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Master Negative Number CONTENTS OF REEL 62 1 ) Forest leaves, v. 1 4 MNS# PSt SNPaAg062.1 2) Forest leaves, v. 15 MNS# PSt SNPaAg062.2 3) Forest leaves, v. 1 6 MNS# PSt SNPaAg062.3 4) Forest leaves, v. 1 7 MNS# PSt SNPaAg062.4 Title: Forest leaves, v. 14 Place of Publication: Philadelphia Copyright Date: 1913 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg062.1 <2062721>**OCLC*Form:serial2 InputHHS EditiFMD 008 ENT: 980122 TYP: d DT1: 1886 DT2: 1950 FRE: u LAN: eng 010 sc 79003849 022 0097-1 294 035 (OCoLC)1 950889 037 PSt SNPaAg059. 1-065.5 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State University, Pattee Library, University Parl<, PA 16802-1805 090 00 SD1 $b.P5 $cstPX $s+U1X1886-U36X1950 090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 59-65 $cmc+(service copy, print master, archival master) $s+U1X1886-U35X1945 245 00 Forest leaves 260 Philadelphia $bPennsylvania Forestry Association $c1 886-1 950 300 36 V. $bill. $c28 cm. 310 Bimonthly $bJan.-Feb. 1940- 321 Frequency varies $b1 886-1 939 362 0 [Vol. 11-v. 36, no. 5 (July 1886-Nov.-Dec. 1950) 533 Microfilm $mv.1 (1886)-v.35 (1945) $bUniversity Park, Pa. : $cPennsylvania State University $d1998 $e7 microfilm reels ; 35 mm. $f(USAIN state and local literature preservation project. Pennsylvania) $f(Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm) 590 Archival master stored at National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD : print master stored at remote facility 590 This item is temporarily out of the library during the filming process. If you wish to be notified when it returns, please fill out a Personal Reserve slip. The slips are available in the Rare Books Room, in the Microfilms Room, and at the Circulation Desk 650 0 Forests and forestry $zPennsylvania $xPeriodicals 650 0 Forests and forestry $xSociefies, etc. $xPeriodicals 650 0 Forrest and forestry $zUnited States $xPeriodicals 710 2 Pennsylvania Forestry Association 785 80 $tPennsylvania forests 830 0 USAIN state and local literature preservation project $pPennsylvania 830 0 Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm Microfilmed By: Challenge Industries 402 E. State St P.O. Box 599 Ithaca NY 14851-0599 phone (607)272-8990 fax (607)277-7865 www.lightlink.com/challind/microl.htm IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (QA-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■to I li 2.8 3.2 1^ ■ 4.0 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 150mm — 6 // >1PPLIED^ IIVMGE , Inc — 1653 East Main Street ^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA := Phone: 716/482-0300 Fax: 716/288-5989 0 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved SOME PAGES IN THE ORIGINAL n OMTAIM FLAWS AND OTHER WHICH ON FILM X w Forest Leaves Vol. 14 - 15 1913 - 1916 # y t' IN D B X . Pa.ge American Forestjry Association^ Asheville Meeting of the 2Z American Fbrestry Association, Chautauqua Meeting of the 154 Aseriean Forestry Association Meeting of the 8, 203, 299 Arbor Day Obligatory in Spain 213 Arbor Day in Potter County 228, 280 Arbor Day Proclamation 19, 66, 114, 162, 258, 306, 354 Bird Club, Liberty Bell 166 Bird Life, Forest Preservation in its Relation to Wild 75 Bird Life, How I interest the Reading Boys in Wild 358 Birds (a Little Journey in Birdland) 447 Birds, The Winter 309 Birkinbine, John 83, 180, 230 Bitler, F* L. 182, 178, 263, 273, 276 Blights of Coniferous Nursery Stock, Ihe 98 Blue Mountains of Jamaica 200 Brovn 'Odl Moth 20 Brush Disposal in the Adirondacks 301 Buller, N. R# 356 Cherry, WJLd, Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry 8 Chestnut Blight 189 Chestnut Blight Bulletins 11 Chestnut Blight Cocmnission, Report of the Pennsylvania 77 Chestnut Blight, Diseases of Our Forest Trees, with fecial Reference to the 57 Chestnut T^ee in Pemsylvania, The Status of the 99 Chestnuts, Use of Hbste Land for Raising 57 Coniferous Nursery Stock, The Blights of 98 Conklin, R« 6* 262, 264, 369 Conklin, W* G# 89, 149, 292 Conservation (Address of the President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 83 Conservation Association, Berks County 162 Conservation ( China* s Lesson to Pennsylvania) 216 Conservation of City Trees 19 Conservation f Desolated Pennsylvania) 24, 52, 115 Conservation (Safety First) 219 Conservation in Svitzerland, Forest 201 Dague, William F* Davis, N« F« Deforestation, Results of Diseases of Our Forest Trees with Special Reference to the Chestnut Blight Dock, M» L« Ehinger, C* £• Elliott, S* B» Qfterick, R* L« European Pine** Short Uoth 100 57 303 57 368 447, 309 54,99,156, 194, 213, 265 228, 229, 280 218 -a- J ^ . k.. * X t r.i ■r\ t . -t a •>: : • V - •< • 1 .- t k %- * fi -J • »' Farguson, J. A* 72, 99, 373 Fire USferdens, Meeting of Monroe County 122 Fires on the National Forests 39 Hoods, Value of Forests in Reducing 230 Flora of Surinam, The 307 Forestal Conditions in Northern Clinton County 10 Forest Devastation in Pennsylvania, The March of 12 Forest and the Farm, Fungous Foes of the 184 Forest Fire Fighters, Feed 257 Forest Fire Organia^ation, Caledonia State Forest 264 Forest Fire Protection Association, Central Pennsylvania 215 Forest Fire Protect ion in Canada 163 Forest Fire Poster 68 Forest Fire War College, Ibe 262 Forest Fire Warden, Sxtracts frcxn the Report of the Chief 333 Forest Fires Affect Stream Flow 134 Forest Fires, The Attitude of the Railroads Towards 104 Forest Fires at Gape God, Massachusetts, Fewer 167 Forest Fires (Costly Indifference) 313 Forest Fires, Dajaage Recovered for Young Trees Destroyed by 25 Forest Fires, Lightning a Prolific Source of 172 Forest Fires in Monroe County, Fsill 170, 190, 247 Forest Fires on National Forests but Well Cent rolled. Many 146 Forest Fires in New York in 1913 122 Forest Fires in Pennsylvania in 1914 220 Forest Fires in Potter County 229 Forest Fires, Prevent 88 Forest Fires and their Prevention 213, 229 Forest Fires, Protection from 263 Forest Fires, Spring 368 Forest Fires, The Curse of the 360 Fbrest Holding in West Virginia, Government Increasing its 153 Forest Insect Depredations in the Yosemite National Park, ft>rk Against Fbrest Into the Normal Forest, The Transformation of the Actual Forest Lands in Pennsylvania, The Acquisition and Ijanagement of State Owned Forest Pests and their Treatment Forest Planting, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry Fbrest Preservation in Its Relation to Wild Bird Life Fbrest Probleois in Pennsylvania Forest Protection in Pennsylvania Forest in its Relation to Streams and Streaxs Pollution, The 355 Fbrest Reserves in 1913, United States 119 Forest Reserves, Our Auxiliary 68 Jbrest Revival in New SSigland 361 Forest flaste, Utiliiing l**' Forestry, A Blazed Trail in the Domain of Forestry in Africa Fbrestry Association, The Mew York State Forestry, British 118 za2 90 55 149 75 216 369 265 171 1 165 I* -3- .<-•■ , !. -^ « ■ • ^ ■ , . V' .1.- :< . , K »" »• C * ■** l* '•• .i r ' ^ J ^ *> *■ Forestry Can Accomplish, What 72 Forestry Chronology in Pennsylvania 27 Forestry, False Economy in 212 Forestry and Forest Products at the Panama, Pacific International Exposition 171 Forestry and General Federation of Women »s Clubs 368 Forestry, Governor Tener on 2 Forestry and Higher Stumpage Values 76 Forestry Industry Conference 287 Forestry Legislation 58, I94. Forestry Legislation, Pennsylvania 66, 221, 235 Forestry and the Lumber Industry 54 Forestry Meethings at Waterbury and Middlebury, Connecticut 2IO Forestry, Pennsylvania 5 Forestry in Pennsylvania, A Success or a Failure 340 Forestry, Prospective Student of 6 Forestry Taxation Legislation, Proposed 2, 159 Forests, An Ecologic and Geographic Study of Deciduous 260 Forests, The '^rigin. Evolution and Distribution of North -American 53 Forests of Pennsylvania 23^^ Forests in Reducing Floods, Value of 230 Forests Threatened by the Brown Tail and Giosy Moth, N. Y. ^20 Forests Urged in the East, Large National 205 Forest of the ^^^v Zones 327, 343 Game and Wild Bird Protection, What it Means to the People 380 Gipsy Moth 20 Graves, h. S. 50 Harshberger, John W\ Humidity and Temperature at Eberswalde in the Open and in a Beech Stand 53, 260 102 .:ilick, J^ S. 188, 227, 234, 282, 295, 327, 343, 376 i • •v. Kalbfus, Joseph 380 ^ > Ludwig, V/alter D. Lumber Industry, Forestry and Lumber ^reduction in 1912 McAfee, Kobert McNaughton, N. R. 293 133 lU 340 -u- C^' » ■ ' ' — . \. yi • •I- r • . , •• f * : i, :• J- V ' ^ ^ i i •> •■ • -V I : '''<^o tr. .o .tx ^ J I- Mangrove 168 Maple Wood, Utilization of 135 Musgrave, John K. 55 National Forestry 5I National Forests, Fires on the 89 National Forests Urged in the East, Large 205 New Hampshire State Forestry Commission, Meeting of the Society 35A New York State Forestry Association 7 Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, Report of the Activities for 1913 116 Pennsylvania Department of Forestry and the Use of Data to be Derived therefrom. Problems of the 377 Pennsylvania, Desolate 24,, 52, 115 Pennsylvania Forest Service Notes 69, 87 Pennsylvania's Forest KLicy answered. Some Criticisms of Pennsylvania Forester, The Sixth annual Convention of the Pennsylvania Forestry Pennsylvania Forestry Association 82, 84, 86, 178, Pennsylvania Forestry Association, President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, General Secretary of Pennsylvania, Forestry Problems in Pennsylvania, Forests of Pennsylvania State College, A Forest Arboretum for the Pennsylvania's State Forests, Operations in Pennsylvania State Forests, the Profitable Utilization of Dead and Defective Timber on Pennsylvania State Forests, Topographic and Stock Survey of Percival, T. B. Perry, George S. Planting, A Unique Pine and Spruce Planting Experiments, Tree Planting at -^ont Alto, Spring Planting Spring 1915, Pennsylvania State Forest Planting Tools, Report on test of Pennsylvania Tree 12^ Planting Trees 293 20 5 178, 227 86 ) 84-} 82 Address of the 180 Report of KeiDort of the 182, 276 274 216 234 99 131 100 89 307 377 231 233 227 250 124 235 Re-forestatlon in Denmark Reforesting Coal Land 301 188 -5- i< 4 •: , » r\ T ■ • i : -. •:; 9 a . f '. * Report of the Activities of the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania for 1913 Report of the U. S. Forester for 1912 Retan, George A. Retting, George Reynolds, Harris Rothrock, J. T. 12, 8,24,52,8^, 130, 128, 216, 232, Sansom, James B, Schaeffer, Nathan C. 66, 162, 258, Shade Tree Commission, Philadelphia's Shade Trees and their Care Silvicultural Consideration of Forest Conditions in Pennsylvania, The Silviculture for Pennsylvania Snow and Ice Storm, A Destructive Soil Erosion, Loss from State Forest Academy, The State Forest Improvements in 1914 State Forest i'^otes State Foresters in Convention, Pennsylvania State Forests, Hand Purchase for Pennsylvania . State Forests in Pennsylvania, the Immediate Need of Extending State Forests, Topographic and Stock Surveys of Pennsylvania Sterling, ^. A. Susquehanna, Along the Upper «aters of the West Branch of the Switzerland, Forest Conservation in Temperature and Hiimidity at Ji-berswalde in the Open and in a Beech Stand Tener, John K. Timber on Pennsylvania State Forests, The Profitable Utilization of Dead and Defective Top lopping as a Protective Measure Tree Growth, Rate of Tree Plantation at Lehigh University, A Demonstrati Tree Study Campaign, York County Tree Surgery, Tree Doctoring Trees in Germany, American Trees of Jamaica (Jamaica Views) Trees and Shrubs for Private Grounds and School Yards Trees, Some Town Trees, The Cash Value of Tulip Poplar Ulmer, H. C. , „^ United States Forests, Suggested Changes m United States Forestry for the year ending June 30, 1914 116 23 330 56 361 274 356 354 130 56 330 314 295 221 311 211 120 258 323 253 290 107 152 201 102 66 100 29 78 on 248 322 156 376 232 218 196 101 40 322 198 201 ^ ■' ^-|| I. t< V. -6- Value of Trees, The Cash 101 Vanderbilt Forest to be Included in the Appalachian Heserve, The I34. Vegetation of the Wondering Dunes at Cape Henry- Virginia and Dismal Swamp, the 325 Waid, Samuel J. 358 V/alker, James F. 231 West Virginia Government Increasing its Forest Holdings 153 V.'hite Mountain Tracts Purchased 173 White Pine, Blister Rust of the 132, 289 White Pine Tree, A Large 72 Widmer, Marie 201 Wild Life League, A Message from 356 Williams, Irvin C. 57 Wirt, George H. 27, 116, 131 Wood Flour, Manufacture of 125 Woodlot, The Farm 373 Wood, the Fuel Value 197 V/ood Record Heavy Windstorms, Marks in 204 Wood Using Industries of Pennsylvania 169 Wood Y/aste and How We are Saving It, Our Annual 238 Ziegler, E. A. 253 m of * i. V^i^-r^:;;^ ^ '^! y Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, February, 1913. No. I Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, I0I2 Walnut St,, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Ofl5ice as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials. Governor Tener on Forestry Proposed Forestry Taxation Legislation.,.. Pennsylvania Forestry, 1910-1911. I ,, 2 2 5 A Prospective Student of Forestry ^ The New York State Forestry Association 7 Prunus Serotina, Ehrh. Wild Cherry, Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry , ° Meeting of the American Forestry Association 8 Forestal Conditions in Northern Clinton County 10 Chestnut Tree Blight Bulletins ^^ JVIarch of Forest Devastation in Pennsylvania 12 ms «3 W^: "5^: i#Wri|?^!f%Ji-oo per Year. U- m.itintio^ ^Nmrserymfn aud otfu f . is called to the advantages vffcvtain Lat«¥ai ms tm sdtm'f^n^ mtdHttm ^^ates will be fur- The Penn ^^^^^mmmj^^^^^^^ Labors to disseminate information m ^!|pf^ ** M^Jecessity and methods of forest culture and preservatioT' '»smI iWillfre the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest proteccivi 1 • .. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Frankl.-i Meehan, and Abraham b. Schropp. Opficb of thk Association. 1012 Walnut St.. Philadrlphia. Keep in mind the Forestry Exhibition in Philaiielphia, May ig-24th, jgij. EDITORIALS. OUR readers are reminded that the Forestry Exhibit is scheduled for Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, May 19th to 24th, and that suggestions will be welcomed by the Com- mittee in charge. The Exhibition will be under the patronage of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, the ex- pense, which will be considerable, having been provided for by contributions from its members and friends. The primary purpose is to exhibit tree life, forest propagation and forest protection, and awaken public interest in these, but the inten- tion is also to include other features of conservation related to forestry, and to secure this through the co-operation of other associations and of interests beyond the State. The Association, although organized for the ad- vancement of Pennsylvania, recognizes that this is a world-wide movement, and that improvement in any section will reflect its influence in this State- hence advances in forestry anywhere are consid- ered worthy of presenting to those who attend the exhibition. It is the intention to exhibit seeds of various trees, methods of planting and propagating trees, woods of difl'erent kinds and their uses, tree pests and the injury done by them ; also the ravages of forest fires, J- ^• ***** The extract which we publish from the Message of Governor John K. Tener to the General Assem- bly of Pennsylvania is evidence of the continued interest in forest protection and proi)agation shown by the Chief Executive of the State. The friends of forestry are to be congratulated that successive governors have by message, by ap- proval of legislation and appropriation, and by helpful counsel, done much to secure to Pennsyl- vania its advanced position in forest care, and the 140^3' FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 8 present Executive has in various ways evidenced his desire to aid the cause. With official endorse- ment of the business, forest management for which Pennsylvania is now recognized as in the van, there is much encouragement for continued effort to secure improved methods of taxation and fire pro- tection We write the word now advisedly, tor beyond our State borders there has been until lately evident disinclination to credit Pennsylvania for what it has accomplished in the cause of forestry. , „^. , Desire for results and not renown has actu- ated the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, but expressed appreciation of long-sustained effort is pleasing, and we believe the recognition which the work in this State is receiving justifies the non- political, non-partisan policy which has been main- tained, and endorses the business methods which have been followed by the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission. Governor Tener's past action and his message recommendations justify the expectation of his approval of well-considered legislation which promises protection to existing forests and which encourages systematic reforestation. J- i>. Governor Tener on Forestry. i. " IN his biennial message to the Legislature, Gov. John K. Tener advocates the enact- ment of proper laws in regard to timberland taxation (which for a number of years the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association has favored), and also speaks generally of the forest reserves and the chestnut tree blight. He says in relation to these. **The experience of older countries is that a well-maintained and well-developed forest is a never failing resource and an asset of increasing value. The preservation of the wild life of the Commonwealth— the game, fish and, especially, insectivorous birds— is dependent upon the forests. The denuded mountain is of no value in conserv- ing and maintaining a full stream supply. The health conditions of the State are augmented fav- orably by the presence of large areas of forests. Pennsylvania now owns 982,337 acres of timber- land, which is being developed into good forest. I recommend that liberal appropriations be made for the continuance of this valuable work, to the end that increasing areas may be purchased, addi- tional work undertaken, forest nurseries estab- lished, and thorough protection of the forests made possible. I recommend that you consider the feasibility of devising a plan whereby a rea- sonable annual tax may be imposed upon timber- land, with a deferred tax on the timber, to be assessed and paid when the timber is taken there- from in order to prevent the cutting of growing timber by private owners who claim they cannot afford to conserve it under the present system ot taxation. , ^ • • i.«c. **The Chestnut Tree Blight Commission has carried on its work in a satisfactory manner, and the promise for the future is exceptionally good. It is believed that the State may be almost entirely freed of the chestnut tree blight disease, and that the investigation and work of the Commission will result in a new and improved growth of chestnut, : which can be protected by reason of the knowl- edge that the public has received as a result ot : the labors of the Commission. I recommend the ; continuance of the Commission for another period ! of two years, with necessary appropriation ta I carry on the work." j Proposed Forestry Taxation Legislation. T' HE Legislative Committee of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association in co-operation i with a similar Committee representing the i Pennsylvania Conservation Association has pre- pared carefully considered legislation looking to more equitable taxation of timber land, which ha$ been introduced into the Legislature, and f^ pre- ^ sented below. Members ofth«-*Association arc . requested to use theiMngiKJ^I^ with IpcTislatms to secure its passaj^ggflK' kill l5^?l^ A^BiLi 5^" ■^ 3i& as auxiliary _ ms and condi- \tmm^y in said classification or herefrom, and to provide for attendant thereon. Be it enacted by the Senate and HousVoTVepresentatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That in order to encourage the growing of such trees now existing, or hereafter produced as will at the proper age be suitable for merchantable forest products whether such be of natural repro- duction or from seed sown or trees planted out or all combined, all surface land which may be set apart according to the provisions of this act ana exclusively used for growing such trees are here- by constituted a separate and distinct class of lands to be known as auxiliary forest reserves. Sec 2. When any owner ofsurface land desires to have such land placed in the class established by section one of this act, such owner shall notify the Department of Forestry of hjs desire in manner and form to be prescribed by said Sen/VT^ To cli forest rei tions for their wit] the expense Section Department. Said notice shall contain a descrip- tion of the land, its location, boundary, area and character, and shall state as far as practicable the species, character, and condition of the trees grow- ing thereon, and whether they are of natural reproduction or are from seed sown for the pur- pose or have been set out on said land, or all com- bined, and such other information as the Depart- ment may require. If upon receipt and con- sideration of this notice the Department shall in its discretion deem the conditions such as to warrant action on its part to determine whether such lands should rightfully be placed in the class established by section one of this act, it shall cause the same to be examined by some person learned in the practice and principles of forestry and a report made thereon ; and if upon receipt and consideration of such report it de- cides that such land should be placed in the class established by section one of this act, it shall so declare and certify to the Commissioners of the county in which said land is located. Sec. 3. Upon receipt by the County Com- missioners of such certificate of the Department, it shall be their duty at once to place said surface land in the class established by section one of this act, and keep the same therein until the trees growing thereon shall in the judgment of the Department become sufficiently large and suitable for merchantable forest products, or the land be devoted to other purposes ; provided, however, that the certificate of the Department shall not become operative to place said surface land in the class established by section one of this act until |the owner of said surface land has agreed in writing with the Department to care for the trees growing thereon according to the instruc- tions and directions of the Department up to such time as such trees become suitable for mer- :hantable forest products ; and if any such owner It any time fails to care for the trees growing on lid land as agreed with the Department, and due >roof thereof is made, the Department may remove said surface land from the class es- tablished by section one of this act. In case >f such removal either through failure of the ►wner to care for the trees, or on his expressed lesire for removal before the trees shall have been [ut at maturity and tax paid thereon, the County commissioners shall on notice from the Depart- lent proceed to recover from said owner for the le use of the county and township by an appro- [riate action at law if necessary, the difference in le amount of tax which would have been paid the said owner at the rates established for the "ars for which recovery is sought, and the rate rovided for auxiliary forest reserves, with costs of suit, to be recoverable from the time when such land was placed in the class of auxiliary forest reserves. And the Department shall remove said surface land from the class established by section one of this act at any time that the then owner shall in writing notify the Department that he desires such removal. Sec. 4. Whenever trees growing on said surface land have become suitable for merchantable forest products the Department shall at the request of the owner or on its own motion make an exami- nation of said land and designate for the owner the kind and number of trees most suitable to be cut if in the judgment of the Department there be any, and the cutting and removal of said trees so designated shall be in accordance with the instructions of the Department. Sec. 5. If the owner of said surface land faithfully carries out the instructions of the De- partment with regard to the removal and market- ing of such mature or other trees as may be desig- nated in the instructions of the said Department and shall immediately replant other trees of valu- able species, or so protect the young growth that the said land may immediately become covered with young forest growth, and does so with the approval of the Department, then such surface land shall remain in the said class established by section one of this act, otherwise, the Department shall notify the County Commissioners that the said land is not being maintained in accordance with the written agreement of the owner and the instructions of the Department, in which event the County Commissioners shall immediately remove said land from the class established by section one of this act. All expenses attendant upon the examination of the said surface land by the Department shall be paid out of moneys ap- propriated for the maintenance of the Department of Forestry in like manner as other expenses for maintenance of said Department are now paid. Sec. 6. The owner of the said auxiliary forest reserves shall at all times have the right to re- move therefrom trees or portions of trees which may be killed by fire, thrown or broken by the wind, or injured by other natural causes, and shall under the direction of the Department be privileged to make necessary thinnings or removal of undesirable species of trees in order to improve the condition of the remaining trees, and under the same direction may be privileged to remove therefrom such timber from time to time as may be necessary and essential for use upon the neigh- boring cleared lands of the said owner foi general farm purposes. Sec. 7. Any tract of land while remaining in the class of Auxiliary Forest Reserves, as above FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. provided, may nevertheless be sold or incumbered by or through the owner thereof, but no sale or incumbrance, whether voluntary by the owner, or involuntary under any statutory or judicial proceeding whatsoever, whether of any State or of the United States, shall effect a discharge of any obligation imposed under this Act, and said land shall be removed from said class only in accordance with the provisions hereof. Sec. 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith be and the same are hereby repealed. Senate Bill 191. H. R. Bill 558. To provide for the Assessment and Taxation of Auxiliary Forest Reserves and the collection, dis- tribution and use of the taxes collected therefrom. Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That all surface land which may hereafter be classified and set apart as auxiliary forest reserves in the manner provided by law shall be rated in value for the purpose of taxation not in excess of $1.00 per acre and shall continue to be so rated so long as the said land remains within the class des- ignated as auxiliary forest reserves. Provided, however, that if the said surface land be under- laid with coal, iron ore, oil, gas, or other valuable minerals, said minerals may be sepa- rately assessed. The assessors in the several dis- tricts in which such lands are situate shall assess such lands in the manner now or hereafter pro- vided for the assessment of real estate for purposes of taxation as if they had not been set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, and shall make their returns to the county commissioners in like manner as is now or hereafter may be provided by law, subject to exception, appeal and final adjustment! Sec. 2. Upon receipt of assessment returns from the various assessors the county commis- sioners shall reduce in their records, to a sum not in excess of $1.00 per acre, the assessment on all hose lands which shall have been placed in the class known as auxiliary forest reserves in accor- dance with certificates filed with them by the Department of Forestry, and the original assess- ment returns made by said assessors shall be preserved. Sec. 3. Whenever timber on land which is in- cluded in the class of land known as auxiliary forest reserves is harvested the then owner of said land shall pay to the county treasurer within ninety days after harvesting ten per centum of the value of the trees, and said amount shall be ascertained by statement and return under oath or affirmation furnished in triplicate, one to the county commissioners, one to the county treasurer and one to the Department of Forestry, imme- diately after harvesting by the then owner of the land, setting forth said value which sum thus paid, shall be divided and distributed by the county treasurer of each county to the county, and to the poor district, the road district, and the school district of the township in which the auxiliary reserve is situate, pro rata, based upon the last assessed millage of taxation for county, poor, road and school purposes within said taxing district. Such sum of money when ascertained to be due as a tax, by the filing of the foregoing statement and return under oath, and as herein [ before provided directed to be paid to the county j treasurer by the owner of an auxiliary forest reserve shall from the time of such filing be and remain a lien upon the land of such owner until payment shall have been made. I And be it further provided, that all moneys re- ceived by the Boards of Supervisors shall be appropriated exclusively to the opening, main- tenance, and repair of the public roads, now or hereafter passing through or into said auxiliary forest reserves or upon which said reserves now or hereafter may abut; and in the event that no public highways pass through or into said reserves or none of said reserves abut on such highways, then said moneys shall be used for general township road purposes. Sec. 4. Should the county commissioners be dissatisfied with the return made as hereinbefore provided in section three hereof, the court of common pleas of the proper county, on petition of the commissioners, shall appoint a board of three appraisers who shall go upon the land in question, estimate the quantity and value of the trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting, and make a return thereof to the court, which said return shall then be made the basis upon which each owner shall make payment to the respective county treasurers unless changed upon appeal. The said appraisers shall be duly sworn or affirmed before entering upon their work and either party, if dissatisfied with the report of the appraisers, shall have right of appeal to the court of common pleas of the county within ten days after such report shall be filed and notice thereof given the owner. The said appraisers shall be allowed their expenses and a comj^ensation to be fixed by the court, both to be paid by the county commissioners. Sec. 5. In case of the removal of said lands from the class known as auxiliary forest reserves prior to the maturity of the timber and with- out payment of the tax of ten per centum of the value thereof as. provided in section three )f this act, the county commissioners shall on lotice from the Department, ascertain the amount lof the taxes which would have been paid by the said owner on the original assessment before the Ireduction provided for in section two of this Act, jadding legal interest from the date when each tax jpayment would have become delinquent. The said commissioners shall likewise ascertain the lamount of taxes which have actually been paid jupon the land in question, adding legal interest upon all such payments from the date when paid and certify the result thereof to the county treas- urer who shall then proceed in the manner pro- vided for the collection of county taxes under gen- eral laws, to recover from such owner the diff- erence between the two amounts, with costs. Such difference so ascertained to be due as tax asafore- [said, shall be and remain a lien upon the land of jsuch owner until payment shall have been made. If such lands shall be so removed from said class [after the due cutting of a matured crop and the pay- 'ment of tax thereon, the owner shall in that case not be liable for such past assessment but the land shall thereafter be liable to assessment and tax as all 'other land not classed as auxiliary forest reserves. Sec. 6. This act shall take effect only begin- ning with assessments made for the purpose of levying taxes for the fiscal year one thousand nine hundred and fourteen. Senate Bill 192. H. R. Bill 559. Providing a Fixed Charge on Land Classified as Auxiliary Forest Reserves and the Distribution of the fund thus set aside for school and road purposes. IVhereas, by existing law the State forest re- serves are subject to an annual charge of two cents , per acre for the benefit of schools and two cents per acre for the benefit of roads in the respective districts in which said reserves are located; and Whereas, it would be a hardship to withhold from school and road districts the taxes which would otherwise be collected from lands classified as Auxiliary forest reserves ; therefore Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, that all lands which shall hereafter be classified as Auxiliary forest reserves shall be subject to an annual charge of two cents per acre for the benefit of the schools and two cents per acre for the benefit of the roads in the respective districts in which said reserves are located. Said charge is hereby . made payable by the State. i Sec. 2. The Commissioner of Forestry shall certify to the respective school districts and road districts throughout the Commonwealth in which auxiliary forest reserves are located, the number of acres thus set apart and classified in each district and the charge against the same, and shall further- more certify to the State Treasurer the number of acres, as aforesaid, and the charge against the same in favor of the respective school and road districts. The State Treasurer shall, upon the approval of ! the proper warrants of the Commissioner of For- estry, pay to the several school districts and road districts the amount due the same from the Com- monwealth as derived under this act. Pennsylvania Forestry, 1910-1911. UNDER this caption the Department of For- estry has just issued its biennial report covering these years. v During 1910-11, 50,221 acres were added to the State forest reserves, making a grand total on January i, 1912, of 966,296 acres, located in 26 different counties. No new reserves were created, the areas purchased being added to those already established. Forty-nine foresters (most of them trained at the State Forestry Academy) were in charge of the latter institution and the forest reserves, being assisted by 90 forest rangers. In the year 1910, there were 30,348 acres of State reserves burned by forest fires, and in 19 11, due to the great drought which prevailed, 84,068 acres. One satisfactory feature of the report was the prompt prosecution of persons illegally cutting timber or causing forest fires, for which $2,645 was secured as damages. In addition royalties of §2,216 were received for ganister rock removed. The reserves are also being utilized in some in- stances to furnish water supplies to municipalities, from which a small revenue will be derived, also from rights of way through the reserves. The use of the reserves for hunting, fishing, and camp- ing parties is increasing, permits in 191 1 being issued for 4,528 persons. A considerable amount of surveying and drafting was also done on the State reserves until the exhaustion of the appro- priation for this purpose. Topographical and forestal descriptions are given of a number of the reserves, also of the improvement work during the two years under discussion. The total expenditures for salaries, purchase of reserves, the care of same, examina- tion of titles, labor, etc., from June i, 1893, to June I, 191 1, was $3,295,897, or about $3.50 per acre (941,274 acres being purchased). This land is now easily worth $6 per acre, showing a net profit of $2,351,747. The revenues received amounted to $50,472, of which $15,636 was in the years 1910-11. 6 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. The State nurseries at Mont Alto, Asaph, and Gieenwood, together with a number of small ex- perimental nurseries established by foresters on the reserves, were drawn upon for seedlings for plantation purposes, the total number planted to the close of 191 1 being 4,015,000, of which 3,921,000 were used on the State reserves, the balance being planted by private individuals. Nearly three million of the total seedlings set out were placed in the years 1910-11, showing the growing need of renewing the waste lands by placing them in condition to again furnish in future years supplies of valuable timber. Interesting reports are made of trips of inspec- tion over the reserves, and of the work done at the State Forest Academy. Experiments have been made of the use of explosives in preparing ground for tree planting. A schedule is given, showing the purchases of land for State forest re- serve purposes from June ist, 1898, to April 20th, 191 1, giving the acreage of each tract, its loca- tion, and the price paid. 142,971 acres of timberland were cuv over in Pennsylvania in the year 191 1; of which 16,319 were to be used for farming purposes. There were cut 47,513,000 feet B. M. of white pine, ^3>o4o,ooo of yellow and other pine, 75,973,000 of oak, 51,450,000 of chestnut, and 233,881,000 feet of other woods. There was secured 161,733 cords of bark, 50,494 cords of pulp wood, and 190,813 cords used for the manufacture of alco- hol, or acid, and charcoal. 299,751 cords of cord wood, 76,207,000 feet of mine props, 96,760,000 feet of ties, and 6,837,000 feet of telegraph, telephone and trolley poles were cut. The volume contains a number of pictures taken at various places in the State reserves, some of which have historic interest. A Prospective Student of Forestry. SEVERAL years ago my attention was drawn to the great work being accomplished in forestry by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester of the United States at that time. I knew very little concerning forestry, but after making inquiries and reading numerous articles pertaining to it, secured some idea of what it really meant. Then I decided to make forestry my future work. The Pennsylvania State Forestry Academy ap- pealed to ine as an institution where a good train- ing for the work could be obtained. I knew of its existence and the good results obtained there before entering the school. Before graduation from the high school inquiries were made con- HH^I^t^lffil cerning the entrance examinations, my name entered on the application list and in due time I received instructions to report for examination. Much interest was displayed by the many appli- cants and all of us were q,nxious concerning the results of the examinations. Not long after returning to our homes, the successful ones were notified by the Department of Forestry to report to certain State Foresters and take instruction in practice work under their supervision. I was one of the number, being sent to a reserve located in the central part of the State. It was a decided change of environment, having been accustomed more to life in the city than to that of a rural district where a forester is required to make his home. However, knowing something of the countrv and the woods, it was not long before I began to feel at home with my new friends. The work expected of a prospective student consisted mostly of manual labor such as that in which a forester is required to be proficient. Many methods shown to us were entirely new. Observation, no doubt, did more good than any- thing else in giving us an appreciation of the forester's work and problems. The man to whom I was sent for instruction was earnestly devoted to his profession and many good points were gained by observing the manner in which his work was performed. His suggestions and criti- cisms of my work will be of great value in the future. Two rangers under the supervision of the forester were the only other men regularly em- ployed by the State on this reserve of 25,000 acres. They had a great knowledge of the woods, the people, and the lay of the land. Of course, several other men were employed and paid by the day but only at times when some special work was desired of them. Huckleberry picking was the occupation of the people of the surrounding neighborhood during the three months of the late summer and it was quite a task to prevent fires from gaining head- way because of the continued negligence of the berry pickers. Many things of which I had only a vague idea were taught me by the patient workmen. I learned to use the axe, cross-cut saw, brush hook, scythe, mattock, pick, shovel, and many other tools necessary in our work. Although I had used some of these tools before, it required the teaching and experience of these men to show me what constituted a good workman. Ranging trips, tramps over various parts of the reserve, and road building, occupied most of our time. Old, decayed, and weak trees were cut own, and brush was taken out. For several ays we were employed in constructing a barn br the horses, located near our cabin, the latter eing nearer the work than the headquarters of the forester. While at the cabin I became accus- omed to preparing meals and keeping the cabin lean. Every forester must learn this and I was elighted to have the opportunity at this time. Never in any place have I spent the summer where so much valuable knowledge was acquired, and if asked to go again to the same place for a summer's work or to a similar region to gain more needed experience I would not hesitate one mo- ment. The life in these regions for that length of time gives a prospective student a splendid idea of his later life. Self-dependence is the one thing upon which a forester's life is based and a rigid test such as is required of every student of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy should be given every young man who enters the profession with a view of having **an easy time of it." L. M. D. The New York State Forestry Association. T ^AST May the Conservation Commission J X. called a Conference at Albany for the dis- cussion of the forestry problems of the IState. This Conference was made up of repre- sentatives from nearly all of the colleges and Experiment Stations interested in any phase of forestry. There were representatives from the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, the Department of Forestry in the College of Agriculture at Ithaca, the Schools of Agriculture [at Alfred, Canton and Morrisville, from the De- [partment of Agriculture at Albany, and the New I York State College of Forestry at Syracuse Uni- Iversity. A committee was appointed to consider the organization of a State Forestry Association land Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, I was elected chairman. During the summer and fall this committee Isent out letters to members of the American For- estry Association, the National Conservation As- sociation, the Camp Fire Club, and others in 'New York interested in forestry. Almost with- lout exception the replies were in favor of a State 'Forestry Association formed upon liberal and absolutely non-political lines, whose interests will I be forestry only, and whose work will be the very general development of forestry throughout the State and the bringing together of all the people jinterested in any way in this subject. The various organizations interested in the pro- jection of the Adirondacks and in the protection and propagation of our fish and game animals have taken the liberal attitude that the State and the need are large enough to justify the formation of a strong Forestry Association. It may seem advisable for the Association to publish a paper or magazine monthly or quarterly devoted entirely to the interests of New York, and it is believed that everyone interested in any way in the devel- opment of the forests will support this movement. The Association will have for its field not only the development of forestry in the Adirondacks and Catskills, but will aim especially to help the small land owner and the farmer in the proper util- ization of the great area of 7,000,000 acres of idle lands now enclosed within the farms of the State. An attractive program was presented at the one-day meeting held in Syracuse on January 16th. Notable workers were present and made addresses, among others Hon. Gifford Pinchot, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President American For- estry Association, Clifford R. Pettis, Superin- tendent of New York State Forests, Frank L. Moore, President Empire State Forest Products Association, Dr. Hugh P. Baker, New York State College of Forestry, Prof. Walter L. Mulford, Department of Forestry, Cornell University, and H. R. Bristol, Superintendent of Woodlands D. & H. R. R. A permanent organization was then formed, with 60 members, and the following officers were elected : President, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton. Vice- Presidents, \)x, Lyman Abbott, Hon. James S. Whipple, Dr. W. T. Hornaday, Hon. Calvin J. Huson, Charles M. Dow, Mrs. Donald McLean, W. H. Vary, Chancellor, James R. Day, St. Clair McKelway, Dan Beard, Hon. Geo. E. Van Ken- nan, W. C. Barry, Louis Marshall, Dr. Rush Rhees, and Dr. J. G. Schurman. Secretary, Dr. Hugh P. Baker. Treasurer, Albert L. Brock way. An Executive Committee was named consisting of the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, ex officio, and the following : Dr. E. L. Hall, War- ren H. Miller, C. R. Pettis, Professor Mulford, W. L. Sykes, John Dennis, F. F. Moon, and Spencer Kellogg. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association extends its hearty congratulations and best wishes for the success of the new organization. A valuable summer residence and 100 acres of forest adjoining Elka Park, near Tannersville, in the Catskills, has been given to the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University for use as a Forest Experiment Station. 8 FOREST LEAVES. Prunus Serotina, Ehrh Wild Cherry, Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry. TN 1895 I stated in the report made by the Forest Commission, page 214, " This tree, -^ ranging over a large part of the State, vanes greatly according to the position where it is found It was once very abundant in the wooded, northern portion of the State, but it has become one of the rarest of our large trees. I will now add : I have been looking ever since the above was written (18 years) for a fair-sized typical, Pennsylvania, forest-grown tree which stood alone, where it could be satisfactorily photographed, but without success until quite recently There still remained enough of good specimens, but they stood in the woods so sur- rounded by other trees that a good, clear photo- graph could not be secured. As a rule, when the forest was cut down, the wild cherry was cut with the rest and there was a ready market for the timber. . r^„^M^a.■ By good luck, as I was traveling in October with one of our State Forest Rangers, Mr. Milton Keeney, over his Potter County range, I said that I greatly desired a photograph of a large wild cherry He immediately replied, " 1 think we will pass two such trees this afternoon on my father's farm. They stand out alone. In making the clearing the owner allowed these trees to stand, as they were near the road and could be seen So my long wait was ended when these two trees were found. The one that 1 photographed had a diameter at four feet above the ground of about 18 inches, and is between eighty and one hundred feet high. Its tall, slender trunk pro- claims the fact that it spent its life in the woods. One may notice, on the trunk illustration, signs ot disease near the ground, but jirobably the wood above is of good merchantable quality. I take the following description trom my fores- try report for 1895, page 214 •• "Bark varying from light gray to dark brown in color, according to age. It tends to separate in flakes of an elon- eated, rectangular outline, more than that of other trees. The bark of the wild cherry, by its fracture, convevs the idea of brittleness. ^^ ood of the heart, a dull, light red, which matures into a deeper, richer tint after exposure to light and air. Sap wood yellowish. Leaves, lance-shaped, thickish, pointed. Mar- gins with fine, incurved callus-pointed teeth. Two small dark glands at the base. Flowers, white, in clusters two to four inches long, on the ends of the branches of the previous year, blossoming in May. Fruit matured in August, dark purple or black about a quarter of an inch in diameter, of which the bitter pulp is the smaller and the stone the argerpart.^ (Dried pulp requires to be macer- ated off the seeds before the latter will sprout). The wild, black cherry wood, though not of tne greatest real utility, deserves to rank high among our native species, because of its value m cabinet work and in interior finish. The -ood of the black birch is often substituted for it in the ""^Vifd cherry bark has long figured in domestic medicine and probably as well deserves its place as any other " home remedy." The bitter prin- ciple in the bark when brought into contact with cold water acts as a sedative from the hydrocyanic acid produced. The bark also enjoys a reputatioi^ as a tonic. Its real value in that direction is, I think not proven. . , . The wild cherry is a tree of fairly rapid growth, and worth a place as an ornamental tree or even as a tree which, after having furnished shade dur- ing the earlier part of its life, might in full adult condition, become a source of revenue for the lumber which it would produce. Physical properties, as given by Sargent, spe- cific gravity 0.5822; relative appro.ximate fuel value,^.58i3 ; weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 36.28; relative strength 119; Wood light, but strong and takes a good polish. This tree ranges from Ontario to Honda, west to Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Dakota. Us best development is in the mountains of W est Virginia and thence south along the r.iountains. ^ J. T. ROTHROCK. ■ V, Meeting of the American Forestry Association. THE Annual Meeting of the American For- estry .\ssociation was held at Washington, D C, on January 8th, 1913- '• ^e first address was made by Hon. Walter Fisher, Secre- tary of the Interior, who urged the Federal con- servation of forests and water powers and he was followed by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, the former L. b. Forester, who predicted a hard fight to preserve the integrity of the principles of Conservation. Mr. Wm'^L. Hall spoke on the " New Eastern National Forest." He said that the Arnerican ' Forestry Association had recommended the pur- chase of 750,000 acres of land upon part of which a report had been made, and that the Commission would recommend to Congress the Pt-rchase of ' 80,000 acres for the Appalachians and White Mountain reserves. , , r^ ,, c I At the banquet which was held Or. Henry b. / Forest Leaves, Vol, xiv., No. i. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH., WILD CHERRY, WILD BLACK CHERRY, RUM CHERRY. POTTER COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. i. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH., WILD CHERRY, WILD BLACK CHERRY, RUM CHERRY. POTTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. i. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. i. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH., WILD CHERRY, WILD BLACK CHERRY, RUM CHERRY. POTTER COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH., WILD CHERRY, WILD BLACK CHERRY, RUM CHERRY. POTTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 9 Drinker, the newly elected President made an address in which he referred to the early history of forestry in the United States, and compared it with the conditions at the present time. Dr. Henry S. Drinker was elected President, also sixteen vice-presidents of whom Mr. Joshua L. Baily and Dr. J. T. Rothrock are from Penn- sylvania, and Dr. Otto Luebkert, Treasurer. The following resolutions were adopted : 1. Whereas, There is a movement to transfer the ownership of our national forest resources to the States wherein they are situated ; and whereas These national forests are practically all that remain to the people, of our national timber re- sources, the balance of which have been granted to States, corporations and individuals for private exploitation ; and Their partition among the States would inevi- tably lead to less efficient management and the substitution of private for public control ; and 'I'he present management of these forests by the national forest service is such as to encourage every legitimate use of these resources while safe- guarding them from destruction ; and The national government is expending millions of dollars annually in purchasing additional forest lands and in improving and developing those forests, and at the same time grants the States 35 per cent, of the gross revenue from existing na- tional forests, for roads and schools ; and The national welfare as dependent on the con- trol of the forests on the head-waters of interstate streams, demands national rather than State control. We, therefore, maintain that any attempt to deprive the nation and its citizens of their com- mon ownership and interest in these national possessions would practically nullify all the pro- gress made in forest conservation during the past quarter century, and we urge rather the strength- ening and improvement of the present able fede- ral policy by increased appropriations, believing that such invesments will eventually bear large dividends to the people of the whole country. 2. We urge upon the Legislature of the various States that they adopt the policy of acquisition by purchase of forest tracts to be handled under forestry principles, which shall serve as educa- tional demonstrations in regions unprovided with national forests, and which shall supplement the national forests in the maintenance of a perma- nent timber supply, the perpetuation of the water supplies and the continuation of the indus- tries dependent upon the above. We also call attention to the lack of uniform State action along forestry lines, and urge upon the States which have not provided laws and administrative machinery the necessity of such special legisla- tions and appropriations as may be necessary to adequately provide for fire protection, education^ insect control, and other essential features. 3. It is resolved. That the American Forestry Association is in favor of the enactment of State legislation permitting the practice of scientific forestry on all State land. 4. Resolved, That it would be a wise act for Congress to renew the appropriation for co-opera- tion with States in aiding them to protect from fire the forested water-sheds of navigable streams, under the provision of Section 2 of the Weeks Law. The practical results of this kind of co- operation have been fully demonstrated. Unless this renewal is made available July i, 1913, nearly all, if not all, co-operation under Section 2 of the Weeks Law must stop January i, 19 14. 5. W^e realize the serious menace to practical forestry in the continued spread of the Chestnut Blight and recommend the action of the national and State Governments in providing liberal ap- propriations for the control or possible eradica- tion of this destructive epidemic and the utiliza- tion of diseased timber, and would urge con- certed action by all States concerned in this matter. In this same connection we commend the action of certain States, particularly Massa- chusetts, in insect control and urge prompt action and full support of the quarantine measures pro- vided by recent legislation. 6. Since the lumber interests of the country are the largest holders of forest lands and since some of these interests, to the extent of the limi- tations imposed by economic conditions, are conserving their timber and giving increased support to forestry reform, we recommend the progressive action they are taking, particularly in the case of fire protection through co-operative associations, and urge closer relations between the private. State, and Federal interests and the national extension by co-operation of the Forest Protective Association plan. 7. We cannot improve upon the able and comprehensive resolutions of the Fourth National Conservation Congress on the important question of forest taxation, and therefore reaffirm and submit this resolution which reads as follows: Holding that conservative forest management and reforestation by private owners are very generally discouraged or prevented by our methods of forest taxation, we recommend State legislation to secure the most moderate taxation of forest land consistent with justice, and the taxation of the forest crop upon such land only when the crop is harvested and re- turns revenue wherewith to pay the tax. 10 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 11 Forestal Conditions in Northern Clinton County. ^ "CT'OREST conditions in northern Clinton County are more or less similar to those existing in other portions of central Pennsylvania. The mature timber, except in isolated and small tracts, has been cut off and marketed, ! leaving nothing in its place but forest weeds, such as scrub oak, gum, fire cherry, and aspen, i together with whatever regeneration of valuable timber has been able to compete successfully with the weeds. I In the northwestern part of Clinton County, , the valuable trees which have sprung up since the | mature timber was taken off are usually of the following species : white oak, black oak, red oak, \ rock oak, white pine, pitch pine, and hemlock. The regeneration of the conifers has been en- tirely by seed, while the hardwoods have sprouted, in many cases, from the old stump. Coppice has a much more rapid growth than seedlings, so that the hardwoods have attained a greater height growth than the pine and hemlock seedlings. This new timber coming on is not distributed generally over the region, but is confined to cer- | tain districts, between which are non-productive ' areas, either covered with rocks and entirely bare, or with scrub oak and other brush. The brush covers slightly more than half of the area of the | region. ! Although the presence of chestnut blight as far west as Hyner has been reported, the large area to the west and north of that point is, to date, I apparently free from blight. During the past few years there have been few fires, so that having retained peaceful possession for a long period, game has increased threefold. Deer, squirrels, rabbits, and ruffed grouse have i become so plentiful that this region is now as good hunting ground as may be found in the State of Pennsylvania. I The residents have begun to recognize that fire is injurious to game, the hunting of which forms one of their means of livelihood, and very few of the fires which occur are traceable to them. Most of the fires are caused by visiting hunters or fishermen, who are careless with matches in light- ing pipes and cigars, or who leave burning fires when they start from camp for a day's sport. It is fortunate for the forest that the people are op- posed to fire. Because of the great quantity of tree tops and dead trees which the lumbermen left lying on the ground, it is impossible to back- fire against a fire anywhere on the top or sides off a ridge, unless a lumber road be near. Back-fir- ing must be done from the roads and streams which lie in the very narrow valleys separating the steep, high hills. This region is a difficult one in which to combat fires successfully, as fire will often leap from one hilltop to another, over the heads of the workers in the valley beneath. Another good thing in this region is the large number of roads which form more or less satisfac- tory fire lanes and allow rapid travel through the hills. Along Kettle Creek, from Westport to Crossforkand beyond, an excellent township road serves as a backbone from which radiate a dozen good roads. Several of those on the west side of the creek extend into Cameron County and form a basis for a continuous line of protection between Cameron and Clinton Counties. From Renovo a road runs north along Drury Run to Tamarack and thence to Crossfork. From Tamarack a road leads down the west side of the mountain and joins the Kettle Creek Road two miles north of Hammersley Fork. Between the township roads are many old lumber roads which are compara- tively free from brush, and which, with the fire lanes cut by the State foresters, form a system of fire protection nearly adequate to the needs of the region. A system of telephones is contemplated, which will afford, when completed, a means of com- munication between all forest officers in Potter, Cameron, Clinton, and Lycoming Counties. The people of this county are beginning to accept the idea that trees will again grow on the denuded area, but some have not accepted the movement to reforest as something in which they should interest themselves. Their attitude may be shown by the statement which they make : *' We will be dead long before these trees are ready to cut down. Why should we help plant anything from which we will never get any bene- fit ? " There are, however, a number of broad- minded men who, recognizing the needs of pos- terity, are using their influence in bringing about I a better attitude toward forestry. The greater part of the local resistance to the forestry movement is due to the fact that, hereto- fore, they were allowed to go into the woods, cut trees, burn acres to increase the huckleberry crop or to drive out deer, without any hindrance from the owner of the tract ; while now laws have been made restricting such practices. The rules which the Forestry Deparment of Pennsylvania has formulated are designed to pro- tect the forest reserves from injury, but they also prevent the mountain dwellers from doing those things which they were accustomed to do. As a result, the people consider themselves abused, and . do not look with pleasure on the movement which cuts them off from their accustomed, if illegal, revenues. In northern Clinton County there are no rail- roads except the Pennsylvania, which follows the Susquehanna River. North of the river lies an area of about two hundred and thirty square miles, into which everything the inhabitants need must be hauled in wagons. This extra cost for hauling makes constructive forest work an expen- sive proposition, as it puts a higher cost on tools, seedlings, and labor. J. L. M. Chestnut Tree Blight Bulletins. THE Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Com- mission has just issued for the information of the public. Bulletin No. i, a brief, illustrated publication giving the means of iden- tifying the chestnut blight disease and suggesting remedies for its control and eradication. This interesting document points out the great danger of extermination that menaces Pennsylva- nia's vast chestnut resources, and urges a prompt and vigorous co-operation generally in the effort in progress to stamp out this terribly destructive pest of our native chestnut trees. The disease has already entailed losses to timber owners in Pennsylvania amounting to fully ten millions of dollars, having been especially viru- lent in southeastern Pennsylvania, where thou- sands of both old and young chestnut trees were killed by the blight. West of the Allegheny Mountains, a concentrated effort on the part of the employees of the Commission and with the co-operation of timber owners and others, the blight was practically wiped out at the close of 1 91 2, thus giving the assurance that a large por- tion of Pennsylvania's many millions of dollars worth of chestnut may be saved, and the disease checked before it can spread into the valuable timber of adjacent States. The bulletin describes many phases of the Might, and the warfare that is being waged to control the outbreak. It defines very clearly that, ( ontrary to the erroneous opinion advanced by one or two writers, the blight is of a parasitic iorm, and the trees are not killed by any insects, as has been stated. The fungus is spread, how- ever, by the wind, animals, birds, insects, etc., ind when trees are infected, it soon girdles the twigs, branches, and trunks, thus causing their (leath, since the supply of sap beyond the girdled I'art is thus effectually cut off. At this season of the year, when chestnut trees are found with branches bearing dry leaves and immature burrs, cankers, orange-colored pustules, -tc, it is an indication that the tree is seriously i diseased, and the facts should be reported to the Commission and the owner. Every county in the Commonwealth is under surveillance, and the wisdom of the law creating the Commission has been fully demonstrated by the recent favorable developments in various sec- tions of the State where serious outbreaks were promptly averted. The bulletin also refers to the economic and profitable utilization of trees killed by the blight. The Commission acquired much valuable informa- tion upon the subject, and can therefore prove of genuine service to those seeking markets for com- mercial products of the chestnut. The Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company also conceded special low rates on 'blighted chestnut cord-word con- signed to tannic acid factories, in order to aid timber owners to find a ready market for such products. Chestnut nursery stock can only be sold and shipped after it has been carefully inspected by the agents of the Commission and properly tagged. A tree that does not appear to be entirely free from the disease is condemned and burned. Nur- serymen, generally, are in sympathy with this ac- tion of the Commission, having no desire, what- ever, to aid in the dissemination of the disease. It is a source of satisfaction to learn that thus far the blight has confined its ravages to the chest- nut tree exclusively. The Commission has also issued Bulletin No. 2, ** Treatment of Ornamental Chestnut Trees Af- fected with the Blight Disease," which supplies detailed information upon the subject, showing how trees valued as orchard trees or for decora- tive purposes, and warranting the expenditure o considerable time and money for their preserva- tion, should be treated. The bulletin refers to fake remedies, and de- clares that in many cases the method of treatment suggested shows that the sponsor is either igno- rant or unscrupulous, while in other instances the treatment of the infected trees is done in such a haphazard manner that it is entirely worthless. The Commission is carrying on a series of out- door experiments and laboratory investigations, and the National authorities are also making ex- tensive researches to determine the most practical means of treatment of orchard and ornamental chestnut trees, with promise already of interesting results. Where the disease is working beneath the bark, spraying is usually futile, but spraying the trees at certain periods for the ])urpose of prcventiii^ infection may prove successful. Lime- sulphur solution or Bordeaux mixture may be used with good effect. It is also recommended that a coating of tree varnish or a band of tree 12 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 13 tanglefoot should be applied to the base of healthy trees growing on lawns, etc., to prevent the possibility of infection from crawling insects Copies of these bulletins are available and will be sent without charge upon request, by writing to the Commission, at No. 1112 Morns Building, Philadelphia. The March of Forest Devastation in Pennsylvania. THE Hon. S. B. Elliott, of the Pennsylvania State Forestry Reservation Commission, was lately the guest of the State Forest Academy and, at an informal reception tendered him by the students and faculty, talked on The March of Forest Devastation in Pennsylvania. Mr Elliott has the unique distinction of having been intimately connected with the practical phases of both settling and lumbering in the pio- neer work in the State. As a civil engineer he built sawmills and railroads ; and as a conserva- tionist has been instrumental in aiding the transi- tion from lumbering to forestry. This long and varied experience enabled him to speak with ex- ■ actness of detail and intimacy of personal knowl- edge on subjects usually only superficially treated by the historians of the period. Mr. Elliott took up first the subject of "Geo- logic Devastation," and biiefly discussed the character of the Carboniferous forests of the State. He told how, when a mine superintendent at Arnot, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, the work- men had unearthed a " forest of stumps " covered with fire-clay. One, 26 inches in diameter, two feet above the roots, weighing over a ton, was removed intact and is now at the doorway of the Peabody Museum of ^■ale College. This stump was in what is known as the middle seam. Di- rectlv above it— 150 feet— in the upper seam, was found the fragment of a tree 16 inches in diameter and 18 inches long, which was sent to Amherst College. The formation of the Pennsyl- vania mountain ranges, with their peculiar sickle- like shape, was next explained. Then followed the glacial period, with the driving southward of the forest, and its influence on present day tree distribution in the East. As the ice receded the forest followed northward and Pennsylvania was once again reforested. At least three forests had been destroyed and replaced by nature. \t the time William Penn received the grant of Penn's Woods from the king, Pennsylvania was probably nine-tenths forest land, and the for- est was of as fine a quality as any in the country. The Indian could live in the woods, the white man could not ; hence, civilization demanded the removal of the forests from land fit for cultivation. Mr. Elliott was born in one of the pioneer log cabins of Bradford County in 1830. The floor and walls were of hewn logs, and the roof was of slabs His boyhood was spent in that pioneer struggle against the wilderness. The forest was a menace, and the soil was a necessity therefore slaughter was an economic measure. Wondertul cherry, ash, oak, pine, worth fabulous prices to- day were cut into 12 to 14 feet lengths and piled. The brush was cut and piled. Then in Septem- ber the piles were fired, and the humus was burned away so the seed could reach the mineral soil ' ' Logging Bees ' ' were held to help each o^her clear the land. The fire did not run into the woods, as the forest was so dense as to pre- serve its moisture and prohibit the spreading of Oats and wheat were usually the first crop, and occasionally corn. Mr. Elliott has planted corn with an axe, the dull bit making the crevice into which the seed was dropped, and the foot cover- ing the seed. Wonderful was the power of the pioneer axe and wonderful the tales of the con- tests in its use ; it was the instrument of civihza- ^^He drew the lesson from the pioneer method of soil preparation that natural seed regeneration is very difficult in the forest because of the lack of a surface of mineral soil. In those days of the primitive sawmill the •^ flutter wheel" mill was used to saw what little lumber they needed. It was not necessary to draw the logs any distance, and transportation was not a factor. Rather than saw them, black walnut, cherry and ash were split up J n to fence rails. Only the valleys were settled and railroads were almost unheard of. t .u- Now begins the first real lumbering. In this period Mr. Elliott was a lumberman. The circu- lar saw was now used, and transportation became necessary, but at first only for short distances. The mills were located in the valleys. The plain slide and rollway were used, traces of which are still found. Wherever there was a rollway nature has been slow to heal the wound. Finally the sled with movable bolster was used and then the double sled. The log slide was also invented. All these operations took place in winter, as summer or railway transportation of logs was un- known. At first steam was very rare at the mill, the water-wheel furnishing power, but finally with steam came the gang saw. - Of all agents of for- est destruction the gang saw was the worst, but it made the best lumber, for the boards were uni- form in thickness." Only the best was cut of the white pine and valley woods. Finally came the second white pine cut, which covered a portion of the same land originally cut and at the same time carried the operations back to greater distances from the mill. Now we have the Pennsylvania slide — the team hitched on be- hind, the logs placed end to end in the slide and pushed ahead of the rear log to which the team was attached. Water transportation to mills at central points now begins, this movement result- ing in the Susquehanna booms at Lock Haven, Williamsport, Marietta, etc. In this period Mr. Elliott built three gang saw mills, and called at- tention particularly to the difficulty in getting a solid foundation for the saw, but not too solid, for one had a rock foundation and the lack of | elasticity resulted in the breaking up of the mill. | This cutting merges into the hemlock and hard- j wood, varying with different regions, and was a | << clean cut" taking all merchantable timber. | But the waste was terrible. The lumberman was \ not to blame, but the price. Mr. Elliott had beautiful hemlock lumber that would only bring $4 a thousand feet. They could cut only what they could market, and millions of feet of logs were left in the woods. The lumber railroad now begins— at first on wooden rails. The early en- gines were crude affairs and were succeeded by the ^* stem-winders." The band saw was intro- duced with steam handlers and the mill out- put became enormous. This is the period of wasteful cutting and lumbering. After the lum- ber is gone there are yet three agencies of devas- tation. The clean cut for sawlogs was followed by the tie cut, the acid cut, and the pulp cut in all com- munities where these industries are found. They take all sizes down to 3 inches, and after them or before them comes the fire. The work of devas- tation is complete, and nothing is left for regen- eration or forestry, even the humus is gone. The work of the forester must be the planting up of this absolute forest land and making it once more productive. '' I have seen the valleys and the hillsides covered with the pine and oak and hemlock and red pine. I have seen it cut once, twice, and three times. To-day there is no valu- al)le specie on the land. You boys must go out very earnestly to redeem this land and make it bear the crop which God intends for it." Mr. Elliott spoke without notes or manuscript, and said: ** I just told what I had seen until I thought you were tijed." It seemed to us that we had had a vision into a far country— not a description but a picture. Certainly this is a wonderful life that Mr. Elliott has lived and a remarkable history that he has had a part in. Gkorge a. Retan. New Publications. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Canadian For- estry Association. Ottawa, Canada. Large 8vo., 123 pages. This report gives details of the annual conven- tion held at Ottawa, Feb. 7th and 8th, 191 2; also of the various papers presented. These in- clude the following : A Progressive Forest Policy Requires Invest- ment of Capital. H. R. McMillan. Report of Committee on Forest Fire Legisla- tion. The Groundwork of a Forest Service. Gifford Pinchot. The Attitude of the Railroads Toward Forest Fires. E. A. Sterling. Aims and Objects of the Canadian Forestry Association. E. Stewart. Maple Sugar as a By-Product of the Forest. Archibald Blue. The interesting discussion of these papers, as well as the speeches made by Government officials and others, contributed to make the meeting one to be remembered. I First Annual Report of the State Forester of Minnesota, igii. 8vo., 116 pages, illustrated. Minnesota Forestry Board, St. Paul, Minn. Mr. Wm. T. Cox, State Forester, states that at one time a virgin forest covered five-eighths, or about 33,000,000 acres, of Minnesota, and at the present time there are 28,000,000 acres which bear forests of some kind. He estimates that there is now standing approximately 75,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber, which has a value to the people of the State of $975,000,000. The new forest law is described, under which a State Forester was selected in May, 191 1, who appointed his Assistant Forester and outlined a policy for the Forest Service, of which fire pro- tection was the primary duty. The duties of the rangers and patrolmen are described, and their value can be judged from the fact that although 144 fires were reported in the year 191 1, the dam- age was but $18,615. Active co-operation by the lumber companies and railroads aided in render- ing the fire service effective. In order to protect Baudeth and Spooner from forest conflagrations similar to those which destroyed these towns in 1 910, fire breaks were constructed. These were 4 rods wide and at no point closer than a mile to the town limits. The total length of fire breaks made here and at other points in 191 1 was 24 miles. Burning of slashings is also compulsory under the new law. .u c. .^ I To aid in the detection of forest fires the State 14 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 15 has erected 92 wooden and 13 steel towers, which cost, including 8 cabins, $3,587-52. A number of the towers and cabins were built at no expense to the Service other than the time of patrolmen. The Forest Service has also commenced a recon- naissance survey of the forest region of the State. Attention is called to influence of forests on stream flow. The total estimated available water power in the State without storage is estimated as 553,- 700 h. p., of which the average at present devel- oped is but 113,100 h. p. Itasca Park compris- ing 22,000 acres of forest and lake is described, the improvements made being mentioned. Ihe State also owns 20,000 acres of rocky, non-agri- cultural land, known as Burntside Forest, which was ceded bv Congress in 1904, and is rapidly reforesting Itself. In 1899 Hon. John S. Pillsbury donated 1,000 acres of cut-over land to the State, and a small nursery has been established here. Forest Conditions of Nova Scotia. By Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, Uni- versity of Toronto, assisted by Dr. C. D. Howe and J. H. White. Published by the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, Canada. 8 vo., 99 1 pages, illustrated, with 5 maps. Bound in cloih. In this interesting book Dr. Fernow states that through the Lumbermen's Association the Gov- ernment of Nova Scotia was induced to undertake a forest reconnaissance of the province, which was made in 1909 and 19 10. This survey was to fur- nish information regarding the extent, character, and condition of the forest resources, with a view to prognosticating the future and furnishing a basis on which the government might formulate a policy. The importance of this will be under- stood when it is realized that fully two-thirds of the area of the province consists of non-agricul- tural lands covered with forest growth, furnishing annually a product worth four to five million dol- lars, and which is in danger of exhaustion within the next two decades. Out of a total of 9,619,923 acres of mainland, 1,832,736 acres are farms, 21,- 680 natural meadow, 37,793 bog, 5'052,838 acres of forest land, 551,098 acres recently burned, 1,986,354 acres of old burns, and 137,424 acres unclassified. Of the forest land 1,036,175 acres are covered with coniferous trees, 330,856 acres of hardwood, and the balance, 3,685,807, mixed growth. About 100,000 acres of virgin or semi- virgin timber remains. There are reserves of about ten billion feet of coniferous timber in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, of which about one-half is spruce, the balance being principally hemlock and white pine, with some balsam, red and jack pine, and tamarack. The hardwood was not esti- mated. As 80 per cent, of the province, when not barren, is forest country, it is thought that there is here a natural resource capable under proper management of producing forever by annual in- crement twice as much as is now being cut from capital stock. A resource which may reasonably be stated as representing a potential capital of at least $300,000,000. It is now largely in poor condition, and is being still further deteriorated by abuse. The recommendations to change this state of affairs are, the enactment and enforcement of leg- islation to protect forests from fires, improvement in logging methods, conservative treatment of woodland, regeneration and reforestation, together with employment of a Provincial Forester. Dr. C. D. Howe contributes an interesting chapter on the '* Distribution and Reproduction of the Forest in Relation to Underlying Rocks and Soils." There are 5 maps, one being a geological map of Nova Scotia, while the other four show the forest distribution of the province. Gov. Wm. T. Haines, of Maine, also believes in reducing the taxation on timberland. He says I believe if we could have submitted in the place ot the tax we now have, a very small charge upon the forest lands, and an income tax upon the product annually taken from it, that this would tend more than any other thing to increase the growth and preservation of the poorer forest land of the State. I am sure that I know of many pieces of land to-day, which, under the present laws, the owners are planning to denude and make worthless for several generations to come, both as timberlands and as holding grounds for water ; whereas, if only a nominal tax was assessed against them, they would be permitted to grow and become valuable forest lands again. We build as wooden houses, and then we burn them down ; We print on wooden paper in every wooden town ; We walk on wooden carpets with our wooden leather shoes ; Whole forests cannot furnish what we daily use and lose. There's the frisky elm-tree beetle, gypsy moth and brown- tail pest, J I,- u f In the general destruction trymg each to do his best ; Here a limb and there a bough goes daily up m smoke ; «♦ Woodman spare that tree,'* with us no longer is a joke. I dreamed of a child in the years to be — My granddaughter's grandson's son — In the light of a radium stove sat he. His history lesson to con. He came to a word that his knowledge tried, He spt-Ued it three times three ; Then asked of the ancient man by his side, «*Sav, grandfather, what is a tree?" " ^ —Florence Phinney. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association will hold a Forestry Exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., during the week May igth to 24th, J 913- FOREST LEI^VEp oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylva n ia Forestry The New York State College of Forestry AT Syracuse University, SYRACUSE, - - - NEW YORK. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science in Forestry ; Postgraduate course to Master of Forestry, and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks and Ranger School given on the Col- lege Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer un- usual opportunities for research work. For particulars, address : HUGH P. BAKER, D.Oec, Dean, Association, The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1&^ RATES: insertion. I inch, . . $1.00 y^ page, . . 4-00 6 la insertions, insertions. H " • • (t • • 7.00 12.00 $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 $8.00 34.00 60.00 JCOrOO 25,000,000 Forest Trees I ■ WHITE PINE RED PINE and NORWAY SPRUCE -m^UMi^^^i Increase the value of your land by planting with forest trees. Plant this Spring. We can furnish you trees at a lesser price than foreign nurseries, and can give you stock guaranteed free from disease. We grow our own stock from native seed collected by us. Write us. Keene Forestry Association KEENE, N. H. 16 FOREST LEAVES. ^ki^^i The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed of! the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our i)rofessional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDIXO SCHOOL FOR BOTS. niuBtrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DIS8TON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MCCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W, TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. 2M Philadelphia, May, 1913. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loxa Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. EXHIBITION ISSUE. THIS issue is utilized as a cover for a copy of Forest Leaves to give an idea of the publication which, as the organ of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, has for 27 con- secutive years preached forest protection, forest propagation and forest utilization. It is not a newspaper and, therefore, much in every number is equally adapted to times other than the date of its publication. Some of the copies enclosed are of later issues, some may be classed as old. The purpose is to acquaint the public with the work of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association past and present ; to awaken widespread interest in the effort to maintain existing forests, replant denuded areas and secure proper legislation in a State whose name indicates that originally it was so well forested as to be christened '* Penn's woods.** THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association has been in existence since 1886 when a number of public spirited men and women joined in an effort to awaken interest in the rapidly disappearing forests of Pennsylvania, and of the entire country. The organization has con- sidered that its first duty was to the State whose name it bears, but it has always exhibited interest in efforts to improve forest conditions in other States and in the nation. It has never attempted to maintain affiliation with political parties or attached itself to any faction, but has had a single purpose, and in the results which have been accomplished aid has been received from State officials and prominent men of varied political associations. During the life of the organization successive governors have evidenced a personal interest in the work undertaken, and in a majority of cases legislatures have aided its efforts to a larger ex- tent than may generally be expected for a ** new departure.'* ' " We are gratified to chronicle the co-operation which the purposes of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association received from Governors Beaver, Pat- tison, Hastings, Stone, Pennypacker and Stuart, and to express satisfaction at the interest of Gover- nor Tener, now our Chief Executive. All of the remedial measures endorsed by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association have not re- ceived legislative sanction ; some bills presented after careful study, have failed to win the approval of the General Assembly, but though disappointed, those interested in forestry have not taken defeat as discouragement, believing that in the final an- alysis well considered protective legislation will be assured. 16 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed ofT the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School BILTMORE, N. C 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOTS. ninstrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TR US TEES : The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, Presidetil. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President. (;EOR(iE Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MCCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of tlie twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. Philadelphia, May, 1913. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. EXHIBITION ISSUE. THIS issue is utilized as a cover for a copy of Forest Leaves to give an idea of the publication which, as the organ of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, has for 27 con- secutive years preached forest protection, forest propagation and forest utilization. It is not a newspaper and, therefore, much in every number is equally adapted to times other than the date of its publication. Some of the copies enclosed are of later issues, some may be classed as old. The purpose is to acquaint the public with the work of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association past and present ; to awaken widespread interest in the effort to maintain existing forests, replant denuded areas and secure proper legislation in a State whose name indicates that originally it was so well forested as to be christened '* Penn's woods." * THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association has been in existence since 1886 when a number of public spirited men and women joined in an effort to awaken interest in the lapidly disappearing forests of Pennsylvania, and of the entire country. The organization has con- sidered that its first duty was to the State whose name it bears, but it has always exhibited interest in efforts to improve forest conditions in other States and in the nation. It has never attempted to maintain affiliation with political parties or attached itself to any faction, but has had a single purpose, and in the results which have been accomplished aid has been received from State officials and prominent men of varied political associations. During the life of the organization successive governors have evidenced a personal interest in the work undertaken, and in a majority of cases legislatures have aided its efforts to a larger ex- tent than may generally be expected for a ** new departure." ' ] We are gratified to chronicle the co-operation which the purposes of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association received from Governors Beaver, Pat- tison, Hastings, Stone, Penny packer and Stuart, and to express satisfaction at the interest of Gover- nor Tener, now our Chief Executive. All of the remedial measures endorsed by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association have not re- ceived legislative sanction ; some bills presented after careful study, have failed to win the approval of the General Assembly, but though disappointed, those interested in forestry have not taken defeat as discouragement, believing that in the final an- alysis well considered protective legislation will be assured. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE PERSISTENCY has been rewarded and the State of Pennsylvania holds a leading position in the forestry movement. Most of the laws affecting forests may serve as models to other States which desire a practical rather than a theoretical administrat'on. * ♦ * NEARLY a million acres of forest reserve lands belong to the State of Pennsylvania, the bulk of it having been purchased out- right, and not as in some other States a gift or grant. Business methods characterize the admin- istration of the reserves. The purpose being to make these a source of profit while they are used to ensure a supply of lumber for the future. The reserves are administered by a Commission con- sisting of Hon. Robert S. Conklin, of Lancaster County, Commissioner of Forestry ; Hon. S. B. Elliott, of Jefferson County; Hon. J. Linn Harris, of Centre County ; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, of Chester County, and Miss Mira L. Dock, of Adams County. * ^ THE Department of Forestry of the State of Pennsylvania maintains the Mont Alto Forest Academy in Franklin County, where young men are given a three years* course in studies and in practice to fit them for positions of authority in managing the forest reserve. In return for free tuition the students after graduation serve the State for an equal term at fixed salaries, and are encouraged to make forestry their life work. Each year the alumni and the Senior Class of the Mont Alto Forest Academy meet in conven- tion, and for several days discuss problems of mutual interest with the members of the Forestry Reservation Commission, or listen to addresses by recognized experts. Located in the immediate vicinity of the Mont Alto, Caledonia and South Mountain reserves- aggregating 45,000 acres — the students have op- portunity for practice in the woods. • * * AN important feature of the work of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry is the propagation of millions of trees from seeds sown in nurseries established in the forest reserves, the seedlings being used to reforest cut- over or burned over areas. ' Judicious forest improvement methods of thin- ning out dense jungles, or removing the imperfect growths which interfere with the best develop- ments of timber trees is also practiced by the department. ...,.- Practical work in combating forest fires on the part of employees of the Forestry Reservation Commission has demonstrated its value in pre- venting by watchfulness incipient fires developing into conflagrations, and in fighting back fires which threaten valuable forested areas. When the people of the State realize the great injury done by forest fires, there will develop in every community a strong sentiment, backed by individual effort, which will surely reduce this menace to an important resource. _ .^" -^^^i Philadelphia, April, 1913. No. 2 Published Ki-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. RiiitoiiaU 17 Forest Exhibition, May 19th to 24th 18 Conservation of City Trees jg Spring Arbor Day Proclamation 19 New York Forests Threatened ijy the P.rown-Tail and Gipsy Moth 20 Ihe Sixth Annual Convention of the Pennsylvania Foresters 20 Asheville Meeting of the Directors of the American Forestry As- sociation 22 Report of the U. S. Forester for 1912 23 Desolate Pennsylvania 24 Damage Recovered for Young Trees Destroyed by Forest Fires... 25 Forestry Chronology in Pennsylvania 27 Ti)p Lopping as a Protective Measure 29 SubscriDtion, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nursery men and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be bur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee, Two dollars. Life tnembership, Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, ]ohr\ Hirkinbine. V^ice- Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler, Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W.S. Harvey, Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. VV. 1-razier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. La7v, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman: Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. i. Horace Mcp^arland, and |ohn A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman; Mrs. George F. Baer, Kdwin Swift Balch. Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. r. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, !id Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, liss Florence Keen, J. PVanklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. OppicR OP THB Association. 1012 Walnut St.. Philadblphia. Keep in mind the Forestry ExJiihition in PliiliiJelpJiia^ May ig-24tJi, igrj. EDITORIALS. TZ) ILTMORE, a name familiar to those inter- I J estedin forest regeneration, has won recog- nition through the world as ^^an experi- ment" on a large scale attempted by a priYate individual to accomplish results similar to those achieved under European governmental supervi- sion. A late visit, which gave excellent oppor- tunity to compare present conditions with those noticed during a former inspection more than a decade ago, demonstrate that Biltmore has passed the experimental stage and may be viewed in the light of an apparently successful business proposi- tion. In creating Biltmore the owner, Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, established for his enjoynient a magnificent chateau and improved much of the surrounding territory as a private park beautified by ornamental trees and rare shrubbery. This may be considered apart from the balance of the estate of 14,000 acres, large sections of which have been planted according to various improved methods with different kinds of forest trees. Of 6,500 acres so planted 4,000 have been devoted to white pine, which has demonstrated its special adaptability to the naturally poor soil. Sections of yellow and other pines, various oaks, and patches of a number of other trees demonstrate practically what may be expected of each class under the pre- vailing conditions due to liberal rainfall, altitude from 2,000 to 2,500 feet above sea level, varied topography, and moderate but varied climatic conditions. The extensive nurseries where seedlings are propagated for planting permit of watching tree growth through all of its stages and studying the adaj)tability of each. A section of white pine trees 16 years old is a revelation in its healthy growth of tall, straight trees averaging about a foot in diameter at the PERSISTENCY has been rewarded and the State of Pennsylvania holds a leading position in the forestry movement. Most of the laws affecting forests may serve as models to other States which desire a practical rather than a theoretical administration. * * * ^ IN TV T EARLY a million acres of forest reserve lands belong to the State of Pennsylvania, the bulk of it having been purchased out- right, and not as in some other States a gift or grant. Business methods characterize the admin- istration of the reserves. The purpose being to make these a source of profit while they are used to ensure a supply of lumber for the future. The reserves are administered by a Commission con- sisting of Hon. Robert S. Conklin, of Lancaster County, Commissioner of Forestry ; Hon. S. B. Elliott, of Jefferson County; Hon. J. Linn Harris, of Centre County ; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, of Chester County, and Miss Mira L. Dock, of Adams County. * * THE Department of Forestry of the State of Pennsylvania maintains the Mont Alto Forest Academy in Franklin County, where young men are given a three years' course in studies and in practice to fit them for positions of authority in managing the forest reserve. In return for free tuition the students after graduation serve the State for an equal term at fixed salaries, and are encouraged to make forestry their life work. Each year the alumni and the Senior Class of the Mont Alto Forest Academy meet in conven- tion, and for several days discuss problems of mutual interest with the members of the Forestry Reservation Commission, or listen to addresses by recognized experts. Located in the immediate vicinity of the Mont Alto, Caledonia and South Mountain reserves- aggregating 45,000 acres — the students have op- portunity for practice in the woods. * AN important feature of the work of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry is the propagation of millions of trees from seeds sown in nurseries established in the forest reserves, the seedlings being used to reforest cut- over or burned over areas. Judicious forest improvement methods of thin- ning out dense jungles, or removing the imperfect growths which interfere with the best develop- ments of timber trees is also practiced by the department. Practical work in combating forest fires on the part of employees of the Forestry Reservation Commission has demonstrated its value in pre- venting by watchfulness incipient fires developing into conflagrations, and in fighting back fires which threaten valuable forested areas. When the people of the State realize the great injury done by forest fires, there will develop in every community a strong sentiment, backed by individual effort, which will surely reduce this menace to an important resource. Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, April, 1913. No. 2 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. ^•litoiials Forest Exhibition, May 19th to 24th Conservation of City Trees Spring Arbor Day Proclamation New York Forests Threatened by the Hrown-Tail and Gipsy Moth The Sixth Annual Convention of the Pennsylvania Foresters Asheville Meeting of the Directors of the American Forestry As- sociation Report of the U. S. Forester for 1912 Desolate Pennsylvania Damage Recovered for Young Trees Destroyed by Forest Fires... Forestry Chronology in Pennsylvania Top Lopping as a Protectivr Measure 17 18 19 19 20 20 22 23 24 25 27 29 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates tvill be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee. Two dollars. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended 10 be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Irazter, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Law, Chas, C. Binney, Chairman: Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. I. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman: Mrs. George F. Baer, Kdwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. I. Rothrock. W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication. John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, ind Harrison Souder. IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman; Miss Mary Blakiston, *Iiss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Oppicb op thb Association. 1012 Walnut St.. Philadblphia. A'ee/f in mind the Forestry Exhihition in Pliilaiielphia, May ig-24th, igij. EDTTORTALS. T3 ILTMORE, a name familiar to those inter- 13 ested in forest regeneration, has won recog- nition through the world as **an experi- ment" on a large scale attempted by a private individual to accomplish results similar to those achieved under European governmental supervi- sion. A late visit, which gave excellent oppor- tunity to compare present conditions with those noticed during a former inspection more than a decade ago, demonstrate that Biltmore has passed the experimental stage and may be viewed in the light of an apparently successful business proposi- tion. In creating Biltmore the owner, Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, established for his enjoynient a magnificent chateau and improved much of the surrounding territory as a private park beautified by ornamental trees and rare shrubbery. This may be considered apart from the balance of the estate of 14,000 acres, large sections of which have been planted according to various improved methods with different kinds of forest trees. Of 6,500 acres so planted 4,000 have been devoted to white pine, which has demonstrated its special adaptability to the naturally poor soil. Sections of yellow and other pines, various oaks, and patches of a number of other trees demonstrate practically what may be expected of each class under the pre- vailing conditions due to liberal rainfall, altitude from 2,000 to 2,500 feet above sea level, varied topography, and moderate but varied climatic conditions. The extensive nurseries where seedlings are propagated for planting permit of watching tree growth through all of its stages and studying the adaptability of each. A section of white pine trees 16 years old is a revelation in its healthy growth of tall, straight trees averaging about a foot in diameter at the INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 18 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 19 butt, and the different methods of close or distant planting can be studied with profit and satisfac- tion If the prophecy of Mr. S. B. Elliott, of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission is verified— that ^'In twenty years lumber will command prices based upon the cost of planting, protecting, and harvesting trees "-the commer- cial problem of Biltmore gives promise of a satis- factory solution. , r XU The Vanderbilt estate, in the vicinity of Asne- ville North Carolina, comprises, in addition to Biltniore, the Mount Pisgah reserve, the two ag- gregating 140,000 acres, covering a continuous stretch of 40 miles of varying breadth, the maxi- mum b'eing 12 miles. A part of the Mount Pis- gah estate is being lumbered under contract, with provisions which limit the size of tree to be cut, the protection of younger growth, combating forest fires, and other restrictions intended to in- sure a continuing forest crop. The Mount Pisgah estate has been considered a desirable purchase by the government as a portion of the Appalachian Forest Reserve, because it thus secures a continuous body of timber of excellent character, and it is understood its owner is not averse to its acquisition by the government con- ditioned upon an assurance that approved practi- cal forest management is given to it such as the owner has applied for two decades. J. B. , ijj i^ 'li 'i' ^ World-wide attention has been directed to the phenomenal floods which devastated portions of a number of States, and queries are made as to whether a repetition of such disasters can be pre- vented. Meteorological conditions such as pro- duce heavy rainfall over large areas are unusual and occur'in cycles of uncertain numbers of years, generally in different sections, and their preven- tion is beyond the power of man. But the re- sults possibly may be ameliorated. Storage reser- voirs may conserve considerable volumes of water, but unless these are regulated they will proba- bly be filled, as will all water channels, both sur- face and underground, toward the close of heavy rains prevailing for several days. Liberal wooded areas with a forest floor of humus which is not burned out by repeated forest fires may be ex- pected to hold back generous proportions of the rain which in cleared land rapidly seeks the natu- ral stream beds, and by delivering the water more slowly prevent the convergence of • flood crests from minor streams, thereby reducing the freshet height in large rivers. We hope to secure data which will permit of a further discussion of the matter in subsequent issues, but we are firmly impressed with the view^ that the increase of forest-covered areas and their protection against fire will have a material influence in limiting the injury from even such phenomenal precipita- tion as that which caused havoc in neighboring States and a portion of our own. J. B. * ^^ * * * Although this issue of Forest Leaves will not , reach its readers in advance of the earlier of the i two dates named by Governor Tener as arbor ! days in Pennsylvania, space is given to the text of the message of the Governor, for each such i official recognition of the value of forests may be ' considered as an encouragement. We have em- phasized in editorials the progress which the movement for forest protection has made in Penn- sylvania, recognizing that much of the advance I has resulted from each successive Chief Executive I of the State evidencing an interest in the efforts made to preserve and protect our forests. Gov- ' ernor Tener' s proclamation and his message to ! to the legislature leave no room for doubt as to : his sentiments and gives assurance that he may be depended upon to approve any well-considered legislation in the interest of forestry. J. B. Forest Exhibition, May 19th to 24th. OUR readers may be interested in the an- nouncement that applications for space are such as to insure an impressive and satisfactory display at the Forest Exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, May 19th to 24th. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association has un- dertaken this exhibit to awaken interest in for- estry, and its members have secured funds to make the Exhibition successful, but there is no disposition to narrow its scope. The exhibits will be made by the : Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commis- sion. Pennsylvania State College. l^niversity of Pennsylvania. United States Forest Service. United States Reclamation Service. Philadelj)hia Commercial Museums. University of Washington. Pennsylvania State Museum. Audubon Society of Pennsylvania. City Parks Association of Philadelphia. l^ennsylvania Fish Protective Association. Forestry Department of Pennsylvania Railroad. American Forestry Association. Exhibits made also by Lumbermen's Associa- tions, manufacturers of wood substitutes, etc. There will be a series of interesting lectures given during the Exhibition. Conservation of City Trees. IT is a practical work of conservation to which the Park Commission has applied itself, under the guidance of its Committee on Street Trees, and its effort to preserve and protect existing trees and to stimulate the planting of more should receive the material as well as the moral support of the entire community. A prohi- bition of the cutting or ^* pruning" of trees except under the express permission of some competent municipal authority, as proposed by the committee, would put out of business an army of self-styled experts who are annually engaged in the butchery of the trees which adorn the streets of Philadelphia, but their departure would be unwept and unsung. Sometimes the mutila- tion is done by telegraph and telephone linemen, but individual owners of trees are too often the ignorant participants in the crime, and a whole- some restraint upon their liberty of action in the form of a prohibitory ordinance and a fine would do no harm. , The city, however, needs to set the example itself to the owners of street trees by a more in- telligent care of the trees in the small parks and on city property. Of course, lack of money is accountable for the neglected condition of many of the squares and for the failure to replant and replace the trees that are lost by natural decay and by accident and storm. But not wholly so. In many instances the lack of intelligent super- vision and the inattention and indifference of park superintendents are at the root of the trouble. If these minor officials were compelled to keep a closer watch over the trees to protect them from insect foes as well as from the mischievous vandal- ism of youth, the city would set a better example than it is now doing. — PJiHa, Fiiblic Ledger. Spring Arbor Day Proclamation. IN the Name and by Authority of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania. Executive Department. Proclamation. • The prosperity and commercial independence of a nation depends very largely upon the ratio of its produ( tion of raw products to its consump- tion of the same. As the rate of consumption relatively increases, the cost of living advances and dependence ui)on other nations finally fol- lows. During the last fifty years our State and nation have experienced a wonderful industrial development which has been attended by a tre- mendous increase in the rate of consumption and a relative decrease in the rate of production. This industrial development has made heavy demands upon our forests, as a result of which the rate of consumption of forests and forest products has been and is now far in excess of the rate of production. Wasteful methods of lumbering and forest fires are contributing factors. Diseases such as the chestnut tree blight are exacting their annual toll. Unless the rates of production and consump- tion can be made to approach each other, we shall soon become forest poor. By the practice of in- telligent, conservative methods, this ratio can be controlled. It requires, first, a knowledge of the remedies for existing conditions, and, second, the initiative to put these remedies into operation. In order that the citizens of this Commonwealth may be intelligently informed concerning the forest con- ditions of the State and of the country at large, and, further, that tree planting, reforestation and the practice of correct forestry methods may be stimulated, the custom has been established of setting aside one or more days each spring for the observance of Arbor Day. In accordance with the above custom, I, John K. Tener, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby designate Friday, April nth and Friday, April 25th, 191 3, ARBOR DAYS THROUGHOUT THE COMMONWEALTH. All public and private schools are urged to par- ticipate in the observance of the day by planting trees and by conducting such exercises as will give a clear conception of the importance of this subject. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the State, at the city of Harrisburg, this first day of March, in the year of [seal.] our Lord one thousand nine hundred and thirteen, and of the Common- wealth the one hundred and thirty- seventh. John K. Tkner. By the Governor : Robert McAfee, Secretarij of (he Conunonwealth, • The Department of Forestry at Harrisburg, Pa., is endeavoring to collect items of interest, cor- respondence, newspaper clippings, photographs, etc., of early Pennsylvania forest conditions and the development of forestry. It will welcome any assistance which the members of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association can render. 20 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 21 New York Forests Threatened by the Brown-Tail and Gipsy Moth. FOR a number of years Massachusetts has been spending large sums of money in fighting the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths, which have spread westward and are now reported from a point not far distant from the eastern boun- dary of New York. In February a Conference was called in Boston by the State Forester of Massachusetts for the purpose of bringmg together not only those actually engaged in the fight with the Gipsy and Brown -tail Moths, but those who are sure to be concerned in the near future. Interesting facts were brought out at this Con- ference as to the spread of the Gipsy Moth. It is certain that New York and other States about Massachusetts will soon be reached by these de- structive insects, and that unless more effective means are taken they will destroy not only forest trees but shade and ornamental trees over large sections of the State. As shade tree pests these insects can be controlled by spraying and destroy- ing ec^o- clusters, but these methods are used only at considerable expense and must be continued indefinitely. It seems probable that as soon as the parasites and diseases introduced from abroad which work upon and destroy these insects have become fairly established, that they will aid man greatly against future serious outbreaks. The Gipsy Moth problem of the future in the , State of New York is a forestry problem, as the . insect cannot be fought in the forest by spraying, but must be controlled and eventually eliminated by proper methods of forest management. Certain trees, such as the oak, willow and birch, are ap- parently more favorable and often seem necessary for the development of the caterpillars of the moths. Methods of forest management can be used which will remove these trees from the forest and thus destroy the most favored food of the pests. With these methods of proper forest man- agement must go strict quarantine against lumber, cordwood and nursery products shipped in from infested areas. Some eff'ort has been made to es- tablish a '' dead line" to prevent further spread of the insect. A zone of timber consisting largely of white pine and other evergreens is selected, and all hardwoods or broad leaf growth removed. As the insects are unable to complete their life history on the pines, they are checked and it may be possible to prevent their spreading northward into the Adirondacks, or into the Catskills, through the maintenance of such zones of conifer- | ous growth. In the caterpillar stage the two \ moths do the greatest damage and the greatest 1 spread of the insect occurs at this time. They ; are often blown long distances by the wind or carried by automobiles and other vehicles, and much can be done in preventing this kind of dis- tribution by keeping the road-side districts free of the caterpillars through spraying and the removal of their favorite food plants. The outbreak of the Gipsy Moth in New York in the summer of 191 2 was not extensive, and by prompt measures, such as the removal of infested trees, spraying, etc., the colony was destroyed. It is entirely possible, however, that there may be other well established colonies in outlying dis- tricts near the Catskills or Adirondacks of which there is no official knowledge. The State in the prosecution of its forestry work should make thorough investigations, especially along the east- ern border in sections where there is the greatest danger of the incoming of the caterpillar and thus prevent its doing the tremendous damage which it has done in Massachusetts. The Sixth Annual Convention of the Pennsylvania Foresters. 7\ T the call of the Commissioner of Forestry J\ the Sixth Annual Convention of the Penn- '^ sylvania Foresters convened in Harrisburg on the i8th, 19th and 20th of February. Two sessions were held each day and the discussions concerned the individual problems of foresters and rangers. The first discussion was on Camp and Game, and the opinion prevailed that the forester should be allowed the privilege of granting over night permits to persons who suddenly decide to take a short hunting or fishing trip. However, the same rule that is now in force, should be observed for longer periods of time than one day. Reports from different parts of the State show that the game is on the increase, and on areas where there have been no fires for several years game is plentiful. So as to facilitate the exact location of camp sites, it was suggested that each camp site be numbered and named, and as soon as definitely determined, the number and name be posted con- spicuously upon the site. This will be of advan- tage to the forester in locating camp sites and give those desiring to camp a better knowledge of the sites available. The subject of roads was then discussed in which it was brought out that the object in build- ing roads is : ist. Removal of timber; 2d, Pro- I tection ; and 3d, Accessibility. : Roads should be built upon the advisability of i present or deferred use, with a future market in view as well as the direction of hauling the ma- terial. They may be planned and built before they are needed constantly, when there is little other work to be done on the state forests, in which case they will serve as fire breaks. The saving of considerable time and effort in getting to and from operations is no small factor in in- creasing the efficiency of the work upon operations. In some cases, especially where young growth is present, the idea of protection is foremost. Whenever practicable, the grade should be uni- form and in no case exceed 8 per cent. The following morning the subject of planting was discussed at length. Reforestation by plant- ing will play a large part in the work done on the State forests during the coming year. Nearly five million seedlings will be planted on areas which are now barren or nonproductive, covering an area of 2,000 acres. This will be almost double the amount planted in 191 2. White pine is planted more than any other species. The foresters entered into a lively discussion as to the practicability of reforestation by means of planting seedlings or sowing the seed directly upon the area to be reforested. The latter method, if feasible, would make possible a great saving in time and money. It seemed to be the concensus of opinion of those present, however, that this method does not bring the desired results in the case of white pine. Fairly successful plantations have been made with pitch pine and a plantation of red oak acorns made near Austin showed 76 per cent, successful growth. The reforestation of scrub oak areas with some more valuable species is one of the biggest plant- ing problems confronting the forester at present. Several possible solutions of the question were presented by the foresters, many of whom have already made*" experimental plantations on such areas. The method most favorably received was the one that calls for the cutting of all sprouts but one from the scrub oak stool. The growth of this sprout will then be so accelerated that it will take up the greater part of the sap produced and the old stump will be unable to support new sprouts. The single shoot then serves as a pro- tection to the seedlings until they obtain a good start. Ultimately they will kill off the scrub oak by shading. Attention was called to the fact that if the Forest Taxation Bill now before the Legislature becomes a law, private planting will be greatly increased. Protection from fire was considered one of the things of greatest importance to our State forests. The telephone, lookout station and maps are es- sential to a well organized protective system, for by means of these, fires can be located by triangu- Ution. It was shown that fire towers in this State have been in use since 1904 and that lumber companies in the northern part of the State used the triangu- lation method of locating fires seven years ago. Fires are not so prevalent throughout the State now as in former years, and not a few of the for- esters were able to report '*No fires in 191 2.'* Patrol and fire breaks are necessary and the best fire break is bared to the soil. Straight lanes are . better than crooked or winding ones because a less ! number of men is needed and supervision is easier. Forest management is essential and pro- tection is becoming subservient to it in that compartment and other forest division lines will sooner or later take the place of the present fire breaks. Co-operation should be encouraged by assisting the people in forming protective organizations. Two Fire Protective Associations are organized in I the State at this time, one being the Pocono Fire Protective Association, the other, the Central Pennsylvania Fire Protective Association. The relation of the forester to the ranger was taken up for discussion at the morning session of the last day. During this discussion it was stated by the Commissioner that the forester is the ad- ministrative agent of the Department and has charge of the work upon the State forest under his management. The ranger is directly under him and is to carry out the work as indicated by the forester. I For the most satisfactory results, harmonious co-operation between the forester and the ranger is necessary. In many instances rangers were appointed on certain State forests before foresters were appointed. These rangers were 'to look after protection in the matter of trespass and fires. That was all that was to be done under the conditions existing at the time. However there were some rangers who did more than simply patrol their areas, and worked out to some extent the ideas which a forester would have to develop after one came to the State forest. When the foresters were appointed to various State forests there was more to do than simply patrol the land ; the ranger was expected to help in the develop- ment of the work. I At the afternoon session the subject of compart- ments was discussed at length by Prof. lUick, of the Forest Academy. I That a uniform system of book-keeping and accounting be employed on all the State forests was readily agreed to and that it is necessary in the making of records and reports. Many of the foresters and rangers expressed themselves as well pleased with the convention and that this convention was considered the most 22 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 23 helpful of any that had been held. The Com- missioner complimented the rangers and foresters upon their work during the past year and ex- pressed the hope that the same loyalty and energy be continued throughout the coming year. The presence of the members of the State Forestry Reservation Commission, as well as the majority of the forest rangers, was very helpful and their remarks .upon various topics under dis- cussion were to the point and well received. R. L. E. Asheville Meeting of the Directors of the American Forestry Association. THE Directors of the American Forestry As- sociation and invited guests spent two in- teresting days in Asheville and vicinity, March 25th and 26th. The first day, devoted to a twenty-five mile carriage trip through the Bilt- more estate of Mr. Geo. W. Vanderbilt, the sec- ond day to an automobile ride of fifty miles to the Mount Pisgah reservation, including a generous luncheon, served in the lodge on the mountain. A well attended public meeting was held on the evening of the 25th, during which President Drinker, in the chair, delivered an interesting , address which brought out instructive discussions by men prominent in the forestry movement. Pennsylvania was represented in the visiting dele- gation by President Henry S. Drinker, of the American Forestry Association, Dr. J. T. Rock- rock and Mr. S. B. Elliott, of the Pennsylvania | Forestry Reservation Commission. Mr. A. B. Farquhar, President of the Pennsylvania Con- servation Association, and Mr. John Birkinbine, President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion. The visits to Biltmore and Mount Pisgah re- serves were made especially interesting by the courteous personal attentions of Mr. C. D. Beadle and his colleagues, who direct the many problems of administration of these extensive estates. The severe storms which were sweeping through the central States affected the excursions by oc- casional showers, and by cloud banks, which in- terfered with enjoying the superb mountain views for which the district about Asheville is justly celebrated. As in all such gatherings the advantage of social intercourse, and the exchanging of views upon problems of mutual interest, proved a most valuable feature of the meeting. In his address President Drinker reviewed the progress of the forestry movement throughout the country, and among other things stated : * ' The day has long passed when the love of forestry and its promotion can be looked on as a fad of the nature-loving theorist. Forestry is to- day recognized universally as a highly important economic movement in the United States and Canada. In Europe its public value has been long tried and recognized. '' Education in forestry is being given at many institutions throughout our country. There are twenty-three schools of forestry leading to a de- gree, attached to universities or colleges ; ten schools with courses covering one or more years in forestry, and thirty-four schools with short courses in forestry. The State universities in the West, and State College and Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, are by public lectures and demonstrations spread- ing a knowledge of forestry among the people at large— and the various forestry and conservation associations and allied organizations — East and West, North and South— are promoting and for- warding the good work. There are to-day, in addition to the American Forestry Association, the Society of American Foresters, the National Conservation Association and the National Con- servation Congress — national organizations — not less than twenty-three State and local forestry as- sociations, and thirty-four timber protective and fire patrol associations ; also a number of game protective clubs, mountain -climbing clubs and geographical societies, all intelligently and zeal- ously co-operating in the study and forwarding of forestry interests. '' The compilations of the United States Forest Service show that twenty-nine States in 191 2 made appropriations ranging from $200 in Delaware and $500 in Alabama (for publications only) ; North Carolina, $3,000 (for administration and publication) ; Louisiana, $25,000 (collected from a license tax on the timber-cut of the State and for fire protection only); Massachusetts, $49,000 (administration and publication, fire protection, reforestization and nurseries); Wisconsin, $95,000 (administration, fire protection and purchase of lands); up to $224,550 in New York for admin- istration, fire protection, purchase, maintenance and survey of land, and reforestization, and $321,- 750 in Pennsylvania (the highest figure), for fire protection, purchase of lands, administration and protection of State Forest Reserves, and for the Forest Academy, with also a further special appropriation of $275,000 (to be available for expenditures for two years) for combatting the chestnut blight disease. ** All the States have provided for criminal lia- bility for causing fires, and practically all for civil liability, and many of the States have legislation relating to forest protective systems, fire fighting, burning brush, etc., and at least twenty make spe- cific appropriation for fire protection. *' Thirty-four of the forty-eight States — over two-thirds — now have State forestry organizations of some kind, and measures looking to the sub- stitution of some modern system of forestry taxa- tion have been adopted or are under present con- sideration in a number of States — among them all the New England States, Ohio, Wisconsin, Louisiana, New York, and Pennsylvania. ** This is certainly an encouraging evidence of the existing and growing intelligent appreciation in the people of the land of the importance to the country of the study and promotion of forestry — and the public-spirited men and women who have had this great economic question at heart, and have preached and taught it may well take en- couragement at the increasing success of their patriotic labors." Report of the U. S. Forester for 1912. THE annual report of Mr. Henry S. Graves for the year ending June 30th, 191 2, con- tains much interesting data. The gross area of the National Forests on June 30th, 1911, was 190,608,243 acres ; readjust- ments in boundaries, eliminations, etc., reduced this to 187,406,376 acres at the same date in 191 2, of which 160,591,576 acres were in conti- nental United States, located in twenty western States, the balance being in Alaska and Porto Rico. The forest force engaged in caring for these immense areas was 2,895. The total stand of timber in all the national forests, including those of Alaska, is given as 597,478.000,000 feet, board measure. Approximately 348,000,000,000 is mature and over mature, therefore ready to cut. Much of this is deteriorating through natural de- cay, fire, and insect attacks. It is the announced j)olicy to increase sales as rapidly as possible until they reach 3,000,000,000 feet a year. The in- tention is to sell in larger amounts than formerly so that strong companies can afford to take hold, build the necessary roads and mills for utilizing remote tracts of timber. During the year 19 12 the Forest Service sold 799,416,000 feet of standing timber, of the value of $1,600,773.55. The purchasers cut during the year 431,492,000 feet, valued at $942,819. 21. The total sales were 5,772, and of these, 5,179 were for less than $100 worth of timber. It is thus shown that the most numerous buyers of govern- ment timber are settlers in the localities, who need a little for sheds, fences, and other ranch purposes. Only forty-five sales were for more than $5,000 each. It is shown that the annual growth of timber on the national forests is, or would be if properly cared for, 6,000,000,000 feet, board measure. That much could be cut every year for all time, by taking mature timber only, and leaving the rest to grow. In order to make the forests self- supporting the cut will be increased to 3,000,000,- 000 feet per annum, or one half of the actual growth. In addition to sales in large and small amounts, large quantities were given away, under a provi- sion of law, for the purpose of helping poor people who need it and cannot afford to buy it, or to miners to develop their property, or stockmen to build corrals. The total number of such permits was 38,749, the number of feet 123,233,000 val- ued at $196,335.41. The total area of government forest burned in the year was 469,638 acres of which 348,783 acres were timberland with an estimated destruc- tion or damage of 117,174,000 feet of timber. 76,301 trees were struck by lightning in the na- tional forests during the year and 17.5 per cent, of the fires were started in this way, and the total cost of fighting forest fires on or threatening National Forests was $202,046.36. During the fiscal year 20,543 acres were re- forested, of which 6,174 acres were planted with seedlings, and 14,369 acres sown with seed. There are now in the various nurseries 36,293,000 seedlings and 9,065,000 transplants. The Forest Service is conducting a number of investigations. Among others one at Wagon Wheel Gap, Colo., to determine the effect of forest cover on stream flow. Points of great in- terest thus far determined, are that the surface run off contributing to what may be called a flood is less than i per cent, of the rainfall of any storm yet recorded ; that the amount of soil erosion from forested water sheds is practically negligible, that the relation of maximum flow to minimum flow in 1911 was about 13 to i, while in more sparsely covered watersheds the ratio was from 20 to i to 100 to i. Observations also showed that the forest was very effective in check- ing excessive wind movement and evaporation. Grazing stock in the national forests is an im- portant industry. Pasturage is equitably appor- tioned among the various applicants, and ground is not excessively grazed. The change has greatly benefitted the stock industry, and at the same time has improved the condition of the forest pastures. During the year the stock grazed under permit was : Cattle and horses 1,861,678 ; swine 57,815 ; sheep and goats 8,502,816. The Forest Service shoots, traps, kills and de- stroys the predatory animals which destroy sheep 24 FOREST LEAVES. and other grazing stock. The wild animals cbn- sisted of bears, wolves, mountain lions, wildcats, lynxes and coyotes. In 191 1 7,971 predatory animals were killed and in 191 2 the total was 6,082. Efforts are also made to protect game animals and birds. The total area of land in process of acquisition under the Weeks' Bill in 191 2 was 257,228 acres. This will form the nuclii of the Southern Ap- palachian and White Mountain forest reserves. The Forest Service co-operated in 191 2 with 14 States in protecting forested watersheds from fire. The money appropriated by Congress for the year 191 2, and that received from other sources, totaled $6,540,861, of which §5,530,220 was expended. The total receipts from timber sales, grazing, etc., was $2,157,357. The total expen- diture for all purposes from the years 1900 to 19 10, both inclusive, was $18,712,181. Desolate Pennsylvania. T UMBERING in a modern sense began about 1 V 50 years ago, and experts say that from 6,000 to 6,500 square miles of the State have since been denuded of timber and turned into more or less of a desert condition. The advent of the lumberman built up prosperous villages, created well-sustained industries, all of which lasted so long as the timber did. When this was gone the towns were often abandoned, buildings were purchased for the price of the lumber, fire insurance policies canceled, and as a rule the most active and intelligent citizens in any given community promptly moved away. The land from which the timber was removed was given over to fire to destroy the slashings, but unfortunately with that went the best part of the humus. Then the snows of winter and the rains of summer poured down upon these naked areas and carried away most of the fertile soil which remained. Many striking examples of such towns in this State could be given. Enough of such abandoned tracts could be found in Pennsylvania to-day to make an area of 80 miles long by 80 wide. Few people realize what such an area means. It would be large enough to include all of Berks, Schuylkill, Dau- phin, Lehigh, and Lebanon Counties, and much of Lancaster, Chester, Montgomery, Carbon, Mon- roe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, York, Northumberland, Montour, Luzerne, and Colum- bia Counties. To take out an area of this size would be to remove one- seventh of the Common- wealth, and yet an area of this size does exist ii> the mountainous regions of the State, and this area is fast reverting to the condition of a desert. No Pennsylvanian can calmly contemplate such a state of affairs. There is but one use to which such land can be put : steep, rocky, impoverished by the washing away of the surface soil, the only crop we can hope to raise upon it is timber. The longer we delay the more it will cost to do the work which is' absolutely necessary for the con- tinued prosperity of the State. In restoring these hills to a timbered condition we are also hoarding the water supply which is to become in the near future a most important source of power. The eagerness with which water power is now sought for by capitalists shows most con- clusively the value that is placed upon it. Withia three years 450 miles of an important transconti- nental railroad is to be electrified by water power from the -great falls of the Missouri. Competent engineers declare that from the Rocky Mountains west there is enough of power in the water to carry all the trains north of southern Colorado, south of Canada, and west of the Rocky Mountains, and 10,000 miles of railroad track will soon be elec- trified from the water power. A steam locomotive is the most wasteful ma- chine known. It utilizes only a small percentage of the power in the coal, and stands by the hour out in the cold blowing off the steam that it costs so much to create. When an electrical locomo- tive is not in use the electricity is cut off. One hundred and fifty miles is the distance that a freight steam engine may be run before being returned to the roundhouse, whereas an electrical locomotive does continuous duty for 1,200 miles. Every horsepower of a steam locomotive costs $150. An electrical engine of the same strength represents $40 per horsepower. . By the establishment of manufacturing sites in these now desolated regions they might again be transformed into homes of an industrious, contented and prosperous population. But before we can hope for this it is necessary that the enor- mous burden of taxation under which our timber lands have groaned and been depleted of their wealth shall be relieved. It means also that these senseless, unnecessary, destructive forest fires shall cease. There is still another use besides the growth of i timber and the creation of power to which these wilder areas of the State may be dedicated. Human nature cannot divest itself of the desire for the open air ; it is inherent, necessary for our highest development. The poorest citizen is en titled to his share of it because it means to him life, health and working capacity. .» M w S a r Hi CQ CO UJ LU CD N X ^ o CO CO UJ CO I UJ N ^ U ^ r LU CO CO 111 U 03 M (0 CO Ul CO I Ul FOREST LEAVES. 25 New York purchased her large holdings in the Adirondacks simply as an outing ground for her people. Within a year Mrs. George W. Childs, recognizing this want, conveyed to the State For- estry Department for the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania a beautiful tract of land, full of waterfalls and rich in scenic possibilities, with the sole con- dition that it is to be maintained by the Forestry Department as an outing ground for the citizens of the State. She has done for the citizens of the Commonwealth w^hat the Commonw^ealth should have done for them, and her beneficent gift is, let us hope, merely the first of many such outing grounds for our people. J. T. Rothrock. Damage Recovered for Young Trees Destroyed by Forest Fires. IN Forest Leaves for December, 1898, and June, 1 90 1 , were given the court decisions for both criminal and civil suits secured by Dr. John Marshall for damages in cutting down trees on his property in Berks County. In the October, 1 90 1, issue, was recorded the justice meted out to persons starting forest fires in Center County. To the above may be added an interesting case in Clearfield County, Pa., where the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Co. was sued by H. B. and R. E. MahafTey for damages to their woodland and fence caused by fire originating from the defendants' engine. The timber is designated in plaintiffs' state- ment as consisting of different kinds of timber trees. ** A considerable part of which was suit- able for manufacture of merchantable lumber, and the balance of which were suitable for making ties and props " ; and the damage thereto as fol- lows, ** 150 acres of plaintiffs' woodland were l)urned over and destroyed and the fences de- stroyed, thereby inflicting a large loss on plain- tiffs." On the trial against defendants objections to the following items of evidence were admitted. The value of the property as a whole before and after the fire. Estimates of the quantity and value of that !>urned. ^ Evidence by a member of the State Forestry 'v'ommission of the effect of the fire on the soil, >n the trees and on growth not at present suitable for any purpose. Evidence of the cost of re-foresting the land ^ here such trees had been destroyed or injured. In the charge to the jury of the lower court Judge Allison O. Smith said : '*Col. Elliott is called, who is a member of the State Forestry Commission. He is called as an expert and was on this ground, and he says the fire has destroyed everything of value there and that It will not reforest because of that fire. That if it is ever reforested and good for any purpose as a timber tract it will have to be planted. He says the work of planting costs the State now $11, and if there is any clearing to be done of old brush, $13 an acre. This testimony of Col. Elliott's is given to you as one way of getting at the value of the timber which cannot be said to have a com- mercial value at the present time. Timber, as you know, has a value. In this case it is claimed, atid we believe that it is a proper claim, not to be extravagantly estimated or anything of that kind, that men have a right to have growing timber land, land which has sprouts and young growth less than three inches or two inches or even the growth of a year. It is worth something as a future possible timber land, and this testimony is offered to give you some idea of what the young growth of timber is worth, I mean what land would be worth on which timber has been planted. If it costs $11 an acre to re-plant absolutely bar- ren land, it gives you some idea of what mere sprout growth would be worth, not that it would be worth $11 or $13 in this case, but it gives the jury some idea of one of the elements which is claimed in this case, and we believe you have a right to consider it along with the other elements of damage in the case." In a motion in arrest of judgment and reason for new trial, Judge Allison said : '^ The only other complaint as to the admis- sion of evidence on the part of the learned coun- sel for the defendant is, that, as to the admission of the testimony of Col. S. B. Elliott, of the Forestry Commission. His testimony was that of an expert on reforestration and tended to show that a destructive fire in a forest had the effect of destroying all future growth of anything then ex- isting on the ground, and that in order to reforest such a burned territory artificial means would have to be resorted to. It seems to us that the char- acter of the land burned over in this case makes such testimony competent for consideration by a jury. The discrepancy in estimating damages on the part of witnesses for plaintiffs as compared to witnesses for defendant grows largely from the point of view. Lumbermen who were engaged in lumbering at an early day or until within a few years in this vicinity, of course do not look upon second growth as of much value. They practi- cally say that a sapling only a few years old \^ worthless, and this is doubtless true from the com- mercial point of view. A mere sapling, however, as a beginning of a tree has some value, and 26 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 27 u ^ , Urap acreaee is burned over, as was done "1o the interests of the Common^-ealth as , L\\ as to all of its citizens to aid in the great . work The time has gone by when m esnmat.ng damages to a piece of land Courts can draw the fine fn" say that nothing is of va ue except ha which has a present commercial value. It is •or i somethin'g to have sprouts -phngs -^ /he be-inning of trees on a piece of land which in a few vearf may grow into considerable commer- c "l Sue. Thi! view was taken of the matter of growing timber in Commonwealth rs La Bar in Superior Court 228, a criminal case. In this case the witnesses for the defendant were not a red to give their estimate of the ciamag- - " tained In the light, therefore, of all the testi So"; we are not'convinced that the ver^d.c .s either excessive or against the weight of the ev, dence on the subject of the amount, and do no ?ee justified in interfering with that rendered. , aI the lower Court refused to set aside or modify the verdict, or grant a new trial the n laht ffs on account of the admission of evidence . Elected to as above, carried an appeal to the Eastern District of the Supreme Court of Penn- Xnia, where Judge Stewart filed the following ""lifaSmitting evidence as to the difference in market value of the plaintiff's land before and afte the fire, there was no departure from the ssue as defined in the pleadings. If the plaintiff s claim had been for the loss of a definite amount of mar- ketable timber of a certain grade or quality, such evidence would not only have been 'rrelevan but decidedly misleading ; but^"ch was not their claim. True, in the statement filed the propert> 'described as a tract of land • ' largely -ood land on which there were standing and growing a large number of hemlock, chestnut, oak pine and other valuable timber trees, a considerable part of which were suitable to the manufacture of mer- chantable lumber;" but the actual >nj"ry com- plained of in the statement was that through the negligent art of the defendant company 15° acres of plaintiffs woodland were burned oyer • and destroyed." The evidence showed that the timber on this whole tract had some years before been cut and marketed, and at the time of the fire the entire acreage was covered by a ne« growth, none of it matured as timber, strictly speaking, yet much of it sufficient in size to be nSantable for certain purposes. It does not follow that what was not presently marketable be- cause of immaturity was without value. Ihis smaller growth was ripening into marketable ma- :S aid consequently ^ZX'^^Tjtel^Z land t covered. This could be said of the entire Irow h since none of it was fully matured. Two Sard of measurement of loss could be applied, one for the material that was marketable and an- other fo that not marketable. The loss was an endre one, and the only standard applicable would be one covering every element of loss. h1 the realty was affected apart from Jheioj sustained in the destruction of what was was pre sentTv marketable. The rule governing such cases is thus stated in Sedgwick on Damages, vnf , Sect q^V. "The measure of damages I when ornamental or fruit bearing trees or growing limber are cut is the difference in the value of the aS before and after." The authorities cited in the note to this text show how ^>e because it was not the best. We are by no mean sure that it was not the best, in view of the laU that the jury, at the instance of the defendant, were taken to the premises to examine for them- selves, and that they were there permitted to see the whole tract, including the part unaffected by the fire. We find nothing substantial in any of the as- signments of error and the judgment is affirmed. This case shows the rights of timberland owners to secure damages for the destruction of youug trees and injury to the soil, as well as for mature, merchantable timber. Forestry Chronology in Pennsylvania. 1681. — Sec. xviii. William Penn's Charter of Rights. " In clearing the ground care shall be taken to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared ; especially to preserve the oak and mulberries for silk and shipping." 1700. — Act against removing landmarks. Act against unseasonable firing of woods. Act against felling trees on another man's land without permission. 1735. — Act to prevent damages from firing of woods. 1785. — Publication of "Arbustrum Americanum " by Humphry Marshall, Phila. 1785-1807. — Andre Michaux and son in United States. Well received. — Amer. Oaks Pub., Paris, 1 80 1. ■ North .American Silva published in 1810, Paris. 1794. — .Act against firing woods. Others followed in i860, '69, '70, '79, etc. Act against cutting timber trees or firing woods. 1S51. — Act incorporating the Pennsylvania Agri- cultural Society, which organization did much toward disseminating information about trees and forests. 1855. — Death of F. Andre Michaux, leaving a legacy of $12,000 to American Philosophi- cal Society in Philadelphia for P'orestry Instruction. Also 58,000 to Massachusetts Society for Promotion of 'Agriculture. 1S64. — Publication of " The Earth as Influenced by Human Action," by George P. Marsh; Scribners, New York. 1S70. — Michaux legacy became available. Act making it the duty of the county commis- sioners to appoint persons under oath to bring to justice persons who set fire to the forests. Forest data for the ninth census. 1872. — Hon. J. Sterling Morton, instrumental in establishing Arbor Day in Nebraska — now a universal celebration. 1873-74-75.— Attention of the legislature called to the forestry question in the annual mes- sages of Gov. Hartranft. 1876. — Act establishing the State Board of Agri- culture, "To investigate subjects relating to improvements in Agriculture in the State." Forest exhibit at Centennial Exhibition, Phila- delphia. Complete organization of the First National Forestry Association at Philadelphia. (Con- vention called in 1875 by Dr. John A. War- der to meet in Chicago.) This organization never thrived or increased. 1877. — Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Professor of Botany, Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, appointed Michaux lecturer on Forestry. (He served in this capacity for 14 years.) Organization of the State Board of Agriculture. May meeting devoted largely to forestry questions. Papers published in report of State Board of Agriculture for 1877. Secretary of State Board of Agriculture asks for better fire laws, refers to rebate laws of other States, calls attention to the great cost of wood fences and unnecessary wood waste connected with them. 1878. — Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society resolves to bring to attention of Legisla- ture a law rebating the road tax for plant- ing trees along highways. (N. \. act of 1867 referred to.) X879. — Act to encourage planting trees along roadsides. Act authorizing the county commissioners to pay $50 to prosecutor in successful suit against an individual for setting fire to the woods. Sept. 18. — Forestry meeting in main Centen- nial building in Philadelphia. Address by Dr. Geo. May Powell, Chairman of Ameri- can Institute Forest Committee and Secretary of International Forest Council. Secretary of Board of Agriculture recommends exemption of taxes " on lands planted with certain kinds of forest trees, for a certain time after planting, and at the expiration of this time the lands be not increased in valua- tion for taxable purposes by reason of trees thus planted. ' ' He also suggests the appointment of a commis- sion to investigate forestry matters and re- port such legislation as may be needed. 1880. — Data for tenth census. First real awak- ening to the forest resources of the State. 1882. —April, Organization of American Forestry Congress, Cincinnati. 28 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 29 1883.— Act directing assessors to return all timber land. 1886.— June 2, Temporary organization of Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. June 10, Adoption of Constitution of Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association. 1887.— Act to rebate taxes on plantations of forest trees for 30 years. First observance of Arbor Day, April 22, des- ignated by Gov. James A. Beaver, in com- pliance with concurrent resolution, approved March 3Dth. April 28, Concurrent resolution in Assembly authorizing the Governor to appoint a Com- \ mission to investigate the forest conditions of the State. 1888.— April, Governor Beaver appointed Com- mission on Forestry in accordance with con- current resolution of April, 1887. Com- mission organized April 20th. Their report presented to the Legislature of 1889. Hon. Washington Townsend, President, Chester Co, Prof. W. A. Buckhout, Secretary, Cen- tre Co. Rev. Samuel F. Colt, Bradford Co. Col. G. B. Wiestling, Franklin Co. Mr. G. O. Praetorius, Schuylkill Co. ** Practical Hints on Forestry," by G. O. Praetorius, Manager woodlands of Reading Railroad and Coal and Iron Co. Printed by State Printer. 1889.— February. Suggestion that Penn's old home (Penn's Manor) be bought and used as site for a Forestry School. October 8, Annual meeting of the American Forestry Congress in Philadelphia. 1891.— Providing for the payment of damages for injuries done to trees along public high- ways by telephone, telegraph, and electric light companies. 1893.— Appointment of commission by Governor Pattison to examine into and report upon Forestry conditions in the State. 1895.— Division of Forestry created in new De- ^partment of Agriculture, and Dr. J. T. Roth- rock appointed Commissioner of Forestry. 1896 —Report of Forestry Commission published as'Vol. 2 of report of Sec. of Agriculture, 1895. 1897.— March 30, Act making constables ex-offi- cio fire wardens. March 30.— Authorizing purchase of unseated lands at tax sale for the purpose of creating a State forest reservation. April 29, Act empowering constables to make arrests without warrant upon sight, in case of violation of forest laws. May 2^, Act establishing a State Forestry • Reservation Commission, and to provide reservations of 40,000 acres at headwaters of each of three main rivers of the State. 1808 -^Report of Commissioner of Forestry for 1897 as Vol. 2 of Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1897. June 13, First land purchased under Act, March 30, 1897, in Clinton county. 1899.— April 28, Act empowering Commissioner of Forestry to purchase unseated land other than that offered at tax sales, with approval of Governor and Board of Property, price not to exceed $5.00 per acre. October i, 1,000 Carolina poplar cuttings planted in Pike county by order of Commis- sioner of Forestry. See Report of Secretary of Agriculture for 1900, Part I, pages 102- 103. (First State plantation.) December 14, Organization of commission au- thorized by Act of May 25, 1897. J. T. Rothrock, Commissioner of forestry. John Fulton, Pres. State Board of Health. Isaac B. Brown, Deputy Sec. of Internal Affairs. Albert Lewis, of Bear Creek, appointed by Gov. Stone. A. C. Hopkins, of Lock Haven, appointed by Gov. Stone. 1900.— March 27, First land purchased under Act of May 25, 1897, in Pike county. June 13, First land purchased under Act of March 30, 1897, being unredeemed, be- comes State land. ^ ^ ^ Yale Forest School establishes Summer School of Forestry near Milford, Pike county. 190,. —January i, Appointment of first ranger, Hiram Rake, Pike county. February 23, Act establishing Department of Forestry and Forest Reserve Commission. April I, Appointment of a State Forester, George H. Wirt. 1902.— May, Establishment of a forest nursery and planting of first plantation by the De- partment, Mont Alto. Pennsylvania Railroad Co. first plants trees as object lessons to farmers. 1903.— Act establishing State Forest Academy at Mont Alto. Appointment of a Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, R. S. Conklin. Report of Department of Forestry for 1901-02. 1904. — June I, Resignation of Dr. J. T. Roth- rock as Commissioner of Forestry. Hon. R. S. Conklin succeeds him. 1905. — Act making fixed charge on lands to com- pensate for loss of taxes. Conferring on municipalities right to use water from State forests. Report of Department of Forestry for 1903-04. September 7, Department of Forestry estab- tabished at State College. 1906. — August, First class of foresters graduated from the State Forest Academy. 1907. — Spring Session, State College, first regis- tration for forestry work. (4 year course leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. B. E. Fernow, Professor of Forestry. ) General Shade Tree Act. Pennsylvania Railroad Co. appoints Forester ; establishes forest tree nursery at Hollidays- burg. (Moved to Morrisville, 1908.) Report of Department of Forestry for 1905-06. 1908. — Report of Department of Forestry for 1907. First Annual Convention of Pennsylvania For- esters. 1909. — Act to protect trees growing by the road- side. Act authorizing the Department of Forestry to grow and sell forest seedlings at cost. Act establishing municipal forests. (First law of the kind in the United States.) New forest fire warden law. 19 10. — State inspection and report on chestnut blight. Report of Department of Forestry for 1908-09. Personal inspection and assistance given to pri- vate individuals by Department of Forestry. 191 1. — Establishment of Chestnut Blight Com- mission. Special law for protection of State Reserves. Authorization to United States to purchase Re- serve lands within Pennsylvania. Commission to examine Cook tract for State Park. June 23, Organization of Pennsylvania State Branch of National Conservation Association at Harrisburg. 191 2. — February 20-21, Chestnut Blight Con- ference. Report of Department of Forestry, 1910-11. Part I., Forester's Manual, Department of For- estry. * George H. Wirt. Top Lopping as a Protective Measure. PEC AY of timber is caused by moisture pri- marily, but a certain amount of heat is required. Fungi and insects also aid con- siderably. A tree top left in the woods .stands up away from the ground and all the moisture it re- ceives is from the rainfall or from the snow in winter, and a small amount absorbed from the atmosphere. The amount of this moisture which penetrates the wood is small and consequently the decay is slow. Now the object of lopping the branches is to get as much of the top in contact with the soil as possible. A branch lying on the ground absorbs moisture from the soil and tends to decay rapidly. Everyone knows that the slash left after a lumbering operation remains in a very inflammable condition for years. The tops are held up from the ground by the branches and during the dry seasons are as dry as tinder. It is not uncommon to find softwood tops cut ten years ago which are still quite sound. There may per- haps be some sap rot on the exterior but the heart will be sound. Even if the sap has rotted it is readily ignited during the dry seasons. If these tops had been lopped and the branches spread over the ground they would have been rotted away, and the danger of fire reduced to a mini- mum. I do not say that they would be entirely decayed because I have seen hemlock logs cut forty years ago which still had sound heart wood. However, all the branches would have disap- peared, and they form the larger portion of the debris and the part which is especially dangerous. In addition to this rapid decay lopping is benefi- cial in that the soil is enriched quickly and the reproduction is aided. To the conservative lum- berman this is a point in favor of top lopping. How much influence lopping has on the run off" of rainfall is undetermined, but unquestionably it tends to retard this. There are some places, however, where top lopping might be detrimental unless the brush was disposed of. For example, take a stand of very dense timber such as is frequently found on low land. Here trees, necessarily, are felled across each other, and the brush must be piled more or less, so that the timber can be skidded readily. The snow during the winter packs these piles down to a certain extent, but, nevertheless, no repro- duction occurs under them, and, consequently, is confined to the skidding trails and the spots occu- pied by the skidways. Also, in case of fire, the severity is increased and the reproductive capacity of the soil is destroyed. In dealing with the practical side of the prob- lem I will discuss the conditions in New York. 30 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 31 Here the law requires that the branches of all | conHerous trees cut for sale or use, except those ; the appro^ di u lumbermen did it was passed. At tne umc n ,■• ipact nnt realize the cost it would entail or, at least, thev sav thev did not. Since the passing of the law'the'lSermen are not unanimous in their ^Tte° ulmUSTop lopping is very impor of the tops will pay him. That is, he considers ^' VhTU^do"' tnfronting the owners of timbe. inequcM which a mill owner Ss'irre^glrd' tJZ.^^ ^is mill. The ImSinTof expenditure for prot^^^^^^^^^ ^ortrrrfrVt^oinSwhlch require consi'dera- on pTrst the olner should decide what sum ; he present'stumpage values warrant him in ex^ , pending for fire protection. Second, haying the , Trranfable expe'nditure, it i^ "ecessa^^ J,S„ s th';Sods ivr/^ircfsrfii^urls "^ roT-res . ' The::Tgur:s .e^e given me by Lomtnent lumbermen who are operating under the New York State law. One large company says it costs on the average I r cents a cord or 5 cents a standard, another gve" cents a cor/or 9 cents a standard and ^^^ laree contractor gives 25 cents a cord or 8' 3 cents Sndard. The average of these three sets o firrnrp^ mves 2^^^ ceiits a cord or Wo ^^"^^ 'p rSnSr?. ^ Visually five -ndards are figured as being equal to a thousand feet. Ihis wouKi eve Ln advanced cost of 37 /^ cents a thousand^ ?o iUustrate this further, take a concern which ^^^ f*>pt n vear Now it tnis com nits 10.000,000 leei a ycai. . ^ pa y cu'ts only on its own lands, and has enough territory to provide a continuous yield of this sue t will have about 300,000 acres, assuming tha the land will cut 10,000 feet per acre and will be of merchantable size in looyears^ '^ ^^l^ f vi°'°°cTt 000 feet a year means that they will have to cut overTooo acres annually, and the cost of lopping thetopswill be about $11,250. This sum divided over the total acreage gives 3?^ cents per acre^ These figures represent a stand composed of 70 per cent^ sprucJ and balsam, and the remaining ^,0 percent, of white pine, hemlock, and tamarack. The results secured by top lopping are greatly dependent upon several factors. In the first pface the men have to be watched very closely to see that they lop the tops completely. A SvSe trk is 'to c^t the branches on the upper side and throw these over the rest of the top This hides the top and makes it difficult to tell ISether the top has been completely trimmed. Tf any brlncheslre left on the under side the top s held up and the purpose of lopP-g - dejeaf d The men also dislike the work and will shirk it unless there is very close ^"Pe'^vision. To secure the best results it is necessary to dispose of the brush after it is 10??-^^^ J^ ran be done in two ways. It can eitner oe pt"ed and burned or it can be scattered over the I ^ ound so that each branch is in intimate contact wUh the soil. Burning is an excellent method, i b:f is c:stly because care must be taken in placuig the piles so that the young trees or the seed trees wmlt be injured, and in order to have success- fnl hurnine the piles must be closely packea. ! TLre^rfwo way's in which the burning may be Anne First, it may be burned as fast as tne semper! ar^ done with the tree, and second, 1 may be done by having a crew organized for Sh burning who burn the brush after the lum- berine operation is done. In using the first me hod o'f burning it is necessary that the soil be wet or that there be enojh -ow o^^ th ground Ihe'unTed stt ^ForeT SeCct figures that the cost of this method in a stand of red and white I ^ne was t2 cents per thousand feet, whde under ! L second about 25 cents was avowed for piling and 5 cents for burning, per thousand feet In using'these figures, it should be oorne - -nj ^ the cost of lopping vanes g-^eatly '« d'ffe em stands The cost of red pine, which is a small, open crowned species, would be much less than for ?he"arge, irregular crowned hemlock or the long, narrow^c ownfd spruce. .Mso a dense stand costs more to lop per thousand feet than an open one, because itTs ^ore difficult to get at the branches when the trees are felled one on top of the other Ind nearly all the brush has to be piled so that a clear trail will be left for the skidders. As far as I know, no experiments '"a large wa have been made with the lopping of hard^oo.l Jops The cost would probably be much greater han for the softwoods. In small -cond grow^ '. hardwood used to a three or four-inch diameter Forester Graves gives ,0 to 25 cents per cord fo rurcMci Y ft Ti^.^^vpr these figures would , S'^arbtlo^wThe'cost^TXl'^ option i. i:J:timtr.-(By Walter W Gleason, Professo.- of hogging Engineering Mtm.singM.chO T/ie Pennsylvania Forestry Association will hold a Forestry Exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., during the week May \()th to 24th, igi3' FOREST LEI^VE^. oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. 1 inch, . . Va page, . . V2 " (C insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 I2.C0 6 IS insertions. insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 $8.00 34.00 60.00 JCO.OO The New York State College of F'orestry AT Syracuse University, SYRACUSE, - - - NEW YORK. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science in Forestry ; Postgraduate course to Master of Forestry, and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks and Ranger School given on the Col- lege Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer un- usual opportunities for research work. For particulars, address : HUGH P. BAKER, D.Oec, Dean, 25,000,000 Forest Trees 5^'. 1 1 liTitntfrtri i7i I'rHi ..HI'.. a'iw.-...rrnT?.'iuiunVn'iniin';» ^' eBege. Philadelphia, June, 1913. No. Published Bi- Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. President's Letter 33 Forestry Exhibition Notes 34 Description of Exhibits 3" New Publications ^ Subscription, $z.oo per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of FoRBST Lbavss as an advertising medium. Rates will be bur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FouNDBD IN Junk, i886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership/ee,li-wo AoWats. Life membership, Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loia Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents. Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W, l-razlcr, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. La7v, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L, Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Oppicb of thb Association. loia W\lnttt St.. Philadblphia. President's Letter. TO the Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association : This issue of Forest Leaves is mainly devoted to a description of the Forestry Exhibi- tion held in Philadelphia, May 19th to 24th, 191 3, as many of our members living in various parts of the State of Pennsylvania and beyond its bound- aries, were unable to see for themselves the very creditable and instructive displays made by those who colaborated with the Association. We would be justified in calling this a jubilee issue in recognition of the influence of the Exhibi- tion in bringing to the notice of the people of Pennsylvania a true conception of the importance of forestry and the advances which have been made. We may also rejoice that the three bills creat- ing auxiliary forest reserves, which originating in the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, were en- dorsed by it and by the Pennsylvania Conserva- tion Association, are now upon the statute books of the Commonwealth. PersisteDt effort was necessary to combat opposition to these laws in the Legislature, but by the united efforts of the friends of forestry the bills were passed, and Dr. Henry S. Drinker and his associates of the special committee are to be congratulated upon the satis- factory results. The Exhibition demonstrated wide interest in the protection of our forests by the large number and excellent character of the exhibits, of which an epitome appears in this issue, and it is a plea- sure to express appreciation of the cordial co- operation of the individuals, corporations, and organizations, each of which were essential to secure the pronounced success of the most com- plete and comprehensive Forestry Exhibition attempted in this country. The number of visit- FORESTRY DEPARTMEN' Our Co-operators. THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association ap- preciates the co-operation of those who have aided in the Forestry Exhibition, and the following list will indicate the scope of interest and the strength of our allies : Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, Harris- burg, Pa. United States Forest Service, Washington, D. C. Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. Commission for the Investigation and Control of the Chestnut Tree Blight Disease in Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pa. Pennsylvania Fish and Game Protective Asso- ciation, Philadelphia, Pa. Pennsylvania State Museum, Harrisburg, Pa. American Forestry Association, Washington. Lumbermen's Exchange of City of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Audubon Society, Phila. , Pa. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Phila., Pa. Wm. H. Moon Co., Morrisville, Pa. Henry Howson, Philadelphia, Pa. United States Reclamation Service, Washington. Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa. Smith, Kline, French Co. , Philadelphia, Pa. Keasbey & Mattison Co., Ambler, Pa. City Parks Association, Philadelphia, Pa. Association American Portland Cement Manu- facturers, Philadelphia, Pa. Flood Commission of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank C. Gillingham & Son Co., Phila., Pa. Forest Products Co. , New Orleans, La. E. I. duPont Nemours Powder Co., Wilming ton, Del. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Mt. Airy, Phila. , Pa J. G. Harrison & Sons Nurseries, Beriin, Md. Powers- Weightman-Rosengartcn Co. , Phila. , Pa Peters, Byrne & Co., Ardmore, Pa, New Century Club, Philadelphia, Pa. Civic Club, Philadelphia, Pa. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa. BOOKS FROM: American Book Company, E. P. Dutton & Co., Ginn & Co., Harper & Brothers, Henry Holt & Co , G. P. Putnam's Sons, Charles Scribner's Sons, Frederick A. Stokes Co., John C. Winston Co., John Wylie & Sons, New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. * * Illustrated Lectures at 3.30 and 8.15 P. M PROF. HENRY S. GRAVES, U. S. For- ester, *'The National Forests.*' Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Secretary Pennsyl- vania Forestry Reservation Commission, ** Deso- lated Pennsylvania.** Dr. Henry A. Surface, Economic Zoologist of Pennsylvania, **Some Forest Pests and Their Treatment. S. B. Elliott, Pennsylvania Forestry Reserva- tion Commission, *• Forestry and the Lumber Industry." Irvin C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, "Diseases of our Forest Trees with Special Reference to the Chestnut Blight.** Witmer Stone, President Audobon Society, "Forest Preservation in its Relation to Wild Bird Ufe.** Prof. J. A. Ferguson, Dean Department of For- estry, Pennsylvania State College, " What Forestry Can Accomplish." Dr. John W. Harshberger, Prof, of Botany, University of Pennsylvania, "North American Forests, Their Evolution and Distribution." Prof. N. F. Davis, Bucknell College, "Use of Waste Land for Raising Chestnuts. i^ff^r-5^ C ''n<"K'r>n';» ^* Philadelphia, June, 1913. No. 3 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. irjw' CONTENTS. President's Letter 33 Forestry Exhibition Notes 34 Description of Exhibits 3" New Publications ^ Subscription, $x.oo per Year. Tkt atUntion o/Nurstrymen and others it called to the advantages of FoRBST Lbavbs oj an advertising medium. Rates will be bur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1 886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper ibrest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship fee^ Two dollars. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 10x3 Walnut Street, Phila. President^ John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. 8. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary^ Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bltler. Treasurer^ Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Law, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. ^ork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Opficb o» thb Association. loia Walnitt St.. Philadblphia. President's Letter. TO the Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association : This issue of Forest Leaves is mainly devoted to a description of the Forestry Exhibi- tion held in Philadelphia, May 19th to 24th, 191 3, as many of our members living in various parts of the State of Pennsylvania and beyond its bound- aries, were unable to see for themselves the very creditable and instructive displays made by those who colaborated with the Association. We would be justified in calling this a jubilee issue in recognition of the influence of the Exhibi- tion in bringing to the notice of the people of Pennsylvania a true conception of the importance of forestry and the advances which have been made. We may also rejoice that the three bills creat- ing auxiliary forest reserves, which originating in the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, were en- dorsed by it and by the Pennsylvania Conserva- tion Association, are now upon the statute books of the Commonwealth. Persistent effort was necessary to combat opposition to these laws in the Legislature, but by the united efforts of the friends of forestry the bills were passed, and Dr. Henry S. Drinker and his associates of the special committee are to be congratulated upon the satis- factory results. The Exhibition demonstrated wide interest in the protection of our forests by the large number and excellent character of the exhibits, of which an epitome appears in this issue, and it is a plea- sure to express appreciation of the cordial co- operation of the individuals, corporations, and organizations, each of which were essential to secure the pronounced success of the most com- plete and comprehensive Forestry Exhibition attempted in this country. The number of visit- » INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE •»'. :. -•«.r «» V'. ^V K I! 34 FOREST LEAVES. '•'.??■ ■■■'■■■' ■fn FOREST LEAVES. 36 ors and the attendance at the lectures were other evidences of appreciation of the work in which the Association has been active for 27 years. To the newspapers of the State, especially those of Philadelphia and to various trade publications, our thanks are due for liberal press notices which materially aided in attracting visitors to the Ex- hibition. Realizing that the effort was solely educational and not to advance individual inter- ests or advertise persons, the cordial support ot the press was freely given the enterprise by notices and by editorial comment. For this timely and efficient help this imperfect expression of obliga- tion is offered. . The lecturers invited to participate in the course (which filled five afternoons and five evenings), selected to present various phases of the forestry problem, were free to express their views on the subjects treated. For the gratuitous services ren- dered by each of the gentlemen the Association is greatly indebted, and those who were privileged to listen to the lectures and view the excellent . illustrations displayed were loud in praise of the subjects discussed and manner of treatment. Ab- stracts of these addresses will be given in the next issue. Sincere personal disappointment came to your President, because urgent business, which could not be postponed, necessitated his absence after the opening day, but he is gratified to know how little this absence interfered with the arrangements, to consummate which he had labored for months, and wishes to have the members of the Associa- tion recognize the unselfish devotion and persis- tent labor on the part of Secretary Bitler and those associated with him in making a pronounced suc- cess of the Exhibition. ^ Governor Tener, of Pennsylvania, being unable to visit the Exhibition, endorsed it in a letter which is presented on another page. An essential feature was the necessary funds to cover the large expense of the Exhibition, for it was not a commercial proposition and no charge for space was made, nor were any privileges sold. The entire cost was met by voluntary contribu- tions from members of the Association, and to those who generously made the enterprise possible all may unite in thanks. Unlike most exhibitions our display was com- plete on the opening night, and those who attended the '* private view," arranged for members of the Association and their guests, were able to see the Exhibition in complete working order. The lady members of the Council had charge of the open- ing night, welcoming the visitors and providing light refreshment for them. The list of patron- esses which is published indicates the support which the Pennsylvania Forestry Association com- mands, and service on the active recewmg com- mittee of the wife of the Mayor of Philadelphia gave the function a semi-official character. With the exception of some special features tor which provision had to be made, most of the vari- ous exhibits were placed at small cost to the Asso- ciation, and it is considered appropriate that a partial return be made by mention of the cola- boration of the participant in the description of the various exhibits. If there are omissions in crediting assistance these are to be accepted as unintentional, and if descriptions are imperfect limited space and a desire not to discriminate are to be considered. r i j Realizing that the Exhibition has been of marked benefit in attracting attention to the necessity of protecting our forests, to the efforts made by the national and State governments in this direction and to the work in which the Pennsylvania For- estry Association has been actively engaged, it is believed that a statement covering the details ot the Exhibition would be welcomed by our mem- bers who were not able to visit it, hence this presentation is offered as an introductory. John Birkinbine, President, Forestry Exhibition Notes. PURING the week of IVIay i9th-24th the Pennsylvania Forestry Association held a free Exhibition at Horticultural Hall, Broad Street below Locust, Philadelphia. The entire second floor and foyer of the spaci- ous hall, the lobby and the staircase, a total of 7,400 square feet, also 2,050 square feet of wall space, were utilized for exhibits. Those co-oper- ating were as follows, detailed accounts of the exhibits being given on other pages of this issue : Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, Harris- united States Forest Service, Washington, D. C. Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa Commission for the Investigation and Control of the Chestnut Tree Blight Disease in Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pa. Pennsylvania Fish and Game Protective Asso- ciation, Philadelphia, Pa. ^, . ^ ^ Pennsylvania State Museum, Harrisburg, Pa. American Forestry Association, Washington. Lumbermen's Exchange of City of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Audubon Society, Phila., Pa. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Phila., Pa. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Phila., Pa. Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, Philadel- phia, Pa. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Fairmount Park Commission, Philadelphia, Pa. Wm. H. Moon Co., Morrisville, Pa. Henry Howson, Philadelphia, Pa. United States Reclamation Service, Washington. Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa. Smith, Kline, French Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Keasbey & Mattison Co. , Ambler, Pa. City Parks Association, Philadelphia, Pa. Association American Portland Cement Manu- facturers, Philadelphia, Pa. Flood Commission of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank C. Gillingham & Son Co., Phila., Pa. Louis Weber, Philadelphia, Pa. E. I. duPont deNemours Powder Co., Wil- mington, Del. Wm. S. Harvey, Philadelphia, Pa. John Wanamaker, Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Mt. Airy, Phila., Pa. J. G. Harrison & Sons Nurseries, Berlin, Md. Powers- Weightman-Rosengarten Co., Phila., Pa. Peters, Byrne & Co., Ardmore, Pa. New Century Club, Philadelphia, Pa. Civic Club, Philadelphia, Pa. Veteran Corps, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Philadelphia, Pa. Romeyn B. Hough, Lowville, N. Y. The enterprise received endorsement from the Governor of Pennsylvania, as set forth below : Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Executive Chamber, Harrisburg, May i6th, 1913. Mr. John Birkinbine, President^ Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Philadelphia, Pa. I >ear Sir : I am indeed sorry it will be impossible for me to be present at the opening of the Forestry Ex- hibit in Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia. The fact that the Exhibit is open to the public should awaken wide interest in forest preservation and prove attractive to students especially. I believe that the Exhibition will be unique in illustrating the inter-dependence of forestry and the lumber industry, and in showing side by side the uses of lumber and of substitutes for lumber. The Co-operation of the National Forest Ser- vice, and of other organizations devoted to con- servation of natural resources, of birds, fish, and game, will suggest to our people the close relation which these hold to another. Very truly yours, John K. Tener. Prior to the lecture on Thursday afternoon, the following resolution was presented to the audience assembled and unanimously carried : Whereas, The Legislature has just passed the three timberland taxation bills prepared and rec- ommended by committees of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and the Pennsylvania Con- servation Association, said bills being in accord- ance with the recommendation in favor of such legislation embodied in the message of the Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania at the opening of the Leg- islature of 1 913. Resolved, That this gathering of the friends of forestry welcomes the passage as a new era in the encouragement and promotion of the reforestation of our State. Friday, May 23d, was ''Lumbermen's Day,'^ the Lumbermen's Exchange of the city of Phila- delphia giving a luncheon to the architects of the city, to which the officers of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association were invited. Saturday night. May 24th, witnessed the close of this most successful exhibition. Those who delivered lectures and the topics selected were : John K. Musgrave, Assistant Economic Zoolo- gist of Pennsylvania, **Some Forest Pests and Their Treatment. ' ' Prof. J. A. Ferguson, Dean Department of For- estry, Pennsylvania State College, '' What Forestry Can Accomplish." Dr. John W. Harshberger, Prof, of Botany, University of Pennsylvania, ''North American Forests, Their Evolution and Distribution." Prof. N. F. Davis, Bucknell College, "Use of Waste Land for Raising Chestnuts." Irvin C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, '* Diseases of our Forest Trees with Special Reference to the Chestnut Blight." Prof. Henry S. Graves, U. S. Forester, "Na- tional Forests." S. B. Elliott, Pennsylvania Forestry Reserva- tion Commission, "Forestry and the Lumber Industry." Witmer Stone, President Audubon Society, "Forest Preservation in its Relation to Wild Bird Life." George Rettig, landscape Architect, late City Forester of Cleveland, " Shade Trees and Their Care. ' ' Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Secretary Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission, ' ' Desolated Pennsylvania. ' * FOREST LEAVES. The Patronesses of the Exhibition were : Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman Miss Lilian C.Alderson Mrs. James M. Anders Mrs. Esmonde H Austni Mrs. Williain L;J?^^lLh Mrs. Edwin Swift Balch Miss Elise Willing Ba^ch MiS John Hampton Barnes Mrs Charles D. Barney Miss Constance R. Beale Miss Laura Bell Miss J. E Bell Mrs. Louis F. Benson Mrs. Arthur Biddle Miss Christine \N.Biddle Mrs. Charles Biddle Mrs. Edward W. Biddle Mrs. Charles C. Binney Miss Julia H. Binney Mrs. John Birkinbme Mrs. Andrew A. Blair Miss Emma Blakiston Miss Mary Blakiston Mrs. Rudolph Blankenburg Mrs. Harrj^ Clark Bodcn Mrs. Charles L. Bone Mrs. Joseph P. Brinton Mrs. Horace Brock Mrs. John A. Brown, Jr. Miss Martha M. Brown Miss Mary A. Burnham Mrs. John Cadwalader Miss Florence F. Caldwell Mrs. Hampton L. Carson Miss Fanny Chapman Mrs. Samuel Chew Mrs. George M^on Chichester Mrs. C. Howard Clark, Jr. Mrs. Edward Walter Clark Mrs, Isaac HCl^^^^eV^^tp, Mrs. Edward Hornor Coates Mrs. Walter D. Comegys Miss Fanny B. Coleman Mrs. Thomas K. Conrad Miss Mary Converse Mrs. John S. Cope Mrs. Walter Cope Mrs. Alexander Brown Coxe Mrs Charles B. Coxe Mre. Andrew Wright Crawford Miss Alice Cushman Mrs. Charles E. Dana Mrs. Frank Miles Day Mrs. William A. Dick Mrs. Arthur G.Dickson Miss Mira L. Dock Mrs. Norton Downs Mrs. William Drayton Mrs Henry S. Drinker M5l:GeoVeWChildsDrexel Mrs. William L. Du Bois Mrs. Joseph Elkinton Miss Elizabeth W..F»sher Mrs. (ieorge Harrison Fisher Mrs Henry Middleton Fisher Mrelstanley Griswold Flagg.Jr Mrs Charles W. Fox Mrs. Joseph M. Fox Mrs. Joseph C. Fraley Mrs. William West Frazier Miss Cornelia Frothingham Mi«s Mary K. Gibson Mrs. Joseph B. Godwin Mrs. Frank Tracy Griswold Mrs. Francis I. Go wen Miss Jane B. Haines Mrs. Horace Binney Hare Mrs. Henry Frazier Harris Mrs. Charles C. Harrison Mrs. Harry C.Hart William H. Hart Henry R. Hatfield I Minis Hays Bayard Henry Charles W. Henry Herbert M. Howe Miss Meta H. Hutchinson Miss Sophy D. Irwin Mrs. Robert M. Janney Mrs. Samuel B. Jarden Mrs. Charles F. Jenkins Mrs. John Story Jenks Mrs. Alba B. Johnson Miss Florence Keen Dr. Ida Keller . , , . ,^ Mrs. Thomas S. Kirkbride Mrs. Lucius S. Landreth Mrs. William Linton Landreth Mrs. W. Moylan Lansdale Mrs. James Large Mrs. John Le Conte Miss Nina Lea Miss Elizabeth Lelghton Lee Mrs. Albert Lewis Mrs. Howard W. I^NVls Mrs. Horace G. Lippincott Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott Mrs. A. Sydney Logan Mrs Joseph S. Lovering Miss E. W. Lowber Mrs. Henry S. Lowber Mrs. (Charles Lukens Miss Ellen McMurtrie Mrs. Thomas McKean Mrs. John D.McIlhenny Miss Martha A. Maftet Mrs. Otto T. Mallery Mrs. John Markoe Mrs. George M. Marshall Mrs. J. Willis Martin Mrs. J. Franklin Meehan Mrs. William R. Mercer, Jr. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Miss Josephine T. Monges Mil William W. Montgomery Mrs. Edward de V Morrell Mrs. Charles Ellis Morris Miss Lydia T. Morris Miss Marian Mott Mrs. Josepn P. Mumford Mrs. Arthur Emleii Newbold Mrs. John S. Newbold Miss Mary Newhall Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols Mrs, George W. Norris Mrs. T. Cuyler Patterson Mrs. C. Stuart Patterson Mrs. Howard W. Page Miss Emily M. Paul Mrs. Henry Pemberton, Jr. Mrs. Abraham L. Pennock Mrs. Charles B. Penrose Mrs. John W. Pepper Mrs. James W. Plnchot Miss Laura N. Piatt Mrs. Eli Kirk Price Mrs. Frank P. Prichard Mrs. Evan Randolph Mrs. William H. Ran Mrs. Charles Richardson Mrs. Lewis A. Riley Miss Frances A. Roberts Miss Rosengarten Mrs. J. T. Roth rock Mrs. Frank Samuel Mrs. Thomas Scattergood Mrs. William Ellis Scull Mrs. Edgar Scott Mrs. Matthew Semple Mrs. Arthur W.Sewall Mrs. William Simpson, Jr. Mrs. Samuel L. Smedler .7 Mrs Benjamin R. Smith Miss Ethel Smith Mrs. W. Hinckle Smith Mrs. John Struthers Mrs. William L. Supplee Mrs. Edward D. Toland Mrs. John C. Trautwine Miss Anna J. Valentine Mrs. Alexander Van Rensselaer Miss Mary Vaux Mrs. Albert B. Weimer Mrs. Ellis D. Williams Mrs. Asa S. Wing Mrs. James D. Wiiisor Mrs. William D. Winsor Mrs. John Wister Mrs. Jones Wister Mrs. Owen Wister Mrs. George Wood Miss Juliana Wood Mrs. George Woodward Mrs William Redwood Wright Mrs. Charles Stuart Wurts Description of Exhibits. THE various organisations and individuals co-operating made displays of which syn- opses follow : The Pennsylvania State Department of Forestry exhibit consisted of the fol|°^ifg/Sr' In which T Six nursery beds, each 4 by 6 feet. In which were growing seedlings and transplants that had been raised in Department nurseries. One-year black cherry were from Mont AUo. One-year white pine, transplanted two years, were from Caledonia. Two-year Norway spruce, transplanted two years, were from Fort Loudon. Two-year white pine, three-year white pine, two-year European larch, three-year pitch pine, two-year red pine, two-year Norway spruce, three-year Norway spruce, one-year black walnut, one-year honey locust, and one-year white ash were from Asaph. 2 A collection of seeds from 120 tree and shrub species, common in Pennsylvania. 3. A model of tower used as observation point to detect forest fires. 4 A series of charts by the late Graceanna Lewis showing leaves of various tree species, and 18 leaf clusters mounted in cotton under glass. These leaves are made from wax cloth over plaster of Paris casts from fresh leaves. . c Twenty-eight log specimens of Pennsylvania trees, 3 feet long, 12 inches in diameter, showing bark cross-section, radial and tangential graining 6 Five cases of photographs showing forest conditions generally in Pennsylvania, conditions upon State forests, operations being performed thereon and their results to date, the damage from forest fires, waste agricultural lands that ought to be in forest. There were also a number of photo^ graphs upon the wall, prominent among which was one of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, father of Penn- sylvania forestry. 7 Fifty colored lantern slides mounted as ' transparencies showing tree flowers, twenty-five ' illustrating street and avenue planting, and twenty - five showing desolation in Pennsylvania as a result of repeated forest fires. Many of the slides were furnished by the Pennsylvania State Museum, Educational Department. \ r .u t^ ort 8 A complete set of publications of the Depart- ment of Forestry, consisting of reports for 1895, 1807, 1901-02, 1903-04, 1905-06, 1907, i90»- OQ loio-ii; Proceedings of First Convention of Pennsylvania Foresters ; A Report on the Chestnut Tree Blight ; Constable's Manual, Ger- man-English Vocabulary of Forest Terms used m FOREST LEAVES. 37 \ Schwappach*s Forstwissenschaft ; Forester's Man- ual, Part I., and a copy of the 191 1 Game, Fish, and Forestry Laws. 9. The following forestry instruments : Stem Analysis Rule, Klausner, Faustman, and Weise's Hypsome- ters, Abney Level, Aneroid Barometer, Increment Borer, American and German makes, Rupp Planting Iron, Ludwig Planting Mallet-Calipers. 10. Various books on trees and forestry. 11. Buds of various tree species. 12. Maps showing original land warrant lines, being the present basis of Foresters' maps of State Forests. A map of Pennsylvania showing posi- tion and extent of State Forests and location of Foresters. A relief map of Pennsylvania made by Prof. G. N. C. Henschen, of Harrisburg, showing geological formations in color, also the locations of State Forest reserves. 13. Charts showing proper method of planting a street tree, relative areas of various classes of land within the State, species of trees adapted to farm, lawn, and forestry purposes, when to collect and plant tree seeds, and books of interest on the subject of trees and forestry. 14. Twenty-one painted signs with various leg- ends referring to forests or forestry. 15. A small collection of forest insects loaned by the State Division of Economic Zoology. There were four State foresters in attendance ai all times to explain the work of the Depart- ment and its exhibits. The U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C, exhibit was designed to show the nature and loca- tion of the National Forests, the work being done by the government in their administration, the location and character of lands being acquired for National Forest purposes in the Southern Ap- palachian Mountains, and the purposes for which these National Forests are to be created. Also some of the results of investigations conducted by the Forest Service in the basket willow industry, and the preservative treatment of timbers. Colored and illuminated transparencies occupied one entire side of the space allotted to the Fed- eral Department's display. These transparencies showed forest types and conditions in various parts of the country, the results of forest fires, cutting and sales of timber on the National Forests, the use of these forests for grazing and other purposes, and contrasted conservation methods of lumbering conducted on these forests with waste- ful methods followed elsewhere. The location of the proposed and existing National Forests, the principal water divides, reclamation projects, and related data were shown on a large wall map. Many colored bromide enlargements illustrated the building of such permanent improvements on the National Forests as telephone lines, trails, roads, and bridges ; the work of forest officers in fire protection, in reforestation, in the control of grazing, the destruction of predatory wild animals, etc.; the size, character, and methods of logging timber in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, protecting forests upon the headwaters of streams rising in the mountains, and the floods and erosion resulting from their remov^al. Non- agricultural lands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and the exact locations of purchase areas were shown on a large bas-relief map. Another relief map was of a typical National Forest in the far West, the Chelan National Forest in the State of Washington. Timbers which had been used in coal mines of Pennsylvania for periods varying from 9 to 32 months strikingly emphasized the advantages of treating such timbers. Untreated mine props ' were in advanced stages of decay after nine months' service, while timbers of the same or less I valuable species which were first treated with I creosote or zinc chloride were in excellent condi- tion after 30 or 32 months' service. Treated I and untreated greenhouse bench boards carried out the same lesson. The importance of the basket willow industry in Pennsylvania was the occasion of an exhibit showing samples of sap-peeled and graded Lemley, American green, and purple, osier rods and five steps in the making of a willow basket. Important Forest Service publications were dis- played, and a register kept of persons wishing to receive copies of any of them. The Civic Club, Philadelphia, Pa.— The Tree Planting Committee of the Club has planted trees in public school yards, at the Starr Garden, and in various other localities in Philadelphia. The object of its exhibition was to show that trees would grow in city streets ; to give a correct list of the best trees to select for planting, and by photographs to show how much trees can improve the appear- ance of the city thoroughfares. As a practical illustration of how to accomplish the above objects, a small Oriental Plane tree was planted in a box, with an iron grating to protect the roots, allowing the moisture to reach them, and a good guard to prevent injury to the bark. A € #»•«• 38 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 39 The Lumbermen's Exchange of the Ctty of Philadelphia exhibit proved instructive and bene- ficial, attracting large numbers of architects, builders and contractors ; widespread interest be- ing manifested, inasmuch as it and the Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association, whose display was given in connection with that of the Exchange, had issued several thousand invitations to people interested in lumber to visit the exhibit The 1 Lumbermen also entertained the architects of Phil- adelphia and the officers of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association at a luncheon. While all of the one hundred and fifty odd members of the Exchange were invited to exhibit or make suggestions, the material was furnished largely by twelve firms, and was arranged by a committee composed of: John E Lloyd Isaac Troth, B. Franklin Betts, Amos Y. Lesher, J. Randall Williams, Jr., Chairman. All varieties of hardwood, mahogany and teak, finished and unfinished, were shown. Also vari- ous kinds of flat and edge grain flooring in yellow pine, plain and quartered oak flooring, beech birch and maple flooring, wide quartered oak and poplar panels, Michigan white pine, Pennsylvania ' hemlock and spruce, and also Washington fir and cedar and other specimens of western wood. One of the most interesting features of the ex- hibit was the Flemish Room furnished by the Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association, 26 ft. long 15 ft. wide and 12 ft. high, completely constructed of yellow pine ; it was a part of the St Louis Exposition and has been exhibited over thirty times since. Some of the wood is finished to look like oak c.nd chestnut. Another feature was a cross cut section of Washington fir log over 375 years old, also a fir plank 5 ft. wide and fir lami- nated panels. Particular interest was taken in the specimens of Idaho white pine, which closely resembles the Michigan and Pennsylvania white pine and is being used largely in Eastern markets. The exhibit of Charles F. Felin & Co. of the Klimax and Paluco non-shrinkable 3 ply birch panel doors was interesting and showed the won- derful mahogany finish. Wisconsin gray ash door design 6 cross panels, and Wisconsin gray ash, veneer throughout, 3 ply Korelock construction door were displayed. Chas. M. Betts & Co. showed a good line ot Washington spruce and yellow fir, Washington spruce stiles and rails and yellow fir panels, also an interesting line of western spruce and fir wood. Laminated gray fir panels exhibited by Fred- erick R. Gerry & Co. showed beautiful figures. These panels were 3 ply and cut from veneer log, a cross cut section of which was also seen in the ovViihit arranged by Owen M. Bruner, through :L courtesv oTthI West Coast Manufacturers' ^ MrSner also displayed a Washington fir plank which was 2 in. thick and 55 •". wide, being one of the widest planks ever seen m Penn- svlvania; and an Idaho white pine plank 5S>^ "»• l\Z cut by the Potlatch Lumber Company from The famous " White Pine King," a Picture of which was also on view. Samples of this white pine were distributed, showing the small red Maraschino knot which is characteristic of the wood. Idaho Larch flooring, moulding and step- ping were shown, with cross cut sections of hem- lock soruce and cedar logs. Some dozen samples of mahogany and teakwood in their natural color and finish were exhibited by S B. Vrooman & Co. Hall Bros. & Wood furnished two attractive fir columns with cap, from which was suspended the Sn of the exhibit of the Lumbermen's Exchange. Sregon fir laminated panel and Washington cedar beveled siding were also displayed. H H. Sheip Manufacturing Company's exhibit was interesting and unique, for in add;t>«'> ° ^'l^ wide panels mentioned elsewhere in this article two miniature piles of lumber were shown, one of lumber property piled and the other the effects upon the lumber when it is improperly piled. Samples of "sound wormy" chestnut cores for Sneering, and cherry backing for electrotypes ISphotograph engravings, were also shown. \ rack containing 23 varieties of hard woods, fin- ished and unfinished, was instructive A quartered oak board 30 m. wide shoeing a beautiful figure was exhibited by Horace A. R?evt jr.'illustrating what wa. formerly ob^.n^ 1 able. Twenty samples of hardwood, all cut by one mill in West Virginia, were also exhibited. I Gdssel & Richardson had a curly poplar ! board the figure of which would be hard to dupli- ' ""^The exhibit of Thomas B. Hammer consisted of N6. I heart cedar shingles and No. i hear' <:ypress split and shaved shingles, also plaster laths taken from a house built in Germantown •« J 7 38 (these laths were made of oak and were spl>;) and splu juniper shingles which were on a roof of a hou^ in Oak Lane, Germantown, for 68 years, illus tJating the ac ual wear of the shingles caused b> "^7' Randall Williams & Co. furnished stained Washington cedar shingly and a fu line o Arkansjs short leaf pine which is used largely for fntnoT ti floorin'g and finish, ^^o^^^f^^^ forest land in British Columbia showed the won derful stand of timber in that section. The Lumbermen's Exchange had a sign made for the Paris Exposition which is constructed of 43 varieties of wood. Rayner & Parker exhibited white cedar shingles and No. i heart sawed cypress shingles. Wm. M. Lloyd & Co. furnished an exhibit of over 75 different articles, the various kinds of flooring, shingles, yellow pine sizes, and fir floor- ing and sizes, which proved interesting to archi- tects and builders. In addition there was also shown the position of the State of Pennsylvania in regard to the pro- duction of lumber in 191 1. Pennsylvania con- tributes about 1,000,000,000 feet out of a total in the United States of 37,000,000,000 feet, while Washington ranked first with over 4,000,000,000 feet. It also showed that while Pennsylvania I ranked fifteenth in 191 1 in the production of j lumber, in 1907 the State was eighth, in 1870 and in 1880 it was exceeded by Michigan only, and in i860 was first in the production of 1 lumber. The exhibition of the Lumbermen's Exchange of Pennsylvania proved so interesting that the desire was expressed for a permanent display of this kind arranged so that at all times people could see the various kinds and stand- ards of lumber as known by the terms of the trade. Philadelphia and Reading Railway, Port Rich- mond Creosoting Plant, had on exhibition ''stand- ard'' creosoted cross ties of each of the varieties of red oak, southern yellow sap pine, and maple. Ihe Reading '* standard" creosoted cross tie is one which has -the date stamped on one end, the species and quality on the other end, is adzed for the tie plate bearing and bored for the spikes. Longitudinal sections of the treated ties were also shown. Some pieces of pine timber emphasized the fact that all ** framing," etc., should be done before treatment, and that rotten ties or ties with strips of bark left on should not be creosoted. A feature of this exhibit were cross sections of sev- eral diff'erent species of wood mounted on back- boards showing the wood before treatment and a section from the same tie after treatment. Red oak, white oak, ash, hickory, chestnut, beech, birch, maple, elm, gum, walnut, cherry, poplar, sycamore, sap pine, long leaf pine, Pennsylvania pine, Virginia pine, and cypress were thus shown. Distillates of both German and English creo- sote oil and the standard apparatus for obtaining the same were features of the exhibit. The Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania State College's exhibit aimed to show some of the means used in the education of Foresters. A collection of over 300 diff'erent seeds and fruits of forest trees in glass jars, were arranged on large display tables. In this collection were the cones of 30 coniferous trees. Twenty-five sec- tions of the trunks of forest trees with bark were shown ; each sawed to bring out the cross section, the radial section,and the longitudinal section of the wood. A collection of 50 specimens of the com- mercial woods of Pennsylvania and others of the Philippine Islands were displayed in large frames. An exhibit of considerable interest was a model of a Pennsylvania sawmill covering a space 3>^ by 7 feet, showing the mill pond, saws and ma- chinery, the logs to be sawn, also the lumber piled in the yards. A large collection of tools used for getting out logs, including diff'erent saws employed in forestry in the woods and in mills were displayed. Two examples of the old upright or vertical saws that were operated by the water wheels in the old time mills were displayed alongside of the solid tooth circular saw, the inserted tooth circular saw, and the modern band saw. Many large photo- graphs were shown of forest views and of the forest students at work in the woods and nursery, also of buildings and the campus at State College. Four pine trees 15 to 20 feet high added greatly to the appearance of the exhibit. There were also some tree curiosities, such as a natural graft and a Siamese twin. The Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa., had a small, but interest- ing display. On a table decorated by members of the School Board, were photographs of students engaged in diff'erent kinds of work. There was also a neatly woven willow basket with four compartments, in each of which was snudy placed a jar of honey or preserves. I he basket was made and its contents were prepared at the school. , , i- r*^ Specimens of new and one-year-old whip-grafts and cleft-grafts and some newly root-grafted apple ^'Totted specimens of several kinds of budded fruit trees and a number of ornamenta shrubs, some of which are not yet common in cultivation, I were scattered among beautiful evergreens grown I by Mr. Mueller. The Flood Commission of Pittsburg showed by a map the forests which remain on ^^^^ Allegheny and Monongahela water sheds, thus indicating the relation of cleared and wooded areas. 40 FOREST LEAVES. The University of Pennsylvania.— \a. connec- tion with its course in Forest Botany the uni- versity displayed a complete set of all the forest trees of Pennsylvania and of introduced trees which have been so long established that they spread by natural means, such as the white poplar and the ailanthus. The forest tree specimens were represented by sheets of dried leaves flowers and fruits taken from the University Herbarium. They were arranged in sequence, according to the system of Engler's Die Naturlichen Pflanzen- | familien on light frames, beginning with the pines, of which there are 6 species in the state. The suite of dried plants included 6 hickories, 5 birches, 17 oaks, and 7 maples found growing within the State limits. Beneath the herbarium sheets, two cases contained books from the botanic library of the University. These included Mark Catesby's Natural History of tke Carol.nas and Florida, Michaux's Silva, Nuttall'sSilva Sar- gent's Silva, Camillo Carl Schneider s Laub- holzkunde, Henry and Elwee's Trees of Great Britain. Hard's Mushrooms, Edible and Other- wise, and several other works i»»strat.ng the historic development of our knowledge of North American forest trees. On a table were specimens and colored charts of the woody and flesiny fungi destructive to forest trees and timber. 1 he set included the honey agaric, Armillaria mellea which entering the tree by a branch wound works down the living tree along the cambium and inner bark, finally reaching the roots from which he characteristic clumps of toadstools arise Ulti- mately the tree is killed, and if it is used for mine props, the mycelium of the fungus may remain active and develop into long brown strands, like tresses of hair, which are known as rhtzomorphs \nother specimen was a large woody bracket of 'pomes applanattis, which grew upon an oak tree and killed it. After the tree had blown down, a new set of smaller brackets were formed along the margin of the older one and at right angles to it Two tables contained jars filled with water in which were placed fresh branches with leaves, flowers and fruits, .\mong the trees thus shown were included white oak, willow oak, mossy-cup oak, black oak, hemlock, gingko, deciduous cypress, princess tree, sassafras, persimmon, mag- nolia, tamarack, paper mulberry, honey locust silver maple, horse chestnut and other kinds of native forest trees. In one bottle was a branch of the tulip poplar tree in full flower and leaf. The label was written as a plea for the adoption of the plant as the state flower of Pennsylvania. The inscription was as follows : The Tulip Poplar. Liriodendron tulipifera, Fam. Magnoliaces, Should be The State Flower of Pennsylvania. ^.^ThtTgrown in the region since Miocene ^'T'lt lends itself to use in artistic decoration by easy conventionalization. 3. It is now an important timber tree of the '*1^' It is in flower on Memorial, or Decoration *r No other state or nation has adopted it. 6. It is peculiarly an eastern and an entirely American tree. ■ r .i,- 7 The leaf is approximately the shape of the keystone, one of the emblems of the Keystone ^*t.^ The leaf resembles a shield, like one of our national emblems. .^ . Q In autumn its leaves turn to a magnificent \ yellow color, so that in its fall tints it is one of the glories of our deciduous forests. 10 The flowers which are tulip shaped have a color which is unique among plants with large orange-colored nectar glands. Its cone of winged fruits is characteristic and peculiar. ,,^, II. The tree is a giant among trees, as 1 ennsyl- vania is foremost among the states. 12 The tree is free of most insect and fungous diseases and is thoroughly acclimated to the state^ Charts used in class instruction in forest botany were hung in conspicuous places. . , „. ,. ^ The University also exhibited a section of the big white oak tree, which grew at V^don Deia- ware County, near Angora, close to the Philade - phia-Delaware County line. This section was cu from a tree 22 feet 6 inches in circumference was found too large and heavy to be raised to the sec^ ond floor of Horticultural Hall, and was exhibited on the. lower floor along with the 12 feet long Disston crosscut saw. The handling by Hender- son Bros, of the big section, 10 feet by 7 feet across, attracted considerable attention. Iwo photographs of this tree section were placed upon it. One showed the tree in life and another de- picted the university gardeners at work with the saw in cutting the section from the trunk of the prostrate tree. The New Century Cluh, of Philadelphia dis- tributed a number of very instructive colored leaflets from a table to show the cordial co-opera- tion which this organization has always given the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. fo X 'Ji ■yj •^ CO ^ J CO liJ CO LU UJ 111 LU CD UJ r'i f^ CO UJ CO Lu CC LU LU LU CQ LU FOREST LEAVES. 41 The Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Com- mission,— The ravages of the chestnut tree blight, which have been especially severe in the vicinity of Philadelphia, made the exhibit of the Com- mission one of especial interest to the many visitors. This included specimens showing the blight in all of its stages, comprising among them, all of the characteristic symptoms by which the disease is recognized, and sections of the trunk of several large trees. Some of the specimens showed the summer spores artificially produced in damp chambers. Transfers of the summer and winter spores and other features of the disease had been made upon slides, and a compound microscope was at hand to give those who so desired an opportunity to see the exact nature of the Blight Fungus. Cultures of the disease of from one to twenty days' growth upon glucose and potato agar proved of special interest and value in compre- hending the nature and virility of the destructive fungus. A comprehensive series of photographs, many of which were enlarged, exhibited effects of the blight. Several of the forest views in Long Island, New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania showed practically every chestnut tree killed. A series of photographs illustrating the method of work used to prevent the spread of the blight, showed men marking and felling the diseased trees, manufacturing the wood into marketable products and burning the infected bark and branches over the stump. Over twenty-five thousand trees located along the advance line have thus been disposed of in this way under the supervision of the Commission. Although the blight kills the trees by destroying the bark, and cutting off the sap, the wood is not really injured. Small, sound boards which showed the evidences of the blight along the edges, con- clusively demonstrated this fact as well as other products cut from diseased trees which were on display, such as a railroad tie, a mortised fence post, shingles, staves, kindling wood, etc. A great deal of the smaller material is cut into cord- wood and disposed of for tanning extract. The wood which had been ground was shown before, and after the extract was leeched ; the dilute and concentrated tannic acid and samples of leathers tanned by extract from chestnut and other ma- terial, were also exhibited. As chestnut orcharding is of considerable im- portance in Pennsylvania, a group of photographs were displayed, showing views in neglected and of properly managed orchards ; also nursery trees ready for shipment, bearing the Commission's cer- tificate of inspection. Valuable orchard and or- namental trees may sometimes be saved by cutting out the diseased tissue, and properly treating the wound. Several sections of trees properly treated were on display. One of them was a good example of successful work done over two years ago with the callous growth on the edges of the wound well started. The various fungicides and waterproof- ing substances employed were also on display! A large map of Pennsylvania showed the per- centage of chestnut trees infected in various parts of the State, the approximate spread ot the dis- ease within the last year, and the comparative work of the Commission in examining the timber tracts and in the removal of infected trees. Other maps showed the relative amounts of chestnut timber throughout the State, and the gradual spread of the blight from a single tree in the western part of the State which was infected five years ago. Publications upon the subject could be procured upon application. The E. I. duPont deNemours Poivder Co., of Wilmington, Del., set up a novel exhibit, show- ing the relation of dynamite to forestry, which proved to be of interest to planters, nursery- men, landscape architects, and lumbermen gen- erally. • The exhibit consisted of dummy dynamite car- tridges, caps, fuse, blasting machine, boxes, car- tons, cans and canisters, showing the various methods of handling and packing dynamite and supplies. There were also photographs showing the re- sults obtained from the use of Red Cross dynamite for tree planting and regenerating ; straight sub- soiling ; ditching ; tree, stump and rock blasting ; and deep drainage. The literature distributed covered all these fea- tures, and demonstration and explanation of these propositions were made. Fuse was cut from the roll ; caps were crimped on the fuse ; and dummy cartridges were ** primed" with the cap and fuse. The Powers- Weightman-Rosengarten Co., of Philadelphia, sent a small but instructive exhibit illustrative of the barks, etc.. from which drugs are made. This included 6 varieties of cinchona bark, 3 varieties of nut galls and nux vomica bean. Messrs. Dill 6" Collins Co., of Philadelphia, had a small exhibit from their manufacturing plant illustrative of the manufacture of paper from the poplar log through the unbleached and bleached wood pulp, dried pulp ready for shipment, to the white paper. rf^^KV** 42 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 4.3 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company exhibited three features of its work in conserving the timber supply of Pennsylvania : preservative treatment of timber used in railroad construction and main- tenance, the prevention of forest fires, and refor- ^^ The^first of these subjects was illustrated by cross ties and timber, treated and untreated. Numerous photographs showed the plants, machi- nery, and storage yards where the work is done. The efforts to prevent forest fires were evi- denced by large printed placards bearing in- structions to employees as to definite means of prevention and extinguishment of fires. These notices are posted at tool-houses and other con- - spicuous places on the company's lines. Reforestation was illustrated by numerous pho- tographs showing how young trees are raised at S company's nursery, MorrisviUe, Pa and how they appear when finally set out in the vacant lands along the right-of-way. Charts accompa- nied these pictures and showed the spec.es and quantities of trees planted by the railroad com- pany since the beginning of rts active interest in this subject eleven years ago. More red oak than any other species have been Planted. . The P. R. R. nursery raises, in addition to forest trees, ornamental trees, some of which were exhibited, shrubs and vines for the beautifi- cation of its stations and the railroad s property between them. The Pennsylvania Fish and Game ProUctive Association, Philadelphia, Pa., had a number of framed colored photographs of the game fish ot the State, such as trout, bass, pike and salmon, also of a fish hatchery. Some mounted heads on wild animals added to the attractiveness of the display, while literature was distributed describing the aims of the Association. j The Pennsylvania State Museum prepared a , number of birds for exhibition in connection with the display of the Department of Forestry, which were installed on the stage in the main Exhibition Hall, and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences loaned animals which were This attractive exhibit represented a small sec- tion of pine forest, with needle and moss covered ground, with both beneficial and injurious birds and animals. ,. To the right was a pond representing condi- tions near a beaver dam. One small beaver was working on a freshly cut aspen tree, while an old beaver was about to enter the water with a cutting to be stored for winter. These cuttings were obtained in Pennsylvania from beaver operations of last year. , ^ Going down a log to the water s edge was a mink seeking its prey and hovering above was a kingfisher, also looking for fish. Along the pond, a woodcock was working in a marsh extracting worms. ^. f.^^ ^ Under a pine were two bobcats resting alter a night of carnage, having preyed upon a defense- less doe, fawn or some other game animal, l wo red foxes were nearby, one with a quail in its mouth, and the other in the act of pouncing on one of the farmer's best bird friends In the foreground was a gray fox stalking a ruffed grouse which has taken to a tree for protection. 1 here was also a group of three weasels showing the dark brown or summer coat, the spotted or fall coat and the pure white or winter coat by reason of which the animals may secure food upon the snow with little exposure or chance of detection by its enemies. A pajr of raccoons were shown. These animals are very fond of trout and are great fishers. Under a white pine were two por- cupines at work. These animals destroy many young trees by gnawing off the bark. Perched about on the trees were a crow, a short- eared owl. a little screech owl, a blue jay, and a blue bird. On stumps were a great horned owl, and a barred owl, while on trees just near them a sharp-shinned hawk and a broadwing hawk. A , goshawk was perched on another stump eating a 1 quail. There were on other trees, a red tailed hawk, a red shouldered hawk, a hairy woodpecker a nut hatch, a flicker, a red-winged blackbird, a yellow-billed cuckoo, a black-billed cuckoo, a pair of Baltimore orioles, a Pin^ g'-f ^eak, an American crossbill, a cardinal grosbeak, a shrike or butcher bird, a black-capped titmouse, a cedar- waxwing and a robin. Smith, Kline &- French Co Philadelphia, had a display of crude vegetable drugs that attracted considerable attention. It embraced about forty of the more prominen drugs in their original containers. Ea<:h bale or bundle was marked with the English title of the drug, with its description, botani^l nameof p ant from which derived, habitat, and medicinal use. There was exhibited, also, a few plant products and plant preparations. The list embraced such well-known drugs as Nux Vomica, Sarsapar. la, Rhubarb, Belladonna Leaves Juniper Berries, Catechu, Cinchona, Opium. Wild Cherry Ba k, White Pine, Pomegranate, Pimento Saigon Cm- inamon. Poppy Capsdes, Sur An.se, Inse ' Flowers, Grindelia, Pare.ra, Buchu. Cascara Sagrada, Elecampane, Fenugreek, Sassafras, E\m X Amefican Book Company, New York. Trees of the Northern United States. Text Book of Botany, Vols, i and 2. E. P, Button 6- Co, New York. I'orestry. 