asked, ''Is any re-
form legally possible? And, is a system of Fores-
try needed? " Devoting himself to the latter half
of the subject, he compared the lack of attention
to forestry in this country, with the study it had
received in Europe, where every country but Eng-
land has one or more schools devoted to it. In the
United States but i6}4 per cent, of the land re-
mains in timber, whereas in Europe the percent-
age is 28. **When the amount of forest land falls
below 15 per cent, of the whole territory," said
the Professor, **A nation begins to experience a
dearth of timber, so that but 1}^ per cent, stands
between the United States and danger. To pre-
vent this dearth the Mountain regions should
always remain in timber, and we propose to try
and bring the lumber market to the same condi-
tion as the cattle market— no tree to be cut down
until it is ripe, and nothing to be wasted.**

It was shown that Pennsylvania is not self sup-
porting in timber, the wood for floors coming
from Geoigia, that for roofs and sashes from
Michigan, and that for panels and doors from
Indiana and other states. The ship timber indus-
try, which ten years ago was an important one in
this state, has now gone to Michigan and Minne-
sota. Both as regards the supply of water and of
fuel, the Professor said that there was danger
from the dearth of timber, and as to pure air,
** remove the forests and you remove the factor
that makes the air fit to "breathe."

Forestry should be encouraged by abolishing
the taxes on timber land, and by the state devot-
ing to forest culture the 3500 square miles within
its borders, of land hopelessly rocky and useless
for agriculture.

Professor James dwelt upon the necessity of
forests to the existence of many industries and
argued for laws to encourage tree-planting and
for an extensive system of forests under state man-
agement.

Lectureships should be established to present
the claims of forestry to farmers' institutes; pre-
miums should be given for the best managed f )r-
ebts, and bureaus of information and instruction
be established by the j>tate.

Dr. Anders spoke of the sanitary influence? of
forests, and their climatic effort.

Dr. Lundy gave a graphic picture from perso-
nal inspection ct the barrenness and desolation to
which Palistine and Asia Minor had been brought
by forest destruction Mr. Fernow urged that the
interest of the farmers should be enlisted, and the
schools be brought into sympathy with the
movement.

So great was the interest excited on the subject
of forestry, and so strongly was the matter put
before th^ compiqnity, in the prominent daily

papers, such as the Zedg^rr, Record, Inquirer,
Press, Bulletin, North American, Times, Tele-
graph, Evening Call, Star, etc., that it was deci-
ded to form an Association for Pennsylvania.
This was done at a meeting held in the Hall of the
Historical Society, on the Second of June, with Mr.
Henry Flanders in the chair. A committee was
appointed with Dr. J. P. Lundy as chairman to
draft a Constitution, which was accepted at a
subsequent meeting on the loth of j[une. '

A temporary organization consisting of Presi-
dent, Secretary, Treasurer and a council of
twenty, was also appointed then, to serve until
the regular meeting which is to be held in Novem-
ber.

This committee was authorized 10 raise $5,000
to carry on the work of the Association, and have
already commenced their work, and several
scnemes are under their careful consideration.

The results of their labors will be given trom
time to time in Forest Leaves, published by the
Association. The Council not only asks the
financial aid wnich is requisite to publish neces-
sary information, and to present the subject
throughout the state, bnt they also 2^sk hearty
co-operation of all the people of Pennsylvania.

M. S. L.

Temporary Organization of the
Pennsylvania? Forestry Association.

Prof. [. T. Rothrock,
Dr. J, P. Lundy,
Mr. John Birkinbine,
Mr. W. N. Lockington,

President.
Treasurer.
Secretary.
Secretary of Council.

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COUNCIL.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, West Chester, Pa.

Dr. J. P. Lundy, 245 Sv>uih iSthSt. Phila.

Mrs. J. P. Lundy,

Mr John Birkinbine, 152 South 4th. ''
Mr- W. N. Lockington, 1431 Chestnut *'
Mr. Herbert Welsh, 1316 Filbert "

Mr. Thos. Galvin, Walnut Lane, Germantown.
Hon. Jeremiah Hess, Hellertown, Pa.

Mr. Burnett Landreth, Bristol, Pa.

Mrs. Brinton Coxe, 1711 Locust St. Phila.

Miss Edith Wright. Wissahickon Ave. Germ't'n.
Miss L. de V. Foulke West Chester, Pa.

Mr. G. deB. Keim 2009 De Lancey Place, Phila.
Rev. J. Andrews Harris, D. D. Chestnut Hill.
Prof. E. James, University of Penn.

Mr. P. L. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa.

Col. G. B. Wiestling, Mount Alto, Pa.

Permanent officers will be elected in November,
when it is hoped to have representatives of the
various counties in the State form the Council.
Until that time the headquarters of the Associa-
tion will be at the Offices of Mr. John Birkin-
bine, No. 152 South Fourth Street, Phila.

m

Constitution of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

Adopted June 10, 1886.

in

"Article i. name.

The name of this Organization shall be The
Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

ARTICLE II. OBJECT.

The object of this Association shall be to secure
and maintain a due porportion of forest area
throughout the State; to disseminate information
concerning the growth, protection, and utiliza-
tion of forests; to show the great evils resulting
from forest destruction, in the decrease and un-
equal distribution of the available water supplies,
the improverishment of the soil, the injury to
various industries, and the change in climate; to
secure the enactment by the Legislature of such
jaws, and the enforcement of the same, as shall
tend to increase and preserve the forests of the
State.

ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP.

Any one whose name shall first have been ap-
proved by the Council may become a member of
the Association by subscribing to this Constitution
and paying to the Treasurer the sum of one dol-
lar. There shall be an annual assessment upon
the first day of November of each year of one
dollar; and the receipt of the Treasurer for the
annual dues of any one year shall be considered
as a valid certificate of membership for the time
covered by such payment, entitling the holder to
vote for officers and members of the Council and
to* receive any publications distributed by the
Council.-

ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS.

There shall be a President, three Vice-Presi-
df^nts, a Secretary, and Treasurer, to be elected
by ballot, and a Council consisting of the officers
already named, and members elected in the same
way by the Asssociation. All officers shall be
elected for one year, or until their successors are
elected. The Council shall have power to fill all
vacancies occurring among its members during a
fiscal year.

The President, Vice-President, Secretary,
Treasurer, and three members of the Council at
large shall be elected by ballot at the annual
meeting, on the first Tuesday in November of
each year, and a majority of the ballots cast shall
constitute an election. The Council shall con-
sist of the officers aforesaid and three members at
large elected by the organization, and additional
members elected for each county represented in
the Organization by the members of said county.

or in case of their failure to so elect by the
Association at its annual meeting.

The counties shall be entitled to representa-
tion in the Council at the rate pf on^ delegate
for each fifteen dollars annually contributed by
said county. The Council shall elect its own
chairman.

The officers with the exception of the Secretary,
shall serve without salary. The amount of salary
to be paid to the Secretary shall be determined by
Council.

The officers elected at the annual meeting shall
assume the duties of their office on the first day of
the month following their election.

ARTICLE V. COUNCIL.

It shall be the duty of the Council to carry out
the objects of the Association by the issue of
publications and by such other means as may be
deemed advisable; but the Council shall have no
authority to enter into any debt or obligation be-
yond the limit of the funds in the Treasurer's
hands.

ARTICLE VI, MEETINGS. '

The Association shall hold two regular semi-
annual meetings eachjyear in addition to such spec-
ial meetings as may be called by the Council, or
at the request of twenty-five members, two week's
notice having been given of such special meeting.

The regular meetings shall be held in the month
of May and November. The meeting in Novem-
ber shall be considered the close of the fiscal
year, at which all reports shall be presented, and
officers elected.

There shall be no dues assessed other than
initiation fees before November 1886.

ARTICLE VII. AMENDMENTS.

Amendments to this Constitution may be made
at any meeting at which two-thirds of those
present vote, in favor of the amendments, provi-
ded such amendments have been presented in
writing at a meeting held at least two weeks pre-
vious.

* * *

Except in a few of the Westein States that are
almost destitute of natural forests, where the
planting of groves ind forests is a necessity on
economic grounds, very little attention will be
paid to **Arbor Days," however eloquently their
objects are set forth in the proclamation of gover-
nors and in the circulars and addresses of forestry
associations, unless the celebration feature is
adopted, and this will most easily be done by
having the public schools take hold of it. How
important, therefore, that ** Arbor Day" celebra-
tions be kept up, year after year, by the public
schools of the country. J. B. Peaslee, Cincinnati.

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4 FOREST LEAVES.

Roll of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association. July ist, i886.

FOREST LEAVES.

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Adams, Hon. Robert, Jr, 124 S. i6th St. Phila.
Anders. J. M. (M. D., 1529 N. 8th '' ''

Baird, Henry C. 810 Walnut *^* '^

Baker, Fraiiklin, Bowker Bros & Co. 4th '*
Binney, Charles C. 712 Walnut " "

Birkinbine, John, 152 S. 4th

Brown, Edwin Hurst, 1430 S. Penn Square
Calwalader, John, 1502 Spruce St.

Coxe, Miss Mary L. 1302 Pine

Coxe, Mrs. M. M. 1711 Locust " "

Dick, Mrs. Frank M. Hancock St. Germantown.
Flanders, Henry, Social Art Club, Phila.

Fisher, Geo. H. 131 1 Locust St.

Fisher, Henry M. 919 Walnut "

Foulke, John Francis, 1827 Pine *'

Foulke, Miss L. de V. 1827 Pine '*

Galvin, Thos. Walnut Lane, Geamantown.

Gillespie, Mrs. E. D. 250 S. 21st "

Gilroy, John J. 316 Chestnut "

Hallowell, Sarah C. 2017 DeLancey Place,
Harris, J. Andrews, D. D. Chestnut Hill,
Hess, Jeremiah L. Hellertown, Pa.

James, Prof. E. University of Penn.

Janney, N. E. 215 S. 5th St. Phila.

Jordon, John, Jr, Historical Society, "

Keim, Geo. de B. 2009 DeLancey Place, "
Landreth, B. Bristol, Pa.

Landreth, Linton, 191 7 Walnut St. Phila.

Landreth, Oliver, " " " '*

Levy, Louis, 7th and Chestnut **

Lockington, W. N. 1431 Chestnut [\

Lucas, John, 191 3 Arch

Lundy, John P., D. D. 245 S. i8th

Lundy, Mrs. M. S. " '' ''

McClellan, Oliver, Germantown, "

Mumford, Joseph P, 313 Chestnut St. "

Outerbridge, Albert A. Land Title and Trust Co.

Chestnut St. Phila.
Pancoast, Charles E. 512 Walnut St. Phila.

Paul, J. Rodman, 903 Pine " "

Rawle, Wm. Brook, 230 S. 22nd *' "

Rothrock, J. T. West Chester, Pa.

Weimer, Albert, B. 512 Walnut St. Phila.

Weimer, P. L. Lebanon, Pa.

Welsh, Herbert, 1316 Filbert, St. Phila.

Wharton, Anne H. 1405 Locust " "

Wiestling, Geo. B. Mount Alto, Pa.

Wood, Richard, 11 21 Arch St. Phila.

Wood, Stuart, Cor. 4th and Chestnut " "
Woods, Frank, 806 Walnut '* ''

Wright, Miss Edith, Wissahickon Ave. Germ't'n.

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To the American, whose great aim has been
how mostly to get rid of the forests which, until
recently, were the great obstacle in his way in

providing himself and family with a home, the
familiar refrain of **Woodman, spare that tree'*
sounded as the hollowest mockery; to him the
rapid stroke and cheery ring of the woodman'saxe,
or the thud of the forest monarch as it struck the
eart^i in its fall, were sounds far more pleasing to
the ear. And it is only since the railways have
spanned the continent and supplied the know-
ledge that his country is on the whole a prairie,
and a treeless one rather than a wooded one —
that the timber is only peculiar to the coasts,
lakes and water-courses, while the vast interior is
bare of timber — that such an idea has had a chance
of claiming his attention.

We cannot too soon take active and vigorous
measures to prevent, or at least to mitigate, the
calamity which would befall our country if our
timber, that great source of national wealth, is
taken from us. From an economic, from a
national, and from a domestic point of view I be-
lieve that the question of the preservation of our
forests is tke most important and the most vital
one which the American of the present day has

seriously to consider.

Mr. William Litlle.

* * *

fHERE are few soils so unsuited to vegeta-
tion or the raising of crops that they cannot
be devoted with profit to the cultivation of
forest trees. There are large tracts of land
in the forest regions of this country, or where
forests, within the memory of man, have been
abundant, which are now lying entirely waste.

No farmer would be wise in selecting his arable
land for the plantation of a forest; for the invest-
ment would be an injudicious one and would be
attended with loss. But it is these waste plages
which can be utilized so as, we believe, to prove
a sound investment. All of these facts are of the
first importance in dealing with the systematic
cultivation of forests and deserve our thorough
consideration as fundamental elements in that
business.

Mr. John E. Hobbs, Maine.

* * *

**In the forests of the central Oural district of
Russia, wood grows to maturity in about sixty
years. The forest is therefore mapped out in
sixty districts, one of which is cleared each year,
while the other fifty-nine are replacing the de-
mand by their regular growth. In fact, eighty
years are allowed for regrowth — while the annual
consumption is enough to make 8.000 tons of
iron — a rate of produce thus rendered possible for
ever.** — London St, James Gazette.

Pennsylvania Forestry.

1 beg leave to submit the following facts to the
attention of the Association for the promotion
of re-forestation in our State, and trust they
may make such use of them as may lead to the
furtherance of the cause they have so nobly
espoused !

During the last two Sessions of the Legislature
of Pennsylvania, a Bill was introduced and acted
upon for the promotion of tree planting along the
water courses and streams and around the springs
of the State.

It was enacted that, under the supervisions of
the State Agriculture Board, a Nursery, as a
tentative step toward the restoration and preser-
vation of our timber supply, should be established,
and that the seedlings therein produced should be
gratutiously distributed among all landholders of
this Commonwealth, on condition of their being
planted in the designated localities. For the
establishment of the nursery, an appropriation of
^2000 was made for the year, and Jliooo each
for several successive years.

The Bill passed the Senate with but one dis-
senting vote, as well as the second reading of the
House of Representatives, but owing to the press of
business at the close of the Session, tailed to re-
ceive a final vote. The plea upon which the Bill was
founded was the destitute condition of all , those
portions of our State, wh^re the clearing and cul-
tivation of land first took place, viz ; in our South-
eastern counties, leaving streams and springs in a
suffering condition from the absense of trees to
shade them and preserve the needed moisture
along their borders.

These living waters are the property of the
State and, as such, demand the attention, jurisdic-
tion and support of our State government. The
tenants of our woods, as well as the fish of our
streams, have gone into the control of the State
long since, h\^ no step has as yet been taken to
preserve the waters themselves.

The beneficient influence of tree-planting will
become apparent, when we consider that the
forest surface of Eastern Pennsylvania has fallen
off from at least 75 per cent of the total area to
from 15 to 20 per cent a most appalling feature in
this portion of our flourishing State!

Our State Senate has been widely awake to the
importance of the introduction of tree-planting,
as seen by their almost unanimous vote upon this
projected measure, and I would suggest to the
Association, the propriety of sending a petition
to the earliest Legislature, praying for the passage
of the Bill which so nearly approached its confir-
mation by our whole body of Representatives.

As a contemporary measure with the tree-plant-
ing Bill, our Legislature enacted the institution

of Arbor Day, which went into operation on the
15 of April, 1885, and held its second celebration
on the corresponding day of this year.

Had the first named Bill become a law it would
have remained problematical whether our citizens,
to any large extent, would at this early day of re-
forestation, have felt disposed to avail themselves
of this good gift of the State, and have resorted to
the task of planting trees for posterity. But the
creation of an Arbor Day came in very oppor-
tunely, and had the nursery been established at
the same time, there would have been no question
as to the success of the new system we had entered
upon.

As it is, our Arbor Day will prove but a feeble
institution, in as much as we are recommended to
plant trees that are not in existence.

A few forest and ornamental trees may be picked
up in Nurseries, but the supply, which we now
number by hundreds, should run up into millions,
and even then it would require years before this
new artificial growth will become apparent to the
eye.

Very little attention has been paid to the im-
portant subject we are discussing, and, to superfi-
cial thinkers, the project of tree-planting in a
State endowed with a wealth of timber such as ours,
the plan seems chimerical. But the history of tree-
planting in Minnesota will show what a great work
can be effected in a few years.

In 1876, Faribault County planted 1.804.776
trees, in Martin County, 77.000 trees, two individ-
uals planted 60.000 more on one farm, in
Stephens County. Returns received from 50
Counties report 1.500.000 trees planted on Arbor
Day, and over 10.000.000 during the season, One
man alone set out 15.400, of which 13.000 sur-
vived. One lad, on Arbor Day planted 75,000
cuttings and another of eleven years 5.280. Of
these trees probably from 60 to 75 per cent grow
and arrive at maturity.

Unless tree-planting is implied, there is very
little meaning in the phrase ** Preservation of the
Forests," for it is idle to suppose that any consid- _
erable portion of our timber will be spared the
woodman's axe where the economic wants of the
country demand its use. To spare the woods,
would be equivalent to applying a brake to the
wheels of industry and general progress. As our
population increases, the soil now occupied by the
forest must yield to the wants of the husbandman,
and the trees of the newly created woodlands,
must find new locations and these will be beyond
a doubt, along our streams.

In conclusion, I would ask your attention to
another point of vital importance in promoting
the cause in which you have enlisted.

Forestal study in our Colleges will eventually
become an important branch of a general collegi-

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

1

ate course and serve to awaken in the minds of
our youth, whose destiny it may be to become
the inheritors of landed estates, a love of den-
drology, and along with the scientific exercises
demanded by the study of forestry, an ardent taste
for the laws of nature.

. The late Dr. F. B. Hough informed me, some
time previous to his death, that West Virginia,
expected to have Arbor Day observed in looo
schools in that State, and, looked forward to the
time when these pupils would become the proprie-
tors of all the lands oi their State.

Such an observance by the schools of our own
State and the introduction of Forest study into
our colleges would place Pennsylvania in a fair
way to perpetuate pur groves and woodlands, and
in some small measure, idemnify us for the ap-
proaching loss of our forests.

Very Respectfully,
Nazareth, Pa. James Henry,

Forestry Interests.

?HE best digest or presentation of reasonable
and practical legislation that has yet been
made in this country, is embodied in the
three bills reported by the N. Y. Foresty
Commission— Prof. Sargent's—two years ago, and
in their report, introducing these Bills.

The most that can be readily accomplished by
legislation is the repression and prevention of
Carelessness \xi starting fires in or near woodland.
There should be some oversight even of fires which
are set by the owners of the land where the burn-
ing of brush or other materials is necessary. Ex-
tensive injury is often caused by fires which spread
from clearings or farms into the woods, because no
care or foresight is exercised by the owner or his
employees. ,.

Very few people know how to plant or trans-
plant trees, so that they will live and flourish.
There is great need of a hand-book of Forestry in
this country, a manual of elementary knowledge
on the planting and care of trees, and the entire
management of forests, groves and woodlands.
Nothing of the kmd is yet in existence, and the
people of Pennsylvania, might, as well as anv-
body else, accumulate some of the material for
such a work.

The chief and most obvious injury to the econ-
omic interests of the country which is produced
by the destruction of forests, is the production of
freshets in streams, by which the water precipita-
ted in rain and snow is carried off with destruc-
tive suddenness and violence, leaving a greatly
reduced volume in the streams for long intervals,
the drying up of springs and the progressive des-
siccation and steadily increasing aridity of the
country. ^

The pasturage of woodlands is also a potent
factor in narrowing our forest area, as it prevents
the growth of young trees, thus rendering the re-
production of the forests impossible.

All steep or rocky slopes and hillsides, and all
ravines unfit for cultivation should be carefully
kept in a wooded condition. This, cannot be
done if they are subjected to pasturage.

The trees should be removed gradually from all
such places; they should never be entirely
cleared at once, and the greatest care should be
used to prevent the surface from being burned
over.

' Trees havie important relations to the health of
the people of towns and cities, and of many coun-
try regions as well, but these relations are not gen-
erally recognized or understood.

The existing neglectful and destructive method
of dealing with forests and woodlands is closely
connected with the general system and methods
of life of our people, it is a part of our civilization
and national character, and it is therefore exceed-
ingly difficult to produce any considerable change
in the habitual practice of the people. Even after
suitable laws have been enacted, their efficient en-
forcement is usually very difficult and legislation
alone, i, e., without popular interest and discus-
sion— has never produced results of any value in
connection with forestry interests. Any consider-
able success or improvement can only result from
persistent, diffused and organized effort, directed
by persons possessing real knowledge of the sub-
ject. J. B. Harrison.

* * «

More than a hundred years ago, that acute ob
server and delightful writer, Gilbert White, of
Selborne, made this record: **Trees perspire pro-
fusely, condense largely, and Check evaporation
so much, that woods are always moist ; no won-
der, therefore that they contribute so much to
pools and streams, That trees are great pro-
moters of lakes and rivers appears^from a well
known fact in North America; for, since the
wbods and forests have been cleared and grubbed,
all bodies of water are much diminished ; so that
some streams that were very considerable a cen-
tury ago will not now drive a common mill.'* —
Letter XXIX, to the Hon. D. Barrington, Sel-
born, Feb. yth, 1776.

* * *

"There is no doubt that a Forestry Association
can do much not only towards remedying the
evils of mismanagement, but towards promoting
the interests of the near future, by causing such
an interest to be taken in the matter of arboricul-
ture that the forests will perform their proper part
in assisting to make the earth a proper habitation
for man, and will be a prominent source of
"^tdXih,"' ^Evening Telegraph

The American Forestry Congress.

IN response to an urgent invitation from the
Colorado State Forestry Association, seconded
by the Chamber of Commerce of the City of
Denver, the American Forestry Congress
will hold its Fifth Annual Meeting in that
city, in the month of September (probably
i6th to i8th), the exact date to be announced
hereafter. . ,

The President of the Forestry Association, in
transmitting the invitation of his society, says:

'*We hope that you will come with a strong
force, to whom we will give a fitting and enthu-
siastic reception. In no field can your labors bear
better fruit than here, for the forests, or some
substitute for them, are a necessity of our existence,
and public attention must be aroused to that

fact."

That the forestry movement is not premature is
showu by the following facts: —

1. Most of the large white pine trees of the
State are already cut, and only small sticks now
come into the market.

2. We no longer find State supply equal to
State demands, and are already drawing largely
upon Michigan and Wisconsin. The timber there
is approaching exhaustion, as is shown by the fact
that the lumbermen are already in Southern
timber land. Besides, known statistics show the
same thing.

3. The saw-mills now at work in our North-
western lake regions would in one year remove
the forests of either Alabama or Georgia, and in
six months finish up either of the Carolinas or
Florida.

4. We are already importing floors from Geor-
gia and roofs from Michigan, which shows that
even now we are not self supporting in timber.
Ship spars are now being brought trom Oregon
and Washington Territory to meet the demand in
our Eastern shipyards. •

5. To rature a forestry system and make it
productive is the work of years; and, unless at
once commenced, want of timber will become
oppressive before relief is obtained.

Prof. J. F. Rothrock.

Financial.

fHE Forestry Association by resolution author-
ized the Council to take steps to raise a fund
af five thousand dollars by contributions
from friends of the movement. To accom-
plish this the following circular has been issued
and already several handsome subscriptions have
been secured.

* 'Statistics of a reliable character have shown,
beyond doubt, that the forests of our State are
being destroyed at such a rate as will, before many
years, lead to a dearth of timber.

With the removal of timber from our mountain
ranges and ridges, will also come such an irregular
distribution of water as will produce freshets on
the one hand, and drought on the other; and it
can readily be shown that the preservation of ex-
tensive woodland areas is one of the most impor-
tant duties the citizen owes to the future. Tree
planting is now essential to the prosperity of this
commonwealth, as the experience of ages has
proved it to be in Germany, France and Sweden.
It should be understood fully, that in less time
than we can produce White Pine, Hemlock, White
Oak, Hickory, or Black Walnut (and other valua-
ble kinds of timber), nearly our whole supply of
these trees will have been exhausted

Forest fires destroy each year, within the limits
of this State, from two to three million of dollar's
worth of timber, and stringent legislative enact-
ments are needed to prevent or diminish this
loss.

These facts can all be proven. It is requisite,
however, that the public should be fully informed
npon this subject, and to accomplish this, the
Penn ylvania Forestry Association proposes to
issue suitable publications and to employ a com-
petent lectuier, whose duty it shall be to visit all
parts of the State and create a healthy public sen-
timent in favor of the reproduction and protec-
tion of forests.

This movement requires financial support and
personal effort. It is a reform which must appeal
to those who think the prosperity of the future
worthy the generosity of the present. Any sum
which you may feel inclined to give will be thank-
fully received by any of the members of the Coun-
cil of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

The Composition of the Penn.
Forestry Association.

RIGINATING in Philadelphia the present
roll of membership is composed of residents
of that city and of Eastern Pennsylvania,
but the desire ol the projectors and manage-
ment is, to make the organization cover the entire
state, and ihtprotem officers were chosen, so that by
the meeting announced for November representa-
tives could be secured from all parts of the state.
Provision is also made to have the management
composed of councillors from various counties.

The dues for membership are merely nominal,
so as to reimburse the Association for a part of
the expense in issuing information, but in addi-
tion substantial financial aid is promised and some
very handsome contributions have already been
made.

The membership is practically open to every re-
spectable inhabitant of this great commonwealth
and in determining who should be enrolled we are

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FOREST LEAVES.

including every progresive or public spirited
man or woman in the community; for it seems to
us that they are but few, who from one motive or
another would not be interested in a movement
which looks to the general welfare of the present
and the enrichment of the prospective population
of Pennsylvania.

Our roster should include the city resident who
seeks the country or mountains for summer rest,
for who would desire a sojourn on either of bar-
ren of trees.

The farmers should co-operate, for the equiliza-
tion of temperature and distribution of rain fall,
which forest, encourage, reduces the extremes of
temperature and produces abundant showers rather
than destructive torrents.

The lumberman, who is so rapidly cutting him-
self out of business or is becomes dependent on
inferior growths, should have a special interest in
the movement. The owners of large forest tracts
should find that the purpose of the Association
mean financial gain to them.

The sportsnaan, who with rod or gun must soon
seek for game outside of the state unless the pur-
poses of this Association meet with favor, should
be one of us. The railroad corporations whose sills,
cars and building lumber, etc. are such impor-
tant factors should encourage this movement.

The officials of towns and cities dependent upon
public water supplies, ought to participate in forest
preservation and a forestry association should
appeal favorably to all lovers of nature.

If any one who reads the e lines should find that
he or she is not included in the brief list above
given, but who feels an interest in forest preser-
vation, the secretary will gladly record the name
and address and take proper steps to secure mem-
bership for the applicant.

* * *

** Lumbermen of experience declare that in
thirty years, with the present alarming destruc-
tion of trees, Pennsylvania will not have any sale-
able timber within her borders. The regions
where this timber is found are the natural reser-
voirs from which our rivers and streams are fed,
and observation shows that the rain-fall and the
supply of water therein have been materially
diminished since th-^y were stripped of their
forests. It is alleged, likewise that decided atmos-
pheric changes are perceptible, and that the win-
ters have grown more rigorous and the heat of
summers more intense in these same regions;
and that the dwarfed fruits and stunted crops are
plainly traceable to the absence of the usual mois-
ture occasioned by denuding them of their trees.
Water-power has decreased inconsequence, as well
as fertilizers of the soil; devastating floods and
droughts have rendered the rafting season uncer-
tain and the lumber supply precarious; so that the

investment of nearly j; 2 8, 000,000 in timber lands,
and the marketable product of 132,200,000, and
the employment of 20,000 men at more than
$6,000,000 wages, are all threatened with extinc-
tion at no very distant day.'*

* * *
With the sure and steady march of Fate, and the
inevitably wrathful advance of an avenging
Nemesis, comes the penalty of violating the laws
and destroying the equilibrium of nature by
wicked and wanton burning of the forests all over
our broad land. This alarming cry of fire ! fire !
fire ! not only resounds among the mountain of
the Far West, but it is also heard from Maine to
Florida, and from the Atlantic seaboard to the
Mississippi River, and scheming politicians,
mis-called statesmen, in or out of the halls of legis-
lation, give little or no heed to the appalling cry,
but rather plot and conspire for place and power
and the rich spoils of office; while the people,
either too ignorant or too indiff*erent about the
consequences, stand idly by enjoying the spectacle
of their homes and country wrapped in devouring
flames. No, no; the charge is neither false, nor
is the statement too strongly put. For, what
legislation has ever yet seriously and vigorously
attempted to arrest this forest arson, as it punishes
the arson of barns and cowsheds ? And what
great proportion of our people has ever yet strongly
protested against it and demanded a remedy?
This Is not a question involving the existence of
any political party, but the existence of the nation
itself; and before any eff'ectual remedy can be
provided the people must be informed of the great
evil and danger of this thing, and a public senti-
ment be created against it, demanding severe
punishment of all criminals. North, South, East
and West, applying the torch to the forest.

Dr. J. P. Lundy.
* * *

/'Forest fires greatly injure the growth of the
trees that survive, as will appear upon compar-
ing the annual layers, in trees exposed, and in
those protected, the former being so thin that
they can scarcely be distinguished, while the latter
are several times as thick.

Another most injurious effect is the burning out
of the organic material In the soil, rendering it
sterile upon the surface, to the destruction of the
finer and more nutritious grasses, and able to
produce only the coarser and more deeply rooting
species.

The injuries from the unrestrained range of cat-
tle are scarcely less than those from fires, as well
from browsing, as from breaking and tramping
down. These damages are less apparent in a pine
forest, because the leaves are not eaten, but the
J^s^^ven there is enormous, and constantly runs
" Dr. Chas. Mohr.

to ruin.

>X'iP!Y

Philadelphia, September, 1886.

Published for the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

By JOHN BIRKINBINE, 152 South 4th Street.

fO the Press throughout
the Stite, we would
ex pi ess our apprecia-
tion of the words of
encouragenient, which met
the first issue of Forest Leaves, recognizing the
fact that it was not the publication, but the senti-
ment which it represents, that commands atten-
tion. We are anxious to have the co-operation of
the intelligence and progressive spirit, represented
by the press of Pennsylvania, in fact we feel cour
fident that without its support, any awakening of
public interest in forest preservation, will be well
nigh impossible.

It is therefore a matter of pride and satisfaction
that, the first efforts of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, should have been so cordially en-
dorsed, and we hope our future attempts at popu-
larizing tbe principles which we represent, will
command continued endorsement in the daily and
weekly newspapers.

We desire the reading public to realize, that
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association has no sel-
fish motive, that it does not seek the aggrandize-
ment of any set or class of citizens at the ex-
pense of others, that it is organized solely on the
basis of the public welfare, and the general prosper-
ity both now and in the future of the great State in
which we live. The association is not hampered
with pet notions, nor is it tied to theories or vis-
ionary schemes. It seeks by directing attention
to the injurious effects of denudation elsewhere,
to show the beneficent influences of ample tree
growth. It desires by pointing out the limited
forest areas, now existing in the State, to show
how rapidly we are approaching the danger line.
It proposes by calling attention to the waste lands
and the possibilities of reforestration to encourage
the maintenance of a sufficent proportion of
wooded areas, to sustain the climatic equilib. ium,
which observation has shown to be dependent
upon such forest distribution. It will advocate
the propagation of valuable species of trees, and
discuss the merit of thinning out the forests. It

will try to show the damage done by forest fires,
and present methods for their suppression or ex-
tinguishment. It will by the aid of the public
press, educating public sentiment, endeavor to
secure such legislative enactments as will preserve
our present forests from injury, enforce penalties
,for useless destruction and secure an increase in
forest areas by directing attention to the value of
timber growth. .

We give in this issue some of the kind words
from the State press.

Scrub Oaks.

BY
W. N. LOCKINGTON.

/^yORTH America is rich in oaks. There are
1 m, "° ^^^? ^^^" thirty-seven accepted species,
A-T besides varieties. As some of these are valua-
ble lumber trees, while others are compara-
tively useless — two or three being mere scrubs — it
is evidently of great importance to all who possess
woodlands to be able to distinguish the true
"scrub" oaks from young specimens of larger
species, as well as to know the latter from each
other on account of the difference in value of
their lumber.

Our native oaks may be arranged in five catego-
ries, viz. : (i) White oaks, all of which have
rather deeply lobed leaves the veins of which
never end in bristles. (2) The Red and Black Oaks,
which have more or less deeply lobed leaves the
veins of which protrude beyond the lobes as bristle-
like poifits. (3) the Chestnut Oaks, the leaves of
which are not lobed, but simply toothed and in
shape resembling those of the chestnut ; (4) the
Willow Oaks, with narrow entire leaves like those
of the willow, and (5) Evergreen Oaks.

There are two species of **scrub" oak in Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey. One of these {Quercus
prinoides) is a dwarf chestnut oak, while the other,
( Q. ilicifolia) the Holly-leaved oak, Bear oak or
Black Scrub Oak, belongs to the sectiop with
bristle-pointed leaves.

ih

If

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.-

\%

w

m

The dwarf chestnut oak may be readily dis-
tinguished from the chestnut oak (Q. />r/«/..) and
its varieties by the following characters : The
leaves are smaller and more acutely toothed so
that they Tesemble those of the chestnut more
neady tban is the case with those of the rock
chestnut oaks ; the acorns are set upon the branches
without or almost without a peduncle and are

rmal' not much more than l^^}^ V'^' '"o'f tCrocl
the diameter of the large ovoid fruits of the rock
chestnut oak ; and the acorn cup is thin instead
of thick, m the Alleghanies this ^P^cies becomes
a tree The holly-leaved scrub oak maybeidenthed
through its name. The leaves are quite hoUy-like
from two to four inches lone, not deeply cut but
with about five angular points, each one ending in
a bristle ; and the acorn is smaller than even that
of the dwarf chestnut oak, with a flattish cup.
There can be no danger that any one that has
once noted the difference will ever confound the
small angular leaves of this crooked little shrub,
downy underneath as they are, with the large Jep-
ly-cut and not downy leaves of Xhe Red Scarlet
or Black oak, and still less with the rather leath-
ery, broadly-wedge shaped and but slightly cut
leaves of the Black Jack oak ; especially as young
examples of these trees have l^av^i,,^j^^^^^"f.^"
size those of full grown trees. The Pine Oak
(O.patustris) has small leaves, but they are
deeply-cut and the lobes themselves are toothed

The dwarf chestnut oak shares with the dwarf
chestnut the title of ** chinquapm.' The Bear
or Holly-leaved oak is abundant on sandy
and sterile soil, yet even in such localities as in
the pine barrens of New Jersey, oaks of other and
better species are common, while the oaks ot the
scrubby woods of richer soil often consist entirely
of young trees of the more valuable species, pre-
vented from reaching their proper development
either by fires, undue crowding or periodical cut-
ting The other dwarf oaks, two of them dwart
willow oaks, occur in the Southern States, and
three others inhabit the Pacific Region,

Protect The Forests.

fHE Pennsylvania Forestry Association is at
work. And it is very appropriate that such
an association should be at work in a state
whose founder made an ordinance, as far
back as 1681, '' demanding the reservation of one
acre of trees to every five cleared." The policy
of that ordinance, was a wise one for a stale to
begin with, but Penn^s successors, immediate and
remote, departed from it most radically. During
all our history, the destruction of Pennsylvania s
forests has gone remorselessly on, interrupted by
what may be called spasmodic protests once in ^

creat while, but never once materially abated.
Fires the consumption for houses, railroad ties,
mine'supports and even for fuel-a)l these agencies
have operated to the constant denuding of our
hills, until what was once a state covered by
magnificent forests,is to-day almost naked of them.
The work the Forestry Association has on hand
is first to check further destruction, and second,
to encourage tree planting. Its program is to
;each the great value of trees as sanitary agents
j,nd their efficacy in bringing the rain that main-
tains the fructifying powers of the soil, and inspire
officials and the public generally, to the enforce-
ment of all laws designed to protect our remaining
forests from decimation by fire or otherwise.

There are several acts of the kind in the books.
Comparatively few, however, know even of their
existence, and fewer still pay them any sort of
respect An Act of i860, for instance, makes it
a n'lisdemeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding
«ioo and impriso ment not exceeding twelve
months, to willfully set or cause to be set on fire
any woods, etc., **so as thereby to occasion loss,
damage or injury to any other person.

An Act of '69 makes the punishment for this
off'ense a fine ^M^ot exceeding $500 nor less than
«c;o'» and imi>risonment **not exceeding one year
nor less than 30 days, or both," half the f^ne to
go to the informer. An Act of '70 ^s as follows :
Section i. Be it enacted, etc That it shall be the duty
of the Commissioners of the several counties of this Com-
monwealth to appoint persons under oath, whose duty 1
shall be io ferret out and bring to punishment all persons
who t\ihtx willfully or otherwise cause the burning of Um-
ber lands, and to take measures to have such fires ^^^'^f^fj'-
td where it can be done ; the expenses thereof to \^P^^^^l'^
0/ the county treasury, the unseated land tax to be the hrst

^tK^TioTf XTthe provisions of the act of ninth of
April, one thousand eight hundred ^"^^V ^^^'y^^' ^f ;^\'i^
.^ An act to prevent the tiring of njountains ^nd other wild
lands in the county of Union " and of ^his ac be and Oie
same is herebv extended to the couiities of Schuylkill, Le
high, Berks. Lycoming. Centre, Snyder, Luzerne and Union.
—Pamphlet Laws, i'6']0, page I2l().

An ict of '79 makes the maximum penalty tor
firing woods, etc., $^00 fine and twelve months
imprisonment, and requires the commissioners to
pay $50 reward to every prosecutor under the act,
whose suit shall result in a conviction.

All these acts are supposed to be still in full
force and effect, but they are practically dead let-
ters. No detectives are appointed under the act
of '70 above quoted, and prosecutions for tiring
woods, thong:, the offense is a common one, are
very rare indeed. We do not at this time recall
any as having occured in this court for a number
of years. Now, either these laws are right or they
are wrong. If the latter they should be repealed
but so long as they remain unrepealed they shouia
be executed. The Leader is in full sympathy
with the Forestry Association in its commendable

endeavor to make the fact of their existence
known, and feels constrained to say that they are
subjects to which the County Commissioners
should give immediate and earnest attention.
Great harm has been done, but by proper effort
on their part further harm may be forefended, or
its perpetrators punished as they deserve to be.
Evening Leader ^ Wilkes Barre,

Forests in Ancient and Modern

India.

IR Richard Temple, late Governor-General
of Bombay, mentions the fact that the for-
ests of India were once vast, according to
tradition, but that now they have so shrunk
in size and importance as to be inadequate for so
vast an empire containing so many ranges of
mountains and hills. The unrestrained clearing
of the forests has affected the climate unfavora-
bly, and lessened the supply of moisture in a
country already subject to aridity. .It has caused
wood, a necessary article, to become dear and
scarce ; it has compelled the people to use for
fuel, substances which ought to be used for man-
ure, and has reduced to a low ebb some valuable
portions of the national wealth, cutting off be-
yond recovery some branches of the imperial re-
sources. For many generations the forests have
been felled for fire wo6d, for new farm lands and
building materials. The felling used to be car-
ried on indiscriminately, without any thought of
leaving some parts of the forests, or even a few
trees here and there for reproduction in the future.
This destructive process was continued under
British rule to obtain timber for barracks, rail-
ways and public works, clearing the local forests
to the last logs, regardless of consequences.

Mischief, practically immense, has been done
already, of which some parts are irreparable, or
can be repaired only after the lapse of a long
time, while others may be remedied within one
or two generations. The British government in
India is now bestirring itself to remedy these
evils, so far as practicable, by the effective system
of modern scientific forestry, recently inaugura-
ted there.

Sir Richard Temple, further says ; The aver-
age quantity of vapor must come from the ocean
and must be condensed somewhere; if it be not
changed into rain as it passes across the plains, it
will pass on to the mountains and be transformed
there. This is a matter of common experience;
moisture-laden clouds float over the Deccan, leav-
ing it arid, and move on to the Satpura range,
where they are condensed, fill the torrent-beds
with rain water which rushes into the rivers and
at last returns to the plains in inundations. Sim-
ilarly, clouds sweep over the thirsty plains of

Hindustan, and, being condensed in the Himal-
yas, return in great river floods. The hope is
that, if forest tracts were distributed over the
plains, there would be cool surfaces to attract the
clouds and to arrest them, as it were, on their
way. (India, in 1880, pp, 296-298).

Well may desolated, famine-stricken, cholera-
ravaged India, recall the glory and freshness of
her ancient forests, where her sages composed
and recited her sacred vedas, where Gautama the
Buddha retired to meditate and develop a relig-
ious system seciond only to Christianity, and
where every aged householder, weary of the cares
and turmoil of life, sought a peaceful and quiet
retreat for his last declining days. Well may the
ruling powers there seek to reinvest the forester
and the forest preserver with something of the
dignity and sacredness of the old guardians of
the torest, who, by the ancient Bramanical law,
were regarded as minor divinities to whom sacri-
fices or offerings must be made. This law ordain-
ed that 109 sacrifices be made to the divinity of
forests, i. e. a forest ranger or keeper, and that
no sacrifices be made to the divinity of a side
forest, i. e. to one who protects forests from fires.
Again, in the Third Century B. C. the great
Buddhist monarch, Asoka, with much pomp and
ceremony, issued his celebrated Edicts, and had
them carved on rocks and pillars throughout all
his vast dominions for the instruction of his peo-
ple j and the second of these Edicts commanded
that medicinal roots, herbs and other vegetation
be planted in all places destitute of them for the
cure of sick men and animals ; and that wells
should be dug and trees planted along the public
highways for the refreshment of man and beast.
These ancient laws of India have anticipated
our own forestry endeavors and Arbor Days by
thousands of years ; and happy will it be for us
if we adopt and enforce them, so as to save our
State and country from the dreadful condition of
modern India.

J. P. LUNDY.
*

A recent writer says that the only means of
which we can conceive within human power for
the prevention, or at best the rendering less fre-
quent of cyclones, is in the covering of the face
of the country as much as possible with trees and
verdure. Let there be ascending moisture instead
of ascending currents of heated air. In the great
timbered valleys of the Amazon cyclones are un-
known, yet when we look at the formation of the
land it is probably one of the most monotonously
level regions on the face of the earth. Take away
the forests and verdure, and leave this region a
vast desert plain, and it would no doubt at once
become a very playground of cyclones.

Philadelphia Record.

a.

'3^

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

I

Droughts.

The droughts of Eastern America are reported as
follows:

in succsesion without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain,

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.

in succession without rain.
The longest drought reported in America was
in the summer of 1762, no rain fell from the first
of May to the first of September, making 123
days without rain. There are seven droughts re-
ported in the seventeenth century averaging 51
days each, ten in the eighteenth century averaging
nearly 75 days each, and up to the present time
six in the nineteenth century averaging 27 days
each.

" In 1621, 24 days

In 1630, 41 days

In 1657, 75 d/ys

In 1662, 30 days

In 1674, 45 days

In 1680, 81 days

In 1694, 62 days

In 1705, 40 days

In 1715, 45 ^ays

In 1728, 61 days

In 1730, 92 days

In 1741, 73 days

In 17491 108 days

In 1855, 42 days

In 1762, 123 days

In 1773, 80 days

In 1 791, 82 days

In 1802, 23 days

In 1812, 28 days

In 1856, 24 days

In 1871, 42 days

In 1875, 27 days

In 1885, 20 days

The Wissahickon Woods.

IN and around the Wissahickon valley the wood-
lands may serve as an example of how forests
ought not to be treated, or at any rate of how
forestry may be neglected. The trees are mostly
of second growth and there are plenty of them.
They are in many places so close that a man can
touch two at once. They have had a tough strug-
gle for life with each other, and, as no intelligent
hand cleared away the surplus plants, they have
succeeded in damaging one another. They are
thin, spindling, lanky trees, worth nothing for
lumber, and not likely to be unless some thinning
is done and unless the dead and rotting trunks
scattered among the living are cleared away. Just
to let a number of trees grow up as best they can,
is not forest preservation, any more than letting
children run wild on the streets is child education.

W. N. L.

Become a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association and aid a good work.

fIFTH annual meeting of the American Fores-
try Congress, will be held at Denver, Col.,
September 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 1886.
The following preliminary programme has
been arranged : — The session will be held in the
hall of the Chamber of Commerce.

Tuesday, Sept. 14 — Evening Reception at 8 P. m.
Address of Welcome by His Excellency the Gover-
nor, of Colorado ; by the Mayor of the City of
Denver, and by the President of the Chamber of
Commerce. Reply by Judge Warren Higley,
President of Congress. Appointment of Com-
mittees.

Wednesday, Sept, 75 — Morning, afternoon, and
evening sessions for reading of papers, discussions
and reception of reports.

Thursday, Sept. 16 — Ride through the city and
suburbs in afternoon, evening sessions.

Friday, Sept. ly — Excursion by rail to Fort
Collins, and through Greeley. This trip will pre-
sent the best cultivated part of the State.

Saturday, Sept. 18 — Excursion by railroad to
Colorado Springs, and in carriages to Glen Eyrie
and through the Garden of the Gods to Manitou,
where Sunday may be spent at the foot of Pike's
Peak.

Monday, Sept. 20 — By rail to Leadville, via the
Grand Canon of the Arkansas, reaching Leadville
at 7.50 p. M. ; return to Denver next day.

Among the papers and addresses entered for
reading we find the following : — Relation of For-
ests to Water supply. Beneficial Climatic Influ-
ence of Forest Vegetation. Sanitary Influences
of Forests. — Cyclones and Forestry. — Forest De-
struction, and Aquaculture. Profits of Forest
Culture. How to Plant an Effective Windbreak.
Possibilities and Aims of Forest Experiment Sta-
tions. State and National Forest Legislation.
Relation of Governments to Forests. Forestry
Collections. On the Most Efficient Means of
Working Up an Interest in Forestry.

* *

*

Modern Forestry says: ''It has been the con-
clusion of scientific investigation that from
one -fourth to one-third of the earth's surface, needs
to be appointed to tree or plant life, in order to
maintain the best conditions for human existence.
Such an amount of wooded surface, while it would
preserve the atmosphere in the best state for
man's use as a living creature, would also secure
to him the amplest returns from the cultivation of
the soil, and the largest rewards of his varied in
dustries."

A giant oak weighing about 55 tons has been
recovered from the bed of the Seine, where it is
supposed to have lain at least 3000 years, and is
on exhibition moored off" the Cours-la-Rcin, Paris.

Coppice and Timlier Growth.

"ATURITY, i. e.y the time when trees will
bear seed often and plentifully, with slow
growers generally, sets in when they have
attained their maximum height accretion ;
quick growers mature earlier; Shallow soil, warm
exposures, or increased influences of sunlight
accelerate maturity, whilst the richer soils, north-
ern asspects and denser growths retard the matur-
ing. For every species and locality, the time and
periodicity of seed years must be determined from
experience.

The rule of careful forestry requires us, above
all things, to keep the soil under cover, to expose
it to the drying influence of the sun and wind as
little as possible. This rule is violated oftener in
the coppice system than in the timber forest with
long rotation. :ie ^ic 4t sic ^k

Mass accretion in a forest not only shows a
diff*erent rate at diff*erent ages, but ceteris paribus
shows a difference of rate according to the origin
of the trees ; the maximum of yearly average
mass accretion of a well stocked forest occurs be-
fore the time of maturity, and is directly propor-
tionate to the height accretion, so that the masses
of two tracts of similar character are nearly pro-
portionate to their heights. From this experience
alone, it may be deduced that the rate of mass
accretion differs considerably in coppice and tim
ber forest. In the former, the greatest annual
height accretion is observable in the first year,
especially from old stocks, but ceases soon. The
average annual mass accretion may, therefore,
reach its maximum a few years after the new
growth is started ; yet for other reasons affecting
the utility of the crop, the longer rotation of
twenty to thirty years is preferable when the year-
ly average mass accretion just begins to decline.

In seedings, the height accretion of the first
years is inconsiderable, and increases in rate from
jear to year ; it reaches its maximum some time
before maturity, when it remains stationary for
awhile, then gradually sinking towards maturity.
Consequently, on that part of the timber which
will remain to the end of the rotation, the maxi-
mum yearly average mass accretion is attained
near the time of maturity, when it remains station-
ary for some time only ; with light-needing species
and especially on poor sandy soils it sinks rapidly.
In t^is system of management, a considerable
part of the original growth may be utilized by
thinning interlucations, and should not be forgot-
ten in the estimates of the amount of wood pro-
duced. Unfortunately for the calculation, the
amount so available can hardly be determined
beforehand, because it depends not only on the
greater or less original density of the growth, but
also on the amount of nprse-trees held over from

a former rotation ; on the quantity of soft woods,
birch, poplar, willow, etc., which have to be re-
moved ; on an earlier or later beginning and fre-
quency of interlucations, which last considerations
essentially influence not only the amount of
material utilized in the interlucations, but, also,
determine the slower or quicker development of
the principal growth. Doubtless, the greatest
mass of this material from thinnings may be ex-
pected during the period of greatest height accre-
tion, and poor soils, which are not able to sustain
and develop as many specimens per acre to the
end of the rotation, will yield a larger amount of
this material in proportion to the main crop. ^

We are cutting, burning, and wasting from
30 to 40 billion feet yearly now, and will shortly
cut much more, not only in proportion to the in-
crease of our own population and settlements,
but also in accelerated proportion, as the export
supply of European forest resources declines,
and the vastness will disappear at no distant day,
and before a full sized timber forest can be grown.

There will not be a timber f-miine, the law of
supply and demand, and the forests of countries
as yet undeveloped will take care of that ; but a
scarcity, high prices, and injurious influences on
all industries using wood cannot but be felt soon.

The same acres will not cut the same amount,
robbed, as it were, of their natural facilities of
reproduction by human interference, without
equivalent after care bestowed upon them. ^ ^

Do not think this warning untimely, judging
from the past. The world is developing at an
accelerated ratio, the competition and the de-
mands on all the industries require more and
more close application cf scientific principles,
economy, and husbandry ; the slip shod ways of
the good old times are growing more and more
unprofitable. B. E. Fernow.,

* * *

The practice of allowing hogs, sheep and cat-

tie to have the free range of the woods is looked

upon as detrimental to the forest, from the fact

that cattle and sheep browse off the leaves, buds,

tender . shoots and branches of saplings, w.iile

hogs root up seedlings in the search for nuts or

roots, and trample down or break off the young

trees which are to form future forests. At f
thought this seems a trivial matter, but ir
course of a season, and particularly wh^ the
herbage is scant at all times, the stock cahoots,
the cravings of hunger, make a monrill avoid
search for whatever may serve for foo^^ood trees,
through long distances, leaving de the growing
ture forest growth in their path, i is greatly re-
cstry Commission.

t.

•FOREST LEAVES.

Letter from the Anthracite Coal

Region.

[We present the following strong presentation of our
claims, by a member of the Associa' ion, only regretting
that we are not permitted to give the writer's name.] Ed.

?HE mountains of the great coal region, be-
fore the mines were worked, were entirely
covered with forest. The upper slopes and
summits being mainly composed of conglo-
merate rock overlaid with a thin layer of mould
forming a soil, were clothed with a dense forest
of yellow pines.

In the coal basins, between the hills where
streams generally flowed, were groves of birch,
white oakiind splendid hemlock, masses of rho-
dodendron, often thirty feet high, and rich car-
pets of fern. Wherever the **red shale'* cropped
out on the mountain side, or in the broad valleys
at a lower level, were seen beautiful forests of oak
and chestnut, and many white pines of mighty
girth, towering over the rest.

A great change has taken place in the last twenty
years the tall yellow pines, as affording the most
valuable timber for mine uses, have nearly all
been cut. A trip underground will reveal this
forest serving to line the slopes and gangways of
the mine, and we ought not to begrudge it for
this service, but it is sad to see so many trunks
of noble pines, out of which props 20 or 30 feet
long have been cut, and all the upper part left
with spreading branches, to decay slowly and
serve to increase the fury of the next, forest
fire.

According to the natural law of rotation, the
pine forest when removed, is succeeded by one of
oak and chestnut, and this second growth, if pro-
tected and judiciously thinned, would soon be
valuable for timber, but unfortunately in almost
every direction it is kept down by fires.

The miners are known to deliberately kindle
them in the early spring, in order that the tender
green shoots, springing from the roots of injured
trees, may afford pasture for their wandering
cattle, and of course many fires are started by
sparks from the locomotives and other causes.
No one attemps to extinguish the flames, unless
they threaten some building or settlement, so vast
tracts are yearly burnt over.

The roving cattle have no pasture but the open

^llside, and public opinion justifies the miners

^eir endeavor to improve ic. It has occured

that to set apart a certain number of acres,

■ ^r them as a pasture for each colliery,

3. more economical system all around,

^st is considered valuable by the owners

Igrtion to the amount of mine timber

id positively not worth considering

jspects.

Len recurring destroy jthe capac-

ity of the soil to reproduce a crop, even of trees.
It is wonderful how thin a layer of soil on the
barren rock has been able to support a forest of
pines. If rings are a guide to the age of a tree,
I have seen many from 150 to 200 years old, with
roots spread out for six or eight feet on all sides,
in a soil of a few inches in depth. Such trees
are easily uprooted, carrying the soil with their
roots and exposing a perfectly innutritions graveL
The fire consumes the vegetable mould, the rains
help to carry it away, and ages will pass before
another forest can again be seen, and of course
agriculture is out of the question in such places.
Our association need not petition the Legisla-
ture for statutes to prevent forest fires. The laws
already in existence on the statute book are as
strong and comprehensive as could be devised,
but so far as this region is concerned they are
complete failures, no single attempt, so far as
we know, ever having been made to enforce
them.

It is true that a man may do what he likes with
his own, so far at least as he does not injure his
neighbor, or interfere with his rights.

If the companies who own the mining region,
are concerned only about the mineral under-
ground wealth, and the best methods of getting
at it, what right has any one else to complain, if
this fair domain is converted into a scene of ulack
and hideous desolation?

I often wish I could look without a pang, at
the valleys that were-once filled with verdure, and
through which crystal streams flowed rejoicing,
bearing life and fertility with their waters. What
was once a ferny glen, is now an open swamp,
covered with black glistening coal waste, from
which rise the bleached skeletons of trees.

Gustave Dore, would have gained fresh ideas
for his **Inferno'' from such a scene.

The water pumped from the mines, and the re-
fuse from the breaker being discharged into the
stream, rolls an inky and poisonous flood carry-
ing destruction to all vegetable life. In the coal
region the first use of a stream is that of a gutter
or sewer, and great is the suffering from want of
water in the villages, when the springs no longer
protected by the forest are dried up, and not a
rivulet exists but is poisoned by mine water.

Nevertheless such objections are considered
sentimental nonsense. Coal must be mined, and
trees and streams must be used, but need these
good gifts be so shockingly abused?

This region will be needed for a sanitarium
perhaps, some day when the coal mines are ex-
hausted, and great will be the value of its timber
in the eyes of another generation.

Certain feelings of awe and reverence in the
presence of the glorious works of the Parent of
good, are innate, instructive and should not be

MUTILATED PAGE

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FOREST LEAVES.

disregarded or it will be the worse for us. There-
fore let us protect as far as we may, forest and
stream.

« H: H:

The Future of California.

TORAGE basins of California are the great
forests of pines and other coniferous trees
which cover the Sierra Nevada and the other

Cal. mountains. If these forests are allowed to
remain in something like the condition to which
nature, slowly woiking through countless ages,
has developed them, the snows of the mountams,
gradually melting, will as gradually pass down
through the streams, which will thus continue to
supply, during the summer months, the miner
and the farmer, the one with power, and other
with plant-producing fertility.

These natural storage basins are :hreatened
with total destruction. Two classes of Califor-
nians are hotly disputing the right to use the wa-
ter while a third is silently and slowly destroy-
ing the capacity of the rivers to furnish any wa-
ter at all during the summer months, when the
use of water is really essential. The destruction
of the California forests will convert the Cali-
fornia rivers into spring torrents, and then leave
them dry during the remainder of the year.

Overpasturage of the woods has destroyed the
grasses and the shrubs, and now for the purpose
of increasing or renewing the supply the shep-
herds are setting fire tt) the forests, which by
shading the ground check the growth of herbage.
A hundred forest fires may now be seen upon any
summer day from any of the high California
mountains slowly eating away, what was once the
noblest development of all forest growths. 1 he
animals are grazing, moreover, and the fires are
burning upon the public domain of the United
States; and the Government is indifferent to this
destruction of property or unable to prevent it.

California without a permanent summer supply
of water will be uninhabitable. The permanent
water supply, unreplenished by summer rains,
will perish with the forests. This fact is as im-
mutable as the laws of nature. New Y^rk Sun,

«

^ H:

Pennsylvania Forestry Laws.

nt N Act to encourage the Planting of Trees
Ul along the roadsides in Pennsylvania, ap-

JUL proved May 2, 1879. ^ . ^. .

Section I. Be it enacted, c^c, Ihat
any person liable to road tax, who shall trans-
plant to the sid^ of the public highway, on hiS
own premises, any fruit, shade trees, or forest
trees of suitable size, shall be allowed by the

Suoervisor of Roads, where roads run through or
adjoin cultivated fields, in abatement of his road
tax, one dollar for every four trees set out ; but
no row of elms shall be placed nearer than sev-
enty feet, no row of maples or other forest trees
nearer than fifty feet, except locust, which may
be set thirty feet ; and no allowance, as before
mentioned, shall be made, unless such trees shall
have been set out the year previous to the demand
for such abatement of tax, and are living and
well protected from animals at the time of such

demand. , j .1, -j^

Section 2. Any trees transplanted to the side
of the public highway as aforesaid in the place of
trees which have died, shall be allowed^^or in the
same manner and on the same conditions as in
the preceding section. „ j

Section 3. No person shall be allowed an
abatement of his highway tax as aforesaid, more
than one quarter of his annual highway tax, and
no one shall receive an abatement of tax for trees
planted previous to the passage of this act.

Section 4. Any person who shall cut down,
kill or injure any living tree planted as aforesaid,
shall pay to the supervisor of Roads as aforesaid,
fifty cents for each and every tree cut down,
killed or removed , to be collected as other road
taxes are now collected.

* * *

ILLIAMFENN'S provision for the main-
tainance of timber supplies, ,

*»In an instrument entitled, **Condi-
tions^and Concessions agreed upon by
William Penn, proprietor and governor of the
Province of Pennsylvania, and those who are the
adventurers and purchasers in the said province,
dated July 11, 1681, and intended as a Charter of
Rights to the colonists, the following provision
was made in reference to the maintainance of tim-
ber supply, which \^ fully up to the most advanced
ideas of modern forestry :

XVI II That in clearing the ground, care Oe
taken, to leave one acre of trees for every five acres
cleared; especially to preserve oak and mulberttesy
for silk and shipping.

It is probable this law was not observed in a

single instance." ^ r^ tt l j.

Report on Forestry J 87 7. by F, B, Hough, page

468.

« 4e ♦

Besides tilling carefully and thoroughly the
young apple trees, rubbing off surplus shoots,
etc., keen observation as to caterpillars will avoid
the enfeeblement of many otherwise good trees.
Rob any tree of its foliage during the growing
season by any process, and the tree is greatly re-
duced in vitality thereby.

^^

«v

8

FOREST LEAVES.

Government Timber Land Regu-
lations.

SUMMARY of Regulations governing the re-
moval of timber from the public lands pro-
mulgated from the Interior Department and
whicn ict applies only to the States of Col-
orado, Nevada, and to the territories of New
Mexico, Arizon i, Utah, Wyoming, Dakota, Idaho,
and Montana and other mineral districts of the
United States not specially provided for.

The land from which timber is felled or re-
moved under the provisions of the act must be
known to be of a strictly mineral character, and
that it is i' not subject to entry under existing
laws of the United States, except in mineral
entry.'*

No person, not a citizen bona-fide resident of a
State, territory, or other mineral district provided
for in said act, is premitted to fell or remove
timber from mineral lands therein, or dispose of
the same or the lumber manufactured therefrom
to any other than citizens and bona fide residents
of the State or territory where such timber is cut,
nor for any other purpose than for the legitimate
use of said purchaser for the purposes mentioned
in said act.

Every owner or manager of a saw-mill, or
other person felling or removing timber under
the provisions of this act, shall keep a record of
all timber so cut or removed, dates of sale and
purpose for which sold, and shall not sell or dis-
I»ose of such timber, or lumber made from such
timber, without taking from the purchaser a writ-
ten agreement that the same shall not be used ex-
cept for building, agricultural, mining or other
domestic purposes within the Slate or territory ;
and every such purchaser shall further be required
to file with said owner or manager a certificate
under oath that he purchased such timber or lum-
ber exclusively for his own use and for the pur-
poses aforesaid.

Timber felled or removed shall be strictly lim-
ited to building, agricultural, mining, and other
domestic purposes, within the State or territory
where it grew. All cutting of such timber for
use outside the State or territory where the same
is cut, and all demands thereof outside of the
State or territory where it is cut, is forbidden.

No person will be permitted to. fell or remove
any growing trees of any kind whatsoever, less
than eight inches in diameter.

Many nurserymen advise transplanting ever-
greens in late summer rather than spring, as the
pleasant moisture of the autumn causes to ropt
well betore winter, and they are not first taxed to
endure the scorching heat of early summer.

Persons felling or removing timber from public
mineral lands ot the United States must utilize
all of each tree cut that can be profitably used,
and must cut or remove the tops and brush, or
dispose of the same in such manner as to prevent
the spread of forest fires. The act under which
these rules were prescribed provides as follows :
'* Section 3. Any person or persons who shall
violate the provisions of this act or any rules and
regulations in pursuance thereof made by the
Secretary of the Interior shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeaner, and upon conviction shall be
fined in any sum not exceeding ;f 500, and to
which may be added imprisonment for any term
not exceeding six months.'*

These rules and regulations take effect Sep-
tember ist, 1886, and all existing rules and reg-
ulations heretofore prescribed under said act, in-
consistent herewith, are hereby revoked.

* * *

Terribly destructive fires in the forests of Wis-
consin, in August, burned not less than 50 saw-
mills, besides houses, grain and cranberry marshes.
Summarized, the loss to actual settlers is about as
follows, according to estimates of people who
have visited the regions devastated : At Spencer,
$250,000; De Pere, j6o,ooo ; near Colby, Unity,
Miladore and elsewhere along the Wisconsin Cen-
tral, $250,000; in the vicinity of Green Bay and
along the Door County peninsula, $400,000 ;
Calumet, Chippewa and other counties, $200,000.
This, of course, is exclusive of damage to lum-
ber interests.

™ ^ v

The object of the P. F. A. is one which appeals
most strongly to the educated mind, though
every effort should and doubtless will be made to
give it popularity with the masses. It is now
universally agreed that the denuding of our hills
and valleys in the remorseless progress of indus-
trial development, has materially affected for the
worse the climatic conditions of our state. When
the body of the people come to really understand
that more trees mean better health and longer
life, it will not be difficult to enlist their efforts
in furtherance of the work of the Forestry
Association. Union Leader^ Wilkes- Barre,

^^ ^^ ^^

If one takes a little pains and time he can
readily raise nearly all the trees and shrubs he
needs by transplanting to a nursery patch from
the forest when small or by buying from nurseries,
where they are grown from seed very cheaply.

« ♦ 41

- The arid region of the United States embraces
nearly one-half of its entire area, or in round
numbers a,bout 900,000,000 acres. Of this area
about 280,000,000 acres are arable land.

i-x

FOREST LEAVES.

/^ NY one gifted with eyes may, when in a
Lflk wood in spring or summer, see hundreds of
JT jL tiny trees, oaks, maples, beeches, tulips,
etc., just a short stem and one or two pairs
of leaves, one of the pairs very possibly the cot-
yledons or seed-leaves, and so unlike the second
pair. What becomes of these young trees? If
the ground is shaded with grown trees and over-
grown with brush and herbage, the chances are
against all of them— they will be crushed out in
the struggle for existence. Yet with proper care
almost any one of these treefry might become a
tree. Many of our woods are crowded with small
trees— spindling things a few inches thick that
never can become trees because they are so close
together. This is because the old timber has been
cut down and the young trees left Ul uncared for
to fight life's battles.

Nature provides an abundance of young life to
take the place of the old, but she does not exer-
cise any supervision over her brood. The strong-
est win in the long run, but the strongest have
suffered in the contest, and the survivors may be
weaklings after all. . „. j

Man is said to be gifted with intelligence, and
certainly has the power to choose the likeliest of
the young plants, clear around them, protect them
from injury and give them breathing space. He
has not yet learned how to regulate the growth and
development of his own species, but he has ap-
plied his knowledge to his domestic animals, and
so there is hope that he may do the same with
trees — thus domesticating them also. — Philadel-
phia Inguiter,

Hedgerow Trees.

Let us be thankful that this State contains
extensive mountain districts, acres of rock and
glen, where tracts of wild woodland may be pre-
served intact, subject only to such judicious thin-
ning as will give young trees a chance to grow,
atid to such judicious lumbering as will remove
the largest trees with as little damage as possible

to the others.

Yet it is quite possible to preserve an abun-
dance of trees, with a small per centage of wood-
land. The midland counties of England are an
example of this. Look wherever you will in the
land of Shakespeare's birth, and there are trees,
yet patches of wood are few and small. The
fields are divided by hedges, and in every hedge
is a row of trees, elms, oaks and ash trees for the
most part. Every highroad is fringed with a
double line of trees, and every mansion and farm
house has its clump or clumps of stately trunks.
Though there are no forests, there is many a cord
of wood on what would make an American quar-
ter section.

In England the presence of trees in the hedge-
rows adds greatly to the beauty of the landscape,
for, since a certain amount of shade is wanted
for the live stock, most of the trees are allowed
to grow into spreading, thrifty, round-topped
specimens. But in Belgium tree-culture goes be-
yond beauty. The country is so thickly popula-
ted that every inch of ground is utilized and trees
must not shade the soil. So they are trimmed of
every branch to a height of forty feet or so— the
branchelts serving for faggots. A row of trees
in hedge looks almost like a line of palnis— tall
stems capped with a bunch of foliage. The trees
in the woods are treated the same, for evefy twig
is of value as fine wood. No brush is l^ft to fur-
nish food for forest fires, as is the case in this
country. A good deal of utilization of waste
might be done here, without reaching the Belgian
ideal. . L.

«

*

^

From the Media "American.''

IT is pleasant to know that a wide spread and,
we trust, increasing interest in Forestry is now
gaining hold on the public mind. Fostered by
Associations ; by Boards of Agriculture, and
sustained by the leading representatives of the
press, a sentiment is ripening which will early de-
mand the clearest and most forcible recognition.
In May last, this sentiment crystallized into
what is known as the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation, with Prof. J. T. Rothrock, as its presi-
dent, and a large number of other distinguished
persons as officers and councilors.

In June a constitution was adopted, and m the
coming November, permanent officers are to be
elected, when the association will take its place as
a highly influential organization, already sustained
by some of the best names in the State of„ Penn-
sylvania. _ „
. An introductoi y issue entitled '^Forest Leaves
has been published for this association, which it is
hoped, may become the permanent orgd^ of the
association, when the later shall shall have been
fully established. Leaflets, containing statistics
relating to Forestry, have also been published and
circulated, showing the rapidity of the destruction
of our forests, and the danger to the prosperity of
the community resulting therefrom, and the
immediate need of sections looking towards the
protection and re-planting of our forest trees.
Of course it is an aff'ectation of severe taste to
condemn everything but home growths, but as a
rule it will be found in landscape planting, that
American trees are best adapted to American
skies, just as truly as in economic planting, Ameri-
can trees are best suited to American soil and cli-

mate.

»»

The day seems to be approaching when we shall

^^

C'.

/^

''^y

lO

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

11

value our native trees as they deserve, and will use
the proper means for their preservation and their
re-production from seed, until the demand for
their growth is fully satisfied, and until a knowl-
edge of their specific differences becomes common.

It is a source of gratification to know that the
recent movement in Philadelphia owes its exist-
ence to a few prominent women who were impelled
to concerted action by the increasing and most
pitiable destruction ot the noble forests of Penn-
sylvania. These women believed that the future
of their native State was an object worthy of the
generosity of the present. The response which
has been made shows that they did not believe in
vain. The most far-seeing men of the day have
hastened to lend their influence and to unite with
them in their efforts, and the movement now
promises to be an assured success.

Although it may be lamentably true, that not
one woman in a hundred is actually acquainted
with the distinct kinds of trees composing the for-
ests on which she may have looked all her life, and
that comparatively few of her brothers are her
superiors in practical knowledge of our native
trees, there can be no doubt that an interest lead-
ing to the acquisition of such information is al-
ready awakened. Suggestions are made concern-
ing the establishment of Arboretums connected
with our Agricultural and other colleges. Nor
should the children of the public schools be over-
looked. These should be carefully instructed in
the recognition of our most important and valuable
timber trees.

There can be no doubt that the most intelligent
women of Media, and of the many other country
towns of Pennsylvania will be equally interested,
equally efficient and equally successful, as their
sisters in Philadelphia. What is needed is, first, a
correct understanding of the best way of render-
ing available service, and then hearty co-opera-
tion one with another, and with the parent
association. The publications of the latter are an
eff'ective means of spreading information, and
should be liberally sustained.

Graceanna Lewis.

*

*

Words of Cheer.

A temporary organization of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association was effected and a meeting
held in Philadelphia in which prominent men
and women of the State took part, impelled by
the increasing destruction of the noble forests of
our State. It was deemed of vital importance to
take some concerted action in the way of forest
preservation and the replanting of waste lands, in
order to supply the timber for the absolute needs
of the near future. This is certainly a matter

that concerns everybody'; and this association has
a noble object, and can do much towards remedy-
ing the evil that is threatening the destruction of
the forests. Lumbermen of experience declare
that in thirty years, with the present alarming
destruction of trees, Pennsylvania will not have
any saleable timber within her borders. The re-
gions where this timber is found are the natural
reservoirs from which our rivers and streams are
fed, and observation shows that the rain- fall and
the supply of water therein have been materially
diminished since they were stripped of their for-
ests. It is alleged, likewise, that the winters have
grown more rigorous and the heat of summers
more intense in these same regions ; and that the
dwarfed fruits and stunted crops are plainly trace-
able to the absence of the usual moisture occas-
ioned by denuding them of their trees. Water-
power has decreased in consequence, as well as
the fertility of the soil ; devastating floods and
droughts have rendered the rafting season uncer-
tain and the lumber supply precarious ; so that the
investment of nearly ^28,000,000 in timber lands,
and the the marketable product of $32,200,000,
and the employment of 20,000 men at more than
j6,ooo,ooo wages are all threatened with extinc-
tion at no very distant day. There is very little
doubt in the minds of those who have made it a
study that the same phenomena has been observed
in our immediate vicinity. The recent heavy
storms, and the cyclones of last summer, fresh in
the memory of a great many, are all new in a
measure to this section and are indirectly caused
by the rapid destruction of the forests. The de-
crease of water power is also very apparent in this
immediate vicinity. Many streams that supplied
water power for mills all the year round are now
almost dried up, and only furnish power so long
as it 1 ains. The reason of all this can be traced
to the same cause. With all the foregoing facts in
view, the association should receive all the en-
couragment possible. The movement requires
financial support and personal effort. It is a re-
form which must appeal to those who think the
prospeiity of the future worthy the generosity of
the present. — Center al News » Perkaste, Bucks Co.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association has en-
tered upon an organized effort to promote the
objects of its institution. One ot the agencies it
employs is a publica'cion called Forest Leaves. It
is not intended merely to represent the theory
of forestal culture or management ; but to be the
organ of an association, the object of which is to
collect and distribute information upon practical
methods to be pursued, and commercial as well as
sanitary results to be obtained by augmenting the
proportion of wooded area in the state. As usual
with good works, good women are conspicuous in
this. But why should it not have branches in

every county? What says Lancaster?
Daily Intelligencer,

' — Lancaster

*

Forest Leaves^ edited in the interest of the For-
estry Association of Pennsylvania, deserves more
notice than our space will admit of. The inter-
ests involved in the work proposed by the associa-
tion, cannot be over estimated and we hope to see
its membership increased by thousands scattered
through every county of the State, including
with others, representations from every learned
profession, such as law, divinity, medicine, teach-
ing, etc. — The Builder.

*

Proposed Legislation.

IF any assistance is to be given the cause in
which we are engaged by the State Legislature,
it is essential that the friends of forestry in

Pennsylvania should unite upon some proper
measures, so that all may work in harmony. To do
this it is necessary that all should be posted upon
previous efforts, understanding their merits and
demerits, the objections off'ered to, or the advan-
tages claimed for the bills presented.

For the purpose of thus posting our readers, we
present the text of the two bills off"ered at the last
meeting of the Pennsylvania Legislature, for
which we are indebted to Mr. Jeremiah L. Hess,
who presented the matter for consideration. We
trust that each reader will examine these bills and
present such suggestions to the secretary of the
Association as are deemed advisable. To be
valuable any bill must command intelligent popu-
lar support; if this is secured, there is no trouble
in securing its passage, but without such support,
measures will either fail or become inoperative.

The following bill was vetoed by the Governor,
because of the omission of the words which
appear in parentheses and italics.

An Act : — For the encouragement of forest
culture and providing penalties for the injury and
destruction of forests.

Sec. I. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it
is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.
That, in consideration of the public benefit to be
derived from the planting and cultivation of
forest trees, the owner or owners ot any land,
planted with forest trees in number not less than
twelve hundred to the acre, shall be entitled to
receive annually from the commissioners of their
respective counties, a sum of money equal to
ninety per centum of all the taxes annually
assessed and paid {upon such land,) for a period of
five years after the land has been so set apart and

used; a sum oi money equal to eighty per centum
of all the taxes annually assessed, and paid {upon
such land:) during the following five years, the
land continuing to be so set apart and used; and a
sum of money equal to fifty per centum of all the
taxes annually assessed and paid {upon such land^)
uuring the following ten years, the land continuing
to be so set apart and used, Provided, that no
compensation be allowed to the owner or owners
of timber lands of natural growth. '

Sec. 2. Any person or persons who shall will-
fully trespass on forest lands, or who shall willfully
cut bark or otherwise injure any tree, plant, shrub
or sprout planted, growing or being on sgid land,
without the consent of the owner or owners
thereof, first had or obtained, or who shall kindle
or cause to be kindled for any purpose, a fire on
lands, or who shall carry into or over the same,
any lighted candle, lamp, torch or other fire with-
out having the same secured in a lantern or ( ther
closed vessel, or who shall discharge or set off on
said land, or among the trees thereon, fireworks
of any kind, or who shall willfully or carelessly
burn or fire any brush, stubble or other com-
bustible material in the near vicinity of such land
or timber, whereby fire shall be communicated to
the leaves, brush or timber upon the same, or who
shall purposely fire any adjacent woods or forest,
whether owned by himself or others, whereby fire
shall be communicated to the leaves, brush, tim-
ber or other matter upon other lands, sh^U be
subject to a penalty of fifty dollars for each and
every offense.

Sec. 3. Any justice of the peace or alder-
man, upon information or complaint made before
him, by the affiant, of one or more persons of the
violations of this Act, by any person or persons,
shall issue his warrant directed to any constable
or police officer, to cause such person or persons
to be arrested and brought before said justice or
alderman, who shall hear and determine the guilt
or innocence of such person or persons so charged,
and if convicted of said offense or off*cnses shall
be sentenced to pay the penalty aforesaid. Pro-
vided, that no conviction sh3ll be had unless it
be shown^ that notice, warning persons against
trespassing upon such land, was put up in at least
four conspicuou3 places thereon.

This bill was vetoed because the omission of
t\vQyfOxds {upon such land,) might possibly cause
an interpretation that the reduction in taxes was
upon all the lands of the party maintaining trees.
We think that the benefits of such a law should
extend to those who encourage the natural growth
of timber under proper restrictions, and would
suggest that the last clause of Sect, i be made to
read : Peovided, that no compensation be allow-
ed to the owner or owners of timber lands of
natural growth, unless said owa^r shall notify the

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FOREST LEAVES.

commissioners of their several coumies, wiihin
one year after it has been cleared, that such land
is to be maintained in timber, and unless the num-
ber of young trees shall not be less than twelve
hundred to the acre.

We would also suggest that the word ^nain-
tained be added so that each owner plants and
maintains his trees, for the mere planting with-
out subsequent care or oversight would not se-
cure forest growth. The following was pre ented,
but not passed, by the Legislature.

An Act : — To encourage the planting of trees
near springs and along the water-courses of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Whereas, a large portion of the eastern and
south eastern part of our State has been exhausted
of its timber to such a degree, as to produce a
visible effect on springs, streams and water
course?,
There f^re,-^.^^

Sec. I. B^itenacted by the Senate and
House, &c., &c., Tltai, jor the encouragement of
the citizens of this State to plant trees around
springs and along the streams and water courses
of their lands, inducement be held out to all land-
holders, by donation of seedling trees for the pur-
poses herein named.

Sec: 2. To promote this end and for the fur-
ther protection and propagation of timber in the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the State Board
of Agriculture be and is hereby instructed as a
tentative experiment to establish one or mc»re
nurseries in such locations as they may deem most
favorable for the purpose, in which shall be sown
the various kinds of useful trees, such as pine, fir,
birch, oak, linden, locust, maple, ash, mulberry,
willow and other evergreen and deciduous trees,
and the seedlings distributed gratuitously to all
bonafide land holders in this Commonwealth.

Sec. 2. No seedlings shall be dispensed to any
applicant who cannot furnish good and sufficient
evidence of his true and honest purpose to plant
the same, and not usi them with a view to gain
or traffic.

Sec. 4. To fulfill the design of this enactment
it shall be enjoined upon all recipients of seed-
lings, to transplant them on the borders of running
waters and around springs. Provided, however,
that the owner or owners of land, shall not be re-
stricted to the use of the said seedlings for that
purpjse alone, but may plant in groups and
groves throughout their estate.

Sec 5. That for the purpose of carrying this
Act into effect, the sum ot two thousand dollars,
be and the same is hereby appropriated for the year
1885, and two thousand dollars for the year 1886,
two thousand dollars for the year 1887, ^md two
thousand for year 1888, payable to the State Board
of Agriculture, on the first day of June of each

year. Provided, that the State Board of Agricul-
ture, under oath of their Secretary, shall annually
make to the Auditor General, an itemized state
ment showing how much and for what purpose
the money was spent, and unless such itemized
statement is made and approved by the Auditor
General, the State Treasurer is hereby directed
not to pay any money for said purpose until such
report shall have been made and approved.

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New Members of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

Balch, Edwin Swift, 1412 Spruce St., Phila.

Biddle, Miss Adele, 2033 Pine St.,

Birkinbine, Mrs John 410 N. 34 St.,
Blight, George 1500 Pine St.,

Brown, Miss Martha M. 1711 Walnut St.,
Cadwalader, Mrs John 15 19 Locust St.,
Chase, Mrs M. J. 1622 Locust St.,

Edge, Thos. J. Sec'y Board of Agriculture,

Harrisburg, Pa.
Guilford, Dr. Wm. M. Lebanon, Pa.

House, Miss West Chester.

Lathrop, Mrs E. 122 S. i8th St., Phila.

Lea, Miss 1622 Locust St.,

Levick, Dr. James J. 1200 Arch St.,

Lippincott, J. Dundas 509 S. Broad St., "
Lippincott, Mrs J. Dundas 509 S. Broad St., *'
Williams, Chas. W. Conyngham, Pa.

Williams, R. Norris, Conyngham, Pa.

Withers, Miss 415 N. \^V\ Si., Phila.

We would remind our readers that they need
only forward the names and addresses of proper
parties, with the initiation fee of one dollar lor
each person, to secure membership in the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association. It is desirable to
have as full a roll as possible for the November
meeting. Communications concerning member-
ship can be sent to John Birkinbine, Secretary,
152 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia or Dr. J. P.
Lundy, Treasurer, 245 S. i8th St., Philadelphia.

4: sH 4s

Shelter belts to be effectual all the year round
should be of evergreens. Their masses of pei-
petual foliage make them especially valuable for
this purpose. A double row of these trees is worth
more as a shelter belt than a dozen rows
of deciduous trees that offer only naked boughs
in winter.

4s :{: 4:

Many farmers in places where their land is
swept by fierce winds find it profitable to plant
apple trees in masses, large enough to make a
wind-break on the side of the farm most exposed.
The apple tree branches low down, and if board-
ed by a fence four or five feet high on the ^ind-
waid side the ground will be covered with snow
almost as perfectly as it was in the original forests.

Philadelphia, April, 1887.

Published for the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

By JOHN BIRKINBINE, 25 North Juniper Street.

INCE the issue of the
September number of
Forest Leaves, the
Association has not been
standing still. The facts
of its existence and its object have been brought to
the attention of the public throughout the State, its
membership has been steadily increasing by ac-
cessions from both city and country, and its work
has been going on. What a part of this work is
may be seen from the pages of this issue. The
fact that forestry is attracting attention, that it is
so frequently talked about and mentioned in the
papers, is of itself a great source of encourage-
ment.

One great object of the Association is the
proper organization of County Branches. Del-
aware County has led the way in this matter, and
there is every reason to believe that many of the
counties will soon have well-established Branch
Associations, active in work according to the
needs of each county, disseminating a knowledge
both of the practical use of trees and of how the
acreage of woodland may be increased where the
soil is naturally better fitted, as much soil is, for
forest-culture than for farming. In this matter,
example will, as usual, do more than precept. It
is just because the city members of the Association
must confine themselves chiefly to precept that
the work of these County Branches, as Branches,
or by their individual members, is so essential to
the success of the Association.

The article on the trimming of sidewalk-trees
shows, however, that city people can do some-
thing by way of example also. Every one of
them can have, at least, one tree in front of his
house to shade the passer-by from the terrible
glare of our sumnner sun, and to purify the air for
those who cannot spend the summer out of town,
and every one of them can see to it that these
trees, when planted, are not disfigured and killed
by the ruthless tree-lopper.

The Scientific Society of the University of
Pennsylvania asked the Association to provide
them with lecturers on forestry. A course of four

lectures (by Prof. James, Dr. Lundy, Mr. Fernow
and Dr. Anders) was arranged for, and those
lectures which have been already delivered were
well attended and much appreciated.

What has been done in regard to Legislation
will be seen in another i:olumn. The Committee
on Legislation has several other reforms in view,
which they hope to develop and carry out in due
time.

It is proposed hereafter to make Forest Leaves
a regular quarterly paper, and all those interested
in trees, whether members of the Association or
not, are invited to contribute matter for its col-
umns.

Let us take the trees themselves for our exam-
ple. Their growth may be slow, but each tree
does its best. No one ever heard of a tree that
did not grow as fast and do as much good as it
could. Where their growth and good work are
prevented, it is always by outside interference,
often the result of man's ignorance and careless-
ness. Let us seek to increase our own knowledge
of trees, and strive to spread this knowledge to
others, and with the growth of our Association
the waste places of our State will begin to be
again clothed with the forests for which a wise
Providence created them.

* *

*

Arbor Day.

HE Governor of Pennsylvania has appointed
Friday, April 22, as Arbor Day for this
Commonwealth. It is strange to think that
but two hundred years from the settlement of this
once well-forested region there should be a gen-
eral call on our people to plant trees, as matter
not of taste, but of necessity, to prevent the dis-
astrous alternations of drought and flood from
turning fertile Pennsylvania into an arid country,
dependent on irrigation for its scanty crops— a
future to which we are rapidly tending. What
we have to do now, however, is to act, not to
lament. Let the due observance of Arbor Day
once fill the minds of our people with a love of
trees and an appreciation of their use, let them

MB^I.

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FOREST . • . LEAVES.

FOREST . • . LEAVES.

p/an/ trees and care for them, and the future of
Pennsylvania will be assured.

Hon. Jeremiah S. Hess,
Thomas J. Edge,

*

The Annual Meeting of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association.

HE first formal meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, for the formation of a
permanent organization, was held in the
auditorium of the Young Men's Christian As-
sociation in Philadelphia on the evening of
November 30th i md. The attendance was encour-
aging, and the interest evidenced by the audience
was marked throughout the session. Owing to
his continued illness. Prof. J. T. Rothrock, of
West Chester, was unable to be present and act in
the capacity of President, to which he had been
chosen in the temporary organization ; and by
resolution of the Council, Mr. John Birkinbine of
Philadelphia presided.

After some introductory remarks, and the
reading of a letter from the absent President,
the chairman introduced Mr. Bernard E. Fernow,
Chief of the Forestry Division of the Department
of Agriculture at Washington, who held the
attention of the audience for an hour in a thorough
exposition of the science and practice of forestry.
This address was so well received that on motion
it wasdecideJ to have it printed in full, but at
the suggestion of Mr. Fernow, it was thought best
to publish in Forest Leaves the abstract which
appears in this issue.

Hon. Jeremiah S. Hess of Helltrtown followed
in a sketch of the laws concerning forestry which
had been. introduced in the Pennsylvania legisla-
ture, and suggested others. Dr. William Pepper,
Provost of the University of Pennsylvania then dis-
cussed Forestry from an educational standpoint,
and suggested the propriety of establishing a chair
of Forestry in one or more of our colleges.

The closing speech of the evening was made
by Dr. J. P. Lundy, of Philadelphia, and
so well was the enthusiasm maintained that
protests were made to the chairman against ad-
journment as there were others on the platform
who could have added interest to the meeting.
The fact that niany of those present resided at a
distance made a prolonged meeting impracticable,
however, and it adjourned after the Secretary had
announced the following as the list of officers
elected to serve until November, 1887:

President,
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, West Chester.

Vice-Presidents,
John Birkinbine, Philadelphia.

Dr. J. P. Lundy,
Mrs. J. P. Lundy,

Treasurer,

Secretary,

Council,

Hellertown.
Harrisburg.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

a
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it

Luzerne Co.

Northampton Co.

Delaware Co.

Bucks Co.

Franklin Co.

Lebanon Co.

Montgomery Co.

Chester Co.

Geo. de B. Keim,

Herbert Welsh,

Edwin S. Balch,

J. Rodman Paul,

Charles C. Binney,

Mrs. Brintoii Coxe,

W. N. Lockington,

Norris Williams,

James Henry,

Miss Graceanna Lewis,

H. D. Paxson,

Col. G. B. Wiestling,

Mrs. Dawson B. Coleman,

Dr. Henry M. Fisher,

Miss L. de V. Foulke,

:}: 4s 4:

T T(5\E regret that we cannot give the entire ad.
vA/ dress which Mr. B. E. Fernow delivered
at the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, as it was so full of valuable
information that we hesitate to omit any of it—
but the following excerpts and general resume
must suffice for the present, although some of the
balance may in the future appear in another

form :

Mr. Fernow said that '*It was the great Hum-
boldt, the most versatile, if not the most clear-
sighted, nat ralist and thinker of the age, who
first forciblv pointed out that there exists an in-
timate relation between the forest-cover of a
country and its climatic and agricultural condi-
tions. Among the many expressions of his
thoughts on this subject we find this: 'How
foolish man appears to me, recklessly destroying
the forests, for in this way he deprives himself of
wood and water at the same lime.*

'* His theories have only recently been sub-
jected to scientific scrutiny and experiment, and
their correctness is so well demonstrated that we
are now forced to consider '.forests in a duplex
capacity— their direct and their indirect economic
value.'* * * *

After having shown what influences on the cli-
mate of the deforested region and the surrounding
country, on the water-supply and on the con-
ditions of the soil have been positively demon-
strated as due to deforestation, and having referred
to the beneficial effect of reforestation experienced

in the French and Tyrolese Alps, the speaker
quickly reviewed, referring to a series of maps,
the distribution and condition of forest-areas over
the United States. He showed that the eastern
half of our country was once densely wooded and
still contains large wooded areas, though often
deprived of their best timber and hardly present-
ing more than mere *' shells of forest." The
percentage of forest-area in this part (over fifty
per cent.) aided by other favorable climatic and
geographical conditions, the speaker thought,
need hardly rouse our fears as yet on account
of injurious climatic effects.

''This fear was more in place in regard to
mountain-forests of the West; and the need of
forestry, on a large scale, in the treeless plains to
improve agricultural conditions, could hardly be
doubted.** * * *,

** But considered merely from a business point
of view, the need of more careful husbanding of
forest-supplies can be easily demonstrated.*'
* * ** While it might be justly urged that
the forest had to be cleared for agricultural pur-
poses, and its timber had to be used as needed,
much has been and is still being wasted unneces-
sirily. In Pennsylvania alone, the amount of
;f3, 000,000 worth of forest-property on nearly
700,000 acres was reported as destroyed by fire in
the census-year. This is a use of the forest to
which no other civilized nation puts it.

**The cost of wooden fences existing in Penn-
sylvania in 1870 has been calculated upon careful
inquiry at over $170,000,000, and /or repairs an
annual expenditure of J9, 000,000 was required.
At that time — 1880, and we have not yet learned
much better — the cost of all fences in the United
States amounted to <li,747»549»93i» ^r nearly
equal to the interest-bearing debt, and about the
same as the estimated value of all the farm ani-
mals, so that for every dollar invested in live
stock, another dollar is required for constructing
protection against their ravages upon crops. The
annual re^pairs, together with interest on the
amount invested in the existing fences, amounted
to nearly $200,000,000, and the amount of wood
needed must have been jiot far from five billion
feet,B. M."

The speaker charged the lumbering industry
with unnecessary wastefulness in its methods, and
especially the excessive waste in procuring rail-
road-stock.

" The railroads, while having aided greatly in
building up and settling the country, have, in
many cases, done almost irremediable damage to
the future of the forest, and the difficulty of deal-
ing with the forestry-problem was to a large ex-
tent chargeable to them, as they bring within
reach of market distant forest-areas, which to

yield profit to the lumberer must be utilized
wastefully.'* * *

The amount of wood used in the United States
was placed by Mr. Fernow at "twenty billion
cubic feet, outside of the requirements for pyro-
technic purposes and bonfires.*' * * "To
supply this consumption continuously — which
must needs increase yearly according to the
growth of the nation — in the calculation of a
European forester under careful European man-
agement, a forest-area of not less than 400 million
acres would have to be kept in well-stocked forest,
reckoning fifty cubic feet as a fair average annual
growth per acre.

** Now we have only 489 million acres left in
forest, and that by no means in a condition to
produce on an average fifty cubic feet annually
— without any system of management or husband-
ing, without any regard to reforestation or pro-
tection to eventual new growth except in rare

cases.'*

To strengthen this view of the case and to show
that, especially for white pine, exhaustion of sup-
plies was near at hand, statements of prominent
lumbermen were read.

The speaker then turned to the question of what
could be done to arrest further progress of the
wasteful use of forest-property, and to change our
policy of unconcern,

"The General Government," lie said, "has a
Forestry Bureau, without forests, and with insuffi-
cient means to do much good. That it should,
at least, take care of its remaining 70,000,000
acres of timber-land and not let it be wasted,
burned, and despoiled seems not to need any ar-
gument. The interest of the whole nation in the
development of the Western agricultural lands
.demanded a preservation in strong hands of the
Rocky Mountain forests, and perhaps it seemed
desirable that operations should be extended to
planting largely on the Military Reservations on
the treeless plains, if for nothing else than for the
sake of the good example."

3(C ♦ «

The difficulty, nay, almost impossibility, of
even voluntary restrictions on the part of the
lumbermen, was pointed out.

"As long as we have not yet recognized the
fact that, on account of its peculiar relation to
climate, water-supply, and future development of a
country, the forest partakes to some extent of the
same character as light, air, and water, over which
the State may exercise eminent domain, little or
nothing can be suggested to arrest their march of
destruction, unless their own interests in the im-
mediate future should dictate a more careful hus-
banding of supplies.**

A co-operative plan of creating a service of fire-

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FOREST . • . LEAVES.

FOREST . • . LEAVES. • •

wardens was suggested, in which the State would
pay one-half the expense and the interested lum-
bermen the other half. This system of protec-
tion, optional with the lumbermen, worked most
satisfactorily last year in Canada.

"The class of forest-owners from whom
most is to be hoped are the farmers, who,
being more conservative and stable, have the most
interest in the futuie of their property. They
hold still about 3« per cent, of the total forest-
area— in Pennsylvania 83 per cent.— and they
should be made to realize the fact that their
forest-property is a valuable, nay, often the most
valuable part of their farms, so that they may be-
stow upon it more regard and care, and avail
themselves of the advice given for its manage-
ment.*' , , .

The only difficulty was— how to reach their
ear? The speaker commended the efforts of the
Association in issuing Forest Leaves, which, he
hoped, would recall during winter-hours, when
work in the woods had begun, the grateful shade
of the tree in hot summer-days, and commend to
the farmer a more careful handling of the axe.
He also expressed the hope that the Association
would be able to institute, as contemplated,
lectures before the farmers in the National and
State Granges, and concluded in recommending
to the Association, as its creed, the words of the
well-known naturalist. Baron Ferd. von Mueller :

*' I regard the forest as an heritage given us by
Nature, not for spoil or to devastate, but to be
wisely used, reverently honored and carefully
maintained. I regard the forests as a gift intrusted
to any of us only for transient use during a short
space of time, to be surrendered to posterity again
as an unimpaired property, with increased riches
and augmented blessings, to pass as a sacred pat-
rimony from generation to generition."

Thoughts On Practical Forestry.

[Communicated.]

jT^NERSONAL INTEREST will ever be the
J^ leading factor in progress. Public spirit
^ induces the general movement — but what
good is that to me? is the prevailing thought
with the masses. The Forestry Association will
do well to appeal to patriotism — it will do still
better to show that direct individual interest is
closely allied to the general good. In the first
branch of the subject literature abounds, and
efforts have been fruitful — in the last one much
has yet to be done. Few farmers, or landed pro-
prietors, have been brought to recognize a direct
personal interest in setting out trees. We offer
to reduce their road-tax if they will set trees
along the roadside, but the practical answer is

that, even with that inducement, "It will not
pay." We offer trees for nothing if farmers will
set them out, but the answer is still, **It will
not pay." We say we will endeavor to reduce
the taxes on your forest-land, but there is the
same answer, ''Not even that will make it pay."
It is here that the Forestry Association has to
select the ground for the battle. In my opinion,
the fight can be safely made, and the victory

won.

Long ago, in the F^nn Monthly, I showed that
we could expect little from individual effort. We
may show a young man of thirty that a planta-
tion of twenty-five or thirty acres would be im-
mensely profitable when he reached sixty. It
would be a nice laying-up of money for old age,
or a capital life-insurance for his family, in case
of an earlier death. But few men care to delib-
erately lock up ground for century or half-a-cen-
tury. In a new country like ours, changing con-
ditions make it probable that, before that time,
land may be worth much more than the forest,
long before the forest has reached market-value.
The minds of few men are proof against these con-

siderations.

The remedy is in co-operative associations. A

stock-company should be formed, large enough to

secure tracts of sufficient size to employ a force

to look after the trees properly. The stock would

always be worth more than its added interest,

because t^ie trees are nearing their market-value.

If one wanted money before the trees were

mature, the stock would find a ready market.

Of course there would be details in the carrying

out of such a project that would require good

judgment. The land to be secured might be m

locations that would be improving, so that after

. the century of timber, there would be money in

the ground also. This would give value to the

stock as time rolled along. The trees best

adapted to the weather would also require good

judgment, and there are many other similar matters

of detail, but which an expert in forestry manage-

ment could work out for such a company.

The only objection I ever heard to such a
measure is the danger of loss through forest-fires.
But there are no forest-fires in new forests. Fires
only become serious in old forests, where, from
the mass of old and dead wood everywhere, the
flames are cordially invited.

The best of lessons are given by example. No
teaching has the force that comes from tnat which
has been done. It can be easily shown that
forest-planting is very profitable on a fifty-year
plan. Individuals cannot work thus far ahead,
but corporations may. Why cannot Forest
Leaves advocate my plan ? Thomas Meehan,
Germantown, Philadelphia.

Forest-Fires in New Jersey.

[Communicated.]

HE following account of the devastation of
fire in the forests of New Jersey is taken from
the annual report of the State Geologist of

that State : . , . ■, ..

"The greatest destroyer of the forest, and the

worst enemy of the forester, is fire. The dis-
astrous effects of forest-fires are felt throughout
the United States, and our State is among those
suffering most severely. These fires occur to
some extent throughout Northern New Jersey,
but usually on rather limited areas, not often ex-
ceeding three or four square miles, but the most
serious trouble is in the pine forest of the southern
part. Any one who has witnessed a fire under
full headway in this country must have been im-
pressed with its grandeur, its irresistible fnry and
its disastrous effects. A few notes of remarkable
fires are at hand. In 1866, a fire burned over
10,000 acres, extending seven miles inward from
Tuckerton and West Creek. In 1870-71, nearly
the whole wooded portion of Bass-River Town-
ship, Burlington County, was burned over. In
1871, two fires in Ocean County burned over
30,000 acres. In 1872. a fire burned over from
fifteen to twenty square miles, worth, before the
fire, from $10 to $30 per acre, and after, from $2
to $4. In a paper on forest fires, by Mr. Charles
Elmer, in the State Board of Agriculture, for
1874, he says of the year, 1872, *To as.sume that
100,000 acres have been burned over, at a money
loss in timber of $1,000,000, would surely be
within the bounds of truth.* From the census of
1880, we have for that year an area buined over
of 71,074 acres, with an estimated loss of $252,-
240, which is, certainly, a moderate estimate and
can easily include any allowance for loss of cedar
swamps. During the past summer, some very
large fires occurred in the district under survey,
and the areas covered were noted by the topog-
raphers. One burned over an area of sixty square
miles, near Atsion, in Burlington County; an-
other, near Friendship, in the same county, cov-
ered ten square miles, and another, in Ocean
County, burned over not less than seventy-five
square miles north of Barnegat. The total of
these three fires is. therefore, 145 square miles,
but several other fires occurred further south in
the State, the extent of which was not observed.
It may be safely estimated that the whole area
burned over, this year, has reached 200 square
miles, or 128,000 acres. A large amount of cedar
swamp was destroyed by these fires, and %\o per
acre would not more than cover the direct damage
to timber, making the loss, for this year, |i,i28,-
000, nearly equal to the total value of the annual

lumber-production of the State ! On the whole,
the loss in timber from forest-fires in the Stale, on
a low estimate, has averaged $1,000,000 per year
for the last fifteen or twenty years. The loss,
however, is much more than the mere value of the
wood. The soil is so impoverished by these
periodical burnings, which deprive it of all veg-
etable matter, that its incapacity for producing
timber is much diminished. There is also a
great depreciation in the value of land, because
of the danger of fires, whether it be as timber-
land, or for occupation or improvement, and
considerable damage is done to the many valuable
cranberry-bogs which are scattered through out
the forest, not to speak of the danger to build-
ings, habitations, and even human life.

**The causes of these fires are various — those
given for the 54 fires of the census-year are as
follows : Clearing-land, 7 ; locomotives, 28 ;
hunters, 6; malice, 7; coal-pits, 6. It will be
noticed that more than half were caused by rail-
roads. Neither of the two great fires of this year
(1885) were caused by locomotives — that at Bar-
negat starting six or seven miles from any rail-
road, and that at Atsion, in a meadow, also far
from a railroad, either from the carelessness of
hunters or berry- pickers, or through malice, Mr.
Elmer attributes many of the fires to carelessness
in clearing up land. Many fires, no doubt, start
from coalings, and it is common to hear the be-
lief expressed that some of these are started in-
tentionally, in order to keep the coalers and wood-
choppers at work, since timber burned over must
be cut at once, whereas otherwise it would be left
to grow and increase in value. Those caused
through malice are often the result of chastising,
or holding under surveillance, timber thieves, by
no means uncommon in the pine forests.

** Of the various causes, the most frequeut one
is the one which is, apparently, most easily pre-
vented, although it is not unlikely that the
damage from this source is somewhat overrated,
for these fires are soonest detected and checked-
Some Railroads, notably the West Jersey and the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, have already
taken the matter in hand. The plan followed, and
apparently with success, is to clear away all timber
for a width of 100 feet on each side of the track;
to plow a furrow or two close to the outer edge
of this space and then fire the space in the fall,
and keep it mowed and cleared, if necessary,
through the summer. Were this plan adopted by
all railroads, and the engines furnished with suita-
ble spark-arresters, danger from this source would
disappear, as would the constant suits for damages
which are probably much more expensive than
the remedy. The other causes are apparently to
be prevented only by establishing a Forest Police,

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• • FOREST . • . LEAVES. • •

• FOREST . • . LEAVES. »

but the danger of fire spreading over such a great
extent of territory might be lessened by less
expensive means.

*'By a Forest Police, of perhaps one mounted
man to every 30,000 acres, making the whole
annual cost not more than four cents per acre,
much would be accomplished toward preventing
forest-fires, which now cause an average loss of
sixty-seven cents per acre for the whole of the
pine country. But it must also be remembered
that a large amount is now annually expended in
fruitlessly fighting fires after they have become
irresistible from the extent of their front.

**Some legislation imposing proper penalties
for careless use of fire in camps, clearings or coal-
ings would be necessary. Stringent laws of this
kind exist in some European countries and in
Canada. The effect of an efficient police on
depredations of timber thieves will be most sal-
utary, and the increase in the value of timber
lands that would arise from increased security,
even though otherwise unimproved, would pay
the expenses of the plan. It is most probable
that the Railroads would readily co-operate in
any plan to increase the security of the forests,
as they might otherwise be held strictly accounta-
ble for all damage done by them. In Northern
New Jersey the expense of keeping clear avenues
through the forests would not be necessary, but it
would probably be best to double the police
force because of the larger population. If the
Railroads used proper precautions, the police
would be needed in but few of the townships
of this part of the State, as the areas in danger
from fires are not large. There seems to be no
imminent danger of the evils usually attributed to
stripping the country of forests in this State, if
fires and wasteful practices can be prevented.
As soon as a crop of timber is gathered, nature
sets about re-foresting the denuded area. No
planting is needed, only a little protection and
care, and in from twelve to fifteen years, a young
forest has again appeared to take the place of the
old one.* As the cutting is usually done on lim-
ited areas, at a time, the timber is scarcely
missed." J. H.

*Not applicable to Pennsylvania, where 50 to 75 years are re-
quired for hard timber.

Trimming of Sidewalk Trees in

Philadelphia.

[Communicated.]
AN nothing be done to stop the disfigure-
ment and destruction of sidewalk trees in
this city?
Yes — bv drawing the attention of householders
to the subject, so that they will answer the man
with the knife and saw, when he comes and says,

** Your trees need trimming " — ** I know better —
let them alone."

It is probable that but few people question
whether the trimmer is right, when, with the air
of an expert, he gives the impression that to let
the tree grow is to neglect it, and that neglect to
trim is like leaving the front steps unwashed.

Perhaps the alarming hint is given that, if al-
lowed to grow, the upper limbs will fall in the
high winds and kill somebody !

The sentiment of a man for his tree is invoked,
but unhappily in a wrong direction, by the appeal
to trim. He likes his trees, in a mild way —
thinks the ** gardener** knows all about such
things, and unwittingly answers, ** Since they
need it, go ahead.'' And the gardener (?) does
go ahead with a vengeance.

That may be an explanation of the excessive
use of the knife and saw which we see every spring.

This perennial mutilation could not take place
if the disastrous results observable in the doleful
examples around us were compared with the con-
dition of the occasional ** uncared for ** tree.

But perhaps the man with the pruning-hook
claims that he only carries out the wishes of his
employers, and that, moreover, there are good
reasons for trimming just as he does it. That,
for instance, some people think trees are not
wanted for shade on our sidewalks. So he takes
off all the limbs for them, large and small, leaving
a nicely-trimmed trunk only.

But why do that ? Why not cut the tree down
at once, rather than torture it to the death which
follows in a few years — the fewer the better — dis-
figuring the street in the meanwhile.

Or, some people who think trees are desirable,
object to having too much shade on the house.
So, in the case of large trees, he ruthlessly lops
off the top of the main stem, cuts out some of the
limbs, and shortens all the rest, large and small.
As to small trees, he cuts off every branch and
twig to within an inch or so of the beginning of
last year's growth — all of which is to let light and
air through. But that treatment is not necessary
for the object. All that is needed is to trim
closely to the trunk a few lower branches and
ample light and air will enter underneath the
overhanging upper branches.

The trimmer's method injures the shape of the
tree and its vitality.

Under-trimming, on the contrary, preserves a
graceful if not the perfect shape.

Of course, the under-trimming, too, works an
injury (for no large tree is safe after the amputa-
tion of large limbs), but not to an extent to be
compared with the great harm done by decapita-
tion and general side-cutting.

Again, the trimmer says, **Some other people

think a young tree left to its natural growth pre-
sents a shabby, unkempt appearance. The irreg-
ularity of the growth is offensive to the eye, so I
trim it all around and above, main stalk and
branches, into a spherical shape, and the result is
an orderly, symmetrical object.**

That is a matter of taste. But does any one
actually wish to substitute a manufactured article
for the natural one? Is it not the taste of the
trimmer to which the owner submits in the belief
that he has no choice ?

He has a choice and should exercise it. A
little pinching and moderate cutting will accom-
plish all he really wishes, and perhaps help the
tree, while the result of topping and cutting back
is that a bunch of new shoots spring from below
every cut, and the symmetrical article becomes a
collection of crowded twigs. The twigs, whose
part it is to take the place of the main stem, turn and
struggle to grow upward as leaders. The lateral
shoots also must twist and turn to adjust them-
selves into proper positions for growth.

The next spring, the operation of the cutting
back and new growth is repeated. The result
after a few years of continuous treatment is gro-
tesque. The symmetrical subject presents the
appearance of a collection of angular twists with
a knob at each turn.

Perhaps the trimmer will state, as his grand
argument, that, as a general proposition, the
trunks are increased in size and the roots
strengthened by cutting away abive, and the
health of the whole tree is improved, and as a
particular proposition, that such strengthening is
necessary for sidewalk trees, which otherwise will
blow over or lose their branches.

But in fact :

1. The trunk of a trimmed tree will be smaller
in circumference below the cutting than a tree
of the same age not trimmed, for the reason that
the smaller the area of leaf-surface, the smaller the
amount of organic nourishment brought down.

2. The health of the tree is injured. Amputa-
tion always makes dead wood. If new growth
covers the place, yet some dead wood remains
underneath. But most frequently the place
where a large limb is cut, in a well-grown tree,
never becomes covered, and this very frequently
follows the cutting of a small one. The uncov-
ered wood rots inward and downward, and the
bark — most vital part of all — is liable to peel
away. The harm is greatly aggravated in the
case of topping. Here the exposed top has no
other chance but that a vigorous new growth
of upturned shoots will draw new bark and wood
pver it — a difficult effort, and by the time it is
accomplished in a good-sized tree, there is an in-
curable, decayed spot near the junction of the

bases of the new leaders. Standing below, we
cannot see what condition the old wound is in,
and the new shoots further conceal the spot they
surround. A maple, which had died in its prime,
and was consequently cut down a few days ago,
in Rittenhouse Square, showed, upon examina-
tion, that the place where it had been lopped off
its main stem many years before was the door
of a deep cavern, into which the sparrows had
descended and built their nests. It is not too
much to say that a tree topped after reaching a
good size is by that act condemned to death.
We see that, in many cases, they manage to live
a long while in apparent health — though some-
times they die immediately under the operation —
but a tree perforated with decaying holes cannot,
in reason, reach its full age.

3. The leadeis which take the place of the
decapitated top and the branches of new growth
are weaker at the points of attachment than the
original top and limbs were, because of the more
or less defective condition of the old wood from
which they proceed, and hence are more liable to
break off after attaining a good size.

Neither is an unhealthy tree improved by trim-
ming. In such a case, all the knife and saw can
do is to relieve it from dead and dying wood.
To cut off and keep down living wood for the
purpose of making the rest of the tree more
healthy, simply takes away so muqh of the appara-
tus required for assimilating the inorganic matter
received from the roots.

There seems to be no good reason for trimming,
much less for topping, a tree which it is desired
to preserve. It would be a satisfaction to hear
something in defence of the Philadelphia system
from those who practice it.

It should also be noted that those who treat
trees after the prevailing manner offer induce-
ments to, and provide homes for, tree-destroying
insects in the knots and rotting holes which follow
the saw.

As to how far judicious pruning may be carried
is a disputed point among those who have made
it a study, but that is not our question. Proper
pruning is one thing, and the lopping, polling
and amputating, in vogue with us, is another and
ignorant thing.

The practice appears to be on the increase,
and is now so nearly universal, one may in a
mile's walk not find a dozen sidewalk trees that
have not, at some time, been operated on to theii
disadvantage.

Topping, unfortunately, is becoming more and
more popular. Formerly the hard woods and the
great trees were spared, but now they, too, are
appointed for disfigurement and destruction.
The noble buttonwoods in the grounds of the

^^V^^^mm

^9

tsL

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8

• FOREST . • . LEAVES.

FOREST . • . LEAVES.

Pennsylvania Hospital are a deplorable 'nstance.

In many cases-as the buttonwoods at Fourth
and Lombard Streets, operated upon this spring-
the tree is reduced to the condition of a badly-
prepared t^l«g"tJ-Pf ";„^ „f „i„e poplars was

Some years ago a row oi "i"^ }i • a «,;fK
planted in front of the Mint, which thrived with
the marvellous vigor and rapidity of its kind, and
being /</? alon,, made as handsome a show as one
could wish to see-but one morning, about two
years ago, the passer-by found in their places nine
Leouf stump^. The poplar will recover from
ill usage when any tree can, but to day some are
dead, and the rest dying and not worth keeping.
They should be studied by any one who thinks
of trimming before they are remeved to make
room for new victims.

It is not an unusual thing to see trees planted,
brought to a thriving condition, lopped to death,
removed and a new crop planted for the trim-
mer's benefit. , , , „<■ fUo

What is to be the future of the long row of the
same tree planted on Pine Street, between Broad
and Fifteenth Streets, some four years ago, and
which gave promise of adornment to the neigh-
borhood ? They have been cut back each spring.
Are they fated to be only an investment for the

^"hTmuch to be wished that the subject of the
sidewalk tree may be taken up by the daily
papers, and public opinion stirred to an interest
in the matter, and that some recognized author-
ity, like Mr. Meehan, would give his views.
Whatever his views may be, they would certainly
not approve the present methods.

The appearance of the streets is injured by the
burlesque of trees that were intended to be an
ornament. A glance down any street will show
that it were better not to have any, than the dis-
torted objects and unsightly stumps which do
duty for trees— rivalling in ugliness their corn-
panions, the telegraph-poles ! And this, in the
city, where

.. All the ait is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,
And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the

As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunU they
molested."
It is fortunate the Dryads about Philadelphia
consent to be appeased by the names of trees

W. MOYLAN LaNSDALE.

A Proclamation,

In the Name and by the Authority of the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
IN PURSUANCE of a goodly precedent, and
f in compliance with a request of the general
assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-

vania contained in a concurrent resolution, ap-
proved the 30th day of March, A.D., 1887, I
have appointed and designated, and do hereby
appoint and designate, Friday, the 22d day of

April, A.D., 1887, as

^ ARBOR DAY:

And I do earnestly recommend to the people of
the Commonwealth that they devote the whole or
at least a portion of the said day to the planting
of trees and shrubbery wherever it may be proper
and convenient so to do. , 1 ,

Let school directors, teachers and scholars
unite in making it a day for the adornment of the
grounds surrounding the school-houses throughout
the Commonwealth. Let the people of our towns
and villages make it a day for the planting of
trees along their streets. Let the people in our
rural regions see to it that their highways are
beautified by the planting of trees upon their
borders. Let families observe the day in the
planting of trees and shrubbery in the grounds
surrounding their homes. Let the farmers see to
it that the waste places on their farms are turned
to profitable account by the planting of timber,
nut and fruit trees thereon. Let all the people
understand that upon the general observance of
this day, and the practical results which arise
therefrom, in large measure depend the contin-
uance of regular seasons of rainfall, the tempering
of our climate, the beauty of our homes and high-
ways, the timber supply of the future, and a remu-
nerative return for labor bestowed upon lands not
otherwise, productive.

The observance of Arbor Day is becoming
general in many of our States; its necessity is
recognized by those who have given the greatest
care and study to the subject ; and its practical
usefulness is attested by all who have engaged in

In case the day herein designated should be un-
suitable in any portion of the Commonwealth,
let an adjournment be had to some future day
which will suit the climate and convenience of

the locality. ^ r ,u

Given under my hand and the great seal of the
Commonwealth at Harrisburg, this first day of
April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Common-
wealth the one hundred and eleventh.
By the Governor : James A. Beaver.

Charles W. Stone,

Secretary of the Commonwealth.

It is proposed to make November 30, a National
holiday in New Zealand, to be called Arbor
Day.

Proposed Legislation.

[Communicated.]

iS)T the meeting of the Council, January 10, it
n. was resolved that a committee of five be ap-
•' pointed to investigate the subject of forest
laws in Pennsylvania, and to endeavor to secure
some favorable action by the Legislature. Messrs.
Hess, Edge, Binney, Paul and Welsh were sub-
sequently appointed on this committee.

The committee were of opinion that the most
important as well as most practical work to be
done now, was to secure a law providing encour-
agement, in the shape of remission of taxation,
for forest culture, and summary punishment for
all injuries to woods and forests, whether by fire
or other means, and the result of carelessness as
well as intentional wrong doing.

The bill presented by Mr. Hess at the session
of 1885, printed in Forest Leaves for Septem-
ber, 1886, formed the basis of the committee's bill.
The principal new features were the extension of
the proposed benefits to timber-lands which had
recently been cleared, a provision for thinning
out the trees after ten years* growth, a limit to
the amount of tax-money that should be repaid,
and the omission of the notices which the former
bill required owners of forests to post up in order
to secure their protection by law.

The bill (House Bill, No. 205) was presented
by Mr. P. S. Bachman, February 3, referred to
the Committee on Agriculture, and favorably re-
ported by them, February 9.

Subsequently, certain valuable suggestions were
made to the Legislative Committee by Simon P.
Eby, Esq., of Lancaster, now a member of the
Association, tending to make the criminal sec-
tions of the bill more capable of practical enforce-
ment. These suggestions were incorporated in
an amendment, which, with other slight emenda-
tions, will be presented when the bill comes up
for second reading.

The following is the text of the bill, as
amended :

An Act — For the encouragement of forest-
culture and providing penalties for the injury and
destruction of forests.

Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it
is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.
That, in consideration of the public benefit to be
derived from the planting and cultivation of
forest or timber-trees, the owner or owners of any
land in this Commonwealth planted with forest
or timber-trees, in number not less than twelve
hundred to the acre, shall, on making due proof
thereof, be entitled to receive annually from the

commissioners of their respective counties, during
the period that the said trees are maintained in
sound condition upon the said land, the follow-
ing sums of money : For a period of ten years
after the land has been so planted, a sum equal
to ninety per centum of all the taxes annually
assessed and paid upon the said land, or so much
of the said ninety per centum as shall not exceed
the sum of forty-five cents per acre. For a second
period of ten years, a sum equal to eighty per
centum of the said taxes, or so much of the said
eighty per centum as shall not exceed the sum of
forty cents per acre. For a third and final period
of ten years, a sum equal to fifty per centum of
the said taxes, or so much of the said fifty per
centum as shall not exceed the sum of twenty-five
cents per acre — Provided, that it shall be lawful
for the owner or owners of the said land, after
the same has been so planted for at least ten
years, to thin out and reduce the number of trees
growing thereon to not less than six hundred to
the acre, so long as no portion of the said land
shall be absolutely cleared of the said trees. And
provided also, that the benefits of this Act shall
not be extended to nurserymen or others growing
trees for sale for future planting.

Section 2. The owner or owners of forest or
timber-land in this Commonwealth which has
been cleared of merchantable timber, who shall,
within one year after the said land has been so
cleared, have given notice to the commissioners
of their respective counties that the said land is to
be maintained in timber, and who shall maintain
upon the said land young forest or timber-trees
in sound condition, in number at least twelve
hundred to the acre, shall, on making due proof
thereof, be entitled to receive annually from the
commissioners of their respective counties the
sums of money mentioned in the first section of
this Act — Provided, that the first period of ten
years shall be counted from the time that the said
land has been cleared of merchantable timber,
and that after the said first period of ten years
the number of trees upon the said land may be
reduced as in the said first section is provided.