5. B. Elliott, Reynoldsville, Pa. The Important Timber Trees of the United States. Bark, Ginseng Root, Alkanet, Turmeric, Soap Bark, and others. The display was suggestive. The majority of these drugs were from foreign countries, but a number of them, such as Wild Cherry Bark, Sassa- fras, White Pine, Sarsaparilla, Grindelia, etc., are indigenous to this country, and their exhibition suggests the desirability of giving encouragement to the cultivation of native drugs. There is quite a demand for Grindelia, Hydrastis or Golden Seal, Wild Cherry, Sarsaparilla, Spigelia, Gin- i seng, and other native drugs, but the high cost of j American labor has retarded their cultivation in this country. The exhibit was a revelation in ; showing the variety of drugs made from plants ' and trees. Mr. William S. Harvey, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, loaned the Association five of his large glass transparencies showing magnificient specimens of white oak, tulip poplar and white pine trees. The Wm. H. Moon Co,, of Philadelphia, display consisted of evergreens effectively ar- ranged in a semi-circle on the landing of the main stairway. In the background were tall, American arborvitae, the center row was golden, silver, and green retinospora and junipers. The gold and silver blending with the green made a pleasing effect. While few of the trees were native, they showed what is used in ornamental work. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, in addi- tion to holding the ** Forestry Exhibition," dis- tributed Forest Leaves, its official publication, from a rustic shelter, used through the courtesy of Mr. John Wanamaker, this being decorated by a stand of colors loaned by the Veteran Corps, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. It also displayed books relating to forestry and allied sub- jects which were supplied by the firms named, and subsequently presented to the Association's library, supplementing a case well filled with vol- umes on forestry. The books donated were : Dr, B. E. Fernow, Toronto, Canada. History of Forestry. The Care of Trees. Forest Conditions of Nova Scotia. Forest Resources and Problems of Canada. Conditions in the Clay Belt of Ontario. Ginn e^ Co., New York. Elements of Botany. Essentials of Botany. Fungous Diseases of Plants. The Foundations of Botany. A Handbook for the Use of Teachers to accom- pany Bergen's Foundations of Botany. Principles of Botany. North American Gym nos perms. A First Book on Forestry. Laboratory Botany. Harper 6^ Brothers, New York. Trees and Tree Planting. Guide to Wild Flowers. Wild Life of Orchard and Field. American Salmon Fisherman. City Boys in the Woods. Fly Rods and Fly Tackle. Our Own Weather. Book for Young Naturalists. Adventures of a Young Naturalist. Camp Life in the Woods. Outdoorland. Camping and Scouting. The Young Forester. Boating Book for Boys. Camping on the Great River. Camping in the Winter Woods. Orchardland. Hollow Tree and Deep Woods Book. Hollow Tree Snowed in Book. In Camp at Bear Pond. Riverland. Little Busybodies. A Holiday with the Birds. Outdoor Book for Boys. In the Open. Adventures in Field and Forest. Boy Life on the Prairie. Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms. Nature's Craftsmen. Ant Communities, Henry Holt &* Co., New York. Illustrated Key to the Wild and Commonly Cultivated Trees of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Romeyn B. Hough, Lowville, N. Y. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada East of the Rocky Mountains. FOREST LEAVES. 45 44 FOREST LEAVES. G, P. Putnam' s Sons, New York. Trees and Shrubs of Northeastern America. Ward's Trees, 5 vols. Buds, Flowers, Form, Fruits, Leaves. Charles Scribner' s Sons, New York. Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Our Northern Shrubs and How to Identify , Them. I Trees, Shrubs and Vines of the Northeastern j United States. 1 How to Know Trees. Outdoors. Frederick A, Stokes Company, New York. A Guide to the Trees. Southern Wild Flowers and Trees. John C, Winston Company, Philadelphia. A Book on Birds. j I In addition framed photographs of trees, mostly natives of Pennsylvania, were on exhibition, a section of an immense grapevine obtained near New Hope, Pa., and of a section of black oak tree from Brownsburg, Pa., which showed imbed- ded in the wood a piece of the butt of either a sprout from or a second oak tree growing near, which had been cut down, and the first tree had completely encircled and hid the stump of the second. Another curiosity, obtained through the courtesy of Dr. C A. Schenck, were three specimens of artificial fvicose) silk; one white was prepared entirely from wood, while the two colored sam- ples were mixed silk and wood. Another exhibit consisted of four cases filled with specimens of wood supplied by Mr. Henry Rowson. These specimens were 8 inches long by 2j^ inches wide and 1 inch thick, one flat side being highly polished, the natural color and grain of the wood being preserved, while the other side and ends are finished plain. Between 400 and 500 specimens of the woods of the United States were shown, embracing an almost complete collection of oaks. In a number of specimens the cross grain of the wood illustrated the fact that many woods could be used for cabinet work. As a special exhibit there was a general collection of turned woods, which included speci- mens from South America and Africa. The How- son collection numbers 3,000 specimens secured from every country. The size is such that they can be readily handled and examined, requiring but a comparatively small space for display pur- poses. Each specimen is numbered and has the botanical and common name on the back. This collection received the Bronze Medal at the Chi- cago Exhibition. The Pennsylvania Audubon Society, Philadel- phia, Pa., had an exhibit of rustic bird boxes, also some of concrete specially built for the accommo- dation of birds, which are of service in destroying the many varieties of insects, worms and caterpil- lars which prey upon the trees. A trap was dis- played specially designed to catch the English sparrow, the enemy of our native birds. Books relating to birds were shown, and literature in re- gard to them distributed, while rustic seats offered convenient resting places. Romeyn B, Hough, of Lowville, N. Y., ex- hibited his '' American Woods," a collection of specimens of various woods, in thin sections showing three distinct views of the grain (trans- verse, radial and tangential) of each. The sec- tions are mounted in labeled separable pages to facilitate examination, and are accompanied with text giving information as to properties, uses, distribution, etc. The specimens and text of 25 species constitute a volume and a series of 12 volumes were exhibited, covering 300 species with 912 distinct wood-specimens. The '' Handbook of Trees" of the Northern States and Canada, is photo descriptive, taking up the study of trees and showing the distinguish- ing characters of leaves, fruits, leafless branchlets and barks of the various species. Distributions are shown plotted on small outline maps, wood- structures in a series of photo-micrographs and 1 other information in text. Mounts of woods for school use and for indi- viduals engaged in the study of wood-structures as stereopticon slides sections ,J„ in., and as microscope slides sections ^^,,^ in. thick were shown. This degree of thinness is necessary in order to reveal histological characters. Views of trees for stereopticon showing habits of growth of the various species and natural en- vironment as evidenced by photographs of isolated individual trees, with other views of special inter- est to the student of trees, added interest to this unique exhibit. A life feature of the forest was supplied by an exhibit of mounted specimens by Louis Weber, ot Philadelphia. A Carabou, wild cat, leopard, ; flamingo, wild ducks, fish were supplemented l)y ' heads of moose, deer, mountain sheep and goats, i buffalo, elk, and zebra, also antelope horns. Thomas Meehan &* Sons, of Dresher, Penna., exhibited in jars a fine collection of two hundred and seventy-six species of forest tree seeds, many of which were collected from rare plants, ar- ranged 4n jars. The firm of Meehan claims to have the largest collection of tree seeds in the country. The Philadelphia Commercial Museum had two cases arranged with electric bulbs, illuminating by diffused light a fine display of lantern slides, many of them colored. These slides illustrated graphically many phases of forestry, particularly in the manufacture of lumber, the development of this industry being depicted. It also supplied 6 pieces of polished Philippine hardwoods. Peters, Byrne &* Co., of Ardmore, Pa., exhib- ited a number of tree surgery specimens, prepared and arranged to show the contributing causes and the eff"ects of cavity formation in trees, with the various steps undertaken in the scientific treat- ment of decayed trees. One specimen was an improperly pruned branch, a part of the limb having been left uncut, a section of the tree exhibiting a cavity formed by the rotting and falling out of a stub, showing what would ultimately occur. Another demon- strated the manner of opening the wound, clean- ing the decayed wood, and water-proofing the in- terior of the cavity. Reinforcing cavities by nails and wire, after the foregoing treatment, was shown in another section. A properly prepared and filled cavity shown as a section of a tree trunk indicated that the wound would eventually become water-tight, from the growth of the wood callus, or lip, over the edges of the filled cavity. A weak- ened and splitting crotch was belted and braced to demonstrate the method of strengthening in such cases. The United States Reclamation Service, of Washington, D. C, had 25 framed bromide en- largements of photographs, 2 by 3 feet, of the Roosevelt and other dams which have been erected in the arid sections of the west, thus enabling the cultivation of vast areas of barren lands, some of the products of these irrigated sections being depicted. Messrs. J. G. Harrison d^ Sons, of Berlin, Md., contriouted a number of fine dormant apple trees of the Baldwin, Wolf River, and other varieties, the stock being healthy and free from disease. The trees averaged from 2 }^ to 4 years, and were excel- lent specimens standing from 41^ to 5/4 feet high. The City Parks Association of Philadelphia, by means of four framed pictures, showed the beauties of some of the creek valleys around Philadelphia, such as Tacony, Pennypack, and Mill, which the Association desires included in the comprehensive park system for that municipality. The American Forestry Association, of Wash- ington, D. C, occupied a booth made of cedar posts in the rough, and slabs of bark, giving a '*back to the forest" effect, in which the work which the National Association is doing was exhibited. The chief display was of American Forestry, the official organ of the Association, and thousands of copies of these were distributed. There were also exhibited numerous photographs showing various features of fire protective work, results of replanting and reforestation, field work of forest students, growth of seedlings at the nurseries, forest conditions abroad as compared with those in this country, and a number of bromides showing work of the Forest Service men on the National forests. In addition to these there were displays of woods and seedlings. The use of substitutes for wood and of preserv ative processes illustrated methods which may reduce the drafts upon growing forests. The Magnesia Covering Company, of Philadel- phia, had a miniature house about 6 feet square, the roof being covered with asbestos century shingles that take the place of wooden shingles and are composed of asbestos fibre and hydraulic cement formed under great hydraulic pressure, and cut into either rectangular forms 6 by 1 2 inches or 8 by 16 inches or into diagonals of 12 by 12 inches or 16 by 16 inches. These shingles are fireproof, not readily broken, durable, and made either in the natural gray cement or other colors as desired. Ridge roll pieces are also made for roof hips and ridges. This company also displayed asbestos building lumber for wainscoting, and asbestos corrugated sheathing for roofing, siding, etc. The Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturers, Philadelphia, showed by a trans- parency exhibit the important part that concrete is taking in conserving the natural forests. One hundred and twenty oil painted transparencies depicted the many ways concrete is being used to displace timber construction. The exhibit emphasized the fact that concrete posts, telephone or telegraph poles and lighting standards by taking the place of wooden poles, allow young trees to develop into heavy timber, and thus increases the supply of lumber. Likewise such structures as FOREST LEAVES. 47 46 FOREST LEAVES. concrete bridges permits lumber to be saved for more imperative needs. Free bulletins told how to build with concrete. Frank C, Gillingham &> Son Company, of Philadelphia, had a display of asphalt shingles. The increasing cost of lumber together with the decreasing supply has brought about a demand for a durable waterproof material that could be used in place of wood shingles. These asphalt shin- gles are claimed to reduce the fire risk ; not warp or split ; are light in weight ; easily applied ; will not rust like tin, rot like wood, or break like slate. The shingle is 8 inches by lo inches in size, laid 4 inches to the weather, tapered like a wood shingle, the thick butt being a solid non-volatile asphalt compound, reinforced with tough fibre. The Winthrop Asphalt Shingles are intended to lay flat, or on moderately curved surfaces, and therefore have not been made particularly flexible, but wiry like a piece of sole leather. These shingles are in three colors, black, red, and green, the two latter being produced by roll- ing into the surface of the black asphalt shingle, under heavy pressure, natural color chipped slate. The usual galvanized shingle nail is used and becomes coated with asphalt as it is driven through the shingle, thus preventing rust. They will resist fire, water, acids, alkali, and smoke, and are guaranteed to stand a temperature of 240 degrees in the laboratory oven. The Flex-A-Tile Asphalt Shingle was also exhib- ited ; size 8 by 12^ inches, laid 4 inches to the weather. Made from heavy felts saturated with asphalt, in three colors, the natural shades of the slate or granite, and are imbedded in the asphalt under heavy pressure. Flex-A Tile is also made in roll roofing form, 32 inches wide, allowing for 2 inches overlap at the seams and is made in the same colors and of the same materials. The Utility Wall Board shown is a fibrous moisture-proof board in sheets 32 inches and 48 inches wide and lengths of 8, 9, 10 and 12 feet. It is a laminated board, three ply, with a thickness of asphalt waterproof lining between the inner and the outer layers. Although primarily intended for wall lining in place of lath and plaster, it may be used for partitions of any kind in buildings of all descriptions. New Publications. The Earth, Dr. J. H. Poynting. i6mo., 141 pages, with diagrams, bound in cloth. The Atmosphere. A. J. Berry. i6mo., 146 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. These two brochures are respectively Nos. 52 and 53 of the Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature. Cambridge University Press. 40 cents each. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, N. Y. Dr. Poynting in Manual 52 discusses first the shape and size of the earth, giving the reasons for the conclusions arrived at. The mathematical system employed for arriving at a determination of the weight of the earth is described, while the closing chapter is entitled "• the earth as a clock," which treats of the length of the day, alterations in motions of the earth, due to the action of the i sun, moon, etc. I Manual 53 gives an interesting account of our atmosphere ; the beliefs of early history are dis- cussed, including the downfall of the phlogistic I theory. The chief constituents of the air, nitro^ I gen, oxygen, ozone, carbon dioxide, etc., are all described, together with modern views on com- bustion. Other chapters deal with the upper atmosphere, liquid air, inert gases, atmospheric radioactivity, and the primitive atmosphere. These two brochures will be of great service to those who desire to inform themselves of the prin- cipal facts in regard to our earth and its atmos- phere, the indices afl'ording easy references. A shingle mill in Maine uses 2,000 cords of paper birch each year in the manufacture of tooth- picks. Ammonia bombs are being tried out on some of the national forests for the purpose of extin- guishing forest fires. They are said to have worked well in the case of brush fires where the fire-fighters find difficulty in getting near enough to the burning area to beat out the flames. Each bomb exploded will extinguish fire in a circle of about five yards in diameter. iOi France has spent $35,000,000 in planting trees on the watersheds of important streams. According to the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion, 50 per cent, of Canada is capable of growing nothing but timber crops. STATEMENT Of ownership, management, etc., of Fohbst Leaves, published bi- monthly at Philadelphia, Pa., required by the Act of August 24th, i9»2- Editor, John Birkinbine, ,:. , „. , lw°Jln..t Managing Editor and Bu»incs. Manager, F. L. Bitler. r^*'°. Publisher and Owner, Pennsylvania Forestry Association. ) btreet. No Bondholders, Mortgagees, etc. „ , . ^. John Birkinbine. Sworn and subscribed before me thii sixth day of May, 19x3- J. L, Kendlehart, Notary Public. My Commission expires March 27th, 1913- HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Bomeyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branchlets, and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reafity. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, $8, delivered. •* With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees."— JfetvWte Dewey. Preset Vt, lAhrary Ass*n. "Indispensable for all students of trees." — Botanienl Oazette. ** Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the original."— JVc If York Tlmeti. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful. De- serves a place in the librarv of every tree-lover." —The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." —The Nation. '* It is doubtful if any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Louis Ltttnbertnan. "The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in treatment and execution."— €. Hart Merriatn. HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees. — tTournal of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out of a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." — Dean Alvord, New York. LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Romeyii Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price, 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMERICAN WOODS without extra charge. AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Ronieyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, wlien examined in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An iiccompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering •2o species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; |7.oO in half- niorocco. AMERICAN Whia, the special Elliott Oresson Oold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Wowls for the Microscope, showing transverse, radiab and tangential sctions under .a single cover-glass. Invaluable in the study of wood-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratory study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Stereopticon and Stereopticon Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. Exhibits of our lines may be seen at the following addresses : „^„,„,™ (mice of PA. FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, * T^tt'^K^e^ (^o!J™ sJ" XEW YORK: 1012 W.ln«t St., ^I^>;\f ^^J"i{^'^J^„. HoioH, Ksq., 900 F St. >. W., Suite 519-62/. WASHINOTOx/d. C. ' Yoa are cordially invited to caU and inspect the one most convenient to you or to vrriUfor partuiulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. A VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, Chestnut Hill, Philad'a. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. JAMES 1. PATTERSON^ ^^^^ mustrated Catalogue upon application. ^^^^^ ^^ tRVSTEES: ^. ^THgBlSHOPOFTHEDlOCMEOFPKNHSVLTANlAPrej^^ ^^ SAMO.iF.HOD8TON.KfcJe-iVe.aotf. „ nol««>N MOCOtrCH db. BOWAED A. KLLT. UMEg M. BECK. EDOAB DtJDLEY FAEIES. f;22f^M^mELD FEANCB D. LEWIS. WALTON CLABE. FBAKCU I. OOWEM. it^SJlTlcirw TATLOE. EANDAL KOEOAB. JAC»B «. DIMTOK. J. LEVBBINO J0ME8. FBEDERICE W. TAYLOH. _ui,„„, »,„^;tinna Of twenty-three graduate, in 1910. twenty entered college, and of the twenty, ^venteen entered without condition.. 48 FOREST LEAVES. v^r--^^ The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry-— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. Biltmore Forest School BILTMORE. N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months ot practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends^ materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to j.roperly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. The New York State College of Forestry AT Syracuse University, SYRACUSE. NEW YORK. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science in Forestry ; Postgraduate course to Master of Forestry, and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks and Ranger School given on the Col- lege Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer un- usual opportunities for research work. For particulars, address : HUGH P. BAKER, D.Oec, Dean, Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, August, 1913. No. 4 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xois Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials *> National Forestry Desolated Pennsylvania ^^ The Origin, Evolution, and Distribution of North American Forests ^^ Forestry and the Lumber Industry 54 Some Forest Pests and their Treatment 55 Shade Trees and their Care 5 Diseases of Our Forest Trees, with Special Reference to the Chestnut Blight 57 Use of Waste L-»nd for Raising Chestnuts 57 Recent Legis'ation 5 Pennsylvania Forestry Taxation Legislation 59 62 New Publications *" Subscription, $1.00 per Year, The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages »f FoRBST Lbavks as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- bished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FouNDBD IN Junk, 1886, •Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and method* of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee. Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended 'to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loia Walnut Street, Phila. Pr/x/^/'w/. lohn Birkinbine. ,,^ _ Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin. Wm. 8. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. ^ „ m* c- u w w Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and J<»hn A. Siner. ., /^ r? vi^ Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman : Mrs. George F. Baer E Iwin Swift Balch. Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; t. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, ani Harrison Souder. _, , . .^„ Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman; Miss Mary Blakiston, "Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp.^ | Opmcb of chb Vssociatiom. loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. [ EDITORIALS. THE desire to give readers of Forest Leaves the benefit of a description of the unique Forest Exhibit held in Philadelphia in May forced us to monopolize the last issue for this purpose. But limited space did not permit in- cluding the excerpts of the remarkable series of lectures all but two of which, appear in this issue. These were important adjuncts of the Exhibi- tion and presented various phases of forest care and protection. We regret that the full text of each lecture may not be presented to our readers, and that the synopsis cannot be embellished by the lantern slides used to add interest to the presentations. If we could repeat the expressions of satisfac- tion made by the many who visited the exhibition, pages could be filled with words of praise and we feel satisfied that most of our readers will recognize the value of this description as illustrating the beneficial results which will follow intelligent forest preservation. Few had previously seen a seedling tree in its first years of existence, others were surpnsed at the varieties of vegetable growth which enter into medicinal preparation, others marvelled at the dis- tinguishing features of bark, grain, leaf, and fruit of different trees, and the variety of form and the elegance of finish of lumber products was a revela- tion, while the illustrations of tree diseases and tree enemies attracted marked attention. The photographs and charts which showed what has been or what may be accomplished by the National and State governments were viewed with satisfaction, especially those which demonstrated the advanced position which Pennsylvania has taken. The limitation which may affect the drain upon our forests by the use of substitutes for or preserv- atives of wood was of marked interest to many. « VK 50 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 51 By devoting an entire issue to details of the exhi- bition we believe that we rendered a service to the readers of Forest Leaves. J- B. * * * * Following the same policy this issue is prima- r.ly concerned with the new forestry legislation which, we believe, will largely increase the pro- portion of the Staters area devoted to forest growth. While the laws were discussed in earlier , numbers of Forest Leaves, we give the text of | those passed by the last Legislature and approved j by Governor Tener, with a contributed review of i their provisions by one who would be recognized | as authority had he not requested that the article \ appear anonymously. Each reader will do well to acquaint himself or herself with these auxiliary forest laws, as a general knowledge of their provisions will encour- age a wider utilization of their opportunities. This legislation is recognized elsewhere as an advance in tree conservation and we hope that they will more than meet the expectation of those who labored persistently to secure their passage. It is a source of satisfaction that we cannot credit to either partisan or factional influence, the pas- sage of this legislation, which was conceived in the interest of the State, and advocated as a con- servative measure. J- B. ***** It is a source of regret that because of insufficient appropriation to carry forward its work the Chest- nut Tree Blight Commission of Pennsylvania is forced to suspend its efforts to control this serious menace to a valuable tree. It was hardly to be expected that the drastic measures which the Commission believed to be necessary would popularize its efforts sufficiently to encourage liberal consideration from the legislators, but it j is unfortunate that the work of investigation must be halted. Daring its two years of existence much attention was drawn to forests and forest enemies, and increased interest exhibited in the care of individual trees. Hence, although the Commission cannot be credited with a completed work it accomplished much good which will be of lasting character, and the Commissioners who gave without compensation time and effort for the good of the Commonwealth are to be thanked. J. B. ***** The death of Mr. Charles Chauncey Binney removes from among the champions of forestry one whose activity dates from the early history of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, he having served as secretary when the effort to protect forests was in its infancy. He was a member of the Council for years, being at the time of his death Chairman of the Law Committee, and was always enthusiastic in advancing the work of the A ccof lation We join with a large circle of friends who mourn the death of one who was ever active in national, State and civic advancement. J. B. ABSTRACTS OF ADDRESSES DE- LIVERED AT THE FORESTRY EXHIBITION. National Forestry WAS the theme chosen by Prof. H. S. Graves, U. S. Forester, who expressed satisfaction on presenting this subject at a convention which has been considering prima- rily State problems. He said in part : The State of Pennsylvania has been among the more progressive States in the matter of forestry ; it has adopted a liberal policy of purchasing State lands and of making appropriations looking to the conservation of the forests within the borders of the State. As a matter of fact, there is a problem of forestry which knows no State lines, and Pennsylvanians have a vital interest in the problem of national forestry, because the way the forests throughout the country are handled will have a profound influence upon the wel- fare of the whole nation. Our country was originally endowed with a forest unmatched anywhere in the world. We have a climate peculiarly favorable to the pro- duction of trees of the size and quality useful in the industries and arts. We have naturally a great variety of species ; trees in this country reach an exceptional size, and the product has a value which has made the lumber industry of enormous importance in the United States. A survey of the forest resources of the world shows that the supplies which can be drawn upon for export from other countries are limited. In the long run Canada will need for its own industries substantially all the timber it can produce; Mexico will have no surplus ; most of the Eu- ropean countries are importing more than they are exporting, but such as are exporting will before long be looking for foreign sources of supply. The great tropical forests yield a large amount of material, but there is lacking in these regions certain classes of timber which we require in greatest abundance for our common uses. One cannot escape the conclusion that the United States must be self-supporting for its timber sup- plies. With the greatest forests in the world, our country has been squandering its resources with a waste that we are beginning to realize is not only inexcusable, but will bring upon the citizens of this country very serious consequences in various ways. From the standpoint of timber supply alone, we are facing an exceedingly serious national problem. We are using two to three times as much timber as is being grown, and we are permitting to be destroyed by fire, insects, and other causes, practically as much as the growth. In other words, we are using up our forest resources ; and it is absolutely necessary that we begin, and begin quickly, to bring all of our forest lands into a condition of productive- ness. From the standpoint of forest resources we are precisely in the position of the improvident spendthrift who is dissipating his capital. Only recently have we awakened to an appre- ciation of the fact that the presence of well managed forests provides public benefits of great importance. Our forests are important to pro- duce timber ; and also to supply water under stable conditions of flow. The destruction of forests at the headwaters of rivers seriously affects streamflovv, and the damage which may result from forest destruction is often not merely a tem- porary but a permanent disturbance, because the physiographic conditions which affect the run-off of water may be so changed that the original conditions of equilibrium can be established only by the construction of expensive dams and other engineering works. There is thus not only a benefit to the public from forests, but their de- struction results in public injury. It does not require much study to see that the proper handling of our forests is a real public necessity, and that there is upon the public itself a responsibility which cannot be escaped to insure their protection and care. It is not merely that it is wise public economy to make provision for timber supplies and to conserve water resources ; but the very nature of the forestry problem is such that its purpose will not in the long run be accomplished if left merely to the initiative of private ownership. The problem is not com- parable to agriculture. Agricultural lands should be in private ownership, for the problem of agri- culture is such that private owners will, in their own interests, meet the problem, provided there is public assistance in the way of education, ex- perimentation, and demonstration, etc. But it takes from 50 to 150 years to produce a crop of trees large enough to meet the requirements of the average uses for lumber. While many pri- vate owners, particularly farmers and others whose woods are located near their homes, will find it profitable to care for their woods and to raise trees, the great private forests of the lumber districts are not likely to be handled with an adequate consideration of the continued produc- tion of timber unless aided by the public. Pri- vate owners are loath to invest much money in forestry, especially in view of the fire risk and uncertainty of a burdensome system of taxation. One of the public necessities for forestry is to provide for the protection of our water resources and the other indirect benefits of forests, for private individuals may not be expected to in- vest money for returns which are distinctly public in character. In other words, forestry is a public problem and the public must assume its share of the responsibility and financial burden of securing the returns w-hich it demands. There are features in the problem of forestry which give it a national character. The problem of the timber supply is in itself a national question, for each community will not be able to meet its requirements in timber production, but there will be certain centres, especially in the mountain regions, where the bulk of the timber of the future will be provided. More especially, how- ever, is there a national problem involved in the conservation of water resources, for our important streams usually flow through more than one State. Thus, for example, some of the important streams in Tennessee rise in North Carolina. It is im- portant for those in Tennessee using these waters that the headwaters, which are situated in North Carolina, be protected ; and yet the people of North Carolina will hesitate to invest money for public benefits accruing primarily to those in Tennessee. The Federal government has recog- nized this national phase of the forest question ' and is to-day purchasing large areas in the east- ern mountains looking to the proper handling of the forests. The Government is further co- operating with the various States and contribut- ing directly to the financial aid of the States in the protection of mountain forests at the head- waters of navigable streams, even where the lands are not owned at all by the Federal government. We have just come to a realization in this country that the flood question is assuming na- tional aspects. The regulation ot our rivers can- not be accomplished by the States alone. It is a national question, not only because there is in- volved the protection of navigation, but because of the interstate character of the streams and be- cause the problem is in itself of such magnitude that the individual States cannot and will not handle it. We must look to a broad plan of river regulation, which comprises the protection of the forests of the headwaters of streams, the construction of reservoirs and other regulatory > it 52 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 53 works, and such protective work at the lower stretches as the building of levees, deepening the • channel, etc. » / Most important of the works the nation itself has undertaken in the solution of our national problem of forestry is the organization and care ' of those forests which belong to the Federal government. The bulk of our national forest property has been included within the national forests. These are located mostly in the western mountains, and have a gross acreage of between i8o and 190 million acres. They are being or- ganized for protection from fire, and their resources are being utilized in a way which will result in their perpetuation rather than destruc- tion. There is still a very powerful effort in cer- tain quarters to break down the national forest system and to bring about a distribution of the public resources in private ownership. The ag- ricultural lands within the forests are as rapidly as possible being opened to settlement, but those lands which are not suited to agriculture, but only to the production of timber and the protection of water resources, must remain in the hands of the public if the interests of the people who now own them are in the long run to be served. Desolated Pennsylvania. PR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Com- mission, showing view after view of the des- olate and abandoned condition of six thousand square miles of this State, said ** the friends of for- estry had been gravely advised in an official publi- cation to confine their propaganda to protection and restoration of the forests We were informed that forests had little appreciable influence in conserving water, or water power, or even in pro- tecting the surface of the soil against erosion. This advice might have merited serious considera- tion if the advisers' conclusions had not before been so seriously and so frequently misleading, and if these particular conclusions had not been so adverse to the commonsense observations of the people. For example, one may travel by rail along the Juniata Valley between Lewistown and Patterson after a heavy rain storm, and note on the timbered mountain the streams flowing clear and clean into the turbid Juniata, which has received the washings of the farm land. That turbid stream was carrying away the best, most soluble portions, of the soil on which the produc- tiveness depended. Or one may walk on the banks of the Swatara near Middletown along the foot of the hill, one part of which is cleared and gullied, while the other, steeper part, covered with timber, reveals no sign of wash. Look from the train down into the Conestoga after a heavy rain, and see how the best soil of Lancaster County is being carried into the Susquehanna in the muddy current. Suppose in midwinter one goes out with simply an iron shod cane to inspect the woods and fields. Where the leafy forest litter remains in the woods, he can thrust his cane readily down into the ground, whereas in the open fields the frozen sur- face prevents the cane from entering the ground unless it is covered with a dense matted sward. One does not have to be a scientist to recognize that absorption and conservation of water in the woods is probable, but is very unlikely in the fields where run off and escape of water will probably occur. However, the last utterance of the Department of the Interior by the ex-Secretary Fisher is, that his department is prepared to meet all comers, and defend the proposition that forests do con- serve rain fall, and prevent erosion. The facts on which his conclusion is based seem to be incontrovertible. The lecturer said that there remained for con- sideration a most important social problem, aside from the mere presence, or absence, of timber on these hillsides, which are now unproductive. After the timber is removed and the soil burned off or washed away, a desert condition soon fol- lows. Then there can be but one result so far as the population is concerned. There is no in- ducement for the most enterprising citizens to remain. They move out until at length only the indolent and the infirm remain. There are some abandoned portions of the Commonwealth which have actually become the resorts and hiding places I of the criminals. But our history shows that here, as elsewhere, these mountain regions, when maintained in prosjDerity, have furnished the country splendid soldiers and protectors. Re- member the exploits of Ethan Allen's Green Mountain Boys, or Morgan's riflemen from the mountains of Virginia. Think too of the Battle of King's Mountain where the British power in the South was destroyed by mountain riflemen alone, who fought under their own officers, in their own way and at their own expense. Thomas Nelson Page recently said that the Southern Confederacy was actually cut in two by the Union Mountaineers of the South, and that it was this fact which saved the Union. We must ; not forget that the first Pennsylvania rifles — the I great Bucktail regiment — was mainly made up of our Pennsylvania mountain lumbermen. This breed of sturdy patriots should not be allowed ** to perish from ofl" the earth." The only wise thing the State can do with this waste land is to restore the forests on it. Let the mountain gorges again nurse the water power and become manufacturing sites, and the homes of prosperous, patriotic communities. It is a tremendous task that lies before us. One year ago it looked almost hopeless. To-day bills are ready for presentation to the Governor for his signature which mark an era in the history of forestry, and render it possible for the timber owner to co-operate with the State in reducing the waste and increasing the productive areas of our Commonwealth. These Alexander-AVilliams Auxil- iary Forest Reserve bills embody the best, latest and largest thought of the friends of Forestry throughout the land. They are of a constructive character, and we hope will appeal favorably to our Governor. Dr. Rothrock spoke with his usual form, and impressed his audience by his manner and by the illustrations thrown upon the screen. The era to which he refers was opened to us when Governor Tener placed his approval upon three Auxiliary Forest Reserve bills, which the Legislature had passed at the urgent solicitation of members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and others. The Origin, Evolution, and Distribution of North American Forests. | PR. JOHN W. HARSH BERGER, Prof, of Botany, University of Pennsylvania gave an interesting lecture on the history of the ; North American forests which begins with that period of geologic time known as the Cretaceous. The modern types of vegetation appear for a cer- tainty at the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous. The great feature of the Cretaceous period was its forests of broad-leaved (dicotyledonous) trees, for in the remains of leaves and fruits we have abund- ant evidence of the richness of the tree flora at this time. We know that during part of the Cretaceous (the close), the Eocene and Mio- cene periods, a forest of great denseness existed in North America, extending far into the Arctic regions. This flora consisted of a great variety of trees and shrubs found in North America to day and, in addition, of many related trees which are at present extremely local in distribution or have i)ecome extinct. Many of the descendants of this flora exist in widely separated districts, such as Japan, China, eastern America, Pacific Amer- ica, and Europe. Some of our well-known forest trees, such as the tulip poplar, magnolia, sweet gum, sassafras, persimmon, are relics of this ear- lier forest. Even before the advent of the several glacial advances and recessions there seems to have been a partial separation of the forests into eastern and western types. With the coming of the glacial period, the ac- cumulations of ice in the northern continental areas destroyed large forest ateas where such trees as the fig, cinnamon, eucalyptus, laurel, bread- fruit, myrtle, and pepper existed admixed with trees native of our temperate forests at present. These tropic forms were destroyed and the sepa- ration of the eastern and western types of forests was effectually completed. During the general glaciation of the continent there were several recessions of the ice followed by a movement of the forests northward. Then with the advance of the ice the forest trees again were destroyed, as their remains in the inter-glacial deposits fully testify. With the final retreat of the ice there was an advance of forest trees all along the line and from several centers of supply. These centers were the deciduous-leaved forest region of the Southern Appalachians, the forest region of the more ele- vated portions of the present coastal plain, the coniferous centers of the Rocky mountains. Sierra Nevadas, the coast ranges, the tropics of Mexico . and the West Indies. The migration of decidu- ous trees proceeded northward into Canada and northwestward across Canada to Alaska. The coastal plain flora followed the Atlantic coastal plain forward. The Rocky mountain forests fol- lowed that chain to the northward, and the Pacific coast forests migrated along the coast into Alaska, being overlapped by the eastern types of forests around the head of Cook Inlet in Alaska. These readjustments, together with a tropic invasion, have resulted in the present distribution of our forest trees. The important forest regions of North America that originated as we have indicated are : the coniferous forests of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains; the deciduous forests of the Piedmont, Allegheny mountains, Appalachian plateau, and Ozark mountain regions ; the white pine forest \ region around the Great Lakes and mountain districts of the northeastern States ; the northern spruce-birch forests of Canada, extending to the northern limit of trees ; the Rocky mountain for- ests ; the forests of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges ; the coniferous forests of the i coast ranges of California ; those of the Puget i Sound region ; those of the coastal British Colum- ; bia and Alaska ; those of the desert mountains of the southwest ; the tropic forest of the eastern and western coasts of Mexico ; the mountain forests of the eastern and western Mexican Cor- dilleras ; the forests of Central America and the West Indies. 54 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 55 The northern Atlantic coastal plain in New Jersey is dominated by the forest of pitch pine, that of the southern states by the forests of lob- lolly pine, long-leaf pine, and slash pine. The deciduous forests consist of a great variety of oaks, ashes, tulip poplars, persimmon, and chest- nut trees. The Rocky mountain forests have the bull pine and lodge pole pine. The forests of the Sierra Nevada mountains consist of big trees, yellow pines, sugar pines, lovely firs, and other magnificent giants of the vegetable kingdom. The California coast forests are characterized by the redwood of gigantic size. The red fir is dominant in the Puget Sound region and the Sitka spruce is important along the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. The white pine and spruce forests are familiar to all who have frequented the great north woods, while hunting or fishing. The Mexican forests have been little exploited, but are rich, botanically speaking. Finally, the tropic rain forests are of interest, because no one tree is dominant. All of the larger trees are loaded with epiphytes, or air plants, clinging vines, ferns, and bromeliads, and bear out the idea of a jungle. No other hemisphere equals the North American in the richness, diversity, and exuberance of the tree vegetation. ^S-33»- ■ Forestry and the Lumber Industry WAS the topic chosen by Mr. S. B. Elli- | ott, of the Pennsylvania Forestry j Reservation Commission, who spoke ! as the guest of the Lumbermen's Exchange of the City of Philadelphia. The address excerpted below was embellished by numerous lantern slides : , *< While growing trees for economic purposes is a widely separated undertaking from that of har- vesting and converting them into the various and well-known '* forest products," there is still such a relation betwcv^n them that the line of de- marcation is dim and uncertain ; hence it seems necessary that not only those engaged in each of these undertakings, but the general public also, should have an accurate understanding of the aims and labors of each. **The most important feature of economic for- estry is to produce suitable trees which, when prop- erly prepared by the lumberman, will furnish such necessary commodities as timber, boards, planks, etc. But forestry has other significant features, such as beautifying the landscape, furnishing places for rest, recreation and health, providing homes for birds and other harmless wild animals, preventing erosion of the soil, and bringing about an equable flow of springs and streams — all im- portant features but all subordinate in importance to the primal one of producing forest products so absolutely necessary for our civilization and na- tional prosperity. ** Although the forester may not dispose ot his product he still may be able to carry on such work as will bring forth the lesser benefits named, but the lumberman cannot do anything unless the forester provides him with trees ; and this is true whether nature or man is the forester. He must have trees as the basis of his business or he will find his *' occupation gone." Hence, in these features, there is a close association in fact and there should be in sympathy and effort. The lumberman can have no better friend than the for- ester should be, and the forester no more worthy ally than the lumberman. Each should know and appreciate the other's needs. When it is known that all but one-tenth of i per cent, of the lumber manufactured in the sawmills of the United States was cut from thirty-one species of trees, and that 86.9 per cent, of the total was from ten species only— of which the various spe- cies of pine furnished 50.2 per cent. — it is clear that the forester should not go after ^^ strange ; gods" and endeavor to produce species not de- ' manded, but give the lumberman and consumer I such as they most need. 1 *an all this, and more, there should be a close i and intimate understanding and co-operation, and i it is gratifying to know that such understanding I and co-operation is on a rapid increase. The I illogical view held by some in the early history I of the forestry movement, that the trees of the forest are too sacred to have the '' profane hands ** of the lumberman laid upon them no longer pre- vails, and all intelligent advocates of forestry ' must see that as soon as the trees are mature they should be cut down and used and new ones planted in their places. The forests should be for use and the lumberman should use them, but he should use them wisely. ''Thus it will be seen that the forester and the lumberman should be, and I trust are, in accord ; and if so the future is full of promise ; and this alliance is more gratifying from the fact that we are fast approaching a timber famine in this coun- try, and the price of lumber in the market will, ere long, be the cost of production from seed planted, plus a reasonable profit, just as prevails with wheat, oats, corn, or any other crop of the soil. 'I'hat day is inevitable, and not far distant, and the alliance of the forester and lumberman will do much to lessen the famine's severity. Our virgin forests will soon be exhausted and we can go to no other country for a supply, and we must depend upon such forests as we may be able to produce, just as Germany, France, Switzerland and some other European countries now do in part, and must fully do when their foreign supply is gone. «' While I do not approve of all that the lumber manufacturer and dealer have done in the past, or are doing now, I do not, on the other hand, con- demn them for all their acts. To charge that the lumber manufacturer of the past has been guilty of great waste, and that the dealer has made lit- tle or no progress in disposing of any but the best products of the forest, does not take into consid- eration the conditions which surrounded them. They manufactured and disposed of everything that they could without a loss, and who will claim that they should have done more ? If we search out the really guilty party we will find that the consumer controlled in the matter. My greatest criticism of the lumberman is that he did not, nor is he now doing anything to perpetuate the for- ests. Therein lies his greatest fault, and it is ** a grievous one." Some Forest Pests and their Treatment. JOHN K. MUSGRAVE, Assistant Economic Zoologist of Pennsylvania, stated that everything in the universe has its place and purpose. These may be detrimental or beneficial to man. Thus man cultivates and tries to increase such plants as are of use to him ; all other plants he calls weeds. In a simi- lar way the domestic animals have received special recognition, while many other animals are consid- ered pests. The view-point of man is different from that of nature. These creatures which man calls pests are here to keep in check certain other species, whether they be plants or animals. It could be easily shown, for instance, thit if the dandelion had no enemies it would continue to increase so as to cover all available ground. This afternoon we wish to turn our attention to the consideration of the enemies of forests and their treatment. Our remarks must necessarily be confined to the more important pests and these in limited nu:nber. Oliver Wendell Holmes well grasped the idea of the vastness of nature and its study when he said, ** No man can be truly called an entomologist ; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp." Very few, if any, plants are free from the attack of plant lice or aphids. These are green or black in color and occur in both winged and wingless form. They are provided with a proboscis with which they penetrate plant tissues and inject a poison. This so modifies the sap of the plant that it becomes food for the aphid, just as when a mosquito bites a man it injects a poison into his blood, which is then modified into food for the mosquito. Aphids frequently occur in such num- bers that the removal of the sap is a great drain on the plant. Plant lice secrete a sweet liquid which is called honey -dew. This is frequently formed in such quantity as to cover the ground beneath the tree. This honey-dew is a favorite food of ants, and when these creatures are seen in numbers descending trees, you may be sure the aphids are the attraction. So numerous do plant lice often become on such trees as the Norway maple that the owners often become greatly alarmed. Trees are generally very resistant to such attacks and there is little need for alarm. However, successful treatment is found in spraying the trees with a solution of whale-oil soap, common laundry soap, tobacco decoction, or kerosene emulsion. Galls caused by insects occur on a number of species of trees, among which are hickory, oak, maple, and elm. The gall-forming insects belong to various groups, such as the flies, bees, aphids. Seldom are they troublesome, excepting, perhaps, the cock's-comb gall of the elm, and the only known method of combating this insect is to burn the infested leaves. The two worst classes of insect pests of trees are those which devour the foliage and those which bore in the wood or bark. As we shall see, these include a great variety of forms, though moths, butterflies, and beetles are the worst enemies. The sugar-maple borer is especially detrimental to that tree, as it bores in trees of full vigor. The adult is a beautiful black and yellow beetle of the order Cerambycida, or long-horned beetle, so called because the antennae, or feelers, are well developed. The adult appears from June to August and deposits the eggs in the bark. The white grub works its way toward the heart of the tree aad rests during the first winter. In spring it renews its activities and bores deeper into the tree. Toward the close of the second year the larva becomes quiet and transforms into a pupa, and from this emerges the adult, and the life cycle is complete. . . The maple and oak pruner deposits its eggs in small twigs in July. The larvae work first in the softer tissue and gradually bore to the center of the limb By Fall the twig is so badly eaten away i that it is broken off by the wind and falls to the ground. The adult beetle emerges in June and continues to live until September. A third insect which attacks maple is the cottony maple scale. These insects may deposit upwards I of ;oo eggs and the young leave the mother in July The eggs are deposited in the cottony 56 FOREST LEAVES. mass. The young migrate to the leaves, there to feed as do the aphids. Insects are largely divided into two classes — the chewing and the sucking. The chewing variety are combatted by contact spraying with solutions, while the sucking pests are destroyed by poisoning the foliage with sprays of lead arsenate or paris green. The spraymg operations are chiefly of value in case of shade trees on streets and in parks, but hardly practicable in forests. In the case of the great forest trees man must rely almost entirely on the natural enemies of the insect pests— the birds. The most active of these insectivorous birds are the vireos, warblers, wrens, fly catchers, etc., to clean the foliage and bark, while the woodpeckers— a most valuable pest enemy bores into the wood and destroys much of the larv^ of moths, beetles, butterflies, etc. Too much stress cannot be placed on the value of these birds as auxiliaries in fighting the forest pests, and it is the duty of all men to protect them in every way possible. The research work of the State on shade, fruit, and forest pests, and the improved methods devised for combating them, benefit the farmer and the lumbering industry. Shade Trees and their Care WERE discussed by Mr. George Rettig, former City Landscape Architect of Cleveland, Ohio, who stated that a few years ago Cleveland prided itself on its trees and called itself the Forest City. It is difl'erent now. Trees which were growing on the streets now occupied by business were removed to make room for telegraph poles and other such necessities. The paving and sewering of residence streets has cut ofl" the necessary water supply, and the trees have become less vigorous, and consequently less able to withstand the attack of insects whose numbers have increased enormously with the de- parture of the native birds. Trees which were planted close together, and which grew satisfactorily under the old condi- tions, are now overcrowded and unable to obtain food enough to keep them vigorous. It requires more courage than most citizens possess to remove one-half or two-thirds of the trees on a street which has always been famed for its beautiful trees, even though the overcrowding is killing them. A great many of the old trees were pop- lars, willows, and other short-lived trees which have now become a nuisance, raising sidewalks, clogdng up sewers, and forming breeding places for insects which spread from them to better trees. Several years ago a Department of Street Trees was formed to remedy some of these conditions. The ordinances empowered the department ta remove objectionable trees, to plant, trim, and spray them, and to require persons to obtain permits before doing any of this work on their own account. The department had no jurisdic- tion over trees on private property. Lanterri slides were prepared and used whenever and wherever possible to educate people along this line. , » The varieties of trees which were recommended for planting in the smoky districts of the city were oriental sycamore, catalpa, and in some cases ailanthus. Norway maple, rock maple,. American and European elm, pin oak, scarlet oak, and horse chestnut (although the horse chestnut is very susceptible to attacks by scale and leaf-eating insects) were recommended for the better districts. Poplar, willow, silver maple, and linden were not permitted to be planted. When the people began to recognize the fact that their trees were deteriorating, hosts of tree experts began their work. They spraved trees with solutions unfitted for the purpose, butchered the trees and called it tree surgery, and did more harm than good in most cases. There were some men who did good conscientious work, but they were in the minority. Several arrests helped to decrease the number of men engaged in this work. There are a great many good books on the subject of pruning and caring for trees, and I am sure the Pennsylvania : Forestry Association will gladly furnish the titles to any one interested. I The best method of producing results in this ' line seems to be to buy the proper variety of tree from a reliable nursery, do not let it dry out before planting, properly trim the roots and top, I dig a large hole and put in good soil in the bottom, ' and set a pole to steady the tree until it gets a start. Place guards around it to prevent horses j gnawing or lawn mowers cutting the bark. Watch ; for insects and fight them as soon as they appear. I Plant the trees far enough apart— from thirty-five to forty feet, give them plenty of water, and you ; should have success. In applying the water, a I tile placed close to the trunk of the tree is not always as beneficial as placing it as near as possi- ble where the feeding roots are — about under the outer edges of the branches. Broken stone placed around the bottom of the tile will also be found of benefit. Liquid fertilizer can also be applied through the tile. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 4. HEAVY FIRE IN CHAPPARAL RUNNING INTO VIRGIN WHITE FIR (ABIES CONCOLOR', CALIFORNIA. A FOREST FIRE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, ROSEBUD COUNTY, MONTANA. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv.. No. 4. ANNUAL SPRING "WOODS BURNING," LONGLEAF PINE, NEAR OCILLA, GEORGIA. PATH OF CHISHOLM, MINNESOTA, FOREST FIRE, SEPT. 4th, 1908. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 4. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 4. HEAVY FIRE IN CHAPPARAL RUNNING INTO VIRGIN WHITE FIR (ABIES CONCOLOR , CALIFORNIA. ANNUAL SPRING "WOODS BURNING," LONGLEAF PINE, NEAR OCILLA, GEORGIA. A FOREST FIRE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, ROSEBUD COUNTY, MONTANA. PATH OF CHISHOLM, MINNESOTA, FOREST FIRE, SEPT. 4th, 1908. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 5T Diseases of Our Forest Trees, with Spe- cial Reference to the Chestnut Blight. IRWIN C. WILLIAMS, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, considered the prevalence of tree and plant diseases and the importance at- tached to them in relation to man and his uses of economic plants. He described the more important tree diseases such as the common shelf fungus (^Folyporus) , the cedar rust and apple leaf spot (^Gymnosporan- giiim)^ the heart rot of spruce trees {Eichinidon- tium tinctoriidni)^ the black powder rot of the pop- lars (Fames tgiarius), also the white pine blister rust (^Peridermiu7)i strobi^. This latter disease is a serious menace to the white pine tree, and was imported into this country from Europe. While deadly in its character, this rust requires two hosts for its development, the currant bush and the white pine ; this rendering it easier to eradicate. He outlined in great detail all that has been learned of the chestnut blight — the most virulent of all forest tree diseases. We do not know for a certainty just how the blight was introduced into American chestnut trees. There are two schools divided on this point. One maintains that it is nothing more than an old form of a domestic tree infection in a more virulent form, while the other declares that it was imported from Europe in some way. We do know that there is a similar dis- ease prevalent in Germany, but while the basic forms of the German and the American diseases are so similar as to be almost identical, the German form is not nearly so malignant nor harmful. Mr. Williams then reviewed the work of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission since its inauguration two years ago, showing that every- thing that man could do toward finding a remedy was being done by the Blight Commission, the University of Pennsylvania, and other colleges, who are making the blight a subject of special research. So far as we have gone, no absolute means have been discovered for controlling this disease other than that of cutting down the infected trees and using all means of sanitation to prevent its fur- ther 'jpread. The question is, does this mean that one of our most beautiful and valuable trees is doomed to extinction ? The only answer that can be made is that we must work on with unceas- ing energy in the hope of discovering some simple remedy, as in the case of the terrible San Jose scale which some years ago threat*^ned to wipe out every apple tree in the country. And even if the chestnut tree must go, the blight may prove to have been one of the greatest factors of good in the modern study of forestry. Already it has incited greater widespread interest in and alarm for the future of our forests than any other single factor of which I know, and it may truly prove to be a blessing sent to us in the form of an evil if it arouses the general public to a knowledge of the necessity for earnest, concerted action in the matter of conserving our remaining forests. Use of Waste Land for Raising Chestnuts.. PROF. N. F. DAVIS, of Bucknell College, stated that the culture of the chestnut is by far the most profitable of any of the forest trees. In the first place, the trees when properly cared for yield a valuable crop in nuts in three or four years after planting. As an instance, the chestnut farm of 400 acres which I have investi- gated near Lewisburg, Pa., contains about 44,- 900 • trees, ranging from two to twelve years old; ihe 11 -year old trees are averaging a yield of one bushel of chestnuts per year which sell readily for from five to ten dollars per bushel. The average forest tree requires a growth of from 20 to 30 years before it can be cut, and the chestnut tree during this time of maturing yields a constant crop that is more valuable than the tim- ber itself. Among other reasons why chestnut culture af- fords the readiest solution to the tremendous eco- nomic waste represented by the millions of acres . of unproductive land in this State, is that the chest- nut is one of the hardiest of trees, that it will thrive in almost any soil, including the rocky mountain sides ; that it has, perhaps, more timber uses than any other forest tree, including a con- stant market as telegraph and telephone poles, mine props, cabinet finishing and interior nouse decorating, etc. During the past ten years the wood has been in great demand by extract mills for the production of a tannic acid that compares in every way with the acid formerly only obtaina- ' ble from the hemlock and rock-oak barks. There is no reason why chestnut tree culture should not become one of the most profitable farm- ; ing ventures in this State. It will utilize waste ground, restore deforested areas, and produce val- \ uable crops while maturing. Almost every State i in the Union is taking up this culture, and Penn- I sylvania, who has been the leader in the culture ' so far, should certainly reap the benefit of her ' own research and development work. The new Chinese republic has established a de- partment of agriculture and forestry, although for a long time China had been referred to as the most backward nation in forest work. 58 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 59 Recent Legislation. TO the friends of Pennsylvania forestry, the last legislative session will be particu- larly memorable for the passage of three bills whereby it is hoped our growing forests may be saved from premature removal, to avoid prac- tical confiscation, by repeated taxation. As these measurer, known as the Alexander- Williams bills, will be subsequently printed in lull, it is sufficient to allude to them here by title : 1 An Act to classify certain surface lands as auxi"liary forest reserves, to prescribe the terms and conditions for their continuance in said clas- sification or their withdrawal therefrom and to provide for the expenses attendant thereon. i 2 An Act to provide for the assessment and taxation of auxiliary forest reserves and the collec- tion, distribution and use of the taxes collected therefrom. , ^ . , 3 An Act providing a fixed charge on land classified as auxiliary forest reserves, and the dis- tribution of the fund thus set aside for school and road purposes. , j i The first two bills, in cruder form, had been defeated in the three Legislatures immediately preceding the present one. Essential changes were introduced. The last bill was wholly new. It grew out ofan inspiration from Mr. S. B. Elliott. These measures were not presented by the De- partment of Forestry ; on the contrary, the Penn- sylvania P^orestry Association sponsored them, and under the wise guidance of its President, Mr. Birkinbine, and with the active co-operation of the members of the Association, and of the officers and members of the Pennsylvania Conservation Association, bent all energies possible to securing their passage. p:xpressions of support of the bills came to the Legislature from the members of these Associations who are living in the State, and the able Secretaries of the two Associations, Mr. F^. L. Bitler of the Forestry Asssociation, and Mr. Geo. W. Kehr of the Conservation Association, were indefatigable in rallying the members to the work. The Committee on Legislation of the Forestry Association consisted of Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman, Mr. Samuel Marshall, Mr. W. W. Montgomery. The Committee of the Pennsylvania Conserva- tion Association consisted of Mr. A. B. Farquhar, Chairman, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Mr. Geo. W. Kehr, Mr. J. Horace McFarland, Mr. Vance C. McCormick, Hon. Nelson P. Wheeler. These Committees, in joint conference, prepared the bills. . ^. . A The influence of the American Civic Associa- tion through its President, was distinctly with the Forestry Association. Prominent lumbermen also expressed their approval. The allied interests of Health, Fish and Game took an active part in the campaign. To Dr. William P. Wilson, Head of the Phila- delphia Commercial Museums, the cause of for- estry is likewise profoundly indebted for help in this contest. . j • ^.u The three defeats previously received m the Legislature, though at the time accounted unfor- tunate, probably proved a blessing in disguise, be- i cause they gave time to bring public sentiment to the forestry side, and because more study was put upon the problems presented, and most important of all because they led the Chairman of the Penn- sylvaiiia Forestry Association's Legislative Coni- mittee to make an exhaustive study of the whole subject. Upon Dr. Drinker the burden practically fell in remodelling the bills, and in watching and forwarding their passage through the Legislature. It is a literal fact that he sought advice from every State in the Union, consulted the most eminent political economists and had the best advice upon legal difficulties, as these arose. So that it is fair to say these bills represented the best and most progressive, widely accepted ideas of the day upon forest taxation. The vast importance of these bills does not ap- pear upon the surface. During the most prosper- ous periods in the lumber industry in each county, money was abundant and the running expenses of the county were allowed to expand, seemingly without much regard to the fact that as the pros- perity was based on lumber, these easy times would cease when the lumber was gone. In fact, few of the citizens realized, or would be- lieve, when informed, that there ever would be a scarcity of timber in their regions. Incredible as it may seem, this latter view has only been ac- cepted generally within a few years. For the most part those who did recognize it were uncon- cerned. But the end has come, and there are al- ready in the State several counties that may fairly 1 be said to be in a bankrupt condition. As their I revenues decreased with the lumber, the attempt was made to obtain revenue for county purposes , by increased rate of taxation upon what timber remained. It was in vain that attention was called to the fact that this was hastening the re- : moval of the timber, and bringing bankruptcy by the surest possible route to such districts as were not adapted to agriculture and had no known I mineral wealth. These new laws do six things. I St. They indirectly penalize removal of timber before maturity. 2d. They encourage protection and growth of timber. 3d. They afford revenue to needy districts while they are producing timber. 4th. They return a large revenue to the districts when the timber is cut, in return for assist- ance given. 5th. While all this is working out, the district is amply protected against fraud on the part of those whose lands are in the class recog- nized as auxiliary forest reserves. Mean- while, every acre of the land is obtaining the benefit of careful scientific oversight. 6th. Most important of all, these laws enable and encourage the citizen to co-operate with the State in doing a work which the State is absolutely, under existing conditions, unable to do alone, but which is requisite for its continued prosperity — /. e., restore unpro- ductive regions to a productive condition. The principles embodied in these new meas- ures, which were advocated by the Governor in his initial message to the Legislature, and which have received his signature and become laws, are by no means new. By a process ot elimination of unimportant, impossible and inecpiitable elements, forestry advocates throughout the country have reached the conclusion, ist. That the timber should be taxed only once, that is when cut. 2d. That land producing timber should be as- sessed at a minimum rate annually for that crop, but that it may be subject to the ordi- nary rates for any mineral wealth that it contains. These two principles contain the germs of mod- ern forestry thought, and it is believed that our proposed laws will give the fullest expression to them that has yet been had from the Legislature of any American State and they will go far tow ard ending a policy which obliges the citizen to impoverish the State. And thus ends successfully the long sustained effort of the forest lovers of Pennsylvania to secure this needed legislation, first suggested by Dr. J. T. Rothrock in 1892, and constantly taught and urged by him since that time. To him, and to Mr. S. B. Elliott and Mr. John Birkinbine, Pres- ident of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, who have for vears borne with Dr. Rothrock the burden of the fight, is due the chief credit for the development of forestry education in our people, and we may well rejoice with them to day in the thought that our State is at last awakening to the value of their teachings. And finally let us pay tribute of appreciation of, and confidence in, the organization and work of our excellent State For- estry Department and State Forestry Reservation Commission, and to the unselfish and continued labors of the members of this able Commission. A Forest Lover. Pennsylvania Forestry Taxation Legislation. TV FTER many years of effort the following ^^^ laws for the reduction of taxation on lands ^ which were being reforested were enacted : Act No. 284. To classify certain surface lands as auxiliary for- est reserves ; to prescribe the terms and conditions for their continuance in said classification, or their withdraival therefrom ; and to provide for the expenses attendant thereon. Section i. Be it enacted, &c.. That in order to encourage the growing of such trees, now existing or hereafter produced, as will at the proper age be suitable for merchantable forest products, whether such be of natural reproduction or from seed sown, or trees planted out, or all combined, all surface land which may be set apart according to the provisions of this act, and exclusively used for growing such trees, is hereby constituted a sepa- rate and distinct class of land, to be known as auxiliary forest reserves. Sec. 2. When any owner of surface land de- sires to have such land placed in the class estab- lished by section one of this act, such owner shall notify the State Forestry Reservation Commission of his desire in manner and form to be pre- ' scribed by said commission. Said notice shall contain a description of the land, its location, boundary, area, and character, and shall state as far as practicable the species, character, and con- dition of the trees growing thereon, and whether they are of natural reproduction or are from seed sown for the purpose, or have been set out on said land, or all combined, and such other information as the commission may require. If, upon receipt and consideration of this notice, the commission shall, in its discretion, deem the conditions such as to warrant action on its part to determine whether such land should rightfully be placed in the class established by section one of this act, it shall cause the same to be examined by some per- son learned in the practice and principles of for- estry, and a report made thereon, and if, upon receipt and consideration of such report, it decides that such land should be placed in the class estab- lished by section one of this act, it shall so declare . .1 60 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 61 and certify to the commissioners of the county in which said land is located. Sec. 3. Upon receipt by the county commis- sioners of such certificate of the commission it shall be their duty at once to place said surface land in the class established by section one of this act, and keep the same therein until the trees growing thereon shall, in the judgment of the commission, become sufficiently large and suitable for merchantable forest products, or the land be de- voted to other purposes: Provided, however. That the certificate of the commission shall not become operative to place said surface land in the rlass established by section one of this act until the owner of said surface land has agreed, in writing, with the commission to care for the trees growing thereon, according to the instructions and directions of the commission, up to such time as such trees become suitable for merchantable forest products ; and if any such owner at any ; time fails to care for the trees growing on said land as agreed with the commission, and due proof thereof is made, the commission may remove said surface land from the class established by section one of this act. In case of such removal, either through failure of the owner to care for the trees or oii'his expressed desire for removal before the trees shall have been cut at maturity and tax paid thereon, the county commissioners shall, on notice from the commission, proceed to recover from said owner, for the use of the county and township, by an appropriate action at law if necessary, the difference in the amount of tax which would have been paid by the said owner at the rates established for the years for which recovery is sought and the rate provided for auxiliary forest reserves, with costs of suit, to be recoverable from the time when such land was placed in the class of auxiliary for- est reserves. And the commission shall remove said surface land from the class established by section one of tWis act at any time that the then owner shall, in writing, notify the commission that he desires such removal. The commission mav, in its discretion, at the time said surface land is placed in the class established by section one of this act, require the owner to file with the commission his or its bond, of such kind and amount as the commission shall deem reasonable and sufficient to secure the obligations of such owner under this act. Sec. 4. Whenever trees growing on said surface land have become suitable for merchantable forest products, the commission shall, at the request of the owner or on its own motion, make an exami- nation of said land, and designate for the owner the kind and number of trees most suitable to be cut, if, in the judgment of the commission, there be any, and the cutting and removal of said trees: so designated shall be in accordance with the in- structions of the commission. Sec. 5. If the owner of said surface land faith- fully carries out the instructions of the commis- sion with regard to the removal and marketing of such mature or other trees, as may be designated in the instructions of the said commission, and shall immediately replant other trees of valuable species, or so protect the young growth that the said land may immediately become covered with young forest growth, and does so wiih the approval of the commission, then said surface land shall re- main in the said class, established by section one of this act ; otherwise, the commission shall notify the county commissioners that the said land is not being maintained in accordance with the written agreement of the owner and the instructions of the commission, in which event the county commis-- sioners shall immediately remove said land from the class established by section one of this act. All expenses attendant upon the examination of the said surface land by the commission shall be paid for out of the moneys appropriated for the maintenance of the Department of Forestry, in like manner as other expenses for maintenance of said department are now paid. Sec. 6. The owner of the said auxiliary forest reserves shall, at all times, have the right to re- move therefrom trees, or portions of trees, which which may be killed by fire, thrown or broken by the wind, or injured by other natural causes ; and shall, under the direction of the commission, be privileged to make necessary thinnings or removal ofundesirable species of trees, in order to improve the condition of the remaining trees ; and, under the same direction, may be privileged to remove therefrom such timber, from time to time, as may be necessary and essential for use upon the neigh- boring cleared lands of the said owner, for general farm purposes, i Sec. 7. Any tract of land while remaining in the class of auxiliary forest reserves as above pro- vided, may, nevertheless, be sold or incumbered bv or through the owner thereof, but no sale or incumbrance, whether volurtary by the owner or involuntary under any statutory or judicial pro- ceeding whatsoever, whether of any State or of the United States, shall effect a discharge of any i obligation imf»osed under this act, and said land shall be removed from said class only in accord- ance with the provisions hereof. I Sec. 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsist- ent herewith be and the same are hereby repealed. Approved — the 5th day of June, A. D. 1913. JOHN K. TENER. Act No. 269. 7 0 provide for the assessment and taxation of aux- iliary forest reserves^ and the collection^ distribu- tion and use of the taxes collected therefro?n. Section i. Be it enacted, &c., That all surface land which may hereafter be classified and set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, in the manner provided by law, shall be rated in value, for the purpose of taxation, not in excess of one dollar (gi.oo) per acre and shall continue to be so rated so long as the said land remains within the class designated as auxiliary forest reserves : Provided, however, That if the said surface land be under- laid with coal, iron ore, oil, gas, or other valuable minerals, said minerals may be separately assessed. The assessors in the several districts in which such lands are situate shall assess such lands in the man ner now or hereafter provided for the assessment of real estate for purposes of taxation, as if they had not been set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, and shall make their returns to the county commis- sioners in like manner as is now or hereafter may be provided by law, subject to exception, appeal, and final adjustment. Sec. 2. Upon receipt of assessment returns from the various assessors, the county commis- sioners shall reduce, in their records, to a sum not in excess of one dollar (Ji.oo) per acre, the assessment on all those lands which shall have been placed in the class known as auxiliary forest reserves, in accordance with certificates filed with them by the State P'orestry Reservation Com- mission, and the original assessment returns made by said assessors shall be preserved. Sec. 3. Whenever timber, on land which is included in the class of land known as auxiliary forest reserves, is about to be harvested, the then owner of the timber on said land shall give a bond to the county treasurer in twenty per centum of the amount of the estimated value of the timber to be harvested, and to be approved by the court of the county, conditioned to pay to the county treasurer, within ninety days after harvesting, ten per centum of the value of the trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting ; which amount shall be as- certained by statement and return, under oath or affirmation, furnished in triplicate, one to the county commissioners, one to the county treasurer, and one to the commission, immediately after har- vesting, by the then owner of the land, setting forth said value ; which sum thus paid shall be divided and distributed by the county treasurer of each county — to the county, and to the poor dis- trict, the road district, and the school district of the township in which the auxiliary reserve is sit- uate, pro rata, based upon the last assessed mill- age of taxation for county, poor, road, and school purposes within said taxing district. Such sum of money when ascertained to be due as a tax by the filing of the foregoing statement and return, under oath, and, as hereinbefore pro- vided, directed to be paid to the county treasurer by the owner of an auxiliary forest reserve, shall, from the time of such filing, be and remain a lien upon the land of such owner until payment shall have been made : And be it further provided, That all moneys received by the boards of super- visors shall be appropriated exclusively to the open- ing, maintenance, and repair of the public roads now or hereafter passing through or into said auxili- ary forest reserves, or upon which said reserves now or hereafter may abut, and, in the event that no public highways pass through or into said reserves, or none of said reserves abut on such highways, then said moneys shall be used for general town- ship road purposes. Sec. 4. Should the county commissioners be dissatisfied with the return made, as hereinbefore provided in section three hereof, the court of com- mon pleas of the proper county, on petition of the commissioners, shall appoint a board of three appraisers, who shall go upon the land in ques- tion, estimate the quantity and value of the trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting, and make a return thereof to the court, which said return shall then be made the basis upon which each owner shall make payment to the respective county treasurers, unless changed upon appeal. The said appraisers shall be duly sworn or afifirmed before entering upon their work, and either party, if dissatisfied with the report of the appraisers, 1 shall have right of appeal to the court of common pleas of the county, within ten days after such report shall be filed and notice thereof given the owner. The said appraisers shall be allowed their expenses and a compensation to be fixed by the court, both to be paid by the county commis- sioners. Sec. 5. In case of the removal of said lands from the class known as auxiliary forest reserves, prior to the maturity of the timber, and without payment of the tax of ten per centum of the value thereof, as provided in section three of this act, the county commissioners shall, on notice from the commission, ascertain the amount of the taxes I which would have been paid by the said owner on the original assessment, before the reduction pro- vided for in section two of this act, adding legal ' interest from the date when each tax payment would have become delinquent. The said com- missioners shall likewise ascertain the amount of taxes which have actually been paid upon the land : in question, adding legal interest upon all such 62 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 63 payments from the date when paid, and cen fy the result thereof to the county treasurer, who shall then proceed in the manner provided for the collection of county taxes under general laws, to recover from such owner the difference between the two amounts, with costs. Such difference, so ascer^ tained to be due as tax as aforesaid, shall be ana remain a lien upon the land of such owner until payment shall have been made. If such land shall be so removed from said class after the due cutting of a matured ^r^p and the payment of tax thereon, the owner shall, in that case not be liable for such past assessment ; but the land shall thereafter be liable to assessment and tax as all other land not classed as auxiliary forest reserves. ^^ i u • Sec 6 This act shall take effect only begin- ning with assessments made for the purpose of levy- ing taxes for the fiscal year one thousand nine hun- dred and fourteen. Approved— the 5th day of June, A. D. 1913. JOHN K. TENER. warrants of the commission, pay to the several school districts and road districts the amount due the same from the Commonwealth, as derived under this act. Approved— -the 5th day of June, A. D. 1913. JOHN K. TENER. Act No. 270. Providing a fixed charge on land classified as aux- iliary forest reserves; and the distribution of the fund thus set aside for school and road purposes. Whereas, By existing law the State forest re- serves are subject to an annual charge of two cents per acre for the benefit of schools, and two cents , per acre tor the benefit of roads, in the respective ! districts in which said reserves are located ; and Whereas, It would be a hardship to withhold from school and road districts the taxes which 1 would otherwise be collected from land classified as auxiliary forest reserves ; therefore, — \ Section i. Be it enacted, &c.. That all lands which shall hereafter be classified as auxiliary for- est reserves shall be subject to an annual charge of two cents per acre for the benefit of the schools, and two cents per acre for the benefit of the roads, in the respective districts in which said reserves are located. Said charge is hereby made payable by the State. Sec. 2. The State Forestry Reservation Com- mission shall certify to the respective school dis- tricts and road districts, throughout the Common- wealth, in which auxiliary forest reserves are located, the number of acres thus set apart and classified in each district, and the charge against the same ; and shall, furthermore, certify to the State Treasurer the number of acres as aforesaid, and the charge against the same, in favor of the respective school and road districts. The State Treasurer shall, upon the approval of the proper New Publications. Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution, by Dr. Agnes Arber. 8vo., 253 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. Cambridge University Press. $3.25. G P Putnam's Sons, New York, N. Y. In this volume Dr. Arber has given a condensed history of botany from 1470 to 1670, outlining its evolution primarily from a botanical and sec- ondarily from an artistic standpoint. It is founded upon a study of the early herbals, some of which are not readily accessible, the illustrations being taken directly from the originals. The first chapter deals'.briefly with Aristotelian and medicinal botany before the age of printing. After this invention was made a number of works were published, and this is an interesting botanical Renaissance of the earliest Latin, German, Eng- ish, the low countries, Italian, Swiss, and French herbal works. The evolutions of plant descrip- tion, plant classification, and the art of botanical illustration are all set forth, together with the , doctrine of signatures and astrological botany. I Appendices give a chronological list of the principal herbals and related botanical works published between 1470 and 1670, together with I a list of the principal works dealing with the sub- jects discussed in the volume. I 134 quaint illustrations and figures from old volumes are distributed through the work, show- ing good examples of the early engravers' labors. Austria not only sells timber, but timber prod- ucts from its forest lands, and disposes of about 1,500,000 railway ties a year. There is no pro- vision in the United States laws by which the na- tional forests can dispose of manufactured lumber, though the policy of selling standing timber is well established. The Board of Directors of the American For- estry Association, the Society for the Protection of the New Hampshire Forests, the Northeastern Foresters, the New Hampshire Timberland Qwn- I ers' Association, and the New Hampshire State Forestry Association held a joint forestry meeting ' at Lake Sunapee, N. H., July 22-24, 1913- HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern Stutes and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Romeyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branclilets^ and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in-^ dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, $8, delivered. •' With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany- can easily identify the trees "—itr<''«tft« Dewey ^ PresH Vt, Liihrary Ans*n. '* Indispensable for all students of trees." — Jiotanical Gazette. " P'xtraordlnarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch ot the original."— JV«w York Times. *' Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful. De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover."^ —The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." — The Nation " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees.— flour nal of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out of a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." —Dean Alvord, New York. " It is doubtful if any book placed before the public in recen. vears possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Louis Jjumbertnan. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen, treatment and execution."— €. Hart Merriam. A model in LEAF KEY TO THE TREES, By Romeyn Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price, 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMERICAN WOODS without extra charge. AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Romeyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when examined in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 25 species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; $7.50 in half- morocco. AMERICAN WOODS is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to be able to recognize the various woods and learn about them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies m the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin Iiistisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Oresson Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woods for the Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under > single cover-glass. Invaluable m the study of wood-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratory study. We iiave recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Stereopticon and Stereopticou Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and l)ranchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. Eihihiia of our lines may he m-n at thr following addresses : PKR>IANK>T KDITATIONAL EXHIBIT, omce of FA. FORESTRY ASSO( lATIOX, * hKiiA^^r , „, 70 oth Ave, (or. 13th St., >EW YORK. l»l*2 Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Office of FRAXKLIX H. HOVIiH, Esq., «(I0 F St. X. W., Suite ol9.521, WASHIXtJTOX, D. (. Yea are cordially invited to call and inspect the one nwst convenient to you or to write for partindars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. VOLUME OF DISPLAYED. AMERICAN WOODS Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. •64 FOREST leaves; The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. Biltmore Forest School. BILTMORE, N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months ol practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in -exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. FORESTERS CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CONSULTING AND OPERATING | CHESTNUT HILL. PHIL A. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDINO SCHOOL FOR BOYS. illustrated Catalogue upon application. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head MaiUr. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F.Houston, Vice-President. Georwe WooDWAttD, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIE8. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN, H. GORDON McCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without I conditions. Philadelphia, October, 1913. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoza Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS Editorials Autumn Arbor Day Proclamation Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation Forest Fire Poster Our Auxiliary Forest Reserves Pennsylvania Forest Service Notes A Large White Pine Tree What Forestry Can Accomphsh Forest Preservation in its Relation to Wild Bird Life Forestry and Higher Stumpage Values • Report of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission. Rate of Tree Growth 65 66 66 68 68 69 72 72 75 76 77 78 Subscription, $x. 00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRKST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necess-ty and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship fee. Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. /'r^xft/^*/, John Birkinbine. aiu » t «;« Vice-Presidents. Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. ., ««• u w w Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. ^, _ , . . Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. », i- c «--.- Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman; Mrs. George F- Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publicatton,]o\in Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. ,,. ,, m 1 • » IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. bchropp. Officb of thb AssociATioif. loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. EDITORIALS. "^OREST LEAVES invites attention to an P* announcement by the Pennsylvania De- ^ partment of Forestry of the rules affecting auxiliary forest reserves. The full text of the three acts authorizing auxiliary forest reserves and the taxation of the same were presented in the August issue, and this announcement of the De- partment is explanatory of the method of proce- dure to be followed. After years of earnest endeavor the friends of forestry have secured the enactment of legislation encouraging private forestry by preventing exces- sive taxation, at the same time protecting the State by proper regulations. It is hoped that owners of much of our wild lands will take this opportunity to reforest denuded areas from which good financial returns may be expected. The Commonwealth will be benefitted by increased natural resources, possible improvement in stream regulation, and continuance of the lumber in- dustry. Additional legislation has enabled the Depart- ment of Forestry to lease for a term of years small areas in the forest reserves to citizens, thus adding to the usefulness of the reserves as outing grounds for the publie. The Department is also enabled to aid local fire protective associations by paying for forest fire patrols during the danger season an amount equal to that expended by the local organizations. Other legislation has furnished appropriations for the maintenance of the Department of Forestry, the Forest Academy, prevention and extinguish- ment of forest fires, administration of the reserves, etc also made some minor changes in existing laws. *' * ♦ * * ^ Following custom but always an earnest advo- cate. Superintendent of Public Instruction Dr. Nathan C. Schaeffer has issued his announcement 66 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 67 of the selection of Friday, October 24th, as the Fall Arbor Day, as appears in this issue. His appeal to the children, who learn to know and enjoy trees by intimate association, and his admonition to parents and teachers, should assist in bringing attention to the importance of caring for existing and propagating new forests. • -'- ^C >^ >i< ^ We are pleased to present in this issue abstracts of the addresses of Prof. J. A. Ferguson and Dr Witmer Stone, completing the excellent series of lectures presented at the late Forestry Exhibition held in Philadelphia May i9th-24th. Autumn Arbor Day Proclamation. " lie that planteth a tree is a servant of God, He provideth a kindness for many generations, And faces that he hath not seen shall bless him. —Henry Van Dyke. | TTTHE trees are our friends. They protect us I from the glare of the sun in summer and ; ■^ shield us from the chilly blasts of winter. They beautify the streets of our towns and cities, i They adorn the greensward of our homes. They clothe our hilltops and husband our supply of water. 1 Noble trees do not attain their growth in a i day. The fullness of years is theirs. From an I acorn to a mighty oak is more than the span of a human life Many of the trees most highly prized by us are due to the foresight and kindness of our fathers and forefathers. They have planted that we might be benefited. Let us pass on to those who follow that which has been handed down to us. With the unselfish- ness of our forbears, let us plant the forest, the shade and the fruit trees. In this spirit and in accordance with estab- lished custom Friday, October 24, 19 13, is hereby designated and set aside as Autumn , Arbor Day. It is earnestly urged that teachers and pupils in all public and private schools of this Commonwealth, with an appreciation of the needs i and comforts of the coming generations, will ob- serve this day by the planting of trees, and with suitable exercises. Nathan C. Schaeffer, State Superintendent of Pubhc Instruction. The national forests contain water powers with an aggregate estimated capacity of 12,000,000 horse-power, available for use under permit from the Secretary of Agriculture. Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation. 7\ SUPPLEMENT to an act entitled *'An /X act to establish a Department of Forestry, '^ to provide for its proper administration, to regulate the acquisition of land for the Com- monwealth, and to provide for the control pro- tection, and maintenance of forest reserves by the Department of Forestry," approved the twenty- fifth day of February, Anno Domini one thousand nine hundred and one. Pamphlet Laws page 11, authorizing the Department of Forestry to desig- nate certain of the foresters within its employ to act as district foresters in the performance of general forest work other than within the State forests. . ^ Whereas, in accordance with section three ot an act entitled '' An act to establish a Department of Forestry, to provide for its proper administra- tion, to regulate the acquisition of land for the Commonwealth, and to provide for the control, protection, and maintenance of forest reserves by the Department of Forestry," it is provided that it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Forestry, ' among other things, '' to encourage and promote the development of forestry, to obtain and publish I information respecting the extent and condition of forest lands in the State, and to execute all rules and regulations adopted by the Forestry Reserva- tion Commission for the enforcement of all laws designated for the protection of forests from fire and depredation," and Whereas, it is desirable and expedient that that phase of forestry known as farmers' woodlot and private forestry be given greater consideration and assistance than it has heretofore received, there- Section i. Be it enacted, etc., That the De- partment of Forestry be authorized to designate, wherever the demands of forestry warrant, certain of the foresters in the State Forest Service to be known as district foresters, and that the districts to which they may be assigned shall be coterminus with one or more of the counties throughout the Commonwealth. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the district for- ester, under the direction of the department, to promote within his district the development of forestry by conducting such educational efforts as may be necessary to bring to the attention of the people the uses and purposes of practical forestry, to render assistance to forest and woodlot owners, to conduct experiments in forestry, to collect data concerning forests and woodlots within his dis- trict, to inspect and report to the department upon the work of the fire wardens, to advise with 1 land owners upon the planting and protection of shade trees, to assist in Arbor Day work, and to promote and advance any other activity in local forestry which may be designated by the Depart- ment of Forestry. The district forester shall be supplied by the Department with suitable office facilities and supplies to enable him to carry on his work. Approved — the 2 2d day of July, A. D. 191 3. . John K. Tener. No. 432.— A SUPPLEMENT To an act entitled ** An act to create a system of fire wardens, to preserve the forests of the Com- monwealth by preventing and suppressing forest fires, and prescribing penalties for the violation thereof ; providing for the compensation of the fire wardens and those who assist in extinguishing fire, and making an appropriation therefor," ap- proved the thirteenth day of May, one thousand ! nine hundred and nine ; conferring authority upon the Department of Forestry to enter into co-oper- ative relations with local associations established \ for the purpose of preventing forest fires, and | providing for and regulating a local fire patrol, i and the compensation thereof. Whereas, The question of forest fires and their suppression has become a serious problem within this Commonwealth, the losses therefrom amount- ing to large sums of money each year, which losses , ought to be prevented by adequate legislative authority and assistance ; and 1 Whereas ; Local associations for the prevention and suppression of forest fires have been estab- lished in different parts of the Commonwealth, composed of owners of land with timber growing thereon, whose lands are every year subjected to the menace of forest fires ; and Whereas, It is desirable that the Department of Forestry co-operate with such associations, and render assistance to them in accomplishing to the best advantage the work which they are estab- lished to do, therefore, — Section i. Be it enacted, etc., That the De- partment of Forestry is hereby authorized to enter into co-operative agreements with local forest fire associations within this Commonwealth for the ])revention and suppression of forest fires ; and is hereby authorized to expend, from its general for- est fire appropriation for this purpose, a sum of money equal in amount to the amount which shall be experded by each local association for the employment of proper persons to patrol such lands during those danger seasons of the year known as the forest fire seasons, and for such period of time each season as, in the judgment of the local association and the department, it is necessary or expedient to maintain such regular patrol ; and under such terms and conditions made with such local associations as, in the judgment of said department, will produce the best and most satisfactory results in the prevention and suppres- sion of forest fires ; Provided that such expendi- ture by the department shall not exceed $30 per month for each patrolman. Sec. 2. Every such local forest fire protection association shall render to the Department of Forestry, at the end of each calendar year, a report showing the number of acres of land comprised within the activities of the association, and an itemized statement of all receipts and expendi- tures during the year for which the report is ren- dered. And in case no appropriation shall be made by the Legislature for forest fire and protec- tive work, at any future time, all such co-opera- tive agreements, subsisting at that time, shall be construed as being suspended during such interval for which no appropriation is made. Said local association shall also report any general results of the work that the Commissioner of Forestry may desire. I Sec. 3. The fire seasons hereinabove mentioned ■ shall not be construed, by reason of the act to which this act is a supplement as being limited to the periods of time stated in the eighteenth section thereof. I Sec. 4. When any group of land owners desire to organize themselves into a mutual forest fire ! protective association, they shall promptly notify the Commissioner of Forestry of their intent, if it be the desire of such land owners to avail them- selves of the benefits of this act. Approved— the 22d day of July, A. D. 1913. , John K. Tener. No. 16.— AN ACT Authorizing the Depaitment of Forestry to lease portions of the State forest for church, school, health, and recreation purposes. Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That the De- partment of Forestry is hereby authorized to lease, for a period not exceeding ten years, on such terms and conditions as it may consider reasonable, to any citizen, church, organization, or school board of Pennsylvania, such portion of the State forest as the department may deem suitable, as a site for a temporary building to be used by such citizen or family for health and recreation, or as a site for church or school purposes. Sec 2. The receipts from such leasing shall be paid into the State Treasury. Eighty per centum thereof, so paid in, shall constitute a part of the State school fund of Pennsylvania. Approved— The 27th day of March, A. D. 1913. ^^ John K. Tener. II I I 68 FOREST LEAVES. Forest Fire Poster, THE Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsyl- vania, has issued an attractive fire poster, printed in red and black, which is given below : STOP Forest Fires They are a Curse to the People of Pennsylvania Forest Fires Destroy Existing Forests Possibility of Future Forests Possibility of Labor Beauty of a Region Comfort Homes Lives Prosperity Protected Forests Increase in Value They Furnish Labor, Promote Industry, Afford Recreation and Sport, Make a Region Beautiful, Make Homes Safe and Comfortable, Make Life Worth Living, and a Prosperous State Inhabited by a Contented and Industrious People. Which Would You Rather Have Forest Fires Floods Disease Destruction Devastation > OR < Green Forests Pure Water Health Thriving Industries Prosperity For Information Respecting Pennsylvania Forests and Tree Planting, write to Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Our Auxiliary Forest Reserves. THE Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has prepared a statement explaining the legislation recently enacted concerning Auxiliary Forest Reserves, which is presented for the information of the readers of Forest Leaves. The Legislature of 19 13 enacted epoch-making legislation by substituting a yield tax for the ordi- nary tax upon a newly created class of lands to be known as ** Auxiliary Forest Reserves." The text of the three statutes comprising this enact- ment appeared in the August issue. It is unquestionably the duty of a State to pro- vide for its present and its future welfare. The fostering of conditions which bring about non- productive soil is suicidal. Encouraging condi- tions by reason of which waste places will be pre- vented and those now waste will be changed to valuable productive areas, is a far-sighted policy. The production of a timber crop is necessary, for ** next to our need of food and water comes our need of wood." The Commonwealth partially recognized its duty in 1897 by authorizing the purchase of land for the establishment of forest reserves, and at present the purchases do not aggregate more than one million acres. Trees, as individuals, in small groups, or in large groups, are of value to others than those upon whose land they are growing, and there are millions of acres of land upon which a crop of trees is the only crop that can be produced with profit to anyone. It has always been recog- nized that the State could not own all the land that should bear trees, or all the forests necessary for continued welfare. Therefore, it was under further obligations to make it possible and profit- able for individuals to produce trees. There are three factors, however, which have largely pre- vented individuals from caring properly for grow- ing forests, namely, the long time required to produce a marketable crop, danger from forest fire, and confiscatory taxes. Protection of forests from fire has been under consideration since the founding of the Province, and the problem is not yet solved satisfactorily. Efforts to give some relief to forest land owners from unfair taxation have been made frequently since 1870, and have borne fruit at last, in the auxiliary forest reserve laws. It is to be hoped that with these laws in force, individuals will now take up the growing of tim- ber crops as a business. With reasonable taxation assured, co operation between local individuals and the State for protection from forest fires will be brought about. With these two preventive factors overruled, the length of time required to grow timber is no longer a serious hindrance. Forest investments will be better than life insur- ance, and as good as reasonably safe long-time investments in bonds. In most cases the length of time before returns may be had from a woodlot or forest is not so long as some people think. The auxiliary forest reserve laws constitute a separate and distinct class of land for taxing pur- poses, to be known as auxiliary forest reserves. Surface land only may be set apart as auxiliary forest reserves. Minerals will be assessed sepa- rately. ; If an owner of surface land desires to have it placed in the class, he ** shall notify the State Forestry Reservation Commission," at Harris- burg, Pennsylvania. A blank form will be sent I him, upon which he must give *• a description of FOREST LEAVES. 69 the land, its location, boundary, area, and char- acter, and shall state as far as practicable the species, character and condition of the trees growing thereon, and whether they are of natural reproduction or from seed sown for the purpose, or have been set out on said land, or all com- bined, and such other information as the Com- mission may require." If the surface land be suitable for an auxiliary forest reserve, before it can be placed in the class, *< the owner must agree in writing, with the Com- mission, to care for the trees growing thereon, | according to instructions and directions of the Commission, up to such time as such trees become suitable for forest products." ** Trees shall be removed, after having been designated by the Commission, with or without a request from the owner, in accordance with instructions of the Commission." | Planting of small trees or seed must be done when necessary to put the forest into the best | condition, or protection must be afforded so that natural forest growth of valuable species may occupy the area. The owner may remove at any time trees or portions of trees killed by fire, thrown or broken by the wind, or injured by other natural causes. All other cuttings, however, must be in accordance with directions of the Commission. A reasonable quantity of material may be used upon the neighboring cleared land of the owner for general farm purposes. Upon violation of the agreement, the Commis- sion may remove the land from the class. The owner himself may have the land with- drawn from the class by notifying the Commission in writing. The Commission may require a bond of the owner to secure the obligations of the owner under the Act. Surface land placed in the class of auxiliary forest reserves may be sold or incumbered without discharging any obligation under the act consti- tuting the class. Whenever the Commission admits surface land to the class of auxiliary forest reserves, it shall " so declare and certify to the Commissioners of the county in which said land is located." The county commissioners shall then reduce, in their records, the assessment, to a sum not in excess of one dollar ($1) per acre. When timber is cut from the area, 10 per cent, of its value immediately at and before cutting must be paid in lieu of ordinary taxes. Such Jtayment is to be made by the timber owner to the (ounty treasurer within 90 days after cutting. A ijond covering 20 per cent, of the value of the standing timber to be cut must be filed with the county treasurer by the timber owner. The value of timber cut must be certified under oath or affirmation by the land owner, in tripli- cate, and one certificate sent to the county com- missioners, one to the county treasurer, and one to the State Forestry Reservation Commission. If land is removed from the class before matur- ity of the timber the owner is liable for the amount of taxes which would have been paid upon the original assessment, with legal interest from date each payment would have become delinquent, less what has been paid upon the assessment of the class, with legal interest upon such payments from date of payments. If removal from the class be requested after the harvesting of the timber and the payment of tax thereon, the land is liable to assessment and tax as all other land not classed as auxiliary forest reserves. The State pays respectively to school and road districts two cents for schools and two cents for roads for each acre set apart in the class. Pennsylvania Forest Service Notes. State Foresters' Summer Convention, THE State Foresters of Pennsylvania held their second annual summer convention in the South Mountain State Forest, August 12, 13, and 14. If the same interest and enthu- siasm which were manifest this year continue, the meetings are sure to be of great practical value to every man in the service. About 35 foresters were in attendance. It was impossible to accom- modate so many visitors at the State Forest Aca- demy at Mont Alto, so most of them made their headquarters at Chambersburg. The program was attractive. Tuesday after- noon the foresters left Chambersburg to visit the Caledonia Division. Arriving at Caledonia park, they were driven to the nearest plantations. Some of these were mixed plantations of white pine, white ash, and black locust planted in 1906. Each of the first two species has made an excellent height growth averaging about six feet. In some places, the black locust has hindered the white pine by shade and whipping. The pure white pine plantations are all well set, the average annual height growth last year being about 18 inches. While upon the plantations the most im- portant subject discussed was the proper distance to space trees when planting. At two o'clock all assembled in the park audi- torium to listen to an address by that grand old I man. Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the father of forestry in Pennsylvania. FOREST LEAVES. 71 70 FOREST LEAVES. Some very interesting facts were learned while Dr Rothrock related what he termed '' Some ot the Unwritten History of the Forestry Movement in Pennsylvania." To show the attitude of the people towards forestry thirty-six years ago, he said • *^ In 1877 the speaker was appointed by the , American Philosophical Society to deliver a course of lectures in Horticultural Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. These lectures were extensively advertised. As usual an enterprising reporter was there to listen, and this is what he sent to his paper for publication. ^ The learned gentleman orated for one hour to a select audience of three. Very few people had heard of forestry, and, of those who heard, very few cared about it. Fores- i try simple and pure was not attractive but forestry mixed in proper proportions with evolution, be- , came an immense success from the view point of attendance. Three times during the fourteen years that I delivered the lectures, was the seat- ing capacity of the hall increased to take care of the audience, and often almost as many went away because they could not get into the room. Public spirited men and women came to hear what I had to say about evolution and about plants that ate meat, and in each of these lectures there was some forestry lugged in head and shoulders. ^^By 1 89 1, the speaker was asked to abandon his work as Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania and devote himself exclusively to conducting a forestry propaganda. This came about because the forestry spirit had previously crystallized into the formation of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association and the publication of Forest Lkavfs. Both of these useful agencies still continue in full force and vigor. The official connection of the State with the forestry movement dates from 1893, and ever since that time it has received the support of in- fluential men in the Democratic as well as in the Republican party. So gentlemen, please observe that a man may be honest and highminded even though he is not of your political faith. ^'The idea of Forestry is intrenched in the structure of the Commonwealth, and is a part of ■the State Government. No one believes that it will ever be abandoned, because its real relation to the prosperity of the State is too fully under- stood. But there will be ups and downs in this, just as in other business, so, young gentlemen, I beg of you to do your best for the cause ; for in the success of your work lies in a large measure the prosperity of the Commonwealth. Dig that others may build." Dr. Rothrock' s address was responded to by Prof. Filibert Roth, Dean of the School of For- estry, University of Michigan. Before the meet- ing adjourned, Miss Mira L. Dock, of the State Forestry Reservation Commission, tendered an invitation to all wives of foresters who were pres- ent, to spend Wednesday afternoon at her home near Caledonia. The remainder of the afternoon was spent visit- ing the nursery, experimental plantations, and the new road recently built by Robert G. Conklin, forester in charge of this Division. Although mention was made of these experimental planta- tions in the December issue of Forest Leaves, it is surely a treat for any one to see them. At present, the growth of the seedlings on each sam- ple plot is excellent; and only by the careful records which are being kept will it be possible to determine which method is the most successful. On Wednesday morning the foresters visited the Mont Alto Division. Arriving at Mont Alto they drove to the Forest Academy, where they were welcomed by E. A. Ziegler, Director of the Academy. Following Mr. Ziegler's address, G. H Wirt, Forest Inspector of Pennsylvania, for- mer Director of the Forest Academy, spoke of the conditions on the Mont Alto Division prior to the establishment of the school ; then traced its de- velopment, step by step, up to the present day. He showed how the needs of Pennsylvania were peculiar, and, although a forestry school was essential to the success of the work, it was not an easy task to plan its first curriculum. He refuted the statement recently published in a forestry journal, and strongly emphasized, that the first curriculum was not copied from any institution in Germany or in America. Later, in referring to this statement. Prof. Roth said, the natural sur- 1 roundings of Mont Alto Forest Academy were suggestive of its own curriculum ; and that it would have been a mistake even to try to use some other curriculum, because none other could answer its purpose. There were also addresses by Prof. Roth, and Hon. I. C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry. At the beginning of his address Prof. Roth said that of all the forestry schools he knew, the location of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy was the most picturesque of any. He informed us that the School of Forestry of the University of Michigan was exactly as old as the school at Mont Alto, and that he brought greet- ings from our sister State. He spoke also of the advancement forestry education has made in this country during the past ten years and of the growth of the National Forest Service ; stating that the sale of 700,000,000 feet of timber from one forest was sufficient to show the magnitude of that department of the Federal Government. \ Mr. Williams described the investment of the State in Forestry. For the past twenty years the Legislatures have made appropriations to promote the work. Thus far the returns have been small. Hence the aim of every forester should be to pro- duce a revenue from his forest. This simply means the utilization of such material, the removal of which will improve, rather than impair, the forest. He urged each forester to become thor- oughly acquainted with every wood using industry near his forest, in order that waste in utilization be diminished and the cost of production reduced. In the afternoon the plantations at the Old Forge were visited and a new road recently built by Lewis E. Staley, forester in charge of this Division was inspected. The plantations are of white pine in abandoned fields planted in the spring of 1910. The trees are free from the white pine weevil, and the average height growth is good being about two and one-half feet. Thursday morning the foresters left Chambers- burg for Pond Bank, another portion of the Mont Alto Division, where other plantations were visited. All of these have made excellent growth. The p:uropean larch planted in 1909 is about three feet six inches high and the Scotch pine set ' out the same year is about four feet six inches in height and remarkably straight. Hon. S. B. Elliott, of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission, states that this latter characteristic of the Scotch pine is to be found only when well selected seed from southern Germany has been planted. Otherwise the trees are crooked and distorted. He also called attention to the proper selection of site before planting, using as his ex- ample the white ash. Upon low moist ground these seedlings averaged six feet in height ; while | the same species upon higher ground, averaged not more than three feet six inches. On Thursday afternoon the commencement ex- ercises were held in the auditorium at the Aca- demy. Eleven students were graduated and re- ceived the degree of Bachelor of Forestry. The principal address was delivered by Prof. Roth, of the University of Michigan. There were also addresses by Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the American Forestry Association, Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, and Prof. E. A. Ziegler, Director of the Academy, who also presented the diplomas to the graduates. * D. k. W. Timber Sales, The Department has let a contract for the re- moval of fire scarred timber from 150 acres on the Pocono Division of the Minisink Forest for mine ties and railroad ties. The tract is eight miles from the railroad and the following prices on the stump are received : 5 ft. mine ties, . . . i cent each. 5 ft. peeled oak mine ties, 4)4 cents each. 7 ft. trolley ties, . . 11 cents each. Standard railroad ties, . 28 cents each. The following rules of cutting are followed ac- cording to the contract : Care shall be exercised not to injure or destroy young growing trees and non-merchantable ma- terial. Fire must not be permitted to start upon the tract or elsewhere as the result of the operation. Should fire be started, the force of employees must immediately proceed to extinguish it. No stumps shall be cut which will stand over one foot high from the general level of the ground. The tops of all felled trees shall be lopped so that the branches lie close to the ground. The operation is subject to the supervision of the forester in charge. J- L. S. State Forest Academy. On September 2d, the State Forest Academy at Mont Alto began the eleventh year of its exist- ' ence, with an attendance of twenty-five students. Eleven are first year men who have stood the test of the com])etitive examination in June and were further picked from a total of fifteen sent to the State Forests for a practical test of six weeks at woods work. The Department of Forestry has just issued a neat booklet on the occasion of the completion of the tenth year of the Academy, giving a concise description of the school and curriculum. This may be had on application to the Department at Harrisburg. G. A. R. I Mont Alto Nursery, The nursery at Mont Alto will supply about one and one-half million white pine seedlings and , fifty thousand broad leaf seedlings, for planting in the spring of 1914. The poor quality of the seed obtained last spring will be responsible for a greatly reduced yield the next year. The Depart- ment will make an attempt to obtain its own seed within the State this fall. Primeval pine in Forest County is looked to for a portion ot this supply. According to the lumbermen, this is the first seed year in that locality for twelve years^ The cones are well filled and the seed of good G. A. K. size. Recreation Grounds. In the building of the dam at Promised Land Pond and of Peck's Dam on State land in Pike county, the State has gone a long way in the matter of carrying out the intention of the Fores- try Department to make State Forests recreation grounds for the people of the Commonwealth. 72 FOREST LEAVES. The roads leading to both places are in fair con- dition and the presence of automobile parties in large numbers attests to the popularity of these places as haunts of bass and pickerel. Many large catches are reported. It is to be hoped that the Department will pur- sue this policy further so that these State Forests may be made a free and open avenue to a full realization of their purposes. J. L- S. Protection. On the Trough Creek State Forest, it has been found neces'jary to open lanes along the boundary lines as a precaution against fire, which is liable to start at any time on adjoining tracts now being lumbered by private parties. These parties are using no protection whatever ; and although they are liable for damages arising from their careless- ness, yet the forester in charge feels that an effort should be made to prevent the spread of fire over State land, since the growing stock is what we are striving for in State Forests. W. E. H. On an area of 6,000 acres, which comprises the Trough Creek State Forest, a total of 600 chest- nut trees affected with the chestnut bark disease were found, cut, and burned. W. E. H. Recently the Department of Forestry published a 14 by 22 in. poster calling attention to forest fires, which appears in this issue of Forest Leaves. A circular letter about this poster was sent to all the railroads within Pennsylvania, and at the same time asking that the companies take up the matter of placing some statement with reference to forest fires upon their time tables and other folders. The response from the various companies and the offers of co-operation which have been received by the Department are very gratifying to it and should be to all others who are interested in the preservation of forests. Seventeen railroads have made a request upon the Department to furnish sufficient posters, so that the officials of the companies themselves could post one in each of their stations ; while three have granted permis.-ion to our officials to place posters in all of their stations. Four railroads either have a reference to forest fires in their time tables, or are considering it. In 1912 the Pennsylvania R. R. Co. issued a card calling attention to forest fires, which no doubt was placed in most of their stations, at least through wooded sections. Several railroads in the State have issued posi- tive instructions to their officials relative to the suppression of fires along their rights of way, or the notification of foresters and fire wardens when it is not possible for them to attend to the matter. A Large White Pine Tree AFTER trees reach their maturity, decay commences, and true conservation con- sists in the utilization of the wood before it begins to deteriorate. Most of the larger trees are defective and the butts often contain an excessive amount of rot, but this was not the case with the ** White Pine King" owned by the Potlatch Lumber Company of Potlatch, Idaho, to whom we are indebted for the illustrations. This tree was among a group of exceedingly large white pine trees near Collins, Idaho, being taken from Section 4, Township 41 N. R. .1 West-Boise Meridian. It was cut on December 12, 191 1, and showed a length of 207 feet and an average diameter at the butt of 6 feet 9 inches. Prof Shattuck, of the State Forestry School of Idaho, gave the age of the tree as 427 years. The tree was perfectly solid, and the lumber scale showed that it produced 29,800 feet B. M., or more than one large carload of lumber. The high grade of the product is shown by the per- centage of lumber secured as follows : C. Select and better, . 34.04 per cent. D. Select, 1 . . 36-93 No. I Common, . . 5-72 No. 2 Common, . . 4-7o No. 3 Common, * . 8.41 No. 4 Common, . . 10.20 At the Forestry Exhibition held by the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association in Philadelphia last May, OwenM. Bruner & Co. had a plank made from this tree in their display. It was 55)^ in- ches wide and attracted much attention. a i i ( ( I ( a ( » ( < ( i ( ( I ( What Forestry Can Accomplish. (Prof. J. A. Ferguson, State College.) ONE of the duties clearly recognized by our government is that of maintaining the agricultural soils of the country in a pro- ductive condition. Millions of dollars are spent every year by the Department of Agriculture at Washington in carrying on investigations to deter- mine the character of agricultural soils and the proper methods of handling them. We believe this money to be rightly and wisely spent, for as a people we believe in the principles of conserva- tion, and these principles applied to the soil mean the right use of the soil, the putting of each kind of soil to that use for which it is best adapted. Agricultural soils, however, are not the only kinds with which we have to deal. This country contains a vast amount of land unsuited to the growing of any farm crops, such as mountainous Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 5. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 5. tk^.^Xmi* »».*. A WHITE PINE KING, POTLATCH LUMBER CO., POTLATCH, IDAHO. ^ w k '^■..^i- jy ^ ^n^. THE FALLEN WHITE PINE KING, POTLATCH, IDAHO. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 5. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv.. No. 5. A WHITE PINE KING, POTLATCH LUMBER CO., POTLATCH, IDAHO. « ■ ^*^' f ^V/". -.^ si> \^^ ^.-/- '. \.*- #; » ■^,r,:f ¥ <• ■<; •J fey <^^x -^^••^ ^^■.*S^ ■i-^JS**!.-* •• J:- Vi #' t • ■4, ^^'.-'.^ ^._ ;-:j ■■'v. ;. * jM> ^^ «ii' \ ■■'■ --■^^"v"' .'■■A *v'l5 THE FALLEN WHITE PINE KING, POTLATCH, IDAHO. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 73 land, land that is too steep or stony, or ihat is too infertile to be devoted to agricultural purposes. We would be doing but half our duty with respect to the soil if we considered only the agricultural soil. Is it not just as important from an economic standpoint that the poorer soils be made to yield their harvest and be maintained in a productive condition as that agricultural soils be so treated ? Conservation of the soil implies not only the right use of the agricultural soils but the right use of all our soils. So we find in the Department of Agriculture at Washington a Forest Service whose fundamental duty it is to care for the poor lands of the country, those lands that are better adapted to the growing of forest trees than of agricultural crops. In like manner in most of the States, as in Pennsylvania, there exists a Department of Agri- culture and a Department of Forestry, each dealing with its particular problem of the soils of the State. Agriculture and forestry thus go hand in hand in bringing about the proper use of all the soil. The one is the complement of the other, agricul- ture being especially interested in those soils which are capable of yielding a profit when devoted to agricultural crops, and forestry with those soils on which the only profitable crop is forest trees. Such is the position which forestry holds among our other activities. Together with agriculture it aims to bring under cultivation all the land, so that no soil may lie idle, but that each may be made to yield its increase. The utilization of the poor soils of the country is one of the chief things that forestry can accomplish. Considered from this standpoint, what an important position does for- estry hold in such a State as Pennsylvania, where millions of acres of land (probably 50 per cent. of the total area of the State) is not agricultural soil. The greater part of this land, once covered with valuable forests, has been stripped of its trees, repeatedly burned, and is now in an unpro- ductive condition. In no other State is the duty of the State with respect to such lands more clearly recognized than in Pennsylvania. Nearly a million acres of this barren and cutover land have been purchased, students are being educated to care for them and protect them from fire, seedlings are being raised in forest nurseries and planted on the barren por- tions. A good start has been made toward reclaim- ing these poor soils of the State, soils which although they will not grow an agricultural crop will grow forests. There is no doubt but that the reforestation of these lands will continue until they are again covered with forests, nor is there any fear that the people will soon change their forest policy. By protecting our forests from fire and by the planting of seedlings of forest trees, we are not only reclaiming the land and bringing it back into productive condition, but we are also pre- paring for a future supply of timber. Of all our natural resources wood is undoubtedly the most useful because it is the most adaptable. One has but to look about him to see its manifold uses and to realize our dependence on a continuance of the supply. In spite of the substitutes for it, the consumption has steadily increased. Owing to its plentifulness up to the present time and its cheapness as compared with other materials, we have become the greatest wood consuming nation in the world. Compared with other countries, the annual consumption is enormous ; 260 cubic feet are used for each man, woman and child in this country, as compared with 37 for Germany and 25 for France. It has been well said that our future economic development depends on a con- tinuance of the wood supply. That this enormous consumption of wood cannot continue indefinitely under the present conditions is shown by the fact that we have already utilized over half the original timber supply of the country and are now cutting the remainder three times as fast as it grows. Al- ready in Pennsylvania we begin to hear about the last stands of virgin timber, and it is the hope of all that some of these tracts may be set aside and preserved, so that future generations may see the character of the forests that once clothed our State. The question of the future supply of timber has already become a serious one. Is it not the duty of the State to look after its future welfare in this as in other respects ? The planting of trees on the thousands of acres in our forest reserves and the protecting of them from fire will help to meet the future demand for timber. But however great the efforts of the State may be in this direction, it cannot hope to supply that demand alone, for it is not probable that it will ever own all the forest land. The millions of acres of denuded land under private ownership must also be brought into a productive condition. There is no more important work before the people than the reforestation of these lands. It is along this line, the stimulation of private owners to the practice of forestry, that the greatest field of endeavor and accomplishment lies with forestry to-day. Nothing can be accomplished in private forestry however until the conditions for the practice of forestry are made favorable. The most important of these conditions are the relieving of growing timber from the burden of over taxation and the assurance that a forest crop can be brought 74 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 75 through to maturity. The question of the taxa- tion of forest lands has been under consideration by our State legislature this year, and great credit is due them for the passage of the bills for solving this problem. So the greatest drawback to private forestry to day is the forest fire. No owner of forest land is going to invest his time and money in reforestation or forest culture unless he is sure his efforts will be of some avail. The planting of seed, the raising of seedlings, the thinning of forests to better their condition for growth, all forest operations are useless unless the forests can be protected from fire. In no other State is this problem a more serious one than in Pennsylvania. Fires burn almost at will through the privately owned forests. Only when thev become of such proportions as to endanger life' or threaten the destruction of property outside the forest, are any efforts made as a usual thing to stop them. Can private owners be expected to , undertake forest operations however favorable are the other conditions for successful forest practice, unless this fundamental condition is satisfied, that of assuring the safety of the forest crop ? ! That forest fires can be controlled has been ' demonstrated on the State forests where by the establishment of patrol, by the erection of lookout stations, and the construction of roads and trails through the forest, forest fires have been reduced , to a minimum. If the present system of fire wardens and the methods employed in suppress- ing fires on private forest lands is of no avail, some more effective system should be devised. If the fires are due to a lack of equipment and of funds for hiring men for patrol and for fighting fires then more monev should be made available. Unless this menace of forest fires is removed no progress can be made in the practice of forestry on our privately owned forests. Never in the history of any country has so much been accomplished in forestry in so short a time as in the United States. In Germany and France the forestry movement did not begin until the pinch of a timber famine had long been felt. The agitation for the placing of the forests of this • country under forest management, began long before the people realized that there might come a time when the forests would finally disappear. That so much could have been accomplished in so short a time in national forestry, and that for- estry should have such a firm hold on the people as to now be a fixed policy of the country, was due to the efforts of Mr. Pinchot in educating the people to the forestry movement. That the State of Pennsylvania could have made the progress she has thus far made in for- estry, and that she occupies the prominent posi- tion she does among the other States in her forest policy was due in like manner to the untiring efforts of Dr. Rothrock, the first Commissioner of Forestry, and the people associated with him, pioneers in the forestry movement of Pennsyl- vania. Realizing that the development of such a movement could take place only as fast as the people understood its principles their early ef- forts were devoted to educating the people to the true principles of forestry, the raising of crops of trees So well was the work done that when the time came for the establishing of a State Depart- ment of Forestry, a forest policy ^f adopted that was far in advance of that of any other Sta e, and that has placed Pennsylvania among the leaders in the forestry movement in the country. But however much the people may believe to- day in the national forest policy, and in that of the State of Pennsylvania, can it be said that they believe in private forestry? Less than i per cent, of the privately owned forests of the country are under forest management. In the btate ot Pennsylvania more than 50 per cent, of whose area is true forest land, of which nearly 90 per cent is in private ownership, scarcely a begin- ning has been made. How shall we account for this fact? Economic considerations have un- doubtedly deterred many from the practice of forestry. Others have been kept from devoting their lands to forestry because of the danger from fire and the burden of taxation. But there are thousands of acres of land in the State of Penn- sylvania that would now be under forest manage- ment had the application of the principles of forestry to private forests been better understood. Many people still conceive of forestry as some- thing that is applicable to the management of the National and State forests, but have no idea of the value it would be to them in the management ot their own forest lands. This attitude toward for- estry is not surprising when it is considered that the education received in forestry has been di- rected mainly to the establishment of the national and State forest policies. The principles of for- estry are just as applicable however to the manage- ment of private forests as of State forests, as applicable to the farmers woodlot of a single acre as to the management of one of the great national forests of a million acres. The people believe in forestry but they do not understand its applica- tion, t r ^U ^ A great educational field lies here before those interested in the forestry movement. In spite ot the educational work already done, the people know but little of what forestry really means. ( n little avail will it be to bring about favorable con- ditions for the practice of private forestry unless the people are made acquainted with the benefits to be derived therefrom. Forestry should be introduced in the schools in connection with the teaching of the natural sci- ences in order that every child may understand : the principles of forest growth and learn to appre- ciate the value of forests and the necessity for their | care and protection. The people must be made acquainted with what has been done in forestry and what can be expected from the planting and care of trees. The State forests, should serve as examples to the larger owners of what can be accomplished through the proper management of forest lands. Woodlots in every county should be established as demonstration areas, where the farmers can see carried out the proper methods of woodlot management and note the results ob- | tained. Farm journals and the newspapers can be of great help as they have been in the past. There is need of books setting forth the principles of forestry in a simple manner. This is a move- ment in which all can help and work together. When it is considered what has been accomplished through the education of the people for the ad- vancement of the national and State forest poli- cies, is there any reason to doubt but that efforts for the practice of private forestry will meet with ecjual success and will be the means of placing under forest management millions of acres of land that are now lying idle ? Who can estimate the benefits of the reforestation of our denuded forest lands, not only in the reclaiming of the soils and placing them again on a productive basis, not only in providing for a future supply of timber, but also in the protection of the soil from erosion and the consequent silting up of the rivers and harbors, in the prevention of floods and the conserving of the water supplies in the mountains to feed the rivers for navigation and for turning the wheels of many industries, in tempering the climate, in forming great reservoirs of pure water for quench- ing man's thirst, and recreation grounds for his health and pleasure? These are some of the things that forestry can accomplish. Are they not worth striving for? Twenty-two States, including Hawaii, now employ State foresters. Light burning of underbrush to remove forest litter had been practiced in India, with the idea that it improves conditions for teak growing. Now after long investigations forest officials there say that the fires are harmful, that full fire pro- tection must be extended everywhere, and that to be really effective this protection must be con- tinuous. Forest Preservation in Its Relation to Wild Bird Life. DR. WITMER STONE, President Pennsyl- vania Audubon Society and Curator of the Academy of Natural Sciences, said that in studying the conservation of wild life one is struck with the wonderful inter-relation that exists between plants and animals, and between different groups of each. Left to herself nature maintains an admirable balance and any forms of animal life that are dependent for their exist- ence upon plant food, are kept in check and pre- vented from becoming a pest by other animals which prey upon them. The trouble usually comes when man disturbs nature's balance. One of the greatest dangers to the forests is found in the myriads of destructive insects which feed upon leaves, roots, fruit or trunks and nature's check against their undue increase is found in smaller parasitic insects and in wild birds which devour them at all stages from the egg to the imago. Once the wild birds are driven away or exter- minated, destructive insects increase and soon get beyond control. From the careful investiga- tions of the United States Department of Agricul- ture we are in possession of accurate data on the food of all of the wild birds, this shows that up- wards of 50 species feed upon destructive hairy caterpillars of various kinds ; 38 species upon the Pirch tree aphis ; while the boring insects con- stitute a large part of the food of woodpeckers. 1 Some idea of the vast quantities of insects con- sumed by the common wild birds can be gained . from careful observations made by the agents of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. For instance, one Cuckoo was observed to devour 36 tent caterpillars in five minutes, while a Red- eyed-Vireo took 92 in an hour. One pair of : Maryland Yellow-throats were estimated to have devoured 7,000 Birch Aphides in an hour. If this is divided in half and three hours allowed a day for feeding there would be a destruction of 75,000 of these insects in a week by one pair of birds. The part birds play in the protection of trees can easily be seen but conversely the birds depend absolutely upon the trees for shelter and food and where forest fires, due to carelessness destroy all the trees, the birds are driven away. Every effort should be made to attract and preserve the wild birds as they are indispensable to forest preservation while the destruction of the foliage on any city tree would be largely checked if wild birds could be induced to establish them- selves in city parks. FOREST LEAVES. 76 FOREST LEAVES. 77 Forestry and Higher Stumpage Values. THREE basic causes have been given, on high authority, as the reason why it does not pay lumbermen to practice forestry; namely, danger of forest fire, unjust forest tax laws, and low stumpage values. The first two of these— forest fires and forest taxation— have al- ready been studied, and we now have better sys- tems of fire protection, and in some States more just tax laws. The third basic cause-low stump- age values-has received too little attention from either foresters or lumbermen. The value of logs is subject to the law of supply and demand and altogether the supply is getting smaller. There is a consequent upward price movement in the log market, yet there is no way that a lumberman or any combination of lumber- men can arbitrarily put stumpage prices high enough to satisfy the conditions necessary to the proper use of real forestry practice in this country. The lumbermen can, however, meet the situa- tion by regarding it from a different point of view, can bring^about a closer utilization of the log than ever before, and thus give stumpage more value. There are three ways to accomplish this which work together for a common end. First, sawing logs into material that will give highest intrinsic value ; second, more careful methods of sawing ; third,close utilization of waste material from the log. An average has been struck for the amount of unused material in every stick of timber logged in the United States. It is 62 per cent. Think of this enormous '' waste," that begins at the stump and ends at the mill and is found mostly in large tops. While sawdust, bark, edgings, slabs, trim- mings, shavings, and high stumps are wastes in various percentages, only 38 per cent, can be really classified as used material for every tree manufactured. Returning again to the question, '' Can lumber- men ])ring about higher stumpage prices ? ' ' Who is so blind he can not see that if 62 per cent, waste is saved by converting it into by-products, that the 62 per cent, waste so converted is giving or rather forcing a higher stumpage value upon logs closely utilized? And necessarily it must follow that any commodity which finds new values must, of necessity, go up in price. Therefore, it can be fairly contended that lum- bermen can increase stumpage (or log) values and thus satisfy the condition that low stumpage prices can be forced, automatically, more favorable to the practice of forestry. The big problem is: How shall this waste be converted ? A great many lumbermen working small log- ging and manufacturing operations lack means and more often the broad lumber experience needed to size up the most perfect use of their logs. Unfamiliar with the great variety of physi- cal and mechanical properties of different woods, they can not take advantage of certain differences in market price between low-grade and high-grade stuff or material adapted to one use as against another. They lack a sound knowledge of the wood-using industries and the best and highest nses to which their product may be put. This is a matter of broad business and lumber training. Yet this side of the question enters into the general theme of forcing stumpage values. It is less important than the correct sawing of logs. In sawing logs many small operators do not figure their sawing problem close enough to determine which parts of the log pay best. A study was made in a certain eastern operation, attention being given to the size of tree, number of logs cut from it and the grade and amount of lumber it produced. It was found that every tree under a certain diameter was actually manufac- tured at a loss. Does it pay to trouble with small logs in the mill? Certainly not. What should be done with them ? They should have been left to grow into merchantable size. Finally and most important is the consideration of close utilization of waste material. How is this waste to be utilized? The waste from hardwoods, such as beech, birch and maple, will yield two products which have a staple market value— acetate of lime and wood alcohol. Some commercial plants use wood waste especially cut for this purpose. Other plants use material run from the sawmill waste. Slabs and limbs down to three inches in diameter are used for distillation also. Resinous trees, such as longleaf pine, can be manufactured by the simple and rapid process of steam distillation to recover volatile oils having market value. Stump wood of the same species also can be used. Stump wood of Norway pine and selected mill waste from Douglas fir also have been used. Less resinous trees, such as spruce, can be separated into two classes : the slabs, edgings, and trimmings going to pulp, while the sawdust and shavings can be distilled for ethyl alcohol. The manufacturer of ethyl alcohol can use slabs, edgings, trimmings, sawdust, shavings, tops, and stumps. That all this waste can be con- verted into ethyl alcohol is possible because al- most any form of wood can be used by this pro- cess, since finely-divided material is required, while the larger-sized material can be reduced to proper size by running through the hog and then shredding. A great many species can be used in this process. How much does it pay to save these wastes ? The resinous longleaf pine was studied to ascer- tain the business side of utilizing its waste. The result of this study showed that a longleaf pine tree, 75 feet high, and 12 inches in diameter, after sawing under average conditions, gave only 100 feet b. m., which, at $15 a thousand, was worth $1.50. It was further found that this tree would yield from the waste alone, one-fifth gallon of turpentine worth 8 cents and three gallons of ethyl alcohol worth $1.35, thus increasing the value of the tree 95 per cent, over and above its value for lumber. Another operation was studied which not only gave by-products of turpentine and ethyl alcohol from waste but also gave paper pulp as well and together increased its value by 183 per cent., which had otherwise been lost had not close utilization been followed. It certainly pays to save waste in slabs, edg- ings, etc., as these studies show. A few companies are successfully manufacturing their waste into saleable by-products. The lumber industry, as a whole, however, is doing very little to convert waste into profit, or, in other words, to force stumpage to higher price levels and thus I introduce practical forestry quicker. When 62 per cent, waste has been converted into use, it will inevitably follow that stumpage values will rise to keep pace with an increased value. With stumpage values at their proper level — like Ger- many, for example, which so closely utilizes the tree as to include not only the branches but the roots as well — with less danger from fire and with just laws on forest taxation, the practice of forestry in this country in the course of time will become as intensive as in Germany. — Amer. Lumberman, Report of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission. TV PRELIMINARY report of the Pennsylvania j(fA Chestnut Tree Blight Commission has ^ been distributed giving an interesting summary of the work done under its direction in the effort to combat and eradicate the de- structive chestnut tree blight. The introductory refers to the possibility of a serious timber famine confronting the American people, and the absolute necessity for concerted action of the friends of forestry and forest con- servation to avert a threatened crisis. Attention is called to the fact that it costs fully one-third more to-day to buy hemlock and other common varieties of building lumber than the same mate- rial would have cost five years ago. The chestnut blight occasioned a loss of many millions of dollars to the timber owners of Penn- sylvania, and since the Commission decided to discontinue its operations on account of insuffi- cient appropriation, especial interest has been aroused as the total extermination of our native chestnut is threatened. At least a dozen other States continue the warfare against the disease. The Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture co-operated in a practical manner through a large pathological force. The main laboratories are at the University of Penn- sylvania. The reports of the several executive officers and others indicate very clearly that much progress has been made in the study of the proper treat- ment of infected chestnut trees. Especial atten- tion was devoted to the utilization feature, and in this manner the owner of blighted timber was able to secure a ready market for its disposal at fair prices. The educational work enabled owners of trees to recognize the disease, and to obtain needful information of much value without cost, as to the treatment of diseased trees. The blight has been eradicated from the western part of the State, but spot infections will most likely reappear. Unless timber owners watch carefully, and destroy such infections promptly, the blight will spread rapidly and further heavy losses will inevitably follow. In Eastern and Southern Pennsylvania a large percentage of the chestnut was badly infected before the Commis- sion was created by legislative enactment. Recent cablegrams prove that the chestnut blight is prevalent in China, and, therefore, prob- ably of foreign origin. Hence there is greater hope now that continued scientific research work such as is now in progress in this country will reveal the much needed remedial measures to prevent the threatened total extermination of the native American chestnut trees. The report contains seventy maps and engrav- ings, and is worthy of preservation, as the lit- erature upon this tree fungus is limited, although the subject is an all important one from an eco- nomic standpoint. As a destructive parasitic fungus, the chestnut tree blight has done incalcu- lable damage. The Fifth National Conservation Congress will i be held at Washington, D. C, November i8th, i 19th and 20th. The two principal subjects will be \ forestry and water power, as these are considered of the first importance at the present time to both the States and Nation. The headquarters will be , at the New Willard Hotel, where it is expected most of the sessions will be held. 78 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 79 Rate of Tree Growth. A T the meeting of the Canadian Forestry A Association at Winnipeg, Manitoba, July <^ 7th to 9th, 191 3, a number of interesting papers were presented, including one by Mr. W. T. Cox, State Forester of Minnesota, beai ing the above caption. . „^ He said that the number of measurements was not as great as could be wished, but was carefully and fairly collected. ^ t^ ■ t 1 On heavy soil near Kelliher, east of Red Lake, Minn., a dense stand of white pine approximately sixty years old was found growing at the rate of 1,100 board feet per acre per year. In Cook County, north of Lake Superior, a thirty-year-o d stand of white pine, growing upon very gravelly and rocky land, was found to be adding 1,000 board feet per acre per year. On sandy lands further south in the State the growth of white pine has been less rapid, but 500 to 800 feet is indicated. ^ ^ t i ^ Norway pine, in the vicinity of Sturgeon Lake St. Louis County, showed an annual growth ot 500 board feet per acre, and near Red Lake, Beltrami County, 600 feet. jack pine has to be measured on a different basis, since it seldom attains a size suitable tor lumber, or rather, it is commercially ripe for other purposes long before it reaches saw log size. We find stands producing at the rate of six railroad ties and about a cord of other merchantable mate- rial per acre per year. It occupies the poorer sandy land, as a rule. White spruce is chiefly valuable for pulpwood, and in Minnesota grows quite rapidly— much faster than the black spruce of the swamps. Under fair conditions it produced pulpwood at the rate of one and one-half to one and three-fourths cords a Poplar is the banner tree for rapid increment. On the heavy black soils of northern Minnesota, west of the rocky country, where this tree attains its best form, it frequently grows at the rate of 1,500 board feet per acre per year, or approxi- mately three cords. Birch is usually found in mixture with the pop- lar, but it only matures about half as fast, produc- ing material suitable for a multitude of wood using industries at the rate of approximately one and one-half cords per year. In the forest region of Minnesota there are four distinct types of soil. The heavy loam, upon which tree growth is most rapid and where the stands are the heaviest. Upon such lands are ex- ceedingly dense forests, usually mixed with pine, spruce, cedar, balsam, and tamarack, with a great deal of birch and poplar near the lakes and streams The rocky gravelly lands with some clay mixed in appear to be second in the rate of forest growth. The sand lands where Norway and jack pine usu- ally are seen are less productive, and the growth slower, being still less in the wet swamps. In Minnesota there are many hundreds of thou- sands of acres growing up to excellent pine, and equally large areas of thrifty young spruce, tama- rack, cedar, poplar, and birch. Moreover, the pine produces saw timber at the age of thirty to fifty years. The spruce and poplar reach pulp- wood size in even less time than this. The white birch, of which there are enormous quantities, also increases rapidly and attains large size m northern Minnesota. As soon as people realize what a really short time it takes for young trees to grow into useful material, and what a quantity of young tinaber there is in the great forest areas, there will be a much better attitude toward fire prevention ; there will be more numerous and extensive plantations ; better care will be given the groves and woodlands in private ownership, and stronger support will be given the various branches of government dealing with this important problem. At the last meeting of the Pennsylvania Fores- try Reservation Commission two resolutions were passed. The first one granted free use of the State forests as recreation grounds for the child- ren, subject to a few necessary rules, offering op^ portunity for mineral and plant study, collecting wild flowers, study of bird and animal life, gather- ing of nuts and fruits, and other pleasures incident to out-of-doors life. The second resolution expressed regret at the resignation of Miss Mira L. Dock from the State Forestry Reservation Commission, on which she has served faithfully for 1 2 years. The present advanced position of Pennsylvania is largely due to the influence of the women of the State, and Miss Dock acted as their representative. An en- grossed copy of the resolutions was transmitted to Miss Dock. STATEMENT Of ownership, management, etc.. of Fokest Leaves, published h\- monthly at Sdelphif, Pa., Required by the Act of August a4th,^x9;- Editor, John Birkinbine, . „ . wwUr I Walnut Manacing Editor and Business Manager, F. L. Bitlcr. f ^^'°"' PubSr and Owner, Pennsylvania Forestry Association. ) Street. No Bondholders, Mortgagees, etc. John Birkinbine. Sworn and subscribed before me this ^7thjlay ^Sep^;;;ber. 1913- Notary Public. My Commission expires January 21st, 1917- 1 HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines IN background indicate square inches. HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Romeyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branchlets, and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, $8, delivered. " With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees."— Melville I>etvey. Preset Vt, Library A.»s*n. "Indispensable for all students of trees." — Botanical Gazette. " Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the original."— JVett? Yorfc Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful. De- serves a place in the librarv of every tree-lover." —The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." —The Nation. •• A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of iveea.— Journal of -Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out of a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." —Dean Alvord, New York. '* It is doubtful if any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Louis Lumberman. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen, treatment and execution."— C. Uart Merriam. A model in LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Romeyn Beck Hough. \ compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price, 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMERICAN WOODS without extra charge. AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Romeyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when examined in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 2o species. Price: $0, per Part in cloth binding; $7.50 in half- morocco. AMERICAN W(X)DS is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to be able to recognize the various woods and learn about them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies m the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin lustisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Ci-esson Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woods for the Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under a single cover-glass. Invaluable m tlie study of w(K)d-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratory study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Stereopticon and Stereopticon Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. Exhibits of our lines may be seen at the following addresses: PERMANENT EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT, Office of PA. FOBESTRY ASSOCIATION, rfcK.iiA^r.. 70 6th AtCm Cor. 13th St., NEW lOBK. 1012 Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. *" **'" *^* ' Office of FBANKLIN H. HOIWH, Esq., 900 F St. N. W., Suite 619-521, WASHINGTON, D. C. You are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most convenient to you or to write for particulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. tir r.W\^ FOREST LEAVES. 80 ryj^^^^ x.^...^^ ^ The Pennsylvania State College I Biltmore Forest School ^ ^. RITTMORE. N. C. iroUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materiaHy on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. BILTMORE. N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months ol practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 3o minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: THE Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-PresideTU. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB 8. DIS8TON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A, KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN, H. GORDON McCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. I Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, December, 1913. No. 6 Published Bi-Mouthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 "Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorial Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association Address of the President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion Address of the General Secretary Report of Council Treasurer's Report Pennsylvania Forest Service Notes Prevent Forest Fires Topographic and Stock Survey of Pennsylvania State Forests Fires on the Nations' Forests The Acquisition and Management of State-owned Forest Lands n Pennsy vania New Publications 81 82 83 84 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 94 Subscription, $i.oo per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of FoRBST Lbaves as an adi^ertising medium. ^-*" ""^'^ ^- ^— - nished on application. Rates will be fur- The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junb, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship fee. Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. ^ „ ., r.- 1, w w Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. ^^ ,, , , . Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace Mctarland, and John A. Siner. ,, ^^ r« « Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, }o\^n Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. m 1 • . » Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Ofpicb of thb Associatiok. loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. EDITORIAL. T3 EADERS of Forest Leaves will regret to J~\ learn of the resignations from the Penn- sylvania Forestry Reservation Commission of Miss Mira L. Dock and Dr. J. T. Rothrock. Throughout the State the enthusiastic efforts of Miss Dock for conservation are recognized, and the energy which she applied in behalf of forestry appreciated. Dr. Rothrock has won the compli- mentary title of '* Nestor of Pennsylvania For- estry," and has been associated with the State Commission from its inception. As a biologist his renown is wide spread, and none is given greater heed, when he speaks or writes of trees and their functions, either as individuals or as forests. We understand that both Miss Dock and Dr. Rothrock would have been reappointed had they so desired. They have given valuable services without compensation to the State and it would be unjust to ask them to continue to do this at a sacrifice of personal interests. Each has proved I to be a valuable member of the Forestry Reservation Commission and the friends of forestry are in- debted to them for the work they have done in the protection of existing forests and providing I for the propagation and care of new growth. ' Governor Tener has selected Mr. Franklin L. \ Harvey, of Foxburg, Clarion County, to succeed Miss Dock as a member of the Pennsylvania For- estry Reservation Commission, and we welcome Mr. Harvey as a co-operator. A business man and a member of the legal fraternity of high repute, he should be of valuable assistance to the Commission, and as a representative of the west- ern portion of the State, aid in making its work properly effective. J- ■^- 82 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 83 Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. TrHE annual meeting of the Association was ■ held in its room in Philadelphia on Mon- day, December 15th, at 3.30 P. ivi., President Birkinbine in the chair. ,.„ u^a As the minutes of the last annual meetmg had been printed in Forest Leaves their reading was dispensed with and they were «PP^f ^^^ ^^f'f 'J^ An address by the President and repons by he General Secretary of the Association and by the Secretary of Council were presented, and these with the statement of the Treasurer, are printed elsewhere in this issue. Mr B. Witman Danibly spoke of the neglect in the observance of Arbor Day in many of he public as well as Pnvate schools and sug^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ that the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion be requested to urge upon the County bu- perintendents the importance of forestry and ask them to speak to the teachers under them on this subject as they make their regular visits to the schools and at County Institutes. ^ , • Miss Florence Keen moved ^^at the chair appoint a committee on Education and Publicity to report through Council to the Association various methods by which the work of the Asso- ciation might be made better known and the cause of forestry advanced. This motion was seconded by Dr. Rothrock, and in the discussion which followed a number of suggestions were made. Among them being, the value of a prize > for essays on Forestry in the public schools and i academies, membership in this Association being suggested as one of the prizes, lectures on forestry; at the Normal Schools and Teachers' Institutes, and that a certain space be set apart in every issue of Forest Leaves for gleanings by this committee. This discussion was participated in by Miss Florence Keen, Miss Sarah D. Hall, Mrs. Brinton Coxe and Messrs. J. T. Rothrock, B Witman Dambly, John Birkinbine, Irvin C. Williams and Prof. R. W. Hall. The motion was then passed unanimously and the President announced that the committee would not be made up entirely of members of Council but would re- port through that body. The Chair then appointed Messrs. Irvin C. Williams and Joseph C. Roop tellers of election, who, after collecting and counting the ballots, declared the following officers elected : Presidenty John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, \Vm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis. Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary y F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council. Adams County, C. E. Stable. Allegheny County, H . M. lirackenridge, ^ -^ Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie, Thomas H. Johnson, George M. Lehman, Beaver County, Charles H. Stone. Berks County, F. C. Smink, Blair County, Jos. S. Sillyman. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, T. Ogborn Atkinson, Henry T. Moon. Cambria County, Hartley C. WoUe. Cameron County, Hon. Charles F. Barclay. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Prof. J. A. Ferguson, J. Linn Harris. Chester County, Egbert S. Gary, Samuel Marshall, William M. Potts, Mrs. David Reeves. Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield County, M. I. McCreight. Clinton County, Sidney D. burst. Columbia County, S. C. Creasy. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Dauphin County, J. Horace Mctarland, Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, Joseph Elkinton, Dr. Samuel 1 rimble. Chas. S. Welles. Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing. Forest County, T. D. Collins. Franklin County, Miss Mira L. Dock. Greene County, A. H. Sayers. Huntingdon County, Hon. Geo. B. Orlady. Indiana County, S. J. Sides. Jefferson County, S. B. Elliott. Juniata County, S. E. Pannebaker. Lackajuanna County, W. W. Scranton, Hon. L. A. Watres. Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner, Dr. J. P. McCaskey. Lawrence County, David Jamison. Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman. Lehigh County, Dr. J. M. B.ickenstoe, Luzerne County, Dr. Alexander Armstrong, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Maj. I. A. Stearns. • ' Lycoming County, C. LaRue Munson. McKean County, F. H. Newell. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Joshua L. Baily. Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Isaac H. Clothier, B. Witman Dambly, Dr. H. M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Dr. J. Newton Hunsbergcr, Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Abraham S. Schropp. Northumberland County, C. Q. McWilliams, Perry County, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia County, Henry Budd, Miss Mary A. Burnham, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Geo. F. Craig, Theo. N. Ely, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harshberger, Henry Howson, Joseph Johnson, Miss Florence Keen, George W. Magee, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, G. Wharton Pepper, Eli K. Price, Jos. C. Roop. John H. Webster, Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, John E. Avery. Potter County, Arthur B. Mann. Schuylkill County, James Archbald, Jr. Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, H. L Fick. Union County, Andrew Albright Leiser. Venango County, James Denton Hancock. Warren County A. J. Hazeltine. Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. Lucien W. Doty. Wyoming County, James W. Piatt. York County, Dr. I. C. Gable. The meeting then adjourned. Henry G. Blatchley, Secretary pro tern. Address of the President of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, FOR over a quarter century the Pennsylvania Forestry Association has persistently ad- vocated conservation, and while the forests have been the resource to which it has given spe- cial attention, its members have been among the champions of measures expected to result in the best care and utilization of any natural resource. Friends of forestry do not view with equanim- ity the waste or the misappropriation of the Cre- ator's gifts to mankind, but are found among those who favor conservation of our water sup- ]>lies, reduction of soil waste, advanced mining methods, economies in fuel production and utili- zation. Their interest in the future which en- ' ourages them to care for existing, and to plant and protect new forests, make them co operators in husbanding and applying in the best manner other resources. This policy which has long 'i)een followed, demonstrates its merit by the esults obtained, and it is believed that it may be continued with advantage to the present and to he future. Much has been written and many preachments offered upon conservation, some with dire prog- nostications as to what may happen in coming years. Other statements have voiced the desira- bility and necessity of both using and husbanding our resources, while some have made light of the possibility of exhausting what nature has granted us. In such discussions extremists are apt to gain prominence, by statements possibly intended to exert a beneficial influence, but often having an opposite effect, with the result that judicious efforts to increase interest may be retarded by those who believe or claim that they are advancing it. Some expressions which have been largely cir- culated, some procedures which have been taken, presumably as a means of preventing wastefulness, have failed of their purpose or their value has been lessened, by their drastic character. As a people we have been wasteful and con- sumed, rather than utilized judiciously, our natu- ral resources, but we are ready to admit that waste or extravagant use should be checked, and agitation of the subject has resulted in restricting inroads made upon the wealth with which we as a nation have been blessed. To tie up large areas of forested land, so that mature trees cannot be harvested when ripe, or even dead timber, or that injured by fire removed, is not true conservation, for trees are essential to man's use and should be applied by him in a proper manner when they reach their growth, as beyond maturity everything in nature tends to- wards deterioration or decay. To so legislate that forests may have no road-ways or lanes con- structed through them, or portions of their areas converted into storage reservoirs, may not be the best method of protecting forests. Road-ways which assist inhabitants to conveniently reach dif- ferent portions of the country, or transmission lines which permit the conveyance of electrical cur- rent, may be beneficial, not only to the immediate locality but to other sections, and by judicious location of such avenues, they may serve as fire lanes, and bodies of water in the midst of forests may aid in fire protection. Such privileges must of necessity 'be granted after full investigation, and be limited by regula- tions made in the interest of forest care, to dem- onstrate that forests can be propagated and pro- tected without encouraging the people to consider that forestry retards progress. The public must be educated to look upon practical forestry as an advance step, not only for those of to-day but for those who may live after us. Discussions on conservation have demonstrated that while waste and sacrifice have been enormous, 84 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 85 the reserves of some of the natural resources are i far beyond the expectation of the general public^ This ^as developed in litigation between the Svernnlnt and our largest industr.al corpora- , tion during which an ample supply of iron ore , n this country was assured by a review of what was being miiLd, and what could be obtained from properties now being exploited Much val^ble ^formation was collected relatn^e to rfenosits of ore known to exist and no« un Jrought but which may become available by Thanfes n location of consuming centers expected to foflow the march of settlement, and the crea- ion of towns and cities where industries will be esub^i^hed and maintained. This information a o musuates the undesirability of forming con- clusion for the future upon past or present con- dit ons for not only will the centers of consump- ?ion change, but methods of manufacture and the processes 'employed in utilizing our resources n.ay alter materially, for such has been past history Agitation cohering the water supply has also resulted in demonstrating the possibilities of many streams whose potentiality is now unused, attracting attention to storage for stream regula- tion and to mitigate the injury by drought o damage from flood. Pennsylvama is taking initial steps to make a thorough inventory of its water resources, in accordance with a recommendation of the Governor, which encouraged the Legisla- ture to provide an appropriation for this purpose. The phenomenal floods in the Ohio V alley also encouraged attention to the possibility of reducing the loss of life and property by at least a partial control of tributary streams, and wakened public interest throughout the country to the value of , forest cover and water storage. The erosion of soils, which carries away much of the fertility and exerts damaging effects by washings delivered in water courses to form bars and obstruct channels, accentuates the necessity of soil conservation. , , • ' Much has been said about fuel exhaustion, although expert estimates indicate that less than one per cent, of the known coal supply in the United States has been used. While the terrible day prophesied seems to be far removed, the mere expectation of fuel depletion, not to say ex- haustion, has been the incentive for developing on a commercial scale mine economies and the recovery of waste material which had been cast aside when the methods of mining were less re- fined. It has also assisted in appreciation of im- provements in burning fuel, and in applying the resultant heat economically, for at present power is obtained by the consumption of coal with efficien- cies much in advance of what was considered possible a few years ago, and these efficiencies are being constantly improved. It is unnecessary to repeat at this time the numerous advances made in forest protection, by the National and State governments, by corpora- tions, clubs and individuals. These all point to a growing recognition of the importance of forests, the necessity for their propagation and an appre- ciation of their extent and use. In accumulating nearly one million acres of reserves the condition of the other forests of Pennsylvania have become known, and it is hoped that many of these may be classed as auxiliary reserves. The forest policy of the State is receiving recognition because it has proven its practicability. Therefore, while we may not join with those who prognosticate a country devoid of fuel, (either mineral as obtained from mines, or vegetable in the forms of wood or peat,) who see the future industries decaying because of the ex- haustion of the iron ore supply, who anticipate that our streams and water courses may prove ot little future value, or who see great areas of de- forested and eroded land, unproductive and jeop- ardizing rivers and creeks ; we may unite in hearty approbation of all measures looking to- ward a better and more complete utilization of our resources, encouraging economical methods of forestry and of mining and applying minerals, endorsing well matured schemes for stream con- trol, and approving such protection as will retain and improve the soils upon which we rely tor much of our sustenance. Conservation has won popularity on its merit, and it must not be permitted to become a shibbo- leth for political advancement. It is the people s cause and the people's interest in it should not be divided by loyalty to party, faction or individual, the forest, soil, minerals and water, are the bless- ings we should accept for use while uniting in preserving their value for future generations. John Birkinbine, President. Mg~: ctj" Address of the General Secretary. TN a quiet but effective way our organization has scored marked advances during the past ^ year The three Auxiliary Forest Bills were finally passed, after having been defeated in the two previous legislatures. Already quite a body of land is offered to take advantage of the dimin- ished tax rate which these measures promise, it should be said here that our own State has been the actual pioneer in working out and reducing to practice the fundamental principles expressed in these Auxiliary Forest Bills. Though great care was exercised in drafting them, one serious defect is already apparent, namely, failure to spe- cify distinctly just what kind of woodlands should come within the provisions of the Act. It is fortunate that the needed correction is one which the public will most willingly make, and the Forestry Reservation Commission may be trusted to exercise a wise discretion until legislation ap- plies an authoritative remedy. It must be evident that to have allowed these laws to go into effect immediately would have seriously affected the income derived from taxes in the woodland counties. It was, therefore, provided that the laws should not be effective until 1 9 14, when, by virtue of the usual triennial assessment, opportunity shall have been given to adapt the tax levies to the new conditions. Too much must not be expected at once from these laws. Their popularity will be of slow but constantly increasing growth as their justice be- comes fully recognized. It should be here stated | that the cordial co-operation of The Pennsylvania Conservation Association, The Civic Association, and the various women's clubs of the State was most helpful. Indeed, it may well be doubted whether any one of the interested organizations alone could have secured the passage of these measures by the Legislature. It is a great pleas- ure to make the proper acknowledgment. In one feature this State has been years behind New York, which long ago fully recognized the importance of the Adirondack region as an outing ground for her citizens. Pennsylvania has, by recent legislative enactment, authorized the setting apart of camping grounds on our State reserves for the use of our citizens, who may now even lease limited areas and erect homes upon them. Several thousand such locations are already desig- nated. It is unfortunate that New York has already allowed large portions of the Adirondacks to pass into possession of clubs, the public being thus excluded. Our own State has thus far guarded the rights of the individual by refusing to lease more than a very limited area to any one indi- vidual or club. It is thought that in addition tci the gratifica- tion of a natural desire for a cheap outing in healthful surroundings which the State thus affords the citizens, the presence of these camps will lead to an additional protection against disastrous forest fires. The surest way to protect public forest property is to give the public an actual, tangible interest in it. Each year seems to narrow down the work re- maining to be done by our Association — so much has been accomplished. As a matter of fact, the exact opposite is true, for with each advance there is a constantly increasing, widening of the forestry horizon. New vistas open into fields of human prosperity that no one dreamed would command the attention of foresters. If it is a good thing for any one county to have a forest reserve in the interest of the water power, it would probably be a good thing for every county. If communal forests can be made self supporting and revenue producing in Germany, why not in America? If the forests can be made to minister to public health, morals, and comfort, why shall the dweller in any city be deprived of these price- less benefits ? So it seems to me that our largest work lies ahead of us, and that there can be no time limit to our activities ; that with our organization and our financial condition, it would be little short of a crime to halt or to go back. We must keep pace with the times ; if they change, as they do, we must change with them, and step by step we must keep even pace. This may all seem to be irrelevant, but it is not. It is vital to our interests! For twenty- seven years the veterans of this organization have been faithful to their trust, and victory for a great public trust has grown out of their unselfish labors. This cannot much longer continue. There must be others to take the places of those whom age will incapacitate. It is apparent that we are lack- ing in the element of younger membership. We must see to it that this is remedied. Broad forestry work can be made attractive to those of the younger element who are considering questions of public importance and who are willing to work for them. Such a membership is essential to our continuance. I It should be invited and an open field made for its potential activities. The committees on work and on membership have their spheres well de- fined, and without encroaching on them, in my judgment, there could be, and should be, a Com- 1 mittee on Publicity— to keep special sight of the trend of forestry matters here and elsewhere and to have the public informed upon them. I be- lieve that there should be two or three pages in I every issue of Forest Leaves set apart for the gleanings of that committee, and that these re- quisite pages should be in addition to 'the present size of Forest Leaves. Furthermore, I think it would be wise if this committee were mainly made up of our younger, willing workers. Lest it be thought that 1 have gone out of my way to suggest these changes, I trust that you will pardon me for saying they grow out of the fact that I have resigned my position as a member of the State Forest Reserve Commission, because my age rendered me unable to attend to the duties of the office and to my other duties at the same time. 86 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 87 I naturally asked is it not simply a question of time before those who have been longest with us m":t'e;;;e from active duty, and do we not owe it to the forestry cause to provide a trained sue session ? Respectfully submitted, *=^^*'" J. T. ROTHROCK. Report of Council. THE Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry | Association reports that a gain of 45 members during the year has been offset by the death of 35, of whom eight were members of Council, viz: C. C. Binney, H. H. Cum- mings, W. S. Kirk, Sidney R. Miner, H. W. , Palmer, J. J. Peirce, and Wm. Wade. The membership is now 1,385. Throu-h the generosity of members and friends the necessary funds were secured ^or an instructive Forestry Exhibit in Horticultural Hall Philadel- phia, May 19th to 24th, inclusive. The entire second floor, foyer, stage, lobby staircase, and walls were used for exhibits by 36 exhibitors and a number of organizations. Nearly 200 patron- esses lent their assistance in making the exhibi- tion successful. Ten excellent illustrated addresses on various forestry topics were also gratuitously delivered by gentlemen of national reputation. It is believe^ , that the exhibition was of marked benefit to the cause of forestry, and the Association records its , thanks to those who aided in making it successful. A description of the exhibition appeared in the Tune number of Forest Leaves, and abstracts from most of the addresses were published in the August number. The entire expense of this ex- hibition has been met, and all bills audited and paid. . ' - Last year a Committee of the Association was appointed to prepare and submit to the Legislature of Pennsylvania laws fostering private forestry. For months this Committee, under the direction of Dr. Henry S. Drinker, was engaged in secur- * ing data from all over the United States, and preparing three bills which were presented to the Legislature in co-operation with a similar com- mittee from the Pennsylvar>ia Conservation Asso- ciation. Aided by members of both organizations and by others interested in forestry these efforts , were successful. The legislation passed includes : Act No. 284, providing for auxiliary forest reserves. Act No. 267, regarding taxation and assess- ment on such reserves. Act No. 270, providing for the State recom- pensing the townships for loss of revenue caused by the preceding Act. These were published in full on pages 58 to 62 in the August number of Forest Leaves. Acts were also passed concern- ing fire wardens, district foresters, leasing of forest lands, etc., being given on pages 66 to 67 m the October issue of Forest Leaves. Private forestry has at last received encourage- ment, and those who engage in it may now expect to reap a financial reward, while at the same time benefiting the citizens as a whole. Arbor days, two in the Spring, proclaimed by the Governor, and the one in the Fall, designated by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, were well observed, the latter being particularly useful in arousing the interest of the school children. The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry is to be congratulated on the advancement made, the I State now having 994,062 acres of forest reserves, ' of which 11,725 were added during the year. 1 he nurseries which have been, and are bemg estab- lished, supi)ly seedlings for reforestation where this cannot be accomplished by natural regenera- tion The State Forest Academy, at Mont Alto, I is adding to the number of well-trained foresters who are engaged in caring for and improving the State reserves, and who also assist local interest i by addresses and practical advice when called ' ur.on The reserves are yearly becoming more i valuable as a State asset and will in time become 1 revenue producers. A cause of regret is the discontinuance (owing to insufficient appropriation) of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, which for two years did eth- cient service in preventing the spread of the fungus in this State, and educating the people concerning its danger and prevention. Its labors may yet result in suggesting some means of stay- ing if not eradicating, this disease, which other- wise seems destined to destroy the chestnut trees of this State, valued at $70,000,000, of whicn $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 worth have been killed or seriously affected. The blight is also making serious inroads elsewhere, but none of the States adjoining Pennsylania have co-operated in its eradication. • «. •„ 1 Forestry departments or associations exist in most of the States, while Arbor Day is observed in practically all of them. Twelve States besides Pennsylvania have forest reserves, the total acreage being nearly 3,000,000 acres, and if the States which contain national forests are included the total would number 39. 1. 1 ^ j Universities, colleges, .rid forest schools are giving degrees or courses m forestry, and their I students will aid in forwarding public interest in, and true knowledge of, forestry. ^ The national forests are being improved D> roads, trails, fire lanes, etc., while fire patrols. during the danger seasons, and constant watchful- ness by employees have done much to diminish the fire risk. Sales of timber, proportioned so as to be less than the annual growth on the reserves, are producing income which it is expected will be largely augmented in the future. The total net acreage a year ago (165,500,000 acres, of which 26,500,000 are in Alaska) is less than that of 191 1 ; the eliminations being of lands more suit- able for agriculture than forestry, and therefore they are assigned to their best use. In the East, the Appalachian and White Moun- tain Reserves now comprise 103,186 acres ac- quired, while 614,555 acres additional have been approved for purchase. F. L. Bitler, Secretary. Treasurer's Report. THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ends December 1, 1913, and the statement of finances on that date was as follows : Treasurer' s Statement to December /, /9/J. Dr. To balance on hand December i, 1912, . Cash, annual dues to November 30, 19 1 3, . Cash, donations and subscriptions, Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and advertise- ments, ...•••• Cash, interest on Life Membership bonds and deposits, . , . . . • Cash, Life Membership fees, Cash, sale old material, .... % 183 zz 1,810 00 75 00 152 98 454 46 150 00 5 00 Total, . . . • • By cash, sundries, postage, office rent, etc., Publication of Forest Leaves, . Assistant Secretary's salary, Meetings, Life Membership fund, Membership Committee, expenses of, . Taxes on investments. Balance on hand December I, 1913, . Total, Forest Leaves Fund. Invested, In Bank. Invested, In Bank, Life Membership Fund. Invested, In Bank, General Fund. Special Fund for Forest Exhibit, $2,830 77 Cr. % 528 51 984 97 550 00 31 yi 150 00 63 12 24 80 498 00 52,830 77 $2,119 42 104 00 $2,223 42 $3,885 00 175 GO $4,060 GO ,783 28 ft I 12 Charles E. Pancoast, Treasurer. Pennsylvania Forest Service Notes. THE readers of Forest Leaves will be able from the notes which follow to form an appreciation of the work being done by the State Department of Forestry. These indi- cate activities Avhich are features of the care and attention being devoted to the forests of Pennsyl- vania. We are in receipt of a list of twenty-three permanent camp sites upon the State Forest Re- serves, leased at rentals ranging from $3.00 to $15.00 per year, the average approximating S6.00. These twenty-three sites, located in eleven coun- ties, suggest a practical use of the forest with advantage to the State. Ten more sites have been acted upon favorably, the contracts for which will be made during this month. At the coming meeting of the Commission there are ten or twelve additional ones which will receive con- sideration. With the aquisition of the Pine Grove Furnace property there has been purchased in all during 1913* 11,725 acres, 73 perches, bringing the total State forest acreage up to 994,062 acres, 36.24 perches. Notes from Sinnamahoning Forest— Austin Divi- sion— P. Hartman Fox, Forester. During April and May 152,000 seedlings were planted. Ten forest fires were fought and extin- guished while the planting was being done. Six pounds of seed were planted and about 60,- 000 seedlings transplanted in a small nursery. The germination of the seed was very poor. Fourteen miles of new fire breaks 16 feet wide have been opened on ridge tops. All brush on these fire breaks was burned, logs cut, and rolled out. Thirteen miles of old fire breaks were brushed out. The main efforts have been along the hne ot protection from forest fires and this must be the principal proposition upon this division for some years to come. Seven Mountain Forest— Greenwood Division- Tom O. Bietsch, Forester. This year's results in the nursery were, on the whole, very satisfactory. The nursery itself has been laid out on a more systematic scale. The water and drainage systems have been better planned and are now of a permanent nature. A definite rotation within the nursery has been es- tablished which includes one year of green manur- ing. In the spring of 1913 there were sown in the nursery 150 pounds of white pine seed 10 ^ pounds of European larch seed, and 5 pounds of 88 FOREST LEAVES. Norway spruce seed. This fall 50 bushels of red oak seed will be planted. A 55-foot lookout station has been built by the fnrpster and rangers. , Only 50 acre: of State land were burned over this year. Bedford State Forest-Wm. L. Byers, Forester. Twenty thousand white pine seedlings, 3 years old, were planted, 4,500 of which were set out upon land which had to be cleared of scrub oak growth before planting. At least 90 per cent^ of L latter planting are growing. Severa addi- tional acres were cleared this year for planting next spring when the different .species of ree will be used so as to determine, if possible, ^^h^t snecies will produce the best results. ^ Two miles of new road were built during the year ; three miles of fire breaks were grubbed clean, from 4 to 8 feet wide ; one mile of trail was built ; 8J^ miles of roads were repaired ; 14 miles of fire break were rebrushed ; 4M- ^]\^^ ^^ trails were opened out and rebrushed ; 2 miles ot boundary lines were opened for use as fire breaks Twelve camp sites have been located, named and numbered. , * u A number of chestnut blighted trees have been cut and burned and the whole forest scouted for infected trees. ^ During the year there was one trespass case ot cutting timber over the boundary line in w^hich the individual paid three times the value of the timber cut. Prevent Forest Fires. OF course every one recognizes that the chief and apparently insuperable obstacle to prompt reforestation of extensive areas is forest fire. 1 u • It may as well be accepted at once that there is but one effective way to fight forest fires, namely, to prevent them from being started. It is prob- able that the solution of the whole problem lies in the zeal and success with which our fire wardens and our courts hound down and bring to prompt, effective punishment those who, ignorantly, care- lessly, or maliciously, create a forest fire. In spite of all the legislation upon our statute books there is no State in the Union in which it can be claimed that all the resources of the law have been exhausted in the attempts to prevent | these annual conflagrations from being started. Practical lumbermen know from years of trial | that the most effective protection they can throw around their lumber and timber holdings is a well- organized, vigilant fire guard in advance of and during the fire season. It has been gravely stated that by the expendi- ture of a certain definite number of millions of dollars the safety of our national Forest reserves could be guaranteed by means of fire lanes, trails, fire-fighting appliances, etc. , . ,- It may be flatly stated here that unless that esti- mate contemplated an army of watchers to abso- lutely prevent any fire from starting, that no sum of money, however large, could ofl^er any guar- antee against destructive fires in times of great drought and high wind. I have seen a forest fire extend for miles along one side of a foot trail and not cross it. I have seen other instances where a wood road afforded an effective barrier to the pas- sage of a forest fire. These were exceptional cases. On the other hand, I have seen sparks burning bark, and bits of light, decayed wood picked up by the wind from the side of a ridge where a fire was raging and carried across a valley to start a fire which a whole community labored in vain to suppress. u • i Let us have fire trails and fire lines, chemical engines, water bags, and every other safeguard that can be suggested ; but— let us cease to be deluded into believing that any or all of these will always be eff^ective in heading off a destructive fire in a dry and windy season. Our illustrations in this number are taken trom the Adirondacks, in New York, and show the , scene of the destructive conflagration last summer ' This fire baffled all attempts to suppress it. though it was fought by the entire community and by four companies of regular troops which were brought in to aid. It raged until extinguished by a rain. To the inhabitants of Keene Valley, and as seen from Giant Mountain, it must have been an awe- inspiring sight. I am indebted to Mr. Vincent Gilpin for the fine illustrations. ^ J. T. ROTHROCK. The railroads of the United States use about 150,000,000 wooden ties each year. Two million trees will be planted on the na- tional forests in Utah, Nevada, and southern Idaho during 1914- Four new State forests have recently been added to those in Hawaii, making 27 in all, with an aggregate of 683,101 acres. Of this amount, 67 per cent, belongs to the territory, the rest being private land administered by the territorial forest officers. 1 C/3 C/3 vO CO CO o 5: o I o LU CQ U. Q CO liJ ui (3 vO ^ ^ 1 vO > ^ CO CO O 5- o I o UJ CO UJ O OQ UJ O FOREST LEAVES. 89 Topographic and Stock Survey of Penn- sylvania State Forests. THE Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has completed plans and started the field work for Topographic and Stock Surveys of the State Forests, which now comprise nearly one million acres. It is the intention of the De- partment to have a survey made of each forest, the work being done by the forester on the divi-» sion over which he has supervision. The two main objects of the surveys are to obtain topographic maps of the forests, and to determine the location and areas of the different kinds of growth found thereon. After the extent of the areas is determined, timber estimates will be made. The Department will then be in a po- sition to show to the State Legislature and the people more in detail just what the State owns and the work necessary to bring about the best forestal conditions. The Department feels that the time is at hand when more advanced methods of management should be put into operation. Since forest man- agement plans depend largely upon the character of the growth to be dealt with, nature of the soil, topography, the location of roads and trails, streams, swamps, and all other features of the forest, these features must be thoroughly known by the forester, and this can only be successfully learned by making a survey. Silvicultural princi- ples can then be put into practice with more hopes of their being successfully carried out. Protection has been one of the main aims of the Department and fires on State lands have been greatly reduced in number and extent in the past ten years. But still more intensive plans must be made to bring the fire losses to a minimum. As protection plans depend largely upon topographic features and character of growth, more thorough protective plans can be laid out after surveys are made and the results shown in map form. The surveys have been started on several divi- sions of the Seven Mountain State Forest, and will be continued as long as weather conditions allow. T. Roy Morton, of Petersburg, Huntingdon county, is in charge of the Barree Division, and has his survey well under way ; D. Kerr Warfield, of Milroy, Mifflin county, has charge of the Kis- hacoquillas Division, and has finished running a line of levels to established Bench Marks ; Charles R. Meek, of Coburn, Centre county, is in charge of the Coburn Division, and is making good prog- ress ; and Walter D. Ludwig, Boalsburg, Centre county, on the Bear Meadows Division has made a start. Plans are to have Tom O. Bietsch, Greenwood Furnace, Huntingdon county, on the Greenwood Division ; John R. Elder, Troxelville, Snyder county. Jack's Mountain Division ; and W. E. Montgomery, Spring Mills No. 3, Centre county, Poe Division, make their surveys next summer. W. GaRD. CONKLIN. Fires on the National Forests. WITH the middle of September the fire season on the national forests came practically to an end with less damage than ever recorded. There is always some danger from carelessness of campers or of settlers burning brush and clearing land, but the real danger season extends only from the middle of June until the middle of September. Forest officers throughout the west feel that the immunity from loss has been due to two principal causes, partly to a favorable season, but largely to a much better organization for fire prevention than has been attained heretofore. The effectiveness of the organization is shown particularly by the fact that while there were in all approximately 2,260 fires, as against 2,470 last year, yet the area burned so far this year is only about 60,000 acres, as against 230,000 acres in i9i2,and 780,000 in 1911. A single administrative district, which covers the intermountain region of southern Idaho, west- ern Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and western Ari- zona, gives an example of the most favorable situation. Only 43 fires were encountered, 29 of which originated in Idaho. The total area burned over amounted to 956 acres, which is considerably less than ^^^^q^^ of the total area patrolled by forest officers in these States. California, Arizona, and New Mexico have suffered most during the past season. The various causes of fires have not changed greatly in their relative proportions. Railroads and lightning head the list, with campers next. There has been, however, a marked .decrease in the number of fires caused by burning brush, which, according to the forest officers, indicates a closer co-operation with the settlers in and near the forests and with timberland owners in fire prevention and control. It is still true, neverthe- less, that a large proportion of all fires started are due to human agencies and may generally be charged against carelessness. Fires caused by lightning are, of course, not preventable, but the system of lookouts by which they may be detected immediately after being set is greatly lessening the loss from this sou*-ce. i FOBfiST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 91 ' 7.^.^ .nT^M^Ii^^^^nient of > fo^ the purpose of determining how far the pres- The Acquisition and Mana^eniem ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ State-owned Forest Lands in Penn- sylvania. , J c o^-^ K H bv S B. Elliott, Member T H WE been requested by Mr. Ayres to set ; forth what has been done in the acquisition -*- and management of State-owned forest lands in Pennsylvania. In complying with this request I , do not pi^pose to consider the technical treatmei j of State-owned forests, but, instead, to indicate, in a general way, such features in securing and manag- < ing such lands as the people at large have taken an interest in, leaving the technical features of forest management to be discussed among those more directly interested in such matters than would a non'-professional audience be presumed to care for. . r „j ,u,t A score of years ago Pennsylvania realized that —as the death of the government could not even be contemplated, much less tolerated- it was as much the duty of the State to provide for the peo- ple of the future as for those of the present day. So the work in forestry was begun and earned on bv the Slate, and just how it has progressed it will be my pleasure to tell you. Of course there were mistakes made, and no wonder, for the whole subject was in its infancy in this country. Con- ditions were not well understood and lessons taught in other countries did not lit very well in our case. But mistakes have their uses. It is sometimes a good thing to know what not to do, and others can profit by our errors. I will pre- mise, however, by saying that the present man- agement of State-owned forest lands in Pennsyl- vania is the result of evolution, a process of unfolding or development from a lack of exact knowledge of cause and effect to a realization of what should and must be done. Like the people of the entire country at that time, and it is largely so at present, we did not realize that there was ! coming, even in the distant future, a shortage of supply'of forest products. We did not dream of the timber famine now in its early stages in this country. The only result of the destruction of the forests which was then going on that could be thought detrimental to the general welfare was that such destruction affected the ecpiable flow ol springs and streams. It was realized that there was something going on which affected this equable flow and the Legislature in 1893— twenty years ago, you will see— passed an act providing for a commission whose duty it should be " to examine and report upon the condition of the slopes and summits of the important watersheds of tiie State ence or absence of the forest cover may be influen- tial in producing high and low water stages in the various river basins, and also to report if any measures are being taken to secure a supply of timber for the future." ^. u i j This was the beginning of the work which led to State-ownership and management of forest lands in Pennsylvania ; but it was a beginning that turned out well, although its results were evi- dentlv not precisely contemplated. Some legis- lation had been enacted before this relative to forest fires, but such had no reference to State- owned lands. The commission did its work and did it well, and went far beyond what was contem- plated in the act of Assembly. My colleague, Dr Rothrock, was a member of that commission, and his report is a master-piece in its line and the first of its kind in the country, i It is not necessary to further deal with this movement than to say that on the reception of the report the Legislature caused a Division of Forestry to be added to the Department of Agri- culture and a Forestry Commissioner was appointed ' which was authorized to purchase land at tax sales, and to secure not less than 40,000 acres on each of the three principal rivers of the State. Dr. Rothrock was appointed commissioner and began the purchase of land for forest reserves, some of which he secured for three cents per acre. But it was soon found practically impossible under this system to obtain contiguous tracts sufficient in ex- tent to form suitable reservations As we now see the Legislature had little comprehension of what real forestry meant, nor of what should be done. The fact is that the average legislator can always give the careful forestry student great odds and then distance him in the display of a knowl- edge of forestry needs and recpiirements. Ihat is his claimed prerogative and he always exer- cises It. But at last it became evident, to even the aver- age legislator, that something besides the interfer- ence with equable flow of springs and streams was the matter and that the purchase of land at tax sale only was going to do but little towards setting thini^s aright. Acting upon this conception an act was passed in 190T creating a Department ot Forestry with a Commissioner and four other citi- zens who should constitute a Forestry Reservation Commission, and again Dr. Rothrock was ap- pointed commissioner. The commission was given power to purchase land for forest reserves in any countv in the State, whether at tax sale or other- wise, at a rate not exceeding $s per acre, ui course no virgin stand of timber trees could be purchased at that price and oniy cut-over and, 1.1 many cases, burned-over tracts could be secured. And that, in fact, was just what the Legislature intended should be done, for the general belief was, and still is to a great extent, that such land would naturally reforest itself with valuable species of trees if only fire, thieves, and lumbermen were kept out. Hence not in the organic act estab- lishing the Department — nor has there ever been anything in any subsequent one— was one word said relative to tree-planting on such land as the State should come into possession of. But there is a clause in this organic act which gives the commission power to establish rules and regula- tions with reference to the management and pro- tection of forest reservations and, in its judgment, to do such things as will conserve the interests of the Commonwealth. Under this act the commis- sion has purchased almost one million acres and has planted over seven million trees and proposes to largely increase the annual planting in the fu- ture. But, mark you, while the State has paid an average of $2.24 per acre for this land, much of which was practically denuded of all valuable forest growth, it once sold this identical territory, when it was covered with a dense growth of as valuable timber trees as ever grew, for the paltry sum of 262.^ cents per acre. Now, with us, and I suspect it must be largely so in New England, the term forest reservation, when applied to cut-over, burned over, and in many regions barren land, is a rank misnomer. Nothing which does not exist can be '' reserved," and, as I have said, no real virgin forest nor one composed of a good stand of healthy yet immature trees can be purchased for $5 per acre. But it may be and is claimed that what is termed second- growth may constitute a forest reservation That is true if such second-growth consists of valuable species of vigorous trees and in sufficient number, but it is mockery to call such lands upon which weed trees mainly prevail, such as trembling aspen, white birch, bird cherry, sumac, scrub oak, and like worthless stuff", a forest ; and such is the <:ondition of fully 70 per cent, of the denuded lands of our State, and from what I have seen I fear your condition is no better than ours. Noth- ing i)ut planting such lands with valuable species of trees will ever constitute them forests in atiy proper economic sense of the term ; no, not in a thousand vears will they ever become such inless ])lanted. There are few or no seed trees left and we should not expect something from nothing. The next legislation concerning State manage- ment was to provide for the State to pay to the townships in which the reservations are located, :he sum of two cents per acre for schools and a like amount per acre for roads. This was to com- pensate the township for the tax which would be levied if the State had not purchased the land. It was an act of simple justice and is appreciated by the people. After this there was no legislation relative to State management, until about the close of the last session of the Legislature, but there had been several acts passed concerning forest fires, setting out shade trees and their con- trol by local authorities, and one important one giving municipalities the right to establish, own, and control forests. For some time it had been manifest to some of the progressive students of forest problems that State ownership of all non-agricultural lands, when coupled with an eff'ort to convert such lands into acceptable forests, was impracticable, and that under the then existing laws neither private owners, corporations, nor municipalities could aff'ord to grow forests, as practical confiscation I through constantly increasing annual taxation would result were it undertaken. The increase in annual taxation would be more rapid than the growth of the trees and compel cutting before ma- turity. Neither under the then existing conditions could there be any proper governmental control of private forests, for in no way would the State have anything to say concerning the management of them. To cure these defects a few indi- viduals, some seven years ago, formulated bills which provided for a class of forests to be known as Auxiliary Forest Reserves, in which the owners, under proper restrictions and agreements could place their forests practically under the direction of the Forestry Department of the State, and for that concession could be relieved of burdensome and unjust annual taxation. Under this scheme such land was not to be assessed at more than one dollar per acre per annum, but when the trees were financially mature they should be harvested and a tax of ten per cent, be levied upon the market value of the forest products. It will be seen that this provided for a light annual tax. It was really a tax upon the product — and that was the intention— and not on the land and crop annually as was then provided for by law. Your speaker appeared alone before the com- mittee on Forestry for three successive sessions of the Legislature, and in company with others at the fourth session advocating the passage of the measure. Once it lacked only four votes of a constitutional majority in the House of Represen- tatives, and at all of the first three sessions that had it under consideration it had more than a majority voting, but our constitution requires a majority of the members elected. Thus for three \m 92 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 93 sessions, embracing a penod of s.x year^- ^e measure failed of success, and it is here confessed rhS those who had labored so hard for jt became discouraged, and unless unexpected aid had conie there would have been nothing more done until the Legislature should see the absolute necessity for such a measure. But, as I have said, aid came j The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, the i'enn- : svlvania Conservation Association, the AmerK;an Forestry Association, and many other ardent , Wends of forestry, under the admirable leadei^hip of Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh University, took charge of the sv-ork, and the bills were passed and signed by the Governor and are | now the law. This aid came like a bright glow of sunshine through a dark cloud in the sky and to those who thus worked for them belong the credit of their passage. To be sure the seed formerly sown was not lost, but without such aid as Dr. Drinker and the other recruits gave I do not believe the work could have been ac- coniplished. These acts speak for themselves, and do not re- quire anv elaboration at my hands. 1 hey are submitted for the careful consideration of all in- terested. We believe that they foreshadow a new era in forestry in this country. They make it possible for the farmer to grow the trees he needs for his own use, or for disposal to others, without the burden of annual unjust taxes, and the patriotic citizen who seeks to provide for those who are to come after us will not see his worthy motives dis- regarded by the omnipresent tax gatherer. It is but justice to those who first promulgated the scheme to say that no important change in prin- ciple has been made. Only a few modifications, such as more mature study or the demands of cer- tain members of the Legislature whose support it was desirable to secure, were adopted. A com- parison with the original form demonstrates that fact. , J . I It is but proper to add that there had been an act passed granting a rebate of taxes for certain kinds of stands of forest growth, yet such legisla- tion did not place them under State control ; but the courts soon declared the act unconstitutional. Another act was also passed providing for the appointment of fire wardens by the Commissioner of Forestry. The duties of these wardens applies to private lands as well as those over which the State has control. So much for legislation pertaining to ownership and management of our forests, and we now come to the discussion of the relation of such ownership and management as has a bearing on public senti- ment, and of the effect that such management or administration has produced. It was early learned that the people living in the vicinity of the State reservations were mainly either silently hostile or, at best, indifferent. Few were the friends who espoused the cause of forest preservation, and fewer still were those who thought forest restora- tion was necessary. They believed, and many now believe, that the forests would restore them- selves ; that the removal of all valuable trees by the lumberman would be followed by a renewed growth as good as that which formerly stood there _-a most fatal conception— but just how that was to come about they did not pretend to say nor did they care. They claimed that if fire followed the lumberman's axe it did no damage because there was no mature trees there to be killed, and to them the idea that immature trees had a value was absurd. I will stop here to remark that the doctrine of immature growth having no value was long held in our ?tate, even by our courts, and it is only very recently that a contrary doctrine- sustained by unanimous opinion of our highest 1 court— holds that there is such a value, and that whoever causes the destruction of such growth, by fire or otherwise, is responsible for such damage as evidence will show. But to return to the attitude of the people. The view of there being no value in young timber trees led to not only indifference respecting forest fires but in some places cut-over lands were purposely burned, either by their owners or by near neighbors to provide pasture or make berry patches. , , i Then, too, there was a class who had always looked upon the forests as a domain in which they, though not the owners, had certain fixed rights. Hunting, fishing, berry picking, nut gathering, bee hunting, and an occasional theft of more or less valuable timber, were prerogatives of which they expected to be deprived by State ownership, and hence in sentiment— but not always secret— they were hostile to such ownership, and in too many cases that feeling ran parallel with forest fires and other depredations. To overcome all this, and more, and win over the people of the vicinity and also enlist those elsewhere, was the first task-and it was a highly important one— for the Department of Forestry to accomplish. Consequently every effort was put forth to convince the people at large of the abso- lute necessity of forest protection, preservation, and where necessary, forest restoration. 1 he en- 1 deavor was, and still continues to be, to convince ' them that it was their interests that the State was ; endeavoring to conserve. They were assured that no just and proper use of State lands would b. i denied them They were given to know that hunting, fishing, berry picking, nut fthejing-- if they did not injure the trees-and the like, harl no restrictions beyond the general laws of the State. Entrance on State lands for such or any other like purpose did not make them trespassers as it did when the land was owned by individuals. To a large extent it was to be their domain and not that of the officials of the State or any imper- sonal party. Permits for camping on State lane, under such restrictions as will prevent injury to the forests, have always been freely given, and it is gratifying to know that several thousand such permits have been annually issued to hunters, fishermen, berry pickers, picnic parties and those seeking an outing for health or recreation, and it is a pleasure to record that seldom, indeed, has there ever been a violation of the rules regulating such enjoyment. To more fully gratify a desire for occupancy an act was passed at the last session of the Legislature giving the Department of Forestry the power to lease, for a term not exceeding ten years, land for dwellings, camps and the like, to individuals, churches, schools, and associations, under ex- tremely liberal terms for rental. In two instances the State went even further and constructed two stone dams where former wooden ones had decayed, thus impounding large bodies of water celebrated for excellent fishing. Such action by the State may seem unwise but it was not. It converted the population of nearly a whole county into friends of forestry where they formerly had been its opponents. Clubs and asso- ciations had secured control of much of the fish- ing grounds in the county and the people natur- ally felt that the State was taking from a sparse and dependent population their last rights in that direction ; but when they came to see that they did not lose anything but were actually gainers by State ownership enemies were turned to friends and forest fires there greatly diminished in num- bers, and when they do occur there are willing hands to suppress them. Our State-owned forest lands are now divided into some fifty odd reservations and an educated forester placed on each. These foresters have been educated practically at the expense of the State, for when Pennsylvania began forestry work there were no forest schools in the country and the State was compelled to establish one which it did at Mont Alto, designated as the Pennsylvania Forest Academy. The foresters placed on the reservations have always been instructed to use all efforts possible to explain to the people the objects sought ; to use every effort to conciliate them ; to assume no dictatorial or domineering manner ; to embrace every opportunity to address schools, agricultural and other gatherings where they would not be looked upon as intruders, in order to im- part to the people a correct knowledge of the aims and purposes of the forest policy of the State. They are especially instructed to demonstrate to the people the need and possibility of reforesting the cut-over and practically barren lands of the State, and that it is for the interest of owners of land to encourage State work as well as to look after their own unprofitable holdings. It is especi- ally gratifying to know that the young men who have been sent out on these reservations have done their work well. Under these foresters there are about io6 rangers who aid the foresters in caring for the reservations, and they too are doing good work in educating the people. Alto- gether it can be truthfully said that progress has been gratifying. Not all that has been desired, or even undertaken, has been accomplished, but headway has been made. One thing we have thus far failed in, and that is, to cause the people at large to realize — and this is shown by the action of the Legislature in not granting the amount of appro- priation needed for extensive tree-planting — that in the main the so-called second-growth coming on is mainly composed of worthless species of trees, and that only by planting valuable species can a satisfactory forest be secured. That know- ledge is coming, yet its progress is slow. But in the end it will come, for it must, as it is a fact and a stubborn one too. No doubt but a majority of the people in this section of New England look upon your mountains, cut-over lands, and aban- doned farms as fast reforesting themselves, which in a way they are doing, but so far as I have been able to see such reforestation will produce, in the main, but little timber of value in hundreds of years. The valuable species on such lands as I have been able to examine are '' like angel's visits few and far between." There are altogether too many weed trees, too many white birches, trem- bling aspens, and like stuff, to ever establish an acceptable forest. And this is the case with much of the country east of the Rocky Mountains. The sooner the whole country comes to know that only by planting valuable species of trees can a profitable forest be grown, the sooner we will be on the right road to successful forestry. This may be thought heresy at this time. Let it be so thought now if it must, but twenty-five, or a less number of years, hence there will be hosts of heretics. As ever the truth will prevail. One thing our Department of Forestry has been very careful about, and that is in seeing that the titles were perfect before money was paid for land, and the result is that not a single case of litigation has resulted in any of the purchases of the nearly one million acres. We think that a good record. 94 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 95 I have thus given you a general view of how we have carried on our work. I hope the narra d^e "ll be useful to you of New England as you are just formulating your niethods Iha our mistakes will be of service to you a^d that you will improve upon our 'f^^'^fXeTLTZ wish And now I must be indulged in a tew "marks somewhat outside of the path I have fol- ^""it'^has been claimed here that another State tha,^ Snnsylvania has been the forerunner i„ the forestry movement. I cannot permit that claim lo go unchallenged. When a State purchases a arle amount of land and distinctly dedicates its entire area to the purposes of a park, on which by constitutional provision, not a tree -n be cut ■ not even a dead one, I cannot admit that such a , condUion is a forestry proposition - its prope sense. I cheerfully grant that to plant trees is strictly in the line of practical forestry, but the removal of trees is equally as necessary as plant- ng and that cannot be done without a violation of that State's constitution. That such a condi- tion should be changed is the opinion of every student and advocate of forestry ; but wh. e ha condition lasts it should not be claimed that it is forestry We do not tie men's hands and then in- sist that they can wage a successful battle. I re- joice that the State alluded to has p anted so many trees but my belief is that those who did it even by that act violated a twice-proclaimed mandate to the people of that State. For twenty years the State forestry movement in Pennsyl- vania has had a free hand, and has gone steadily forward from the beginning, and the future of that movement can safely be predicted by the history of the past. , „ , In closing 1 deem it best to say that Pennsyl- vania has endeavored for two years to suppress the chestnut blight within her borders. Fwo | years ago last winter her Legislature appropriated $275,000 for that purpose. That sum has been expended and last winter's session appropriated an additional $100,000, but the Governor vetoed it. I am not here with a brief from Governor Tener, but I will state two facts and then you can judge for yourselves. The first one is that the Legislature appropriated over $24,000,000 more than the revenues and of course there had to be a reduction in the appropriations. The other fact is that not one State bordering on ■ Pennsylvania had done a single thing towards suppressing the blight ; nor did any one of them indicate that it proposed to do so; and unless such action was to be taken by them it would be a fruitless task for our State to continue the battle alone. S. B. Elliott. New Publications. £ees and Wasps, by Oswald H. Latter. Submerged Forests, by Clement Reid. The Wandering of Animals, by Hans Gadow. Nos. 61, 62, 64, respectively, of the Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature. Cambridge Press i2mo., bound in rose colored cloth G. P. Putnams's Sons, New York, 40 cents each. Bees and Wasps is a 132 page book in which Mr Latter has treated some of the British species of Hymenoptera. The Fossores or Digger-wasps, the Diploptera or double-winged wasps, the An- thophlia, or flower-lover bees, the Apidae, or long- pointed-tongue bees, and the social bees, are all interestingly described, together with a more detailed statement in regard to the sting and tongue. Directions are given for collecting and nreserving the insects ; also a bibliography and index. The 2 1 illustrations aid in an understand- ing of the text. Submerged Forests is a brochure of 130 pages, bv Mr. Reid, with 5 illustrations, interestingly describing the forests of bygone ages which, ! through landslips, compression of underlying strata? or removal of protecting shingle beach or sand dunes, have become submerged Descnp- tions are given of such forests in the Thames Valley, the East Coast, the Dogger Bank, the Irish Sea, the Bristol and English Channels ! Cornwall, and the Atlantic Coast. It shows that i at one time the greater part of England was 70 feet, and possibly 90 feet, above its present tide level It is estimated that this submergence of I land or elevation of sea level started some 3,500 years ago. Mr. Reid gives many valuable facts about a little known subject. The Wanderimr of Animals, 170 pages, outlines the distribution of animals, showing the interde- pendence of animal and plant life, the effect of climate, mountains, deserts, etc. Mr. Gado^ then describes the means and rates of spreading the natural increase in numbers and density ot species, with remarks on rich and scanty faunas the home requirements of animals, and their need to wander influenced by many and vast changes in the surface of the world. Other chapters deal with the distribution of a considerable number ot various groups of animals, mostly terrestrial ver- tebrates, selected for their fitness as test cases 17 hypothetical maps have been prepared by the , writer, showing the configurations of the various ! continents in successive geological epochs ; also ' the range of different selected animals. HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Ronieyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branch lets, and barks pliotographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, ^^'^j delivered. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees " — Melville Detvey. I*reH*t Vt, liihrni'i/ Afts'n, " Indispensable for all students of trees." — Hotnuieal Gazette. '* PLxtraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the original." — Ne^v York Thuett. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful. De- serves a place in the librarv of every tree-lover." —The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." —The Nation. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees.— »/o#ir#»rtf of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out of a total ot some '250 books on this and kindred subjects." —Ueau Alvord, New Torh. " It is doubtful if any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this hanfc>» lOKK. 1012 Walnat St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Office of FRANKLIN H. H0l«H, Ehq., 900 F St. N. W., Snite 519-521, WASHINGTON, D. V. You are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most convenient to you or to .rite for particulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. 96 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. Witli our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHIL A. 30 minutes rom Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. niustrated Catalogue upon applieation. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: THE BISHOP or THE DiocESE OF PENNSYLVANIA. President, SAMUEL F. HOUSTON, Vice- President. GEORGE WOODWARD, Secretary and Treamrer, Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DIS8TON. EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H.GORDON McCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduate, in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, February, 1914. No. 7 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. 97 98 99 99 Editorials The Blights of Coniferous Nursery Stock A Forest Arboretum for the Pennsylvania State College The Status of the Chestnut Tree in Pennsylvania The Profitable Utilization of Dead and Defective Timber on Pennsylvania State Forests The Cash Value of Trees Temperature and Humidity at Eberswalde in the Open and in a Beech Stand Our Illustrations ^°^ The Attitude of the Railroads Towards Forest Fires 104 100 lOI 102 New Publications. 107 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. Tke attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising tuedium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junb, 1886, I Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship fee ^ Two dollars. Life membership, Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. / . „ t • Vice-Presidents. Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Uwis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary , Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. ^ „ »,,:.• u w w Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. ,, ^ , . . Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. », >^ c. u Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, }ohn Birkinbine, Chairman ; i". L. Bitler, b. B. Ji^lliott, and Harrison Souder. r.t 1 • . Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham b. Schropp. Officb of thb Association, ion Walnut St.. Philadblphia. EDITORIALS. THE woods are damp from late rains, the mountains mainly blanketed with snow, and the forests are temporarily immune from damage by fire. But within two months spring will be here, officially if not in reality, and the sun's rays will send the melting snow to swell water courses, to dry the soil and turn the leaves of last fall into tinder. Lighted matches, cigarettes or cigars, carelessly discarded, embers of imperfectly quenched camp fires, sparks from locomotives, or the torch of the berry pickers, may ignite the dry curling leaves, and strong spring winds transform a trifling blaze into a great conflagration. The hazy atmosphere through which the sun appears as a copper globe, or the pungent smell of smoke, will announce that someivhere the forests are aflame. To those closer, dense clouds of smoke by day and lurid reflections at night may mark the progress of a fire through someone's property. The exact location of the fire or the identity of the owner of the forests may be of little moment to most of us, but each year these are coming closer and each year the injury is more imminent. If the fire ravages lands owned by the State it is your property and mine which suff'ers ; if it destroys mature timber or checks new growth a future resource of the State is lessened. Our people have too long been callous and our courts have been too lax in awarding punishment to those responsible for forest fires. Possibly an appreciation of the fact that we as citizens of Pennsylvania are each suff*erers— that our children are losing a heritage which should be preserved for them— may result in awakening the public from its apathetic interest in forest fires. We must do more than express regret or con- demn carelessness and malice; we must in the 98 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. name of the law emphasize the punishments it provides, and command : "Put out that match, cigar, or cigarette ! " Extinguish those embers ! "_^ " Screen the engine exhaust ! " " lenite that underbrush at your peril '. Legislation provides penalties covering respon- sibility for forest fires, which the courts may impose, but the facts must be collected and the punishment endorsed by the people of the State. ik :k H^ ^ * During the year 191 3 the Department of For- estry of Pennsylvania has worked upon and irn- proved over 1,700 miles of roads, trails, and fire Laks. Over 2,800,000 seedlings were planted 100 miles of telephone line were built, while additional work was done upon many miles already established. Twelve observation towers were also erected. _ . ^ fU^r^ Upon the State Forest Reserves in 191 3 there were 150 fires, which burned over an area of approximately 52,000 acres. -R^cprves The total receipts from the State Reserves during the past year was $i3,ioi» while in January, 1914, these amounted to $2,640. >ic * * * * By request Dr. J. T. Rothrock, formerly State Commissioner of Forestry, will deliver an im- portant illustrated lecture on - Desolated Penn- , sylvania," in Witherspoon Hall, Philadelphia, on Saturday, February 28th, at 8.15 P. M. Every- one interested in the restoration of the forests of Pennsylvania should hear this lecture and see the illustrations. . ^.r. Tickets for reserved seats, 50 and 25 cents, can be obtained by mail application to the Pennsy - vania Forestry Association, 1012 Walnut btreet, Philadelphia. 5ic * * * * At its annual meeting in Washington, January 14th, the American Forestry Association re-elected as its president Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh University— a merited recognition ot his energetic services in behalf of the organization. Other Pennsylvanians in the list of officers are : Mr. Joshua L. Baily and Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Vice-Presidents, and Mr. E. A. Sterling a mem- ber of the Board of Directors. The Blights of Coniferous Nursery Stock. The average area administered by a ranger on the federal forests of the United States is about 100,000 acres. In Germany the area adminis- tered by a man of equivalent rank is about 700 acres. A NUMBER of different blights, concerning XX which little has been known, do consider- ^ able damage to conifers in nurseries in the United States, according to Bu//efin No. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The increasing amount of forest planting, and the danger that imported stock will bring in serious tree diseases, make 1 especially important that methods of controlling these blights be found in order to encourage the grow- ing or planting stock in this country. Sun scorch is the commonest summer trouble among nursery stock. The roots of the plants affected die before or at the same time as the tops. • Death is caused by excessive water loss It usually occurs when the air is hot and dry and the soil around the roots is dry The disease is worse on sandy soils in crowded beds and on raised parts of beds. On sandy soils it may kill suddenly and in definite patches. Successful pre« ventive measures that have been tested are water- ing, shading, and avoidance of crowding. In nurseries located on mineral soils the humus con- tent should be increased. Winterkilling, another disease, causes the tops of the plants to dry when the soil is frozen so that the plants cannot take up water. 1 he preventive measures most used consist of a light straw mulch on the beds and windbreaks. • , . uv u^- The tops of plants affected by the mulch-blight die in winter. This happens while the mulch is still on or occasionally just after it is removed. The roots do not die till sometime after the tops. The immediate cause of death is unknown . i he disease may be prevented by avoidance of heavy, close mulches. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture just before the beds are mulched in the fall may also be of value. • r • There are a number of needle-destroying fungi, some of which are certain sooner or later to cause damage in the nurseries in the moister parts ot the United States. They have so far been little studied. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture at the proper time will presumably prevent damage Irom any of them. The proper times for spraying have not yet been determined. The importation of European stock should be discouraged in order to avoid bringing parasites which have not yet reached this country. ^ ^ ^^a A great deal of blight occurs in red cedar seea- lings and transplants. The cause and methods ot prevention are unknown. Shading, watering, ana frequent spraying should be tested. A Forest Arboretum for the Pennsylvania State College. OVER 60 acres of land on the College Campus at the Pennsylvania State College has been set aside permanently by the Trustees of the college for the gradual development of a forest arboretum. The tract reserved for this purpose is within two minutes walk of the forestry building, and lies next to the woodlot of 18 acres which now serves as the ** woods laboratory" of the forest school. It is planned to gather together in this arboretum the shrubs and trees that are in- digenous to the State of Pennsylvania. In addi- tion all trees that can be grown in the climate of Pennsylvania, both native and foreign, will be planted. Such trees as may be of value for making forest plantations will be grown in clumps of a quarter acre each, so that they will grow under forest conditions and develop the form of bole and crown characteristic of forest trees. Each of the trees, as well as all others, will also be grown as individuals so as to develop the natural beauty and form of the trees when planted in the open, which makes them of value for decorative purposes. Many experiments will be carried on in connec- tion with the arboretum, and data taken as to the growth and development of the trees, their value for forest and decorative purposes and their suita- bility to the climate of Pennsylvania. Planned as the arboretum is, on such a wide scale, with the possibility of the tract being greatly extended, should the demand ever come, it is believed that the forest arboretum at State College will in time take its place among the famous tree gardens of the country. J. A. Ferguson. Through the courtesy of Dr. J. T. Rothrock we have received a letter sent to him by Mr. C. R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests of New York, in which he refers to the December issue of Forest Leaves, containing the illustrations of the forest fire in the Adirondacks, he says : '* This forest fire attracted a great deal of at- tention, although it covered only about 17,000 acres, all of which, with the exception of about 200 acres, was land which had been burned over once or twice before. On account of its isolation it was difficult to control. It was next to im- possible to secure efficient assistance. ** In a portion of this area no rain fell for 78 days. There is one statement in your article to which I take exception, that is, * It raged until extinguished by rain,* while, as a matter of fact, this fire was trenched, and back-fired, and, except for a very small space, was entirely under control when the rain fell.^* The Status of the Chestnut Tree in Pennsylvania. 1/ ORESTRY in Pennsylvania has received a Jp* severe blow from what is known as the Chestnut Blight disease, and the dire effects resulting therefrom should be promptly understood so that our future course can be wisely directed. The following are the most important facts con- nected with the economic character of the chestnut tree. 1 . It is the only valuable species of timber trees within our borders that can be implicitly relied upon to reforest an area on which it is growing by sending up sprouts from a cut stump. There are three or four other valuable species of trees that will send forth more or less sprouts from the cut stump of a young tree, but none of them can be at all depended upon to produce a reasonably full crop ; and, besides, the sprouts from them seldom reach sawlog size, and not very many even pole size. 2 . While a chestnut stump will throw up sprouts for the second, or even third or fourth time, yet only the first set can be expected to reach more than a pole stage of growth, this result is conse- quent upon the weakened root development which the destruction of the entire leaf system brings about. A statement published by one who should have known better — that frequent cutting of the sprouts actually strengthens the root system — is faulty in both common sense and fact. 3. The chestnut is singularly susceptible to in- jury by forest fire. A chestnut tree once fire- scarred may outwardly appear to have recovered from the injury, excepting that portion more or less exposed where the bark has been killed ; but every lumberman who has had experience in saw- ing lumber from fire-scarred chestnut trees has realized that the annual rings connected with that scar or burn are affected a long way up the tree — sometimes fifteen or twenty feet — and what is commonly called a ** shake " — a separation of the annual rings — occurs for that distance so that when the tree is sawed into boards the boards will split along that line and will frequently fall apart by ordinary handling. So much does such an injury afftct the lumber that such trees are seldom sawed into boards or plank. 4. The blight is so virulent, persistent and fatal that the expenditure by our State of $275,000 under judicious, intelligent and careful direction has served only to slightly check its progress. It is to be found in nearly every portion of the State, and in some of the eastern counties it has already nearly wiped out the tree. Other States surrounding us have suffered greatly but have done 100 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 101 little or nothing, nor do they propose to do any- thing in the future towards its suppression, and fo Pennsylvania to fight the battle alone even wJre there any grounds for belief that the ^.e-e could be suppressed, would seem to be a too He culean task to undertake. Unless Na ure in Sn^e way shall furnish a remedy it certainly w 11 be wisdom on the part of our people to submit to what appears to be the inevitable and act as though The future of the tree will have little in it to TTthe^foregoing is accepted as fact-and it must be until some remedy for the d'sea.se,s found but for which there is now no hope held out— it sure y behooves our people to give their attention to growing other species of trees to meet future demands. ' The disease destroys the roots as well as the stem and crown of the chestnut and hence no further sprouting can occur ; and this, together with the fac? that the modern method of lumbenng removes practically all other species-and if that do^s not the almost universal fire which follows does-makes a resort to planting new forests with such species as are not afl-ected by disease an absolute necessity. This, then, is the status of the chestnut tree in our State, and the sooner that status and the con- comitant features growing out of it are realized and acted upon the better it will be for our future welfare. , ^ 4.-^„ Before closing I deem it my duty to caution against following the advice of some who should know better ; which advice is, to plant-mainly for fruit, however— some other variety than our native chestnut. The fact is that none of them is immune. They are all subject to the disease. Nor is planting for fruit a forestry proposition, as claimed by some. Trees grown in the open, as they must be for fruit, will invariably have large limbs low down and be utterly worthless for tim- ber Planting for fruit is a horticultural proposi- tion pure and simple. I do not .question the sincerity of those who claim that such trees will be useful for lumber, but I do deplore their need of observation and their lack of knowledge of the very fundamental features of forestry and, more- over, regret their forwardness in giving advice on so important a subject in which they show so little knowledge. S. B. Elliott. The Profitable Utilization of Dead and Defective Timber, on Pennsylvania State Forests. Squirrels collect much of the seed used for planting by the U. S. Forest Service. The governor of Iowa has set aside a fire-pre- vention day, urging that the citizens discuss con- ditions and create a sentiment against forest fires and other conflagrations. THE profitable utilization of dead and defec- tive timber from our State forests is and will be one of the great questions to con- front the Pennsylvania forester for some time^ There has been left a large amount of refuse material in the course of lumbering operations ; Trees have been leveled to the ground by wind InSsleet storms ; while others have been kded or iniured by fires, insects, and disease. Much of tWs refuse'^may be removed profitably either as a matter of protection or as an '"vestment In the early lumbering operations of Pei»nsyl- vania especially where there were good growths r;;e Tnd hJmlock, the operators began where it was most convenient to secure the cho cest material cutting the finest white pine and select- Sg onW the besf parts. Hemlock was often felled fof a bed for the white pine to fall upon; and fhen when hemlock bark could be handled a, a profit, these trees were cut merely for their bark the logs being left upon the ground. In some places fully one third to one-half the logs were left in the forest. . In many parts of the State small tracts of tim- ber were unused because their location made it 1 costly to lumber, the soil being swampy or rocky. ' ?hese exposed tracts of timber have often been leveled to the ground by storms and become a tangled mass. Where winds failed to destroy, fires killed many trees along the outer edges of the tract, each succeeding fire penetrated farther until often fully one-half of the trees were dead, buch tracts now contain little valuable tree growth or cover of any kind that protects the soil from the rays of the sun. . , , The cost for protection of forests having a large ' amount of such material is much greater than for those that are free from it. ^Vhere it can he removed and utilized even at a sbght cost, it is a profitable investment if the matter of protection Llone is regarded. But the State can ut, ize a great quantity of the dead and defective timber found in its forests and realize a small profi. Most of such timber is widely scattered, difficult and expensive to lumber, and the materials when manufactured are of a somewhat inferior grade. In order to realize a profit the forester must kno« in advance where the manufactured product can be disposed of, and what can be obtained for it He must be reasonably certain of the cost of labo in obtaining the raw material, of transportation before and after manufacture, and of manufacture A market may have to be foiTnd or created, but usually a local one is advantageous because of cheap transportation. The previous study of an operation enables the forester to decide what must be manufactured to secure the greatest profit. For example, there was in the Clearfield forest about one- fourth of a million board feet of dead and dying jack pine. This pine could have been sold for $i.oo, or g2.oo, per thousand board feet stumpage. It is large enough to cut into lumber, could be used for mine props, or manufactured into pulp wood. An offer of $6.50 per cord of 160 cubic feet f.o.b cars at Clearfield for paper wood was received. It could have been cut and peeled for $2.00 per cord, hauled and loaded upon cars for $4.25 per cord, showing a net profit of 25 cents per cord. Mine operators offered $2.50 to $4.00 per ton for mine props f.o.b. cars at Clearfield. The props could have been hauled for $2.00 per ton and the cutting and skidding done at a cost of 75 cents per ton, showing something between a loss of 25 cents and a gain of* about $1.00 a ton. As from three to four tons of mine props, depending upon ; size, will make about a thousand board feet of , lumber, the result would have been something ; between a loss of 75 cents or $1.00 to a gain of from $3.00 to $4.00 per thousand board feet. Upon investigation it was found that the greatest profit could be secured by manufacturing the pine into lumber if a market could be created. This was done. It cost the State $11.50 per thousand board feet to manufacture and deliver the lumber to market. At first the price was $15.00 to $18.00 per thousand board feet, but at present is $20.00 per thousand board feet, thus realizing a net profit of from $3.50 to $8.50 per thousand board feet. On many of the State forests the dead material which cannot be manufactured into lumber may be cut into cord wood and sold locally at a profit, or utilized for charcoal. Tar may be made from jack pine stubs and knots and disposed of at from $1.00 to $2.00 per gallon. In many regions there is plenty of fuel and little demand for cord wood, but there is great need for dead timber in the shape of mine props, mine ties, mine caps, cull lumber, and oftentimes kindling wood. Where the forests are located close to agricultural regions, there is always a demand for fence posts, cull lumber for temporary buildings, scaffolding mate- rials, and materials for stacking grain. Where forests are close to pulp mills and extract mills, large quantities of jack pine, chestnut, cucumber, birch, and nmple may be utilized profitably. Part of the white pine logs cut and left on the ground years ago may be manufactured into shingles, lath, and sometimes lumber. There is also a great demand for material for crates and box boards. It is no slight task to utilize these materials at a profit. Many good jobbers who have been suc- cessful in lumbering virgin timber have been en- tirely unsuccessful in removing profitably this refuse material under the conditions in which it is found. But a thorough knowledge of local conditions should enable the profitable utiliza- tion of all the sound dead material found in the forest. During 1913, 215,200 feet B. M. of jack pine and 30,900 feet of chestnut have been culled from an area of 250 acres at a net profit to the State of $4.63 per acre. A portion of this area cost the State $1.50 per acre in 1900 and the balance J $3.00 per acre in 1902. Wm. F. Dague. The Cash Value of Trees. THERE was a law suit before Justice L. P. Kostenbader, of Nazareth, in November, 191 3, regarding the cutting of a tree on another man's property. Chester Siegel brought suit against his neighbor Richard Rissmiller for trespassing and cutting down a white oak tree, in 1910, which measured 12 inches across the stump, and the Justice gave judgment for $24 damage. Under the law in Pennsylvania, the Justice could have allowed damages treble the amount of the judgment, which in this particular case would have been judgment for $72. A Jury also brought in a verdict for the plain- tiff for $70 in the case of Lewis Shoemaker against Albanus Shelly of Lehigh County. The parties are from Weisenberg township, living on adjoining farms, where the defendant, it was alleged, chopped down seven walnut trees last February. The plaintiff sued for $1,000 damages and was awarded damages at the rate of $10 per ixQQ.— Nazareth Item. Nineteen years ago Dr. C. A. Schenck came to this country from Germany, and in the year 1898 established the '' Biltmore Forest School," which at that time was the only institution of its kind in America. At the present time lumbering is taught in one way or another at 83 American schools, according to a circular which Dr. Schenck has just issued, in which he states that as the school has now but 20 students, he has concluded to abandon it. Friends of forestry will wish Dr. Schenck good fortune in his home in Darmstadt, Germanv. 102 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 103 Temperature and Humidity at Ebers- walde in the Open and in a Beech Stand. ¥R GEORGE A. RETAN has furnished a translation of an article in Zeit. for Forst und Ja^dwesen, December, 19 13, by Prof. Dr. Johannes Schubert, bearing the above caption. It is of considerable interest, both from the stand- point of the data presented, and also from the originality of the methods of investigation. 1 he article is divided into two parts of which the first is of subordinate interest. ** I Graphical representation of the movement of humidity and temperature at Eberswalde. '' The observations cover a period of 35 years, 1876-1910, taken at eight A. M., at the station in the open, 42 meters above sea level, at Ebers- walde The vapor pressure increases with the temperature from January to July and decreases in the other half of the year. Equal temperatures in late summer and in fall show a much higher vapor pressure than in spring and early summer. The yearly movement of the vapor pressure is in an opposite sense to that of the temperature. The relative humidity, reckoned from the vapor pres- sure mean and the temperature mean for the month, is never lower than 70 per cent. The , months of May and June, judged by this, are especially dry. From that time the relative hu- 1 midity rises and becomes greatest in winter. In spite of the low vapor pressure, the air is then ; nearly saturated. . I << 2. The temperature and humidity of the air in and over the beech cover and in the open. '' This portion of the article is based on obser- vations taken during the period of 1906-08. An Aspiration Psychrometer was used. The measure- ments were made at the three heights of 0.2 m., 2.2 m., and 4.2 m. above the ground. The latter height was just above the crown cover of the stand. From May until October in 1905, obser- vations from 7 to 8 A. M., and from 1.30 to 2 P. M., were made on as many days as possible and reduced to monthly means. In the supple- mentary course of observations in the fall of 1907, and also in the spring and summer of 1908, read- ings were taken with the psychrometer from 7 A. M. to 6 P. M. at nine intervals in the open, and from 7.30 A. xM. to 5.30 P. M. at six inter- vals in the forest. For these observations there were chosen convenient bright still days with a pronounced normal temperature variation. These served to assure a view of the continuity of the physical course of events enacted side by side within the daily period. As a result of this choice the purpose could be attained better in a smaller number of days than in the case of longer periods of observations embracing weather changes in whose mean values the causal connection would be obscured. <*The beech stand is about 4 meters high, S W. of the station in the open, and is surrounded by high beech and mixed forest. There are pine standards present on the area, one of which sup- ported the station. Full leafing of the beech occurred about May 17th. '^ Under the protection of the leafed-out stand, the air was warmed less than in the open. The strongest difference was in July, and amounted to 1.6° C. This difference decreased with eleva- ^* The absolute humidity is somewhat raised by the beech woods, especially in the summer season, at the middle station. The greatest difference was observed as 7 mm. in the morning. A vapor pressure equal to that in the crown cover was observed between the surface layer and the middle . layer over the field. The relative humidity was i somewhat raised within the beech stand, especially in the surface layer. The greatest difference was I in the morning, in August. '' The change in the temperature with elevation shows fundamental differences in the forest and in the open. There was found a decrease of tem- perature with elevation in the field, amounting to 1.2° C. at midday in July, and lessening toward fall Similar conditions were found in the forest only before full leafing, in May. In July and June the temperatures are found to be equal at all elevations. During this period, with the trees in full leaf, and with the sun at its height, the warmth is distributed regularly throughout the whole height of the stand. With advance of the season and a sinking sun, the forest soil is more and more shaded, while the crowns receive the insolation. The soil remains comparatively cool, and the temperature increases with the height. **Also in the morning, the temperature de- creases with elevation in the open, while the contrary is true in the forest. <* In spring and summer, on those days charac- terized by direct insolation in morning, midday, and slightly beyond, it was warmer in the upper and middle layers in the forest than in the layers of equal height over the field. Also in Septem- ber the temperature in the crown cover in forenoon was occasionally higher than that in the open. A cooling in the forest was found principally near the soil. It reached its highest value in the morning in spring at 2° C, in summer at 2>| C, and in September at 3)^° C, below the temperature of the surface layer in the open. *»' In the spring the air in the forest was most commonly drier, both absolutely and relatively ; in the beech in full leaf, however, the air was moister than in the open. The greatest difference was in September between 3 and 4 P. M. in the middle and surface layers. *' Over the field the temperature regularly de- creased with elevation, except for an evening inversion in fall and spring. \ ' * The forest shows a similar decrease when in >vinter condition, but when in full leaf the air at the surface is cooler. i ^'In September, in the beech stand, especially at midday, the air at the surface remains cooler than the upper layer ; upon the field the surface layer is warmer until 4 P. M., after which it is cooler than that above. In the forenoon the upper air layers in the forest and over the field have nearly the same temperature, then the forest temperature falls behind. Above the field the surface layer can give off heat to the upper layers because of its higher temperature carried into the afternoon. So long the temperature of the upper air rises or remains at an equal height. In the forest, on the other hand, the cool surface layer cannot give any warmth to the upper layer as the sun sinks, and consequently the temperature of the upper air layers falls." Where comparable, these observations agree very well with those quoted in Bulletin 7 of the old Division of Forestry. They are particularly valu- able in adding data which are said by Bulletin 7 to be lacking ; that is, of the diurnal movements of temperature and humidity in the forest. Excess of Temperatures at Surface over those at 4.2 M. MIDDAY. C°. 1906 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Beech, 1.30 P. M 0.5 o. i 0.0 -0.3 -o-5 -o-7 Open, 2 P. M i.o 0.7 1. 2 0.8 0.5 0.2 Excess of the Temperature at the Surface over that at 4.2 M. STATION IN OPEN. Hours— 7 8 10 12 2 3 4 5 6 Mar.-Apr., '08, 0.5 i.^ 1. 9 2.2 1. 2 1. 1 0.2 o. I -l.l° June-July, '08, 1.2 1.6 2.3 1. 7 1-7 i-5 1-3 0-9 O-i September, '07, o.i i.o 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 -o.i -0.9 -1,7 STATION IN BEECH. Hours— 7.30 9.30 11.30 1.30 3.30 5.30 Mar.-Apr., '08, -0.4 0.7 1.3 1.4 0-3 -i-7° Tune-July, '08, -1.2 -0.8 0.0 -0.4 -0.7 -0-9 September, '07, 0.0 -1.5 -1.4 -2.1 -2.1 -1-4 A growing scarcity of willow, generally used for wooden shoes in Europe, is leading to an adop- tion of poplar. There are' 5 5 oaks in the United States, about evenly divided between the east and the west. The eastern species, and particularly white oaks, are the most valuable. Our Illustrations. E^IGHT A. M., January 13th, the thermome- \ ter registered 13° above zero, in West Chester, Pa. The following morning, at the same hour, the mercury stood at zero at the same place ; but, taken as a whole, the winter had been mild, there had been but little snow. Of course, the two days of pronounced cold weather had frozen the ground surface solidly. From the 14th the temperature ranged along about the freezing point — some days a little below, and some above; on the 23d I found the first snow drop, just peeping out of the ground ; there had been practically no rain before Saturday the 24th, recent enough to cause a rise in the streams. On Saturday morning the 24th, we woke to find it raining; it continued through the day, but there fell in all, as recorded by our veteran weather observer. Dr. Jesse Green, only seventy nine hundredths of an inch. At no time during the day was there anything in the nature of a down- pour. The Daily Local News of West Chester, on Monday, January 26th, had the following item : '* Streams were Flooded. — All the streams in this section were flooded on Saturday afternoon and the water covered the meadows along them to a considerable extent. All the ice was taken off the dams and the hopes of the ice men were doomed, at least unless another freeze comes shortly." Here was a problem to be worked out ; where did the water come from that had caused such a sudden rise in the streams ? During the summer season a similar rainfall would hardly have caused a perceptible rise. Unless it had come suddenly on ground which was, at most, partly saturated with water, it would in great part have found its way into the ground. I started out immediately after reading the above item to examine the condition of the fields and woods. In spite of the moderate weather the ground in the fields had thawed only about an inch deep. Below that the soil was still frozen solidly. It was practically impervious to water. I could not penetrate it with my iron-shod cane. I then entered the woods, and in every case where there was a leaf litter I was able to thrust my cane deep into the ground. In fact there was no frozen soil within reach. It is certain that when the rain came on Satur- day the woodland soil was in a receptive condition for the rainfall. Two conclusions may be safely offered : ist, most of the rain that fell on the open field ran out of the country and was wasted ; 2d, most of the rain that fell in the woods soaked into the ground and was saved. From this we conclude that we 104 FOREST LEAVES. are more indebted to the forests than to the fields for the conservation of our winter rainfall, and that there is a proportionate acreage below which our for- | ests should not fall in relation to our cleared lands. | The following quotation is made from the , Literary Digest of January loth, iQM, page 59 '• ** That the ground-water level of the United States has lowered nearly to the danger point, was shown ; by the late Dr. W. J. McGee for the Department of Agriculture. Reports from 30,000 sources, covering practically every county in the country, show that the rate of change varies from region to region and from State to State, ranging from a slight rise in irrigated districts to a lowering of about 3.5 feet per decade. In the thirty-one States, covering the half of the country best adapted by natural conditions to feeding and clothing a great people, the average lowering since settlement would appear to be no less than nine feet, /. e., from well within to about the limit of capillary reach from the surface." This surely is not an encouraging outlook. There appears to be a common belief that when surface water fails an abundant supply may be had by artesian wells. The promised relief gives brief comfort when we reflect, that each well is simply drawing from greater depth the water required on the surface, and in so doing is still, just the same, lowering the ground-water level. j The question is sometimes asked: *'Are we then to give up our farm lands to forests ? " By no means ! If the State of Pennsylvania will devote its surplus energies to restoring timber to the rocky ridges and steep hillsides which have absolutely no other remunerative possibilities whatever, it will have abundant work for the next fifty years. When that is done our agricultural community will have learned the lesson that all other civilized nations have learned, namely: — that there is more comfort and prosperity in fifty acres well tilled than in a hundred acres poorly tilled. This truth will be forced upon us, because the increase in population will cause the broad paternal acres to be divided up into smaller farms. The one illustration shows the distribution of Field and Forest in northern Chester county. It is instructive in this connection, though probably the timber area is above the average proportion in the county. It is safe to say, however, that from those timbered hills the region owes a large part of its sustained water flow. Another illustration comes from Sullivan county. It is not strictly a forest primeval, for its best timber has from time to time been removed, though what remained has been allowed to grow to maturity. The photograph showing here and there bodies of snow remaining, was taken after the snow had melted and gone from the open ground, and indicates how the snow remains longer in the woods and percolates gradually into the soil beneath. It is an early spring picture One remaining illustration is a pretty bit of wood and water, striking possibly, as a picture, where stream, shady bank, and steeper hillside combine to awaken artistic appreciation suggest- ing rest and peace. ,, , •, -n^ To the forester, however, the pollarded willows on the further bank tell the tale of mutilation, of decayed trunk and shortened, unsightly life, lust as the leafless limbs of the larger trees on the nearer bank tell of weakened vitality, the approach of death, and awaken regret that so much of beauty must shortly give place to nakedness and monotony. Much depends on the view point, though it is folly to speak of a pollarded willow as a thing of beauty, in itself, whatever it may be in combination with something else I J. T. ROTHROCK. The Attitude of the Railroads Towards Forest Fires. (Read at the Canadian Forestry Association Convention, Ottawa, Canada.) T 'i AILROADS and Unknown Origin are the rV two headings under which the causes of a ^ large majority of our forest fires are listed. Even after allowing for inaccuracies in the records, the number of fires resulting from railroad locomo- tives is unquestionably large. The attitude of the railroads toward the forest fireevil, and the possibil- ities of reducing this particular source of danger,are therefore questions of interest and importance. While the railroads for many years have per- haps shown too little interest in forest protection, it must be remembered that indiff'erence has char- acterized most of the other interests, from the Government down to the smallest woodlot owner. The railroads could hardly be expected to worry about forest fires when the States through which they ran had neither laws nor organization to pre- vent or fight fires. So many of the developments tending toward the solution of forest problems have not taken place until recently, that criticism of any particular interest reflects discredit on all. Practically all of the definite accomplishments in forestry, both in Canada and the United States, have taken place in the last ten years, and the I greatest achievements are less than five years old. Under the latter, the beginning of eff*ective fire ' protection stands out prominently. Our forests are still far from safe, but federal. State, and pri- 1 vate activity has paved the way, and another de- cade should remove the fire menace from our i remaining forests. In this work, which must be I • o :z; X o > I I > '^ > I- z D o o cc 111 I- (/) UJ I o z QC UJ I I- o z co UJ QC o u. o z < o _J UJ Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv.. No. 7, ON THE BRANDYWINE; Attractive, or Otherwise, according to Your View Point. ** V, ^s: , .sa^' -:*f h ^^- SNOW IN THE WOODS; BUT NONE IN THE FIELDS. ^■' . *^ 'll^i*"*. o X • o > > PC !:^- .«* f !^ .^^ - f : .-; ■^-4^.>^:-:^.-v^;^' :JS^.*- --■-^'-^A^S^ > H Z D O o LU CD UJ I O z QC UJ I o z co UJ cc O u. o z < Q _J UJ Forest I.eaves, Vol. xiv.. No. 7. ON THE BRANDYWINE; Attracuve, or Otherwise, according to Your View Point. y '■ *r -'^r ,.A^ :>3^f9^: ^y- \-^-V^ ' '-^ft*^ .■> ->^^- •\^-V ■« '; •:V.^ir ••>-«'X! •»**^ is- 'i*-- %? • »>*«#J^^ Ti w .:.-- Vt, SNOW IN THE WOODS; BUT NONE IN THE FIELDS. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 105 co-operative to succeed, the railroads are doing their full share. Certain basic causes must underlie any given set of conditions. If the railroads have been the too frequent cause of forest fires, there are various reasons why this has been true. First of all, no spark arresters have been designed which will eliminate flying sparks under all conditions, and ; at the same time give the locomotive free draft. I While the various devices in general use greatly ' reduced the danger from this source, the fact must be accepted that there are certain mechanical diffi- culties which have not been entirely overcome. If it is recognized that sparks capable of start- ing fire reach the ground, the next logical step would be the removal of inflammable material from the right-of-way. It is easy to advise this, or even to legislate to this end ; but to the com- paratively new roads which have pushed into the forest regions, the expense of a fire-proof right- of-way is a very serious consideration. Most of the main trunk lines now clear their rights-of-way twice a year, but this is by no means a guarantee against fires from locomotive sparks. The strip of property owned by the railroads is too narrow for a safe fire belt. Adjoining property ofl'ers quite as great a menace ; so that, even if the rail- roads kept a right-of-way cleared to mineral soil, live sparks might easily start fires in the slashings and accumulated litter on adjoining property over which they have no control. As one other consideration, it may be men- tioned that for years the railroads shared in com- mon with the public the attitude of calm indifl'er- ence as to what happened to our forests. Cor- porations occasionally lead in developing public sentiment ; more frequently they are guided by it. The man on the street even now is hardly awake to the importance of forest protection ; yet, the railroads are taking the matter in hand with an energy in advance of public sentiment. A fair analysis of the situation reveals several reasons why the railroads have been either the primary or the indirect cause of many forest fires. No reasons can be found, however, for the rail- roads deliberately permitting or desiring to start fires, although such is often the popular concep- tion of the matter. ^ From many standpoints the railroads are the heaviest losers when a forest area burns. It takes away tonnage, both present and future ; reduces summer tourist travel ; and, un- less the region is developed for agriculture, merely furnishes ground on which to run tracks between more productive points. Damage claims follow every fire, and alone are enough to bring about any protective measures within reason. The past gives us little of which to be proud, so it is best to forget, save as a lesson, the semi- annual pall of smoke which has marked our forest fire losses. If we date our history some two or three years back, we can find basis for a future of greater promise. In the States, no one factor in forest fire prevention can be mentioned without including others. The Forest Service set the pace in the systematized fire work on the National Forests ; while the States, the timberland owners, through their forest protective associations, and the railroads followed. To-day all are working together in closer co-operation than was ever be- lieved possible, and the results from only two years of combined eff'orts are most encouraging. To tell specifically what the railroads are doing would occupy too much time. Briefly the mea- sures which are proving most effective are the removal of combustible material from the right- of-way, systematic reporting of all fires which start, and prompt action in extinguishing them, regular patrol during dry seasons, use of oil burn- ing engines in forest regions, wherever practic- able, and the keeping of spark arresters and ash pans in good condition. The clearing of land adjacent to the right-of-way is a very important development, which is permitted in Massachusetts and required by New Jersey, the latter providing for a 200-foot strip between the outer rail and a lo-foot fire break. About 235 miles of such fire breaks have been constructed during the past two - years, with the result that the number of fires has been very greatly decreased. Where the Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railroads traverse National Forest land, 200-foot strips are cleared and maintained under a co-operative agreement between the railroads and the Forest Service. The systematic patrol of the railroads, particu- larly under the direction of the State forest offi- cials, is proving a valuable fire preventive mea- sure. Minnesota provides for this in the new forest law ; New York has required the patrol of railroads in the Adirondack region ; while the Maine Central has provided a voluntary patrol. In the West, the Forest Service co-operated with the railroads in patrol work, most of the patrolmen being on the Government rolls, because of the protection aff'orded adjacent forest land. The use of oil-burning engines is required by law in New York State from April to November on all roads traversing the Adirondack forests. This, however, puts a heavy burden on the rail- roads, and is hardly a fair or practical measure in regions remote from sources of crude oil supply. Two transcontinental roads, after extensive ex- periments, have voluntarily installed oil-burning engines on divisions traversing the National Forests. 106 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. IP 107 The Pennsylvania and other roads operating in the more thickly populated Eastern States have to contend mainly with small fires started in wood- lots stubble fields, and second-growth woodlands These fires rarely assume serious proportions, and are guarded against by the trackmen and other employees, all of whom are under defimte in- structions to report fires and promptly extinguish those which start. A striking summary of the railroad forest fire problem and most excellent recommendations for fire control were passed as resolutions at the For- est Fire Conference in Portland, Oregon, in De- cember, 191 1. It would be impossible to do better than close by quoting these resolutions : IV/iereas, The protection of the timber resources means • The stumpage value to the timber owner of approximately $2 per M. feet B.M., employ- ment and remuneration to the wage earner of approximately $8, tonnage to the railroads, both in supplies, equipment, and forest products, ap- proximately $6 to $8 per thousand, benefits to the farmer and merchant through the use of supplies, an insurance of community prosperity and the general public welfare ; and, IV/iereas, It is recognized that the railroads operating in forested regions are a source of fire danger menacing the preservation of this resource for use ; and, - Wiereas, The danger from forest fires is com- mon to all and cooperation is necessary to meet this danger ; , , ^, . j Now, Therefore, Be it Resolved, That in order to secure the best results this co-operation be systematized along the following lines = 1 . Clearing up rights of way of railroads of all combustible material on ground ; not necessary to take down trees or take out stumps unless punky, rotten, or hollow. , , . 2. Establishing efficient patrol of tracks during dry seasons, both night and day. 3. Increase efficiency of spark arresters and transforming all engines being operated through timbered districts to oil burners as far as practi- C3.l)lc 4. More strict enforcements of order that steam be turned on all ashes dumped from the engines. Stringent enforcement of orders that no ash pans be dumped while train is in motion. 5. That orders be given expediting the furnish- ing of men from road gangs and section crews. 6. Reports of all fires by all train crews at first telegraph or telephone station. 7. Sharing expense of patrol by railroads. 8. That association, federal, and SUte organi- zations furnish their regular employees within their respective territories to assist in fire patrol. Q That authentic information of the condition of railroad rights of way, the methods used under different conditions, and of all fires originating on or adjacent to the right of way, be obtamed by federal, State, and private organizations, in order to present definite data to effect improvement in methods. , , r ..1. -i 10 That this situation be kept before the rail- roads, the organizations interested in fire protec- tion, and the general public, in order to insure a practical working out of these recommendations. At the conclusion of his written paper, Mr. Sterling proceeded: I have been asked to say a word in addition as to what the Pennsylvania Railroad is doing in relation to forestry. The main line of the Pennsylvania runs through a hardwood country, mostly second growth hard- wood, where the lumbermen, in the early days took off most of the valuable timber. The railroad has some thirty thousand acres on which a start has been made in exploiting the timber on a com- mercial basis. Work has been done on some fifteen properties, and after our logging operations these properties are in a much more productive state than before. The work has been done on a much more economical basis than that by lumber companies in Pennsylvania, and the net profits have been approximately $19 per acre. This has been done by finding a market for the products that the lumbermen are unable to sell. On the technical end we were very careful to cut with reference to a future crop, we found a market for everything produced, and I think the forest has been left in as good a shape as is possi- ble in view of the timber being taken off. Utiliza- tion has been carried to the finest point, practically everything, even down to the charcoal wood, being cleaned up. We have revived the charcoal industry, and are burning charcoal on old hearths that were abandoned so long ago that six and eight- inch trees are growing up through the center of them. The question of forest utilization is closely allied with the water supply problem. Therefore, we have had to modify some of the cutting in reference to the water supply end of the ques- In planting and nursery work, the policy is to plant about a million trees a year. We do not always reach that, and I am not sure that it is advikble. It is a question of how extensively a i corporation should engage in forest planting, ims ' is not what I would be expected to say, perhaps, but I believe that for most Eastern railroads the purchase and long-time management of timber- lands is more profitable than planting. Forest planting, from a general standpoint, is very im- portant. The road is trying to teach the farmers to plant waste lands, and also how to handle their woodlots. Seedlings are being offered from the company nursery at practically cost price. How great the demand will be I do not know, for there has not been very much enthusiasm about forest planting, because there has been so much second-growth forest land. Another point is that of fire protection. On the properties which are being logged and planted, we have done the usual things in the way of fire protection, with which you are familiar. General instructions have been issued to all trainmen with regard to fire. Recently, these instructions were summarized and distributed in booklets and pla- card form to employees, and also to the farmers along the line. I think the people are well aware that fires are something we do not want. As to the preservative treatment of timber against decay, I think that is more important than planting ; I do not know that it is more impor- tant than lumbering. It means a good deal in a hardwood country like Pennsylvania, because we have non- durable woods, such as beech, birch, and maple, which are now being converted into ties. When these woods are treated with creosote they give better life than the durable and more expensive species, such as white oak, which are untreated. The railroad treats the equivalent of a million and a half ties a year. By treatment these million and a half ties will last three times as long as they otherwise would, and practically cut down the drain on our local forests to that extent. The railroads, however, are not in the treating business for the purpose of saving the for- ests, but to save money. Still, wood preservation, in my opinion, is a mighty important factor in the line of forest preservation. All these specific things the Pennsylvania Rail- road and other railroads are doing ; but, with the exception of the Lackawanna, so far as I know, they are not tackling the main problem, which is that of timber supply. The railroads are increas- ing their consumption of timber every year, but they are not doing a blessed thing to provide for their demands ten or fifteen years hence. The Lackawanna is the one exception, and it has bought land in the south, with a view to providing a supply for both the present and the future. Why have not the railroads and ether large wood-consuming corporations taken this matter up ? It certainly seems that the only logical solu- tion of their coming wood problems is to have their own 'source of supply. The planting of trees will not of itself meet the problems for each cor- poration. We could plant ten million trees a year, but that would not save the day, because the trees v>'ould not mature in time. And, what is more important, it will cost more to buy open or cut- over lands, locally, and plant them than to go into the south and buy mature timber. That can be proven by figures. It seems to me that the logical thing, the step that will make forestry permanent, is for the con- sumer to get into the timber-producing business. But this has not been done. It seeais to me that one reason for the present do-nothing policy is that the higher officials, the men who really run the railroads and control the finances, are enthu- siasts along other lines than that of timber produc- tion. They do not see why they cannot buy ties just as they buy rubber bands. They have been told that difficulties would come, but an idea like that does not sink deep into minds that have developed with other ideas. Other interests, other problems, other policies, command attention, and it is a hard job to make these people see that they are going to be up against it for wood. Yellow pine ties have increased in price at the rate of three cents per tie per annum, but that does not necessarily mean anything to a purchasing agent, general manager, or president. The fact that tie renewals will cost a few hundred thousand dollars more a year is not overshadowing in importance ; it will simply be made up on something else. But this problem may come with a rush. I hope it does, because I believe it will be the greatest thing for forestry that ever happened. The steel tie may come, but that is really not part of the problem. I hardly know where to stop when I get talking on this subject. In closing I wish to call your at- tention to the big wood supply problem that the railroads are facing. They are doing their share I along the ordinary lines of fire protection, plant- I ing, wood preservation, etc., but the other things, I the big problem of wood supply for the consu- mer of the future, remain unsolved. E. A. Sterling. New Publications. Two important contributions are before us. The one, a speech delivered by Hon. Albert Johnson, of Washington State, in the House of Representatives, November 22, 191 3. It is intended to be a fair statement of the rela- tion of Federal Forestry to his constituents. His chief contention is that what are now Federal Forest Reserves should be turned over to the sev- eral States in which they are situated, because : ist. The conflict of authority between the De- partments of Agriculture and of the Interior works to the disadvantage of the actual settler whose home is now within a reserve created, it may be, after he had obtained possession of it, or 108 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 109 if not actually within the reserve, so situated that access to it (the home) may be cut off by a reserve. 2d That in some counties the percentage ot land so reserved is out of proportion to what re- nins under State control "Thus, one county in particular has so much of its area in the forest reserve-700,000 acres in fact-that nothing is eft but a little strip of beach on the Pacific Ocean to the west and another strip on the shores of Puget Sound to the east ; and on a high hiU over- looking the eastern shore of this great county sUs in solemn grandeur the courthouse, s owly falling into decay because no taxes ^re available for is upkeep and no settlers are coining to that terri- tory upon which the county had based its hopes of prosperity. " Here is a report from that county : Port Towxsend, Wash., June 4. i9t3- Hon. A. Johnson : Tefferson County, with an area of i,747 square , miles, or 1,078,400 acres, has 73°-°°° acres in the Olympic Forest Reserve, and received from the Forest Service in the year 191^ the sum of ^ $602. Area of assessed lands outside of reserve, but 280,000 acres. ,, H. L. Hansen, Assessor. ^d That the Forest Service has acted ungen- erously to the pioneers who in their ovvn interest were obliged to erect telephone lines to be placed in communication with the outer world. 4th. That the reserves, instead of being in Federal hands, an element of help are really a serious hindrance. , " I am told by my colleague, page 2057 ot the C(»!i:ressio>M/ Record of this session, and i see that lam addressed in the first person against the rules and practices of the House, as follows : "You come from a timber district, and you know the big men of your district are timberland owners, and that they want this timber elmii- nated." ^ . . „,.„ I Now, Mr. Speaker, that statement is not sus- i tained by the facts. The timber in the reserves is keeping up the price of stumpage. I cannot find a man of means who wants a stick of it out. In fact, the Forest Service complains that it is having poor sales. These poor sales, no doubt, are responsible for the smallness of the 25 Pe^ cent, return received by Mason County, which contains 585,200 acres— a county as big as Con- necticut—which has received from the Forest Service this year the munificent sum of $24.65. Mason County, which has been fed on the ' ' dream- book " stuff for five years, and led to believe that it would receive some forest-reserve money with which to build roads at 512,000 a mile, gets «24.65, and a nice bulletin from the Forest Service to the effect that in the Appalachian range there has been sold a %^ log. Here are the figures of the Mason County re- ceipts from the Forest Service : 1911, ^='32-42 1912, ..•..■• "2-°5 ^ 24.65 Nol Mr'. Speaker, the "timbermen do not want a stick 'from the forest reserves. They are kept busy paying taxes on what they own^ Men own- ing a single timber claim cannot find buyers, and are working in the mills and camps to get tax money. The banks are loaned up on these small *" Mr Johnson's plan of relief is thus stated in the matter of opening up the country : "Our county his despaired of aid from the Forest Service, or Federal aid, if you will. .This year the county decided to spend $80,000 in bu, ding to and into the reserve, and the State is helping to the extent of $30,000 more. While we are doing that we get a little more national conserva- tion shot into us by Mr. Pinchot. Will the Nation take up the wagon road where we leave it and carry it on through Government lands o the other settlements and valleys of the Queets and the Clearwater, where thousands of water power race unharnessed and unused to the sea, and i where both oil and gas are beginning to spout ' from recently drilled experimental wells ? (bee Appendix. ) If so, bring on your Federal plans and a little more than the 25 per cent. It is a little rough ; yea, more-it is.""^-":^^ 7"';" "^ to spend $100,000 for 10 miles of road in he Government's forest reserve. Why does not the Forest Service bond some of its holdings and pro- vide the money to cure such rank injustice to the present generation ? " The National Forester, Mr. Graves, appears to be in favor of some such form of Federal as- There'is no doubt much force in Mr. Johnson s statements ; but he has presented only his side of the case. It may be fairly asked, did not the pioneer settler, pushing out far into the woods n Ldvance of others, assume the risks of ^sojation ! Had he a right to demand that others should main- tain the communication with civiliza ion in the rear for his benefit. He simply took the chances bravely, very much as others do who depend on probabilities. The second paper to which we call attention is, - On the Waste of Our Water Power by Non- Development ^ p Mr. Powelson's article was presented to Con gress by Mr. Shafroth, Nov. 26th, 1913, and printed as a Senate document. It makes sufficiently clear that after allowing a reasonable period in which to establish certain principles of utilization, it is a public duty to stop waste of water power, and that such power should be harnessed and applied to production whenever and wherever it can be done without financial loss. It is quite plain that our modern life requires a fixed, definite, quantity of power for its comfort- able maintenance, and that if we do not get this directly, or indirectly, from water we must from coal. As the quantity of coal is limited and can- not be increased it is an absolute duty, that we owe the future, to begin the immediate develop- ment of our water power at once. Waste of water power is a national crime. Utilization of it is a true conservation. Quoting from Mr. Powelson : *^ Every undeveloped water-power site for which a market exists, or could now be created, is a will- ful waste of a natural resource. If we do not make present use of the falling water of a stream, the useful work it is capable of doing is lost for- ever, and there is a waste of a natural resource. If, however, we do not make present use of coal in the ground, it will remain there in undimin- ished quantity and quality, and we can at any future time convert it into useful work, and there is no waste of a natural resource. ** It is just as wasteful of our natural resources to burn coal to do work that could as well be done by an undeveloped water power as it would be to permit an equal amount of coal to burn up under- ground. We see, therefore, that upon the sum total of our power resources the effect of an unde- veloped water power in a locality where it could do work now being performed by coal is precisely as destructive in character as a coal deposit burn- ing underground. *' Suppose that all over the country to-morrow there should break out in our underground coal deposits destructive fires whereby tens of thou- sands of tons of coal per day were being destroyed. How long would the people sit by and see this wasteful destruction continue? Would not the cry go up all over the country that our natural re- sources were being needlessly consumed ? Would not pictures be painted of the woeful condition of our country at the time our coal fields began to show signs of coming exhaustion ? Would it not be poii^ted out that our present standards of liv- ing, nay, our very form of civilization, is the result of an enormous daily supply of coal at very low prices ? Would not the Government itself step in and put out those fires if they could not be ex- tinguished by private effort ? But how different it is when an equally large and wasteful destruction of our natural resources for power occurs through the non- development of water-power sites that could do the work now performed by the daily burning of enormous volumes of coal above ground. There is no outcry from the people at these conditions. The water-power sites give out no distressing signs. No sulphurous fumes warn against this continuous and relentless destruction and waste of our natural resources. On the con- trary, these undeveloped sites charm the eye and please the ear, and convey no idea of the destruc tive waste of power that is continually going on at them." The author of the paper, Mr. Powelson, thinks that it is a matter relatively of non- importance, whether the lease of public water power be made by the State or the Federal government, so long as it is made by one, though there should be no divided authority. He believes the loudest call now is for Federal control ; but he also believes that the sum paid, and the tenure of the lease should receive very careful consideration. First, as to the sum paid for public water power ! It should be as large as possible leaving a safe mar- gin of profit, which owing to water risks, should be liberal. In the nature of the case the sum fixed per horse-power could not be uniform, because volume of power available, proximity to market and supplies, would differ. The ])0wer advan- tageously located could pay a price that would be disastrous to one less favorably placed. As for tenure of lease ; that too can hardly be reduced to a hard and fast rule. Of course the author of the paper admits that breach of contract should lead to annulling of contract ; but he ap- pears to favor long time lease, if not perpetual, in public service work which is subject to State j j///^r?Vj/^//, and when such public service is termi- : nated by the State, the latter should be obligated to carry it on. ** It is the experience that irri- gation projects cannot be financed unless the water right is perpetual and runs with the land." I Mr. Powelson is of the opinion that leases should be granted even at a low figure when no better price, because of unremunerative situation, I or other real cause, can be obtained : — simply 1 to avoid the waste of power. This paper merits very careful consideration. The New York State College of Forestry in co-operation with the United States Forest Service gives us a most important contribution of 213 pages under title of ^^ Wood-Using Industries of New York." Seven good full-page illustrations add value to the text. It is impossible to give an adequate abstract of i 110 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. Ill so condensed a report. It may be said, however, that closer utilization of all forest products is the dominant idea, whether produced within or without the State of New York, if they are used ^ Quoting:— It appears that the State's ''Annual lumber production is at present over 525,000,000 . feet, her own forests and wood lots contribute less | than one-third of the raw material consumed by her factories. No problems before the State are more important than the study of closer utiliza- tion of forest products, care of forests, forest tire , protection, and reforestation. Of 34,000,000 1 acres in the State, 22,000,000 are included in | farms and of this, only 15,000,000 acres are act- ually in crops. This means that 7,000,000 acres j of farms are idle ; and it is estimated that less : than half of the 1 2,000,000 acres outside of farms, contains merchantable timber. To obtain the most use from all land whatsoever, it is reliably estimated that between 12,000,000 and 14,- 000,000 acres in the State must eventually be de- voted entirely to forests. Last year there were * sent out through the ports of this State [New York] over $15,000,000 for wood to be used in local New York industries. Practically all of the orders for this imported material should ultimately be cancelled. 12,000,000 acres, or more, of forest lands in this State should produce all of the 1,754,519,217 feet consumed by the home wood users." This report is practically an encyclopedia, lull of reliable information upon the commercial rela- tion of wood to industry. It should be in the hands of every wood producer and every wood consumer. Its usefulness is by no means limited to the citizens of New York. It cannot be con- densed into a review. The authors are to be congratulated on the thoroughness of their work. Bulletin 9, *' Woodlot Forestry;' by R. Rosen- bluth, M. F., Director of Forest Investigations: State of New York Conservation Commission, 8vo., pages 104, map showing forest conditions, and with numerous illustrations. 1 This, also is a timely publication. The Empire State is conspicuously and productively active in 1 regard to its forest interests ; 26 good halftone j illustrations and 8 outline diagrams make the ! text sufficiently clear. Of the farm area, 67 per cent, is improved land, I2>^ per cent, unim- proved ; 20 per cent, is woodlot which the author says has been treated with mistreatment, and the object of the Bulletin is to make the necessary correction. **At present, it (the woodlot) rep- resents one of the least intelligently used assets of the State" (This, however, is not confined to New York). ''Under intelligent and intensive management the owners should earn from these 7 500,000 acres a net profit of at least $15,000,- 000 per year, and produce for the industries of the State 3,750,000,000 (3^ billion) board feet of lumber each year." If this is true there cer- tainly exists a strong raison d'etre for the Bulletin, The reasons for the farm woodlot are summar- ized thus : In products derived ; as a profitable use for labor and teams during the winter months ; as windbreaks ; as one in a diversity of crops ; as a reserve fund, and insurance against calamities, or unusual economic conditions; utilization of otherwise non-productive areas; the aesthetic value ^ protection to water supply. Following these statements come other sub- divisions of the book. II. Principles of Forest Growth. III. Appli- cation of Forest Management. IV. Business Management for the Woodlot. V. Tables, of practical importance. The so-called hardy catalpa seems to have been quite as unsatisfactory in New York as in Pennsyl- vania. The illustration showing wind-sown white pine is good and instructive, but it must be remembered that even close planting will not i always lead to a satisfactory, natural shedding of ! lower limbs. The too brief allusion to insects and ' diseases we commend to careful consideration, i for the situation is becoming a natural source of ' anxiety when one observes the number of our 1 most important species that are now seriously threatened. Very careful consideration is given to improve- ment cuttings, which probably, next to planting, is the most important woodlot problem before the farmer. j 1. j Considerable information is given under heads of ** Selling the Product and Estimating the Stand." The tables closing the Bulletin will be con- venient to the woodlot owner. It is a surprise to find (p. 91) white elm con- sidered the best elm for vehicle purposes. For carriage and wagon hubs our makers decidedly prefer the variety or species known as rock elm, though, to be sure, the American and rock elms are by some still considered as belonging to the same species. That hickory should be used for ties and posts in New York is another surprise. It is usually considered unfit for such purposes here, because of its tendency to rapid decay in contact with the soil. It is a great pleasure to commend these use- ful publications of our neighbor State. They set a good pace for others to follow, in addition to their intrinsic value. J- T. R. HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada* Photo-descriptive. By Bomeyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branch lets, and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, |58, delivered. •' With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany- can easily identify the trees "— Melville Dewey ^ I*refi*t Vt. Library Att8'n, "Indispensable for all students of trees." — Botanical Gazette. " p:xtraordinarily thorough and attractive. Ita illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the onfimal."—Netv York Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful. De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover." —The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." —The Nation^ " It is doubtful if any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — 8t. Louis Lumberman. "The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in treatment and execution."— C. Hart Merriatn, HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees.— *To urn al of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out ot a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." — I>ean Alvard, New York. LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Bomeyn Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price^ 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMEKICAN WOODS without extra charge. AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Bomeyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when examined in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 25 species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; Ji7.50 in half- morocco. AMERICAN WOOD^is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to\e able to recognize the various woods and learn about them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies in the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin lustisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Creason Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woods for the Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under a single cover-glass. Invaluable in the study of wood-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratory study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Stereopticon and Stcreopticon Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. Exhibits of our lines may be seen at the following addresses: PERMANENT EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT Office of PA. FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, rfiii.iiAi.i!-i. 70 6th AtCm Cor. 18th St., NEW YORK. 1012 Walrfut St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Office of FRANKLIN H. HOl«H, E«q., 900 F St. N. W., Suite 619-521, WASHINGTON, D. C. You are cordially invited to call and inspect the on^ most convenient to you or to write for particulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, LowvUle, N. Y. VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. 112 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY^ A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry-preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. J. T. ROTHROCK, FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the mam source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHIL A. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL TOR BOYS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Maiter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: THE BISHOP OF THE DiocESE OF PENNSYLVANIA. President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President. GEORGE WOODWARD, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DIS8TON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIE8. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON McCOUCH. JAMES R.SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. V/-{^<: Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, April, 1914. No. 8 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, X0Z2 Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials 116 "3 Arbor Days Proclamation ^'4 ** Desolated Pennsylvania." ^'5 Report of the Activities of the Department of Forestry of Pennsyl- vania for 1913 ; Work Against Forest Insect Depredations in the Vosemite Na- tional Park "^ United States Forest Reserves in 1913 "'9 Our Illustrations '^° State Forest Notes ^^° Meeting of Monroe County Fire Wardens 122 Forest Fires in New York in 1913 ^^^ Report on Test of Pennsylvania Tree Planting Tools 124 Manufacture of Wood Flour ^^5 New Publications '^5 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. 77k/ attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junk, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- -ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship fee. Two dollars. Life membership, Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Drjoseoh T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Hitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. ^. ^. ^ „, „, Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace Mctarland, and John A. Siner. ^^ _ _ „ Membership, Alher.t B. Weimer, Chairman; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publicatton,\ohn Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. m • • IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. OmcB o» TH« AssociATiOH, IOI3 Walkut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. THREE million seedling trees of different varieties propagated in the nurseries of the State under the direction of young men, educated and trained in the State Forest Academy, are being set out to replenish the waning forests on the State reservation. A half million more seedlings obtained elsewhere will be added, and the State has also supplied over 85,000 young trees to owners of woodlands. Our under- standing is that previous plantings aggregate eleven million seedlings. An average of fourteen trees per acre of State forest reserves does not appear as a large accretion, especially as all will not sur- vive, but the relatively small addition is an advance, and as facilities at command of the Forestry Department improve the number of seed- lings annually planted will be largely increased. The Department has also selected portions of the reserves where particular species offer the most inducement, and the proportion of the new growth is, in such locations, far above the average. On another page mention is made of the distri- bution of some of the seedlings in 19 13, from which it is evident that in a few years the results in some portions of the State will be noticeable. Seeds are being propagated in the nurseries and seedlings set out, improvement cuttings made, and where it is considered advisable, lumbering is carried on in the forest reserves. Forest fires are watched and combatted under the direction of the State foresters, and of the Forest Academy, where other young men are pursuing a course to fit them as caretakers for the State forest reserves. The practical business methods followed in Pennsylvania are winning approval of the citizens and others and demonstrating the value of forests which are properly cared for. J. B. FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 115 The American Forestry Association has extended , a cordial invitation to the members of the 1 enn ; Lwin a Forestry Association to attend its mid- Smmer nfeetSglhich will be held at Chautauqua, ^ N. Y., July 9-ioth. .. * * ^ 'J* ''^ Governor Tohn K. Tener has appointed Mr Wnikm P. Stevenson, of McVeytown, Pa a member of the Forestry Reservation Commission, ^ fill the vacancy caused by the <^echnat.on of Dr T. Rothrock to serve longer on the Com- mission. We wish Mr. Stevenson success in his : new office. .t. :(c * I On May 4th, tt Harrisburg Pa a compliment- ary luncheon is to be tendered to Dr. J. 1 _ Rothrock by his friends and assoca e on his retirement from the Department of "^^'^'J'^^^ mark of recognition of his many years of lato; J the interest of forestry. Governor Tener will presi^de Tthe function and present a handsome loving cup to Dr. Rothrock. ^ ^ On May i.StC 19M, the new forestry building at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.. will be dedicated. The United States Forester, the D- rectors of the Yale and Michigan Forest Schools, the Presidents of the Society of American For- esters, the National Conservation Congress, the American Forestry Association the Empire State Forest Products Association, the New York State Forestry Association, Mr. Pinchot, and others have promised to speak. * * * * * The Massachusetts Forestry Association, in order to encourage the revival of tree planting has offered as a prize one mile of street or road to be planted to shade trees at least seven feet in height in the town or city which properly plants | this spring the greatest number of shade trees on ; its streets in proportion to its population, based on the census of 19 10. At least fifty towns and cities must enter, and the awards will be made on the basis of the number of living trees on Septem- ber 15th, 1914- ,^ The Berks County Firemen's Association held its First Quarterly Meeting at Womelsdorf, March 28th It is the intention of this organization to take up a detailed study of forest fire prevention along with their work in city fire protection. At the meeting in Womelsdorf John W. Keller of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, told of the damage done and methods of preventing forest fires, and urged the Association to continue the interest in this line of the work. The organi- zation of a Forest FLre Protective Association in the county, its duties and advantages, were ex- plained, and the appointing of a committee to investigate the necessity of such an association was recommended. :k ^ ^ ^ ^ On Thursday afternoon, March 19th, 1914. the School Board of West Chester held a meeting in the High School Auditorium in honor ot the service lo the State and Nation of Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. The meeting was addressed by Dr C. E. Ehinger, whose topic was ''Dr. Rothrock as an Educator and Scientist," Dr. W. R. D. Blackwood, who spoke on " Dr. Rothrock as a Soldier " and Mr. Herbert Welsh, whose theme was " Dr. Rothrock as a Leader in Forestry Con- servation.' ' In addition to the eulogies there was music by the school— the whole being a well- earned recognition of one who for years has been ; a constant advocate of, and worker for, forestry conservation and protection in Pennsylvania. Arbor Days Proclamation. TN the name and by authority of the Common- I wealth of Pennsylvania— Executive Depart- ment — Proclamation. IVhereas, An awakened public conscience has made Pennsylvania the foremost among the States in the energetic and practical work of restoration and preservation of forest lands and the promotion of tree culture ; , . „„^ Now, THEREFORE, inasmuch as the observance of Arbor Days has been productive of material public good, I hereby designate Friimy, April 17, and Friday, April 24, igM, AS Arbor Days, It is earnestly recommended that the people throughout the State take an active part in the planting of trees along the public highways and streams! upon the waste lands, in the school grounds and public and private parks, in order to provide for the needs of future generations. It is also recommended that the educators ol this State, of whatsoever station, in addition to advocating the planting of trees, teach the rising generation the economic value of birds ana animals, and that kindness to them is not only humane, but of benefit to man. . o 1 ^f Given under my hand and the Great Seal ot the State, at the city of Harrisburg, this [seal.] second day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and fourteen and of the Commonwealth the one hundred and thirty-eighth. John K. Tener. By the Governor : Robert McAfee, Secretary 0/ the Commonweam . (( Desolated Pennsylvania.'* ON Saturday evening, February 28th, 19 14, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, former Slate Forestry Commissioner, gave an illustrated lecture bearing the above caption, in Witherspoon Hall, Philadelphia. He said : ''From this favored portion of Pennsylvania one might suppose the State, as a whole, was fer- tile, productive and rich in all that goes to make a prosperous and contented community. We might lose sight of the fact that in the mountain regions there are areas aggregating at least one- sixth of the State which are unproductive, depop- ulated and fast going into a desert condition. A most alarming fact in this connection is, that when civilized man took possession, practically the whole area was productive, and that what is now barren was made so in the effort to change natural resources into coin and appropriate it to himself. There was apparently neither thought nor care for those who were to come after them. * ' Still more alarming is the fact that though almost every citizen now recognizes the truth of these statements, the general public has never been so greatly concerned over it as to drive our law makers to take adequate restorative measures. '' Not only is the soil which we have denuded of timber in great part unfit for any other crop than timber, but owing to neglect, it is fast being further impoverished by the fires and floods which are allowed to sweep over it without adequate restraint. *' Timber gone and soil going, is the condition with us to-day, just when the statement is offi- cially made by the Federal Government that by 1930 the whole timber crop of the United States will practically have been harvested. Sixteen years left for us to grow a crop of timber, before the timber famine is upon us. '' If we make the largest possible allowance, for doubt, as to the exact truth of the above estimate, the condition in our own State is so plain that we must consider prompt remedial action the most pressing duty before the people to-day. It ranks in importance with public schools and public health, which, with forest restoration, should be the trinity of prime importance for official con- sideration. Our State owes to itself that not less ihan twenty million trees be annually planted and protected on our present denuded areas. ''The oftrrepeated statement that if forest fires ;!re kept down these areas will reforest themselves ^' ithout care is only partly true ; because there i'\e areas over which there is no sign of restora- t on, and there are no areas on which natural res- t 'ration shows a coming crop of the most desira- ble timber. The crop is a mixture of good and bad timber, which, useful as it may be as a soil cover and water conserving factor, does not meet the need of producing the timber the State will require in the near future. "Pennsylvania has now one million acres of forest reserve, which is being as well cared for as possible under existing appropriations, but this represents an area only forty miles square. Yet we know that there are at least eighty miles square which require immediate attention. In other words, the area cared for is only one-fourth of that which should be reforested without delay. We are neg- lecting three-fourths of this pressing duty. How can we excuse ourselves to the future ? " There is another feature which merits serious consideration. These barren areas are in great part depopulated. So long as the timber lasted they were the homes of a rugged, industrious pop- ulation. As soon as the timber was gone, all of the most energetic young men left. There was ' nothing doing ' for them. Gradually most of the others left. Now you can pass over mile after mile and not see a single inhabited house. There are counties in Pennsylvania that were prosperous and populous, so long as the timber lasted, but which are now practically bankrupt, and ' the end is not yet. ' We must not forget that in times of public peril many of the strongest arms and bravest hearts came out of the lumber regions. They were the product of the backwoods. VV^e may need them again. " If there is one fact that we may consider as proven in the latest utterance of science it is that forests do aid in conserving the rainfall, and in so far maintain the even flow of watei in our streams and springs. " At this very hour our National Congress, rec- ognizing the vast importance of water power to the industries of the country, is considering how this may be most widely utilized in benefit of all the people. So transcendently important does it seem that the question is debated in how far the reserved rights of the States may be invaded to care for all the people of the country. It is fully recognized that protection and increase of the forest areas has become essential to national pros- perity. " By existing law the net revenue from the pub- lic forests is given to the School fund of the State. Under a wise administration of these forests and a safe investment of the money, there will come in time a large fund for educational purposes. "There is hardly an element of State or Na- tional prosperity that is not intimately associated with restoration of these barren areas to a pro- ductive condition. FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 117 £Xa'?orr/S2tUihich U has not bSn actively and usefuUyas^^a^d^ << We need a larger n^mbership ^o J^ ^^ the public service to «hicn mc dedicated. Will you help us ? . «r *v.e Activities of the Department ^?f Fo?Luy ofpennsylvania for 1913. (Read before .he S.a.e Board of AgncuUure January 30. .9.4.) mHE work of the Department of Forestry i. Forest S^s Ind that .n ration to the forests °'S'nf the Sr'1913 there were added to the ^t.?e%ori's^ 76' acres, bringing the total ! in Dossess on of the State, on January i, acreage in possession ^^^ ^^^^^ '^''' I'Courc^se a sXient number of acres 1 ^''T JhXul to over one million acres. , f^rsXe a^e 90 ang;rs. whose principal ?uSs are 'o aid theforesters in protective meas- duties are 10 a development of roads, in Pirg';;e'r:lLnVtd genLl improvement TeSu "iesS^ One hundred miles of telephone fnes w?re built by the Depa^^-- V^J-^i^ t protection of ^or^}\^lZeZ: fi^^^ ' general business of the loresien, x Stion towers were newly established and w th what have alreadv been in use in past years, tne Stafe Forests are gradually becoming well dotted Sh observation towers, from which rangers may nucWv detect forest fires. By means of rapid 2ommunrcat1on with headquarters it is now po^. ble to get men on the ground and extinguish the fi es be'ore they reach large si.e. ^-Jfj^^- J these stations ought to be connected with head quarters by a .