Section 3. Any person or persons who shall
wilfully or carelessly cut bark frcm, or otherwise
cut, burn, or injure any tree, plant, shrub, or
sprout planted, growing, or being on any land in
this Commonwealth, or who shall remove any
leaves, wood-mould, or soil therefrom, without
the consent of the owner or owners thereof first
had and obtained, or who without such consent
shall kindle, or cause to be kindled, a fire an any
forest or timber-land in this Commonwealth, or
who shall carry into or over any forest or timber-
land any lighted candle, lamp, torch, or other
fire, without having the same secured in a lantern

,1

\—

3 /

SO

• FOREST . • . LEAVES.

II

lO

FOREST . • . LEAVES.

or other closed vessel, or who shall discharge or
set off fireworks of any kind on said .and, or
among the trees thereon, or who shall wilfully or
cSsly burn or fire upon his or their own land,
or that of others, any tree, brush, stubble or
o her combustible material, whereby fire shall be
communicated to the leaves brush «r timber
upon any forest or timber-lands belonging o
Xr parties, shall be subject to a penalty of fifty

'ISit r Vny'us'tice of the peace or alder-
man Cn information or complaint made before
™im by the affidavit of one or more persons, of
S violation of this Act by any person or
persons shall issue his warrant to any constable
or oSofficer, to cause such person or persons
Z be a rested a^d brought before the said justice
of the peace or alderman, who shall hear and
determine the guilt or innocence o the person or
persons so charged, who, if convicted ot the sad
offense, shall be sentenced to pay the penalty
aforesa d, attached to said violations with costs
of suit ; one-half to go to the party or parties in-
jured, and the other half to the school-fund of the
district in which said offense was cominitted—
fZded, that if the Defendant or Defendants
neglect or refuse to pay at once the penalty
"mposed and costs ; or shall not enter sufficient
bail for the payment of the same within ten days,
he or they shall be committed to the common
iail of said county for a period of not less than
one day for each dollar of the penalty imposed—
And provided, when the penalty imposed is above
five dollars, the Defendant or Defendants may
enter into a recognizance with good security to
answer said complaint on a charge of misde-
meanor before the Court of Quarter Sessions of
the peace of the county in which the offense is
committed, which Court on conviction of the
Defendant or Defendants of the offense so charged
and failure to pay the penalty imposed by this
Act with costs, shall commit said Defendant or
Defendants to the common jail of the county for
a period not less than one day for each dollar ot

penalty imposed. _ , ,. »

Section 5. The commissioners of each county
shall, within one month after the passage of this
Act, cause the same to be published one or more
times in one newspaper of general circulation in
their respective counties.

without the forest-districts, will enable the A^o-
dation to continue and perfect the work it has

''In'the meantime, it is earnestly hoped that all
members of the Association, as well as all persons
interested in the future health and prosperity of
our people, will do their utmost to secure the
passage of the above bill by the LegislaUire.

While the committee had in mind the necessity
of other improvements in our forest-laws, it was
thought best to confine action, for the present, to
those contained in the above bill. It is hoped
that an awakened interest in forests, and an in-
creased knowledge of their utility, even necessity,
to all the people of the State, both within and

Pennsylvania Pines.

tTNENNSYLVANIA, in common with all other
1^ States of the Union, has materially suffered
from the disastrous results of reckless de-
struction of her forests. This is especially true
of her pines ; which at present writing only con-

" According to C. S. Sargent (Tenth Census of
the United States Forestry. 1880) merchantable
pine has almost entirely disappeared from our
State. So far as lumbering interests are con-
cerned, Pennsylvania pines go for nothing, if we
except Cambria, Indiana. Cameron, Potter, and
portions of a few other northwestern counties
Indeed, in the counties named the proportion of
pine forests to the total area is not large, and at
the present rate of decrease but a single decade
will be required to practically exteiminate them
Less than half a century since, the species Pinus
Strobus furnished enough timber to cultivate a
vast and important industry ; to-day we are m
danger of being soon without, this article of com-
merce The present dearth of pines m our good
old Keystone, owing to their high commercial
importance together with the fact that they are
endowed with decided hygienic properties, can-
not but be looked upon as unfortunate in the

^"'Spily there is an available remedial measure
for the relief of this sad state of things, lo re-
store in great measure the luxuriant primitive pine
woods of Pennsylvania it is only necessary to re-
plant the extensive tracts of waste lands. 1 ms
replanting could be promptly executed as the re-
sult of judicious legislation. Nor should the re-
establishing of the old pine forests stop here, but
both for economic and sanitary reasons a fair per
centum should be present universally, lor oD-
vious reasons white pine should be mainly chosen
for cultivation. The original vast areas of
timber-land in our State were largely composed
of this species, hence it is naturally well adapted
to existing conditions of climate and soil. Again,
of all species of forest growth, it is froni a com-
mercial point of view the one most valuable.

There are, however, other estimable species
which, though not all of them natives in our State,
Thould be cultivated. Certain western pines, P.
Balfouriana and others, have been successfully
grown in the Eastern States. This method would
live variety— an object worthy of being sought.
In this connection it is well to remember that
while most of the species belonging to the genus
pines grow in poor, light soil, the case with refer-
ence to the requisite climatic conditions is quite
different. Thus, of the eleven species belonging
to the Atlantic States, some, notably P. Coulten
and P. Australis, are too tender for the climate ot

Pennsylvania. , . ,

The sanitary effects of pine forests, than which
there are few more important questions, furnish
an excellent reason for their liberal cultivation
One of the leading hygienic influences of forest
growth is to maintain a proper as well as an uni-
form standard of atmospheric humidity. Pine
trees, owing to the peculiar anatomical character
of their foliage, do not emit sufficient moisture
to affect materially the degree of saturation, but
thev act as natural purifying agents, it having
been recently shown that pine foliage possesses
the power, to a marked degree, to produce ozone,
which as all sanitarians are agreed, destroys,
through its active oxidizing prop«rties, many- hurt-
ful organic impurities always found in the air.
Here, obviously, lies a satisfactory reason for
urging the necessity to attempt to secure, as far
as practicable universally, a certain local percent-
age of pine woods, even if it be only one-tenth
of the total average in agricultural districts.

To aid in securing the same happy issue, the
admirable pratice of planting private grounds for
ornamental aims with varieties of our white pine,
E G P. Alba, or with species introduced from
Europe and Asia, should receive the very greatest
encouragement. J- M^ Anders, M.D.

The free lectures on forestry which are given
from time lo time at the Univversity of Pennsyl-
vania are perhaps the readiest and surest means
of making known to intelligent people the im-
porunce of the subject, and of quickening the
public interest that should be exhibited in the
preservation of what remains of a once inag-
nificent wooded domain— Penn's woods. Our

ninceni wooucu uw...—. -

wealth of oak and pine is gone, and where these
forest aristocrats once reigned, plowed fields now
lie bare to the sun, or gnarled and scrubby hem-
locks toss their bare branches in air. It is too
late to save the most valuable part of Penn s
woods— but the learned lecturers at the Univer-
sity may still teach the people how to care for
what is left of Wvtm.— Philadelphia Record.

New Members of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

Adams, G. B. Media. Pa.

Baker, Francis N. M.D. "•

Balch, Mrs. Edwin Swift 141 2 Spruce St., Phila.

" Miss Elise Willing " " "
Benson, Mrs. Edwin N. Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Binney, Miss Julia H. 202oDeLancey Place, Phila.
Blakiston, Miss M. 2042 Chestnut St.,
«* Presley " " "

Brewster, Miss Eliza J. Media, Pa.

Brinton, Mrs. D. G. . ^^ ^^■

Broomall, Mrs. C. L. fa.

Bruen, Dr. 18 14 Locust "

Hon. John M. " Pa.

Buckhout, Prof. Wm. A., State College,

Centre County, Pa.

Childs, George W. S. E. Cor. Walnut &

2 id Sts., Phila.

Clayton, Mrs. John M. Chestnut Hill, Pa.

" Miss "

Coleman, Mrs. L. Dawson Lebanon, Pa.

Coxe, Miss Rebecca 1519 Spruce St., Phila.

Currie, C. George, D.D. 1527 Pine St.,
Dana, Mrs. M. W. 2125 Walnut St..

Dillin. John G. Radnor P. O., Del. Co., V3..
Douglass, Rev. Benjamin J. 1901 ^'^^g^^^pj,;,^

Eastman, Miss Maria L. ^ Media, Pa.

Eby. Simon P. Lancaster, Pa.

Eppley, Lewis H. ^ York, Pa.

Fisher, Mrs. George Harrison 1311 Locust

" Miss Anna S. " "

Fox, Joseph M. ^345 P'ne '

Frear. Prof. William State College, Pa.

Haines, Miss ^^^."^"'"p^"

« Robert B. Cheltenham, Pa.

«' Mrs. Robert B. " , Pa.

Henry, James Nazareth Pa.

Hockley, Thomas 235 South 2 ist St Phila.

" Mrs. Thomas " " " "

" Williams. " " " ;; "

Hoffman, Mrs. George 259 " 17th "
Hopkins, William M. M.D. 2018 Spruce St.,
Jackson, Prof. F. A. University of Pa.

Jennings, William N. ^'^''^''barre, Pa.

Landreth, Mrs. H. R. 191? Walnut St Phila.
Lewis, Miss Grace Anna ^ Med.a, Pa.

« H Carvill High St., German town.

" Mrs. H. Carvill " " "

<< John A. 250 South loth bt., fhiia.

" A. Nelson 1314 Spruce '' ''^

Logan. Mrs. Algernon Sidney 247 S. 18th St.,
Lotber, Henry S. ,_^ , Germantown.

Loughead, Isaac M. mo Walnut St., Phila.

ill

i^^

li.

i '.

\

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12

MacVeagh, Hon. Wayne
** Mrs. Wavne
McClelJan, Dr. George

«* Mrs. "
McConnell, Rev. S. D.
McMurtrie, Miss
Mercer, W. R.
Miller, Mrs. Clara B.
** ** Sarah W.
Mitchell, Lmgdon E.
Montgomery, W. W.
Morris, Miss Lydia
Palmer, Rev. Frederick
Patterson, C. Stuart

Mrs. C. Stuart

FOREST

1703 Locust **
1 41 2 Spruce "

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t€
it
t€
t€
it

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1318 Locust

Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Doylestown, Pa.

Media, Pa.

** Pa.

1524 Walnut St., Phila.

251 South 4th •* •*

826 Pine " ''

Jenkintown, Pa.

Chestnut Hill, Pa.

«* <* Pa.

1608 Walnut St., Phila.
it tt « <<

t€

(t

((

Paul, Dr. James
" Miss M. W.

" Mrs. James W. 243 South 18th
Pennock, Abraham L. Lansdowne, Del. Co., Pa.

Kennett Square, Pa.

234 South 4th St., Phila.

Minersville, Pa.

West Chester, Pa.

Norristown, Pa.

New Castle, Del.

West Chester, Pa.

York, Pa.

((

((

C.J.
Potts, Joseph D.
Praetorious, G. O.
Price Mrs. Jacob
Ralston, Miss Anna
Rodney, Miss E.
Rothrock, Mrs. J. T.
Roland, Dr. William S.
Rosengarten, J. S. S. E. Cor. 16th and

Chestnut St., Phila.
Scott, Mrs. L. H. 1820 Rittenhouse Square,
•* Miss Hannah L. 1806 Locust St.,
Sims, John C. Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Smith, Mrs. Rebecca L. Media, Pa.

Snowden, Henry C. ** Pa.

Speakman, Miss Anna W. " Pa.

Stevenson, Mrs. Cornelius 237 S. 21st St., Phila.
Stuart, Mrs. George H. 1339 Pine **

Struthers, Mrs. John 21 12 Spruce **

Thouron, Henry 2003 De Lancey Place,

Merion, Pa.

1 819 Spruce St., Phila.

708 Walnut ** '*

Chestnut Hill, Pa.

** *' Pa.

1 102 Walnut

St., Phila.

Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Media, Pa.

" Pa.

321 S. 4th St., Phila.

218 S. *' '* "

Germantown.

<(

i<

((

Mrs. N.
Wagner, Miss Emily
Watson, Henry W.

** Mrs. John B.
Wharton, Mrs. Henry
Whitaker, Bishop

'* Mrs. John
Vilson, Jr. EUwood

** Miss Emily Vaux
Agister, Miss Edythe
Wood, R. Francis
Wright, James A.

The Governor's excellent Arbor Day proclama-
tion commends itself to the attention of all per-
sons who have at heart the welfare both of their
own localities, and of our whole state.

LEAVES.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Forest Tree Culture.

Meehan's Nurseries in Philadelphia, are located
in the Germantown District (2 2d ward of the city,)
and are only about ten miles from the City Hall.
They are midway between Carpenter Station on
the Pennsylvania, and Gorgas Lane on the Read-
ing R. R., less than a quarter of an hour walk
from each.

Though in common with other first-class nurser-
ies, we have all the leading fruit trees, hedge
plants and flowers, we make a

Specialty of Forest Trees.

We devote nearly 40 acres to this branch of
our business. It makes little difference to a Nur-
seryman who raises everything, what particular
kind any customer may order, but we tvill cheer-
fully advise any one who may seek information,
as to kind and sizes to plant.

Meehan's Nurseries,

Germantown,

Philadelphia.

Eng. Elm

* * Inarch
Catalpa
Purple Beech
Tulip Trees
White Pines
Balsam Fir

7- 8 ft.

7- 9 ft.

7- 8 ft.

5 ft.
4- 6 ft.

3- 5 ft-
214- 3 ft-

Mr. George Achelis,

Nurseryman,
WEST CHESTER, PA.

Begs to offer the following list of Forest and
other trees adapted for arbor-day planting.

Carolina Poplarsio-12 ft. Am. Linden 7-10 ft.
English Linden 4- 6 ft.

** Beech 7- 8 ft.

*' Mt.Ash 10-12 ft.
Hazelnut 5- 7 ft.

White Dogwood 4- 5 ft.
Norway Spruce 3 ft.

Hemlock 2- 3 ft.

The Carolina Poplar should not be confounded
with the worthless Silver Poplar, which suckers so
badly. The ** Carolina " does not, and is a very
desirable tree.

Address GEORGE ACHELIS,

West Chester, Penna.

Deciduous and Evergreen Trees, suit-
able for Forestry and general planting
may be obtained by applying to ^
ROBERT B. HAINES,

CHELTENHAM NURSERIES,

One mile east of Ashbourne or Oak Lane Sta-
tion, North Penna. R. R.

k:'

PTKSt"

Philadelphia, November, 1887.

Published for the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

By JOHN BIRKINBINE, 25 North Juniper Street^

CONTENTS.

»" PAGE

Editorial '

University Lectures, F. D.

Hartzell, '

The Counties Active 3

The Hauberg System of Forestry, A. Nahmer 4

Rings in Trees, Lumber World 5

List of New Members .

Trees in Washington W'^V*^'"/ (.

The Evergreen Forest- Air Treatment, H. M. Fisher.,,, o

Pennsylvania Forestry, /. Henry ••••;••■

On Enrolling New Members, E, S. Balch 9

The Black Locust and the Borer, B, E, Fernow 10

A Review, S. Wolfe J°

Consumption of Timber by Railways 11

Hints to Farmers, Press • \

The Hickory in Germany, G, O. Praetorius 13

Arbor Day

Arbor Day, 1887

A Report

Notes and Advertisements

We have cause for congratulation and for en-
couragement in the progress made. New mem-
bers have been added ; and to the efforts of Dr.
Fisher we are indebted for the formation of an
active organization in Montgomery County. At our
annual meeting the relations of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association and County organizations
will be defined, and such measures taken as will

courage other counties to follow the example

en

14
14

16

OUR table of contents will probably prove a
better editorial than anything which we can
say, except it be in the direction of inviting
the attention of our readers to a careful perusal
of what is offered in our columns ; and we trust
that the present number will quicken the interest
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and be
the means of securing many additions to our
number at the annual meeting, now just about
one month in the future.

The Executive Committee have not been idle,
and we only hesitate to announce the date of
the annual meeting because the Committee are
desirous of securing some very interesting features
for it ; but it will be within a day or two ot
December loth, according as a specific day does
not interfere with other engagements. For a
similar reason we make no formal announcement
of the lectures to be delivered during the com-
ing winter ; but our friends who read Mr. Hart-
zell's too brief r^sum^ of some of the many good
things said last winter, may feel confident that
the lectures of 1888 will be in no way mferior to
those of 1887.

set by Delaware and Montgomery.

One of the most enjoyable features of the year
was a meeting of the Executive Committee, held
by invitation of Mrs. Francis Fisher, at her
charming home, *' Alverthorpe," near Jenkin-
town, where an opportunity was given for the
inspection of the work of a true forest lover
(now gone to his rest). The variety, locality
and healthy development of the trees of *' Alver-
thorpe " was the theme of all who were present,
and while carrying away bouquets of flowers and
pleasant memories of a delightful afternoon, we
recognized the influence of a tree-lovmg father
resting as a mantle on daughter and son, to whom
our organization owes very much of its present
success.

The University Lectures.

Y^ COURSE of lectures on Forestry, similar
\\ to but more comprehensive than, the one
J last spring, will be given at the University
this winter. No notice of last season's lectures
was made in these columns because the Scientific
Society, under whose direct auspices the lectures
were given, had intended to publish them in pam-
phlet form. Owing, however, to the fact that the
manuscript was not all at the disposal o^ the So-
ciety, the plan had to be given up. A brief xt-
sum6 of the lectures is now presented, that those
who did not hear them may form an idea of their

character. *

The lectures were delivered in the chapel of the
University; the first one was by Prof. E. J. James,

^5

T

\^

FOREST LEAVES.

f'i

PH.D., on March i6. The subject was "Our
l-orests. Professor James clearly set forth the
influences of the forest on the nation. Important
as the preservation of forests is from a mere mone-
tary standpoint, in keeping up the supply of tim-
ber. It IS far more important in other directions
l-orests determine climatic and hygienic condi-
tions and it is now agreed that they determine
the distribution of the rainfall. The roots of
trees act as a sponge to absorb and hold the moist-
ure, giving It out gradually. Forests diminish
evaporation about 84 per cent., and keep dry an
exceeding y damp atmosphere and moisten an
exceedingly dry one. Just what proportion the
forest area should occupy to the rest of the coun-
try has not yet been determined, but in arriving
at It climatic conditions should be taken into con-
sideration. In European countries from 2K to x<i
per cent, is believed necessary. The present
average is 28 per cent. According to the statis-
tics of 1870 It was found that the forest land of
the United States was but 16% per cent, of the
entire area, and at the present rate of clearing the
destruction of all the forests in the country might
be looked forward to within a generation. Pro-
fessor James held that the Government should re-
tain possession of its forest lands and encourage
ree planting. Laws should be passed to prevent
the destruction of the forest, and past errors should
be corrected as far as possible.

The second lecture, by Rev. John P. Lundy,
D.D., was delivered on March 24. The subiert
was ' ' Forest and National Existence. ' ■ Speak-

lblenf/nV''\'''l'"™' ? '^^ ^^''' the destructive
violence of which is known to those only who

have experienced them, the lecturer traced their

origin directly to forest destruction. The Medi

terranean Sea, as is well known, he said, is often

tossed by stormy winds, which are due to the fact

that on one side of the water lies the great Sahara

^Tl\ P""'r*^ ""^ ^^y ■' °" 'he othfr the snow!
Clad A ps. A great suction process goes on ; and
precisely similar is the state of affairs in the neigh-

'te°slak°eH''' ^°H '^ ''r "'^>"^' "here are fS
fire-slaked and sandy deserts. Under such

conditions storms are bred that wreak their ven-
geance all over the eastern half of the count"
Dr. Lundy explained how disastrous the storms
sometimes are by mentioning the facts in the caTe
of Greece and Italy. Thefe countries? he satd
were once well wooded and green, with delfghtful
climate and the softest showers The Ean
Campagna now is the type of treeless was'e Once
t nourished in the richest plenty a large poDuTa
t.on. It seemed clear to the lecturer that^h,^ the
past punishment has followed closely where na!
ture's. bounties are made light of

So interpreting the testimony of past ages Dr
Lundy called attention to the reports of ranitary

FOREST LEAVES.

reconnoitering officers, who adduced certain facts
without ever a thought of their bearing on fores-
ry reform. Major Emory and Captain Marcy,
in trips across Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico
found great stretches of country, particularly in
the latter Territory, treeless and without a drop
of water Great rock-filled ravines told here and
here of the existence once upon a time of moun
tain torrents, which, after a destructive rush, left
the land dry as Sahara. And little better than
Sahara it is as these travelers bear witness. The
country is cheerless as the wilderness, for the sim!
pJe reason that not a tree has been left standing.
What then was there to attract the rain ? On
these now uninhabited plains, the lecturer said

Sr'TT'f' "^ that^ivilization once floii
ished Indeed, it seems that in the most wretched

deserts towns of several thousand inhabitants
once were planted. Tree destruction deva ated
the face of the country. ^idtca

Such are the teachings of history on the great
question. " No forests, no nation,'' has beef the
uniform tale .'The time for a^gumen",'' slS
Dr. Lundy, " is past." What care the specula
tors in timber, if the nation, when they are dead"

OncethTs^Lr^ """ '"r '■'■°™ Pennsylvania?
unce the State was as rich and lovely as anv <!nnt

on the face of the earth. Is it so now?'"Kfla

fhifr r rr rt^'"^' ^^'^^'"^ acclimatized to
their locality, but let them remember that the

sudden changes of temperature that are daily o"!
currences are not the natural heritage of the sons
of th,s Commonwealth. Let them femember tha
cold wmters and hot summers, that drought and
flood parched soil and overflowing torrents have
not always been features of Pennsylvania TheL
conditions, destructive alike to health and agr?

retSe'r^'T l"'^"-^ by continued and fn-"

restrained rum of the wooded areas of the coun-

ry. Once salmon and shad could be caught in

he Susquehanna, where now ' sunnies ' and suckers

are the only game. The banks, stripped of tree

and ^TmsT/'^'^ f"''^ "^'^ «^ ^'^^^d the bug^
and worms that give them sustenance. And this

A nnhr"'""- '^" '"^^"^ '^^' '^^ State has suffered

created ''Taldn' T'^'^ '" "^ ^"^^g^' «'"''' '^
Sd tn tht ^.^- Lundy;. "so attention will be
called to this weighty question. An answer must
soon be made. Shall this country live ?'^ '

reh^bifitaHnl"'^' '^^ l^'l^'^y Association aims at '
s!»l Tf "^ «°'"« of the waste lands of the
State. If ,t can get the Legislature to make an
ass^nment of land to it, exempt from tax« it is

esTbired"™^ '°.''^^^ ^" ^^P--"'^' station

rhi?f^ f^l'"'^ i^*"'"'^ "^^ by Hon. B. E. Fernow
Chief of the Forestry Division, on March fi hI;
subject was " Forests and Forestry in the U S '

<*The forests/* said Mr. Fernow, *'are to be
regarded in two aspects : that of supplying new
materials for our industries, such as lumber, fire-
wood, etc., and that of influencing climatic, soil
and hydrological conditions. There is hardly a
human occupation, from the lighting of a cigar to
a voyage to Europe, in which wood does not con-
stitute an important part. The destruction of the
forests has turned fertile regions into deserts, and
has given rise to destructive torrents, to repair
which the French Government has spent twenty
years and 30,000,000 francs." The lecturer re-
ferred to the damage which the removal of the
forests had caused in the Adirondacks and in New
England. No general law can be laid down for
the proportion of forest which a country should
have. England can get along well on three per
cent., while Austria, with thirty per cent., is in-
adequately supplied. It is evident, however, that
we have gone far enough in our reckless treatment
of the forest in this country.

If we consider our woodlands only as furnishers
of raw material, we cannot but see that we are
in a bad plight. Taking into consideration fires
and waste, our annual consumption is not less
than twenty-five billion cubic feet. To produce
this requires an area of five hundred million acres.
The census of 1880 put our forest area at about
four hundred and eighty million acres, much of
which is, however, utterly worthless. We are
using probably twice as much as we produce every
year. There are only seventy million acres of
timber land now in the possession of the United
States. We ask that this be withdrawn from the
market and preserved as a perpetual forest for the

country. .

The forest has a significance : ist. For its cli-
matic influence. 2d, Its influence upon the flow
of springs, streams and conditions of soil. 3d,
For the raw material which it produces. The
first has as yet no significance for Pennsylvania, the
second is making itself felt ; and here lies a field
for action on the part of your Association.

In conclusion I would say : the first step for
those who have grasped the dangerous situation
and perceive the necessity of concerted action-
speak to your neighbors and friends, make your-
self acquainted with the situation and need of our
State, and try to create a working interest. '* But
it does not pay," vou say. Neither it does. The
abolition of slavery did not pay you ; in fact, it
cost something. But is there one who regrets it?

The last lecture of the series was delivered by
J. M. Anders, m.d., on April 4. His subject
was *' The Sanitary Aspect of Forestry."

At the outset it is to be noted that among the
questions around which centre the chief interests
of mankind, those aff'ecting the public health are
the most important. It will be convenient to

consider the sanitary relations of forests under six
heads, as follows : First, the influence which for-
ests exert mechanically ; second, their influence
to lessen the degree of the soil and upon streams;
third, their eff'ects to lessen certain endemic
as well as epidemic diseases, notably, malaria,
typhoid fever and cholera; fourth, their power to
increase the relative humidity of the surrounding
air, as well as to maintain more nearly an equi-
librium of moisture in this medium ; fifth, their
office of atmospheric purification through the
ozone-generating function which growing vegeta-
tion everywhere possesses ; and sixth, the advan-
tage of forests in the presence of health stations.

The mechanical eff'ects of the woods are well
understood, and are highly important, both on
the coast and inland. One of the chief beneficial
eff'ects of forests is to conserve the moisture of the
soil. It has been clearly shown that a forest
properly located with respect to human habitation
must tend to lessen the ravages of disease. In
Central India, in 1859, during the cholera epi-
demic, it was observed that the soldiers of the
garrisons which were located near forests enjoyed
comparative exemption, while the others died in
great numbers. The value of forests near health
resorts for consumptives, is of especial import-
ance. F. D. Hartzell.

The Counties Active.

•ZiVE are glad to notice the organization of
\Xj several branch organizations in the coun-
ties near by. Delaware County took the
lead, and Montgomery follows with a very
strong county association. The organization of
these branches was one of the ideas of the pro-
jectors of the Association from the very begin-
ning. We welcome the new organizations and
hope the other counties of the State will not be
slow to follow the example of Delaware and
Montgomery.

A meeting of those interested in the Forestry
movement was held on October 12th, for the pur-
pose of perfecting a Montgomery County branch
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. An
organization was perfected, with the following
officers : President, Dr. Hiram Corson, of Ply-
mouth ; vice-presidents, Edwin S. Satterthwaite,
of Abington, and Professor J. Shelly Weinberger,
of CoUegeville ; secretary. Dr. Sam. Wolfe, Skip-
pack ; treasurer. Rev. William Anders, of Wor-
cester ; delegate to State Council, Dr. Henry M.
Fisher, Jenkintown ; and an executive committee,
consisting of Hon. A. S. Swartz, Mrs. John F.
Hartranft, J. Clinton Sellers, of Norristown ; B.
Whitman Dambly, Skippack; Charles Lukens,
Conshohocken ; Howard M. Jenkins, Lower

44-

^s

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

5

^1 9

.:4
It ->

Gwynedd ; Charles Follen Corson, Whitemarsh ;
Rev. William M. Anders, Worcester; Professor
J. S. Weinberger, Collegeville ; H. S. Krieble,
North Wales ; Dr. Shaner, Pottstown ; Henry
C. Hawkins, Hatfield ; William Rennyson,
Bridgeport ; Mrs. R. B. Haines, Cheltenham ;
Edwin Satterthwaite, Abington ; William M.
Singerly, Whitpain ; N. Allen Stockton, Abing-
ton ; William B. Rambo, Upper Merion ; M.
L. Kohler, Jenkintown.

DELAWARE COUNTY.

A committee has been formed subject to the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and propose
entering at once upon active work, as the following
extract from a Media letter will demonstrate :

*'Our purpose, after our organization, is to
endeavor to have a knowledge of our most impor-
tant shade and forest trees taught to the children
of the public schools ; to endeavor to have shade
trees planted on all the approaches to Media;
and to keep the community interested by articles
written for the papers from time to time by mem-
bers of the committee, a number of whom are
deeply interested, and who are fully able to pre-
pare such articles.

*'No doubt other ways of working will suggest
themselves, but at present these seem to me to be
the most important.

** Yours truly,

** Grace Anna Lewis.*'
We hope to hear of similar efforts in other
counties, and of a programme laid out to suit the
local surroundings.

The Hauberg System of Forestry.

Zl'^HEN it can no longer be doubted that the
\XJ ruthless devastation of forests has the most
deleterious effects, both by the improvident
squandering of an article required for fuel and
for making all kinds of implements and for build-
mg purposes, and at the same time on the climate
by producing seasons of drought at times when
rainfall is needed for the growing crops, it seems
plain that new methods of managing forests
should be introduced ; and it will not be improper
to look to other countries for models, and to
inquire what features of their systems might
profitably be adopted in this country. In this
respect, it seems to me, we have rather to look to
the continent of Europe, where the fostering of
forests has long been practiced by the govern-
ments as well as by the county and town author-
ities and by the owners of real estate, than to
England, whose insular climate seldom suffers for
the lack of moisture in the air. With this view
I beg leave to explain in a few words the main

principles of a certain system of forestry, which
for several centuries has been practiced with the
very best results in some parts of Northern Ger-
many. This is the so-called ''Hauberg" sys-
tem, which to my knowledge is found in the
southernmost part of the province of West-
phalia, in Western Prussia, and in the adjoining
districts of Rhenish Prussia and Hessen- Nassau.
The configuration of this part of Germany is that
of a high table land or plateau, with an average
elevation above the level of the ocean of looo to
2000 feet, and the soil is not very productive.
The raising of cattle is the main business of
farmers, and for this reason the greatest attention
is devoted to the artificial irrigation of meadows,
which is accomplished by an admirable system by
which every inch of the meadow land can be
flooded at will, while at the same time the water
used for irrigation is made to flow off by ditches
and no standing water is allowed to remain.

It is moreover a country full of industrial estab-
lishments, mills, tanneries, iron works, etc.,
requiring water power and a constant supply of
charcoal. These necessities, I suppose, led to
devising the system of forestry which I intend to
delineate, because it is best calculated to prevent
seasons of drought and to furnish every year the
material for charcoal. The cardinal principle of
this system is the systematic planting of forests,
and their replanting after they have been cut
down.

These forests or plantations generally belong to
the towns, and then are managed by the town
officers, or to joint stock companies in which every
member holds a certain number of shares and is
required to do a proportionate part of the labor.
The first work necessary for a new *' Hauberg "
consists of what, in English agriculture, is termed
'* paring and burning." Old, worn-out pastures
are generally selected. The sod is taken off by
superficial plowing or by using a sort of two-tined
hoe much in vogue there. Then a supply of dry
branches, rushes and leaves is procured from a
neighboring wood lot. This material is piled up in
heaps, covered with sod and burned ; the ashes
then are spread over the entire land, and rye, with
an admixture of acorns and the seed of white
birches, alders, pines, or whatever trees it is in-
tended to raise, is sown broadcast. There is no
manuring necessary, inasmuch as the ashes act as
manure. The next year generally produces a
plentiful crop of rye, which, as usual, is cut with
the scythe or sickle. The small trees that have
shot up from the seed are, of course, cut down
too, but immediately produce new shoots. These
plantations are, during the first three years,
protected against the inroads of roaming cattle
by strictly enforced penal ordinances. After the
third year, however, cattle are allowed to graze

there and to feed on the leaves of the lower trees.
These forests are allowed to grow from 15 to 18
years, according to the nature of the soil and the
thrift of the trees. Then the trees are cut down.
The oaks are stripped of their bark, wTiich is sold
to tanneries, and the wood is used either for
mechanical or building purposes or, with the other
trees, for fuel and making charcoal. This done,
the chips and other remnants of wood are piled up
in heaps, burned, and the land is again sown with
rye ; but this time without mixing in acorns or the
seed of other trees, because the stumps, left in
the field, produce new shoots. By this simple
system the same proportion between tilled land
and forests is always maintained, and seasons of
drought are of very rare occurrence.

In some parts of this territory the snow-storms
are sometimes extremely severe and interfere with
the use of railroads and turnpikes. Where this is
the case the town and land owners make similar
plantations of pine and fir trees on the crests and
slopes of all hills toward the west and northwest,
from which direction, in that part of Europe gen-
erally, snow comes, and they proceed in exactly
the same manner as with the Haubergs. Since
charcoal has been superseded in the iron works by
coke, the raising of oak and other trees for-
merly manufactured into charcoal has generally
been abandoned, and pines now are preferred,
because their growth is more rapid and their wood
more generally used for building purposes. The
principal work in these plantations can be done
after haying and before the wheat and corn har-
vest is gathered. Adolph Nahmer.

The Rings in Trees.

U /^^ONCENTRIC or annual rings," says
V© Hon. R. W. Furnas, ''which were once
accepted as good legal evidence, fail,
except where climate, soil, temperature, humidity,
and all other surroundings are regular and well
balanced. Otherwise they are mere guess-work.
The only region within my knowledge where
either rings or measurements were reliable indi-
cations are in the secluded, even and regularly
tempered valleys of the Southern Pacific coast.

Annual mo-asurements of white elm, catalpa,
soft maple, sycamore, pig hickory, cotton wood,
chestnut, box elder, honey locust, coffee tree,
burr and white oak, black walnut, osage orange,
white pine, red cedar, mulberry and yellow
willow (nineteen species), made in Southeastern
Nebraska, show that "annual growth is very
irregular, sometimes scarcely perceptible and
again quite large," and this he attributes to the
difference in seasons. As trees increase in age
inner rings decrease in size, sometimes almost

disappearing. Diminished rate in growth after a
certain age is a rule. Of four great beeches men-
tioned in London, there were three, each about
seventeen feet in girth, whose ages were respect-
ively 60, 102 and 200 years. Mr. Furnas found
twelve rings in a black locust 6 years old, twenty-
one rings in a shell-bark hickory of 1 2 years, ten
rings in a pig hickory of 6 years, eleven rings in a
wild crab apple of 5 years, and only twenty rings
in a chestnut oak of 24 years. An American
chestnut of only 4 years had nine rings, while a
peach of 8 years had only five rings.

Dr. A. M. Childs, a resident of Nebraska, from
1854 to 1882 a careful observer for the Smith-
sonian Institution, who counted rings on some
soft maples 11 years 2 months old, found on one
side of the heart of one of them forty rings and
not less than thirty-five anywhere, which were
quite distinct when the wood was green, but after
it had been seasoned only twenty-four rings could
be distinguished. Another expert says that all
our northern hard woods make many rings a year,
sometimes as many as twelve, but as the last set
of cells in a year's growth are very small and the
first very large, the annual growth can always be
determined, except when from local causes there
is in any particular year little or no cell growth.
This may give a large number on one side. Upon
the Pacific coast of North America trees do not
reach the point where thty stop growing nearly as
early as those of the Atlantic coast. Two hundred
years is nearly the greatest age attained on the
eastern side of the continent by trees that retain
their vigor, while 500 years is the case of several
species on the western coast, and one writer is
confident that a sequoia which was measured was
not less than 2376 years old. At Wrangel,
latitude 36 degrees, 50 minutes, a western hem-
lock six feet in diameter at the stump, was four
feet in diameter 132 feet further up the trunk, and
its rings showed 432 years. But in the Old Bartram
Garden, near Philadelphia, not more than 150
years old, almost all the trees are on the down
grade. The Quercue Robar, England's pride,
which at home is said to live 1000 years, has
grown to full size and died in this garden, and
the foreign spruces are following suit. Silver firs
planted in 1800 are decaying. The great
difference in the longevity of trees upon the
western and eastern coasts of the continents in the
northern hemisphere seems to be due to the warm,
moist air carried by strong and permanent ocean
currents from the tropics northeasterly, in both
the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, which makes the
climate both moist and equable in high latitudes.
In Sitka, latitude 57 degrees, as much as 100
inches of rain have fallen in a year, and the harbor
is rarely frozen enough to hinder the passage of
boats. — T/i€ Lumber World,

•7T r?!?*'"'''':

tu

"T-^

^>

FOREST LEAVES.

H

Names Added to Roll
Forestry Association
of Forest Leaves.

C. Eisele, Esq

Francis I. Gowen,Esq ,

Hon. P. S. Bachman,

Robert C. Ogden, Esq

Arch. R. Montgomery, Esq.

N. Thouron, Esq

Mrs. E. L. Warrington, .....
Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, ....
Walter L. C. Biddle, Esq. ..

Miss Estelle Thomas,

J. Biddle Porter, Esq

Col. James Young,

MissE. W. Vaux, *.*.'*

Mrs. J. Minis Hayes,

Dr. J. Spencer Trotter,

Rev. Charles J. Mason, ....,

Miss Mason,

Miss May Cochran, ...V. '.*.*.*

T. Wistar Brown, Esq.

Rev. Wm. Dayton Roberts,

R. L. Wright, Jr., Esq

E. A. Souder, Esq

Miss Clara E. Norton, ....'!!

Mrs. Wm. Lowber, .*.'*

Dr. William Pepper, ......*."

Dr. Samuel Wolfe,

B. Witman Dambly, Esq.*!.'
E. Satterthwait, Esq

C. B. Peabody, Esq "

Wharton Barker, Esq. ..'..'.'.*

Dr. Kiram Corson, '

Henry J. Kreibel, Esq. ..**..*

Robert Frazer, Esq

Charles Biddle, Esq...
Rev. W. S. Anders, .

Dr. W. B. Shaner,

W. Wilkins Carr, Esq. .*."*

James W. Mercur, Esq

Leonard C. Mackall, Esq
Mrs. T. Cuyler Pattersoil; i!

Charles B. Dunn, Esq

Mrs. Andrew A. Blair, *...**
E. K. Janney, Esq. ..!.!."

™^,^,C^- Lippincott, EsqV

Wm. M. Smgerly, Esq. .....

Mrs. H. C. Biddle, .

Miss C. W. Biddle, .

Mrs. John F. Hartranft,
J. Shelly Weinberger, Esq.
Crifford Pinchot, Esq

Hon. Alan Wood, .'..'."**

J. Clinton Sellers, Esq.".!'.'.*

C. F. Corson, Esq

J. Newton Hunsberger,'Es'a'

Hon. A. S. Swartz,

F. D. Hartzell, Esq [['„

of Pennsylvania
since Last Issue

FOREST LEAVES.

. nth & Jefferson Sts.

2 lo South Fourth St.

Freemansburg, Pa.

13 1 6 Spruce St.

Bryn Mawr, Pa.

Merion, Pa.

1537 Pine St.

Drifton, Pa.

18 South Broad St.

Mechanicsburg, Pa.
. St. George Hotel.
.. Middletown, Pa.
. 1900 Chestnut St.
. 266 South 2ist St.
■ no South i8th St.
- 248 South 17th St.
248 South 17th St.
131 South 22d St.
235 Chestnut St.
1820 Franklin St.
Fidelity Trust Co.
2i6>^ Walnut St.
Berwyn, Pa.
319 South i6th St.
181 1 Spruce St.
Skippack, Pa.

Trees in Washington.

(communicated.)

Jenkintown, Pa.
1415 Spruce St.
125 South Fourth St
Conshohocken, Pa.
128 Walnut St.
ZZ3 South i8th St.
208 South 7th St.
Fairview Village, Pa.
Pottstown, Pa.
518 Walnut St.
715 *' '*
Chestnut Hill.

it

<(

(C

Penllyn, Pa.
355 North 3d St.
Wyncote, Pa.
Record Office.
1623 Walnut St.

(I

■ Norristown, Pa.
Collegeville, Pa.
Milford, Pa.

Conshohocken, Pa.
Norristown, Pa.
Conshohocken, Pa.
Skippack, Pa.
Norristown, Pa.
Sellersville Pa.

(C\^w^u- "^ ^^°"' 70,000 trees in the streets of
ly Washington. The principal varieties are he
Norway Sugar and Silver Maple, the Caro-
lina Poplar, the American Elm and^ Linden the
Tuhp tree and the American Sycamore. Ther^ are
also a few honey locusts. Congress makes an annual
appropriation of ^18,000 for tree planting Tn the
streets and reservations of the city Thefe trees
If planted ma solid block, would form a fores' of
600 acres. It is to be remembered that the vast
majority of these trees have been planted in the
^st 17 years, since the present Board of Park
Commissioners were endowed with full powers to
plant and maintain trees along the public fZJugt

tree ■fro^Th!^''"^,^^? "° ^"'h°"ty to remove
trees from the sidewalks in front of their houses
but any reasonable complaints, either regard S
the interference of trees with sunlight or air o?
iSon' 'he injudicious removal of frees'receive
attention. The city maintains its own nurseries
and IS therefore enabled to plant trees at a much
Sf E^h'r" ^\7 '''' ^^ P'^"'^d for in most

sk feet in S.!^?'/''^' ^ j"""^ '^ P'^"*^d, a space
SIX feet m length, two and a half feet in width

and two feet m depth is excavated and filled 4ih

good surface soil. No manure is used As a

rule the trees thrive. Double rows are now

!trl7:U''''''^ °" ""^l^ '"'^'^ °f the pHnc^a"
s reets and avenues. The trees appear to have

Suirart"'"^ T^*^ ^°°*^ b/furnLhing a
f^n. K If^ "^""P^ 'he hot weather, and hfve
contributed not a little to make Washington whit
It is-the most beautiful city in America

^^^ P,Zf"" ^o^est-Air Treatment of
Pulmonary and other Diseases.

^^n^iilf? your patient into the Black Forest
H • 1-'"1'' 'f'^''' ^"d' •<■ he comes out,
emlr^^.tr ™ hack again," was the advice an
emment German physician was said to have given
when asked what treatment he, would recommend
for a consumptive patient.

have''1nieed^"fi^'"^ properties of pine forests
nave, indeed, long been known and recognized

pinL'anH"'h' ','' 1'""^'^ °"' ">"^h amofg he
I sen^e n^t ,h.^"'°?ks, must be familiar with the
SvesandS T ''^ -'he air of such forests
fo favor UnHM . 'i^'^^t^hing sleep that it seems

the woods ha ' thfnk'^^'ri' '''"P'"^ «"' '"
much eVrLf K ' --"''' heen resorted to

disease X ^.^/^^""'u'^'^^ ^''^'^ ^"y organic
aisease. The old ideas that consumption miVhf

oW ""^ t^oT^' '^^ ''^-ght about Z"&'s
cold, or too great exposure to the inclemency of

the weather, and that avoidance of draughts and
extreme caution about going out, except when the
weather happened to be very fine, were effectual
safeguards against it, seem still to be cherished in
many quarters.

It is only recently, I think, that doctors have
been recommending patients actually suffering
from pulmonary diseases to spend the nights in
the pine forests.

The experiment seems to have been attended
with a large measure of success where it has been
tried.

Dr. Willrich-Berka writes to the Gartenlaube
that he has had a considerable number of patients
(how many he does not state) who have been
taking the forest-air cure under his directions in
the Harthwald, in the province of Saxe-Weimar.
Five of his consumptive patients, he says, origi-
nally consented to try the effect of spending the
night. in the pine forests. They slept in ham-
mocks swung between the trees. Finding that
these patients were all much pleased with the
result of the experiment, and that each one had
experienced more or less relief from some symp-
toms which had before annoyed him, he decided
to try the experiment on a more extended scale.

With a view to enabling his patients to make a
more prolonged sojourn in the pine woods he
devised huts, which were open on all sides but
one, but which could be closed in by light-latticed
screens in case of rain or bad weather. These
huts were provided with comfortable bedsteads,
and with washstands, and communicated, by elec-
tric bells, with a central hut occupied by the
watchman and his wife. Many of his patients
have in this way been enabled to spend weeks at
a time, during the summer, actually in the forests.
The cost of their lodgings is moderate, twelve
marks (about three dollars) a week, and the
patients go to a hotel close by for their meals.

Dr. Willrich-Berka expresses himself as highly
pleased with the result of the experiment, and
states that he has seen marked benefit accrue, not
only to those who were actually suffering from
pulmonary disease, but also to a number who
were suffering from simple anaemia — thinness of
the blood.

The advantages he claims for his forest-sleeping
places are : First, their absolutely perfect ventila-
tion, and secondly, their freedom from all noxious
germs and emanations, which any ordinary room
occupied by a consumptive is apt to retain in
carpets, walls or furniture. The experiment
might, I think, easily be repeated in this country,
particularly in some of our winter health resorts
at the South, and has experience and common
sense in its favor.

If the health-giving properties of the air of pine
forests are dependent on the action of the air on

the turpentine and resinous matters in the trees,
the air of the Southern pine forests should be par-
ticularly beneficial to consumptive patients, as
the long-leaved pine {Ftnus Palustris) is probably
richer in turpentine than any other American
species of pine. The different theories of the
action of evergreen forests as therapeutic agents
have recently been ably discussed by Professor
Alfred L. Loomis, in a paper read before the
American Climatological Association.* **The
changes attributable," he says, *' to the persistent
inhalation of air impregnated with the emanations
of such forests, are such as to indicate that the
atmosphere is not only aseptic (free from poison-
ous germs), but antiseptic (destructive of such
germs). As we weigh carefully," he adds, '*the
facts presented here, we are led to the conclusion
that this antiseptic element is the product of the
atmospheric exudation of turpentine." He ad-
duces several authorities to prove that both ozone
and peroxide of hydrogen — the latter well kjiown
as an anti-fermentative and antiseptic compound —
are produced in large amounts by the action of
currents of air upon turpentine, and states that
the presence of both these substances has been
demonstrated in the pine forests.

In a paperf read at a meeting of the Philadel-
phia Social Science Association, in January, 1885,
Dr. J. M. Anders states he has proved by experi-
ment that not only flowering plants, but plants or
trees with an odoriferous foliage, have the prop-
erty of generating ozone. He states that he has
found that *' branches of the pine tree and of the
hemlock spruce were active generators of this sub-
stance." The watery vapor, which he has found
by experiment to be always present in excess in
forest air, holds some of the volatile balsamic
exudations from the pines in solution, and in this
way doubtless favors the production of ozone.
Now this ozone *'has the power of destroying
organic impurities, or even disease germs, in the
atmosphere," and *'it may, with good show of
reason, be assumed that, to some extent, at least,
the germs of malaria are oxydized by the ozone
developed by the forest." If hydrogen dioxide
(or peroxide of hydrogen) is also present in such
air, and its presence is vouched for, as we have
seen, by distinguished authorities, then we have
two of the most powerful antiseptic agents known,
and the atmosphere of the pine forest must present
an unfavorable nidus for the active development
of malarial germs, should they by any means gain
access to it.

The healthiness of the pine forests or *' pine
barrens" at the South, close to malarious districts,

* " Evergreen Forests as a Therapeutic Agent in Pulmon-
ary Phthisis.'* — Philadelphia Medical News, July 23d, 1887.

I " Sanitary Influences of Forest Growth.**

^i

%<^

8

FOREST LEAVES.

whether attributable to this antiseptic property of
forest air, or whether to their simply offering a
mechanical bar to the passage of the malarial
vapors, or to both circumstances combined, as
seems to me most probable, is a fact of common
observation.

For many years those white men, planters or
overseers, whose duties compelled them to direct
the work on the rice plantations during the season
when malaria is to be feared, have known that
their only safety consisted in seeking the shelter
of these pine barrens in the evening ; sleeping on
the plantations at such seasons means, as sad ex-
perience has only too well taught, malignant chills
or '* country fever.*'

Tracts that were once healthy at the South have,
I believe, actually become malarious since they
have been stripped of trees. In such cases, too, the
natural drainage of the soil by the roots and fibres
of the trees has doubtless been interfered with,
and stagnant pools have no doubt been formed.

It would be well to remind our Southern friends
that, in permitting the indiscriminate destruction
of their forests, they are doubtless parting, in
many cases, with one of the safeguards with which
nature has furnished them against the inroads of
disease. Henry M. Fisher.

Pennsylvania Forestry.

(second paper.)

y^HE preservation of our Forests has been a
K_J theme of earnest discussion since the year
1874; but notwithstanding all the move-
ments in its favor, and all that has been thought
and written in order to promote the great end
in view, no visible results have followed those
proceedings up to the present day.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association will
have enough to do, in attending to the needs of
Its own State, m the great work of reforestation,
a task that, beyond a shadow of doubt, will have
to be inaugurated at no distant day.

In a previous number of the Leaves, the Bill for
plantmg along streams and around springs, intro-
duced by Senator Hess into our Legislature, was
presented to our readers. It there appears in the
shape m which it passed the Senate and two
readings m the House. The Bill foreshadows the
inception of a large scheme to replant our lands
m localities where trees might be grown without
coming mto collision with the interests of Am-
culture. °

It has for its end the cultivation of timber and
the preservation of our living springs and running
waters, at one and the same time.

The minds that projected this scheme acted
under the belief that the forests of this State would

not be left to stand in their present places. The
increasing requirements of the vast population
now pouring in upon us will render the soil too
valuable to be devoted to the purposes of forest
culture, and we shall be forced to seek the
borders of our streams and, occasionally upland
and mountainous land, for the propagation of
timber. Along the streams will be found the
most eligible situation for the growth of trees.

The benefit accruing from the fallen leaf of a
single tree that has reached maturity, by the absorp-
tion of water and the amount that this single
tree contributes to a spring, is almost incredible.
The Humus found in all woods in which the
foliage shed in autumn is allowed, under propitious
circumstances, to lie on the ground to decay, and
not to be blown away by winds, forms a spongy
bed, and constitutes a reservoir for securing the
rainfall and transmitting it to the sub-surface of
the earth and to the rocks that circulate the .waters
before issuing from the mouths of the springs.

In all this we recognize one of the beneficent
arrangements of nature, which provides that while
the tree receives its sustenance from the waters
that flow past it, it should also feed and replenish
them by imbibing the rain in the fallen leaves.
And where the improvidence of man has thwarted
this wise provision in the vegetable world, it is
time that we form new designs to reconstruct the
lost woodlands claimed by our streams.

Hence, as a matter of water supply to our
State, by this only possible mode of preservation,
forest culture along the borders of our creeks and
rivers will be demanded. The great necessity of
this measure will become apparent as the denu-
dation of the woodlands increases and the water
courses become more and more exposed to
the constant influence of the sun. Many of our
streams are supplied, in part, from tributary
rivulets flowing through little ravines and dells.
The soil here being useless for the purposes of
agriculture, would be well adapted for the growth
of trees and underwood, which, in itself, is con-
ducive to the protection of springs and flowing
waters. A large portion of our creeks, now pur-
suing their way through hilly districts, are shaded
by overhanging Hemlocks that check evaporation
and, at the same time, receive their sustenance
from the exhalations of the streams below them.
I his species of Conifer, though almost unknown
in the three States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, is
singularly abundant in Pennsylvania, and forms
a picturesque adornment to a large number of our
creeks, overhanging, in most instances, the rocky
bluffs through which they make their passage.

Unless the hand of man, goaded by the love of
money should persevere in the work of destruc-
tion, already commenced with many of our finest
torests, these evergreens will furnish a perpetual

2<y

FOREST LEAVES.

9

fringe to many of our streams; for they arrive at
a great age, and seem almost indestructible by
the usual effects of the seasons.

The Hemlock attains an age of 400 years, when
standing in good soil, and even those growing on
rocks, in the positions described above, hold them
in possession for 200 years. By shedding their
cones, during the winter,which fall and cover them-
selves under an ample bed of humus and dry leaves,
they have the peculiar property of propagating their
own species, and thus they remain for generations,
a thing of beauty for man's contemplation.

All along these running waters and throughout
the dells and ravines that discharge their tributary
rivulets, wherever the Hemlock has not made its
appearance, there is no doubt it would, in most
cases, yield to the hand of man and grow from
the seed; and the culture of the evergreen on soils
not adapted to the wants of deciduous trees, alone,
would be advisable. In bottom or flat land,
where there are water courses, the Walnut, espe-
cially in calcareous soils, in which it is indige-
nous, is at the present day, the tree of the greatest
commercial value, and in a pecuniary view, would
reward its grower better than any other.

Admitting that humus produced by the fallen
leaf is the preservation of our waters, and that
the State is their undoubted owner, we must con-
clude that the guardianship of the woodlands
through which these waters find their way should
be assumed by the State.

It remains a problem, however, not easily solved,
how the lands bordering our streams could ever
be appropriated by our Commonwealth, as their
purchase would be out of the question.

Without the timely protection of these border-
ing lands, and securing them for an exclusive
arboriculture, our water supply will diminish at a
fearful rate, and floods will ravage the districts
through which the creeks and rivers flow, more
and more every year. By instituting a system of
planting, many of the terrors of drought and flood
will be averted, and in order to carry out any
measure, the State and citizen must act together.
The institution of Arbor Day is an excellent
initiation into the great work of planting. It will
lead the youth, by small beginnings, into a love
of and taste for arboriculture, which, without
reference to final and pecuniary results, would be
the great incentive to planting. The institution
itself has been proclaimed by the voice of our
Legislature, but the supply of seedlings for plant-
ing the trees and creating the forest of the future
is entirely wanting.

The most efficient means of supplying this
want would be found in a State Nursery, to be
reinforced in time by numerous nurseries. Here
seedlings could be raised in imitation of the Ger-
man and French forestry system, and millions of

plants distributed gratuitously to the inhabitants
of the State.

Among a large class of our landholders, the
fondness for planting trees is an instinctive feeling,
and is indulged in to no small extent ; but the
enjoyments of arboriculture would be greatly
enhanced were facilities offered them in the
production of seedlings, by aiding as well as
instructing them, and showing them how to
secure and plant the seed for the creation of the
future tree. In all this preliminary knowledge we
are, as yet, deficient, and the hands ready to
engage in the work of propagation call for aid
and scientific enlightenment.

James Henry, Nazareth, Penna.

On Enrolling New Members.

y^nE attention of members of the Forestry
V£) Association is called to the great import-
ance of bringing new members into the
Association. The strength and usefulness of the
Association largely depends on its having a large
and enthusiastic membership with a far-spreading
influence. Indeed, the ideal Forestry Association
would be, to have every one in the State a member.

One great end of the Forestry Association is
the difl'usion of knowledge, and this cannot be
done without money. It is of the greatest im-
portance, in this connection, to have a salaried
agent, as spoken of by Mr. Welsh at the semi-
annual meeting, as lecturer, newspaper writer, etc.
To pay such an agent funds must be forthcoming,
and one of the sources of such funds is the annual
dues of members.

Besides, every added member increases both
directly and indirectly the interest taken in the
work of the Association, and thus helps to spread
the knowledge and importance of Forestry. Its
organ, '' Forest Leaves," will then have a wider
circulation as the Society grows in size and
strength, and many, as yet indiff'erent, will then
appreciate the greatness of the enterprise which
the Association has at heart.

It would be easy to increase the Association
rapidly if only each present member would try to
induce one or more friends to join. Explain to
them they need do no work in the Association,
but that they should try to persuade others to
follow their example and enroll themselves as
members. The Association would soon increase
enormously in its membership and its efficiency,
if present members would only take hold and ask
others to join. It is especially important to get
country members who are directly interested in
the planting of trees, and upon whom the Asso-
ciation must depend in a large measure for the
practical part of its work in the State.

Edward S. Balch.

)^

^/

10

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

11

The Black Locust and the Borer.

T SEE in a recent issue of your paper a reference
1 to Professor Seal's remark that "the black
locust will not be much troubled by borers if
scattered about among other trees which are a
little taller, so as to shade the trunks of the
locusts." Professor Budd endorses this view
without modifying or explaining. Will you allow
me to offer an explanation and modification of
this idea, which, with good reason, I may claim
originated from conversations I had with these
gentlemen last Summer.

As laid down the advice cannot be considered
entirely correct, if the object of planting the
locust IS not only to keep out the borer, but also
to grow the tree to its full, quick development.
It should read : Plant with it trees that are a little
lower, /. e., not quite as fast growers as the locust,
but which have a persistently dense foliage that
will shade closely the lower part of the trunk.
1 he second or third row may well be of an
equally rapid grower of more or less dense
foliage.

The locust is a light-foliaged tree, and con-
sequently to make a quick and healthy growth
\TZV^f enjoyment of light for L crown.
Its light foliage IS not capable of shading the
ground suflficiently to preserve the needful
humidity, and on this account alone should never
be planted unmixed. The explanation of this is

Sfeost"".'.! V.^^-"'" phenomenon observed with
almost al forest insect pests, namely, first, bv
mixing with other species the food supply on a

rn!.O^f 'i"' ^ Pf 'i""'^'- ''^^^'^^ (mostly monoph!

host Lln^ 7'""'''*^k""^''^ progress from one
host plant to another impeded; second, bv

bo'rer"^the trr ''' '"^' '" "^^ ^^ of theT^cus^
borer, the trunk, an essential condition for a

froTS,' development of the insect-warmth
from the direct rays of the sun— is more or le«
destroyed ; third, the planting of ^21 hSh

aistance from them, may serve to imnpH*. tJ,»
movements of the butterfly borer IndTssen ^Hl

™ The tstTrS 1 Y P'^"'^ «" a give.rarea"
be den«> fnl !i P'^"' ^"'^ "^« l°cust would
«h.H r r ^ff*^ evergreens, which keep their

Budt I ?ou,r o ;::: r£z'jy ^^--

ner«;i«;f^nH,r i .'^J^^': 'o ttie green ash as not
persstently keeping its dense foliaRe in such
localities in wh ch the locust i«; m^c7i i .
and I would add the black cher.^f^ F^^""'!^'
imle smaller or a little U^e^'thtTh'; oct" com'

g ow?htwabT ^^^--"-t qualittTf rTpTd
growth, tolerably persistent shade, adaptability to

most soils and climates and making valuable
timber.

Allow me to here add that the frightful insect
ravages with which European foresters have to
contend, and which cost them yearly millions of
dollars, may be largely ascribed to the method
practiced by them and so often highly extolled in
this country of total clearing, and thus producing,
first, large areas sun warmed and covered with
debris— a hatching place for myriads of insects—
and then extensive, uniform, unmixed plantations
of one species, a practice which, it is to be hoped
will be avoided by our planters and with it the
detrimental consequences.

B. E. Fernow, in the Press.

A Review.

pr OUSE-PLANTS as Sanitary Agents : or
1 } THE Relation of Growing Vegetation
TO Health and Disease. Comprising
ALSO A Consideration of the Subject of
Practical Floriculture and of the Sanitary
Influences of Forests and Plantations.
^n^'r ^''^^^\^<''r ^«-^- J- B. Lippin.
PHceS'"''' Philadelphia, 1887, pp. 334.
In this work the author brings together the
scattered knowledge on this subje^ct, aTarge por!
non of which is drawn from his own earlier labors
For more than a decade he has been before the
scientific world as probablv the most active
.worker in this special department, and plant
physiology has been largely enriched by his ob

no7;/T'- K^"'^"S f^"'" the physician^s sUnS-
point there has naturally been an application of

o nkn°tr fh^' '° «^""^tion. The franspiration
of tfe ' T T "^■P"^'^''"^ P«^e^ and other
aiS^e"ff'r'''^"t''"""^'"^'°"«'y investigated,
fi^lfv JL^^ ",P°" ^^'^ atmosphere has been faith-
!o rn^r'"*.'^'' "" '■^'^''°n t° ^"i««al life. This
chao^ers n^ ^^^1^'' "l^^nlx concerned with the
wH^L fh forestry-the last two of the book-in

tTu vlfof fh"""'^ '"^" (^"^ ^" '™P°rta"t side it
truly IS) of this great movement is well considered

certai'n'"rcL°'/°''^'' '" '"^'^'fy'"^' ^"^ ^^^-^
surantW. r ^^"*'''' preventing, malaria and con-

bo7the if" ^T'^ ^>'''^ ^*""«' fail to interest
tLr.fl f ^ ^,"** professional classes. The oro-

pec ia? ?n7 '^''°'''/ ^'^^'^^'^ by forests is anoKr
effects u' on" r ""K^'^^' ''''"'''■ The general
seSs o^fTh. ^"^'"^ conditions in the different
severs l^^J^^^'u' f^'^blished by eminent ob-
molt desh-aht ^"'•'"''^ P"^°n^' researches ; the
^en coun^rv f P'^P^^'^n^ between wooded and
&re h«7f '^.""^'■y P"^P«^«« ' the varieties

afr wen Hif "^ P"'''','*'""^'^ o^ open country, are
all well discussed. Altogether the book is one

which can be read by any one with pleasure and
profit, and its practical teachings, now that for-
estry has gained a hold on the people, will, while
detracting none from the amusement, make tree
and plant culture a duty of the highest order.

S. Wolfe, m.d.

Consumption of Timber by the Railways.

y^ HE consumption of ties by our railway system,
v£) as estimated by Mr. P. H. Dudley, will
closely approximate 80,000,000 the present
year, for repairs, and as these require to be cut
from special trees from 30 to 60 years oldj 10 to
16 inches in diameter, they will take many trees
which in as many more years would yield from
six to eight times as much timber. This rapid
reduction of the prospective timber supply,
remarks Mr. Dudley, is one of the serious phases
of the question, and is causing grave apprehension
as to the future sources of ties, not only to the
railway officials, but to all persons who look to
the general welfare of the country. Transporta-
tion now is so intimately connected with every
business, and its cost so much a part of the price
of nearly all articles, and especially of food sup-
plies, that the increasing cost of ties becomes a
subject of national importance. The American
Forestry Congress is urging the planting of trees
and the better care of existing forests. While
the measures it urges may help the supply of tim-
ber 25 or 30 years hence, they cannot meet the
exigencies of the case in the meantime. Railway
ties only last from one-fourth to one-tenth of the
time required to grow them, and the forests are
now being rapidly cut to furnish the supply.
Very few of the railway companies are in a posi-
tion to grow their ties ; but, as consumers of such
vast quantities of timber annually, they can take
more effective measures to stop the growth of the
fungi and check the enormous wastes of timber
now taking place. One important step, when
storing ties and timber before using, would be to
put down blocks or timbers for each end of the
piles to rest upon, leaving an air space under-
neath, and pile the ties an inch apart. This would
permit a circulation of air and prevent the growth
of mycelia, which is so frequent on the first,
second and third layers when placed directly upon
the ground. When this is not done, the fungi
grow as much in the ties, in two or three months
in the summer, as they would in one or two years
in the roadbed.

There is one phase of decay in ties which has
been generally overlooked ; in fact, it would not
be noticed except by making special examinations.
A slight fermentation, which would only soften
or make the fibre brittle under a rail or around a
spike, becomes of greater importance in ties than

in beams which have a large factor of safety.
Ties of many species of wood, when sound, will
cut under the rails to some extent, and the rate
will be much increased in case the fibres are
softened or weakened by fermentations ; this I
found to be the fact in several hundred chestnut,
oak and yellow pine ties which had been removed
from the track on account of abrasion under the
rails and of mechanical injury by repeated spiking.
Either side of the rails the ties were sound, and
would not be called decayed. In the yellow pine
the spikes check and separate the annular rings,
which permits the entrance and growth of the
mycelium of its special fungus, and this weakens
the fibre and loosens this spike. In white oak
and chestnut the layers separate by breaking
through the small tracheids surrounding the ducts,
those of the chestnut more rapidly. The fermen-
tations are retarded in these woods by the tannin
in the cells, but they take place eventually, soften-
ing and injuring the fibres around the spikes and
under the rails. In ties which are well treated, so
as to preserve them, the fermentations are held in
check, and the softening of the fibres is prevented
and their durability and consequent wearing
capacity are increased. This is an advantage so
important that its full benefits cannot be appreci-
ated until actual comparisons are made between
treated and untreated ties under similar condi-
tions of service. I have seen parts of treated ties
of over 30 years' service under heavy traffic, treb-
ling their ordinary life, while there are numerous
instances in which the oak has doubled its life,
and the hemlock has given from five to six times
its usual service.

The durability of well-treated ties is well estab-
lished in this country by considerable experience
on various railways. In England, France and
Germany the experience is ample, the ties lasting
there longer than we can expect them to last here,
from the fact that chairs are generally used to
hold the rail and distribute the weight to a greater
area of wood than is the case with the base of our
rails ; and, besides, the tonnage per car wheel is
less than ours. It is our freight cars, with limited
spring action, which cause a large portion of the
abrasion of the ties. The economy would be
great that would result to the railways by pro-
longing the life of their ties by treatment ; this
fact was realized long since, but in putting it into
practice the information and experience were not
sufficient to enable their engineers to secure the
anticipated beneficial results. In fact, much of
the treatment hastened the decay of the ties and
timber, or, when overdone, destroyed their
strength. This need be the case no longer, for
the study of many of these failures has given much
of the information needed, and the experience
in treating wood is now extensive. The cheaper

V

■jm^m

.^B^eimr.

H3k

^3 I

12

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

13

A correspondent suggests that *'the govern-
ment should set apart one section in each organ-
ized county, under management of the county
authorities, as an experimental farm or station,
and largely devoted to forestry."

grades, such as the beeches, maples, birches, elms
and hemlocks, having a structure sufficient to
sustain a heavy traffic, can be treated and sub-
stituted at less expense than the first cost of
untreated white oak or yellow pine, and have a
greater durability. This would effect an immediate
economy in the renewal of ties.

It would be decided economy to treat the
higher-priced ties so as to double their durability.
A general example is given of a mile of track on
a trunk line, where 2800 ties are used per mile.
This year the ties cost 55 cents apiece; to lay
them in the track cost 15 cents more, and their
average life will be seven years. To treat these
ties would add 20 cents to the above cost and give
them an average durability of 14 years. Twenty-
eight hundred ties at 70 cents = J i960, which
would be the cost for seven years, and for 14
years twice this = $3920. Twenty-eight hundred
ties at 90 cents = ^{2520, and these would last 14
years. The difference in first cost is ^560, and
the simple interest on this at 5 per cent, for 14
years is ;?392, and this added to the J 25 20 makes
I2912, a difference of $iooS for the treated ties
per mile for 14 years. Local conditions would
vary the results, but not the principle.

In the present extensive use of timber and lum-
ber only the roughest approximate estimate is
possible of the annual loss by fungi, and the
amount of loss can be indicated in only a few
items. The cost of replacing decayed ties by the
railways of the United States for 1885 exceeded
$30,000,000 ; repairs of station buildings and
road crossings, ;^i9,5oo,ooo ; repairs of wooden
and wood parts oif bridges, ;J>6, 250,000 (estimated);
repairs of freight cars, 1125,500,000 (estimated);
repairs of passenger cars, $7,500,000 (estimated).
The renewal of telegraph poles and fixtures on
160,000 miles of line constitutes a large item.
The loss to the agricultural interests is much
greater. The tenth census reports the cost of
fencing in 1870 at $77,763,473, the most of which
was for repairs. The loss caused by fungi on
the 9,000,000 dwellings, with their accompanying
buildings, and the $406,520,055 worth of agri-
cultural implements which appear in the census
reports, and that on the 6,654,997 tons of marine,
and on wharves above water, form other large
items. The lumber interests are also a great loser
through the quantities of timber that are destroyed
in store. The mere mention of these facts makes
it evident that the regular annual loss from this
source must be rated at many million dollars.

Hints to Farmers.

a /^N every farm there should be some thrifty

\J/ oaks for home use. A white oak log sawn
up into planks or scantling now and then
will be found useful. Hickory is always useful ;
white ash, also, although this needs a little better
soil. Chestnut, all things considered, is one of the
most useful trees. Its quick growth, its habit of
sprouting from the root when cut, its value for rails,
posts, and railway ties, not to speak of its nut crop,
are all prime recommendations. It makes an ad-
mirable growth on gravelly hillsides, and many
other places not specially fitted for farming. The
tree seems to need a somewhat open and porous soil
and subsoil. The wild black cherry would thrive in
thin cold lands ; this wood is becoming more highly
thought of for cabinet purposes and grows rapidly,
while the trees can stand much closer than many
other species, the black walnut, for instance ; there
is good reason for the preference which such good
observers as Robert Douglass and the late Horatio
Seymour have shown for this tree.

** The best plan is to study the natural growth
of your region and then plant the best.

*' Any farm of one hundred acres might be glad
to have twenty-five of these acres — those least
adapted to the use of modern machinery — covered
with a thrifty growth of sugar maple, chestnut,
hickory, and white oak.

** In estimating the value of well kept wood-
land in the future, it will be well to look back-
ward and compare the prices of good pine lands
now with the price a few vears since, before the
census bulletins called attention to the rapid con-
sumption of this wood. The average price more
than doubled in an incredibly short time. Twenty
years ago no one would look at pine timber that
was not perfectly clear. To-day, logs small,
crooked, knotty, that would have been left to rot
or burn in the woods, are carefully worked, and
consumers are glad to procure even such timber
at a price they would never have thought of pay-
ing in former times." — Weekly Press, Phila.

What is wanted in a forest for timber is tall,
upright growth free from knots. Where side
limbs appear they not only waste the vigor of the
tree but make knots in the wood, which mar it
for many purposes. If planted closely enough,
nature will thin out the side branches by depriv-
ing them of light and air, thus causing them to
rot and fall off. But a clean cut with axe or saw
does this more effectually and without waste of
force. If trees in woods were kept trimmed up,
their growth would be much greater and more
valuable. The trimmings will often be worth
enough for wood to pay the expense, if done
when other work is not pressing.

The Hickory in Germany.

tT may be of interest to the readers of Forest
1 Leaves to know how the hickory was introduced
into Germany, and how it is esteemed in foreign
countries. Among the various gentlemen who
were sent here by foreign governments to rep-
resent the several branches of industry were seve-
ral who represented forestry and geology. The
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, through Mr.
W. Hermann, Mining Inspector, put a special
train at the disposal of the party. On one of
their excursions through the anthracite coal re-
gions I met Mr. Hermann and the gentlemen
under his care. From him I learned that the
representatives from Germany were on their way
home, and since it was their last trip he presented
each of them with a quantity of hickory nuts
iCarya alba), and requested them to experiment
with them to see if they would germinate.

All these gentlemen were of high standing in
their native country, and were educated in Uni-
versities, consequently it may be supposed they
were perfect in their line of business.

When we parted, Mr. Hermann promised to
make me acquainted with the result. The fol-
lowing year he received letters from several of
them stating that not one of the hickory nuts had
germinated; and, true enough, the culture of
hickory in Germany was doomed— *^ they don t

grow there.'* . ...

If I had been asked to give my opinion in
regard to the germinating power of the nuts I
should have said, throw them away, they are dry,
and let Mr. Hermann send you a lot of fresh nuts
in the fall. As I was not asked I said nothing,
but I was anxious to hear the result. In my
travels through the anthracite coal regions I had
planted many nuts which I chanced to find, and
where they were not discovered by the greedy
squirrel they generally came up.

In the fall of 1877 I bought a barrel of hickory
nuts which had been gathered in the neighbor-
hood of Muncy, Pa. I left them exposed to the
weather all winter, and after testing their germina-
ting power in the spring, I presented about a
bushel to Director Goethe, who at that time had
charge of the Imperial Orchards at Grafenburg,
near Brumath, and not far from the city of Stras-
burg, in Elsace, Germany, with a request to plant
them according to my directions. Director
<^oethe received the nuts in the beginning ot
May 1878. It was rather late in the season, near
the middle of May, before he could plant them.
In November, 1878, a letter was received from the
Director, of which the following is an extract :
Grafenburg, Elsace, Nov. 19th, 1878.
Dear Sir : '* I am in receipt of your letter ot
October 19th, and in the name of my government

discharge a most pleasant duty, to inform you
that nearly all the hickory nuts germinated;
not one hundred of them have failed. For my
part I never would have expected such splendid
results. The nuts must have been very ripe and
very sound." Goethe.

The gentleman was correct when he said *Wery
ripe and very sound;" he might have added,
^*and very fresh, too." Since then, at different
times, letters have been received from Mr. Goethe,
in which he stated that the little hickory seed-
lings withstood the following winter with very
little covering, and that they were transplanted to
different localities.

If we calculate that one bushel contains about
five thousand nuts, and that less than two per
cent, failed, we must admit that the result was
very satisfactory. Since then I have sent larger
quantities of these nuts direct to the Chief of
Forestry, of Elsace, who resided in Strasburg,
which had similar results.

In the beginning of the century experiments
were made in Germany with this tree, but all
accounts of the results have been lost, perhaps, on
account of failure from using dry seed. Since
Director Goethe's experiments the eyes of the
higher authorities have been attracted to the sub-
ject. I have received information that my little
present of nuts to Director Goethe has been bear-
ing fine fruit, for five large forest districts (Funf
Forstmeisterein) in Elsace have been ordered to
plant hickory in large quantities. To my knowl-
edge the German government imported large
quantities of hickory nuts from America last year.
How long we will have to wait in our own great
country— the native land of this valuable tree-
before we can show a hickory forest of large
dimensions, no one can tell. The export of
hickory lumber to Germany in 1880 amounted to
«2c:o,ooo. If our lumber is, at present, in de-
mand by foreign countries for army purposes, in
twenty or thirty years hence they will not need
any lumber from here. They will have plenty m
large cultivated forests of their own. Do I say
too much when I say that we all are ungrateful to
our own soil in not replacing, artificially, such a
beautiful and useful forest tree as the hickory ?

George Otto Praetorius.

Twenty thousand steel ties have been laid
between Vera Cruz and Mexico since 1883, and
forty thousand have been ordered for this year,
and it is proposed to lay forty to fifty thousand
vearly hereafter. Two thousand per mile are
required ; they are brought from England, and
cost delivered on the road, not more than $2 in
Mexican silver. The wooden ties used cost 90
cents to %\.(i2 each.

*«i ..

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14

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

15

Arbor Day.

T ^ET it be our aim, says Superintendent Higbee,
J V that every school shall plant trees and shrubs,
and vines about its building ; every church
about and within its enclosure ; every good citizen
about his home and upon his farm and waste
lands ; every township along its roads ; every city,
town and village along its streets and in its public
parks and squares. So shall the nakedness of the
land be clothed in beauty, the supply pf all kinds
of fruits be more abundant in their season, the
torrid heat of the summer be mitigated, the purity
and moisture of the atmosphere be increased ; the
streams flow more full and steady, and, in a word,
the Arbor Day millennium be realized. The
season is favorable to tree planting, and it is to be
hoped the recommendations of the State Super-
intendent of Schools will be generally complied
with in Hazleton and elsewhere.

A contemporary adds that ** the ruthless cut-
ting down of so many of our finest trees makes
it important that such a day be set apart for general
tree planting. Many thousands of trees have been
set out in Berlin by the public authorities, with
good effect. Something of the same kind is being
done in the city of Washington. Every year
several thousand trees are set out at the public
expense, aside from those planted by private
citizens. The result has been that there are at
the present time upward of several thousand shade
trees in that city. The botanists at the Govern-
ment Botanic Gardens report that the healthful-
ness of the city has been greatly augmented,
while the heat of summer, always so much dreaded
by the residents, has been very much tempered by
the trees. Superintendent Higbee advocates the
agitation of the subject by the school teachers all
over the State, both in the lower and higher
grades. Some fifty thousand trees, shrubs and
vines have been reported to the Department of
Public Instruction of the State as the result of the
appointment of the day in Pennsylvania ; another
fifty thousand, the Superintendent thinks, have
probably been planted, of which no definite
record has been made.'*

Arbor Day, 1887.

[No full reports of the observance of the fall Arbor Day have yet
been received, but the following report of the spring Arbor Day may
be interesting to our readers as showing the interest that has been
manifested in tree-planting throughout the State.]

GOVERNOR BEAVER observed Arbor Day
in Harrisburg by personally superintending
the planting of fourteen trees in front of the
Executive Mansion. Sixty trees were planted in
Capitol Park, large numbers in the reservoir
grounds and in various parts of the city, and in
school grounds.

In Carlisle, the day was more generally
observed than ever before. A large number of
fruit and nut bearing trees were planted on waste
lands throughout the county. Parents and
scholars united in celebrating the day. In Alle-
gheny the day was well observed, and in Pitts-
burgh to some extent. In Lancaster the chil-
dren bought trees and planted them about their
homes, since the school grounds were filled. The
High School celebration comprised an excellent
lecture, recitations and music. Prof. Buckhout
directed the planting of trees at the State College,
Centre County. In Bucks County, the day was
very generally observed by farmers, schools and
citizens. Several tracts, too stony for farming,
are utilized in growing cedars for fencing material.
One farmer has over eleven hundred trees nearly
ready for cutting. Others have several acres
thickly covered with small cedars for industrial
uses. In Berks County, many shade trees were
planted in school grounds, cemeteries, church
yards, etc. In Reading, many citizens planted
trees. In Temple, every man, woman and
child took part in the exercises and planting of
trees. In Birdsboro, the public school children
planted numbers of trees; giving them appro-
priate names, such as Gov. Beaver, Powderly, Dr.
Higbee, and others. The sentiment of interest-
ing children in Arbor Day prevails in Bucks
County. Nurserymen report largely increased
sales owing to the demand for Arbor Day. The
celebration in Norristown was very elaborate, and
many trees were planted and appropriately named.
In Landsdale, Ursinus, and other places, trees
were planted.

In York, 1745 trees were planted by the
public schools, and the day was observed in the
county. The children of the Northeast Gram-
mar School, Philadelphia, planted fifteen trees
around the school, in place of those destroyed
by fire some years ago. The youngsters raised
the money among their friends and bought Caro-
lina Poplars and Silver Maples, planting them
with suitable exercises, in which the principals,
directors and teachers took part. The pupils of
Meade School observed Arbor Day after the Cin-
cinnati plan, by planting a number of trees in
the Park and naming them after celebrated men
of letters. Trees were planted around a chari-
table institution by one of the lady managers^
who also planted trees around her own house on
Spruce Street. A lady member of the Associa-
tion has planted six acres with trees, near her
country home. The children of the Public
Schools of Media planted trees with suitable exer-
cises. The Senior class of the High School^
Media, planted an oak and named it for Miss
Grace Anna Lewis, the eminent scientist of Dela-
ware County. Cedars were planted and named

for distinguished citizens of Media. School
grounds were sodded and planted, and the town
beautified by its Arbor Day celebration. Col.
James P. Young, of Middletown, planted over one
thousand trees last year and 1282 this year.

An invalid, who was much solaced by the
waving of the branches of a willow tree in a
neighbor's yard, makes a strong plea in behalf of
the tree planting for the toiler , the sick and the
agedy who cannot leave their city homes.

Extracts from R. Douglas^& Sons*
Forestry Report.

To the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Rail-
road Co.

October i, 1885.

I WOULD respectfully report that the contract
of R. Douglas & Sons, for planting and culti-
vating the tree section at Farlington, Kansas,
is now completed.

Below is the height of the trees and circumfer-
ence of the stem near the ground.

Age Height. Circumference.

Catalpa Speciosa 6 years, 18 to 21 feet, 12 to 18 inches.

«« n ...5 " 12 to 17 " 10 to 16 "

M «t ...... 4 " 8 to 14 " 8 to 12 "

«< M !!!... 3 " 5 to 10 " 6 to 9 "

Ailanthus Glandaio^ 6 « 16 to 18 " 10 to 15 "

« « 5 « 12 to 17 '* 10 to 13 "

« (« 3 " 6 to 10 *' 6 to 9 **

The above is the general height, but there are
spots of ** gumbo" or alkali soil, where, appar-
ently, the surface soil has been removed at some
previous time, on which the trees make a stunted
growth. Fortunately there is very little of this in
the land we have planted, so that there is not an
acre planted by us that will fall short of the num-
ber of trees required to fill the contract, and
probably not five acres on which there are less
than twenty-five to twenty-six hundred. Our con-
tract calls for two thousand to the acre. The
forest is in a very healthy and thrifty condition,
and in every way very promising for the future.

As forestry in this country is yet in its infancy,
and nearly every one who has given it a passing
thought has a theory of his own, and looks more
to present appearance than to ultimate results,
and as one or more of these theorists have recom-
mended the pruning of these trees, I would here
urgently caution the company so that they will not
be led into this great mistake and very expensive

experiment.

They were planted closely to avoid the neces-
sity of pruning. The trees will prune each other ;
even the six-year old trees are now twenty feet
high and have their side branches already smoth-
ered and dead up to over one-half their height, so
that it would be a great waste of time, if nothing
worse, to prune them the first ten feet from the

ground, and it must be apparent to any one that
it would be very costly to prune them up the next
ten feet ; but in three more years the next ten feet
will be pruned by the same process as the first.
The living side branches are a great advantage to
the trees, support the trunk, fill up and shade the
spaces between the trees, shading out the weeds,
and retaining the moisture. The branches already
dead, and they are the only ones that could be re-
moved without actual damage to the trees, would
cost as much for pruning and removing as the full
cost of furnishing the trees, planting and cultiva-
ting them till the present time, viz. one and one-
half cents per tree.

These dead branches will fall off gradually, so
that when the trees are sixty feet high they will
show a trunk of 40 feet without a limb, and, as
may be seen in the native forest, the branches will
have decayed gradually and assisted in furnishing
nutriment for the living trees.

These trees are making height so fast that, on
measurement, we found leading shoots of this
season's growth on three-year old trees over 6 feet
long, and on 4 year old 7 feet long, showing that
they need all the living side branches to support

the stem. .

It is true, that, to an ordinary observer looking
in among these trees, the dead lower branches
will have a ragged appearance, and aside from
these there are mishappen and crooked trees, but
even these are better left standing than removed,
as they afford shade for the trunks of adjoining

trees.

There will always be *' cull " trees, even in the
Nursery, and such trees with the best pruning will

still be culls.

I would not be understood as offering the fore-
going remarks as an apology, very far from it, as
the plantation is a surprising success. This plan-
tation is on a larger scale than any other in the
country, (unless it be the one nearly adjoining,
that we have recently planted for Mr. H. H.
Hunnewell,) and I would urgently recommend
that the trees be allowed to stand undisturbed—
except to remove the branches that reach out into
the forest roads— till the first planting is at least
ten or twelve years old, but in .the meantime if
fence posts be required within that time, they can
be thinned out as wanted, without damage to the

plantation. .

If trees are required for planting at any of the
stations of the Company's roads, or for Parks or
other purposes, thousands can be taken out of the
three-year old trees near the section house, with-
out injury to the plantation, and they are of the
very best size and condition for that purpose. I
would suggest that, if they are required for any
such purpose, an experienced man should be em-
ployed to see to the proper digging and planting,

¥C

16

FOREST LEAVES.

as this would not only be the most successful but
the most economical way that the work could be
done, Robert Douglas,

Waukegan, III.

Notes.

FROM DR. Roland's report to the state board

OF AGRICULTURE.

BUT one conclusion can be drawn from the
reports from most of the counties of the
State ; viz. , that the forests of Pennsylvania
will be totally destroyed before very many years,
unless something effectual is done, both to pre-
serve the young growth following a clearing, and
to plant new forests equal in extent to those
cleared away.

There are eleven distinct varieties of trees
which flourish well as timber trees, and for which
there is more or less demand. Under the general
name of oak, hickory, ash, pine, and elm almost
as many more are included, making about twenty
varieties of timber-producing trees, more or less
adapted to our State. The chestnut does well in
forty-six counties, and is in demand in forty-one
counties. There is an active demand for white
and yellow pine ; and almost no supply. The
catalpa, ailanthus, northern shingle cypress,
shingle oak and the common cherry, so much
valued by cabinet workers, grow well under cul-
tivation.

** The great point of interest is in the preserva-
tion of old forests and the encouragement of new
plantations. Figures show that where forests are
cut the land is cleared, and very little left for re-
forestation. To encourage new plantations some
practical demonstration of their value is necessary.
An experiment station of from ten to twenty acres
should be established ; trees adapted to soils
selected ; accurate accounts kept of the value of
the land at the time of planting, and all costs
carefully noted. A few years would afford exact
figures of forest culture. ' * — Weekly Press, Philad'a.

In referring to the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation the Philadelphia Ledger says: **It is a
protective society intended to make every Penn-
sylvanian live up to the title of his State by
his interest in the woods. Of all States this is
the one which should never be bare of trees.
None other has such a title to be proud of.**

Depots for the collection of pine cones have
been formed near Burlington, Vt. Nearly 4000
bushels have been purchased at 40 cents a bushel.
The seeds are flailed out, placed in bags, and
shipped direct to France and Germany, to be
used by these governments in renewing the
forests. One bushel of cones yields a pound of
seed.

Mr. George Achelis,

NUr^SEI^YMAN,

WEST CHESTER, PENNA.,

Begs to offer the following list of Forest and
other trees adapted for Arbor-day planting.

Carolina Poplars, - - . 10-12 feet.

Am. Linden, - . . 7-10 "

Eng. " - - - -4-6

" Elm, - - - 7-8

Beech, - - - - 7-8

Larch, - - - 7-9

Mt. Ash, - - - - 10-12

Catalpa, - - - .- 7-8

Hazlenut, - - - -5-7

White Dogwood, - - - 4-5

Purple Beech, ... 5

Tulip Trees, - - - 4-6

White Pines, - • - -3-5

Norway Spruce, . - - ^

Hemlock, - - - -2-3

Balsam Fir, ... 2>^-3

Note. — The Carolina Poplar should not be confounded
with the worthless Silver Poplar, which suckers so badly.
The '* Carolina" does not, and is a very desirable tree.

Address, GEORGE ACHELIS,

WEST CHESTER, PENNA.

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FRUIT TREES.

APPLES, Standards, 12/- per doz.

Half Standards, 9/- per doz.

— — Pyramids 2 years, untrimmed, 9/- per doz., 60- per 100.

Maidens, 6/- per doz., 40/- per 100.

Dwarf-trained, 18/- per doz.

APRICOTS (Moorpark), Maidens, 8/- per doz., 60/- per 100.

Dwarf-trained, 18/- to 24/- per doz.

— — Standards, 15/- to 18/- per doz.

CHERRIES, Dwarfs, 8/- per doz., 60/- per 100.

Dwarf-trained, May Duke and Morello, fine, 18/- doz.

Standards, 12/ per doz.

CURRANTS, 2/. per doz., 12/- per 100.
DAMASCENE, Standards, 12/- per doz., 80/- per 100.

Half Standards, 10/- per doz., 75/- per 100.

PLrUMS, Maidens, 6/- per doz., 40/- per 100.

Dwarfs, 8/- per doz , 60/- per 100.

Pyramids, 2 yrs. feathered, 9/- per doz., 60/- per 100.

Dwarf-trained, 18/- per doz.

Standards, 12/- per doz., 80/- per 100.

— — Victorias, in great quantity.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES, Dwarf Maiden, 8/- doz., 50/. 100.

Dwarf-trained, 18/- per doz.

PEARS, Dwarfs, 8/- per doz,, 60/- per 100.

Dwarf-trained, 18/- per doz.

Standards, very fine, 12/- per doz., 7?/- per 100.

Catalogues free on application. We invite inspection of our stock of

above, which is large and fine.

J. R. PEARSON & SONS,

Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

Deciduous and Evergreen Trees, suitable for For-
estry and General Planting, may be obtained

by applying to

ROBERT B. HAINES,

Cheltenham Nurseries,

One mile east of Ashbourne or Oak Lane Station, North Pefina. R. R.

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//*>^V^..*^zi*^ ^7

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Philadelphia, December, 1887.

Published by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

CONTENTS.

PAGE

A Retrospect ^7

A New Forestry Bill 18

The Need of Increased
Y/*^\^ Membership

Forestry Meeting in Montgomery County

List of New Members

Forestry Lectures

Annual Meeting

Membership Notice ••

A Plea for Pennsylvania

Proposed Amendments to Constitution 20

Trees in Towns ^'

Editorial Correspondence ^3

The Silk Crop for the South 23

The Bamboo Tree * *....... 24

19

19
20

20

20

20

20

A Retrospect.

^ HE close of the first complete year of our life
(£) as an association is marked by some changes
• among those chosen to lead in our work.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, who for eighteen months
past has given us as much of his time as lay m his
power, and who, in all his work, both for forestry
and in his special scientific pursuits, has consulted
only the ends in view and the powers of his mind,
is compelled at last to limit his exertions to the
measure of his bodily strength, and in consequence
to resign the presidency of our association. An-
other of our original founders. Rev. Dr. Lundy,
has expressed a wish to retire from the active
duties of treasurer, and some members of the
council have also declined re-election . It is super-
fluous to say that these are not instances of flagging
zeal, but simply because these gentlemen find that
such work as their health or leisure enables them
to do can best be done individually, rather than as
officers of our association. We thank them for
what they have done for us, and we are confident
that the good example of their generous gift of
time and care will be followed by those who are
to take their places.

At the same meeting which will elect otticers tor
the coming year, certain amendments to our con-
stitution will be voted on. '^' " *" ^'^ ^'^'^

another column. They are intended to facilitate
the working and more perfect organization of our
association, especially in regard to county branches,
and have all been considered and approved^
********
Two valuable contributions to the literature of
practical forestry have been published by the
Government this year. One is Mr. Fernow s
Report of the Forestry Division, which covers
seventy-seven pages in the Report of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and has also been issued
separately. It is considered the best report on
forestry that the Department has yet published.
The actual effects of forests and of deforestation
on our climate and soil are plainly stated, and the
condition of our forest supply carefully considered.
The farmer's interest in forestry is shown by tables
of figures and illustrative diagrams. The need of
a government forest reserve is also stated and a
practical plan for its management sketched out,
from which it appears that after a very moderate

outlay the forests could yield a permanent revenue
to say nothing of their immense benefit to the
country in protecting the sources of streams in the
west. The important questions of what and how
to plant are answered at some length, and most
useful information given as to proper forest treat-
ment. On the last page is a list of the principal
American books on forestry, accessible to the

general reader. . .

The other, entitled Forestry in Europe, is pub-
lished by the Department of State. It consists of
consular reports on forestry in Austria-Hungary,
France, Germanv, Italy, and Switzerland, pre-
pared in response to a circular of the Department
of Nov. 30th, 1886. They contain statements of
the forest area in these countries, the manage-
ment of government and private forests and how
they are protected from destruction and made
permanent sources of a vast supply of lumber,
firewood, etc. The results of deforestation and of
tree planting are also noted. There are a few
botanical illustrations and some suggestive pictures
of the havoc wrought by the avalanches at Fon-
tana and Lauterbrunnen in Switzerland, both fue to
These are to be found in careless cutting away of trees on the hiusides.

A\i<

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18

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

19

Translations of the forest laws in force are given,
with some sketches of their gradual rise. It seems
that in Switzerland tree-cutting had to be re-
strained by law as early as 131 4. As an example
of what other nations have done in the way of
forest reform the publication of these reports is
most timely.

The papers have recently been full of accounts
of destructive forest fires in the west and south-
west ; this year remarkably late in the season. It
is impossible to doubt that with proper care, par-
ticularly on the part of railroad companies, all this
loss could have been avoided, and at but a slight
expense. The same is presumably true of the
September fires in Canada, where the preventive
laws, though an excellent beginning, will proba-
bly have to be made more stringent. An Ottawa
lumberman writes : **We have some protection
here, but this fall the fires have been simply awful
— in fact we were for a couple of weeks nearly
smothered with smoke.'* He adds, **The river
has been lower than ever known." In regard to
some publications of this association, the same
writer says, ''If those ideas are carried out, they
will do a world of good." C. C. Binney.

A New Forestry BiU.

>^HE following are the most important features
Vy of the new Forestry Bill drafted by Mr.
Fernow and adopted for recommendation
to Congress by the ''American Forestry Con-
gress," at Springfield, Sept. 15, 1887: All for-
est lands owned or controlled by the United
States shall be withdrawn from sale. Any person
applying to make an entry before the survey has
been made shall file with his application an affida-
vit, corroborated by witnesses, stating that the
land is not exclusively forest land, not situated
near the head waters of any stream, and is more
valuable for agriculture or mining than for timber
growing thereon. Each applicant must state his
means of observation and his personal knowledge
of the facts to which he testifies. Upon certificate
of the Commissioner of Forestry the land may be
sold. To make a false affidavit is a penal offence.
— [Sec. 1-3.]

There shall be in the department of the Interior
a Commissioner of Forestry, who shall have the
control, care and management of all the forest
land owned by the United States. He shall hold
office during good behavior and receive a salary
of $5000 and expenses. He shall have necessary
assistants, and four Assistant Commissioners, at a
salary of ^3000, who shall act as a council to the
Commissioner, and who shall have charge of a
division of the public reserves, which they shall
personally inspect once every year. — [Sec. 4, 5.]

The forest lands on the public domain shall be
arranged in three general classes, namely : —

First, Lands distant from the head waters of
important streams, covered by timber of commer-
cial value, more valuable for forest purposes than
for cultivation.

Second, Lands partially or wholly covered by
timber, but suitable for homesteads, and more
valuable for agricultural purposes than for timber.

Third, Mountainous and other wood lands,
which, for climatic or economic or public reasons
should be held permanently as forest reserves. —
[Sec. 6.]

The Commissioner shall have power to deter-
mine, subject to the approval of the Secretary of
the Interior, what portions of forest land shall be
permanently retained in reservations, for climatic
or other public reasons, and what portions may
be sold. — [Sec. 7.]

The lands of the first and second class may be
appraised from time to time, and the President
may, by proclamation, authorize the sale of such
lands in quantities not exceeding twenty-five
thousand acres at any one sale. The sales to be
to the highest bidder, upon sealed bids. These
lands may be reentered under the Homestead
Law, but the applicant thereof must pay a special
price for the timber thereon, as appraised. — [Sec.
8-1 1.]

The Commissioner shall have power to appoint
inspectors and rangers, and make all regulations
for the administration of the forests, for the cutting
of wood, for pasturage, and for any occupancy
whatever upon forest land. — [Sec. 13.]

The Federal Commissioner may, at his discre-
tion, cooperate with State Boards. — [Sec. 14.]

The penalty for illegally cutting, removing, or
injuring trees, shall be a fine not exceeding Jlioo
and imprisonment not exceeding one year, and
civil prosecution for the value of the property
taken. Principals and employes are both liable
to an action of trespass. Where a previous right
to cut timber on public lands exists it must be
exercised in compliance with the rules laid down
by the Commissioner. — [Sec. 15, 16.]

It shall be unlawful to erect any sawmill, manu-
factory or works on public lands, or to use at
such mills any timber cut on the public lands,
without proper authority, under penalty of a fine
of not less than ^15 00, nor more than $5000, and
all such mills and works shall be confiscated. —
[Sec. 17.]

Any master of a vessel or any officer or agent
of a railroad company, who shall knowingly engage
in transportation of timber cut without authority,
shall be liable to the penalty prescribed in the
15th Section, and vessels shall be confiscated. —
[Sec. 18.]

No person engaged in the lumber business, or

in any business involving a large consumption of
lumber, shall be eligible as Commissioner of For-
estry. The President may use military and naval
force to carry out the provisions of the act. — [Sec.
19, 20.]

The Need of Increased Membership.

•Zi^HILE those of us who were concerned in
VXy starting our association eighteen months
ago realized fully that a great work lay be-
fore us, the plans for carrying out that work were
n-ecessarily rather vague. Since then we have had
time to consider both what we ought to do and
our means of doing it, and each day has shown
only more clearly than we saw it before that the
first, most indispensable requisite is a large mem-
bership. We must increase, and greatly increase,
our numbers if we are to do any real work at all.
A small and *' select " Forestry Association may
serve to amuse its own members, but can hardly
have much influence in the community at large.

It takes but little argument to prove this. We
are striving for the establishment of a system of
forestry regulated by law, and believed in, and
therefore upheld by, the people. At present such
a thing is wholly beyond our reach. Any experi-
enced forester will tell you, for instance, that only
full-grown trees should be cut for lumber, while
those of less than, say, fourteen inches in diam-
eter just above the root should be left standing.
We can easily see the benefit of establishing such
a rule by law, but does any one imagine that the
legislature would pass such a law, or that, if
passed, it would be more than a dead letter. If,
however, our association counted its members
by thousands, we could go before the legislature
and ask for such a law, and obtain it, and, better
than this, our large membership would mean a
public opinion throughout the State that would
see the law enforced.

Take other instances. We need a forestry com-
mission and permanent forest officers, perhaps a
State forest reserve. This means an expenditure
of public money, which will never be granted
until the public demand it. When we are numer-
ous enough to fairly represent the public, we can
demand it in their name.

Then another thing, our work needs money to
carry it on. We require a permanent agent, per-
haps more than one, to spread throughout the State
a knowledge of the necessity of forest reform and
to arouse the public opinion, on which we must
rely for support. Without more members this
cannot be done, but the membership dues, small
in themselves, will, if there are only enough of
us, raise a sufficient fund.

How, then, are members to be obtained ? To
some extent by systematic work on the part of the

membership committee of the Council, but far
more effectually by a little personal work on the
part of every one of us. This is essentially a mis-
sionary association. It exists not so much be-
cause we understand the use and necessity of
trees, as because so many other people do not.
We do not join it for our own pleasure, but for the
public good, and we each have a work to do for
it. Let every one of us constitute himself a
membership committee, a sort of recruiting-ser-
geant among his own acquaintances, and let every
member so gained be requested to do the same in
his turn. Unless we are willing to do at least
this, we are false to our belief in the need of a
Forestry Association at all.

Such work is not really hard. It does not take
much argument to convince any reasonable person
of the advantage, the necessity, of a change in
our treatment of forests, and the use of their
joining in our movement. We number about two
hundred and fifty now, but no one supposes that
there are only two hundred and fifty intelligent
people in the State. The only qualifications for
membership, one dollar and a fair amount of com-
mon sense, are easily found, and no one will think
the worse of 'you for assuming that they possess
both the one and the other.

Above all, let it be remembered that country
members are especially useful. If they only open
their eyes at all, they have the best chance of see-
ing the evils wrought by forest destruction, and
they ought to understand the most practical means
of preventing them. Whether in town or country,
however, all members are useful in swelling the
army that is to resist and put down the ignorant
and harmful waste and misuse of the gifts of
Nature. Charles C. Binney.

Forestry Meeting in Montgomery County.

^ HE first public meeting of the Montgomery
v£) County Branch of the Pennsylvania Fores-
try Association was opened on Nov. 4th by
Dr. Henry Fisher, in Masonic Hall, Jenkintown,
who stated that the object of the Society was to
protect the forests of this country from complete
depletion, as seems to be threatened by the present
system of lumbering and by forest fires. The loss
from this latter cause amounts to from J3, 000,000
to 15,000,000 per annum in Pennsylvania.

Edwin Satterthwaite spoke of the trees of
Montgomery County, and was followed by Prof.
J. T. Rothrock, of the University of Pennsylva-
nia, whose subject was the raising of lumber as a
means of profit. Prof. Edmund J. James, of the
University, pointed out means which would pre-
vent the destruction of forests, and Dr. John
Anders talked of the climatic and hygienic advan-
tages of wood lands.

^

Si

20

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

21

I 7',
•A

Names Added to Roll of Pennsylvania
Forestry Association since Last Issue
of Forest Leaves.

Dr. George W. Ellis 115 South 17th St.

Thos. Willing Balch, Esq.... 141 2 Spruce St.
Mrs. George W. Carpenter. Fisher's Lane, Gtn.

John H. Ingham, Esq 219 South 6th St.

Theodore D. Rand, Esq.... 15 & 17 South 3d St.

Miss Alice Wurts 248 South 17th St.

Mrs. W. W. Montgonnery... Radnor, Del. Co., Pa.

Miss E. L. Lundy 245 South i8th St.

George M. Coates, Esq 1 81 7DeLancey Place.

Frederick C. Gowen, Esq... 119 South 4th St.

Henry Budd, Esq 719 Walnut St.

Edward H. Coates, Esq Hancock St., Gtn.

Charles S. Wurts, m.d 1701 Walnut St.

Forestry Lectures.

y^KE Tenth Course of free Michaux Forestry
v£) lectures will be delivered in the chapel of
the University of Pennsylvania by Prof J.
T. Rothrock, on Friday evenings, December 2d
and i6th, January 6th, 13th and 20th, and
Monday, January 23d. The subject is ** Among
the Trees from Florida to Maine," and the lec-
tures will be illustrated with about two hundred
and fifty views of forest scenes.

This course is given under the auspices of the
American Philosophical Society and the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association ; and is not intended to
be a full course of lectures on Forestry but a de-
scription of the forest trees of the Atlantic Coast.
The public is cordially invited to attend.

Annual Meeting.

©HE annual meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association will be held in the Hall
V of the College of Physicians, S. E. corner
Thirteenth and Locust streets, on Friday, De-
cember 9th, at 8 o'clock, p. M.

Addresses will be made by Dr. Rothrock,
President of the Association; Hon. Bernard E.
Fernow, Chief of the U. S. Forestry Division ;
and others. The public is cordially invited to be
present.

Membership Notice.

lT\ERSONS desirous of joining the Pennsylvania
j^ Forestry Association are invited to send their
names to W. W. Montgomery, Esq., Chair-
man of Membership Committee, 218 S. Fourth
St. Payment of the annual dues (one dollar) may
be made to him, if preferred. Residents of Mont-
gomery County should send their names to Dr.
Samuel Wolfe, Skippack, Montgomery County ;
those of Media, to Miss Grace Anna Lewis, Media.

A Plea for Pennsylvania.

y^HE following letter received from a gentle-
\£) man at Kane, Pa., explains itself: —

" I received your pamphlets on Forestry
with great pleasure. The sight of so many names
of Philadelphians, distinguished for good work, is,
I hope, a harbinger of a general awakening on this
important subject. My father spent much time
and money in the endeavor to preserve the forests
round the head-springs of our principal streams.
Every year the return of Spring is marked by the
anxious fighting of fires, kindled either by the
carelessness or malice of our neighbors, or by the
locomotive. Mv father used to say we could look
for no enforcement of the laws, until the majority
of the people could be really alarmed. I do
hope the work of your Society will ' have this
result. Every year, up in these mountains, large
tracts are skinned of their hemlock and pine
timber, and then left to fall back, through unpaid
taxes, to the State ; dismal tangles of dead boughs
among the living timber causing such fierce fires,
that in a few years they become blackened wastes.
If the government could be induced to take these
lands and plant them with pine and hemlock, and
have a superintendent with men under him, as in
Germany, to see the laws enforced, it would pay
richly ; for in eighty years or so, it would be most
profitable. I wish you could see the country now,
which I remember less than twenty years ago, as
a superb forest. Bald ranges, covered only with
bracken and sweet fern ; streams once large and
clear, alive with trout, now alternately trickles
and torrents, tan colored by the dead wood over
which they flow. Near us, fortunately, the soil
being good, the forests are rapidly being replaced
by the farms of the Swedish settlers introduced by
my father. The country I speak of lies to the
eastward from the Susquehanna above Lock Haven,
to the head-waters of the Driftwood and the Sin-
nemahoning, and on the affluents of the Allegheny,
the Clarion, Renzna and Tionesta rivers."

Amended Constitution of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, as proposed by
the Council for Action.

( The proposed amendments are in italics )
ARTICLE I. NAME.

>I* HE name of this organization shall be The
Vy Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

ARTICLE II. OBJECT.

The object of this association shall be to secure
and maintain a due proportion of forest area
throughout the State ; to disseminate information
concerning the growth, protection, and utiliza-
tion of forests ; to show the great evils resulting
from forest destruction, m the decrease and un-

equal distribution of the available water supplies,
the impoverishment of the soil, the injury to
various industries, and the change in climate ; to
secure the enactment by the Legislature of such
laws, and the enforcement of the same, as shall
tend to increase and preserve the forests of the
State.

ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP.

Any one whose name shall first have been ap-
proved by the Council may become a member of
the Association by subscribing to this Constitution
and paying to the Treasurer the sum of one dol-
lar/^r the dues of thai fiscal year.

There shall be an annual assessment upon the
first day of December of each year of one dollar ;
and the receipt of the Treasurer for the annual
dues of any one year shall be considered as a valid
certificate of membership for the time covered by
such payment, entitling the holder to vote for
officers and members of the Council and to re-
ceive any publications distributed by the Council,
Provided that wherever county branches of this As-
sociation shall be regularly organized outside of
Philadelphia County, and the Secretary of any such
branch shall furnish the Treasurer of thi^ Associa-
tion, annually, with a list of the members of such
branch, together with an order on the Treasurer of
such branch for a sum equal to one-half of all the
fees and dues of that year, the members of such
branch shall be considered members of this Associa-
tion without the payment of any further sum.

Clergymen shall be entitled to life membership on
payment of one year' s dues,

ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS.

There shall be a President, three Vice-Presi-
dents, a Secretary, and Treasurer, to be elected
by ballot, and a Council consisting of the officers
already named, and members elected in the same
way by the Association. The President, Secre-
tary, and Treasurer, shall reside or have a place of
business in Philadelphia, and shall hold the same
offices in the Philadelphia County Branch, All
officers shall be elected for one year, or until their
successors are elected. The Council shall have
power to fill all vacancies occurring among its
members during a fiscal year.

The President,Vice-Presidents, Secretary,Treas-
urer, and three members of the Council at large
shall be elected by ballot at the annual meet-
ing, on the last Tuesday in November of each
year, or as soon thereafter as the Council may find
practicable, and a majority of the ballots cast shall
constitute an election. The Council shall consist
of the officers aforesaid and three members at large,
elected by the organization, and additional mem-
bers elected for each county represented in the
organization by the members of said county, or

in case of their failure to so elect by the Association
at its annual meeting.

The counties shall be entitled to representation
in the Council at the rate of one delegate for each
fifteen members or fraction of that number, provided
that no county shall be represented by more than five
delegates. The Council shall elect its own chair-
man.

The officers with the exception of the Secretary,
shall serve without salary. The amount of salary
to be paid to the Secretary shall be determined by
Council.

The officers elected at the annual meeting shall
assume the duties of their office on the first day of
the month following their election.

ARTICLE v. COUNCIL.

It shall be the duty of the Council to carry out
the objects of the Association by the issue of
publications and by such other means as may be
deemed advisable ; but the Council shall have no
authority to enter into any debt or obligation be-
yond the limit of the funds in the Treasurer's
hands.

ARTICLE VI. MEETINGS.

The Association shall hold two regular semi-
annual meetings each year in addition to such
special meetings as may be called by the Council,
or at the request of twenty-five members, two
weeks' notice having been given of such special

meeting.

The regular meetings shall be held in the months
of May and November. The meeting in Novem-
ber shall be considered the close of the fiscal
year, at which all reports shall be presented, and
officers elected.

ARTICLE VII. AMENDMENTS.

Amendments to this Constitution may be made
at any meeting at which two-thirds of those present
vote in favor of the amendments, provided such
amendments have been presented in writing at a
meeting of the Council, held at least two weeks
previous.

Trees in Towns.

IN the construction of parks and cemeteries,
municipal or other corporate aid is necessary in
large cities, but for the improvement of smaller
towns and villages, simple tree or arbor socie-
ties are among the best agencies available. That
is to say, an indefinite number of persons form
a voluntary association, the officers — president,
secretary, and treasurer — forming an executive
committee, serving without pay, and each member
of the society paying $1 a year or agreeing to set
out two or more trees of varieties approved by the
executive committee. Estimating the member-

go.

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FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

23

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!!

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ship at an average of fifty, it will be seen that one
hundred trees will be planted yearly, which in a
few years would beautifully shade any village in
the South.

The kind of trees to be planted might be left to
the executive committee, which would perhaps
plant the public square in elms, one street in oaks,
and others in sweet gums, maples, sycamores,
poplars, etc. The beech and the birch (the latter
an important element in juvenile education) are
handsome trees, but somewhat difficult to trans-
plant successfully, and thrive best in high lati-
"tudes.

Now as to transplanting. Deciduous trees
should be moved before the sap starts, say in
December or January ; evergreens not later than
the first of March. The practical sizes of trees
for transplanting are from one to two inches in
diameter of the trunk. I have seen trees moved
in Washington and Paris of two feet in trunk
diameter, by means of a strong apparatus, some-
thing like what is known in the army, as a
'^ sling " — used for transporting heavy ordnance —
by which a large tree is lifted from its native bed
and moved in a perpendicular position to its new
home without stopping its growth; and so the
great Bois de Bologne, of Paris, which was
destroyed by the German armies in 1870, is now
in its shady luxuriance as it was before the Franco-
German war.

These methods are too expensive for us, and
fortunately they are unnecessary ; kindly nature,
supplementing any careful labor, will produce
beneficent results in a few years.

The first thing to be done is to dig the holes at
least three feet in diameter and in depth. Second,
get the best trees from the neighboring forests or
swamps, and remove them as gently as possible,
transport them carefully to their new home, set
them up as they were, fill in the holes with surface
soil and muck, water them once or twice to settle
the soil about their roots, and mulch the ground
around them with straw or dead leaves. They
should be staked so they will not ' wobble ' until
they are well rooted, add well rotted stable
manure after the trees are in foliage, and, where
there is no stock law, put tree guards around them.
A common mistake is to plant trees too closely
together. Who has not seen a line of trees so
crowded together that no one has room for develop-
ment, and who cannot recall some lordly oak or
elm that, free from impertinent crowding, crowns
a commanding eminence with its gracious pre-
sence ? I should say, therefore, that oaks and elms
should be planted at least forty feet from each
other, sweet gums, maples, sycamores, poplars,
etc., about thirty-five feet apart, and smaller trees
at less distance. One good watering is about all
that is required, except in case of drought, when

occasional watering in the evening, with water
that has stood half a day in the sun, is desirable.
Of course, as the trees get to growing freely, the
more the soil is enriched the better ; it will add
greatly to their health and vigor.

Trimming should be resorted to sparingly and
with sound judgment, always using a well-filed
saw where a sharp knife is impracticable. Ever-
greens— as magnolias, bays, cedars, junipers, etc.
— are rarely planted in public places, and should
never be * brimmed up." I occasionally see
trees in private grounds which, left to themselves,
are always agreeable to look at and pleasant to
remember. In parks a safe rule is to trim only so
far as a tall man can reach with a saw. In public
driveways the overhanging boughs must, of
course, be above carriages and drivers. Risking
the imputation of vanity, I take leave to recall a
few instances in my own history which may illus-
trate what I have been trying to say. During my
boyhood in a distant State, I dug up and *' toted "
on my shoulder quite a number of sugar-maples.
They are now over two feet in diameter, and
shade a radius of thirty feet. In a lovely village
in Southwestern Georgia, about forty years since,
we organized a ''Tree Society" something like
what I have mentioned, and now the public square
and streets are densely shaded with noble syca-
mores, oaks and elms. Moving to Atlanta in
1858, a small willow-oak came along with the
household stuff. This was planted on the grounds
of the late Judge Clarke (now those of Mr. Marsh,
on Washington street). This tree was permit-
ted and encouraged to develop itself without
''topping" or trimming. It now shades a space
about eighty feet in diameter, and in its luxuriant
grace is the admiration of citizen and stranger
alike. I have heard Mr. Marsh say he would
rather lose his' J 20,000 house than that single tree.
Four years since I was placed in charge of the
Atlanta Park (a munificent gift from Col. L. P.
Grant), probably because I was supposed to have
leisure and might make a little money go a long
way. The place was broken and gullied, partly
swamp, and generally covered with a dense second
growth of small trees. A line of Confederate
fortifications ran through the^grounds, which in
1862 necessitated the destruction of the original
timber, to secure a range for ordnance and sharp-
shooters. This had grown up in an almost impen-
etrable thicket of small pines, but by judicious
care in thinning out and grouping the trees, they
have quadrupled in size, making a handsome pine-
forest. It was a question of the "survival of the
fittest." The sylvaculture in the park has more
than paid for itself by the sale of wood, and last
Summer that place of one hundred acres afforded
a refreshing and healthful shade for from one
thousand to ten thousand daily visitors.

What Atlanta has done with a small expenditure,
any village or town in the South can do, and in a
few years our beloved Southland will become one
of the most wholesome and beautiful countries in
the world.

Was it not Montaigne who said, "We should
cultivate the beautiful ; the useful cultivates itself. ' '
— From an address by Hon, Sydney Robb^ At-
lanta,

Editorial Correspondence.

Memphis, Tenn., November 23d, 1887.
Yj FORTNIGHT spent in the States of Tennes-
^r\ see, Alabama and Georgia, has been notable
^ for the hazy atmosphere from forest fires, or
in certain localities, for uncomfortable days and
nights when the smoke was so dense as to affect
the eyes and throat. For several weeks fires have
been raging and this city is now suffering from the
inconvenience of smoke penetrating all the build-
ings from a succession of fires, which are spread-
ing destruction for five hundred miles along the
Mississippi River. So dense is the smoke that
navigation on th^ river is suspended to a consider-
able extent after nightfall.

News comes of heavy losses in Arkansas ; build-
ings, cotton in bales and farm animals are de-
stroyed, the loss of which can be estimated. But
who can calculate the damage done to the stand-
ing timber, which represents so much of future
wealth for the territory drained by the bayous and
tributaries of the Father of Waters. The loss of
property and the inconvenience of the smoke com-
mand columns of space in the newspapers, but had
no injury to habitation, crops or stock resulted and
no smoke incommoded the people, it is probable
that a passing notice only would have been made
of forest fires, which have caused such dire havoc
in the timber areas.

But fire is not the only enemy which threatens
the valuable wooded country of these southern
States — and it is shocking to see the carelessness
as to the future exhibited along the tributaries of
the Tallahatchie River in northern Mississippi —
where fine holly trees glorious in their rich verdure,
relieved by bright berries, are cut down to give
the leaves as food to cattle, or where a white oak
tree three and a half feet at the stump and straight
as an arrow is felled for the purpose of culling
staves from it — fully two-thirds being wasted.

Within twenty-five miles of this locality the rail-
road passes through a clay soil from which the forests
have been denuded, and the surface is now barren,
cut into innumerable gullies by the rush of unre-
strained waters, until a scene of veritable desolation

in presented.

In central Alabama the long-leaved pine is
showing the heavy inroads made upon it, and it

cannot be long before this portion of the country
must awaken to an appreciation of forestry and
the necessity of forest preservation and culture.

The necessity for a forestry association in the
State of Pennsylvania, may call the attention of
other newly settled sections to the future, which
may demand similar action on their part. J. B.

The Silk Crop for The South.

IT is possible to add to the present crops of
the planting States a crop not less in its real-
ized value to the people who grow it than the
cotton crop is now. The silk crop of Europe has
been the chief resource of the northern provinces
of Italy and of several districts in France for more
than half a century. It is still at the highest posi-
tion for those countries, but it cannot be increased
and made adequate to supply this country with
silk. It cannot be increased for reasons connected
with the close occupation of the land here, the
heavy taxes, and the embarrassments and restric-
tions on the occupiers of the soil ; the heavy rentals,
and the absolute need of growing as much of
food-producing crops as the soil will grow, and
the labor of the people will or can take care of.

In the Central and Southern States here, the
situation is wholly different. There is a surplus of
land, very lightly taxed, and not encumbered,
but almost absolutely out ofuse, because it will not
pay to cultivate it in competition with the West.
There is no urgent demand for labor to produce
food crops, and no restriction whatever on the
freedom of the owners of land, or the occupiers of
the farms, in the few cases where the occupants
are not the owners. There is no crushing exaction
of taxes or rentals from the people, and the only
necessity is to produce a crop exchangeable
directly for money.

The cotton crop has had a great position as the
money-earning crop of the South, but it does not
return the most necessary of the expenses incurred
in growing it to the small planter or farmer. It
does not pay a dollar for his labor, and it rapidly
exhausts all the fertility of the soil. It costs
largely to prepare for it, and requires long wait-
ing to realize what it does yield. Valuable as it
still is to the large planters and on rich lands, it
has ceased to be valuable to the greater body
of the small farmers, and especially to the eastern
States of the South.

But in all these older States both the soil and
the climate especially favor the growth of silk.
The mulberry is indigenous, and it grows freely
without regard to the waste of the soil in former
cultivation. Any part of the country, and all
classes of lands, will produce it profusely without
cost, and without plowing or other cultivation.
The land being practically free of taxes, the oc-

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FOREST LEAVES.

1

cupants are free to earn the most they can, and
to use the whole of what they do earn.

After the mulberry trees are sufficiently grown,

it is an easy work to turn them into silk — a few

days only, not more than a month — and the crop

of the year is grown and gathered, ready for sale.