^^^^P^^^^^J^eTs a great'de'^^^^^^ S don; tSlE which rstiU t^ b'e done, both TtheSe forests and upon the forests at large within the State. . ^r,-,,^ Notwithstanding the fact that the spring of 191 3 was an unusually bad season for forest fii^s, the foresters report having had 150 fires, burning over an acreage of only 5 2,°°° acres, which makes a very Tow percentage for the region covered bu V ^: dill tnn his-h This statement does not rndul t? nmber'ff-fires which occurred outsuie nf St^te land The foresters observe and extin- guiS fires on thousands of acres adjoining State 'Ts'another phase of the P-tectWe measures and at the same time to properly utilize ana develop the State Forests, the foresters have earned on lat are known as ^-^^^^rZfjfSXr i« where it has been possible to find a market lor cerraS defective material it has been removed. As a direc result of the sale of such material, in- duding also the returns from certain mine^ls S'have been sold Jo-^^^f gJ^S^ry Department has turned into the Sta e ^e W fee^F^rup T;iZ TV^r «76 000 In several instances the receipts from fhis year's improvement cuttings on a per acre ' basis have netted the State more than was pa^ for the land and timber when they came into the ^TTs' weiuf cStttention to the fact that 80 ne cenT of the receipts from State Forests are olaced in the Pennsylvania school fund, and as £h are devoted to'the educational activities of *' ThSe'were planted upon State Forests during 1 Tnit t 000,000 seedlings, bringing the total making oid received more and more St il an?;: ac'cJrdance with this idea the noUcy of the Department has been and always >. ill K to open these'reserves for every possible use th people of the State can make of them, as long a Tnch use does not interfere with certain other pur poses for which the forests must necessarily be held vi7 the protection of water supply from cSntkStion, and of course, the growing trees themsdves, which in fact 's what br.nfe. about all of the economic uses o the forests^ During the year 191 3 an effor was jnade oy foresters to get as many as POf s>ble of the schoo . children in their neighborhood ^"tmto the fore, and to give them a day's outing and instruct.o in nature study. . ^^^:fc were During the year 811 camping Pe^jn'ts wer^ issued granting permission to over 4,5°o peope fished, and spent days of pleasure upon the State j Forests of whom w^e have no definite record. i Owing to the establishment of game refuges on some of our larger Forests, the game of the State I is increasing. Every year many of the streams within the State land are restocked with trout. i One step in advance with reference to the use of the State Forests has been accomplished by reason of a recent act of the Legislature permitting the Department of Forestry to lease small camp j sites, for a period not to exceed ten years, to per- I sons who may care to place thereon a more or less \ permanent shelter. It is to be hoped that as a result of this move the people of the State will begin to appreciate the beauty of her forests and streams both in summer and in winter, and in time i Pennsylvania mountains will be as famous for their scenery, and for the pleasure which can be ob- | tained in them, as those of any other State or i country. ' The work of the Department with the forests of the State at large is now devoted principally to two main propositions, viz., their protection from fire and the matter of assistance to private indi- viduals in caring for their woodland. The forest fire problem is not yet being solved satisfactorily in this State because of the fact that the people of the State themselves do not as yet co-operate heartily with the Department. The problem can- not be solved by the forest land owners themselves nor by the State itself, but only by a satisfactory co-operation between them. We shall always have forest fires ; but when a systematic effort is made to detect and stop the fires before they reach great size, then we may be assured of reasonable protection. A number of people try to blame the forest fire problem upon the railroads. We find that the largest number of forest fires are directly attributable to carelessness of all classes of people, and the large fires are almost entirely due to a matter of indifference. Timberland owners do not realize the value of their timber, especially if it happens to be young growth, and very few people realize the damage that is done by forest fires. In the recent Legislature a bill was introduced providing for satisfactory co-operation between the Department of Forestry and private timber owners, provided the owners themselves would form an organization and take some steps to pro- tect their own property. The idea was that when such organizations were completed the Department of Forestry should detail for such organizations certain patrolmen, and expend for patrol purposes an amount of money equal to that which would be raised by the organization itself for all other pro- tective purposes. There are certain things which the State apparently dare not do with its money, as, for example, open up roads and trails upon private lands, extend telephone systems, establish lookout towers, print and distribute circulars and posters to a sufficient extent to flood each com- munity with facts relative to the subject of forest fires. All of these things a local protective asso- ciation might do. If their efforts can be supple- mented by patrolmen, the forest fire problem would be almost solved. Unfortunately, the Legislators could not see things this way and passed the bill simply allowing the Department to expend for patrol purposes an amount of money equal to that raised by the association for the same purpose. The result is that the co-operation supplement is not as satisfactory to private timber owners as the old fire warden law. In this connection it may be well to state that the Legislature of Pennsylvania appropriates $25,000 a year for the protection of at least 8,000,000 acres of forest land, which at a minimum value for the present merchantable timber standing thereon is worth gi 50,000,000. Is it any wonder that the Department of Forestry cannot assure the people of the State a better insurance against fire loss ? The Department of Forestry has extended dur- ing the past year its efforts in the matter of assist- ance to private individuals. All of its foresters are at their service when the work upon the State Forests does not demand their immediate attention. The Forest Inspector made only 21 inspections during the year : and it is a notorious fact that notwithstanding the fact that the farmers and timberland owners know that the Department of Forestry is at their service, comparatively few have called for assistance. I During the year approximately 50,000 seedlings were distributed to private individuals from State nurseries simply for the cost of raising the seed- lings, and in most instances supervision was furnished during the planting operations. i The most important step dealing with the forests at large which has been taken during the year and during recent times, was the passage of what are I known as the auxiliary forest reserve acts by the last Legislature. Under the old general property act the forests of an individual have been taxed in a manner which practically amounts to their con- fis( ation by the townships. The result has been in many cases that where the owner has stopped long enough to think about his forest land from a financial standpoint, the forests have been re- moved ; and until the last few years millions of acres of forest land have been available at tax ' sales because the owners did not care to pay taxes i upon them after the best growth had been re- moved By reason of the recent acts young 118 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 119 timber land and waste land which will be planted to forest trees may be placed into the auxiliary forest reserve class, and once in this class, by order of the Department of Forestry, the assess- ment must be reduced to not more than $i.oo an acre For all such lands the State pays to the townships four (4) cents an acre, which m the majority of cases will give to the townships an amount of money sufficient to carry on their operations until the timber upon the land is ready for cutting. At that time the owner will pay to the county one-tenth of the stumpage value of the material removed. The proposition is simply this : During the time that the timber is growing the timber owner, which means every farmer who has a woodlot from a half acre in extent to any number of acres, may pay a low tax. When it is cut and he receives a financial return, he is then able to pay easily the deferred tax. It remains to be seen how the farmers of the State will take advantage ^ of these acts. r a \ Another important step which will be of ad- , vantage to woodland owners of the State was another act of the last Legislature permitting the I appointment of district foresters. Such foresters , are to be appointed by the Commissioner ot Forestry when the demands for assistance from the county or the necessity of forestry work in the county demand his appointment. The duties of this district forester will be to superintend the activities of the local fire wardens ; to see that they are properlv distributed and perform their duties rightly ; to be of assistance to all the farmers of the county in the matter of advising them and helping them in the planting of waste land to forest trees and the proper care of their woodlots and forests ; and at the same time to do whatever can be done to educate the people of the county to the importance of forests and their care. In other words, the district forester will be to the farmers in respect to their forests just what the local county farm expert now is with reference to agricultural crops. G. H. Wirt. Work Against Forest Insect Depredations in the Yosemite National Park. Apple wood is the favorite material for ordinary saw handles, and some goes into so-called brier pipes. Canada has 23,000,000 acres in timber reserves, as compared with 187,000,000 acres in the na- tional forests of the United States. New Jersey has a timbered area of about 2,000,000 acres, on which the timber is worth about $8,500,000 on the stump. It is mainly valuable for cordwood. SPECIAL investigations by the experts of the U. S. Department of Agriculture have shown that as much as 95 per cent, of the timber in some of the canyons and valleys of the Toulumne River, which is to supply the w-ater for the Hetch Hetchy project, has been killed by bark -boring insects. This alarming condition, affecting as it did the scenic beauty of the area north of the \ osemite Valley and its consequent effect on the water sup- nlv and general economy of the Hetch Hetchy project, presented a problem of great importance. The matter received the required prompt atten- tion and arrangements were soon made for active warfare against the depredating beetle. A plan of procedure was outlined by the expert and rec- ommended by the Secretary of Agriculture to the Secretary of the Interior. ^ • .u r-ofV. The areas near Tenaya Lake and in the Cath- edral Basin around Toulumne Peak to the Toul- umne Meadows were carefully cruised for the loca- tion and marking of the particular trees, in the ' bark of which the broods of the destructive beetle had passed the winter. Two areas representing centers of infestation were thus located and desig- nated—one as the Tenaya Project, the other as the Cathedral Project. r» • 4. Control work was started on the lenaya Project on July ist, and finished when the beetles began to emerge from the bark on July 24th. AN ork on the Cathedral Project was started on September 8th, after the beetles coming from the overwin- tered broods had entered the bark of the living trees, and was completed on October 7th. The method recommended and followed was to fell the infested trees, lop off the limbs, pile them on the prostrate trunk, and set fire to it ; thus the infested bark was scorched or burned to a sutti- cient extent to kill the broods of the insects The trees thus treated ranged in diameter from 6 inches to 54 inches, with the average of about 22 i/^ inches. One thousand six hundred and seventy-one trees were treated in the two projects, at a cost ot $1,158, including all expenses except the salaries of two representatives of the Bureau of bntom- ""^"if is claimed that this work, with an additional expenditure of about $500 this season, will be sut- I ficient to bring the beetle under such control that very little attention will be required to protect the remaining living timber from further serious in- jury. I^oth this and an infestation in the timbei i around the rim of the Yosemite Valley will re- ceive the required attention next season. The Interior Department has expressed a determina- tion to prosecute a warfare against the depreda- tions of insects in the Yosemite and Glacier National Parks to the limit of the funds available for the purpose. The insect which is directly responsible for the death of such a large percentage of the lodgepole pine timber of the northern section of the Park is known as the mountain pine beetle, the technical name of which is Dendroctonus mofiticolce Hop- kins. It attacks perfectly healthy trees and kills them by mining between the bark and wood in such a manner as to stop the movement of sap and kill the bark, which results in the final death of a tree within ten to twelve months after it is attacked. This beetle is the most destructive enemy of the lodgepole pine, western yellow pine, and mountain or silver pine of the entire Pacific Coast and Northern Rocky Mountain region. A vast amount of the best timber of these regions has been killed by this beetle during the past fifty years and has gone to waste through the agencies of decay and forest fires, but it can now be con- trolled and a great waste of forest resources pre- vented in the future. United States Forest Reserves in 1913. ¥ORE than 2 billion board feet of timber, with a value of 4 J^ million dollars on the stump, was sold by the Forest Service in 1913, according to the annual report of Henry S. (rraves, forester. This is an increase of 167 per cent, over the preceding year. The timber sold was largely for future cutting under contracts that will run for a number of years. The actual cut was a little less than 500 million board feet, an increase of 15 per cent, over 191 2. The timber sale policy of the forest service aims to prevent losses by fire, to utilize the ripe timber which can be marketed, to cut so as to insure restocking and forest permanence ; to secure full Piarket value for the timber sold ; to prevent spec- I'lative acquisition and private monopoly of pub- lic timber, and to maintain competitive condi- t ons in the lumber industry so far as possible ; to provide for the needs of local communities and industries; to open lands of agricultural value to sittlement without allowing them to be tied 111' by timber speculators ; and finally, to secure a- soon as possible the cost of production and a^juinistration to the government and a reve- n :e to the national forest States, to which go 2 per cent, of all receipts. A large number of national forests already more than pay operating expenses. The forage resources of the national forests con- tribute to the maintenance of over 2c million head of livestock, which supply in part at least the de- mands for meat, hides, or wool. The receipts from grazing, during 191 3, though second to those from timber were more than a million dollars, and showed an increase over the previous year in spite of the fact that the season was less favorable and the area reduced. Over 4 per cent, more stock was grazed as the result of increased forage pro- duction and improvements in handling stock, es- pecially sheep. In connection with the grazing work, the forests serve to protect game ; and the Wichita forest, with its buffalo herd, is one of the show places of Oklahoma. During the year the Service co-op- erated with the Biological Survey in placing over two hundred elk on various national forests. A large number of streams were stocked with trout fry. A large part of the report is devoted to a dis- cussion of various kinds of claims under which title to land within the forests is sought. One of the largest tasks of the service during the past year has been the classification of lands within the national forests in respect to their highest future use. Large areas are being classi- fied where the amount of land chiefly valuable for agriculture warrants its being taken out of the forests, and it also takes care of areas on which detailed classification will disclose small tracts suitable for agricultural development within the forests. The work is being carried on with the assistance of the Bureau of Soils and the Bureau of Plant Industry. One result of this work was the elimination of 340,000 acres from the Ne- braska national forest, 23,000 acres from the Rainier, in Washington, and 413,770 acres from the Deschutes and Paulina, in Oregon. About 300,000 acres in small isolated tracts were listed for settlement during the year. The areas now being examined for classification have a total area of about 3 million acres. The development of water power upon the national forests increased rapidly during the year, particularly in California. It is the purpose of the service to encourage power development in every possible way, while safeguarding the in- terests of the public. The minimum output from the permits now in force is nearly 800,000 horse- power. Regulations now in force aim to safeguard the interests of the public, prevent speculative hold- ing of power sites, provide for complete and proper development and continuous operation, 120 FOREST LEAVES. secure a return to the government for the privilege granted, provide a means by which States and municipaUties may acquire VO^^^ /^^'J^' ^^"f. prevent unjust charges being placed on the con ^""The forests are being made increasingly accessi- ble More than 350 miles of road, nearly 300 ^iles of fire lines, nearly 4,000 miles of telephone lines, and 2,600 miles of trails were built. The present valu'e of all public "-P^o^^'^^f °" -f/, forests is somewhat over $3,000,000, two-thirds of this amount having been put into hnes of com- munication and protection. Receipts from all sources for the year were slightly under $2,500,000, showing an increase of xTper cent, o've? 19x3, while expendituresjo administration and protection were slightly over «4 600,000, showing a decrease from 191 2 of 2 Jer cent. Owing partly to favorable weather conditions the total fire loss was on\y,^^7'°o°. less than 19 per cent, of last year, which was the ^^The°reSdent population of the forests is given as nearly 200,000, and the transient population as overi , 5oo,o;o. Recreation use of the forests is increasing greatly, and is in some places giving rise to the need for careful sanitary regulation in the interest of the 1,200 cities de"V'ng^ ^heir water supplies from streams protected by the forests. - ,, ^^_ 1 Under existing law, 25 percent, of the gross j receipts from the forests is paid over to the States by the Federal government for the benefit ot county schools and roads. An additional 10 per cent, is expended in building roads and trails for the benefit of the public. About $587,000 will be available for the States during the current year from last year's receipts, besides $235,000 pro- vided for in the road fund. Altogether, includ- ing special funds to Arizona and New Mexico, the national forests provided nearly $867,000 to be expended for the benefit of the States in which they are situated. . More than 700,000 acres have been acquired for national forest purposes in the southern Ap- palachians and White mountains, of which con- siderably more than half was secured during 191 3. These lands are being protected against fire, and the work of the government has greatly strength- ened local sentiment against forest fires. Some 250 miles of trail, to help in fire control, were completed during the year. , Co-operation with States in protecting forested watersheds from fire has brought about a co-opera- tive field organization in fifteen States, and the same arrangement is contemplated with three others. Our Illustrations. THIS month we give illustrations of a condi- tion which is not unusual in our Pennsyl- vania forests when rain or mist coincides with a temperature at, or near the freezing point ' Trees bend under the weight of snow and ice until, in the case of the smaller ones, their tops may touch the ground. The injury done is often very great. I have in mind a sleet storm of some fifteen years back, and can still point to trees which remain bent almost as badly as when the sleet was upon them. Of course such crooked timber has but small value. The scene showing the entire tree was taken on the ground of the Tuberculosis Sanatorium near Monf Alto, Pa., and is a vivid illustration of winter conditions in what was, in 1904, known as White Pine Camp. Kv,„oK The other illustration represents merely a branch of pine, loaded with ice until the leaves have almost ceased to be visible. The branch with the ice on weighed about thirteen times as much as it did when the ice had melted. This gives a ready explanation of broken limbs, broken telephone and telegraph wires, when loaded with ice. J- T. Rothrock. State Forest Notes. McElhattan Forest, Clinton Connty.-\^ t\^t spring of 1913 there were six fires responded to by forester and rangers. There was one fire ,n the fall. The six spring fii-e^burned over 9,200 acres of land, 2,000 acres of which belong to the State. The f^ll fire burned over 400 acres 100 acres of which belong to the State. The total cost of extinction for the year, including the time of forester and rangers, was $325- lO; In Anril S-; 000 vyear old white pine seedhngs were planted on a sc'rub oak area. The plantation covered approximately 60 acres and cost an aver- age of $10.29 per acre. Seed spot planting was dine along s'trLms and on old -i" ^j*- ^Y ;he forester and rangers, covering in all about 8 acres Five pounds of European larch and five pounds ot white pine seed were used. During the year 25 miles of roads and fire breaks were opened. Two-thirds of the boundary lines were rebrushed and the blazes repainted. Since adequate protection and means of trans- portation must be at the basis of forestry, PRO- TECTION FIRST should be the policy of the management of this forest until a system is deviseJ that will warrant branching out into other schemes of forest management. J. R- Hooentogler. QC 1 s i , .,'■ ■.''j|*iJ' ■>^. 'x:m^^ O) 00 ".^ ■ ■ > o ':,■'• '. ' V.-- . Is ; UJ O >-r:> ^-V^.^- C5 UJ ^ w £ \'^ .'■:#r UJ o -^,, -if'S' i-f UJ CO CO UJ o '\ ■^• n;* --• : V V CQ UJ • ^^ ^VV ^^^■-'v'Vv UJ o Z > • o > > s. 1 6 > o > > < o O C3^ < Q. o I- Z o UJ O li. o I- I o LU LU Q z D O z Q Z UJ GO CO UJ I o z < CD UI z o UJ > FOREST LEAVES. 121 Grays Run Forest. — In the spring of 191 3 there were planted on this forest 18,000 white pine and 11,500 Norway spruce seedlings. Most j of the trees started well, but the late June frost I killed a great many of them. | The principal work done on the forest during 1 91 3 was the completion of a compass survey of the boundaries, roads, trails, fire breaks, and ' streams. The data gathered were balanced by the method of latitudes and departures, and two maps were made. One was on a scale of 100 rods to the inch and the other was on a scale of 60 rods to the inch. The area of the forest as computed from this survey is 7,357.54 acres. The areas of the different watersheds were computed, also of the various compartments, which were made to conform as far as practicable with the lesser watersheds, using roads, trails, and fire breaks, where necessary as boundaries. Owing to the dismissal of ranger Luther Newman, due to the lack of funds for the employment of rangers, the completion of the survey was impossible as well as the collection of further data. 5.9 miles of new trails were opened, 11.6 miles of old roads, and 16.6 miles of trails were re- mowed. There was only one fire on the forest during the year, which covered hardly half an acre. In November an operation was started under contract for the removal of cull and over-mature hardwoods from the forest. The State will receive $2.05 per thousand board feet, mill cut, for saw logs and 50 cents per cord of 160 cubic feet for stacked wood cut from material that would not make saw logs. At the end of the year approxi- mately 200,000 board feet had been removed. Dead chestnut is being sold at 30 cents per cord. A. B. Wells. Slate Run Division^ Black Forest, — In co- operation with the forester on the Waterville division, 26 miles of telephone line were built connecting the headquarters of foresters and rangers living along Pine Creek between Water- ville and Blackwells. Another line, 5>^ miles long, was built from Slate Run to connect with the forester's headquarters at the Pump Station. These lines are metallic circuit lines. The single wire line, 8i4 miles long, which was built from Cammal to ranger Lebo's headtjuarters during 191 2 was re-strung and made into a metallic circuit. In November contracts for the removal of old timber were entered into. By reason of these contracts there will be removed about 3,000 tons of mine props, for which the State will receive $1.00 per ton, and about 2,000 railroad ties, for which the State will receive 10 cents each. Most of the mine props are cut from pitch pine, and no trees less than 9 inches in diameter will be removed. From investigation of the stumps of many of the trees which have already been cut, it is evident that this restriction will take nothing which is less than 120 years old. F. D. Jerald. Karthaus Division, Clearfield Forest. — In the spring of 1913, 346,100 seedlings were planted at a cost of $2.26 per thousand for labor. There were 327,100 2-1 white pine transplants, 8,000 2-1 Norway spruce transplants, 5,000 2-year Nor- way spruce seedlings, 5,000 2 -year European larch seedlings, and 1,000 3-year silver pine seedlings. There was no preparation of the soil previous to planting, and the seedlings had to contend with exceptionally heavy growth of bracken and sweet fern. In spite of this, 85 per cent, of white pine are living, 80 per cent, of spruce, and 50 per cent, of larch. The silver pine was a total failure and the larch was a part failure because the work was interrupted by forest fires and the seedlings could not be planted while in good condition. The j maximum growth of white pine is 5.8 inches, of larch 5.6 inches, and of spruce 4.2 inches. The seedlings were planted at the rate of about 970 per man per day. There were six fires during the year, which burned over 3,050 acres of State land and 4,745 acres of private land. At least 5,000 acres of this area could have been saved from fire if funds had been available for an ef^cient patrol. A fire break has been constructed around the plantations of 19 13, part of which has been plowed. During the year 1914 experiments will I be tried with buckwheat, clover, and rock salt for j the purpose of seeing whether or not these fire breaks can be kept in perfectly safe conditions throughout the fire season. During the winter of 191 2-1 3 the forester with' one assistant analyzed 572 white pine trees in Cameron county. These trees and about 8,00a additional logs were followed through the mill. During the latter part of 191 3 the data from this work was arranged and tabulated. Eight volume tables for second growth white pine have been constructed and a table giving actual mill scale of logs of different lengths and diameters. N. R. McNaughton. Many of the forest fires attributed to railroads are caused not by sparks from locomotives, but by cigar and cigarette butts thrown from smoking-car windows. 122 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 123 Meeting of Monroe County Fire Wardens. THE Pocono Protective Fire Association ten- dered the fire wardens of Monroe County a dinner at Cresco, Pa., on March 28th. Through the action of this Association Monroe County now has a District Forester, Mr. John L. Strobeck, who has been appointed by the Com- missione of Forestry under the recent supple - "eXy Act 414 of the last General Assen.bly^ Soon after his appointment Forester Strobeck reorganized the corps of fire wardens of this county in preparation for the spring «- season and the meeting and dinner was arranged so ha the wardens could become acquainted, as well as instructed in their duties and P"y' fges^ The meeting was quite successful. Mr. Edwin A. Hoopes, President of the Pocono Protective Association, made a short address of -jlcome to which Mr. John L. Strobeck responded on behalf of the fire wardens. Forest Inspector Mr. Geo. H ^^'irt was then introduced, and stated that this w^s the first time fire wardens had been brought together in any county in Pennsylvania for their mStual support and benefit. He said that the A/l demands of the wood utilizing industry of Penn- iY.L sylvania, excluding the lumber that is used for building purposes, joists, beams, lath, flooring, shingles, etc., and also the telephone and tele- graph poles, call for 1,114.000,000 board feel every vear, of which amount Pennsylvania only furnishes about one-fourth . That is, the State has to pav out each year for 800,000,000 B. M. teet, which ought to be grown within its borders, and , in addition transportation charges must be met. If all the material turned out by the saw mills ot the State were handed over to the wood utilizing industries it would not be sufficient to supply them Pennsylvania at one time was the leading lumber State in the Union, but at the present time there are only four lumber companies that are doing business of a considerable size. They assert that within ten years their timber will all be cut. . „ , . Mr \Virt stated that there are in Pennsylvania I =; 000,000 acres that ought to be producing timber and nothing else. Of these 4,000,000 acres are absolutely barren, and 4,000,000 acres more are barren farm lands that are better fitted for raising trees than any other purpose. He then called attention to the fact that the lack of trees was not due so much to the cutting bv lumbermen as to the forest fires, which have raged year after year over tracts that have been lumbered, and too often over other land. The annual loss of life in forest fires in the United States averages about seventy, more than one death each week. Homes and personal property, barns, crops, etc., may be swept away by forest fires The seeds, and more particularly the hu- mus'in the soil, is destroyed. When the latter is gone the land becomes a barren waste, upon which nothing will grow. In Monroe County, with its numerous summer resorts, the woodlands should be preserved, so that the tourists, sportsmen and others will con- tinue to patronize it. The dire consequences of forest fires were dwelt upon. The address was concluded by remarks to the wardens and their "^^Remarks by Dr. W. R. Fisher, Secretary of the Pocono Protective Fire Association, and J. A. Seguine, one of the Directors of that Association, ^ concluded the program. ; An informal discussion and comparison of ideas on the part of fire wardens was continued until the meeting adjourned. Forest Fires in New York in 1913. R CLIFFORD R. PETTIS, Superintend- ent of State forests, has prepared for the igi ^ report three graphic representations in colors. One shows the fire protection system in the Adirondack forest, the second a comparison of the five principal causes of forest fires for 23 vears while the third illustrates the areas burned by, and the cost of, forest fires in the years 1903, 1008 and 1913- ,, -r, ..■ In describing the forest fires Mr. Pettis says : " The year has been conspicuous by the scarcity of rainfall. The winter of 1 9 1 2-1 9 ' 3 ^^s marked by the almost entire absence of snow. Therefore, there was not the customary supply of soil moist- ure This abnormal condition not only continued through the summer, but as the season advanced the rainfall was less frequent. It was general throughout the Adirondacks and exceptionally severe through the eastern and southern portions of that region. Forest fires always follow scarcity of rainfall." , ... j^^^^ The season was much drier in the Adirondacks than in the Catskills, and the fires in the latter form only lo per cent, of the total number and cover only 8 per cent, of the total area bumed The month of April was the most favorable for fires in the Catskills, while May and August saw the greatest number in the Adirondacks. Ihe total number reported was 688. This is 83 fires more than was reported in 1908 under similar drought conditions. The accompanying table gives statistics as to the number of fires, acreage burned, and resulting damage : Expense to extinguish, 1908, $189,662; 1913, $43,203. When the conditions of drought are taken into account, the extent of these fires and the conse- quent damage indicate great improvement in forest fire protection and mark efficiency from the force charged with this duty. The success of the system is fully demonstrated, and the only weakness de- veloped is that more mountain stations should be established. During the year only seven-tenths of I per cent, of the area under protection was burned, although the average area guarded by each ranger was over 100,000 acres. The entire cost of protection, including the expense of extin- guishing fires, was less than fourteen mills per acre, which is on the average, approximately two mills per dollar of valuation. During the latter part of August fires were occurring in all parts of the forest territory. They were being detected constantly by the observers, and it became a question of how many fires the rangers could handle with the limited amount of help available in the localities. A large number of the rangers were working night and day, securing assistance, going to fires, getting them under control, appointing competent foremen, then communicating with their headquarters, and, in most instances, immediately starting for some other fire. At this time the commission authorized the district rangers to employ rangers temporarily in localities which they considered dangerous, and in this way the difficulty was, to a large extent, surmounted. Only two of the 608 fires were not promptly gotten under control. The larger one occurred in Essex county and the smaller one in Lewis county. On August 1 7th, a severe electrical storm swept over the major portion of the Adirondacks ; seven forest fires in five different counties were set l)y lightning during that storm ; about noon of ihat day a dry stub, near the foot of Mt. Macomb, n the town of North Hudson, was struck by 'ightning'and quickly caught fire. The point vherc this fire originated was approximately five miles from any habitation and in an area which lad been burned over in 1903, and subsequently umbered. The smoke from the fire was detected Imost immediately by the observer on Makomis ^lountain Station, who notified the local ranger. The fire and lumber slash furnished ideal food for the flames, which fanned by a strong wind, spread with great rapidity. The ranger quickly sum- moned the few male residents of that locality and hastened to the fire. It was necessary for them to travel nearly five miles through rough country and well nigh impenetrable fire slash. When they reached the fire they were almost exhausted, and it was beyond their control. This fire burned nearly two months, and several hundred men were employed in the endeavor to check its spread. Owing to the sparsely populated section outside help had to be secured. Nearly every able-bodied citizen in the upper part of the Keene Valley was engaged. Temporary camps were erected, fire lines built, back fires set, and the spread of the fires checked. Owing to the limited amount of help the fire was attacked on the side in which it was advancing on account of the wind, and the most valuable areas received first consideration. Exaggerated reports were published in the press in regard to the large loss of timber in the vicinity of Elk Lake, while, as a matter of fact, only a few acres of second growth, which were burned by a back fire, were damaged in that locality. The valuable hotel property of the Underwood Club was saved. The fire was confined to the area previously burned and advanced over this area. It finally endangered valuable property in the vicinity of St. Huberts. The commission, appre- ciating the situation which might develop, secured an order from President Wilson directing the United States army to assist in this work. The Superintendent of State forests, who was on the ground, learned that a portion of the Fifth Infantry was on a march through the Adirondacks, imme- diately communicated with the Commandant, and, within a day, three companies of soldiers were upon the ground assisting in the work. Later, three additional companies were detailed to this work. The troops rendered most efficient service in constructing fire lines, setting back fires, and patrolling trenches ; they were faithful, vigilant and energetic. This fire covered approximately 30,000 acres and in some places was fully ten miles in length and four miles in width ; but there were large areas within this radius which were not burned, and the damage of the fire was confined to about 375 acres of timber land. The illustrations in the February issue of Forest Leaves give a fair idea of the fire. The region, being almost entirely an old fire slash, was an ever present menace, and now that a large portion of the debris has been consumed and fire lines erected, fire protection in that locality has been greatly increased. The most regretable feature of the fire was the loss of a human life. 124 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 125 The other fire, which was not immediately con- trolled, originated in Lewis ^^""ty «" *e n.ght of August 1 8th, and was caused by a burning building. A heavy wind, which was blowing at the timl scattered the burning -bers from Jhe building and the forest was ignited. All available Tabor las employed to protect the remainmg ramns and the forest fire escaped. This area, ifke'that in Essex county, had previously been ; burned by the fires of 1903 and 1908. Iwo ; Sres ran'gers with a large force of men were almost immediately on the scene and did all they could to control the situation, but, on account of the high wind and the dry condition of the ground cover the fire spread rapidly. Fire lines were built 'but on account of the high wind, had to be abandoned and new ones constructed. This hre worked northerly connecting with another fire in the vicinity of Independence river, which was caused bv fishermen. About 5,400 acres were burned oler, but fully 95 Per cent, of this area was nearly worthless. A significant fact in con- nection with both of these fires is that they were surrounded and under control before any rain fell to subdue them. Report on Test of Pennsylvania Tree Planting Tools. TN the February, 1912, issue of Forest Leaves, page 106, in an article entitled, " Forest In- -*- struments by Pennsylvania Foresters the Ludwig planting mallet was described and illus- trated ; and in the April, 191 2, number, '' a New Sprouting Axe and its Advantages ' ' was detailed. | These tools and others were submitted to the Department force from time to time for considera- , tion, and at the Convention in March, 1913, « was decided that six foresters should be provided with one each of four planting tools, so that otti- , cial tests could be made of the two planting tools already mentioned, as well as a third which was ^ also presented. , Forester Walter D. Ludwig designed a wooden mallet with an iron band around the head to give it weight and prevent crushing. The handle is nU to 10 inches in length, so that a few blows will set the tree solidly. In the other end of the mallet is inserted a flat piece of steel, used to cut away roots or debris from the holes made by mattocks, and also to pull the dirt into the hole and around the roots of the tree to be planted. It weighs about 28 ounces, and costs 40 cents to 71; cents. , __ , Forester Alfred E. Rupp worked out a metal tool. At first it was to be a combination consist- ing of a rake, a dibble and an end for planting, but it was found such a tool would not be durable and would cost too much. Later it was designed in very compact form, and weighed for a man about 5 2 ounces. It cost J 2 . 2 5 per dozen to have the tool cast. . ^ ^ - n 4, Forester Tom O. Beitsch fabricated his first planting iron on his forest forge. It was made from a straight piece of iron, bent and sharpened at each end and hammered more or less round in the middle for a handle. It costs about 40 cents ^^Ranger James V. Carlin wanted a combination tool He 'found an old buggy step which an- swered the purpose, and from this developed the idea of a hoe-like iron to bring the earth to the hole, and the flat side to be used to pack the earth around the roots. There were needed a wooden grip and an end or knob for packing. By having a^hread at each end of the handle it would be a simple matter to make each part sepa- rately and screw it on when needed. The weight of the tool was about 25 ounces and costs 40 ""^The Commissioner of Forestry had the tools sent to Foresters Bodine, Emerick, Keller, Kirk, McNaughton and Meek, who made reports on ^ ^\li of the six foresters placed the Ludwig mallet first, but four considered that an iron ring or band was necessary. In one instance the men claimed they could work faster and surer by tamping earth with stone or heel, but stated that the mallet removed all jar from the wrist and saved much stooping. . Rupp's planting iron was second choice, ine statements seemed to be somewhat at variance One forester considered it too heavy and out ot balance, being good for tamping ^^^ ^^^.^^^^^ pulling earth to the hole, while another thought it should be one-half pound heavier, but the square corners were an advantage. ^the^.^P^^l: iL were that it worked right but hurt the hands and could only be used a short while at a time that it was good for land not too stony, but should be made of other material than cast iron ; that it had the advantages of a stone, but the jar readily transmits itself to the wrist. Jhe last forester thought the scraping edge ^hould be wider to protect the fingers, and the bas^ tilte I slightly so the arm is not horizontal, which would i enable a stroke from a stooping posture as well as from a sitting one. . . . i «e tnr» Five thought Carlin's combination tool was too light, another deemed the tool too long and m hoeing earth into hole the tamping part strike the arm. One thought 2 pounds added to tn^. tamping end and iron washers placed at each end of wooden handle so the hand would not slip would improve it, while a somewhat similar opinion was also expressed by another. Bietsch's planting iron was only partially suc- cessful. It was criticized as being light, too short, bumping wrists, and the stamping surface was too small. Two said the thin handle cramped the hands, a third that it was not heavy enough to take the jar off the wrist, and another forester that it was unwieldy, weak and tiring. One forester stated that none of the tools were considered a success under the conditions of thick growth of bracken, sweet fern and coppice on his reserve. They were too light and awkward to handle, and could not be used in brush and rocks, retarding rather than hastening work. Manufacture of Wood Flour. T ITTLE wood flour is made in America. J 1^ Norway, Sweden, and Germany are the principal sources of supply. A report was recently made on the subject by U. S. Consul Robert P. Skinner, Hamburg, Germany, that considerable misunderstanding has existed regard- ing the manufacture of this commodity. He says : Norwegian flour contains more resin than Ger- man flour, the latter being produced from the waste cuttings by toy and wooden-shoe manufac- turers. It has been stated that large quantities of sawdust of clean white northern ash are available in the United States for the manufacture of wood flour, and further details in regard to German mechanical processes have been asked for. According to German experience hardwood is the best material for the production of high-grade flour, such as linoleum manufacturers require, and this is turned out by machines, some of which are recommended as rendering equally efl"ective service with roots, branches, boughs, sticks, tender shrub- bery, slabs and wood waste of every kind. Re- ducing machinery of this character is used in preparing raw material for a good many chemical and other industries. The ordinary process of producing wood flour in Germany consists of feeding the material into a revolving iron cross beater. The material should be not larger than one-half or three-fourths of the length of a finger, and it is beaten to the desired fineness as sawdust, in which is contained a large percentage of exceedingly fine meal. The capacity of the machine depends upon the fineness sought and the quality of the wood, brittle wood yielding a finer flour and a greater quantity per hour than any other. When it is desired to obtain a meal finer than sawdust a rasping mill is employed. These rasping mills have an interior construction similar to that of the iron cross beater, a rasping disk revolving against the inner walls of the apparatus, the metal plates of which present rasp- ing surfaces. Light material fed into this machine to be ground cannot be ejected until it is perfectly ground, whereas in the machine first mentioned the iron cross beater merely revolves in the wood debris. When the output of flour sought is incon- siderable and time does not press, both an iron cross beater and the rasping apparatus can be utilized in the same machine. The rasping mill turns out a product of a sieve fineness of No. 25 European. If still finer flour is desired than the rasping mill furnishes, the product of the rasping mill can be passed through a spiral-screw sifting machine. In these mechanical sifters the material passes through a hopper to spiral brushes, which transfer it continually to the face of the sieve, finally expelling the coarser quantities at the discharge hole. This coarse overflow can be returned to the rasping machine to be reworked, although usually the factories employ the coarse meal as it comes from the sieves. Pieces of wood larger than one-half or three- fourths of a finger length should be crushed before being fed into the iron cross beater. If the material contains resin and a certain fineness is desired the resin must be removed by other machinery, which is fairly expensive. From this it will be observed that while in Germany wood flour is not mechanically produced I from sawdust, there is apparently no reason why ! northern ash sawdust could not be worked through a rasping mill, sifted and placed upon the market. j There is a brisk trade in wood flour in Germany, both for domestic use and for export. New Publications. T/ie Training of a Forester, by Giff'ord Pinchot. i2mo., 149 pages, bound in cloth, illustrated. Price, $1.00. J. B. Lippincott Company, pub- lishers, Philadelphia, Pa. In this volume Mr. Pinchot has contributed much valuable advice to anyone who contemplates taking up forestry as a profession, giving him an idea whether he is suited for such a life work and would be successful in it. The opening chapter treats of what forestry is, the uses and inhabitants of the woods. Other pages describe the knowledge required of a forester, which is much greater than most persons are aware. Not only should he be able to distinguish the 126 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 12T different trees, but he must know the way they i grow, relation to light, heat, moisture, soil and i each other. He should also be able to recognize I the forest shrubs and more important smaller I forest plants, something of the insect, animal life, birds and fish. He should be an expert in wood- craft, with a knowledge of the theory and practice of lumbering, surveying, etc. . , r Other chapters show the importance of the torest to the nation, and its future prosperity ; also the establishment of forestry, which has passed from a phase of agitation and education into the practice of the profession. The work of the forester is then described in the U. S. Forest Service, which has 187,000,000 acres of woodland to supervise. The graduates of forest schools begin work as rangers or forest guards, whose multitudinous duties are set forth. There are also the higher officers, such as the district forester, the supervisor, and the trained forester. To be a successful forester requires vigor of body as well as mind. The State forest work is also touched upon, the statement being made that 13 States have a total area of 3,400,000 acres of forest reserves. Twenty- nine States make appropriations for forestry work, while thirty-three have State forest officers. The duties of the different branches of the U. S. Forest Service at Washington are also set forth. The employment of foresters by lumbermen, cor- porations, individuals, forest fire protection asso- ciations, railroads, fish and game associations, etc., are discussed. In conclusion an outline is given of the various studies necessary to fit one for for- estry work. Bulletin No. 13, of the Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C, pp. 70. ^^ith seven full-page illustrations, is a particularly timely and useful publication to all who are interested in Pennsylvania forests. Evidently Mr. E. H. Frothingham has been at great pains to get at the roots of the white pine problem. The several heads of the paper are : Geograph- ical Range, White Pine and the Lumber Industry, Old Growth, Second Growth, Silvical Character- istics, embracing the soil, moisture and light requirements of a species and its reproductive and growth characteristics ; Form of White Pine, Re- production, Seed distribution. Germination of seed and Growth of seedlings. Growth of indi- vidual trees. Growth in height, diameter and volume. Yield of Second-growth White Pine, Second-growth White Pine as an investment, with elaborate tables showing cost, profit, stump- age value, and all the other elements of the problem. Management embracing pretty much everything from seed to saw mill. The author has also some judicious statements concerning *' White Pine in windbreaks and reservoir protec- tion, forest fires, and insect pests." This Bulletin merits a wide circulation and careful reading by everyone in Pennsylvania who owns a woodlot, a forest, or a place to plant a forest. The illustra- tions are unusually good and well chosen.. J. T. R. Bulletin No. 34, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, deals with ' ' Range Improvement and Rotation Grazing "— mainly in the west and largely on the land within the National forests. The 110,000,000 acres of the grazing land within these forests supported in 1912 14,000,000 head of stock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and swine. ; In these days of high price and shortage of I meat supplies there seems to be a ** large propo- : sition " in the simple statement above. The leading features of this Bulletin are: i. '* Continued over-pasturing until the forage was killed out root and stem.'' 2. ^^f depleted range lands are to be re vegetated the forage must be allowed to produce a fertile seed crop." 3. *< From what has been said it is clear that if the seed is not planted by artificial stirring of the soil the undesirable species may become established at the expense of the valuable range plants." 4. '' Even when seed is planted its growth is by no means assured; this will depend largely upon climate and soil conditions. It must be remembered that in the grazing lands of the National forests most of the pasturage is of the bunch, or scattered sort. The dense growth of grass with which we are familiar is rarely seen. The bunch grasses uninviting, in their dry condition, as they look to eastern eyes, are abundantly nutritious. It has become a question whether or not some legal system of limited and supervised pasturage might not be introduced on portions of our State Forest Reserves without injury to the timber and to the great advantage of the Commonwealth. The writer thinks it possible, though he recognizes some inherent difficulties. J. 1. R. Among the many valuable publications sent out by the Federal Forest Service there is no one that opens up a more important subject in a more plain and forcible form than Forest Tree Diseases Com- mon in California and Nevada, by E. P. Meinecke, Forest Pathologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 66, and 24 plates. It presents what is to most of our people a new world, and does it in a most interesting and illu- minating way. J- I • I^- HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines IN background indicate square inches. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees. — tTournal of Education. *' The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out ot a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." — Dean Alvord, New York. HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Ronieyn Beck Hongh. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branchlets, and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, $8, delivered. " With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees:'— Melville Dewey, l*re.sH Vt, liibvarij Atts'n. " Indispensable for all students of trees." —Botanical Gazette. " Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the original."— A^f^i^ Yorh Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful. De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover." '—The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." —The Nation, " It is doubtful it any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Loiiis Lumberman. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in treatment and execution."— C. Hart Merriam. LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Romeyn Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMEKICAN WOODS without extra charge. * AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Ronieyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when exammed in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 25 species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; |7.50 in half- morocco. AMERICAN WOODS is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to be able to recognize the various woo »*»» ^v**-' ^'®'- ^^**' ^♦•' ^^^^ ^^"'^* Office of FRANKLIX H. HOKiH, Enq., 900 F St. >. W., Suite 519..V21, WASHIXWTOX, D. (. You are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most convenient to you or to write for particulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. 128 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. Consulting Forester, A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry-preparing men | j j ROTHROCK, for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, state college, pa. WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. FORESTERS I CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CONSULTING AND OPERATING | CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. AVith our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. niugtrated Catalogue upon application. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: THE BISHOP OF THE DiocESE OP PENNSYLVANIA, President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-PrmderU. GEOEOE Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY F ARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MoCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduate, in 1910. twenty entend college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ^^^ ity:^^j$/^ Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, June, 1914. No. 9 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, I0I2 Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials 129 Philadelphia's Shade Tree Ci»mmission 130 Operations in Pennsylvania's State Forests 13^ Blister Rust of the White Pine 132 Lumber Production in 1912 '33 The Vanderbilt Forest to be Included in the Appalachian Reserve 134 Forest Fires Affect Stream Flow '34 Utilization of Maple Wood '35 The Rothrock Testimonial Luncheon '35 to 141 Remarks of Mr. John Birkinbine i35» 138. i39 ^^^ 140 Presentation Address by Hon. John K. Tener 136 Acceptance by Dr. J. T Rothrock •• 136 Address of Mr. A. B. Farquhar 138 Address of Dr. Henry S. Drinker i39 Address of Mr. Robert S. Conklin 140 Acknowledgment from Dr. Rothrock 141 New Publications '4' Subscription, $x.oo per Year. Thg attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of FoRBST Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fuf- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junk, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee y Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of .Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Seer gtary. Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. 7Vmj«r^r. Charles E. Pancoast. ,, „. , «, «, Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. ^, ^ , ^ Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman : Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, )o\\xi Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. r.i 1 • Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Oppick or THB Association. 1012 Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. « THE testimonial presented to \)x. J. T. Roth- rock at a luncheon in the Harrisburg Club, Harrisburg, Pa., May 4th, 19 14, was more than a recognition by friends, as it demonstrated the wide spread interest in forestry. The retirement of Dr. Rothrock from the State Forestry Reservation Commission was considered a fitting opportunity for some public recognition of the service which he had rendered the cause of forestry. A committee was formed with Governor Tener at the head and a circular letter was mailed to members of the Pennsylvania Conservation Association, the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion, and to officers of the American Forestry Association, signed by the three presidents — the intention being to so limit participation as to maintain the function as a friendly affair. The purpose as set forth in the circular was to provide a loving cup and present this at a luncheon, but the responses were so numerous, and the contribu- tions so generous, that the committee was able to supplement the cup by a substantial amount of money. The fund presented with the cup can be accepted as representing the desire of admirers to participate in recognizing his work. We appreciate fully Dr. Rothrock' s activities, and from long association know his lovable character, but participation was sufficiently spon- taneous to warrant the opinion that it evidences the hold forestry has upon the community. At the tables were many men and women of prominence, and it would have been possible to have enlivened the occasion by addresses from prominent conservationists. The committee how- ever decided to avoid discrimination and confine the post prandial feature to the presentation of the cup by Governor Tener, and its acceptance by Dr. Rothrock, with brief addresses from the Presidents of the three Associations, and from the Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, who 130 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 131 had long elaborated with the guest of the day. Bv limiting the exercises opportunity was given for a pleasant social feature as a close to the ^"^ AsTnumber of the readers of Forest Leaves participated in making the affair successful they will be interested in an abbreviated report of the proceedings, a reproduction of the cup of which they are among the donors, and also of a photo- graph of one honored because of his devotion to a cause which, while serving the present, provides for the comfort, the health, and the prosperity of future generations. ^ J' ' % * * "^ "^ Twenty-four Boy Scouts of America—S from Washington, D. C, 8 from Baltimore Md., and 8 from Boston, Mass.-are to build this corning summer lo miles of trail in the valley on\ ild River in the White Mountain National forest. These boy scouts will receive the equivalent of what the Government would have to pay for the construction of the trail by the regular force It is thought that in this way a large number of boys will be brought into direct contact with the work of the Forest Service, and they and their friends will be acquainted with what is being done in conserviuR the timber resources of the country. ,K :}c * * * The fire risk was illustrated lately while on a i jaunt which included skirting a strip of wood land on a steep bank. A match, supposedly extin- guished, was thrown on a rock, but a breeze deposited the ember in some leaves beside the rock, with the result that a lively blaze followed. Fortunatelv the party, being close at hand, extin- guished the fire, but the circumstance impressed upon us the facility with which forest fires may be started by persons without any evil intent, or who had used what was believed to be precautionary A bill looking to the abolishing of the Chugach (Alaska) National Forest was introduced in Con- gress, and favorably reported by the committee^ but was defeated in the U. S. Senate. :ic * * * * Next year the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, in co-operation with the Harvard Forestry School, will give a two years course in the business of lumbering. measures. 5«c :ic '^ * After the dedication of the forestry building of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, on May 15th, there was an open meeting of the Society of American Foresters at the same place, on May i6th, at which three addresses were made showing the ''Lines of Principal Effort in American Forestry for the Next Decade." 'Jr^ Mc :^ A: ^ The Massachusetts Forestry Association held its Annual Field Day at Fitchburg, Mass., on June 13th, 1 91 4. The visitors were shown shade tree work, thinnings and reforestation of the prospec- tive municipal forest; also inspecting the city nursery and forest plantings at Coggshall Park. ^ i;< * ^ ^-^ Philadelphia's Shade Tree Commission. THE Committee on Street Trees of the Com- missioners of Fairmount Park have been given charge of all the street trees of the city of Philadelphia. They recommend a system- atic care of the present trees, and large additions to their numbers on account: i, Hygiene; 2, Beauty ; 3, Education ; and 4, Economy. The investigations of the committee have shown that there are at present 127,301 street trees in Philadelphia, many of which are in bad condition. The trees recommended for street planting are the oriental plane, pin oak, gingko, and Norway maple. , ^ . • The commission expect to plant a certain num- ber of streets in the residential sections each year with trees, protecting them with guards. Where there are decayed or dangerous trees they will be removed and be replaced with new ones— the re- moving, planting, and protecting, to be charged to the property owners at cost. The commission expects to water, cultivate, prune, spray, and care for newly planted trees with funds provided by Councils— the property owners' individual respon- sibility ending with the planting. The existing trees will also be pruned, sprayed, cleaned, and put in order as rapidly as funds permit. The following regulations have been prepared for the protection of street trees and are now in TO fee • • 1 No tree shall be pruned, sprayed, planted in cut down or removed from any highway in the city of Philadelphia without authority from the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. 2 No person shall climb upon, cut, break, bark, or otherwise injure or disturb any tree, tree- guard or support thereof on any highway in the i city without authority from said commissioners. I 1. No i)erson shall fasten any horse or other animal to any tree, tree-guard, or support thereof, or leave any animal fastened or unfastened withm reach of any tree, tree-guard, or support thereot, on any highway in the city. 4. No person shall attach any guy-rope, cable, wire, or other fixture, to any tree, tree-guard, or i support thereof, on any highway in the city. 5. No person shall fasten or maintain any placard, sign, advertisement, or other notice, on any tree, tree-guard, or support thereof, on any highway in the city. 6. No person shall deface, injure or remove, any copy of the Regulations for the Protection of Street Trees or other notice posted on any high- way or other public place in the city by authority of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. 7. No pavement of any kind shall be laid within a space of three feet by four feet around any street tree ; and no stone, gravel, cement, lumber, or other material, shall be deposited upon such unpaved area. Such unpaved space must be maintained permanently and continuously about the base of the trunk of each street tree. 8. Every person or corporation violating any of the foregoing regulations shall pay a fine or penalty of five dollars for each and every offense, to be recovered before any magistrate of the city of Philadelphia as debts of that amount are recov- erable ; and said fine or penalty, if not paid to said magistrate, shall become a lien on the real property of the offender and be collectible as provided by law. These regulations, having been approved by the Select and Common Councils of the city of Phila- delphia, and duly published, have now the force of law. A census was made of all the street trees — showing the number, character, and condition of the trees on any given street ; the agencies that threaten their destruction, /. c, overhead wires, insufficient size of openings in the sidewalk, im- perfect or harmful guards, etc. ; the kind of tree best suited for a particular street to secure the most satisfactory effect ; and the cost of planting, maintenance, etc. A section of the Park nursery, sufficient to accommodate 20,000 trees, has been allotted to street tree growing, and a number of trees set out. The committee has had printed a report which can be procured from the Commissioners of Fair- mount Park, giving the full result of the investiga- tions made of the shade trees, recommendations, rules, regulations, etc. It is expected that their endeavors will do much toward beautifying our streets. The city of Tacoma, Washington, has entered into a co-0[)erative agreement with the Forest Service for the protection of the source of its water supply — the watershed of the Green river— which lies within the Rainier National Forest. The two agencies working together will protect this stream from the results of forest destruction by fire or other agencies. Operations in Pennsylvania's State Forests. THE principal efforts of the foresters on the Pennsylvania State Forests this spring have been along the line of completing plantations. There have been between 3)^ and 4 million seedlings set out. There were planted on the Crossfork division of the Kettle Creek forest 466,000 seedlings at an average cost of $2.00 per thousand (not including cost of seed- lings) for all items in connection with the plant- ing. Some of the other plantations may run a little lower than this and some of them higher. About 75,000 seedlings were sold from nurseries to private individuals, and there were more requests for seedlings than could be supplied, over and above what was needed for the State F'orests. Throughout the State there has been a great interest in forest planting this year. Notwithstanding the fact that up to this time there has been a rather well distributed rainfall through the fire season, a number of fires have occurred, but in no instance has a fire burned over an extensive area, and this is especially true in the neighborhood of the State Forests. The distribu- tion of fire circulars and correspondence with railroads and others have evidently been of service. It may be stated that all of the large railroads, and many of the smaller ones, operating within the State of Pennsylvania, have posted fire notices in each of their stations. All railroads that have replied to correspondence have promised co- operation in the matter of prevention of forest fires. Several have placed fire notices upon their time tables. Others at present are following their trains through forest regions of the State with special patrolmen, and in many cases railroad employees are extinguishing fires along railroad rights of way even though these fires have not been started by railroad engines. This kind of co- operation will help to solve the forest fire problem. The Pocono Fire Protective Association has been successful in catching one of the fire bugs in the Pocono region, and the young man is to be sent to a reformatory institution. Under the direction of the district forester Mr. Strobeck, all of the fire wardens in Monroe county have been organized and are rendering very efficient service. The Delaware, Lackawanna .V' Western railroad is co-operating with this association, as are the various summer resorts, good road associations, and other associations of the region. The West Branch Sportsmens Association, which covers all of the region on the West Branch of the Susque- hanna, is aiding the Department in the matter of forest protection throughout the whole area 182 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 133 covered by its local organizations. Ihe United Sportsmen of Johnstown are co-operating in the same way in the southwestern part of the btate. The Central Pennsylvania Fire Protective Associ- ation has the northern half of Centre county uiider supervision and its work is well organized. One of the Pennsylvania foresters, Mr. Geo \\. bhee- ler, is secretary of the association and has the patrol work under his supervision. An effort is being made to organize a timber owners protective association in Clinton county, and in the near future to have protective associations in otner counties that are very much wooded. In the nurseries there will be planted this spring the following tree seeds: white pine, 1,450 pounds ; Norway spruce, 200 pounds ; European larch, 50 pounds; pitch pine, 118 pounds; Scotch pine, 100 pounds; red pme, 13 pounds; al30 other seed which was gathered by the various foresters, a record of which is not at present obtainable. The receipts from the State Forests for April are $1,397.15, and for May, $1,232.98, bringing the total for the year 1914 up to $7,281.42. Geo. H. \\ iRT. Blister Rust of the White Pine. THE white-pine blister rust has such dangerous possibilities for the native white-pine forests of the East that the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture recommends earnestly that all trees found affected by this disease be destroyed at once. The disease is most conspicuous during the month of May, and it is recommended that the owners of all white pines which are not defi- nitely known to have grown from seed in their present location make a thorough " search of the white pines for this disease. The latter part of May is the best time to look for it in Northern New England and New York, while the first half is the best for Southern New England and New York and farther south. The disease appears upon white pines in most localities during the month of May in the form of yellow blisters breaking through the bark of the main stem near the ground. These blisters, after a few days, break open and give forth great num- bers of dusty, orange-yellow spores. In rare cases it occurs well up on the trunk of trees which are twenty to twenty-five years of age. A very simi- lar disease occurs at about the same time upon the pitch pine, but it should not be confused with the white-pine blister rust, as it is a native disease which does not attack the five-needled pines. Owners of white pines, either in woodlots or in ornamental plantings, should make a special search for the blister rust. In case it is believed that this disease is found, specimens should be for- • warded to the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology in the Bureau of Plant Industry, wh^re an examination will be made, free of charge, and the best possible advice given regarding the eradi- cation of the disease. General, active co-opera- tion of white pine owners will do much to make effective the efforts of the Department to eradicate this serious enemy of the most important con- iferous tree of the East. The white-pine blister rust is a serious disease of the five-leaved pines, especially of the Eastern white pine ; and was first discovered present in this country upon white pines in 1909, although it had already, as has subsequently been found, been imported into this country a number of years before that time in relatively small quantities. The disease is a native of Europe and is widely distributed there. It has caused much damage to the Eastern white pine which is planted in Europe and to a less extent has attacked a number of the other five- needled species of pines. In Europe it is known to attack the stone pine of Europe, the Himalayan pine of Asia, and has been found there attacking the Western sugar pine and Western white pine, which are natives of the Rocky Mountains. It is estimated that there are at the present time in this country over two and one-half million voung white pine trees which were infected by this^ disease before they left Europe. This disease has an alternate stage of development upon the leaves of various currants and gooseberries. It has been found a number of times occurring upon currants, and it is directly traceable to neighboring diseased white pines, as the rust is quite definitely known now not to be carried ' upon dormant currant stock. Since the discovery of this disease a special effort has been made by various forestry officials and horticultural inspectors of the Eastern States, where the infected imported trees were mostly distributed, to eradicate the disease. It often occurs in ornamental plantings of private estates, especially upon trees less than twenty-five years of age. The disease is one from which the tree never recovers, so far as now known ; hence it is of no advantage to the owner of diseased trees to refuse to remove and destroy them. Connecticut has one and a half million acres of timberland, mainly in farmers' woodlots. According to the statement of the Forest Ser- vice, waste wood from the manufacture of school desks is now being used for the backs of cheap brushes. Lumber Production in 1912. L/INAL statistics of the production of lumber, jp* lath, and shingles in the United States for the year 1912 have been collected by the Bureau of the Census. The report shows that a total of 29,648 mills were stated to have been in active operation during the year 1912, as compared with 28,107 for the year 191 1, and 31,934 for 1910. The total amount of lumber produced, in M feet board measure, was 39,158,414, as compared with 37,003, 207 in i9ii,and 40,018.282 in 1910. Increases among the individual States were quite general, slight exceptions appearing in cer- tain of the eastern States and a few of the western mountain States. The usual decrease in the out- put of the lake States which has characterized the showing for several years was due directly to the rapidly diminishing supply of lumber material in that region. Both the principal lumber-producing centers, namely, the southern States and the Pacific coast States, reported larger cuts in 191 2 than in the preceding year. The development of the lumber industry in the southern States during recent years has been rapid. At the census of 1900, 38.7 per cent, of the total production in the United St^es was reported from that region, while in 1907 it contributed 45.7 per cent, of the output, and in 1912, 51.4 per cent, or more than one-half of the total. Washington supplied more than one-tenth of all the lumber and nearly two-thirds of the shingles manufactured in the United States. The State of Louisiana ranked second ; Mississippi, third ; North Carolina, fourth ; and Oregon, fifth. Of the reported total lumber production soft- woods contributed 30,526,416 M feet, board measure, in 191 2, The reported cut from yellow-pine timber in the territory comprising the Atlantic and Gulf Coast States from Virginia to Texas, inclusive, together with Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, during the year amounted to 14,737,052 M feet board measure, or about 98 per cent, of the total output from this species in the United States. Douglas fir, the species which ranked next to yellow pine among the conifers or softwoods, supplied 5,175,123 M feet board measure. The production from both of these species was greater in 191 2 thanMn the preceding year. White pine ranked third among the softwoods in 191 2, though the cut from this wood was smaller than in the preceding year and has been declining steadily for several years. The reported cut of hardwood lumber in 191 2 was 8,631,998 M feet board measure, as against 8,100,819 ^ feet in 191 1, and 8,857,426 M feet in 1 9 10. To this total, oak, the leading hard- wood species, contributed 3,318,952 M feet, or 38.4 per cent., and showed an increase over the output for the preceding year of 220,508 M feet, or 7.1 per cent. Maple, red gum, tulip poplar, chestnut, beech, and birch followed oak in the order named. The production of lath and shingles in 191 2 did not differ materially from the output of these pro- ducts during the preceding calendar year, although each was reported in slightly smaller quantities than in 1910. The State of Pennsylvania ranked sixteenth in the year 191 2, being fifteenth in the two previous years. 1,724 mills reported a total production of 992,180,000 feet B. M. of lumber as against an output of 1,048,606,000 feet B. M. in 191 1, a falling off of 5.4 per cent., indicating tnat the forests are fast disappearing. The amounts of the different kinds of lumber produced in this State in the year 191 2 were as follows : Ft. B. M. Hemlock 386,188,000 Oak 209,473,000 Chestnut 93,294,000 Maple 81,617,000 White Pine 71,870,000 Beech 49,686,000 Yellow Pine 21,647,000 Birch 17,666,000 Tulip Poplar 14,413,000 liasswood 10,925,000 Ash 10,336,000 Hickory 9,826,000 Elm 2,994,000 Walnut 2,268,000 Red Gum 1,454,000 Cedar 892,000 Sycamore 575,000 Spruce 342,000 Balsam Fir 141,000 Tupelo 100,000 Larch 76,000 Cottonwood 46,000 All others 6,351,000 78,758,000 lath and 26,957,000 shingles were also manufactured in this State. To encourage ^' town forests ' ' the Massachusetts Forestry Association offers as a prize, to plant 50 acres of land with 3-year-old white pine, 1,200 to the acre, with a guarantee of 75 per cent, for one year. To become operative at least 10 cities or towns must enter the contest. They must acc^uire at least 100 acres of land, of which 50 acres must be planted with white pine by the city or town. A committee will inspect the plantings during September, 1915, and award the prize in accord- ance with the rules laid down. 134 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES, 135 The Vanderbilt Forest to be Included in the Appalachian Reserve. mHE National Forest Reservation Commission T has approved the purchase of the P.sgah ; ■^ forest of 86,700 acres from the estate of , the late George ^ Vanderbilt at a price of j It is seldom that so many rea/ friends of one person come together, and this gathering is pleasant for us and it is pleasant for him who we honor. We are especially gratified and honored that the chief executive of a Commonwealth of seven and one-half million people will leave his official duties to break bread with Dr. Rothrock and his friends. I take pleasure in presenting our Governor, Hon. John K. Tener. Presentation Address by Hon. John K. Tener. Mr. Chairman, Dr. Rothrock, Ladies and Gen- tlemen : This gathering has to me a double significance. We are here to honor our friend, and we are here to demonstrate that we believe it is better to give the rose to the living than the wreath to the dead. An occasion of this kind is always delightful to me, because I believe that in this life we should by our treatment of our fellowmen and of our associates, so govern our actions that we may demonstrate to him our full appreciation of his goodness and his services. One of the former governors of this State has said that Pennsylvania, potent in her strength and great in her achieve- ments, has been tardy in recognizing those who by their efforts have extended her influence ; and it is well that you, by your presence here and by this testimonial and tribute to your old friend and associate, should gather as you do. I do not propose to speak of the good Doctor's life, his splendid work, and his great achievements for his community, for the State, and for the Nation. Those who come after me are more conversant with his life and what he has done, but I could not live in Harrisburg and I could not take an interest in State affairs did I not learn, either from personal knowledge or from the lips of others, what the Doctor's life has meant to Pennsylvania. Not only in what he may have done in the con- servation work of our forests and forest products and all that relates thereto, but in the example of that splendid life, and therefore I think this gath- ering is especially fitting, and I am sure it will always remain with the good Doctor a most pleasant recollection in his after years. It needs not the tangible evidence of your good will, that he should be presented with any token at this time, and yet that he may ^f'^J^fj^ -token as will call forth recollections of this time his friends have seen fit to secure a loving cup, that I might present it and that he might forever after keep it. , , And, Doctor, I do now, at this time, address myself to you ; and in presenting this cup, which comes freely given, prompted by the hearts and from the purses of your friends, I ask you to accept it as the tangible evidence of the good feeling, the kindliness and friendship of those who are gathered here to-day and of those of your other friends. As you look upon it I hope that its base will rep- resent, as it were, the love and the strength of your friends; that these handles as they are moulded and welded to the cup shall remind you, in a sense, of the hands and the arms of your friends that are ever outstretched to you in your time of need, and in support of you in your sor- rows ; that this cup, the pure metal it contains, we know typifies to us the strength and loyalty and purity of your own character ; and as you look into its bowl, that there you will find only the reflected faces and pleasant smiles of your friends, for the cup contains, as it does at this moment, the very best wishes of those present. Acceptance by Dr. J. T. Rothrock. Your Excellency, President Birkinbine, I>adies and Gentlemen : I had learned in an indirect way that some token was to be presented to me on this occasion, but I had no idea that anything of this sort awaited me. It has simply overwhelmed me, and I hardly trust myself to attempt a response. The one thought that is uppermost in my mind is, that those who are present are the ones who really deserve this memento. I could not have been here to day but for the co-operation that I have received from the friends of forestry and the contributions ' from all over this State; and in accepting this splendid token of your friendship and esteem 1 \ feel that I ought to accept it simply as its custo- I dian, not as its owner, as the one particular sMgn I of all our thought and work and interest in behalt ! of the perpetual interests of this great Common- I wealth. I feel that it belongs to us all ; and DR. J. T. ROTHROCK OBVERSE OF THE ROTHROCK LOVING CUP REVERSE OF THE ROTHROCK LOVING CUP 136 FOREST LEAVES. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiv., No. 9. cause we' re here. ' ' We may paraphrase this into, '' We're here because /le's here." I sit at the head of this table and preside at this meeting because my colleagues on the committee felt that it was due to age that they should extend this mark of respect, that is, to age as collaborator with Dr. Rothrock, because he and I can hark back 28 years when we participated in the organi- zation of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. In fact, as a tribute to his good nature, I may say that for 28 years we have served on the same Council without a quarrel. But I dare not reminisce, for a toastmaster is expected to let others speak. Possibly as the meeting proceeds I shall offer other thoughts, but will add to the explana- tion of my position here that I was one of those privileged to enjoy hearing Dr. Rothrock s Mich- aux lectures many years ago. ^ It is seldom that so many rea/ friends of one person come together, and this gathering is pleasant for us and it is pleasant for him who we honor. We are especiallv gratified and honored that the chief executive of a Commonwealth of seven and one-half million people will leave his official duties to break bread with Dr. Rothrock and his friends. I take pleasure in presenting our Governor, Hon. John K. Tener. Presentation Address by Hon. John K. Tener. Mr. Chairman, Dr. Rothrock, Ladies and Gen- ^ tlemen : This gathering has to me a double significance. We are here to honor our friend, and we are here to demonstrate that we believe it is better to give the rose to the living than the wreath to the dead. An occasion of this kind is always delightful to me, because I believe that in this life we should by our treatment of our fellowmen and of our associates, so govern our actions that we may demonstrate to him our full appreciation of his goodness and his services. One of the former governors of this State has said that Pennsylvania, potent in her strength and great in her achieve- ments, has been tardy in recognizing those who by their efforts have extended her influence ; and it is well that you, by your presence here and by this testimonial and tribute to your old friend and associate, should gather as you do. I do not propose to speak of the good Doctor's life, his splendid work, and his great achievements for his community, for the State, and for the Nation. Those who come after me are more conversant with his life and what he has done, but I could not live in Harrisburg and I could not take an interest in State affairs did I not learn, either from personal knowledge or from the lips of others, what the Doctor's life has meant to Pennsylvania. Not only in what he may have done in the con- servation work of our forests and forest products and all that relates thereto, but in the example of that splendid life, and therefore I think this gath- ering is especially fitting, and I am sure it will always reniain with the good Doctor a most pleasant recollection in his after years. It needs not the tangible evidence of your good will, that he should be presented with any token at this time, and yet that he may have such a token as will call forth recollections of this time his friends have seen fit to secure a loving cup, that I might present it and that he might forever after keep it. 1.. .• ^ oririr^cQ And, Doctor, I do now, at this time, address myself to you ; and in presenting this cup, which comes freely given, prompted by the hearts and from the purses of your friends, I ask you to accept it as the tangible evidence of the good feeling, the kindliness and friendship of those who are gathered here to-day and of those of your other friends. As you look upon it I hope that its base will rep- I resent, as it were, the love and the strength of I your friends ; that these handles as they are moulded and welded to the cup shall remind you, 1 in a sense, of the hands and the arms of your ' friends that are ever outstretched to you in your time of need, and in support of you in your sor- : rows ; that this cup, the pure metal it contains, we know typifies to us the strength and loyalty ! and puritv of your own character ; and as you look into^ its bowl, that there you will find only the reflected faces and pleasant smiles of your friends, for the cup contains, as it does at this moment, the very best wishes of those present. Acceptance by Dr. J. T. Rothrock. Your Excellency, President Birkinbine, Ladies and Gentlemen : I had learned in an indirect way that some token was to be presented to me on this occasion but I had no idea that anything of this sort awaited me. It has simply overwhelmed me, and I hardly trust myself to attempt a response. The one thought that is uppermost in my mind is, that those who are present are the ones who really deserve this memento. I could not have been here to-dav but for the co-operation that I have received from 'the friends of forestry and the contributions from all over this State ; and in accepting this splendid token of your friendship and esteem I feel that I ought to accept it simply as its custo- dian, not as its owner, as the one particular sign of all our thought and work and interest in behalt of the perpetual interests of this great Common- wealth. I feel that it belongs to us all ; and i DR. J. T. ROTHROCK \ r :ll-Mts CIIM.K iMb'itTfiLlRliiM SERVl! r f OBVERSE OF THE ROTHROCK LOVING CUP REVERSE OF THE ROTHROCK LOVING CUP INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE i FOREST LEAVES. 137 while it has been delivered to me I accept it as its custodian, to turn it over to those who succeed me as a sacred trust in memory of those who have been pioneers in forestry and conservation in this country. It is an emblem to mark a point of progress in this great work. It is useless to hope for a perpetual era of prosperity in our country if we neglect that upon which our prosperity de- pends ; for out of the soil, in one shape or other, all of our prosperity must come. There are many things I would like to say in this connection. I accept this token as its custodian. I thank you for it ; and I would, just for a moment, if yoti will indulge me, like to read a brief statement which I have prepared, and which I think may express my thoughts more directly and more clearly than I could otherwise trust myself to do. Conservation, including forestry, has become fixed as a policy of this and of many other States. The principle of taking care of what we have is so safe and so necessary, that no one calls it in ques- tion to-day. Of course, the details differ with the locality, and each State may recognize methods as specially adapted to its needs ! What concerns us to-day is, by what means Pennsylvania has been led to take a first place in this widely extended movement. It is a long story, for it dates back to the days when William Penn was laying the foundations of the Commonwealth. Humphrey Marshall recog- nized its importance in 1785. Governor Geary also had distinct ideas upon the subject, as had also Governor Hartranft. In the early seventies of 1800, Hon. Richard J. Haldeman, representing Pennsylvania in our National Congress, made a most effective address in Washington upon the ([uestion of forestry. For the period of its de- livery it was a clear statement of an urgent need, unsurpassed by any American utterance before and by but few since that time. For thirty years each (iovernor of the Commonwealth has been actively interested in and helped to direct public opinion and legislation to the firm foundation on which our State forestry now stands. The actual constructive forestry work began in 1893. Governors Pattison, Hastings, Stone, Pen- nypacker, and Stuart, each made new and substan- tial additions to our forestry code, suggesting and approving measures to and from friendly Legisla- tures, just as fast as public sentiment matured and the finances of the State allowed. Now and here is the proper time and place to direct attention, your Excellency, to the constructive forestry measures which have marked your administration. The birth of new ideas is often slow, and their adoption as a part of the permanent policy of the State may require time, but the consensus of opinion appears to be that the three Auxiliary Forest Bills which you approved mark an era in Pennsylvania forestry, and that they will make it possible for a private citizen to grow timber, which the State greatly needs, without injury to any other interest or without impoverishing himself. Along side of these measures in their beneficent tendencies, one may well place the acts which now open the forest reserves to the citizens of the State. The only way to secure intelligent co-operation on the part of our citizens, with the forest reserve authorities, is to give the people an actual interest in these reserves. Governor Stofte stated the proper relation when he announced that **the State forests were to be the outing grounds of the people " — as they readily can be without injury to the growing timber. New York State recognized this years ago. When the Adirondack forest reserve was set apart for the use of the people of New York it was a long step in advance. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association entered the field in 1886 and has, during all these years, been a steady support and directing force in forma- tion of public sentiment and in obtaining wise legislation. It began its work when forestry was synonomous with sentiment and not highly esteemed by many men of an exclusively practi- cal turn of mind ; love of home, of parents, of country, are largely sentiment, but, nevertheless, the most powerful incentives to right living and to productive effort for public good. It is impossible here to name the host of our members who have worked zealously and effec- tively in the forestry interests. The American Civic Association, The Pennsyl- vania Conservation Association, The American Forestry Association, and The State Federation of Pennsylvania Women, as a body and in the various clubs, have labored with us for the common cause of conservation. Our memberships largely inter- lock, for there is much in common to all. It is safe to say that but for the combined efforts of all, the most important forestry measures could not have been passed by our last Legislature. Nor could they have become laws without the approval of our Governor. I owe, and those who come after us will owe, a large debt of gratitude to Presidents Birkinbine, McFarland, Drinker, and Farquhar, representing the various organizations, for the constant support and steady co-operation they have given to the important elements in the vast, varied conservation problem. I cannot pass by without a sincere and affec- tionate tribute to the zeal, integrity and efficiency of those with whom I have had the honor of asso- ciation in the labors and deliberations of the n Ml I I 138 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 139 Forestry Commission. Nor can I fail to speak of the splendid body of young men— the foresters— into whose care our forest reserves have passed. I reo-ret that the necessities pf this occasion require^'me to make any allusions to myself. But I cannot be so unnatural as to make no sign of my profound appreciation of the honor you have done me; nor can I, on the other hand, fail to state explicitlv and sincerely that but for the combined help of many others, each of whom I would like to name, I could have had no case in this court. The only claim I can make is, I have loved the Avork in the forestry interests and I have tried to do the very best I could. There is no marvel in it. Forests were every- where in sight of my early home. It was to them I fled for health, and I may almost say for lite itself Year by year I saw^ them disappearing and much of the ground on which they stood abandoned, until thousands of square miles in Pennsylvania had become unproductive. Then, after seeing what German V did with her waste land, I resolved to go home and spend the rest of my life as a forest missionary, simply because I could think of nothing else in which I could be of so much use. I realized my limitations and was satisfied to remain within the boundaries they fixed. That you, as I near the end of my life, have seen fit to view with approval what I have tried to do, is to me a great satisfaction. And I humbly trust it may serve to assure others that well-meant endea- vors are likely to be appreciated by the best and wisest of their fellow men. In recognizing my great indebtedness to the friends of conservation in general, permit me, I hen; of you, to make the further admission that there have been times when the success of cherished plans seemed to be hoi)eless, or in the distant future. But for the steady aid and encouragement of my life companion, my safe adviser, my wife, faith in victory, I fear, would have failed me. The best that I can say for myself, at such times, is, that I am her contribution to the forestry wo^k in Pennsylvania. I thank you, my friends, for this gathering in of the advocates of conservation in all of its aspects, and I thank you for the loving cup. The memory of each will last as long as I do, and I am sure will be cherished by my family when I have ceased to labor in the cause we all have at heart, after I have crossed the '* great divide." Remarks of Mr. Birkinbine. Coming here on the train I made a calculation that if the State of Pennsylvania, or the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, or any person, had been sufficiently interested in the cause of forestry to pay Dr. Rothrock one cent for his first year's work, two cents for his second year's work, and so on for the 28 years, in geometrical proportion, he would now be drawing in 1914, $1,500,000. The State has gained much more than this, and his good wife has, as he asserts, been a true help- mate. Think of having for 45 years tree roots for breakfast, leaves of trees for lunch, tree trunks for supper ; and so that she might have something pleasant for dreams, dissertations upon bugs and scale and forest fires and tornadoes. A woman who can stand that is entitled to a Chautauqua Salute from Dr. Rothrock' s friends. (The salute was cordially given.) Some men are satisfied to stay where they are put, others are constantly moving onward ; some men are apparently w^ell satisfied when they have developed a business, and feel that they have attended to what the Lord put them here for ; but there are men who have grown with their business —as one of our friends here— and he is so full of enercry that he persists in starting work in the morning when the whistle blows for his hundreds of employees. Yet he takes part in many matters of public moment, and it was perfectly natural when it was thought that a Conservation Associa- tion was needed for the State of Pennsylvania that those who organized it went to York and picked out Mr. A. B. Farquhar for president. Address of Mr. A. B. Farquhar. We are met here to day to pay a tribute to our friend, Pennsylvania's Grand Old Man, Dr. Roth- rock, whom we all love, and to offer him a loving cup with inscription and an enclosure. But that is merely a token of our appreciation and respect and love. Seventy years ago, when I was a boy I was asked by my mother to take a bunch ot flowers to an old uncle, with a message of^ love ; and when I gave them to him he said, '' ^^ hen a message of love comes with a bunch of flowers or a big round apple, I always know it is sincere." This token will prove to the Doctor that we are sincere. He speaks of using it for the benefit ot the State, but the cup is given him for himself and his seed forever; and the enclosure is for his benefit and that of his wife, to be used for their comfort, recreation and pleasure. It was given with that understanding. I mention this because he would always prefer to give his time, labor and money for others than use it for himself. I have been familiar with Dr. Rothrock's work for many years, but never had an opportunity ot seeing him till long afterward. We embraced when we met, and after talking together five minutes we felt we had been companions for a lifetime. The influence of such a man is perma- nent, for it is founded on truth and sincerity and tenderness. He is a child of nature, and his very presence brings sunshine and the fragrance of the woods and the flowers, and the song of the birds, and makes one happier and better. I know I have felt his influence as an inspiration to well doing. There is really a good deal in love, as the poet expresses it ; and I am still fond of poetry, though some of my friends make fun of me for it. I w-as told that I would never be a success in business, that I was too romantic, but this has never seemed to interfere with it. As the Governor remarked, ** it is better to sprinkle a few flowers on the head of a man while living than on the grave after he is dead." But as said before, we are here because we love Dr. Rothrock. In the words of a great poet : *' Love indeed is light from God, A spark of that immortal fire. Which angels share, by Allah given, To lift from earth all low desire. Devotion wafts the mind above, But Heaven itself descends in love; A feeling from the Crod-head caught. To wean from self all sordid thought; A ray of Him who formed the whole, A glory circling round the soul." Mr. Birkinbine. I apologize to Mr. Farquhar if he did not receive a formal invitation to speak, but Dr. Rothrock had no formal invitation ; in fact, when the Doctor asked me, **Am I expected to say anything?" I replied, ** possibly some of your friends would like to hear from you, but I will announce the fact that you speak by request." Some week§ ago there was a function at the Doctor's home in West Chester, at which a num- ber of encomiums were bestowed upon him, and one of his grand-children, hearing of these, and knowing of this then proposed meeting, said, **I believe Grandpa is really a credit to the family." And the speakers so far seem to agree with this statement. Being in reminiscent mood I go ten years farther back than I did with Dr. Rothrock to a young man who was connected with the driving of an important tunnel, but not being satisfied with noting how much work was done in a day he kept taking memoranda and working them out with the result that he wrote the best book on tunnelling which has been published. Although it is now old, in so far as the conditions of prac- tice, it is still a standard work. He left engineer- ing and studied law, rising in that profession to be the chief solicitor of a great railroad. When a college wanted a good president they picked out t^his man. So when the American Forestry Asso- ciation desired some one to push its work with ability, they selected this same man for its presi- dent. So when the friends of forestry wanted to get through the Legislature the bills creating Auxiliary Forest Reserves we went to Dr. Drinker, member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, President of the American Forestry Association, member of the Pennsylvania Conservation Associ- ation, and President of Lehigh University, and he saw the bills passed. Address of Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I am glad to respond to the call of my old friend, John Birkinbine, whom I have known for more years, as the lawyers say, than ** the mind of man runneth to the contrary notwithstanding ; " and though he does claim to be our senior here, I think I can perhaps say that in all this gathering I am the one (aside from those who are nearest and dearest to him) who has known Dr. Rothrock the longest. When I went to Wilkes-Barre in 187 1 as a young engineer, to work in the coal mines. Dr. Rothrock was there, a practicing physician ; and it was my privilege then to form a friendship that has endured through all these years, and in these later days it has been my happiness to sit at his feet and to learn from him of the beauties of the Forestry Cult to which he has been so long devoted. This is a very remarkable gathering, fellow citizens of America. We have men and women present who have come from far and near, and we are actually here for neither business nor politics, which are so generally the moving mo- tives for action with our people. We are here for the expression of a sentiment. I believe in senti- ment. I believe that sentiment is one of the jjreat dvnamic forces of the world ; it is in evi- dence here, for we gather to-day solely to pay honor to a man who has given to our young people one of the greatest lessons of unselfish service our I country has ever known. Dr. Rothrock might have distinguished himself in any line of work he elected to take up : — a gentleman — a cultured man — a college bred man — a man of great ability — he chose to devote himself, for the love of country and of duty and of service, to one of the most unremunerative, and yet one of the most useful careers possible, in the pursuit of which he has given so much and received so little. And today, as Mr. William Russell Smith, by whom I am sitting, so well said to me a few moments ago, ** We are here not to celebrate the ending of ' a great career, but to note a phase of that career — the changing from one line of service to a greater 140 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 141 and broader one. ' ' Dr. Rothrock, we are here to assure you— and you know the assurance springs from the very bottom of our hearts— how much we love and honor you, and look up to you, and how greatly we realize we are indebted to you tor what you have done for our young men and women by your example, and for what you have done for our State and country by your work. Mr. Birkinbine. Our Governor, while presenting the loving cup, had in his hand this reproduction of the cup with the intention of reading the inscription He passed it to me, and- 1 see, standing out boldly, **Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock, State of Pennsylvania, Forestry in America. As you all will look at the cup at your leisure, I will not read the complete inscription. The State of Pennsylvania feels proud of the progress made in the development of a forest policy, which has been a matter of growth. In 1893 the first Forestry Commission was appointed, whose par- ticular function was to examine and report upon the forests in general, but there was no appropria- tion made for that purpose. Subsequently a Forestry Commission was appointed, of which Dr. Rothrock was a member and our first Forestry Com- missioner. How long and how well he carried on that work you all know, and you also know that it passed from Dr. Rothrock into very able hands. The policv pursued has been along the lines of business development of our forest reserves, pur- chasing them in such lots as the State could afford to pay and care for, and endeavoring to make them a productive and remunerative part of the Commonwealth. Dr. Rothrock was succeeded by Mr. Robert S. Conklin, who is here to-day and fills the position of Forestry Commissioner. It would be unfair for us to separate without a word from Mr. Conklin. Address of Mr. Robert S. Conklin. To express adequately the feelings which ought to be uttered on an occasion like this, I fear is beyond me. An assemblage of this character, gathered for the purpose of paying honor to a gentleman willing to devote the major portion of his life to a useful and capable service, is sufficient expression of what might be most fittingly said. To have been the successor of Dr. Rothrock in the office of Commissioner of Forestry is by me esteemed in a manner far higher than I feel I am capable of expressing. The man who won the fight for forestry in Pennsylvania: who laid its broad foundations so well; and who, while he filled that office, adhered so admirably to the principles for which he contended, makes it diffi- cult for his successor to reach, or, indeed, in any way make a near approach to the high mark of his achievement. As the head of the Department which he founded, it has always been my aim to follow the well known lines pursued by Dr. Roth- rock. I have felt it entirely safe to guide myself by such a compass, and the longer I serve in this capacity it is impressed upon me that to continue adherence to the ideals, the lessons of the achieve- ment, and the lines of endeavor which were pursued by him, is the safest and most righteous course which may be adopted in the conduct of the affairs of the Department of Forestry. We regret that Dr. Rothrock has seen fit to lay down the burden of this work, and we rejoice at the same time. We regret it because Pennsylva- nia and the cause of forestry see their most valiant champion retire ; and we rejoice because in enter- ing upon this retirement we know he is doing so in justice to himself, to his family, and to the great record which it has been his good fortune to write for himself while serving the people in a public capacity. He unquestionably has a right to expect younger persons now to shoulder that burden and carry it for him— the burden which for many years was carried by him alone, or nearly so when helping hands were few in number and words expressive of cheer and encouragement were most conspicuous by their absence. We rejoice with Dr. Rothrock to-day that in the fullness of his years there are spared to him the keenness of his perceptive faculties, his vigorous mind, and his physical health little or not at all impaired by reason of the service which he has performed for all of us. , , . r '^ .u , We rejoice with the members of his family that again they are to receive him into their midst as of old, free from the worries of public affairs, pre- pared to enjoy with them the richest, the most fruitful, and probably the most highly appreciated period of his life ; and, in expressing for him and for them our feelings of good fellowship, let us do so in the hope that these years may be filled with the accumulated joys of a career which has brought for the enlightenment of others such useful lessons such high regard for patriotic duty, such manifes devotion to proper ideals which shall not be lost from among us for generations to come. Mr. Birkinbine. I expected that either Mr. Farquhar or Dr^ Drinker, my colleagues on this committe, would have made a more definite reference to the tact that the effort to provide this token has not been widespread, but was kept within quite reasonable limits. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association. which claims Dr. Rothrock as its first President, naturally felt a lively interest in it, and Dr. Drinker, as President of the American Forestry Association, felt that his Association could have a part, and Mr. Farquhar and his colleagues of the Pennsylvania Conservation Association knew that it should co-operate, but there was no effort to do anything in a grand scale. And after this function there will be many inquiries and complaints of ** Why didn't you let us know about it ? " We felt that it would be pleasant to Dr. Rothrock and better than to make a very broad advertisement of the project, which, while it might have received widespread publicity, might have been apparently less spontaneous. Mr. Farquhar made mention of the contents of the cup ; and Dr. Rothrock is to understand that while it is a big cup it is not full, but there is something in it. What it contains I shall pass to his wife to carry home. (Dr. Roth- rock : That was exceedingly wise.) (Mr. Farqu- har : He would have given it away before you got home. ) Mr. Birkinbine : There are quite a number here upon whom I would like to call, but you have been assured that our meeting should be short, and therefore I constitute you a jury, and as judge, instruct you to. bring in a verdict that Dr. Roth- rock is guilty of all the good things said about him. Acknowledgment from Dr. Rothrock. June 2d, 1914. To the Kind Friends : Those who were present at the meeting in the Harrisburg Club on May 4th, and also to those who were unable to be present, I wish to express my sincere thanks for their generous interest in the work that for thirty-seven years I have tried to do for our forests. Your thoughtful kindness in the beautiful loving cup, and otherwise, will remain in my mind so long as life endures, as precious evidence that you approve of the service I have earnestly and hon- estly endeavored to render. Ever gratefully yours. J. T. Rothrock. New Publications. T/ie Ninth Aiinual Report of the Ne7v Jersey Forest Park Reservation Commission (being for the year ending October 31st, 1913,) merits care- ful consideration. The intention is not, in that State, to purchase extensive areas, as the State of Pennsylvania has done, but rather to establish mailer forest parks, which shall serve as centres of instructive object lessons to the citizens. Con- siderable stress also is laid upon the public im- portance of the chief forester as a helper, adviser, and instructor in matters of forestry. One may readily see the wisdom of this plan in a State with the topographical and soil conditions of New Jersey. Forty-one illustrations emphasize clearly the -eighty-two pages of text. The following para- graphs quoted may be regarded as the confession of faith, which will probably be regarded as orthodox by most intelligent people : ''Forest fire control is an absolute condition precedent to the practice of any kind of forestry. *' The practice of forestry by those who own the forests is preferable to State purchase and control. *' Development of the forests we have, through protection and care, is wiser than planting more forests. ''State forest reserves should be limited to tracts held for demonstration, for water control, and other specific purposes. "Shade trees are vital to every community." Owing to unfavorable weather conditions the loss by forest fires was §67,205, as against $21,501 in 191 2. It will be many years before this an- nually recurring danger, "unusual conditions," ceases to be an active factor in the fire problem, in spite of all human precaution. No doubt it is the very wisest of all policies to guard against starting of forest fires by additional precaution, rather than hoping to suppress them when started. The Act of 1909, which gave railroads the power to open fire breaks on private property adjacent to the railroad right-of-way, is declared unconstitutional because it appropriates private property without compensation. In many in- stances the owners have waived their rights and consented to the opening of fire breaks. It is gratifying to learn from Mr. Gaskill's re- port, that "it is impossible to go about anywhere in New Jersey without finding evidences of an active, practical application of forestry to private lands." The one large forested area that the Forest Commission seems to be actively interested in is what is known as the Wharton tract, which has 80,000 of its 100,000 acres in a forested condi- tion, and is in addition "a unique source of potable water. ' ' In the matter of convict labor in opening forest roads so that they shall be effective as fire lanes, "it is expected that some of these projects will crystallize during the coming year." Opposite page 32 there is a particularly Wise and successful shade tree circular, which is ur- gently commended to all town shade tree commis- sions. Forester Gaskill reports some signs of a decline 142 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 143 in the virulence of the chestnut blight, but he can ee no reason to think that New Jersey's chestnut rees can be saved. It would be a pleasure to quote more fully from this suggestive report. J. T. K. Bulletin No 55^ U. S. Department of Agricul- ture\y Raphael Zon, treats most thoroughly of the Balsam Fir. The following statements are culled from its pages : .»<■„. "The cutting of balsam fir to any extent for pulp or lumber began only about twenty years ago, as the more valuable species of the northern forests ''SgSVi'or to white pine it is nevertheless ; "a tree of considerable economic importance in | the northeastern forests." It readily reforests cut ; over places and grows rapidly to good size, fhe Te '' requires a cold climate and a constan supplv of moisture at its roots. There are several distinct types of balsam fir, depending on the place of growth whether in swamps, low swells, hardwood slopes, or mountain top. Ihe total stand of balsam fir is estimated at about c,ooo,ooo.ooo feet board measure. A\ ithout allowing for natural growth this supply will prob- ably last about thirty years. The demand for t is rapidly on the increase. Its greatest impor - ance is as a pulp wood," though the pitch it contains is a serious detriment. Balsam fir "weighs about 7 per cent, more than spruce when green, and 1 8 per cent, less when dry. The tree does not begin to bear seeds regularly and abundant y until it is about 30 or 35 years old, and then only , at varving intervals, not every year. 1 he average number of seeds to the pound is about 36,000. Balsam fir must be classed as one of the most defective of our northeastern conifers. Its chiet enemies are fungi, and the weakest point of attack is the heart wood. " , j . There are two kinds of rot, top and ground rot, caused by fungi. The latter does the greater , damage. • 1 r,...i„ This tree is old at 100 years, weak and likel) to be attacked by rot ; hence one seldom sees a really sound old balsam tree. Opening up the forest increases growth in thickness of the balsam trunk. For New York 15 cords per acre of pulp wood is a good average. In Maine the average yield is about 2 5 cords per acre. The Bulletin closes with several pages of tables, all in the painstaking fashion that characterizes Mr. Zon's work. J- '^ • ^■ IVee.h, by R. Lloyd Praeger. The Cambridge Nature Study Series. 8vo., 108 pages, bound in cloth, illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Price, 40 cents. . ^ ^ The question of weeds is quite an important one It must be faced by the farmer, gardner, and forester. To make a crusade against them it is necessary to study them, noting methods of growth and ways of spreading. t, •.• u The volume treats of the weeds of tne British Isles, more particularly Ireland, what they are and their place in the plant world. The life of a plant is taken up, and the manner of feeding, grovvth, and reproduction, are all briefly described. The reasons why weeds are harmful are set forth, as well as the difference in variety due to soil and situation. The method of production and distn- ; bution of seeds are given. The best ways of i keeping weeds down are indicated, and descnp- ' tions given of the common weeds. The brochure is illustrated with three plates and forty-five cuts, and forms an excellent hand book of simple lessons on weeds. Oils distilled from the needles of spruce and fir trees are being used to scent petroleum floor oils which are sometimes objectionable on account of their odor. A year after the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion had its Forestry Exhibition in Philade ph.a the first Forest Products Exposition was held at he Coliseum, Chicago, 111., .\pril 30th to May oth • and at the Grand Central Palace. New \ork, NY May 21st to 30th, 19M. under the guidance of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, while various trade organizations, firms, incli- iduals, and the U. S. Forest Service exhibited and uppor ted the movement. There were displays o different varieties of lumber and veneers sold . this country, also of the machinery and >niplemen « used in the'Vroduction of ^he various markeabU^ forms of wood. In many instances the difleren i lo'anies had their woods attractively arrange. ' as rooms, bungalows, etc., showing the beautie of the woods, -rhe usefulness, fine «"•«!;> etc. o. the various pines, red gum cypress, hemlock cedar, redwood, oak, and other hardwoods wer attractively displayed. Various systems of pe serving woods were shown. The U. S- Govern ment Lhibit consisted of photographs of the ol 1 and present method of lumbering, '"ode'j rangers' houses, illustrations of what <^an />« do with mill and factory waste, together with spec mens of domestic and I'hilipP'n^ ^^^t" . Ti e attendance both in Chicago and New \ork w.s gratifying. MtlCtlL HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees.— »7«#«rw«i of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out ot a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." — Dean Alvord, New York, HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Ronieyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branclilets^ and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by phoio-niicrographs. Other infornaation in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram, binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, $^!, delivered. •' With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees"— Id efville Dewey, l*res*t Vt. Library Afts*n, "Indispensable for all students of trees." —Botanical Gazette. " Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the original."— JV^-itJ Yorh, Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremelv useful. De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover." '—The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." — The Nation, " It is doubtful it any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Louis Lumberman. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in, treatment and execution."— C. Hart Merriam. LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Romeyn Beclt Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price, 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMERICAN WOODS without extra charge. AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Ronieyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transveise, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when exammed in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, eacli covering •Jo species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; $7.50 iu half- morocco. AMERICAN AV(X)DS is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to be able to recognize the various woods and learn about them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies m the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin Instisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Cresson Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woo4ls for tlie Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under a single cover-glass. Invaluable in the a volume of AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. Study of wood-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratory study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Steroopticon and Storcopticon Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, fiowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. Exhibits of our lines may he xixn at the following addresses: Offloo of PA. FORKSTRY ASSOdATIOX, PKRnAXKXT KDK ATIONAL KXHIBIT 101-» Walnut St., PHILADKLPHIA, PA. 70 otii Ave., (or. VMh St.. XKW YORK. Office of FRAXKLIX H. HOKiH, Ksq., »00 F St. X. W., Suite 51»..V21. WASHIXiiTOX, 0. ( . YoH are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most rnnvement to you or to write for particulars and samples to K031EYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowviile, N. Y. ■■» J 1^. 144 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestr>— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHIL A. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. nuuitrated Catalogue upon apptieatUn. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter . BOARD OF TRUSTEES : THE BISHOP OF THE DiOCESE OF PENNSYLVANIA. PrCSideiU. SAMUEL F. HOUSTON, Vkc- President. GEORGE WOODWARD, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. OOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON McCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduate* in 1910, twenty entere.l college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. 3j<:S^r-:fe^ ^^..^ Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, August, 1914. No. 10 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Ofl5ce as second-class matter. CONTENTS'. Editorials 145 Many Forest Fires on National Forests— but Well Controlled 146 Utilizing Forest Waste 147 Opportunities for Foresters 148 Forest Planting — Pennsylvania Department of Forestry 149 Along the Upper Waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna. 152 Government Increasing its Forest Holdings iu West Virginia 153 Chautauqua Meeting of the American Forestry Association 154 Tree Surgery — Tree Doctoring 156 New Publications 158 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lhavbs as an advertising medium. Rates ivill be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee y Two dollars. Life membership, Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phiia. Prittdentf John Birkinbine. Viee-Presidtnts, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary y Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer y Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Law, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. }Vork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Opficb or THB Association. loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. EDITORIALS. POSSIBLY no better illustration of the ad- vanced position of the State of Pennsyl- vania in forest conservation could be presented than the contribution, '' Forest Planting — Pennsylvania Department of Forestry," which appears in this issue with the accompanying tabu- lations. This ** report of progress" demonstrates the activities of the Pennsylvania State Forestry Reservation Commission, in propagating desirable trees and in distributing them over State reserves and to owners of land who desire to reforest areas. The cost of growing seedlings, and also that of planting them, are interesting and instructive features which should invite attention from many of the readers of Forest Leaves ; and all Pennsyl- vanians may note with satisfaction the work so well set forth by Mr. Conklin as proof that the Keystone State maintains pre-eminence in practi- cal forest conservation. J. B. 5K * * ♦ * The Committee on Publicity and Education, authorized at the Annual Meeting of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, has been investigating the following possible methods of activity. To interest the ^^ Boy Scouts" in forestry an address was made to the Scout Masters, and arrangements perfected to have one of the State foresters talk to the Boy Scouts during their encampments, directing attention to the recogni- tion of different varieties of trees. In the Fall the President of the Fairmount Park Commission will arrange to have Boy Scouts plant 150 beech trees in Penny pack Park. It is also expected to discuss forestry with the Camp Fire Girls in somewhat the same manner as with the Boy Scouts. Miss Florence Keen, Chairman of the Commit- tee, has suggested the advisability of a conference FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 146 State, and efforts to secure this are being m^de A Sub-Committee on Books is securing a ist of desUt publications on forestry to be reviewed and recommendations made as to their use _ A circular is being prepared inquiring of mem beS what local demand exists ^r a lecUirer on forestry, and what financial support ^o^ld be se cured from organizations or individuals interested, so that if the%utlook is favorable, a regular lec- nUr^clLdS^^llarnest efforts of the Commit- teetKopel the circular will b"ng respo- indicating that the engagement of a lecturer is advisable' and that by such service 'nterest 'ii the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and its ^^ork may be extended to all p^arts of the State^ Upon invitation of the Government of Canada andThe lumbermen of that Province, the Sixteenth Convention of the Canadian Forestry Association wm be held in the City of Halifax, Nova Scotia, September ist to 4th. I9U- ^ ^ The Sixth Annual Forestry Conference was held in the White Mountains, at Gorham, July 21, 22, and 2 ^ An attractive program was prepared. In the discussion of the Forestjax Laws, Pennsylva- nia was ably represented by Dr. H. S. »>• nker. President of the American Forestry Association. • Many Forest Fires on National Forests- but Well Controlled. 147 PURING 1 91 3 the forces on the National forests fought 4,52° f^'^^' O'' "^"'>' ^"•''"^ as many as started in 191 2, the best year , the forests have ever had. 1 Notwithstanding the great increase in the num- ber of fires. Forester Graves considers that the ■ showing made by the Forest Service was quite as , favorable as that in the preceding year, because the damage done and the costs of fire fighting were no greater proportionately than in 191 2. In both years practically 50 per cent, of all fires were detected and extinguished before they burned over a quarter of an acre, and 25 per cent, of both years' fires were put out before they covered 10 acres Of last year's fires 3,278, or considerably more than the whole number of fires in 191 2, were confined to areas of less than 10 acres, and in I 080 additional fires less than $100 damage was done by each. In only 25 fires did the damage amount to $1,000. .•.,.,. The aggregate loss in timber is estimated at nearly 59,000,000 feet B. M., valued at about $82,000 ; and the damage to young growth and forage is estimated at about Ji 10,000, making a total of about $192,000. About 18 per cent, of this loss, however, was incurred on private lands within the ferests where 16 per cent, of the fires had their origin. , , One encouraging feature is that the total number of fires set by railroad locomotives was scarcely more than in the preceding year, and represented only 12 per cent, of all fires, as against nearly 19 per cent, in 1912 ; also the proportion set by saw- mills and other engines in the woods was consid- Sly less than in 1912. This indicates very plainly that the public is awakening to the need of spark arresters and care with engines in the woods. Looking for the reason of the increase in num- ber of fires, the forester finds three main causes : First of all, the unprecedented electric storms which swept the whole State of California at the end of a long dry season and set, almost simulta- neously, about 700 fires. The 804 fires caused I by lightning in California formed nearly 5° per cent of the 1,628 fires on the National forests of i the State from all causes, and were more than half ! of the 1,571 lightning-set fires in all the 21 States i '^''Cthe^second place, there were 757 fijes which ' started outside the forests, of which 644 were , stopped by the Government's fire fighters before they reached the forest boundaries, as against 424 ! which started on outside areas in 1912- Ho^^'^^^"' the proportion of such fires to all those which the service battled with was about the same for 191 2 ^^The other increased cause of fires was incendia- rism, but this increase was confined to three States, Arkansas, California, and Oregon, all others show- ing a marked decrease. Of the 45 ^1"""^'^'^^ fires 128 were in Arkansas, 133 in Cahforma, and ,42 in Oregon, where two brothers were known to ilve set 72 on one forest alone. These two and 1 other incendiaries were, of course, severely dea with by the law. On the Arkansas forest too . has been assumed that the 35 \ fi^es classed tinder the general heading of "origin unknown «ere mainly incendiary. In California the incendiary fires are largely attributable to what is known as Se " iTght-burning theory," which advances the argument that forests should be burned over fre- quently to prevent the accumulation of debris. The Forest Service considers this a permcious ! theory because it scars the standing timber and thus reduces its value ; it robs the forest soil of its ability to retain moisture, and effectually prevents the reproduction of the forest since s"ch fires ' destroy all tree seedlings before they have a chance *° S\9ri1gSng caused more fires than any Other agency, followed closely by railroads, campers, and incendiaries, in the order given. In 19 13, however, the fires caused by lightning outnumbered the next nearest cause by more than three to one, but the order — railroads, campers, and incendiaries — remained the same as in 191 2. A considerable decrease in the proportion set by railroads and campers indicates, according to forest officers, a growing carefulness on the part of the general public. Last year, as in 191 2, California led all others in number of fires, this lead being natural because California has such a long dry season. It was followed by Arkansas, Arizona, and Oregon, in the order named. Kansas, which had only one fire in 191 2, escaped without any in 1913. North Dakota repeated its record of 191 2 and had no fires on its one small forest. Not a single severe fire occurred during the year in District 4, which includes Utah, Nevada, and southern Idaho, and in which a large proportion of the forests reported no fires at all. There was proportionately greater loss on pri- vate lands within the forest boundaries than on the public lands. It is pointed out by the forest officers that these lands cover approximately 11 per cent, of the total area included within the forest boundaries, yet the area burned over on these private lands was more than 25 per cent, of all. The Forest Service expended more than $30,000 in protecting the private lands within the forests and lands adjacent to and outside of the forests. In addition to this cost, services and supplies to the value of more than $17,000 were contributed by co-operators for fire fighting on these areas. In the middle of the fire season, that is in July, the Service had high hopes of small fire damage during 19 13, and this hope kept up until the mid- dle of September, when the fire season on the National forests ordinarily is about at an end. At that time there was less damage than had ever been recorded, and only 2,260 fires as against 2,470 in 191 2, with about 60,000 acres burned, as compared with 230,000 in 191 2 and 780,000 in 191 1. .At the end of the month, however, the electric storms in California, and one or two out- breaks of incendiarism, changed the whole situation. But even in the face of these difficulties, the fire-fighting force, with its plans and experience from preceding years, was able to cope with the situation. In California, in particular, it was as if a military leader, represented by the district forester at San Francisco, was holding, with a comparatively small number of men or a mere skirmish force, a line of defense extending 750 miles in a north and south direction. This force received, as if from an attack by the heavy artillery of an opposing army, the electric storms, generally unaccompanied by rain, which played havoc all along the Sierras and the Coast Range. That the California force was able to cope with the situation was, according to Mr. Graves, an evidence of the efficiency of the men and the organization. Utilizing Forest Waste. THE late Forest Products Exposition held in New York presented many models and charts from the Forest Service which showed utilization of wood, particularly the use of by-products. The amount of wood used and wasted was shown in a series of models depicting all stages of the lumber industry from the tree standing in the forest to the boards and shingles in the finished dwelling. The first model of this series showed a number of trees standing in the forest. These same trees were then seen felled, forming a pile of logs and a heap of tops and branches. The suc- ceeding step was a miniature sawmill, beside which are piles of lumber, of slabs, and of sawdust, all from the logs shown in the previous model. What becomes of the rough boards after they have been through the planing mill was next depicted ; the resultant material in several piles — one of edgings and trimmings, one of shavings, and one of the planed boards. Last comes a newly-finished dwelling house, around which are the odds and ends of the lumber left over from the building. The relative amount of material used and wasted is indicated roughly in these models, but was also shown according to actual scale and in a series of diagrammatic charts. In the logging process 13 per cent, of the standing tree is left in the stumps and tops, leaving 87 per cent, to go to the saw- mill. The various forms of waste at the sawmill constitute about 43 per cent, of the original tree, so that the rough boards represent the remaining 44 per cent. Most of the sawmill waste is unavoidable, it is asserted, and due to economic conditions ; the millmen say they take out all they can afford to. Seasoning reduces this to 42 per cent. After the planing and other finishing processes, the finished lumber forms only 39 per cent, of the tree. The waste involved in building the house amounts to 4 per cent, more, so that the propor- tion of the original tree which finds itself finally in the finished dwelling is not more than 35 per cent. The bulk of the waste, such as tops, bark, slabs, and edgings, can be made into charcoal, turpen- 148 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 149 ^l«S^and used in different fon.s^r^a , As illustrations of this utilization of ">' ^^^^^^^ is the employment by a knife manufac urer of the Holwood waste of a maker of shuttle blocks. The S; in mitg large school f-niture is conver^d ; into scrubbing brush backs ^^r a brush fac ory^ , Shoe lasts are made from discarded tenpins aste veneer cores used for mine rollers and for paper pulp stockf sawdust made into floor sweeping Spounds', and dowels of various sizes manufac- tured from cooperage waste. j Minnesota has a forested area of 28 million acres, the largest of any State east of the Rocky Mountains. There are approximately four million acres of tinTber land in' New Hampshire, of which about half is in farmers' woodlots. British Columbia has passed an Act which retains in the Provincial Government, for the people, the fee simple title to all timber lands ; it permits the taking of timber claims one mile square at an annual rental of §120 per claim, and for the pay- ment to the Government of a slumpage price which rises gradually with the increased value ot timber. Under the old Act of 1905, the stumpage price per thousand feet was 50 cents. Ihe new Act increases it to 75 cents a thousand feet, effec- tive in 1915, and provides that five years later there will be added to the royalty price 25 per cent of the increased value of lumber at that time above a minimum price of $18.00 per thousand ; each five years thereafter the same thing will be done again, the percentage taken by the Govern- ment to increase gradually from 25 to 40 per cent., the whole arrangement covering a period of about 40 years. This means, first, that the lumbermen get a reasonable profit out of their operations— the (Government takes nothing unless the price is above $18.00 a thousand. Second, that the Government, the people, share in the increased value of their timber. It establishes a profit- sharing, CO operative principle, in which the Government and the timber operators are partners. The Government retains the title to the land, and the right to prescribe the way in which the timber shall be cut. The people's interest is protected, and at the same time lumbermen are encouraged to take up holdings and develop the timber in- dustry. Opportunities for Foresters. THE young men in our colleges, who are looking over the various fields of human endeavor in order to determine which profession to choose, naturally ask this very prac- tical question about each of them : - Are there or will there be positions open to college trained men in this or that line of w^ork ? " To the scientifically and practically trained foresters the positions offered are, broadly speak- ing, of two main classes : public or governmental, and private. , r r The field of action of the former class of tor- esters is the vast public domain of forest lands which cover 167,000,000 acres. Most of these lands are in the western States and have been to a large extent deforested in an extravagant manner by private parties, or been swept by forest fires. To bring them back to a state of usefulness and to conserve the timber that is still standing, will j require the labor of thousands of trained men. i The Government and the people are awakening to ' this fact as never before. The former, through its Forest Service, is striving to restore the lost wealth of these domains. How well this can be done will depend largely on the amount of money the National Government is willing to spend tor the services of well trained foresters. In private forestry very attractive positions are offered by lumber and paper-pulp companies, rail- roads, and mining companies; also by large private estates. These, as well as the large num- ber of other commercial enterprises depending upon a continuous supply of wood for their ex- istence, are calling for trained foresters to take charge of their holdings and place them under scientific forest management. The old time ^^ Timber Looker,' who could see only the present value of woods and forests, has been replaced by the forest engineer who can estimate both the present stand of timber and the future yield of a forest. He can take charge of the forest, and not only see to it that the presen crop of timber is economically harvested and utilized, but also so protects the land and the stand of timber remaining that the owners may be assured of a future harvest. There is also an increasing demand for civic horticulturists, or landscape foresters, who can supervise the proper planting of parks and care tor the city trees. Over thirty of the larger cities in the United States now have their city foresters. Schools, State governments, and even counties are also looking for well trained foresters to teach I and to care for the forestry interests of the I State. Forestry as such, in all its many phases, is in this country in its infancy ; but in my estimation, either because of necessity or otherwise, it will in the near future develop rapidly. When our forest ' lands are placed under proper management, such as exist to-day in European forests, an army of 20,000 men will be needed in place of the few thousand that are employed to-day. To young men of good physique, thorough training, and absolute honesty, it offers a field ' which not only assures a good living, but presents the opportunity for a life of great usefulness. C. H. GOETZ. Forest Planting— Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Forestry. THE Pennsylvania Department of Forestry in its work of reforesting denuded and se- verely burned areas in the State, planted on the State Forests in the spring of 19 14, a total o^ 3>379>986 seedlings, transplants, and cuttings. In 1913 a total of 3,131,568 were planted, which shows an increase for 19 14 of 248,418. Besides the plants used for reforesting there were also sowed 1 5 J/3 pounds of coniferous seed and 6 bushels of black walnuts for experiments with seed for permanent plantations. 291,000 of these seedlings were purchased from the Mount Carmel Forestry and Nursery Company, Hartford, Conn., 5,070 were forest pulled seedlings and seedlings replanted because the site in which they had been planted was unfavorable, and the remainder, 3,083,916, were raised in the nurseries on the State Forests. The Department of Forestry also sold to individuals for private planting 94,435 seedlings at the cost of production. In 191 3 47,773 seedlings were sold to individuals, being about half the number sold in 19 14. Applications were made for many more seedlings than could be supplied. This indicates that the people are beginning to appreciate the advantages and ne- cessity of reforesting their barren tracts, and are grasping the opportunity of procuring their plants at a low cost. Table No. 2, herewith submitted, is a statement showing the nupiber and kind of seedlings, trans- plants, and cuttings, removed from the State nurseries this spring and the disposition made of those plants. In the number of plants removed from the several nurseries, Mont Alto heads the list with a total of 1,126,770 seedlings, transplants, and cuttings — 1,106,115 of which were planted on the State Forests, and 20,655 were planted by private individuals. Asaph comes next with a total of 981,898, of which 923,318 were for State forest planting and 58,580 were for private planting. The Greenwood nursery stands third with a total production of 506,920, of which 491,920 were planted on the State forests and 15,000 by indi- viduals. The entire output of the Clearfield nur- sery, 265,000, was planted upon State Forests. Penfield nursery's total production was 106,400, and the eleven small nurseries which are princi- pally for experimental and education purposes, produced a total of 191,363 seedlings, transplants, and cuttings — making the total production for all State nurseries 3,178,351. Table No. i is a statement covering the planta- tions made this spring on the various State Forests and their divisions, giving the total number of trees planted, and the cost of this work. The tabulation was made from reports sent in to the Department of Forestry by the foresters in charge of the State Forests. It will be noticed that in several instances the cost of planting per thousand is very high. This was due to the fact that all undesirable growth and debris found on the area was cut, piled, and burned before planting. Clearing the land before plant- ing is seldom necessary, and its advisability is in question. Such work done this year and in former years has been experimental, and has proved to be an expensive proposition. Since it runs the cost of the plantation above $12 to $15 per acre there is little doubt but that it will prove financially unprofitable. It is estimated that to make a plantation financially successful, the total cost per acre must not exceed $15. In one instance, that of the Loyalsock State Forest, the cost of clearing 7^^ acres amounted to $105.87, or about $14.25 per acre, which brought the total cost of the plantation up to $38.98 per acre. From these figures it is at once apparent that clearing is too expensive an operation to be finan- cially practical. In some cases it was necessary to board the planting crew in camp, which is a large factor in increasing the planting cost. The charge for supervision (forester's time) has been included in all plantation costs, as has also all transportation charges for the plants from the nurseries to the site of the plantation. The largest portion of the planting was done in the northern tier of counties, Potter, Lycoming, Clinton, and Tioga, for this is the region where the largest area of denuded State Forest land is found. In the central and southern tier of counties natural regeneration, in most cases, has been able to reforest the cut-over lands. Most of the planting in these regions has been on abandoned fields and in a few cases on severely burned areas. W. Gard. Conklin. 150 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES. 151 fe W OQ CO I 'OiO o i^ o iSi rj lo r-J^O S^ tH lO lO OOS CO th" r- 1 rH r^ CJ i— I (TJ CO ococo < ^ ^ ^^ ( I i?t cc r-. l^X-^TCOCMCMC^ rH CI ?a (M s CO CO 8 ^ g lO X a> bo 50. I'- ii : i • • 0 Jt 1-t • 1^ = ^ =8 :S ! :o» : : : : Ori Tf : CJ : : :o5 :rH : i :^-?5 i CJ 1-H : : :-r i?) i IS lO »« 8 CQ bo 0) *2 CO 152 FOREST LEAVES. Along the Upper Waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna. NEAR the southeast corner of Pennsylvania is the largest city of the Commonwealth, ^ and on the northwestern corner is Erie — another important city, with a population of about 70 000. In an air line this diagonal of the State would be about 300 miles in length. The necessity for a great State highway from the eastern to the western borders of the State seems to be clear to those who dominate public affairs. It is one of the things determined upon for the near future. Viewing the cities of Philadelphia and Erie in their possible relations to the future, it would appear that a well-made, continuous highway should connect them. Philadelphia as our port of entry from the east, and Erie as the nearest lake port to our neighbors on the north, need the *'open road." , -i. • That such a road will ultimately be built is probable. This paper concerns itself most partic- ularly with the location of the portion of the road between Lock Haven, on the West branch of the Susquehanna, and Erie. In earlier times there was a much-used road between Jersey Shore and Coudersport, which followed along the crest of the ridge dividing Lycoming and Clinton counties. It afforded an outlet to New York State and also, more or less, directly into Erie. The Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, located nearly sixty years ago, expresses by its name the fact of an important relation existing between these most distant parts of the State. Probably the route for no railroad in Pennsylvania was ever more carefully selected than that for the Philadel- phia c^' Erie. This was caused by the fact that the topography, difficult in itself, was masked by the dense forests which covered almost the entire line of 158 miles from Lock Haven to Warren, and even beyond. That it was finally located where it now is may be taken as presumptive evi- dence that it is the best route through the tangle of hills and water courses. It also establishes the fact that an easy wagon-road grade exists between the most distant points — probably easier than the route via Jersey Shore and Coudersport. From Lock Haven to Warren one may be said to be in mountain scenery, which is quite as grand as anything in the Lewistown Narrows, through which the road was one of the first to be taken over and thoroughly reconstructed by the State. We must accept the fact that the automobile is here to stay, and that it is a vast incentive to the wholesome, family, touring spirit, whose range is widening each year. Good touring cars, good roads, and good hotels being granted, there will follow an increasing knowledge of our State and an increasing pride in it. . n The surpassing beauty of our mountain valleys has never been fully recognized. In fact, the great mass of our intelligent citizens, those who are extensive travellers, have not even guessed how many such scenes, as our illustrations show, there are within our limits and, it is worth remark- ing, that no two of the scenes are alike. Each has a beauty of its own ! From Lock Haven to Keating the road follows along the main stream of the West branch of the Susquehanna River, with towering mountains on either side most of the way. At Keating it leaves the West branch and follows up into even grander scenery along the Sinnemahoning Creek to and beyond Emporium, which has an elevation of i ,01 5 feet above tide, to Clarion Summit of 2,006 ieet, down to Warren on the Allegheny River, where the altitude is still 1,200 feet above tide and 627 feet above Lake Erie. From Renovo to Empo- rium there is practically no passable wagon road along the river. , . , . I know of no portion of our State which is more in need of being made accessible by a well- constructed highway than this along the water level line, parallel to the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, from Renovo to Emporium. This would open to *'auto" travel the entire distance from Philadelphia to Erie. The scenic wealth of this neglected part of the State is enormous. Down every valley there tumbles a beautiful stream of pure water. Many of these are finely-stocked trout streams, and along the banks are a thousand temptations for the artist with brush and kodak. This part of Pennsylvania has a most interest- ing lesson for an observer, be he geologist, physi- cal geographer, or simply plain inquirer. In Volume X, Second Ge logical Survey, page viii, Professor Lesley writes : *'Our mountains were once ten times higher than they are now ; and their gradual erosion to their present height by the frosts and rains of past ages, beginning long before the advent of the races of living beings which now inhabit the planet, makes the most interesting chapter in our geological history." Note that in the view from the Karthaus road, the several distant mountains show level tops of eciual height. These tops are a part of a great plateau of 2 000 I feet above tide which once extended over a large S area in the mountain regions of the State. vVe ' may consider it the point of departure from which our present mountains were formed (in that region) by water wearing away the existing valleys along the lines of least resistance. Thus in the long (though 1 geologically short) time since this process began. o iz; > urn X J o > > (X. '/ 152 FOREST LEAVES. Along the Upper Waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna. NEAR the southeast corner of Pennsylvania is the largest city of the Commonwealth, ^ and on the northwestern corner is Erie — another important city, with a population of about 70,000. In an air line this diagonal of the State would be about 300 miles in length. The necessity for a great State highway from the eastern to the western borders of the State seems to be clear to those who dominate public affairs. It is one of the things determined upon for the near future. Viewing the cities of Philadelphia and Erie in their possible relations to the future, it would appear that a well-made, continuous highway should connect them. Philadelphia as our port of entry from the east, and Erie as the nearest lake port to our neighbors on the north, need the *^open road." 1 -i. • That such a road will ultimately be built is , probable. This paper concerns itself most partic- ; ularly with the location of the portion of the road | between Lock Haven, on the West branch of the | Susciuehanna, and Erie. In earlier times there 1 was a much- used road between Jersey Shore and , Coudersport, which followed along the crest of the i ridge dividing Lycoming and Clinton counties. | It afforded an outlet to New York State and also, | more or less, directly into Erie. | The Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, located nearly sixty vears ago, expresses by its name the fact of an important relation existing between these most distant parts of the State. Probably the route for no railroad in Pennsylvania was ever more carefully selected than that for the Philadel- phia iS: Erie. This was caused by the fact that the topography, difficult in itself, was masked by the dense forests which covered almost the entire line of 158 miles from Lock Haven to Warren, and even beyond. That it was finally located where it now is may be taken as presumptive evi- dence that it is the best route through the tangle of hills and water courses. It also establishes the fact that an easy wagon-road grade exists between the most distant points — probably easier than the route via Jersey Shore and Coudersport. From Lock Haven to Warren one may be said to be in mountain scenery, which is (luite as grand as anything in the Lewistown Narrows, through which the road was one of the first to be taken over and thoroughly reconstructed by the State. We must accept the fact that the automobile is here to stay, and that it is a vast incentive to the wholesome, family, touring spirit, whose range is widening each year. Good touring cars, good roads, and good hotels being granted, there will follow an increasing knowledge of our State and an increasing pride in it. , The surpassing beauty of our mountain valleys has never been fully recognized. In fact, the Lrreat mass of our intelligent citizens, those who are extensive travellers, have not even guessed how many such scenes, as our illustrations show, there are within our limits and, it is worth reniark- ing, that no two of the scenes are alike. Lacn has a beauty of its own ! -, r n . From Lock Haven to Keating the road follows along the main stream of the West branch of the Susquehanna River, with towering mountains on either side most of the way. At Keating it leaves the West branch and follows up into even grander scenery along the Sinnemahoning Creek to and beyond Emporium, which has an elevation of 1,015 feet above tide, to Clarion Summit of 2,006 teet, down to Warren on the Allegheny River, where the altitude is still 1,200 feet above tide and 627 feet above Lake Erie. From Renovo to Empo- rium there is practically no passable wagon road along the river. , . , • I know of no portion of our State which is more in need of being made accessible by a well- j constructed highway than this along the water ': level line, parallel to the Philadelphia & Erie i Railroad, from Renovo to Emporium. This would ! open to **auto" travel the entire distance from I Philadelphia to Erie. ' The scenic wealth of this neglected part of the State is enormous. Down every valley there tumbles a beautiful stream of pure water. NIany of these are finely-stocked trout streams, and along the banks are a thousand temptations for the artist with brush and kodak. This part of Pennsylvania has a most interest- ing lesson for an observer, be he geologist, physi- cal geographer, or simply plain inquirer. In Volume X, Secomi Gelo^ical Survey, page viii. Professor Lesley writes : ^a)ur mountains were once ten times higher than they are now ; and their gradual erosion to their present height by the frosts and rains of past ages, beginning long before the advent of the races of living beings which now inhabit the planet, makes the most interesting chapter in our geological history." Note that in the view from the Karthaus road, the several distant mountains show level tops of ecjual height. These tops are a part of a great plateau of 2,000 feet above tide which once extended over a large area in the mountain regions of the State. We may consider it the point of departure from whicn our present mountains were formed (in that region ) by water wearing away the existing valleys along the lines of least resistance. Thus in the long (though geologically short) time since this process began, y o o > > J OS o o z z O I < z z CO UJ I u. O > UJ < > > a i u. q li. « O z ^ o o ? Q uJ CO CO CO o -J Q UJ 55 A > i ^ u. o O z '^ o O 5 Q u CO (0 -J Q U INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ip FOREST LEAVES. 158 o > o > t/: to] > < C z D (C CO UJ > o cc o a. D O o o the water has worn its channels there down from mountain top to the Sinnemahoning Creek, nearly or quite twelve hundred feet. What you see in that one illustration may be seen with variations in a thousand other places in that wonderful region. Here and there on a mountain top may be seen a little patch of bituminous coal— all that is left of the great coal sheet that once covered the country The valley of the Sinnemahoning has also its interest for those fond of the legend of early settlement, where red and white men contested for the ownership of the soil. The region was one of the last strongholds of the Indian. The living witness and participant had not entirely disappeared before John Meginness had heard and committed to print in T/te Histoty of the West Branch Valley some of the events con- nected with pioneer life. Just above the town of Sinnemahoning is a stream where four men, reck- lessly brave, overtook and attacked a much' larger party of Indians, who were returning from the murder of the Klinesmith family near the site of the present town of New Berlin. Though over- powered and obliged to retreat, it was not until they had killed several of the Indians, and dis- armed others by throwing their guns into the water. The stream is now known as Grove's Run in honor of Peter Grove, who appears to have led the little attacking party. Seen from the level of the river, what appear as mountain tops are merely, as above stated, the edges of table lands remaining as parts of the original plateau, out of which the valleys have been eroded. Originally these table lands, as well as the steep slopes, were covered with a dense growth of valuable timber. The soil, though often free from stones, is thin and (owing to the altitude, about 2,000 feet) cold, unresponsive to cultivation I of the ordinary cereal grains. It does, however, produce fine crops of grass and may in time become valuable as pasture land. At present \ there are thousands of acres which are lying abso- lutely waste, becoming each year more and more barren. Such ground should be restored to timber i at once, and protected against forest fires. Even if, in the future, the land should finally be given over to grazing, it is none the less imperative that it should be in timber now, that the washing away of the soil'be arrested and instead a fresh coating of vegetable mould formed. It is amazing how soon improved conditions often become manifest under such treatment. In many instances there is a deplorable lack of j prosperity in districts which were coining money | from the forests while they lasted, and which con- stituted their only basis of prosperity. It is a safe prediction to make that the import- ant highway from Philadelphia to Erie will be made, and the route by the West branch and the binnemahoning will probably prove to be the one best adapted to it. When that is done thousands of our citizens will each year seek their summer outing, touring among these wild, beautiful high- lands of the State. Comfortable stopping places will be provided in what is now an unappreciated because unknown, region. Money which now goes abroad with sight-seers will be kept at home and we will be a healthier, happier and more patriotic people because of it. The more one knows of the possibilities of this great State the prouder he will be, or ought to be, of it. J. T. R. Government Increasing its Forest Hold- ings in West Virginia. I T ^ ANDS just approved by the National Forest I 1 V Reservation Commission for purchase in- ! elude 6,083 acres in West Virginia, of which one tract, comprising 6,000 acres, is situated in Tucker and Randolph counties — bringing the acreage of the Monongahela purchase area up to 42,887 acres. The remaining %i acres are on the Potomac watershed in Hardy county, making the total acreage of that part of the Potomac area lying in West Virginia 36,405 acres, while the total acreage in the State, approved for purchase, amounts to 105,480 acres. These lands are to be acquired in accordance with the general policy under which National forests of good size are being built up in the eastern mountains, both north and south, through successive purchases. Tracts are bought within certain designated areas, of which West Virginia has three. Most of the lands approved for purchase are cut- over, but the Tucker county tract originally bore a heavy stand of such hardwoods as poplar, bass- wood, cherry, and oak, and it is the expectation that a new stand of valuable young trees will cover the land within a few years. The lands approved for acquisition by the Gov- ernment for National forest purposes in the east since the purchase policy was inaugurated in 19 10 are now 1,104,000 acres, having a purchase price o^ $5»56o,ooo. About $2,000,000 of the original appropriation remains available for further pur- chases in the fiscal year 19 15. The lands favor- ably acted on to date include 133,000 acres in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, while 971,000 acres are in various parts of the southern Appalachians from Virginia to Georgia. Nearly 400,000 acres were approved for purchase during the past year, at an average price of $4.96 per acre. As areas of suitable size are built up by the o mi c > > c D oc CO UJ > O cc o a. D O o o INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 158 the water has worn its channels there down from mountain top to the Sinnemahoning Creek, nearly or quite twelve hundred feet. What you see in that one illustration may be seen with variations in a thousand other places in that wonderful region. Here and there on a mountain top may be seen a little patch of bituminous coal— all that is left of the great coal sheet that once covered the country. The valley of the Sinnemahoning has also its interest for those fond of the legend of early settlement, where red and white men contested for the ownership of the soil. The region was one of the last strongholds of the Indian. The living witness and participant had not entirely disappeared before John Meginness had heard and committed to print in T/ie History of the West Branch Valley some of the events con- nected with pioneer life. Just above the town of Sinnemahoning is a stream where four men, reck- lessly brave, overtook and attacked a much' larger party of Indians, who were returning from the murder of the Klinesmith family near the site of the present town of New Berlin. Though over- powered and obliged to retreat, it was not until they had killed several of the Indians, and dis- armed others by throwing their guns into the water. The stream is now known as Grove's Run in honor of Peter Grove, who appears to have led the little attacking party. Seen from the level of the river, what appear as mountain tops are merely, as above stated, the edges of table lands remaining as parts of the original plateau, out of which the valleys have been eroded. Originally these table lands, as well as the steep slopes, were covered with a dense growth of valuable timber. The soil, though often free from stones, is thin and (owing to the altitude, about 2,000 feet) cold, unresponsive to cultivation of the ordinary cereal grains. It does, however, produce fine cro])s of grass and may in time become valuable as pasture land. At present there are thousands of acres which are lying abso- lutely waste, becoming each year more and more barren. Such ground should be restored to timber , at once, and protected against forest fires. Even ' if, in the future, the land should finally be given over to grazing, it is none the less imperative that it should be in timber now, that the washing away of the soil* be arrested and instead a fresh coating of vegetable mould formed. It is amazing how soon improved conditions often become manifest under such treatment. In many instances there is a deplorable lack of prosperity in districts which were coining money j from the forests while they lasted, and which con- stituted their only basis of prosperity. It is a safe prediction to make that the import- ant highway from Philadelphia to Erie will be made, and the route by the West branch and the binnemahoning will probably prove to be the one , best adapted to it. When that is done thousands : of our citizens will each year seek their summer , outing, touring among these wild, beautiful high- lands of the State. Comfortable stopping places will be provided in what is now an unappreciated because unknown, region. Money which now goes abroad with sight-seers will be kept at home and we will be a healthier, happier and more patriotic people because of it. The more one knows of the possibilities of this great State the prouder he will be, or ought to be, of it. J. T. R. Government Increasing its Forest Hold- i ings in West Virginia. T ^ ANDS just approved by the National Forest 1 V Reservation Commission for purchase in- clude 6,083 acres in West Virginia, of which one tract, comprising 6,000 acres, is situated in Tucker and Randolph counties — bringing the acreage of the Monongahela purchase area up to 42,887 acres. The remaining ^^ acres are on the Potomac watershed in Hardy county, making the total acreage of that part of the Potomac area lying in West Virginia 36,405 acres, while the total acreage in the State, approved for purchase, amounts to 105,480 acres. These lands are to be acquired in accordance with the general policy under which National forests of good size are being built up in the eastern mountains, both north and south, through successive purchases. Tracts are bought within certain designated areas, of which West Virginia has three. Most of the lands approved for purchase are cut- over, but the Tucker county tract originally bore a heavy stand of such hardwoods as poplar, bass- wood, cherry, and oak, and it is the expectation that a new stand of valuable young trees will cover the land within a few vears. The lands approved for ac([uisition by the Gov- ernment for National forest purposes in the east since the purchase policy was inaugurated in 1910 are now 1,104,000 acres, having a purchase i)rice o^ SSo^OjOoo- About $2,000,000 of the original appropriation remains available for further pur- chases in the fiscal year 19 15. The lands favor- ably acted on to date include 133,000 acres in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, while 971,000 acres are in various parts of the southern Appalachians from Virginia to Georgia. Nearly 400,000 acres were approved for purchase during the past year, at an average price of $4.96 per acre. As areas of suitable size are built up by the 154 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 155 I Kyn I™ Government, through successive purchases, they are placed under a system of organized administra- tion with local officers of the Govenment's forest service in charge. The first object of administra- tion is to protect the forest against fire, for the twofold purpose of steadying streamflow and in- creasing tin]^ber production. There is, however, provision for all forms of use of the forests not in- consistent with their permanent welfare as sources of timber and water supplies. Some of the areas are already beginning to yield revenue to the Government through the sale of timber which can be removed with benefit to the remaining stand. Eventually it is expected that they will prove excellent investments, beside yielding important public benefits. Chautauqua Meeting of the American Forestry Association, ON July 9th and loth, the American Forestry Association held its mid-summer meeting at Chautauqua, N. Y. Dr. Henry S. Drinker made an Address on ''The American Forestry Association,*' which was founded over 30 years ago, and aims to inculcate and spread a forest policy on a scale adequate to the economic needs of the Nation. He also gave a short resume of the conservation movement, and the formation of the National Conservation Congress in 1908. Attention was called to the rapid cutting of the forests for commercial purposes without proper provision for their regrowth, and the waste through forest fires. Conservation of the remaining timber and provision for future needs was advocated, the two great enemies being forest fires and taxation. There are now 167,066,000 acres of forest lands in the United States outside of the Philippine Islands, of which 140,000,000 acres are in the United States proper, excluding Alaska and our insular possessions. 14 States have set aside areas varying in size up to i ,644,088 acres, in New York, the total State forests aggregating 3,246,832 acres. Prof. J. W. Toumey, of the Yale Forest School, made an address entitled, '* Shall Forestry be Taught in the Public Schools ? " He took the ground that our public school students have been studying plants for the most part without relating them to the welfare and activities of mankind, and that a public school education in an agricul- tural or forest community which ignores the field and forest is fundamentally wrong— doing nothing to build up the community, and placing a premium on migration to other places. Although 29 per cent, of the area of the United States is forest, with barely a beginning for protection and future production ; although we are consuming each year three or four times as much wood as is produced ; although the forests supply more than a billion and a quarter dollars worth of wood products annually; although they provide remunerative labor for more of our citizens than any other industry, except agriculture ; although millions of dollars are annually wasted in forest fires and unwise utilization— the pupils in most of the pub- lic schools are receiving no instruction whatever in the fundamental principles that relate to the production, utilization, and conservation of this great resource. Due appreciation of the import- ance of forestry rests with the secondary schools of to-day, as only a comparatively small number pass to the higher schools, the greater number step directly into the realities of life. It is this vast army of young American blood that will form the voters of to-morrow, and in whose keeping the forests of the country will chiefly rest. There were meetings of the Executive Commit- tee of the National Conservation Congress, and of the Board of Directors of the American Forestry Association, in the afternoon, after which there were talks on - State Work in Forestry. Mr C R. Pettis, Superintendent of the New York State Forests, touched briefly on the diff^erent kinds of work in the several States. The necessity of having forests to protect the water supply of the country was impressed. The need for fire protec- tion was evident. Wood is also becoming scarcer, and it is alarming when we consider the extent to which we depend on wood. Mr. James S. Whipple, former Commissioner of Fish, Game, and Forests, of New York, was a firm advocate of forest reserves, and lower taxation ot forest land. He says that every Sunday edition of the New York World uses up 1 5 acres of the very best timber. The only hope lies in planting, and every piece of land which can be used for nothing else should be reforested. He also spoke of the importance of forests to the health of the country. Mr. Harris A. Reynolds, Secretary of the Massachusetts State Forestry Association, traced the development of forestry in that State. In 1898 the State Association was organized; in 1899 a tree warden law was passed, and in 1904 the State Department of Forestry established ; in loii afire warden was created and 27 lookout stations placed ; while in 191 2 a nursery inspector was appointed to guard against foreign tree dis- eases. Three of the five million acres of land in Massachusetts are forest, and one million acres waste land. It was the latter which makes taxa- tion high, and it should be reforested ; $90,000 has been appropriated for forest reserves, and town forests are being agitated. In the evening Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean of the Forestry Faculty of Toronto University, gave an illustrated talk on the '* Battle of the Forest." The evolutionary struggles of forest growth with other forms of vegetation was traced. The reason for the superiority of the forest growth is found in the perennial nature of trees and their great eleva- tion in the struggle for light. More than 60 per cent, of the habitable earth is actual or potential forest country. The struggle between different species of plant growth to occupy the ground to the exclusion of others was explained largely by their relative shade endurance, adaptation to climate and to various soils. The results of inju- dicious lumbering and destructive effects of forest fires were illustrated. A series of views showed the torrents in French mountains, the once heavy forest cover being destroyed and rendering useless some 8,000,000 acres of farm lands. The methods of recovery were shown. The work of restoring forests by scientific methods was illustrated. Don Carlos Ellis, of the Department of Educa- tional Co-operation of the U. S. Forest Service, gave an interesting illustrated address on *' Forest Fires. ' ' A number of colored views showed forests before and after fires, while a moving picture film illustrated the way the fires are fought in the large Sierra National Forest in California. In this country $25,000,000 and 70 human lives are lost annually through forest fires, while in Europe, where forestry is advanced, fires are practically unknown. It has been demonstrated that in the National Forests the fires can be prevented for one- fifth of the value of the timber destroyed. Here men are constantly on the lookout stations, in the danger seasons, and by telephones and heliographs quickly summon aid to extinguish fires. Eternal vigilance is the price of conservation. On the second day Mr. E. T. Allen spoke on ''Forests, Timber, and People," the relation between these being demonstrated. The products of the forest is the greatest American manufactur- ing industry, employing more men than any other. In his own section, the great Pacific northwest, 85 per cent, of the price the mills receive for lumber goes to the community in costs, the per- centage of profit being small. It is a business of service. It is this forest industry which it is sought io perpetuate. The immensity of the industry causes its several processes of growing, manufacturing, and distributing, to be conducted separately, and thus confuses the public mind. The private owner controls most of the forest area, and his interest is in the main identical with the public. In speaking of private forests he asks if the same policy would be pursued with an agricul- tural resource, burn up part, waste the rest cheer- fully, devise a tax to punish keeping it until needed, so as to hasten its disposal abroad, and foregoing a larger tax which might be collected with less waste, etc., and if the owner considers trying again with a new crop promise to prevent this by confiscatory taxation. The average citizen must see that bad forest management means a handicap of the industry, and harder conditions of life, not only for the present but the future generation. Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Secretary of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, made an address on "The Human Product of the Timberland . ' ' The Appalachian range running for a length of 1,300 miles, and an average width of 50 miles, from Maine to Alabama, has a territory of 40,500,000 acres of rough sterile land only suited for the pro- duction of limber. Allowing 100 acres to a family, this region could support 1,624,000 people. In the northern half, where the isolation was less complete, there has been raised a race of strong, self-reliant, keen-witted, men and women. In the southern half the original settlers were high-headed, bold-hearted, self-respecting, men who loved free- dom. They cut themselves off from schools and social life, and the environment produced a hot- headed, suspicious, non-progressive race — true to their friends, generous in their impulses, but un- forgiving. In every crisis of the national life these men have been the first to take the field, and the last to leave it. The question is, how to perpetuate the qualities which have made these mountaineers so important. They should be retained in the mountain regions ; and a contented population there depends on the restoration and perpetuation of the timber. If the lumbering industry is destroyed the forces will be started which wash out agricultural possibilities, and depopulation follows. The energetic and ambitious will move away, and the listless, contented ones remain to sink lower and lower. Public attention is now being centered on water powers ; if these mountain powers were utilized, and the raw materials converted there, it would furnish greater profits, as well as employment for the mountaineers. To continue the reduction of the woodland area will make the condition of the population more and more severe until the naked, parched, torrent-scarred hillsides will be abandoned by the race of brave men who played such an im- portant part in the development and protection of our country. Captain J. B. White spoke on '* Conservation for Lumbermen. ' ' He described the early history of the country and the necessity for clearing the woodlands in order to raise crops. The manufac- turer was paid for cutting out the lumber, the raw 156 FORKST LEAVES. material being worth nothing. For half a century after the valleys of the Hudson, Allegheny, Monon- gahela, and Ohio rivers were opened, lumber brought little more than cost. The Government sold timber lands at $1.25 per acre. At this time some lumbermen realized if their business was to continue timberland must be owned, and vast tracts were purchased. Times have changed. It will not do at present prices to buy stumpage as an in- vestment. Neither will it pay to buy land, plant trees, and wait 50 or 60 years for a crop. How shall the lumberman perpetuate his industry ? They are now encouraging forestry and have established a Chair of Forestry at the Yale Forest School. Aid is also being given to establish good forestry laws ; the late Pennsylvania legislation establishing auxiliary forests, with reduced taxation, being quoted. Louisiana has a similar law. Forestry is a science, and anyone contemplating its practice should first obtain the services of a forest expert, who will make a study of the whole situation. In the evening Dr. J. T. Rothrock delivered an illustrated address on ''' Soil, Water, and Forest— The Nation's Heritage." He stated that lumbering on a large scale had not begun until about 50 years ago. Then a mill cutting 250,000 feet B. M. per day, in a few years , would change the country from a dense forest to a i picture of desolation. Much of the timber felled lay unutilized as waste, to decay or be consumed by fire. Only the best could be sold, and the rest was wasted. The worst feature was not the cutting, but the failure to replant to timber the millions of acres which were not needed or unsuited for agri- ' culture. I After the forest cover was removed the fire fol- , lowed, burning up the leaf mould, and the soil— ' the most precious heritage of the race — because it is not deep, and of slow production, was either 1^ washed away or lost its fertility. The object of the forestry agitation is to perpetuate the lumber industry and prevent the inevitable punishment for violating natural laws. The land is ours to use, enjoy, and transmit — not destroy — to our children. The meeting closed with moving pictures, by Mr. J. E. Rhodes, showing *^How Lumber is ] Made." The cutting of trees in the forest to the finishing process in the mills was depicted. Tree Surgery— Tree Doctoring. IT is unfortunate that whenever any movement for the betterment of the people at large is inaugurated there are always persons who see an opportunity for self aggrandizement by devel- oping some scheme which appears to be so closely allied to the main cause as to lead many to think that it is really a part of, or a branch, or even the thing itself. Now, this has been the case with the forestry movement. Under the guise that it is a part of forestry, or at least a legitimate branch of that science and undertaking, there has come into existence what is called by its promoters the ^* science" (?j of ^^Tree Surgery," or ^'Tree Doctoring ; " and so wide spread is the work that is being done under these names that its import- ance justifies a careful consideration of what that work really is and what results are, may, or can be expected from such practice. Some of those advertising in journals and magazines which reach owners of such trees as are mainly useful for adornment, in some way, of lawn, street, or landscape, couple it with, and claim it as a part of, forestry. That claim is unjustifiable in every sense of the word. Forestry does not grow trees for the adornment of lawn, street, or park, or, primarily, for beautifying the landscape ; but rather for utility, as producers of what are known as forest products, such as lumber, shingles, pulpwood, and the numerous purposes to which wood is applied. Trees grown in the open are not adapted to such uses as are demanded for economic purposes. Such trees are fitted only for the lawn, street, or park, or to adorn the landscape by their scenic effect. They throw out limbs low down, and hence are not suitable for lumber. Trees for lumber must be grown in dense stands in order to cause their lower limbs to die and drop off for want of light and their crowns to shoot upward from the same cause, and I thus they grow tall and practically free from limbs for a great part of their height. I Moreover, if a forest tree is in any way seriously affected by blight or any disease, or has been seriously injured by the wind or fire, no effort is ever made to '' doctor " it ; for if decay has once set in it does not pay to attempt to arrest its progress, for that can seldom be done ; and if the tree is useful for any purpose the sooner it is cut the better. Delay does not improve it, for decay almost invariably increases faster than new wood is put on. The educated forester simply removes the affected tree and plants another in its place. It is true that the forester cuts out some trees where the stand is too dense, and sometimes cuts off the lower limbs of others, but that is done only to cause a production of good timber ; and surely destroying trees is not ''surgery," nor is trimming off their lower limbs ''doctoring" them for the sake of beautifying the landscape or preserving them. We must remember that the forester aims to cut his trees as soon as they are financially mature, while the landscape gardener (and I take FOREST LEAVES. it the "tree doctor," too) endeavors to prolong the life of his as long as possible. So much, then, in order to determine what "tree surgery" and "tree doctoring" is not; and the next question is, what can be done to save injured or decaying trees kept for street, lawn, or park adornment, or such as are maintained for scenic effect and to beautify the landscape. Trees, like all other living things, have a period of youth which grows into maturity, and that maturity slides into old age, and death finally ends their career. There can be no disputing this. When a tree has reached its physically mature age no treatment can prevent its certain decline and death. If affected by injury or decay, but not se- riously so, before maturity, or even then, the tree's life may be prolonged for a greater or less length of time by removing not only all the visibly de- cayed wood, but all wood into which the mycelium or filamentous body from which the fungus is developed— a thing almost impossible to do, or even to determine if done, for the mycelium cannot always be detected by the naked eye, and if the least particle is left decay is sure to keep on — and then protect the wound by proper treat- ment. After such removal, if it can be accom- plished, the wound must be entirely covered with some substance which will completely shut out air and water for all time until the wound is com- I)letely covered with new wood, for the spores of the fungus will go wherever these can enter. This being the case the important thing to know is, whether such removal and protection is practi- cable, and how frequently it is or can be done ? If not thoroughly and effectually done then the work is a dead failure. That it is practically impossible in most cases where it is attempted, arising mainly from the form of the decayed part or cavity, is plainly to be seen when observing a " tree surgeon " making the effort in a narrow, sharp-pointed cavity, or in the junction of a limb with the stem, or the branching of the stem. That it is not often accomplished may be seen l)y examination of wounds a year or so after the "doctoring" has been performed. If a single spore or a particle of the mycelium of the fungus has been left, or a spore can again enter, then the work avails nothing, as the mycelium is practically the root of the fungus from which more will grow, and the spores serve as seeds for new fungus. | The method usually adopted by the "tree doctor" is to endeavor to remove all decayed parts — and this is usually deemed accomplished when all rotten and discolored wood has been cut out. But the removal of all rotten and discolored wood, even if that can be accomplished, does not necessarily result in what should and must be done | to achieve success, for the mycelium does not always discolor the wood that it enters, and the operating doctor ' ' has really no way to determine whether he has reached the unaffected wood in every place, and the difficulty of detectinir the presence of the mycelium of the fungus is g?eatlv increased in all species having colored heart- wood. His next step may be to apply some caustic substance, as corrosive sublimate— but this IS not always done, and it matters little whether applied or not, for it can enter only a short distance in the wood fibers, unless applied to the ends— and then the wound is given a coating of some water proof substance like tar or paint. If this coating does not cover every particle of the wound, and protect it from this time on until it is covered by a growth of new wood, then there is a chance for the admission of the fatal spores of the fungus. Next after this comes the great panacea, the curer of all ills that make life a burden to a tree, ' which is, to fill the cavity with concrete, working it close to the edges of the live bark, with the claim or supposition that new wood will grow over the concrete in double quick time and effect- ually shut out the entrance of water, air, and even the spores of the fungus. But it is well to see just what happens when the concrete is applied. First, it shrinks in hardening; so certain is this that users of that compound always have to make provisions for it by building it up in sections. That inevitably leaves a crack all around its edges into which water from rains can run, carrying fungus spores along with it and keeping the cavity damp, which really hastens the development of the mycelium, and thus the concrete may— and I believe it actually does — hasten decay. Besides this if the wound is large the swaying of the tree ^y the winds is sure to break any connection which otherwise might exist between the concrete and the wood and bark. It has been my opportunity to examine many cases where trees have been thus treated, and afterwards have been blown or cut down, and never yet have I seen one where decay had not gone on, and in some cases probably faster than if the concrete had not been applied. It is undoubtedly true that where a tree is so badly decayed that it is liable to be blown down, that filling the cavity with concrete reinforced with iron or steel rods may save the tree for a while ; but that such treatment will prevent further decay is not shown by examination of cases where it has been used. The general results are similar to carefully bandaging a wound where blood poisoning has set in ; it looks all right at first, but the disease goes right on. While the result of "doctoring" wounds and 158 FOREST LEAVES. decay does not present a favorable conclusion, what can be said of that other feature, the so-called *^ pruning" or '^trimming?" Now, the best time to do such work is when the tree is small and the wounds caused by cutting off superfluous limbs are small and quickly healed over. But of course we must take trees as we find them, and hence it may be necessary to remove some limbs at times, but if many must be removed it should be done gradually. To determine which should come under the saw of the 'doctor" requires an edu- cated taste, combined with an accurate knowledge of tree growth and tree life. There are men whose habits of observation and good natural judgment will enable them to accurately determine what should be done in each case ; but such men are rare, and it will generally be found that the owner who has long had opportunity to judge of the growth of the trees to be treated is the best judge. If he is not qualified, then he would best secure the services of a landscape gardener — one whose education fits him for accurately determin- ing what the scenic effect will be in each case. This kind of work is generally done by some cheap employe who knows about as much what should be done with a tree as he would to determine what drapery a statue should receive. In short, it is generally downright butchery instead of tree beautifying. More frequently than otherwise the <* doctor" will cut the limb easiest of access, on i the theory that he is expected to remove some of the tree's crown, and it may just as well be one part as another. As a general thing there is far too much trimming or pruning done. If the limbs are dying they should be cut off and the wound properly treated, but as a rule there would be about as much reason for trimming a horse's head of its ears as cutting off the unaffected limbs of a tree standing in the open. If the root develop- ment is in any way impaired then it is advisable to so prune the crown as to maintain an equilibrium between them. But some of the work done by so-called **tree doctors" throughout the country must '' make the angels weep," and if the trees could cry out there would be incessant screaming in our ears. There is one thing, however, that can be done to preserve a tree requiring it, which is too fre- quently neglected. Through lack of proper treat- ment when young some trees are forked not very far above the ground, and as age creeps on, and the parts grow large, and the crown offers a large expanse to the wind, there is great danger that the tree will split at the junction and be greatly injured or entirely destroyed. In such a case there may be either a bolt or rod with large washers at each end put through the tree at right angles with the line of the probable split, with a nut tightly turned when in place, or a chain may be thrown from limb to limb or from stem to stem some little distance above the junction and thus prevent accident. If trees have been either seriously injured or are decaying the best thing to do is to plant others close by and as soon as well established remove the old ones ; or at all events as soon as the old ones have lost their beauty If from any cause it is deemed advisable to trim a tree either use your own good judgment or secure the opinion of a competent landscape gardener, and get a '' handy man" to do the work, telling him how to treat the wound, and see that it is properly done ; but go carefully at all this. But if you have lots of money to spend then you can employ a *'tree surgeon " or a ^' tree doctor " and look on while he destroys the beauty of your trees — and be sure and take on a big load of piety for future use, for you will sadly need it when you come, in a few years, to see the results— pay the bill, and you will never employ that *^tree doctor" again, or any other one for that matter. S. B. Elliott. New Publications. T/ie Story of a Thousand- Year Pine, by Enos A. Mills. 12 mo., 40 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. Price, 75 cents. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Mass. In this interesting little book Mr. Mills tells of a gigantic yellow pine tree which grew within site of the Cliff Dwellers' Mesa Verde, at the corner of four States, having a height of 115 feet and a diameter at breast level of 8 feet. The tree was to be cut down, and in felling was badly shattered, making it valueless for timber. Mr. Mills then deciphered the history of the tree from its trunk, roots, and limbs. He found 1,047 rings of growth ; and as the tree was cut in 1903, the tree started probably in 856. He then describes the injuries received in many ways during the life of the tree, and of its struggles against damage from natural causes and insects. Some interesting facts dis- covered were that in 1348 two of the largest branches, about a foot in diameter, were broken off by accumulations of snow. In i486 two flint arrowheads were shot into the tree by Indians or cliff dwellers. In 1540 marks of axe and fire indicated the work of a Spanish exploring party. Evidences of ''hard times" were seen in 1804 and 1805, when practically no growth was made ; of an earthquake shock in 181 1 or 181 2, of light- ning in 1 30 1, and of modern bullets in 1881, etc. Mr. Mills has given an instructive story of the many vicissitudes in the autobiography of an ' 'Old Pine. " FOREST LEAVES. 159 ' M HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees.— f7o?«rwai of Educfttion. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out ot a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." — Dean Alvord, New Yorh. HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Romeyn Beclf Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branclilets, and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, $6 ; in half-morocco, $8, delivered. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees '—Melville Dewey, Pres't Vt, lAhrnry Ass'n] "Indispensable for all students of trees." — Botanic fU Gazette. " Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the ori^meA:'— New York Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremelv useful. De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover." «.x' *u- V. . . . \ —The Dial. "Nothing but praise for the work." — The Nation^ " It is doubtful it any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Louis Lunthertuan. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in treatment and execution."— C. Hart Merriam. LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Romeyn Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield Price 7o cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMERICAN WOODS without extra charge. ' AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Romeyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating tliis work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when examnied in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 25 species. Price: 85, per Part in cloth binding; $7.50 in half- morocco. AMERICAN WOODS is of great interest and vahie to all who are interested in or desire to be able to recognize the various woods and learn about them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies in the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin Instisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Ci-emon Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woods for the Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under a single cover-glass. Invahiable in the study of wood-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratorv study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to'a single school. Mounts of Woods for Storeopticon and Storeo|)ticoii Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. Exhihitu of our linen may he mm at the following addresses': Offlfo of PA. FORKSTRY ASSO< lATIOX, PERMAXKXT KDK ATIOXAL KXHIBIT 1012 Walnut St., PHILADKLPHIA, PA. 70 .5th Ave., (or. 13th St.. XKW YORK. Office of FRAXKLIX H. HOfCJH. Ksq., 000 F St. X. W., Suite 519.5!»1, WASHlX(iTOX, D. C. You are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most convenient to you or to write for particulars and samples to R03IEYX B. HOUGH C03IPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. 160 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of tlie trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growtli ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientitic pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. < t J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. B0ARDIX6 SCHOOL FOR BOTS. illustrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President. (jEorge Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. . JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON McCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. i^5j^< ^ ^"''^sr: Vol. XIV. Philadelphia, October, 1914. No. 1 1 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loxa Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorial i6i Autumn Arbor Day Proclamation 162 Berks County Conservation Association 162 Commencement Exercises at the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy , _ 163 Forest Fire Protection in Canada 163 British Forestry 165 The Liberty Bell Bird Club 166 Fewer Forest Fires at Cape Cod, Mass 167 The Mangrove ,68 Wood Using Industries of Pennsylvania 169 Spring Forest Fires in Monroe County, Pa 170 A Lesson from Africa 171 Forestry and Forest Products at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition 171 Lightninga Prolific Source of Forest Fires 172 White Mountain Tracts Purchased 173 New Publications ^73 Subscription, 81.00 per Year. Tk* atUntion 0/ Nurterymen and othtrs is called to the advantagex a/ FoRKST Lkavss as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, POUNDKD IN JUNB, 1886, Labor* to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Atmual member ship fee ^ Two dollars. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended Co be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loxa Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. V^e- Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary y Dr^oseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Paacoast^ Finance. W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Latu, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman; Mrs, George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Batch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. ^ork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. OrncB OF THB Association, loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. EDITORIAL. FORESTS share in the devastating influence of the terrible war now prevailing in Europe, for destruction is a feature of such campaigns. The meagre news allowed to pass censorships demonstrate the enormous waste of human life, and incalculable damage to structures in cities, towns and villages. The fields of ripen- ing grain have no value to an army, but are ruth- lessly trampled to ruin ; and the forests, some of which are renowned, must suffer from the contest in which millions of men stifle their nobler charac- teristics in the effort to damage or retard an enemy. The shelter which a forest offers makes it a target for the guns of an opposing force, the requirements for camp fuel demands heavy inroads on standing timber, the obstruction of felled trees to serve as abatis, and the effort to clear ranges for artillery fire, will sacrifice thousands of splendid specimens of tree growth, many of which have received care and attention. The enrollment which has created great armies, has no doubt called many foresters from their duties to service in the field — and some of these may be expected to be recorded among **the casualties," a term coldly used to indicate the wiping out of existence of men who promised much for the future. Thus not only will forests suffer, by injury or destruction, but forestal studies will be checked and advanced forestry methods impeded, and development of growing forests retarded. J. B. The Committee on Work reported that at the request of Luzerne county members of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association Hr. J. T. Rothrock delivered an illustrated lecture on ''Desolate Pennsylvania," at the Opera House, Freeland, Pa., on August 14th, which was well attended. A movement had also been started to create a large auxiliary forest reserve in that county. "• ... 162 FOREST LEAVES. Autumn Arbor Day Proclamation. Give fools their gold and knaves their power ; Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall ; Who sows a field or trains a flower, Or plants a tree, is more than all. — Whittier. THE school should be the beauty spot and not the eye-sore of the community. Many school grounds need adornment. This is very true of our rural districts. Moreover, the pupils need the stimulus which comes from the observance of Arbor Day. Many rural schools | are no longer in session when the Arbor Days in \ the spring of the year are celebrated. Hence it \ has become customary to observe an additional j Arbor Day in the autumn of each year. To perpetuate this laudable custom Friday, October 23, 19 14 is hereby designated as Autumn Arbor Day. Let the day be observed not merely as an occasion for the planting of trees, but also as an opportunity for imparting valuable information on the need of conserving the soil and the forest, the trees and the birds, the beauty of the landscape and the purity of our streams. Let the trees be so planted as not to exclude the sunshine from the school houses, and let the exercises be so planned as to make the school grounds as attractive as the surroundings of the best homes in the community. Nathan C. Schaeffer, State Superintendent of Public Insti uction. Berks County Conservation Association. '/0-OPERATIVE efforts to preserve the nat- ural scenic attractions in the vicinity of Reading, to protect forests and water courses, to encourage small parks and shaded roadways, resulted in the formation of the Berks County Conservation Association. A preliminary organization had been effected and a public meet- ing was called to give the Association a good start. This meeting, at which Mr. Jonathan Mould presided, held in the Pagoda on the crest of Penn Mountain, was a notable one, and the efforts of those who inaugurated the movement received an endorsement which may be considered as an augury of success. The Mayor, Hon. Ira W, Stratton, and B. Frank Huth, Superintendent of the Dept. of Parks and Public Property of the City of Reading, welcomed the visitors, and the objects of the meeting were stated by Daniel K. Hoch, County Controller. Addresses were made by Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the Ameri- can Forestry Association ; Mr. A. B. Farquhar, President of the Pennsylvania Conservation Asso- ciation;. Mr. John Birkinbine, President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ; Mr. S. B. Elliott, of the Pennsylvania State Forestry Reser- vation Commission ; Mr. Irvin B. Williams,. Deputy Forestry Commissioner of Pennsylvania \ Mr. George VV. Kehr, representing the American Civic Association ; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, General Secretary Pennsylvania Forestry Association ; Mr. Joseph Kalbfus, Secretary Pennsylvania Game Commission ; and Mr. John K. Stauffer, Secretary City Planning Commission of Reading. A charming September day ; the magnificent panorama from the Pagoda ; a friendly spirit of co-operation, and a hospitable welcome, contri- buted to the success of a notable ** conservation conservazione. " Between the afternoon and evening sessions a bountiful luncheon, eaten before a blazing hearth fire, added a '^get to- gether" sentiment which should mean much for the new organization. County organizations existed in the early history of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, but these were merely considered as auxiliaries, and depended too much on the parent society. The Berks County Conservation Society is in- dependent of State or National associations, but is in harmony with their efforts as evidenced by the representatives who participated in the Reading meeting. The Berks County Association expects to take the initiative and looks to the organizations having wider fields for support. One of the primary efforts of the Berks County Conservation Association is to protect from denu- dation the slopes of the mountains under whose shadow the city of Reading lies, and whose majesty adds so greatly to the scenic beauty of the I city's surroundings. The local press has voiced its approval of the work projected by the organi- zation by stirring editorials which should awaken public interest and secure popular support. An. editorial in the Reading Herald aptly suggests that it is time for the people to curtail conversa- tion and actively support conservation — an injunc- tion that is applicable over a wider field than ' Berks county. I By preserving the beauty of the mountains, by providing for active co-operation in combatting forest fires, by encouraging the establishment of small local parks and shaded highways, by pre- venting the obstruction and pollution of water courses the Berks County Association will demon- strate its value as a valuable accessory to conser- vation in its broadest meaning. The officers elected were Jonathan Mould, President ; D. K. Hoch, Treasurer ; and Solan L. Parkes, Secretary. We would be glad to give our readers abstracts- FOREST LEAVES. 163 . of the addresses, but understand that these will be published by the Berks County Conservation Asso- ciation. Commencement Exercises at the Penn- sylvania State Forest Academy. THE ninth graduating class formally closed its work at the Forest Academy with appropriate exercises August 12th. The honors had been awarded by the faculty as follows : Valedictorian, Howard William Siggins ; Salutatorian, Walter Howard Horning; Forestrv Honor, Thomas Clyde Harbeson. The last honor was awarded this year for the first time, being given to the graduating member standing second highest in forestry branches and showing greatest proficiency in field work — the valedictorian being the student with the highest general average. The address of the day was delivered by Anselm Vinet Hiester, Sc. D., on *^Our Social Problem and Its Solution." The address was a masterful one in which the speaker traced briefly the devel- opment of the modern complex social problem with the drift of the governments of the world toward popular democracy in trying to solve it. He pointed out the great increase in governmental activities for the common welfare and emphasized the field here for social service of a high order and requiring thorough training — forestry falling in this field. Finally, it was pointed out that no simple law or system of laws (as a socialistic system) would solve the problems between Capital and Labor, Producer and Consumer, Public Own- ership and Private Ownership, etc., but each problem must be met and solved by itself and satisfactory results could be expected only with the proper development of Christian character by the individuals concerned. This devolves on the great institutions of the home, school, and church. The address left the hearers with a feeling of optimism and inspiration. The Forestry Honor oration subject, '' Through the Open Door," showed the conception of the ' profession of forestry held by the man on the ! threshold. The size of the problem seemed to be seriously realized as shown by the economic fact \ brought out that Pennsylvania had decreased in lumber cut from /goo to igi2 from over 2,300 million board feet to (poo million board feet, mean- \ ing a money loss to the State luhich in /j- years \ luould equal the cost of the Panama canal. This loss is entirely a result of mishandling our forests as evidenced by the millions of acres of devastated, 1 fire swept mountain lands. The repair is possible, but must cover a long period and the forester i must make financial success sure in his rebuilding of the forests. The graduating class is composed of good men and the school record of 85.4, as the class scholar- ship mark for the three full years of work is rather pleasing. The proficiency in field work compares favorably with previous classes. The graduates were : Walter Joseph Bartschat, of Nanticoke, assigned to Coburn ; Joseph Russell Fawley, of Philadelphia, assigned to Milroy ; Thomas Clyde Harbeson, of White Deer, assigned to Little Marsh ; Weaker Harold Horning, of Potts- town, assigned to Sinnamahoning ; Walter Leach, of Mansfield, assigned to Boalsburg ; Howard Wil- liam Siggins, of Meadville, assigned to Spring Mills ; Robert William Stadden, of Glen Camp- bell, assigned to McAlevysfort ; Harry Charles Van Horn, of Wellsboro, assigned to Carter's Camp; Charles Earle Woof, of Harrisburg, assigned to Newton Hamilton ; and Leonard Garland Barnes, of Philadelphia, assigned to Pleasant Gap. ^ Of the 74 graduates of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy 62 are now foresters in the State Forest Service ; 6 are foresters, timber inspectors, etc., for lumber, railroad, or mining companies ; one is with the U. S. Forest Service ; 4 in other business ; and one deceased, Three non-graduates of the school are also in State forest work in New York and Pennsylvania. Few professional schools can show a larger percentage of graduates success- fully practicing the profession for which they were educated. E. A. Z. Forest Fire Protection in Canada. THE fallacious policy of paying men for the forest fires they fought, instead of paying them for the fires they prevented, could have but one result, /. ^., disappointment. Prac- tical lumbermen and timberland owners have long known that the best insurance they could place on their holdings was to double their watchmen, whose duty it was to keep up a constant patrol of the land during the fire season. Failure of the law makers to co-operate with these interested parties led to the owners forming co-operative forest fire protection associations, which have been so successful that the Govern- ment is coming to them rather than they to the Government. The Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior, Canada, publishes as Bulletin No. 42 a paper by Mr. George E. Bothwell, from which we clip the following : **The co-operative forest-protection movement in America originated in 1906, when a group of 164 FOREST LEAVES. northern Idaho timber owners associated them- selves under the name of the Coeur d'Alene Tim- ber Protective Association, in order to patrol their lands more efficiently than they could do as individuals, and agreed to a pro rata assessment upon an acreage basis. Officers were elected and a treasurer placed under bond, the organization and direction of a systematic scheme of fire pro- tection being assigned to a board of directors having power to levy the necessary assessments. The region embraced by this association was con- fined to the C(cur d'Alene watershed, which was divided into range districts, the size of these depending on the fire danger. The work of the rangers was supervised by a district chief, who in turn reported to a chief ranger, responsible to the board of directors. One great advantage secured by this co-operative scheme was that no unclaimed territory between limits was now left unpatrolled. " In Canada, the credit of inaugurating this co- operative movement belongs to the lumbermen of the St. Maurice A'alley, Quebec, who, in the spring of 1912, organized the St. Maurice Fire Protective Association along similar lines to those already described, and in one short summer built up a fire protective service second to none in Canada. ' '' In May, 1908, the I.aurentide Pulp and Paper ^ Company, on the St. Maurice river, gave to Mr. EUwood Wilson, Superintendent of its Forestry Division, permission to organize a fire-protective ser\ice, independent of that required by the \ (Quebec Government, consisting of twenty-seven rangers, who covered about two thousand square miles of the company's limits, and about one hundred square miles of adjacent limits which had to be crossed in patrolling their own. '*At the organization meeting, held in Mon- treal on March 2, 1912, sixteen limit owners, either companies or private individuals, united to form the St. Maurice Fire Protective Association, whose holdings totalled seven million one hundred and fifty-eight thousand five hundred and seventy- three acres, for the efficient patrol of which its members agreed to tax themselves one-quarter of a cent per acre. This sum, paid quarterly in advance, amounted to $17,900, to which the (Quebec Government added $3,000, as a consider- able area of Crown lands received the benefit of this patrol. The railways also contributed to the maintenance of the railway patrol subsequently established. *'The original taxation of only one-quarter cent per acre remained unchanged in 191 3, but the association has now a larger membership and its assessment, irrespective of outside contributions, now amounts to something over $19,000. To this the Quebec Government will add $3,000, making over $22,000 available for patrol and improvement work. 'J'hat this expenditure secures efficient patrol is proved conclusively by the fact that the 275 fires occurring in the summer of 19 13 were all extinguished by the fire rangers of the association before reaching green timber. *' Greater attempts have also been made this year to educate the settlers and secure their co- operation in fighting fire or in avoiding the necessity of so doing. Where peaceful persuasion is of no avail, the * iron hand of the law ' soon enforces respect for the law. In the summer of 19 1 3 over fifty settlers were prosecuted for incen- diarism and fined from fifteen to twenty-five dollars apiece, so it is likely that wilful negligence from this source will soon be a negligible factor in the cause of forest fires — and settlers are the only important cause of forest fires remaining to be brought under control in this region. ''There is another reason besides that of co- operation why the Government should encourage these protective associations among lumbermen, and it is because of the increased efficiency of patrol when administered by private individuals or associations. Up to the present, the Govern- ment, provincial or federal, has organized and administered the work of fire protection, the lum- bermen being assessed according to the size of their limits. Under the association method, on the contrary, the lumbermen organize and operate the patrol, assessing themselves according to their acreage, and, as seen in the St. Maurice Valley and in Idaho, extending the benefits of the patrol to Government land on the payment by the Gov- ernment of a similar assessment. With the exten- sion of these co-operative associations, all the forested land in Canada, public and private, would ultimately come under such patrol, political influ- ence would be eliminated and the most economical and efficient system of protection would be secured, while the State Forest Service, released from the burden of the administration of this work, would be free to devote itself to other and more advanced phases of forestry. California State inspectors at San Francisco have found a new canker disease on chestnut trees imported from Japan. According to Dr. Haven Metcalf, the government's expert on such diseases, this appears to be of the same type as the chestnut blight which is ravaging the forests of the eastern United States, and it is possible that the new disease would be equally as destructive if it became established in this country. FOREST LEAVES. 