The cocoons need no preparation of consequence,

or none which involves any material cost. If a

filature is near at hand they can be immediately

reeled, and the reeled silk is worth five dollars a

pound,— not merely the six or eight cents a pound

which the ginned cotton brings. The cocoons

when gathered are worth eighty cents to one

dollar a pound ; but they are not difficult to reel

and may be reeled at once, as is done in Italy.

The full value of the silk can then be realized.

This silk, when reeled, is the most enduring and

permanently valuable of all fibres ; as much more

valuable for any definite weight than any other, as

gold is more valuable than iron.

There is not the least practical difficulty in

producing silk in any village, or on any farm. No

machinery is needed, and not a dollar need be

paid for any tools or fixtures. Light feeding

frames may be made by any man or intelligent

boy, of light boards, if they are at hand, or of

branches of trees. Shelter from storms must be

had, of course, and care must be taken to avoid

wetting or chilling the young worms. The eggs

must be kept in a cool and dry place until the

leaves appear. It is not proposed to give precise

directions here, but only to assure all intelligent

persons that there is nothing more required than

every such person can readily learn. If a mistake

is made in some process once, it may be easily

corrected the next time.

The writer of this note has had a lifetime of
experience in the public service, and a thorough
knowledge of the cultivation and resources of the
country for a long period, and of the South par-
ticularly, since 1851. Then the best realization
from the cotton crop was still very imperfect,
because cotton was very little manufactured. Now
manufacturers of cotton in the South are general
and prosperous, but to grow cotton is no longer
possible, with profit, on the worn lands of the
eastern States South.

Still more, the circumstances of the country are
greatly changed, and an immense consumption of
raw silk has been established. The present demand
takes 500,000 pounds per month, or 6,000,000
pounds per year, worth $30,000,000. The imports
of raw silk for November, 1886, were 546,035
pounds, value $2,645,174. If half of this were
now grown here, it would cost the merest trifle to
the growers beyond their time, and would be a
net profit of almost its full value. It would be
so much directly added to the national resources,
and it would all come to those who have no other
resource to convert their time into money.

The Bamboo Tree.

T^i^RITING from China, a correspondent of
(X) the Lumber World says that the Chinese
have developed the culture of the bamboo
tree very wonderfully. They can produce a per-
fectly black as well as a yellow bamboo. The
emperor of China has one officer whose duty is to
look after his bamboo gardens. This valuable tree
is found in all tropical and sub-tropical regions,
both in the eastern and western hemispheres. An
attempt has been made in England, and with some
success, to raise a dwarf species found at an alti-
tude of 12,000 feet in the Himalaya Mountains.
The New World furnishes bamboo of the greatest
diameter. The stems are usually very slender,
but in the northwestern part of South America is
found one species with a diameter of 16 inches.
The Chinese put this plant to a greater variety of
uses than any other people. Some kinds of it
when it first shoots up from the ground are used
as a vegetable as we use asparagus, or it can be
pickled in vinegar or made into delicious sweet-
meats. The plant has to be thirty years old to
blossom, and then it bears a great profusion of
seeds and dyes. These seeds may be used like
rice, and a kind of beer may be made from them.
In 1812 severe famine in portions of China was
prevented by the sudden blossoming of a great
number of bamboo trees. The stems of all the
varieties are remarkably fealicaceous.) One kind
found in Java is so hard that it strikes fire when
the hatchet is applied to it. This has only a very
slender stem, which is polished and used as stems
for tobacco pipes. This protean tree furnishes
material for houses, boats, cordage, sails of boats,
telescopes, aqueduct pipes, water-proof thatching,
clothing, water-wheels, fences, chairs, tables,
bookcases, boxes, hats, umbrellas, shields, spears
and paper. The pith is used for lamp-wicks, so
there is no part of it that cannot be used for some-
thing. From some of it exquisite carvings inlaid
with gold and silver are cut, that exceed in beauty
the ivory carvings for which the Chinese are so
famed. Recently it has been put to another use.
Mr. Edison has found that the carbonized fibres
of the bamboo furnish the best material for the
incandescent electric lamp and has made use of
it in his system of lighting. In Burmah and Siam
whole cities are built from bamboo. These houses
are made in pieces, lashed together, and raised on
posts several feet high.

Apple, peach, pear, plum and cherry trees,
set along boundary lines of farms, interfere very
little with cultivation, and their fruit is pro-
duced almost without cost after the trees are
well established, while, at the same time, they
may serve a useful purpose as screens to miti-
gate the force of driving storms.

— .xit/.^

z\i

Philadelphia, February, 1888.

Published for the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

By John Birkinbine,, 25 North Juniper Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ^

CONTENTS.

PAGE

An Appeal for Activity 25

Synopsis of Addresses at

December Meeting 25

Amendments Referred to

a Committee 26

Meeting of Pennsylvania Agricultural Society 26

Meetings in Delaware and Bucks Counties 27

Spare the Trees in Cities 27

Prof. Rothrock's Lectures 27

The Garden and Forest— .K New Journal 27

Suggestions in Relation to Forestry 27

The Mill River Disaster 3°

Forestry a Business 31

Montgomery County Meeting • • 3^

The Yellow Pine 32

Transplanting Trees 33

Forest Devastation in Japan 33

What Interest has the Farmer in Forestry ? 33

Leaves by the Wayside 34

Washing away the Land for want of Forests 35

Encouragement of Tree-Planting 35

Items of Interest 3°

FOREST LEAVES offers its readers a resume
of the proceedings of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association at the Annual Meet-
ing, and at a subsequent adjourned meeting. A
summary of the meeting of the Pennsylvania
Board of Agriculture is also offered, and, in addi-
tion, notice is made of one of the meetings of
the Montgomery County Branch. From the data
presented, our readers will see that the friends of
forestry in Pennsylvania are active, and that we
start the year 1888 with an evident intention and
earnest desire to accomplish some lasting results.
May the enthusiasm spread and all the members
of the Association and readers of Forest Leaves
take decisive steps to help along this movement.

We commend to our readers, for favorable con-
sideration, the formation of county branch organ-
izations, believing that in this way, better than in
any other, can the strength of numbers be se-
cured. With a large membership we can accom-
plish what is next to impossible for a small organ-
ization to attain.

The time rapidly approaches when tree maiming
—generally recognized, though improperly, as
tree trimming— will become general. With the
early spring, men with saws, axes and shears go
about the streets of our cities lopping off branches
with evident relish but apparently without skill,
leaving gaunt, spectre-like trunks to attest their
want of knowledge of the business. Strong pro-
tests may abate if they do not correct this evil.

Arbor Day is approaching, and each member of
our organization should prepare to recognize it in
some appropriate way. We hope that the Asso-
ciation may see its way clear to take a prominent
part in Arbor Day celebration in 1888.

Y^ HE opening address at the meeting of the
(£) Association on December 9th was delivered
by the presiding officer. Prof. J. T. Roth-
rock. He spoke of the great importance of tree
planting, and of how it could be accomplished
by widespread individual effort, illustrating his
remarks by statistics of the very large increase in
the number of trees in Nebraska, contrasting it
with Pennsylvania, once a State of splendid forests,
but now no longer self-supporting in timber. This
very fact, he said, ought to make Pennsylvania all •
the more alive to the need of preserving the timber
supply in other parts of the country, on which
they would have to rely more and more to fill their
own wants. Unfortunately, instead of being pre-
served, the government timber lands are the scene
of enormous depredations by thieves backed by
influential capitalists, and of the no less serious
ravages of fire. People needed to be taught the
value of forests, he continued, and persons of
wealth could find few better ways of spending it
than by endowing chairs of forestry in our col-
leges and universities. He concluded by sketch-
ing the growth and work of the Association and

^^r BerSTpernow, chief of the Forestry
Division of the Department of Agric^^^^^l ^^^^'
the next speaker. He differed witTi Prof. Roth-
rock as to the value and amount of the tree plant-

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FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

27

ing done in Nebraska, but warmly endorsed his
statements as to the importance of such work when
well done. He described the extent and worth,
commercial and climatic, of the government timber
lands, this splendid property of the nation, which,
neglected by Congress, or so managed as only to
invite spoliation, was fast being shorn of its ines-
timable forest wealth by the robberies of lumber
companies and individuals. Avalanches and land
slides, with great loss of life, were becoming
common among the mountains, which had lost the
protection of their natural covering. France, he
continued, was finding out how costly such sins
against nature were sure to prove, and was to-day
spending enormous sums in reforestation, to keep
parts of the country from being rendered un-
inhabitable by floods, avalanches, drought and
malaria. To prevent the same results in the west-
ern part of this country, a bill to provide for a
government forest reserve had been prepared,
and he solicited the Association's support in its
behalf.

Miss Grace Anna Lewis, of Media, touched on
the poetic associations connected with trees, and
the importance of cultivating a love of nature for
its refining and humanizing influence. The posi-
tion of the early settlers of Pennsylvania, as she
most aptly said, was very different from ours.
They had to subdue the forests, to clear the soil
for their own needs; but this war on the forces of
nature has gone far enough, too far, in fact, and
we need the forests for the preservation of our
health, and even life. It has now become neces-
sary for us even to help nature by planting trees,
and we should do this with discrimination, select-
ing only the best of each kind. She concluded
with an interesting description of the better varie-
ties of our local trees.

V [T the special meeting, held on December
a1 29th, 1887, to consider the proposed amend-
ments to the Constitution, which were printed
in the last issue of Forest Leaves, they were
all adopted provisionally, except the last para-
graph of article third ; but as still further revision
was necessary, it was resolved that a committee be
appointed to consider the whole matter and report
to the Council, so that any amendments could be
presented to the Association at its May meeting.

>^HE Pennsylvania Agricultural Society met at
\Q Harrisburg on January 25th and 26th. The
first day was occupied with a discussion of
the forestry question. After the transaction of
some general business. His Excellency Governor
Beaver took the chair and addressed the Board
upon the subject of Forestry.

The regular order of the programme was then
taken up, and Dr. J. M. Anders read an essay
upon ** Forests as Sanitary Agents," and was fol-
lowed by Prof. W. A. Buckhout, of the Pennsyl-
vania State College, with an essay on ^* The
Mountain Region of Central Pennsylvania and its
Relations to Forestry."

Prof. J. T. Rothrock, of the University of
Pennsylvania, addressed the Board on **The
Work of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association,"
and was followed by Dr. E. E. Higbee, Superin-
tendent of Public Schools, in an address on
** Arbor Day in the Public Schools." •

The chair then declared the essays and ad-
dress open to discussion, as also the general ques-
tion of forestry, which discussion should be
confined to its sanitary and economic bearings
only.

Discussion participated in by Messrs. Wilson,
A. O. Hiester, Oliver, Rothrock, Roland, Hig-
bee, Lundy, Underwood, Searle, McCreary, Fer-
now, Anders, Kratz, Smith, McKeehan, Gov.
Beaver and the Secretary.

On motion of the Secretary, the session was
extended one-half hour, and the subject still fur-
ther discussed by Messrs. Dr. Edge, Lundy, Mee-
han, Engle, Stitzel and Wilson.

At the afternoon session Hon. B. E. Fernow,
of the Forestry Division of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, addressed the Board upon **The
forestry legislation practicable for Pennsylvania,"
and was followed by N. F. Underwood, member
from Wayne, by an essay in answer to the ques-
tion, ^* Has the destruction of timber in Pennsyl-
vania reached the danger line? "

Prof. E. J. James, of the University of Penn-
sylvania, addressed the Board upon ^* The relation
of the State to forests," and was followed by
Thos. Meehan, Botanist of the Board, in an
address upon ** Practical Forestry." •

The chair then declared the legislative side of
the forestry question open for discussion, which
was participated in by Messrs. Oliver, Eby, Mil-
ler, Dr. Edge, Powell, Harvey, Lundy, Barnes,
Meehan and the Secretary.

All the papers showed a great deal of thought
and care in their preparation, and were replete
with valuable information. The discussions elic-
ited various opinions, and showed that the For-
estry problem had been the subject of previous
consideration. The intelligent audience who lis-
tened so attentively to every paper read, must
have*been profoundly impressed with the necessity
of forest culture, even regarding it only from a
business standpoint. Too much praise cannot be
given Secretary Edge for the admirable arrange-
ments which culminated in such an important
meeting, nor for the hearty and intelligent man-
ner in which his work was done.

yj[ MEETING will be held in the hall of the
\1 Delaware County Institute of Science, at 2
^ p. M., on Saturday, Feb. 25th, for the pur-

pose of forming a Delaware County Forestry As-
sociation. Those interested will oblige the offi-
cers of the Media Branch by giving information
as widely as possible throughout the county.

ON Thursday evening, February 9th, Mr. F.
D. Hartzell delivered an address on *'Our
Forests, ' ' at Sellersville, Bucks County, to an
audience of about 300 people. Much interest is
manifested in this subject in Bucks County, and it
is probable that a county branch will be organ-
ized in the near future.

71V W. MONTGOMERY, Esq., will deliver
VaJ. an address on '' Forests and Birds : Their
Importance in Pennsylvania," in the
Sunday-school room of St. Martin's Church,
Radnor, Delaware County, on Friday, February
24th, at 8 P. M.

P

S an instance of how much our people need
education upon Forestry, we note that a
daily newspaper in an interior city, editori-
ally recommended cutting down the trees along
the streets, because '' their shade makes the houses
damp." Had this editor advised his readers not
to crowd their front steps to within six or eight
feet of the sidewalk curbstone, and recommended
that they give a portion of their long back yards
for light, air and shade in front of the house, he
would have done better for his city.

y-^ROF. ROTHROCK' S lectures at the Univer-
IX sity, on " Trees, from Florida to Maine," were
, uniformly well attended. The lectures com-
prised a description of over four hundred Ameri-
can trees, and were splendidly illustrated with
photographs, mostly made by Prof. Rothrock
himself. Such lectures are of the greatest practi-
cal value, and we wish every reader of Forest
Leaves could have heard them.

71.VE note with a great deal of pleasure the an-
UJ nouncement of Garden and Forest, a new
weekly publication to be devoted to horti-
culture, landscape gardening and forestry. Prof.
C. J. Sargent, of Harvard College, will have edi-
torial control and will be assisted by Prof. W. C.
Farlow, Prof. A. S. Packard, Mr. Wm. A. Stiles,
and a host of contributors. The paper will be
published by the Garden and Forest Publishing
Company, Tribune Building, New York, at four
dollars per annum.

Suggestion in Relation to Forestry.

BY PROF. W. A. BUCKHOUT, STATE COLLEGE.
(Read at the Bellefonte meeting of the State Agricultural Society.)

tT is often said, to the reproach of those who
1 advocate an interest in forestry, that they have
nothing practical to offer or suggest, that they
are mere alarmists painting in vivid colors the
death and destruction which are to follow when
our forests and our timber are gone, but that they
totally fail when they undertake to devise prac-
tical means for averting the calamity which is to
come. While I do not believe that the objection
is well founded, it evidently behooves the advo-
cates of forestry to step forward and present their
case in as strong a light as possible. In brief,
that case is this : The marvelous rapidity in the
increase of our population, and the consequent
demand for lumber and wood, for various pur-
poses, are making such drafts upon our timber
lands that it will not be long before the supply
will be exhausted in all the old settled parts of the
country. The natural process of re-foresting is so
slow and uncertain that but little value can be
derived from it unless it is supplemented by the
fostering care of man.

Besides their direct commercial value, forests
are of marked benefit in that they are the most
efficient conservators of our water supply that it
is possible to have. I do not refer to the much
disputed questions of the effect which forests have
upon the absolute amount of rain which falls, but
to the protection which they give to our streams,
and to the conservation of our water supply in its
general sense. Regarding this I think there is no

doubt. , , r • r

If, then, forests Wave this double function of
supplying one of the most useful of the raw pro-
ductions of the country, and of regulating its
water distribution, what can be done toward
keeping them in the most serviceable condition ?
There are two ways: First, to allow and
encourage by care and attention a second growth
of timber ; and second, to plant trees in large
numbers; in other words, to raise a forest as one

would raise any crop.

To both methods there are several difticulties,
the chief of which are that trees at best grow so
slowly that they can scarcely be compared with
ordinary farm crops or even crops of fruit, and so
long a time is required before reaching a usable
size that they are subject to many and peculiar
dangers; moreover, there is a possibility that the
increnuity of man, and discoveries yet to be made,
may make the forest products of much less value
than they now are. This looking forward into
the distant future (distant to us I mean) is not an
easy matter, but it seems scarcely possible for the

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29

peculiar protective agency of forests to be sup-
plied by other means than by the forests them-
selves.

If, then, we grant that the probabilities are all
in favor of the perpetual need of forests, what
more can be done toward their production than
nature is doing alone.

We find that, as a very frequent rule, second-
growth trees are not of the same kind as the
original ; that a pine forest is succeeded by some
less desirable species; and, moreover, the trees,
whatever they are, are very often so few that they
not only do not make rapid headway against
the bushes and weeds, but they tend to develop
side limbs too much, and fail to make long,
straight trunks, such as in later life will make the
clear stuff, free from knots, which marks the best
lumber; hence nature's process of re-foresting
must be supplemented very much by man's effort.
How practicable it may be to sow seeds of forest
trees, or to transplant trees on a large scale, can
never be known except by trial. There are some
cases on record by which we can get a partial
knowledge of results obtained within a limited time;
not so complete as it is desirable to have, nor so
conclusive; since, while they show unmistakably
that forests can be raised by planting seeds or
young trees, they do not satisfy us as to the best
and cheapest methods for doing the work in
mountainous regions like our own. It is not best
to enter into consideration of these cases now, fur-
ther than to say that they comprise planting under
a considerable variety of conditions, in poor soil
and in good soil, on shifting sands and on rocky
hillsides, and in different parts of the country.

The few suggestions which I have to make are
based chiefly upon observation of some cases of
natural second-growth timber which is, for some
reason, much better than the average.

It was twenty-one years ago that I first saw a
small tract of second-growth white pine on what
we call the barrens in this county. I much regret
that I did not then have sufficient forethought to
measure the trees and make some estimate of the
number upon a given area. I only remember that
I was attracted by the vigor of the trees, their
closeness, and the evident struggle which they
were making with one another to see which would
survive. They covered the ground to the exclu-
sion of everything else ; their trunks had already
become divested of living branches below, and
their tops made a canopy through which but
little light fell.

At the present time this little tract stands out
in marked contrast to the mixed oak and pine
about it. The trees are, of course, much fewer in
number, but would still attract attention because
of their symmetry, their closeness and the rapidity
with which they are growing into first-class tim-

ber. They average six feet high. Their boles are
clean of limbs below, and for quite a distance far-
ther there are no living limbs, only the remnant
of dead ones, which are slowly dropping to the
ground. Where no cutting has been done they
still stand remarkably close, averaging five to the
square rod, and measure near the base eight to
fifteen inches in diameter. They still shade the
ground so completely that but little undergrowth
of any kind is possible. But few trees have been
cut, except such as were under eight inches in di-
ameter, and hence were nearly crowded out and
could not have held their places much longer.

By counting the rings of growth, these trees
appear to be about forty years old, and as this
seems to correspond with the recollection of the
few persons who know their history, I think we
may assume that this is very near to their correct
age. At the present time they appear to be
making not more than a quarter of an inch a year,
while in the last ten or fifteen years they some-
times made one-half of an inch a year. But I was
not able to find live, fresh stumps, nor stumps of
the largest trees, by which to get accurate figures
of this kind. It is certain, however, that the
present state of growth is comparatively slow.

I have tried to have practical lumbermen give
me the value per acre of this young timber, but
on account of the small size of the trees, which un-
fits them for general use, the most that can be said
is that it is growing in value all the while, and is
worth more to hold than for present use ; if used
now it would cut very much to waste, and is suit-
able only for a few pifrposes. Forty years ago,
then, this small tract of land received a shower of
white pine seed from some old trees — a single one
of these trees some four feet in diameter is still
standing, and numerous old stumps and logs
attest to the presence of others. Favoring condi-
tions permitted a very large number of these seeds
to germinate, and probably the young trees stood
not far from one to the square foot of ground at
the time when they obtained sole possession.
Having gained this one point, complete possession,
they entered upon a race and a battle with one
another, and that is still going on, and will not
end until the fire or axe of the lumbermen sweeps
them away. Such cases as these ought to be of
special value in teaching us that what nature does
so successfully by her own unaided efforts may be
done fully as well, and upon a much larger scale,
where the intelligent efforts of man shall be added.
Brought down to a practical suggestion, Pennsyl-
vania has some thousands of acres of land which
are poorly, if at all, adapted to cultivation, which
are in various degrees of nudity and unproduc-
tiveness. Though once well forested, they
have been stripped of all that was worth the
handling, and are now practically abandoned

to nature. She does her best to cover their
nakedness, but it is only here and there that
it is done in just the way which most nearly meets
man's necessity. Moreover, these lands, made
up largely of our low mountain ridges, are so
intercalated or even interlaced with the fertile
arable lands through a very large part of the
State, that we have the best possible relation be-
tween forested and cultivated acres. Happily,
too, these mountain ridges offer little inducement
to cultivation, and it is highly probable that in
this wooded state they are efficient agents in
equalizing our climate, as they certainly have
been and are sources of wealth through their
timber supply. It remains for us to see that the
proper relation between our wooded and arable
districts is maintained, and I wish to lay special
emphasis upon the practicability of aiding nature
to secure a thickly-set, vigorous stand of trees,
whereby a greater number may be produced
upon a given area, and such as will make the
most valuable building material for use in the
future. Herein is field for the labor of men with
means and land, who are looking about for more
worlds or woods to conquer. Amid numerous
investments, why not make one, larger or smaller,
in forest planting?

A few words as to the objections which are
generally given to such a novel suggestion. It will
probably be said that much of this mountain land is
so stony as to be totally unfit for any kind of vege-
tation, and that it would be impossible for trees
to grow there. This is doubtless very true of some
places, but the areas of this kind are very much
fewer and smaller than is generally supposed. I
maintain that wherever it is possible to get trees
started so as to make a slight shade and protec-
tion, there the accumulations of decaying leaves
and branches and the disintegrations of the rocks
will soon make a soil surface, thin perhaps, but
thick enough to continue the life of the trees, and
thickening as they grow. There is conclusive
evidence that much of what is now the barren,
shifting rock of our sandstone ridges was once
covered with a very fair growth of trees, but upon
their removal, or even without that, fire has swept
in, and so thoroughly removed every vestige of
organic matter that it will take a generation be-
fore any tree growth can be established again.
Further, it will be said that this danger from fire
is so great and so constant that it renders any
artificial planting on a large scale and on our
mountain lands utterly impracticable. This is
indeed the most formidable objection that can be
raised. Anyone acquainted with the facts must be
forced to admit its value. It is a cause of great
regret when we consider that these destructive
fires are so often originated by selfish and mali-
cious persons. The only suggestion I can offer on
*

this point is to express the hope that the popular
sentiment, which we all recognize as so powerful
for good or for evil, may be influenced by the
press, by local clubs and granges, by such meet-
ings as this, so that we shall soon be able to per-
ceive a changed feeling, and that people will come
to realize that forests have not only a value to the
immediate owner, but also a common value and a
common interest to us all.

Says Professor Sargent, in the census report on
the forests of the United States : ** Fires do not
consume forests upon which a whole community
is dependertt for support, and methods for the con-
tinuance of such forests are soon found and put
in execution. The experience in Maine shows
that where climatic conditions are favorable, the
remnants of the original forest can be preserved,
and new forests created as soon as the entire com-
munity finds forest preservation really essential to
Its material prosperity. " If we accept the figures
regarding forest fires in Pennsylvania by this same
census report of i88o, we must admit that the
room for improvement in this public sentiment is
very large, for we are told that the property de-
stroyed was valued at over three million dollars ;
that there were one hundred and twenty-nine de-
structive fires due to clearing land, one hundred
and twenty-three to sparks from locomotives, sev-
enteen to hunters, and (wotst of all) one hundred
and two to malice. May the efforts to bring
about a better public sentiment in this respect be
redoubled, until we shall no longer be compelled
to record such humiliating facts as these. Still
another objection arises in that the length of time
required to get any return from money invested
in planting and caring for trees is so great that
few would be willing to run the risks. The diffi-
culty, however, is rather in the feeling that it is
not perfectly plain that at the expiration of a
given time there will be value in the investment,
and not that long time is required. The time is
no longer than in some other business projects, but
this is to most men an entirely new idea. Many do
not believe that forest trees can be grown as fruit
trees in a nursery, or as ordinary field crops are

grown.

There is a fallacious idea that forest trees so
impoverish the soil on which they grow that a
second crop of the same or similar kinds cannot
be grown until some years have elapsed and the
soil has been able to recuperate. Experimental
plantations which would be of great service in
showing what is possible in this direction are few
and far between. For these and similar reasons
men are slow to take stock in such an enterprise,
although I apprehend there are some who would
be willing to trade off some unproductive stock in
more specious enterprises and run the risks in a
forestry company. But what is the time involved ?
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It will vary widely, according to the kinds of trees,
the soil and situation. I have presented some figures
based upon the white pine. They indicate that it
will be at least fifty to sixty years before timber
of much value can be obtained. On better soil I
believe this time would be considerably reduced.
As a type of a more rapidly growing tree which is
probably better adapted to our mountain land,
particularly the poorer parts of it, we may take the
chestnut. Over a considerable part of the bar-
rens before named the chestnut grows naturally,
and occasionally one may find small tracts of
young chestnut timber which is rapidly making a
record for itself. In all cases here at least this is
sprout growth, and hence the trees are seldom as
straight and symmetrical or as high as they would
be if they had originated like the pines. The
best of these trees are one foot in diameter near
the base and are about twenty-five years old. The
value of the chestnut for posts, and the ease with
which new trees spring up from the stump, make
it feasible to cut comparatively small trees to ad-
vantage. Upon some soil, it is probable that black
walnut will prove the best tree, and on the higher
Allegheny plateau west of us, the sugar maple
and beech seem well adapted ; but of these par-
ticular trees I have only a general idea and cannot
speak in detail. It has always seemed to me that
the long time necessary to fully realize on an
investment in forest planting would not be an
insuperable objection whenever it is shown that
the trees can be produced and that the need
for and value of trees will be at least as great fifty
years hence as now. «

But since individuals seem so loth to undertake
any such schemes, on account of the expense and ,
risks involved, why cannot corporations take hold
of it? To this plan, which we owe to the Bota-
nist of this Board, Professor Meehan, I wish to
add the suggestion that gentlemen interested in
hunting and fishing can, if they will, inaugurate
forest culture to the great good also of their own
organization for the preservation of game and fish.
Let any one of the companies which buy or lease
tracts of land for sporting purposes, not only pre-
serve and protect the existing timber — which I
believe they do because of its relation to the game
— but also reseed and replant areas as large as
their means will permit, and it will not be long
before we shall have some fairly definite knowl-
edge of the rate of growth of different kinds of
trees, their value, etc., and some excellent exam-
ples which individual land owners will be willing
to follow. A gamekeeper is, of necessity, some-
thing of a forester, and if game preservers should
become a feature in our State it would seem feas-
ible to have them serve as instructors in forest
economy, and their keepers to have under their
special care the trees as well as the game, and to

arrest and have punished the poacher upon either.
It may be that in this way we may have introduced
into this country something of the spirit and
method of forest economy as it has been so long
practiced in Europe, but which in its entirety
seems not adapted to our American conditions.

Still another suggestion. By way of familiar-
izing people with forest-tree planting, as well as
for reasons before mentioned, special effort should
be made in roadside planting, not only on Arbor
Day, but on other days. When we see how much
is added to our country roads where this practice
is already common, we wonder why it is not more
popular elsewhere. In part the reason is found in
that our system of allowing our highways to be the
common foraging ground for domestic animals
simply invites destruction of anything planted
thereon, unless extra and disproportionate expense
is laid out in protecting the trees by boxes. In
this respect, as in that of the forest fires, may we
not hope that we shall soon see such a change in
public sentiment that even the poor man's cow
may lose the opportunity of worrying the life out
of the prudent man's trees.

I am well aware that I have presented nothing
really new on this subject to those who are familiar
with it, but I trust that I may have presented
some things in somewhat of a new light, and at-
tracted the attention of some who are or who may
be so situated that they can undertake some work of
this kind. Pennsylvania, whose past prosperity has
been so closely related to her forest products,
ought not to fall behind in all reasonable efforts
to sustain and revive an industry which seems to
have nearly run its course, and for which she has
exceptionally good natural facilities.

The Mill River Disaster in Massachusetts
and ^A^ho ^A/'as to Blame for it.

«7i ^HO is to blame if the land owners in any part
\Xj of the United States, prompted by greed or
because of ignorance, cut down the forests
near the head waters of some river, thereby caus-
ing to dry up the springs feeding the river that
furnishes- the water power required by mills and
factories, and the millers and manufacturers are
therefore obliged to build storage reservoirs which
are so constructed or attended to as to give way
when there has been an unusually heavy rainfall or
when melting snow suddenly fills them beyond
their capacity ? In such a case, are the mill owners
and the engineer who constructed the reservoir
alone to be blamed, or do not the land owners
who denuded the land of forests come in for a
share of the moral, if not legal responsibility?

Such a breaking of a dam occurred in western
Massachusetts on May i6th, 1874, and some of the

older readers of Forest Leaves may still remem-
ber that dire catastrophe. I happen to be well
acquainted with the locality. The Mill river is
a tributary of the Connecticut and joins the latter
near Northampton, the shire town of Hampshire
county. It has two forks, one coming down the
eastern slope of Goshen Hill, the other coming
from the vicinity of Conway, a thriving manufac-
turing village in Franklin county. When first I
passed through this region, in 1857, Goshen Hill
and its slope were covered with a thrifty forest. In
1864 and the following years I lived in the vicinity
and frequently came that way, and I then noticed
that the wood had largely disappeared, and at the
same time I heard of the reservoirs". I cannot
help bringing these facts together, and I, for my
part, never have doubted the fact, and others, I
believe, were of the same opinion, namely, that
this dam break and the disaster resulting from it
had their primary cause in the cutting down of
the forests. And a terrible disaster indeed it was,
for from seventy to one hundred lives were lost, a
number of grist mills and saw mills, a large woolen
mill, a silk mill and Hayden & Gere's brass works,
the largest establishment of this kind then existing
in the United States, were utterly destroyed. The
rich meadows along the Mill river were covered
with a deep layer of stones, gravel and sand, and
rendered sterile for several years. The loss suf-
fered by the town of Williamsburg through the
destruction of roads, bridges and river walls, was
alone estimated at $100,000, and the Legislature
of Massachusetts granted the town a subsidy
amounting to this sum. The damage done to the
industrial establishments mentioned amounted to
many hundred thousand dollars and seriously
impeded the proverbial spirit of enterprise of the
sturdy race inhabiting this region. I believe that
similar disasters, caused by the same combination
of circumstances, have happened before, have
happened since and will yet happen, unless a stop
be put to the wanton destruction of forests. It
was recently stated in one of the Northwestern
papers that the country near the head waters of the
Mississippi had been denuded of trees to such a
degree that the navigation of the *' Father of
Waters" above Minneapolis was much impeded,
and that in order to render navigation possible at all
times of the year, it had been judged necessary to
construct some large reservoirs for the purpose of
storing water. May not a similar catastrophe
happen there ; and may not a similar combination
of circumstances exist right here in this noble
State of Pennsylvania as that which thirteen years
ago caused this terrible disaster in Massachusetts?
It may, in fact, exist at any place where there are
industrial establishments requiring water power.
The old adage says '' An ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure." But how is prevention

possible? If laws were enacted prohibiting the
cutting down of forests near the head waters of
rivers furnishing water to mills and factories, would
there not be indignant protest against such a tyran-
nical measure from a large number of farmers,
who would regard such a prohibition as an infrac-
tion of their personal liberty? As no prevention
can be brought about by a law, all that can be
done is by agitation and by efforts to show the
farmers what dire results their inconsiderate
destruction of forests may have.

Adolph Nahmer.

Forestry a Business.

^i^HAT is Forestry? It is the same thing as
\Xj agriculture : a business. The difference is
only in the kind of crop and in the manner
of treating the crop. It is the production of a
wood crop we are after. This is the crop which
grows, or can be made to grow, on parts of the
farm which are useless for other crops. It is a
slow-growing crop, to be sure, but it grows while
you are asleep, and you need put it into the ground
but once, where it will thrive without further care
for many years ; and if properly started it needs
no hoeing, no cultivating, no worrying about the
weather. And when you come to reap it, it will
prove to yield a profit from ground that would
otherwise have been left not only unproductive
but unsightly. A piece of thrifty young timber'
beautifies a farm and enhances its market value.
It costs but little more than an occasional day of
enjoyable work to cover unsightly waste corners
with trees. Don't figure on the profit of the sticks
that you are going to cut. There is indirect
profit from such planting which defies strict finan-
cial calculation, besides the satisfaction from such
work beyond any direct money gain, though this
will not be lacking either in proper time. Treat
your wood lot as the goose that lays the golden
eggs ; the eggs will soon be high in price, the
goose is worth caring for ! If you cut, don't cut
the good trees only and leave the bad to spoil the
looks of the lot and injure the young growth that
would be better if the gnarly old fellow overhead
did not stand in the way with shade and drip.
Always give some light and room to the young

trees.

Forestry means more than tree-planting. It is
the art of managing a wood crop so that it will
reproduce itself spontaneously by the seed from
the old trees and afterward help the young growth
to make the best timber in the shortest time.
Nature will reproduce the forest and grow timber
without care if allowed by man, but she takes
time, and time is money, at least to a careful
manager.

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Montgomery County Meeting.

•^HROUGH the exertions of Professor J.
V£) Shelly Weinberger, Vice-President of the
Montgomery County Branch of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association, a large and suc-
cessful public meeting in the interests of Forestry
was held in the Chapel of Ursinus College, at
CoUegeville, on Friday last, February 3d, at 8 p.m.

Professor Weinberger, in opening the meeting,
made a short and humorous speech, and was
greeted with much applause.

Dr. Fisher gave some statistics, showing the
condition of our timber and wood supply, and the
need of forestry regulation, and was followed by
Dr. J. M. Anders, who touched upon the various
phases of the Forestry question and gave numerous
instances to prove that forest preservation and culti-
vation could be made profitable in this country.

Dr. Samuel Wolfe, Secretary of the Montgom-
ery County Branch, closed the meeting with a few
pointed remarks. There was singing by a Col-
legeville quartette, in the intervals of the
addresses, and after the meeting a number of new
members were enrolled.

The Yellow Pine.

IT may be of interest to those who are not
already familiar with its culture to know some-
thing of the cultivation of that most valuable
of our conifers— the Yellow Pine. Nature has
apparently selected this evergreen to inhabit many
of our mountain plateaus, where others of the
species are found only sparingly. Our mountains
contain a soil composed of sandy loam, which is
well adapted for the yellow pine. It will grow
well in sand if it contains moisture, but in valleys
where the soil is generally deeper and better, it
will grow in a shorter time to a larger size. But
it has often come under my observation that yel-
low pines which have grown on mountains are
tougher, harder, and far more durable than those
which have grown in valleys.

This tree is the only one of the conifers that
has a tap or centre root, consequently transplant-
ing is attended with more difficulty than with
others of this species. The tap root, which is
generally very long, must never be shortened, or
the young tree injured in any way when trans-
planted, and the whole length of the tap root must
be put into the soil,rather deeper than it was before.
The yellow pine blooms in spring, and the seed
ripens eighteen months later. The cones should
be gathered in November and December. Later
in the winter, in January and February, the warm
rays of the sun partly open the scales. The pme
squirrel, taking advantage of this, reaches the seed
with its long claws and devours it.

From one bushel of cones, about one pound or
sixty thousand seeds are obtained. The cones
may be picked without much trouble where yellow
pine timber is felled. They are laid on a tight
floor and, with a warmth of about fifty degrees,
will open in a short time, and the seeds drop out.
The seeds are then left on the floor for several
days for better drying. Small quantities of seed
may be preserved until spring in glass bottles ;
larger quantities are placed in strong paper bags,
and these again in cotton bags, and hung up in a
cellar where there is no draught.

The seedling in its earliest infancy is not so
sensitive to the hot rays of the sun as other ever-
greens, consequently its cultivation by seeding
mountains or worn-out farm lands is not difficult.
Little spots of one foot in diameter are hoed up
and well loosened. In the bottom of this place
a little humus may be put. This is, however, not
indispensable. The place is made in such a way
that a little depression of one or two inches is left
in the soil. This will catch the leaves, etc., car-
ried by the wind, and also retain the moisture.
The distance between the seeding places are made
from three to five feet each way, and in an equi-
lateral triangle; in this way the soil is shaded
quicker than if sown in any other manner. On
hills and mountain slopes the seed place must be
made level. From six to eight kernels are sown
on the loose soil and pressed down well with the
foot. A little soil, to the thickness of the seed, is
now thrown over it, to protect the seed from birds
and to procure darkness. If a few leaves or dry
weeds are near by, these may be thrown over the
seeding place also, as they at the same time will
help to prevent the surface from becoming crusty
and retain moisture.

All that is necessary now is precaution against
fire; nature will do the rest. In six years the
young yellow pine will probably shade the soil.
In twelve or fifteen years a thinning is com-
menced. This operation must be done so as to
leave the soil constantly shaded. The inferior
ones, such, for instance, as have grown up too
slender, must be cut out in order to procure more
room for better development of stronger roots for
those that remain. If this is properly observed a
yearly revenue may be had until the crop is ripe

— say in one century.

George Otto Praetorius.

*'One individual in California has planted a
grove four miles long. One lady has had over
three thousand trees planted in various States in
the interest of the silk culture; the Northern
Pacific grows the ties and sleepers for its own
use, along the line of the road; ^wd. New Zealand^
has its Arbor Day. What will Pennsylvania do ? "

Transplanting Trees.

44 TN transplanting trees, one of the most import-
1 ant precautions is frequently entirely over-
looked ; that is, to have the tree, when trans-
planted, in the same position as to the points of the
compass as before removal. The south side of the
tree is exposed to the direct rays of the sun, while
the north is more or less protected from them.
Nature accommodates itself to this changed con-
dition, and the diff'erence in development in many
trees on the south and north sides is obvious to ordi-
nary observation. When the south side of a tree is
turned to the north, each side finds itself in a posi-
tion for which nature has made no preparation,
and death follow almost as certainly as if the top
were put in the ground and the roots turned up to
the sky. The willow and some other trees will
grow if planted upside down, and many trees
will grow with the south side turned to the north ;
but with trees difficult to transplant at best, it is a
mistake very apt to be fatal to turn the south side
to the north, and the older the tree, the greater
the danger from changing sides in transplant-
ing."— Scientific American.

Forest Devastation in Japan.

y^HE Popular Science Monthly publishes the
yQ following extract from a private letter from
Japan : '^The Japanese have sent out many
students to Europe to study forestry, and have
therefore the reputation of possessing forests; but
nothing of that — the mountains are bare, and the
forests burned down, just as they are in the eastern
part of the Rocky Mountains. Americans might
take a fearful warning in regard to the future pros-
pect of their great West ; only the landscape will
be still more desolate there, because the land is so
divided into small holdings that no forest will be
raised. Volcanic eruptions in Japan have buried,
100 or more years ago, whole forests oi Sooghe^ as
the Japanese call their species of Sequoia. They
are again dug up, and people wonder at their size
and the fine grain of the wood, that has become
gray, for which enormous sums are paid for
cabinet-work, but they are not practical enough
to consider that a careful culture might now cover
the mountains again with the same wealth. Per-
haps already, in fifty years, America will have
reached the same stage ; a few. monsters of the
forest will be admired, and it will hardly appear
credible that the ancestors in their greed and
ignorance burned down these priceless treasures
for an ephemeral gain, and even where not the
slightest gain could be obtained by the wanton
destruction. The United States possess still the
finest forests of the globe, but in the land of haste,

hurry and greed, anything which cannot be
turned into money at short notice is destroyed.
A little more forethought might benefit not only
the future but also the present generations. Where
the land, freed from forests, is used for agricultural
purposes, this forest destruction has a fiiir excuse;
but where enormous tracts of land are denuded for
stock-raising, the very means will defeat the end ;
stock cannot be raised without water, and water
will not grow ; and, with the disappearance of
moisture and forests, hard, tough varieties of grass
will alone cover the mountain slopes. Japan is
the land of inundations, and the effects of forests
upon moisture are here most strikingly illustrated.
Every thunder shower sends its whole quantity of
water without delay to the rivers and the sea, and
within a few hours a mountain valley has seen a
dry channel, a raging torrent and a little brook
occupying the same bed ; thousands of acres of
good land along these numerous mountain streams
cannot be cultivated, because the forests are lack-
ing which would retain the moisture and allow it
only gradually to seek the river and ocean. We
cannot realize enough the consequences of forest
destruction."

What Interest has the Farmer in

Forestry ?

^i^HAT interest has the farmer in forestry?
\Xj More than he knows. The wood lot is to
the farm what the work-basket is to a good
housewife, with which she improves the odds and
ends of time that the main business of the day
allows, especially in winter time.

Now it is possible that you can get for the tim-
ber which your grandfather has left you, un-
touched, S50 or $100 per acre, from a hungry saw-
mill man. Down come at once the old trees,
that it has taken one hundred or more years to
grow; and, in nine cases out of ten, what is left ?
A useless piece of ground, which reduces con-
siderably the value of the fields lying near. Had
you, instead, considered this wood lot as a savings
bank from which you could draw in interest every
year what you need, taking care that the young
growth was properly protected against cattle and
fire, and against damage from inferior kinds of
trees, you would have a better kind of investment
, than the loose dollars which resulted from the

sale.

May be, your wood lot was on a hill-side, where
the spring that waters your cattle gets its waters
from, or where the brook that runs your mill-
stones rises. And lo ! the spring runs dry half
the year and the brook too, or else it breaks out
in spring freshets, and the dollars which you got

i from the forest above, you have to spend on repair

, of damages below.

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FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

35

I*

%y

There is no imagination in this; these are occur-
rences everywhere, and experience is growing in
this country which shows that the forest is a
useful regulator of water supply ; the water reser-
voir of the farm.

The farmers must have more interest in keeping
a proper proportion of the country under forest
cover than any other class of citizens, for they
depend, in their business, greatly upon a proper
water supply, and for this the forest does admi-
rable service.

You are, or ought to be, husbandmen, not only
of the soil, but of the water capital of the world
also. Do you realize that each acre of your
fields requires from one to two million gallons of
water to do its duty in growing crops during the
season ? B. E. Fernow.

Leaves by the Wayside.

Residents in the vicinity of Pasadena and Santa
Monica, Cal., have offered to the State Board of
Forestry two tracts of land, one of fifty acres and
one of a hundred and twenty acres, on condition
that the Board will use them as experimental
stations and plant them with '' fresh trees."

Germany teaches horticulture in her schools.
A small nursery is attached to nearly every com-
mon school, and the children are taught to
grow trees and vines from grafts and cuttings,
as well as to plant the seeds and watch the
various stages of growth. It would be of great
advantage if such system could be introduced
here.

<'Many of the State Agricultural Colleges and
Stations have begun to make a study of tree
culture and its conditions, and tree planting will
have an increased interest as time passes. In
a plot of two acres connected with the Michigan
College Farm, they have growing two hundred
and fifteen species of trees and shrubs. The
planting was begun only a dozen years ago, and
yet few things have given greater satisfaction for
the outlay of time and money than these studies
in selecting and growing trees."

''The Forestry Branch of the Agricultural De-
partment of Ontario, distributed eight thousand
Reports and inserted seven hundred articles and
letters in the newspapers of the province ; two
hundred journals lent their assistance; addresses
were made in many localities, and many places in
North America visited for information.

''The Government of Ontario proposed to the
lumber men to share the expense of a staff detailed
during the summer to prevent forest fires and to
make known and enforce the provisions of the
fire act. The lumber men acceded, and over forty
persons have been so employed during last sum-
mer, with very great benefit."

The report of the California Board of Forestry
shows well-attested facts that the strippings of
the woods from the steep mountain slopes in that
State have already brought many of the evils pre-
dicted; streams turned to wasteful torrents in
one season and dry the next; failing springs; the
soil washed from the mountains to fill up the val-
leys, and table lands bare of every green thing
that were a few years ago covered with growth of
shrubs.

The strongest wood in the United States, ac-
cording to Prof. Sargent, is that of the nutmeg
hickory of the Arkansas region, and the weakest
the West Indian birch. The most elastic is the
tamarack, the white or shell-bark hickory standing
far below it. The least elastic, and the lowest in
specific gravity, is the wood of the Fuus aurea.
The highest specific gravity, upon which in
general depends value as fuel, is attained by the
bluewood of Texas (^Condalia obovatd).

A queer phase of railway industry is a railway
tie nursery in the southern part of the State of
Kansas. It is the largest artificial plantation of
forest trees in North America, and is owned by
the Southern Pacific Railroad. The different
sections have been planted respectively, two, four
and six years. One-fourth is planted with the
Ailanthus, the rest with the Catalpa, and a few
of White Ash. Those first planted are now about
twenty-five feet in height, the last about twelve.
Some of the taller are seven inches through the
stem. There are in all about 3,000,000 of trees
in full vigor on these plantations. Out of these
trees will come the railway ties of the future.

Discussing grafted varieties of fruit trees, a
writer in Harper's Magazine says : "• This oppor-
tunity to grow different kinds of fruit on one
tree imparts a new and delightful interest to the
orchard. The proprietor can always be on the
lookout for something new and fine, and the few
moments required in grafting or budding make it
his. The operation is so simple and easy that
he can learn to perform it himself, and there are
always plentv of adepts in the rural vicinage to
give him his' initial lesson. While he will keep
the standard kinds for his main support, he can
gratify his taste and eye with some pretty inno-
vations. An apple tree which bears over 100
varieties is reported as in healthy growth."

Washing away the Land for ^Vant of

Forests.

BY JOAQUIN MILLER.
(Read before the American Forestry Congress, in September.)

I believe it is pretty generally conceded that our
continent is being washed into the sea by way
of the Mississippi and its thousands of miles of
tributaries, on the one hand, and at the same time
swept naked of its native forests by annual fires, on
the other. I take it that it is this deplorable con-
dition of things that has called into existence the
American Congress of Forestry. I spent some time
with the late Captain Eads at the mouth of the
Father of Waters, inspecting his jetties, two years

ago.

'' We have begun at the wrong end," said this

great man more than once to me.

One morning he threw a bucket over the side
of the boat and drew up several gallons of dark
mud and water.

^< There," cried the great engineer, '* there is
a mixture of one-tenth Missouri, one-tenth Illinois,
one-tenth Iowa, one fraction Kentucky, and so on,
through about fifteen States, with an addition of
about five-tenths of pure water."

*'And what would you do. Captain Eads, to
stop this washing away of States? "

**As I told you," remarked the energetic old
man, as he dumped the ugly mixture back into
the Gulf of Mexico, '' we have begun at the wrong
end. But the country is not educated up to the
point of beginning. It wants the other end for
wheat and corn. It only wants the mouth of the
river kept open, so as to be able to sell its corn
for the present generation, and let the next gener-
ation look out for itself. The other end of the
river has drowned out this end ; State after State
is going to be drowned out, until some day the
coral insect may again build his pretty castles
where the people of Iowa are now digging wells
for water. The United States is tearing out her
very heart with her gang plows, and dumping it
into the sea, sir."

I beg to put this statement before the country
with something of the emphasis with which this
great and good man uttered it there in the mouth
of the great river. More than once he brought
up the subject, and always with an emphasis that
would write every syllable in italics.

Capain Eads was very fond of quoting poetry.
Once he was saying to himself, '' Leaves, leaves,
nothing but leaves," when he suddenly turned to
me and said : ''Do you know that in leaves you
can read the history of creation? My son, leaves
are not only creation, but salvation." Captain
Eads explained to me that he meant if leaves and
grasses were left lying on the ground at the proper
time of the year, as nature, the hand of God,

placed them, there would never be any damage
from high water at any time ; that leaves would be
the salvation of the republic, and that there would
never be any need for Eads' jetties. He explained
that he meant, when he said that leaves were
creation, that there is no nourishment so dear to
the hungry earth as a handful of leaves. He
insisted that more beauty could be grown out of
a single basket of leaves than a whole load of
manure.

Well, let me tell you right here, that if this pro-
cess of fires and fioods — floods that always follow
fires — is permitted to go on, by the help of 10,000
iron-toothed mills, gang-plows in the valleys to
help along the flood that has gathered force in the
burned-out higher land — why, we will accomplish
that same desolation just as certain as water runs.
Only we will achieve, by the aid of gang-plow and
circular-saw implements unknown of old, in two
centuries what it took Babylon twenty to bring
about.

Encouragement of Tree Planting.

/^Y^ANY land owners, and of them some of the
\ I / most practical tree planters, state that a
great obstacle would be overcome if a sup-
ply of young trees was always available, it being
difficult to go into a forest, though it be full of
young saplings, and procure such trees as are
really valuable, and of a size and spread of root
likely to live in their new surroundings. The for-
est tree has grown in the shade, and the hot sun
of the open air is not friendly to its tender bark,
while on the other hand, though it has often been
remarked that they should be taken from near the
outskirts of the bush, it is often a matter of a con-
siderable loss of time to procure them. There
—and this is one of the greatest objections to the
bush-procured sapling— the roots are few and
spreading, running far over the surface of the for-
est ground, so that only a small part of the root
can be secured. On the contrary, the nursery-
grown sapling, purposely transplanted several times,
obtains each time a better and more fibrous root,
so that when placed in the field success in growth
is far more certain. For these reasons I have
known many persons, in planting trees, rather pur-
chase from a nursery than take such as were to be
had free from forest or field.

What is suggested is that a large public nursery
should be established, where trees of all sorts
should be grown from seed, transplanted fre-
quently till good roots are secured, and then given
free to those who would undertake to plant and
take care of them on their farms. Three or four
men employed during the season could grow, care
for and send away millions of trees— trees, too,
which would all be likely to grow and flourish.

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36

FOREST LEAVES.

Those receiving the saplings would, no doubt, be
glad to pay the freight, which would generally be
no large amount. It is not at all doubtful that by
this means, every year, large numbers of trees
would be planted throughout the State.

Under it the great advantage gained would be
as follows: Farmers are often willing to spare
land for a plantation, say a wide belt of trees, or
enough to fill some spare piece of land not fit for
much else. They can in summer fallow this, or
prepare spots in it, if it be broken land, and would
often do it. If they can at once procure nursery
trees enough to cover this sufficiently close to keep
the ground shaded, the operation would be, ten to
one, a success. If they have to trust to the strag^
gling-rooted saplings of the forest, it is not at all
so certain a one.

Such nurseries are common in other countries.
In Prussia, in 1884, the Government distributed
free 25,000,000 of seedlings. Last year Bohemia
distributed nearly 5,000,000, of which about half
a million were deciduous and the rest coniferous.
Next year twice that. number will be given away
by the Bohemian Government. Styria is making
a similar distribution. Australia has, in the last
few years, distributed $8000 worth of trees, each
costing about one and a half cents. There is,
probably, no other plan of assistance so cheap,
nor, if properly managed, any other so effective.
— Ontario Forestry Report by R, W. Phipps,

now that Congress is considering what shall
be done with the remaining forest lands of
the public domain the policy of unrestricted
sale should be modified and some attempt be made
to maintain in unsettled territories a due proper-
tion between the forest-covered and the cleared
lands. The European States are spending mil-
lions of dollars yearly to make trees grow in and
lands once covered by forests. This government
ought to learn something by example and experi-
ence. There are large tracts of country in the
Atlantic States that have been nearly ruined by the
indiscriminate destruction of the forests.

Items of Interest.

>~X,//

','

•^WO bills have been introduced into the
v£) Maryland Legislature, one proposing a tax
exemption for farmers who make a showing
of at least 300 trees to the acre, and the other de-
signating April 22d as a legal holiday, to be known
as ** Arbor Day." Many States have begun to
recognize the necessity of tree planting, in view
of the climatic and other advantages which forests
afford. It will be a national advantage as well as
a personal duty for citizens thus to contribute to-
ward beautifying and improving those places
which are now devoid of arboreal shelter.

^40,000 have been granted by the Irish Board
of Works for * ^ re-foresting " a part of the west
of Ireland.

Over 6,500,000 feet of lumber are required to
build one mile of snow sheds along the line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway — where avalanches are
threatened.

The raising of forest trees is regarded as one of
the most profitable industries in Southern Cali-
fornia. The eucalyptus, pecan, black walnut,
cherry and many other varieties have a quick
growth and are very profitable to the planter.

Horticulture is taught in the common schools
of Germany, the pupils being required to bud,
graft, transplant, plant seeds, cuttings, etc., and
they are given instructions on the subject of plant
growth, adaptation of varieties to soil, climate,
etc.

The drought in some States decreased as it ex-
tended toward the forests. The importance of
preserving the forests as an aid to a supply of rain
during the growing season cannot be too strongly
urged. The farmers in each section should form
clubs for the purpose of protecting the forests.

Tucson, Arizona, has taken the right plan for
getting trees planted. The authorities have ofi'ered
a prize of $100 to the boy who shall plant the larg-
est number of trees within the city limits between
now and the Fourth of July. The inducement to
plant young trees is large, and will no doubt have
the effect of stimulating boyish effort to a degree
that will give Tucson as many shade and fruit
trees as will be needed or desirable, should all that
are planted grow.

D. B. Weir, of Illinois, claims that the black
walnut may be transplanted with as much safety
as any other tree ; that it is not necessary to plant
where they are to grow ; but that they may be
thickly planted in nursery rows and then trans-
planted at two to four years of age with perfect
safety. By the way, it is time to plant walnuts
now, and. every farmer ought to start a few at
least ; they are very valuable, both as nut-bearing
trees and for timber.

Allegations of foreign capitalists obtaining pos-
session of Government lands by unfair means,
have lately been published. It is claimed that a
Scotch Company paid four hundred men fifty dol-
lars each to falsely register claims as bona fide
settlers and transfer the one hundred and sixty
acres allowed for each claimant to the company.
These lands are reported as yielding 200,000 feet
of red wood per acre. If the statements are true
we trust the Government will act promptly and
emphatically.

V. -^ -^ 1V / \h

Philadelphia, April, 1888.

Issued by the Publication Committee of the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

25 North Juniper Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Editorials 37

Reports 38, 39

Arbor Day Circular; A

Military Problem 40

Arbor Day Proclamation... 41

Increasing the Durability of Timber 41

Forest Culture on the Girard Estate 43

Curiosities of California Redwood 44

Forest Culture 45

Timber Land Act Abuses; Our Forestry Preservation, 46

What Trees to Plant 47

Arizona Silicified Wood; Forest Tree Seeds; Roadside

Nut Trees 49

Old Roman Water Wheel 5^

A Practical View ; Leaves by the Wayside 51

Committee on Publication.
Mr. John Birkinbink, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Georgb M. Coates, Esq., 1817 De Lancey Place.
H. W Hare PfiWEL, Esq., 712 Walnut Street.
Mrs. J. P. LuNDV, 245 South Eighteenth Street.
F. D. Hartzbll, 3336 Chestnut Street.

y^ HE Pennsylvania Forestry Association is to be
v£) congratulated upon the cordial cooperation
which the Governor of the State has given
to its efforts, and for the personal interest which
he exhibited by participating in our meetings.
Governor Beaver has shown by his official acts an
earnest desire to preserve our forests, the latest
being his early announcement of Arbor Day,
as set forth in the proclamation which appears in

this issue.

We now ask the members of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, and all who are interested in
forest maintenance and preservation, to see that
Arbor Day is properly observed, and we would
wish that each one would determine that by some
act he or she will recognize Arbor Day in Penn-
sylvania. The State covers such a great area, and
is subject to such varied climatic influences that it
is not to be expected that it will be possible on
the day fixed (April 27th) for every one to success-
fully plant a tree. Nor can we expect that each
one will be able to participate in some meeting,
more or less public, in recognition of the day.

But those who cannot plant trees can supply the
sprouts for others to plant, and those who cannot
participate in exercises at schools or other institu-
tions where trees is the subject for consideration,
can indite letters to friends enlisting their coopera-
tion in the purpose for which the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association has been organized.

Arbor Day would be an opportune time for
forming County Associations, and we regret that
the constitution of the State organization does not
fix its spring meeting on Arbor Day, as it would
seem to be an appropriate recognition of the
action of the State authorities.

We look for a general observance of Arbor Day
in 188S, and we trust that our friends will send to
the secretary of the association reports of what
action was taken, so that the next issue of Forest
Leaves may contain a general synopsis of what
was done in various localities.

rr\R. P. W. SHEAFER, of Pottsville, calls our
\t) attention to an interesting series of photo-
graphs taken of trees (chiefly beeches)
growing upon the neighboring hillsides, which
lilustrate the parallelism of tree branch growth
with the slope of the surface upon which the trees
stand. Mr. Sheafer is desirous of having our
readers suggest the cause of such growth.

We naturally would suppose that the height at
which cattle could browse upon the branches of
the younger trees had practically defined the limit
of hardy branches, and future assaults upon the
shoots each year, together with the shade, had
maintained the trees at such line.

Or we may consider that the underbrush in the
earlier life of the tree had fixed a limit of branch
growth parallel with the surface, and that the
same shade which in the larger tree had destroyed
the undergrowth, had maintained this parallelism.

But Mr. Sheafer is too practiced an observer
to off'er us so easy a problem to solve, and we
therefore assume that these possible causes have
been critically considered by him, and the ques-
tion arises, Does the earth, by its temperature,

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38

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

39

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humidity, reflection, condensation, evaporation,
etc., influence a stratum of definite and practi-
cally uniform thickness, so as to fix a limit at
which branches may grow and give them an incli-
nation approximately parallel with the ground on
which the trees stand ?

We have received from the State Printer the
*' Thirty-sixth Quarterly Report of the State Board
of Agriculture, * * containing a full report of the Har-
risburg meeting, together with all the articles on for-
estry which have appeared in the previous Reports.
The book fulfills a want, in that it discusses, in a
convenient form, all the various sides of the
question. All readers of Forest Leaves should
send to their Representative for a copy of it.

Report of the Committee on Work.

DURING the past few months this Committee
has been engaged in work which may be
recorded here briefly under three heads: —

ist. Action looking toward the organization of
a Small Park or Open Space Association in the
city of Philadelphia.

2d. The issue of a circular stating the precise
practical results at which the Association aims, the
substantial benefits that farmers, lumbermen, and
citizens of the State generally, would derive from
the adoption and enforcement of wise forestry laws
and from an intelligent regard for its principles.
The issue of an appeal asking from the citizens of
the State donations amounting to J5000 annu-
ally, to enable the Forestry Association to engage
a general agent, who, by public addresses to be
made in various localities throughout the State,
by conference with newspaper editors and repre-
sentative men of varied business and professions,
should greatly enlarge the sphere of the Associa-
tion's usefulness.

3d. Sending to leading newspapers, to members
of Congress, and prominent persons in various
parts of the country the excellent printed state-
ment, prepared by the Law Committee of the
Forestry Association, explaining and advocating
Federal House bill No. 6045. ** For the protec-
tion and administration of forests on the public
domain,*' and opposing the impracticable bill
No. 7901, introduced by the Land Committee of
the House, ostensibly for the same general purpose.

The object of the bill advocated by the Associa-
tion is to guard the public domain against the
constant ravages of its timber, through organized
and unorganized pillage and through fire, whereby
millions of dollars annually are lost to the country.
The bill provides for the appointment of guards,
commissioners, rangers, etc., whose duty it shall
be to superintend the cutting and selling of timber,

and the protection of the public forests. Bill
No. 7901, apparently in order to save expense, fails
to provide any adequate means for the accomplish-
ment of its benevolent purposes.

Early in the month of March a conference was
held at the house of Dr. J. P. Lundy, between
Prof. Thomas Meehan, the well known horticul-
turist, who has long been an earnest advocate
of this project, and the Committee on Work of
the Forestry Association, for the discussion of the
question of Open Spaces. This meeting has
already led to valuable results, for, as an out-
growth of it, an Open Space Association has
been formed, which has upon its Executive Com-
mittee persons of influence and public spirit :
Hon. Henry M. Hoyt, Hon. Richard Vaux,
Thomas Dolan, Justus Strawbridge, William
Sellers, Henry M. Coates, and many others. The
work of the newly formed association will be to
assist Councils, by the aid of an organized public
sentiment, to appropriate annually a sufficient sum
of money for the purchase of sites available for
small parks or pleasure grounds, in different parts
of the city, and to direct the attention of the
general public, and of wealthy and public-spirited
citizens, to the great importance of securing such
breathing spaces in the built-up parts of our
rapidly growing city.

The importance of this work in so extended a
city as Philadelphia must be apparent to all intelli-
gent persons.

Montgomery County.

y^ MEETING of the Montgomery County
yi Branch of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
•' ciation was held on April 4th in the Board
of Trade room in the Times Building. Dr. Hiram
Corson, of Plymouth, presided.

The Secretarv and Treasurer presented their
reports, and mmor matters of business, relating
immediately to the Association, were transacted.

The Secretary was authorized to communicate
with the County Superintendent of Public Schools,
urging him to use his influence over the principals
of public schools relative to some special observ-
ance of Arbor Day, the 27th of next month. It
was thought advisable to request him, or those
having authority, to give a half or whole holiday
to the pupils of the schools on that day, so that
they might more readily participate in Arbor Day
observances ; also to request the teachers of schools
to deliver addresses to their pupils and patrons
on the subject of forestry. It was suggested that
special inducements in the way of prizes be offered
to the school planting the most trees, provided
the whole or half holiday be granted to children.

Mr. J. Clinton Sellers, of the Daify Times; Mr.

Charles Lukens and Mrs. Sarah S. Rex were elected
delegates to the Forestry Council of the State As-
sociation.

Hon. Judge Swartz and Dr. Hiram Corson were
appointed to head a committee, to consist of the
Association members residing in Norristown, to
get up a public meeting in Norristown some time
in the near future, for the purpose of stiinulating
interest in the cultivation of trees and plants.

The Secretary was authorized to communicate
with Congressman Yardley, of this district, asking
him to use his influence in securing the passage of
the Forestry bill now before Congress.

Delaware County.

y^ HE Delaware County Forestry Association was
v£) formed at Media, Feb. 25, 1888, with forty
members, all of whom are also members of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, the names
of several having been added since that time. The
towns and villages at present represented are Media,
Radnor, Villa Nova, Rosemont, Bryn Mawr, Lans-
downe, Swarthmore, Elwyn and Chester. Four-
teen townships are at present unrepresented, but
correspondence and the diffusion of Forestry pub-
lications will, it is hoped, extend our membership
over the whole county. Our aim is to maintain
the level of our county upon a plane demanded by
the advancing spirit of the age. In the language
of Article II of the Constitution: "The objects
of the Association are to secure a due proportion
of growing trees in Delaware County, measured not
by acreage, but by population ; to encourage the
production and planting of choice species and
varieties ; to disseminate information relative to
best methods of culture ; to insure the instruction
of the children of the public schools in practical
knowledge concerning trdfes and their insect ene-
mies; to keep ourselves well informed of the
evils resulting from denudation, and the benefits
derived from the judicious planting and preserva-
tion of forest and shade trees, and to help to secure
the enactment by the Legislature of such laws as
may be needed for the general welfare, in the in-
terests of Forestry."

At the meeting for the adoption of a Constitu-
tion for the Delaware County Forestry Association,
Dr. I. N. Kerlin was called to the chair.

Letters expressing sympathy with the movement
from various persons in Delaware and adjoining
counties were read.

W. W. Montgomery, of Radnor, addressed the
meeting on the general question of Forestry, and
was heard with attention.

Miss Lewis read an address calling attention to
branches of maple cut from trees on the streets of
Media, with numerous cocoons of the insect pop-
ularly known as the "basket worm." The pro-

portion of cocoons containing the external shell
of the female, filled with a mass of eggs, is ten
times as great as of cocoons containing the male
chrysalis. In twelve cocoons opened at random,
only one male was found. The number of eggs
produced by each female is usually stated at 200,
but she had found them to be about 400. On a
tree with 100 cocoons not fewer than 40,000 cat-
erpillars are to be expected, if not removed and
burned while they can easily be seen on the base
branches.

Miss E. J. Brewster, Dr. Kerlin, Charles G.
Ogden and Lewis Kirk took part in the discussion.

A series of three resolutions, earnestly recom-
mending the destruction of these cocoons; inviting
the attention of neighboring Forestry Associations,
and urging the instruction of school children
concerning trees and their insect enemies, were
adopted.

A series of five resolutions, relating to public
health, were referred to the next meeting for dis-
cussion.

It having been understood that Charles G.
Ogden is about to visit Florida, he was requested
by the President to report his observations at the
next meeting.

Dr. Kerlin stated that he had several acres of
light gravelly loam, overlying clay and resting on
a granitic foundation, which he wished to plant
with trees. The black walnut grew well on this
soil and produced excellent nuts, but he would
like to know whether other species would be more
advantageous, and if so, how he could best replant
these acres. A paper on this subject, to be read
at the next meeting, would be useful not to him
alone, but to others.

It was then resolved "That methods of observ-
ing Arbor Day be discussed at the next meeting,
and that the school directors and teachers of
Delaware county be invited to be present."

The Association meets on the third Saturday of
each month, in the hall of the Delaware County
Institute of Science, at 2 p.m. The subjects here-
tofore discussed have related to injurious insects
and their depredations ; to the proper observance
of Arbor Day ; to methods of preserving an in-
vigorating atmosphere, pure air being considered
as needful as pure water ; wide streets, for the ad-
mission of sunlight ; abundant shade trees in all
densely-populated locations ; large building lots,
and houses either singly or in pairs, in preference
to continuous rows of dwellings ; and the conver-
sion of harmful sewerage into beneficial fertilizing
material. There can be no doubt that topics of
kindred interest will arise from month to month.
The Association has resolved that since well-
planted lawns, parks and reserved woodlands are
public benefactions, they should be acknowledged
as such by the remission of taxes upon them.

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FOREST LEAVES.

II

>^HE Pennsylvania Forestry Association has
\Q addressed the following circular letter to the
Board of Publication of Philadelphia : —
** Gentlemen. — The Council of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association respectfully beg to
call your attention to the Proclamation of Gov-
ernor Beaver, which appoints the 27th of April as
Arbor Day. Since the Governor strongly urges
the observance of the day by public schools, not
only as a means of imparting necessary instruction
to children upon trees, plants, flowers, shrubs and
vines, but also expresses his earnest conviction as to
the great importance of forest culture, we beg you
to set apart the 27th of April as a holiday ; that
you will order, wherever practicable , that trees be
planted in school yards, along the highways and
streets, and, particularly, that memorial trees and
groves be planted in the Park, in the plot assigned
for the purpose by the Park Commissioners.

** We would earnestly plead, also, that wherever
it is impracticable to plant either trees or flowers,
that suitable exercises for the observance of the
day may be ordered, and proper instruction upon
the value and utility of forests, their influence
upon climate, soil, productions, etc., may be
given ; that the rooms in which celebrations are
held may be decorated with plants and flowers ;
that national and other songs may be sung, poetry
recited ; in short, such observance of the day as
will leave a lasting impression upon teachers and
scholars, as well as aff'ord them the great enjoy-
ment of some of Nature's most beneficent gifts.

** To obtain any beneficial results to the forestry
interests of the State, the proper sentiment with
regard to trees must be implanted. Many States
have found the observance of Arbor Day emi-
nently calculated to conduce to this end.

*' A committee of the Council of the Forestry
Association will be happy to wait upon a com-
mittee of your Board with reference to the
observance of Arbor Day.

Burnet Landreth, President,
Mr. S. M. Coates,
Mrs. G. Dawson Coleman,
Mrs. J. P. LuNDY,
J. Rodman Paul,
Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Committee, ' '
The Committee on Office of the Board of
Education and the committee of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association held a conference
regarding the matter. Superintendent MacAlister
suggested that in the outlying wards the pupils
might plant trees, and that in the more central
portions of the city special exercises should be
held to instruct the children concerning forestry
and other matters appropriate to the day. Both
committees agreed that this would be the best
method to celebrate the day, and the Superinten-
dent and Mr. Kinsey were directed to prepare a

circular letter to the principals of schools, inform-
ing them that there would be but one session on
Arbor Day, and advising them as to the proper
exercises to be held. The fact that the 27th of April
is the anniversary of General Grant's birthday will
lend an additional interest to the celebration.

Central Asia— -A Military Problem

BY GENERAL SIR JOHN ADYE, G. C. B.,R. A.

IT would be foreign to the purpose of this article
to enter minutely into the causes of the ster-
ility of the regions of Central Asia, causes
which, to a great extent, have produced similar
results in the neighboring countries of Persia,
Afghanistan and Asiatic Turkey, and, indeed, in
many other parts of the world. It is well known
that the general destruction of forests, if persis-
tently carried out, will, in the course of time,
reduce any country to a condition of almost
absolute barrenness. The rainfall becomes inter-
mittent and gradually diminishes, and when it
comes, the ground, having little vegetation or
means of absorption, is torn up; the mountains
become monuments of rocky desolation; the
rivers are variable in their volume, and many of
them never reach the sea, and the plains result in
being mere saline steppes.

All these are specially marked characteristics of
the countries just named, and these, combined
with misgovernment, are the main causes of their
decay, which has been in progress for centuries.
It may be possible, by careful forestry and by
process of irrigation, gradually to restore to nature
the riches which the hands of men in previous
ages have destroyed; but, under any circum-
stances, this is a consummation to be slowly real-
ized, and which, in all probability, will never be
achieved. — Contemporary Review,

Governor Beaver has appointed the following
gentlemen Commissioners of Forestry for Penn-
svlvania: Hon. Washington Townsend, Chester;
Rev. Samuel F. Colt, Bradford; Col. G. B.
Weistling, Franklin; Prof. Buckhart, Centre;
T. O. Praetorius, Schuylkill.

The regular Spring Meeting of the Forestry
Association will be held on the evening of May
3d, at the College of Physicians, 13th and Locust
streets. A full programme of the meeting will be
published later.

The Board of Publication decided at the last
meeting to open the columns of Forest Leaves
to a limited number of advertisements consistent
with the character of the paper. Particulars re-
garding space, rates, etc., can be had by address-
ing F. D. Hartzell, 3336 Chestnut street, Phila-
delphia.

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FOREST LEAVES.

Arbor-Day Proclamation.

IN the name and by authority of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania :

WhereaSy By a concurrent resolution of the
General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Penn-
sylvania, approved the 30th day of March, a.d.
1887, the Governor of the Commonwealth was
requested to appoint annually a day to be desig-
nated as Arbor Day in Pennsylvania, and to rec-
ommend by proclamation to the people on the
days named the planting of trees and shrubbery in
the public school grounds and along the public
highways, throughout the State ; and

Whereas^ The observance of Arbor Day here-
tofore has been found to be productive of much
practical good ; therefore,

I, James A. Beaver, Governor of the said Com-
monwealth, have appointed and designated, and
do hereby appoint and designate, Friday, the 27th
day of April, a.d. 1888, to be observed as Arbor
Day throughout the said Commonwealth. Not
only should trees and shrubbery be planted in the
public school grounds and along the public high-
ways throughout the State, but increased attention
should be given to the planting of trees wherever
they can be properly cultivated. Thousands of
iacres of farm lands otherwise unproductive can be
turned to profitable account, by the cultivation of
timber, nut, and fruit-bearing trees. The subject
should receive the careful and considerate atten-
tion of all who are interested in the prosperity of
the Commonwealth, and in a remunerative return
for money invested in and the labor expended
upon their lands. The observance of the day
should not be confined to literary exercises in,
and tree-planting by, our public schools. It is a
subject which demands and should receive the
thoughtful attention and careful consideration of
all our people. The general observance of the
day should result in the planting of large numbers
of trees, not only for shade and ornament, but for
practical uses and profitable return in the future.
The incidental advantages which will result to the
community are great and varied. The necessity
for increased attention to the general subject of
forestry is becoming more and more apparent.
There should be not only an increased attention
to the dissemination of knowledge upon the sub-
ject, but a great increase in the number of trees
actually planted. If the grounds surrounding our
school houses are filled with trees and shrubs, let
the scholars secure permission from the owners of
lands along the highways to plant trees in such a
way as to be protected from injury, and at the
same time afford beauty and shade to the passer-by.

Parents and children, and citizens generally,
are recommended to join in the observance of this
day, and to seek opportunities and avenues for
extending its influence and beneficent results. If

41

,>■> -. V.

the day should not be sufficient for the accomplish-
ing of all that is wishedV l^t the work be continued
on the following day; a^d. if for any. reason it
should be found impracticable to obserye the day
fixed as Arbor Day, let tbq' ^dtomunity choose
some other day which will be more suitable for
the locality.

Given under my hand and the great seal of the
Commonwealth at Harrisburg, the twenty-first day
of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-eight, and of the Com-
monwealth the one hundred and twelfth.

[seal.] JAMES A. BEAVER.

By the Governor : —

Charles W. Stone,

Secretary of the Commonwealth,

Increasing the Durability of Timber.

OUR people waste a large amount of timber
and of labor by lack of care for the tim-
ber after it is cut. Rotting of timbers and
fence posts necessitate not only the cutting of a
larger quantity of wood but also the labor of re-
placing the same oftener, than if the wood could
be made to last longer.

There are some rules in the handling of timber
which are too often overlooked, and which should
be observed by everybody who uses wood in
places where it cannot be kept dry or wholly sub-
merged.

There is also much unintelligent use of paints
and other coatings, applied in the hope of pre-
serving timber, when it should have been well
known, that by painting green or badly-seasoned
timber decay is hastened rather than prevented.

While to many it may be impossible to apply
the more complicated and expensive methods of
wood preservation which recommend themselves
to large consumers of wood material, knowledge
of the following considerations will aid the small
consumer to handle his material to better advan-
tage, to utilize forest products more thoroughly
and intelligently, and to make them last from two
to three times as long as when not observed.

DECAY OF WOOD.

I. Decay of wood is due to fermentation of the
sap, induced probably by the growth of either
bacteria or fungi. These organisms need for their
development warmth and moisture, besides the
nitrogenous substances and salts contained in solu-
tions in the sap.

To prevent the growth of these ferments, there-
fore, the sap in the wood must be dissolved
(leeched) or dried out, and moisture be prevented
from entering again.

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42

•.VI

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

43

I \

THE MANNER OF USE INFLUEKCES DURABILITY OF
;. ^ TIMBER.

2. 'Kmi>e^^ placed entirely under water or deep
in soil (drain pipes) win practically not decay,
nor is it liableito rot When kept absolutely dry,
away from the influences of humid atmosphere.

Wood generally decays in proportion to the
warmth of the temperature.

Hence on northern exposures, in cool valleys,
on high elevations in northern countries, the dura-
tion of wood is longer than when placed under
opposite influences.

If wood is used in contact with the ground,
decay proceeds the more rapidly (beginning at
the point of contact with the soil) the looser,
moister, and warmer the soil, and especially the
greater the liability of change from dry to wet ;
* therefore timber will last longer in heavy, always
moist clay, than in loose, alternately moist and
dry sand or gravel, or in warm, comparatively dry
lime soils.

Rooms without ventilation induce decay, pro-
ducing the dry-rot (which first appears in white
patches changing into brown or gray). Ventila-
tion, drying-out, and isolation from moisture will
cure this defect.

NATURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING DURABILITY.

3. Sound mature trees yield more durable tim-
ber than either young or very old trees. Maturity
is the time when trees have ceased to grow vigor-
ously, which is indicated by the flattening of the
crown, dying- out of branches in the crown, and
by the change of color of the bark. Maturity
may be reached, according to circumstances, by
the same species when the diameter is only a few
inches or when it is as many feet. The small tree
on arid soil or overtopped by others from its birth,
may be as old or older than a tree of greater
dimensions growing under more favorable condi-
tions. Of two pieces 0/ the same kind the heavier
is the more durable, although absolute weight of
two diff'erent kinds of timber does not determine
their relative durability.

Heart-wood, as a rule, can resist deterioration
longer than sap-wood, because it contains less sap;
but when the sap-wood is well seasoned and
heavier, this difference disappears.

The site has an influence on durability in so far
as it influences the formation of heavy wood.

Quickly-grown hard-woods with wide annual
rings, and slowly-groivn conifers with narrow (yet
not too narrow) rings, and *' tapped " pines (on
the tapped side) yield, as a rule, the most durable
wood, other conditions being equal.

Coniferous wood from comparatively poor soils,
high altitude, and dense forest, hard-woods from
rich, deep, warm soils and isolated position, are
most durable.

The resinous substances in conifers form an ele-
ment of protection against decay.

4. The following list of trees comprises most of
those of common occurrence which have been
found to be the most durable. Without means
of determining the exact relative value of the
diff'erent species, it has been possible only to give
a series which in general proceeds from the most
durable to less durable ones.

EASTERN RANGE.

Conifers : Red CtddiX , Juniperus Virginiana, L.;
White Cedar, Chamcecyparis sphceroidea, Spach. ;
Arbor- Vitae, Thuya occidenialis, L. ; Bald Cy-
press, Taxodium distichum, Rich. ; Long-leaved
Pine, Finus palustris. Miller ; Red Pine, Pinus
resinosa, Ait. ; Cuban Pine, Finus Cubensis,
Griseb. ; Short-leaved Pine, Finus mitis, Michx.

Broad-leaved Trees : White Oak, Quercus alba,
L.; Post Oak, Quercus obtusiloba, Michx.; Basket
Oak, Quercus Michauxii, Nutt.; Burr Oak, Quer-
cus macrocarpa, Michx.; Chestnut Oak, Quercus
prinus, la.'y Livt Oaky Quercus virens, Ait. ; Osage
Orange, Madura aurantiaca, Nutt.; Hardy Catal-
pa, Catalpa speciosa, Warder ; Black Locust, Ro-
binia pseudacacia, L.; Honey Locust, Gleditschia
triacanthos, L.; Red Mulberry, Morus rubra, L.;
Chestnut, Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A.

D. C.

Rocky Mountain Region,

Red Cedar, Juniperus Virginiana, L.; Pinyon
Pine, Finus edulis, Engelm.; Fox-tail Pine, Finus
Balfouriana, Murray; Douglas Spruce, Fseudot-
suga Douglasiiy Carr.; Western Larch, Larix
occidentalis, Nutt.; Burr Oak, Quercus macrocarpa,

Michx.

Facific Slope,

Yew, Taxus brevifolia, Nutt.; Redwood, Sequoia
sempervirens, Endlicher; Lawson's Cypress, Cha-
mcecy Paris Lawsoniana, Pari.; Canoe Cedar,
Thuya gigantea, Nutt.; Douglas Spruce, Fseudof-
suga Douglasii, Carr.; Western Larch, Laris
occidentalis, Nutt,; Live Oak, Quercus chrysolepis,
Liebm.; Post Oak, Quercus Garryana, Dougl.

TIME OF FELLING.

5. With proper after-treatment of the wood the
time of felling seems not to aff'ect its durability.
Early winter felling (December) should have the
preference, because less fermentable sap is then
in the trees, and the timber will season with less
care, more slowly and more evenly, and before
the temperature is warm enough for fermentation
to set in.

If the wood is cut " in the sap '* it is more liable
to fermentation and to the attacks of insects, and
more care is necessary in seasoning; for the rapid
seasoning, due to the warm, dry atmosphere, pro-
duces an outer seasoned coat which envelops an

unseasoned interior liable to decay. When cut in
the leaf, it is advantageous to let the trees lie full
length until the leaves are thoroughly withered
(two or three weeks) before cutting to size. With
conifers this is good practice at any season, and
if it can be done, all winter-felled trees should be
left lying to leaf out in spring, by which most of
the sap is worked out and evaporated.

TREATMENT AFTER FELLING.

6. Always remove the bark from felled timber

to aid seasoning — but not from the standing tree.

Never allow the log to lie directly on the moist

soil.

If winter-felled, shape the timber to size within
two weeks after felling, and leave it placed on
blocks — not upon the soil— in the forest, or if
shaped at home place in a dry, airy — not windy —
position away from sun and rain.

If dried too rapidly, wood warps and splits, the
cracks collect water and the timber is then easily
attacked and destroyed by rot.

With large logs, checking may be prevented by
coating the ends with some fatty or oily substance
mixed with brick dust, or covering with a piece
of linen cloth, or even paper, or by simply shad-
ing them to lessen evaporation; cracks on the
sides may be filled in with tow or cotton.

When piling timber, place laths or sticks of
uniform size at uniform distances under each log,
or post, or tie.

Sufficiently thorough seasoning for most pur-
poses is obtained in twelve to eighteen months,
while for special work, according to the size, from
two to ten years is required.

The best method of obtaining proper seasoning
without costly apparatus in shorter time, is to
immerse the prepared timber in water, from one to
three weeks, to dissolve the fermentable matter
nearest the surface. This is best done in running
water; if such is not at hand, a bath may be sub-
stituted, the water of which needs frequent change.
Timber so treated, like raft-timber, will season
more quickly and is known to be more durable.

If practicable, the application of boiling water
or steam is an advantage in leeching out the sap.

COATINGS TO KEEP OUT MOISTURE.

7. Never apply paint or any other coating to
green or unseasoned timber.

If the wood was not well dried or seasoned, the
coat will only hasten decay.

Good coatings consist of oily or resinous sub-
stances which make a smooth coat, capable of
being uniformly applied ; they must cover every
part, must not crack, and possess a certain amount
of plasticity after drying.

Coal-tar, with or without sand or plaster or
pitch, especially if mixed with oil of turpentine

and applied hot (thus penetrating more deeply),
answers best. A mixture of three parts coal-tar
and one part clean, unsalted grease, to prevent the
tar from drying until it has had time to fill the
minute pores, is recomfnended. One barrel of
coal-tar (J3 to J4 per barrel) will cover 300 posts.
Wood-tar is not serviceable, because it does not
dry.

Oil paints are next in value. Boiled linseed oil
or any other drying vegetable — not animal — oils,
are used with lead or any other body (like pulver-
ized charcoal) to give substance. Immersion in
crude petroleum is also recommended.

Charring of those parts which come into con-
tact with the ground can be considered only as an
imperfect preservative, unless a considerable layer
of charcoal is formed ; and if it is not carefully
done the eff*ect is often detrimental, as the process
both weakens the timber and produces cracks,
thus exposing the interior to ferments.

Lastly, in communities where durable timber is
scarce it will pay to establish a plant for impreg-
nating timber w;th antiseptics by the more costly
processes described in Forestry Bulletin No. i.-^
Forestry Leaflet, by B. E. Fernow.

Forest Tree Culture on the Girard Estate

Lands.

(From the Annual Report.)

y^ HE cultivation of a second growth of forest
\Q trees has been continued in a small way for
ten years.
The young pine and oak trees first planted,
having been set out on the mountain side, unen-
closed, uncultivated and mixed with a growth of
young chestnut and scrub oak shoots growing
spontaneously and thickly, have not made the
growth shown by the European Larch shoots set
out four years later. The latter, less than six
inches in height when set out in the spring of
1 88 1, are now from fourteen to eighteen feet

The following are the diff'erent plantings which
have been made since the experiment was first

started: —

In ;i877, five hundred young shoots of White
Fine, White Oak and Scotch Fine were planted on
the John Alexander Tract.

In 1881, seven hundred and fifty small shoots of
European Larch were planted on the James How-
ell Tract, northwest of the No. 2 Reservoir of the
Girard Water Company.

In 1882, two hundred Austrian Fines, from
three to five feet high, one hundred Norway
Spruces, of the same size, and two thousand Scotch
Pine shoots were set out on the Howell Tract.

I

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44

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

45

1 1

In 1885, one thousand European Larch shoots
were planted on the Howell Tract.

In 1887, one thousand European Larches, from
one to two feet high, and one thousand Scotch
Pines, of the same size, were set out on the
Howell Tract.

The tree plantation on the James Howell Tract
along the northwestern bank of the No. 2 Reser-
voir of the Girard Water Company has been
fenced to keep out cattle, to prevent the theft of
the I^rch trees, for which some aesthetic but not
over-scrupulous visitors had manifested a decided
appreciation, and to secure the water of the reser-
voir from trespass and pollution. Both banks of
the stream flowing into the reservoirs of the
Girard Water Company, reaching a thousand
yards from the stream on either side and extend-
ing half a mile above the upper reservoir, were
enclosed by fencing this year. During the next
season the fallen timber and brushwood on this
will be removed and the ground put in condition
for raising a growth of timber. Several thousand
Larch and Pine shoots will be. set out in this
enclosure next spring.

Robert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, from
whom all our trees have been obtained, has planted
three millions of Catalpa and Ailanthus trees on
a thousand acres of land in Kansas for the Kansas
City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad Company.
He plants in rows four feet apart and four feet
apart in the rows. In his report to the company,
of October ist, 1885, he states that '' they were
planted closely to avoid the necessity of pruning.
The trees will prune each other. Even the six-
year old trees are now twenty feet high and have
their side branches already smothered and dead
up to one-half their height, so that it would be a
great waste of time, if nothing worse, to prune
them the first ten feet from the ground ; and it
must be apparent to any one that it would be very
costly to prune them up the next ten feet ; but in
three more years the next ten feet will be pruned
by the same process as the first. The living side
brunches are a great advantage to the trees, sup-
port the trunk, fill up and shade the spaces
between the trees, shading out weeds and retain-
ing the moisture. The branches already dead —
and they are the only ones that could be removed
without actual damage to the trees — would cost as
much for pruning and removing as the full cost of
furnishing the trees, planting and cultivating them
until the present time. These dead branches will
fall off gradually, so that, when the trees are sixty
feet high, they will show a trunk of forty feet
without a limb, and, as may be seen in the native
forests, the branches will have decayed gradually
and assisted in furnishing nutriment to the living
trees."

The European Larch seems the best suited of

any we have yet tried to our soil and climate, and
will furnish a timber well adapted for mining
purposes.

Curiosities of California Redwood.

^jLTHOUGH wide planks of redwood occa-
\r\ sionally attract attention in the Eastern mar-
•' kets, but few persons outside of California
know the gigantic dimensions in which redwood
lumber may easily be obtained from mills which
possess machinery capable of sawing it. We re-
member seeing once a solid redwood plank five
feet wide, which was the admiration of the build-
ing portion of the town for a time, but, according
to the California Architect, this was small compared
with some to be had in the vicinity of the redwood
forests. Not long ago the managers of a State
Fair in California sent circulars to the saw-mills,
inviting exhibits of redwood planks. In response
to this, a certain mill sent a ** good-sized" plank,
which measured six feet in width. Hearing of
this, the proprietors of another mill worked up
some planks eighty inches wide, and sent samples
for exhibition ; and soon afterward a third estab-
lishment, the McHay mill, forwarded a lot of
perfectly clear, sound planks and boards, varying
in width from ten to eleven feet. If there were
any special demand for such enormous pieces of
this unrivaled timber, they would be more fre-
quently seen, but the wood construction of the
world has for a thousand years been based on the
assumption that sawed sticks measuring more than
twelve inches in breadth or depth of section would
be costly, and difficult to obtain ; and a new sys-
tem must be made to suit the materials of the
Pacific coast, or the redwood logs will continue
to be subdivided into pieces approaching in size
the Eastern lumber. On the other side of the
water the standard of size for framing timber is still
smaller than with us. If we are not mistaken, few
mediaeval cathedrals on the Continent contain a
stick larger than eight inches square in cross-sec-
tion, and, although English timber was of larger
dimensions a thousand years ago, there would be
little difference now.

Another article in the California Architect gwts
a suggestion which ought to be valuable. A gen-
tleman, who has worked redwood of all sorts, has
found, as might be expected, that the lumber from
the root, or from the trunk just above the root, is
far more beautiful in figure, and more suitable in
other respects for the manufacture of furniture,
than that taken from the upper part of the tree.
In consequence of this observation, he has been
accustomed to visit farms in the redwood district,
from which the timber had been cut, and off'er to
remove the stumps. These, in most cases, have
been left in the ground, the cost of extracting

them, or blowing them to pieces with gunpowder,
having deterred both the lumberman and the
farmer from meddling with them, while the latter,
remembering the spruce stumps of the East, has
comforted himself with the expectation that they
would soon rot away. Unfortunately for this the-
ory, the redwood is very durable, and as a quarter
of a century has passed over many of the stumps
without producing any symptoms of decay in them,
the farmers have become tired of plowing around
them, and are glad to accept a proposal to take
them away. On his side, the furniture manufac-
turer finds himself abundantly supplied with the
material he likes best, at the cost of getting it,
and finds it, when worked up, so useful and so pop-
ular that he seriously asserts that by proper treat-
ment the stumps alone on a farm in the redwood re-
gion '* can be made to bring more money than the
price of the land and the value of the timber which
has been cut from it." Extravagant as this claim
seems, the experience of the farmers in the black-
walnut district of Ohio indicate that if not entirely
reasonable now, it is likely to be so before many
years. Hundreds of Ohio farmers, who have toiled
half their lives in clearing their land, and '* im-
proving" it by cultivation, would be far richer
to-day if they had never touched it at all ; and if
there had been any with taste and foresight enough
to leave some clumps of the beautiful black-walnut
trees to diversify their farms, and used a little for-
estry science in managing them, they would by
this time have found the crops from the uncleared
land by far the most valuable resource of the
estate. — American Architect and Building News,

Forest Culture.

^r-jT the request of Governor Beaver, Mr. G. A.
yl Praetorius, Manager of the woodlands of the
J • Reading Railroad and Coal and Iron Com-
pany, has prepared a paper on '* Forest Culture,"
which has just been issued from the State printing
office at Harrisburg.

Mr. Praetorius, who was educated in Forestry in
Germany, where the subject receives careful atten-
tion at the hands of the government, deals largely
in the adaptation of different soils to the cultiva-
tion of forest trees. He first treats of deciduous
trees, such as the white oak, hickory and black
walnut, and gives valuable instructions, gathered
from personal experience and observation, as to
the gathering of nuts in the fall, their proper
storage during winter and then transplanting
them from the seed beds in the spring. The
acorn will start its germ in the fall, but in conse-
quence of the hard frosts in this latitude, he thinks
fall planting is not advisable. Large quantities
of seed may be kept in ground cellars, especially

constructed for the purpose. They may be kept
in sheltered seed beds, not exposed to winter
snow or rain, and in July, when they have finished
their growth for the year, may be safely trans-
planted. In the new bed they should be planted
six or eight inches apart in drills. Hickory and
black walnut need no protection from rain, snow
or frost. The harder they freeze in the ground,
the sooner they will germinate in the spring. The
top dressing of the seed beds should be composed
of sod ashes. In order to cultivate chestnuts, the
nuts should be kept safely during the winter and
planted in the spring. This may be done by
burying a box without a bottom to the depth of
six or eight inches in the ground, laying sod on
the bottom, and therein placing the chestnuts
mixed with sand. When the box is full to within
four inches of the top, cover the nuts with sod,
pour plenty of water over them, and cover the
whole with bricks to keep out the rats and mice.
The young chestnut sprouts are very sensitive to
the hot rays of the sun in July and August, and
should be shaded during the day. In a seed bed
twelve feet wide and twenty-two feet long, in
drills six inches apart, there can be raised 4ooc^
chestnut plants, seedlings enough to plant two or
three acres. Mr. Praetorius treats in detail of the
chestnut, oak, the black oak, the beech, alder,
birch and willow and the hazel. He says: ** There
is not one of our forest trees from which a profit
can be realized in so short a time as the willow.
There is hardly a farm to be found where a few
thousand willows might not be cultivated in such
soil and in such places as are otherwise useless to
the owner. Many of our farmers allow little
streams to run through their meadows as their
grandfathers did, never thinking of utilizing the
water to their profit. Owners should bank up the
sides of their streams with stones, and nlant
basket willow on the water's edge, giving each
willow a distance of four feet on either side."
Mr. Praetorious maintains that nature has specially
selected the fir trees to shade the soil and retain
moisture, and for this reason the evergreen forest
trees should receive more attention than the de-
ciduous ones. Seeds of good quality may be pro-
cured from any reliable seed firm. Mr. Praetorius
says many farmers would become owners of small
pine forests if they knew and realized the value
they would be to their agricultural lands.

The ravages of the blizzards reported from
Kansas, Nebraska and the Indian Territory are
more severe and destructive than any previously
on record in that part of the West. The danger
from such blizzards will not disappear until they
are broken by the trees which have yet to be
planted by the settlers, in accordance with a large
and sensible system of tree planting.— TV. Y. Sun.

I

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46

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

47

1,
1

ONCE we had some hard feelings against the
** bloated capitalists" who were buying up
public timber lands in the South to hold for
future speculation instead of for immediate devel-
opment, but we have changed our notion. If all
the capital and energy that has been, and can, and
will be, put into the manufacture of Southern
timber were employed at once and continuously,
the supply would be exhausted before we could
construct a bottom that would hold prices. As
long as Southern timber lands were worth nothing
and could not be sold for anything, our people
were as well able to hold them as anybody, and
did for a century or so. But now that they are
worth from two to ten dollars and up per acre,
we would feel bound to slash down the trees if we
could not sell them standing. The Southern
people are acting very much like the Indians did
about the lands— could not afford to hold them
after they got to be worth something.

Every evil has its compensation in good. It is
all right and for the best, perhaps, that wealthy
men, firms and syndicates shall buy up and hold
for the future a large portion of Southern standing
timber. Greed for gain will do in the future what
poverty and lack of demand has done in the
past — preserve our forests. — Southern Lumberman,

Timber Land Act Abuses.

>^HE California State Board of Forestry has
\Q addressed a memorial to Congress praying
for an act to *' preserve the remnants of the
forests" in that State, which are suffering de-
struction under section 2330 of the Revised
Statutes and the Act of June 3d, 1878, providing
for the sale of timber lands. Under these the
General Land Office rulings and instructions, it
appears, allow to locators of mining claims '* the
exclusive right of possession to the surface ground
included within the lines of their location," and
'' also the right of possession to the timber grow-
ing thereon." The State Board says :—

** Under this ruling parties in the mining coun-
ties, at the cost of 'one dollar; Recorder's fee,
obtain possessory title and exclusive right to the
timber growing on 160 acres of land, and do al-
low the owners of sawmills or corporations, for a
royalty of perhaps 50 cents or %\ per tree or cord
of firewood, to cut all the timber on the premises
so located. As soon as all timber is cut, a new
tract is located, by the same parties, in the same
manner, and the practice is repeated by them as
long as sawlogs or cordwood is in demand, de-
riving therefrom quite a revenue. This practice
is carried on to a great extent in the mining

counties."

Moreover, the Timber Lands Act restricts pur-

chase under its provisions to lands ' ' valuable for
timber, but unfit for cultivation," fixing the pur-
chase price for such lands at $2.50 per acre, leav-
ing thereby the best and most valuable class of
timber lands—that is, lands valuable for timber
and fit for cultivation also, open to preemption
and homestead entry. The requirements of the
act demanding a statement as to the character of
the land, '* verified by the oath of the applicant,"
the Board says, '* prevent parties willing to pur-
chase and to pay to the Government the ^[2.50
per acre from obtaining title, because they cannot
swear conscientiously that lands, the soil of which
is rich enough to produce the growth of giant
sequoias, enormous sugar pines, and all the other
more valuable species of coniferous trees, and are
generally well watered, are unfit for cultivation.
Being, therefore, open to preemption, land rings,
lumber companies and owners of sawmills are not
slow to avail themselves of the opportunities
offered, and obtain possession of the choicest tim-
ber lands for the insignificant sum of I3 per 160
acres, the amount of the fee demanded for filing
the claim in the proper office. Under the plea of
clearing the land for agricultural purposes, they
proceed at once to cut the timber, but fail to
make any attempt at cultivation, and leave the
land, long before the expiration of the thirty-
three months, despoiled of all valuable timber.
If this is the practical working of our well-meant
provisions of law, there can be no doubt that the
matter deserves the early attention of Congress.
It should be noted that the statements of the Cali-
fornia Forestry Board are confirmed by a resolu-
tion of the American Horticultural Association,
adopted in convention on January 20th, which
** calls the attention of Congress to this subject,
of vital importance to the country, and requests
that all Government timber lands be at once
withdrawn from sale or entry, and that the Mining
Act granting timber to locators be repealed."—
New York Evening Post.

Our Forestry Preservation.

T-^ ENNSYLVANIA'S mountain regions, diver-
1^ sified with deep valleys, along which wind
tortuous water courses, render a knowledge of
woodcraft and preservation of forests necessary to
secure the property and even the lives of the
dwellers of the lowlands. To denude the steep
and rugged acclivities of mountain sides is to bring
ruin to those who live beneath. The small bsooks
that meander harmlessly along, swelling in volume
under the melting snows that will soon augment
their waters, will become mountain torrents, whose
possibilities for destruction are incalculable,loosen-
ing earth and rocks, which sweep down with the

force of an alpine avalanche upon those beneath,
and their destructive power cannot be withstood.
In the Germanic highlands, and especially in
the Alpine country, whose conformation and to-
pography correspond closely to vast regions in
our State, trained foresters are continually em-
ployed to attend to their duties as carefully as the
members of any other profession. They are di-
vided into two ranks, corresponding to commis-
sioned and non-commissioned officers in an army.
A boy who passes an examination such as we im-
pose from the Grammar to the High School, is
eligible to the lower grades. He is assigned, when
appointed, to a district with small pay, where he
is set at practical work in the office and in the
woods under a forester. He is taught woodcraft.
If he prove capable and efficient after a specified
term of service he is promoted until he becomes
a Forst Wart, who manages the forest, employs
the laborers and executes the government forestry

rules.

For the higher position the applicant must pass
such an examination as would lead to an entrance
into the University of Pennsylvania. He enters a
school of forestry having a three years* course, con-
taining thorough theoretical and practical training,
embracing lectures on natural science applying to
woodcraft. His examination for further advance
is as severe as that demanded for a university de-
gree, although of different character. Then he
assumes the administration of large extents of
mountain woodlands. He is a sportsman also, a
geologist, a zoologist, a pisciculturist, protecting
birds and beasts as well as forest and the earth
from wanton destruction and dangerous disinte-
gration. The arboreal profits pay his expenses,
and perquisites are obtained from sportsmen and
travelers to whom he acts as guide, philosopher

and friend. , j »

As our settlements extend and our land becomes
occupied and timber is hewn the necessity for some
such provision against destruction of our forests
and for the planting of woodland trees becomes
apparent. The peculiar adaptation of Pennsyl-
vania soil for the finest and most valuable forest
trees should lead to such action by our next Legis-
lature as will provide for all the emergencies of
the future. — Inquirer,

What Trees to Plant.

T7r\ DOUGLASS & SONS have issued a circular
iV. relating to transplanting, which may interest
^ our readers who wish to plant trees on Arbor
Day. They now send packages of trees by matL
The trees are said to reach their destination m any
part of the country in as good a condition as when
they leave the nursery, and trees have been sent
to Europe and to the East Indies, 400 miles inland

to Calcutta. We reprint the following from their

circular : —

The White Pine is, without a doubt, the most
valuable timber tree for Northern Illinois, North-
ern Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota, Wisconsin, Canada
and the New England States. It will not grow
so rapidly as the Scotch Pine the first five years,
but after ten years' planting it far exceeds the
Scotch Pine in growth.

The Scotch Pine is one of the most rapid grow-
ers of all our hardy Evergreens while young, and
makes an excellent wind-break for sheltering
orchards, buildings, etc.

The Norway Spruce is so well known as being
one of the best Evergreens for ornamental pur-
poses, that it is only necessary for us to say that it
it also valuable for hedges and screens.

The American White Spruce is far preferable to
the Norway Spruce for the West, as it endures the
hot, dry winds in summer, and never browns in
severe winters.

The Austrian Pine.— The Black Pine of Austria
was introduced into Britain in 1835, and into this
country a few years later, and is decidedly a
favorite in ornamental grounds. It is very hardy,
symmetrical and compact, presenting a dense mass
of rich, dark green foliage in winter.

The European or Tyrolese Larch (Lanx Europa)
is the great timber tree of Europe, combining rapid
growth with great durability and extreme hardiness.
It is also very desirable as an ornamental tree,
its conical shape, regular, delicate branches, and
soft, light green leaves, make a striking contrast
to the different varieties of European and other
ornamental trees.

Four by four feet is the distance recommended
for planting the Larch and other coniferous trees
in forests, as, at that distance apart, they can be
worked both ways with a cultivator for two or
three years. The side branches will by that time
shade the ground and destroy the undergrowth,
and no more cultivation will be required.

The European Larch should be planted as early
in spring as possible, as it commences growth at
a very low temperature. If done early, no tree
will stand transplanting better. It should never
be planted on low, wet ground. It grows on all
rich uplands, and even on land too dry and poor
for almost any other trees, except Scotch and

White Pines. r ^ ^

The Larch should not be planted as a forest tree
south of 40 degrees. It is perfectly hardy in
Minnesota, Dakota and Canada.

The Wild Black Cherry is one of the most rapid
growers of all our valuable Northern hard wood
forest trees, making lumber almost equal in value
to the Black Walnut ; grows freely on any dry land,
even if too poor for agricultural purposes, healthy,
of upright growth and easily transplanted.

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48

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

49

The Russian Mulberry grows rapidly when young,
and makes a good wind-break.

The European Alder is a large tree of very
rapid growth, and is adapted to land too wet
for other forest trees; also grows well on dry
land.

The Yellow and Canoe Birch are both valu-
able timber trees, perfectly hardy in Minnesota,
Dakota and further north.

The America White Ash is one of the most
valuable and profitable trees for forest planting.
The Massachusetts Board of Agriculture have
offered very liberal premiums to encourage the
planting of this tree within that State.

Prof. Budd, of Iowa, says : *' A grove of ten
acres, thinned to six feet apart, containing twelve
thousand trees, at twelve years were eight inches
in diameter and thirty-five feet high ; the previous
thinning paying all expenses of planting and
cultivation.

**Ten feet of the bodies of these trees were
worth, for making bent stuff, etc., forty cents
each, and the remaining top ten cents, making a
total of J6000 as the profits of ten acres in twelve
years, or a yearly profit of $50 per acre.'* —
Northrop* s Economic Tree Planting,

The Western Catalpa is very hardy up to 42
degrees north latitude. It is more upright and
symmetrical in its growth and hardier than the
Common Catalpa (C bigmnoides ,) which will
not endure our Western winters north of 40
degrees.

We have personally examined into and found
positive proof in numerous cases of this timber
having stood as fence posts for a great number of
years without decay. Its great durability, its
tenacity of life, the ease with which it is trans-
planted, and its rapid growth, make it, in our
opinion, one of the most profitable trees for forest
growth south of 42 degrees.

Common Locust. — We have examined this tree
thoroughly in New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming,
Utah, Nevada and generally through the dry
regions of the West, where it makes a better
growth without irrigation than any other tree. It
is a rapid grower, timber durable and valuable.
It is entirely free from the borer in dry climates.
We would recommend planting intermixed with
Mulberry, the trees in plantations to stand 4 by 4
feet apart. It is not hardy in Northern Dakota
and Montana.

All trees should be unpacked as soon as re-
ceived from the Nursery; the trees dipped in
mud about the thickness of paint, and either
planted immediately, or heeled in, in a shady
place until ready to plant. Be careful not to
wet the foliage of Evergreen trees when pud-
dling the roots, and to keep the roots from dry-
ing till planted.

^^HE Pennsylvania Forestry Association ap-
Vc) peals to Congress against the wide and
wanton destruction of the forests. ... Of
the two bills now pending in Congress, No. 6045
provides a remedy for the mischief, and is greatly
preferable to No. 7901. The former bill provides
for careful selection of proper lands for permanent
forests, to be guarded from spoliation and destruc-
tion, and for the advantageous sale of merchant-
able timber under government supervision, and
with constant regard to the preservation of new
growths. The bill also makes unauthorized cut-
ting and injury a criminal offence, and establishes
a system of guardianship and enforcement of the
laws against individuals and corporations. Tlje
bill No. 7901 is much more loosely drawn as to
protection from waste and injury, and lacks defi-
nite and strict methods of enforcing the laws.

The cause which is wisely advocated by the
Pennsylvania Association must depend for its
prosperity upon public spirit and public intelli-
gence. Bad laws and inefficient execution of them
are due generally to public ignorance and indiffer-
ence. Strictly political questions are so absorbing
that subjects which are often of much greater sig-
nificance and concern are neglected from sheer
inability of the public to inform itself upon their
merits. The question of preserving the forests in
this country is novel, and incomprehensible to
those persons who have thought that there is an end-
less supply of timber. . . . The ** uprising" of the
press in New York a few years since to save the
Adirondack forest as indispensable to an adequate
water supply for the State was the first revelation
to many intelligent citizens that there was a forest
** question." It is one, happily, which the press,
as the tribune of the people, can discuss without
party acrimony, and with sole regard to the gen-
eral welfare. The subject touches upon politics
only when the appointment of agents and guar-
dians is to be made. The press in New York per-
formed two signal public services in saving the
Adirondacks and procuring the establishment of a
Forest Commission, and in securing Niagara as
public property. It remains only to insist upon a
proper management of both, and to aid the simi-
lar enterprise in which the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association takes the lead, and which aims to pro-
vide the same careful control of the national
domain. — Harper's Weekly,

The Arbor Day Committee of the Dakota For-
estry Society urges that Governor Church desig-
nate April 25th as Arbor Day in South Dakota,
and May 5th in North Dakota, and recommends
that those days be generally observed as holidays,
when trees should be planted along highways and
in public grounds. It is desired to inaugurate
general and systematic tree planting in Dakota.

Arizona Silicified Wood.

Y-j COMPLETE forest of silicified trees is
r^ found in Apache County, Arizona, at a
J point about eight miles south of Corriza, a
station on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.

There is every indication that the deposit is of
considerable depth. Over the entire area the
trees lie scattered in all conceivable positions and
in fragments of all sizes, sometimes resembling a
pile of cart-wheels. A tree one hundred and
fifty feet in length is often found broken up into
as many sections of almost uniform length, pre-
senting the appearance of having been sawed
asunder for shingle blocks by some prehistoric
forester.

Again is found a giant tree broken into count-
less fragments, ranging in size from a small pebble
to a fair-sized boulder.

The highest point in the park is some two
hundred feet above the surrounding level, and it
is here that the buried trees can be seen to the
best advantage. Some of them are one hundred
and fifty feet long and ten feet in diameter, and
lie exposed in all conceivable positions. One
section of a tree, which has been broken up,
measures eight feet in diameter, ten feet in length,
and weighs several tons. The tree was originally
about two hundred feet long. The perfect pre-
servation of these trunks is remarkable. The
rings are so distinctly visible as to convince even
the most incredulous of their organic origin.

Although silicified wood is found in many
localities throughout the world, nowhere is it
so beautifully colored as at this place. Here are
found various shades of red, yellow, brown and
green. Sometimes the colors appear in distinct
spots, forming a mottled appearance ; then, again,
all blend so imperceptibly as to make a more
pleasing and harmonious effect than the decided
banding of the agate. The colors mentioned are
often relieved by white, black and gray, and by
transparent spaces of brilliant quartz crystals, or,
as sometimes occurs, of amethyst. Broken sec-
tions of the hollow trunks are often lined with
amethyst, quartz and calcite, which add to the
variety of color.

Dr. P. H. Dudley, of New York, microscop-
ically examined some sections of this wood, and
finds that part of it at least belongs to the genus
Araucaria, He says that the Araucaria excelsa,
the Norfolk Island pine of the South Pacific
Ocean, grows to a height of from one hundred
and fifty to two hundred feet.

Other portions resembled our red cedar {Juni-
perus Virginianus) when grown in the extreme
South, the cell-structure of some indicating a
growth in a mild and uniform climate. All the
specimens examined showed that the wood origin-

ally was undergoing decay before being filled
with the various media which afterward solidified.
On some of the specimens, traces of fungi (my-
celium)y causing decay, were discovered. — Ex-
change.

Forest Tree Seeds.

/^ANY of those who attempt to raise forest
\ 1/ trees from the seed meet with disappoint-
ment from not preserving the seeds pro-
perly, or from not knowing that some trees ripen
their seeds in spring or early in summer, and that
these must be sown as soon as ripe. Success in
raising forest trees from seeds depends upon hav-
ing the seeds properly preserved during the winter.
They must not be allowed to get too dry, nor
must the moisture and temperature be such that
germination will be commenced before they are
sown, nor should they be exposed to such a low
temperature that the vitality of the embryo will
be impaired. When in doubt how to best preserve
a tree seed mix it with about twice its bulk of
damp sand — not wet sand, but good sharp sand,
just as it is dug out of a banK. The seed thus
mixed with sand should be placed where it will
be at an even temperature of a few degrees above
freezing, and where mice or other vermin may not
get at it. Nuts of the hard-shelled kind especially
should not be allowed to get dry ; the hickories,
walnuts and butternuts should be placed in heaps
of a few bushels, and carefully covered with sods
from an old pasture, and the turf covered with
several inches of earth. If turf is not readily
procured, cover the heap with straw, and place
on this several inches of soil. These heaps must
be in a dry place, where water will not accumu-
late, and in one where vermin will not disturb
them. Chestnuts, which are very apt to get too
dry, may be preserved in sand, as mentioned
above. — Western Farmer. '

Roadside Nut Trees.

A SUGGESTION WHICH LOCAL PLANTERS MAY

PROFIT BY.

SUPPOSE the people of the older States, when
laying out their highways through the coun-
try, and streets in villages, fifty or a hundred
years ago, had planted hardy nut-bearing trees
instead of the maples, elms, catalpas, poplars and
similar kinds now seen on every side, doing ser-
vice only for shade and ornament. Yes, suppose
It had been suggested that nut trees live to a great
age, are handsome, afford as good shade as other
kinds, besides bearing seeds that are valuable as
food, and suppose these suggestions had been acted
upon by a large majority of those who were about
planting wayside trees.

/

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60

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

51

^^i^-
?i^?l

It certainly requires no great stretch of imagi-
nation to see what would have been the result.
Rows of fruitful and noble shellbark hickories
would now be growing in hundreds of New Eng-
land villages instead of insect-infested elms, pop-
lars and lindens, the wood of which is down, not
worth one-fourth as much when cut as hickory, or,
in fact, that of any of the walnuts. It is tnie that
the small boy might have enjoyed the nuts from
these trees, and occasionally loitered by the way
when going to or coming from school, in order to
fill his pockets, still, the possession of such treas-
ures usually gives more pleasure than their cost in
time. What might have been now may be real-
ized twenty-five or fifty years hence, if those
who are about planting street trees in cities and
villages, and along the highways in the country,
will plant the best nut-bearing trees instead of the
other kinds, which yield nothing of value, and do
not afford any better shade than trees bearing
delicious fruits or nuts. — Orchard and Garden,

I

Old Roman Water Wheel.

yP^HE Engineering and Mining Journal presents
\9 a photograph of a water wheel which was
unearthed on reopening an old part of the
Rio Tinto Company's mine, in Spain. These mines,
as is well known, were worked by the Romans,
and formed one of their principal sources of
copper supply two thousand years ago. This par-
ticular wheel was unearthed on reopening an old
part of the workings which caved in about fifteen
hundred years ago, and shows one of the methods
adopted in these primitive times to unwater their
deep workings. This wheel is 14^ feet in diam-
eter, and was found at a depth of 407 feet below
the surface. It is only one of many which have
been uncovered at various depths.

It is made entirely of wood put together with
keys and pegs, the only piece of metal about it
being the axle, which is a shaft of bronze about
two inches in diameter and about three and a half
feet long. The wheel revolved in a pit, raising
the water some twelve feet. At the point of dis-
charge a trough had apparently been located,
leading the water to another pit, whence it was
raised by a similar contrivance, and so on to the
surface.

The motive power was furnished by slaves, who
stood upon the wheel, grasping ropes with each
hand to steady themselves (the casts of those ropes,
in some instances, have been found in the debris
above the wheels). This shows that these slaves
worked the wheels in treadmill fashion, stepping
upon the projecting ends of the spokes or braces,
which gave them a step about six inches wide by
one inch high.

>^HE appeal of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
\Q ciation to the House of Representatives to
substitute the measure known as Bill No.
6045 for Bill No. 790 T, reported favorably by the
Committee on Public Lands, is in the interest of
the public weal, and is indorsed by the best skilled
foresters in the country as needful and required
by the demands of timber preservation. The bill
reported is not sufficiently broad to insure the
results desired. While it restricts the quantity of
forest wood on the public lands that may be sold
to any one person, it does not limit the extent of
sales to applicants generally, and whole forests
might be removed if the purchasers desired to
denude the land.

The act urged for adoption provides for the
establishment by the Government of permanent
forest reserves for the benefit of the people, under
the charge of a commissioner and a proper corps
of subordinates. The merchantable timber on
these selected reserves may be cut and sold at
proper times under official supervision. Forest
guards are provided for to manage the reserves on
the best approved system, and unauthorized cut-
ting and damage to the trees are to be made fit-
tingly punishable. The forest guards are author-
ized to enforce the law against offenders. The
general supervisory provisions are modeled after
the German and Swiss plan of forestry preserva-
tion and development which Governor Beaver
suggests for adoption in our State by the next
Legislature, and which we explained in detail
about two months ago.

If we would preserve our vast woodlands from
the ravages of destructive conflagrations which in
dry seasons lay waste large areas of valuable tim-
ber land and from the scourge of droughts and
floods, land slides, malarial exhalations and ava-
lanches, Congress would do wisely in heeding the
suggestions and wishes of the Chief of the Forestry
Division of the Agricultural Bureau at Washing-
ton, who indorses most earnestly the petition of
the Pennsylvania Association and forestry con-
servators generally. — Philadelphia Inquirer.

The Secretary of the Interior has requested the
Attorney-General to cause a suit to be instituted
to secure the cancellation of patents issued on the
timber culture entries in the Humboldt, Califor-
nia, land district. It is alleged that the entries
to these lands were procured through fraud for a
purpose of obtaining the valuable red wood timber
growing thereon, and that the fraud was per-
petrated by the same parties who were instrumental
in obtaining patents to 151 entries in the same sec-
tion in 1878. These latter cases have since been
known as the ** California Red Wood Timber
Frauds.''

y . -^E have endeavored at each successive Arbor
\XJ clay to bring before our readers the impor-
tance of observing it. Thus far we have
made little progress. It seems that with but
little effort upon the part of school Boards and
teachers. Arbor day might be made a day for
which succeeding generations would be thankful,
if only the importance of its observance now
could be made manifest to all. The highways
need shade for the protection of beast and traveler;
the lands need the influence of green foliage to
allure to them the proper moisture ; and the cool
shade that it casts about one's home is not to be
despised when the little work required to plant
shade trees is taken into consideration. Another
view can be taken of the custom of planting trees
on Arbor day. There are few factors which exer-
cise a greater or more wholesome influence upon
the health and general physical well-being of the
farmer's family than the liberal use of fruits the
whole year through. They are invaluable aids to
digestion, provide pure blood and keep it in ac-
tive circulation. They agree with the most
delicate constitutions, and no one thing goes so
far toward keeping the doctor out of the house
than a plentiful supply of good fruits. A man
who sets out fruit trees is to be regarded in the
light of a public benefactor. He not only does
himself good, but often the trees he has planted
live long after he has passed away and benefit
those who come after him. A fruit orchard is a
blessing to the farmer's family. He who sets out
plenty of trees and fruits for the benefit of his
family is a better man and a better humanitarian
than he who fills the stomachs of his children with
greasy pork and the products of the frying pan.
There never was a better time for tree planting
than now. There is plenty of room on every
farm for a few more choice trees, and our road-
ways are almost bare. Set them out this Arbor
day. Get your neighbors interested and establish
Arbor day as one of the greatest of days in the
whole year.

A Practical View.

y . ^E are trying to make our land doubly valu-
VX) able by making our forest lands answer
two purposes, viz. : that while making
timber and answering the general purposes of
forestry, they shall at least pay interest and taxes,
in the shape of nuts, particularly chestnuts.

The land from which we cut the timber is not
arable, and at one season's growth the sprouts of
chestnuts are grafted at such distances as will
allow room for bearing. All the rest is kept
down. In this way the grafted trees remaining
will grow rapidly and bear early. We have

several varieties which we consider unsurpassed.
One of them has borne the third year from graft,
and has not once failed to bear a moderate or
large crop annually. There are thousands of
acres of chestnut timber in this and other States
which might be made profitable by the above
method, and into which the owners could not be
induced to send the woodman's axe when once in
fruiting. I am confident that as soon as owners
of such lands as those referred to will learn that
forests can be made profitable by this or any
method, the forests will be better cared for. I
am also confident that large quantities of nuts
can be grown which might be consumed, not as
a luxury, but as cereals and leguminous foods,
and be as palatable and nutritious as either.
Shellbark, walnut, pecan and other nut-bearing
trees, which might prove of as much or more
value than fruit trees, would be just as likely to
escape the axe as fruit trees. — H. M. Engle.

Leaves by the Wayside.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association seeks to
restrict the abuse, and not to interfere with the
proper use, of our forest growth.

A writer on the money value of shade trees says:
"I have seen property bought for $50 an acre, and,
by judicious planting, in twenty years sold for
$250 an acre.

The purpose of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation is to aid every effort to preserve from
destruction the forests which we have and to en-
courage the propagation of new forests.

Every one who owns timbered land, or who
desires to reclaim waste land, every user or manu-
facturer of wood, has interests which the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association aims to protect.

New Haven, Conn., is credited with being the
first town in the country to form a regular tree-
planting society. To that society is due the superb
array of elms from which the city gets its sobri-
quet.

One of the best indications of the interest which
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association is creating
is our list of members, published by the member-
ship committee. A perusal of it shows that the
association is in earnest, and has the support of
the most influential people.

A farmer in Dubuque, Iowa, informs us, in a
Western paper. The Germania, that he has planted
near Storm Lake, 15,000 white ash, 41,000 catal-
pas, 1000 black walnuts, 200 firs. Notwithstand-
ing the drouth, they all grow well. Only ten to
twelve of the firs died. The walnuts show a fine
growth and promise well.

<«CL

52

FOREST LEAVES.

Il

Reports from points in Alabama state that Gov-
ernor E. Jackson, of Maryland, has purchased
120,000 acres of yellow pine lands in lower Ala-
bama and Northern Florida. The reports show
that nearly one-quarter of a million acres of timber
lands have been bought in that region by capital-
ists from the Northwest within the past few weeks.

Teaneck Grange, New Jersey, lately destroyed
by fire, stood in the midst of lawns, drives and
shrubbery in a park of about eight hundred acres,
forming part of the Phelps estate of fifteen thou-
sand acres, reaching from the Hudson to the
Hackensack river. Sixteen miles of tree-lined,
well-kept drives led to the Grange from every
part of the estate, one road alone, that from
Hackensack to English neighborhood, being five
miles long. But the great feature of the estate
is the forest of small trees, of which there are
two hundred thousand planted all over the estate.

Telling of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
organization of a tree-planting society in a certain
town, a correspondent says: The result of the
work is a town noted for its beautiful streets, its
superb trees, hedges and general rural adornments.
This has drawn inhabitants of a refined sort, and
the village has become noted for its culture and
its schools. The membership has consisted of col-
lege and school professors, merchants, ministers
and farmers. All classes have been interested.
All funds obtained by a $2 membership and an-
nual fee, and all subscriptions and collections, have
gone to the purchase and planting of trees. We
have elm avenues, oak avenues, Norway maple
avenues and pine avenues, besides many noted for
other sorts of trees.

A correspondent of the Fruit Recorder gives the
following remedy for borers : My rule for prevent-
ing borers is to get a pint of crude carbolic acid,
costing twenty-five cents, which is sufficient for
twenty gallons of the wash. Take a tight barrel
and put in four or five gallons of soft soap, with as
much hot water to thin it ; then stir in the pint of
carbolic acid and let it stand over night, no longer,
to combine, Now add twelve gallons of rain-water
and stir well ; then apply to the base of the tree
with a short broom or old paint brush, taking
pains to wet inside of all crevices. This will pre-
vent both apple and peach borers. It should be
applied the latter part of June or July in this cli-
mate, when the moths and beetles usually appear.

In some provinces in Holland there are large
tracts of heath and moorland which at present
have no value whatever, although once covered
with dense forests. An effort is now being made
to utilize these moors, and several landowners
have combined to form a company, whose object
it will be to attempt a gradual fertilization of the

soil by replanting trees. How much good such
an enterprise can work under careful management
is shown by a similar undertaking in Denmark,
which has been in existence for the last quarter
of a century. The Danish Society for the fertili-
zation of heaths and moors, chiefly by forestation,
has now some four thousand members, among
whom may be found the principal agriculturists
of the kingdom. It enjoys large subsidies from
the government and from the agricultural socie-
ties, so that it has been enabled to start some four
hundred "concessions,'* or plantations, in differ-
ent parts of Denmark. In the Netherlands it is
proposed to work the scheme upon similar lines.
— Industries,

It has been a great mistake that so many of our
steep hillsides have been cleared of wood and
made into farm lands. These steep fields, so sub-
ject to wash, are becoming more unproductive
and more unprofitable every year. Where for-
merly giant trees grew, there is, in many places,
barely soil enough left to grow shrubbery. After
cutting out the ripe wood, had the young trees
and the sprouts been taken care of, and, where
necessary, vacant places been filled out by judi-
cious planting, the hillsides would to-day be the
most valuable part of the farm.

I here give the growth of trees of my own
planting. It may help to dispel the idea that it
takes 100 years to grow trees before they become
profitable. In 40 years a white pine tree attained
a circumference of 72 inches; hemlock, 48 inches;
locust, 50 inches ; larch, 54 inches. In 35 years,
walnut, 54 inches; sugar maple, 42 inches. In
30 years, silver maple, 68 inches; tulip poplar, 50
inches. In 25 years, paulonia, 72 inches; catalpa,
45 inches. This would show that an acre of such
hillside land as I have described, planted 35 years
ago in any of the varieties above named, would
to-day, instead of being an eyesore, be worth
more than any other acre on the farm. From %2
to %^ worth of posts have been made from a locust
tree 30 years old. One hundred or more trees
should be grown on an acre. Those varieties that
are most useful on the farm are the trees to plant,
and of these fencing materials are of the most
importance. For this purpose the locust, chest-
nut and paulonia are the most desirable. There
is no tree that will be so soon missed as the hick-
ory. It is not a slow grower ; it could be planted
thickly, and the thinnings would be of use in the
way of hoop poles. The osage orange should,
however, be planted in preference to the hickory.
The wood possesses the same properties as the
hickory. If planted and cared for as a tree, it
can be grown in 20 or 30 years to a tree 15 to 20
inches in diameter, with a clean stem 15 or more
feet high. — Casper Hitler »

%z

, - \ '^^ "»•— •

Philadelphia, September, 1888.

Issued by the Publication rommittee of the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

25 North Juniper Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS.

Editorial — Summer Teachings. 65
A Valuable Work; The State
Forestry Commission ; Meeting

of Montgomery Co. Branch 66

jT. w~ Paper on Forestry, by Grace

''••-^«.*- Anna Lewis 66

Pennsylvania Makes a Start; Forestry Abroad 68

Nature Brought to Practice 70

Another Testimony 71

Twelve Tree-Planting Pointers 72

Influence of Forests on Climatic Conditions > 73

Quebec Timber Legislation; Another Great Waste 74

Vitality of Trees ; A Treeless Country 75

Tree Planting; Leaves by the Wayside..... 76

Wood that Will Not Blaze; Kauri Pine 77

Soft Woods for Tree Planting 78

The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the adz>antages
0/ Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.

iOHN BiRKiNBiNB, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
)r. Henry M. Fisher, 910 Walnut Street.
George M. Coates, 1817 De Lancey Place.
H. W. Hare Powel, 712 Walnut Street.
Mrs. J. P. LuNDV, 245 South Eighteenth Street.
F. D. Hartzbll, Sellersville, Pa.

>^HIS issue of Forest Leaves will meet those
Vc) of our readers who reside in cities as they
return homeward, or be read by others
who live where the forests are in sight, about the
time they are parting with friends to whom the
cooling wood-shade is a rarity. To how many
of us have the forests taught lessons during the
summer? Who has drawn inspiration with the
delicious pine odor, or derived encouragement
from the refreshing shade of those trees which will
soon drop their leaves and stand in bare trunk
and limbs during the winter months? What has
the limpid spring, bubbling perennially from under
the spreading shade of the forest, taught us as
to the value of wooded areas in preserving and
regulating our water supply? Or what lessons
have we drawn from the rushing torrent of mud-
stained water (the result of washings from the
cleared land) which carried devastation and
destruction to so many ?

Have we sat in the pleasant shade listening to
the wind sighing through the leaves and congratu-
lated ourselves that the cyclone was more common

on the prairies, without remembering that the only
reason Pennsylvania has any forests left to protect
us is that the Creator placed so many of the trees
on hills and mountains difficult to ascend ?

As we have scanned the daily papers for vital
statistics, and noted the number of cases of various
diseases, have we recalled the beneficent influence
of forests on the health of a community, and has
the sanitary value of growing trees been brought
to notice ?

Or have any of us seen a monarch of the forest
lying prone on the ground, felled by an axe,
which is used to chop out a few railroad sills,
leaving branches and top to decay, or furnish
food for the annual forest fire ; and looking on
this refuse have we calculated the absorbing or
condensing power of the leaf surface, and from ^
it gained some idea as to the climatic influence of
forests.

Who of us has, during the summer, found a
large tree trunk stripped of its bark and going to
decay without pledging more earnest efl'orts on
behalf of forestry?

Our readers are many, and the summer has
found them in many diff*erent localities and given
them varied experiences. Most of them have, in
one way or another, had their pleasure heightened
by the presence of forests ; some may have simply
enjoyed their cooling shade, others may have
studied them and profited by them, others may
have mourned to see man's wastefulness, or sor-
rowed to see the devastation wrought by a forest
fire.

Few there are among us who have not during
the past two months had cause to be thankful for
what forests we have ; and if all have used their
eyes and ears to advantage, and will use their
tongues or pens during the autumn and winter,
the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa-
tion will find much to encourage them, and the
organization will take the position which its
founders have looked forward to with confidence.

What service were the forests to you ?

What service will you give to forestry ?

1^4

rs

66

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

67

A Valuable Work.

/^REES and Tree Planting (i2rao, cloth,
(£) $i.so, Harpers'), by Gen. James S. Bris-
bin, a Pennsylvanian, is a book every
reader of Forest Leaves should have. The first
few chapters are devoted to a discussion of the
various influences— climatic, sanitary and eco-
nomic—which forests have upon a country, and to
showing the evil consequences of forest devasta-
tion. But the author is not content to stop here.
He goes on to point out a practical remedy. His
object is to show a tree-loving but reckless people
how trees may be cultivated and grown as fruit
trees are grown. '* To destroy the forests of
America," writes General Brisbin, *' has been a
brief work ; to replant and reproduce them will
be the labor of forty generations ; but it can be
done.'* The book describes some forty species
of trees congenial to our soil, and the proper
methods for their propagation and planting. We
commend it to our readers who are interested
in tree planting.

The State Forestry Commission.

<
y^ HE State Forestry Commission has received
v9 a great many suggestions and opinions from
various persons in the State in regard to a
bill which shall be presented to the Legislature in
December. These were all left in the hands of
Secretary Buckhout at the last meeting in June,
and he will draw up the bill. The next meeting
will probably be in September, when the full
board will read and examine the bill and correct
or change such articles or parts thereof as is
found necessary.

The regular quarterly meeting of the Montgom-
ery County Branch of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association was held at Lansdale on June 21st, at
which the people residing in that progressive town
manifested their interest in the movement. In the
absence.of the President and Vice-President, Mrs.
Sarah S. Rex, of Norristown, was called to the

chair. 1 • 1 •

Correspondence relating to forestry legislation

and to the celebration of the April Arbor Day was
read, and measures taken toward securing the
observance of the fall Arbor Day and a represen-
tation of forestry on the programme of the Teachers*
County Institute, to be held in October and
November. Preliminary steps toward securing a
public meeting at Lansdale during the coming
season, embracing one or more lectures, were also
taken. Samuel Wolfe,

Secretary.

Read at the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
Dec. 9th, 1887, by Grace Anna Lewis, of Media, Fa.

Y^UL poets love the woods, and we are all of
\\ us more or less of poets. We may not
J understand the artoi poetry, but we recog-

nize what we find in nature. We may take it for
granted that every one who is here to night comes
from that poetic insight, implanted in his nature,
leading him to take a heartfelt interest in trees.
We have all of us felt with Longfellow that

" There is a quiet spirit in the woods,"

and we know

*' With what a tender and impassioned voice
It fills the nice and delicate ear of thought."

We have remembered with Bryant that

" The groves were God's first temples.'*

With Lowell we are almost ready to admit, at least
in a spiritual significance,

" A tree among our far progenitors."
With Whittier we can exclaim

«* Give fools their gold, and knaves their power ;
Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall ;
Who sows a field or trains a flower,
Or plants a tree, is more than all ;

«» For he who blesses most is blest,

And God and man shall own his worth.
Who toils to leave as his bequest
An added beauty to the earth."

Along with the poetic instinct, and as a result
of its action, comes the wish to beautify our sur-
roundings, to make them harmonize with the
*' quiet spirit in the woods," to cooperate with
our Creator, to accept with thankfulness his
blessings, and to do the best we can with the gifts
He has bestowed.

I feel confident of the success of this Forestry
movement because it rests on a natural tendency
of the cultivated mind. As one generation passes
away another will rise to take its place ; the Divine
Mind will govern, both in the external world and
in the human soul, in the destiny of the human
race. This Forestry movement is one among many
efforts to conform our lives to the purposes of the

Creator.

There was a tim;e when destruction was a neces-
sity. The riotous earth had to be subdued, its
wild beasts slain. Forests had to be warred upon.
The open air and sunshine were then better than
trees. Sodden soils were to be dried, choked
water courses were to be opened, seed time and
harvest could be purchased only by the axe, the
fire and the plough. There was too much forest.
Our fathers did right to destroy. That was a step
forward in the way of progress. Villages, towns,

cities, uprose where the forest had been. We
have Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Omaha,
Denver, Sacramento City, and all the great cities
of the United States north and south of these.
These, with their myriad industries, their varied
religious denominations, and their seats of learn-
ing, are better than the virgin forests they sup-
planted. None would stay the march of mind,
the development of industries, the progress of
discoveries. But we have reached the limit, more
especially in the east, of profitable, or even of
justifiable destruction. We have gone to the
other extreme. We have now too much sunshine,
our soils are drying to the verge of barrenness, and
we have too much human breath, too much vitiated
air in proportion to our trees. We have now to
learn the habit oi protection instead of destruction^
of planting instead of hewing down. Progress, in
our day, comes in the guise of Forestry Associa-
tions. The descendants of the pioneers should be
the first to enroll themselves as members, the
most earnest to sustain these associations, the most
fertile in expedients, the most active and enduring
in their exertions to promote the welfare of their
native State. Their task is nothing less than the
creation of a public sentiment which cannot be
resisted, and which will carry forward to success
the purposes of the Pennsylvania and all similar
Forestry Associations.

The need of more trees in proportion to our
cultivated land and to our present population
is unquestioned. Owing to the efforts already
made in directing attention to this point, tree
planting is coming to be understood as a moral as
well as a physical necessity, of course involving a
moral duty. How then shall we go about planting ?
If each member of a Forestry Association, with land
of his own, should annually plant at least one tree,
that of itself would in time secure a goodly number.
There are those who could plant trees by the
hundreds, and be the better for it. If we have no
land, let us drop seeds, as do the birds and the
squirrels, along the public highways. Unlike these
inferior creatures, we are enabled to use our knowl-
edge in the choice of superior varieties, and may,
in this way, disperse some of the rarest selections.
Our native sugar-maple has already furnished a
variety with remarkably long leaf stems, charac-
terized by the wonderful richness of its autumnal
colors, a richness which art may seek to imitate,
but can never rival. Nearly every species of oak
with which I am acquainted — and there are at
present of native oaks sixteen growing in Delaware
and Chester counties — has one or more varieties
which are preferable to others. In nut trees we
see the same thing. Chestnuts vary greatly.

Some trees are comparatively worthless for
their fruit, while others are invaluable. Let us
plant only from choice trees. The black walnut,

in its best estate, has a kernel full, rich and white,
with a most delicate flavor, as different as possible
from some found in our markets. So far as my
experience goes, the nuts of the black walnut,
distinguished for their excellence, are large, round
like an orange, with much juice in the outer cover-
ing. They drop from the tree while still green,
and turn black in maturing. I always distrust a
nut of an oblong form, strongly ridged from the
stem to the blossom end, dry and turning yellow
on the tree. Nuts such as these may be good, but
the presumption is not in their favor. They are
usually the most undeveloped specimens of their
race and are seldom worthy of culture. It is
largely fruits of this kind which are gathered for
market by those who know no better.

The nuts of the white walnut, or butternut, are
long, oval and strongly ridged. I have not much
experience with these, but from Iowa comes this
testimony : " Western experience makes it certain
that, propagated from seed, with culture when
young, the nuts may be much improved, as the
shell becomes thinner, the kernel becomes larger
and richer, and it is much easier taken from the
divisions of the shell.*'

In the shell-bark hickory, a nut with a thin shell
and sharp ridges is usually much the best. The
kernels of such nuts are commonly large, sweet
and loosely attached to their base.

It would lead me much too far to give the
reasons for it, but I believe that where quality of
the fruit is the end to be attained, it is always best
to select seed for planting from the topmost
branches of the main stem. Such fruit has beert
matured in free exposure to air and sunshine, and
it has also gained the advantage of any progressive
modifications which may have occurred during
the growth of the individual tree. In the new
seedling these progressive tendencies may be
still further developed. By making use of our
observing faculties, and also of our powers of
thought, we may do good service to our kind,
whether we own a foot of soil or not. Along with
the culture of the best should go hand in hand the
destruction of the worthless varieties ; in other
words, we should apply to forest culture the same
rules that we do to the garden and orchard.

The children of the public and private schools
should be carefully instructed concerning the
comparative value of the different species and
varieties of trees, whether intended for use as
shade trees, as fruit, or for timber. They should
also be taught to recognize injurious insects, as
well as the best methods of protecting both fruit
and shade trees from their destructive tendencies.
An army of well-instructed children would be an
army of observers, worth untold millions to the
prosperity of the country. With the natural
activity of children properly directed, we might

¥^

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68

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

69

safely leave to them and the birds a large propor-
tion of the labor of tree protection.

I have but one more suggestion to make. This
is, that in our cities, towns and villages men of
wealth, or syndicates of them, should be urged to
hold numerous tracts of land for the purpose of
selling to any one who may desire the privilege of
planting trees. If connected with human interest
and affection, such trees would not only be orna-
mental and health preserving, but they would be
endeared in a personal manner to the inhabitants.

Suppose it should become an established custom
that with the birth of every child a tree should be
planted, until birth-trees should be a common
memorial of life, as marble stones are of death ;
how cheerful, how inviting, nay, how sacred,
might not such groves become. In far-away lands,
how would memory turn to the home of childhood
and to the dear trees in living green, which never
forget, from year to year, to wear their banners of
welcome. How often might children and grand-
children and great grand-children meet around
the memorial tree. Sacred groves of this kind
should be a feature of our incoming civilization,
and the more of them we possess, the better. Let
us begin to plant them.

No man wishes to leave his birthplace less
beautiful than he found it. How could he grace
it better than by nurturing the sapling his father
planted, and adding another for his child and still
another for its mother.

Then would the place become

ti

Fit shrine for humble worshipper to hold
Communion with his Maker."

Pennsylvania Makes a Start.

(Extract from a letter.)

I SECURED permission from Dr. Arnsby, our
Station director, to plar t two small plots, one
here on the College premises, and one on
Tussey Mountain, as a small experiment in forestry.
I selected these localities in order to compare
the two as time goes on. That at the mountain
is good typical mountain land, rough, stony, full
of roots, just such land as we shall have to deal
with if we now take hold of our mountain region,
as I think we should do in some way. I selected
a spot which had already been cleared in most
part, and one which is somewhat protected from
fires, and I hope with care that it may not be
invaded by fires or cattle. A rough fence was
put around it, but I may find it difficult to pro-
tect it, because the sentiment of the community
is not encouraging. The trees planted were
seedling chestnut and white pine, five feet apart,
and covering about three-fourths of an acre.
There is available ground adjoining which can be

used, and I only wished that the time and condi-
tions would permit of a larger planting, includ-
ing other kinds of trees, and also a trial of seeding.
But the land is uncleared, and I did not feel that
we could profitably undertake more work this
year. We did at several other points sow some
seeds, locust, white pine, and white birch, and
have made corresponding planting here at the
College for comparison, but upon rather a small
scale. Nothing of the kind has ever been done
about here ; the place is remote and not easy of
access, and it was altogether a new thing ; but I
felt so strongly that it was incumbent upon us to
make a start, that I unhesitatingly recommended
it, and do not regret the time and trouble it cost
me. This little patch of pines and chestnuts,
although protected on two sides by running water,
will be burned out within two or three years,
unless I shall cause it to be burned about, thus
destroying the food for fire, every year. Nittany
Mountain, which lies, peninsula like, between the
two broad valleys, Nittany and Penn's, and is
well wooded, was ravaged by fire, so that as I
write I can see the great rusty blotches where the
fire has probably completely destroyed the trees.
There has just been a fire at a point some miles
away on Tussey Mountain, although it has been
a wet month and the young green growth is so
far forward that one would not look for fire. These
fires come not from lumbermen nor clearings, but
from gross disregard of property rights and igno-
rance of the value of our forests.

Wm. a. Buckhout,
June 12 y i888. State College, Fa.

Forestry Abroad.

IN the report of R. W. Phipps, Esq., of Toronto,
1 on * ' The necessity of preserving and replanting
forests,** we find a sketch of forests and their
management in other countries, to which we call
attention as a most comprehensive statement on
this subject. His sketch, which is here abridged,
is taken from an extensive report of Captain
Walker, a gentleman who passed nine months on
the continent, by direction of the English Gov-
ernment for that purpose.

From Mr. Phipps we learn that in Hanover there
are 900,000 acres of forest, under Government or
State management, belonging to the church and
to municipalities. The care and working of these
forests cost about $650,000 annually. The receipts
therefrom are J 1,500, 000, and the profit is about
$850,000, about $1.50 per acre per annum. The
officers in charge are a forest director, an over-
forest master, 20 forest masters, 112 over- foresters
having charge of districts of seven or eight thou-
sand acres each, 403 assistant foresters. A sys-

tematic plan for the management of the forest is
adopted.

After a forest has, by thinning, planting, and so
forth, been gradually got into perfect order, the
system of natural reproduction forms a great part
of the German method. It is as follows: —

The rotation and periods are fixed in the work-
ing plan. For beech it is, in Hanover, §20 years,
divided into six periods of twenty years each, that
is to say, when the forest has been brought into
order there should be nearly equal areas under
crop of trees in each of the six periods, from one
year to twenty, from twenty to forty, and so on.
When a block arrives in the last period, felling is
commenced by what is called a preparatory clear-
ing, followed by a ** clearing for light " in the first
year after seed has fallen, with the object of (i)
preparing the ground for the seed, (2) allowing it
to germinate, (3) affording light to the young
seedlings. If there is a good seed year and suffi-
cient rain, the ground should be covered with
seedlings in two or three years after the first clear-
ing ; but it is better generally to wait for a second
year, and aid nature by hand-sowing, transplanting
from patches of many to barer spots, and turning
up the turf to give the seeds a better chance of
germinating.

When the ground is well covered, the old trees
are felled and carefully removed, so as to do as
little damage as possible to the new crop, and the
block recommences life, so to speak, nothing fur-
ther being done till the first thinning. The time
allowed between the first and final clearing, is from
eight to fifteen years. ... In these forests can
be seen all the periods of growth — nurseries and
schools for seedlings.

In Prussia there are twenty millions of acres of
forests, ten millions of which are private, and the
remainder, with which we have more to do, state,
communial, and ecclesiastical. Of these the in-
come is $14,000,000, and the expenses $7,500,000,
leaving $6,500,000 clear. The forests in Prussia,
as in Hanover, form part of the finance depart-
ment, and are presided over by an overland
forest-master and ministerial director, aided by
a revenue councillor and joint ministerial direc-
tor, and a numerous council or board. There
are two forest academies, one near Berlin and
one in Hanover.

There are twelve provinces in Prussia, divided
into thirty circles, each having an over-forest
master. These represent the forest department in
local administrations, which as a board represents
the forest interest in the government.

In order to be a forest-master, the lowest of the
gazetted appointments, five years without pay are
required to be given in study, with but meagre pay
when employed, yet candidates are numerous.

In some provinces the Prussian Government has

certain rights concerning the management of pri-
vate forests; in others, none.

In Saxony the state forests are nearly 400,000
acres, worked at an expense of $500,000, receiving
$1,750,000, leaving a clear rental of $3 per acre.
The expenditure is planting, draining, roads, im-
provement of inferior woods, felling, transport,
killing insects, etc. About 5000 are planted
yearly, at an average cost of $7.50 per acre. The
official establishment resembles that of Hanover.
There is a forest academy at Tharandt with a sepa-
rate staff of professors.

In Bavaria the state forests cover 3,000,000
acres. They return, after paying all expenses,
about $1.50 per acre per annum. About 30,000
are planted or sown annually, taking 35,000,000
plants and 1,000,000 pounds of seed. Persons
found guilty of breach of forest rules have been
punished by enforced labor in the woods. Private
forest rights are being bought up by the govern-
ment. The system of management is much the
same as that previously described.

In Austria the state forests have been largely
sold to meet state necessities, but there still remain
nearly 2,000,000 productive acres, which yield,
however, after expenses are paid, little over twenty-
five cents per acre. The existing establishments
of forestry are not uniform, but there are about
1200 employees, of whom twenty-two are forest-
masters. Scientific forestry is not so far advanced
here as in Germany, but officials are busily intro-
ducing a reorganization, by means of which there
is no doubt, it will be on a par with other states.
The Austrian crown forests have been neglected.
There has been till now no attempt at rotation of
blocks, or working in periods. The present di-
rector is trying hard to change matters for the
better. He is planting up many bare or ill-covered
tracts, where natural reproduction is impossible,
owing to the absence of standard trees.

In the Grand Duchy of Baden there is a most
interesting private forest belonging to the Prince
of Furstenburgh, in the Black Forest. There are
about 72,000 acres in charge of eighteen foresters
and over-foresters, who have many subordinates.

The administration of the forests in France is
entrusted to the ministry of finance, and the head
of the department is the director-general, assisted
by two administrators, one charged with the man-
agetnent of the forests and the sale of the pro-
ducts, the other with the police of the forests and
the forest laws. The forests under the manage-
ment of the bureau (state or commerce) are
about 7,500,000 acres. Also, there are in France
15,000,000 acres of private forests. The saw mills
in the forests are usually owned by the govern-
ment, and hired at a certain rate to the wood mer-
chants, who buy the cuttings. The school of
forestry at Nancy is said to be one of the best in

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FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

71

the world. The French Government have, at great
expense, replanted vast and almost barren districts ;
they have also established great forests along the
sea-shore where formerly the sand threatened to
destroy whole departments, and have averted the
evil.

In Russia, the government own about 330,000, -
000 acres of woods and other parties 150,000,000.
About forty per cent, of the country (Russia in
Europe) is timbered. The immense government
woods have been placed under the care of the
minister of public domains, who has a director of
the forest department ; and the organization of the
service is very complete. Two special schools of
agriculture and forestry have been established ; one
at St. Petersburg and one near Moscow.

Italy has over 5,000,000 acres of communal for-
ests, over 6,000,000 of private forests, and only
500,000 acres of state forests. One-fifth of the
land is in forest.

In Switzerland, the waste of forests has been
more rapid and destructive than any other country
in Europe, and in none, perhaps, has this been
followed by more disastrous results. Public atten-
tion has, however, been thoroughly awakened, and
active measures are in progress to remedy, as far
as may be, these evils. The cantons which have
charge of these operations have for some time, at
great expense, been constructing works to control
the streams, and planting trees wherever practi-
cable. •

Nature Brought to Practice.

y^^ HE last project in Boston since forced crocus
\^ blooms deserves the best attention of good
citizens in other towns. Part of the new
Franklin Park, along Dorchester Bay, is to
become a natural history garden, under the
auspices of the society of that name. The plan
includes a botanical garden and woods, peopled
by a collection of birds and animals suited to the
climate. It will form a large pleasure ground to
delight and inform the people, with this guarantee
of its undying interest — that its design is dis-
tinctly instructive and its control in the hands of
men who love and study nature, science and their
kind, instead of its being a perquisite of poli-
ticians. •

Hitherto the public grounds of our cities have
been either the gift of some private citizen, laid
out after his own fancy, often bordering the gro-
tesque, or they are kept up by city governments
with as much taste as the city florist happens to
spare. The parks and public gardens present
acres of carpet bedding, true love knots and
scrolls done in pansies, coats-of-arms and spread
eagles in coleus and oxalis, with myriads of

echeverias and sedums in the shawl patterns which
delight the ordinary taxpayer's taste. He takes
pride in reading in the daily papers how many
thousands or million plants go to a border. A
thousand or a million are the same to him, and he
pays for them all the same. He likes masses of
dahlias and sun-flowers, with huge musas and can-
nas rising from turf shaven to the point of extinc-
tion, smooth as his own Sunday chin. If in one
corner of these gay grounds he can contrive to
herd a moose or two, a camel, a polar bear, a
rhinoceros and plenty of monkeys, or creatures
similarly congenial to the scene, the glory of the
good burgess is extreme. Nothing now can add
to his felicity and the repute of his enterprising
town, unless a spare sphinx, pyramid or areo-
pagus should offer cheap, when he subscribes the
needed hundred thousands without too much reluc-
tance, provided the ceremonies appropriate are big
enough to ' * draw people " and * * do good to trade. ' '
In a dozen years his pyramid, sarcophagus or
temple front are as unnoticed as the hydrants or the
statues of great men. Who notices the Worth
Monument or the Lafayette in Union Square,
except as they serve for waymarks to passing cab-
men? Who tires of the glancing fountains, the
turf sheeted with white clover, or the wistaria
arbors in Central Park?

Let men who study the kindly ways of nature
lay out a pleasure ground or education garden,
and what will we have ? No gaudy ribbon bor-
ders in blue lobelia and scarlet geranium, but the
sweet gathering of all plants and varieties that
bear our northern climate, from crocus to Christ-
mas Rose. All trees whose close set needles
break the blast better than stone walls, sea pine
and rosemary, which flourish in salt spray, would
shelter its domain, home of all sylva that cloud
the woods in spring with crimson or hang rich
berries in September sun. Few but botanists
realize the wealth of the northern zone in fine
wooded trees, shrubs and spicy growths. The
work of a scientific garden is to bring this wealth
to the knowledge of the people, and Massachu-
setts, which once was blessed with a moderate
climate and the richest growth of wood and vine,
may date its rehabilitation from the planting of this
notable garden. It will have most lovely, lordly
setting on the shores of the lower harbor, taking
in part of the bay for a pleasure water and marine
aquaria, and crossing to East Boston with part of
its plantations, which will make the approach to
Boston one of the most beautiful scenes of our
coast cities, famous as the great gardens of Rome,
and like them the resort of highest fashion.
Fancy going to such a place in early spring to
find not only snowdrops and crocus in bloom, but
all varieties of early flowers known that can be
brought to blossom in such air, not in scattered

knots, but masses and banks of them in carefully
sheltered nooks open to southern sun. Fancy
tulip tree, magnolia and sassafras growing, not in
specimens, but avenues and copses, loading the
air of the bay with fragrance, and with them
arbutus from Oregon, heather from Scotch hills,
and the painted willows of the Wasatch, which
color the water courses in December with the
glow of their naked wands, berberry from Texas
and Alaska, and the fragrant wild plums of the
North Mississippi ; but it is useless to hint at the
overwhelming riches of our North American
woods which a century will hardly familiarize.

The Boston Natural History Garden, it is to be
hoped and expected, will start a rival in every
town of size in the country. At first only as
attractions, in advance of squares with shade
trees and turf, but soon, as men of information
develop the real intent of such gardens, to be
visited and studied with ardor not second to that
given to music and painting by their devotees.
They will be encyclopaedias of economic lore for
manufacturer and physician, the vast field of
study in this direction lying unguessed in advance
of us. The wealth of our nation lies not in its
commerce or its manufactures, but in its fields,
and for every staple there cultivated now an eco-
nomic garden will have half a dozen substitutes to
offer. It is not so very long since potatoes, toma-
toes and corn were curious plants in botanic gar-
dens, and men of science urged their use upon
the people. The establishment of scientific gar-
dens, liberally kept up, is the great step which
will place horticulture and garden culture of every
kind on its dignity before the people. It will
institute a new profession of educated men, who
will be to ordinary cultivators as architects to
common carpenters — men who will not be mere
botanists of the desk and herbarium, but enthu-
siasts in botany as other savants are in astrononiy,
close observers, living with plants and teaching
our children to love them and live with them,
making the grand old name of gardener the head
of all professions. — The American Garden,

Another Testimony.

y^ HE effect of man's action upon rivers is in the
\Q main due to the fact that his occupancy of
the earth leads to the removal of its forest
covering. We have already incidentally noted
the relation of trees to the immediate bounds of
a stream ; we have seen that the woods are con-
tinually pressing upon the margins of a river,
causing it to sway to and fro, and tending ajways
to narrow its channel. This is only one, and per-
haps the least important, of the effects exercised
by forests on the regimen of the greater streams.

It is necessary to consider the action of forests
over the whole basin of a river, in order to see
the magnitude of their influence on the action of
these waters.

The valleys of most rivers are forest -clad.
Whether these forests have the gigantic growth
characteristic of fertile districts in the tropics and
the temperate zones, or take the shape of stunted
woods, such as extend far toward the poles, they
in all cases form beneath their branches, and
above the soil, a thick, spongy coating, which
affords a natural reservoir for the rain waters. In
most regions, this forest sponge has a depth of
more than a foot ; it not infrequently attains a
thickness of two feet or more. It can commonly
take into its interstices a rainfall of three or four
inches in depth, or from one-sixth to one-tenth
the ordinary annual supply. This water is slowly
yielded to the brooks ; it often requires weeks for
a single torrential rain entirely to escape into the
open channels which bear it to the sea. More-
over, the fallen trunks and branches of the trees
clog the forest-shaded rivulets, making little pools,
which serve still further to restrain the outgoing
of the waters. Our beavers, at one time the
most widely distributed of our larger animals, at
first making avail of these natural ponds formed
by fallen timber, learned in time to construct
more artful dams so as to retain extensive basins
of water. Thus, in the natural condition of the
North American waters, as well as those of most
other countries before man began to clear away
the forests, the woods constituted a great system
of reservoirs, in which the rains were retained
into the period of intervening droughts. In this
state of the surface, the main channels of a river
system were continually the seat of streams of
moderate flow. These channels were no wider
than was required by the rate at which these
forest-impounded waters escaped.

When man resorted to the soil as the source of
his food, he began to clear away the forests and
by tillage to destroy the spongy covering of the
earth which they created. With the advance of
civilization, all the great valleys on the northern
temperate zone have been to a considerable ex-
tent deprived of their forest covering. In this
new state of the surface, the rain water is no
longer held back as it was of old, but flows
quickly over the surface of the soil and enters the
water-ways. The result is that all the old chan-
nels bear, in times of flood, a body of water far
greater than that which was put into them before
the forests were cleared away. They have been
compelled to widen their channels by cutting
away a strip of the alluvial land on either side.
Thus, in the case of the Ohio river, the bed occu-
pied by the flood waters has, since the beginning
of the present century, been widened to the

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FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

73

amount of about one-fifth of its total diameter.
Despite this widening, it is now unable to bear
away the flood waters yielded to it by the exten-
sive tilled surfaces of its basin. In times of flood
it rises higher than of old and spreads devasta-
tion over a wider area of the alluvial plains. In
times of drought the stream shrinks within its
waste of encumbering sands and becomes unnavi-

gable.

In the present condition of the Mississippi Val-
ley, these floods and droughts seriously aff"ect the
interests of man. There, as in all other civilized
countries, the great seats of population tend to
gather on the river banks. The alluvial lands are
in all cases singularly fertile ; and the streams
themselves afford natural ways of transportation,
the value of which does not seem to become
lessened by the great extension of railway systems.
In the present condition of these valleys, the fit-
ness of these streams for navigation is progressively
diminishing, for both in times of flood and in
periods of drought they are unsuited to the uses
of commerce. Moreover, in the flood periods,
the streams are a very serious menace to all the
towns which are gathered along the river banks.
As yet, we have only seen the beginning of these
evils; for notwithstanding the extensive settle-
ments in the Mississippi valleys, more than half
their original forest covering remains. When,
with the rapid increase of population, these river
basins become as thoroughly subjected to the
uses of man as are those of Europe, we have
yet greater ills to apprehend.

The problem of the Mississippi Valley is one of
national importance. By far the greater part of
the food-producing capacity of our continent lies
in the basin of that great system of rivers. It is,
therefore, worth our while to consider the method
by which this area can best be brought to serve
the needs of man without imposing a serious bur-
den on his arts. Although it is impossible in these
few pages to consider the way in which this great
task may be accomplished, it is perhaps worth
while to note the general conditions which have
to be met in this and other great valleys, if that
end is to be secured.

In endeavoring to meet the evils which arise
from the removal of forest-covering from the sur-
face of a country, we find that the difficulties to
be considered are as follows : First, those which
arise from the diminished restraint put upon the
movements of the water which comes to the earth's
surface in times of heavy rain or of melting snow.
Next, the evils due to the rapid wasting of the
soil, which, in its unprotected condition, is readily
washed into the stream-beds. The first of these
evils gives rise to serious destruction of wealth
and to the interruption of industries. The second
threatens the loss of that precious soil covering.

on which depends the relation of all land life,
that of plants and man and beast, to the surface
of the earth. It is clearly evident that we cannot
hope to preserve any considerable portion of our
forest lands from destruction. The need of sub-
sistence, such as is drawn from the soil, is imme-
diate and overwhelming. During the last century,
Europe has been able to preserve a portion of its
forests, and indeed to win extensive areas back to
the condition of woods, for the reason that it could
draw supplies of food from this country ; but when
our American soils are occupied, it does not seem
likely that other parts of the world will afford any
such opportunity for obtaining foreign grain. At
most we may expect that a small area, perhaps not
exceeding one-tenth of our original forests, may
be retained in their present shape, in order to
afford supplies of timber. It is, therefore, neces-
sary, if we have to control these flood-waters at
all, to devise some means by which we may imi-
tate the old natural system of water storage which
the primeval woods afforded. — ^'Rivers and Val-
leys,'' by Prof. N. S, Shaler, in Sctibner's,

Twelve Tree-Planting Pointers.

T^LANTING a tree is doing work for each of
11, many after years, usually for decades or
for generations — frequently for centuries.
Many a tree planted this Fall will give pleasure
to the eye and shade to the head all through the
planter's own life, through that of children and
children's children. Indeed, some of the trees
planted out this month and the next will be in
stately vigor, and give pleasure to many, a hun-
dred years after the planter, young or old, lies
beneath the sod. Ten minutes of extra time and
care, or a hundred of them, devoted to the best
planting and care of one tree, will tell upon its
life and upon its value in each of all these many
after years. One or a few trees well selected,
well planted, and well cared for during the first
year or two, will usually be more valuable than a
far greater number hastily set out and then neg-
lected. In the numerous practical suggestions,
from men wise by long experience and observa-
tion, which the readers will find scattered all
along through the columns of this Number, there
are a dozen points upon which all agree, and
which every reader should promptly and carefully
go through with, and study at this seasonable
period. We briefly summarize those of most
importance : After due care in selecting the best
specimens, which are the cheapest in the end (I),
in taking trees from nursery or forest, preserve
all the roots and fine rootlets possible. Avoid
breaking them in shaking off surplus earth, and
dig them out instead of pulling them up. For

this reason, trees from nurseries located on light
or friable soil are preferable to those on clayey
ones. (II) Trees from nurseries where they have
been subject to one or more transplantings in their
early growth, are usually better supplied with a
mass of fibrous roots near the base of the stock,
than those from the forest. Incidental to this,
especially for all trees over one year old, and
particularly for those having a deep tap-root
naturally, it is better to sever this tap-root within
a foot of the surface with a spud (a broad chisel
fitted to a handle), or with a narrow spade, early
in the Spring prior to transplanting in Autumn
or the following Spring. This promotes the
growth of a very desirable root mass. (Ill)
Most carefully guard the roots from any exposure,
even of a few minutes, to sun or wind. Dipping
them in a **mud porridge" as soon as lifted,
helps much, if this coating be not allowed to get
dry. Keep them moist in moving, and if there
is to be a day or hour's delay after arriving and
unpacking, heel them in, that is, set them in a
trench or opened ground, and cover all the roots
with soil until the last moment before planting.
(IV) Give the roots a deep and broad bed of good
soil to start and grow in — a thing easily attained in
naturally poor, or clayey, or sandy soil, by dig-
ging out a hole of considerable dimensions, and
filling in with soil from elsewhere. A little care
in this may increase many-fold the future growth
value of a tree. (V) Spread out the roots well
and naturally, set only a trifle deeper than they
grew before removal. There are only a few
exceptions to this rule. (VI) Fill fine soil well
in under and around the roots, and firm it by
pressure. (VII) Unless the soil is quite moist
and the weather damp and cloudy, and likely to
be, before filling in the top earth pour in water
enough to pack the soil around the roots and to
soak down one to two feet, so that there will be
no lack of moisture until the new roots are well
established, with abundant new feeding rootlets.

(VIII) In after watering, if needed, avoid the
** little and often " method. Instead of sprinkling
the surface, and thus producing a crusty layer
impervious to air and sun, better dig a hole near
the base and pour in water enough to soak far
down. Moisture will evaporate ten times faster
from the top inch layer than from one a foot deep.

(IX) Unless there is a continuous wet season, a
mulching of coarse manure, or cut grass, or straw,
or leaves, from two to four inches thick and ex-
tending out two to five feet each way from the
trunk, according to its size and the extent of
roots, is a very great protection and starter, and
usually saves the necessity of much watering, even
in a dry season. (X) Unless the trunk and
branches are very small, or the soil unusually firm,
weighting it temporarily with a few stones, or with

extra heaping on of heavy earth, to be early re-
moved, will prevent swaying and rending the
tender, newly-started rootlets. It is in effect like
the present method of enclosing a broken human
limb in a casing of solid plaster-of- Paris to pre-
vent any possible disturbance of the nascent
muscles, nerves, tendons and blood vessels. Where
winds prevail from any direction, as they usually
do, lean the tree a little in that direction when
setting out. (XI) Except with Evergreens and
ornamental specimens, already shaped to a desira-
ble form, trim and reduce the top fully as much
as there has been a decrease of roots and rootlets
in the taking up. (XII) '*Just as the twig is
bent the tree's inclined;" and a mar or scar on
the infant tree is liable to ever after, visibly or
invisibly, affect its beauty or its vigor and its
value. So take good care to direct and shape its
stem and branches, and protect it from careless
or violent hands. If exposed to danger from the
careless man or beast, set warning or guarding
stakes on either side, and if necessary add pro-
tecting cross slats, or wires, or wire nettings. If
not ** inclined" naturally to an upright and
comely form, a stake and cords will compel it to
follow your wishes and will. Take care to guard
against chafing or constriction from the cords. —
Prairie Farmer.

Influence of Forests on Climatic
Conditions.

^^ LTHOUGH scientists are not in perfect ac-
\1 cord as to the influence that forests exert
upon climatic conditions, nevertheless, there
is sufficient agreement among them for us to know
that they do exert powerful and beneficent influ-
ences in many directions. The forest acts like a
great sieve, and retains the fine particles of the
soil, which the influence of the air and sun, the
frost and rain, and the action of the numberless
roots have decomposed. In all forest countries
the changes of temperature are not so severely
felt as in a treeless country, or on the open plains,
and it is a popular saying that the forest streams
are cold in summer and warm in winter. The
forests not only regulate the flow of water, but
they purify it. Where the water of a stream has
been polluted, as by sheep-washing, for. instance,
after having passed for a few miles through a
shady and dense forest, the water appears as clear
as it was previously.

Again, it is thoroughly well established that the
presence of large tracts of timber has a well-
defined influence upon the rainfall of the districts
in which they are situated. Certain portions of
France which have been denuded of their forests
are subjected to disastrous floods and overflows,

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74

FOREST LEAVES.

which occur almost annually and cause great de-
struction and distress, although such visitations
were entirely unknown in the previous century
while the forests were as yet intact. In our own
country as well the, same effects have been ob-
served, and the destruction of forests has pro-
ceeded so rapidly in Prussia of late years that the
government has passed a law protecting timber.
It was found that the climate in many districts
was changing, and rivers and lakes were becoming
shallow in consequence of the wholesale cutting
away of wood.

This feature of sylvan influence has been fre-
quently adverted to in our columns, but there is
another manner in which the presence of trees
exerts an influence that is not so generally known.
Close observers have ascertained that rivers run-
ning through treeless tracts of country are nearly,
if not quite, destitute of fish, and that fish will
desert a stream from which the timber has
been removed, although they previously swarmed
therein.

In the propagation of fish it is not enough to
place the fry in the water, they must be provided
with food, and the best means to do this is to
preserve the border trees and insure a steady
supply ot water and food by preserving the for-
ests, whence the supply of food is derived. If
new forests are cultivated on the barren ranges,
many a stream now nearly empty during the dry
seasons, will be refilled with fish and food for the
many. We are rejoiced to see that of late the
subject of the conservation and cultivation of
forests is beginning to receive even a modicum of
the attention it deserves. We write in the inter-
est of an industry drawing its revenues from the
forests, and we do not wish to look forward to a
time when such revenues shall cease from lack of
material to work upon. — The Timberman,

Quebec Timber Legislation.

>I"HE forests of Quebec were the theme of
Vy discussion recently in the legislative assem-
bly of the province. In the first place,
Mr. Poupore obtained an order of the House for
copies of all correspondence exchanged between
the lumbermen of the province and the com-
missioner.of crown lands on the subject of the
protection of the forests against fire, for which
protection J5000 were voted in 1884. It is to be
hoped that this step will lead to due attention
being given to this very important matter of so
great interest, not only for the trade, but for the
public revenue and for the whole community.
Immediately afterward, Mr. Tessier moved a reso-
lution, which, after a long preamble setting forth
the evils resulting from the destruction of forests.

the benefits derived from forest cultivation and
the large profits whiph the difl'erent countries of
Europe drew from their forests, declaring that
**it is of the highest interest for the government
to take measures to introduce the study of silvi-
culture, which has produced such good results in
Europe and India, so as to permit the province
to draw from the forest means of augmenting its
revenues and to promote systematically the inter-
ests of colonization by furnishing the colonist with
a safeguard for the future." The resolution was
adopted. The system of setting apart forest
reserves in the province of Quebec is to be aban-
doned, and it is said that regulations are to be
adopted reserving a certain amount of timber for
the settlers on each lot. It is to be hoped that
this does not indicate the encouragement of set-
tlers upon the limits, for that is a system that
infallibly leads to much destruction of property,
and to friction which might well be avoided.
Until these regulations are actually framed, it
would be premature to say that they must neces-
sarily be mischievous, but the report is not
assuring. — Canada Lumberman.

Another Great ^Vaste.

eCONOMY in the cutting of pine trees is a
subject which should ever be present with
the foreman of a camp. The proper di-
rection in which the tree should fall is a matter
of the utmost importance in the making of lum-
ber. Frequently the tree is felled by ignorant
sawyers, so as to break its back in a half dozen
places, and render it useless for timber. Even
what logs are saved from such careless felling, are
so badly ** shaken " as to virtually render them
worthless when they reach the mill. The writer
knew a foreman who made it a point to fell a dozen
of trees at once by cutting each till the point of
falling was nearly reached, when the last tree was
allowed to fall against the one next to it, and so
on, each falling against the other till all were
down. It was certainly an expeditious method for
getting the trees down, but played havoc with the
timber. However, this is all in passing.

The great loss sustained in lumbering is in cut-
ting the tree too high and leaving a stump with
fully two feet of valuable timber to stand there
and rot. This foolish waste is frequently occa-
sioned by the depth of the snow in the woods ;
and in going through old cuttings, the various
depths of snow in past winters can be easily ascer-
tained by noticing the height of the stumps. The
objection is raised to cutting stumps low down
that the butt will be found full of pitch. This
may be an objection, but certainly does not aff*ect
the two or three feet of good timber left above

J3

ill

FOREST LEAVES.

70

where the roots take hold upon^the tree-trunk
proper, and by this folly much good timber is per-
mitted to be lost.

It would pay a large amount of expense incurrred
in running a camp, if the sawyers were caused to
Icneel in place of standing up when sawing down
the tree. They could work just as well and save
a large amount of valuable timber, which can be
estimated in figuring the diff*erence in the height
of a stump cut by men working in an upright po-
sition. Some time ago we gave a description of
a machine which might well be termed a '* scav-
enger." Its purpose is to cut from off" stumps a
piece of timber the length of a shingle bolt. One
of these machines set at work in a fresh cutting
will soon provide a stock of excellent timber for
a shingle mill, and of the very best quality.
Where wood for firing locomotives in the woods
is required, this machine is a grand provider. It
can be gauged to cut the stump level with the
ground, thus securing the *' fat pine," than which
there can be no better firing material.

On the whole, the time is now upon our lumber-
men in which more economy is demanded in cut-
ting timber. Stumps should be cut shorter and
trees felled with a view to their striking the ground
without ** riving" the most valuable part of the
timber into slivers. These two important points
should be well impressed upon the minds of camp
foremen, and the result would soon be seen in
extra logs. It would only take six or eight stumps
cut low to make a twelve-foot log, which fact
would be a great consideration in a winter's lum-
bering.— The Timberman,

Vitality of Trees.

17)0BERT Douglas, of Waukegon, 111., writes
1\ to Garden and Forest as follows : —

** Many years ago a nurseryman in Ne-
braska had his stock devoured by grasshoppers
and failed to pay us. Two years ago last autumn
he wrote us that he had a very large stock of green
ash seedlings that were very fine, and that he would
load a car with 250,000 of them in exchange for
his note that we had held for over ten years.

'* The trees were dug early in November, 1885 ;
they were longer than usual in transit. Our books
show that we paid the freight November 28th, but
as our freight bills are not paid until the latter part
of each month, this does not establish the exact
date when the plants were received.

*' Mr. George Ellwanger called on us in June,
1886, and was surprised to see nearly one hundred
thousand of these trees piled up in bundles of two
hundred trees each, covering a space about eight
feet long, six feet wide, and about three feet in
one corner of our frost-proof packing shed. We

sent Mr. Ellwanger a bundle from the same lot of
trees in the spring of 1887, after they had lain
another year undisturbed. This was a greater sur-
prise than ever, and to surprise him even more
than last year we send him another bundle to-day
by mail from the same pile, thirty-one months from
the time the plants were dug. No earth or other
material has touched them during these thirty-one
months, except the earth floor and a quantity of
forest tree leaves laid over them when they were
placed in the packing house in November, 1885.

*' We send you also a package from the same
lot. The wide doors have been left open this cold,
backward spring, and I see the buds have started.
I have had the doors closed, and directed our
packer to send you a package from the same pile
next May.*'

The plants have been received from Mr.
Douglas. They are in excellent condition ; the
wood is perfectly fresh and healthy, and the buds
are all alive. We do not recall a case of arrested
vitality prolonged so many months. — Editor
Garden and Forest.

A Treeless Country.

y^HE following is from the Muskegon News of
yQ recent date : —

'* Statisticians who handle the figures for
the standing timber in this country vary widely in
their estimates. One faction figures out that in
the North the supply is sufficient for only ten
years, and another faction ridicules that assertion
and says the supply in the North is good for fifty
years. And so it goes. The totals are as far
apart as figures could well go. Provision should
be made by each State and Territory for the exact
determination of the amount of standing timber
in each. It is certain that the supply is dimin-
ishing rapidly, and that the demand is increasing
even more rapidly. Even if the largest claims of
the amount of available forest be accepted, it is
only a matter of a few years when the United
States will be a treeless country, so far as forests
are concerned."

And so it goes. The prophets never tire of
discussing the question of the ** future great
American desert" of the Northwest. It is but a
question of a short time, they say, and the lumber
mills will have completed the work of making the
Northwest a treeless country. Well, now let us
see. On the Menominee river, at the present rate
of manufacture, the pine cannot last more than
twelve to fifteen years, although thereafter, with a
gradually lessened annual cut, there will probably
be a few manufacturers at work. It is not prob-
able that the Chippewa river country can go on
supplying logs indefinitely. Perhaps twenty years

^^

76

FOREST LEAVES.

will suffice to clean up that stream and render its
banks clean and clear, as a contribution to the
future desert spoken of, which will yet have the
virtue of water ways, if not pine trees. Looking
up and down the Manistee river, we find John
Canfield the possessor of pine which may require
fifteen years to reduce to boards and sawdust, but
there is scarcely another operator on that historic
stream that is quite as well supplied with timber.
Our Muskegon contemporary has made no specific
statement in regard to the Muskegon river, but
the chances are that that stream will be even less
productive as a manufacturing point at the expi-
ration of ten years than can be imagined by
its most enlightened friends at this time. The
Saginaw has already yielded up a large portion of
its choice pine, and it will probably be ready to
show clean banks and a freedom from the old-time
stir of the timber raft in twelve years, at furthest,
although there will doubtless be a decline in the
volume pf production on any of these streams
during the next few years. For several years past
the annual production of the Northwest has been
wavering between 7,400,000,000 and 8,000,000,-
000 feet, and it has about reached its maximum,
while the industry in Michigan has declined, at
least in the southern portion of the State. The
northern development and the increased produc-
tion in upper Wisconsin and Minnesota has about
balanced the decline in Michigan ; and in view
of the remarks quoted above, we cannot but com-
mend the suggestion that a compilation which
would determine the amount of standing timber
in each State and Territory would be very wise —
j and is, indeed, a necessity — if the factors in the
great business of manufacturing lumber desire to
have an intelligent and comprehensible and exact
idea of their stock in trade. — The Timberman,

Tree Planting.

yJ^HERE are hundreds of acres of hillsides that
Vy could be most profitably planted to forest
trees. Our forests are disappearing at the
rate of 10,000 acres a day, and how long will it
be until wood will be very scarce ? An acre planted
with locust, walnut, catalpa or maple trees would
prove very valuable in from twenty-five to fifty
years. This is the economical side of the question.
How monotonous is our country becoming with
all our forests cut down ! No shady roadside in
summer ; all scorching sun and dust. No rever-
berations of sleigh bells in winter, no coon hunt-
ing, no game, no feathered songsters. Yes, the
grand old forests must go to clear up the land and
grow wheat at seventy-five cents a bushel. We have
Arbor days for the school children, and they are

to an extent ol^erved, but why cannot every owner
of land find room to plant at least ten trees every
year ? This would in a measure compensate for the
destruction of our forests. Plant more trees and
your children will bless your name. — Church
Record.

Leaves by the Wayside.

— The Juniata Agricultural Society will hold its
annual Fair on September 25-28. Every stock-
holder is to furnish one or more shade trees to be
planted on the new grounds on Arbor day.

— The Pennsylvania Forestry Association is
gathering lots of laurels because of its intelligent
and vigorous presentation of the national need and
the means of securing it — in its recent memorial
to Congress on the preservation of what remains
of our forests and the re-creation of new ones.
No newspaper leaf will say they bark up the wrong
tree in that matter. — Public Ledger^ Philadelphia.

— Those who want to know what kind of tree
to plant may get a hint from Spenser's lines : —

The sailing Pine ; the Cedar proud and tall ;

The vine-top Elm ; the Cedar never dry ;

The builder Oak, the King of Forests all ;

The Aspen, good for staves; and Cypress, funeral j

The Laurel, meed of mighty conquerors

And poets sage ; the Fir, that weapon still ;

The Willow, worn of hopeless paramours ;

The Yew, obedient to the bender's will ;

The Birch, for shafts; the Sallow, for the mill;

The Myrrh, sweet blending in the bitter wound ;

The warlike Beech ; the Ash, for nothing ill ;

The fruitful Olive ; and the Pistans round ;

The carver Holm, the Maple, seldom inside sound.

— The method for remedying abuses of our
forest domain, as recommended by the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, is to select from the public
domain suitable lands for permanent forest re-
serves, in charge of a Government Commissioner ;
to cut and sell the timber with a proper regard
for the preservation of a new growth of trees ; to
make injury to these forests criminally punishable,
and to provide for a body of guards to manage
these public estates and enforce the law against
all offenders. The bill to which the Associa-
tion takes exception provides no restriction as
to the mode of cutting, and furnishes no means of
protection except by military force, which, as the
petition in force shows, is ** wholly unpractical, as
trained foresters are needed, not soldiers, and un-
suited to the habits of our people, who prefer
civil to military government." The propriety
and good sense of this argument are indubitable,
and it is to be hoped that Congress will substitute
the measure advocated by the Association for the
House bill, as the more comprehensive and practi-
cal of the two. — The Journal^ Reading,

JS

FOREST LEAVES.

77

Wood that Will Not Blaze.

i^T the request of the Belgian Minister of
^l Public Works, says the Journal of the
^ Society of Arts, M. Boudin and M. Donny,

professors at the Ghent University, have conducted
a series of experiments and investigations in con-
nection with rendering wood inflammable. The
following resume embodies the conclusions at
which they have arrived : —

Although wood cannot practically be rendered
so fireproof as not to be destroyed by heat, it
is very possible to deprive it, to a considerable
extent, of the property of catching and commu-
nicating fire, and to this end it is sufficient to coat
the wood with a suitable composition. It is not,
however, sufficient that this composition or sub-
stance possesses in a high degree the property
of rendering wood uninflammable; it must not
involve an expense out of proportion with the
purpose to which the wood is applied, nor should
the process be such as to delay the rapid execution
of the works. Nor should the substance employed
be liable to attack any metal parts which it may
become necessary to use with the wood. The
process should also be of easy application, with a
brush, for instance, the only manner in which it
can be applied to existing structures. The wood
thus coated should present a neat, tidy appearance,
and should also be capable of receiving a coat of
ordinary paint over the fire-proofing composition ;
nor should one or the other coat be subject to
alteration after a moderate lapse of time.

It follows from the above considerations that
wood cannot be rendered incombustible, or, more
strictly speaking, non-alterable by heat ; but its
non-inflammability may, to a considerable extent,
be insured, so as to preserve buildings from a
limited and temporary fire — at any rate until
assistance arrives. The methods of preserving
wood against fire are of two kinds : The injection
of saline solutions, and the application of a paint or
coating. The former appears but little practical.
In the majority of cases coating with the brush is
the only practical solution of the question, and the
substances most to be recommended for use in this
manner are cyanide of potassium and asbestos paint.

Kauri Pine.

^'^HE first entire cargo of Kauri pine ever
\Q imported into Glasgow, Scotland, was
recently discharged at that port. It was
shipped from Kalpara, a port a little to the north-
west of Auckland. This timber alone is found in
very extensive forests in the north island of New
Zealand. This importation shows that Europe is
not dependent entirely upon North America, or
even Norway and Sweden, for its supply of lumber,
though, of course, shipments from New Zealand

and Australia cost higher in the matter of freight
than shipments from America.

These pine trees grow tall and grand. The
largest known specimen measures seventy-two feet
in circumference and eighty feet to the branches,
and is supposed to be 2000 years old. The wood
appears to be nearly faultless, being very free from
knots and shakes. The sizes of the lumber landed
in Glasgow confirm the stories of mammoth Kauri
pine trees. A reporter remarks that he has seen
one plank landed which was fifteen feet long, nine
inches thick and four and a half feet wide. Much
wider planks could be sent if they were needed.

An English admiralty timber inspector who
visited New Zealand reports that the Kauri pine
is of a yellowish-white or straw color, moderately
hard for pine, though strong, clean, fine, close and
straight in the grain. It has a very pleasant and
agreeable odor. When worked, it planes up well
and leaves a beautiful silky lustre upon the surface,
resembling in some degree the plainest satinwood.
It shrinks very little, and stands well after season-
ing. Further, it takes a good polish. It possesses
lightness, elasticity and strength, is very durable,
and will stand a large amount of wear before being
thoroughly worn out. It is very suitable for cabin
and other ship-joiners' work, or for ornamental
purposes. It is also employed for deck plank, as
from the regularity of its grain and the absence of
knots it looks well. It wears evenly, and does
not require the planing over which is frequently
found necessary where other woods are used. It is
considered in Great Britain one of the best woods
for working that the carpenter can take in hand.

The high freights from the antipodes have
hitherto prevented this wood from finding its way
to Great Britain. Sydney and Melbourne cabinet-
makers have for years past turned out superb
chamber suits of Kauri pine. In wardrobes and
chests of drawers, where large panels can be shown,
the Kauri pine is said to have the appearance of a
bold-grained satinwood, and to have an extremely
brilliant effect. We have no advices concerning the
prices at which this wood can be landed in Great
Britain, but it is interesting as noting the capacity
of other sections of the world in timber production.

— There are a number of vacant public spaces in
the city which might well be beautified and made
pleasing to the eye, and healthful, instead of con-
tinuing, as they are, an offence and a nuisance.
These places are generally small, and do not rise
to the dignity of squares, but every foot of grass
and every shrub that can be produced in the midst
of solid stone pavements and glaring brick walls
is so much to be desired. The city, it is true, has
little money to spare, but the expense of making
these barren spaces blossom cannot be much and
the city can ^ell afford to do it.

^{^

78

FOREST LEAVES.

Soft- Wooded Trees for Planting.

IT will perhaps be difficult to convince those not
familiar with the facts, how short a time is re-
quired, where the land is deep, rich, and
strong, and the climate suits, for the soft wooded
trees to grow to proportions we commonly accord
to be the work of centuries.

The varieties referred to are the common white
elm, the soft maple, the white willow, the cotton-
wood, the lime or basswood, and the poplars in
variety. Of these, thirty-three years' observation
of their growth and development would lead the
writer to reject all but three — the cottonwood, the
lime and the white willow. The elm, because of
its dirty habits and its eccentricity, if the soil and
situation do not exactly suit it ; the soft maple,
because when young it is almost sure to sun scald,
and is impatient of severe pruning, and the
poplars in variety except the cottonwood, because
of the vigor and willfulness with which they send
up sprouts, and the angular, awkward and irregu-
lar development of trunk growth and limb. All
these rejected varieties make as strong and
vigorous growth as any, and in large plantations
are desirable and valuable, but in small ones, or
where a few trees are wanted for shade, shelter,
and ornament, they are out of place. The many
good qualities of the cottonwood, the willow
and the lime are': they may be propagated from
cuttings, and the two former from growths as
large as a hand spike. They grow vigorously on
low moist land, do well on high and dry; they
seldom sun scald when small and never when
large; they submit without serious protest to very
severe pruning, and, indeed, the tops of the
willow may be cut back to mere stumps, and
without injury to the tree, every second or third
year. Besides, the root system of the trees is of
such a character that it is not injuriously affected
by the feet and tramp of stock which seek their
shade, the cottonwood being especially notorious
for its indifference to this abuse, which is sure
sooner or later to kill most of the hard as well
as the soft wooded trees. Neither the willow, the
cottonwood, nor the lime shows any disposition
to send up suckers from its roots, but each will
sprout from stumps, and renew a plantation that
has been cut down and the stumps left unmo-
lested.

As for their value for timber and fuel, the wil-
low makes excellent firewood and rails, the cotton-
wood burns with a long, hot flame, and is quickly
consumed, and if there is not much to be said of
the lime for fuel and timber, it compensates for
these deficiencies in being the most hardy, hand-
some and fast-growing of all, producing a mass
of blossoms about the first week in July, exquisite
for their fragrance, and for a week or ten days

yielding to bees a honey equal, if not superior, to
white clover.

As to the size soft-wooded trees attain in the
comparatively brief time of a single generation,
let me illustrate by saying that the town I live in
was raw prairie in 1854. The year following tree
planting began, and was continued for ten years,
with vigor, but with less since ; still, enough has.
been done to make a constant increase of shade
and shade trees. Already many of those planted
a third of a century ago and later have reached a
diameter of trunk of thirty inches six feet from
the ground, and to-day I could go out and within
a radius of half a mile select one hundred to one
hundred and fifty elms, willows, poplars, soft
maples and cotton woods having an average diame-
ter of trunk, six feet from the ground, of twenty-
four inches. And if it were possible to transfer
them to a park of four or five acres, and artistically
and properly dispose them, they would give that
park the appearance of a century-old plantation,
especially to those who have been taught that
nothing less than a hundred years is time enough
to grow a tree in. It is not as difficult a job nor
as long a one as popular opinion makes it. —
American Garden,

— Every land owner should plant the black
walnut. It is the most valuable of trees. No
tree can nearly approach it in yearly future value.
Prof. Brown, of Ontario, estimates from an expe-
rience of his own that an acre planted with this
tree may in fifty years produce a value of $18,350.
Prof. Beal, from his experience, thought this esti-
mate too low. Think of a mean annual income
of $322 from an acre of trees, the planting of
which would cost less than J50. At least every
waste place, especially if the soil is rich, should
be planted with the black walnut. It is a sturdy,
handsome, vigorous tree, easily grown, because
no animal and only one insect feeds on it. The
white walnut or butternut is also good to plant. —
D. B. WiER.

— It is the intention of the Committee on Pub-
lication to issue Forest Leaves regularly every
two months in the future. The next issue will
contain the announcement of the annual meet-
ing of the Association in December, and also of
the American Forestry Congress at Atlanta. Con-
tributions of articles relating to the subject of
forestry are solicited from our members. Items
relating to the observance of fall Arbor Day are
particularly desired. Now is also a good time to
increase our numbers. Let every member send
in at least one new name, and the Association will
be in fact a Pennsylvania Association.

"i?

FOREST LEAVES.

79

Ranks with the great representative periodicals of the New TForW.— Evening Sun, N. Y.

iEi

AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY JOURNAL OF

Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry.

Conducted by PROFESSOR C. S. SARGENT, of Harvard.

/^ARDEN AND FOREST is already recognized in all parts of the world as the Ameri-
^--* can authority in its field. It is pronounced by the press the ablest and the handsomest
paper of its class ever published in the United State's.

GARDEN AND FOREST is the only journal in the United States which gives
systematic attention to Forestry. It lays before its readers, from week to week, information
in regard to forests, forest trees and the relations existing between the forests of the country
and vital public interests. Practical forestry is dealt with in all its aspects : attention being
given to such subjects as the planting of forests ; the adaptation of special trees to special
localities ; the methods of cultivating forest trees ; the uses of forest trees ; the management
of woodlands ; the economic functions of forests ; forest preservation and proper methods
of lumbering ; the forests of foreign countries, and the lessons and suggestions afforded by
them to the American forester.

Recognizing the important functions belonging to government, both State and National,
in relation to the forests and the public interests dependent upon them. Garden and Forest
endeavors to further wise legislation and executive action in this field.

Among the regular contributors to the Forestry Department of Garden and Forest
are Professors H. Mayr, Karl Mohr, E. W. Hilgard, G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, Mr. Robert
Douglas, Mr. J. B. Harrison, Mr. B. E. Fernow, Mr. H. C. Putnam, Mr. C. G. Pringle, Mr.
Frank Tweedy and other eminent authorities.

GARDEN AND FOREST treats of horticulture in all its branches, the purpose of
its conductors being to make it a vehicle of information on horticultural subjects which will
enable its readers to cultivate flowers, fruits and vegetables to the best advantage, and to lay
out and keep their gardens and grounds in the most effective and artistic manner. A special
department is devoted to the description of ornamental trees and shrubs. The journal also
aims at co-operating with village Improvement Societies and every other organized effort to
secure the proper ordering and maintenance of parks and squares, cemeteries, railroad stations,
school-grounds and roadsides.

The illustrations are highly artistic, and include pictures of plants never figured before
in any journal in the world.

Subscription Price, $4.00 a year, in advance.

The Garden and Forest Publishing Co.,

D. A. MUNRO, Manager.

TRIBUNE BUILniNO, NEW YORK.

m

H

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80

FOREST LEAVES.

American Bible Warehouse.

A. J. HOLMAN & CO.,

N08. 1222, 1224, 122ft Arch Street, Philadelphia.

Publishers and Manufacturers of Finely Illustrated
Family aad Pulpit Bibles and Standard Books.

Photograph Albums in Large Variety. "«»

HOUSE PLANTS

AS

SANITARY AGENTS;

OR,

THE RELATION OF QROWINQ VEGETATION
TO HEALTH AND DISEASE.

My J. M. i*Livr>ER8, m:.i>., i»it. r>.

121110. 331 pp. $1.50.

•' Once in a great while a really fresh book which opens a fresh field
appears. This is such a book. The leading idea is to show that
plants, even blooming plants, in a sleeping room, so far from exerting
an unhealthy influence, are all the while making the air in a better
condition for human lungs. Besides this, however, the investiga-
tions of the author show many other things of hardly less interest,
even though less directly practical. Mr. Mechan has added a chapter
on the care of house plants. This, alone, is worth the cost of the vol-
ume to those who are in quest of such information. The last two
chapters are devoted to a consideration of our forests— not simply from
the standpoint taken by the political economist, but in relation to the
effects upon the salubrity of the atmosphere, and hence to the preven-
tion and cure of disease."— /'/i/Ai. American.

" Those loving flowers should read Dr. Anders' volume, and the
pleasure derived from cultivating house plants will certainly be in-
creased."—A^. y. Times.

*^t*For sale by l)ooksellers generally, or will be sent,
postpaid, on receipt of price by

J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Publishers.

718-717 MARKET STREET, - PHILADELPHIA.

REE!

Send your address on
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Handsomely Illustrated «^BQ^*81ia i
CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST OF

GARDEN SEEDS

For 1888 ; mailed free to all applicants. Address D.
LANDRETH & SONS, Seed Growers and Merchants,
Philadelphia, Pa. (.Meotion tiiu paper).

MEEHANS* NURSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 760
kinds at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
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BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

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If Estimates Cheerfully Furnished od Application.^

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Mechanical Detailt receive our Personal Supervision.

Philadelphia, November, 1888.

Issued by the Publication Committee of th<

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

25 North Juniper Street, Philadelphia, Pa. *

CONTENTS.

Editorial— Active Effort Sug-
gested in Behalf of Forestry.. 8z

Nhws and Announcements —
The American Forestry Con-
gress ; Annual Meeting of the
Penn'a Association ; A Neat
Diploma 82

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Fall Arbor Day ; A Trip Across the Continent

Some Big Trees of our Region

Sanitary Influences : Our Timber Supply r.....!!!.!*.*.*.*.!i.'*.l

Minnesota's New Forests ..*.!.*.*.'"!.*.*.*

The Penn'a Forestry Association's Ai mVFutuVe' Lumber Supply.'. 00

An Enduring Monument ; Forests of the United States ..: 8q

Dry Rot in Timber " gj

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77ie attention of Nursery mtn and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
ntshed on application. ^

Committee on Publication.
John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 910 Walnut Street.
George M. Coates, 181 7 De Lancey Place.
H. W. Hare Powel, 712 Walnut Street.
Mrs. J. P. LuNDY, 245 South Eighteenth Street.
F. D. Hartzell, Sellersville, Pa.

!^HE autumn more than any other season
Vy attracts attention to our forests, and lovers
of the beautiful grow ecstatic over the tints
which dress out the woodland in gay attire. That
the forests elevate the public taste by the beauties
of spring freshness, the comfort of summer shade,
the glories of autumn covering, and the relief of
the snow-clad winter landscape, is of itself suffi-
cient reason for their preservation and protection ;
but we have a more humanitarian and commercial
basis for our interest in forestry than this. When
enjoying the varied hues of the tinted foliage, or
watching the whirl of leaves dropping from de-
ciduous trees, we may moralize upon the rapidity
with which the trees themselves are passing from
us, and estimate the probable time limit when, if
no active steps are taken to prevent it, few forests
or even groves will be left to enjoy.

The season for activity as an organization has
again arrived, and the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association should be heard from in an emphatic
manner. Its Executive Committee or Council is
already active and has entered upon the work
with renewed zeal, its various committees are

prosecuting the labors assigned to them, and
preparations are being made for the annual meet-
ing of the Association, which a notice in another
column specifies is called for the evening of
Tuesday, November 27th.

It is sincerely hoped that many members of the
Association, or others interested in forestry, will
be present at this meeting, which promises to
be unusually attractive. A full attendance will
inspire the officers with a spirit which will do
much to secure the end desired by the organi-
zation. But mere attendance upon an annual
meeting, giving patient attention to the addresses
and discussions and voting for officers, is not all
that is expected of the members of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association. The officers and the
ladies and gentlemen who form the Council should
have no more personal interest in forestry than
any individual member of the organization. They
give their time and their energies to the work
without compensation, and often at considerable
inconvenience and expense. The composition of
this Council and its duties do not necessarily make
it the sole active element of the Association; its
province is rather to direct and concentrate the
efforts of the membership throughout the State ;
and all that is now needed is to have each of the
five hundred members of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association feel that he or she has a part to
perform which should not, and in many cases
cannot, be delegated to another.

The number and geographical distribution of
members is now sufficient to make the Association
a power in the State; and who can deny that ^\t
hundred earnest advocates of any single purpose
can, if the object be a worthy one, insure its
success? If the purpose of this Association is an
unworthy one we cannot succeed ; but knowing
that such is not the case, the only drawback to
success is the lack of earnest, combined effort.
With the purpose for which the organization was
formed thus attainable, shall we fail to grasp the
present opportunity, an opportunity which may
pass away if we are not up and doing ?

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FOREST LEAVES.

Perhaps some reader asks : What can I do ?
We would answer: You can secure additional
members to the State Association or to your
county branch, for there are few lovers of trees or
citizens who have the welfare of Pennsylvania at
heart who will not contribute one dollar annually
to a cause possessing. so much merit as forestry.
The method of securing membership is set forth
in another column. You can interest others in
forestry by explaining the purposes of our organi-
zation— the value of forest propagation or preser-
vation. You can show the damage done by reck-
less tree felling, by useless waste or by forest fires,
and demonstrate the value which forests produce.

You can send copies of Forest Leaves to
friends, which may enlist them on the side of
forestry, or you can contribute some interesting
data for publication in it. In short, you can with
little effort find many avenues by which to aid
those who are intrusted with the management of
the Association, and thus put it in the position
which it should occupy.

We are not engaged in a selfish work; on the
contrary, its results will be of more benefit to
those who come after us than to ourselves. Is it
not sufficient inducement to activity on behalf
of forestry, to believe that we in this way can
**make the world better by having lived in it"?

The American Forestry Congress.

y^HE American Forestry Congress will hold its
Vy seventh annual meeting (adjourned from
Cleveland) in Atlanta, Ga., on December
5th and following days (not November 29th, as
heretofore announced). The meeting promises
to be of special interest, being the first held in
the South by this organization, and being intended,
also, to effect a unification of the Southern States
Forestry Congress with the mother society, thus
bringing the forestry interests of the two sections
under the same care, and adding an additional tie
of union to the many that have aided in wiping
out the differences which have existed.

The Legislature of the State of Georgia last
year, by joint resolution, invited the Forestry
Congress to meet in its halls, and the citizens
of Atlanta, with their well-known hospitable
spirit, have made efforts to receive and entertain
tl»e members. In addition to the attractions of
the Queen City of the South and her surround-
ings, an excursion to the Augusta Exposition
forms the feature of the entertainment. Decem-
ber 7th, being the Arbor Day appointed for the
State of Georgia, will be appropriately celebrated.
Reduced railroad fares (two-thirds regular fare)
have been secured under the usual condition that

one hundred attend ; or else *'stop over" privi-
leges will be allowed to those able to secure cheap
excursion tickets to the Augusta Exposition.

The interests of the South in properly managing
her vast forest resources ; the need and duties of
State Forest Commissions and the legislation for
the timber interests of the General Government,
in addition to other questions of forestry, will be
discussed by able men. The fact that the Presi-
dent of the Congress this year, Hon. C. R. Prin-
gle, is the President, pro. fern., of the Senate of
Georgia, will undoubtedly attract large audiences.

We must briefly add to this announcement some
words of appreciation of the laudable work of the
Congress, which, beginning its career in 1882, in
Cincinnati, by its meetings in Montreal, St. Paul,
Saratoga, Boston, Denver, Springfield, 111., and
by its publications, has carried the sentiment in
favor of a rational use of our forests, and has
widened the conception of their importance in
spite of many drawbacks and discouragements.
Under its influence mere sentimentality is giving
place to proper sentiment ; under its influence
local forestry associations have been formed, and
the forestry interests in general have been kept
before the public. The small membership fee of
J2.00 annually, or ;J|ioo for life membership, could
not have supported this work had not its officers
been willing to work for the love of their work,
and we wish to encourage these unselfish men in
their efforts and stimulate others to join the Asso-
ciation and increase its working members and
working fund. Any one inclined to attend the
meeting or to become a member of the Society
may address for particulars the Secretary, Hon.
B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division,
Department of Agriculture, at Washington, D. C,
who has been the soul of the Congress almost
since its inception.

Annual Meeting.

The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association will be held at the College of
Physicians, northeast corner of Thirteenth and
Locust streets, on Tuesday evening, November
27th, at eight o'clock. The programme will con-
sist mainly of discussions on the subject of forestry
and the work of the Association, by the members.
An election of officers will be held and other im-
portant business transacted.

— By order of Council, a very attractive diploma
of membership has been prepared for presentation
to life, honorary, and foreign members of the
Association. The document briefly outlines the
objects of the organization and the ends to be
attained by its members. It is surrounded by a
unique border representing the leaves, blossoms
and fruit of the staple trees of the country.

FOREST LEAVES.

83

Fall Arbor Day.
arr^BOR DAY" was observed on October
yi 19th m many of the public schools in
this city, when the usual Friday after-
noon exercises were increased by the reading of
essays on '* Trees" by pupils, special recitations,
etc. Superintendent MacAlister had issued the
following circular relating to the observance of
the day by the schools :

Superintendent's Office, October loth, 1888.

To/Ae Principals of Grammar and Secondary Schools •—

Your attention is called to the action of the
Board of Public Education, authorizing the ob-
servance of Arbor Day on the afternoon of Friday
October 19th. The exercises should be of the
same general character as those suggested last
spring— the object being to impress upon the
minds of the pupils the important uses served by
trees in the economy of nature, in beautifying the
parks, fields and highways, and in their economic
relations to practical life. It should be under-
stood that the action of the Board does not pro-
vide for a holiday at the time named, but simply
grants permission to substitute the Arbor Day
exercises in place of the regular recitations.

The Principals may, in their judgment, substi-
tute the planting of trees and shrubs for the in-
door exercises. It is desirable that the programmes
should be made as attractive as possible, and the
parents of the children should be invited to attend.

By authority of the Board of Public Education.
Yours very respectfully,

James MacAlister,

Superintendent Public Schools.

At the Manual Training School, Professor Hen-
derson delivered an address on the '* Economy
of Trees in Nature," and there were select read-
ings and recitations by some of the scholars.
At some of the grammar schools special exercises
were held, including reading, singing and reci-
tations. The planting of an apple tree was a
feature of the exercises at the Northeast Girls'
Grammar School.

At Soudertown, Montgomery County, the pub-
lic schools observed the day by planting twenty-
six trees, each of which was named after some
prominent person.

The Worcester, Mass., State Normal School
observed the day by planting fifty-seven trees,
comprising spruce, hemlock, pine, elm, beech
and sugar maple.

— The attention of our readers is called to Prof.
Rothrock's article on the ** Big Trees of our
Region." We should be glad to hear from any
one, whether a member of the Assocation or not,
who can give well authenticated measurements of
large trees growing within this State or elsewhere.

A Trip Across the Continent.

Skippack, Pa., Oct. 22d, 1888.

Editor Forest Leaves :

T FEAR I had not the forestry question very
i constantly in mind as I crossed the conti-

T "fi^u ^"^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^" ^^"s pre-occupied,
1 could hardly contribute anything material, since
your articles come from all sections and emanate
from expert observers. What few casual observa-
tions I have made, I will, however, not deny you.
Almost immediately after getting beyond the
confine of my native county (Bucks), I see what
twenty years ago I saw for the first time, as a
weary invalid boy I trudged along the dusty road
from Hellertown to Bethlehem. Then Lehigh
Mountain was completely crowned by a beautiful
thick woods, and as the first example of a moun-
tain that I had ever had the chance of getting
near to, impressed me very much with its pic-
turesque beauty. Now, in passing it, I see a great,
ugly, bare spot on its eastern slope, just recently
made by the woodman's axe. Passing on up the
Lehigh Valley, I am constrained to gratitude at
the thought that the greed of man may possibly
be long satisfied with the revenue it yields as a
picnic ground, and thus the brooklet in Onoko
Glen, which amidst delightful shades has yearly
charmed its thousands, may be spared.

Still, as the valley narrows, and as across the
narrow, rapid stream we see the dry burnt trunks
of many thousands of trees, with nothing but a
scrubby, immature second product rising to replace
them, what might have been had fires been pro-
perly controlled or, better still, prevented, gives
yet another thought.

Next day, on Goat and Luna and the Three Sister
Islands, it occurred to me that had the trees there
been available for profit from lumbering, we might
be obliged to listen to Niagara's roar in a broiling
sun, instead of having these exquisitely beautiful
spots to loiter in while we contemplate the majestic
grandeur of our surroundings.

Through the long level stretch from Welland to
Detroit, in Southern Canada, the traveler sees
miles and miles of fences made from stumps set
side by side with upturned roots, which point-
edly tell of wholesale clearing not many years ago.
And as we pass through a section where, but a day
before, a fierce cyclone unroofed the houses and
buildings and extensively damaged the crops, we
fancy the mistaken policy of complete denudation
might readily be comprehended. I can easily
believe that navigation on Lake Erie is now much
more dangerous and difficult than formerly.

Southern Michigan is a very pretty section, and
my observation would lead me to think that a fair
proportion of woodland still existed there.

Going through Wisconsin, into the very heart

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of the pine lumbering district, where, at Chippewa
Falls, there is the largest saw-mill in the country,
turning out as much as half a million feet in one
day, the great significance and importance of
this industry asserts itself, and the fact, so often
insisted on in recent years, that without reforesting
its cessation is only a question of comparatively
a few years, also becomes apparent.

At Lake Minnetonka, again, we are reminded
that the demands of the pleasure-seekers of St.
Paul and Minneapolis, the great double metropolis
of the eastern gateway to our magnificent north-
west, may spare its forests and preserve its match-
less beauty.

These great cities, like most western towns, are
wisely laid out, not only leaving room for trees,
but also filling that room with the best varieties ;
and how much is thus added to their attractiveness
and healthfulness need not here be contended for.

And now taking my seat in the Pullman
coach, for a seventy-four hours' ride over the
Northern Pacific Railroad, I am approaching my
first full experience of the meaning of a treeless
region. Within forty hours we are crossing the
largest prairie in the United States, probably
in the world ; not like the prairies (now of the
past) of the lower Mississippi region, ** Billowy
bays of grass, ever rolling in shadow and sun-
shine," but a great level plain, not broken any-
where in sight by the slightest knoll or the
smallest bush, but scantily clad in grass, and only
at very long intervals the site of a human habita-
tion, near which a few animals, horses, cattle or
sheep are seen grazing. The full power of a
Dakota blizzard can be imagined only after we
have reached the great bleak expanse of surface,
covered with sand so fine that it creeps in at every
crevice in the car, covering your seat, clothing,
t>aggage and person ; getting into your nostrils
and bronchia, and eyes and ears, producing irri-
tation of body and mind, which is found still
further west and north. How a strong wind,
sweeping down over these barren regions, carrying
its dust and probably great gusts of snow with it,
can deal destruction and death to the luckless
beings who have settled on the more fertile regions
below, we may easily know. And how, if great
belts of trees of half a mile or so in width were
cutting these regions across, extending in a direc-
tion from southwest to southeast, the force of these
blizzards would be broken, can also be imagined.
The question might arise, whether Congress might
not make appropriations here for this purpose, as
well bestowed, if not better, than those occasion-
ally voted for national improvements. That trees
would grow here, if started by irrigation, hardly
admits of question, since many demonstrations
exist, that all this region, no matter how umprom-
ising it looks in a state of nature, is reclaimable

by irrigation, the great region of low hills, tech-
nically called the "Bud Lands," of course
excepted.

Further on we get into the fertile Takima valley,
then into the barefoot hills of the Cascade Range,
where no vegetation can grow, but this we remark
without regret, since their shapely, clean-cut out-
lines, curving into graceful roundish domes, nes-
tled among each other, with the Takima river still
threading its way down between them, make a
scene long to be remembered.

After climbing the range and getting to the
western descent through Stampede Pass, we soon
reach a timber region, which excels everything I
have seen. For hours, to either side, we ride by
great towering firs, several hundred feet in height,
straight as an atrow to the very top, and standing
so thick that one would find it almost difficult to
thread his way through them. But even in our
very car, we meet a man on his way to Tacoma,
who, with other capitalists, form a syndicate,
ready to begin operations, to denude a belt ex-
tending for some miles to either side of the rail-
road, so that the traveler next summer will
doubtless miss the sight so grateful to me, and
instead will find these monarchs of the forest
humbled to the dust, their tissues grating beneath
the saw and creaking under the axe.

It would almost seem as though Ranier was
holding his burnished sceptre of glistening ice, of
which ever and anon we catch a glimpse through
a break in the hilly forest, over this region, to
forbid such ruthless desecration.

As I passed over the Sickyou Mountains the
grandeur of the scenery claimed so much atten-
tion that but little note was taken of the charac-
ter of the timber, but I regret to have forgotten
the name of a tree, occasionally seen, with an
almost blood-red bark that made it very beautiful.

The bluffy coast at San Francisco, with its
sand drifts, would seem to be incapable of grow-
ing trees, but the beauty of Golden Gate Park
belies this opinion.

Threading our way in a stage-coach over roads
the most dusty a hardworking country practitioner
of medicine of fifteen years* experience has ever
encountered, in a distance of ninety-two miles,
along the precipitous mountain sides, into the
very heart of the Sierre Nevadas to reach the
glories of Yosemite, we observe, the greasewood,
the Manzanita (Arolostaphylus glauca) and the
Sequia Gigantea or Big tree.

We ride through the tunnel in the Dead Giant,
a stump thirty feet in diameter, and see the dead
prostrate giants lying along our path, enough to
make the heart ache at the thought that now they
must lie there and rot, and yet conscious that
when once the locomotive shall penetrate to these
regions, even the growing, promising youths of

this great race will fall before the havoc of the
mercenary speculator shall have reached its sad
end. When we climb the rugged heights, by the
bridle path to Glacier Point, and through the
Canon by Nevada and Vernal Falls, we meet with
Spicewood {Calycanihus occidentalis). Wild Horse
Chestnut (Esculus Californica), Juniper {/unt-
perus occidentalism y Sycamore {Platanus Race-
mosd)j Dogwood (Mountain Whithally), and
many other species of woods, which under the
artisan's hand take on a most exquisite polish,
and are carried away in the shape of mementos
from the valley.

Once more out of these wilds, and on the line
of the Central Pacific Railroad, we find that the
■country has been well stripped of its former
magnificent timber, until we reach Nevada, where
no timber worth speaking of ever existed.

Turning aside at Ogden, we go by that greatest
of scenic routes, the Denver & Rio Grande Rail-
way, through Utah and Colorado, rattling through
the Black Cafion, over Marshall Pass, through
the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas River, finding,
as we have finally cleared the Rockies, just
beyond Pueblo, that we have seen but little tim-
ber that the rapacity of the speculator will be
likely to seek out and attack.

What a great work we forestry people must yet
accomplish ere we teach the nation, the States,
and the individual owners of the woodlands that
trees grow to be harvested for use when matured,
the stage of maturity being graded by the purpose
for which they are to be employed ; that an
aggregation of trees reaches beyond the spot of
ground it occupies, is exercising an influence on
the soil and the atmosphere, which is the common
heritage of all ; that the lumber interest, like any
other agricultural interest, needs sowers and
planters as well as harvesters and transporters ;
and that the time is here when practical steps
should be taken to avoid the calamities which
under similar tendencies have befallen other
countries. Very respectfully,

Samuel Wolfe.

Some Big Trees of Our Region.

PROF. J. T. ROTHROCK.

HE term, big trees ^ may require some explana-
tion,— first, because it has come to be asso-
ciated with the gigantic Sequoias of the
Pacific Coast ; and second, because it is a matter
of doubt, often, as to how large a tree should be
to entitle it to the above designation. Then,
again, a big tree for the region under considera-
tion might be nothing remarkable for the Wabash
Valley. •

To put a case in point, Halesia tetraptera

growing along the Ohio river is seldom more
than a large shrub ; but in the mountains of Ten-
nessee it becomes a large tree occasionally.

For the present purpose we shall not be wide of
the mark if we say that a White Oak {Quercus
alba), growing in this region to a diameter of four
feet, would be a large tree, one considerably be-
yond average size. The height of our trees varies
so much according to place and accidents of
growth that we are accustomed to look less to
this than to diameter as the exponent of size.

In Central New Jersey, at Clarksboro*, there are
several White Oak trees which have a diameter of
about eight feet at three feet above the ground,
. according to the measurements of Mr. Isaac Burk.
In the Friends* Cemetery, in Salem, New Jersey,
stands a noble oak which, for its spreading
branches, is the admiration of all who see it.
There is a tradition that in earlier years its top
was cut off. This tree is nearly or quite six feet
in diameter. Its exact measurements I have, but,
unfortunately, have mislaid them.

In Abbott's '* Waste Land Wanderings *' I find
the following: **Near this place (Crosswick's
Creek, N. J.), until July, 1869, stood the largest
White Oak in the country, and probably in the
State. . . . This mighty oak, which measured
twenty-seven feet in circumference (nine feet in
diameter) three feet from the ground, was so
injured by a violent gale of wind that its removal
became necessary."

At New London, in Chester County, Pa., there
is another White Oak whose trunk is five feet in
diameter at four feet from the ground, and whose
branches spread over j 1 7 feet. This tree has a
height of about 80 feet.

Looking over that monumental work (the ninth
volume of the tenth census) on our American
Trees, by Prof. Sargent, I find he mentions about
thirteen feet as the maximum diameter for our
Chestnut tree, — though, so far as I am aware, we
have in this region nothing approaching this ; yet
it may be a surprise to many to know that Mr.
Josiah W. Leeds has recorded one stump, remain-
ing at Horsham, Penna., which is nine feet across.
This, probably, is little if any larger than a tree
now growing at Northbrook, Chester Co., Pa.,
which, three feet above the ground, is something
more than eight feet in diameter.

There is also at Parkerville, in Chester Co., Pa.,
standing by the roadside, another Chestnut tree
which at five feet above the ground has a diame-
ter of seven feet and seven inches.

On the grounds at Cedarcroft, the home of the
late Bayard Taylor, but now owned by Dr. Richard
Levis, there stand two Chestnut trees which are
nearly or quite as large as the one at Parkerville.

Near West Chester, Pa., is another Chestnut
(Spanish?), tree which is five feet in diameter.

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This is remarkable more from its rapid growth
than from its actual size. It is known to be but
seventy-six or seventy-seven years old, and its
recent growth has been slow. About the year
1875, ^^s ^^^^ owner, Mr. Alfred Sharpless, sold
from this tree forty-eight dollars' wortli of fruit,
beside what was eaten at home.

On the same farm with this chestnut tree, but
on high ground, is a Buttonwood {Platonus occi-
denialis)y which, at two feet above the ground, is
in diameter seven feet and eight inches, and has
three enormous limbs, each of which is more than
three feet in diameter. The spread of its branches
is between 90 and 100 feet. Such a size for a
buttonwood tree is not remarkable when one looks
along our stream banks, but this stands out in a
sunny field and on very high ground.

Within fifty miles of Philadelphia there are
several Sassafras trees which have a diameter of
three feet. Mr. Leeds, however, mentions one at
Horsham which is nearly five feet in diameter at
four and a half feet above the ground. In Indian
Territory the sassafras is said to attain a diameter
of six and a half feet.

These incomplete figures are given in the hope
that they will stimulate others to collect measure-
ments. There is some danger that in another
century, unless we protect our large trees, there
will be but few chances of learning what the
maximum size of our American speices is.

Sanitary Influences.

^jMONG those who render unprejudiced testi-
\\ mony to the facts we desire to prove beyond
J the possibility of controversy as to the

sanitary influence of forests, is the late United
States Consul to the Island of Mauritius, Mr.
Nicholas Pike, in his interesting book entitled
** Sub-Tropical Rambles." In the chapter on the
scourge of the Island of Mauritius, the epidemic
malarial fever, of which he had witnessed the
ravages in the years 1867 and 1868, after describ-
ing the fever, its causes, remedies and treatment,
with a microscopic diagnosis, in which he traced
it to minute vegetable spores developing in damp,
warm situations, he writes as follows : —

'* In the report of Dr. Reid, the chief medical
officer of the Island of Mauritius, a curious fact
is mentioned about the spread of the fever into a
section of Black River and Savanne, always known
as the healthiest part of the island. Between
these districts and the infected ones lay a barrier
of forests and woody elevations, but in January,
1868, occurred a hurricane, the main force of
which was from the southeast and east in that
extremity of the island, and of such force as to
spoil the forests of their leaves, and make gaps in

this barrier of wooded highlands. The fever
germs were thus carried from that part of the
Black River district, where fever was rife, to the
hitherto healthy inhabitants of the once sheltered

part.

** The great source of the changes in climate that
Mauritius has undergone, has been the cutting
down of the forests.

*< The mania for cane planting, to the exclusion
of nearly all other articles of export, has been
carried to such an extent, that where once stood
magnificent forests with streams running through
them, are now wide, treeless plains, waterless
whenever the frequent droughts occur.

** For a hot climate I never saw one so denuded
of tree-life. Formerly, in different parts of the city
were trees, affording a welcome shade to foot passen-
gers and carriage horses. But a raid was made on
the greater part of them by the municipality, on the
plea that they injured the sewers and pavements, as
if the open, stench-giving gutters did not do fifty
times more injury. At the Cape of Good Hope
I had noticed the finest trees planted at the edge
of the gutters, which there pour along clean
streams instead of dirty, and in most tropical
climates trees grew in all the streets. Oh, Goths
and Vandals, to destroy, ruthlessly, one of the
Creator's best gifts for the health and comfort of
his creatures !

** Here and there one certainly sees clumps of
shrubs and underwood about the country ; but
these become a harbor for all the filth and refuse
of the place, and of course when rain falls they
are muddy nuclei of infection.

** There are endless talkings and suggestions as to
what ought to be done to bring about a difference
in the sanitary condition of the island, and it is
to be hoped that action will follow. If stringent
measures are not soon taken the prosperity of
Mauritius must come to an end. Ships already
avoid coming here for fear of infection, and all
the millions of dollars spent to render it the
* half-way house to the East ' for all nations, may
as well have been flung into the ocean."

Our Timber Supply.

>^N important article on the ** Forests of the
\k United States" is contributed to a recent
^ number of Garden and Forest by Mr. A.

C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Mr. Put-
nam speaks with authority, for he has for years
made a practical study of the timber question, and
did some of the most valuable work in connection
with the forestry report of the tenth census, which
for the first time gave a clear conception of the
extent and worth of the timber resources of this
countjy. Comparatively few outside of those
directly concerned have an idea what an enor-

mous proportion of our national wealth is com-
prised in the forests, in spite of the vastness of
the interests involved. Mr. Putnam gives a clear
resume of the present situation, and shows that
careful estimates, now being made in the great
timber States, prove the approximate correctness
of the estimates made in 1880. The limitations
of the pine supply in the northwest were then
pointed out, with its practical exhaustion in a few
years under the existing rate of destruction, and
present figures show the tremendous inroads made
on that supply in the past eight years. In Wis-
consin, for instance, the estimate of standing pine
was forty-one billion feet ; the present amount
appears to be less than ten billion ! It is now
claimed that Michigan has less than thirty billion,
left, and the amount in Minnesota is probably no
more than eight or ten billion. The southern
forest lands have enormously increased in value,
and northern lumbermen have made heavy invest-
ments there. The Canadian lumber resources prove
much less than was popularly supposed, and the
Winnipeg region is now largely supplied from Min-
nesota. We are also exporting lumber largely to
Australia, China, Japan and Mexico.

Mr. Putnam finds cause for congratulation that
we still have in our forests a wonderful inheritance,
of a value that, if estimated, would run into the
thousands of millions of dollars, not covered up
in the ground, but in plain sight and on its sur-
face. It seems strange that the national govern-
ment should still be so indifferent to this great
wealth. The interior department states that the
timber culture act is a failure in Minnesota,
Dakota, Kansas and Nebraska, after a trial of ten
years, the government giving away its valuable
land in vain. Many millions of dollars' worth of
land having been given to agricultural colleges,
Mr. Putnam suggests that the proceeds of future
sales in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota
should, in simple justice, be given to those States
for- the establishment of schools of forestry and
the payment of trained foresters to take care of
the forests; and that the same be done in the
southern timber States, where government timber
lands, now selling at J 1.25 an acre, could readily
bring double that price.

Millions of dollars' worth of timber are annu-
ally destroyed by forest fires, and if the govern-
ment had enough regard for the value of its
possessions to take a few simple steps for their
protection, a very large proportion of this loss
would be saved. Mr. Putnam saw one burning,
started by a gang of railroad workmen, in Wash-
ington Territory, that destroyed more than a mil-
lion dollars' worth of timber, a fire that never
would have occurred had such carelessness been
made criminal by law, and an offcer of the gov-
ernment been within reach to enforce it ; even

$250,000 a year, he says, properly spent in care of
forests and forest education, would add millions
to future forest values.

In its previous issue Garden and Forest pointed
out the wise course that the lumber interests of
Maine have been led to adopt by experience, so
that, by cutting only the mature trees and letting
the others grow, while taking precautions against
the spreading of fires, a permanent supply of
white pine is assured, so that if the present reck-
less destruction goes on in the northwest, in a few
years those States will even be likely to draw their
supply from Maine. — Boston Herald,

Minnesota's New Forests.

T^iVHEN, in 1874, the State authorities investi-
vXy gated the subject of tree planting, it was
found that there had been planted pre-
viously, under Congressional and State laws offer-
ing premiums for the planting of trees in forty-
eight counties of the State, 14,908,048 trees on
about seven thousand acres of land, by private
enterprise, and that two of the railway companies
had planted almost 5,000,000 trees, chiefly willow,
Cottonwood, box elder, ash, oak, elm, butternut,
soft maple, sugar maple, larch, and lombardy
poplar. The Sioux City road planted 30,000
larches, which were subsequently devoured by
grasshoppers. On Arbor Day, 1877, there were
445*568 trees planted. During that season there
were altogether 4,466,371 trees planted, and there
were growing which had been previously planted
and inclusive of those planted that year 28,602,556
trees according to the State statistician's report,
but 50,000,000 according to others. In that year
it was reported that many trees which had been
planted twenty years before had reached a height
of seventy or eighty feet, with a diameter of two
and a half feet. The experience of many up to
that time was that the seed of ash, poplars, box
elders, etc., sown on the prairie, with a little care
produced strong young trees in a year or two. —
St, Paul Pioneer,

— On the historic Rhine at certain seasons of
the year the traveler is surprised by the sight of
what seems to him whole villages in motion. The
timber that is cut in the Black Forest is floated to
the Rhine on the small streams tributary thereto,
and gradually collected until immense rafts are
formed and the whole planked over. Houses are
built and whole families, sometimes to the number
of four hundred people on one raft, embark,
oftentimes taking their live stock with them, and
float leisurely down the stream until Holland is
reached, where the rafts are broken up and sold
for sums sometimes reaching ;j2oo,ooo.

tot

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FOREST LEAVES.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886,

T ABORS to disseminate information in regard
J C to the necessity and methods of forest cul-
ture and preservation, and to secure the
enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual vie77ibership fee, One dollar.

Life membership, Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this
Association is intended to be limited to the State
of Pennsylvania. All members are entitled to
receive the publications of the Association with-
out charge. Persons desiring to become members
should send their names to W. W. Montgomery,
Chairman, Membership Committee, 218 South
Fourth St., Phila,, or (if residents of Delaware or
Montgomery counties) to Miss Grace Anna Lewis,
Media, Delaware county. Pa., or Samuel Wolfe,
M.D., Shippack, Montgomery county. Pa.

The Future Lumber Supply Must Come
from the South and Pacific Slope.

y^HE fact is constantly becoming more mani-
\Q fest that there is a rapid diminution in the
timber supply of the Michigan region, and
it is a question of only a few years when the great
lumber barons of that region must look elsewhere.
This fact is becoming more manifest each year.
The question naturally arises, where shall they go ?
Certainly not to the East or the Middle States;
their forests are denuded. The Pacific slope has
an abundant supply, but the distance from the
markets is so great that that region, for present
requirements, offers no inducements. The South-
ern States alone can supplant the region which
has yielded the great product in recent years. In
the South there are millions of acres practically
untouched by the woodsman's axe, and even along
the waterways and railroads the forests have only
been scratched. Timber lands in the South are
cheap. The variety and extent of Southern woods
are unsurpassed on the globe, and facilities for
marketing them are good and becoming better
every day. The result is clear to any observer.
The centre of the great lumber operations in the
future must be the South, and the far-seeing manu-
facturers are already preparing for this. The
Chicago Lumberman, in a recent issue, enlarges on
this subject as follows: —

"The 'destiny' of the lumber business in
Michigan is making itself more manifest each
succeeding year, and that destiny points unmis-
takably to ultimate and final extinction, so far as
a great manufacturing centre is concerned. Within
the memory of very many of the lumbermen of
the Saginaw Valley, as well as other portions of

the State, the idea of the inexhaustibility of the
pine timber of Michigan was freely discussed,
and the vast pine forest stretching from an east
and west line on the southern portion of the Sagi-
naw Valley to the extreme northern limits of the
upper peninsula, which were then practically an
unbroken wilderness, waved itself in the breeze,
as if in absolute defiance of the activity and
energy of the enterprising lumbermen who had
invaded, as pioneers, this vast domain which
had ' millions in it ' for the harvesters of the pine

product.

^*The territory adjacent to the Cass, the Titta-
bawasse and other streams tributary to the mills
on the Saginaw river was the first to suffer from
an extensive invasion, which soon transformed it
into the finest agricultural region in the State,
while the ring of the woodman's axe, and the
crash of the falling pine monarchs of the forest
receded in response to the advance of agricul-
tural development. But Bay City, Saginaw, Flint
and other enterprising Michigan cities sprung
into prominence through this devastation of the
imaginary limitless wealth of pine timbers, and
the Saginaw river was elevated to the position of
the greatest pine producing centre in the world.
As the amount of the annual product increased,
the idea of the * inexhaustibility ' of the forests
seemed to insanely impress the producers ; and
the newspaper men who hoisted cautionary sig-
nals against needless waste, and hinted at final
extermination, were considered as verging on
lunacy. Bay City and Saginaw increased their
output until in 1882 it reached the enormous pro-
portions of 1,011,000,000 feet, and seemed abso-
lutely impressed with the opinion that this enor-
mous slaughter was evidence of inexhaustibility
instead of ominous of final and not very distant
extinction. That year's output proved to be the
pinnacle of fame for the Saginaw river, and

* decline ' put its seal on the business, and has
been gradually but surely making inroads since.

** The * destiny ' of the business has now fully
dawned on the minds of all concerned, and while
the enterprising cities have been actively casting
about for new industries to replace that upon
which their very existence depended, the pine
producers have been looking for new territorial
possessions to conquer, invading both the Pacific
Coast redwood forests and the yellow pine regions
of the Southern States. And now the wail of

* extinction ' which has been heard for several
years on the Saginaw river is going up from the
Sawdust City, Muskegon, on the west shore of the
State, which only a few years agone prided itself
as the rival of Bay City in lumber production,
and seemed to glory in its advantages over the
latter because of its ' limitless ' supply of pine
timber tributary to Muskegon water. Now, how-

FOREST LEAVES.

89

ever, one of the papers of that city says, * straws
show which way the wind blows, and while there
is a large amount of pine timber left on Muske-
gon waters, there is no doubt that our lumbermen
commence to realize the fact that the supply is
limited,' and adds, **when we consider that our
saw and shingle mills demand 600,000,000 feet
per year, and that the above amount will strip at
least fifty square miles of average pine forest, the
only wonder is that the supply has lasted so long.
Like several of those of Bay City, Flint and Sagi-
naw, some of the Muskegon's operators are re-
tiring from the field and offering their outfits for
sale or removing them elsewhere.'

The same is true of other sections of the State,
all of which demonstrates unmistakably the pro-
position at the commencement hereof that the
' destiny of the lumber business in Michigan is
making itself more manifest each succeeding year,
and that destiny means final and ultimate extinc-
tion, practically.* Like Maine and some other
of the Eastern lumber-producing States, Michigan
has a few men who have sagaciously secured ex-
tensive possessions of pine lands, and are holding
them for future operations; but it is useless to
ignore the fact that rapid decline must inevitably
mark the history of the business in Michigan in
the future." — Chattanooga Tradesman,

An Enduring Monument.

IN these days of memorial monuments and build-
ings whose price is collected in various sums
of subscription, and whose erection is often
delayed so many years after the death of the one
they are meant to honor that his name is strange
to the young people of the generation, perhaps
the story of a road, which the Japanese love to
tell, may give a hint of less costly and as enduring
monuments as those of stone.

When the great general and law-giver, lyecsasu,
died, the various tributary princes vied with each
other in the richness of their offerings to perpetu-
ate his memory. One loving and loyal daimio
was too poor to give a latern of bronze or stone,
as was customary, and yet wished to give some-
thing, however trivial, to honor his dead lord.
He gave from his own forest land, cryptomeria
trees, a foot and a half in height, and sent his own
servants to plant them, at equal distances, along
the two roads leading to Nikko, where the dead
shogun was interred. It is more than two hundred
years since then, and the twig trees are giants now,
whose branches lock across the wide roadway.
Coming from thirty miles in one direction, twenty
in another, they meet seven miles from the temples
where the honored dead sleeps, and a double row
extends for those last seven miles.

Many who visit Nikko may forget the loveliness

of the mountain scenery, the waterfalls and rush-
ing streams, the carving and gilding of the tem-
ples, the soft, low tone of the bells, the odor of
incense and chanting of priests, but few will forget
their twenty miles' ride beneath these stately trees.
What more beautiful memorial could be erected
than this, which benefits rich and poor, prince
and coolie, alike, while lanterns and memorial
stones are of no service except as reminders of a
bygone age ?

The Forests of the United States.

[Sklbctbd.]

>^HE annual report of the Division of Forestry
\5) of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, just issued, estimates the forest
lands in the States and Territories as follows : —

ACRES.

Maine, 12,000,000

New Hampshire, 3,000,000

Massachusetts, 1,389,500

Rhode Island, 163,528

Connecticut, 650,000

Vermont, 1,990,000

New York, 8,000,000

New Jersey, 2,330,000

Pennsylvania, 7,000,000

Delaware, 300,000

Maryland, 2,000,000

Virginia, 13,000,000

North Carolina, 18,000,000

South Carolina, 13,000,000

Georgia, 18,000,000

Florida, 20,000,000

Alabama, 17,000,000

Mississippi, 13,000,000

Louisiana, 13,000,000

Texas 40,000,000

Michigan, 14,000,000

Wisconsin, 17,000,000

Minnesota, 30,000,000

Ohio, 4,258,767

Indiana, 4,300,606

Illinois, 3,500,000

West Virginia 9,000,000

Kentucky, 12,800,000

Tennessee, 16,000,000

Arkansas, 28,000,000

Iowa, 2,300,000

Dakota, 3,000,000

Nebraska, 1,550,000

Kansas, 3,500,000

Wyoming, 7,800,000

Colorado, 10,630,000

New Mexico, 8,000,000

Idaho, 10,234,000

Nevada, 2,000,000

Utah, 4,000,000

Arizona, 10,000,000

Washington Territory, 20,000,000

Oregon 20,000,000

California, 20,000,000

A Study of these figures shows that the South is
much richer in forests than any other portion of
the country. Separating the States into groups.

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90

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

91

lit

i

the six New England States are credited with a
forest area of 19,193,028 acres, the four Middle
States with 17,630,000, thefourteen Southern States
(including Maryland and leaving out Missouri)
with 232,800,000, the nine Western States with
80,358,000, the four Pacific States with 52,630,-
000, and the seven territories with 63,034,000.
It will thus be seen that of the entire 465,795,000
acres of forest included in this estimate the four-
teen Southern States possess fully one-half.

These statistics show that while the process of
denudation has been carried on to an unhealthy
extreme in the Eastern, Middle and a few of the
Western States, the forest area still remaining in
this country is a magnificent one. If the esti-
mates of the department are approximately cor-
rect, the timber lands of the country, exclusive of
Alaska, cover an area equal to fifteen States the
size of Pennsylvania. If proper measures are
taken to prevent the rapid and unnecessary de-
struction of what is left of our forest domain, it
should be equal to all requirements for an indefi-
nite period. It is not yet a case of locking the
stable after the horse is stolen, and never should
be allowed to become so. With the adoption of
a policy of judicious tree planting in the prairie
States and a system of State or Government
reservations in the mountainous districts, which
are the sources of the chief rivers of the country,
the evil effects which have followed forest denuda-
tion in Europe and some portions of Asia would
never exist here.

Dry Rot in Timber.

IN a report on this subject, presented to the
Science Standing Committee of the R. I. B. A.,

Mr. Bidlake offers the following : —

No wood which is liable to damp, or has at
any time absorbed moisture, and is in contact
with stagnant air so that the moisture can not
evaporate, can be considered safe from the attacks
of dry rot.

Any impervious substance applied to wood
which is not thoroughly dry tends to engender
decay ; floor covered with kamptulicon and laid
over brick arching before the latter was dry;
cement dado to wood partition, the water ex-
pelled from dado in setting, and absorbed by the
wood, had no means of evaporation.

Wood-work coated with paint or tar before
thoroughly dry and well-seasoned is liable to de-
cay, as the moisture is imprisoned.

Skirtings and wall paneling very subject to
dry rot, and especially window backs, for the
space between the wood-work and the wall is
occupied by stagnant air; the former absorbs
moisture from the wall (especially if it has been
fixed before the wall was dry after building), and

the paint or varnish prevents the moisture from
evaporating into the room. Skirtings, etc., thus
form excellent channels for the spread of the

fungus.

Plaster seems to be sufficiently porous to allow
the evaporation of water through it; hence,
probably, the space between ceiling and floor is
not so frequently attacked, if also the floor boards
do not fit very accurately and no oil-cloth covers

the floor. •

Ploughed and tongued floors are disadvanta-
geous in certain circumstances, as when placed
over a space occupied by damp air, as they
allow no air to pass between the boards and so

dry them.

Beams may appear sound externally and be rot-
ten within, for the outside being in contact with
the air, becomes drier than the interior. It is
well, therefore, to saw and reverse all large scant-
ling.

The ends of all timber, and especially of large
beams, should be free (for it is through the ends
that moisture chiefly evaporates). They should
on no account be imbedded in mortar.

Inferior and ill-seasoned timber is evidently to

be avoided.

Whatever insures dampness and lack of evapo-
ration is conducive to dry rot, that is to say,
dampness arising from the soil ; dampness arising
from walls, especially if the damp-proof course
has been omitted ; dampness arising from use of
salt sand ; dampness arising from drying of mor-
tar and cement.

Stagnation of air resulting from air grids getting
blocked with dirt or being purposely blocked
through ignorance. Stagnation may exist under
a floor although there are grids in the opposite
walls, for it is difficult to induce the air to move
in a horizontal direction without some special
means of suction. Corners of stagnant air are to
be guarded against.

Darkness assists the development of fungus ;
whatever increases the temperature of the wood
and stagnant air (within limits) also assists. —
Southern Lumberfftan.

— The little village on the Baltic sea where the
amber industry is carried on is called Schwartzort.
It is situated on a narrow strip of land that ex-
tends about ten miles beyond the mainland, and
is perhaps a mile wide at its widest part. At one
time this strip of land was covered with a forest,
but the wood was sold off by a Prussian king in
the beginning of this century to the Russians.
The land has become barren since stripped of its
sheltering forest, and now it is nothing but a
sandy waste ; and, were it not for the amber in-
dustry, this beautiful peninsula would be desolate.

Banks ivith the great representative periodicals of the New iroWcf.— Evening Sun, N. Y.

^\

''^^^^S ^Kt^

AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY JOURNAL OF

Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry.

Conducted by PROFESSOR C. S. SARGENT, of Harvard.

GARDEN AND FOREST is already recognized in all parts of the world as the Ameri-
can authority in its field. It is pronounced by the press the ablest and the handsomest
paper of its class ever published in the United States.

GARDEN AND FOREST is the only journal in the United States which gives
systematic attention to Forestry. It lays before its readers, from week to week, information
in regard to forests, forest trees and the relations existing between the forests of the country
and vital public interests. Practical forestry is dealt with in all its aspects : attention being
given to such subjects as the planting of forests ; the adaptation of special trees to special
localities'; the methods of cultivating forest trees ; the uses of forest trees ; the management
of woodlands ; the economic functions of forests ; forest preservation and proper methods
of lumbering ; the forests of foreign countries, and the lessons and suggestions afforded by
them to the American forester.

Recognizing the important functions belonging to government, both State and National,
in relation to the forests and the public interests dependent upon them, Garden and Forest
endeavors to further wise legislation and executive action in this field.

Among the regular contributors to the Forestry Department of Garden and Forest
are Professors H. Mayr, Karl Mohr, E. W. Hilgard, G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, Mr. Robert
Douglas, Mr. J. B. Harrison, Mr. B. E. Fernow, Mr. H. C. Putnam, Mr. C. G. Pringle, Mr.
Frank Tweedy and other eminent authorities.

GARDEN AND FOREST treats of horticulture in all its branches, the purpose of
its conductors being to make it a vehicle of information on horticultural subjects which will
enable its readers to cultivate flowers, fruits and vegetables to the best advantage, and to lay
out and keep their gardens and grounds in the most effective and artistic manner. A special
department is devoted to the description of ornamental trees and shrubs. The journal also
aims at co-operating with village Improvement Societies and every other organized effort to
secure the proper ordering and maintenance of parks and squares, cemeteries, railroad stations,

school-grounds and roadsides.

The illustrations are highly artistic, and include pictures of plants never figured before

in any journal in the world.

Subscription Price, $4.00 a year, in advance.

The Garden and Forest Publishing Co.,

D. A. MUNRO. Manager.

TRIBUNE BUILDING, NEW YORK.

HX)

92

FOREST LEAVES.

(■■

h

I' !,<■

ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

American Forestry Congressi

AT ATLANTA, GA..

DECEMBER 5TH, 1888.

All southern roads, including the
Pennsylvania system, will sell. round-trip
tickets to the Augusta Exposition, at

ONE FARE,

with the privilege of stopping over in
Atlanta.

HOUSE PLANTS

AS

SANITARY AGENTS;

OR,

THE RELATION OF GROWING VEGETATION
TO HEALTH AND DISEASE.

12nio. 334 pp. $1.50.

•* Once in a great while a really fresh book which opens a fresh field
appears. This is such a book. The leading idea is to show that
plants, even blooming plants, in a sleeping room, so far from exerting
an unhealthy influence, are all the while making the air in a better
condition for human lungs. Besides this, however, the investiga-
tions of the author show many other things of hardly less interest,
even though less directly practical Mr. Meehan has added a chapter
on the care of house plants. This, alone, is worth the cost of the vol-
ume to those who are in quest of such information. The last two
chapters are devoted to a consideration of our forests— not simply from
the standpoint taken by the political economist, but in relation to the
effects upon the salubrity of the atmosphere, and hence to the preven-
tion and cure of disease." — Phila. American.

" Those loving flowers should read Dr. Anders* volume, and the
pleasure derived from cultivating house planu will cerUinly be in-
creased."—A^. Y. Times.

%*For sale by booksellers generally, or will be sent,
postpaid, on receipt of price by

J. B. IIPP NCOTT CO., Publishers.

71B-717 MARKET STREET, - PHILADELPHIA.

REE!

Send your address on
a postal card, for a
copy of

Handsomely Illustrated «»'» ^ JBiffl S
CATALOGUE ^IND PRICE LIST OF

GARDEN SEEDS

For 1888; mailed 'Ae* to all applicants. Address D.
LANDRETH & SHilSi Seed Cfrowers and Merchants,
PhliadJelphla, Pa. ^

f

(Mention this paper).

MEEHANS' NURSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750
kinds at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET the best STOCK AT
LOWEST figures. ThE CHEAPEST WAV

TO BUY. Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, Ac, sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS MEEHAN & SON,
Germantown. Phila., Pa.

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

Dl^lfNlTEII^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
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