165 British Forestry. T^ IHE English government is making an earnest J^ effort to reforest its waste lands, and raise at home some of the 10,000,000 tons of wood annually imported into that kingdom. At a well attended meeting Sir William Schlich, former Inspector General of P^orestry in India, and at present Professor of Forestry at Oxford University, discussed the subject thoroughly, and his remarks as they appeared in the London Daily Tele}:!;raph are as follows : '' I desire to remind you, first, of the direct and indirect utility of forests. As to the latter, forests may have a decided influence on the climate of a country. Whatever importance they have in this respect in Continental countries, it is small in these islands, because our climate is governed by other influences, in comparison with which that of forests is very small, except as regards shelter belts against raw wind currents. '* When we come to the direct utility as repre- sented by the produce of the forests, and the labor which they provide, if established on areas not required or suited for cultivation, matters are different. In my opinion not a single acre re- quired for the production of food should be devoted to forest, and I deprecate the suggestion of the Commission on Coast Erosion and Forestry which proposed the afforestation of some 2,000,000 acres now under cultivation, and thereby practi- cally paralyzed their proposal of afforesting some additional 7,000,000 acres now not used for agri- culture, inasmuch as one acre of cultivation requires at least as much labor as five to ten acres of forest. , **It has been estimated that the existing 3,000, - 000 acres of woodlands in this countrv produce about 3,000,000 tons of timber, a liberal allowance, and we import on an average 10,000,000 tons. Of that quantity only 2,500,000 tons come from British Colonies and 7,500,000 tons from foreign countries. We pay some ^,'25,000,000 to ^^30, 000,000 for that timber, delivered to our ports. *' No doubt, part of that ^30,000,000 is re- turned to us in the shape of freights, but the bulk goes out of the country. As to the labor question there can be no doubt that more of it will be re(|uired than if the lands are used for light grazing, that is to say, the areas which are here under consideration. ** The questions are : ( i ) Is the land available for the production of the timber, and (2) does it pay to grow it at home ? **The manner in which land in this country is used is as follows : — Areas under crops and grass, 48 million acres, 63 percent. ; areas of woodlands, j 3 million acres, 4 per cent. ; mountain and heath I land, 15 million acres, 20 percent. ; other lands, towns, etc., 10 million acres, 13 per cent. I *'It will at once be seen that the land for afforestation would have to be taken out of the 1 5 million acres of mountain and heath land. This includes some three and a half million acres of deer forests in Scotland, of which, perhaps, only one-fifth, or 700,000 acres, would be plantable, leaving about 12 million acres. At the very highest estimates, therefore, not more than 5 to 6 million acres can be considered as plantable. *' Deer forests yield a revenue all round of is. an acre, and the mountain and heath lands gener- ally, perhaps, the same. Guided by my long, experience, I have come to the conclusion thaT land which is worth less than los. an acre a year can, under proper management, be made to yield 3 per cent, on the invested capital, allowing com- pound interest all round, under a climate like that possessed by these islands. '' Of course, 3 per cent, interest at the present boom of industrial and commercial activity will by many people be looked at with contempt. But there are ups and downs in this direction, and the time may not be very far ofl" when a certain • income of 3 per cent, may once more be looked upon as highly desirable. Woods, once brought under systematic management and treated accord- ing to correct silvicultural principles, give a steady income year after year, and proprietors can at night put their heads on their pillows without the uncertainty of the ups and downs in the city. These matters are being gradually understood in this country, after many years' discussion and un- certainty ; hence, there has been a decided move forward lately, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In the time at my disposal, I shall indicate only that which has taken place in Eng- land and Wales. '*' It has all along been urged that there should . be some central office, where information could be brought together and advice obtained. A suitable opportunity to establish such an office occurred about eighteen months ago, when the administra- tion of the Crown forests was made over to the President of the Board of Agriculture. A super- intendent of the new forest branch was appointed, and he was given two trained assistants. Mr. Runciman took an early opportunity of appoint- ing an advisory committee on forestry, which met and considered several questions submitted to them. In consideration of the fact that, with the exception of a limited area of Crown forests, all forests and most of the land belong to private proprietors and a few municipalities, it follows that any measures for increased afforestation must 166 FOREST LEAVES. provide primarily for the encouragement of private forestry and leave State forestry to step in where necessary. The Advisory Committee, considering that several universities have established schools of forestry for theoretical training, propose to provide : ** I. A demonstration area in the Forest of ! Dean, High Meadow Woods, and Tintern Abbey ! Woods, where students of forestry could receive j the necessary practical instruction instead of I having to go to the Continent for the purpose. The elementary school for the training of working foremen, already established in the locality, could then be further developed. ! *^ 2. A flying survey or preliminary inquiry, so as to ascertain what land is likely to prove suitable for afforestation, and which could be more profit- ably used for growing timber than to continue it in its present condition and use, to be followed by a minute inquiry to examine in detail any such suitable land. *'3. The establishment of five experimental forests in various parts of the country, where experiments in silviculture and the collection of statistics can be carried on, so as to determine the best methods of creating and tending woods and the disposal of the produce ; these areas to serve as object lessons to private proprietors as well as to the State officials. **4. An arrangement to educate youths for forest work. The youths on leaving school at the age of 14 or 15 years to be apprenticed as wood- men on approved estates for at least three years ; then to send them either to the Forest of Dean or Chopwell, or other similar school, in this way to provide properly trained working foremen and head foresters. ** There is every prospect that these proposals will shortly be put into execution. In the mean- time the Treasury has provided five advisory forest officers for England and Wales, who are now at work advising private proprietors asking for their services, as to the management of their woods. There is no fee to be paid for the officers, only actual expenses limited to ^i is. for every field-day. **The Treasury has also provided two research officers, attached to Oxford and Cambridge Uni- versities, one to conduct research into the diseases of trees, and the other into the properties of timber. "The beginning thus made is perhaps on a moderate scale, but it moves on sound lines, so as to solve this long-discussed question of afforesta- tion. Let us hope that the Development Com- missioners, with whom the matter now rests, will approach the subject in a liberal spirit. If the measures now inaugurated prove successful, there is no reason whatever why the scheme should not gradually be enlarged, according to requirements. The scarcity in the world's timber supply will come, that I am convinced of, but it will come by slow degrees, and there is no need to launch into gigantic schemes like that recommended by a recent commission. ** First and foremost stands the collection of statistics, by means of which it can be shown whether the movement is financially sound or not. Such statistics are now available on a large scale in Continental countries, where systematic forest management was started even before the battle of Leipzig was fought. That evidence is very in- structive to British foresters, but it must never be overlooked that it is impossible to apply it straight away to the different conditions existing in this country. It can only show the method employed and the results achieved, but the actual system of management must ultimately be based upon data collected in this country. I think we are now on the way to accomplish this. The struggle has been severe and long. I have during the last twenty-eight years, since my return from India, done what I could to advance matters in so far as my heavy educational work permitted, and many others have taken up the fight. ' ' The Liberty Bell Bird Club. IT is stated that a billion dollars a year is lost by American agriculturists through the rav- ages of insect pests, which can largely be prevented by preserving bird life. The Libertv Bell Bird Club of The Farm Journal is a nation-wide educational movement for conservation of bird life. It is working espe- cially among the farmers and the school children to inspire them to protect and encourage the birds to stay where they are most needed. 338 schools are enrolled in its birth State, Pennsylvania, with more than 3,000 in different parts of the United States, whose pupils are pledged to study all song and insectivorous birds. There is no cost in joining the club ; no fees, dues or assessments of any kind. Any person who signs the club pledge : "I desire to become a member of The I.iberty Bell Bird Club of The Farm Journal, and I promise to study and protect all song and insectivorous birds and do what I can for the club," will receive a club-badge button free of charge. While laws will help to save our feathered friends from untimely slaughter, their timely sal- vation depends principally upon creating a wide- spread sentiment in favor of their protection. FOREST LEAVES. 167 While not advocating this method of bird study, The Liberty Bell Bird Club points to the proofs of the Government Biological Survey, which has examined 50,000 birds obtained from scientific collectors in the last twenty-five years, to show what and how many destructive insects, birds with big, healthful appetites will devour in a short time. A tree swallow's stomach was found to contain 40 entire chinch bugs and fragments of many others, besides many other species of insects. A bank swallow in Texas devoured 68 cotton-boll weevils. Thirty-five cliff swallows had taken an average of 18 boll weevils each. Two stomachs of pine siskins from Hay wards, Cal. contained 900 black olive scales and 300 plant lice. A killdeer's stomach taken in November, in Texas, contained over 300 mosquito larvc^e. A flicker's stomach held 28 white grubs. A nighthawk's stomach collected in Kentucky contained 34 beetles, the adult form of white grubs. Another nighthawk from New York had eaten 24 clover leaf weevils and 375 ants. Still another nighthawk had eaten 340 grasshoppers, 52 bugs, 3 beetles, 2 wasps and a spider. A grackle from Texas had eaten at one meal about 100 cotton-boll worms, besides a few other insects. A ring-necked pheasant's crop from Washington contained 8,000 seeds of chick- weed and dandelion heads. The quail, between his cheery calls of ** Bob White," is busy con- suming 135 varieties of insects ; he will eat on an average 75,000 insects and 6,000,000,000 weed seeds a year; he is the natural enemy of the boll weevil and the potato bug and the best friend of man, who is trying to destroy him in nearly every State. If the quail is not protected it will not be long until its cheerful whistle will be heard no more, and in its place will be the unwelcome buzz of destructive insects as they settle on the crops or forests to devour them. Some of our sweet song and insectivorous birds threatened with extinction have at last found sanctuary in God's Acres through the untiring efforts of The Liberty Bell Bird Club, which has arranged to install bird houses, feeding baskets, and bird baths in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, in Philadelphia. These will be constructed after models most approved by bird families and arranged in an artistic manner to beautify the grounds. The richly-colored plumage of the happy songsters will add a bit of brightness to the place of peace, and it is hoped their songs of thanksgiving will uplift the heavy heart that comes to mourn. Forest fires in the United States have caused an average annual loss of 70 human lives and the destruction of 25 million dollars worth of timber. Fewer Forest Fires at Cape Cod, Mass. THE New York, New Haven & Hartford road's plan for reducing the number of forest fires on Cape Cod by clearing wide strips along Its right of way has met with marked success, judgmg from the number of fires which have oc- curred this summer as compared with other years. From May to August, inclusive, there were only eleven fires attributable to the sparks from loco- motives, and the territory burned over amounted to not more than d)/^ acres. In the same period last year there were 150 forest fires which burned over an area estimated at about 2,000 acres. In 191 2 there were 112 fires burning over about 480 acres, and in 191 1 there were 59 fires covering about 475 acres. This year half of the comparatively small area burned was woodland and half grassland. In pre- vious years, however, much other property has been consumed in the shape of fences, cut wood, cranberry bogs, and houses. Figures recently presented to the Public Service Commission of Massachusetts show that between June 24 and September i there were two fires on Cape Cod due to locomotive sparks, as compared with 106 last year. From July 26 to September I not a single fire was reported, while last year in the same period 69 fires occurred. This year there were two fires in May, seven in June, two in July, and none in August. Last year there were 29 fires in May, 17 in June, 44 in July, and 60 in August. Though the weather has been somewhat more favorable this year, there is no doubt that the prevention work has been the chief cause for this reduction. Through all the wooded parts of Barnstable county, where so many destructive fires have occurred, a strip varying in width from 60 to 130 feet has now been cleared on either side of the railroad's right of way. This plan was decided upon last fall as an experiment, following com- plaints of the damage done by fires on the Cape. Work has been actively prosecuted since February I last, and about 45 miles have been cleared. Nine miles of this was on the Wood's Hole branch, four miles on the Chatham branch, and the rest on the main line between Buzzard's Bay and Provincetown. Pine trees have been left standing in these strips because their leaves act as a screen, but all underbrush and other trees have been removed. The method is a practical and effective way of removing the danger of fire in this region. The areas cleared will be kept in that condition by the section gangs so that the work has a permanent character. — Neit Mil ford Gazette. 168 FOREST LEAVES. The Mangrove. THE mangrove tree (Rhizophora Mangle, L.) is remarkable for the manner in which it starts in life, for subsequent growth, for its wide diffusion over tropical and subtropical sea- boards and for its productive possibilities. Most trees grow only after their seeds have matured and fallen to the ground. The mangrove, however, sends its young root out through its fruit-covering in a living, active condition, ready to take hold and begin growth at once. As the tree grows on the shallow, muddy shore, of the sea side, and can endure immersion in water, it forms one of the many forces at work in building up new islands and in shaping new coast lines. It is not uncommon in South Florida, though it seldom there attains the proportions found in Jamaica. Where the illustrations were taken the trees were sixty feet high. The aerial roots branching off at varying heights from the stem and older branches form almost impenetrable thickets, resembling the illustrations of banyans which are so frequently seen. The submerged roots furnish resting places and homes for rnany forms of aquatic life, and the tree tops are equally frequented by many kinds of birds. The life history of the mangrove, with the pos- sibilities it presents, would be a most interesting revelation. Where land and salt water join it begins the process of building up soil on which populous communities may, in the distant future, come to dwell. Little by little the accumulated soil, the dead leaves, branches, and other material remain entangled in the net work of roots until eventually a solid surface emerges above the ordi- nary tide level. It may thus change its own character by producing taller, less branched trunks, and even eventually render its own growth impos- sible on the very soil it has itself formed. The wood, dark red, or reddish-brown, is heavy, strong, and useful as ** fuel and piling." The bark contains (in an absolutely dry condition) 27.19 per cent, of tannin. Leather tanned by use of mangrove bark is rendered a reddish-brown, and for that reason is less generally used than it might be. I am not aware, however, that it is rendered less strong or serviceable by this dye. Xo more characteristic description of a mangrove thicket ever was given than that by Charles Kings- ley in Westward Ho I Thus : — *'The night mist began to steam and wreathe upon the foul beer- colored stream. The loathly floor of liquid mud lay bare beneath the mangrove forest. Upon the endless web of interarching roots great purple crabs were crawling up and down. They would have supped with pleasure upon Amyas's corpse ; perhaps they might sup on him after all ; for a heavy, sickening graveyard smell made his heart sink within him, and his stomach heave ; and his weary body, and more weary soul, gave themselves up helplessly to the depressing influence of that doleful place. The black bank of dingy leathern leaves above his head, the endless labyrinth of stems and withes (for every bough had lowered its own living cord, to take fresh hold of the foul soil below) ; the web of roots, which stretched away inland till it was lost in the shades of evening — all seemed one horrid complicated trap for him and his ; and even where, here and there, he passed the mouth of a lagoon, there was no open- ing, no relief — nothing but the dark ring of mangroves, and here and there an isolated group of large and small, parents and children, breeding and spreading, as if in hideous haste to choke out air and sky. Wailing sadly, sod-colored mangrove- hens ran off across the mud into the dreary dark. The hoarse night-raven, hid among the roots, startled the voyagers with a sudden shout, and then all was again silent as a grave. The loathly alli- gators, lounging in the slime, lifted their horny eyelids lazily, and leered upon him as he passed, with stupid savageness. Lines of tall herons stood dimly in the growing gloom, like white fantastic ghosts, watching the passage of the doomed boat. All was foul, sullen, wierd as a witches' dream. If Amyas had seen a crew of skeletons glide down the stream behind him, with Satan standing at the helm, he would have scarcely been surprised. What fitter craft could haunt that Stygian flood ? " There can be no doubt but that with the increasing scarcity of timber, as the real, good qualities of the mangrove become known, it will be in greater demand. Its accessibility, in large quantity, to seaports will probably prove an im- portant factor in its utilization. Sargent gives its physical properties as follows : Specific gravity, 1.1617 ; percentage of ash, 1.82 ; relative approximate fuel value, 1.1406; weight of a cubic foot of dried wood, in pounds, 72.40. In strength it stands eleventh in a list of 310 species of American woods, and in elasticity, as second. J. T. Roth rock. .".■ *• The so-( ailed Scotch pine is the principal tree in the Prussian forests. Its wood is much like that of the western yellow pine of the United States. In general it may be stated that the most dangerous forest fire periods in the west are in middle and late summer; in the east they are in the spring and fall. ^ J UJ UJ O 1 > o UJ o UJ o 1^ Q LU tu o «l U ^ o UJ ^ O UJ o INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 169 \ 3 t >^ Wood Using Industries of Pennsylvania. THE Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, in co-operation with the United States Forest Service, has just issued Bulletin No. ^, bearing the above caption. As the United States Government collects data in regard to the produc- tion of rough timber, veneers, lath, shingles, etc., these were not included in the investigation which covered the year from July, 191 1, to July, 191 2. Apart from. the firms producing the above named rough lumber forest products, there are in Penn- sylvania nearly 5,100 factories that take wood and convert it into articles of final form. The total capitalization of these industries is over $63,000,000, and employment given to about 100,000 workmen. In 1912 the lumber cut in Pennsylvania was 992,180,000 feet, while the quantity consumed by the wood-using factories was 1,114,219,650 feet. Of the amount used 313,683,632 feet, or 28 per cent., was accredited to the State, leaving 800,536,018 feet as coming from other States and foreign countries. Cost is the principal consideration with the manufacturer purchasing raw materials, and the fact that his own State produces the same kind of lumber is of little consideration unless the material be the cheapest and readily and conveniently secured. The southern States, and next to them the lake States, contribute most of the shipped in material. The far away Pacific Coast sent a supply of six woods that aggregated nearly 10,000,000 feet, which is significant of the growing scarcity of native eastern soft woods. Seventy two kinds of woods were used in Penn- sylvania, the five more important being 160,749,- 759 feet, or 14.43 per cent, of white pine; 149,744,213 feet, or 13.44 per cent, of shortleaf pine; 108,577,308 feet, or 9. 75 per cent, of long leaf pine; 98,190,060 feet, or 8.81 percent, of white oak : 83,837,570 feet, or 7.52 per cent, of red oak ; or over one half of the total. Then followed in order yellow poplar, sugar maple, chestnut, loblolly pine, hemlock, beech, cypress, red gum, spruce, basswood, birch, hickory, and pitch pine ; none of the other varieties contribut- ing 10,000,000 feet P>. M. Of the native Pennsylvania grown woods, those which supplied over 10,000,000 feet B. M. ranked in order white pine, white oak, sugar maple, hemlock, beech, red oak, chestnut, and yellow poplar. Fifty-one different classes of industries used wood, the more important, with the quantity required, being : T>» • -11 1 Feet B. M I lamngni.ll products 281,717,600 Boxes and crates, packing 273,904 094 Car construcuon 228,380,9^; furniture .... cS nnr tV Chairs and chair stock ; '. *. \\\' ^.^'??^^ Vehicles and vehicle parts .... -.18011:00 Ship and boat huilding .... 26'7i6'ooo Caskets and coffins i3,'982;5oo Mine equipment 11,948,897 fixtures ,, ssc^oX Boards, cloth, hosiery, etc 11,775,000 Patterns and flasks .... iiyincnif «-^^-. : : : ii:o?l'9o Boxes, cigar 10,795,700 These and miscellaneous industries expended §32,483,227 for wood used, of which amount about 20 per cent, is paid for home grown woods. In the consumption of wood four classes of factories in Pennsylvania lead all other States, viz : brushes, patterns and flasks, toys, and mine equipment, while in seven it stood second. The varieties of woods employed are described in detail, as well as the quantities used in the different wood working industries, amounts grown in and outside of Pennsylvania, also their value, are collated. Part 3 shows the uses to which each species of wood can be put, and is accompanied by a list of all the wood industries in Pennsylvania. Those wood products made in other States and assembled in Pennsylvania, also some commodities which are partly manufactured before being imported, have not been included in the Pennsylvania figures. The rough wood products of Pennsylva- nia are presented in an appendix. If all the land in Pennsylvania which is unfitted for agriculture was reforested, and placed under practical and systematic management, not only the wood-using industries mentioned above, but also the manufacturers of rough lumber, telegraph poles, crossties, veneers, posts, pulp wood, coop- erage stock, etc. (which consume even larger amounts of timber), could secure near at hand ample quantities of raw material without the pay- ment of heavy freight charges for wood brought in from other States. The report of the Bureau of City Trusts for 1913, states that for the first time since 1909 a forest fire occurred within the walled inclosure of the Girard F:state on the Lost Creek watershed. It was caused by locomotives on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, to the south, and burned over 109 acres. About half of this was in the inclosure, but while the underbrush was destroyed the larger timber did not seem to have been seriously dam- aged. All forest fires are fought as soon as discovered, which reduces their ravages, and part of the expense is borne by the State. 170 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. Spring Forest Fires in Monroe County, Pa. THE last General Assembly passed two acts supplementary to the fire laws : one (No. 414) providing for the appointment of District Foresters for the supervision and advance- ment of forestry work in designated counties of the State, including the work of the fire wardens ; and the other (No. 432) for the establishment of (ire patrols, under the joint co-operation of the Department of Forestry and private fire protective associations. \ The Pocono Protective Fire Association is already distinguished as the first private associa- tion that was organized in the United States for the preservation of forests from fire ; it is also the first association in the State to avail itself of the provisions of the new acts — to secure a District Forester for Monroe county and : appoint patrolmen. In December of 1913 application was made to Commissioner Conklin for the appointment of a District Forester, and State Forester John L. Strobeck was assigned to the position. He at once reorganized the fire-warden service through- out the county. Fifteen wardens and ten assist- ants were selected in the different townships, and two patrolmen were appointed for service in districts that were considered to be especially hazardous. These latter were chosen to serve during the spring fire season, from April 13 to June 13, at a salary of fifty dollars each, per month, and the cost of maintenance was equally divided between the Department of Forestry and the Pocono Protective Fire Association. The results that have followed the trying out of the new laws have been most satisfactory. The appointment of a State official to take charge of the work of the fire wardens has brought about a sense of responsibility and a feeling of union among these officers which has never existed before, and in consequence there is a marked improvement in the fire service". Another beneficial result of organized action has been secured by Mr. Strobeck through the full and reliable reports on all the forest fires that have taken place in Monroe county during the spring. Hitherto reports on forest fires have been incomplete and partial, and the public never were fully informed about their loca- tion and extent. The publication of statistics, based on reports of the wardens of the whole county, has had a startling influence upon the public mind. The announcement that 4,842 acres were burned over in Monroe county in two months, this spring, has opened the eyes of many people to the extent of damage from forest fires every spring and fall, and is directing attention towards the efforts that are being made by the Association to diminish and suppress these destructive losses. A large increase in membership is looked for. The value of a fire patrol has been amply dem- onstrated by the work done by the two patrolmen. This consisted in watching for fires at high obser- vation points and notifying wardens when fires were detected. They also did patrol duty and took an active part in putting out fires. One of the patrolmen discovered and arrested a boy who had made several attempts to set fire to woodlands. This boy was brought before the court and placed under the care of a probation officer for a period of two years. The whole number of fires in the county amounted to 36, but only 22 fires were formally reported to the Commissioner, as the others were slight in extent, having been quickly detected and extinguished. The causes of the fires, as stated by the wardens, were as follows: Unknown, 6; railroads, 15; lighted tobacco, 6 ; incendiary, 5 ; brush burning, 3 ; lightning, i ;— total, 36. The most extensive fire was due to carelessness in burning brush. The cost of extinguishing the fires, including the wages of two patrolmen, amounted to $483. 13. Of this sum the State paid $283.13 for fire fight- ing and $100 for wages of patrolmen, and the Pocono Protective Fire Association paid $100 for wages of patrolmen. The directors of the Association are so much pleased with the result of the patrol system that they have notified the Department of Forestry of their willingness to assume one-half of the expense of maintaining three patrolmen during the autumn fire season. They will undoubtedly increase the number of patrolmen as fast as additional income from new members is secured. W. R. F. The Forestry Department of Pennsylvania is opening up roads and trails in the State forests, preparatory to the coming fire season. Four steel towers were lately placed, one each on the Mont Alto forest, the Caledonia forest, and the Water- ville and Blackwell's divisions of the Black forest. These towers are 50 feet high, and connected by telephone with the foresters headquarters. The department is also endeavoring to have a closer organization with the fire wardens in the neigh- borhood of the foresters, believing that with supervision by the latter much better protection will be had from forest fires. 171 A Lesson from Africa. TV FRICA, which has long been known as the j^^ ' ' Dark Continent, ' ' is the last place where one would naturally look for a lesson in practical forestry. The fact should be borne in mind, however, that the continent is not so dark as it once was, and is not dark in all parts alike. In certain portions of the great forest belt, stretching five thousand miles along the west coast, following the inequalities of the shore, the cutting of mahogany is an important industry. Natives do most of the work, under direct or in- direct supervision of white men. The mahogany trees are usually scattered through the forests, from one hundred yards to half a mile apart, vary- ing greatly in different regions of the long line of coast. In certain districts, no mahogany tree less than three feet in diameter, ten feet from the ground, is permitted to be cut. Many of the trees are enormous, running from six to ten and in extreme cases, twelve feet in diameter, measured above the swelled base, ten feet or more from the ground. When such a tree is felled, and the necessary swamping is done to clear away the underbrush so that the trunk may be cut into logs and hauled away, the result is a very large opening in the tropical forest. Sprouts, vines, and weeds soon spring up in dense jungles, if left to nature's course; but here is where methods are adopted which serve as lessons for more highly civilized countries than the forests of West Africa. It is required, by law and custom, that twenty-five small mahogany trees be planted in the vacant space caused by the felling and conversion of the giant tree. Not only must they be planted, but they must be protected and kept growing for two years. This regulation is rigidly enforced. After two years, the young mahoganies are left to make their own fight. By that time they have gained such a start that it can be reasonably expected that two or three of them at least will ultimately reach maturity, some centuries hence. The example can be followed in America with- out putting seedlings exactly where the old trunks are felled. That would be a waste of time and a dissipation of effort, but the planting might be done elsewhere, the main purpose being to have young trees growing to make up for those which are cut for lumber. There is one adverse condition in -most of the forests of this country which the Africans do not have to contend with in most of their mahogany forests. That is fire. Their woods are too wet to burn, and the principal danger which a seedling tree has to face there is the crowding by its associates. If it survives that, it is reasonably sure to become a large tree sometime in the future. In the United States it is generally not so much the actual planting of young trees as their subse- quent protection that counts. In this country j nature usually does plenty of planting, but fires speedily undo the work. Two years of protection, like they give in Africa, would not be sufficient here. The protection must be perpetual to be effective. — T/ie Hardwood Record, Forestry and F ore sTPro ducts at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. THE forestry and forest products exhibit at the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion will be shown in the Palace of Agri- culture, which covers an area of 328,633 square feet and was erected at a cost of $425,610. Group T34, under the official classification, is divided into four classes of forestry exhibits, comprising forest geography, maps, statistics and general literature, geographical distribu- tion, botanical collections, seeds, barks, foliage, flowers, fruit, bark and wood sections. The planting, equipment and processes for tree collec- tion, nursery practice, field planting and field sowing, make up class 661. Management and utilization, equipment and processes for protection from fire, insects and diseases, organization of protective forces, ranger stations, trail and tele- phone systems, logging methods and equipment, transportation of logs and systems of cutting, comprise another. The indirect use of forests, such as watershed protection, effects on climate and public health, prevention of erosion and shifting sand, use of windbreaks for recreation or as a refuge for game, is all considered in a separate class. Forests products are exemplified in three classes : — lumber, equipment and processes used in cutting lumber-logs into lumber, drying, dressing and grading of lumber and the rules for grading ; saw- mill and planing-mill products for the manufac- ture of lumber : wagon-stock, cooperage, boxes, pickets, shingles, and doors. Veneering and veneering-cutting machinery will also be shown. Forest by-products — tanbark and extracts, naval stores, oils and distillates, charcoal, cork, dye- woods, medicinal and textile barks. Kiln-dried wood, wood fuels and wood wool occupy another class. Officers of the Okanogan national forest in the State of Washington are installing powerful signal lanterns for night use in reporting forest fires from lookout peaks. 172 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. Lightning a Prolific Source of Forest Fires. EXHAUSTIVE inquiry has established the fact that lightning ranks next to railroads as a source of forest fires. Forest officers say that the increasing care with fire on the part of the railroads and the public generally tends to make lightning the largest single contributing cause. This statement represents a change of view from that held less than a decade ago in this country, when it was gravely argued whether lightning caused forest fires, though it was known that trees were the objects most often struck. Trees are said to be struck simply because they are so numerous, and extending upward shorten the distance between the ground and the clouds ; further, their branches in the air and roots well into the earth form conductors for electrical dis- charges. While certain trees are said to invite lightning, and others to be immune from stroke, it seems to be a fact that any kind of tree will be struck, and the most numerous tree species is the one most likely to suffer. Other things being ee]ual, lightning seeks the tallest tree, or an isolated tree, or one on high ground. A deep-rooted tree is a better conductor than a shallow-rooted one, and a tree full of sap, or wet with rain, is of course a better conductor than a dry one. Lightning sets fires by igniting the tree itself, - particularly when it is dead, or partly decayed and^ punky, or by igniting the dry humus or duff at its base. The forest soil, when dried out, ignites readily, because it is made of partly decayed twigs and leaves, and it can hold a smouldering fire for a considerable period. It is probable that most of the lightning-set fires start in the dufi*. In the mountains of southern California, Ari- zona, and New Mexico, there are likely to be each year a number of electrical disturbances known as '* dry thunder storms.'' They come at the end of the long dry season, and being unaccompanied by rain are likely to start many serious fires. For , this reason the Forest Service has to keep up its maximum fire fighting strength in those regions until the rains are fully established. In the plans and organization for fire fighting the service aims particularly to catch these unpreventable lightning- set fires at the time they start. It is said that the first sawmill in the United States was at Jamestown, from which sawed boards were exported in June, 1607. A water-power sawmill was in use in 1625, near the present site of Richmond. • The value of the forest products of Canada in their first stage of manufacture (in the saw mill yard) is estimated by the Dominion Forestry Branch at $170,000,000 per year. Over half the soil of habitable Canada is fit only to grow trees. The Committee on Publicity and Education, in addition to the lines of activity mentioned in the August issue of Forest Leaves, indicate the fol- lowing : — Prize competitions on forestry in the public schools ; the preparation of suggestions to be used by teachers in nature study and for Arbor Day ; also the creation of an association forest. Two prizes of $100 each are offered by the American (renetic Association for the best photo- graphs of wild native trees of the United States : — One hundred dollars for the best photographs of the largest nut-bearing tree, and of its trunk ; also one hundred dollars for photographs of the largest shade or tbrest tree, not nut-bearing. Conifers are excluded from the competition. The pictures of the trees, with such data as to size, history, and a branch with leaves and, if possible, flowers or nuts to identify them, are to be sent to the Journal of Heredity, Washington, D. C, before July i, 1915. One of the Pennsylvania forest wardens on receiving a package of forest fire posters and circulars from the Department of Forestry made a special trip through his township posting the large cards in the stores, post offices, and other public places. On another day he left with each of the public school teachers a large poster and sufficient small circulars to supply all the pupils, also giving a talk at some of the schools, urging the students to read them, as well as requesting the teachers to make themselves familiar with the contents, and give explanations of the importance of the subject to the scholars. The warden also gave the district attorney all the information possible in regard to forest fire conditions in that locality, as well as writing the County Commissioners requesting their co-opera- tion and assistance in interesting the people in preventing the destruction of the forests by fire. If all the wardens were as zealous in the per- formance of their duties as the one mentioned, it would be a great aid in decreasing the loss from forest fires in Pennsylvania, at the same time educating the coming generation in their preven- tion. 173 White Mountain Tracts Purchased. ONE of the most recent important purchases of timberland under the Weeks law has jusif been approved by the National Con- servation Commission. Two of the tracts bought comprise 85,000 acres in the White Mountain region and include Mounts Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. These tracts are regarded as the keystone of the White Mountain drainage area, and the purchase is the culmination of three years' negotiations. It consists of three State grants known as the Thompson and Meserve purchase, the Sargent purchase, and the Hadley purchase' in one group consisting of 33,970 acres ; and por- tions of the towns of Albany and Bartlett, amounting to 45>i7o acres, in the second tract! These two tracts belonged to one company and were bought, after a careful survey and recommen- dation for purchase by the Forest Service, at ^8.50 an acre. Parts of the tracts are covered I with dense and valuable timber — largely spruce, 1 but with considerable fir and some hardwoods^ I mainly beech, birch, and maple. 1 Another tract included in the purchase com- prises 5,600 acres lying on the south slope of Mt. Passaconaway and the east slope of Mt. Whiteface. This tract contains 800 acres of virgin spruce running 15,000 feet to the acre. With two other smaller tracts the Government's purchase amounts to 220,000 acres, nearly one-third the area of the White Mountain system. New Publications. **The Future of the Chestnut Tree in North , America" is interestingly considered by Professor ' Arthur H. Graves, in Popular Science Monthly for June. So far as the blight is concerned it appears to be less destructive in the south than in the north, j As an hypothesis Professor (i raves suggests that this may be due to the southern tree containing more tannin than the northern. Page 21, Far- mers Bulletin No, ^82, Department of Agricul- ture, states that ** Northern chestnut timber contains less tannin than southern timber." Clinton, G. P. (Chestnut Bark Disease), noted that the fungus concerned grew in higher percent- ages of the tannic acid used than a related species did, so that there is support for the hypothesis. It is not true, however, that tannic acid manufac- turers use only southern chestnut for their material. The sum of the investigation is : ** But at the present rate of decline its future life (chestnut tree) may possibly be measured in hundreds of years but not in thousands." ' It appears to the writer of this notice that some prevalent views concerning the chestnut blight require further consideration. Thus the immunity here of the Japanese varieties is probably over estimated. The disease appears to work often as disastrously in young, vigorous native trees as in coppice, in certain localities, and, furthermore sprouts from young trees trunks that had prac- tically died from the blight, show often an amazing resistance to blight. The sunny side of trees and the sunny edges of woods seem on the whole more likely to be affected by the blight : than the more shady portions. Finally, thus far, this season there seems to be a marked I decrease in the virulence of the disease in the eastern portion of this State, as compared with j two years ago, which cannot be wholly accounted for by the statement that the chestnut trees most susceptible have already been removed. Farmers' Bulletin No. j82, Department of Agriculture, is one which every owner of chestnut timber should send for and read. It is condensed to the last degree, and no mere notice can do any justice to it ; send for it ! The author of the Bulletin is J. C. Nellis, U. S. Forest Service. Phytopathoh^y, Vol. iv., No. i, Feb., 1914, Professor Arthur H. Graves describes the Burl Disease, on The Scrub Pine (Pinus A'irginiana, Mill). '' This is caused by a rust which induces on this host, as well as on several other species of pines, a well-known disease characterized by gall-like swellings, or burls, on the branches, or on the main trunk, where young trees, or young branches are affected— the result is often disastrous — the disease causes on the whole a considerable loss. ' ' Professor Graves in Mycolo^^ia, Vol. vi., \o. 2, March, 1914, also calls attention to a serious malady in young white pine where the leaves were of a slight yellow cast, which was in strong enough contrast with the natural *^ bluish -green of the healthy trees, " to attract attention. Associated with this the base of the trees was dead and shrunken. The nature of the disease is not yet determined: but Professor Graves says, '*We take this opportunity, however, to warn owners of white pine plantations to be on the watch for this trouble, since it is quite probable that it is of a parasitic nature, it is advisable to remove all diseased trees and burn them." This trouble appears now in Pennsylvania. 174 FOREST LEAVES. In Bulletin No, 44, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Mr. Carl Hartley, under title of **The Blights of Coniferous Nursery Stock," furnishes information of importance to all engaged in raising, or dealing in young coniferous trees. He con- siders sun scorch, winter killing, mulch injury, needle diseases, and red-cedar blight. The very serious nature of the white-pine blister rust is noted in an important paper. Bulletin No. 116, V . S. Department of Agriculture, by Mr. Perley Spaulding. The disease merits close at- tention. The New York State College of Forestry is widening the sphere of its activities in two recent papers, /. e. ^^ Rural and City Shade Tree Im- provement,'' and ^' Possibilities of Mutiicipal For- est rv in Ne7u York.'^ The first paper is profusely illustrated, and im- presses directly wholesome lessons for those who have charge of town and city shade trees. The second paper starts an even more important question, namely, the possibilities of municipal and communal forests in insuring clean water sup- ply and in furnishing revenue for public purposes. A good photograph is given, showing a view in the beech woods of the City forest of Vienna, Austria, where $4.50 net revenue per acre is an- nually produced on land which ** otherwise would be a barren, unproductive waste." **Uses of Commercial Woods of the United States," by Hu Maxwell, Bulletin No. 12, U. S. Forest Service. A very suggestive and useful paper of 56 pages, confined to beeches, birches, and maples. Three very interesting papers reached us from the Dominion of Canada. *' Manitoba a Forest Province," pp. t6. An address delivered before the Canadian Forestry Association at its Convention held at Winnepeg, 1 9 13, by R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry. ** Coal is not found in the Province outside of the lignite deposits in the southwestern corner, so that water power and wood, or peat fuel are the native products for providing power for industries." In order then to make a good case for wood in the Province, Director Campbell institutes a compari- son between Manitoba and Sweden, which he does, we think, very successfully. He sums up his case as follows : ** Sweden has probably the advantage of Mani- toba in having better drainage in some of the northern areas and a more extended sea-coast, with quicker and cheaper access to long estab- lished markets, but I cannot see that other con- ditions exist that give Sweden an advantage over Manitoba if the forest areas were in as good condition. This they are not at present, nor will they be for a long time to come, and it will require a large expenditure on protection and improve- ments without regard to revenue during that time, to bring the forests into good condition and to produce a revenue that will more than offset the expenditure. Under the administration of the federal government the forests have been allowed to get into such an unsatisfactory condition, and the federal government should make the necessary expenditure from its large revenues to place such a great natural resource, and so important to the prosperity of the province and of the whole country, in a condition of permanent security and producing power so that it may regularly and continuously produce a supply for the domestic needs of the population, a revenue for the State, and the raw material for industries." B. R. Morton, B. Sc. F. , writes: *' The Care of the IVoodlot.'^ The title alone is enough to indicate that Canada has reached, much earlier in her career than we have, the safe conclusion that her forests are not inexhaustible, and that care of the home woodlot is worth while. He calls attention on his first page to a use which has hardly been considered in Pennsylvania, though it probably might well be. *^ Within recent years a new use has been found for the woodlot, namely, that of fur-farming. There are many woodlots which contain low, wet places, or through which small streams run, that could be used to advantage in this way. In these, with a little effort, it might be possible to encourage such animals as the muskrat, mink, and beaver, to breed " — with- out interfering with the growth of timber suitable to the location. . The usual routine instruction concerning the woodlot is well given — as suited to the needs and possibilities of our northern neighbor. Chemical Methods for Utilizing Wood Waste, being Circular No. 9 of Canadian Forestry Branch, Dept. of the Interior, pp. 6, by W. B. Campbell. This contribution is from the Forest Products Laboratories. The statement is made that the annual waste of forest products in Canada is equal to a loss of from ten to fifteen dollars for each inhabitant. We can well understand why instruction should be given in the manufacture of pulp and paper, hardwood and resinous wood distillation, tan bark and tan- ning extract, manufacture of Ethyl alcohol, cattle food, oxalic acid, and producer gas. FOREST LEAVES. 175 V*'-''**^ ■" •-•■^ >' la«^4 l»K«^f ««•* k«K „^ ^, (^ ..-1 » (t-.- *m*--^*^»;^ !«•,.«-* J" i .:* "--/ 13^-:^^^. . HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER AR SPECIES. Lines in background indicate " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to lover of trees.— *Tf turn al of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, a total of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." —Dean Alvord, New HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Ronieyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branchlets and barks pliotographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, |6 ; in half-morocco, $8, delivered. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees '—Met ville Deivey Preset Vt, Library Ass*n. •• Indispensable for all students of trees." — Botanical Gazette. " Extraordinarily thorough and attractive Its Illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the on^m&V—New Yorh Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover." „VT *u- -u ^ «. —The Dial. "^othlng but praise for the work." , —The Nation, It IS doubtful it any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." '''^''^'^ — St. Louis Lumberman. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in treatment and execution."— C. Hart Merriam. Oak. Observe e devoted to a square inches. every out ol York LEAF Kr.Y TO THE TREES. By Romeyii Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bag when you go afield. Price lo cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMERICAN W00D8 without extra charge. ' AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Roineyii Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when examined in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accompanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 25 species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; |7.oO in half- morocco. AMERICAN WOODS is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to be able to recognize the various woods and learn about them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies in the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin lustisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Cresson Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woods for the Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under a single cover-glass. Invaluable in the study of wood-technology. Highly endorseil for laboratorv study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Stereopticon and Stereopticon Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. Exhibits of our lines may be seen at the following addresses: Office of PA. FORKSTRY ASSO( lATIOX, ^ PERHAXKXT KOH ATIOXAL EXHIBIT 1012 Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. ' 70 5th Ato., (or. 13th St., XEW YORK. Office of FRAXKLIX H. HOI (iH, Esq., WM) ¥ St. X. W., Suite olO-WI, WASHIX(iTOX, H. ( . YoH are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most convenient to you or to write for particulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. 176 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestr)' — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. The beauty and value of forest growtli depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve tlie food supply. With our professional foresters and trained cori>8 of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forestkr, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL BOTS. tlhtstrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head MaflUr. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB 8. DI8STON. EDOAR DUDLEY FARIE8. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KILLT. FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MoCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOE. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. i^^i^r-^4f Vol- XIV. Philadelphia, December, 1914. No. 12 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials 177 Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association j^g Address of the President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion 180 Report of the General Secretary 181 Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ... 182 Treasurer's Report 184 Fungous Foes of the Forest and the Farm 184 Reforesting Coal Lands 188 The Chestnut Tree Blight 189 Fall Forest Fires in Monroe County 190 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. ^/ attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee ^ Two dollars. Life membership, Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents. Robert S. Conklin, Wm. 8. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman : Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Lmw, Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson, J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. QppiCB o» THE Association. loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. { EDITORIALS. THIS issue chronicles the record of another twelve months of activity of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, the twenty- ninth consecutive year of friendly co-operation among the men and women in Pennsylvania who are earnest in conserving one of the great resources of the State. Looking backward we are reminded of many who during life rendered valuable aid to the cause of forest protection, who have passed away and whose places must be filled by others equally earnest in the advocacy of the purposes of the organization. With the opening of the year another Legislature will meet, many of whose members have served former terms as legislators, but quite a number enter the General Assembly for the first time. To all of these, whether experienced or not in legislative proceedings, Forest Leaves appeals as the exponent of a constituency of 1,300 members and asks their careful consideration and generous action in the matter of appropriation for the Department of Forestry of the State. Over a million acres of State forest reserves need to be cared for, so that by thinning out undesirable growth, planting seedlings, protecting the forests from fire, and as far as possible, checking the injury from other enemies, this vast estate may be made valuable for Pennsylvania of the future. To provide the necessary oversight skilled assistants are required, and the State Forest Academy should be encouraged to educate young men to care for the State forests. Reforestation depends on care of present growth, and judicious planting of seedlings, (to secure which nurseries must be maintained) under competent direction. The laws now in existence will, if rigidly en- forced, assist in the prevention of the destruction of forests by fires ; but until the people as a whole appreciate what the loss due to such destruction 178 FOREST LEAVES. amounts to, ample force must be maintained to watch for and extinguish forest fires and to prose- cute those starting them. For such a force ample appropriation is necessary. The money which has been available for this increase of the forest reserves has been insufficient to permit of adding to these at such rate as will insure Pennsylvania maintaining its lead in the cause of forest protection, and it is the desire that the Department of Forestry receive appropriations which will permit it to add to the present reserves larger areas than have been possible in late years. J. B. ^ :ic Hi :|e :(c We regret to announce the death of Mr. F. D. Jerald, Forester, who graduated from the Pennsyl- vania Forest Academy in 1910, and was placed in charge of the Slate Run Division of the Black Forest. On Wednesday, November nth, he was accidentally shot when hunting with a party. He was taken to the Williamsport Hospital, but died the following day. He was a splendid forester, and the loss will be felt by the Department of Forestry as well as his fellow foresters. Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE Annual Meeting was held in Philadelphia on December 14th, 1914, at 3.30 P. M. President Birkinbine in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were approved. The reports of the Council, of the Treasurer, of the General Secretary, and the President's address were then read, and will be found on other pages of this issue. Following the presentation of the formal papers interesting topics were discussed. Mr. Irvin C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, referred to the auxiliary forest reserves bills and the leasing of State lands for permanent camps. A number of requests for the former had been received, and more than 200 applications were made for permanent leases of State land. The lessees improve the areas assigned to them, and also erect houses which are under the authority of the Department of Forestry, and available for its use. The lessees of these tracts are interested in the work of forestry, and in turn influence others to help protect the forests. More men were needed in the service, the present foresters were doing well, making friends where hitherto there had been a spirit of hostility. The great need is the control of forest fires — and this can never be solved until there is prevention as well as extinguishment of them. This is clearly proven by the decrease, in forest fires in Monroe and Center counties, due to the two forest protec- tive associations which patrolled the woods in those sections. About eleven years ago the For- estry Department had hoped to place observation towers over the State, believing that both private and State forests should be thus protected, but it has been unable to do more than erect a few towers. The policy has been carried out in other States with excellent results, and with such a system installed it would be possible within a few minutes after the discovery of a fire to locate it and call help for its extinguishment immediately. The necessary legislation has been secured, but funds are necessary to carry on the work. From 3,500 to 4,000 forest wardens are needed, and the method of compensation should be such that they are promptly paid for services rendered. A daily patrol system would be the best, but this is not possible without sufficient appropriations. The Legislature at present gives $25,000 per annum for forest fire protection, but $75,000 is necessary to insure good work. Dr. J. T. Rothrock said that in fighting forest fires an important feature is the efficiency of regu- larly employed and trained men. Mr. Joseph Johnson, President of the Forest, Fish and Game Protective Association, favored a system of wardens who would look after forest, fish and game, and that a consolidation of the wardens employed by the different commissions would be of advantage. The returns from licensing hunters now amount to more than $200,000 an- nually, and, after paying for game reproduction, the balance could well be appropriated to the compensation of fire wardens. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the Ameri- can Forestry Association and of Lehigh University, said that a meeting of the Directors of the Penn- sylvania Conservation Association had expressed the same general ideas as were voiced here. The two important enemies of forests were tax- ation and fire. The enactment of the auxiliary forest reserves had satisfactorily taken care of the first enemy, and it was now a serious duty to help the Department of Forestry at Harrisburg secure a good appropriation for forest fire protection. He also announced that the American Forestry Association will hold its annual meeting in New York on January nth, 19 15. The value of Forest Leaves and of American Forestry in disseminating information was praised, and the latter is extending its scope. Dr. Rothrock stated that forest fire losses were not one quarter what they were twenty years ago. Every practical lumberman knows that the cheapest FOREST LEAVES. 179 way is to prevent forest fires, and this should be impressed on the Legislature. The expenditures for land for forest reserves is now small, but all the areas which can be secured should be purchased, and then it is the business of the Legislature to take care of them. Mr. Williams thought the time had come when the high power rifle should be done away with in the forest reserves of Pennsylvania ; it was a con- stant menace, rendering persons employed in the forests timid during the hunting seasons, and last month a State forester had been killed. Under the law, before a deer is shot, you must be close enough to see if it has horns three inches or more in length, and at this distance only an ordinary rifle need be used. Dr. Rothrock stated that in Pennsylvania no one should use a gun having a velocity of over 1,200 feet for hunting purposes. Dr. Drinker advocated co-operation of the Forest, Fish and Game Associations in forwarding joint issues. He moved, and it was seconded and carried, that the Chair be authorized to appoint a committee of three, if deemed advisable, to act for this Association in such joint action. Messrs. Irvin C. Williams and Samuel Marshall were appointed tellers, and after collecting the ballots, declared the following officers elected : President^ John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, Albert Lewis, Col. K. Bruce Ricketts, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer^ Charles E. Pancoast. Council. Adams County, C. E. Stable. Allegheny County, H. M. Brackenridge, Hon. Marshall Brown, Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie, George M. Lehman. Beaver County, Mrs. James M. Barrett. Berks County, Mrs. Cieo. F. Baer, Geo. G. Wenrick. Blair County, Jos. S. Sillyman. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, T. Ogbom Atkinson, Henry T. Moon. Cambria County, Hartley C. Wolle. Cameron County, Josiah Howard. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Prof. J. A. Ferguson, J. Linn Harris. Chester County ^ Egbert S. Cary, Alexander Brown Coxe, Samuel Marshall, Mrs. David Reeves. Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield County^ W. F. Dague. Clinton County, Sidney D. Furst. Columbia County, S. C. Creasy. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Cumberland County, Mrs. Edward W. Biddle. Dauphin County, Irvin C. Williams, Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, Joseph Elkinton, Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, Herman Wendell. Fayette County, Roland C. Rogers. Forest County, N. P. Wheeler. Franklin County, Miss Mira L. Dock. Greene County, A. H. Sayers. Huntingdon County, Hon. Geo. B. Orlady. Indiana County, S. J. Sides. Jefferson County, S. B. Elliott. Juniata County, S. E. Pannebaker. Lackawanna County, W. W. Scranton, Hon. L. A. Watres. Lancaster County, Horace L. Haldemann, Hugh M. North, Jr. Lawrence County, David Jamison. Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman. Lehigh County, Dr. J. M. Backenstoe, Luzerne County, Dr. Alexander Armstrong, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., John Markle, Maj. L A. Stearns. Lycoming County, C. LaRue Munson. McKean County, F. H. Newell. Mtrcer County, Hon. James Sheakley. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Joshua L. Baily. Montgomery County, Isaac H. Clothier, Theo. N. Ely, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Abraham S. Schropp. Northumberland County, C. Q. McWilliams. Perry County, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia County, Dr. J. M. Anders, -Henry Budd, George Burnham, Jr., Owen M. Bruner, John S. Cope, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Geo. F. Craig, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harsh berger, Henry Howson, Joseph Johnson, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, Eli K. Price, Jos. C. Roop, John H. Webster, Albert B. Weimer, E. E. Wildman, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, John E. Avery. Potter County, R. Lynn Emerick. Schuylkill County, James B. Neale. Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, H. I. Fick. Union County, Andrew Albright Leiser. Venango County, James Denton Hancock. 180 FOREST LEAVES. Warren County A. J. Hazel tine. Wayne County^ Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County^ Hon. Lucien \V. Doty. Wyoming County^ James W. Piatt. York County y Dr. I. C. Gable. On motion adjourned. F. L. BiTLER, Recording Secretary Address of the President of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association. THE position which Pennsylvania has taken and for many years held, places it in the forefront among States in recognizing the importance of conservation of its natural resources, and as an early exponent of forest protection. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, active for twenty-nine years in advancing the interests of forest preservation, has encouraged legislation which resulted in commissions which have practi- cally demonstrated what the State can do in pro- tecting and propagating forests, and in educating men to care for the liberal reserves of a million acres which constitute the State Forest Reserves. The administration of Pennsylvania State forests is admitted to be in advance of that of other States in business and educational methods, for in none have successive legislatures been more alert to the importance of preserving existing and caring for new growth, and each successive Gov- ernor has shown an interest in this important feature of State advancement. At the last session of the Pennsylvania Legislature a bill creating auxiliary forest reserves was passed and approved by the Governor, an action which is generally conceded a decided step in advance, and it is probable that other Commonwealths will follow in the path blazed by Pennsylvania. These statements, while gratifying, must not be considered as representing a completed work, for the field of effort before our Association is of am- ple scope to demand the best continued energies of our membership. One million acres of land in forest reserves, owned and administered by the State, demonstrate the practical result of a con- servation policy inaugurated nearly thirty years ago, but to establish an equilibrium between farm and timber lands, believed by experts to be de- sirable, the acreage should be increased five-fold. Too rapid acquisition of forest reserves is not recommended, but there should be such yearly increase as can be advantageously purchased, and subsequently cared for. Unfortunately the money appropriated in late years has been insufficient to permit making desirable purchases or filling out others previously made, and it is hoped that greater liberality on the part of legislatures will allow the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Com- mission to take advantage of opportunities which may offer to judiciously augment the State's re- serves. The money which has lately been avail- able annually for the purchase of forest lands would extend the acquisition of a second million acres over a century. One million acres ** sounds big" to those who have followed the forestry movement in the State from its incipient stages, and it is a large estate whose proper care is a great responsibility. But the wisdom of preserving and caring for this do- main is shown by the fact that the forest reserves are rapidly developing satisfactory earning ca- pacity, a condition most gratifying to record as substantiating the claims made years ago by the exponents of forest preservation. The income which the State Forestry Reservation Commission has received, is reported as approximating 2 per cent, on the total appropriations to date, demon- strating that in the near future the earning capa- city of our forest reserves will be equal to the interest which the State receives for money de- posited in banks, as the returns from our forest may be expected to steadily augment. The members of this Association may well ac- quaint others with existing conditions, and help educate a public sentiment which will support legislative action favorable to increasing the forest reserves to an extent warranted by the cost of pur- chase and the ability to properly administer them. Another field for concerted activity is in bring- ing about a sentiment which appreciates the in- jury from forest fires, and which will insure punishment to those responsible for damage done ; for while the number and extent of forest fires has diminished, and the monetary loss has been re- duced, the record for 1914 is appalling. As in- dicated in the Council Report, up to December I St, the burned area of Pennsylvania in 191 4 ap- proximates a quarter of a million acres, that is fire ravaged areas equal to one-fourth of Pennsyl- vania's forest reserves. But the value of care and watchfulness is evidenced by the fact that but 10,000 acres of State land, or i per cent, of the total, were injured by fire, the balance of the large areas being privately owned forests, which, al- though not State property, were part of its forest- covered territory and entitled to care by the people of this Commonwealth. The financial exigency which prevented an appropriation to carry out the legislation passed in 1913, providing a system of supervision over counties in which the State has no forest reserves, may be in part re- sponsible for much of the damage, but undoubtedly the callousness with which many citizens view the FOREST LEAVES. 181 destruction of the wooded property of others must be largely blameable. Although we may express mutual satisfaction upon progress made, there is no reason why our activities should lag or no ground for considering that the Association should limit its efforts. On the other hand a comparison of present condi- tions, and those which prevailed when the or- ganization was in its infancy, may encourage greater activity as we realize what is to be ac- complished. Many of those whose influence and generosity have made possible the satisfactory record of achievement have given these for terms measured in decades, and while their loyalty and assistance in the future is assured, others must soon assume the work. Are we using the com- paratively younger element so as to maintain the Association and continue its efforts ? The Committee on Publicity and Education, which was authorized at the last annual meeting, has taken steps to interest the Boy Scouts and other kindred organizations, and is endeavoring to raise a fund to provide lectures upon forestry. Owing to the absence of the Chairman of this Committee information concerning the definite status of the work is not available. If personal reference may be excused. I may say that the question of our successors has for years been responsible for the suggestion of a change in the presidency — a suggestion which during the past year was strongly urged upon my col- leagues. The many protests received in con- ference and by letter are most gratifying, and the friendly expressions of confidence are appreciated. But the request that some one be selected to take the place, which for a long time I have tried to fill, was not made because of flagging interest, nor to be relieved of duties which at times have had to be performed by considerable sacrifice. It was inspired solely by a desire to have the good work of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association con- tinue under the direction of one whose expecta- I tion of future service is greater than that of my- ! self, and of some who have for more than a quarter century supported your president. The warm expressions of confidence, and the words of friendship and appreciation received are worthy of gratitude more than I can voice. I trust that the change suggested may be a subject of careful thought, and that future action may be that which is best for the organization freed from any per- sonal consideration. The policies which have , made the organization successful are those of the Council, and the President has been, and should i be, merely its representative. If the Association i has exerted powerful influence without political entanglements ; if its expenditures have been kept within its income and a surplus provided to protect life membership, the Council is to be credited, and none will be more averse to changes which will nullify the action of those who for years have directed our efforts than he who has so repeatedly been honored by election as your president. John Birkinbine, President. Report of the General Secretary. VARIOUS causes conspire to make the coming year one of vast importance to the forestry movement in Pennsylvania. The first to be mentioned probably is that the long predicted scarcity of timber has become an acknowledged fact, and that an unduly large proportion of what remains has already passed into the hands of large operators. This, no doubt, has led to public recognition of the importance of the forestry movement. Pennsylvania, long a leader in for- estry, must now have a care to retain the laurels gained as a pioneer in the movement. The wide- spread interest in the larger problem of conserva- tion must not blind us to the fact that forestry is still a specific cause and merits distinct attention. It is, therefore, well to look forward and care- fully block out our work with reference to the accomplishment of definite ends. This is the more important as our Legislature is to meet early in the coming year, and the well known interest of the Governor-elect in our work leads us to hope that the forestry interest will receive, at least, the usual careful consideration. Two important lines of policy were fixed by the last General Assembly, /. 2,798 48 . $2,119 42 156 00 $2,275 42 . 153,885 00 250 - CO z I UJ _ Qr Q 2 r: O UJ 00 Hi CO O CO UJ cc r a: O l- < o « o o UJ CO CO UJ 3 -^ CO h- UJ UJ UJ CD CO Z UJ 2k o UJ QC flC UJ o CO < o: ui UJ lU I Z ^ H - o I- a: < < »- 9 CO CO < o UJ 3r - O CO CO < H CO -» CO - -I O Q < UI —^ CO < O - c^ •- UJ Ui - K I- ^ «^ . nr - UJ UJ S UJ o Z H UJ Z -J Ui _i < UJ CO UJ < K UJ X < a. I I- UJ K ^ !^ Q O CO ui CO o ^ z 5 I < UJ K > } t I N i UJ UJ UI QC 00 UJ UJ H O < CO 13 Jo J^ < UJ z u- CO O 3 o I- z Z D UJ u. I o I- CO UJ I- :r 00 ^ CD UJ ^ QC ± CO h CO UJ UJ cr UI UI LL I I O »- H- z o 5 o Z UJ u. q: z UJ ~ > I- UJ O O CO UJ ~; ^ _ -' UI O IJJ q: UJ l^ Q. a CO iaj o r^ •^ UJ o: > I ? 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CO UJ O ^ ^ •- O QC 00 h uj q: ^2 UJ Q u.' 00 UJ u. _ ^ O ^ < Q ^ I- UJ 2 t- K CO UJ UJ o O Q o: O O UJ ^ UI CO UI CO UJ CO o: UJ h - CO ui a: CO |_ 3 UJ O -J I ,^, O < K O X > o OQ INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 185 : cherry and an umbrella ; in consistency as jelly and wood ; in age as modern man and Methu- selah ; in color as the blackest Australian and the whitest Caucasian ; and in food habit as the an- cient cannibal and the modern dietetist. They are known by such popular names as mildews, moulds, toadstools, mushrooms, smuts, rusts, blights, wilts and rots. Each popular name re- fers to a rather indefinite group. At first glance many show very little resemblance to each other. Withal their wide variation and peculiar habits, they have two things in common which enable one to distinguish them from all other plants. (i.) They do not possess any green coloring matter, so common in ordinary plants, their prin- cipal colors being white, yellow, brown, red, and black. (2.) They reproduce by means of spores, very small and simple reproductive bodies which bear the same relation to fungi that seeds bear to the higher plants. Fungi have a wide range of food habits. They all agree, however, in not using inorganic food such as clay and rocks, but must have organic food such as vegetables, fruit, flesh, bone, and wood. Some fungi require living organic matter ; while others are satisfied with dead organic matter. The former are known as parasites and the latter as saprophytes. Dead and living organic matter is present almost everywhere, hence, fungi can be expected in almost any situation. They are, how- ever, rare in very dry situations because of an in- sufficient supply of moisture, and under great depths of water owing to an inadequate supply of oxygen. In general one may regard them as om- nipresent and omnivorous, because they are found practically everywhere and eat every imaginable kind of organic material. Unlike animals, they cannot move, hence, it is easier to determine the kind of food which they use. Like animals, fungi use only organic food, consequently the two become rivals in nature. One should remember, however, that while they are rivals, fungi are en- gaged chiefly in destructive, while animals and man are engaged largely in constructive processes. Not all fungi are destructive agents ; both malig- nant and beneficent species can be found. Some of them rot manure, thus making it available for plant food ; others cause potatoes to decay, thus destroying a valuable commercial product. In this era of enlightenment every farmer and forester should aim to familiarize himself with fungous friends and foes so as to be able to utilize the former and destroy the latter. Wood is one of the commonest organic prod- ucts attacked by fungi. Next to food and clothing it is the most indispensable product of nature. It is used as a necessity or convenience from the cradle to the grave. Formerly the supply of wood was thought to be inexhaustible, but is now known to be limited, and the source of our future timber supply is becoming an acute and vital question. Fast-vanishing forests and ever-rising lumber prices are couriers of this fact. In order to insure an adequate future supply of wood we must not only increase the productivity of the forests, but also decrease the consumption of their products. Con- sumption comprises both use and luaste. It may be said that the people of the United States are the most wasteful in the world. We are wasteful in living, in manufacturing, and in conserving our natural resources. Until the present time al- most every industry in the whole country was the very synonym of waste and extravagance. One of the most wasteful leaks in farming and the wood industry is decay or rot. The rotting of wood is natural but not inevitable. It can be checked, and in many cases absolutely stopped. If a farmer was robbed of wood by another man no means would be spared to bring the ofl'ender to the bar of justice. If his painted fence was being gnawed by a horse, or trees girdled by rabbits, he would move heaven and earth to punish or bag the culprit, yet re- mains passive and perfectly calm while rot, a far more effective and destructive agent, is operating before his eyes. Rotten wood or wood in the process of rotting is one of the most commonplace objects about the farm. It can be found in the shingles of the roof, the floors of the house and stable, fence posts, fence rails, implements, wagons, tools, standing timber, fruit and ornamental trees, logs, stacked lumber, lima bean poles, grape arbors, in fact practically everywhere. In order to become fami- liar with the process by which rotten wood is produced, it is necessary to know the life history of the causative organisms. To do this we may begin with the most conspicuous stage in the life history of one of these destructive agents. Most people have seen the shelf-, hoof-, or crust-like punks upon standing trees, logs or stumps. These are the fruiting bodies of fungi. They are not the whole fungus, but only a part of it ; the outward symptoms of an interior damage that has been done or is now going on ; the result and not the cause of the rot. They are the outgrowth of another part of the fungus operating within the material upon which they appear. The fruiting surface, /. e., the surface producing the spores, is found on the lower side of the fruiting bodies or punks. An examination of this side will show that it is usually marked with pores, gills or teeth. Those with a porous lower surface are the commonest. The pores may be small, very numerous, incon- spicuous and round in outline, or sometimes rather 186 FOREST LEAVES. large, conspicuous and honey-combed or labvrinth- like in outline. Upon the inner surface of these pores the spores are produced. Spores are analogous to the seeds of higher plants ; are very small in size, cannot be seen with the naked eye, and are produced in great numbers. A careful study of a single fruiting body of a shelf-fungus has shown that in the course of a season it shed about 100,000,000,000 spores ; that it shed 9,000,000 spores in one hour during the fruiting season ; and that from a single pore or tube 1,700,000 spores fell during the fruiting season. Among the fungi are found the most prolific organisms known to man. The spores are scattered chiefly by the wind. Only a few of every thousand find lodgement favorable for growth. The rest are destroyed. The few which by chance happen upon favorable growth condi- tions soon begin their development. The germination of a spore is somewhat an- alogous to that of a bean. The spore-covering bursts open, and from it will come forth a thin thread-like structure known as a hypha (meaning a web). An individual filament is called a hypha, and a mass of hyphae is termed a mycelium. An individual hypha cannot be seen with the naked eye, but as the development continues the hyphae hang together and form white felt-like masses of mycelium so common in decaying wood. These hyphae ramify through the wood, penetrate the cell walls, consume the cell contents, and in some cases the cell walls themselves. After they have consumed all the available, or at least the desir- able material, often little remains except a homo- geneous powdery or sometimes spongy mass of material which crumbles readily under little pres- sure, and varies in color from white through brown and red to black- and white-spotted. At the earliest stages the mycelium of a wood-de- stroying fungus obtains its nourishment from a few cells. During the process of development it gradually permeates more cells, and in time it may ramify through the greater part of a tree and reduce the vvood to what is commonly known as decay. The growth of a fungus is similiai to that of a tree. The roots of a seedling penetrate only through a relatively small volume of soil, in com- parison with the root system of a mature tree, so the hyphae of a fungus in their early stages of de- velopment permeate only a small volume of wood tissue, but in their later development the affected volume is often enormous. The mycelium varies considerably in form. It may be like threads, strings, ropes, plates, or in a bulky cylindrical mass. When the mycelium is sufficiently mature, it produces fruiting bodies (^sporophores^ yZOmmoviXy known as punks, brackets, or shelves. A single fruiting body may be found upon a tree or there may be hundreds of them. Some are large and solitary ; others small and gre- garious. A tree may be attacked by only one or a number of different kinds at the same time. All wood-destroying fungi cannot live indiscriminately in all kinds of trees. Only a few attack any and all trees within their reach. They have distinct predilections for certain kinds of trees, and often for only special parts thereof. The fruiting bodies of some fungi are annual ; others are perennial. The former are most abundant in late summer and autumn while the latter live from year to year, and may be found in winter as well as summer. The annual fruiting bodies grow rapidly, and at the end of the growing season are destroyed by insects, or they fall off and rot. The perennial are slower in growth, but increase from year to year. The dimensions and age of perennial fruit- ing bodies are of considerable value in determining the extent to which the disease has progressed within. A small and young fruiting body indi- cates a less advanced stage of the rot within than does a larger and older one. The chief function of fruiting bodies is the production of spores. The production of spores brings us to the point from which we started to develop the life history of a wood-destroying fungus. Most species fol- low approximately such a cycle. The best way to handle disease is to prevent it. The first rule of prevention is an elimination of the source of infection. This means sanitation of the forest. The fruiting bodies are the chief sources of infection, and should be removed from the host and burned. The destruction of the fruiting bodies will prevent the production and dissemination of spores which are usually pro- duced by the millions. In case a great number of fruiting bodies occur upon a tree, then the entire tree should be cut down. If the wood is still sound it may be used, but it should first be thor- oughly seasoned or impregnated so as to prevent a further development of the disease. If the wood, however, is punky, indicating that the de- cay has advanced rather far, then the whole trees should be burned. Every dead tree sooner or later is attacked by rot ; therefore, as soon as a tree dies it should be harvested so as to prevent the deterioration of its wood and the consequent infection of other trees from it. Trees should not be allowed to become very old or hypermature, because they are then very susceptible to infection, lacking the necessary resistance to offset attack. Some trees are inherently more resistant than others. The species that are least subject to at- tack should be favored. Mixed stands have an advantage over pure, because some species of FOREST LEAVES. 187 ) ' K (t fungi are confined to one species of tree. Rarely does a fungus attack all the species in the mixture, hence at least a part of a mixed stand is immune from attack. — • The second rule of prevention is the avoidance of wounds upon trees, as most of the wood-de- stroying fungi gain entrance to trees through wounds. These may result from artificial prun- ing, careless felling, transportation, collection of fruit, windbreak, etc. A tree may be felled in such a direction that a neighboring tree is injured by breaking a branch or knocking off bark. In all such cases the exposed wound surface should be coated with some antiseptic such as creosote, or if this is not available, ordinary paint may be applied. Antiseptics are applied to prevent the germination and establishment of the spores, which are carried about by the wind in great num- bers. Cutting in summer time should be reduced to a minimum, because at this season the trees are easily wounded, the spores abundant, and the wounded surfaces very susceptible to infection. Trees should be carefully protected from fire. Fungi often do their greatest damage in the wake of fire. Fire is the forerunner, and prepares the trees for infection by injuring the bark and ex- posing the woody tissue within. Insects boring into the bark permit the entrance of spores to the living tissue within, and also often carry the spores, by this means acting as dispersal agents of the disease. Improvement cuttings should be made whenever possible and wherever practical, removing diseased and abnormal trees. Such trees are sources of infection and at the same time utilize energy which the healthy trees ought to have to withstand infection. Forest and house- hold hygiene have many principles in common, the application of which determines the welfare of the human and tree communities. Every farmer and woodland owner can do much towards improving his woodland areas by simply cutting out all damaged material and carrying on the cut- ting operations with as much care as possible. This will result not only in more sanitary but also in more productive forests. The more intense the utilization is, th<^ cleaner the forests usually are. The forests of Germany, which have been care- fully managed for more than a century, are sani- tary, attractive and productive, and stand in strong contrast with those of the United States which are usually the reverse. Fungi are a constant menace to standing trees and a certain evil to fallen trunks, broken stems, logs and manufactured lumber. The latter should be removed from the forest as soon as possible, as decay begins to operate in a very short time. A log left lying in the wood for a few j months may bear two, three, or more kinds of I fungi, and many individuals of each kind. One i kind may be operating upon the heartwood and I others upon the sapwood. Millions of dollars ! worth of wood has rotted in the log in every State I in the union. The logs often lie in wet situations, which are favorable to the establishment and de- velopment of fungi, because they require at least 20 per cent, of moisture in the material upon which they grow. Where there is no water fungi will not grow. Taking the logs out of these damp situations and placing them in dry locations will retard decay. An enormous amount of cordwood rots annually. It should be stacked upon as dry situations as possible, where sunlight is abundant and air cur- rents constant or frequent, thus hastening the drying -out process and retarding decay. A fence post rots at the surface of the ground because there a sufficient amount of water and oxygen is pres- ent ; in the ground the oxygen is wanting, and above the surface of the ground the water is want- ing. A lima bean pole, for the same reason, rots near the ground. The weather-boarding on a house usually rots first at the ends of the boards where the water may be retained in the cracks. All wood, irrespective of its form or the use to which it is to be put should be kept dry. Proper seasoning and storage of wood are paying opera- tions. All crops and agricultural implements should be kept under cover. More plows, binders and hay-rakes rot out of use than wear out. All implements should be dry when stored away for the next season. They should be in dry places where a free circulation of air is possible. Some- times it may be necessary to pile some material, such as fence posts, rails, lumber and lima bean poles, in the open. They should be arranged so that the water will drain off freely during a rain, and where the sunlight is abundant and air cur- rents move freely. In this period of renaissance characterized by '* The New Freedom " and ** The New Nationalism, ' ' we should also have ^ ' The New Agriculture," characterized by a modern point of view which embodies among other valuable pro- cedures a watchful waiting for all destructive agents, and immediate attack upon them with the most modern means and the most effective ap- pliances. Paint is one of the most important preventa- tives of decay, having a dual utility. It prevents the entrance of decay into the wood and improves its appearance. In the pioneer days paint was costly and wood cheap. Now the reverse is the case. All buildings, except the cheapest and roughest, should be painted. Paint is often the visible in- dicator of a farmer's thrift, prosperity, progressive- 188 FOREST LEAVES. ness, and intelligence. Few farms that deserve to be called modern or up-to-date have unpainted buildings. The residence, barn, silos, sheds, poul- try houses, lawn fences, and even the dog kennels are painted. It would be doubtful economy to paint a very rough or a very cheap building. Likewise other classes of material are used upon the farm which it may not be practical to paint, such as posts and other parts of a fence. These are sometimes painted, but because of their roughness it is a rather expen- sive process. Preservative treatment applied to posts is preferable to paint, preventing not only the entrance of spores but also their development. The antiseptic qualities of the preservative pre- vents the development of the fungi not only upon the surface but also within the wood. As about 20,000,000 fence posts are used annually in the United States, in many regions desirable material is becoming scarce. Renewal of fence posts is expensive in both money and labor. Preservative treatment of them will at least double their period of service and sometimes triple it. Various kinds of preservatives are now within the reach of every farmer for the mere asking. Their cost is rea- sonable and the application simple. The farmer often can retard or even stop the rotting by fas- tening posts with stones rather than with ground, thus allowing drainage and consequently assisting in keeping the posts dry. Formerly wood was plentiful and cheap ; now it is becoming scarce and expensive. This ten- dency necessitates a judicious and not a promis- cuous use of such a necessary product. Farmers and woodland owners everywhere are awakening to the fact that they have been suffering from an enormous leak — decay. Formerly many of their farms and forests were mere rotting heaps of enormous quantities of wood material. Now a change is taking place. They are beginning to keep constant guard of their trees whether they be forest, fruit or ornamental. Places that are sources of infection are cleared by burning all rot- ten or half-rotten material. They are preventing the foe from making in -roads upon their property by fortifying it with paint and preservatives. Decay is a formidable foe, but it is conquerable. With a little enlightenment and practical experi- ence the modern farmer and forester will acquire the necessary strategy with which to execute pow- erful and paying counter-attacks against his num- erous and malignant fungous foes. Jos. S. Illick. The Canadian government is using Indian fire patrolmen to protect the forests of northern Manitoba. Reforesting Coal Lands. THE property of the Cambria Mining & Man- ufacturing Company, on which reforesta- tion is being practiced, consists of 5,000 acres of mountain land, in large part underlaid with coal, on the western slope of the Allegheny mountains near Portage, Cambria county, Penn- sylvania. As the coal was being removed and the property was thus becoming progressively less valuable the directors of the company concluded to reforest. A nursery was established on the property and each year seedlings are transplanted to suitable locations. Many years will elapse before the trees are of such size as to render them marketable, but when the coal shall have been exhausted there will remain valuable lumber interests. Planting was begun in the spring of 1909 — 12,000 two-year-old red oak seedlings, obtained from the nurseries of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, being set out. These were planted 6 feet apart both ways, occupying a space of 10^ acres in an old clearing on the point of the hill between Sonman village and Myra post office, by the main line of the Pennsylvania railroad. A barbed wire fence keeps cattle out and prevents trespassing. In the spring of 19 10 there were planted on an old farm, known as the Donohoe place, located i^ miles north of Sonman, 5,000 white pine transplants three years old ; also 3,000 shellbark hickory transplants two years old. These trees were spaced the same as those of the previous year. Two acres of ground on Bens Creek were cleared and fenced in for a nursery during the summer of that year. In the spring of 191 1 30 bushels of red oak acorns were placed in the oak plantation begun in 1909, spacing them five feet apart both ways. In that year 7,000 white pine and 2,500 shellbark hickory transplants, two years old, were set out in the Donohoe place. In the spring of 191 2 9,200 white pine seed- lings, two years old, were set out on the Donohoe place, and 2,200 white ash seedlings and 2,000 white pine seedlings, all from the company's nursery, were used to replace hickory and pine that had been frozen out. In the spring of 191 3 there were planted 10,600 white pine and 2,200 white ash seedlings, all two years old, from the company's nursery ; also 2,000 white pine seedlings were used to replace hickory that had frozen out. In the spring of 19 14 there were set out at the Donohoe place 12,500 white pine seedlings from the nursery. FOREST LEAVES. 189 . 'J In addition to the above, in the spring of 19 10, two small areas were planted, one of 1.7 acres opposite the nursery, the other of 2 acres in what is known as the '' 20 acre piece * ' in the east end of the property. Both these pieces were planted with red oak acorns, five feet centers each way. Neither of these grew well, and both have been replanted by filling the vacant spaces with white ash in the 2 acres and white pine in the 1.7 acres. There are between 60,000 and 70,000 strong, thrifty, two-year-old, white pine trees at present (November, 19 14) in the company's nursery ready to set out next spring. A recapitulation of the above will show that there are now 96,800 red oak, of which 12,000 are eight years old, and the remainder five years ; 44,300 white pine, of which 5,000 are eight years, 7,000 are six years, and 32,300 are from three to five years old ; 4,400 white ash, from three to four years old; 5,500 shellbark hickory, 3,000 eight years old, 2,500 seven years old. The total areas planted are : red oak, 80 acres ; white pine, 28 ; white ash, 3.6 ; and shellbark hickory, 4.5 acres. The white pine grows much better in this loca- tion than the deciduous trees. Of the latter the white ash seems to be the most vigorous, then the red oak, followed by the shellbark hickory. The Chestnut Tree Blight. THE final report of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission has just been issued, covering operations from January 1 to December 15, 191 3, containing much inter- esting information. It states that in Pennsylvania the chestnut is especially valuable, standing in intimate relation to many of the leading industries of the State. It comprises at least one-fifth, possibly one-third, of the timber. It is naturally adapted to poor, hilly land not suited for agriculture, and will produce profitable yields of extract wood, fence posts, rails, etc., in 25 to 30 years; and ties, poles, and saw timber in 40 to 50 years. Because of its compar- atively rapid growth, its superior ability to per- petuate itself by means of sprouts, and the great variety of its uses, the chestnut may be considered the most important forest tree in the State. The ease with which chestnut can be managed accord- ing to the principles of forestry made it, before the appearance of the blight, one of the principal species depended upon to solve the problem of the future timber supply of the State. On steep slopes, where the per cent, of chestnut is high, serious deterioration, washing of the soil, and reduction in water supply will undoubtedly follow the destruction of the chestnut trees. It is believed that the loss already sustained in this Commonwealth through the partial destruc- tion of the chestnut amounts to ^{70,000,000, of which the greater portion was borne by eastern Pennsylvania timberland owners. It is the belief that the blight came from north- eastern China, being introduced in the neighbor- hood of New York city. The history of the disease in this State is given, and the fight to save the chestnut described. These have already been detailed in earlier issues of Forest Leaves. No specific remedy has yet been found, but the disease may be largely prevented from entering healthy trees by constant and regular spraying with Bordeaux mixture, made up in the propor- tions of 5 pounds of lime, 5 pounds of copper sulphate, and 50 gallons of water. The applica- tion of this mixture simply prevents the germina- tion of spores, but has no effect where the disease has already started in the tree. On account of the cost this would not be applicable in the forests. It is stated that several species of beetles have been found which eat the spores of the blight fungus, and may prove an important factor in the natural control of the disease. The Commission says that from the first it adopted the theory that the disease was of foreign origin and hence to be considered in the light of a dangerous invader. This view has since been amply justified. Pennsylvania was the first State to treat the epidemic seriously, but by the time the Commission was able to begin work the disease was spread over the eastern half of the State too completely to make its eradication there possible. In the western half the best course available, and in fact the only method that has been proposed at all for control of the disease, was that of cutting out the advance infections. While this method is open to many criticisms, nothing better has been proposed even to the present time. The progress of the disease in the western half of the State has been set back five years, and west of the line extending from Bradford to Somerset counties there is little infection, and what there is dates from 191 3. There is no reasonable doubt that the disease could have been kept in statu quo indefinitely, had the work of cutting out continued. These methods developed by the Commission are now in active use in the States of Virginia and West Virginia, where the campaign of eradication is being vigorously pursued. The Commission by its example and by its direct efforts, assisted in securing Congressional and State appropriations, and practically all of the scientific work which was done on this disease 190 FOREST LEAVES. since 19 lo was made possible by its efforts. A national law was passed which requires strict inspection of all imported nursery stock and the prohibition from entry of certain classes of stock, which makes the repetition of such an event as the importation of the chestnut blight impossi- ble, or at least highly improbable. Maps show the infections found in the State as a whole, also in various localities, while a number of illustrations depicting various forms of the disease add to its value. The report closes with a bibliography of the chestnut bark disease, and those interested should send for a copy of it. Fall Forest Fires in Monroe County. THE Pocono Protective Fire Association of Monroe county, about the middle of Sep- tember, renewed its co-operation with the Department of Forestry by the appointment of three patrolmen ; the cost of maintenance being divided between the Association and the Depart- ment. Subsequently three more patrolmen were provided through the personal effort of the District Forester, John L. Strobeck, who succeeded in securing private subscriptions to furnish part pay- ment of their salaries. The excellent service ren- dered by these six men has convinced the directors of the association that a most important advance had been made for the protection of the woods in Monroe county when the law was passed by the last General Assembly, providing for a co-opera- tive system of fire patrol. The prolonged drought of the autumn of 19 14 brought many fires, and some of them were exten- sive. Yet the acreage burned over was not much greater than that which suffered during the spring fire season, as reported in the October number of Forest Leaves. The total number of fires was 49 ; the total area burned over amounted to 5,175 acres. The causes of fires, as given in the reports of the wardens, were: unknown, 16 ; railroads, 22 ; hunters, 4 ; camp fires, 2 ; evergreen pickers, 2 ; brush burning, 2 ; huckleberry burning, i. It is interesting to note that 19 of these fires were extinguished by patrolmen without assistance or extra cost. The expenditure by the State for fighting these fires was but $338.59, including the cost of the patrol service, which amounted to $285.08. The Pocono Protective Fire Association contri- buted for patrol $183.63, and private subscribers $^^3 33'} total amount expended for patrol ser- vice $582.94. W. R. F. A Pennsylvania gun company is using the waste pieces of black and Circassian walnut, left after veneer cutting, for gun stocks. In the State of Washington a fallen red cedar ^og, 5^ feet in diameter, contained 23 rings to the inch, and was estimated as having been 2,200 years old. Over it grew three large cedars, the largest ioj4 feet in diameter, estimated as being 1,500 years old. When the fallen cedar log was cut it was found sound, and utilized for shingle bolts. In Blair county, Pennsylvania, some young white pines have been attacked by pine bark aphids. These are like the woolly aphids in so far as that both secrete a material which forms the I woolly like structure over the insects. If this I covering is carefully removed the minute aphid or I plant louse may be seen beneath. When these insects become very numerous on pine trees they withdraw considerable sap, and the result is that the trees become sickly or may even perish. In this latitude the eggs are laid the latter part of April or the first part of May, and the young may be found crawling during latter month. Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Geologist, says that at this time the insect can be most successfully destroyed by thoroughly spraying the trees with a solution of one pound of whale oil soap in about four gallons of water. An unusually effective demonstration was given at the State Ranger School at Wanakena, N. Y., of the value of dynamite in stopping forest fires, which are burning in heavy, peaty soils, and which can be stopped only by trenching. Many serious conflagrations in the Adirondacks have resulted from fires which have smouldered for weeks in peat, and often after the fire fighters had thought all fires had been put out. Such slow burning fires have done vast damage, and it is time that effective means were taken to insure the entire putting out of a fire at the time fire fighters are on the ground. By the explosion of fifty pounds of dynamite, under the direction of the Dupont Powder Company, a deep trench was made in front of an advancing fire, which had been set by the Ranger students, and it was shown that in ten to fifteen minutes time dynamite could be so set as to be absolutely effective in the pre- vention of such a fire. In the presence of high wind or in very light soil, it is probable that dynamite will not prove especially effective, but in heavy, peaty soils this demonstration seems to prove that an explosion will be unusually effective in our fire fighting. FOREST LEAVES. 191 '' i I. HANDBOOK OF TREES opened at Red Oak. Observe THAT TWO PAGES FACING EACH OTHER ARE DEVOTED TO A SPECIES. Lines in background indicate square inches. " A perfectly delightful book. A source of inspiration to every lover of trees.— *Tourtt a I of Education. " The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out of a total ot some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." —Dean Alvord, New York HANDBOOK OF TREES of the Northern States and Canada. Photo-descriptive. By Romeyn Beck Hough. Shows the fresh leaves, fruits, branclilets and barks photographed to a scale with the vividness of reality. Distributions are in- dicated by individual maps and wood- structures by photo-micrographs. Other information in text. All species of the region are covered. Price : In buckram binding, ^6 ; in half-morocco, $^, delivered. oo'^^y'^M ^^.J'"®..?'^^"^ unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees"— Melville Dewey rres't rt, Libra ty AH8*n. •* Indispensable for all students of trees." —Botanical Gazette. " Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its Illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of the oriKiual."— JVf'w> Yorh Times. " Unique, beautiful, and extremely useful De- serves a place in the library of every tree-lover." uxT^*v,- V, * . .. , —The Dial. •Nothing but praise for the work." .. ^ . ^ —The Nation, It is doubtful it any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this handbook." — St. Louis Lumberman. " The most ideal handbook I have ever seen. A model in treAtmeiit and execution."— C. Hart Merriani, LEAF KEY TO THE TREES. By Romeyn Beck Hough. A compact pocket-guide in flexible covers, convenient to carry in pocket or hand-bae when vou ^o afield Prin« 75 cents. Included with the HANDBOOK or AMEK iCAN WOODSwithout ex?ra charge ^ * ' AMERICAN WOODS. Illustrated by Actual Specimens. By Romeyn Beck Hough. The specimens of woods used in illustrating this work are in the form of thin sections showing transverse, radial and tangential views of the grain. These, when examined in transmitted light, reveal dis- tinctive characters and points of interest that are a revelation. An accohipanying text gives full information as to uses, properties, distri- butions, characters, etc. The work is issued in Parts, each covering 25 species. Price: $5, per Part in cloth binding; $7.50 in half- morocco. AMERICAN WOODS is of great interest and value to all who are interested in or desire to be able to reco^ize the various woods and learn alxjut them. The strongest of testimonials to its value lies in the fact that its author has been awarded, by the Franklin lustisute of Philadelphia, the special Elliott Oresaon Gold Medal on account of its production. Mounts of Woods for the Microscope, showing transverse, radial, and tangential sctions under a single cover-glass. Invaluable in the study of wood-technology. Highly endorsed for laboratory study. We have recently supplied 1,500 to a single school. Mounts of Woods for Stereoptlcon and Stereopticon Views of Trees, their characteristic fresh leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, and branchlets. Invaluable for illustrating lectures and talks on trees. VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS DISPLAYED. Observe that the THREE SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF A SPECIES ARE MOUNTED TOGETHER AND THAT THE ILLUSTRATIVE PAGES ARE SEPARABLE TO FACILITATE EXA- MINATION. Exhibits of our lines may he seen at the following addresses : Office of PA. F0BE8TRT ASSOCIATION, PERMANENT EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT 1012 Walnnt St., PHILADELPHIA. PA. ^ 70 6th Are., Cor. 13th St., NEW YORK. Office of FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, Esq., 900 F St. N. W., Suite 519-521, WASHINGTON, D. C. You are cordially invited to call and inspect the one most convenient to you or to write for particulars and samples to ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY, Box G, Lowville, N. Y. 192 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry' — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 30 minutes rom Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application* JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Hatter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES : The Bishop op the Diocese of Pennsylvania, PrmderU, Samuel F. Houston, Vtce-PfMident. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DI8STON. EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES. PRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KBLLT. PRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MoCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEPFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-tliree graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions.