Title: Forest leaves, v. 21 Place of Publication: Philadelphia Copyright Date: 1927 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg063.4 Volume I I 1 DEPARTMENT Cf forestry STATE College i \ h U ( t PIPARTMENT or FORESTRY STATE COLLEGE PUBLISHED BY THE _ PENNSYIVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCl PHILADELPHIA. PA. ^^ i' ! i I' JRE CONTENTS Many Pennsylvania Communities Get Their Pure Water Supplies pao» from the State Forests pSS' Mr. Pack's Generous and Efficient Aid in the State Forest Bond Cam- paign 1 Governor Pinchot's Biennial Message 1 • Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ- ation 2 Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 3 Treasiu-er's Report 7 Shifting Land Ownership Chief Obstacle to Forestry 7 Forest Fire Towers in Pennsylvania 8 Location of State Forests 8 Fifty Years Ago 9 Proposed Mad River Notch Reservation in New Hampshire 10 Favorable Forest Fire Season Breaks All Records 11 Law Forbids Collection of Evergreen Material on Private Land 12 American Forest Week 12 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to ditseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both Stale and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the Stale of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 130 South 13th Street. Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents, Robt.S.Conklin, J. F. Hendricks, Samuel L. Smedley. Mrs. David Reeve*. Treasurer and Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Henry Howson, LAW— Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman George F. Craig. Hon. Marshall Brown, FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher. Chairman H. W. Shoemaker. J. Rodman Paul. LAW— Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price. Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Bitler. Mrs. David Reeves, Miss Mary K. Gibson. MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt. Chairman J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Cary, Joseph S. Ulick, Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Harrison Souder. WORK — Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman Miss Ethel A. Shrigley. E. E. Wildman. J. Franklin Meehan, FOREST LEAVES POLISHED Bl-MONTHLY Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 1 PHILADELPHIA. FEBRUARY. 1927 Whole Number 236 MR. PACK'S GENEROUS AND EFFICIENT AID IN THE STATE FOREST BOND CAMPAIGN MR. CHARLES LATHROP PACK, of Lakewood, N. J., has deservedly a world- wide reputation as a supporter of for- estry and he is taking an active interest in the effort of our Association to bring practically be- fore the people of Pennsylvania the importance and value to the State of the proposed bond issue to enable the State to add to its Forest Reserves, making the grand total about five mil- lion acres of land fit for forest culture but not adapted to agriculture and now vacant. He is today sending out throughout the coun- try many thousands of his able summary, the Forestry Primer, from the office of the American Tree Association in Washington, D. C, of which he is President, and in Pennsylvania, working with our Association, he is paying the entire cost of placing the Primer in the hands of the public and parochial school teachers of the State; in the consultation rooms of the dentists and phy- sicians of the State; in the hands of all minis- ters and priests of the State, the public libraries and elsewhere. Of course, the intensive work of the campaign will come in 1928, in which year the vote on the Constitutional Amendment au- thorizing the Forest Bond Issue will be held, but prior to that time it is proposed that a ''good humus,'' so to speak, of forestry infor- mation shall be spread among all classes of our citizens to be followed by our Association in 1928 with specific information and suggestions m regard to the vote to be taken in November of that year. Surely the generosity and practical aid of Mr. Pack in our Association's work in Pennsylvania will be appreciated by our mem- bers. OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION. 131 S. FIFTEENTH STREET. PHILADELPHIA In one year 65 acres of forest or 41,175 giant trees werei used in making postage stamps. Had these trees been converted into lumber, 65 bunga- lows could have been built. GOVERNOR PINCHOT'S BIENNIAL MESSAGE ON Tuesday, January 4th, when Governor Pinchot delivered his address before the Legislature, he made reference to the for- ests, game and fish interests of Pennsylvania as follows : "For the first time since extensive lumbering be- gan in this Conunonwealth, forest growth has caught up with and now exceeds the loss from fire. This is directly due to our effective State-wide forest fire organization, which is today the best in the United States, not even excepting that of the Federal Government. "The true test of efficiency in such an organiza- tion is the size of the average forest fire. In these four years it has been reduced to forty-eight acres. The best previous record was seventy-eight acres in 1921. For 1916-1920 it was 142 acres, and for 1913-1915 it was 339 acres. Pennsylvania now has an admirable system of fire towers, and more than 800 forest fire wardens have been added dur- ing this Administration. ^ ^ No other State has initiated so comprehensive a plan of State forest acquisition, and none needs it more. Although the time is near when we must depend on our own supplies or go without, Penn- sylvania now grows only one-fifth of the timber she uses. "The largest number of forest tree seedlings ever distributed by the department in one year (10,- 000,000) were sent out in 1926. In 1927 this large figure will be doubled. "Pennsylvania is now the best game state in the Union. In 1925 the State produced about 5500 tons of wild game for food valued at something like $5,000,000, and the amount of game available to sportsmen is steadily increasing. "All this is due mainly to our system of game refuges. It is also due to the work of the commis- sion, to a general revision and codification of the game laws adopted in 1923, and especially to bet- ter and more willing observance of the law by the hunters of the State. Only two-tenths of 1 per cent, of convicted offenders against the Game Laws ■ 'f i If FOREST LEAVES are licensed sportsmen, and at least one-quarter of these are men who voluntarily give themselves up when they have killed unlawful game by mistake. "The sportsmen of Pennsylvania are giving more and more attention to the advancement of sports- manship in game protection and law observance, and also to the prevention of forest fires, the ex- tension of our State forests, and the purification of our streams. The work which the hunting and fishing associations of Pennsylvania are doing in these directions deserves the commendation of the whole Commonwealth. "More than 525,000 hunting licenses were issued in 1926. It is remarkable that the State, which has the largest number, of hunters and the largest an- nual bag, should nevertheless continue to have the largest amount of game. "The fishing situation in Pennsylvania can be looked at in two ways. One is that the propaga- tion, distribution and protection of fish has reach- ed a new high mark during the last four years, when more than 1,120,000,000 fish were turned loose in the waters of Pennsylvania. Moreover, while in 1923 a total of 168,000,000 were dis- tributed, the distribution n the first eleven months of 1926 was 326,000,000.'' NARRATIVE OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held in the Gray Room of the City Club, 313 South Broad Street, Philadelphia^ on Monday, December 13th, at 3 P. M. President Drinker in the chair. The reading of the minutes of the last annual meeting was dispensed with. The president spoke of the work of Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack in gratuitously distributing to the 55,000 public school teachers in Pennsylvania copies of the *' Forestry Primer.'' Mr. Pack pro- poses to also supply the Asaociation with 25,000 additional copies to be sent to the parochial and private school teachers, and' the ministers of all denominations in Pennsylvania, also to pub- lic libraries, etc. The following resolution was adopted : * * The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, at this its Annual Meeting, desires to express to Charles Lathrop Pack its thanks for, and high apprecia- tion of, Mir. Pack's support and very liberal financial aid in the work of the Association, look- ing to the information of the people of Pennsyl- vania in regard to the important forestry ques- tions before the public, and particularly in regard to the proposed forest bond issue to be voted on in 1928." The reports of the Council and the Treasurer were then read and approved. These will be found on other pages of this issue. The Committee on Nominations presented its ballot. Messrs. Samuel Marshall and Dr. H. A. Rothrock were appointed as Tellers of Election, and collecting the ballots declared that the fol- lowing officers were unanimously elected to serve during the coming year. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, J. Freeman Hendricks, Mrs. David Reeves. Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. Recording Secretary and Treasurer, P. L. Bitler. COUNCIL Adams County, Miss Mira L. Dock. Allegheny County, H, M. Brackenridge, Frank J. Lanahan, George M. Lehman, Hon. Walter Lyon, John E. Potter. Beaver County, Robert W. Darragh. Berks County, Mrs. Edward Brooke, Dr. Geo. G. Wenrich. Blair County, F. Woods Beckman. Bradford County, Miss Margaret Stewart Maurice. Bucks County, Mrs. EUzabeth F. James, Henry C. Mercer. Butler County, Dr. J. Linwood Eisenberg. Cambria County, P. L. Carpenter. Cameron County, Josiah Howard. Carbon County, A. C. NeumuUer. Centre County, Theodore D. Boal, Prof. J. A. Ferguson. Chester County, Robert G. Kay, Miss Esther G. Leggett, Dr. H. A. Rothrock. Clarion County. Hon. F. L. Harvey. Clearfield County, W. F. Dague. Clinton County, Forrest H. Dutlinger. Columbia County, C. R. Woodin. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Cumberland County, J. S. Illick. Dauphin County, W. Gard. Conklin, Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, W. B. McCaleb, Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, Hon. Wm. C. Sproul. Erie County, Miss Dorothea K. Conrad. Geo. S. Ray, M.D. Fayette County, C. L. Snowdon. Franklin County, Edw. A. Ziegler, John R. Willliams. Fulton County, W. L. Byers. Greene County, M. E. Carroll. Huntingdon County, Mrs. J. C. Blair. Indiana County, Hon. Joseph O. Clark. Jefferson County, W. N. Conrad. Lackawanna County, Mrs. J. Benjamin Dimmick, Hon. L. H. Watres. Lancaster County, Hugh M. North. Jr. Lebanon County, William C. Freeman. Lehigh County, General Harry C. Trexler. J FOREST LEAVES Luzerne County, Dr. Alexander Armstrong, Cornelius B. Kunkle, Alvan Markle. William R. Ricketts, Samuel D. Warriner. Lycoming County, L. Clyde Smith. Mercer County, George Rettig. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Charles N. Thompson. Montgomery County, Mrs. Albert C. Barnes, C. P. Birkinbine, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Samuel Rea. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, J. Clarence Cranmer, Prof. R. W. Hall. Northumberland County, Charles Steele. Philadelphia County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Richard L. Austin, Owen M. Bruner, Miss Mary A. Burnham, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harshberger, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, Harold Pelrce, ._ Eli K. Price, John H. Webster, Jr. Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, Hon. Giflford Pinchot. Potter County. Harry E. Elliott. Schuykill County, A. C. Silvius. Snyder County, W. J. Bartschat. Sorrurset County, V. M. Bearer. Sullivan County, E. F. Brouse. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, Paul H. Mulford. Union County. Raymond B. Winter. Venango County, S. Y. Ramage. Warren County. A. J. Hazeltine. Wayne County, Hon. Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. D. J. Snyder. York County, Samuel Small. Jr. There was a discussion in regard to the pro- posed Forest Bond Issue for the purchase of wild lands in Pennsylvania for State Forests. Mr. Woolman made valuable suggestions relative to the steps necessary to secure a favorable vote in 1928. Mr. McCaleb said that at a meeting of sporting organizations the idea was advanced of increasing the license fee for hunting from $1.25 to $2.25, the extra dollar to be devoted to the purchase of wild lands in Pennsylvania. The sporting organizations, however, said that they had worked for the passage through the Legisla- ture of the proposed $25,000,000 bond issue and apparently are desirous of seeing this measure carried in 1928. Mr. J. F. Hendricks moved that a vote of thanks be given to Dr. Henry S. Drinker, -president, and F. L. Bitler, recording secretary, for their work aone in the forestry cause, and as a note of ap- preciation and confidence. On calling for a rising vote this was unanimously carried. On motion adjourned sine die. F. L. Bitler, Recording Secretary. REPORT OF THE OOUNOIL OF PENNSYL- VANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION DURING the year which has just closed for- estry in Pennsylvania has made satisfac- tory progress. In order to reach its full fruition the campaign of education must be push- ed for it is only in this way that our citizens can be aroused to the vital importance to the com- monwealth of having its millions of idle acres, good only for the practice of tree culture, put back into its former state in order that the now barren, flood producing hillsides may once more produce a crop of timber. This will not only supply cheap lumber for homes, but it will abo furnish labor to its citizens, perpetuate the lum- ber using industries of the state, afford good water supplies, recreation places for its people, good hunting and fishing, besides numerous other advantages. The amendment to the Constitution of Penn- sylvania authorizing a loan of $25,000,000 for the purchase of wild lands for State Forests, if favorably acted on by our citizens, will be a long forward step. This loan will be voted on in No- vember, 1928, and the Association is making preparations for a vigorous campaign in its be- half. Unlike all the other loans which will be voted on at that time, this Forest loan is an investment which will be constantly increasing in value, besides affording the many other benefits it will confer on our citizens. The administration of Pennsylvania State For- ests and the protection of its woodlands is vested in the Department of Forests and Waters. No appropriation for the purchase of forest lands has been made by the last two Legislatures, but the final title to 807 acres of land was com- pleted in 1926. The total acreage of the 21 State Forests is now 1,132,590 acres, purchased at an average of $2.26 per acre. The Department of Forests and Waters in order to furnish trees for planting denuded lands main- tains three large and one small forest tree nurs- eries, also in cooperation with State Institutions 9 additional small nurseries. They supplied over 9,000,000 seedling trees in 1926, and will make available 20,000,000 for planting in the spring of 1927. The last Legislature made an appropriation for the purchase of land for an additional tree nurs- ery. Under this act, the Department of Forests and Waters purchased the Miller Farm with an area of 102 acres near Sunbury, and established a large central tree nursery. ii FOREST LEAVES During" the past 28 years 36,254,284 trees have been planted on the State Forests, of which 560,525 were set out in 1926. For a decade and a half the Department of Forests and Waters has encouraged the planting of trees by private individuals and companies, by supplying planting stock at the cost of packing and transportation. To date 50,084,915 young trees have been supplied in this manner, of which 9,167>916 were furnished in 1926. In order to beautify the State roads, the De- partment of Forests and Waters has cooperated with the Highway Department in planting trees 60 feet apart on both sides of the highways ex- cept where prevented by obstructions. There have been set out in this way 16,570 trees, which in- cluded 5,446 replacements. The total cost of this tree planting was $25,270, of which $4,172 was paid by the Department of Forests and Waters and the Highway Department $21,098. The State Forests are becoming more popular as outing places for our citizens, and in order to add to their comfort, 38 public camping grounds have been established. These grounds are each equipped with a good water supply, a fire place, comfort station, garbage containers, tables and benches, together with space for tents. In^ addition leases are given to citizens who desire to erect permanent camp buildings, at a nominal rental. There are now 1,652 of these leases in effect, of which 186 were granted in 1926. Many visitors also camp at other points, visit the fire towers, or enjoy the fine gunning and fishing. It is estimated that 875,000 people were benefited by the State Forests in 1926. \ To protect the forests of Pennsylvania a Bureau of Forest Protection was established in 1915. A comprehensive system of protection was plan- ned and successfully carried out. A permanent organization has been built up for combating forest fires comprising 40 Foresters, 59 Forest Rangers and 3,800 Forest Fire Wardens. Perma- nent improvements have been made and first class fire fighting tools supplied. At points from which comprehensive views of forest lands can be secured observation towers have been erected, fitted with range finders, telephone connection, etc. There are now 112 observation stations in Pennsylvania 's primary forest fire tower system ; of these 108 are steel towers, 2 wooden towers and 2 bare knobs. One of the steel towers is situated across the Mason and Dixon line in Mary- land. There are 7 towers owned by other organ- izations, but used in cooperation with the De- partment of Forests and Waters. In order to more adequately protect and im- prove the State Forests a comprehensive system of roads and trails was inaugurated and there are now 1,286 miles of roads, constructed at a cost of $316,880, and 2,483 miles of trails, costing $60,127. There are also about 800 miles of tele- phone lines. The number of Forest Guides who cooperate in forest protection work is over 33,000 representing more than 1,100 Troops. The total number of general Departmental leases, covering timber sales, minerals, rights of way, etc., is now 850, a net increase of 44 during the year. At the very beginning of the year there were several days when the forest area of the State was not covered with snow and several fires oc- curred, one being over 100 acres. During the remainder of January and February the whole State was under a blanket of snow. In the north- ern part of the State the snow held on until after the middle of March, especially on the northern slopes. Some fires occurred in the southern and central parts of the State. There was little preci- tation in March but as there was very little wind the forest areas did not dry out. Snow fell the last of March and rain during the first half of April, so that the few fires which occurred were small and burned only the very surface of the forest fioor. Throughout the State generally, trout season opened April 15th with a clear, cold, windy day. Several fires occurred. Beginning with the last week of April there was a deficiency of rainfall over the entire State. High winds pre- vailed and by May 9th the forest was like tinder. Until the end of that week fires were general and numerous. Then local showers relieved the situ- ation to some extent but the northwestern comer of the State continued dry and serious fires re- sulted. High winds drove the flames and they could not })e suppressed. General rains came on the 22nd and from then on fires were scattered and small. Several State Foresters reported that they never saw fire conditions any worse than during the first two weeks of May. The number of fires reported as having oc- curred between January 1st and May 31st, inclus- ive, was 2,792. There were only 13 fewer than the number which was reported in the spring of 1923. The total area reported as having been burned over was 223,616 acres. This area was exceeded by the spring fires of 1913, 1915, 1917, 1920, 1922 and 1923. The average area per fire was 80 acres. There have been only two spring fire seasons— those of 1924 and 1925— when the average area per fire was less than this figure. In FOREST LEAVES 1921 the spring average per fire was 82 acres. During the spring period of 1926 there were several fires which reached a total area of ap- proximately 10,000 acres, and in one locality a number of fires burned together so that at the end of the spring season it was reported that at least 20,000 acres, in one solid block, was fire- scarred this year. The month of June was cool with frequent showers. Few fires occurred, and they were small, but during July a drought developed which be- came serious all over Pennsylvania. During the last two weeks of the month some fires occurred and they were difficult to suppress. Likewise during the first two weeks of August some few fires occurred, but they were small and of little consequence. From then until the first of No- vember frequent rains kept the woods in such condition that fires were not easily started. There were a very few fires during hunting sea- son. From June 1 to December 31 there were only 120 fires burning less than 1,000 acres. This is the very best forest fire season on record in Pennsylvania. In 1919 there were 122 fires dur- ing the corresponding period but they burned 12,821 acres. In addition to the general protection given to Pennsylvania's Forests by the Department of Forests and Waters, there are a number of local organizations engaged in this work. The Pocono Forestry Association is a flourish- ing body composed of persons who are interested in the Pocono Mountain Region, it not only com- bats forest fires, but also encourages tree plant- ing and forestry education. The Anthracite Forest Protective Association is composed of persons and companies who are land owners in the hard coal regions, one of the worst fire sections in the State of Pennsylvania, and they have done and are doing excellent work in the extinction of forest fires in that section. It also encourages tree planting, and has started a number of campaigns to interest the school chil- dren and others in forestry. Many of its mem- bers are engaged in forest tree planting. The Berks County Conservation Association, while aiding in fire extinction has devoted much time to tree planting, and a number of hundreds of thousands of young trees have been set out under its auspices, mostly by the school children. The Boy Scouts have also been interested in for- est fire fighting and tree planting. The Bucks County Forest, Fish and Game As- sociation is also much interested in tree planting, and has been endeavoring to have a wild tract ■ of about 5,000 acres on Haycock Mountain pur- chased and made into a State Forest. It is also active in the protection and propagation of fish and game. The Blair County Game, Fish and Forestry Association, as its name imples, is active in set- ting out game and fish in that county, as well as in forest protection. It has distributed a large quantity of game and fish. The McKean County Protective Association, and the Lycoming County Protective Association have aided in forest protection and propaganda. The Conservation Council of Pennsylvania is composed of forestry, gunning, fishing, farming and other organizations as well as private citizens. It aims to secure improved State legislation on forestry, game, fish and water supplies, etc. At present it is pursuing a campaign to prevent stream pollution. The Erie Branch of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association is furthering the work of this Associ- ation in Erie County, having an efficient presi- dent in Dr. George S. Ray. In this county is found Presque Isle, which affords a unique op- portunity for work in forestry, and game pro- tection. The Pennsylvania State Forest School at Mont Alto, which was established in 1903, to educate young men to care for State Forests of Pennsyl- vania has been doing great work, and most of the State Foresters who are caring for our forest areas received their education here. It has grown and prospered under the ideal conditions which exist here, and has been enlarged so that young men from other States can attend. In late years a personally conducted tour of some of the stu- dents has annually been made to Europe, where the forest practice of Germany, France, Switzer- land, Italy and other Continental forests, enabled them to see what is being done in foreign coun- tries. Pennsylvania State College has a course of study in farm woodlots which contain a large amount of timber; it also has Professors of Ex- tension Forestry. It has also established a Port- able Saw Mill Week, where farmers and others are given practical instruction in the use of port- able saw mills. Lehigh University has an Arboretum and is continuing its work of reforesting its denuded woodlands on South Mountain. The records which are obtained here will serve as valuable object lessons as to results which can be secured from different tree species. Numerous Normal and High Schools, as well as FOREST LEAVES other educational institutions, grive short courses or talks on forestry. The Pennsylvania State Grange, gunning and fishing clubs, the public press and others have aided in forwarding the forest propaganda in Pennsylvania. The large coal mining and water companies are interested in reforesting their extensive land holdings, and many of them have secured trained foresters to aid in this work. Spring and Fall Arbor Days have been well observed by appropriate exercises, and this serves to keep the young people who will one day be- come citizens interested in forestry. The chestnut tree blight has continued its rav- ages in Pennsylvania as well as in adjoining States. No remedial measures have been found to combat this insidious disease, and we can only hope that nature itself may in due course furnish a blight-resistant type. The white pine blister rust has been reported in some few localities in the State, but this is easily controlled, and will not prove a menace to young white pine forests. The Japanese beetle, which started near River- ton, N. J., has, however, been spreading in the eastern section of the State and the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture has established strict quaran- tine rules in the endeavor to localize its depreda- tions. The Allegheny National Forest in Warren, Mc- Kean, Forest and Elk Counties on the headwaters of the Allegheny River, have been added to from time to time. There has been purchased or ap- proved for purchase to date 259,117 acres. In addition 20,870 acres of young timber on the upper watershed of the Lehigh River, which was one of the camp sites purchased during the late war, has been set aside by the War Depart- ment as the Tobyhanna National Forest. The Board of Game Commissioners now have 35 regular game refuges, 20 of which are on State Forests, 12 on lands purchased by the Board, and 3 on lands leased for a term of years. The total number of acres purchased by the Board is 92,588. There are also 67 auxiliary game refuges with a total of about 92,000 acres. Hunting rights only have been leased on these areas. These game refuges will add to the timber resources of Penn- sylvania. The Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association was held at Clarion, Pa., June 22nd, 23rd and 24th. On the evenings of June 22nd and June 23rd, sessions were held in the Court House and in the chapel of the State Normal School. Numerous interesting forestry addresses were made and three motion pictures were shown. On the 23rd a motor trip was made to Wilson's Woods on the Clarion River, where many old virgin white oaks were seen. The party then pro- ceeded to the Cook Forest of about 8200 acres of which from 500 to 600 acres are still covered with primeval forests, principally white pine and hem- lock. It is hoped that sufficient money can be secured by the Cook Forest Association to pur- chase and improve this tract, and then present it to the Commonwealth as a State Park. On June 24th an automobile trip was taken to the Clarion River Hydro Electric Plant, the dam and power house being inspected. The party then proceeded to the Fox Estate of 2000 acres, at Foxburg. Here some interesting tree plantations were seen, principally white pine planted in 1909, as well as Scotch and red pine, tulip, poplar, larch, spruce, hickory and black walnut. On the estate are some fine specimens of primeval oak, chest- nut, maple, ash, etc. Luncheon was served at the beautiful home of Miss Hannah Fox. The meeting was well attended and afforded an opportunity of seeing some of the best of the remaining primeval trees of Pennsylvania. On October 16th a meeting was held at West- town, Pa., under the auspices of the Westtown School and the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, to which all the school teachers of Chester and Delaware Counties were invited. They inspected the fine white pine, spruce, larch, tulip and pop- lar plantations, and then listened to a number of interesting addresses on forestry in the new open air auditorium. During the year 35 persons joined the Associ- ation, while the loss through death has been very heavy, 30 being reported deceased, including 6 members of Council, Alexander Brown Coxe, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Dr. William R. Fisher, Bayard Henry, M. S. Kemmerer and Judge George B. Orlady. The loss of these splen- did workers will be greatly felt for their timely aid and T^-ise counsel will be missed. There were also some resignations, leaving the present membership at 1055. It is important that our numbers should be augmented and we trust that all of our members will make earnest efforts to secure as many new members as possible. F. L. Bitler, Secretary. On January 8, 1927, the National Forest Res- ervation Commission authorized the purchase of 35,334 acres of additional land for Eastern Na- tional Forests. FOREST LEAVES TREASURER'S REPORT THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Fores- try Association ends December 1, 1926, and the statement of finances on that date was as follows : Treasurer's Statement to Dec. 1, 1926 Dr. To Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1925 $573.27 Cash, annual dues to Nov. 30, 1926 . . . 1,856.50 Cash, donations and subscriptions .... 622.00 Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and adver- tising 80.80 Cash, interest on life membership and Forest Leaves bonds and deposits.. 812.64 Cash, life membership fees 150.00 Total $3,995.21 Cb. By Cash, office expenses, postage, etc $115.00 Office rent 720.00 Publication of Forest Leaves 1,595.49 Assistant Secretary's salary 600.00 Expense of meetings 68.00 Life Membership Fund 150.00 Forest Leaves Fund 52.00 Membership in Pennsylvania Conser- vation Council 25.00 Expenses Membership Committee 100.00 Coupons Returned 45.00 Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1926 524.72 Total $3,995.21 Forest Leaves Fund Invested $2,821.42 In bank 78.00 $2,899.42 Special bequest for Forest Leaves invested $500.00 Life Membership Fund Invested $7,185.00 In bank 150.00 $7,335.00 General Fund Bequests, etc $6,118.38 F. L. Bitler, Treasurer. The U. S. Forest Service states that there are now between 3,000 and 4,000 technically trained foresters in the United States as compared with 500 in 1912. There are also about 1800 forestry students in the forest schools. SHIFTINa LAND OWNERSHIP CHIEF OBSTACLE TO FORESTRY SHIFTING forest land ownership is declared by Colonel W. B. Greeley, chief of the For- est Service, United States Department of Agriculture, in his annual report, to be the chief obstacle to the rapid spread of forestry, which requires stable long-time tenure of land. Large private forest holdings are particularly unstable, often being broken up after the timber) has been cut off; but there is strong evidence of a trend toward stability, according to the chief forester who characterizes the trend as the most significant feature of the present forest situation in the United States. . ' ^ The changing attitude of the forest industries and timberland owners is very significant. Open- minded lumbermen are coming to see that if they accept in good faith the idea of self-government in industry they must not ignore a public respon- sibility created by land ownership,^' declares Mr. Greeley. From the standpoint of stability, Mr. Greeley pointed out that the holdings of municipalities, small private owners, and the Federal Govern- ment rate relatively high, while State holdings vary from highly stabilized to wholly unstable. Large private holdings are in the main unstable, but with strong evidence of a trend toward greater stability. ''Not so long ago,*^ states Mr. Greeley, ''nearly all large private holdings of forest land were in unstable ownership, in the sense that the pro- prietors did not contemplate permanent retention of titles. The point of view of many lumbermen has been that they were engaged in an essential industry — the manufacture of lumber — which necessitated timberland ownership as the source of supply of raw material ; that their business was utilizing timber, not growing it; and that what might happen to the land after they were done with it did not concern them. That they should be regarded as destroyers instead of producers of wealth seemed to them a distorted, unfair, and monstrous idea. But what happens to the land is certainly of public concern. Open-minded lum- bermen are coming to see the responsibility cre- ated by land ownership, and it has imposed an obligation to weigh carefully, as business men, the methods of forestry. "The greatest single obstacle to the rapid spread of timber growing is unstable forest land ownership. It is represented by the land specu- lator, or the lumber company which intends to 8 FOREST LEAVES dispose; of its holdings when cut over, or a State without a policy of permanent forestry. The prosecution of research on a large scale and a large amount of educational work has been neces- sary to make known the best methods and induce those who would profit by using them, to under- take them. Public facilitation of timber grow- ing through the removal of obstacles and eco- nomic handicaps have been essentials of an ade- quate public program of forestry." The need for more public ownership of the forest land of the country is indicated by the re- port, which stated that ultimately public owner- ship and stable management of at least one-third of the total forest area would be found advis- able. However, the purchase of additional Fed- eral holdings in regions where local needs can be met by State and municipal forests or by the ex- tension of farm and industrial forestry, was de- clared as not desirable. Notable progress by the States during the past year toward a national policy of forestry is re- corded in the report. New York has more than 2,000,000 acres in State forests and parks, and is gradually adding more land through purchase. Pennsylvania has more than 1,000,000 acres in State foresta and parks and is contemplating ex- tensive further purchases. As a sutomary, twenty-nine States have either State forests or State parks, or both. While the past fire season has been exception- ally diflSlcult due to prolonged droughts and dry electrical storms, Mr. Greeley reports a greater degree of public cooperation for fire prevention was given than ever before. Airplanes were used on the far western forests for patrol when the atmosphere was too dense for effective observa- tion, and for reconnaissance of large fires. FOREST FIRE TOWERS IN PENNSYLVANIA THERE are now (January 1, 1927) 116 for- est fire towers in Pennsylvania. These -> towers stand on high places in all parts of the State, and are indispensable in the detect- ing and reporting of forest fires. They are con- nected with the headquarters of Foresters and Forest Rangers by 744 miles of telephone line. These permanent improvements are a bij,' factor in helping the forest fire fighting organization do its work efficiently. Of the 116 towers in the State, 111 are of steel construction, 3 wooden, and 2 are classed as bare knob lookouts. Most of the steel towers are 60 feet high and on their top carry a look- out cabin where the forest fire observer is sta- tioned during the spring and fall fire seasons. The accompanying maps show by black dots the location of the fire towers in the State, and an- other illustration shows the evolution of Penn- sylvania's fire towers from the bare knob to the wooden tower and finally to the modern steel tower which is serving effectively in the control of forest fires. LOCATION OF STATE FORESTS THE State Forests of Pennsylvania are lo- cated chiefly in the mountainous parts of the State, where most of the land is adapt- ed primarily to the raising of successive crops of forest trees. The accompanying map shows in black and white the location of the State For- ests and the table gives the acreage of the State Forests in each of the 29 counties in which forest land owned by the State is located : , County Atea (Acres) Adams 20,887 Bedford 10,756 Cameron 83,055 Carbon 435 Centre 79,388 Clearfield 65,069 Clinton 143,829 Cumberland 21,720 Dauphin 3,808 Elk 22,767 Franklin 34,878 Eulton 6,396 Huntingdon 62,431 Jefferson 5^681 Juniata 3^.534 Lackawanna 5,275 Luzerne n Lycoming 104,721 Mifflin 50,982 Monroe 6,400 Perry 29,468 Pike 58,370 Potter 158,785 Snyder 20,320 Somerset 6,198 Tioga 67,069 Union 54,193 Westmoreland 5,065 Wyming 1,177 Total 1,132,669 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 1 Photo. Courtesy of PennsylvanJa Department of Forests and Waters. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 1 ERIC CRAWFORD PENNSVLWNIA'S SYSTEM OF 104 FOREST FIRE TOWERS _L I pBtt CR, tlOOA 1. . i RADFORD ; SUSQUEHANNA! BEAVER / ^ALLE6HCNY ) ~7\ ./.NDIANA ./ ^ 7 <, •" T V^>— •S,A.<'"^^""^^«"-!^< V , r ^.WCAMBRIAJ . / / ^J^V^-:^^ /-^Ph.N^ X^ BERKS K < WESTMORELAND > h../i \ ■^•9% :^ \ LEBANON X / \° WASHINerON \— ^w^ V .^ • / >-^ / \ .x^K©^ /-^ v/' V' T^ '^ ^Vy / < "^y \ C^ 1 ^ LANCASTER f ■•^■'^■^^4^" / SOMERSET j BEDF10RD ( / \ '-^-^ ^-"V^ / CI ■) FAYETTE / . /FULTOnI V \ \ / 6REENC i '^ » \ • ■ /FRANKLIN j.^DAMS } YORK ^ } /^ -"^ CNIC WARRCN PENN8 YLVAN lA ■TATE rORCSTB JUNC 1 1826 J M« K t / • jT" i roRtST »"ft.m,w-" I n4CM«UI a BUCMAIMN 4 TUtCMUMM 4 HOTMMtCH ft LOCAN 6 riNN MOMT KkTO • MOtMAMMOM M srwouL II SINNFMAMOMtHQ U TIAOACMTOM U CLK 14 COMNrLAMTCn It SIMOUCHAMNOCH 17 VALLCV rONW ■ wciscn If DtUMMMMt JO WVOMINC il LMNAWAMN/I U rOKKCS MCACLITZIN MMITTMNNIMQ ItTATC rOMHT I 1 ' 1 FoRKST Leavks, Vol. XXI, Xo. 1 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 1 '^ » IMicito. Courtesy of Pemisylvaiila Hepartmeiit of Forests ami Waters. PENNSYLVANIA'S SYSTEM OF 104 FOREST FIRE TOWERS T ERIE \jjAo^^^.»J Mc KEAN I „*^,,„ ! • • 1 '; SUSQUEHANNaI I W/ARREN r • pBtTCR, I • * 1 BRADFORD \ CRAWFORD • • . • tlOOA I ! , I • I * ' 1 y- ^1 J L, [• • I i . r^ ^ — -^ WAYNE j ^ i FOREST I • \^ ■• -■^' ~jy^OWm( j / [cAt^ERO^-— 4^ • \ SULLIVAN / .^laCkAWANNAI / ^ X MERCER ■*-.-i >*— lAWBEHCE./ j i VENANGO |-r--| r^ ELK -^ - ■ . - v /clarion I ),.jr- i.y;,'-'^i°^ .V I • \ ■^j S-'"" "iS' l^COLUMBIA: , / ^ \ MO|JROE / ■^. i ./ I ^-^ a JEFFERSON^ LaWRCNCE/ IK j I • T ^-N V--' ^•■£'1 V COLUMBIA; , ( \ • r ^-.-.^r-j CLEARFIELD J * \ • .^i l/fWOOuik ^ /' * ^ I BUTLER ! I I /*^ ■-•-' yajNION(^i?5^'^>« >. • -- ' . < j ~1 • j'' CENTER ^./ .. :3^ 11 ,/ ~~-^. «ARB0N\ ^ ■ I ARMSTRONG J • r* ^ .^'"^ -^^^j '— ' 'j ^ * •J-'' beaver! j / ) i--^ -r^-'-'*' ^c.M>fDeR f '''^z* >; • X^--(northamptoi I r\. /■ / • / C' •'^ "i • < BLAIR s./^vN^V" . '-, V^.-/'^^^BRIAJ . / / ((5-V><^^ /dauPhIn' WESTMORELAND .• /> / ^ \ ^ • . ^ 4 WESTMOREL v.y f^ / / SOMERSET j BEDFORD ( ■ / . i /FULT0N4 N \ BERKS BUCKS^ / X.B LEBANON X ■ AMONTG0MERy\ \ C^^^ f^ \ LANCASTER "■ / CHESTER i I / / / I^ADAMS ) YORK \ > / I FRANKL.'N j* I ^ ^- I ■ir^ PENNS YLVAN lA STATE rORCSTS JUNE 1 1926 A N^. >S /DELAWAREi NUMBCRS AND NAMCS or OWTRICTB 1 MICHAUI I SuCHAMAN J TUSCARORM 4 ROTHROCM A LOCAN a ptHM 7 BALOCaCLC % MOHT ALTO « MOSHAMNON M SrAOUL II SINNrMAMONINi; U tiadachton U CIK M CORNPlAMTtR 15 :tUSaUCHANNOCH 16 TIOCA 17 VALltV rORGC M WtlSCR I* OtLAWMRt JO WVOMINC U LACKAWANNA iJ FORBtS iJ CALLITZIN M KiTTANNtNC ISTATC rOMCtT INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES .9 FIFTY YEARS AGO I By Joseph S. niick IT was exactly fifty years ago — in 1877 — that an active force became operative in Penn- sylvania for the moulding of public opinion in favor of forest conservation. In that year the legacy of F. Andre Michaux (the younger Michaux) to the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia became available for lectures in forestry. It is significant that the earliest funds avail- able in this country for instruction in forestry reached us as a legacy from a foreign benefactor. Between the years 1785 and 1805 two noble Frenchmen — botanists by profession — Andre Michaux and his son Andre Francois Michaux, traveled extensively in the United States study- ing the social and economic conditions and giv- ing special consideration to the forest flora. They published a magnificent work, '* North American Sylva" in three volumes, besides many shorter treatises. The Michauxs in their extensive travels ob- served the crude condition of this country and criticised it freely; nevertheless they had a feel- ing of respect and affection for" the young repub- lic, in which they were hospitably received and of which they had great hopes. The younger Mich- aux in his book on '* Travels'' of 1802, writes: ''During my stay at Philadelphia I had the op- portunity of seeing the Rev. Dr. Collin, Minister of the Swedish Church, and President of the Philosophical Society, Mr. John Vaughan, Secre- tary, and Messrs. Piles, John and William Bar- tram. These different gentlemen had formerly been particularly acquainted with my father, and I received from them every mark of attention and respect. * * * The absence of Mr. W. Hamilton deprived me of the pleasure of seeing him. Notwithstanding, I went into his magnifi- cent garden situated on the border of the Schuyl- kill. His collection of exotics is immense. ♦ •' * At Lancaster I met Mr. W. Hamilton, whose magnificent garden I had the opportunity ot seemg near Philadelphia. This amateur was very intimate with my father, and I can never forget the marks of benevolence I received from him and Mr. Muhlenberg, a Lutheran minister, who for twenty years had applied himself to botany. ' ' The younger Michaux translated his interest in American forest trees and his love for the American people into practical action by leaving two legacies for the study of silviculture in the United States. In his will, dated September 4, 1855, Andre Francois Michaux made the follow- ing provisions: ''Wishing to recognize the services and good reception which my father and myself, together and separately, have received dur- ing our long and often perilous travels in all the extent of the United States, as a mark of my lively gratitude, and also to contribute in that country to the extension and progress of agriculture, and more especially of silvi- culture in the United States, I give and be- queath to the American Philosophical So- ciety of Philadelphia, of which I have the honor to be a member, the sum of $12,000; I give and bequeath to the Society of Agri- culture and Arts in the State of Massachu- setts, of which I have the honor to be a member, the sum of $8,000; these two sums making 180,000 francs, or, again, $20,000. I give and bequeath the sole ownership to these two above said societies, and the usufruct to my wife for her life.^' The American Philosophical Society — the trus- tee of one of the Michaux legacies, devoted part of its income to the beautification of Fairmount Park, especially to the propagation of various species of oaks, and another part to popular lec- tures on forest botany and forestry. The lec- tures became known as the "Michaux Forestry Lectures.^' They began in 1877 and were given regularly for about 20 years — most of them at the University of Pennsylvania. These historic lectures were among the first efforts in public education in forestry in the United States. They were delivered by the late Dr. Joseph T. Roth- rock — Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania. After a half century we can measure the good done by the Michaux Forestry Lectures in mould- ing a public sentiment favorable to forestry. In doing this it will be helpful to consider the fol- lowing points which were suggested as represent- ing a healthful public forest policy for Pennsyl- vania : "1. That the individual 'forest owner is under moral obligations not to recklessly despoil the State of timber resources; and that it is equally the duty of the State to see that he does not impair the future prosperity of the Common- wealth by any wilful extravagance. This fol- lows from the simple proposition that the first duty of a State is to provide for its own per- petuity. It is for this reason that we submit to legal control; for without perpetuity the; t M 10 FOREST LEAVES 11- strong inducement to thrift, in the interest of our children, is lacking. *'2. That so long as any owner of timber land allowed his timber to stand, he receiving no benefit therefrom, he was entitled to an. exemp- tion from taxes because the chief value of trees under such conditions was to hoard water for a community at a distant point. In other words, the owner paid the, taxes, and another party received the benefit. **3. That it would be a wise policy for the State to pay the taxes on poor watersheds from which the timber has been removed (when these were sold by the sheriff), and then either hold them itself as permanent forest reserves, or to turn them over to the counties, under certain restrictions, as a sort of communal property to be kept in timber, allowingt only removal of that which is matured. **4. That whilst it is true that trees are more important to the State than to the individual land owner, it would be * un-American' to de- prive him even under this pressure of the right to do as he wishes with his own; but that it is in order for the land owner to ask what aid does the State propose to offer in production and pro- tection of the trees which are of such vast im- portance to itf The titles of the Michaux lectures of 1894, delivered at the University of Pennsylvania, may be taken as representative. They were as fol- lows: Sixteenth Course Free Michaux Lectures By Professor J. T. Rothrock at University of Pennsylvania 1. Pennsylvania Forests and Forest Trees. (Il- lustrated.) 2. Protection of Pennsylvania Forests. 3. Waste of Pennsylvania Resources. (Illus- trated.) 4. Possibilities of Forest Restoration. 5. Legal Relations of Our Forests. 6. Trees in Cities and Towns. (Illustrated.) 7. Waste Lands of Pennsylvania. (Illus- trated.) The year 1927 is the semi-centennial of the be- ginning of the historic and far-reaching Michaux Forestry Lectures. Every member of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association, and every friend of Pennsylvania Forestry should do something special during: this year to honor the memory of Andre Francois Michaux, whose generous legacy made possible the beginning of a sound program of public forestry education in Penn- sylvania. It is correct to say the Michaux For- estry Lectures were the gateway through which forestry found a place in Pennsylvania. Only a few things have been done in Pennsyl- vania to honor the generous donor of this splen- did gift. One of the State Forests of Pennsyl- vania, located in the South Mountains, has been named Michaux State Forest. The memory of the great French botanists and their generous gifts to Pennsylvania forestry may be kept fresh by the planting of Michaux memorial trees dur- ing 1927. On the three Arbor Days of 1927 the school children of Pennsylvania can perform a patri- otic act and promote international friendship by planting Michaux memorial trees. During American Forest Week— April 24-30, 1927— the significance of the Michaux legacy to Pennsyl- vania forestry should be given a prominent place. At the summer meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association full consideration should be given to the beneficent contributions to for- estry in Pennsylvania by the Michauxs. Pennsylvanians cannot do too much or go too far in honoring Andre Michaux and his son Andre Francois Michaux, distinguished French botanists, great explorers and famed travelers, and generous benefactors of Pennsylvania for- estry. FOREST LEAVES 11 PROPOSED MAD RIVER NOTCH RESER- VATION IN NEW HAMPSraRE WE have received from the Society for the protection of New Hampshire Forests the following communication: '*A situation has arisen which is of the utmost importance to the progress of the National For- ests in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It involves 10,000 acres of timber in the Town- ship of Waterville and comprises the last large stand of primeval spruce to be found anywhere in the White Mountains. It includes also the famous Mad River Notch and the 600 acres of primeval spruce timber that crown the wild crags around the Greeley Ponds. These are two small lakes of exquisite loveliness in a natural setting wholly unspoiled. The Government has acquired the land and timber on both sides of Waterville Valley and will consider the purchase of this area if the bill, recommended by President Coolidge in his mes- sage, passes the Senate at this session. The bill is known as the McNary- Woodruff Bill, having been introduced in the Senate by Charles L. McNary of Oregon and in the House by Roy 0. Woodruff of Michigan. It is upon the Senate Calendar and may be called up at any time. Prompt action is imperative. Urge your sena- tors to favor the passage of this bill at this ses- sion. Members of Congress always regard letters from individuals and associations if they relate to matters immediately pending in Congress. The McNary- Woodruff Bill is pending in the Senate, having passed the House. The iron is hot now. The bill must have the votes of a majority to become enacted. We urge you to assist without delay. '* Located at the top of the watershed of the Pemigewasset River which flows into the Merri- mack, this tract comprises some of the steepest slopes in the White Mountains. Forest fires and erosion change profoundly the character of the growth for all time and sometimes render slopes of this kind permanently barren. To prevent this, and to control the flow of water, is the ob- ject of the Weeks Law passed in 1911. The Mc- Nary-Woodruff Bill authorizes the appropri- ation. * ' Allen Hollis, President, Philip W. Ayres, Forester.*^ Pursuant to this request the Association has sent letters to Senators Pepper and Reed urging their support be given to Senate Bill 718. FAVORABLE FOREST FIRE SEASON BREAKS ALL RECORDS THE fall forest fire season of 1926 was the least destructive since the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters has been keeping records. Only 118 fires, burning 980 acres, have been reported since June 1st. The size of the average fire is only 8.7 acres. The next best fall forest fire season was in 1919 when 122 fires, averaging 100 acres, burned 12,821 acres. A comparison of the figures of 1919 and this year shows almost the same number of fires, but a much higher area burned in 1919. The lower area burned this year is rightly credited to the et!icient forest fire fighting organization that now covers the entire State. How favorable the fall forest fire season was can be seen by comparing it with the most de- structive forest fire seasons of 1914 and 1922. In the fall of 1914, 869 fires burned over a total of 292,820 acres. This is the largest area burned |n any fall fire season of record. The tall of 1922 18 credited with the largest number of fires, when 1,377 forest fires burned over a total of 76,088 acres. If the fall fire season of 1926 had been as bad as the average year, the damage to the timber- lands of the State would have been about $75,000 greater, and if it had been as bad as the worst fire seasons, the damage would have been $150,000 in excess of what it was. -/^^Cw- M '■^'^ The Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C, has just issued the statistics of timber manufactured in the United States for 1925. This shows that 15,800 mills produced 38,338,641 thou- sand feet B. M. of lumber, an increase over 1924 of 6.7%. The (State of Washington was the largest producer, followed by Oregon, Louisiana and Mississippi. The predominating woods were yellow pine, 34.5 per cent., and Douglas fir, 21.3 per cent. The State of Pennsylvania ranked twenty-first, 627 mills producing but 330,822 thousand feet B. M., a decrease of 3.6 per cent, from the 1924 out- put of 343,048 M. B. M. An increase of about 9,000,000 acres in forest land in the United States between 1919 and 1925 is shown by a preliminary report on the 1925 agricultural census. A decrease of 19,000,000 in the land area devoted to farm crops is shown for this period. The difference of 10,000,000 acres is allotted to pasturage. Shrinkage of crop areas in the South and in the eastern corn belt was partially offset by in- creases in the great plains and in parts of the upper portion of the Lake States region. New York, and New England. At the same time, how- ever, in several counties in Michigan, New Eng- land, and New York some of the poorer crop lands reverted to pasture and some pasture lands went back to forest. Throughout the South, particu- larly in northeastern Missouri, and in the north- ern portion of the Lake States region, consider- able forest land was cleared for crops. Forester Harry G. Eby, in charge of the forest tree nursery at the Rockview Penitentiary near Bellefonte, recently found a specimen of black spruce growing on the top of Nittany Mountain in Centre County, at an elevation of 1800 feet. It stands along the northwestern slope of a small ravine that leads into MacBrides Gap. The area was lumbered over about 18 years ago. The tree is 16 feet tall and Mr. Eby estimates its age at about 20 years. He was unable to find any other specimens in the vicinity, nor any stumps of older trees. 12 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 13 LAW FORBIDS COLLECTION OP EVER- GREEN MATERIAL ON PRIVATE LAin) MANY people go to the woods to gather evergreen trees, shrubs, vines, and other decorative material. Before collecting this material it is well to remember that a law passed at the last session of the Legislature makes it a misdemeanor to cut down, remove, or. destroy trees or shrubs, or parts thereof, without the con- sent of the owner. Persons guilty of such of- fence will be fined not less than $25.00 and costs for each tree or shrub removed or destroyed, and in default of the payment of said fine and costs shall be imprisoned in the county jail one day for each dollar of fine and costs unpaid. One-half of any fine collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid to the person or persons furnishing the information upon which the prosecution is instituted. There is no "No Man^s Land" in Pennsylvania. Every acre of land and every tree, shrub, and vine growing in Pennsylvania is owned by someone. There are no wild lands left in the state from which the public may remove whatever material of interest and value they chance to find thereon. For years the people have been trespassing on privately owned land, stealing trees, breaking shrubbery, destroying vines, and pulling up other decorative material. In many cases no attention whatever was paid to the rights of the owner. This new law is stopping the ruthless destruction of roadside trees and shrubs and giving to the land owner a practical means of protecting his prop- erty rights. No one should attempt tb take any tree, shrub, or vine or decorative material from any property without the consent of the owner. It is far cheaper to buy the trees and other deco- rative material than to pay a fine of $25.00 for each tree or shrub removed. The following cases show clearly how the judges of our courts and other law officers are enforcing the provisions of this act: President Judge Claude T. Reno, of the courts of Lehigh County, recently affirmed the judgment of Alderman Slough, of Allentown, in the case of Vincenzo Senapc, Allentown, who was ordered to pay a fine of $700 and the costs upon a summary conviction before the Alderman on charges of re- moving 28 pieces of shrubbery from the lawn of Dr. C. A. Herwig, at Summit Lawn. At a hear- ing held in the Grand Jury room he was ordered to pay a total of $815 or spend one day in jail for each dollar unpaid, which would total two years and three months. David F. Niedermans, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., was seen digging a Norway spruce tree along the Lackawanna Trail by Private Stewart of the State Police. The tree was planted about three years ago. When taken before a justice of the peace at Stroudsburg he pleaded guilty and was fined $25 and costs of $5.00. He stated that this was the last tree he would lift in Pennsylvania without the consent of the owner. AMERICAN FOREST WEEK By H. B. Phillips, Pemnsylvania Department of Forests and Waters AMERICAN Forest Week for 1927 will be observed during April 24th to 30th. American Forest Week is an annual call to all citizens young and old, to take part in bring- ing about better forest conditions. It is strictly and wholly educational in its plan and purposes. It aims to bring home to each and all our vital dependence upon the forest in everyday life, and to enlist thoughtful attention upon the forest situ- ation and the necessity of well-cared-for wood- lands. It represents a national educational effort to focus attention upon our Nation^s dwindling forest resources and to restore and perpetuate them. A permanent American Forest AVeek Commit- tee, essentially a federation of national, regional, state and local organizations, directs the observ- ance of American Forest Week. This committee is composed of nearly 100 organizations repre- senting about every conceivable fonn of interest, including the Federal and State. i Forest Services; the lumber industry and other large consumers of forest products; outdoor, wild life and recreation- al interests; industrial and labor groups, scien- tific, civic and educational organizations, women's clubs, boy and girl scouts, and forestry and con- servation associations. Among the large national organizations participating in the American For- est Week Committee are the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association, the Associated Ad- vertising Clubs of the World, The American For- estry Association, The American Pulp and Paper Association, the Izaak Walton League of Amer- ica, The American Farm Bureau Federation, The General Federation of Women's Clubs, and the American Federation of Labor. The Hon. Frank 0. Lowden, Ex-Governor of Illinois, is permanent General Chairman of the American Forest Week Committee, which has its headquarters in the Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. The idea of devoting seven days of the year to ; f special efforts toward forestry education origi- nated on the Pacific Coast in 3.920. The custom of observing American Forest Week, now five years old, has become an integral part of the for- estry program of community. State and Nation. Jt has met with increasing favor and success each year. President Harding in 1922 and 1923 is- sued presidential proclamations which brought the Federal Government behind the idea. President Coolidge in turn sanctioned the plan and issued presidential proclamations in 1924, 1925 and 1926. Until 1925 the week was known as "Forest Protec- tion Week." The breadth of the forest problem led President Coolidge in 1925 to enlarge the scope of the undertaking and change its name to "American Forest Week." This, I believe, gave the plan considerable impetus. In President Coolidge's first proclamation after the name "American Forest Week" was adopted, he said: "For several years the Nation has observed Forest Protection Week. It is fitting that this observance be enlarged. We have too freely spent the rich and niagnificent gift that nature bestowed on us. In our eagerness to use that gift we have stripped our forests; we have permitted fires to lay waste and devour them ; we have all too often destroyed the young growth and the seed from which new forests might spring. And though we already feel the first grip of timber shortage, we have already begun to save and restore. "We have passed the pioneer stage and are no longer excusable for continuing this unwise dis- sipation of a great resource To our forest- using industries it means unstable investments, the depletion of forest capital, the disbanding of established enterprises, and the decline of one of our most important industrial groups. "Our forests ought to be put to Avork and kept a^ work We must all put our hands to this common task There must be a change in our national attitude We must learn to tend our woodlands as carefully as we tend our farms "I do recommend to the Governors of the vari- ous States to designate and set apart the week of April 27th to May 3rd, inclusive, 1925 as Ameri- can Forest Week and I urge public officials, public and business associations, industrial lead- ers, forest owners, editors, educators and all patriotic citizens to unite in the common task of forest conservation and renewal.'' Perhaps it is })ecause the forest idea has such a universal appeal, and the products of the forest nave such direct contact with all phases of every- day life, that American Forest Week has become such a popular institution. The home owner, the housewife, the businessman, the laborer, the teacher, publisher, and public official, the hunter, fisherman, automobilist and all lovers of the out- doors have an intimate interest in the forest or its products. Each has a particular contact point with the forest. Each can do his part in fur- thering the idea for better forests, and American Forest Week is a special opportunity. During American I'orest Week special atten- tion is given to the forest idea in the school room, the club meeting, the newspaper column, the mag- azine page, the radio program, and in many ways and places through the medium of the writteu, spoken and illustrated word. At this time there is an unusual demand for the lantern slide and the motion picture. Material for the observance of American Forest Week is made available pri- marily through the various State Forestry De- partments, the Federal Forest Service, State for- estry and conservation organizations, and Ameri- can Forest Week Committee. The essential . problem of Forest Week is to introduce our real forest situation to the masses, to impress upon the people of our Nation their dependence upon a perpetual supply of forest products, to translate the subject of our trees and forests and the part they play in everyday life, into a naturally intimate topic of general remark and daily note. To reach in gi*eat numbers the masses, com- posed of such divergent individuals, minds and oc- cupations is no simple task. Those who are al- ready interested in the forests are, of course, al- ways willing to hear something about them, but it is those, primarily, who have not been won to the cause of the forests, that it is our hope to edu- cate. It is obviously advisable to reach different groups in different ways. Each plan has its merits and deserves credit for its educational accomplish- ments. The newspaper, however, by reason of its wide circulation among the reading public, is a remarkable medium for reaching individuals of all classes. It has been relied upon to consider- able extent to spread the gospel of forests and forestry in American Forest Week campaigns, with news stories upon forest tree planting, for- est protection and the many angles of the forest and wood situation. And it should be said that the co-operation of the press in general has been most satisfying. It has not been the fault of the press when the most use was not made of the opportunities it offers, but rather the fault of those individuals and organizations, of both local and larger fields, who, having something good to 14 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 15 say, and having the opportunity to say it, have neglected to do so. To the consideration and preparation of Forest Week material I have given much thought and attention. I have been particularly interested in brief, catchy material that will reach great num- bers of people. One of the best plans I was able to develop is a co-operative plan of newspaper advertising. This plan was tried out for the first time during the last American Forest Week, April 18 to 24, 1926. It met with gratifying results. I not only used it in the newspapers of Harris- burg, but passed it on to the District Foresters of the Pennsylvania Forest Service for a try-out. It was favorably received and was used by them to advantage. One District Forester voiced the general opinion when he said, "This method of educating the public is, I believe, very fruitful, for I heard a number of pleasing comments." The plan was presented, with lantern slides illustrat- ing actual advertisements appearing in 1926, be- fore the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Foresters in Philadelphia, December 28th and 29th, where it received the favorable comment of leading foresters from various parts of the United States. Believing that the plan merits widespread use I want to place it in the hands of the readers of "Forest Leaves," who believe in better forests. It is so brief, so simple, so easily put into practice, that the average individual who is sufficiently in- terested in forestry, and Forest Week, may him- self adapt it to local usage, and with a mini- mum amount of effort reach a maximum number of people. Briefly, the plan is this : It incorporates within the newspaper advertisements of business dealers in forest products, primarily, the idea of the de- pendence of their wares upon the forest, and the dependence upon the forests of all who use their products. And this includes all of us. Within each advertisement should also occur the simple statement : WE Endorse American Foreet Week April 24-30, 1927 The following advertisements show how the plan works. The names of advertising firms are necessarily omitted from the advertisements as given in this article. The following four ads were those, respectively, of a department store, a realty company, a dealer in musical instruments and a dealer in pictures and picture frames. We Endorse American Forest Week AprU 18 to 24 This would be a sorry world without trees. They are your friends. Treat them as such and avoid any careless act that might cause their destruction. Re- member, THE FOREST FURNISHES THE HOME Furniture Refrigerators Pictures Linoleum Wood Novelties and Kitchen Ware WaU Paper Musical Instruments Phonograph Records Books and Stationery School and OflSce Supplies Rubber Goods Athletic Equipment Toys FURNITURE STORE WE ENDORSE AMERICAN FOREST WEEK April 18-24, 1926 We believe Home Ownership inspires industry, stimulates ambition and cour- age, guarantees frugality and assures both comfort and contentment. We believe that the consen^ation of our forests is absolutely essential for the comfort and success of future genera- tions. Some of the most palatial resi- dences are built, finished and furnished almost entirely from forest products, while lumber is used to finish and fur- nish all residences built of brick, stone or any other material. LET US PRE- SERVE OUR FORESTS. REALTY COMPANY I ' Strong hard-maple, beautiful veneers of walnut, oak and mahogany, and soft spruce sounding boards typify the for- est's contribution to the music maker's needs. Music hath charms — but its strains are never so sweet as when they come from instruments of the highest crafts- manship. These may be had at MUSIC STORE We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 A choicely framed picture frame is one of the forest's most beautiful gifts. It is not big, but it means a lot, and costs little in comparison to the pleasure it gives. PICTURE DEALER We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The following advertisement indicates a diT- ferent type of advertisement from the dealer in forest products, which is apparent upon reading. It was well received by individual plant deal- ers in various localities, and was approved and endorsed by a national paint and varnish dealers' association, who voluntarily relayed the sugges- tion in a special bulletin to dealers over a wide territory in the United States : ^h PROTECT WOOD WITH PAINT Fifteen per cent — or five and oneJ- quarter billion board feet— of the Na- ton's annual lumber cut goes to replace lumber lost from weathering and decay. You are doing yourself a good turn and doing a patriotic service toward for- est conservation when you buy the best paint to preserve wood and prevent un- necessary wood losses. Keep your wood well painted and help save the forests. HARDWARE CO. We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The next example shows how a still different field of advertisers may be covered — in this par- ticular case a shoe repair shop. We Believe in Rebuilding FORESTS As Well As SHOES SHOE REPAIR SHOP The foregoing ad is constructed simply upon an analogy which may be drawn between the business of rebuildiag shoes and rebuilding forests. There are quite a number of lines of business in which such analogy may be drawn to advan- tage by a little ingenious play upon words. For instance, the manufacturer of tooth paste, or the druggist who sells the product may say, *^We believe in protecting forests as well as teeth. Use our (name) tooth paste.'' Doctors and dentists may adapt a similar thought in regard to health. An appropriate analogy in regard to saving may be used as did the following bank: HELP RESTORE PENN'S WOODS Sullivan County was formerly covered with rich forests worth several millions of dollars. Much of the same land that produced priceless timber is now being sold for taxes. Wasteful lumberinsr and fire have rendered it valueless. Help the return of Sullivan's forest by planting trees, preventing fires and conserving the present wood supply. The secret of forest wealth, as in other things, lies in the letters ShA-V-E. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The fact that the increased cost of forest products enters into the higher cost of every- thing we eat or wear, was turned well in the fol- 12 FOREST LEAVES LAW FORBIDS COLLECTION OF EVER- GREEN MATERIAL ON PRIVATE LAND MANY i)tH)plc go to the woods to gather evergreen trees, shrubs, vines, and other decorative material. Before collecting this material it is well to remember that a law passed at the last session of the Legislature makes it a misdemeanor to cut down, remove, or destroy trees or shrubs, or parts thereof, without the con- sent of the owner. Persons guilty of such of- fence will be fined not less than $25.00 and costs for each tree or shrub removed or destroyed, and in default of the payment of said fine and costs shall be imprisoned in the county jail one day for each dollar of fine and costs unpaid. One-half of any fine collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid to the person or persons furnishing the information upon which the prosecution is instituted. There is no "No Man's Land" in Pennsylvania. Every acre of land and every tree, shrub, and vine growing in Pennsylvania is owned by someone. There are no wild lands left in the state from which the public may remove whatever material of interest and value they chance to find thereon. For years the people have been trespassing on privately owned land, stealing trees, breaking shrubbery, destroying vines, and pulling up other decorative material. In many cases no attention whatever was paid to the rights of the owner. This new law is stopping the ruthless destruction of roadside trees and shrubs and giving to the land owner a practical means of protecting his prop- erty rights. No one should attempt to take any tree, shrub, or vine or decorative material from any property without the consent of the owner. It is far cheaper to buy the trees and other deco- rative material than to pay a fine of $25.00 for each tree or shrub removed. The following cases show clearly how the judges of our courts and other law officers are enforcing the provisions of this act: President Judge Claude T. Reno, of the courts of Lehigh County, recently affirmed the judgment of Alderman Slough, of Allentown, in the case of Vincenzo Senape, Allentown, who was ordered to pay a fine of $700 and the costs upon a summary conviction before the Alderman on charges of re- moving 28 pieces of shrubbery from the lawn of Dr. C. A. Herwig, at Summit Lawn. At a hear- ing held in the Grand Jury room he was ordered to pay a total of $815 or spend one day in jail for each dollar unpaid, which would total two vears and three months. David F. Niedermans, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., was seen digging a Norway spruce tree along the Lackawanna Trail by Private Stewart of the State Police. The tree was planted about three years ago. When taken before a justice of the peace at Stroudsburg he pleaded guilty and was fined $25 and costs of $5.00. He stated that this was the last tree he would lift in Pennsylvania without the consent of the owner. i ' AMERICAN FOREST WEEK By H. B. Phillips, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters AMERICAN Forest Week for 1927 will be observed during April 24th to 30th. American Forest Week is an annual call to all citizens young and old, to take part in bring- ing about better forest conditions. It is strictly and wholly educational in its plan and purposes. It aims to bring home to each and all our vital dependence upon the forest in everyday life, and to enlist thoughtful attention upon the forest situ- ation and the necessity of well-cared-for wood- lands. It represents a national educational effort to focus attention upon our Nation^s dwindling forest resources and to restore and perpetuate them. A permanent American Forest Week Commit- tee, essentially a federation of national, regionni, state and local organizations, directs the observ- ance of American Forest Week. This committee is composed of nearly 100 organizations repre- senting about every conceivable fonn of interest, including the Federal and State* Forest Services; the lumber industry and other large consumers of forest products; outdoor, Avild life and recreation- al interests; industrial and labor groups, scien- tific, civic and educational organizations, women's clubs, boy and girl scouts, and forestry and con- servation associations. Among the large national organizations participating in the American For- est Week Committee are the National Lumbrr Manufacturers' Association, the Associated Ad- vertising Clubs of the World, The American For- estry Association, The American Pulp and Paper Association, the Izaak Walton League of Amer- ica, The American Farm Bureau Federation, The General Federation of Women's Clubs, and the American Federation of Labor. The Hon. Frank 0. Lowden, Ex-Governor of Illinois, is permanent General Chairman of the American Forest Week Committee, which has its headquarters in the Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. The idea of devoting seven days of the year to FOREST LEAVES 13 special efforts toward forestry education origi- nated on the Pacific Coast in 1920. The custom of observing American Forest Week, now five years old, has become an integral part of the for- estry program of community. State and Nation. It has met with increasing favor and success each year. President Harding in 1922 and 1923 is- sued })residential proclamations which brought the Fi'deral Government behind the idea. President Coolidge in turn sanctioned the plan and issued presidential proclamations in 1924, 1925 and 1926. Until 1925 the week was known as "Forest Protec- tion Week." The breadth of the forest problem led President Coolidge in 1925 to enlarge the scope of the undertaking and change its name to "American Forest Week." This, I believe, gave the plan considerable impetus. In President Coolidge's first proclamation after the name "American Forest Week" was adopted, h(* said: "For several years the Nation has observed Forest Protection Week. It is fitting that this (d)s('rvance be enlarged. We have too freely spent tho rich and magnificent gift that nature bestowed on us. In our eagerness to use that gift we have sti-ipped our forests; we have pennitted fires to lay waste and devour them; we have all too often destroyed the young growth and the seed from which new forests might spring. And though we already feel the first grip of timber shortage, we have already begun to save and restore. "We have passed the pioneer stage and are no longer excusable for continuing this unwise dis- sipation of a great resource To our forest- using industries it means unstable investments, the depletion of forest capital, the disbanding of established enterprises, and the decline of one of our most important industrial groups. "Our forests ought to be put to work and kept at work We must all put our hands to this ecnnuon task There must be a change in our national attitude We must learn to tend our woodlands as carefully as we tend our farms "f do recommend to the Governors of the vari- ous States to designate and set apart the week of April 27th to May .3rd, inclusive, 1925 as Ameri- ean Forest Week.... and I urge public officials, piihhc and business associations, industrial lead- f'^x, forest owners, editors, educators and all pafnotic citizens to unite in the common task of jorrst conservation and renewal.'' Perhaps it is because the forest idea has such a universal appeal, and the products of the forest uave such direct contact with all phases of every- 'lay life, that American Forest Week has become such a popular institution. The home owner, the housewife, the businessman, the laborer, the teacher, publisher, and public official, the hunter, fisherman, automobilist and all lovers of the out- doors have an intimate interest in the forest or its products. Fach has a particular contact point with the forest. Each can do his part in fur- thering the idea for better forests, and American P^)rest Week is a special opportunity. During American Poorest Week special atten- tion is given to the forest idea in the school room, the club meeting, the newspaper column, the mag- azine page, the radio program, and in many ways and places through the medium of the writteu, spoken and illustratefl word. At this time there is an unusual demand for the lantern slide and the motion picture. Material for the observance of American Forest Week is made available pri- marily through the various State Forestry De- partments, the Federal Forest Service, State for- estry and conservation organizations, and Ameri- can Forest Week Committee. The essential problem of Forest Week is to introduce our real forest situation to the masses, to impress upon the people of our Nation their dependence upon a perpetual supply of forest products, to translate the subject of our trees and forests and the part they play in everyday life, into a naturally intimate topic of general remark and daily note. To reach in great numbers the masses, com- posed of such divergent individuals, minds and oc- cupations is no simple task. Those who are al- ready interested in the forests are, of course, al- ways willing to hear something about them, but it is those, primarily, who have not been won to the cause of the forests, that it is our hope to edu- cate. It is obviously advisable to reach different groups in different ways. Each plan has its merits and deserves credit for its educational accomplish- ments. The newspaper, however, by reason of its wide circulation among the reading public, is a remarkable medium for reaching individuals of all classes. It has been relied upon to consider- able extent to spread the gospel of forests and forestry in American Forest Week campaigns, with news stories upon forest tree planting, for- est protection and the many angles of the forest and wood situation. And it should be said that the co-operation of the press in general has been most satisfying. It has not been the fault of the press when the most use was not made of the opportunities it offers, but rather the fault of those individuals and organizations, of both local and larger fields, who, liaving something good to 14 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 15 say, and having the opportunity to say it, have neglected to do so. To the consideration and preparation of Forest Week material I have given much thought and attention. I have been particularly interested in brief, catchy material that will reach great num- bers of people. One of the best plans I was able to develop is a co-operative plan of newspaper advertising. This plan was tried out for the first time during the last American Forest Week, April 18 to 24, 1926. It met with gratifying results. I not only used it in the newspapers of Harris- burg, but passed it on to the District Foresters of the Pennsylvania Forest Service for a try-out. It was favorably received and was used by them to advantage. One District Forester voiced the general opinion when he said, "This method of educating the public is, I believe, very fruitful, for I heard a number of pleasing comments." The plan was presented, with lantern slides illustrat- ing actual advertisements appearing in 1926, be- fore the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Foresters in Philadelphia, December 28th and 29th, where it received the favorable comment of leading foresters from various parts of the United States. Believing that the plan merits widespread use I want to place it in the hands of the readers of "Forest Leaves," who believe in better forests. It is so brief, so simple, so easily put into practice, that the average individual who is sufficiently in- terested in forestry, and Forest Week, may him- self adapt it to local usage, and with a mini- mum amount of effort reach a maximum number of people. Briefly, the plan is this : It incorporates within the newspaper advertisements of business dealers in forest products, primarily, the idea of the de- pendence of their wares upon the forest, and the dependence upon the forests of all who use their products. And this includes all of us. Within each advertisement should also occur the simple statement : WE Endorse American Forest Week April 24-30, 1927 The following advertisements show how the plan works. The names of advertising firms are necessarily omitted from the advertisements as given in this article. The following four ads were those, respectively, of a department store, a realty company, a dealer in musical instruments and a dealer in pictures and picture frames. We Endorse American Forest Week April 18 to 24 This would be a sorry world without trees. They are your friends. Treat them as such and avoid any careless act that might cause their destruction. Re- member, THE FOREST FURNISHES THE HOME Furniture Refrigerators Pictures Linoleum Wood Novelties and Kitchen Ware Wall Paper Musical Instruments Phonograph Records Books and Stationery School and Office Supplies Rubber Goods Athletic Equipment Toys FURNITURE STORE WE ENDORSE AMERICAN FOREST WEEK April 18-24, 1926 We believe Home Ownership inspires industry, stimulates ambition and cour- age, guarantees frugality and assures both comfort and contentment. We believe that the consen^ation of our forests is absolutely essential for the comfort and success of future genera- tions. Some of the most palatial resi- dences are built, finished and furnished almost entirely from forest products, while lumber is used to finish and fur- nish all residences built of brick, stone or any other material. LET US PRE- SERVE OUR FORESTS. REALTY COMPANY Strong hard-maple, beautiful veneers of walnut, oak and mahogany, and soft spruce sounding boards typify the for- est's contribution to the music maker's needs. Music hath charms — but its strains are never so sweet as when they come iiom instruments of the highest crafts- manship. These may be had at MUSIC STORE We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 A choicely framed picture frame is one of the forest's most beautiful gifts. It is not big, but it means a lot, and costs little in comparison to the pleasure it gives. PICTURE DEALER We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The following advertisement indicates a di[- tercnt type of advertisement from the dealer in forest products, which is apparent upon reading. It was well received by individual plant deal- ers ill various localities, and was approved and enddi sed by a national paint and varnish dealers ' association, who voluntarily relayed the sugges- tion in a special bulletin to dealers over a wide territory in the United States : PROTECT WOOD WITH PAINT Fifteen per cent — or five and onei- luarter billion board feet — of the Na- ion's annual lumber cut goes to replace lumber lost from weathering and decay. You are doing yourself a good turn and doing a patriotic service toward for- est conservation when you buy the best paint to preserve wood and prevent un- necessary wood losses. Keep your wood well painted and help save the forests. HARDWARE CO. We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The next example shows how a still different field of advertisers may be covered — in this par- ticular case a shoe repair shop. We Believe in Rebuilding FORESTS Ab Well As SHOES SHOE REPAIR SHOP The foregoing ad is constructed simply upon an analogy which may be drawn between the business of rebuilding shoes and rebuilding forests. There are quite a number of lines of business in which such analogy may be drawn to advan- tage by a little ingenious play upon words. For instance, the manufacturer of tooth paste, or the druggist who sells the product may say, ''We believe in protecting forests as well as teeth. Use our (name) tooth paste. ^' Doctors and dentists may adapt a similar thought in regard to health. An appropriate analogy in regard to saving may be used as did the following bank: HELP RESTORE PENN'S WOODS Sullivan County was formerly covered with rich forests worth several millions of dollars. Much of the same land that produced priceless timber is now being sold for taxes. Wasteful lumbering and fire have rendered it valueless. Help the return of Sullivan's forest by planting trees, preventing fires and conserving the present wood supply. The secret of forest wealth, as in other things, lies in the letters ShA-V-E. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The fact that the increased cost of forest products enters into the higher cost of every- thing we eat or wear, was turned well in the fol- OePAHTMFWt r^^ 16 FOREST LEAVES lowing ad by one of Pennsylvania's District For- esters: THE "OLD CORNER GROCERY" Much of the high cost of living we complain about is due to the increased cost of forest products. Wood con- tributes heavily in the preparation of foodstuffs for the counter. Buy your Fruit, Groceries, Vegetables and Meats where the lowest prices prevail. We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 The last advertisement I shall submit as an example was found to go over well with the news- paper. The last paragraph appeals to the news- paper, and I venture to say that the ad can be put over with little effort if you approach your local editor. In the case of the city papers, see the Manager of Display Advertising. A NEWSPAPER IS A WOOD PRODUCT It is directly dependent upon the for- est. The newspapers of the Nation have a daily circulation of more than 28,000,- 000 copies. Our annual newsprint re- quirements are more than 2,500,000 tons of wood pulp, representing 4,000,000 cords of pulpwood. This means the an- nual forest growth of 4,000,000 acres. Your newspaper actually costs you less than the value of the wood needed to make it. It is the greatest value for the money among all manufactured for- est products — especially when you buy OUR NEWSPAPER This is American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 Let me mention that in case of the various dealers who us© the newspaper as an advertising medium, you consult the dealers themselves. See them from two to three weeks in advance of Forest Week and '^follow up'* with a personal visit, preferably, to their office, just in advance or at the beginning of Forest Week. In case you wish to use the plan in the smaller magazines, remember that they should have the material in final form one month in advance of publication. In case of national advertising, material should be in the hands of the magazine three mouths previous to publication, which means that one must begin four months or more in advance to work this proposition through national adver- tisers. Although I put forth most of my personal ef- forts to get the endorsement of local advertisers, I tried out several well known national advertis- ers last year and from the few that I ap- proached, I believe that this plan has greiat potentialities for use in the advertisements of national products, and in magazines which have a circulation running into the millions and cover- ing the entire United States. I did not, how- ever, begin early enough with the national adver- tisers last year, although a number of them en- dorsed the plan, stated that they should have been glad to co-operate, and suggested that the plan be submitted earlier in the future. May I suggest that those who read this plan of forest publicity prepare to give it a local try- out during American Forest Week, April 24-iiO, in 1927. The plan will work, I feel confident, in most localities where there is one or more newspapers, and there are 20,000 in the United States. More than half of them are country and small town publications. The average circula- tion of all dailies is now 33,000,000. The ad- \ertising space in these papers offers a fertile field for bringing home to all the part that th6 forest plays in everyday life. From a local standpoint the success of this plan lies with interested local individuals, and I believe that those who will give the plan a tri.il will be amply rewarded for their efforts. Locomotives of the Southern Pacific Railroad are being equipped with automatic track sprink- lers to minimize the forest fire hazard. Accord- ing to the General Superintendent of Locomotive Power, sprinklers extinguish sparks generated by heated brake shoos and greatly reduce possibility of fires. _ PUBLISHED BY THE PENNSYiVANIA FORESTIf/ ASSOCIATION 1/^^ W1ILADELPHIA . PA. ^ I I tl 1^ 16 FOREST LEAVES lowing ad by one of Pennsylvania's District For- esters : < < THE OLD CORNER GROCERY > » Much of the high cost of living we complain about is due to the increased cost of forest products. Wood con- tributes heavily in the preparation of foodstuffs for the counter. Buy your Fruit, Groceries, Vegetables and Meats where the lowest prices prevail. We Endorse American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 _ The last advertisement 1 shall submit as an exami)le was found to go over well with the news- paper. The last paragraph appeals to the news- l)aper, and I venture to say that the ad can be put over with little effort if you approach your local editor. In the case of the city papers, see the Manager of Display Advertising. A NEWSPAPER IS A WOOD PRODUCT It is directly dependent ui>on the for- est. The newspapers of the Nation have a daily circulation of more than 28,000,- 000 copies. Our annual newsprint re- quirements are more than 2,500,000 tons of wood pulp, representing 4,000,000 cords of pulpwood. This means the an- nual forest growth of 4,000,000 acres. Your newspa])er actually costs you less than the value of the wcjod needed to make it. It is the greatest value foi* the moncv amonu' all manufactured for- est products — especially when you buy OUR NEWSPAPER This is American Forest Week April 18-24, 1926 Let me mention that in case of the variciis dealers who usei the newspaper as an advertising medium, you consult the dealers themselves, 'ee them from two to three weeks in advance of Forest Week and ^'follow up" with a personal visit, preferably, to their office, just in advance or at the beginning of Forest W^eek. In case \ ou wish to use the plan in the smaller magazines, remember that they should have the material in final form one month in advance of publication, hi case of national advertising, material should be in the hands of the magazine three mouths previous to publication, which means that one must begin four months or more in advance to work this proposition through national adver- tisers. Although I put forth most of my personal ef- forts to get the endorsement of local advertisers, I tried out several well known national advertis- ers last year and from the few that I ap- proached, I believe that this plan has great potentialities for use in the advertisements of national products, and in magazines which have a circulation running into the millions and cover- ing the entire United States. I did not, how- ever, begin early enough with the national adver- tisers last yeai-, although a number of them en- dorsed the plan, stated that they should have been glad to co-operate, and suggested that the plan be submitted earlier in the future. May I suggest that those who read this plan ot forest publicity })rei)are to give it a local try- out during American Forest Week, April 24-;{0, in 1927. The plan will work, I feel confident, ill most localities where there is one or more newspapers, and there are 20,000 in the United States. More than, half of them are country and small town publications. The average circula- tion of all dailies is now 33,000,000. The ad- \ertising space in these papers offers a fertile Held for bringing home to all the part that the forest plays in everyday life. From a local standpoint the success of this plan lies with interested local individuals, and I believe that those who will give the plan a tri il will be amply rewarded for their efforts. Locomotives of the Southern Pacific Railro; d are being equipped with automatic track sprin' - lers to minimize the forest fire hazard. Accorl- ing to the General Superintendent of Locomoti o Power, sprinklers extinguish sparks generated 1 v heated brake shoes and greatly reduce possibili y of fires. STAih rMF~«> TRY #-;> INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE l II CONTENTS Page Cov6r Tapping Sugar Maple Trees for Syrup and Sugar • piate Editorials ^'^ Spring Arbor Day Proclamation 18 Arbor Day Statement of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 18 American Forest Week Proclamation 19 Forestry Program for Pennsylvania 20 Preventable Timber Waste 22 Timber Growing by States ;^ 22 New Gall-Rust Disease May be Menace to Valuable Trees 23 Porcupines Damage Forest Stands • • • 24 Presque Island Peninsula State Park 25 Additions to Eastern National Forests 27 Freight Bill of Pennsylvania Lumber 28 The Career of Forestry 28 White Pine Blister Rust Report 1926 30 A National Program of Forest Research 31 New Publications 32 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to tlie Stale of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 130 South I5lh Street, Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents, Robt. S. Conklin, J. F. Hendricks, Samuel L. Smedley, Mrs. David Reevca. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. Treasurer and Recording Secretary, F. L. Biiler. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION I lenry I lowson, LAW — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman George F. Craig. Hon. Marshall Brown, Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Bitler. Mrs. David Reeves, Miss Mary K. Gibson, FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher. Chairman H. W. Shoemaker. J. Rodman Paul, LAW — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price, MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt, Chairman J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Egbert S. Cary, Joseph S. Illick, Harrison Souder. WORK — Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ^ Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, E. E. Wildman. J. Franklin Meehan, FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 2 PHILADELPHIA, APRIL. 1927 Whole Number 237 EDITORIALS IT is a great pleasure to be able to record that Mnjor R. Y. Stuart, who served Pennsylvania so ably and well as Deputy Commissioner and llicn Commissioner of Forestry (succeeding Mr. (JitTord Pinehot on his retirement from that office), .ind Secretary of the Department of Forests and Waters, has been appointed Chief of the Public llclations Branch of the United States Forest Ser- vice, a position for which his forestry training and hirire experience have so eminently qualified him. Peimsylvania suffered a great loss when, tlirou^^h the change of administration, it lost the {'ontinned service of Major Stuart, but it is a s.'itisfaction that the country at large is to benefit l>y Pennsylvania's loss, Major Stuart is a great .'ind able public servant, one of the very best trained and experienced forest experts in our countrv. Major Stuart succeeds in this position Paul G. Kcdington who has become Chief of the Biological Survey. In his new post Major Stuart will direct the cdiuational activities of the Forest Service for the j)romoting of public understanding of foresti^ as well as the cooperative work between the Forest S«'rviee and the States in carrying out the pro- visions of the Clarke-McNary Act for forest fire I>rot('ction on private and State lands, growing ami distributing forest planting stock, and ad- vice to fanners in the management of woodlands. Tlie Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association will be held at West Chester, Pa., June 28th, 29th and 30th. There will be sessions on the evenings of the 28th and 29th, when interesting addresses on forestry will be «:ivon. On June 29th and 30th motor trips will be made to arboretums and tree plantings, as well us to the historic Brandywine Battlefield. The bca(l(|uarters will be at the Mansion House, where members should reserve rooms. Full details will '>e uiven later. After the inauguration of Governor John S. I'isiior, he appointed Mr. Charles E. Donvorth, of Bellefonte, Pa., as Secretary of the Department of Forests and Waters. Mr. Dorworth is pub- lisher of the Bellefonte Republican, and formerly was Chairman of the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania before this was merged with the Department. We wish Mr. Dorworth a successful administration of this important part of our State government. At the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Lumbermen's Association, held at the Bellevue- Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa., the following resolution, which was passed on Januaiy 28, 1927, will be of interest to our readers: ^'Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Lumbermen's Association go on record as endorsing and urges its members to aid in the furthering of the cause that the proposed forest bond issue of twenty-five million dollars which the State of Pennsylvania will place before the voters in the November elec- tion 1928 and that we urge upon our members to give this bond issue all the publicity possible in their local communities. First because we be- lieve it to be a very sound investment on the part of the State and, second, because we believe that it is going to be of vital interest to each individual who is now a citizen of this State and to our pos- terity as well." The new Science Hall of the State Forest School at Mont Alto, Pa., was dedicated on March 10, 1927, with appropriate exercises. The ad- dresses made by the Hon. Charles E. Dorworth, on the "Forestry Program for Pennsylvania," and by Col. H. W. Shoemaker on the "Career of For- estry," will be found on other pages of this is- sue. The State Forest School was already one of the best in the country, and this new Hall will give it additional advantages for forest research work. The new building is of brick, 155 feet long and 75 feet wide. It contains 7 lecture rooms, 5 labo- ratories, a library, large museum and an audi- torium. OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 130 S. FIFTEENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA 18 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 19 SPRING ARBOR DAY PROCLAMATION IN the name and by authority of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, I, John S. Fisher, Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, do hereby designate and proclaim Friday, April 8, 1927, and Friday, April 22, 1927, as Arbor and Bird Days, to be appropriately observed through- out the Commonwealth by the planting of trees, the study of birds, and the consideration of other important conservation problems. Not many years ago the forests of Pennsylvania were the glory of our Conmionwealth and the most abundant source of our prosperity. Now practically all our great forests are gone. Only a few scattered remnants of original timl)er re- main. The march of forest destruction has left us with vast areas of bare mountain soil. It is our duty to restore to production this idle forest land. Too long have we consumed our forests without making provisions for their protection and renewal. To exist as a nation, to prosper as a state, and to live as a people we must have thrifty trees and flourishing forests. Flourishing forests do more than produce successive crops of wood. They help maintain industries, pieserve animal and ])lant life, feed our streams with pure water, min- ister to our recreational needs, and preserve the inspiring natural environment which has con- tributed so much to American character. Trees are much more than columns of wood that lift their tops towards the sky. They are living creatures of a great creation. They bring many comforts to us. They clothe our mountain- sides, adorn our valleys, beautify our roadsides, frame our homes, and bring beauty into our lives. Those who have gone on before us acted wisely in establishing Arbor Day. It is a forward look- ing dav. Its lessons are those of ])eautv, knowl- edge, thrift, and service. There is no more prac- tical way to celebrate Arbor Day than by planting trees. Tree planting should not be limited to the school grounds. It should bei carried to our home grounds, our roadsides, our woodlots, and our for- ests. The single tree or the small tree group planted on Arbor Day are symbols of the larger tree planting program needed to reforest the thousands of acres of idle lands in Pennsvlvania. And let us also protect the trees we plant, so that Pennsylvania, the only state in the Union that embodies the word "forest" in her name, will again become worthy of the beautiful name she bears. I commend most heartily to every citizen of this great Commonwealth, especially to the teachers and pupils of our schools, the plantinj^ of trees, the growing of forests, and the protec- tion of bird life. And in doing this, may we I)g filled with the spirit of forethought, so that our children and our children's children will admire our provisions and bless our memories. Given under my hand and the great seal of the State, at the City of Harrisburg this 25th day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and tweaity-seven, and of the Com- monwealth the one hundred and fifty-first. , By the Governor, (Signed) JOHN S. FISHER. Charles Johnson Secretarv of the Commonwealth. ARBOR DAY STATEMENT OF THE SUPER- INTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- TION OF PENNSYLVANIA THE Governor of the Commonwealth has proclaimed Friday, April 8, and Friday, April 22, 1927, as Arbor and Bird Days. In this proclamation the Governor has emphasized many reasons for our sincere and active ol)- servance of one or both of these days. . Every boy and girl in Pennsylvania should bo interested in protecting, our forest areas, in pre- serving our wild life, in knowing and appreciat- ing our trees, our birds, and our flowers. Arbor and Bird Days give teachers a special opportunity to focus attention upon the values of forests, trees, and birds in our everyday life. The school, through the Arbor Day exercises and the preparation which precedes, should do two things. First, it should furnish valuable in- formation concerning forest conditions, tree lite, bird life, wild flower life, and the opportunity tor making school and home surroundings more pleas- ant; and second, it should put into operation sonic of the lessons gathered in this information. Trees and shrubs should be planted on home and school grounds by the pupils themselves. The Bird Day exercises should inspire young people not only to protect and feed the birds, but to build houses with which to decorate lawns, parks, and yards. As a special feature this year, I should like teachers, wherever possible, to take their students on one or more journeys to the fields and woods, for the purpose of studying wild flowers, birds, and trees in their natural settings. These trii>s, if carefully planned and properly managed, aniH be most inspiring, interesting, and instructive. Let each school contribute its share towards teaching: the children to love the beautiful ami reverence the good as symbolized by the tree, the bird, and the flower. Let each child be taught that when we plant a tree, protect a bird, or preserve a wild flower, we are doing something which will help to make our land a more wholesome and happier dwelling place for those who come after us, as well as for our- selves. Let us all consider thoughtfully the words of Knierson in this poem "We Thank Thee." "For flowers that bloom about our feet; For tender grass, so fresh, so sweet; For song of bird, and hum of bee'. For all things fair we hear or see. Father in Hefvven, we thank Thee! > "For blue of streatn and blue of sky; For pleasant shade of branches high; For fragrant air and cooling breeze; For beauty of the blooming trees, Father in Heaven, we thank Thee!" — John A. H. Keith. AMERICAN FOREST WEEK PROCLAMATION IN accordance with the custom established by my predecessor, I have yearly proclaimed an American Forest Week. I do so again in the ))elief that no other of our internal problems is of greater moment than the rehabilitation of our for- ests, now so hopefully begun but needing the stnmg support of our collective will and intelli- gence. Through joint arrangement, Canada is ol)serving forest week concurrently with us. One-fourth of our soil is better suited to timber growing than anything else. I can not escape the conviction that our industrial and agricultural stability will be strengthened by bringing into full productive use this great empire of land. Al- tliough most progress has been made in public for- estry and hopeful beginnings in private forestry, we still have a vast aggregate of idle or semi- idle forest land, and another large aggregate of poor farm land that might more profitably grow timber instead of adding to the problem of agri- vultural over-production. Consider what blessings the use of this land for intensive forest culture would bring to our c'onntry. Our migratory forest industries would be stabilized and made permanentJ Rural industry would be greatly strengthened and vitalized. Agriculture would find in silviculture a strong ally, providing markets for farm produce and for surplus labor. Our farms themselves coil- tain nearly a third of our woodland — an enormous potential farm asset if handled for continuous tim- ber crops. With widespread forest culture, new wealth would spring up for the support of roads, schools, and local government, and the rural re- gions would enjoy a larger share of the national prosperity. For some of our surplus capital now seeking investment abroad, new outlets would be found in forest production. Our people would then have an assured supply of timber and would see the hills and the waste places reclothed with forests for their pleasure and inspiration. American Forest Week gives a useful oppor- tunity for taking counsel on what can and should be done to bring these neglected and waiting lands into use. It also gives an opportunity for each citizen to consider his own responsibility in the common task. It is not enough that the Federal and State Governments have joined hands with the landowner in the first step toward forest re- habilitation, protection against fire. Every citizen whose thoughtless act may endanger the woods has the obligation of respecting the forest and guarding it from its Avorse enemy — fire. iV^oit', Therefore, I, Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States, do hereby designate and set aside an American Forest Week the week beginning April 24 and ending April 30, in this year of 1927; and I do earnestly urge that dur- ing that week the thought of all citizens be di- rected to the need of preventing forest fires and to the measures necessary for the preservation and wise use of our forests. I recommend to the Governors of the several States that they like- wise designate this week for special observance, and that where practicable and not in conflict with law or custom. Arbor Day be observed on some day of the same week. I urge that in each State special exercises be held in the schools and that the press and the general public give con- sideration to the forest needs of their respective commonwealths, to the adequacy of such legisla- tion as may be on their statute books, and to the possible need for further enactments. And I urge that all who own forest lands give consideration to the feasibility of so using them that their benefits may continue in perpetuity. In Witness Whereof , I have hereunto set ray hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Calvin Coolidge. 20 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 21 'I FORESTRY PROGRAM FOR PENNSYL- VANIA* By Charles E. Dorworth, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters IT is now a half century since Pennsylvania forestry began as an active force. In 1877, exactly fifty years agfo, the late Dr. Joseph T. Rothroek — father of Pennsylvania Forestry and founder of the Pennsylvania State Forest School — ])e<2:an his historic Michaux lectures in forestry. These lectures started a broad and pur- poseful forest policy for Pennsylvania. To take chargfe of the Department of Forests and Waters, and to participate in the dedication of this Science Hall of the next to the oldest exist- ing forest school in America, at the fiftieth mile- stone of Pennsylvania forestry, is to me a great privilege. This school is now entering upon the twenty-fifth year of its useful mission. I hope this new building will be a source from which will be disseminated forestry facts and principles that will be a big factor in developing a sound and progressive forestry program for Pennsylvania. During the last fifty years much progress has been made in Pennsylvania forestry. With each forward step the true forest situation can be seen more clearly. As I look at Pennsylvania forestry' today I see a background of fifty years of progressive achievements, and a foreground filled with important work to be done. Twenty-five years ago no organized attempt was made to control forest fires in Pennsylvania. As late as 19L3 less than half of the forest fires of the State wnre reported. Now, more than 98 per cent, of all forest fires occurring within the State are reported promptly to forest officers. There is now in effect a State-wide system of for- est protection. Considerable progress has been made in putting forest protection plans in opera- tion, but the forest fire records of the State show that there is much work ahead. The latest records show that during 1926 there were 2,917 forest fires in Pennsylvania. They burned over 224,256 acres. A consen^ative esti- mate of their total damage is $1,186,326.65. The State's siiare of the cost of extinguishing these fires was $177,353.41. These figures show that during 1926 forest fires of Pennsylvania did a daily damage of $3,250. With these forest fire figures, no one can claim that we have reached a •Address at the Dedication of Science Hall, State Forest School, Mont Alto, Pa., March 10, 1927. safety point in the forest fire situation in Penn- sylvania. As long as the annual forest fire dam age of Pennsylvania exceeds or approximates tlM^ million dollar mark, there remainsi with us a serious forest fire situation. No system of forest management can flourish as long as forest fires bum. Until the forest fire menace is removed, there is little hope for a balanced plan of forest consen^ation. We need to plant trees on our idle mountain-sides, but protection must make it safe to do it. We need special study plots with- in the forest to show us how to handle them, but protection must insure us that they will not burn up. And there are many other forest activities that cannot move forward until the forest firo menace is placed and kept under control. Not only the success of forestry, but the whole conservation movement depends upon the control of forest fires. Forest protection does not only mean more wood, it means better hunting and bet- ter fishing. Our forests are the home, the pro- tection, the sustenance of a wonderful variety of wild life. Forest protection also means that our water supplies will be safeguarded and sylvan beauty spots will be available for every citizen of the State. All these things are important in sus- taining the health, insuring the welfare, and pro- moting the happiness of the people of Pennsyl- vania. The State Forests of Pennsylvania have been growing in size, at times rapidly and at other times slowly, ever since 1898, when the first for- est land was acquired. During the first year of forest land acquisition in Pennsylvania, 17,010 acres were purchased. Three years after the pur- chase program was started the State had acquired 95,140 acres. By the tenth year (1908) 750,100 acres had been acquired. Now, after more than a quarter of a century of acquisition work, the State Forests comprise 1,132,444 acres, purchased at an average price of $2.26 per acre. During the last four years only 1,933 acres have been added to the State Forests, of which 1,090 acres were purchased, 407 acres were acquired as vacant land, and 436 acres of forest land came to the State as gifts. Look at the forest situation from any angle we may, and we see the need for an extension of the State Forests. Of the 13,000,000 acres of for- est land in Pennsylvania, only 1,132,444 acres are in the State Forests. Some of the tracts that make up the State Forests are far apart. These need to be tied together for effective administra- tion. Within the State Forests are many interior holdings that should Ik? acquired. In addition, I here are thousands of acres outside of the State 1 orcsts, some of them far removed from the pres- ent State-owned forest lands, that should be pur- chased. These are some of the lands the State sliould purchase and handle in the best interests ()\' the people. Recent land offers show that this 1,1 rid can be purchased at a fair price. Now is tiiG right time to purchase this privately owned forest land which is receiving little, if any protec- tion or care. The State should resume her land purchase program in the interest of the economic rovide the $500,000 desired, it will be done. We are just beginning to appreciate the value of our forests for recreation and health. During V.)26 almost one million people used the State Forests of Pennsylvania. Among them were 215,- 700 hunters and 34,825 fishermen. There are now on the State Forests 1,636 leased camp sites, 36 public camps, 7 State Forest Parks, and 9 State Forest Monuments. These outdoor play places and life saving stations are a great asset, not '»nly to the people of our State but also to thous- ands of tourists who come to Penn's Woods. We need more and better public play places. The State Forests offer the best sites for them. With tlio enlargement of the State Forests, increased recreational facilities will become available. We cannot afford to delay their development, for their need is urgent and their benefits inestimable. The real progress in Pennsylvania forestry will he measured bv the extent to which the improved tree crop becomes a part of general land usage. The big thing is to get forestry into the ground. . To do this we must transfer more and more of our forestry lessons into the woods. There is urgent need for the development of practical ob- ject lessons in forestry in all parts of the State. We need hundreds of forest plots that demon- strate in .a simple and practical way what for- estry is and how it should be practiced. The peo- ple of Pennsylvania are looking to the State For- ests to show the way to good forestry. Already the operations on the State Forests have helped many forest land o^soiers with their problems. This good work deserves to go forward. It must be enlarged on the State Forests and extended to privately owned forest land in all parts of the State. The forest problems will not be on the road to practical solution until there are avail- able in all parts of the State demonstration plots that show in a most practical and helpful way all the essential forest practices necessary to a proper handling of the forests of the State. We cannot afford to stop short of this goal in our educational program in forestry. Forestry in Pennsylvania w411 go forward with a sound business-like program of forest develop- ment. We will not permit it to slow up. The work of the Department of Forests and Waters will be waged aggressively and progressively dur- ing my administration. Pennsylvania's proud record of achievement in forestry will not only be maintained, but further extended. There are nianv brands of forestry. The brand that I am devoted to takes forestry into the woods and brings the greatest benefits to the greatest num- ber of people. NOTE THE Ninth Annual Meeting of the Anthra- cite Forest Protective Association was held at Hazleton, Pa., on January 12th. H. R. Condon, Assistant Forester of the Pennsylvania Railroad, gave an interesting and instructive talk on the forest protection work of that company. Chief Forest Fire Warden George H. Wirt asked that officials of corporations see to it that their int-erest in forestry is transmitted to all in their employ. He also asked for the support of a bill introduced in the Ijcgislature which will enable the State to prosecute corporations and companies who start forest fires. Remarks were also made by District Forester H. A. Smith and E. F. Brouse, E. H. Suender and J. F. Barber. The old and efficient officers were re-elected. 22 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 23 PREVENTABLE TIMBER WASTE MORE than 15,000,000,000 cubic feet of wood out of the total of 22,000,000,000 cubic feet removed annually from the forests of the United States is wasted, according to estimates made bv the Forest Service. ft/ The waste begins in the woods. Trees are un- necessarily broken in logging. P^elled trees are often poorly divided into log lengths. Small trees and poor trees are left to rot in the woods. The waste continues in the sawmill. In order to get high-speed sawing, saws with wide kerf are often used, with the result that good material goes into the sawdust pile. About one-third of all lumber is cut by circular saws with wide kerf. The use of thoroughly efficient portable handsaw equip- ment in small sawmills would effect vast economies in lumber manufacture. A large proportion of the contents of logs is lost in slabs and edgings some of Avhich might be utilized. The develop- ment of machinery to handle small pieces would aid in the use of large quantities of material that now goes to waste. There is waste in the remanu- facture of lumber. Approximately half of our total cut is remanufactured into such products as sash and doors, boxes and crates, furniture, ve- hicles, tanks, silos, and agricultural implements. Much waste could be prevented in such remanu- facture of lumber by selecting raw material es- pecially suited to making the finished product and by better methods of seasoning and manufacture. There is waste also in the use of lumber in gen- eral construction. Clear stock is demanded by consumers for purjwses for which lower grades would be entirely suitable, or even lengths and widths for purposes for which odd lengths and widths would do as well, or long lengths for uses for which short lengths are just as good or better. The preventable waste does not stop with the finished product; every year great quantities of timber that could be saved by the use of preser\'a- tives or by better methods of building construction are lost through decav. Out of the 'total annual waste of 15,300,000,000 cubic feet, it is estimated that by the application of present knowledge to commercial operations 5,340,000,000 cubic feet could be saved. The big- gest single item of saving estimated to be possible under present conditions is the 1,750,000,000 cubic feet of wood that by preservative treatment could be saved from decay. Other estimates of possible savings are 670,000,000 cubic feet in logging, 500,- 000,000 cubic feet in milling operations, 670,000,- 000 cubic feet in seasoning, 750,000,000 cubic fei^t in the use of small dimension stock, and 1,100,^ 000,000 cubic feet in miscellaneous ways. TIMBER GROWING BY THE STATES TWENTY-TWO States have established State forests; 14 of the States have also Stale parks; 10 have State parks but no State forests; and 36 States own forest lands which are not under either form of administration. Hawaii and Porto Rico, also, have State forests, and Porto Rico has other forest land in government ownership. All told there are about 6,000,000 acres of State forests, 368,000 acres of State parks, and 4,700,000 acres of other State forest land. It might seem that timber growing has been rather widely undertaken by the States. In real- ity few States have definitely gone into it. A number of the State forests are the result either of gifts or of special purchases that do not indi- cate a general policy. Considerably more than half the total area of State forests is in New York and Pennsylvania. Nor does the establishment of a State forest always mean that timber crops will be grown and harvested. New York prohibits timber cutting on her 2,000,000 acres of State forests, so that they are really State parks. Pennsylvania furnishes the outstanding ex- ample of timber growing. The purchase of forest lands was authorized in 1897 and has gone on until the State forests now contain 1,132,000 acres, the great bulk of which will be devoted primarily to wood production. A pending constitutional amendment if approved by the people will pro- vide for a bond issue of $25,000,000 with which to buy approximately 5,000,000 acres more. New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, New Jersey, and Ohio are other States in the East that are consistently building up State forests for timber growing through land purchase. The only State in the South that has as yet adopted such a policy is Texas. Wisconsin's 97,000 acres of State forests were mainly acquired by purchase. Michigan's 333,000 acres of State forests, on the other hand, are primarily derived from tax delinquencies, and Minnesota's 350,000 acres chiefly consist in lands granted the State by the Federal Government. State timber growing on any considerable scale calls for reasonably solid blocks of land, not wide- ly scattered small parcels. In South Dakota, ■ , Montana, Idaho, and Washington land exchanges l)('t\veen the Federal Government and the States liave been put through under which scattered school sections within the national forests have been surrendered and in their place the States liave received blocks of forest land of equal value. State timber growing is getting its start in the West in this way. A State policy of using tax-delinquent lands as a basis for similarly blocking out areas suitable for administration is one of the means by which in some States timber growing can be extended. The nucleui^ of New York's Adirondack State for- est was 600,000 acres acquired through non-pay- ment of taxes by OAvners of cut-over land. As the desirability of State forests, from the standpoint of public recreation as well as for urowing timber, becomes better understood their number and size will undoubtedly increase ma- terially. In the course of time they are likely to become factors of real importance in the meeting of local timber requirements. Roth for the inauguration and for the success- ful conduct of State timber growing a competent State forestry department and a strong public in- terest are essential. — Forestry Facts. NEW GALL-RUST DISEASE MAY BE MENACE TO VALUABLE PINES A POTENTIALLY dangerous gall-rust dis- ease of pine trees has been found by scien- tists of the United States Department of Agriculture and the New York State Conservation Commission in two distinct localities in the State (►f New York. The scientists made an emergency study of the disease last season, but they do not yet know definitely what the rust is, where it came from, or whether it will confine itself to Scotch I)ine, the European species of relative unimpor- tance for timber upon which it was found, or at- tack some of the most valuable timber trees of the country. ^0 far the disease has been found for a cer- tainty only on the Scotch pine, a species which lias been planted extensively on sand and other \vaste land and as an ornamental. If it were known that it would attack no other pine the issue Avould not be so serious from a national standpoint, but the danger lies in the fact that it is not yet known to what other hard pines the nns now known in the western part of the riiited States, it may attack any eastern hard pine, including the valuable turpentine pines of the South. If, on the other hand, as seems more prob- able, it is an importation and total stranger, it may attack any hard pine in the country, includ- ing the immensely valuable and widely distributed western yelloAV pine, which is one of the most valuable timber trees of the United States. For want of a better name to assign to it, the scientists have called the disease the Woodgate rust, from the name of the town in New York where it was first observed. It is a Peridermium rust, but its species has not been identified. In the emergency study last season some Scotch pines were found which had been attacked with an unprecedented violence. On one tree 15 feet high more than 18,000 galls were counted. How- ever, other trees seemed to be resistant or com- pletely immune. In trees severely attacked the parts of the trees above the galls either die, which seems always to be the case in young trees, or, in the case of trees which live for some years after attack, ^'witches' brooms" are formed which dwarf the tree and ruin it for timber. In many instances the galls occurred on the twigs and small branches as thickly as beads on a string. The individual galls are globular, and both the galls and brooms are very conspicuous. The Woodgate rust apparently can pass direct- ly from pine to pine. In most rusts there is an alternate stage on some other plant, as, for ex- ample, the white-pine blister rust, which ha,s an alternate stage on currants and gooseberries. If the Woodgate rust does not have this alternate- host stage it will be more difficult to control than the white-pine blister rust, which is controlled by destroying the alternate host. Whatever the Woodgate rust may prove to be, or from whatever part of the world it comes, there is no doubt that it seriously threatens Scotch pine, and that complete knowledge of its identity and its ability to attack other pines is impera- tive. At a recent meeting of the forestry board of the Moravian Church at Nazareth, arrangements were made to plant 3,500 additional trees this spring in what is known as The Moravian Woods, located near Black Rock on the outskirts of Naz- areth in Northampton County. When the spring planting is completed there will have been set out in The Moravian Woods almost 150,000 trees, all of which have been planted during the past ten years. It is believed that The Moravian Woods comprises the most extensive reforestation proj- ect by any church in Pennsylvania. 24 FOREST LEAVES PORCUPINES DAMAGE FOREST STANDS LeRay Frontz OF the many interesting things observed dur- ing the past summer (1926) in northern Pennsylvania probably the most striking or notable was the damage done to forest stands by porcupines. The food of the porcupine consists in the main of the bark of living trees. The trees most fre- quently attacked are sugar maple, black and yel- low birch and hemlock and, to a lesser extent, other hardwoods indigenous to this region. In localities where porcupines are plentiful, especial- ly in the vicinity of their dens, they have often killed all surrounding tree growth to some dis- tance back from the dens. Where these animals occur in large numbers they not only feed on liv- ing trees, but attack and destroy forest signs, buildings, etc. The writer has observed telephone poles that have been weakened near the ground level by the gnawing of porcupines. In some sections of northern Pennsvlvania porcupines became so thick following lumbering operations that they constituted a pest. In one comparatively small valley in Potter County more than 5,000 of these animals were killed bv hunt- ers and game wardens. With the reduction in the number of animals, tree growth suffered but little. However, it will be a number of years before the old scars on the trees will have been obliterated and in very many cases the trees have been perm- anently damaged. In young stands the bark is ordinarily gnawed from the trees near the ground level. After the bark has been removed to the extent of entirely encircling the tree death results. In older stands the porcupines climb into the tops of the trees and practically live there until the food supply has become exhausted or is more difficult to obtain. These trees are often damaged to such an extent as to make them practically worthless for future use as timber trees or as often happens they are entirely killed. On a quarter acre permanent sample plot lo- cated along the Roosevelt Highway in Potter County, supporting a 15-year-old stand of hard- woods, four of the finest specimens of sugar maple trees were entirely killed by this animal. These trees averaged approximately 40 feet in height and 7 inches in diameter breast high. They made up nearly 9 per cent, of the total volume of the stand. These four trees were left standing at the time this tract was lumbered 16 years ago. At that time their average diameter one foot above level was 2.4 inches. It was from these trees that a large percentage of high quality, ch'ar lumber, would have been secured when the pics- ent stands reach maturity. In addition, approxj. mately 10 per cent, by numbers of the remaining trees have been damaged by porcupines. Such trees have in most cases developed crooked .ind mis-shapen stems as well as rotten places in the trunks near the ground level where bark has been removed. The extent of the damage, observed to have been suffered by many stands, points to the con- clusion that in localities where this, ordinarily considered harmless animal, congregates, they he- come a menace to tree life and are capable of inflicting a vast amount of damage to the forest. The time has come, in the opinion of the De- partment of National Resources of the Chaniljer of Commerce of the United States, when the busi- ness of growing trees should be placed upon tlie same basis as any other business activity. To tliis end, it has announced, a conference will be held under the auspices of the National Chamber, prol)- ably in the autumn, to "consider the possibilities, difficulties and accomplishments in growing trees as a private enterprise." Opportunity will be afforded for the discussion of the practical problems from the point of view of those intimately connected with the industry. An effort will be made to lay out a practical pro- gram which will encourage the development of commercial forestry. The whole subject will he approached from the business man^s viewpoint with the object of making forestry a business, giv- ing it a place with agriculture and manufactur- ing in the national economy. Investigations by the Natural Resources De- partment which have been in progress for several years warrant the conclusion that in this respect American business stands at the threshold of a new industry. The total tonnage of products of the forest on American railways in 1923 exceeded 115^/2 mill- ion tons, which was about dyi per cent, of the total for all materials and brought receipts of nearly $420,000,000. This in spite of the fact that products like fuel wood, which accounts for ap- proximately 40 per cent, of our wood consump- tion, rarely appear in the tonnage reports of our railroads. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 'i. Nkw SriK.NTK Ham. at the Pknnsylvania Statk Forest School at Mont At, to. Pa. f J A Summer Home in the Statf-: Forests of I'nion Cottnty. There are now Almost 1700 Pkrmanknt Lkahki) Camp Sitks on the State Forests ok Pennsylvania. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 2. a o z o « < 09 OS OS >-) < w ^ OS >4 W OB o > O o 2; o O &>. o o Pk « H 09 >« U H U a. o O H « O <; 00 u u » H id u o a u S o 'A o a z o K O Pu FoKKST Lkavks, Vol. XXI, No. l. PouRST Leavks, Vol. XXI, No. 2. ,'♦; ,m.^ Xi:\v SciK.\<-K Hall at tiik Pk.wsylvama Statk Tokkst School at Mont Aito. T' 1 1 ] A Slmmkk TIomk in tfik Statk Fouksts ok Inion Coi'nty. Tm:riF<: ark now Almost 170(» I»KltMA\LNT F^l ASi;n ('AMI' SlTII.S (LV THK StATK FoKKHTS oK PkNNHYLVANIA. ■vi y ^ • ^t?«»r ;vH • ^' *■■■'■■■■ ^^'< ^ -^ A%^(' -,.-**• "iHlf^iflBS '^i^f^ .^ jaC?*«*^' o % 35 OS ►J < < * > « z ?^ < o o w o •J o o as n a: < o a. a: H CO H ~ u < X u: as X INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE I I FOREST LEAVES 25 PRESQUE ISLAND PENINSULA STATE PARK l! By H. R. Spencer PHESQUE ISLE is ti peninsula jutting out into Lake Erie in Erie County, Pennsyl- van. Roughly it is semi-circular in outline witli an outside circumference of about eight miles juid an inside circumference of five and one-half miles, curving around until it nearly meets the shore at the northeastern end where the entrance chnnnel is formed by artificial piers. The United States Lighthouse and Life Saving Station is placed here. The Bay or Harbor enclosed measures about five miles in length and one and one-half miles at its widest part. The narrowest j)ai-t of the Peninsula occurs at the Avestem end where less than three hundred feet of sand sepa- rate the Lake and the Bay; at the northeastern end it measures one and one-quarter miles across. The topography of Presque Isle is fiat, with several parallel ridges of sand dunes a few feel lii«rh separating numerous ponds and marshes, riie soil is sand, covered with layers of mould, riie western half is very heavily wooded, princi- pally with oak, beech, maple, cherry, elm, ash, (ueuniber, juniper, hemlock, cedar and white i)ine. The northeastern head is quite open, the only trees being a scattering of po])lar. This part is ap- l)arontly of comparatively recent formation. The cause of the origin of Presque Isle Penin- sula is somewhat a mystery. If there were some slight protrusion of the main bank of the lake in the form of a point or headland, it would be ea,sy to show how the lake current and the prevailing winds formed a sand bar extending out from the shore and gradually building itself up by accre- tion, but there is no such promontory; the main hank of the lake is even and unbroken. If there were a large stream to deposit detritus, the ex- planation would be simple, but there is no large stream. The basic fact is known that this is a sand bar, with no underlying rock or shale high enough to form a barrier to the waves. The manner of growth is known by reference to charts made even as late as 1888 and to similar forma- tions in Lake Michigan, but the primary cause remains a mystery. It is very old in years, prob- ably a dozen centuries, but it has not been over ()00 in its present location. One theory is that there was formerly a land bridge across Lake Erie connecting with Long Point on the Canadian shore. While this is possi- ble, there is no evidence to support it in the present contour of the lake. The deepest part is just east of Long Point, and the whole region west is comparatively shallow; the natural cause of this, as the narrowest part is between Presque Isle and Canada, is the greater strength of the lake current there. At one time in its geologic career Lake Erie covered a large part of Ohio and may have had as its eastern limits the region in question, emptying probably to the northward through the Ottawa River, but this fact has no bearing whatever on the creation of Presque Isle as it is undoubtedly a sand bar formation. About six hundred years ago the Peninsula ex- tended into the lake at a point twenty-five or thirty miles Avest of its present position, near the Ohio State line. From there it shifted or "floated" down to its present location by the steady process of accretion ; sand would be washed by the lake current and the prevailing winds from the neck and deposited on the outer point until finally the neck was Avorn through and broken; thus the Peninsula became an island until such time as a liar Avas formed connecting it with the shore. Mr. Harry W. Lewis, caretaker in 1880- 1882, l^elieved it to have drift^nl off from a bold sand bluff near the mouth of Walnut Creek, ten miles west of Erie. A very unusual theory, though possil)ly a true one, suggests the Sandusky peninsula as the point of origin, two hundred miles to the west, and pre- sents the novel picture of our peninsula cartwheel- ing along the shore in geologic somersaults, turn- ing end for end as the prevailing storms and cur- rents tore the sand from the western "neck" and deposited it at the eastern point. Its present permanence, if it is permanent, may be due to constant use of artificial means — piers, jetties, cribbing, planting, etc. In the seventy- five years from 1823-1898 the Federal Govern- ment spent in all $946,585.12 in maintaining Erie Harbor and Peninsula. One hundred years ago the peninsula was at- tached to the shore over a mile west of its present position. This is known by an old chart made in 1807, and by deeds of lake front property. One such deed for a tract near the approach of the present road defined its boundaries as starting from a certain beech tree on the bank of the lake, a well defined point, southwardly so many feet to the West Lake Road, westwardly such a dis- tance, northwardly so many feet to a maple tree, another definite point, and — mark the words — "thence returning to the point of beginning along the lake shore." This was perfectly lucid at the time as the peninsula joined the shore near what il li 26 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 27 fti is now known as Hart's Farm, over a mile to the west. As the years passed and storms tore aAvay and occasionally cut throiillow locust and honev locust, all of which were planted by the United States Engine-^rs in 1896-7-8. The present neck is bare of trees and has been for manv vears, vet when heavy storms in the winter of 1876-7 made a cut right through to the, bay, it was a great sur- prise to find stumps and well-preserved tree trunks buried there. These might have been washed ashore as driftwood at some time and gradually iMiried, but a better assumption is that this sec- tion, when the neck was much farther west than it now is, was heavily wooded with trees of a size equal to those now found in Waterworks Park. The find was oflicially reported by the United States Engineers as a buried forest. The bird life of Presque Isle is marvelously abundant. As this is the narrowest part of Lake Erie it is the stepping-off point of migrating bii'ds on their way to and from Hudson Bay. In March and November many thousands of all kinds of ducks stop here for a few days to rest and to feed. These are mainly the long-tailed duck, blue- bill or scaup, redhead duck, mallard, wood duck, pintail duck, black duck, American golden-eyo duck, buffle-head duck, and green and blue winged teal. Wild geese are common, and the white swan is beginning to appear again. Great blue heron remain here throughout the summer. Game birds nearly all are transient, but hosts of the smallei- birds nest here and make the summer happy with their songs. In 1900 a careful survey by Mr. Clyde Todd reported a total of 237 different varieties actually seen, and 53 more considered possible though not observed. The Pennsylvania Park and Harbor Commission, the State-appointed governing body, has forbidden any hunting or carrjdng of firearms whatever, a rule which has the cordial support of the citizenry of Erie. The flora of the peninsula is of equal interest. Here, as in almost no other place in the w^orld, it is possible in a walk of eight miles to traverse land in all stages of development. At the north- eastern tip is new-made land, clothed with n sparse, struggling, meagre growth of sand grass. Farther to the southwest are the bayberry bushes; then the cottonwoods or poplars with a dense undergrowth of lupine and checkerberry ; then the conifers are found, merging into a hardwood for- est with a heavy undergrowth. On the southwest end there are oak trees three and four hundred years old. The great variety of soil conditions naturally tends to produce many kinds of flowers and trees, ranging as they do from newly de- posited sand to stagnant sw^amp and deep leaf mold. In 1900 a thorough botanical survey made by Mr. 0. E. Jennings of the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, tabulated 420 different species of flora, 18 varieties and one hybrid; in all 439. In the space of three thousand acres this probably cannot be duplicated anywhere in the world. In 1925 and 1926 a concrete road connectinu with the main highways of the county was laid along the lake shore by the State of Pennsylvania, aided by a contribution of $75,000 from four thousand citizens of Erie. This is one of the most beautiful and charming drives in the east, running as it does between Lake Erie and Presque Isle Bay through a heavy forest, with glimpses oi the City of Erie two miles away across the har- bor. A few years ago 175 acres running through from the bay to the lake about two miles east of {he neck were transferred to the Water Commis- sioners of Erie. Here are located settling basins for the water received by the intake pipes from a iiiilo out in the lake. Prof. Cowles, of State Col- loov, has recently completed plans for further plantings of trees in this area. In the remaining 3,000 acres a few State trees were planted in the spring of 1926 and it is pro- posed to plant 20,000 conifers in 1927. Presque Isle Bay, or Erie Harbor, is entirely enclosed by the Peninsula. At the eastern end is the ship channel, 300 feet wide, flanked by con- crete jetties and navigation lights. The Coast (luard has a station at this point. On the north- west shore is The Flashlight, a lighthouse built in 1(S72 and containing what was then the largest lens in the world. ADDITIONS TO EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS LANDS to the value of $572,000 were au- thorized for purchase by the National For- est Reservation Commission as additions to Eastern National Forests, from the White Mountains in New Hampshire, to Minnesota and Arkansas. These lands consist of 69 tracts hav- ing a total area of 96,038 acres, and their pur- chase was authorized at an average price of $5.96 an acre. The largest tract consisted of 42,819 acres at $4.75 an acre, situated in White, Habersham, Lumpkin, Dawson and Fannin Counties, Georgia. This tract is located upon the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains and in large measure rounds out the Georgia National Forest in this section. It is an important addition to lands which will protect the headwaters of the Savannah Jind Chattahooche Rivers. In McKean, Warren and Elk Counties, Pa., the ]>nr(hase of 12,372 acres was authorized, located upon the watershed of the Allegheny River, the most important stream of Northwestern Pennsyl- vnnia, and one of the tributaries of the Ohio River wliic'h contributes largely to its disastrous floods. While largely upon the Monongahela River, one of the chief of the southern tributaries of the Ohio, the purchase of 10,336 acres was approved in TIardy, Hampshire and Pendleton Counties, Wfst Virginia. In addition to confirming the purchase of lands. one of the most important matters before the Commission was hearing statements and receiv- ing petitions presented by a delegation of New Englanders urging the purchase by the Govern- ment as an addition to the White Mountain Na- tional Forest, of a tract of 22,000 acres located upon the headwaters of the Merrimac River, in the town of Water\'ille, N. H. This delegation was headed by Mr. Allen Hollis, of New Hamp- shire, and came specifically to present a sugges- tion that the land should be acquired by the Gov- ernment in such a Tiianner as to retain the natural forest upon 600 ticres located in the scenic sec- tion around Greeley Ponds, and to leave an ad- ditional area uncut as a protective covering on the higher slopes. The Water\'ille Valley is one of the most im- ])ortant recreational areas in the White Moun- tain region, and from statements made at the meeting by a representative of the paper com- pany which now owns this land, it would seem that the owners are willing to consider an oft'er for the purchase of the lands by the Government with the view of meeting the desire of the public that a portion of the area shall l)e preserved with its heavj^ timber and associated wild life. The Commission, after hearing the presenta- tions of the case, authorized that the lands be examined in order to secure information neces- sary for adequate consideration of the desired purchases. W W. Ashe, Secretary of the Commission, in discussing the Commission's policy in regard to the location of additional National Forest sta- tions, stated that while no new National Forest purchase unit was authorized at this meeting, it is probable that this subject will })e given con- sideration at an early date. It is also his opinion that on accoimt of the fact that the appropriation for the purchase of lands for the forthcoming fiscal year is only one million dollars, the Commission will largely adhere to its past policy of limiting purchases to established units with the object of effecting better consoli- dation therein, and better administrative con- ditions. The land is our capital ; its products our divi- dends. Don't burn the interest. The acreage of forest lands in the United States swept each year by fire is about twice the area annually cut over by logging operations. Forest- ers estimate that more timber has fallen before the flames than l)efore the ax. 28 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 29 i FREIGHT BILL ON PENNSYLVANIA LUMBER TTiK annual frcij^ht bill on the lumber used in Pennsylvania is almost $25,000,000. Ae- cordinjr to fiji:ures compiled by the U. S. Forest Service, Pennsylvania's lumber freight bill for 1924 (the last year for which statistics are available) was $24,659,178. Of this total, $22,- 566,332 (92 per cent.) was paid on lumber im- ported from other States, $1,280,898 on lumber shipped within Pennsylvania, and $811,948 on lumber imported from foreign countries. Pennsylvania's aggregate freight bill on soft- wood lumber in 1924 was $17,915,941, of which $16,952,196 was paid on softwoods from other States, $288,745 on softwoods shipped within the State, and $675,000 on softwoods imported from foreign countries. Where the softwood luml)er imported into Pennsylvania came from is shomi in the folloAving table: Amount of Source of SJupmcnts Freight Bill Southeni Pineries $7,709,880 (45.48^, ) Northeni Pacific States ... 3,543,906 (20.89%) Noi-th Carolina Pine 2,970,112 (17.56«;n N. Rocky Mountain States. 1,644,467 ( 9.70 <^ ) Southern Pacific States ... 714,832 ( 4.21 ^^ ) Lake States 175,624 ( 1.039^) Central States 172,648 ( 1.01^;) Xortheastern States 15,743 ( .09% ) S. Rocky Mountain States. 4,984 ( .03%) THE CAREER OF FORESTRY* $16,952,196 Pennsylvania's freight bill on hardwood lumber in 1924 wias $6,743,237 of which $5,614,136 (83 per cent.) was paid on lumber imported from other States, $992,153 on hardwoods shipped with- in the State, and $136,948 on hardwoods imported from foreign countries. The sources of the hard- wood lumber is shown in the following table: Amount of Source of Shiptncnts Freight Bill (Vntral States $2,313,279 (41.20%) Southern Pineries 1,677,110 (29.88%) North Carolina Pine 1,329,051 (23.68%) Lake States 175,698 ( 3.13%) Northeastern States 111,302 ( 1.97%) Prairie States 7,696 ( .14% ) $5,614,136 By Cal. Henry W. Shoemaker ACCORlDING to an ancient chronicle it is recorded that in the year A. D. 800 tiiciv was added to the course of the Emperor ('liarlemagne's Palatine College, a series of Ice. tures on forestry by a Breton Monk from the dark forest of Broceliande. The Palatine, or traveling college accompanied Charlemagne the great leader of the Franks, that Germanic tribe who created modem Europe, and gave France its, name, on all of his travels and campaigns, so that learning and culture followed the flag into every nook and corner of the Holy Roman Empnc. Great was the rejoicing," the old chronicler re- lates, "when at the first of these forestry lectuies appeared his Imperial Majesty himself, and gjive quite close attention to the good father's dis- course." Evidently as long ago as the year 800 forest destruction was beginning to make itself felt in central Europe, and the far-seeing Charles the Great was determined to check the desolaticm which threatened his vast dominions, which in- cluded all of Europe except parts of Russia, and North Africa and also comprised most of Asia Minor. As Charlemagne was constantly visiting on missions of pleasure, peace, or war, every part of his domain, he was the world's first traveling njan, the faculty of the Palatine College went along, in- cidentally carrying the germ of the idea of for- estry north, south, east and west. In some places, notably in what is the present Germany, it took root, and flourished ever after- wards, later to be sent back to the present France centuries later, and be further developed and amplified there. If the Holy Roman Empire had lasted, and not been partitioned at Charlemagne's death in A. D. 814, doubtless the career of for- estry would have had an unbroken sequence down the ages, and been far more developed as a science today and more generally accepted. It fell on fertile soil ea.st of the Rhine, in certain localities, but its central thought and widest application perished for a time with the passing of Charle- magne. A disforested, eroded Spain, Italy, Al|»s and Pyrenees followed just as the Monkish teaclx-r predicted. But Charlemagne was not the originator of for- estry, it is mentioned by the Roman poets and •An address delivered at the dedication of the New Science Hall, State Forest School, Mont Alto, Pa. jmricnitural writers, and to a smaller extent by tlie chroniclers of ancient Greece, India and China. Changes of administration and policy iiiiide its tenure unstable, and the work of forest destruction proceeded down the centuries. It was only when the immediate danger presented itself th.il the rulers of Europe in the middle ages seized the remaining forests under the pretext of making (ht'iii private hunting parks, but in reality to pre- serve the timber for commercial exploitation. And yet the destruction by wars, the axe, and flames went on faster than royal conservation could bring them back. The forestry ideas of Charlemagne's (lay were first put to practical account in Ger- many, at the Hartz forest school and later, with wide gaps between, Franee, Austria, Italy, Sweden, i\ussia and Spain, successively established forest academies; special courses were given in England, Wah's and Scotland, and lastly in the United States, on Pennsylvania soil, forestry lectures, paid for by the Michaux fund, were given at the I Diversity of Pennsylvania by the late Dr. J. T. KNitlirock, commencing in 1877. Then twenty-six years later came into being, through Dr. Roth- loek's inception, the modest Mont Alto Rangers' School, later the Mont Alto Forest Academy, and now the Pennsylvania State Forest School, whose crowning achievement of steady growth and de- vel(»pment we celebrate today in the dedication of this handsome and commodious building. From tiie distant days of Charlemagne we can visualize the gradual growth of the forestry idea into a cai-eer of usefulness and patriotism. Wherever forestry has been developed and its precepts taii^'^jjt, population has remained stable, civiliza- tion has gone forward, commerce flourished, agri- eultnre continued, climate unaltered, and prosper- ity ])een ever present. Forestry has represented the highest ideal of IIk' State, and is the spiritual side of commercial ractice of forestry on privately owned lands; with the development of agricultural re- search in the United States. NEW PUBLICATIONS A Year in the Wonderland of Trees. — By Hjiii.iiii Hawksworth. 12 mo. 214 pages ll)oun<; in cloth. Illustrated. Student\s Edition, $!.()(). Scribner's Sons, Ncav York, N. Y. "A Year in the Wonderland of Trees" uWvs each reader a sense of personal responsibility in the national problem of forest conservation, be- cause of the dramatic, personal style in whicli its scientifically accnnate facts are presented. Written by one Avhose succe'ss in intere>'in«i both young" people and grown-ups in nature si ndy is well known, "A Year in the Wonderlaniiy observed in any finished product. The differeiKfs in structure described are such as can be s( n with the unaided eye or a low powder magnify! ig glass. The descriptions are supplemented 'jv many half-tone plates reproducing the grain "f the wood in end, plain-sawed, and quarter-saw ''d surfaces of oak, chestnut, elm, ash, birch, rose- wood, mahogany, ('ircassian walnut, cheny, and other w^oods. A key for tracing down the identity of a given piece of w^ood is provided in the te :t. The circular also discusses the relative merits '-f veneered and solid furniture and gives directions for the ])ro])er care of furniture. ^ PUBLISHED BY THE PENNSyiVANIA FORESTI?^ ASSOCIATION PHILADELPHIA. PA. - ^^^ INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE CONTENTS Page Tree Splitting a Rock. Brandywine Road, Chester County, Pa pJafe Editorials 33 Joseph S. Illick Named State Forester of Pennsylvaniai 34 Golden Anniversary of Pennsylvania Forestry 35 Synopsis of Late Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation 37 Fifth Annual Meeting of the Conservation Council of Pennsylvania 38 Boy Scouts Plant Walnut Groves 39 The Influence of "Forest Leaves" in a Neighbor State 39 Arbor Day at Central City 39 June's Tree Jewels 40 Arbor Day Tree Planting 41 Preservation of Our Brook Trout 42 Corsican Pine a Thousand Years Old 43 Trees 44 The Brush Fires 44 Bringing the Forests to Market 47 From an English Point of View 47 Dogwood and Persimmon Trees Provide Wood for Many Uses 48 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to diMcmlnalc information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the Stale of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 130 South 15th Street, Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents. Robt.SConklin, J. F. Hendricks. Samuel L. Smedley. Mrs. David Reeve. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. Treasurer and Recording Secretary, F. L. Biiler. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher. Chairman J. Rodman Paul, Henry Howson, Hon. Marshall Brown, H. W. Shoemaker. Hon. F. W. Culberlson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Bitter, Mrs. David Reeves. Miss Mary K. Gibson, LAW— Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price. George F. Craig, MEMBERSHIP-George H. Wirt, Chairman Dr. George S. Ray .... Dr. H. A. Rothrock J. A. oegume PUBLICATION Egbert S. Cary, Joseph S. Illick, WORK— Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman Miss Ethel A Shrigley, E. E. Wildraan. J. hrankim Meehan, Harrison Souder. FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-cla^ matter, under Act of March 3d. 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 3 PHILADELPHIA, JUNE, 1927 Whole Number 238 EDITORIALS SOME persons have objected to the proposed $25,000,000 loan for the purchase of wild lands for State Forests on the ground that it would cause a tremendous increase in the cost of such lands to the State. The best answer to this is in the case of our neighbor State of New York. New York has very much less of this class of land than our own State, and therefore, if this contention were true in Pennsylvania, it would be accentuated in New York. The citizens of New York have, however, ap- j)roved of two forest loans. In 1916 one of $10,000,000 was authorized, of which $2,500,000 were made available for the acquisition of lands for the Palisades Interstate Park, and the re- maining: $7,500,000 for the purchase of land for forest preserves. The people thought so well of this that in 1924 another loan of $15,000,000 was authorized of which $5,000,000 was for acquisi- tion of lands in the Adirondack and Catskill forest i)reserves, the balance of $10,000,000 being divided amongst various State Parks. Mr. William G. Howard, Superintendent of the State Forests of New York, in reply to an incjuiry, made the following statement which seemingly effectively disposes of the above ob- ^"\Ve had one bond issue of $7,500,000 for the purchase of land for the Adirondack and Catskill fore>t preserves. This money became available early in 1917, and was spent at the rate of about n million dollars a year until last year when it was used up. In the meantime a new issue of •$5,()()(),000 for the same purpose was made avail- •ihle, and something over a million dollars of this l»ns been expended to date. "These bond issues have made it possible to make important additions to the Forest Preserves and to acquire lands which were absolutely need- ed for the successful operation of the Preserve. "We do not feel that these bond issues have materially increased the prices of wild land offered lor sale to the State, over and above the increases in timberland values which have taken place gener- ally during the period from 1917 to the present time. "Our practice has been to consider for purchase lands which are offered to us for sale, except in a few instances, where in order to acquire tracts especially needed, it has been necessary to initiate consideration of the purchase in this office. There are only a very few* of these last cases." It will be noted that the annual expenditure for the purchase of lands for State Forests in New York was nearly similar to that authorized in the enabling act of our $25,000,000 proposed loan, so that the conditions have been nearly the same, except that there is much less of this character of land available in New York than in Pennsylvania. MUCH stress has been laid recently on the increase in the annual charge for hunt- ers^ licenses in Pennsylvania, the rate being raised from $1.25 to $2.00, emphasis being laid on the fact that this increase would be used in the purchase of land for forest purposes. It is pleasing to know that the sportsmen of this State are broad-minded enough to help the cause in this way, but their support is still de- sired for the proposed $25,000,000 loan for the purchase of wild lands for State Forests. The extra 75 cents paid by the sportsmen, ac- cording to the Act passed by the late Legislature and approved by the Governor, is to be expended as follows : "The sum of seventy-five cents from each resident hunter's license fee being the increase in fees pro- vided by this amendment shall be used exclusively for the creation, acquisition by purchase, lease or otherwise and the maintenance of public hunting grounds and game refuges and the purchase of outstanding timber and mineral rights on the lands so acquired or the acquisition of water rights on adjoining lands whenever the board deems such acquisition desirable." From this it will be seen that this extra amount can be used by the Game Commission in any way it may deem best, but for game pur- poses only, whereas the forest loan bill is OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 130 S. FIFTEENTH STREET. PHILADELPHIA f 34 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 35 designed to enable the Department of Forests and Waters to purchase much needed forest lands, which will be efficiently cared for, pro- tected from fire and improved, decreasing the flood menace, affording lands for hunting and fishing purposes, etc., and the additional funds secured from the increased hunters' licenses can be effectively used for the purchase and care of game in these new resorts, thus adding much greater areas of wild lands for hunting purposes than can be secured in any other way, and we trust that all of the various sporting organiza- tions will whole-heartedly help support the pro- posed forest loan act. THE Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association will be held at West Chester on June 28th, 29th and 30th. On the evenings of June 28th and 29th sessions will be held in the new George Morris Philip's Memorial Auditorium of the West Chester State Normal School. At these there will be interest- ing addresses on forestry and motion pictures. On June 29th there will be a motor trip to the Arboretum of Humphrey Marshall. From there the party will go to the famous Birmingham Meeting House, and over the historic Brandywine Battlefield. Then to the Longw^ood Greenhouses and Gardens. On June 30th a motor trip will be made to the grave of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, and Painter's Ar- boretum. From there the party will go to the Westtown School, visiting the tree plantings and original trees. The headquarters will be at the Mansion House, where members should make reservations. All persons who expect to attend should promptly notify F. L. Bitler, Recording Secre- tarj'^, 130 South Fifteenth Street, so that due ar- rangements can be made. JOSEPH S. ILLICK NAMED STATE FORESTER OF PENNSYLVANIA JOSEPH S. ILLICK has been appointed State Forester of Pennsylvania and Deputy Secretary of the State Department of For- ests and Waters. The new State Forester will soon complete twenty years of service in the Forestry Depart- ment of Pennsylvania. In 1907 he became an in- structor at the State Forest School at Mont Alto. He served there in the capacity of Professor of Forestry and Acting Director until 1919. During the last eight years he has been Chief of the Bureau of Information and Director of Forest Research for Pennsylvania. Mr. Illick is a graduate of Lafayette College, the Biltmore Forest School, and took graduate work at the Forest School, University of Munich, Germany. He also holds an honorary degree from Juniata College. On several occasions he has made extended study tours of the forests of Europe. Last year he was an official delegate to the World Forestry- Congress at Rome, Italy. When in Europe last year he made a special forestry study tour cover- ing twelve European countries; on one of these trips he journeyed as far north as Lapland. The new State Forester is the author of 12 books on trees and forestry, and has contributed more than 100 special articles on forestry and other outdoor subjects to periodicals. His best known publication is "Pennsylvania Trees," which has already gone through five editions, totaling 45,000 copies. Among his other publications are "Tree Habits" and "Guide to Forestry." He is a Senior Member of the Society of American For- estry, a member of the Council of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, and a Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The new State Forester knows the trees and for- ests of Pennsylvania, having traveled thousands of miles in all sections of the State studying the for- est conditions and forest problems. He is also thoroughly familiar with the entire forestry per- sonnel of Pennsylvania, having taught practically all the technically trained foresters in the Forest Service of Pennsylvania. GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY OF PENNSYL- VANIA FORESTRY A member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ- ation who desired to aid in the celebration of American Forest Week, handed to a couple of young men his copy of the February issue of "Forest Ijcaves" describing ways in which this could be accomplished. He told them to see what they could do. The result was that The Main Liner, of Ardmore, Our Town, of Narberth, and The News of Bala-Cynwyd, Pa., gave a general statement in regard to the purposes of American Forest Week, and published in full the President's Proclamation in regard to it. The balance of the page was devoted to advertisements so worded as to call attention to American Forest Week. This member of our Association told the young men that he would see that they suffered no loss and sent them a check for $50 for this purpose. Tlie check was returned with the statement that tliey liad no loss but had made a profit. DESPITE inclement weather, happily sea- sonable, however, to the planting of the fifty Tribute Tulip Trees planted in cele- bration of the Golden Anniversary of Forestry in Pennsylvania, 1,000 ardent supporters of forest conservation gathered at Caledonia Park, Frank- lin County, on the afternoon of Arbor Day, April 22, 1927, to honor the Golden Anniversary of For- estry in Pennsylvania and fifty persons whose names are forever linked with its accomplish- ments. The program of speaking and singing, held in tlie dancing pavilion at Caledonia Park, was re- ceived enthusiastically by these 1,000 friends of the forest. The following invocation was pronounced by Rev. John Henry Lehn, of New Cumberland: "God of Eternity, the Creator of earth and this fair land which once more Thou dost grace with a garb of greenness, and Thou, Father of the spirits of all mankind and of us who are here assembled. To Thee we ascribe Praise and Adora- tion upon this occasion of solemn, yet joyful mem- ory, for Blessed of the Lord is this land, *For the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath. And for the precious things brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon, and for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills. And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof.' The trees of the Lord that 'are full of sap. The Cedars of Ijebanon,' the Forests of Penn, which He hath planted. "Receive, we pray Thee, our unfeigned thanks for Thy rich favor; for that the blessings vouch- safed by Thee to the founder of our Common- wealth Thou hast extended unto our fathers and unto us; in Divine assistance unto the conserva- tion of the resources of our woodlands and to the development and perpetual improvement of the same. "Grant, we beseech Thee, in continuation of Thy favor, Thy Divine blessings upon the ser- vants of the Commonwealth, the Secretary of For- ests and Waters, the State Forester, and all others who labor in co-operation with them; that they "lay be endued with the spirit of wisdom and understanding, that in the fulfillment of their high calling there may be prophesied a more golden tuture by the aureole of each succeeding day. 'Grant also health and prosperity to all who are in authority, especially to the President of the United States. The Governor of this Common- wealth, and to all judges and magistrates, and endue them with grace after Thy good pleasure. "Cause also the needful fruits of the earth to prosper, that we may enjoy them in due season. Give success to all lawful occupations on land and sea, to all pure arts and useful knowledge, and crown them with Thy blessing. "And may the trees of the world, emblems of fruitful peace and typical of strength and ex- pressive of majestic poise and beauty, in their common greenness from torrid heat to Arctic cold, teach to all the sons of men their universal blood- bound Fraternity, that we all might be called 'trees of righteousness, the planting of the Lord, that He might be glorified.' "Till we come to the Tree of Life which is in the midst of the Garden of God, and whose leaves shall be for the healing of the nations. "In the Name of Him who by His death upon the Tree gave life to all Mankind. Amen.^' District Forester John R. Williams, of the Mi- chaux State Forest, in reviewing the history of the forest, gave expression to its present useful- ness and popularity, and paid a stirring tribute to F. Andre Michaux, who landed in this country in 1785 and who laid the foundations and paved the way for the definite beginnings in Pennsyl- vania forestry that followed. "This land upon which we hold these exercises today," said Mr. Williams, "is full of historic interest. Here Thad- deus Stevens established his iron furnace in 1837, drawing continually upon the surrounding forests for the charcoal then so vital to this industry; and over these forests have traveled a host of men who have written their names in forestry through- out our country." The Hon. Watson R. Davison, President Judge of the Franklin County Courts, related interesting incidents of the first official Arbor Day in Pennsyl- vania, observed April 16, 1885. "Arbor Day at that early time," said Judge Davison, "hardly meant anything more than going down to the creek near my old home town, Greencastle, and securing several maples and planting them at the entrance to the school building, but it has meant much more than that since. It has been a big factor in helping to bring back the woods in Pennsylvania, and it is to the vision of such men as Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock and others that we owe this great achievement. Arbor Day should lead us to a rededication anew to the great visions of these inspiring leaders." President Ethelbert Warfield, of Wilson Col- I* i 36 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 37 letre, in charge of the exercises, paid a warm tribute to State Forester Joseph S. lUick in his introduction, citinp: the fact that Dr. lllick had been one of his students at Lafayette College and that it was his great pleasure to see him elevated to his high position in forestry in Pennsylvania. State Forester lllick, in speaking "On Progress in Pennsylvania Forestry," said: "As early as 1681 William Penn, in his Charter of Rights, stated that 'In clearing the ground care should be taken to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared.' These early regulations opened the way for the more substantial work that was to follow. It was not until 1877— exactly fifty years ago— that Pennsylvania Forestry began as an active force. In that year the late Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania, be- gan his historic Michaux lectures in forestr5\" From these early beginnings the State Forester traced the development of Pennsylvania forestry up to the present time. In speaking of the fifty Tribute Trees whose planting featured the Arbor Day exercises, he said : "It gives me great pleas- ure to help plant these fifty thrifty Tulip Trees in honor of fifty Pennsylvanians who served so well, and often without compensation and appreci- ation, in the interest of forestry. I will long re- member this Golden Anniversary of Pennsylvania Forestry, and hope that all of these Tribute Trees will grow in beauty and stateliness to perpetuate the memories of those in whose honor they are planted." In planting the first tree, in honor of Governor Fisher, State Forester lllick said : "This Tulip Tree I plant in honor of John S. Fisher, Governor of the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania, who as a boy manifested his interest i»i forestry by planting trees on his father's farm in Indiana County, and throughout his public career has been an ardent advocate and staunch suj)- porter of forest conservation." The Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock tree was planted by Chief Forest Fire Warden George H. Wirt, who said : "I plant this Tulip Tree in memory and in honor of Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, Michaux Lectur- er on Forestry, the Father of Forestry in Pennsyl- vania, Pennsylvania's first Commissioner of For- estry— a man of vision and capable of bringing his visions to realities." Dr. E. A. Ziegler, Director of the State Forest School, planted a tree in honor of Charles E. Dor- worth, Secretary of the State Department of For ests and Waters; and Professor George S. Perry planted a tree in honor of Dr. E. A. Ziegler. Mrs. Walter K. Sharpe planted the tree in honor of IVIiss Mira L. Dock; Dr. J. V. Hofmann a tree in honor of Dr. Henry S. Drinker, and District Forester W. L. Byers the tree in honor of George 11. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden. A com- plete list of the Tribute Trees planted is appended. The program was enlivened with music fur- nished by the Boys' Band of the Pennsylvania Sol- diers' Orphan School of Scotland, through the courtesy of Col. C. Blaine Smathers, and by stu- dents of the State Forest School. At the con- clusion of the exercises, the school children, under the direction of Miss Gertrude Wardell, Musie Supervisor of the Chambersburg schools, sang the Arbor Day song "Pennsylvania," adopted for this day by the Pennsylvania Daughters of the Amer- ican Revolution. The persons in whose honor trees were planted were: Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, the Father of For- estry in Pennsylvania.* Andre Francois Michaux, Benefactor of Pennsylvania Forestry. Governors of Pennsylvania (1877-1927) : John S. Fisher •Gifford Pinchot Wm. C. Sproul Martin G. Brumbaugh John K. Tener Edwin S. Stuart Samuel W. Pennypacker William A. Stone Daniel H. Hastings Robert E. Pattison James A. Beaver Henry M. Hoyt John F. Hartranft. State Forestry Department Officials: Charles E. Dorworth R. Y. Stuart •Gifford Pinchot Robert S. Conklin •Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock I. C. Williams Lewis E. Staley George H. Wirt E. A. Ziegler. Presidents of Pennsylvania Forestry Assccia tion: ♦Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock Burnet Landreth ••J. P. Lundy John Birkinbine * Henry S. Drinker. ^loiubers of Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion : Maria M. Coxe Sophia G. Coxe. Forestry Commission of 1888 appointed by (jovornor Beaver: Washington Townsend W. A. Buckhout Samuel F. Colt G. B. Wiestling G. 0. Praetorius. Forestry Commission of 1893 appointed by (^o^omor Pattison: *Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock William F. Shunk. Members of the State Forest Commission in tlic past and present: Albert Lewis George G. Groff Isaac D. Brown John Fulton A. C. Hopkins Mira L. Dock *Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock S. B. Elliott J. Linn Harris F. L. Harvey William P. Stevenson J. M. Hoffman Geo. B. Lewis P'idward Bailey Henry W. Shoemaker *GifTord Pinchot Mary Flinn Lawrence * Henry S. Drinker N. P. Wheeler. SYNOPSIS OF LATE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY LEGISLATION I'rofessor Charles Sprague Sargent, Director of the A mold Arboretum, died on March 22nd, at his iome in Brookline. He was 85 years old, and tore^try has lost a good friend. He was always a conspicuous figure in forestry and liorticulture. His writings have been numer- ous, and exerted great influence on their readers. He was the author of the "Minual of the Trees of Xorth America," *-Sylva of North America," and numerous other publications, including the 'r«ntli Census "Forest Trees of North America." ,^^*^*'ved in two or more ofBcial capacities. Tree was planted to Mr. and Mrs. Lundy. THE Legislature passed a bill providing for an appropriation of $450,000 for the pur- chase of the Cook State Forest for use as a State Park and Forest Reservation, which act has been approved by the Governor. The appropri- ation is contingent upon the Cook Forest Associ- ation paying into the State Treasury the sum of $200,000, of which they have already collected $100,000, and we presume that this total will be duly raised the 7,219 acres which the Association recommended buying will then be secured by the State. In this purchase the owner reserves the oil and gas rights. In this tract there are between 500 and 600 acres of virgin forest, the largest remaining remnant of the once magnificent forests which once covered almost the entire area of Pennsylvania. Among other acts relating to forestry which were passed by the late Legislature, and approved by the Governor may be mentioned the follow- ing: Act 718 (Senate) amending the act to estab- lish a Bureau of Forest Protection, so that the penal provision for setting fire maliciously or othenvise to any woodlot, forest or wildland is made to read that the term persons shall also in- clude "individuals, associations, partnerships, limited partnerships, joint-Stock companies or corporations and their officers, agents or em- ployes." Act 720 (Senate) changes the former act in re- gard to the growth, sale and distribution of forest tree seedlings and transplants by the Department of Forests and Waters. The Department of For- ests and Waters is authorized to grow forest tree seedlings and transplants, and -to sell the same at a sum not to exceed the average cost of produc- tion and shipping. It also provides that these seedlings or transplants are to be planted in Penn- sylvania for watershed protection or for wood products. Act 131 (Senate) appropriates $300,000 to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park toward the cost of acquiring the land required for the Fort Wash- ington Extension of Fairmount Park. Act 103 (House) Appropriation bill two years — Forest Service: Secretary's salary, $16,000; Administration, $1,575,000; Fixed Charges, $115,- 970; Fire Extinction, $200,000; Land Acquisition, $500,000; Cook Forest Park, $25,000. Total, $2,- 431,970. Water Service — two years: Engine<»r, $6,000; Administration, $165,000; Delaware n 38 FOREST LEAVES Treaty Commission, $5,000; Fixed Charges, $5,- 120. Total, $181,120. Fort Washington Park Forest Service — Mortgages, $41,750. Act 736 (House) Deficiency Appropriation- Forest Service : Fire Extinction, $100,000. Act 465 (Senate) Pyraatuning Swamp Project Appropriation — Water Service: Land Acquisi- tion, $350,000. Act 226 (Senate) Washington Crossing Park Commission Appropriation — Land Acquisition, $25,000; Administration, $100,000. Act 182 (Senate) Washington Crossing Park Commission — Appropriation Deficiency: Admin- istration, $10,000. Act 858 (Senate) Amending Act of June 13, 1836, relating to roads, highways and bridges, pro- viding for the laying out and opening of private roads to lands owned by the Commonwealth. The act grants authority to the executive officer of any Department, Board or Commission to petition the courts of quarter sessions for a private road from lands owned or leased by the Commonwealth to a highway across any lands of any person, associ- ation or corporation. The Act of June 13, 1836, provided only for the laying out of private roads across cultivated lands. Act 150 (House) Amending Section 2 of the Act approved April 27, 1925, entitled "An Act to protect trees and woodlands" by adding thereto, "Nothing contained in this section shall be con- strued to apply to acts committed in good faith by engineers and sur\"eyors and their assistants in making surveys." Act 120 (House) Authorizing the Department of Justice to deduct from the proceeds in any liti- gation for the collection of debts, taxes and ac- counts due the Commonwealth the cost of such litigation. The average rail haul of lumber from place of manufacture to place of use has practically doubled in the Ignited States in the last dozen years. In 1914 it was estimated at 360 miles, in 1924 at 700 miles. Many important sections of the country that under present conditions are not reached by water transportation and can be serv^ed only by rail traffic will become increasingly de- pendent upon softwoods from the Pacific North- west as eastern and southern supplies decline. It appears that such regions must eventually pay very high freight charges unless timber growing is developed in neighboring forest regions on a much greater scale than it is today. FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CON- SERVATION COUNCIL OF PENN- SYLVANIA THE fifth annual meeting of the Consena- tion Council of Pennsylvania was held at Harrisburg, May 6, 1927. The president, in his address to the delegates, discussed activities of the Council during the last year. He reviewed the campaign undertaken to remedy the stream pollution situation during the 1927 session of the General Assembly. He stressed the need for a vigorous campaign by the Council to have the proposed forest loan approved by the electorate. Grover C. Ladner, of Philadelphia, read a paper on "Pollution and Its Remedy." William B. McCaleb, of St. Davids, discussed the activities necessary for ratification by the ])eo- ple of the proposed constitutional amendment pro- viding for a $25,000,000 forest bond issue in this State. Dean R. L. Watts, chairman of the Committee on Farming, stated that the farmer is interested in the present movement for reforestation in this State, particularly in the building up of the farm woodlot which comprises one-fourth of our total area and contains two-thirds of the stand- ing timber of the State. Your committee feels that one of the problems yet to be worked out satisfactorily in regard to both woodlots and for- est areas in general is an enlightened tax policy, so shaped as to encourage owners of such areas to hold their growing trees until maturity rather than be obliged to cut the timber prematurely be- cause of the excessive taxes levied under our pres- ent system. In regard to the $25,000,000 forestry bond is- sue coming before the voters of the State in 1928, we assure this body that the farmers of the State are vitally interested in this project, the Pennsylvania State Grange having indorsed the bond issue from its very inception. During the evening session, following the din- ner, addresses were given by J. A. Boak, Master of the State Grange, and Dr. Wm. H. Moore, of Philadelphia. Mr. Boak stated that the State Grange had indorsed the proposed $25,000,000 forest loan and looked upon it as an investment. It was the only State loan ever indorsed by the Grange. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Grover C. Ladner, of Philadelphia; Vice-Presidents, Miles R- Horst, Lebanon, Wm. B. McCaleb, St. Davids, and FOREST LEAVES 39 John B. Semple, Sewickley; Treasurer, Wm. B. Mt'C'iileb, St. Davids; Secretary, A. 0. Vorse, Harrisburg. BOY SCOUTS PLANT WALNUT GROVES FROM famous black walnut trees closely con- nected with events in the lives of three of the Nation's greatest figures, George Wash- ington, Theodore Roosevelt and Robert E. Lee, Boy Scouts are obtaining seed walnuts and plant- in;h woodlands in the United States, striking at the very heart of our national prosperity. THE INFLUENCE OF "FOREST LEAVES'* IN A NEIGHBOR STATE MR. JOSEPH W. MARSH, of Pittsburgh, Pa., a member of our Association, has been sending his copy of "Forest Leaves" to his nephew, Mr. Alvin C. Marsh, of Dover, Ohio, President of the Marsh Lumber Company, in the hope of calling attention to the desirability of reforesting their denuded areas, and the fol- lowing copy of a late letter from Mr. A. C. Marsh will show the excellent work now being done by that company: "I wish at this time to thank you for your kind- ness in sending to our office during the last couple of years, the little magazine 'Forest Leaves,^ pub- lished by the Pennsylvania Forestrj'^ Association, which has been very interesting to us; in fact, this little magazine has helped us and encouraged us along the line of doing some reforestation work on our own lands which we own near Stone Creek, Ohio. "Thru our State Forestry Department, we have been getting small trees of different varieties, con- sisting of Poplar, Oak, Walnut, Spruce, etc., and have planted during the last two years 65,000 of these small trees and are this year planting 80,000, making a total of 145,000 that we will have planted before this year is over. "Brother Joe is verv much interested in this work and in fact it is due to his interest that we started and are continuing in this work which we think will be very nice in years to come, as we will have a solid block of timber, consisting of probably 300 to 400 acres. We are also trying to interest some of the other industries owning land which is not being cultivated, and believe that we will finally be successful in starting some re- forestation work in this locality. "Some time when you come to Ohio, we will be very glad to show you what we have started and hope that you will be able to pay us a visit some time during this year." ARBOR DAY AT CENTRAL CITY FOREST conservation was the theme of a big tree planting demonstration at Central City on the first spring Arbor Day, April 8, 1927. The exercises began early in the morning, when the pupils of the schools were dismissed for a tree planting ceremony which took the part of a pageant and the planting of small sugar maple trees by the children. After the morning planting exercises the pupils were taken on a trip over.. 40 FOREST LEAVES some fire-swept timberlands to impress the les- sons of forest protection, and then they were taken to a thrifty stand of young trees, which gave a very effective contrast picture. At noon, Lawrence E. Fisher, of the De- partment of Forests and Waters, showed mov- ing pictures in the local theatre. The picture "In Penn's Woods," included a considerable number of views featuring tree planting by the pupils of Central City in the spring of 1926. So many pupils and citizens of Central City wanted to see this picture that three showings were held, one at noon, another in the afternoon, and the third in the evening. For the evening showing special invitations were sent to the sportsmen of Cambria and Somerset counties. A fishing picture was also shown in the evening. The big feature of the Arbor Day exercises was the planting of 70,000 trees on the watersheds in the vicinity of Central City by the pupils of the schools. The tree planting program at Central City was started in 1924, when 1,500 children planted 14,000 trees. In 1925 65,000 trees were planted, and last year 110,000. This year's plant- ing of 70,000 is among the largest promoted by any school of the State. Arrangements for the Arbor Day exercises were in charge of Forest Fire Warden Ted Mills, who is also an inspector for the Reitz Coal Company. District Forester Bearer, of Ligonier, and Dis- trict Forester T. I. Shirey, of Johnstown, also took an active part in the Arbor Day exercises. A hillside site for a "school forest," in plain view from the Public Square and but one-quarter mile from the town limits, was recently donated by Mr. J. B. Knapp, florist, of Sayre, Bradford county. The boys of the freshman class of the Sayre High School, about 60 in number, planted 3,000 forest trees, under the direction of District Forester E. Fred Brouse: The planting scheduled for Arbor Day, Friday, April 22nd, was de- ferred on account of inclement weather to Thurs- day afternoon, April 28th. Much credit for the success of the project is due to the efforts of Miss Evelyn Peck, of the Biologj- Department of the Sayre High School, who was especially in- terested. District Forester Brouse states that "The proximity of the site, and the fact that it can be seen from town, add much to the value of this 'school forest,' for it is sure to be visited often." Costs of extinction collected upon Spring (1927) forest fires already amount to $587.30. JUNE'S TREE JEWELS By H. B. Phillips JUNE abounds with beguiling blossoms, ihir illustrations for this number of "Forest Leaves" picture several of the most beauti- ful tree flowers found at this season in Pennsyl- vania. While the trees represented need no in- troduction to our readers, it is timely and not inappropriate to direct attention to these allurinj? flowers of the season. They represent four of the most charming, most cherished and most con- spicuous of Pennsylvania's first-rate flowering,' trees. Renewed observation and close inspection of their beautiful blossoms will perhaps reveal some hitherto hidden beauty, for such 'is often the case. Each of them verifies the truth, "A tliinj? of beauty is a joy forever." The Common Locust, blooming in May and June, is one of the crowning glories of the coun- tryside. Only the apple orchard in all its beauty excites more admiration. The sweet-pea-like, cream-white flowers of the locust hang in loose, drooping clusters about the size of a bunch of grapes. They are borne in profusion. The locust's distinctive foliage, flowers, fruit and form make it a valuable ornamental tree. The compound leaves, up to a foot or more in length, are composed of 7 to 21 delicate green leaflets from one to two inches long. The leaflets are ar- ranged oppositely with the odd leaflet at the tip. The foliage gives the trees a lacy-like, modest ap- pearance, rivalled only by the White Birch. Its pod-laden branches, hung with fruit late into win- ter, make the tree a picturesque object of the winter landscape. It seems that the merits of the locust as an ornamental tree have been neglected in its houie land, for in Europe it is highly prized, widely planted and carefully cared for. It is true that the locust requires more constant grooming than some other trees, but I have long felt that it is deserving of more attention on the home grounds. It fills a special niche in landscape treatment. Its unique merits have certainly lacked our appre< i- ation. The Tulip Tree or Yellow Poplar is one of our best ornamentals. It is a favorite for shade, lawn and street planting. It grows rapidly, is adapted to city conditions, and is rather free from insects and disease. It is an easy tree to identify in a'l seasons. Its buds, leaves and flowers can not he confused with those of any other. The leaves, iu contrast to those of most trees which are pointed 1 11 I !■« Forest Leaves^ Vol. XXI, No. 3 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 3 The Swamp Magnolia's Beautiful Flower. The Sweet-Pra-Likr Flowers of the Black Locust Hang in Clusters About the Size OF A Bunch of Grapes. i The Tulip Flower and Shield-Shaped Leaves of the Yellow Poplar. Photiw {'(Hirtesy Departmeiit uf Foie»ti & Wnter* Rhododendron Peeping Through the Ferns. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 3 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 3 The Swkkt-Pka-Likk Flowkiis ok the Black Locust Hang l\ Clusters About the Size OK a Bunch ok Grapes. The Swamp Maonolia's Beautikul Flower. Rhododendron Peeping Through the Ferns. The Tulip Flower and Shield-Shaped Leaves ok the Yellow Poplar. Plmtds CoiirtCHy Di'iuirtmciif of l-'nu'sts & Wiitera INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 41 toward the tip, are broad and shallowly V-shaped. This peculiarity tog-ether with the large lobe on either side of the leaf, gives it general resemblance to ji shield. It is the only shield-shaped leaf of all our trees. The showy yellow flowers just about tlic size and shape of the common garden tulip, lijivt' six erect yellow petals, one and a half to two iiK h( s long, with three spreading and drooping scjKils at the base. TJie Swamp Magnolia or Sweet Bay, the pigmy of American magnolias, is one of the most beauti- ful small trees native to our State. It blossoms from May to June. The cream- white flowers, borne siiiuly at the ends of the branches, are fragrant jis lilies. Each blossom forms a dainty cup two inches deep, formed from 6 to 9 wax! white petals surrounded by three pale sepals. Inside the cup Mi'e many stamens with purple bases, encircling tlie yellowish, cone-shaped cluster of pistils. The h'.i ves are evergreen, 4 to 6 inches long. The fresh (ielicjite green foliage of the season is softened with long silvery hairs. When full grown the leaves are bright green and leathery in texture, smooth and shiny above, pale, glaucous, almost white beneath. The natural distribution of the Swamp Mag- nolia in Pennsylvania is confined to the southeast, hut the tree takes its place among the many in- troduced magnolias planted for ornament from east to west. One of the attractions of Caledonia Park, located along the Lincoln Highway between ('haml)ersburg and Gettysburg, is the large num- hor of enchanting magnolias which here mark the most western outpost of the tree's natural occur- rence^ in the State. Tiic Great Laurel or Rose Bay is the only arbor- escent species of more than twenty rhododendrons native to North America. It is one of the three sizable broad-leaved evergreens native to the northeast. A shrub in form, rarely over 10 to 12 feet lii«,'h in the mountains of Pennsylvania, it be- comes a tree 30 to 40 feet tall in the southern States. It forms dense thickets hundreds of acres • m extent on the highlands of Tennessee and the Carol inas. Hoth the flowers and foliage of the Rhododen- <1ron mature in midsummer. They crown the sinmnit of the stem so perfectly that they cannot esca|»'» observation. The flowers are borne in um- hrel la shaped clusters, 4 to 5 inches across. The Corel!.! is deep-cleft into 5 oval petals, rose colored, var\in«r to white and sprinkled with yellowish or f>nui- (' spots within. The thick, leathery, dark Rree>, leaves, from 4 to 10 inches long, remind one «f llie common hothouse '^rubber plant." Interesting to not^ is that the rhododendrons are among the most numerous and widely dis- tributed of the world's woody plants. Between four and five hundred species have been recorded. Their center of distribution is in southwestern Asia and on the Himalayas. They are scattered through India, China, Japan, the Malay Peninsula, the mountains of central Europe, the islands of the India Ocean, and eastern and western North America. Many exquisite varieties of rhododendron are found in cultivation. They have been developed chiefly from four races, the Catawbiense of the southern Alleghenies, the Indian, the Ghent and the Javanese. Years of careful experimental se- lection, principally in Belgium and England, have produced many hardy varieties, fragrant and gay flowered, from white to pink, red, scarlet, yellow and orange. The Great Laurel or Rose Bay, of which Pennsylvanians may well be proud, is par- ent to a number of distinct and beautiful hybrids, and the pure species is often cultivated in the parks and gardens of the United States and Europe. ARBOR DAY TREE PLANTING ELEVEN trees were set out in the first spring Arbor Day planting at Washington Crossing. The trees Avere planted under the direction of County Farm Agent William Greenawalt. Thev were donated bv different members of the Lower Makefield Liberty Club. There were 5 Norway maples, 2 birches, 2 white oaks, 1 walnut, and 1 tamarack planted. The pn)gram included a talk by County Superinten- dent J. H. Hoffman. More than 113,000 trees were planted in North- umberland county. The work was carried out under the direction of Deri Hess, of Sunbury. This is the first year the schools of Northumber- land county have taken such an active part in reforestation work. The directors of the Warner Hospital, of Get- tysburg, are going forward with a plan to plant a large number of trees about the hospital grounds. The directors are anxious to get con- tributions of trees to plant about the grounds. April weather brought out the buds on the thirteen memorial trees planted in Independence Square last October 11th by the thirteen original States of the Union. The Pennsylvania tree was planted in the highest place. Each tree has about its roots some of the native soil of the State which 42 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 43 it represents. The Vir^nia red oak is planted in earth from Fredericksburg taken from beneath the last of the thirteen trees planted by George Washington after the Revolution, in memory of his devoted comrades. This tree gave Congress- man Davey the idea for the planting of these thirteen memorial trees in Philadelphia, and he donated the small bronze tablets which mark the trees in honor of his father, John Davey, Amer- ica's first tree surgeon. The pupils of the Berwindino schools of near Johnstown observed Arbor Day in an appropri- ate manner. A tree planting demonstration was given by the pupils, supervised by the teachers of the schools. Twenty-five pine trees were planted on the school grounds. Students of the Elysburg High School took an active part in an Arbor Day program by plant- ing several thousand trees on the Amos Yastine farm, and also several thousand trees on the H. H. Knoebel farm. While the boy students were planting the trees, the girl students prepared a very appetizing dinner. It was one of the most delightful Arbor Day programs in the hard coal region. About fifty persons participated in a recent tree planting demonstration conducted upon the grounds of the Vanadium-Alloys Steel Company, at Latrobe. Several superintendents from the H. C. Frick plant and representatives from the St. Vincent Archabbey, farmers and others, some of them coming as far as New Alexandria, were among those who were on hand to learn the latest and most improved methods of forest tree plant- ing. District Forester Bearer, of Ligonier, super- intended the work. White pine, pitch pine, Scotch pine and spinice seedlings were planted. Arbor Day was observed in the Carlisle public schools by each grade presenting an original pro- gram. Prof. M. E. Eddy, of Dickinson College, was the principal speaker. In his address Prof. Eddy said : "In the last analysis we depend upon the tree for the greater part of our food and clothing. The wealth of the world lies in the trees and plants." In Philadelphia 2,100 students of the William Penn High School for Girls took part in special Arbor Day exercises. A red oak was planted for each of the thirteen original States. City Forester Smith, of Harrisburg, celebrated the first spring Arbor Day by planting sixteen trees. Superint^'ndent Garwood said that the city schools observed the second Arbor Day, April 22nd, with special exercises. A special Arbor Day program was presented at the Junior High School, Mechanicsburg. The principal address was delivered by Rev. George^ H. Shiery. PRESERVATION OF OUR BROOK TROUT By Raymond B. Winter, District Forester THE brook trout is the favorite game fish of America. In Pennsylvania it was original- ly found throughout the entire state, ])ut has now disappeared almost entirely from the lowland streams because of forest destruction and stream pollution from factories, towns and fanns. It is scarce in the large streams on forested areas because of the introduction of predatory fish, es- pecially the brown trout. Practically its only habitation at the present time is back in the mountains in small swift-running streams. In these limited waters it is easily found and cau^^ht, by man and by animals, and would long ago have been practically exterminated had it not been for artificial propagation, the turn of the tide toward forest protection^ and the six-inch trout law. No native game fish is more worthy of preservation than the brook trout, and if we would keep this beautiful game fish for future sportsmen and nature lovers, we must look well to its protection. This problem is becoming more complicated he- cause of the opening up of the big forest for fire prevention work and progress in forest develop- ment. With the advent of forest roads connect- ing with State highways, no part of Pennsylvania is now out of reach of the automobile. No moun- tain road is too bad for the enthusiastic trout fisherman to drive and his car now is found in the most remote parts of the forest. If he can- not reach the exact spot of his desire from the road, he will travel the remaining short distance on foot, and perhaps remain over night in the woods. To better protect the trout we should study his life history, his habits, and the present fish law relating to his protection. Trout can live in frosh water ponds, but cannot reproduce except on the gravely bottoms of 'cool, swift-running streams, and these latter exist only in the depths of pro- tected forests. Trout spawn in the fall but the eggs do not hatch until the spring sun has suffi- ciently warmed the water. The first instinct of the little trout is to travel up stream and they grow very rapidly if they find abundant food sup- ply. When they get larger they travel down stream again. Their food consists mostly of in- sects, none but the aquatic species being available in the winter months, during which time the t.out are almost dormant, becoming thin from their lonjr fast. They are not really active in spring until their normal food supply of insects awake from the dormant state. This usually does not occur in our region until about May 1st. When the trout once breaks his winter fast he becomes very active and hungry and on warm days will juni}) at anything that looks like food. In about two weeks he has gained in weight, is g^wing rapi' effort should be made to stimulate and encourage and enhance this natural interest. The conserva- tion of trees is vital to our well-being. To denude our forests means disaster from any number of sources ; that is a patent fact. The preservation of our natural playgrounds is contingent upon the conservation of our trees. Apart from our de- pendence upon our trees for protection against flood, for surety of a lumber supply, for certainty of a yield of sufficient water for domestic and trans- poi*tational needs, we must ever be mindful of the asset trees constitute in the beautification and adornment of our immediate environment and our proximate and distant horizons. Alfred E. Smith, Governor of New York. The area in the United States where trees once grew but where nothing now grows is as large as the States of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland combined. It is larger than the combined forest lands of German v, ft ' Belgium, Denmark, Holland, France, Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal. The Following is an Editarial from the Mahanoy City Record-American • y 1"~>^ ESPITE the great attention that is ix'ing I J given the matter of forest fire pi< ven- "^ tion, brush fires are numerous through- out this section, and within the past several days acres of woodland have been burned over by lires, some of which, undoubtedly, were caused by care- less persons. "It might be expected that the widesi)iea(l propaganda circulated in an effort to educate the public to the importance of fire prevention would reduce brush fires to a minimum, but such is not the case, and forest fires today seem as nunicious as ever. Regardless of all that is said and printed some people are still careless enough to throw a match, lighted cigarette, cigar butt or pipe heel into a mass of dried leaves and thus start firex that cause thousands of dollars' worth of damage, besides playing havoc with woodland and wild life. The question may well be asked, what is to be done about it? **It was confidently hoped that a campai«:!i of education regarding forest fire prevention would impress people to the point that fires started through carelessness would be eliminated entiicly. Such a hope was groundless because there are minds it is simply impossible to educate. If a soldier was stationed on every acre of woodland with orders to shoot down any person committin*^ an offense against fire prevention rules the death rate would likely prove astounding. It is too much to hope that any campaign of education will reach the moronic minds that roam through the woods hereabouts at all times, and especially on Sunday. It is not improbable that many of the brush fires are the result of deliberate intent be- cause of the erotic desire of some moron to see a blaze. ^ ' On the other hand, fires are caused by those who should know better and who hold positions that carry responsibility, such as foremen of certain jobs. One instance is related this week of a brush fire being started by men engaged in the work oi clearing the ground so as to establish a so-c.iUed fire-break. While engaged in the work of fire prevention these men really started a costly for- est fire just because the foreman on the job uinler- estimated the force of the wind. In other in- stances fires have been started by sparks Ironi locomotives, although there are devices on the market to prevent sparks being thrown out with the steam exhaust. Fires may be expected as long as live coals from steam locomotives are thrown for hundreds of feet alongside railroad rights of way. "Expense of fighting these fires has grown to be considerable, which may be imagined when it is learned that five hundred and sixty-five men were placed at work fighting a disastrous brush fire that broke out in the Catawissa Valley this week. The fact that the people pay the bill should be an incentive for the intelligent portion of the popu- lation to lend its co-operation in the matter of forest fire prevention. "An appeal to the pocketbook is likely to be heeded sooner than any appeal to the sentiments and some progress is likely to be made when people realize that every forest fire bums up wads of the taxpayer's money." In reply Mr. H. A. Smith, District Forester, wrote the following letter to the City Editor: "Von have questioned the possibilities of a cam- paign of education regarding Forest Fire Preven- tion, due to the existence of minds, which in a goodly number of cases it would appear impossi- ble to educate. There is no question but what the presence of such minds has greatly retarded the work of forest fire prevention, but I cannot agree entirely with the hopelessness of the situation. There is no question but what the great majority of people, while not possibly thoroughly alive to the forest situation today, are nevertheless taking care with fire in the woods. The subject of forest fire prevention today throughout the hunting eamps and even throughout the patches within the Anthracite region is quite frequently a sub- ject of lively comment. I can recall fifteen years ago, when I first came into the Forest Service, that I tried to get newspaper reports on thousand and two thousand acre fires within the colunms of the daily press, and I could not even get them ])rinte(|. Today each and every fire, regardless of size, if Ave are to believe the enthusiastic cor- respondents, would appear to be raging conflagra- tions. "It is often said that we are having more fires than ever before. Our records do not show that this is true, although the number of fires is, to a certain extent, dependent upon the number of dry days within the year and within particular por- tions of that year. Our records show that there '« a decrease in the number of fires, although that decrease is not as great as we had hoped to see. However, there are many things which contribute to this and which we recognize as making more serious the forest fire situation today. For ex- ample, I am told that in the vicinity of Mahanoy City fires in the old days were quite frequently started on the south side of the valley, or on the north side of the Broad Mountain, and burned for several days or possibly a week until thei first rain came. Mr. Silvius, of the Reading Coal & Iron Co., informs me that practically every year, a few years back, the entire Broad Mountain was burned over from the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks al- most to St. Clair. Naturally when a fire started in that particular section and burned continuous- ly, you had one fire and no more. This Spring we have had on that Broad Mountain between New Boston Junction and Pottsville, probably a dozen fires, any one of which, had it been let go, would consume the whole area and naturally elim- inate the other eleven. In other words, as long as we attempt to extinguish fires we are going to increase the hazards remaining, and, therefore, we can expect to find greater precaution necessary as the subject of forest protection becomes bet- ter fixed in the minds of the people. "Then again there comes the question of the population itself. The population of the State of Pennsylvania, I believe, has increased somewhat in the neighborhood of one million since the year 1920. We are informed that five times as many cigarettes were smoked in 1926 as were consumed in the year 1914. It is natural to expect that the same ratio applies to the use of matches. We have no accurate figures on the percentage of people who are going into the great outdoors to- day, as it relates to the increases of the previous figures. We do know, however, that people are hunting, fishing, camping and hiking, and spend- ing time in the f o»st areas today, who, three, five and ten years ago, never thought of going into the woods. The automobile has taken thousands into the forests. The construction of new roads to inaccessible places has opened up countries which have naost decidedly increased the forest fire hazard today. The truth of the matter is, without underestimating the seriousness of the situation as it stands before the people today, is not that wo are having more fires, or that the fires are more severe, but simply that the people are recognizing the forest fire situation today as they never did before. They are assuming that forest consciousness which is going to be necessary be- fore the subject of forest protection is going to be finally solved. That forest consciousness is largely the result of the educational activities of all departments concerned, and the press, in re- gard to forest fires — legislative forestry being no m 46 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 47 1* stronger than the mental attitude of the people. *'We have found that education is our only salvation. There are many phases which would indicate that one of the best educational activi- ties that we can carry on is prosecution. But prosecution as a rule results in considerable criti- cism, because every individual and his friends is apt to feel that his particular fire was entirely different from all the other fires. Only the truth of the matter is, that his particular fire is no different in any respect. A small boy goes up on the mountain to roast his potatoes, and his fire gets away from him, a farmer is burning- brush and the wind carries sparks into the adjoining forest land, road association men burning brush to eliminate hazards, and railroad men burning safety strips along their tracks, the only differ- ence is the difference which favors the men who are actually trying to clean up rather than let the hazards lie. There is no excuse for those men, who were trj^ing to clean up, for letting their fire get away from them; as far as that is concerned the only thing in their favor is that they were trying to do the right thing. Then again we have the sparks which come from the locomotives and from the lokies at the mines. These are fires which can be avoided only by the preparation of safety strips. The companies are decidedly lax in the burning of their safety strips in a good many cases, and as already stated, occasionally when trying to clean up, fires result. The princi- pal difference between the negligence here and the negligence in other cases, is that the property con- cerned is, in most cases, their own property, and it is not illegal for an individual or a company to bum his own property. "The companies are improving in their co- operation every year, although we are frank to admit not as rapidly as we would like to see it. The railroads have probably been the slowest to adopt our recommendations, but unfortunately we are dependent almost; entirely on that co-opera- tion with them, owing to the lack of compulsorv legislation at our disposal. Then, too, we have a decided decrease in the acreage that comes from fires from industrial hazards in the last few years, as well as number of fires. This shows that our inspections and our recommendations, and in some cases the service of compulsory forms, are getting results. But, on the other hand, we find an increase in the number of fires from the general public. Fires from the cigarette, matches, from brush burners, and those moronic minds of which you speak. ^'The attitude of the property owner is one of the controlling factors in the subject of Forest Protection. It is not to be expected that the general public will take more care with the prop- erty owned by a company than that company is going to take itself. And on the other hand, it is hardly practical to expect the company to make vast expenditures for the protection of their prop- erty if that property is to be destroyed through the carelessness of individuals. There is nothing that the State or the property owner can do to solve the forest situation today without the co- operation of the public. We need numerous war- dens, available at all times, for the prompt ex- tinction of such fires as do start. We need the whole-hearted co-operation on the part of the gen- eral public to assist these wardens. We need the development of a forest consciousness, which will associate in the minds of the general public the value of forest lands with the inflammability of the forest floor, and the connection therewith with the cigarette and the match. We need a forest policy within the organization of each property owner, a policy which will recognize forest land as valuable to them and which will recognize the practicability of the expenditure for the preven- tion and extinction of forest fires, a policy which will resent the burning of their forest areas, and which will build up an organization within their company to prevent fires occurring from their own operations. This policy must include an ag- gressive attitude in regard to fire prevention and extinction. If the negligence of one of their em- ployees causes a forest fire, that man should l)e discharged or properly punished in some way. When a fire is set on their property by other com- panies, such as railroads, coal companies, and stripping contractors, bills for time spent by their men in its extinction should be promptly levied, together with bills for damage done to forest land. Their full co-operation must be extended to the Commonwealth in cases where prosecution is deemed advisable. Their influence with the higher officials of the external operating companies should be exerted, in order to insure that pre- caution be taken against the setting of forest fires. "And when the time comes that we have this attitude on the part of the general public, this forest consciousness, and at the same time we have a forest policy established within the organization of the various property owners, then it will only be a very short time until the subject of forest protection is solved and the practice of forestry can be started', and the present discouragement sometimes felt by those interested in the forest situation will be done away with. However, in view of the changed habits of the people, the tendencies which are taking them more and more every year into the woods, with the increase in population, with the increased consumption of cigarettes, and presumably matches, and with the increase in automobiles and the increasing disre- gard for property on the part of the younger o-eneration, if we were not able to show, either in acreage or number of fires, any appreciable de- crease as the years go by, I would still feel that in view of the foregoing facts that we were actually making progress." PROM AN ENGLISH POINT OP VIEW* BRINaiNQ THE POBESTS TO MARKET THE probability that the forests of the future will be grown close to the markets is pointed out by the Department of Natural Resources of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States in a report on the development of coiinnercial forestry. A large part of the forest land from which a timber crop can be harvested lies in the populous East. "Within a fifty mile radius of Pittsburgh," says the report, "32 per cent, of the land isi forest land. Around Chattanooga, 63 per cent.; Albany, 48 per cent.; and about Springfield, Mass., 55 per cent. Even about Cincinnati, the center of a great and prosperous agricultural region, 14 per cent, of the land area is forest land. "In short, more than 70 per cent, of the land of the United States best suited for timber growth lies east of the Great Plains. Nearly three-fourths of our future forest growth could be in this same region. Thus a relatively large percentage of our forests of the future will be within short distances of our large urban consuming centers." By stripping their lands and failing to encour- age reforestation many States have deprived them- selves of an important .source of revenue. "The direct loss to the community, the State and the nation," it concludes, "through reduced tax returns from cut-over idle land as compared with producing forest land, and the increased burden of tuxes on other property to make up this loss, is staggering for the countrj'^ as a whole. "Today in Michigan, for instance, millions of acres of forest land produce nothing of value and, of course, pay a small tax. These same areas, if in forest, might have an average value of $75 to $100 an acre inst(»ad of the present nominal value of $2.50 per acre. "Taxation under any system would yield much "lore than these lands, were they productive, than at piesent, and the burdensome local taxes of farm and town property lightened." TKE real danger point ... is the United States of America. Endowed with wonder- ful forests which seemed inexhaustible to the early settlers, and, indeed, to most Americans up to the present century, the Americans acquired habits which entailed the most extravagant use of timber. At the present day, when the per capita consumption in Britain is about 15 cubio feet, or say 20 to 25 cubic feet of standing timber, the per capita consumption in the United States is between 200 and 250 cubic feet. The average American uses ten times as much timber as the average Briton. About half of this huge amount is firewood and most of the remainder is sawn timber, the total being made up by pulp-wood, fencing material, etc. Thatl this can not go on indefinitely, even with her present population, is clear from the simplest mathematics. With a population of rather over 100 million, her timber consumption exceeds 24 billion cubic feet, whereas the annual increment for her forests is estimated at from 4 to 5 bil- lion. There is a deficit of 20 billion cubic feet a year, and though she still has large resources amounting to something like 700 billion cubic feet, this would become exhausted at the present rate in less than 40 years. Already, from having been a large exporter of timber, the U. S. A. has become, on the balance, a timber-importing coun- try, and though most of her imports come from Canada, she has for some years imported paper and wood pulp and is now importing timber from northern Europe. If she were to continue to use timber at the present reckless pace she would absorb more than all the exportable margins of all the coniferous forests of the world • • . The position with regard to future timber sup- plies is affected by so many factors, the exact working of which is difllcult to prognosticate, that no one can state with any confidence the exact course that events will take. But . . . the following generalizations may be enunciated*: 1. Consumption in Britain is not likely to in- crease very materially and may even decrease. We may expect the same tendency to become ap- parent in other North European countries which are chiefly responsible for timber consumption. Left to herself, the European supplies of soft- wood timber may be exi>ected to equal the de- mand at a price somewhat higher than that ruling at present. * Quoted from an editorial in the Quarterly Journal o{ Forestry for the Royal English Arboricultural Society, July, 1926. i> 48 FOREST LEAVES 2. Consumption in North America has greatly exceeded growth, and there is an enormous debit balance in her supply. So far this balance has been met almost entirely by exploiting the very large supplies which were found in the continent when the first white settlers appeared, and there has been no considerable import of timber from any other source. As this virgin forest becomes exhausted, either consumption will have to be very severely curtailed or immense quantities will have to be imported from Europe or Asia. It is only in the industrial parts of the continent that the high prices, which will result when tim- ber is imported from long distances, can be eco- nomically met; and we have evidence that, in in- dustrial areas which are far removed from large supplies of timber, the average consumption has already been reduced to about a third of the normal for the U. S. A. Consequently, we may expect consumption in the United States to fall off very considerably, but at the same time Amer- ica is likely to compete more and more keenly as a purchaser in the European timber markets. 3. It seems clear that if present prices were to continue the demand for timber would, in less than half a century, far exceed the supply. By a natural economic law this tendency will be com- pensated for by a rise in price, which will, at the same time, reduce demand and increase sup- ply by making available timber which is at pres- ent unmerchantable. Much care will, however, be needed to prevent the excessive cutting which a rise in price will stimulate, and conservative schemes of management under Government con- trol, such as have already been adopted in Ger- many, Sweden, and Finland, will have to be insti- tuted in all the chief forest countries. At the same time the rise in price of timber should be such as to justify the British Government and British land owners in adopting planting schemes so as to have mature timber in their possession when the competition for the world supplies be- comes keener than it is today. (The author of the editorial is of the opinion that the use of substitutes and preservatives, and curtailed per capita consumption through rise in price, may check the present tendency, but be- lieves that there is undoubtedly cause for dis- quietude.) A total of 810 forest fires, burning 29,631 acres in Pennsylvania during the Spring fire season, have been reported to date to the Bureau of Forest Protection. DOGWOOD AND PERSIMMON TREES PRO VIDE WOOD FOR MANY USES THAT the woods of dogwood and persimmon trees, so necessary for shuttles in the textile industry of the world, are valuable and are becoming more difficult to obtain is brought out in a recent publication of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, en- titled ** Utilization of Dogwood and Persimmon." (Bulletin 1436-D.) As yet no satisfactory sub- stitutes, either native or foreign, for these two woods have been found. Many owners of dogwood timber, because of its small size, have not realized its value, and have either not made efforts to market it or have al- lowed the dogwood and persimmon to be injured when the larger timber associated with it was re- moved. The new publication stresses the value to the farmer and woodland owner of these woods and urges their most careful utilization. The publication points to the waste of dogwood and persimmon and the remedy for waste not only in the forest but at the mill and shuttle fac- tory. It shows that most of the losses occur in seasoning, and it contains suggestions for im- proved methods of seasoning. It urges that fur- ther research be done in impregnating these two woods to make them moisture-resistant, and gives information about other native woods which may possibly serve as substitutes for the dwindling dogwood and persimmon. The supply of these suggested substitutes is mentioned, and the me- chanical and physical properties are compared to dogwood and persimmon. The publication closes with the statement: ** Textile and shuttle manufacturers at present display undue confidence in the sufficiency of the supply of raw material for shuttles. Although it is true that curtailment may not be imminent, some organized action and research on the part of those especially interested will not only go far toward postponing future curtailment of the woods at present used, but may also make avail- able certain native or foreign species not now used, and thus increase the supply of woods suit- able for shuttles." In the year of the last census, 215,417 farms in the central hardwood region sold or cut and held for sale forest products valued at $66,446,128, an average of $308 to the farm. The farm woods is an asset well worth careful study and manage- ment. It provides not only material for farm re- pairs and construction but also a money crop. OEPARTN'E'^'^ ^rr f ORE ESTH^ S'l^i*=- *" PA4 %^: ^Mm AUGUST. 1927 'i,%^er pound. NARBATIVE OF THE WEST CHESTER MEETING ADDRESS OF WELCOME By Dr. Samuel C. Schmucker I AM glad to welcome the members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association to West Chester, and hope that you will feel at home here. At first the forests of our State were slaughtered to make room for fields for agricul- ture, and then became a magnificent asset, the logs being sent down the rivers to build ships, houses, etc. Then the tanners stripped the hark from the hemlock trees, often leaving the trunks to slowly decay. Later the tide changed and peo- ple began to speak of the need of caring for trees as friends and adding to this the influence of the State. Now after fifty years you have these peo- ple here to celebrate. West Chester is a good place to do this, for we are on the borderland be- tween north and south. Some of the earliest tree plantings and arboretums are located in this vicinity. Another thing, we had our dear friend. Dr. .1. T. Rothrock, who took the lead in forestry matters, and his son, who has charge of this meeting. On the campus of the West Chester State Normal School there are 55 varieties of trees. Trees have always impressed me. At Eagles Mere stands one of the most magnificent trees I ever saw, a sugar maple, one of my first tree friends. At Long Peak is a Douglas spnice. Many years ago a storm nearly blew it down, and a later one almost prostrated it, but now, after 450 years, it still battles with the tempests. At Athens, Ga., is a tree with a tablet with the in- scription, "Out of the great love I bear this tree I bequeath to this tree itself and the ground for eight feet around it as long as it lives." I welcome your Association, and hope it will be a profitable time for you as well as for us. THE Summer Outing Meeting of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association was held at West Chester, Pa., June 28, 29 and 30, 1027. On the evening of Tuesday, June 28th, at 8 P. M. a session was held in the new George Morris Piiilips Memorial Chapel of the West Chester State Normal School, which had just been dedi- cated. This building represents the highest type of collegiate architecture in this country. The program was as follows: Address of Welcome, Dr. Samuel C. Schmucker. Response, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. "What Pennsylvania Forestry Is Doing," Hon. Charles E. Dorworth, Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters. "Is It Possible to Protect Forests from Fire?" George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania. "Forestry and the Public School," Norman Ratehford, County Vocational Supervisor of Agri- eulture. "The Proposed $25,000,000 Forest Loan," Hon. P. H. Dewey, Past Master, Pennsylvania State (irange. We are giving these addresses in this issue of Forest Leaves. On Wednesday, June 29th, a motor trip was taken to the Brandy\^ine Battlefield, starting from the Mansion House at 9.30 A. M. The route was as follows: Via Sconneltown School House and Strodes Mill to Osborne's Hill, the position of (Jeneral Howe and his staff, thence to Street Koad, where the British army formed for bat- tle; continuing to Birmingham Meeting House, built in 1763, which was opened for the oc- easiou. J. Carroll Hayes, Corresponding Secre- tary of the Chester County Historical Society, then gave an interesting address on "The Brandy- wine Battlefield," which will be found on another page of this issue. Dr. Wm. T. Sharpless also niade a few remarks in regard to traditions con- cerning the Meeting House. After inspecting the grounds and cemetery the party proceeded to Sandy Hollow, the scene of the heaviest fighting, thence to Dilworthtown, whieh was the site of the end of the battle, pass- ing later Howe's headquarters after the battle. The party then motored to General Lafayette's and General Washington's headquarters, where stops were made. At the former place is a mag- nificent sycamore tree, famed for its size. In Washington's headquarters is a fine collection of Continental antiques. Luncheon was had at the old Chadds Ford Inn, built in 1737. The party then crossed the Brandy wine Creek, passing the old Kennett Meeting House, the site of the skirmish of Knyphausen's division, through Hamorton to Longwood, where through the courtesy of Pierre S. duPont, an inspection was made of his magnificent nurseries, gardens and arboretum, with its rare old trees and the re- production, with some changes, of the celebrated Fountains of Versailles. The party then pro- ceeded up the Brandywine Creek to John Chadds House, the site of General Procter's Artillery (American). While returning to West Chester the large white oak tree, located on the road from Dilworthtown to Brinton's Bridge, one mile west of Dilworthtown, was seen. At 8 P. M. there was a second session in the George Morris Philips Memorial Auditorium. After an organ prelude by C. Edward Haus- knecht. Head of the Department of Music at the State Normal School, Professor Joseph S. lUick, State Forester, gave an illustrated address on "Historic Trees of Pennsylvania," which was fol- lowed by a motion picture "In Penn's Woods," furnished through the courtesy of the Department of Forests and Waters. The President appointed the following Committee on Resolutions: Samuel L. Smedley, W. B. McCaleb, Harry A. Rothrock, Henry S. Drinker and F. L. Bitler. This was fol- lowed by an address on "Wild Life Conservation and Forestry," by Norman M. Wood, Assistant, Bureau of Research and Information, Board of Game Commissioners of Pennsylvania, followed by two motion pictures, "The Haunts and Habits of the Beaver in Pennsylvania," and "Sportsman- ship Versus Vandalism." Both of the above ad- dresses will be given in Forest Leaves. On Thursday, June 30th, at 9.30 A. M., an- other motor trip was taken. A stop was made at the grave of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, where a large spray of forest leaves was placed on the grave. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association, made the following address: "The devoted friends and admirers of Dr. J. T. Rothrock are honored by this oppor- tunity to pay tribute to his memory by laying on his grrave this wreath. We knew him as a leader in all things looking to the betterment of his fel- lowmen, as a patriot, and a lover of his country. From the time when in the early seventies of the last century he took up the promotion of forestry in our State and country he led in all measures looking to the promotion and spread of forestry, Ij: 52 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 53 and it is largely and indeed mainly owing to his incisive, eloquent and persistent advocacy of the cause, that the people of our State and country were led to recognize and appreciate the great importance to our land of the cause he so well and heartily advocated. "We all honored him for his great qualities of brain and heart, and those who were privileged to know him intimately and to enjoy his friendship, remember him with an abiding sorrow that a life so replete with good to his fellowmen and to his country should have ended. We come here to take on courage and devotion to carry on the work in which he led us and of which he was so great and yet so gracious and loving an exem- plar." The party then proceeded to Westtown School, stopping at the Open Air Auditorium, with its beautiful vista of forest trees and shrubs. James S. Walker, Principal of the School, wel- comed the visitors, and spoke of its history. The Yearly Meeting of Friends decided to buy a site not less than 15 miles nor more than 30 miles from Philadelphia, and finally selected this place, buying 625 acres for $16,000. It was opened in 1799. Later Alfred S. Haines, who died in 1910, gave a course in horticulture and farming. He had been educated at Yale University, and was much interested in forestry. Securing a rough pasture lot, he obtained trees and with the help of the students planted one-half of the eight acres. These trees had been planted in a nursery and grew finely, having been well rooted. The next year more trees, which, however, had not been transplanted, were set out, but their condition was poor, 90 per cent, dying, and they had to be twice replanted. Fifteen acres of land have also been set aside as an arboretum, where it is hoped to have a large collection of trees and shrubs of all kinds. This is now being cleared and set out, there being now 288 species, all of which are labeled. There are also some of the old original forest trees on the campus. A number of years ago it was proposed to build a bam, and in order to save expense it was suggested that the large tulip poplar trees be cut down and the timber used for this purpose. A friend in Philadelphia a.sked what the value of the lumber thus secured would be, and stated that he would pay this, so that the trees might be pre- served. Since then there has been no talk of their removal. There is also an Auxiliary State Forest of 198 acres. Prof. C. R. Anderson, Extension Forester of the Pennsylvania State College, said that it was an education to all to go into a grove such as this, and consider what has happened. Some of the trees have lived for centuries and seen many changes. He also spoke of the educational vahie of trees and shrubs. For many centuries forestry education was largely a study of the printed pa»e, but in the last fifty years there has been a great change, and it is now taught much better and more easily by outside work. At State CoUoge they have an educational course of four years, the total number of graduates being over 200, who are now residing in practically every State of the Union. Our great forests in Alaska are being looked after by two Pennsylvania men. Prof. Anderson stated that his duty as Extension For- ester, is to see what is going on in the State and lend a helping hand, lx)th in education and de- velopment. The tree plantations were then inspected; one of white pine planted in 1903, of Norway spruce and white pine planted in 1904, of American larch, set out in 1906, and of tulip poplar planted in 1908. These are some of the oldest plantations in the East, and are doing remarkably well. The new arboretum, and the wonderful tulip poplar trees, were then seen; after which the party i)ro- ceeded to the farm house, where luncheon was served. The report of the resolutions committee was then read and adopted. It will be found on another page. The party then proceeded to Painter *8 Arbore- tum, where, through the courtesy of John R. Tyler, the many beautiful and rare trees collected and propagated, were inspected. Among other trees might be mentioned the largest Sequoia (h\^ tree) in the East, a Cedar of I^ebanon, a cypress tree with numerous knees, a silver bell tree, red spruce, Norway spruce, etc. The next stopping point was at the Twin Ash farm of Samuel L. Smedley, with its beauti- ful hedges of roses, then in full bloom. The great ash trees from which the farm takes its name, and the fine young apple orchard were well worth seeing. After refreshments, the party returned to West Chester, ending one of the most successful meeting^ of the Association. RESOLUTIONS Fire is our great enemy at home. It levies a heavy toll— largely avoidable toll — of lives and property each year, and saps our national re- sources to a shocking degi'ee. When you help prevent forest fires you not only render a service to your community but you safeguard your coun- try as well. — American Reforestation Association. THE following resolutions were adopted by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association at the close of its meeting at West Chester, June 30th, 1927: BeHolved, That the members of the Association whd attended the meetings at West Chester, great- ly appreciate the kindly reception and support j^iven by the associations, press and citizens of West Chester and its vicinity. The thanks of the Association are especially due and tendered to the various and many organi- zations and associations who aided to make the meeting a success. To the West Chester State Normal School, for the use of the George M. Philips Memorial Audi- torium, and to Dr. A. T. Smith, the Principal, and to Mr. John M. Hollinger, of the school. To the Daily Local News for its kindly and full editorial and news support of the meetings. To Mr. Pierre S. duPont for a remarkable and delightful visit to Longwood. To the Mansion House and to the Chadd's Ford Inn for hospitable and excellent care and atten- tion. To the Birmingham Meeting for permission and welcome to hold a meeting at its Meeting House, and to J. Carroll Hayes, Esq., for his interesting and comprehensive address on "The Brandywine Battlefield." To Dr. A. H. Cleveland and the Atwater fam- ily for permission to inspect the Lafaj^ette and the Washington Headquarters at Chadd's Ford. To John R. Tyler, owner of Painter's Abore- tuni, for permission to visit the property. To the Boy Scouts for their aid and co-opera- tion. To the Westtown School for its kindly and hos- pitable welcome and entertainment, and to Mr. Samuel L. Smedley for the visit to his farm, and for his constant attention and care. To the Local Committee of the Association, and to its chairman, Dr. H. A. Rothrock, who so well and wisely made and carried out the arrangements for the meeting, and to the many persons who, at the request of the committee, tendered to the As- sociation the use of automobiles for the day trips on the 29th and 30th. Burned and charred stumps will never con- tribute toward the building of a great common- wealth.—Frowfc U, Lamb, HISTORICAL TALK By J. Carroll Hayes, Corresponding Secretary of Chester County Historical Society, on Battle of Brandywine, at Birmingham Friends Meeting House, June 29, 1927, Be- fore Pennsylvania Fore«try Association IT seems especially fitting that I should extend your Association a welcome here on behalf of the Chester County Historical Society, be- cause your own Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock was our first president. You have come to one of the first three coun- ties organized by Penn, and to the mother county of twenty-five other counties of the State, since Chester County at first covered all the territory to the westward limits of the Colony. It seems a strange anomaly that you should be listening to a description of a battle in a Quaker Meeting House. There were several other inter- esting anomalies about the battle. One was that Lafayette, who here received his baptism of blood and was wounded, had come to aid the young republic from one of the old, effete monarchies of Europe. Another anomaly is the fact that the most interesting account of the battle comes down to us from the pen of a Quaker boy of twenty-one, Joseph Townsend, who gained admission to the lines of the marching British troops, describing all the varied scenes of the whole day, ending with helping to carry off the British wounded into this old Meeting House, where their wounds were dressed and where many died. This account is most unique, as being by a professional non-combatant, witnessing the scenes of a battle from within the very lines. I know of no account similar to it in this respect. (For his full account see Cope & Futhey's History of Chester County, page 74.) Another interesting feature of this battle was the fact that the new American flag of thirteen stars and thirteen stripes was first carried. It had been used in several skirmishes, but this was the first important battle. On September 11th next, will be celebrated on the battlefield the 150th anniversary of the bat- tle. This contest was fought for the defense of Philadelphia, which was then the capital, and while Washington's army, which was only two- thirds as large as that of the British and Hessians, was forced to retreat, still, it was not a serious defeat, and the Americans drew off in good order when night came on, and the British made no at- i 4 i 54 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 55 tempt to pursue them. Washington, through lack of cavalry, and sufficient scouting forces, was un- able to learn of a flanking movement of the Brit- ish in time to counter it. This flanking movement involved a detour of some fifteen miles, to the fords of the Brandywine Creek, some miles higher up, which enabled the flanking forces to attack Washington's right flank, stationed on these fields and hills, immediately around this old Meeting House. The main portion of the fighting, there- fore occurred hereabouts; part of it, indeed, being within these very burial grounds. Here in a com- mon grave are the remains of men who fell upon both sides. This battle helped the Colonials to realize that they could hope to face the British regulars on equal terms in open battle, when not too greatly outnumbered, and gave them courage to hold out until the turning point of the Revolution should arrive, which it did very shortly in the capture of Burgoyne's army and in recognition of the United States by France. HISTORIC TREES OF PENNSYLVANIA JOSEPH S. ILLICK, State Forester of Penn- sylvania, at the recent summer meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, at West Chester, gave an interesting illustrated talk on some of the historic trees of Pennsylvania. During the talk he showed a number of historic trees, and other trees famed particularly for their size and massiveness, their uniqueness and general beauty. Among the trees shown were an artistic repro- duction of the Penn Treaty Elm. Another picture depicted the part that a tree played in the famous "Walking Purcha.^e" with the Indians. Among the other pictures was the John Harris Mulberry tree at Harrisburg, also the Dauphin Sycamore. It is reported that near the latter John Goodway, the last of the friendly Indians of Central Pennsyl- vania, lies buried. Among the other trees shown was the Cumberland elm, which stands at the geomet- rical center of Cumberland County. It casts its shade upon many local historic events that took place in the fertile Cumberland Valley. Pictures of particular interest were those show- ing a few remnants of original timber found in the State, the Heart's Content tract in Warren County, and the Cook Forest, which is now in process of being acquired by the State. Other views showed the Susquehanna River filled with logs floated down to the sawmills in the early days when lumbering was at its height. A picture of special interest was a white pine stump fence. It showed the primitive tyi>e of fence that was built about the fields in the great white pine sections of Pennsylvania. The most massive tree in Pennsylvania is a Sycamore standing four miles south of Lancaster between the Lincoln Highway and the Marietta turnpike. Its dimensions are: Circumference 18 inches above the ground, 27 feet, 6 inches. Cir- cumference 5 feet above ground, 22 feet. It is 102 feet high, and its branch spread from east to west is 118 feet, and from north to south, 138 feet. What is probably the largest Horse Chestnut tree in eastern North America stands near Bath, Northampton County. This tree, when a little sapling, was lifted at Mount Vernon by George Washington, and given to General Brown, one of his faithful aides, who planted it in front of his home, where it is still growing. The historic trees of local interest to West Ches- ter people are the large White Oak at New London, the big sycamore at Lafayette's headquarters on the Baltimore Pike, the Sequoia tree in Painter's Arboretum, and the massive Cottonwood, which stands on the Lincoln Highway between Coates- ville and Lancaster. Pictures were also shown of historic trees in Bartram's Garden, Humphrey Marshall's Arboretum, and the many trees of un- usual interest at Longwood. The address was concluded by showing a num- ber of slides illustrating the trees and forests in some of the most important forests of Central Europe, where great care is being taken of the forests. The views of particular interest were those from the Sihlwald, belonging to the City of Zurich, the oldest managed forest in the world; and forest scenes in the town forest of Heidelberg, which purchased its first forest land in 1392, exactly 100 years before America was dis- covered. This Spring the Erie Branch of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association sent to each rural school in Erie County an offer to supply them with tree seedlings to be planted by the children of the school in the celebration of Arbor Day. Thirty-eight requests for seedlings were received and 7800 young trees sent to them. The interest was wide-spread and two schools requested addi- tional trees. This is a gratifying increase over last year when 30 schools applied for and planted 3000 seedling trees. The Erie Branch was also instrumental in hav- ing 80,000 treed seedlings planted on the Penin- sula bv the Park Commission. The portion of the FViiinsula controlled by the Water Commissioners (Waterworks Park, 175 acres) is also undergoing quite extensive landscaping under the direction of Mr. Cowles, formerly of State College. IS IT POSSIBLE TO PROTECT FORESTS FROM FIRE? By George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania IF, as a forester, I was not naturally optimis- tic, having known and been with Dr. Roth- rock, who was extremely optimistic, I could not have kept from becoming optimistic with re- spect to the outcome of forest protection in Penn- sylvania. Fifteen years ago 50 per cent, of the forest fires in Pennsylvania were not reported. Now, probably over 98 per cent, of all fires that oeeur are reported. In 1926 approximately 225,000 acres of land were burned over. During the spring of 1927, when frequent rains made conditions favorable to us, we had almost 1000 fires that burned over ahnost 35,000 acres. You have been told tonight that 14,000,000 forest tree seedlings were dis- tributed by the State this spring. Assuming that KlOO trees are planted to an acre, this quantity of seedlings would cover 14,000 acres. Let us assume that from other sources, sufficient seed- linprs were obtained to plant an additional 1000 acres, our record would show then that there was reforested this spring, 15,000 acres. If in this exceptionally favorable spring, 35,000 acres were l)unied over by forest fires, at this rate of plant- inpf, how long will it take us to catch up with the annual loss? If we take the figures of 1926 with 225,000 acres destroyed by fire, and only 15,000 replanted, how long will it take us to catch upt It is evident that if we want to maintain our forest at its pres- ent level, we must either plant more trees or stop forest fires. As a matter of fact, we must do both. The mere concentrating of effort to prevent flres from starting and to control fires which do start, •^ not sufficient. I know that the planting of trees, at least in one county, has materially changed the {general attitude of the people to the forests, so that from having been one of the worst counties in the State for forest fires, it has become one of the best protected counties in the State. The people of Pennsylvania have been work- ing? on the problem of protecting Pennsylvania forests from fire since 1792 and probably longer, and yet it is shown by the statements above, we have a tremendous problem before us. The per- son today who raises the question as to whether it is possible to do a certain thing is out of place, for the question is no sooner asked than the thing is done. In answer to the particular question whether it is possible to protect forests from fire, my answer is in the affirmative. There is no question in my mind but that it can be done and that it will be done. How- ever, it cannot be done in a day, or a year and possibly not in this generation; but no matter how foolish the affirmative may be at this time, nevertheless, the time is not far dis- tant when forest fires will be as infrequent within the boundaries of Pennsylvania as they now are in the splendid forests of Germany and other European countries. In Europe conditions have been such that for centuries, people have had what may be spoken of as a forest consciousness. They have realized not only the value of the forests to them, but the fact that the forest and its blessings may be eas- ily destroyed by the least bit of carelessness with fire on the part of any individual. This knowl- edge has been reenforced by a strict enforcement of the forest laws. So in Pennsylvania our problem is with the education of our people and all means of edu- cation must be used, not the least of which must be a more insistent enforcement of our forest laws and a more consistent attitude on the part of all of us with respect to enforcement of such laws. Carelessness is a crime and particularly when that carelessness results in the interference, not only with the welfare of individuals, but of the com- munity at large. Forest fires are not the result of natural physi- cal conditions. They are the result of human care- lessness and that is what makes our problem as difficult as it is and which will require as much time to solve as it will. It becomes necessary, therefore, for each person in Pennsylvania who appreciates the value of the forests and who knows the danger of forest fires, not only to help in the general education work of spreading this knowledge and appreciation, but also of helping in the more particular educational work necessary for a just, consistent and merciful enforcement of the law. Along Wykof? Run in the Sinnemahoning for- est porcupines have done considerable damage to Scotch pine plantations by girdling the trees. w 56 FOREST LEAVES II • I i WHAT PENNSYLVANIA IS DOING IN FORESTRY* By Hon. Charles E. Dorworth TO participate in the annual summer meet- ing of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ^ ation at the fiftieth milestone of Pennsyl- vania forestry, is to me a great privilege. It is most fitting that on this golden anniversary of Pennsylvania Forestry the annual meeting is held in West Chester, the home town of the late Dr. J. T. Rothroek, the father of Pennsylvania Fores- try. Each day as we move forward with our forestry program in Pennsylvania I am impressed with the splendid foundations that have been laid for this important work. I want to express pub- licly my sincere appreciation of the splendid work that has been done, especially by Dr. Rothroek, the founding father of this great enterprise. It would be interesting to recount the pro- gressive achievements in Pennsylvania Forestry during the last half century, but I know there are others at this meeting better qualified than I to talk about the past of Pennsylvania Forestry. I will, therefore, discuss briefly "What Pennsyl- vania is Doing in Forestry." The most important thing Pennsylvania is doing in forestry is the protection of her forests against fire. Twenty-five years ago no organized attempt was made to control forest fires in Pennsylvania. Fifteen years ago less than half of the forest fires of the State were reported. Now more than 98 per cent, of all fires occurring within the State are reported promptly. Records show that 1926 was a bad forest fire year. During that year 2,917 forest fires were reported in the State. They burned over 224,256 acres. The total damage is estimated at $1,186,326.65. The State's share in the cost of extinction was $177,353.41. These figures show a daily damage of $3,250. As long as the forest fire damage in Pennsylvania reaches the million dollar mark in any one year, there re- mains with us a serious forest fire situation. In contrast with 1926, the fire season of the spring of 1927 has been among the most favorable in the history of the Department. The total number of fires reported to date is 964. They burned over 37,040 acres. This is the lowest area burned dur- ing any spring fire season since the Department has kept forest fire records. The outstanding achievement of this spring's fire season is the re- •AddresB before the Annual Meeting of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Asaoclation, West Chester, Pa., June 28, 1927. duction of the size of the average fire to '58.4 acres. This is the lowest average in the history of the Department. The next lowest was in 1924 — also a wet spring season — when the size of the average fire was 48 acres. Anticipating a spring forest fire season of aver- age severity, the last Legislature made a deficiency appropriation of $100,000 to the Department of Forests and Waters for forest fire extinction work. I am happy to report that because of the very favorable fire season, less than $5,000 of this de- ficiency appropriation has been used. There is now in operation a State-wide program of forest protection. One of the features of the protection organization is a system of forest fire observation towers. There are now in operation 116 towers, most of them constructed of steel and 60 feet high. Fifteen more towers are needed to complete the primary tower system of the State. Four of these will be erected during 1927, and present plans call for the completion of this State- wide tower system during the present adminis- tration. The Department of Forests and Waters, in co- operation with the State Highway Department, has outlined forest road improvements within the State Forests to the amount of $100,000, the maximum the Highway Department can spend for this purpose. In addition to this cooperative road work, a substantial amount of road, trail and other improvement work has been authorized from the appropriations to the Department of Forests and Waters. This road and trail improvement work will be a big and helpful factor in the handling of the forest fire situation. It is imperative that the forest protection work go forward. No system of forest management can flourish until the forest flre menace is removed, for the whJole conservation movement depends upK)n the solution of the forest fire problem. For- est protection does more than guarantee an ade- quate wood supply. It means better hunting and better fishing. It also safeguards our water sup- plies and provides beauty spots and outdoor play places. All these things are important in main- taining and promoting the health and happiness of the people of Pennsylvania. Forest trees are now being planted by the mil- lions in Pennsylvania. During the spring of 1927, 14,229,514 forest trees were shipped from the nur- series operated by the Department of Forests and Waters. Of this number 13,691,029 trees were set out by 3,348 private planters in all parts of the State, and 538,485 trees were planted on the State ^ 1 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 4 f 1 l.AKQE Tulip Poplak Trees at Westtown School, Westtown, Pa. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 4 The Old Pierce Homkhtead at Longwood, Pa., as it Looks Today. The Avenue of Historic Trees at Longwood, Pa. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI. No 4 l.AKOE TUMH POPLAK ThKES AT WesTTOWN SCHOOL, WehTTOWN. Pa. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE Forest Leaves, Vol. XXL No. 4 The Old PiKRtE Homkhtead at Lonowood. Pa., a.s it Looks Today. •-^-'4 ■^-.■, The .\ve.\le ok Hihtoric- Treeh at Loxgwood, Pa. FOREST LEAVES 57 Forests. The trees planted by private owners of forest land during the spring of 1927 exceeded bv almost four millions the next largest number set out in any spring planting season. It is not claiming too much to say that forest tree plant- injr i*^ going forward by leaps and bounds. Its growth indicates the practical and progressive tiend of forestry. Since 1910, when the forest tree distribution program was started, more than 64,000,000 trees have been planted by private planters throughout the State. It is the purpose of the Department to have these plantations inspected regularly so as to give expert advice to forest tree planters and see to it that the trees are planted properly and given the attention necessary to the production of successive forest crops. To satisfy the forest tree needs of the forest land owners of Pennsyl- vania, four large forest tree nurseries are now operated with a prospective output of 18 million trees. An act was passed by the last Legislature setting forth the conditions upon which these trees may be distributed. This act incorporates the best principles of forest tree distribution. With it we can go forward with a sound program of refores- tation. I am confident that much good will come from this forest tree planting program. Special efforts are being put forth to enlarge the recreational opportunities on the State For- ests. During 1926 almost a million people used the State Forests of Pennsylvania. It is likely that an increasing number will seek the State Forests for rest and recreation. There are now on the State Forests almost 1,700 leased camp sites, 38 public camps, 7 State Forest Parks, and 9 State Forest Monuments. These outdoor play places and recreational grounds are a great asset not only to the people of our State, but to the thousands of tourists who come to Penn*s Woods. We cannot afford to delay the development of the recreational facilities on the State Fj^rests. The need for them is urgent, and the benefit derived from them is inestimable. The program for 1927 calls for improvements in all classes of recre- ational projects. With the enlargement of the State :Forests, made possible by the $500,000 ap- propriation for for6st land acquisition by the last Legislature, special attention will be given to recreational needs of the people of Pennsylvania. Forest show places are being established in all parts of the State, particularly on the State For- ests. These forest show places demonstrate in a most practical way how to handle the forests so «i^ to insure successive crops of wood. This pro- gram of visual instruction means that we are transferring more and more of our forestry les- sons into the woods, and in the w^oods is where forestry can be taught best and most effectively. To satisfy this urgent need for the development of practical object lessons in forestry, provisions have been made for the establishment of special demonstration plots in all parts of the State, covering practically all phases of forestry work. The 1927 program calls for the development of these demonstration plots in every forest district, both on the State-owned and privately-owned land. We cannot afford to wait any longer for this important educational program in forestry. At the dedication of Science Hall at the State Forest School at Mont Alto, on March 10, 1927, I stated that "in line with my plans and policies I personally recommended to the Governor that a half million dollars at least be secured for forest land purchase." I am happy to report that an appropriation of $500,000 for the purchase of additional forest land was made available by the last Legislature and signed by the Governor. To go forward with this purchase program a careful survey has been made of the forest land situation in the State. This surs^ey shows that ample land is available for purchase, and the Department of Forests and Waters is now ready to go forward with this purchase program. This enlargement of the State Forests will gruarantee the use of the State Forests to a larger number of people, par- ticularly in sections of the State where no State Forests exist now. Of the 13,000,000 acres of forest land in the State, there are now only 1,132,- 444 acres in State Forests. The more I look into the forest situation of the State the more I am convinced that now is the right time to purchase this land. By resuming our land purchase pro- gram I am convinced the Department of Forests and Waters is working in the best interests of the economic and social welfare of the people and, the wood-using industries of Pennsylvania. In addition to the $500,000 appropriated for the purchase of forest land there was also ap- propriated by the last Legislature the sum of $450,000 for the purchase of the Cook Forest. The latter appropriation is contingent upon the Cook Forest Association contributing not less than $200,000 toward the purchase of this unusual tract of forest land. The Secretary of the Association, under date of June 17, 1927, advised that the Cook Forest Association will be ready to make their deposit about July 1, 1927, or shortly there- after. The Department of Forests and Waters is ready to go forward with the purchase program of this forest as soon as the necessary funds are 58 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 59 available. When acquired the Cook Forest Park will be administered by the Department of For- ests and Waters as a State Forest Park in the best interests of the people of Pennsylvania. I want to assure you that Pennsylvania Fores- try will go forward with a sound program of for- est development. During my administration the work of the Department of Forests and Waters will not falter. It will be carried forward in a business-like way. By the generous appropri- ations made available by the last Legislature and by the Governor's hearty cooperation, Pennsyl- vania's proud record of achievement in forestry will not only be maintained but promoted in the best interests of the people of Pennsylvania. FORESTS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION By F. D. Russell, Cashier, Tremant National Bank WASTEFUL lumbering and fire, lack of attention to the tree-growing lands of the State have made bare millions of Penn- sylvania acres, which by all that is reasonable, should be growing one crop of trees after another, for that is all they can be made to grow. Penn- sylvania has 13,000,000 acres of land fit only for growing trees — an area greater than the entire State of New Jersey. It used to be covered with the richest forests. At present it is producing little or nothing for the use or benefit of our peo- ple. An area that produces nothing is a desert. This is Pennsylvania's desert. The Pennsylvania desert costs the people of this State $100,000,000 a year— twice as much as it costs to run the State Government. Where does this cost come from? We use in Pennsylvania about 2,300,000,000 feet of lumber each year. We might grow nearly all of this in our State, but we, meaning you and I, and every other citizen, have been letting the fires run instead. As a result, we are paying not less than $25,000,000 a year in freight charges on lumber brought into the State, and in addition pay $50,000,000 each year for the 1,700,000,000 feet of lumber we import. This cost is not the whole story. In addition, we have the loss from floods, caused by the removal of the forests, the loss of population caused by the re- moval of lumber industry, and the loss of fish and game. Taken all together it amounts to the $100,000,000. The direct damage from fire is small, but the indirect damage is the large loss. It is not what the fires burn up, but w^hat they prevent from growing that truly measures the damage they cause. This is forest devastation. It implies a neglect of our true economic interests that borders on the criminal. For this condition Pennsylvania and its citizenry is to blame. The remedy lies in renewed protection and care of our forests by each one of us, and seeing that every one else does the same. A Hebrew drummer was crossing the Atlantic when a great storm arose. The winds blew, the lightning flashed, and the waves rolled high. Un- concerned he talked and read. He was the en\T of the other worried and seasick passengers. At liast a fellow traveler, finding the ship listing and leaking, approached the Hebrew and said, "Well, it looks bad. The ship is sinking." The Hebrew replied, "Veil, ve don't care, ve don't own the ship, let 'er sink." This story is oddly amusinjj; it indicates stupidity, shortsightedness and dis- aster. It is queer such situations are anmsing to all except those on the ship, but it's the same psychology" that causes a laugh when another slips on a banana peel. In a less amusing way pur procrastinations, shortsightedness, and stupidity daily cause us inconveniences and needless ex- pense. Did you ever forget to put gas in the car before starting a trip? If you did, you found it inconvenient, didn't you? And worst of all, it was your fault, wasn't it ? Was it stupidity, care- lessness, or ignorance? The result was the same. The fortunate part was that the stupid one was the one to suffer. There are instances, however, when the dis- aster is gi'eater and affects others. Suppose, for instance, that through stupidity or carelessness one flicks his cigarette ashes about the house, the house catches fire and some lives are lost. Not so funny now, is it? And so it goes. This re- sult is waste of time, that in inconvenience, this ends in pestilence, that in loss of life. All because we say, "It isn't ours, let 'er sink." It takes no uncanny knowledge to see what is taking place in the timber supply in the United States. The center of production went from the Northeast to the North, to the South, and is now in the Northwest. The price of timber gets^igher, the freight haul greater. At the same time ttiere are great areas, millions of acres of land, kept un- productive as annually thousands of forest fires, 92,000 in 1924, and 2,917 in Pennsylvania alone in 1926, lick up the young growth — the trees of tomorrow. We stand idly by and say, "Let 'er burn, it does not belong to us." Is timber scarcity creeping upon us? Whether it be thirty, or fifty, or seventy years, I believe it is coming unless some drastic action is taken. We can and are forced to believe this when we see the prices for lumber continually increasing. In the anthracite region the timber proposition is a seri- ous one. Geologists tell us that the anthracite coal in Pennsylvania will be mined for at least 124 years at the present rate of production. One of the purchasing agents of one of the coal compan- ies summed up the situation when he said, "To- day our problem is not one of price, but where to j^et the suitable wood products." If the above statement is true, the matter of getting a sufficient supply of suitable wood products to guarantee future coal production, is of vast importance be- cause the hard coal industry is dependent upon timber. The virgin timber supply in the south is al- most exhausted and boat loads of timber from the Pacific coast are being transported through the Panama Canal and along the eastern coast of New York and taken to eastern Pennsylvania for use in the production of anthracite coal. But the transportation for long distances is expensive, and with the virgin supply of timber on the wane, it is imperative that effective steps be taken to grow timber on the loafing hillsides surrounding our coal mines. The vast area of surface lands in our coal fields, which are only good for timber land, must be put to work. Tt is the duty of ever>' pei*son to stop forest fires and help restore timber production. Not only the patriotic duty of a citizen but the paternal duty of every man to earn a livelihood for him- self and family, and help insure timber for the future of the coal industry. Let us not stand by and say, "let 'er bum," but let us be up and doing. Thus I say it is important that we con- cern ourselves about the timber scarcity. What are we doing? Many of us nothing! Every year people continue to drop lighted matches or burn- ing tobacco in the leaves, or walk off and leave camp fires unextinguished. These fires fanned to a blaze ignite a forest. Hundreds bum brush near the woods and permit the fire to escape to the woods. Accidentally? No! Just plain careless- ness or foolishness! Every year the Forestry De- partment screams warnings from the housetops, the newspapers are full of advice, warning posters meet one on every hand, and in return engines mock the warnings with more sparks in the dry leaves and modem Neros look on and assume the attitude of "Let 'er bum, it isn't ours." The tmth about this thing of forest destruction i« that the problem is yours, it is mine. We pay for all this. Our taXes pay for the Forestry De- partment. We help pay to extinguish the fires we try to excuse, we suffer the inconvenience and cost of floods and low water, we experience impure water and feel the effects on our hunting and fish- ing, and pay higher prices for lumber from other States which could be raised here. We support a large unproductive area kept desert by fires. How long are we going to continue to bum our woods? Why does anyone say the brush burner, for instance, is not careless? Would anyone say a keg of powder exploding as a result of a man smoking while sitting on it was an accident? No, we would call the smoker a fool and a menace. In the spring the leafy ground-covering and dried dead grass of the woods become very dry and in- flammable. So dry that on some days it fairly seems to explode when a spark enters and the ensuing fire spreads so fast that men on the spot cannot extinguish it. Under such conditions would a prudent man, on such a day with a wind likely to arise any minute, go and burn brush near the woods? Or at noon leave the hot ashes in the dry grass to blow where they will while he eats? I think not. This is only stupidity, foolishness, carelessness, and recklessness. Can the resulting forest fire be excused as an act of God as it races over the hills? A fool there was, And he flung a match Carelessly down on a sun-dried patch. Giving no heed that a fire might catch And spread to the timber with quick dispatch, — Even as you and I. The fool passed on with a w^ondering look, Even as you and I, He couldn't explain the fire that took The forest away, and dried the brook. And left the region a place forsook. He was a fool, that's why. • Ninety-nine per cent, of the forest fires that oc- cur in Pennsylvania are preventable. A large percentage are caused by the operation of rail- roads, and many others by recklessness of hunters, campers and fishermen. When the people of this State realize that our forest lands are valuable, that they belong to some one, and do some good to some one, that they are inflammable and will bum, and that everybody loses when the timber bums, then they will exercise more care and there will be less flres. The purpose of the State Government is to pro- vide for the future welfare of its citizens. There- 60 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 61 fore, it is the State's duty to see that forest fires are prevented, and it is the duty of its citizenry to help prevent these fires and help make the State a better, healthier, cleaner, more beautiful and more productive spot to live in. We can w«ll realize the importance of the For- estry Department in the government of the State; the need for instructing children in the proper care of the trees and brush; the instructing also ofl the elder folk in the protection of God's Cathe- dral, as some writer has called the forest primeval. Our State is to be commended on the step it has taken in the right direction to provide for the for- est of the future, by reforesting the desert of our State, and thus producing within its confines the lumber so sorely needed in the proper carrying on of the business of the Commonwealth, thus keep- ing the money in the State, giving employment to its citizens, and making possible ample lumber, water supply, and thus make our good old State a better spot to live in. FORESTRY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Norman Ratchford AS far as forestry is concerned in connection with the public schools, we have very defi- nitely in mind what to do. In the study of forestry in the schools, we know that Pennsyl- vania has nearly 29 million acres of which 13 mil- lion is in forest land and the State Forest has about VA million acres. Farm wood lots have 4 million acres and all others, including wild land, about 8 million acres. In other words, we have about VA acres per capita. Coming down to our county (Chester) we have 88 thousand acres of forest land. Take our border county, Philadelphia County, its forests may be expressed per capita by the area of a dining room rug 9 X 12. We as school people are able to see that in this great Keystone State, we are facing the great problem of reforestation. This industrial State is one of the greatest users of wood and it is our job to try to grow it rather than import it from other States. On the one hand we can see the many, many acres to be reforested, while on the other the many, many little hands that can be trained to do the work by the vocational depart- ments and by the leaders that have been trained by them. The figures that have been given show what there is to do and now let us turn our attention to what has been done by the schools. The schools did very little before 1920. It is reasonable to suppose that their non-participation before this time has been due to the lack of leadership or to the lack of encouragement by the State Forestry Association. Possibly the State Foresters directed most of their attention to rail- roads, mine industries and water companies, never dreaming that the schools could lend such valvable cooperation in the project of reforestation. The State has never had a sufficient number of seedling trees for each year's planting and that is one of the strongest reasons why more encour- agement has not been given to the public schools. Plans have now been changed and the schools are urged and aided in every possible way to take up this work. As the schools have taken up the work, they have divided the subject of forestry into two viewpoints. The first has been the real subject of reforestation and the second is that in their reforestation, the schools will have forest projects that will serve as laboratories for the oncoming classes to study the different kinds ot trees, the ages of trees and the results of planting in different kinds of soil. Now to show the rapidity with which schools are taking to this project, 600,000 trees have been planted to date. Of this number 250,000 were planted in 1927. The report of the State Forester in 1921 shows the actual beginning of school plantings. The report states that 35,000 were planted that year— 20,000 by the Palmyra hif?h school, 11,000 by the Moranan Church, 4,000 by other societies and individuals. The boys of that school in three years' planting have a living monu- ment of 35,000 trees to stand for the activities of one agriculture class. I think it would be an in- justice to that agriculture class if I failed to men- tion that they gave an agricultural exhibit every month for four years and that two of these ex- hibits were on the subject of forestry. They also planted a memorial tree with iron guards and memory plates for each of the soldier boys that fell in the World War. Other schools caught their enthusiasm and Chester County can boast of hav- ing planted over 110,000 trees in the last three years. I have just told you of what has been done by the schools. I think it would be interesting to you if I should tell you of some of the interesting things that happened in connection with school plantings and how we came to make it of real interest to the school girls and boys. One of the first things I would like to tell you about is of the difficulty of getting land owners to cooperate with school planting. The year that the agriculture class planted 20,000 trees at Palmyra the plans were all made when the trees arrived. When half of them had been planted, one of our land owners backed out and it was necessary for me to find some one to take his place. After thinking over several possible persons in my mind, I decided that I would go down to see Mr. Bow- man, the banker. I started out and happened to meet Mr. Bowman on the street. After telling him some of our conditions of planting, I told him that I had decided that he was the very fellow to furnish us with enough land for planting the remainder of the trees. He said, "No, I am not interested in tree planting. I have no land that I would like to put to that purpose." I said to Mr. Bowman that after I talk to you five minutes, you are going to be interested in tree planting, and plant trees. So I proceeded with my argument mostly in the form of questions like these: Mr. Bowman, you are a banker, are you not? If I should tell you where you could get some- thing valuable for almost nothing, would you take it? If I should come in your office and tell you of an investment by which you could make an increase of at least one-half per cent., would you consider itf If I could tell you of an invest- in<'nt that would increase as the years roll by, would you think that a fine investment! If I could name you a good civic proposition by which you could aid schools and get returns, would you like to cooperate? Now, I am going back and show you the tree investment. In the first place, if you will furni.sh the land we will furnish the trees and plant them free of cost. The transpor- tation amounts to about ten cents per hundred trees. As soon as these trees are planted your farm will have a new value that it never had before and as the trees grow, the interest on the return will grow in proportion. Lastly, as a school proposition, the boys are looking to you to help them out in one of the finest projects that their school has ever put over. Now Mr. Bowman are you ready to plant f After thinking a minute Mr. Bowman said: *^I have always had it in my mind that I would like to plant some trees Hk<' plantings I have seen in Germany and like pictures that I have seen in books and magazines and guess this is my opportunity. I will telephone out to my farmer and tell him to disk that piece of wheat next to the woods that was frost heaved, s<*ore it out so that the trees can be planted in rows both ways." Next morning the boys appeared on the scene with their tools and trees and by night that en- tire field was planted. Mr. Bowman said, when he came out in the evening, that this field of pines looked as good as any com field of a few weeks' growth. The High School at East Nantmeal plants 1,000 trees each year as a school project. Their school planting always partake of the nature of a school picnic, the girls of the school always fur- nishing the lunch. A bank of the stream was selected as the place for the lunch and a fire was made for roasting the doggies. There it was that the pupils had a great deal of fun teasing the principal as to the number of doggies he ate, and how much cake disappeared from the plate that was next to him. After lunch we had a program in which each pupil took part either by reading or reciting some article on Nature. This was diflferent from the old "Arbor Day" exercises in that there was actual tree planting. After the program was over the lady who owned the farm said that "She was sur- prised that the school children of today had so much sentiment in connection with the things that they do and that that was the best meeting she had attended for a number of years." She sug- gested that one of the boys chisel the date of the tree planting on a flat rock that stood nearby so that in after years they would look with pride upon their project. New London had a new idea in connection with tree planting. They dedicated a group of trees for each class, one tree for each individual. The senior class planted their trees in a circle be- cause the class had always been a circle of good friends. The junior class planted their trees in a square because their class had always been on the square^ and the freshman class planted their trees in the form of a triangle because there were many good points in the freshman class. Each class will be greatly interested as the years roll by in the growth of the trees which they dedicated to their class. In closing I would like to mention a few of the ideals held out as school objectives in tree plant- ing. First, the school is preparing for an abun- dant living as the real objective in education. Sec- ond, the schools want to cooperate in planting the forests of the future; third, they want to use their education as not all theory but actual experiences ; fourth, that we must put into the school today the things we want tomorrow in order to succeed in this objective. Our motto is, more forest education, more trees, more hands. ri I 62 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 63 WILD LIFE CONSERVATION AND FORESTRY IN his address, Norman M. Wood, represent- ing the Bureau of Research and Information, Pennsylvania Game Commission, had this to say: "The keystone to a successful conserva- tion movement in America means the estahlish- ment of more game refuges. Pennsylvania leads the world in the establishment and maintenance of game refuges, even though it does require $2500 for each of the 34 regular refuges, annually, be- sides the 67 auxiliary refuges that have been es- tablished in this State during the past four years. Sportsmen have learned to realize that game sanctuaries, where we can have the natural propa- gation of game birds and game mammals, and the care of our protected birds, are essential for the well-being of the beneficial wild life and the pres- ervation of the forests and streams. "Teaching folks w^hat it means to enjoy the great- out-doors is surely a commendable vocation. Just such business is the vocation of the Pennsylvania Game Commission, the one thousand conserva- tion movements, the Audubon Society, birds and nature clubs. Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and others, that are bringing health and happiness and pro- mulgating good fellowship among thousands of people daily. If we take the first letters of the three words, great out doors, we find we have the word God, and after all God is the Creator of all things. A man's a better man if he longs to go afield with gun or astream with rod and line. He is clean of mind and body, resourceful, courageous, a person with plenty of red blood in his veins and one whom you would not hesitate to invite to your own home. "It is estimated that the game killed in Pennsyl- vania in the Fall of 1925, if the sportsmen desired to replenish such a supply, would cost $10,000,000. This would include 8,000 legal buck deer, 10 elk, 600 black bear, 3,500,000 cotton-tail rabbits, 1,- 300,000 gray squirrels, 330,000 grouse, the king of all game birds, 170,000 bobwhite quail, 3,300 wild turkey, 80,000 ringneck pheasants, besides the shore birds and wild water-fowl. It is said that the weight alone would go to 11,000,000 pounds; reduced to tons, would mean 5,500." Mr. Wood pointed out that the Game Commis- sion comprised six men who gave their services to the sportsmen without any compensation. "We might designate them as philanthropists," he said. The speaker urged every one to take an interest in the forest bond constitutional amendment that will appear on the ballot next year, asking the electors to vote for a $25,000,000 bond issue. He said that posterity would take care of the interest on the investment, the same as it would do on municipal bonds, and in fifty years time the thou- sands of acres of barren land, denuded of its forests, would produce matured timber. Pennsyl- vania was the leading State in the Union for tim- ber in 1861, now stands twentieth, and the pur- pose was to bring back Penn's Woods and make this a greater State in which to live. More forests means more recreational places, more game refu- ges for our game birds and game mammals and a haven of rest for our protected birds, more ade- quate and wholesome water supplies for our mu- nicipalities and more moisture for the! tiller of the soil to successfully grow his crops." Mr. Wood asserted that the field representa- tives of the Game Commission were very much in- terested in the preservation of the forests, that they planted thousands of trees, berry vines, grape vines, and nuts every year. The speaker concluded with an illustrated lec- ture on "The Haunts and Habits of the Beaver," and "Sportsmanship Versus Vandalism," in Penn's Woods. The pictures were especially in teresting. A HUNTER'S PARADISE By District Forester Chas. HogeUnd* IN Pennsylvania there remain but two or three large areas of almost uninhabited forest land, and of these the Sinnemahoning Forest District comprises some 366 square miles of the most wild, rugged and picturesque beauty to be found in the East. The majestic grandeur of its high plateaus rising abruptly from deep nar- row gorges and valleys, is not surpassed, if equalled, on such an extensive scale elsewhere in the State. To-day, by virtue of its relative in- accessibleness, lack of development, with a result- ant lack of population, it affords some of the ))est big game hunting to be found in North America. The Sinnemahoning Forest District is located in the north-central part of Pennsylvania, Jtnd comprise parts of Camerrtn, Elk, Clearfield, nnd Clinton counties. Originally heavily timbered with magnificent white, red and yellow pine, h(Mii- lock and hardwoods, it formed a part of the famous Black Forest. Then game was scarce. Now largely covered with a dense, sometimes al- ♦Walter Leach is now District Forester of the Sinnemahon. ing District, while Charles Hogeland is District Forester oi the Sproul District. most impenetrable growth of young hardwood, interspersed with pine and hemlock, better pro- tection is afforded game, and as a result game of all kinds is more abundant than ever before. The deep valleys and ravines are traversed by pure streams. The principal stream is the Sinne- mahoning Creek, famous in days of pioneers and Indians, and bearing an Indian name. This heautiful stream, as well as its large tributaries, the Firstfork and Bennetts Branch, is fed by in- numerable runs extending far back into the hills and having their sources in crystal-clear springs on the high plateaus. Uncontaminated, filtered con- tinuously by nature, the w^ater from these springs and streams may be drunk unhesitatingly by the camper, and the light, dry, invigorating air causes marvelous thirsts. Shaded often throughout their entire courses the waters of the swift-flowing mountain streams are cool throughout the year and ice cold during hunting seasons. The steep side hills rise, often precipitously, with straight drops of 40 and 60 feet, from valley elevations of 750 to 800 feet above sea level to elevations of 2,100 and 2,200 feet on the broad plateaus. Many hunters prefer to camp on the plateaus, for in ascending the steep ridges the visitor seemingly cannot inhale a sufficient amount of the rarefied air, which to cramped, unhealthy lungs is veritably a health-giving balm, but in the heads of swales on the upper benches of moun- tains is where you will find bruin, and bucks fre- quent the rocky points. Entrance to this happy hunting ground may be had by auto over a few public roads through the main valleys from DuBois, Karthaus and Couders- port, and over the partially completed State High- way from Renovo or Emporium. The Allegheny and Renovo division of the P. R. R., and the B. & S. Failroad follow the same valleys, with stops at such of the famous old lumbering towns, now as well known as outfitting posts, as Medix Run, Driftwood, Sinnemahoning, and many others. The N. Y. C. borders the Sinnemahoning For- est District at Karthaus, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Two hundred and twenty miles of roads and trails have been opened by the De- partment of Forests and Waters on the State Forest to make these lands accessible to hunters, hshirmen and recreationists. This section of Pennsylvania seems to be the approximate meeting ground of the hunters from the eastern and western parts of the State. Many ninirods from adjacent States are also numbered among the visitors each year. Last year it was estimated by the Forest Rangers that approxi- mately 2,500 hunters sought the sport, trophies and recreation to be had in this vast playground of nature. This figure, which attests to the popu- larity of this section, does not include the great numbers of fishermen, tourists and summer visi- tors and recreationists. To provide accommodations for so many is far beyond the facilities of the local residents. The native population of this province of 234,050 acres consists of but 2,500 persons, living in small towns and villages, and on scattered farms along the main valleys, or isolated clearings on the pla- teaus. The inadequacy of accommodations avail- able among the local people is being met and over- come by the erection of cabins and hunting lodges, often far back in the forests. Men of hardier nature and who have the desire to really rough it, prefer to camp in tents. To meet the test of a frosty morning and ice-cold w^ater requires a courageous spirit, but brings its own reward. The Sinnemahoning State Forest, Avhich com- prises nearly 100,000 acres- of, State-owned land in the Sinnemahoning District, contains some of the very best hunting grounds in the district, particu- larly bear and deer country. Pheasants, rabbits, black and gray squirrels, as well as coons, wood- chucks and turkeys are to be had, although per- haps not so abundantly as the larger game. For the lone hunter elk provide sport and give ample opportunity for a display of his prowess, since they must be hunted by the method known as still-hunting, in contradistinction to driving, which is the usual method of hunting deer and bears. Several elk, which must have four points or more to an antler to be legal, were killed in this district last season. During recent years they have ranged almost entirely on privately owned timberland, which, fortunately, has been open to hunting. In the State Forests small plots of suitable land may be leased at a nominal rental for ten years, with privilege of renewal. Many hunting clubs and individuals have taken advantage of this privilege, and to-day there are more than 150 leased camp sites in the Sinnemahoning State For- est. Approximately 80 per cent, of the leased sites have cabins or hunting lodges erected upon them; others merely have tent floors, and perhaps bunks. Many of the cabins are of logs obtained nearby; others are of stone, frame, corrugated iron, etc. A substantial cabin on a leased site near a spring or stream insures a permanent lo- cation and abode from season to season. The ex- pense and bother of toting in loads of canvas, I duffel, dishes and what not is eliminated, and ■i r 64 FOREST LEAVES warm, dry, comfortable accommodations are as- sured. For those who may prefer to change locations from year to year, or who may wish to try their luck at a certain place for a season before choos- ing a permanent location, temporary camping per- mits may be obtained from local forest officers. These are granted without charge for a period not exceeding three weeks. Tourists and summer campers who carry tents, and wish to get back to nature secure temporary permits if they wish to remain in the forest more than one night. At the higher altitudes there is considerable likelihood of more or less snow falling during the big game sea- son, and if a tent is used a good heating stove is advisable. Despite the greater number of hunters each sea- son, big game apparently is increasing. This is undoubtedly due in part to the wise laws govern- ing hunting, but particularly perhaps to the natural protection and forage afforded game by the thrifty young forest growth appearing on the mountains. Forest fires destroy not only game it- self, but that which is as vital — hiding places, breeding places, forage and shelter from severe winter conditions. Protected forests are a pre- requisite of successful game propagation. Elk, particularly, are evidently not able to withstand cold weather without ample forest shelter. As a further aid to the propagation of game in the Sinnemahoning State Forest, an auxiliary game refuge of some 1,500 acres has been estab- lished in the Lushbaugh Division, and another of 400 acres in the Peter Grove Division. A refuge now adjoins the south side of the Medix Division, and another lies adjacent to the north line of the district. The natural overflow from these refuges should increase the stocking of surrounding areas. Many large natural deer licks and bear wallows are to be found about the district. During the spring of 1924, in co-operation with the Department of Fisheries, 73,600 brook trout were planted by the Department of Forests and Waters in waters on or originating on the Sin- nemahoning State Forest, and more than 50,- 000 in the spring of 1926. Present indications point to excellent fishing next spring. Many of the big game hunters return as fishermen in due sea.son. And Mrs. Hunter and Mrs. Fisherman are coming in greater numbers each year. Wildcats and gray and red foxes are all too plentiful, and hardly a camp but boasts one or more of the pelts of these marauders. Weasels, minks and porcupines fall in the same category. During deep snows and hatching seasons the pred- atory animals exact a heavy toll among game and birds. A public use map of the Sinnemahoning Forest District has been prepared, on which are shown roads, trails, streams, camps, valleys, etc. On the State Forest, roads and trails are well posted with guideboards. Departmental Circular 25 gives in- formation pertaining to the use of State Forests. Bulletin 30, "In Penn's Woods," contains topics very helpful to the camper, such as "Outfit, Rations, Camp Cooking, First Aid," and many other camping suggestions. These bulletins as well as other detailed information may be obtained from the District Forester, at Driftwood. Notwithstanding the increasing number of hunt- ers coming to the Sinnemahoning District each year there are still large areas on which scarcely any hunting is done. Thisi is not due to lack of game, but rather to the fact that hunters have not pene- trated these areas in sufficient numbers to raise the big game. There are tracts in this district contain- ing several square miles which do not contain a single camp. Not all of the large bodies of timberland are State Forest. Many of the large privately owned tracts are for sale, and have already been offered to the State. It should be a matter of serious concern to the great majority of hunters that appropri- ations have not been sufficient to enable the Com- monwealth to take advantage of these offers. In a few years it will be of vital interest to the ever- increasing mass of sportsmen, campers and recre- ationists whether these large bodies of timberland are available as hunting grounds, or whether they are closed. Already desirable tracts at key points are being bought up by private hunting clubs, and then closed to hunting. Even entrances to State Forest land are being blocked in this manner. There is but one remedy for this unfortunate condition : the State must own more forest land. This will be a good investment. The prompt and concerted action of the sportsmen is necessary. Don't permit this vast hunting area to slip from your grasp. This is the biggest trophy the Sinne- mahoning Forest Di.strict has to offer. The season is open. Forest fires are almost all the result of some- thing short of criminal. — Zane Grey. iB^mf^if^iih- OF FORESTRt %1^Ve college/ A We must become a nation of fire wardens.— Charles S. Oshorn. _ PUBLISHED BY THE PENNSYiyANIA FORESTRV ASSOCrATION PHILADELPH i A . PA. ^;s^^ • M 64 FOREST LEAVES warm, dry, comfortable accommodations are as- sured. For those who may j)refer to change locations from year to year, or who may wish to try their luck at a certain place for a season before choos- ing* a pennanent location, temporary camping per- mits may be obtained from local forest officers. These are granted without charge for a period not exceeding three weeks. Tourists and summer campers who carry tents, and wish to get back to nature secure temporary permits if they wish to remain in the forest more than one night. At the higher altitudes there is considerable likelihood of more or less snow falling during the big game sea- son, and if a tent is used a good heating stove is advisable. Despite the greater number of hunters each sea- son, big game apparently is increasing. This is undoubtedly due in part to the wise laws govern- ing hunting, but particularly perhaps to the natural protection and forage afforded game by the thrifty young forest growth appearing on the mountains. Forest fires destroy not only game it- self, but that which is as vital — hiding places, breeding places, forage and shelter from severe winter conditions. Protected forests are a pre- requisite of successful game propagation. Elk, particularly, are evidently not able to withstand cold weather without ample forest shelter. As a further aid to the propagation of game in the Sinnemahoning State Forest, an auxiliary game refuge of some 1,500 acres has been estab- lished in the Lushbaugh Division, and another of 400 acres in the Peter Grove Division. A refuge now adjoins the south side of the Medix Division, and another lies adjacent to the north line of the district. The natural overflow from these refuges should increase the stocking of surrounding areas. Many large natural deer licks and bear wallows are to be found al)out the district. During the spring of 1924, in co-operation with the Department of Fisheries, 73,600 brook trout were planted by the Department of Forests and Waters in waters on or originating on the Sin- nemahoning State Forest, and more than 50,- 000 in the spring of 1926. Present indications point to excellent fishing next spring. Many of the big game hunters return as fishermen in due season. And Mrs. Hunter and Mrs. Fisherman are coming in greater numbers each year. Wildcats and gray and red foxes are all too plentiful, and hardly a camp but boasts one or more of the pelts of these marauders. Wea-sels, minks and porcupines fall in the same category. During deep snows and hatching seasons the pred- atory animals exact a heavy toll among jrame and birds. A public use map of the Sinnemahoning lorest District has been prepared, on which are shown roads, trails, streams, camps, valleys, etc. On the State Forest, roads and trails are well posted with guideboards. Departmental Circular 25 givary. Don't permit this vast hunting area to slip from your grasp. This is the biggest trophy the Sinne- mahoning Forest District has to offer. The season is open. Forest fires are almost all the result of some- thing short of criminal. — Zatie Grey. ^i^i^^^^iM^ OF FORESTRY %1^Ve college/ PAI i^i-iafe/»,\f*tii.i We must become a nation of fire warden Charles S. Osborn. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE •a CONTENTS A Thrifty Stand of Beech, Birch and Maple with Excellent Growth of page , _. T-»i Cover Baby Trees on the Forest! Floor piate Forest Fire Damage in the United States in 1926 65 A Notable Silver Maple 66 Fall Arbor Day Proclamation 66 A Pioneer Lumberman 67 Tree Growth on Disturbed Soil 67 Chestnut Stumps and Roots Worth Salvaging for Tannin 69 Destroying the Future 70 Honey Dew Aphid^ on Norway Maple 71 Forest Tree Seed Supply Stations 72 Forest Fire Prevention by the Coal Mining Industry 73 Some Satisfactions of a Forester's Life 74 Forestry Progress in Rumania 80 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both Stale and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the Slate of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 130 South 15th Street, Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents, Robt. S. Conklin, J. F. Hendricks, Samuel L. Smedley, Mrs. David Reeves. General Secketarv, Samuel Marshall. Treasurer and Recording Secretary, F. L. Biiler. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher, Chairman J. Rodman Paul, Henry Howson, Hon. Marshall Brown, Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable H. W. Shoemaker. LAW — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price, MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt, Chairman F. L. Bitler, Mrs. David Reeves, Miss Mary K. Gibson, J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Carv, Joseph S. Illick, George F. Craig, Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Harrison Souder. WORK — Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, E. E. Wildman. J. Franklin Meehan, FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-OflSce as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 5 PHILADELPHIA. OCTOBER. 1927 Whole Number 240 FOREST riRE DAMAGE IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1926 FOREST fires reported during 1926 caused direct damage amounting to about $26,- 900,000 in the United States, according to figures compiled by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. This immense loss is the result of 91,793 fires which burned over 24,316,133 acres of the lands of the country. More than 72 per cent, of the fires are known to have been caused by man and 12 per cent, by lightning. The causes of a little more than 15 per cent, are unkno^vn. Smokers lead all others as starters of forest fires, with over 16 per cent, of all, railroads come next with 13 per cent., and brush burning third with 12 per cent. Mississippi, with 23,170, suffered more fires than any other State. Alabama was next with 14,953, and Georgia was third with 6,446. At the other end of the scale, Delaware had but 37 fires, Rhode Island 43 and Vermont 73. The Southeastern States as a group — the Caro- linas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama and Mississippi —had the most fires, 54,200. The West Mississip- pi States, which include Missouri, Arkansas, Okla- homa, Louisiana and Texas, came next with 10,657 fires. The Northeastern States had 6,251 fires, the Appalachian States 4,827, the East Mississippi States 1,747, the Lake States 3,326, the Rocky ^fountain States 3,877, and the Pacific States 6,842. Where protcictive systems were functioning in 1926 nearly 61 per cent, of all fires were confined to areas of less than 10 acres, and less than 2 pei* cent, exceeded 1,000 acres. Within the pro- tected areas as a whole the average fire burned 140 acres, as against an indicated average of 337 acres per fire on lands without protection. Of our total forest land area needing protection only about 65 per cent, is within the protected area, jmd the protection afforded ranges all the way from quite thoroughly fire-tight systems on some private. State and National forests down to the merest beginnings of educational preventive ef- fort. On the protected area there were 100 fires per million acres as against 309 fires per million acres of unprotected land. Only 1.21 per cent, of the protected area burned while 10.4 per cent, of the unprotected land burned over. In the protected forests of Arizona the average fire covered only 2.4 acres, in Colorado 7.9 acres. New Mexico 10.3 acres, Vermont 12.4, Wyoming 13.4, New Hampshire 16.7 acres. In Florida, with only a very small protected area, the average fire burned over 373 acres, the Wisconsin average was 355 acres, Minnesota 354 and California 333. Pennsylvania held the average fire to 77 acres. New York to 56 acres. Virginia's fires averaged 161 acres, Maryland's 116 and West Virginia's 53. Within the areas under protection the 33,867 fires reported burned-over 1,040,000 acres of mer- chantable timber, 1,682,000 acres of nonmerchant- able or immature tree growth and 1,394,000 acres with no tree growth at the time, the total area of forest land burned thus reaching 4,116,000 acres. Including the unprotected r^ions 24,310,133 acres of land were scourged by fire during the year. The greatest area burned over and the greatest damage done, as well as the largest number of fires, were in the Southeastern States where 18,- 000,000 acres were affected and damage done to- talling $11,000,000. In the Rocky Mountain States 735,000 acres were burned and damage done amounting to $5,000,000. In the Pacific States the figures were 1,746,000 acres and $3,- 300,000; in the Appalachian States 503,000 acres and $2,400,000; in the West Mississippi group 1,900,000 acres and $1,600,000 ; and in the North- western States 211,000 acres and $1,900,000. A section on a giant California redwood was presented by the California delegation of the American I^egion to the soldiers of France at the late convention of the American Legion in Paris. The specimen came from the Sequoia National Park. The rings indicate that when the tree fell in 1915 it was 1,995 years old. The section measures 9 ft. 8 in. in diameter, is 18 in. thick and weighs about 3,000 pounds. OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 13« S. FIFTEENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA 66 FOREST I.EAVES FOREST LEAVES 67 A NOTABLE SILVER MAPLE The accompanying illustration shows a large silver maple which stands on Waverly Heights Farm, the home of our valued fellow -member, Mr. Samuel Rea, located in Lower Merion Town- ship, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, two and one-half miles northeast of Bryn Mawr Station. The tree stands on a slope behind the spring- house. At ground level, the circumference is 17 feet, and at breast-high, 15 feet. The tree is about 80 feet high, and its branch spread is from 90 to 110 feet. Its a^ge is estimated at 100 years. Mr. Rea is a remarkable instance of a man of large affairs, who is actively and deeply interested in forestry and in the promotioii of the forestry interests of our State, esi>eor grown in Louisiana, $9.00 in cash is brought into the State and is divided among the employees of the forest products industry. That is for every $10.00 worth of Louisiana lumber shipped and sold $9.00 goes to the employees interested in the manufac- ture of the forest product commodity and they in turn spend this money in our State, thereby creating values for taxable assets. — Conservation FALL ARBOR PAY PROCLAMATION Whereas^ The protection and replenishing of our forests and the encouragement and protection of bird life are necessary to the progress of our Commonwealth; and Whereas, It has become the custom to set asid<' annually certain days for the planting of trees and the cultivation of bird life; Now, Therefore, I, John S. Fisher, Govern .-m of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby designate and proclaim Friday, October 21, 1927, as Fall Arbor Day and Bird Day. Forests furnish the essential materials for manv of our industries; feed our lakes and streams; purify our water; shelter and support our wild life; provide means for recreation; supply trees for shade and ornamentation, and medicine and food for man, bird and beast. The forests of the future must be started to- day. Where forests have been depleted, tree life should be renewed. Let us participate in the coming Arbor and Bird Day in a practical wn.v by helping to restore tree life to barren spots; by beautifying our homes, school grounds and en- vironments through the planting of vines, shru))s. trees and flowers. Let us not forget that h'wiU are the natural caretakers of trees, crops and other vegetation against destruction by insects. We can attract them in increasing numbers by providing feeding stations, shelters and water for bathing and drinking. This year, the centenary of the death of the great Swiss teacher, Pestalozzi, may be made an occasion to establish in Pennsylvania, as a regu lar practice, his educational principle of *4eani- iiig through observation." In addition to tree l)lanting and bird caring programs, let every school and every citizen celebrate the day by mak- ing trips to field and forest for the purpose of learning to recognize trees, plants and birds and to better know how they grow, how they live, how they conserve, and how they contribute to the wants and happiness of mankind. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the Commonwealth, at the City of Harrisburg, this fifteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twenty- seven, and of the Commonwealth the one hun- dred and fifty-second. BY THE GOVERNOR: John S. Fisher. A PIONEER LUMBERMAN IN ii recent interview, Jacob L. Rumbarger, ao. ,] 91 years, now living in Philadelphia, tol.i about floating logs and running rafts in many of the rivers of central Pennsylvania. The venerable woodsman has many reminiscences of the (la\ s when virgin forests covered the greater part ot the Keystone State. He told about run- ning raits on the Susquehanna when the Penn- sylvania Railroad was constructing its line west- \vard throughout the mountains. He was pres- ent, as a boy 14, at the cutting of the Spruce Creek tunnel. He tells of the first freight car that had a load of 20,000 pounds, against 200,000 pounds of today. In those days he said: ^^Penn- sylvania's streams rang with the shouts of river- men lloating great rafts of logs to civilization, hauled to the water's edge by yokes of oxen over mountain trails bordered by virgin forests, now i^one, and sawmills with overshot wheels over which the water cascaded, and equipped with old up-and-down saws.'' Few laftsmen are now left who can tell the story of ''Penn's Woods" for almost a full cen- tury. The march of forest destruction has gone fonvai-d by leai>s and bounds. Most of our hill- sides are now bare or covered with inferior trees. They stand in strong contrast with the magnifi- cent forest growth which covered them in pio- neer days. NATURAL RE-SEEDING OF RED PINE TREE GROWTH ON DISTURBED SOIL THAT red pine is a prolific seeder is proven l)\ an example in Tioga County. District !• >rester Paul H. Mulford, with headquar- teis ill Wellsboro, rejwrts that an abandoned tield 'oiitaining 30 acres^ in Tioga County, is (•oniitl Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 5 .i4.^ig;' V: ¥ ,. ■■ "^ s^x.. .f^^ te'"*^ 'SS.'--'. ^.•-?c^. r . ^Lr^,-- . _^ A White Pl\e Seed Supply Station at Greenwood F'urnace in Huntingdon County. The Trees that Produce Quality Seed Are Marked with a White Dand. A New Forest Tree Seed Extracting Plant. \ *i A Truckload of White Pine Cones on Its Way to the Seed Extractin(j House. Pliotcm Courtesy Department of Forests & Waters White Pine Cones in Storage. They Are Ready to Have the Seeds Extracted. FORKST Lkavks. Vol. XXI, No. 5 F0RK8T Lkavks, Vol. XXI, Xo. r> Km,^ ^%^- '■■* !!••% ^^V/^^.i^iv-^^f^ ^-i^-r^-m; .•«•' r-i^'- .>^,»,.. -■■ . '; ;fPW Hi * 1 *♦! 5-t '-*tf^*r^r ■^^.:^3r- A Whitk Pink Skkd Suimm.y Station at (Irkknwood Fitrnaci; in Huntincdon County. Thk Trkks that Produck Quality Skkd Ark Markkd with a Whitk Hand. A Nkw Forkst Trkk Skki» Extkautlsm; Plant A Tru("KU)ai) ok Whitk Pink Conkh on Its Way to thk Skkd Extrautin(j Housk. riidtcis Courtesy Departiiunt of Forests & Wnters Whitk Pink Conkh in Storagk. Thky Ark Kkady to Havk thk Skkdh Extkautkd. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 73 had tt:e privilege of visiting with Prof. Ernst Muncli, one of the foremost forest tree seed au- thoritis in the world. When journeying with him through his nurseries and experimental plots near tlu^ historic forest school of Tharandt in Sax- ony, Germany, he said: "There are growing in GernK'iiy today about 750,000 acres of Scotch pine trees grown from seeds of inferior or doubt- ful quality." Think of it! Three-fourths of a million acres of Scotch pine of doubtful quality throwing in a country where forestry has been practiced for several centuries. These inferior stands show the results of forest practices that were in use before the scientific facts that we now have were available for use. We may excuse those who erred 50 or 100 years ago. Then the principle of heredity in forest tree seeds was not known. But today no good forester has a right to make the same mistake. Special attention will be given to the establish- ment of these seed supply stations in Pennsylvania. A complete description and a full photographic record will be prepared of each station. These sta- tions will not be established finally until the trees within them have been approved by experts for seed production purposes. They will be established both in planted forests and in natural stands. Pennsylvania's plan for forest tree seed produc- tion is in many respects similar to the certified seed methods now used extensively in agricul- ture. Among the seed supply stations that will be established this year are a Scotch Pine Station in Franklin County, a White Pine Station at Green- wood Furnace in Huntingdon County, a White Ash Station at Ansonia in Tioga County, and a Red Pine Station in the plantation of the York Water Company in York County. In addition to these areas set aside especially for the produc- tion i)\' seed, individual trees capable of produc- ing? hii^h quality seed will also be selected cover- in?: Jiil the important trees used in the reforesta- tion work of the State. Each selected tree will be d'., ignated as a "seed tree." Each seed tree will ho given a label and a serial number. From the records of these seed stations and individual seed hees, it will be possible from year to year to collect quality tree seeds. When seed col- lectii!,^ time approaches, the seed collectors will knov; where to go for their seed. When they come to one of these specially designated trees they vvill know that it is an approved tree, and that M'ed may be collected from it for nurserj' stock production. Th'^ new plan of establishing forest tree seed supply stations is a big forward step. It will guarantee the production of high quality trees and make possible the promotion of a sound refores- tation program that will stand well among the best in the world. The growing of trees from high quality seed and approved ancestry is a sound forest practice. It deserves wide use and intensive application. FOREST FIRE PREVENTION BY THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY By M. J. Doyle, Division Superintendent, Phila- delphia & Reading Coal & Iron Company THE forest holdings of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. in round figures total 150,000 acres. The total consumption of timber of all kinds in the mines is 350,000 tons. The total production from company lands per year is 45,000 tons or about 13 per cent, of our consumption. We use 25 million feet of lumber of all kinds per year, of which 150,000 tons are yellow pine; and 90,000 tons oak and other species of lumber. If the 150,000 forest acres of Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. lands were properly pro- tected and all our land made productive, we could grow timber for all our requirements. Company lands in the vicinity of Tremont, now practically bare, if protected from fires, would grow a crop of merchantable mine timber in twenty-five to thirty years. Our company is often criticized for cutting so much timber, but practically all the timber removed is cut to save it from becoming an absolute waste. Past fires, in 95 per cent, of cases, have forced this cutting. If our entire consumption of 350,000 tons of timber per year were produced and shipped to our mines from points in Pennsylvania, the aver- age saving, in freight charges alone, would amount to $700,000 per year. Just a few words to show you that the con- serving of the forests affects each one of us: Take, for instance, the 87 per cent, of the timber our company uses, which has to be brought in from the South. The freight charges are in the neighborhood of $10 to $12 per ton. This be- comes an added charge in the production of coal, and you and I must pay by the addition of this cost to the price of the coal we consume. Take the building industry: When you are building a home, you have to pay the freight. You might say, "I am not going to build a home, neither do 74 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 75 I own one." That makes no difference. You still must pay the bill for that which you do not pro- duce at home, in' the shape of rent for the man who does build or own the property you occupy. Again, in this part of the coal region we have many who enjoy hunting and fishing. If you ask these people what has happened here in the past twenty-five years, they will tell you the pleasure ib gone and they have to go to the tall timbers in search of this recreatic«i. Now, all these ill effects of forest destruction can be overcome in time, in proportion to the in- terest the people of this part of the coal region take in preventing forest fires and giving the State the aid it asks in carrying out this grand work. The work being done by the State in the con- servation of our timber growth, by bringing these facts to the public mind, is certainly to be com- mended. At frequent intervals along our public highways are posted fire prevention notices, in conspicuous colors, that attract our attention and keep us in mind that this great work is always going on. When I look back over my forty- three years as a resident of Tremont, I find many changes have taken place, and while I still believe we live in the most beautiful section of the Anthracite region, still the complexion of the region ha.s greatly altered. Most of this has been done by forest fires and the woodsman's axe, the latter to supply a want in the operation of oiir mines when timber for this purpose became scarce, and to avoid the heavy freight charges on timber brought from distant points. Our company, however, is cooperating with the State in conservation work by having, at each of our collieries, corps of men trained in this work, who have all the equipment necessary to combat fires from all sources. What is probably the largest merchantable tree in existence is located on the lands of the Little River Redwood Company in Humboldt County, California. In commenting on the size of this tree, the Hon. N. P. Wheeler stated that it has a total height of 308 feet. The diameter five feet above the ground outside the bark is 20 feet. The thickness of the bark is about 20 inches. When cut it will produce S-ll^SGG board feet of lumber. This tree when manufactured will yield sufficient lumber to completely build 22 average homes. SOME SATISFACTIONS OF A FORES :eRS UFE* By C. D. Howe, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, Uni- versity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada YOU are a privileged class — privilegerl in a specific sense because you are soon to be graduated from this school, which is second to none on this continent in its working i'uM of practical demonstration of what human intelli- gence can do to improve forest conditions. You are privileged to have been for four years under the tutelage of earnest, far-sighted, patriotic men, some of whom are outstanding leaders in America in their particular line of work. You may not appreciate your privileges at this time, but you will ten years hence and still more twenty years from now. This is a time of peculiar poignancy for your teachers. They have given unsparingly of their strength, mental and physical, to show you how to cultivate your minds, to aid you in developing mental equipment that is not afraid to tackle and that has the power successfully to solve the problems you will meet when you leave these secluded arboreal temples of Mont Alto and its environs to carve out careers for yourselves in this bustling, work-a-day and not altogether sympa- thetic world of ours. If you have met them a little more than half way, your teachers have prepared you for life— that is what education means, and what return will you make to your teachers for this? Were it not for the pleasure that the contact with vi?:orous youth brings to older men, the joy of awaking sluggish or careless minds and watching their growing power, the satisfaction in the success in after life of those he has helped to develop, the teacher^s life w^ould be unmitigated drudgery and insane asylums doubtless would contain a larger percentage of) teachers than at present. Remfraber that at most times teachers are human like your- selves. Express your appreciation of their ctTorts by making them proud of you as men and proud of your accomplishments as workers in the ^^'o^ld. Keep in touch with alma mater and if you prosper greatly, as some of you will, found a scholarship for the encouragement of high endeavor on the part of future foresters in training. You are a privileged class in a generic sense because you have chosen the career of a foi ster. In saying this I assume that you have fol'owed your temperamental leanings in choosing your *An address before the members of the Graduating Class of the Pennsylvania State Forest School, Mont Alto. ])rofession, for only those of a certain tempera- ment and certain qualities of mind will be suc- ( essful in forestry work. The longer my exper- ience in teaching, the stronger is my conviction of (he truth of this statement. I sometimes empha- size the point, perhaps to exaggeration, by saying that a forestery like a poet, is bom and not made. Let me illustrate the point. Two of our stu- dents were on the same forest survey party in northern Ontario. They had spent the summer in running lines over rocky ridges and through swamps, clambering over windfalls and negotiat- ing rough waters in their canoes — much of the time fighting black flies and mosquitoes. When they returned to the school in the fall, I asked each how he had enjoyed the summer. One of them said: "My God, I am thankful to be baxjk to civilization again. If I^d had to stay out a week longer, T would have gone crazy." To my (question the other replied: "Gee, I hated to come in. I wish I could have stayed in the woods all winter." The two boys were practically equal in their studies as revealed by their marks; the dif- ference was one of temperament. The first men- tioned, on my advice, transferred to another course in the university, leading to a different pro- fession. He will spend his life in a city office. The other is making good with a pulp and paper company in the great open spaces in the north country. The first will do creative work; he will make a success of his career. My point is that he was temperamentally unfitted for forestry work and no amount of education in forestry would have changed his inborn temperamental qualities of mind. Now may I elaborate the point? What are those qualities of mind that make for happiness and success in the profession of forestry and are at the same time chiefly temperamental and in- herent? Basing my statement upon an experience of twenty-five years in attempting to guide young men into the profession of forestry and in study- ing their careers in the profession, T would put iirst of all an inherent love and appreciation, not of trees alone, but of nature in all her forms. A forester should be in appreciative harmony with all out-doors. A young man who understands the life processes of trees and responds to their beauty of form; who welcomes the procession of the flowers from the arbutus to the asters; who Avatches eagerly the passage of the birds and is sensitive to the melody of their songs; who studies the habits of animals in their native haunts; who knows the rocks of the region where he dwells; who delights to climb mountains and trace out the ranges of the hills and the interlocking of the valleys; who has knowledge of the conditions of the atmosphere that determine the formation and the passage of the storms ; who takes pleasure in rain and is familiar with the work of flowing waters in the fashioning of the surface of the earth; who is able to interpret the spiritual sig- nificance of the awakening life at dawn and of its subsidence at twilight; such a young man, espe- cially if he is a forester, is laying the foundations for a life of contentment and enduring satisfac- tion. A forester should have the ability to lead a life of comparative solitude and isolation from con- genial companions and enjoy it. The young man who must see the white lights of town every few weeks will not be happy in the woods, and if he is not happy, he cannot do good work. I recall the case of a young man who threw up his job after a few months with a pulp and paper com- pany because he could not endure the solitude of his life. He is now a floorwalker in a depart- ment store in a large city. The young man who took his place with the company stayed a year in the woods twenty-five miles from a railway and 200 miles from a city. He came out for two weeks and then went back for another year. He is now the assistant woods manager for the com- pany. A forester should have mental resources of his own or some hobby to pursue in his leisure hours. He must have leisure hours. "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." This is particu- larly true of one who leads an isolated life. Many a career has been ruined, or at least has not reached its full expression, because of too un- remitting application of the nose to the grind- stone. From the nature of his work, a forester's relaxation is not very likely to be physical. This is one of my reasons for believing that the curric- ulum of every forestry school should contain some subjects, such as biology, geology, litera- ture, history and economics, whose pursuit would lay the foundations for the intelligent de- velopment of mental relaxation for the forester. Such pursuits would serve to keep his mind fresh, to keep it from getting into ruts or from its going to seed, an ever present danger in case of a man working under conditions such that he only in- frequently comes in contact with other members of his profession. A forester should be able to get along with men. A young man may stand high in his class, he may understand thoroughly the principles of forestry, he may love his profession, but if he has 76 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 77 not tact, they avail him nothing. Some young men are too diffident, too much lacking in self- confidence; on the other hand, others are too brusque, too overbearing to handle men success- fully. These qualities are temperamental and are overcome only by experience tempered by the more charitable judgments of age. Unfortu- nately, there are some men who seem entirely unable to learn by experience in their contact with their fellows. If they lived a thousand years, they would always rub men the wrong way. We find them sometimes in the forestry profession. They don't get on; they may even lose ground and they can't understand why. They become grouchers; they alone are right; everyone else is wrong. Such an attitude of mind leads straight to inefficiency and unhappiness. It is very important that a young man enter- ing the profession of forestry submit himself to a searching self -analysis on these points. He should endeavor early in life to overcome any tempera- mental inhibitions to success. He should under- stand that life is a process of adjustment, that this world is run on tho basis of cooperation with the other fellow and tolerance of his point of view. A forester should have patience, long-enduring and long-suffering patience, and that is a tem- peramental quality of mind. A frequent source of dissatisfaction is the feeling on the part of a young man that he is not getting on fast enough; a feeling of impatience mth the length of his term of apprenticeship. Apprenticeship— a word full of significance, but for some reason little used of late! It describes, however, a necessary period in any business and it is always served by the successful man, no matter how euphemistic may have been the title he held at the time. In private employment especially, the work of a forester may not be well defined; he may be asked to do many things that in reality lie out- side his professional work. Sometimes this is done deliberately to test a man's ability to meet emergencies. I recall the case of a young man who quit his job in a huff because he was asked to administer knock-out drops to bedbugs in a lumber camp. I do not know all the circum- stances of the case: he may have been justified in throwing up his job. All I do know is that he is now a clerk in a shoe store, while the young man who took his place with the lumber com- pany, and who was willing to kill bedbugs if it was part of the day's work, is now the woods manager of the company. Several other illustrations of the point come to mind. A young man was employed by a pulp and paper company for a certain line of work. When he presented himself his employer appar- ently changed his mind and gave him other work which did not make any use of his forestry train- ing. Some boys would have thought themselves mistreated and quit, but this one stuck it out. The next year he was given a more responsible position in which he saved much more money for his company than it was paying for his services and now, after eight years of employment, he controls the logging operations of one of the largest pulp and paper companies in Canada. One of our graduates worked for a pulp and paper company for three years at less wages than the company was paying its camp cooks. He was serving his apprenticeship with his eyes open. He was familiarizing himself with the forest con- ditions and the forest operations. Now, six years after graduation, he is drawing a larger salary than any of his teachers. The period of apprenticeship is a time of dis- cipline and training, a preparation for responsi- bility. If a young man takes it in the proper spirit with eyes and ears open and with mind alert, he will not get into a treadmill. The eyes of his employer are constantly upon him. As he demonstrates his ability he will be promoted to successively more responsible and more highly- paid positions. If he is in governmental service, the young forester may become impatient with the slow unwinding of official red tape. I acknowledge that it is exasperating to wait six weeks for an order that would be filled by a business firm in six days or less, but it is part of the price we pay for the civil service system, which as a whole has justified itself. On the other hand, a forester may so resent the interference of the local poli- tician that he will give up his position. In former days this was a very frequent cause of men leaving the profession. Lately, however, con- ditions have very much improved in this respect. Tolerance and understanding have increased on both sides. A young forester needs a great deal of pa- tience to meet the comparatively slow progress of his profession, due to the indifference of the pub- lic which is the chief beneficiary of a state or national policy. He must recognize that all great and lasting movements develop slowly. The de- lays, irritations and vexations of a forester^s life are inherent in the development of a profession not yet thoroughly established or accepted by the public at large. It requires infinite patience to overcome them and your reward is in the over- coming. Combined with tact and patience, a forester should have imagination. This again is a tem- peramental quality of mind. Trees grow slowly. A forester may never live to see the full realiza- tion of his work, but he should be able to visual- ize its fruition; visualize what it means to a community, a state, a nation to have its water- slieds protected by a forest cover, to have forest retreats for the recreation of its people, to have its forest soils in condition of full productivity, furnishing for all time the raw materials for its wood-using industries. If you possess those temperamental qualities of mind, such as the love of nature, tact, patience and imagination — necessary for success and happiness, then you are capable of being trained for your profession. As I comprehend it, edu- cation in forestry consists of three things : charac- ter building, preparation for citizenship and the acquirement of technical knowledge. You will note that I put technical knowledge last. What you are will always be of more importance in life than what you know. Certain fundamental data are absolutely essential, but they are simply tools to lighten and expedite your work. The manner in which you use these tools will de- termine your success or failure, and that will depend upon your character. By character here I include not only the generally accepted meaning of the word, but as well the development of a well-ordered and capable mind. By a well-order- ed and capable mind, I mean the capacity for keen observation, just inference and sustained thought. You cannot draw correct conclusions; you cannot reason logically unless you can ob- serve carefully. The capacity to see things in their proper perspective is important and decisive in any walk of life and nowhere more important than in forestry. A forest is a very delicately l)alanced organism and its life is longer than yours. The mistakes you make may outrun the span of your existence. Having developed the capacity for careful ob- servation, the next step for the student is to draw logical conclusions from the things observed. This is where the properly educated man has the advantage over the so-called practical man. The latter becomes expert in doing the thing he has done over and over again, but put him in new conditions and up against new problems he usuaJ- ly fails because he has never been trained in observing carefully and in drawing logical con- clusions from what he has observed. Several years ago I met the president and manager of a large pulp and paper company at one of his camps. He was the type of self- made, practical man designated as "hard-boiled." After the usual salutations were over he jerked out in his direct manner: "Are you that d — dashed fool who says that our supplies of spruce for pulpwood are in danger of exhaustion?" I acknowledged that I was. "Well, I would like to show you an area that we have cut over three times in the past thirty years. I say we can cut every ten years." The next day we went out to the cutting operations. He knew that trees grow and that they form annual rings, but he did not understand their significance. I showed him that the trees he was cutting were just ten years older than the trees he cut ten years previously. He was cutting the smaller, suppressed trees of the original stand. He did not realize that each time he lumbered the area, he cut trees of smaller dimensions ; that the price of stumpage had in- creased so that he could afford to cut trees that would not have paid him to cut ten, twenty or thirty years ago. He did not realize that he was cutting the virgin surplus and not the periodic growth. Finally, he pointed to the numerous small spruce trees beneath the stand, saying: "Look at those; they will come on; we have nothing to fear with all that young growth present." I selected a tree about an inch in diameter and asked how old he thought it was. He replied, "Oh, four or five years." As a matter of fact, the tree was thirty years old, and that was the average age of the one-inch trees in the forest. I pointed out to him that the small trees would probably continue to grow at that rate unless release cuttings were made, since the small spruce was overtopped by hardwoods, and advised him to employ a forester. The time was not long ago when the practical man could do well the work required in the woods in its utilization aspects, but that time is rapidly passing. The receding of the supplies from the point of manufacture, the difficulties of successful marketing, the necessity of conserva- tion and conservative cutting have brought for- ward problems which only a trained mind can solve. A few weeks ago an officer of a large pulp and paper company came into my office! and asked me if I could recommend a trained forester to take charge of his logging operations. He said his company had investigated the employment of university-trained men in industries of various kinds, both in Canada and the United States, and ' ' ■ r 78 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 79 u it had come to the conclusion that in the long run the employment of such men was a good invest- ment. He offered the man I recommended $7500 a year, but the forester did not accept because the company for which he was working, and he had been in its employ only a year, raised the bid. The second object of education, as I look upon it, is to make good citizens. This is the only justification for expending public funds upon education. Since you began to go to school, the state has spent several thousand dollars on each of you and it expects some return from its in- vestment, not alone in obedience to the laws and customs, but in direct service to the state. Your work in forestry will consist very largely in pub- lic ser\dce, but in addition to this you should take part in the community life where you are located. You are not only in duty bound to discharge your obligations of citizenship, but it is good policy as well. This life is based upon cooperation and they succeed best who cooperate most. You help the people of your community to work out their problems and they will help you in yours. I know foresters who are interested in good roads and have been instrumental in their extended development; who aid in bringing about better farming conditions and better schools; who are leaders in service clubs and in boy scout organi- zations; who sing in the church choir and on occasion even occupy the pulpit. Forestry is pro- gressing much more rapidly in these communi- ties than in those communities where the forester holds himself aloof from the common activities of neighborhood life. It is your privilege to learn from the ex- perience of others. This is one of the most im- portant things of life and one of the most diffi- cult to accomplish. The knowledge and experience of others in the j)rogress of civilization is ac- cumulative and they are yours to use. The .sources have been laid open to you in the course of your education. I say to learn from the experience of others is very hard. The individual wishes to try things out for himself, but why waste time and energy in doing things that others have done and proved to be failures? The same principle applies when individuals group themselves to- gether into organizations for the puri)ose of self- government. States are constantly making laws which have proven to be failures by other states, and some of these demonstrations go back to hoary antiquity. I think we would be much bet- ter governed and happier, if we required our legislators to take a good stiff dose in history. Nowhere is there a better illustration of failure to profit by the experience of the past than in the treatment of our forest resources. Franct' and Germany destroyed 75 per cent, of their for- ests and Grireat Britain approximately 95 per cent, of her forests before they began the process of reconstruction at great cost. With these ex- periences before us, we have traveled down the same road on this continent. We attempt to ease our consciences by saying the forest depletion and devastation are brought about by economi( conditions over which we have no control, yet we do control economic conditions in many phases oi' industrial activity. In fact, the whole fiscal policy of both the United States and Canada, through their tariffs, customs duties and taxation, is based upon the control of economic conditions. The men who have made outstanding contribu- tions to our advancement have based them on previously accumulated knowledge, upon the con- tributions of many others of whom the world never hears. To take an illustration from the industrial world only. Stephenson in the appli- cation of steam power, Edison in the application of electric power could not have accomplished what they did without the accumulated knowl- edge derived from the efforts of many workers in these two fields of investigation. We might men- tion Morse with his telegraph, Bell with his tele- phone and Marconi with his wireless communi- cation. Take such men, who had the capacity to profit by the experience and knowledge of others, out of the world and what would be left? The very fact that we designate this quality by the term genius indicates its rarity. Indeed, we do not need to go outside of our own profession for illustrations. I only mention Hartig, von Cotta, Hundeshagen and Ileyer; Femow, who laid the foundations of forestry in two countries. Roth- rock and Pinchot in your own state, and Roth of Michigan. We look upon these men as the fathers of forestry in Europe and America, not only because they had initiative, energy and imagination to a high degree, but also because they were thoroughly grounded in the experiences of the past and had the unusual capacity of apply- ing them, with proper modifications, to the con- ditions of the present. I exhort you as you enter your profession to study the lives of these men and to profit by their example. Granting that you have the proper tempera- mental qualities of mind and that you have re- ceived adequate and proper training, as I am sure you have in this school, let us inquire what may be some of the satisfactions to which you may look forward in your profession. A number of years ivj;o I read a little book of essays, entitled, I'The I) arable Satisfactions of Life," by the late Pi-esidcnt Eliot of Harvard University. It con- tains the mellowed philosophy of life of a man who hiid given greater than the usual span of years to the study of young men and their prob- iems. I commend the book to you for reading at intervals throughout your lifetime. To use President Eliot^s expression, what are the durable satisfactions of a forester's life? I shall not speak particularly of those durable satisfaetions, such as moral uprightness, the joy of woik well done, the pleasure of the compan- ionship of friends, domestic felicity and the rear- ing of children, which may be attained by most men without regard to the nature of their work in life, but of those satisfactions peculiarly cliaractoristic of the forestry profession. I sliall put first what is the most difficult for me to describe because I am not a poet. If you are students of Wordsworth and Walt Whitman you will understand what I mean. I think the idea is still better expressed in the books of the late W. H. Hudson, who wrote mostly as a poet but not in the form of poetry. I refer to the reactions of one in complete spiritual harmony with nature and the outdoor life; the reactions of one who can forget all else and abandon himself to impressions from without, who is sensitive to tlie \iolet shadows beneath trees in the winter twilifirlit, to the flushing of buds and twigs in early springtime, to the chromatic blending of flowers in field and forest; the reactions of one whose ears are attuned to the rippling of water over the stones of a mountain stream, to the rustlihp: of leaves when the air is seeking equi- lihriuiii after sunset, to the melody of bird song and who is thrilled by the mystery in the call of a mi*rrating bird at night. I don't believe God ev^r intended that men shouhl live crowded into the rabbit warrens of hu'^^v f'ities. They pay too high a price for their conveniences and privileges in the loss of the solar e and refreshment of spirit which a life in close contact with nature would bring them. Therefore, I believe that you are privileged in choo-lng a profession that will take you out of doors You will have great resources of spiritual satisfaction at your command. If you are re- ceptive, they will give you a philosophy of life, a sanity of outlook upon the world that will be- come some of your most treasure -i_ V- .^V ^^•^ *•* 'f 80 FOREST LEAVES birth, development, maturity and decay. Just as an individual tree passes through its cycle of existence, so does the forest. Bare and dendded areas through successive stag-es of vegetation are covered by a forest; at first a forest that can endure the harder conditions of life in regard to exposure to light and soil conditions. As con- ditions grow better, other kinds of trees will come and gradually supplant the first invaders; and they in turn may be supplanted by still other kinds of trees until a comparative equilibrium is established and maturity is reached. Then comes gradual decay — rapid decay if man interferes — and the process in part or in whole may be re- peated. There is a wonderful cycle in making a forest. Human life may be too short to o))- serve the complete working out of the cycle on any one area, but different stages in the process are to be found scattered in almost any locality. It is an absorbingly interesting study to piece to- gether the patchwork into a progressively com- pleted whole. The interesting thing to note and to meditate upon in its wider applications, is that in the development of a forest from infancy to maturity, each group of plants or of trees, through changing environmental conditions, usual- ly mak« their own living conditions less favorable for themselves and more favorable for their suc- cessors. With this point of view in your work in the forest, new vistas will be opened to you; you will get a glimpse of and finally come better to under- stand the eternal laws of change that are work- ing all around you, fashioning the physical world in which you live and to a great extent fashion- ing human life itself. There is a very special reason why the carry- ing on of the work of your profession in this great state of Pennsylvania should bring you great satisfaction. Like other states, Pennsyl- vania has depleted and devastated her forest re- sources. She has reduced her forest area bv more than one-half since William Penn laid the foundations of the state and the actual productive capacity of the remaining forest to a still greater degree. Once the leader of all states in lumber production — and that not very long ago — she has fallen to the twenty-first place, and now pro- duces less than one-fifth the wood material that her i)e()ple use. The people of the state pay millions of dollars in freight charges on lumber and at the same time the state contains millions of acres of idle or semi-idle lands fit only for the growing of trees. \\^ is your work to free the people from this great economic burden, to re- store Penn's woods to their former pre raisal of land is the exchange, market or sales value of the property, which is what it would sell for in the open market, the seller being under no compulsion to sell and the purchaser not forced to buy. The number of sales of bare soil without compulsion are, however, rare; therefore, Depart- ment purchases and current investment values are good checks on exchange values. The cost value, viz., the original cost to the owner plus the carrying charges and cost of the improvements, should never be used as a basis for valuations; nor should the investment value be used when there is other data by which to determine values. • In the case of timbered lands, the value is based chiefly on the value of the merchantable timber. Since an operator in purchasing allows, as a rule, nothing for the value of land, well-timbered lands should generally be acquired at a price within the appraised value of the timber. The important elements of forest land value are: 1. Land. 2. Merchantable timber. 3. The presence of economic minerals. 4. Possibility of water power development or other industrial uses. 5. (Accessibility. 6. Recreational uses or hunting and fishing. 7. Improvement. 8. Impounding of water resources. In the acquisition of land for State Forest purposes, three classes of land are recognized : 1. Absolute forest land. 2. Grazing or abandoned agricultural land. 3. Fann land, small areas of which may at times be acquired in connection with forest land. The value of land without merchantable timber, within a purchase unit, may depend upon or be affected by: 1. The productive capacity of the soil. 2. Young growth and unmerchantable timber. The value of the productive capacity of the soil should be based on the returns obtainable from its most profitable permanent use. The most reliable basis for determining the sale value of land is comparison with local sales of other lands when similarity of conditions can be established: Such comparisons should be sub- mitted in typical and outstanding cases when possible. It is not always possible to secure sales data for making comparisons, .but it is possible to secure assessment data. For these reasons and in order to secure general uniformity in ap- praisals of the different purchase units, lands should be classified by the examiner and ap- praised on the basis of their highest utility. Price of Land Heavily Timbered Lumbermen, as a rule, place no value upon the surface or reproductive value of the soil in acquiring forest Fand for operating purposes or for investment, and well-timbered land should be acquired by the Department at a price not !«» exceed the value of the timber, provided, however, the timber is merchantable and saleable. Discount for Timber Reservations Purchase of a tract subject to reservation or exception of timber is acceptable only in cases where cuttinjg has already begun or will begin prior to the vesting of title, since to defer the beginning of the cutting period places the State in the position of caiTying a portion of the in- Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 6 Thrifty Young Growth of Hardwoods on Statr-Owned Forest Land. Good Roads Enhance State Forest Values. Photoi Courtesy Department of Fore«ti & Waters Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 6 ■l!r thousands of acres of idle forest land in PENNSYLVANIA. STILL IN PRIVATE HANDS BUT OF Little or No Value to the Owners, Should be Included in the State Forests. ACRES of Scrub Oak. This Growth, Without Present or Prospective Timber Value, is commonly so dense that the cost of Establishing a Forest of Good Species Considerably Exceeds* THE VALxm of thb Land. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 6 Forest Leaves, Vol, XXI, No. G TiiiUKTY VotNc, Gkouth OF Haudvvoods on State-Owned Foheht Land, THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF lOLE FOREST LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA. STILL IN PRIVATE HANDS BUT OF Little or No Value to the Owners. Should be Included in the State Forests. Good Roads Enhance State Forest Values. PiKitus Courtesy Uepurtment of Forests & Waters Acres of Scrub Oak. This Guowth, Without Present or Prospective Timber Value, is Commonly so Dense that the Cost of Establishing a Forest of Good Species Considerably Exceeds THE Value of the Land. ■f« FOREST LEAVES 89 vestment and carrying charges without compen- sation either in the form of revenue from the ownor of it or increment in forest growth. When timber is reserved or timber rights are excepted (outstanding) the present value of the land which is affected by the easement should be discounted. Discount for Mineral Reservations Where mineral reservations are included de- ductions may be niade from the offered price in accordance with the character of the reservation. When mineral rights are outstanding, the amount of such reduction depends upon the extent to which their reservation interferes with the use of the forest. Such reservations involving the unrestricted cutting rights on growing timber and the use of the surface should not be accepted. Discount for Bum It has been found from experience in the pur- chase of land in other States that the combina- tion of the soil values given with the discounts for fire damage comes very close to meeting the local prices on the different purchase units where young growth is not an element of value. The following table is used: Average Time for Re- Discount from Class stocking in Years Base Soil Value Unbumed 0 0% Light bum 3 10% Medium burn 6 25% Severe burn ...... 10 45% Very severe burn. .15 65% Value of Young Growth The amounts of unmerchantable young growth, imniature timber or mature timber of a tempor- arily unmerchantable character are sometimes recognizable but indefinite elements of value. Such growth nuay, however^ have value in the form of a nominal increase in the valuation of the forest soil, and as such will have a value if local practice in private sales justifies it. Improvement Values As a rule, improvements should not be in- chuled in an appraisal. Improvements should ne\ er be appraised on abandoned farm land, nor ^^hon the land is so worn that farming is not IM'oHtable. The improvements which justify the apj)raisal of improvements are when: 1. They have administrative value, either in connection with facilities furnished the per- sonnel or in connection with establishing a station which might be useful in other ways. 2. Improvements can be used in connection with special leases, and their irental pay for upkeep, interest on their cost and general forest overhead. Recreational Value No value should be allowed for general recre- ational purposes, unless the use of land as a resort has been an actual source of income to the owner; nor for hunting and fishing unless the land has been stocked with game and the owner has undergone definite expense in devel- oping these factors. Even in such cases only nominal values should be allowed and these should be included in the soil value. There may be cases when the construction of a lake, reservoir, road or \)ther improvement has created recrea- tional possibilities, which, in case applications are already being made for building development, may justify a nominal allowance in the soil value. TTJNG-OIL TREE INTRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL plantings of the tung-oil tree, a recent introduction of the Depart- ment from China, have now reached a total of about 1,500 acres. The new industry is center- ing in north-central Florida, and is being forested by interests connected with the paint and varnish industries, in which tung oil is an important fac- tor. Most of the bearing trees are young and, consequently, the seed crop small. lAll available seed is still being used for planting purposes. While there is at present an ample supply of tung oil from China for the needs of American manufacturers all that is received is more or less adulterated or otherwise inferior in quality, and there is a need for a commercial supply of the pure oil. The imports during the calendar year 1925 amounted to 101,550 pounds, with a declared value of $11,385,000. Interest in the Chinese elm {Ulmus pumila) has increased each season since its first introduction, and very favorable reports have been received from all sections of the country. Because of its rapid growth and its resistance to drought and alkali sjwcial interest has attaeheer acre. The present purchase program calls lor a bond issue of $25,000,000 for the purchase of forest land by the State. The most progressive step in Pennsylvania for- estry during the last four years is the advance given the proposed bond issue of $25,000,000 for the purchase by the State of approximately 3,- 500,000 acres of idle forest land. A resolution to amend the State constitution, so that the forest bond issue may be authorized, passed the 1923 and 1925 sessions of the Legislature. This pro- jjosal is now ready to be submitted to the people. The Supreme Court decided, however, that a vote of the people on this and other proposed amend- ments to the constitution could not be taken until the November, 1928, election. While the vote on the bond issue must be de- layed for two more years, the people of the State are maintaining interest in this important issue, which is so urgently needed to safeguard the wood needs and the general welfare of the State. This comprehensive plan of forest land acquisi- tion is also necessary to secure adequate water supplies and opportunities for public recreation and public health. The best way to insure ade- quate timber supplies, public playgrounds, hunt- ing and fishing grounds, and health centers for all our people and to protect our water supplies is to maintain large areas of publicly owned for- est land in all parts of the State. Future citizens need the protection and privileges afforded by State-owned forest land— a heritage that is justly theirs. The State-owned lands are managed to bring the greatest measure of good to the greatest number of people. With 27 years of experience in forest land acquisition and management, Penn- sylvania is well prepared to go forward with a sound and practical purchase program of enlarg- ing her forest holdings. During the fla^t four years of State forest ownership, only $14,516.16 were derived from the sale of forest products, while during the last four years a total of $282,894.31 were derived. The income during the last four years is almost equal to the total income during the first 22 years (1900-1921) of State forest ownership. The entire receipts from the State forests up to January 1, 1926, totaled $587,930.95, of which $344,464.50 have been deposited in the State school fund. During the last two years 32 new buildings have been erected on the State forests at a total cost of $42,697.73. Among these buildings are five dwellings, seven shops and sheds, and four bams. In this period more than 90 miles of roads and about 100 miles of trails were opened. The Department now maintains 1,318 miles of road and 2,544 miles of trails. At the last session of the Le^slature the State Depart- ment of Highways was authorized to spend $100,- 000 annually in the construction and maintenance of roads within the State forests. There are now in operation 115 forest fire towers con- structed at a total cost of about $115,000. These permanent improvements insure better handling of the forests and make them available to a wider public use. Of even greater significance than these perma- nent improvements is the obvious improvement in the condition of the forests in all parts of the State. The State's program of forest restora- 92 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 93 l^ion has brought about a great change. In many places where formerly occurred vast stretches of barren land there are now found promising stands of thrifty trees. The 1,131,783 acres of State forests, purchased by the State at an average price of $2.26 per acre, represent a total net gain to the State of more than $5,- 000,000 since their acquisition. This State-owned forest land is handled as a business enterprise and with continuous management it will yield in- creasingly higher returns. More people now use the State forests for rest and recreation than ever before. Records show that in 1925 approximately 850,000 people were guests on the State forests. Among these were 32,000 fishermen and 185,000 hunters. Not less than 130,000 people enjoyed themselves in the State forest parks, and more than 60,000 visited the 115 forest observation towers that now dot the entire State. During the last four years almost two million trees have been planted on the State forests. Since 1899, when tree planting started on the State forests, a total of 36,257,009 trees have been set out on State-owned forest land. during the 17 years the Department haa co- operated in this tree-planting program, more than 50,000,000 trees have been shipped from the State nurseries to reforest land within the State. Year by year the land owners of the State are becoming better acquainted with the merits of forest tree planting, and as a result the reforestation of idle acres is moving forward by leaps and bounds. During the first five years the annual planting averaged only about 63,000 trees, while it has now almost reached the 10,000,000 mark. More than 100 times as many trees were planted during the last five years as in the first five years, 1910-14. Three large and two small forest tree nurseries are operated on the State forests by the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters, and eight additional nurseries are operated co-operatively by this De- partment and State institutions. In addition to these, a large central forest tree nursery, cover- ing 100 acres, was established in 1925. The nui'series on the State forests cover 30 acres, with an annual capacity of almost 8,000,000 trees. The co-oi>erative nurseries at State institutions cover 20.5 acres and have an annual capacity of 3,000,000 trees. This department is continuing its co-operation with private forest land owners by making ex- aminations of forest land in all parts of the State and giving recommendations for its proi>er han- dling. For farm woodlots and other small forest properties these reports are prepared free of charge. Examinations of larger properties are made and reports prepared thereon, but the owner pays the actual cost incurred in making examina- tions. During 1924, 624 tracts, and in 1925, 463 tracts were examined. These 1,086 tracts aggre- gate 138,510 acres. Since 1920, when these ex- aminations were started on a large scale, 1,939 traets have been examined aggregating 386,749 acres. The State Forest School of Pennsylvania, with an enrollment of 79 students, now has the largest attendance since its establishment in 1903. The principal improvement during the last two years was the erection of a large school building. THE U. S. FOREST SITUATION ARTIFICIAL SILK THE production of Rayon has grown stead- ily from almost nothing in 1910 to 60,000,- 000 pounds in 1927. Long fibre wood pulp free from resin, such as spruce, poplar, and paj>er birch is especially adapted to the Rayon industry. The usual process, by which this pulp is pro- duced from logs, is known as the bisulphite process. The logs are reduced to chips one-half by two inches in size, and these chips are cooked under pressure at a tem{>erature from 150 to 160 degrees for 10 to 20 hours in a liquor whose principal constituent is calcium bisulphite. The boiling is done in huge steel drums of several thousand cubic feet capacity. The boiled pulp is then drained and washed free from the bisulphite liquor, carefully bleached, and floated through endless sieves and rolls which gradually reduce the water content. When the board sheet has suffieient strength it is passed through steam-heated rolls which result in what is known as pulp boards. The pulp boards are then soaked in a caustic soda solution, washed, shredded and spun into fibres. Two plants are located in Pennsylvania, one at Marcus Hook and the other at Lewistown. Trees jwint toward the heavens and the high and noble things; they have the green of youth and health and vigoo-; they grow by the water, by the dusty roadside, on the mountain's top; they nourish our water courses; they shade us from the blistering sun; they bear fruit for our nourishment; they furnish fuel for our fires, lumber for our houses, paper for our wise books and silly newspai)ei*s. For every one we cut wc should plant two. — Prof. Edward Hart.- IN a widely published advertisement the Na- tional Lumber Manufacturers Association has made use of the name of Col. W. B. Greeley, United States Forester, and that of the United States Forest Service to give support to statements concerning our timber supply and its replenishment which Colonel Greeley cannot ac- cept as an accurate portrayal of the situation and which he believes will lead to a miscon- ception by the public. In an open letter to them, Colonel Greeley says : '^This is done in connection with the lumber industry's opening of a five-year program of trade extension. With the general purpose of that program, as I understand it, I am in sympathy. Lumber is one of the great basic products of our soil, and I am strongly in favor of promoting — not restricting — its use for all purposes for which it is inherently better fitted than other materials. The work of the Forest Service is designed to find out and make known the best ways to use wood, no less than to increase the production of wood. ''It has never been my view that forest con- servation ought to be accomplished or can be ac- complished by refraining from the use of wood. I have always favored a constructive solution of our forest problem through the growing of timber rather than a negative solution through hoarding the timber we now have. I hope to see a wide and liberal use of wood continued in the United States, thereby promoting industry, commerce, and the satisfaction of consumers^ needs, and encouraging the profitable employ- ment of our vast areas of land that have little economic utility except through growing forest crops. Your advertising material quotes me as having said *use wood and conserve the forests.' Whether or not the quotation is technically cor- rect, it correctly expresses my viewpoint provided conserving the forests means not simply cutting ripe timber but a positive program of land man- agement that will insure reforestation. But when this quotation appears under the heading 'Plenty of wood for all future needs,' or in another in- stance under the heading 'No timber shortage,' and when prefaced, as in your advertisennents, by a statement denying that a shortage of timber is impending, it misrepresents my views and con- victions. By inference the impression is given that I believe there will be no shortage of timber. "Again, your advertisement asserts that .'one- fifth of the entire area of the United States will continue to grow trees indefinitely,' and it de- clares that all of these statements as to abundance of supply and regrowth are not 'opinions' but 'facts, bfeicked up by extensive investigations and published reports of the United States Forest Service. ' "On the contrary, although one-fifth of the United States is actual or potential forest land, the investigations and reports of the Forest Service have repeatedly stressed that our timber supply is being used up much faster than it is being replaced, that most of our lumber still comes from the diminishing virgin forests, and that the gravest evil in the present forest situa- tion is the large and increasing areas which, after lumbering, have ceased to grow timber and indefi- nitely will not grow timber unless aggressively reforested. The United States will certainly have to face a period of diminished domestic supply of timber, at least of grade and quality equal to that abundantly available in the past. How serious this shortage or its consequences will prove, I do not pretend to forecast. They will depend upon many factors, and primarily upon the speed at which we extend and intensify the growing of new timber crops. "I am. -concerned primarily in this matter over the danger of creating an impression on the part of the public that the United States has no forest problem, that our forests are now self-replenishing, and our timber supply inex- haustible. We have enough available land to make our timber supply self-sustaining and avoid any (curtailment in the present use of wood provided it were all intensively growing timber to replace what we currently cut. But we are still very far from having attained that happy situation. And to attain it there will be re- quired not only all that the forest-using indus- tries can do to replace their raw material but all of the public support that can be mustered behind the State forestry departments and the national Forest Service in the extension of for- est protection, research, timber planting, and public ownership of forest lands. I am sure that it was not your intention to imply that the for- estry problems of the United States have been solved and there is nothing more to be done ; but that is a reasonable implication from the advertising material to which I have referred. "I want to add my appreciation of the grow- ing interest of the lumber industry, as well as other forest using industries, and of your Asso- ciation in reforestation and of the considerable lii 94 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES ^ 95 number of concrete instances where timber grow- ing has been undertaken on industrial land hold- ings. The future of our forests lies largely with the industries which use them, because they own the bulk of our forest land. To the degree that the forest industries undertake the growing of timber in connection with and as part of their utilization of what is now on the ground, their forests will be self-renewing. There could be no finer or more adequate contribution to the solu- tion of our national forest problem than a firm resolve on the part of the lumber industry that wood shall he a perpetual resource of the United States and the acceptance of the responsibility thereby entailed as to the reforestation of their own lands. **I recognize no less the responsibility which must be accepted by the public in bringing this about; and it is because the public must thor- oughly appreciate the situation and be prepared to accept its responsibility that I do not want it to misapprehend the actual facts of the situa- tion. **I am for using wood for every purpose where its use is advantageous, not because there is no danger of a timber shortage by and by, but because the more wood is used the gi-eater will be the incentive to grow wood and the more ade- quately will our large areas of land that must produce wood crops or nothing be employed. Idle land is the most serious feature of our forest situation. Already we have far too much of it. Its amount is still inireasing. Wherever lum- bering takes place without reforestation, the amount augments. We need wood for consumers ' needs; we need the industries and labor payrolls supported by wood; we need the domestic and foreign commerce sustained by wood; and we certainly need to keep our wood producing land profitably employed. All of these are parts of one whole — and the productive use of land is inseparable from the continued widespread use of its products. So I freely subscribe to the slogan *Use wood and conserve the forests* in the sense of use wood and replace the forests." Forest products made up approximately 12 per cent of the total purchases of fuel, materials, and supplies made by the railroads of the United States in 1926, according to a bulletin of the Com- mittee on Public Relations of the eastern rail- roads. During the year the railroads spent $186,- 291,234 on forest products, including 93,759,91 :i cross ties. FORESTS AND WATER IN THE UGHT OP SCIENTIFIC INVESTiaATION A BROCHURE bearing the above title has been compiled by Raphael Zon and has just been issued by the United States For- est Service of the Department of Agriculture. This interesting publication contains a com- prehensive compilation of facts obtained from records secured both in the United States and abroad, showing the influence of forests upon climate, in conserving precipitation, and on stream flow. Much valuable data has been col- lected but there is given below only a summary of the effects produced by the forests. Summary of Effects of Forests UiKm Climate Accurate observations, continued for many years in different parts of the world, establish with certainty the following facts in regard to the influence of forests upon climate: The forest lowers the temperature of the air inside and above it. The vertical influence of forests upon temperature extends in some cases to a height of 5,000 feet. Forests increase both the abundance and fre- quency of local precipitation over the areas they occupy, the excess of precipitation, as compared with that over adjoining unforested areas, amounting in some cases to more than 25 per cent. The influence of mountains upon precipitation is increased by the presence of forests. The influence of forests upon local precipitation is more marked in the mountains than in the plains. Forests in broad continental valleys enrich with moisture the prevailing air currents that pass over them, and thus enable larger quanti- ties of moisture to penetrate into the interior of the continent. The destruction of such forests, especially if followed by weak, herbaceous vege- tation or complete baring of the ground, affects the climate, not necessarily of the locality where the forests are destroyed, but of the drier re- gions into which the air currents flow. While the influence of mountain forests upon local precipitation is greater than that of forests in level countries, their effect upon the humidity of the region lying in the lee of them is not very great. Summary of the Effects of Forests in Oooservliig Precipitation (1) The hydrological role of forests in level countries differs from that of forests in hilly or mountainous regions. (2) In level country, where there is no surface run-off, forests, in common with other vegetation, act as drainers of the soil ; hence their importance in draining marshy land and improving hygienic conditions. In such country their effect upon springs is unimportant. (3) In hilly and mountainous country forests are conservers of water for stream flow. Even on the steepest slopes they create conditions with regard to surface run-off such as obtain in a level country. Irrespective of species, they save a greater amount of precipitation for stream flow than does any other vegetable cover similarly situated. They increase underground storage of water to a larger extent than do any other vegetable cover or bare surfaces. The steeper the slope the less permeable the soil, and the heavier the precipitation the greater is this effect. (4) In the mountains, the forests, by breaking the violence of rain, retarding the melting of snow, increasing the absorptive capacity of the soil cover, preventing erosion, and checking sur- face run-off in general, increase underground seepage, and so tend to maintain a steady flow of water in streams. Summary of Effects of Forests Upon Stream Flow 1. The total discharge of large rivers depends upon climate, precipitation, and evaporation. The observed fluctuation in the total amount of water can ied by rivers during a long period of years depends upon climatic cycles of wet and dry years. | 2. The regularity of flow of rivers and streams throughout the year depends upon the storage capacity of the watershed, which feeds the stored water to the streams during the summer through underground seepage and by springs. In winter the rivers are fed directly by precipitation, which reaches them chiefly as surface run-off. 3. Among the factors, such as climate and character of the soil, which affect the storage capacity of a watershed, and therefore the regu- larity of stream flow, the forest plays an im- portant part, especially on impermeable soils. The mean low stages as well as the moderately high stages in the rivers depend upon the extent of forest cover on the watersheds. The forest tends to equalize the flow throughout the year by making the low stages higher and the high stages lower. 4. Floods which are produced by exceptional meteorological conditions cannot be prevented by forests, but without their mitigating influence the floods are more severe and destructive. SPAIN WAKES UP SPAIN', which has suffered more from defores- tation than any other country of Europe, has recently appropriated 100,000,000 pe- setas, or $19,300,000, for reforestation. This sum is to be spent before the end of 1936, and in all probability will be followed by further appropriations. Decrees signed by King Alfonso on July 26, 1926, and March 24, 1927, provide for starting the work by establishing nurseries covering at least 10 hectares (24.5 acres) in each Province. Six seed-extraction plants are to be established in addition to those already existing in six Prov- inces. The new plants will have a total capacity of 53,500 kilograms (115,700 pounds) of seed, and will be used principally to extract seed of Pinus pinea and maritime pine. Seed and plants are to be furnished free to private individuals, corporations, and municipal and provincial au- thorities. Besides supplying planting stock, the Government will advance to private owners 25 per cent of the cost of planting idle land. Re- payment of this cash advance is to be begun when the plantations are old enough to yield re- turns and completed within a period of 25 years. Where the owners are unwilling to undertake refoirestation, idle land may be taken over by the Government. Such as is suitable for coloni- zation will be turned over to the colonization bureau and the remainder will be reforested by the State, either alone or in co-operation with local governments (municipal or provincial). By contributing 50 per cent or more of the cost, aside from that of technical supervision and seed or plants, which the State will furnish in any case, the local government can obtain title to the land. Special attention is to be given to the refores- tation of the upper portions of stream basins. In connection with all such projects arrangements are to be made to restrict grazing, without, how- ever, reducing the number of stock except in cases of extreme necessity. It is thought that this can be accomplished by fencing off the better range areas, by reseeding them with good forage plants, by instituting rotation grazing, and by constructing watering places. That grazing regu- lation is urgently needed in Spain may be judged from the fact that 6,300,000 head of stock, mostly sheep, graze on 12,000,000 acres of public forest. This is three-fourths as many as graze on an area nine times as large in the national forests of the United States.— Forest Worker. s STATE COLLEGE PA. 96 FOllEST LEAVES NEW PUBLICATIONS How to Know the Common Trees and Shrubs of Pennsylvania (Native and Introduced).— By George S. Perry, Professor of Dendrology and Silviculture, Pennsylvania State Forest School. 16mo., paper cover, 91 pages. Bulletin 33 (re- vised). Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. This handbook is the result of sixteen years' observation and study of the trees and shrubs of Pennsylvania. It is intended primarily for those who have some knowledge of plants and their systematic arrangement, but an effort has been made to use as few technical terms as pos- sible so that everyone can understand the state- ments. Two hundred and seventy-two trees and shrubs are described, introduced trees being marked with an asterisk. The meanings of the technical terms employed are also given, together with indices of the botanical and common names. It is in con- venient pocket shape, so that it can be easily carried, and will be a great help to all who love the woods in the identification of trees with which they are unacquainted. Timber Chrowing and Logging Practice in the Western White Pine and Larch^Pir Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains.— By Elers Koch, Assistant District Forester, and R. N. Cunningham, Associate District Forester. 8vo., 37 ;Pages, paper cover, illustrated. Bulletin 1494, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. This brochure has been prepared to meet the demand for information on the practical ways and means of growing timber profitably in the Northern Rocky Mountains, and gives data as to necessary measures to keep forest land pro- ductive and to produce full timber crops. It is one of a series of bulletins dealing with the twelve principal forest regions of the United States. The information has been gathered from many different sources, including the experience, as far as possible, of land owners who have engaged in reforestation. Anyone who contemplates reforestation in this section of our country should obtain a copy of this valuable pamphlet. Selective Logging in the Northern Hardwoods of the Lake States, with Special Reference to the Cost of Handling Small and Large Trees.— By Raphael Zon, Director, Lake States Forest Ex- periment Station, and R. D. Garver, Forester, Forest Products Laboratory. 8vo., 23 pages, paper cover. The Northern Hemlock and Hard- wood Manufacturers' Association, Oshkosh, Wis. Price, 25 cents. This is an advance report of an investigation which will appear later in the form of a U. S. Department of Agriculture bulletin. The aim of this investigation was to determine the compara- tive advantages of selective and clear cutting in the northern hemlock-hardwood forest of the Lake States. This involved the ascertaining (1) the cost of logging and milling trees of different sizes, and (2) the quantity, grade and value of lumber produced from them. The report shows that a tree must be at least twelve inches in diameter before the lumber from it is worth more than the cost of production. Small top logs from large trees are unavoidable, and if charged with only the direct items of cost, top logs of seven and eight inches in diameter show a slight profit. For the tracts studied the high- est profit occurs when only trees eighteen inches and larger are cut. Shortleaf Pine Primer.— By Wilbur R. Mattoon, Extension Forester. 8vo., 42 pages, illustrated, paper cover. Farmers' Bulletin 1354, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. This bulletin explains why this tree has certain features which make it desirable and profitable to grow as a crop. There are descriptions of the growth of the tree, how to estimate standing timber, the best way of thinning, cutting and selling, together with information in regard to reforestation, and protection of the growing crop. The State Forests op Pennsylvania.— By Jos- eph S. Illick, State Forester of Pennsylvania. 16 mo., 60 pages, illustrated, paper cover. Bulletin 37 (revised), Pennsylvania Depart, ment of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. In this convenient pocket handbook Professor Illick has given in brief, comprehensive form, all the principal data in regard to the State Forests of Pennsylvania. He tells of their creation, pur- chase, handling, location, etc. The situation ot the various public camps, of the State Forest Monuments and State Forest Parks. Facts are given as to the tree nurseries, and the disposition of tree seedlings. The wonderful organization which has been built up to combat forest fires is also outlined, together with other activities of the Department. All Pennsylvania forest lovers should have a copy of this brochure. >,».,.. .»!**»• A^^ y 11' ^'^ f STATE COLLEGE PA. *|W1»|» . ». .Jli.. 96 FOREST LEAVES NEW PUBLICATIONS How to Know the Common Trees and Shrubs of Pennsylvania (Native and Introduced) .—By George S. Perry, Professor of Dendrology and Silviculture, Pennsylvania State Forest School. 16mo., paper cover, 91 pages. Bulletin 33 (re- vised). Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. This handbook is the result of sixteen years' observation and study of the trees and shrubs of Pennsylvania. It is intended primarily for those who have some knowledge of plants and theii- systematic arrangement, but an effort has been made to use as few technical terms as pos- sible so that everyone can understand the state- ments. Two hundred and seventy-two trees and shrubs are described, introduced trees being marked with an asterisk. The meanings of the technical terms employed are also given, together with indices of the botanical and common names. It is in con- venient pocket shape, so that it can be easily carried, and will be a gi^at help to all who love the woods in the identification of trees with which they are unacquainted. Timber Ghrowing and Logging Practice in the Western White Pine and Larch-Pir Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains.— By Elers Koch, Assistant District Forester, and R. N. Cunningham, Associate District Forester. 8vo., 37 ;pa4?es, paper cover, illustrated. Bulletin 1494, of the U. S. Department of lAgriculture, Washington, D. C. This brochure has been prepared to meet the demand for information on the practical ways and means of growing timber profitably in the Northern Rocky Mountains, and gives data as to necessary measures to keep forest land pro- ductive and to produce full timber crops. It is one of a series of bulletins dealing with the twelve principal forest regions of the United States. The information has been gathered from many different sources, including the experience, as far as possible, of land owners who have engaged in reforestation. Anyone who contemplates reforestation in this section of our country should obtain a copy of this valuable pamphlet. Selective Logging in the Northern Hardwoods of the Lake States, with Special Refweoce to the Cost of Handling Small and Large Trees.— By Raphael Zon, Director, Lake Statt^s Forest Ex- periment Station, and R. D. Garver, Forester, Forest Products Laboratory. 8vo., 23 pages, paper cover. The Northern Hemlock and Hard- wood Manufacturers^ Association, Oshkosh, Wis. Price, 25 cents. This is an advance report of an investigation which will appear later in the form of a U. S. Department of Agriculture bulletin. The aim of this investigation was to determine the compara- tive advantages of selective and clear cutting in the northern hemlock-hardwood forest of the Lake States. This involved the ascertaining (1) the cost of logging and milling trees of different sizes, and (2) the quantity, grade and value of lumber produced from them. The report shows that a tree must be at least twelve inches in diameter before the lumber from it is worth more than the cost of production. Small top logs from large trees are unavoidable, ami if charged with only the direct items of cost, top logs of seven and eight inches in diameter show a slight profit. For the tracts studied the high- est profit occurs when only trees eighteen inches and larger are cut. Shortleaf Pine Primer.— By Wilbur R. Mattoon, Extension Forester. 8vo., 42 pages, illustrated, paper cover. Farmers' Bulletin 1354, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. This bulletin explains why this tree has certain features which make it desirable and profitable to grow as a crop. There are descriptions of the growth of the tree, how to estimate stand mg timber, the best way of thinning, cutting and selling, together with information in regard to reforestation, and protection of the growing crop. The State Forests of Pennsylvania.— By -Jos- eph S. Illick, State Forester of Pennsylvania. 16 mo., 60 pages, illustrated, paper cover. Bulletin 37 (revised), Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. In this convenient pocket handbook Professor Illick has given in brief, comprehensive form, all the principal data in regard to the State Forests of Pennsylvania. He tells of their creation, pur- chase, handling, location, etc. The situation ot the various public camps, of the State Forest Monuments and State Forest Parks. Facts are given as to the tree nurseries, and the disposition of tree seedlings. The wonderful organization which has been built up to combat forest fires is also outlined, together with other activities of the Department. All Pennsylvania forest lovers should have a copy of this brochure. t\\\^' II INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE CONTENTS Page Winter Along Crooked Run Road, Elk State Forest ^?^fe The Development of Pennsylvania's Forest Land Purchase Program . . 97 The Forestry Experimental Plantation of Lehigh University 99 Samuel Marshall 99 Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ- ation 100 Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 101 Road Improvement Work on State Forests 105 The McNary-Woodruff Bill Can Be Passed 106 Farm Wood Lot Works 107 Lehigh University's Forest Plantation, Arboretum and Tree Nursery. . 107 Commercial Forestry Conference 110 Philadelphia Headquarters of the New Allegheny Forest Experiment Station 112 Treasurer's Report 112 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both Stale and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 130 South 13th Street. Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents, Robt. S. Conklin, J. F. Hendricks, Samuel L. Smedley Treasurer and Recording Secretary. F. L. Biiler. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Henry Howson. LAW — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman George F. Craig. Hon. Marshall Brown, FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher. Chairman H. W. Shoemaker. J. Rodman Paul, LAW — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price. Hon, F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Biiler, MEMBERSHIP-George H. Wirt, Chairman J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Cary, Joseph S. Illick, Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Harrison Souder. WORK— Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, E. E. Wildman. Miss Mary K. Gibson, J. Franklin Meehan. OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION. 130 S. FIFTEENTH STREET. PHILADELPHIA FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 7 PHILADELPHIA. FEBRUARY, 1928 Whole Number 242 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA'S FOREST LAND PURCHASE PROGRAM PENNSYLVANIA forestry has always been in the foreground of American forestry. No phase of her forestry achievements surpasses those established in forest land purchase work. This forest land purchase work has now been under way for thirty years. During the past thirty years the State has acquired 1,133,052 acres at a total cost of $2,561,702.58— an average price of $2.29 per acre. Long Period of Preparation. — Much preparatory work had to be done before the real forest pur- cliase work could be undertaken in Pennsylvania. As early as 1877, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, who is tlic properly accredited Father of Pennsylvania Forestry, began his historic Michaux lectures in forestry in Philadelphia. Looking back over the fifty years of Pennsylvania forestry that have un- folded since the beginning of these lectures, we see that many of the fruits of forestry have grown from seed sown in this early educational effort. Forty years ago — April, 1888 — Governor James A. Beaver appointed a commission to study forest conditions in Pennsylvania. This commission pre- I)ared its report and submitted it to the General Assembly in 1889. In 1893 Governor Robert E. Pattison appointed a second commission to study and report on the forest conditions of the State. After two full years of study this commission — made up of the best available forestry experts in the State — prepared the famous Forestry Report of 1895, which ranks among the best early State Forest reports in America. This report was largely the work of Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, and did more to start the forest land purchase program than any other single factor. This report for the first time made available a true picture of forest con- ditions in Pennsylvania. Among other things it showed that thousands of square miles of mountain land that once carried some of the finest timber in eastern North America were robbed of their timber and left naked and unproductive. It was pointed out that this idle mountain land problem had to be solved, if the prosperity of the State was to continue unhampered. State ownership of this idle mountain land presented itself as the most practical solution of this far-reaching eco- nomic problem. The First Purchase. — The first purchase of for- est land in Pennsylvania for State Forest purposes was made on June 13, 1898. The first tract ac- (juired is located in Noyes and Beecher townships, Clinton County, about five miles south of Keating. It is known as the Stephen Moore Warrant and comprises 415 acres. It was purchased at a tax sale for $30.70 — only a little over seven cents per acre. The next purchase was made in Chapman township, Clinton County. It comprised 312 acres and 69 perches and was acquired at a total cost of $40.74 — an average price of only a little over thirteen cents per acre. Early Purchase Work Progressed Rapidly. — At the end of the first year of purchase the State had acquired 17,010 acres at a total cost of $2,752.27. After three years of forest land pur- chase work the State had 95,140 acres. At the end of the tenth year the State Forests comprised 750,109 acres. The early purchase work moved forward with dispatch. The two banner years in the purchase work were 1902, when 175,035 acres were purchased, and 1904, when 142,243 acres were added to the State Forests. Such big pur- chases were possible only because of the confidence in the purchase program, and show conclusively that the fullness of time had to come to go forward with this important work. The progress of land acquisition for State For- est purposes in Pennsylvania is shown in the following : Area Purchased Average Cost Year ( Acres ) Total Cost (Per Acre) 1898 17,010 $2,752.27 $0.16 1900 78,131 131,326.38 1.68 1901 44,397 72,181.34 1.62 1902 175,035 407,078.66 2.32 1903 87,985 234,336.54 2.66 1904 142,243 361,143.83 2.54 1905 86,625 177,484.15 2.05 1906 67,848 169,692.90 2.50 1907 50,835 120,062.91 2.36 1908 75,232 182,454.37 2.42 1909 88,301 194,866.48 2.21 98 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 99 fi^ Area Purchased Average Cost Year (Acres) Total Cost (Per Acre) 1910 17,184 $44,517.81 $2.59 1911 32,426 67,377.74 2.08 1912 16,023 49,782.36 3.11 1913 • 11,777 44,647.20 3.79 1914 9,354 19,632.16 2.10 1915 3,639 8,296.81 2.28 1916 8,136 22,891.70 2.81 1917 5,593 11,191.69 2.01 1918 14,460 28,118.67 1.94 1919 16,459 41,909.54 2.55 1920 59,784 122,737.95 2.05 1921 17,761 31,922.25 1.79 1922 4,274 12,832.02 3.00 1923 766 • • • • 1924 334 859.68 2.57 1925 173 200.84 1.17 1926 660 1,274.29 1.93 1927 607 130.04 2.14 1,133,052 $2,561,702.58 $2.29 Purchase Work Slows Up. — It is significant that during the last five years the forest land purchase work in Pennsylvania has been practically at a standstill. The purchase of only 2,539 acres dur- ing the last five years stands in strong contrast with the purchase of 402,558 acres during the first five years of purchase work. No appropriations for forest land purchase were made from 1919 to 1927, when $500,000 was again appropriated. To all who have given careful thought to this important question it is clear that Pennsylvania must again start a vigorous movement for the pur- chase of more forest land. This work must go forward until there is included within the State Forests all the idle mountain land remaining out- side of State ownership that should rightly be in- cluded within the State Forests. It is the part of good wisdom for the State to buy this land and put it to work. -Right now is the time to go forward >vith a purchase program covering the next ten to fifteen years. At the end of this period the State should have in its possession all the forest land that rightly belongs to public own- ership. Much Land Is Available. — That much forest land is available for State Forest purposes is shown by a recent State-wide survey. This survey shows that there are approximately 3,500,000 additional acres that the State should own, in addition to the land now within the State Forests. In the more heavily forested sections of the State occur solid blocks of forest land ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000 acres, some of them in single ownership, that can be bought by the State at a very reason- able price. In one county a total of almost 100,000 acres of forest land has been offered to the State, and in several other counties the land offers are in excess of 50,000 acres each. Good Business Opportunity. — To buy this large acreage of forest land now is a good business move. To neglect doing it means the loss of a good busi- ness opportunity for the people of Pennsylvania. We owe it to ourselves and those who will follow us to place this forest land in State ownership so that it will bring the greatest benefits to the greatest number of people. Practical Plan to Enlarge State Forests. — The most practical plan of handling this important problem is a FOREST BOND ISSUE. A resolu- tion to amend the Staters constitution so that a forest bond issue of $25,000,000 may be authorized passed the 1923 and 1925 sessions of the legisla- ture. This far-reaching proposal is now ready to go before the people for their final sanction. It will be submitted to the voters of Pennsylvania at the November election of 1928. In considering this important proposal the voters of Pennsyl- vania should know that the FOREST BOND ISSUE is not a fanciful notion, but a real eco- nomic necessity. With the Forest Bond Issue the situation is different from practically all the other bond issues in that the trees of our forests ma- ture slowly. It takes a long while to grow a forest crop. Future generations will reap most of the benefits of this generation's efforts in for- estry. It seems right, therefore, that the taxpayer of tomorrow should be asked to help meet the expenses of benefits that will largely come to him. The matter of forest land purchase by the State is so important that it is not good business to depend upon direct appropriations of legislatures that meet only for a short while every two years. A FOREST BOND ISSUE gives the best assur- ance of the development of a business-like forest land purchase program that will bring benefits to the present as well as future generations, and in doing this makes a proper distribution of the cost. Watch future issues of Forest Leaves lor more information about the FOREST BOND IS- SUE. Help Pennsylvania Forestry by making the Forest Bond Issue your Issue. A total of 559,635 forest trees were planted on 408 acres of State Forest land during 1927. The average cost per thousand for growing, transport- ing, and planting was $8.14. The largest planting was in the Moshannon Forest District, where 105,- 000 forest tree seedlings were planted. The second largest planting was made in the Bald Eagle Forest District, where 110,000 forest tree seedlinus were planted. The species included red pine, pitch [)ine, and white pine. THE FORESTRY EXPERIMENTAL PLAN- TATION OF LEHiaH UNIVERSITY ATTENTION is particularly called to the article in this issue of '* Forest Leaves/' an abstract of the report by our fellow- meniber, Mr. J. Clarence Cranmer, to the Presi- dent of Lehigh University on the progress and sueeoss of the forest plantation experiment ini- tiated at Lehigh a number of years ago on the inspiration of Senator Elliot, and laid out under his and Dr. Rothrock 's supervision, the two great and leading foresters of Pennsylvania. Mr. Elliot urged on Dr. Drinker when the latter was Presi- dent of Lehigh how important a contribution to forestry it would be to procure and set aside a tract of the kind of land ordinarily procured and set aside by the State for forest preserves — land suitable for forest growing but unsuitable lor agricultui-e, this tract to be planted in sec- tions, each section to have a stand of one kind of tree, all planted at the same time and of the same age. A suitable tract was found on South Mountain, near the University, and it was purchased and donated for this especial purpose by a friend of forestry and of the University. In the years since the planting was done, lessons have de- veloped, not only of the trees which may be grown under these conditions, but what is equally important, of the trees which do not prosper under the conditions afforded, which were aimed to be exactly those prevalent in natural forests, with no care to the growing trees or to the soil beyond protection from fire. Apparently, this is the only experimental plantation of this kind in the country, and in its giowth it is affording a great and valuable object lesson in the development of State and National Forest Preserves. SAMUEL MARSHALL SAMUEL MARSHALL, General Secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association for twelve years and a member of its Council for thirty-two years, died suddenly from an at- tack of angina pectoris, on December 23rd, 1927. Mr. Marshall, who was 64 years old, was President of the National Bank of Chester County, and it was in this institution that he was stricken. He was born in West Goshen township on December 21st, 1863, receiving his education at the Friends' School in West Chester, the West Chester State Normal School and the Academy of Prof. J. Hunter Worrell. At the time of his death he was connected with the National Bank of Chester County, be- ing its President, a member of its Board of Di- rectors, and also of the Board of the Dime Savings Bank. He served for over twenty years on the Board of Trustees of the West Chester State Normal School, part of this time acting as its Secretary. He was one of the early pro- moters and for years a manager of the Chester County Hospital, the Pennsylvania Epileptic Hospital and the Colony Farm. He was also a member of the Chester County Historical Society, the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Genealogical Society of Pennsyl- vania, and the Philadelphia Society for the Pro- motion of Agriculture, chairman of the local State Armory Board, and Treasurer of the West Chester Branch of the American Red Cross, and was connected with many other local organizations. West Chester has lost one of its most respected citizens, who was active in many ways for the betterment of the city. He was much interested in forestry and was a great friend of the late Dr. Joseph T. Roth- rock, taking numerous trips with him through the Pennsylvania forests, and for many years they spent several weeks together in the forests of Northern Maine hunting deer. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, with which he has been connected for so many years, sincerely mourns his death and will miss his always cheerful aid and encouragement. Discussing the part which forestry can play in the control of destructive floods, W. B. Greeley, Chief of the Forest Service, United States De- partment of Agriculture, makes clear that the forest can not be substituted for engineering structures in flood control, but that forestry has a valuable service to offer '*as a handmaiden of engineering.'' Erosion plays an important part in creation of flood conditions. Forests generally are an excellent protection against erosion, but their service is by no means uniformly effective. For example, in the northern Lake States the soil is generally porous, with considerable humus from forests, and the region is full of lake and swamp storage basins, so that the Mississippi above St. Paul carries a yearly silt discharge of only 117,- 000 tons. The Tennessee River, on the other hand, drains a territory of heavy, compact soils which erode easily. Its basin is only about twice as large as the upper Mississippi, but it carries an annual silt burden of 11,000,000 tons. MJ m 100 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 101 I NARRATIVE OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held in the Gray Room of the City Club, 313 S. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., on Monday, December 12th, at 3 P. M., President Drinker in the chair. The reading- of the Minutes of the previous meeting were dispensed with, and the Reports of the Council and the Treasurer were presented. These will be found on other pages. Attention was called to the gift of 20 acres of virgin pine and hemlock at Heart's Content, Pa., and the necessity of protecting this tract from storms. The following preamble and reso- lution was presented and adopted: ^'Whereas, There has been presented to the United States Government by Wheeler & Dusen- bury a tract of 20 acres of virgin timber at Heart's Content, Pa., and ^'Whereas, If such a tract of timber is left exposed it will probably be destroyed by storms, ** Therefore, Be It Resolved, That the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association urges that the Na- tional Forest Reservation Commission take such measures for the purchase of surrounding lands for the protection of this tract as may be neces- sary and advisable, to insure its preservation for future generations as an object lesson of the forests which once covered this Commonwealth." The Nominating Committee then presented its ballot for officers. Messrs. Rothrock and Mar- shall were appointed Tellers of Election, and on collecting the ballots announced that the follow- ing officers had been unanimously elected to serve during the coming year: President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, J. Freeman Hendricks, Mrs. David Reeves, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. Recording Secretary and Treasurer, F. L. Bitler. COUNCIL Adams County, Miss MIra L. Dock. Allegheny County, Frank J. Lanahan, George M. Lehman, Hon. Walter Lyon, John E. Potter. Beaver County, Robert W. Darragh. Bedford County, J. L. Tenley, Sr. Berks County, Mrs. Edward Brooke, Dr. Geo. G. Wenrich. Blair County, F. Woods Beckman. Bradford County, Miss Margaret Stewart Maurice. Bucks County, Mrs. Elizabeth F. James, Henry C. Mercer. Cambria County, P. L. Carpenter. Cameron County, Joslah Howard. Carbon County, A. C. Neumuller. Centre County, Theodore D. Boal, Prof. J. A. Ferguson. Chester County, Robert G. Kay, Miss Esther G. Leggett, Dr. H. A. Rothrock. Clarion County, Hon. F. L. Harvey. Clearfield County, W. F. Dague. Clinton County, Henry W. Shoemaker. Columbia County, C. R. Woodin. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Cumberland County, J. S. Illick. Dauphin County, W. Gard. Conklin. George H. Wirt. Delaware County, W. B. McCaleb, Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, Hon. Wm. C. Sproul. Erie County, Miss Dorothea K. Conrad, George S. Ray, M.D. Fayette County, C. L, Snowdon. Franklin County, Edw. A. Ziegler, John R. Williams. Fulton County, W. L. Byers. Oreene County, M. E. Carroll. Huntingdon County, Mrs. J. C. Blair. Indiana County, Hon. Joseph O. Clark. Jefferson County, W. N. Conrad. Juniata County, E. S. Thompson. Lackawanna County, Mrs. J. Benjamin Dimmick, Hon. L. H. Watres. Lancaster County, Hugh M. North, Jr. Lebanon County, William C. Freeman. Lehigh County, General Harry C. Trexler. Ltizerne County, Dr. Alexander Armstrong, Cornelius B. Kunkle, Alvan Markle, William R. RIcketts, Samuel D. Warrlner. Lycoming County, L. Clyde Smith. Mercer County, George Rettlg. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, R. W. Stadden. Montgomery County, Mrs. Albert C. Barnes, C. P. BIrklnblne, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Samuel Rea. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, J. Clarence Cranmer, Prof. R. W. Hall. Northumberland County, Charles Steele. Philadelphia County, Dr. J. M, Anders, Richard L. Austin, Miss Mary Blakiston, Owen M. Bruner, Miss Mary A. Burnham, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harshberger, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, Harold Pelrce, Eli K. Price, John H. Webster, Jr., Albert B. Weimer. Pike County, Hon. GIfford Pinchot. Potter County, Harry E. Elliott. Schuylkill County, A, C. Silvius. Somerset County, V. M. Bearer. Sullivan County, E. F. Brouse. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, Paul H. Mulford. Union County, Raymond B. Winter. Venango County, S. Y. Ramage. Warren County, A. J* Hazeltlne. Wayne County, Hon. Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. D. J. Snyder. York County, Samuel Small, Jr. President Drinker stated that the coming year was potent for forestry in Pennsylvania. There did not seem to be much opposition to the pro- posed forest loan of $25,000,000 except in the western part of the State around Pittsburgh, where the claim was made that the increased cost of licenses for sportsmen should be used to augment the purchase of forest lands. The $25,000,000 loan comes up for a vote in November, 1928, having been passed without much difficulty in two successive Legislatures. The administration was not committing itself, and objection had been made on account of the large total amount of the proposed loans for various objects. The forest loan, however, is the only one which is an investment and an im- provement which will redeem itself, and is the one loan which has this characteristic. There is nothing better our Association can do than to forward this loan. It is hoped that at the next annual meeting a report can be made that the loan has passed. Attention was called to the fact that at a meeting of the State Medical Association they seemed to know little about this proposed State Forest loan, and should be told just what can be done. Something should also be .done to instruct the voters. The sportsmen who are enthusiastic about game do not understand the need for this loan, and should know that we must have forests to have game. Mr. McCaleb stated that the Association has a committee to carry on the work of the forest loan, and they have already secured a publicity man in Harrisburg. The position in regard to this loan was not as favorable as it was two years ago. There have been so many amendments l)assed for State loans that the people may say they will have none of them. The State has appropriated $500,000 for the purchase of forest lands to be spent in two years, and the sports- men's license fee has been increased from $1.25 to $2.00 per annum. As there are about 500,000 sportsmen, this increase would yield about $37o,- 000 a year. This amount, however, is for the l»inchase of woodland for game preserves and maintenance of same. Of this sum only about .^200,000 can be used for the purchase of wild lands. In addition, most of the sportsmen reside in the large cities, and will not be satisfied to liave the game preserves in the central and west- ern sections of the State, but will want game preserves in the East, and this is only forest land to a limited extent. This sum of money, together with the $250,000 available from the appropriation, would not buy more than 100,000 acres annually, whereas the forest bond issue would supply funds to secure 3,500,000 acres, and it would take 35 years to obtain this area through the small appropriation and the additional amount secured from game licenses. The people do not seem to understand the importance of this loan and should not consider that the in- crease in hunters' license fees is a substitute for it. The forest bond issue is needed for the purchase of lands for forests, and sportsmen, when they understood this, would help it along. Mr. Hendricks said that he had a talk with Mr. Spangler, of the City Club, and suggested that the Association purchase and present to the Club a tree to take the place of the one which had been destroyed, provided the new sub- way did not interfere. Referred to the Council. Dr. Ziegler stated that the State Forest School had just moved into a new $150,000 building at Mont Alto. It now had a good student body of 80 pupils, and a waiting list of about the same number. On motion adjourned sine die. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION DURING the year 1927 progress in forestry in Pennsylvania has been kept constantly before the people. In November of 1928, the proposed bond issue of $25,000,000 for the purchase of State forests will be voted on, and it is essential that all of our members do what they can to secure the enact- ment of this loan, which will mean so much for the future benefit of our Commonwealth. Unlike all other loans, it is, strictly speaking, an invest- ment, which, instead of decreasing in value, will be constantly augmenting. The Pennsylvania Grange is a conservative organization, and this is the only State loan which it has ever endorsed. Numerous other associations and societies have also endorsed this loan, two of the principal ones during the present year being the Pennsylvania Depart- ment of the American Legion and the Pennsyl- vania Lum])ermen's Association. The Department of Forests and Waters of Pennsylvania has ])cen continuing its admirable work which may be briefly summarized as follows : 1 M 4 102 FOREST LEAVES Governor Fisher selected as Secretary of the Department of Forests and Waters Charles E. Dorworth, Newspaper Publisher of Bellefonte, taking the place of Major R. Y. Stuart, who has been appointed Chief of the Bureau of Relations of the U. S. Forest Service. Dr. Joseph S. Illick was appointed Deputy Secretary and State For- ester. Dr. Illick was succeeded in the Bureau of Research and Information by District Forester R. Lynn Emerick, of Scranton. Two new bureaus were created — Management and Parks. Mr. A. E. Rupp, formerly in charge of the Bureau of Lands, was placed in charge of the Bureau of Manage- ment, and Mr. Irwin W. Gleason, Williamsport, businessman and for many years identified with the lumber industry of Pennsylvania, was ap- pointed the Chief of the Bureau of Lands. Mr. Jacob M. Hoffman, of Johnstown, was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Parks. Mr. Hoffman studied forestry at the Biltmore Forest School and was a member of the State Forest Commis- sion under Governor Brumbaugh's administration. A district office for the Valley Forge Forest Dis- trict was opened at Norristown, and District For- ester E. Fred Brouse, previously at Dushore, in the Wyoming Forest District, placed in charge. Biennial appropriations to the Department for forestry for the ensuing fiscal years, 1927-1929, amount to $2,981,970, an increase of $1,458,970 over the previous biennial period. Included in this total is $500,000 for forest land acquisition and $450,000 towards the acquisition of the Cook Forest, which will become available if $200,000 additional is contributed to the State for this purpose by the Cook Forest Association. This Association states that it hopes to secure this amount this year, having already obtained more than half of this sum. The $500,000 appropria- tion for forest lands makes it possible to go for- ward in the program of acquisition of State For- ests, and it is especially significant since no funds for this purpose were appropriated since 1910. It exceeds by very nearly $100,000 the entire amount appropriated for State Forest ac- quisition in the last 15 years. The growing demand for forest tree planting stock was met by an increased total production of the four large and one small State Forest nursery and seven co-operative institutional nur- series, from 10,329,404 trees during 1926 to 14,- 229,514 trees in the spring of 1927. Of this total 538,485 trees were planted on the State Forests and 13,691,029 distributed to 3,348 private planters, representing every county in the State. The State Forest plantations now aggregate 24,- 450 acres, planted at an average of $9.51 per acre. An Act of the last session of the Legislature May 5, 1927, slightly changed the plan of dis- tribution of forest tree planting stock, permitting the Department to sell trees at cost of production, plus packing and shipping. Under the previous plan, popularly known as the "free plan of dis- tribution," trees were distributed at a nominal sum to cover cost of packing and shipping only. Trees are now sold at the rate of $2.00 per thousand for seedlings and $5.00 per thousand for transplants, packed or delivered to the post or express office at the nursery. The minimum order has been increased from 200 to 500 and the maxi- mum number of 100,000 trees to a planter has been lifted. At the rate orders for trees are still being placed, there is no indication that these pro- visions will deter the progress of tree planting. Considerable improvement work is now going forward on the State Forests. Substantial prog- ress is being made on roads and trails. Not only is the State Highway Department authorized by recent legislature to expend annually up to $100,- 000 on improvement of roads in the State For- ests, but more than $100,000 will be expended this year from the Department's general appropria- tion for the improvement of roads and trails. More than 2,200 miles of roads and 2,265 miles of trails are ^now maintained on the Stati Forests. Plans are under way for improvement of recre- ational facilities on the State Forests. The spe- cial public recreational areas now comprise 38 Public Camp Grounds, 7 State Forest Parks, 9 State Forest Monuments and 3 Scenic Areas. The permanent camp sites leased to the citizens of the State for the erection of cabins, summer homes and hunting lodges have increased from 1,636 last year to 1,768 as of October 1, 1927. Receipts from permanent camp site leases for last year amount to $14,558.10, and will pro])ably exceed $16,000 at the close of this year. Besides tree planting the interest of private forest owners in their woodlands is reflected in their requests for examinations and recommenda- tions upon the handling of their woodlands. In- complete reports for the present year parallel 1926 with private timberland examinations com- prising 278 planting plans for 14,599 acres and 89 Working plans for 28,942 acres. Records for 5^/^ years show that 2,306 tracts of timberland comprising 430,331 acres have been examined a 'id reconunendations for management furnished the owners. It is interesting to note that this repre- FOREST LEAVES 103 sents an average of one examination every day, plus one additional for every week. This year promises to be the most favorable on record for forest protection. Complete records for the spring fire season show 1,008 fires, cover- ini,' 35,260 acres, with a total damage of $83,- 601.80, and the cost of extinction amounting to $24,687.92. The average area per fire for the Spring season is 35 acres. In the Fall fire season there were 227 fires reported, burning over an area of about 2,510 acres. This makes a total for the whole year of 1,235 fires and a total area burned during the year of approximately 37,770 acres. For the whole year, therefore, the aver- a«re per fire is approximately 30.6 acres, which is less than one-half the average for the past five years as shown in the following table: Total Forest Area Burned Year (Acres) 1922 332,327 1923 375,737 1924 95,792 1925 125,151 1926 224,256 — Average... 230,653 Number of Fires 3,635 3,539 1,997 2,562 2,917 2,930 Average Area Per Fire (Acres) 91.4 105.2 48.0 48.9 76.9 78.7 For the preceding five years (1917-1921) the average was 1,696 fires per year, burning 216,983 acres, with an average area per fire of 128 acres; and for the previous four years, the first for which detailed returns are available, the record average is 1,052 fires and 307,605 acres, with an average fire of 292 acres. This record shows that through a period of 15 years the size of the aver- a«;e forest fire has been reduced practically three- fourths through increased efficiency in the forest fire fighting organization, and in spite of the in- crease in the number of fires starting, as might ho expected with increased travel in forest areas. It is no doubt true that the educational work of the Department and other associations and the public support it receives have kept the number of fires occurring much below what it would other- wise have been. During 1927 a large number of bulletins, posters and other educational material has been distri- buted. The Biennial Forestry Report for 1924-26 was printed for distribution, with four revisions of bulletins and circulars : "The State Forests of Pennsylvania," "How to Know the Common Trees and Shrubs of Pennsylvania," "Forest Trees to Plant," "Plant Forest Trees on Idle Acres." Two new bulletins were published : "What Follows Pulp and Chemical Wood Cuttings in Northern Penn- sylvania" and "Forest Tree Nursery Practice." rhree new Public Use Maps were published and revisions of two other bulletins now in the hands of the printer will soon be available for distribu- tion: "Lessons in Forest Protection," and "How to Prevent Forest Fires." The Department co-operated with the American Forest Week Committee and State associations I and individuals in observing American Forest Week. In addition to the general protection given to the forests by the Bureau of Forest Protection, there are a number of local organizations formed to cover particular districts. The Pocono Forestry Association is composed of landowners and persons interested in the Po- cono Mountain section. It combats forest fires, encourages tree planting and forest education. The Anthracite Forest Protective Association comprises land owners in the hard coal region of Pennsylvania. Many of its members are engaged in tree planting as well as fire protection and im- provement. It also conducts forest propaganda, and publishes an instructive journal. This is one of the worst fire sections in Pennsylvania and the association is doing valuable work. The Berks County Conservation Association aids in fighting forest fires, and under its auspices the school children and Boy Scouts have set out hun- dreds of thousands of young trees. The Bucks County Forest, Fish and Game As- sociation is principally interested in tree plant- ing and the propagation of game and fish in that county. It is particularly anxious to have the 5,000 acres of wild lands at Haycock Mountain purchased and made a State Forest. The Blair County Game, Fish and Forestry Association is active in forest protection and the increase of game and fish in that county. The McKean County Protective Association and the Lycoming County Protective Association have aided in forest protection and propaganda. The Conservation Council of Pennsylvania is composed of forestry, gunning, fishing, farming and other organizations as well as private citizens. Its objects are to secure the enactment of proper legislation in regard to forests, game, fish, water supplies, etc. , . ▼-« i. The Erie Branch of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ha^ been active this year m having thousands of young trees set out, and encouraging a knowledge of forestry by its citizens and chil- dren Considerable work of this character has been done on Presque Isle, a unique formation iutting out into Lake Erie. , . ,c x The Pennsylvania State Forest School at Mont Alto, established to educate young men to care V^\ iM 104 FOREST LEAVES for the State Forests of Pennsylvania, has g^own and expanded. This year it dedicated a new $150,000 building. The number of students is 80, with a waiting list of about the same number. Pennsylvania State College has a course in for- estry for farmers, whose holdings form an import- ant part of the woodlands of the State. It also has, each year, a Portable Saw Mill Week, where practical instruction in timber cutting is given. Its Extension Foresters give valuable data in regard to forestry throughout the State. Lehigh University continues its work of refor- esting its woodlands on South Mountain, and its Arboretum affords valuable information as to the results which can be secured in this section in the cultivation of different varieties of trees. Numerous nonnal, high and preparatory schools, as well as other educational institutions, give short courses or addresses on forestry. The Pennsylvania State Grange, gunning and fishing clubs, the women's clubs, the public press and various corporations, companies and private citizens have aided in spreading interest in the forestry question. The coal mining and water companies have been especially active in reforest- ing their lands and caring for them. Spring and Fall Arboi- Days have been appro- priately observed by the school children through- out the State, many organizations and citizens joining to celebrate the days. The State this year carried on through its pub- lic school children a comprehensive campaign in regard to the white pine blister rust. It was found that this blight now exists in thirty counties, and active steps will no doubt be taken to prevent its spread. It is a disease which can be readily controlled, being different in this respect from the chestnut tree blight, which has spread throughout the State, and will ultimately kill the few trees of this valuable sf)ecies which now remain in this State. The Japanese beetle has also continued to spread slowly in the eastern section of Pennsyl- vania. The Allegheny National Forest in Warren, Mc- Kean, Forest and Elk Counties on the headwaters of the Allegheny River, has been added to from time to time. There has been purchased or ap- proved for purchase to date 280,000 acres. In addition the U. S. Government has 20,870 acres in the Tobyhanna National Forest, on the upper watershed of the Lehigh River. This was one of the camp sites purchased during the late war by the War Department and set aside for forestry purposes. A new development is the Allegheny Forest Experiment Station, which embraces the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Del- aware. R. D. Forbes is the head of the new station, which will be established and work in co-operation with the University of Pennsylvania, with lands for experiments in forestry located in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Dela- ware. This station should furnish valuable data on forestry and we welcome its establishment. The Board of Game Commissioners now main- tains thirty-five Primary (permanent) State Game Refuges and sixty-eight Auxiliary State Game Refuges, each refuge being surrounded by lands open to public hunting. The total area of lands under control of the Game Commission, either by purchase, or by lease of the hunting rights, or set aside as refuges on State Forests, aggregates 254,761 acres. Of this 105,825 acres is contained in refuges and 148,936 constitute public hunting grounds. The Game Commission has purchased 92,641 acres, made up of twelve distinct blocks of land, at a cost of $284,939, and have contracted to pur- chase approximately 60,000 acres additional. The summer meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association was held at West Chester, Pa., on June 28th, 29th and 30th. On the evenings of the 28th and 29th, sessions were held in the new George Morris Philips Memorial Chapel of the West Chester Normal School, at which numer- ous interesting papers on forestry topics were presented. On the 29th there was an interesting motor trip over the famous Brandywine Battlefield, with vis- its to the Birmingham Meeting House and Gen- eral Lafayette's and General Washington's head- quarters. At General Lafayette's headquarters there are some fine sycamore trees, one being espe- cially famed for its great size. After luncheon at the Chadds Ford Inn, built in 1737, an inspec- tion was made of Pierre S. DuPont's magnificent nurseries, gardens and arboretum, with its rare old trees. On June 30th a motor trip was made to the grave of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, where a large spray of forest leaves was placed on his grave. The party then proceeded to the Westtown School at Westtown, Pa., stopping at the Open Air Audi- torium, where a few addresses were made. The fine tree plantations, some of the oldest in the East, were inspected, as well as the virgin tulip poplar trees, and the new arboretum. The next stop was at Painter's Arboretum, where an inspection was made of the many beautiful and rare trees. The trip ended at the Twin Ash Farm of Samuel L. H* ■^51^. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 7 A State Road before Improvement. Benson Road, Potter County, on the SUSQUEHANNOCK STATE F'OREST. fi Denson Road after Improvement. The Work Wa.s I^one nv the State Huihwav Department. Authorized by Law to Spend as Much ak .>};10(>.(KM» Annually on State Forest Roads. riiotos Courlosy iM'Piirtiiioiit uf Foroxt* \ Witters Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 7 In the Heart of One of the Prlnch'al Recreational Regions l\ the State Forests, the Caledonia-Pine Grove Furnace Road, Through the Michaux Forest, Used by Thousands of Tourists Annually. 1 > Road Running Through Plantations on the Mont Alt(» State Forest. A Network of Roads Is INDISPENSABLE IN THE PROTECTION AND l.MPROVEMENT OF LARGE FORESTS. m FoRKST Lkaves, Vol. XXI, No. 7 Fork ST Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 7 A Statk K()ai» i'.kkoim: Imimjovemknt. Hknsox Road. I'ottku ('(M?xtv, on the SirSQl'EMANNOCK STATE FoUEST. In the Heaut ok One of the Puincii'AL Reoukational Re(jions l\ the State Forests, the Calkuonia-Pine Grove Furnace Roai>. Throit(;h the Michaux Forest, Used isv Thousands of Toitrisis Annually. ^''^ '7^t ,t' ^•«..: . .-^ »- -^'VU.. ''.'T^:-/' llENsox Road aftki: I.Mi'i{ovK>n:NT. The Work Was Done nv the State Hichwav Depaiitmknt. Authorized rv Law to Si'end as .Mi mh \s .'i;ioo.ooo Annually on State Foresi Roads. I'liotds ("ourU'sy l>« |i^iiDiu-iit nl Kon-sls »S: W;it«'is I.I Road Riinnincj Throu(HI Plantations on the .Mont Alt(» State Forest. A Net\vended in the maintenance of forest roads, which included such operations as grading, draining, widening, and the elimina- tion of curves. There was expended $13,227.84 in the improvement of trails, which consisted (•hiefly of brushing and mowing the trails and disposing of the brush. In general, the roads and trails at the end of 1927 were in the best condition they have been since the State acquired the land. The illustrations in this number of '' Forest Leaves" show some of this road and trail improvement work. In the Moshannon District, with headquarters at Clearfield, District Forester William F. Dague reports a total of 486 miles of State Forest roads improved during the past year. In reporting on this work, District Forester Dague writes: ''State Forest roads in the Moshannon District are now in better condition than they have been at any time since I have been in the district (20 years) and better than our township roads, as ranger headquarters are connected by good roads with all other ranger headquarters. As a result of this improved road system any portion of the State Forest land can be reached by auto- mobile within an hour from any of the Forest Knnuers' or Foresters^ headquarters. In addition to the 486 miles of roads that were improved, 246 miles of forest trails were brushed out and put in order." District Forester H. S. Metzger, of the Tiadaurh- ton Forest District, with headquarters at Wil- liamsport, reports that 170 miles of forest roads and 600 miles of forest trails were improved during the past year. The extent to which the roads on the State Forests in the Tiadaghton District have been improved is evidenced by the fact that the Ohnmeise Road, which was graded and placed in condition for two-way traffic, is now in a better condition than some of the neigh- boring township roads and is now used continu- ously by the rural mail carrier. In the Susquehannock Forest District, District Forester Harry E. Elliott, with headquarters at Coudersport, Potter County, reports that prac- tically all of his 600 miles of forest trails have been improved and 170 miles of forest road graded, widened and improved. A new road, extending 1% miles- from the Jersey Shore and Coudersport Turnpike ta Cross Fork Junction, was completed. District Forester Mulford, of the Tioga Forest District, with headquarters at Wellsboro, Tioga County, reports that 199 miles of forest road and 152 miles of forest trails were improved during the year. District Forester T. Roy Morton, of the Logan Forest District, with headquarters at Petersburg, Huntingdon County, reports 141 miles of forest roads and 89 miles of forest trails improved dur- ing the past year. In addition to this work, the State Highway Department has been working on three separate road projects within this forest, improving 3^/2 miles of the Bear Meadows road, 2 miles of the Milroy road, and 2 miles of the Harvey's Valley road. In the Tuscarora State Forest, B. D. McPher- son. District Forester, with headquarters at Blain, Perry County, reports that two large bridges were built, one on Shafer's Run, and the other on laurel Run. In the construction of these bridges concrete abutments were used, with spans of 35 feet and 57 feet, and that 109 miles of roads and 66 miles of forest trails were improved. In the Bald Eagle State Forest, District For- ester Raymond B. Winter, with headquarters at Mifflinburg, Union County, reports that 194 miles of State Forest roads and 331 miles of State Forest trails were improved, making all parts of his forest accessible. This forest road improvement work on the State Forests of Pennsylvania will be a big factor in making them accessible to the public. One of the greatest services of these improved roads and trails will be their help in protecting the forests against forest fire, which continues to be the greatest enemy of the forest. Present plans call for an extension of the forest road work during 1928. It' is a big forward step in Pennsylvania forestry. i I i I i 106 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 107 THE McNARY-WOODRUFr BILL CAN BE PASSED THE McNary-Woodruff bill, designed to make possible the purchase of reasonable acreage of National Forests west of the Great Plains is again before Congress. It was introduced on December 5th by Congressman Roy 0. Woodruff, of Michigan, and designated H. R. 357. Senator Charles L. McNary, of Oregon, introduced the bill a few days later in the Senate, S. 1181. This measure was originally urged through the Amer- ican Forestry Association, the Pennsylvania For- estry Association, and other conservation, trade and service bodies in order to speed up work already authorized by the Weeks Law of 1911 and the Clarke-MfeNary Law of 1924. It has been sixteen years since Congress passed the Weeks Law, contemplating the purchase of six million acres in the White and Appalachian Mountains, and appropriating two million dol- lars annually for the first five years of the pro- gram. It is now less than 50 per cent complete, I and to go through with it at the present rate will require twenty years. Even though this were possible, there would be no provision to acquire demonstration forests in the pine lands of the South and in the devastated portions of the Lake States. Such purchases, while author- ized by the Clarke-McNary Act, cannot be ac- quired at present because of small appropriations. They are urgently needed along with the com- pletion of the original program in the eastern mountains. The lack of interest on the part of Congress in national forest purchase work, and the desire for saving money on the part of the present administration has made it impossible to secure more than one million dollars a year in late years, although it has been necessary to keep a heavy overhead organization trained and avail- able just as if there were three to five million dollars available each year. Little argument is necessary to show the need and the investment value of the purchases al- ready made. They comprise an area of a little less than three million acres, land have been bought for less than five dollars an acre on the average. They have turned into the Federal Treasury, since purchase, more than one million dollars in revenue from the sale of products and privileges, and they now have a value of at least six million dollars above the original cost. While the work moves on slowly there have becH destroyed in the United States since 1912, some seventy-five million acres of virgin forest, and the area of deforested lands east of the Great Plains now amounts to almost three hun- dred million acres. The part of the country involved in these purchases contains more than three-fourths of our total population, three-fourths of our indus- tries, and three-fourths of our total area of non- productive cut-over forest land. Congress has turned a deaf ear to the Senate Select Committee on Reforestation which made exhaustive inquiry throughout the country in 1923, and urged an appropriation of not less than three million dollars a year for purchasing national forests. Our law-makers have likewise brushed aside the recommendations of the Na- tional Forest Reservation Commission, a bodv composed of three cabinet officers, two Senators and two Representatives, which has recommended an appropriation of not less than three mirion dollars a year. This body is charged with the duty of passing on all purchases. With this situation in mind, there seems noth- ing left to do but to urge special legislation to put Congress on record as favoring a fiscal policy under which this work could be taken seriously and completed in true American fashion. The McNary-Woodruff Bill seems to be the answer. In the 69th Congress, which closed early in March, 1927, this bill passed the House amended as to the length of the program and the amount. It passed the Senate in original form except for an amendment offered by Senator Overman, of North Carolina, confining the pur- chases to the headwaters of navigable streams. Agreement between the two Houses was blocked by the famous filibuster which characterized the closing hours of the Senate sessions. Both Senator McNary and Congressman Wood- ruff are firm .in their belief that the McNary- Woodruff Bill as originally drawn, authorizini: the appropriation of three million dollars a year for five years, and five million a year for the succeeding five years, a total of forty million dol- lars over a period of ten years, should not be revami>ed in accordance with the wishes of the Bureau of Budget. This Bureau last year recom mended a two-year program only at two million dollars a year. And so the bill carrying the ten-year program is now before Congress. It is probable that the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry will have a hearing very soon and repoit the bill favorably. Many Senators who supi><)rted the Overman amendment last year are now op- posed to it. There will be harder sledding, how- ever, in the House since this body is inclined to hew to the recommendations of the Bureau of Budget and since this particular bill lacks powerful friends in the House Committee on Agriculture. The only answer which can be given for failure to approve this measure is a greater desire to save money at present than to save it in the long run. These forests will be bought even- tually, and if there is delay the expense to the Government will be much greater. The McNary- Woodruff Bill should make possible the comple- tion of the original program in the White and Ai)palachian Mountains involving the purchase of three million additional acres urgently needed for stream flow regulation, for the growing of raw material to keep alive thousands of indus- tries and for recreational areas for the benefit of a large portion of our population. In addi- tion to this, it should make possible the purchase in the southern pine region areas totalling two and one-half million acres upon which there could be staged a real demonstration of timber growing and forest protection. In the Ijake States a simi- lar total area could be purchased for demonstra- tion purposes and to relieve the States of increas- inuly large areas which revert to them because of ec. 1, 1927 477.99 Total $3,900.52 Forest Le;aves Fund Invested $2,281.42 In bank 130.00 Total $2,411.42 Special bequest for Forest leaves $500.00 Life Membership Fund Invested $3,185.00 In bank 4,200.00 Total $7,385.00 General Fund Bequests, etc., invested $6,118..'<8 F. L. Bitler, Treasurer. PEPAHTMENT oF FOREST^. STATE COLLEGE PA. .^wr r ^ •' ; H /- i L\ '> .< ^- '* >" m flf 112 FOREST LEAVES reat national business enterprise already well begun. ' ' PHILADELPHIA HEADQUARTERS OF THE NEW ALLEGHENY FOREST EXPERI- MENT STATION THE choice of Philadelphia as headquarters for the Allegheny , Forest Experiment Sta- tion of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, has been announced by Secretaiy of Agriculture W. M. Jardine. The headquarters of the station are being established in co-operation with the University of Pennsyl- vania, and ollices will be furnished by the Uni- versity. '* Selection of headquarters for the Allegheny Station," said Secretary Jardine, ^^ marks the beginning' of active work on the i)art of a new forest research unit of the Department of Agri- culture. Although Philadelphia has been chosen as headquarters because of its central location and the stimulus to our work resulting from co- operation with a scientific institution of inter- national repute, the field work of the station will be conducted at various centers in the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware. In establishing such centers of field work, or branch stations, we have the advantage of cordial offers of co-operation from a number of (organizations and education^il institutions, prominent among them being the State agricul- tural colleges. ''The forest experiment station will be inter- ested in nearly every phase of timber growing, such as thinning and simibir measures for stimu- lating growth, reforestation by natural methods as well as by planting, rate of growth of tree species, and protection of the forest against its many enemies. The station is fortunate in start- ing its work in a territory where the States have done exceptionally good work in forestry. The forest services of Pennsylvania, New Jersey an. I Maryland have been at woik for years, and al- though the greater part of their effort has neces- sarily been devoted to fire protection, the man- agement of State forests, and similar matters outside of the field of forest research, they have made substantial jn'ogress in this field as well. Nevertheless, the need of forest research is so pressing that Uncle Sam is glad to put his shoul- der also to the wheel. ''Some idea of the extent of the forest prob- lems in this territory may be gained from a com- parison of the lumber production and consumi)- tion of the four States concerned. A combined production of about 400,000,000 board feet is scarcely one-eighth of the combined consumption. Yet there are in these four States over 18,000,000 acres of forest land which once bore as fine a forest of hardwoods, white pine, and hemlock as grew anywhere in the United States. The original forest has been practically all cut. Forest replacement on hundreds of thousands of acres has been very inadequate, because of close cutting anc^ fires. The scrub oak lands of Pennsylvania and the ragged pine stands of Southern New Jer- sey are a challenge to the skill of the forester. Only painstaking study can give us the basis tor the rehabilitation of such forests. '' TREASURER'S REPORT THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association ends on December 1st. 1927. The statement of finances on that date was as follows: Treasurer's Statement on Decemrer 1, 11)27 Dk. To Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1020 $524.72 Cash, annual dues to Nov. HO, 1!)27 1,754.00 Cash, donations and subscriptions 028,00 Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and adver- tisements 120.80 Cash, interest on life membership and Forest Leaves bonds and bank do- posits 817.00 Cash, Life Membership fees 50.00 Total $;M)()(I.52 Cr. By Cash, oiTice expenses, postage, etc $150.98 Office rent 720.00 Publication of Forest Leaves 1,507.20 Assistant Secretary's salary 000.00 Expenses of meetings 102.35 Life MomlxTship Fund 50.00 Forest Leaves Fund 52.00 Membership in Pennsylvania Conserva- tion Council 25.00 Expenses Membersliip Committee 155.00 Balance on hand l>ec. 1, 1027 477.09 Total $3,900.52 FoRK.sT Leaves Fund fiivested $2,281.42 Tn bank 1 .^0.(M) Total $2,41 1 .42 SiKicial bequest for Forest Fvoaves $500.00 Life Memhersuip Fund Invested $3,185.00 In bank 4,200.00 Total $7,385.00 General Fund Bequests, etc., invested $6,llS.;fS F. L. Bitler, Treasurer. j,,p.HTMEHT OF FOREST^ STATE COLLEGE PA. ?- !/• INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE CONTENTS Page On the State Forests Are Many Fine Fishing Streams ^^l^^ Editorial 113 Mrs. David Reeves 113 Spring Arbor Day Proclamation . 113 The New Chief of the United States Forest Service 114 Our Forests and Wild Life 115 Japanese Beetle Defoliates Trees 117 Forest Conditions in Soviet Russia . . : .^.^ us Receipts of National Forests Show Gain i ig The New French Forest Park 120 A Big Forest Business 121 Synthetic Lumber from Waste Wood 123 The Forest Situation in Pennsylvania 124 Series of National Forests to be Established in the Southern Pine Belt and in the Great Lake Region 126 American Forest Week, April 22-28 126 Maple Sugar Making I27 The Tupelo Gum Tree I23 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to diMcminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both btate and National, '^ * ' ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names lo ih# rk«;r«.« ( ,u Membership Committee. 130 South 15th Street. Philadelphil Chairman of the President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents. Robt. S. Conklin. J. F. Hendricks. Samuel L. Smedley 1 REASURER AND RECORDING SECRETARY. F. L. Biller. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FINANCE-Dr. Henry M. Fisher. Chairman J. Rodman Paul, Henry Howson, Hon. Marshall Brown. H. W. Shoemaker. Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Biller, LAW— Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Chairman Eli Kirk Price. MEMBERSHIP-George H. Wirt, Chairman J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Cary. Joseph S. Illick, George F. Craig, Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Harrison Souder. WORK— Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman Miss Ethel A. Shrigley. £. E. Wildman. M.ss Mary K. Gibson. J. Franklin Meehan. OFFICE OF THE ASSOaATION. 13« S. FIFTEENTH STREET. PHILADELPHIA FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office a8 second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 8 PHILADELPHIA, APRIL, 1928 Whole Number 243 EDITORIAL THE State of New York has authorized two bond issues of $7,500,000 in 1916 and $5,000,000 in 1924 for the purchase of lands for the Adirondack and Catskill forest preserves. These two loans were so well received that an- other amendment to the Constitution of that State has been presented to the Legislature. According to this new joint resolution the Legislature in each of the twenty calendar years following the adop- tion of the amendment may authorize by law the creation of a debt or debts, not exceeding in any one year the sum of $5,000,000 and not exceeding in the aggregate $100,000,000 for the acquisition by the State of land suitable for reforesting, for the planting of the same with forest trees and for the purchase of land for the establishment of such additional tree nurseries as may be needed to grow planting stock sufficient to reforest 200,000 acres each year. The debt so contracted shall be paid in twenty equal installments payable not more than fitty years after. Lands so acquired and forested, outside of the Adirondack and Catskill parks, may l)e sold, leased or exchanged, and the timber there- on sold and removed, if so provided by law. The proposed $25,000,000 forest bond issue for Die purchase of lands for State Forests in Penn- sylvania, with its much greater forest area, seems moderate in comparison. MRS. DAVID REEVES MRS. ELSIE FISHER REEVES, widow of David Reeves, died suddenly at her home in Phoenixville, Pa., on Monday, Janu- ary 23, 1928, of heart disease, in her 74th year. Airs. Reeves was the daughter of James S. Fisher, of Torresdale, and her great-great-grand- lather, William Fisher, was Mayor of Philadel- l)hia in 1773. Mrs. Reeves was beloved by all those who knew bur, and was always interested in Phoenixville's progress, being ever ready to aid it in any way in her power. Her influence, however, extended far beyond her home town, and over 36 years ago she joined the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, being much interested in restoring to Pennsylvania some of its wonderful forest growth. She became a member of the Council of the Association from Chester County in December, 1910, serving in that capacity until December, 1924, when she was elected a Vice-President, continuing in that office until her death. SPRING ARBOR DAY PROOLAMATiaN Whereas, Our natural resources are the foundation of Pennsylvania's prosperity and the replenishing and protection of forests and the cultivation of bird life are necessary to our eco- nomic welfare; and Whereas, It has become the custom to set aside annually certain days for the planting of trees and the encouragement of bird life; Now, Therefore, I, John S. Fisher, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby designate and proclaim Friday, April 6, and Fri- day, April 20, 1928, as Spring Arbor and Bird Days. Trees have played an important part in the development of our Commonwealth. Ti-ees live to give but they only give their gifts freely when they are given a chance to grow in value, beauty and service. Pennsylvania has made a commend- able start toward complete restoration of her for- est wealth. Forest fires are decreasing; forest tree protection is increasing; State forests are. being encouraged and their range of usefulness and enjoyment extended in many different ways. Birds contribute to our happiness through their joyful song and attractive plumage. They pro- tect our trees, crops and vegetation against destruction by insects. I especially recommend that all citizens — school children and adults— make the coming Arbor and Bird Day celebration one of participation. More than fifteen million forest tree seedlings are avail- able in the State nurseries for planting this spiing. Let us go forward with forest restora- tion until there are no longer any waste places on our hillsides and on mountain ridges. Let us do our part as good citizens by providing feed- i u; hM ¥. 114 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES lis ing stations, shelters and water for our birds. Let us beautify our yards, our school grounds and our highways. Let us, at least, make one small piece of ground more attractive, more fruitful, and of greater service to mankind. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the Commonwealth, at the City of Harrisburg, this twentieth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight, and of the Commonwealth the one hundred and fifty-second. By the Governor, John S. Fisher. Charles Johnson, Secretary of the Commonwealth. THE NEW CHIEF OF THE UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE ON May 1, 1928, Colonel William B. Greeley will resign as Chief of the United States Forest Service to accept a position with the West Coast Lumber Manufacturers' Associa- tion. He will be succeeded by Major R. Y. Stuart, now Assistant Forester, in charge of the Bureau of Public Relations. Colonel Greeley has been with the Forest Service since 1904, his first connection, following some investigative and inspection work, being that of overseeing the welfare of the Sequoia National Forest in Southern California. In 1908 he was called to Washington to become assistant chief of the division of management and later was appointed District Forester for District 1, with headquarters at Missoula, Mont. In 1911 he was again called to Washington, this time to take charge of a branch of the service through which he had supervision over timber sales, timber and fire trespass cases, re- forestation, and co-operative work with States and private owners in promoting fire protection. During the World War he took charge of the recruiting of forestry troops for the American Expeditionary Forces, and later was sent to France. Early in 1918 he became chief of the forestry section of the A. E. F. In that connec- tion he had charge of 21,000 forestry troops and 95 sawmills. After more than two years in the Army, during which time he was given awards for Distinguished Service by England and the United States and was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by France, Colonel Greeley re- turned to the Forest Service to take charge of the branch of forest management. With the resig- nation of Colonel Graves as Chief Forester in 1920, he was appointed to succeed him. Major Stuart, who will become the new Chief of the Forest Service, has had a wide range of forestry experience and education. He first came to the department in 1906, direct from the Yale Forestry School, where he had received an M.F. degree, entering the Forest Service as assistant in timber sale work. After several years in the Western National Forests, especially in the northern Rocky Mountain Region where he was forest inspector and chief of operations, he came to the headquarters of the Forest Service in Washington, D. C. In 1917 he was furloughed for military service in France with the 10th En- gineers. After the war he returned to the Forest Service, but resigned in 1920 to become deputy commissioner of forestry in Pennsylvania. He later served for several years as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Waters and Forests. On February 16, 1927, he was again called to the United States Forest Service to assume his present position. Our best wishes go to Colonel Greeley in his new position, and we felicitate the United States Forest Service on the selection of Major R. Y. Stuart for its new Chief, and are sure, from his record in Pennsylvania, that he will be a wise, careful, and courageous leader. OUR FORESTS AND WILD LIFE Many Louisiana bankers are making fire pro- tection and reforestation compulsory on mort- gaged lands, announces the Forest Service. For the purpose of insuring the resale possibilities of such property they bind the mortgagor to make every effort to prevent forest fires on his land and to plant trees on waste and cut-over areas. This practice is being energetically supporte- 872.73; grazing fees (cattle and horses), $874,- 613.82; grazing (sheep and goats), $647,046.54; grazing trespass, $9,295.75; special uses, $277,- 611.53; occupancy trespass, $399.07; water power, $98,749.34; fire trespass, $5,600.84; property tres- pass $50. Although the grazing fees for 1927 were ma- terially in excess of the 1926 figure, they were $391,333 less than the average for the ten-year- period, 1917 to 1926, inclusive, which was $1,933,- 289. For timber sales, on the contrary, although the 1927 figure is less than that for 1926, last year's receipts were $992,932 in excess of the average for the past ten years, which stood at $2,260,310. In special use receipts, there was also an increase ftfr 1927 over 1926. Receipts from this source have shown a steady gain, the figure for 1917 being $107,535.85, and for 1927, $277,611.53. This reflects the increased use of the forests, principally because of their greater accessibility. In all sales of National Forest timber the cut- ting is done under the supervision of Forest offi- cers in such a way that the future timber pro- duction of the area will not be impaired. Grazing permits on the National Forests likewise are is- sued with a due regard to permanent maintenance of the forage resources. Under the Federal law, 25 per cent of all the gross receipts of the National Forests is turned over to the States and counties in which these forests are located, to take the place of taxes which might be collected if the lands were in private ownership, Government lands being ex- empt from taxation. These funds are used for the improvement and maintenance of schools and the construction of roads in the local communities. SALES of timber, permits for grazing, and other* uses of the National Forests brought a total of $5,166,609.39 into the coffers of the Federal Government during the fiscal year which ended June 30, 1927. The total receipts from the National Forests for the last fiscal year were an increase of $10,- 048.37 over the amount received in the preceding fiscal year, and exceeded any previous year ex- Bulletin No. 40 (revised) entitled '^How to Prevent Forest Fires, '» by iCharles R. Meek, Assistant Chief, Bureau of Forest Protection, has just been issued by the Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. This excellent treatise suggests definite methods of the best ways of preventing forest fires, and of protecting woodlands from fires started by others. Write for a copy and do your part towards preventing the ravages and useless waste of forest fires. 120 FOREST LEAVES THE NEW FRENCH FOREST PARK THE July number of La Revue du Touring Club de France contains an article by ^I. Henri Defert, Honorary President of that Club, describing this park, which, owing to the initiative of the Touring Club, has now been ac- quired by the French Government. The question of acquiring such a park on the western slopes of the Jura range of mountains appears to have been discussed at the first Inter- national Forestry Congress held in France early in 1914. Soon after this the French Government acquired a tract of about 32,500 acres, partly in the Department of the Isere and partly in that of the Hautes Alpes. In addition to the above tract the State has recently acquired the nearly worn out grazing grounds belonging to the Commune of Saint Christophe en Oisant, so that the entire park now comprises about 54,240 acres. The western part of this park appears to be about 15 to 20 miles to the southeast of Grenoble. This part is intersected by a number of small rivers (or creeks) while the eastern portion is largely mountainous. No portion of the tract appears to be well adapted to agriculture, but certain well-defined areas along the streams and at the base of the foothills in the eastern portion are leased by the State for grazing. T^e moun- tains of the eastern portion belong to the South- ern Jura and the peaks are from 9,000 to 14,000 feet in altitude. Much damage has been done in that section of the timber formerly on this tract by indiscrimi- nate grazing, but there are still small irregular stands of pine, many birches, mountain ashes, hawthorns and alders, and it evidently has con- siderable value as a potential forest reserve. Further, there will be much to do in the way of restocking the tract with game, but this will undoubtedly be done in the near future. Of animal life there is at present little now on the tract, with exception of foxes, numerous marmots and some white hares in the mountain districts, some polecats and a few chamois and a considerable number of grouse. Monsieur Defert urges that in such a national park the greatest care should be taken to secure the proper regeneration of the soil by appropriate planting, etc., and that wild life should be en- couraged by restocking the timbered portion with game. He says that it must be a work of time to *' reanimate," so to speak, these large quasi- desert tracts, and 'Ho create richness and joy, where there are now only sterility and desola- tion." He looks forward to the time when all these barren and denuded hillsides will again be clothed with timber. That French enthusiasm (scientifically directed) and perseverance are capable of accomplishinj? marvellous results may be seen in parts of France not very remote from where this National Park has been established, where the mountainsides, formerly entirely denuded of vegetation, are now covered with a dense growth of timber, and in the Landes, between Bordeaux and Bayonne, where 85,000 acres of sand dunes were entirely reclaimed from the sea by the plantations of maritime pines over a century ago. The Touring Club of France deserves i^ieat credit for having set aside a large fund to en- courage efforts that have recently been made both in France and her colonies toward reforestation and the planting of trees along main thorough- fares. One prize of 5,000 francs is offered yeaily to the individual (or company) reporting the largest and most thrifty plantation. Many lesser prizes, amounting in all to 10,000 francs, are provided for distribution among the Annnal Forest Congresses and the Fetes de L'Arbre, cor- responding to our annual Arbor Day, for meri- torious work in the way of forest and tree cul- ture. Perhaps some day our large automobile clubs may undertake to do what the Touring Club of France has been doing for many years, not only exerting its infiuence in the direction of securing better motor roads, but sparine? no pains to see that these motor roads are made attractive by being shaded by fine trees. Accord- ing to a recent contribution to Forests and Forest Life, all the main thoroughfares in Morocco are now shaded with fine trees, and all visitors to France must have observed how, in every direc- tion, the trees along the roadsides are everywhere carefully planted and religiously watched an I maintained. ' H. M. F. i 4«l Qrsa, a town in Sweden, is said to be the only municipality in the world which imposes no taxes. Moreover, the local railway is free to every citizen and there is no charge for telephone service. This happy state of affairs is due to the wisdom of a former generation who planted trees on all available ground. During the last thirty years the town authorities sold no less than $5,000,000 worth of timber. Judicious replanting perpetu- ates this income. — American Metal Market. Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 8 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXL No. 8 ■ * .■^•V: 1MI»- , .1 .- % '- ' { \ -^ ..Jr "^^(j^ >^-^-:..:-. •:^'' f^^. . - v-^?^^- On the State Forests are Many of the Finest Fishing Streams m I During the 1927 Hunting Seas;)n Twenty-six Elk Were Shot in Pennsylvania Each Year Deer are Becoming More Plentiful on the State Forests The State Forests are the Hunter's Paradise FoKKST Lkavfs. Vol.. XXI, No. 8 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 8 On the State Fouests are Many ok the Finest Fishing Streams Duki.m; the 1927 UnNTiNt; Seasin Twe.nty-six Ei.k Were Shot in Pennsylvania Kaih Year Dker are Hkcomim; More Plentiful on the State Forests < « The State Forests are the Hunter's Paradise INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 121 A BIG FOREST BUSINESS ^A THE State Forests of Pennsylvania are tlie working equipment of a big forest business. The first land for forestry purposes was purchased 30 years ago. Since then purchase work has moved forward until there are now 1,133,050 acres in the State Forests. The pur- chase price of the land acquired to date averages $2.26 per acre. The accounts of the Department of Forests and Waters record not only the pur- chase price, but also all expenditures that have been made thereon, including taxes, adminis- tration charges, protection costs and other neces- sary expenses. As rapidly as the land was piuehased provisions were made to handle it in a businesslike way. Who Handles the State Forests The State Forests are handled by men trained especially for this important work. These trained men are called Foresters. Some are classed as District Foresters, while others, depending upon their rank, are called Assistant Foresters, Assist- ant District Foresters and Junior Foresters. All arc j^raduates of Forest Schools of college rank. There are now employed by the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters 56 technically trained Foresters. In addition there are 76 For- est Rangers and several hundred temporary em- ployes, mostly laborers in the service of the State. Each forestry man is trained for his particular line of work. Some give special attention to tree planting and nursery work; others devote their time to road building, timber cutting and other forest operations. All are required to give the best possible public service. With forests in the hands of these specially trained men, all devoted to their outdoor work, we are assured that the forests will be handled with care and developed in the best interests of the people of the State. State Forests Becoming More Frodnctiye Pennsylvania's program of forest restoration includes forest protection, forest tree planting, wood cutting, and many other activities. These operations are bringing about a great change in the forests of the State. When the State Forest lands were first acquired most of them were in a devastated condition. Practically all the mer- chantable material had been removed from them. What little and inferior lumber the lumbermen left, was usually consumed by destructive forest fires. Under State ownership these barren wasted places are rapidly changing into productive for- ests. In place of devastation there are now de- veloping promising stands of thrifty trees. Areas that were formerly occupied by inferior trees are now stocked with important forest trees. Many of these trees are now reaching sapling and pole stage. It will not be many years until they be- come merchantable. Throughout these promising stands of forest trees many special study plots have been established. The figures compiled from these study plots show that the well-protected and properly cared for forests of Pennsylvania are growing as rapidly and promise as high re- turns as the intensively managed forests of Eu- rope. The State Forests of Pennsylvania are not only managed for the purpose of producing big wood crops, but also to supply good hunting, fine fishing, and unsurpassed recreation. Pennsylva- nia's forestry program is a broad-gauged one. It aims not only to grow a wood crop, but to develop the forests in the best interests of the people of the State. Growth of State Forest Receipts Since the State Forests of Pennsylvania are handled as a business enterprise it is but natural to expect an income from them. In spite of the poor forest growth on the State Forests at the time they were acquired a material income has already been derived from them. The first re- ceipts from the State Forests were obtained in 1900 when $1,227.87 were taken in from the sale of forest products. From this small beginning the receipts have grown until in 1927 they totaled $96,090.46. The growth of the State Forest re- ceipts can be appreciated by comparing the income during the first five years of State ownership with the last five years: First Five Years— 1900-1904 Amount of Year Forest Receipts 1900 $1,227.87 1901 1,951.57 1902 1,578.70 1903 9,758.02 1904 1,373.94 Last Five Years— 1923-1927 Amount of Year Forest Receipts 1923 $80,275.90 1924 88,199.56 1925 68,424.48 1926 50,943.44 1927 96,090.46 I /t>- 122 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 123 The total receipts from the State Forests dur- ing the last twenty-eight years equal $734,782.05, of which $427,462.39 has been deposited in the State School Fund. Net Grain More Than $5,000,000 lA trip through the State Forests of Pennsylva- nia will convince anyone of the wisdom of State ownership of forest land. In all the State Forests can be seen marked improvement in forest growth and other forest conditions. A conservative esti- mate shows that the State Forest land purchased at an average price of $2.26 per acre is now worth about $12.50 per acre. This means that the 1,133,- 050 acres of State Forests have a value in excess of $14,000,000. Accurate account has been kept of all expenditures since the creation of the State Forests. These accounts show expenditures to date of less than $9,000,000. This means that there has been a net gain of more than $5,000,000, and this gain does not consider the value of the hunting, fishing and other recreational privileges which at least equal interest charges on this investment. State Forests Will Pay Big Dividends The income from the State Forests has already reached a substantial figure, but present receipts are no full index as to later incomes, for when the State acquired the land, practically all of it was cut-over, and much of it was burned down to the bare soil. It was, therefore, necessary to restock the land and begin the rebuilding of the State Forests. The rebuilding of a forest is a slow process. It takes many years for trees to grow to maturity. Only a small percentage of the trees on the State Forests are now mature enough to be cut, but the young growth is now pushing forward by leaps and bounds. Within 10 years there will be a substantial increase in the forest yields, and in 25 years the yields will be many times greater than they are now. We have no definite experi- ence tables in Pennsylvania to show just how much the forests will yield, but if European practices are worth anything, they tell us that we have a right to expect a net return of $5.00 per acre per year from the well-managed forests of Pennsylvania. This means that when we have once rebuilt our forests so that the trees are large enough to yield wood, and the forests arc in proper working condition, we may expect them to produce regularly a very substantial sustained yield. A net return of $3.00 per acre per year is not too much to expect. This will mean an annual net return above all operating expenses of almost $3,500,000 on the present acreage of State Forest land. By increasing the area of the State Forests the returns will be increased pro- portionately. State Pays Taxes on Forest Land Just as any other business organization would do, so the State pays taxes on its State Forest lands. At the present time the taxes are two cents per acre for road purposes, two cents per acre for school purposes and one cent per acre for general county purposes. In 1927 the taxes paid on the State Forest land totaled $56,542.50. The taxes received by the local school boards, township supervisors, and county commissioners are very helpful in the maintenance of schools, roads and other necessary activities. The local administrative units lose nothing by having the land included in the State Forests, for they re- ceive taxes equivalent to what they would receive if the land was in private ownership. In addi- tion the development work on the State Forests brings much business into the struggling forest communities. Many of the small forest com- munities of Pennsylvania are now almost entirely dependent upon the work on the State Forests. As the State Forests are developed this work will increase and there will again grow up in these great forest regions prosperous small com- munities supported by forest operations. Where the State Forests Are Located The forest lands now comprising the State Forests of Pennsylvania are located in 29 different counties of the Commonwealth. Most of the State-owned forest land is in the mountainous parts of the State. A forest crop is the only successful crop that can be raised on most of this mountain land. The counties in which the State Forest lands now occur are: State Forest Area County (Acres) Adams 20,887 Bedford 10,756 Cameron 83,056 Carbon 436 Centre 79,388 Clearfield 65,069 Clinton 144,341 Cumberland 21,720 Dauphin 3,808 Elk 22,767 Franklin 34,880 Fulton 6,396 Huntingdon • . 62,431 Jefferson 5,681 Juniata 3,534 Lackawanna 5,274 Lycoming 104,730 Luzerne H Mifflin 50,840 Monroe 6,399 Perry 29,468 Pike 58,370 Potter 158,785 Snyder 20,320 Somerset 6,150 Tioga 67,069 Union 54,193 Westmoreland 5,113 Wyoming 1,177 Total 1,133,050 A study of the foregoing table shows that about one-third of the total area of the State Forests of Pennsylvania occurs in the three coun- ties of Potter, Clinton and Lycoming. These three counties have a total of 407,856 acres of State Forest land. The purchase possibilities for forest lands in these counties have been by no means exhausted, for there are seven counties in Pennsylvania that have more than 75 per cent of their total land area in forests. There are also a considerable number of counties having large acreage of forest land, in which no State Forest lands have yet been bought. It will be in the best interest of the people of Pennsylvania to also acquire forest lands in these counties, so that the people in all parts of the State may enjoy the benefits of the State Forests. It will be in the best interest of the people of the State to have a wide and more equitable distribution of State-owned forest lands. Why Enlarge State Forests There are many good reasons why the State Forests should be enlarged. The best reason is the fact that it is a first-class business proposition. It will pay the people of Pennsylvania well in money, in health, in happiness, and prosperity to enlarge the State Forests several fold. It will cost only a little more to administer the larger acreage, for the entire State is now covered with Forest Districts, and the forest protection or- ganization is State-wide. With a relatively small increase in overhead, the present State Forest aioa can be doubled, or even tripled. Some of the foremost business men of the State have given serious thought to this subject, and heartily endorse the immediate extension of the State Forests. How the State Forests Can Be Enlarged There are several ways that can be followed in enlarging the State Forests of Pennsylvania, but the best way that has been suggested is a FOR- EST BOND ISSUE. This proposition is now ready to go before the voters of the State. It will be considered at the November, 1928, elec- tion. If you cannot be for this proposition for any other reason than that it is a first-class busi- ness proposition, then be for it for that good reason. The FOREST BOND ISSUE is a busi- ness proposition. It is not a questionable ex- penditure, but a first-class investment. SYNTHETIC LUMBER FROM WASTE WOOD DESCRIBING a **new process for producing synthetic lumber from sawmill waste," the Scientific News Service, of Washing- ton, D. C, on behalf of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, recently issued the following statement: **The use of steam to explode wood chips into fiber is the ingenious process at the basis of a new method for producing synthetic lumber from sawmill waste. Specimens showing stages in the manufacture of the new product are now on exhi- bition in the National Museum under the Smith- sonian Institution. This development promises to eliminate a waste in wood which has in the past run into incalculable sums. '*The fundamental process consists in subject- ing chips of a uniform size to a steam pressure of 800 pounds for four or five seconds. Then, by an instantaneous release of the pressure, the chips are made to explode into millions of fibers. To form boards, the exploded fiber is refined, passed over a fourdrinier similar to a paper machine and placed in a press. Almost any de- sired degree of hardness may be secured by simply varying the pressure. **No glue or other artificial binder is require! to consolidate the fiber. The product is all wood, it has a tensile strength of from 4,000 to 5,000 pounds per square inch, it is knotless, of very light weight, and a good insulator. The uses for which it is said to have already proved satisfac- tory include desk tops, card tables, radio panels, wall board, panelling and insulation." The ** American Lumberman" states that the product referred to is *'Masonite," which is manufactured in the plant of the Mason Fibre Co., Laurel, Mississippi. ' 1. I 124 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 125 I P' THE FOREST SITUATION IN PENNSYLVANIA THE forest situation in Pennsylvania is one of the most vital problems now confronting the people of this great Commonwealth. In considering this important problem it will be helpful to review some of the important facts in the development of Penn 's Woods. When William Penn laid the foundation of his colony, more than two hundred years ago, he wrote something about the forest into his plan that embodied the essence of prophecy. It was a request that those who came after him should make proper provisions for a future timber supply by leaving at least one acre in every five in woods. Now, after more than two centuries of thoughtless forest destruc- tion, we can see the wisdom of Penn's request, and note how little attention has been given to his prophetic vision of our future timber needs. In spite of his wise counsel, our forests were sacrificed. Vast areas on our mountains, hills and valleys, formerly covered with a rich and productive forest growth, are now denuded to the bare soil and offer a sorry heritage to our chil- dren. Many statements could be made about the g^eat change that has taken place in our forests, but perhaps we can understand the true forest situation in Pennsylvania better if we consider some of the bare forest facts now before us. The Original Forest of Pennsylvania The original forest of Pennsylvania was an enormous wood reservoir. Great and green forests of big trees covered practically every hill and every valley of the State. Reliable records show the original forest of Pennsylvania covered 28,- 650,000 acres. In the early days there seemed to be no enl to the woods. This belief prompted the early settlers, and those who came after them, to use of the forests unsparingly and also to overlook making provisions for future generations. As a result of this, attitude forest destruction went forward at an enormous rate. The following table shows the decrease of the forest area in Penn- sylvania : Forest Area of Pennsylvania Forest Area Year (Acres) 1600 28,650,000 1682 28,592,000 1820 24,500,000 1860 18,800,000 1900 12,000,000 1927 13,100,000 More than 13,000,000 acres of forest land are left in Pennsylvania. This means that about 45 per cent of the land area of the State is still classified as forest land. This area is sufficient, if handled properly, to produce practically all the wood the people and industries of the State will need for many years to come. Our present need is not more forest land, but better forests. The best guarantee for better forests in Pennsylvania is an enlargement of the State Forests. Of the 13,100,000 acres of forest land in the State, only 1,133,050 acres are now within the State Forests. It will be in the best interest of the people of Pennsylvania to at least triple the acreage of the State Forests. Less Than 25,000 Acres of Original Forest Is Left Out of a total of 28,650,000 acres of original forest in Pennsylvania, less than 25,000 acres is now left. This is only a small remnant of the magnificent forest growth that once graced our valleys and crowned our hills. To be exact, only one acre of original forest is now left of each 1,150 acres that were here when the white man arrived. Extensive research work shows that the average acre of original forest in Pennsylvania carried approximately 17,500 board feet of lumber and 10 cords of wood. This makes a total of more than 500,000,000,000 board feet of lumber and 286,500,000 cords of wood in Penn's Woods when man started on his conquest of forest de- struction. Today there remains only about 1/43 of the lumber and 1/6 of the cordwood that was in the original forest. With this reduction in wood volume have come conditions that present a serious situation. Our wood reservoir has been drained so heavily that in many places little remains except bare and impoverished mountain soil. It is true that most of our forests are under- stocked, unattractive and unsanitary, but above all these is the more serious fact that they are out of service. To give service it is imperative that they be put in order and kept in order. In 1860 Pennsylvania Stood First In 1860 Pennsylvania stood first among the States in lumber production. Now she has fallen to the twenty-second place. About 1890 she changed from a lumber exporting to a lumber importing State. Before then her forests and sawmills produced more wood than was used within her borders, but ever since then her forests have failed to meet her needs. Today the forests of Pennsylvania supply less than 20 per cent of the lumber her people and industries need. To be exact, 84 per cent of the lumber and 74 per cent of the pulpwood now used in Pennsylvania must be imported. The average haul of lumber imported into Pennsylvania is 1,250 miles and the annual freight bill on this imported lumber is $25,000,000. Our home forests no longer supply our home needs. It is a significant fact that durins^ the last 40 years lumber consumption in Pennsylvania has almost doubled, while lumber production within the State is now less than one- fourth of what it was 25 years ago. The fullness of time is here to look into this vital economic problem, and in considering it we must remember that our wood needs will not decrease, but con- tinue to grow. With this growing demand for wood, it is up to the forward-looking citizenship of Pennsylvania to face the situation and develop a practical plan to meet our future wood needs. What the Torests of Pennsylvania Can Do If the forests of Pennsylvania are built up carefully and handled properly, they can produce practically all the wood needed within the State. Right now they are producing less than one-tenth of the wood they are capable of turning out. If placed in proper hands the forest growth of the State can be increased threefold during the next 15 years and tenfold within 50 years. Within 50 years the forests of Pennsylvania will turn out each year a sustained yield of at least 2,400,- 000,000 board feet of lumber and 4,500,000 cords of wood. This annual output will be greater than the total lumber cut of the banner year 1900, when 2,321,280,000 board feet of lumber were turned out by the sawmills of the State. What is most encouraging is the conservative prediction that this yield can be expected not only for one year, but year after year, and may be increased with the use of more intensive forestry practices. Enlarged State Forests Are the Best Guarantee The best guarantee for a sustained and enlarged yield from the forests of Pennsylvania is an im- mediate and substantial enlargement of the State Forests. The placing of the vast stretches of idle forest land now so common in the State, particularly in the mountain sections, into State ownc rship, will be a big step towards guaranteeing their proper handling and insuring the best pos- sible yields in wood and other forest products. Theie are now 1,133,050 acres within the State Forests. This acreage should be tripled as soon as possible. No time should be lost in making substantial additions to the State Forests. Practical Plan to Enlarge the State Forests The best plan for enlarging the State Forests of Pennsylvania is a FOREST BOND ISSUE. This proposal passed two successive sessions of the State L#egislature. It will come before the people of the State at the November, 1928, elec- tion for their final sanction. Every good citizen of Pennsylvania should go to the polls and regis- ter a vote in favor of this far-reaching forestry measure. Its passage will mean the early acquisi- tion by the State of millions of acres of forest land. The placing of this land in State-owner- ship will guarantee its proper handling by men trained especially for this work. Some may think that a FOREST BOND ISSUE of $25,- 000,000 is too large. It is a large amount of money when it stands alone, but when consid- ered with other items of this project for which it will be used, it becomes relatively small. The annual freight bill on lumber imported into Penn- sylvania is about $25,000,000. When we compare an annual freight bill of $25,000,000 on lumber imported into Pennsylvania with a FOREST BOND ISSUE of $25,000,000 for the purchase of forest land we see the wisdom and sound busi- ness sense of the latter proposal. The FOREST BOND ISSUE is not an expenditure. It is a first-class investment for the people of Pennsyl- vania. It will insure an early restoration of millions of acres of forest land that is now idle and unproductive, and bring benefits to our growing population in health, happiness and prosperity. The FOREST BOND ISSUE is the one bond issue above all others that deserves the earnest consideration and favorable action of all the good citizens of Pennsylvania. There are 862 species of forest trees in this country, according to the revised ** Check-list of the Forest Trees of the United States,'* issued by the United States Forest Service. If the dif- ferent varieties and hybrids are added, the total of the different forms of forest trees reaches 1,177. Of all the trees that make up our forests it is pointed out that 182 species are of special inter- est because of the commercially useful timber or other products they supply. It is indicated, however, that the number of * ^ important ' ' species is subject to change from time to time with the development of commercial needs. m 126 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 127 SERIES OF NATIONAL FORESTS TO BE ESTABLISHED IN THE SOUTHERN PINE BELT AND IN THE GREAT LAKE REGION A PROGRAM for a series of National Forests involving the expenditure of $40,000,000 has been inaugurated by the National Forest Reservation Commission. This provides for the completion of the existing forests which are to be supplemented by like series in the Coastal Region of the Southern States and in the former pineries of the Lake States. This pro- gram has for its ultimate objective the acquisition by the Federal Government of 9,600,000 acres of additional lands in these sections of the United States. Of this area about two-thirds, or 6,000,000 acres, is to be acquired for stream protection in the eastern States, of which 4,000,000 acres will be for the consolidation of existing National Forests and 2,000,000 acres will be for the estab- lishment of new units. The creation of new National Forests in the Pine Regions of the Southern and Lake States will embrace 2,500,000 acres, while 1,100,000 acres are to be acquired for the consolidation of existing National Forests in the Great Lakes region. As the first step in such a program authoriza- tion was given for the establishment of two such new forests in South Carolina, three in Louisiana, and two in Michigan, all in the pine regions and intended to serve not only for the production of timber, but to indicate especially in the South- east to the private owners of nearby woodland how their own lands can be most profitably man- aged as timber producing properties. This series will complement the National Forests of New England, of the I^ke States, and of the Appa- lachians and Ozarks, and gives a unified National Forest program for the entire eastern United States. The Commission also authorized the purchase of 23,977 acres of land as additions to established National Forests at an average price of $1.62 an acre. Of this area 19,994 acres are in Minnesota as additions to the Superior National Forest; 3,960 acres are in Michigan as additions to the Michigan National Forest; and 23 acres in West Virginia as an addition to the Monongahela Na- tional Forest, but to be used as a nursery site for growing tree seedlings, to be used for plant- ing the 120,000 acres of untimbered land, in part, abandoned farming land, acquired as parts of these eastern National Forests. The Commission also recommended the transfer of 13,600 acres '•'•l of public domain to the Big Horn National Forest in Wyoming, and approximately 100,000 acres to the Fremont National Forest in Oregon. AMERICAN FOREST WEEK, APRIL 22-28 PRESIDENT COOLIDGE has officially desig. nated the week of lApril 22-28 for nation- wide observance of the annual ** American Forest Week'' in a proclamation announced by the United States Department of Agriculture. The President set apart the week, he said, ''for public discussion of our forests and of what must be done to safeguard and restore them." He emphasized particularly the need for suppressing the forest fire evil, and pointed out the benefits to agriculture, industry, commerce, and national life that will result from making the forest lands of the United States fully productive of con- tinuous timber crops. **The rehabilitation of our forests demands, first of all, that the forest fire evil be suppressed," the President declared. *'Many of the forested States, with the co-operation of timberland own- ers, have undertaken organized protection a*,^ainst forest fires; and in recent years, under the Clarke- McNary law, the Federal Government has j?iven its support to the movement. This great co- operative enterprise must be extended and strengthened until every forested county in the United States is safeguarded against forest fires. **But we are still far from the goal of com- plete protection. Every year, on the average, 80,000 fires scourge our woodlands, steadily under- mining their vitality. For this bad situation the blame falls equally on us all. Public agencies rarely provide adequate protection against fire, the timberland owner is too often indifferent to his property, the forest worker is too often neglectful of the future forest, the average citizen is too often careless with fire in the woods. We must all gain such respect for the forest that its de- struction through indifference or carelessness shall be unthinkable. **We cannot permanently abuse our forests with impunity. The soil is the ultimate source of all our wealth and of life itself. One-fourth of our American soil is best suited for forests. Much of this land is already idle. More of it is being made idle by destructive logging and fire. Yet we cannot safely permit our forest land to lie fallow and useless any more than we can permit our farms and factories to lie idle. **To make our vast empire of forest land fully productive of continuous crops of timber will have momentous consequences in our national life It will give agriculture the advantage of a new and valuable crop. It will afford perma- nent employment to millions of men in the forest industries. It will provide raw materials for many industries. It will furnish traffic for our railroads. It will maintain foreign and domestic commerce. It will restore our forests as con- servers of soil and water, and as givers of health and pleasure to our people. '<\Ve already have made a beginning in forest renewal, but the task is stupendotis, and we should permit no satisfaction over what has been done to blind us to the magnitude of what re- mains to be done.'* This year will mark the eighth annual ob- servance of American Forest Week, President Harding, in 1921, having issued the first procla- mation which brought the Federal Government behind the movement. The week this year, as it has for the past two years, will assume an international scope through the fact that Canada will observe its **Save the Forests'' week at the same time. The week in the United States will be di- rected by an American Forest Week Committee, of which Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, is chairman. A large number of organizations, rep- resenting a wide variety of interests, are co-oper- ating, among them associations representing out- door, wild life, and recreational interests, foresters and forestry associations, the lumber industry, consumers of forest products, labor, scientific, civic, agricultural, press, church, and women's organizations, as well as the State and Federal Governments. Local Forest Week Committees are being organized in every State. In his proclamation. President Coolidge urges that during the week ''all citizens and appro- priate organizations— including public officials, legislators, business organizations, educators, editors, clergymen, landowners, and others— give thought to the preservation and wise use of our forests, to the end that energetic forest policies will be adopted in all communities." Ex-Governor Martin G. Brumbaugh is chairman of the Pennsylvania American Forest Week Committee. MAPLE SUGAR MAKING A tract of about 400 acres on the Mt. Hamilton and Hickey Hill areas, about two miles from Washington, D. C, has been selected as a site for a National Arboretum for which Congress has appropriated $300,000. By E. F. Bowlby ABOUT the middle of February, the farmer would load his sugar troughs on a sled (often drawn by a good yoke of oxen) and distribute them to the sugar maple trees, one and sometimes two or even three to a tree, if that particular tree had the reputation of being a good producer or if the season promised to be short. After the troughs had been distributed and the weather just right for a good flow (for the sugar maple tree is very sensitive to weather conditions), he took his tapping-auger, a small wooden mallet and a basket of spiles and pro- ceeded to tap the trees. This is done by boring holes in the side of the trees about eighteen inches or two feet from the ground (generally on the southeast side and about one inch in depth), fitting into the holes two or three spiles for each trough, which is placed firmly up close to the tree under the spiles. These spiles were made from the elder or the sumac and were about one foot long, one end being tapered so as to fit snugly in the hole in the tree ; the top was shaven down to the pith, which was removed, leaving that part an open spout. The troughs were made from some easily worked wood such as poplar or walnut. The tree intended for troughs was first cut into lengths of from three to five feet, then split into halves, each half hewed out with an adze and axe into neat little troughs, holding from three to six gallons. The augers were made by the local blacksmith. Next was the gathering of the sugar-water and hauling it to the sugar-house; this was done by placing barrels on sleds, drawn by the same faithful yoke of oxen. The sugar-water was dipped from the troughs with a gourd dipper, first into wooden pails and then poured into the barrels through a funnel made from one of the sugar troughs by boring a hole in its bottom in which was driven a short wooden spout. The sugar-house was built of logs in some convenient place in the woods (always leaving an opening in the roof to allow the steam to escape). The furnace was built of stone and arched over the top, into which were inserted large iron kettles, as many as were needed. The chimney was built on the outside at the end of the sugar-house. Although situated in the bituminous coal district, the fuel was wood, which was cut and hauled and piled just outside the sugar-house during 128 FOREST LEAVES the early months of winter. The sugar-water was poured into these kettles and boiled down to a thin syrup, often throwing into the kettle of boiling sugar-water a small piece of fat meat to keep it from foaming over the top of the kettle. The periods of boiling down were continuous day and night, or days and nights, when they had specially good runs of sugar-water. During these long evening boilings, the young folks would gather at the sugar-house and have their '* stir- ring-off '' parties. They would hang an iron pot on a tripod over an open fire and boil down this syrup, sitting around it, each one with a large spoon and a cup of cold water and dip the boiling syrup from the pot and drop it into the water. The result was the finest maple wax and taffy that any mortal ever tasted. Talk about your husking-bees, apple-cuttings, corn-roasts, etc.; they were not to be compared to the pleasure of a stirring-off party at the old sugar-houses. This syrup was then taken to the sugar-house where the boiling down was continued until it reached just the right point, the kettle was then taken from the fire and the contents stirred vig- orously until the result became a nice crumbly mass of maple sugar. In conclusion, I want to describe an old walnut sugar-trough presented to the Bucks County His- torical Society by Mr. J. C. Lemley, of near Mount Morris, Greene County, Pennsylvania. This historic trough was made from the top of an old walnut tree cut on the Lemley farm in the spring of 1838, the farm now owned by J. C. Lemley but then owned by his uncle, Asa Lemley, who, in that year, had the body of the tree sawed into planks and the top and large limbs made into sugar-troughs. In September, 1767, Mason & Dixon, with their engineers and axemen, came to Dunkirk Creek, and on sighting their instruments across the creek, found this large tree to be directly on the line and sent some of their axemen across to blaze it as a line-tree. This was done by making three hacks about two feet apart with an axe. When the men approached the tree they were attacked by Shawnee and Delaware Indians and were driven away. On making another at- tempt they were again attacked and some of the party were killed, while the rest of them, includ- ing Mason and Dixon, were driven back and did not resume their survey until twelve years later, when they completed their work without further trouble from the Indians. This walnut tree was the last tree marked until the return of Mason and Dixon, twelve years later. When they re- turned in 1779 to complete the survey, they found the Indians had placed a thirty-foot ladder a;4iiinst this tree, and from there up had bored holes into which they drove wooden pins, by which they climbed to its top in order to get honey, for this was a bee tree. And this is supposed to be the reason why the Indians had attacked the men and driven them away, thinking they were going to cut down the tree to get the honey. J. C. Lemley has another trough, made from the same tree, which is charred on one side, showing where the Indians had a fire to smoke out the bees. This walnut tree stood on the north bank of Dunkirk Creek at the first and lower crossing of Mason & Dixon's line, two miles southeast of Fort Morris, Pa., three miles northeast of Stat- ler's Fort, and about ten miles due west of Fort Martin, Pa., near the Monongahela River. This tree was at the end of the survey, the line ending at two gum trees standing about one-half mile east thereof. On the Pennsylvania side near this tree is the remains of an old Indian fort, and on the West Virginia side, about the same dis- tance from the line, on a large stone, is what Mr. Lemley called a *Hurkey foot,*' but which I am inclined to think was an Indian guidepost, as it points directly north and south. THE TUPELO GUM TREE Cypress swamps of the South have yielded richly in valuable timber, but have not heretofore been regarded as profitable for reforestation. The **wood eternal" has been cut out clean, leaving chiefly tupelo gum, a tree long considered to be of very little worth. Now E. W. Hadley, of the Southern Forest Experiment Station, says that tupelo gum is com- ing into its own silviculturally and may be the saviour of these dismal areas. Cypress will not reproduce rapidly or dependably enough to re- forest them, but tupelo reproduces promptly and adequately. The growth of industry in the South and the demand elsewhere for southern woods promise an outlet for this wood. Tupelo gum is now used by the million board feet for boxes, crates, and veneer, and is beginning to be sonirht as a paper-pulp wood. The total area of cypress-hardwood land is es- timated as 32,000,000 acres, or more than one- fourth the area of the combined southern pm^ forests. — The Forest Worker, DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY STATE COLLEGE PA. •; ^r' I 3 K A R Y ; «: s DEPARTMENT Ot^ FORESTRY STATE COLLEGE 128 FOREST LEAVES the early months of winter. The sugar-water was poured into these kettles and boiled down to a thin syrup, often throwing into the kettle of boiling sugar-water a small piece of fat meat to keep it from foaming over the top of the kettle. The periods of boiling down were continuous day and night, or days and nights, when they had specially good runs of sugar-water. During these long evening boilings, the young folks would gather at the sugar-house and have their ''stir- ring-off" parties. They would hang an iron pot on a tripod over an open fire and boil down this syrup, sitting around it, each one with a large spoon and a cup of cold water and dip the boiling syrup from the pot and drop it into the water. The result was the finest maple wax and taffy that any mortal ever tasted. Talk about your husking-bees, apple-cuttings, corn-roasts, etc.; they were not to be compared to the pleasure of a stirring-off party at the old sugar-houses. This syrup was then taken to the sugar-house where the boiling down was continued until it reached just the right point, the kettle was then taken from the fire and the contents stirred vig- orously until the result became a nice crumbly mass of maple sugar. In conclusion, I want to describe an old walnut sugar-trough presented to the Bucks County His- torical Society by Mr. J. C. I^mley, of near Mount Morris, Greene County, Pennsylvania. This historic trough was made from the top of an old walnut tree cut on the Lemley farm in the spring of 1838, the farm now owned by J. C. Lemley but then owned by his uncle, Asa Lemley, who, in that year, had the body of the tree sawed into planks and the top and large limbs made into sugar-troughs. In September, 1767, Mason & Dixon, with their engineers and axemen, came to Dunkirk Creek, and on sighting their instruments across the creek, found this large tree to be directly on the line and sent some of their axemen across to blaze it as a line-tree. This was done by making three hacks about two feet apart with an axe. When the men approached the tree they were attacked by Shawnee and Delaware Indians and were driven away. On making another at- tempt they were again attacked and some of the party were killed, while the rest of them, includ- ing Mason and Dixon, were driven back and did not resume their survey until twelve years later, when they completed their work without further trouble from the Indians. This walnut tree was the last tree marked until the return of Mason and Dixon, twelve years later. When they re- turned in 1779 to complete the survey, they ioum] the Indians had placed a thirty-foot ladder ;' -uinst this tree, and from there up had bored lioles into which they drove wooden pins, by which they climbed to its top in order to get honey, for this was a bee tree. And this is supposed to be the reason why the Indians had attacked the men and driven them away, thinkini:: they were going to cut down the tree to get the iioney. J. C. Lemley has another trough, made from the same tree, which is charred on one side, showing where the Indians had a fire to smoke out the bees. This walnut tree stood on the north bank of Dunkirk Creek at the first and lower crossinir of Mason & Dixon's line, two miles southeast of Fort Morris, Pa., three miles northeast of Stat- ler's Fort, and about ten miles due west oi Fort Martin, Pa., near the Monongahela River. This tree was at the end of the survey, the line ciulin^^ at two gum trees standing about one-half mile east thereof. On the Pennsylvania side near this tree is the remains of an old Indian fort, and on the West Virginia side, about the sam«! dis- tance from the line, on a large stone, is what Mr. Lemley called a *Hurkey foot,'* but which 1 am inclined to think was an Indian guidepost, as it points directly north and south. THE TUPELO GUM TREE Cypress swamps of the South have yielded richly in valuable timber, but have not heretofore been regarded as profitable for reforestation. The '^wood eternal" has been cut out clean, Icavini,' chiefly tupelo gum, a tree long considered lo Im' of very little worth. Now E. W. Hadley, of the Southern I'oresl Experiment Station, says that tupelo gum is com- ing into its own silviculturally and nuiy be the saviour of these dismal areas. Cypress will not reproduce rapidly or dependably enough t«> re- forest them, but tupelo reproduces promptly -ukI adequately. The growth of industry in the South and the demand elsewhere for southern wools promise an outlet for this wood. Tupelo gu"^ is now used by the million board feet for Ix^^t*^' crates, and veneer, and is beginning to be soiuht as a paper-pulp wood. The total area of cypress-hardwood land is es- timated as 32,000,000 acres, or more than one- fourth the area of the combined southern |'in<' forests.— T/te Forest Worker, PA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE o> ■'/ / ) //mmM* f CONTENTS Demonstration Forest, Lebo Place, South Side of Jersey Shore p^^qb Coudersport Pike cov^r Editorials 129 Japanese Beetle Spraying Demonstration 129 Forest Fires and Their Causes in Pennsylvania 130 Forests and Flood j32 Enlarged Program of Forest Research 132 Our Forests and Our Railroads r^. 133 Birds Are of Economic Value to Farm Wood Lots 134 Sawdust No Longer Worthless I35 Conservation by Utilization 13g The Locomotive Spark and Its Relation to Forest Fires 137 U. S. Forest Service States Position on the Yosemite Timber 139 Soil Erosion a National Menace 14q Treat American Forests as Factories, Not as Mines 141 Plants as Indicators of Ground Water 143 Lumbering Pennsylvania Spruce I43 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886 Labori to dUseminate information in regard to the necewity and method, of forett culture and sI"e''a'nrNa'tH,naK "'"" '"*'*""'"' enforcement of proper fore.t protective law. both ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP. FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the member.hip nor the work of thi. A..oc.ation i. intended to be limited to the State of Penn.ylvania. Pertons desiring to become members should .end their nam«. m Vkl ri • t l Membership Committee. 130 South 15th Street. Philadelphil ^*''"''°" **^ '^^ President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents Robt. S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley IREASURER AND RECORDING SECRETARY. F. L. Bitler. COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FINANCE-Dr. Henry M. Fi.her. Chairman J. Rodman Paul. Henry How.on. Hon. Marshall Brown, H. W. Shoemaker. Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Bitler. LAW— Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Chairman Eli Kirk Price. MEMBERSHIP-Ceorge H. Wirt. Chairman J* A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Carv. Joseph S. Ulick. George F. Craif. Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rolhrock Harrison Souder. WORK— Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman m'" m^'^ ^- ^!l"«**y' E- E- Wildman. M.SS Mary K. G.bson. J. Franklin Meehan. OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION. 131 S. FIFTEENTH STREET. PHILADELPHIA FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 9 PHILADELPHIA. JUNE. 1928 Whole Number 244 EDITORIALS THE Summer Meetini>: of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association will be held at Mont Alto, Pa., on June 28th and 2<)th. This meet- iiii' will give our members a fine opportunity to see Ihe forestry operations at the Mont Alto and Micheaux State Forests, as well as the State For- est School with its new auditorium. There will iiiso be interesting addresses on forestry. Mem- heis expecting to attend will promptly advise V. L. Bitler, Recording Secretary, 130 South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa., and a detailed program will be sent to them later. The headquarters will be at the Graeffenburg Inn, Ctdedonia (Fayetteville P. 0., R. D.), where mem- ))ers should make reservations. Gentlemen can be jUToiimiodated at the State Forest School, Mont Alto, Pa. (Jraeffenburg Inn can be reached by auto via the Lincoln Highway and is about half way between Gettysburg and Chambersburg. Those coming l)y railroad should take on Thursday the 8.0.') A. M. (Standard Time) train, Cumberland Valley h*. H., at Harrisburg, for Chambersburg, where ••(•nnections will be made by motor train for Fay- etteville; at this ix)int autos will be taken to (iiaetii'enburjr. ^ We regret to chronicle the passing away, on May l)th, of J. Freeman Hendricks, Esq., Vice-Presi- dent of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. On the afternoon of Saturday, May Pith, he unfortunately was nm into by an automobile truck ••» the Philadelphia Pike about six miles below l^oylestown and both legs were broken. He was tJiken at once to the Abington Hospital, but the I'i^'it leg was so badly crushed that he died on '•K'^day, and was buried on Thursday, May 17th. -Mr. Hendricks joined the Association in No- vember, 1917, became a member of its Council in ^•♦IH, and was elected \'ice-President in 1920, sei-v- J"s: in that capacity until his death. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association mourns '"^ fltvith, and extends to his wife and family its \vnipathy in their })ereavement. One cord of wood will produce about 6,000 <'opies of a 16-page newspaper. The average 16- ])age newspaper weighs about 4 ounces. One pound of newsprint will make two newspapers of 16 pages each. To make one ton of newsprint requires about 1 1-3 cords of wood. Papyrus, a luxuriant water sedge, was the civilized world's most important recording material for more than 5,000 years, although true paper Avas never made from it. JAPANESE BEETLE SPRAYING DEMON- STRATION JENKINTOWN, just north of Philadelphia, in the heart of the territory heavily infested with Japanese beetles, has been selected as the place for a big spraying demonstration this summer, according to the Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Agriculture. This city of 6000 population was selected, it is explained, because, while located in Montgomery county, it is only a short ride from both Bucks county and Philadelphia, and because the citizens of the city requested the demonstration and offered to furnish the necessary spray material and labor. The spraying will be thorough and compre- hensive. Every shade tree, shrub, flower, fruit tree, bush and other green plants which are known to be ravaged by the beetles in the borough will be spraywl in this most unusual demonstra- tion which will likely start about June 15th. It is estimateci' year. It is evident that there has been a tremendous increase in the numljer of people fre- quenting the woods of the State in the last few years and necessarily the number of examples of individual carelessness with fire has increased. There are in Pennsylvania between 11,000 and 1-,UU() miles of standard gauge railroad right-of- way. A recent incomplete study shows that there are over 4,000 miles of track bordering forest areas. Many more miles are bordered by aban- doned or unprotected fields which adjoin forest areas. With from 2 to 200 engines a day travel- ler along these tracks, the chances for fires are exceedingly plentiful. It is not unusual to hear it ^aid that all our forest fires are caused by rail- roads, and that if there was a law to compel rail- road companies to have spark arresters on all •'ii^ines, most of the forest fires would be pre- vented. Our records show that the greatest number of '•r^s in any year attributefl to railroads was 1,257 constituting 35 per cent of the total number for 11'^ >'^*''*r 1923. However, in several of our State l^'orest Districts railroad fires have reached 50 I><*r cent to 60 per cent of the fires handled by our protective forces. For the last five year period, railroad fires have averaged close to 30 per cent of the total number reported. In 1921, our records place the responsibility for 41 per cent of the fires upon railroads. Our Department has been trying for years to have safety strips developed and some very grati- fying results have been accomplished. We look forward to more extensive developments of safety strips next year under the arrangements worked out between our Foresters and railroad men. We are also very much interested in the planting of evergreen screens along railroads and have several such plantations under observation. Patrol after trains is another measure which must be resorted to in a nund)er of places" and under special conditions. Engine inspection is absolutely essential and our men are more than willing to assist in this work purely on a co- operative basis. There are always a few fires, the causes of which are known but are unusual, as the breaking of a power line, the fiying piece of an over-heated brake shoe from an electric car, sparks from some portable engine, etc. These fires average about 31/2 per cent of the total, although in the last few years this has increased to between 6 per cent and 7 per cent. Then there is the class of "unknown' fires. Not enough is known as to how they start to give them any place in the other classifications. Such fires have run from 44 per cent of the total in the earlier years of record to 13 per cent and 14 per cent in the last few years. As the protective organization improves and as fires are reached more promptly this class of fires should be de- creased. After all, the cause of forest fires is careless- ness. There is no reason for fire to be in the forest except for a particular purpose useful to man and to be so it must be under control. If it escapes from control, some one has failed to take sufficient precautions to keep it where it belongs. We do not believe in the "accidental" fire, nor in the "act of God" alibi. Further, we believe that the fundamental preventive meas- ure is accountability for one's acts. Carelessness is a state of mind. Accountability affects it quicker than any other form of education. How- ever, we must never let up on teaching the value of forests, the curse of uncontrolled fire, and the tremendous loss in the aggiTgate when fire rages in the forest. And it must always be remembered that no matter how a fire starts the damage it does will be just the same as though it started from any other cause. ii 132 FOREST LEAVES FORESTS AND FLOODS m iHE first thing needed in trying to stop floods by tree growth,'' says Col. Gree- ley, Ex-Chief of the United States For- est Service, "is to drop all exaggerations about it. It is not true that serious floods are due to de- forestation. They occurred when virgin timber on the Mississippi basin had scarcely felt an ax. It is equally untrue that forests have no bearing upon stream flow. A great deal of concrete evi- dence shows that they have. ^'Forests do hold back flood discharges, but they cannot prevent large floods when heavy rains occur. Any reservoir overflows when it receives more water than it can hold. Likewise, forested land overflows after it has become fully saturated with rain. Furthermore, any benefits derived from reforestation cannot be secured overnight. They will come only through a long space of time. ^' Hence, forests cannot be substituted for the engineering structures upon which our main re- liance must be placed for controlling heavy flood discharges. They can supplement dams or levees ))ut cannot take their place. In dealing with this problem, forestry should be the handmaiden of engineering, but as a handy maiden it has a valu- able service to offer. ''Many factors influence the behavior of streams. The cover of forest or other forms of vegetation on their drainage basins is but one. ''Forests cause the more gradual melting of snow and moderate both extremes of temi>erature. They are warmer than open land in winter and cooler in summer. As spring comes on snow melting may begin earlier in the woods. On the other hand, it usually lasts longer in the woods than on exjwsed grounds. The common effect of forest cover is to retard the melting of snow as warm weather sets in. "Because of their moderating effect on ex- tremes of heat and cold, the soil freezes less readily under forests than in open spaces. Hence, in the colder regions, forest soils are kept more mellow and better able to absorb water released during the first warm days of spring. "Forests reduce erosion. Any vegetable cover tends to reduce erosion, but forests usually per- form this function more effectively and perma- nently than any other type of vegetation. This is because of the thick mulch of leaf litter and branches which they drop upon the ground. Fur- thermore, they are constantly feeding humus into the soil itself, increasing its porosity ami binding its mineral constituents. "Let us see the picture in its true propor- tions. As checks upon big floods, forestry and its allied forms of natural storage take seconlarv place. Immediate relief must be sought throiistitutes for wooden ties, such as those made of steel, have been tried, but found unsatis- factory. Enormous Wood Needs of Our Railroads That the railroads of our country need enor- •nous quantities of wood is an established fact. Hie latest U. S. Government figures show that the railroads of the country require annually in excess of 125,000,000 cross-ties. Many of* the '«rgor railroads use between two and four million •ross-ties each year. There are about 434,500 ">il<'s of railroads in the United States. With an average of 2,640 ties per mile, there are required a total of approximately 1,147,000,000 ties. The l<>nowing table shows how rapidly the use of cross- Ikj^ has been increasing; Total Number of Wooden Ties Used Year hy Railroads of United States 1880 35,000,000 1890 64,000,000 1900 83,000,000 1923 136,000,000 1927 (estimated) 125,000,000 Despite the increasing use of preservative treat- ment by which 65,000,000 cross-ties were benefited in 1926, the annual requirements for cross-ties in the United States continue to be an impressive factor in railroad operation. The best engineering thought has been applied to the elimination of wear, or to devising substitutes for cross-ties, but the results are barely discernible in the number of ties annually needed for the railroads. Railroads of Pennsylvania Need 340 Million Board Feet of Wood Annually The best estimates that are available show that the railroads of Pennsylvania use annually the equivalent to 340 million board feet of lumber. I'he wood they use, is, however, not all in the form of lumber, for cross-ties comprise more than one- half of their wood needs. Several of the larger items of the yearly wood needs of railroads with- in Pennsylvania follow; Amount of Wood {Board Feet) Cross-ties (approxinmtely 4,800,000) 195,000,000 Switch and bridge ties (approxi- mately 600,000) 40,000,000 Construction timber and lumber 96,000,000 Miscellaneous lumber 9,000,000 Total 340,000,000 At first this annual wood requirement of rail- roads within Pennsylvania may seem large. But these big figures explain themselves when we con- sider that there are 12,700 miles of railroads with- in Pennsylvania, and that in riding on a train from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh — a distance of about 350 miles — one passes over more than 1,000,000 cross-ties, the original cost of which is consider- ably in excess of one and a quarter million dollars ($1,250,000). The total value of the wood pur- chasefl annually by the railroads for use within Pennsylvania is estimated at $12,800,000. The cost of cross-ties alone is $6,700,000. Should Grow Wood at Home Less than 30 per cent of the wood used by rail- roads in Pennsylvania comes from within the State. This means that each year almost $10,000,000 is 134 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 135 I sent out of Pennsylvania by the railroads for wood that should be produced at home. There are a number of good reasons why this wood could and should be grown at home. There is an ample acreage of forest land within the State — now pro- ducing little of value — that is capable of producing j>ractically all the wood needed by the railroads. The production of this Avood at home would insure a future supply — now very uncertain — -and elimi- nate a costly long haul from outside of the State. And what is most significant, a home-grown wood l)rogram will give to forestry in Pennsylvania the support it now needs. The establishment of a policy to grow wood at home will give a most powerful impetus to forestry, and will solve the idle forest land problem that is now a serious economic menace. Productive Forests Improve Business The good that comes from productive forests cannot be measured alone in cords or board feet. The conversion of vast unproductive areas into flourishing forests will revive struggling forest comnumities and bring back business to places that have been deserted since the big lumbering days of the past. A considerable part of this business will come to the struggling railroads now attempting to hold on in these remote forest regions. It follows, therefore, that forest restora- tion will do more for the railroads than insure an adequate supply of home-grown wood. It will help in a substantial way to bring business to the railroads. While we are estimating the financial benefits of forest restoration let us not overlook the part that thrifty trees play in the make-up of beautiful landscape scenes along our railroads. No small part of the satisfaction that comes to rail- road passengers is the beauty pictures that show themselves along the route of travel. And we all know how much green forests contribute to the estimate of our landscapes, and how little areas of desolation and bare mountain sides add to the satisfaction of travelers. Best Way to Guarantee Productive Forests Years of experience have demonstrated beyond a question that the best way to guarantee pro- ductive forests in Pennsylvania is to place them in State-ownership. The State Forests of Pennsyl- vania already contain considerably over a million acres. Some of this land has been in State-owner- ship since 1898. In recent years little has been added to the State holdings. Now is the time to increase the State Forests of Pennsylvania in a substantial way. The best proof that now is the right time to go forward with a rapid enluif^e- ment of the State Forests are the reports comiuff from all parts of the State, indicating that the people want this forest problem attended to li^^ht now. And they want it done in a big and prac- tical way. The Most Practical Plan Several years of study by the foremost business men of the State and expert foresters have siiown conclusively that the most practical plan to ))ur- chase the additional land needed for State Foicsts ifi by a Forest Bond Issue. A Forest Bond Issue proposal has been passed almost unanimously by two successive sessions of the State Legislnlnre. The Forest Bond Issue proposal is now ready to go before the people of the State for their con- sideration. It will be considered with other bond issues at the election of November, 1928. It is the one bond issue out of those that will be voted on, that is truly an investment and not an expendi- ture. The income from the forests will ultimately more than pay for the entire original cost and all carrying charges. Some may say that $25,000,000 is a big sum of money. If considered alone it is a big figure. But when you think that the an- nual freight on lumber imported into Pennsyl- vania is also $25,000,000, it does not seem larjre. Think of it ! The total of the Forest Bond Issue is not one cent more than one year's freight bill on lumber brought into Pennsylvania. We must do more than think about this problem. We nuist think through it, and when we think through it, everybody will be convinced that the Forest Bond Issue is a first-class investment. It must go over the top. And it will go over the top if all true lovers and users of the woods will vote and work for it. The day to vote right is on November 0th, 1028. BIRDS ARE OF ECONOMIC VALUE TO FARM WOOD LOTS THE care of birds should be made a part of the routine management of farm wood lots, according to the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture. In- tensive studies of the relation of birds to wood lots made in the East, which apply in most parts of the country, show that in general birds are a great asset to wood lots and, with one or two exceptions, should be encouraged and protected. The direct benefit to trees from birds is chiefly due to their distribution of seeds and the result- ing reproduction. Birds carry in their flight the fleshy fruits and nuts and scatter them mu<'h farther from their point of origin than would be possible by any other natural means. They also aid in reseeding coniferous trees. Birds are the ni(»st important natural check on tree destroying rodents and are of great value in cutting down the numbers of an enormous variety of insect pests of woodlands. Indirect benefits come also through the presence of such game birds as the riilfed grouse, which attracts hunters and in- ei'eases the revenue of an entire neighborhood, and through bird life in general, which makes woodlands more attractive for recreational pur- poses. Although the individual species of birds present in wood lots may differ according to climate and loeality, very few birds are undesirable. The yellow-bellied sapsucker, however, is one of the few. It causes considerable damage to timber and should not be encouraged. A few kinds of hawks and occasionally screech-owls prey to an undesirable extent upon smaller birds that are beneficial because they eat insects. Such birds found causing damage should be done away with promptly. The fundamentals of keeping desirable birds on a woodland area are to protect them as thoroughly as possible, to see that they have a eontinuous supply of water, to provide nest boxes for the hole-nesting species, and, when necessary to supplement the natural food supply. Some of the most favored kinds of wild berries can be planted about the woodland margins, and winter foods can be provided by means of vari- ous sheltering devices. In trimming operations, provision can be made for some of the seed- eating birds by leaving some of their favorite >5eed-producing trees. The prevention of fire is essential both to good wood-lot management and to the preservation of the birds. Practically o\(Ty measure that is good for the wood lot, in- cluding gradual rather than wholesale cutting or thinning of timber, is good for the birds. SAWDUST NO LONGER WORTHLESS IN spite of the fact that sawdust is considered a well nigh worthless material, many profit- able uses for it and its product — wood flour — 'ire pointed out in a bulletin recently issued by the National Committee on Wood Utilization. ^Vhile many lum})er mills still bum their saw- & 18 converted into sawdust during the sawing process. As the United States produces some 52 per cent of the world^s lumber, it is obvious that vast quantities of sawdust result from each yearns operations. Most of it is burned in its natural state, but considerable quantities are also made into briquets either with or without a cohesive binder such as tar or resin. Markets and butcher shops use sawdust as a floor covering; in nurseries it serves in a moist form as packing around the roots of trees in tran- sit, and more than 4,000 tons are utilized annually in California as packing for grapes in shipment. Thef leather industry consumes about 1,100 tons a year in treatment processes, technically known as "staking^' and "tacking." Wood flour is merely finely ground sawdust, the grinding ordinarily being done between stones. The estimated annual production of this material in the United States is 24,000 tons, valued at about $750,000. In addition to this domestic sup- ply, 6,500 tons are imported annually from Europe. Approximately 16,000 tons or more than 50 per cent of our yearly consumption of wood flour enters into the manufacture of linoleum. Mixed with cementing material such as rosin or linseed oil, it makes a tough, dough-like mass which serves as a top coating for this popular floor covering. Wood flour also forms the filler for dynamite cartridges and about 5,700 tons are employed for this purpose annually. With one of the phenol resins as a binder, it is molded into many useful articles such as radio dials, telephone parts, talk- ing machine records, various sorts of handles, bowling balls, and brush backs. Fibrous wood flour is also used to make what is known to the trade as "oatmeal" wall paper. From the foregoing it is to be seen that both sawdust and wood flour have a wide field of use- fulness. However, there is still a great surplus, the supply is greater than the demand. The Pennsylvania Railroad in the spring of 1927 planted 11,500 pine seedlings along four stretches of main-line tracks in the Logan forest district, Pennsylvania, where fire hazard is high. The trees were placed at intervals of only 3 feet, and it is expected that within a few years their interlacing branches will form a screen that a live spark can scarcely penetrate. The seedlings, of Scotch pine, pitch pine, and Norway spruce, were supplied by the Pennsylvania Department of For- ests and Waters, and the planting was done under State forestry supervision. Two of the plantings are on State forest land at the Spruce Creek Tun- ^ nel and two on private land south of Birmingham Station. — Forest Worker. \\\ 136 FOREST LEAVES CONSERVATION BY UTILIZATION By Judson C. Dickerman, Assistant Director, Giant Pawer Company AN article in the Literary Digest starts out with the quotation from the Brooklyn Citi- zen, "Every tree is a precious possession in old Vermont where Calvin Coolidge was brought up." That paper is further quoted as asserting that the above sentence is the explanation of the President's most recent and characteristic move for more rigid national economy. It Avas apropos of an address of President Coolidge before 350 lumbermen, manufacturers, and others directly interested in timber and wood products — in which he said, "A program of specific action for timber saving rather than a mere expression of ideas," nmst be followed. This recalled to mind a personal experience in the President's native State which may be of in- terest. Whether this present position of the President and the sentiment quoted at the begin- ning of this article are recently acquired concepts, I am going to let you decide for yourself after you read my tale. The major natural resources of New England were limited to perhaps three — its forests; its lakes and falling streams, yielding readily con- trolled pow(^r; and its seacoast fisheries. Its soil was naturally light, its climate severe, and even its stone mostly of the hard-to-work varieties. New England early turned to manufactures and trade which were favored by its numerous water powers and accessible harbors. Its forests furnished its one substantial raw material for manufacture, which was turned into all sorts of articles from the famous clipper ships of Maine to the possibly mythical wooden nutmegs of Connecticut. So its })(H)ple early learned to conserve their lumber sup- ply by utilization, even if they did not begin tree planting for some generations. I can niemember when a boy seeing in southeast Massachusetts many acres of planted pine forests, growing in orderly rows. But the soil and climate of New England seem to be esp(»cially suited to the irrnwth of trees, and cut-over lands replaced themselves. Nowhere else does that stately spn^ading elm or the sturdy rock maple or the strong spruce and perhaps pine grow to such perfection. Way back in my college days, thirty years or more ago, I visited some relatives living in the beautiful Otter Cr^ek Valley in south Central Verinont. The valley wa^ flankinl on both sides by long "back-bone" ridges of the Green moun- tains, really green with the timber growth, though the valley had been peacefully settled for nearly one hundred years. A railroad runs north nnd south through the valley. One day we start t'd from the railroad station, located 175 miles from Boston and 220 miles from New York City, jind drove up the side of the mountain besides- a tum- bling stream of clear water, doubtless the home of brook trout. We drove perhaps four or livt> miles, when wci came to a heap of sawdust and a number of buildings, which proved to be a lumber camp and mill. On the way we had passed occa- sionally horse-drawn teams hauling lumber, from great twelve inch by twelve inch timbers to narrow- boards and barrels of smaller stuff, to the railroad for shipment. In the clearing back of the mill, horses and oxen were drawing farther up the mountain vir»«/ ••.■.... ■'C-' ; . "•piiii^*"'*«!r^ CALliDONlA-PL\K GROVR FuRNACK STATE FORKST ROAD, AdAMS COUNTY, PA. Smooth, hard-surfaced dirt roads make touring through the State Forests pleasant and restful. PERMANENT SAMPLE PLOT IN BEECH, BiR(-„ ano MAPLE FoRERT, JoHN WaLSH PROPERTY NEAR DUSHORE, SULLIVAN CoUNTY, Pa "^^^S" fROPLRTY Stand develo,jed ^^'^V'^^^ -'" trees in 1027. Ml. PKHMA.NK.NT Samplk Plot ,n UKKru, M,u<„ AND Mai-lk Fo.oo.st, .Jo.in Walsm P.u,pki:ty NKAK Du.snouK, Sullivan ('<»unty, i»A. Stand ^--'«J-' ^•;;;;-^^^^^ white pine, hemlock forest. Trees are SO years old ana av. rage 71 feet in height and 9.6 Inches In diameter. Stand contains 2h4 trees per acre, with a total volume of 4.854 cubic feet °"'^'"^ QiTALiTY Scotch Pink Skkd Supply Station, Irihiitown Farm Plantation, Franklin County, Pa. Station contains area of one acre, on which are 708 trees; of these, 129 were selected as seed trees, and 108 substitute seed trees. Photos Courtesy Department of Forests & Waters INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 137 .,^ was located about 20 miles across the mountain from the President's home town, Plymouth. Another contrasting* practice existed in the way the New Englander used coal. Thirty years ago the New England manufacturer had to pay from $3.00 to $5.00 a ton for soft coal, depending upon his distance from tidewater. Power plants even in relatively small plants were using economizers and condensing engines. Processes requiring much evaporation of water from liquids were using mul- tiple eifect evaporators in which the original heat of the coal was made to travel through two or three and sometimes four lots of liquid, boiling each lot just as if the heat of the coal were applied to it alone. What a contrast existed in Pittsburgh at that time! Great clouds of steam belched from the exhaust pipes of big engines in the steel mills; the ice manufacturers needing distilled water, hunied coal under a steam boiler and condensed the steam through cooling pipes, letting the heat escape w^ithout further* use. Coal to them repre- sented only 75 cents to $1.00 a ton. Today, con- densing engines are common and economizers and multiple effect evaporators are being given a chance to save coal by using the heat formerly so hivishly wasted. Keadily accessible and seemingly abundant natural resources seem to induce heedless, reck- less wastefulness. But often the application of skill and taking pains, a.s those Vermonters did, would have turned the waste into a source of ad- ditional profit. Especially has that been true for years with forest products and it appears that the same condition is rapidly approaching for coal. If we realized that the prevailing way of using bituminous coal indulged in by our neighbor, was really at our expense, possibly equalling a dollar or more a ton, due to cost of cleaning, shortening the useful life of our business and family prop- city, and adding to the ill health of many people, we would soon decide that bituminous coal should be tieated before burning to recover as useful material that "smoky" part of the coal which caus(H< so nmch loss. We would willingly, if neces- ^«i\ , pay more for our fuel in the form of clean, smokeless coke, prepared, as is possible, in a way to f^ivo ease and satisfaction in use in our furnaces and stoves. ( onservation means overcoming mental slovenli- ness and laziness. The physically active may be 'nentally lazy in which case he is bound to be a woi-se waster than the ordinary physically lazy nian. So tune up the minds and imaginations of our people and the practice of conservation will &« on apace. — The Service Letter, THE LOCOMOTIVE SPARK AND ITS RELA- TION TO FOREST FIRES* By W. C. Shove, New Haven Railroad Company TO the railways is attributed one of the eight causes of forest fires in the classification of the U. S. Forest Service, and under railways are included all fires starting within the right-of- way, whether such fires originated from locomo- tive stack, ash pan or other causes. In 1926 the estimated loss from forest fires was $26,900,000; 91,723 fires which burned over 24,- 300,000 acres with which the railroads were credited with 12 per cent or $.3,497,000. It is important, therefore, for all concerned to know the exact degree to which locomotive sparks are responsible for fires along the right-of-way. The index of the probability of a spark causing a fire is the temperature at which it reaches the ground. Few sparks reach the ground at a temperature as high as 1200 degrees F. and those that do, fall within fifty-five feet of the center of the track. A locomotive requires the firing of a large amount of coal per square foot of grate per hour. To accomplish this, induced draft is used. The necessary draft is obtained by releasing the ex- haust steam from cylinders into the stack. The rapid passage of this large volume of steam through the stack creates a vacuum in the smoke box. The vacuum in the smoke box pulls air through the coal and aids combustion. The prod- uctsi of combustion flow from the fire box through the flues and out the stack. This is called draft. The harder the locomotive is worked the greater is the amount of steam exhausted, hence the draft is stronger and the amount of coal consumed per unit of time is larger. The action of draft causes cinders and sparks, with the gases and smoke, to reach the smoke box and pass into the atmosphere through the stack. The gases have a comparative- ly free passage; not so with sparks. Spark ar- resting devices are placed in the smoke box to pre- vent their escape until they are broken into fine particles, too small to be dangerous as fire car- riers. The spark arrester consists of deflector, table draft plates and netting. In general, the function of the plates is to contnil the course taken by the sparks and cinders to impede their movements and break them up. The function of the netting is to prevent any spark of sufficient size to be dangerous from escaping from the stack. A locomotive spark is a piece of partially ^Reprint from "The Wooden Nutmeg. 138 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES L39 M })urned coal which contains some heat, hence may be a fire liability. Fire box temperatures range from 1700 degrees to 2600 degrees F. and smoke box temperature under maximum operating con- dition is approximately 70 per cent less than that in the fire box. Since sparks, in passing through the fire box to the smoke box, are subjected to the same cooling infiuences as the gases, they, too, reach the smoke box at a temperature much less than that at which it left the fire box. Sparks are ejected from locomotive stack with considerable force and velocity which affect the distance they travel before they reach the ground. Other fac- tors also affect the distance traveled. These factors are size and weight of the spark, force of gravity, speed of train, force of exhaust, direction and velocity of wind and currents of air other than those due to wind. Due to so many factors influencing the path of the sparks the distance they travel can only be determined by careful experimentation. Fortu- nately this phase of the problem has been ex- tensively studied, and the following facts de- termined by test : The greater amount of all material ejected from locomotive stacks falls within fifty feet of the cen- ter line of track, 80 per cent falls within this distance and 98 per cent falls within 100 feet of the center of the track. The material which falls beyond seventy feet consists of soot and fine dust only. All sparks of definite weight, and bulk fall within sixty-five feet of the center line of track. Wind velocities, up to within twenty miles per hour, have no appreciable influence on the dis- tance traveled by sparks. At about twenty miles per hour the wind tends to carry the lighter par- ticles a greater distance, but does not affect the heavier sparks to any appreciable degree. Gen- eral locomotive condition, such as size, load, method of operation and firing, draft or back pressure, do not affect the characteristics of spark distribution very materially. Sparks, on leaving the stack of a locomotive must necessarily be in the air for some seconds l)ofore they alight. During this time they cool rapidly. That sparks do cool rapidly has been proven by laboratory test as shown by the follow- ing: At 1400 degrees F. visual disappearanc5e of heat occurs with 3-16 inch sparks in 5.4 seconds; with 14 inch sparks 7.5 seconds; with % inch sparks in 21.2 seconds. The time of visual disappearance of heat means the time in seconds from removal of the spark from the fumaxie until no heat can be detected through the appearance of color or smoke. Therefore, the dangerous spark is one of 'oujk not area. The spark arrester in use on our rail. road is one in general use throughout the ^^iiited States and is equipped with a netting mesh of o-lo by % inch. It is plainly seen with a 3-lG inch spark which loses its visual appearance of lioat in 5.4 seconds, the % inch spark in 21.2 seconds that spark arresters must be maintained in a high degree of efficiency. Engine crews are instructed to watch sparks larger than the ordinary and re- port the engine throwing them, also to watch for fires adjacent to right-of-way, sounding Dre whistles as prescribed by rules, making prompt report of same with all particulars. Engine crews are also instructed to watch position of ash pan slides and condition of ash pan, reporting all de- fects. Inspector should watch closely for niissin;^ bolts or cracks in pan and where injector over- flows in ash pan, injector should be primed after each shaking of gyrates to quench all live cinders or coke. Right>-of-way should be burned back a^ soon as practicable. Let each and every one of us do our share in reducing the $3,500,000 charged against American railroads. We, of the New Haven family, have done a wonderful job on fuel conservation. Let us go after fire prevention in the same spirit. Let each week be a fire prevention week — stain p tiie cigarette or cigar butt before throwing it aw.iy. U. S. FOREST SERVICE STATES POSITION ON THE YOSEMITE TIMBER Burned or burning cigarettes are discarded at the rate of 170,000 a minute— 90,000,000,000 a year — in the United States according to best figures available. Every one of these which is not thoroughly put out before it is thrown away is a potential source of fire. In ignition tests with pads of dry grass it was found that burning cigarette butts, with the wind velocity 3 to 4 miles an hour, would start i\ fire in 90 per cent of the cases. Foresters all know that the cigarette is one of the greatest fire hazards with which they have to contend in the woods, and a very small fraction of the enormous number of cigarettees that are discarded is enough to do untold damage. — U. S. Forest Service. What is believed to be the greatest oak tree in Louisiana or Mississippi is located at (lood- year Camp, near Mandeville. It measures 28 feet in circumference and is admitted to be one of the largest in the South. Winn Parish, La., has a cypress tree that is said to be 2500 years old, 30 feet in circumference, and enough lumber in it to build a modern residence. Below New Orleans is the largest grove of' live oaks in the South, ''The Pakenham Oaks." THE Forest Service is fully prepared to join in the plan for adding to the present land area owned by the Government in the Yoscmite National Park the body of private land from which the owners are about to cut the timber, provided the local interests of communities in Xational Forest receipts are properly safeguarded and the work of consolidating National Forest holdings in California is not unduly held in abey- ance, says Chief Forester Stuart. "The position of the Forest Service with regard to the proposal to save the Yosemite timber for the public seems to be misunderstood," said Major Stuai-t. The impression has been given that the Service is lacking in willingness to cooperate. The facts do not support this interpretation. "The Forest Service and the National Park Service have been working together consistently to reach by amicable agreement the best solution, from the standpoint of all the public interests in- volved, of the various administrative problems in which they have been or are mutually concerned. "A public demand has arisen to have the private land and timber within the Park along its north- westem boundary' saved from lumbering and add- ed to the Park. A minimum money value of $1,054,000 is involved. It is proposed to acquire the land in its present condition by exchanging for it an equal value of National Forest stumpage. "In 1914 a law wais enacted by Congress to make possible a somewhat similar exchange, but of much smaller proportions, and the authoriza- tion was in sufficiently broad terms to be applic- able in part to the present case. To so apply it, however, would involve consequences to local com- munities and to the National Forests which there is no reason for supposing Congress contemplated —on the contrary, which there is good reason to believe Congress did not contemplate and would not knowingly have sanctioned. Questions of public policy are involved of such importance that they can not be ignored. "To offset the loss of taxes resulting from Gov- ernment ownership of the National Forests, Con- grress has provided that 25 per cent of all the re- ceipts shall be returned to the States for distri- bution to the counties containing National Forest jands, for the maintenance of roads and schools. ^0 many counties this share in the receipts is of •substantial importance. Congress has made an- other 10 per cent of the receipts available for J^oads and trails which the Forest Service itself builds and maintains. Our viewpoint has always been that Congress has given the counties a cer- tain equity in all saleable National Forest re- sources, which the Service was bound to recognize and safeguard. "Another law of Congress permits the Forest Service to exchange National Forest stumpage for land. This law was passed to make it possible to extinguish private rights to land within the forests analogous to those now in question within the Yosemite National Park. It is in the public interest that the forests should be locked up,, just as it is that the Park should be. Many vexatious administrative problems can be eliminated in no other way. But because of the equity which the Forest Sei-vice considers that the local communi- ties have in the forests through sharing in the receipts, we set a strict limit on the exchange work, which removes timber with no return in cash to the counties. "This limit is made 10 per cent of the value of timber cut under sales in the same State for the same year. Timber-sale receipts in California average about $800,000 a year. Under our rule, therefore, we are limited to $80,000 worth of tim- ber per year to acquire land through exchange. There are within the National Forest of Cali- fornia about 5,000,000 acres of private land, valued at about $15,000,000. At least one-third of this should be revested in public ownership — a 60-year program, at the present rate. "If the wiping out of the private land holdings within the Yosemite is to be given precedence over the acquisition of lands within the National For- ests and to have first call on our National Forest timber, it will take all the timber available under our rule for exchange purposes for fifteen or twenty years. If we change the rule, the counties and localities would in proportion lose their share in receipts, and also the benefits accruing from the Forest Service 10 per cent expendable on roads and trails. "In addition, it is necessary to bear in mind that when lands are added to the National For- ests through exchange they become the prospective sources of future revenue to the local communi- ties, whereas when added to a National Park they are removed from the tax list with no offsetting prospect of a share in future receipts. Altogether, the loss of local revenues if the Yosemite ex- changes were to be consummated on the basis of the present law might reach more than $500,000. "A new law, if Congress on considering all as- pects of the matter thinks such a course in the best public interest, might easily provide for the exchange under stipulations which would neither halt the consolidation of the National Forests nor Nil 140 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 141 involve heavy local losses of revenue. The For- est Service favors placinj? the Yosemite enierjifency hefore Congress with all the facts, as the best way to obtain a determination of the rijjht course to be pursued." ;^ SOIL EROSION A NATIONAL MENACE THE U. S. Department of Agriculture has just issued Circular No. 33, bearing the alK)ve caption. It was compiled by H. H. Bennett and W. R. Chaplin, and contains much valuable data. The following excerpts are taken from it, giving some of the more important facts : This circular is concerned chiefly with that part of erosion which exceeds the normal erosion tak- ing place in varying degrees, usually at a slow rate, as the result of artificial disturbance of the vegetative cover and ground equilibrium chiefly through the instrumentality of man and his do- mestic animals. Removal of forest growth, grass and shrubs and breaking the ground surface by cultivation, the trampling of livestock, etc., ac- centuate erosion to a degree far beyond that tak- ing place under average natural conditions, es- l)ecially on those soils that are peculiarly suscep- tible to rainwash. This speeding up of the wash- ing varies greatly from place to place, according to soil character, climatic conditions, vegetative cover, degree of slope, disturbance of the ground surface, and depletion of the absorptive organic matter in the soil under continuous clean cultiva- tion. Under normal conditions rock decay keeps pace with soil removal in many places; under vhe artificial conditions referred to, soil removal by the rains exceeds the rate of natural soil for- mation over a vast area of cultivated lands and grazing lands, often working down to bedrock. General Statement Not less than 126,000,()()(),000 pounds of plant- food material is removed from the fields and pas- tures of the Ignited States every year. Most of this loss is from cultivated and abandoned fields and overgrazed pastures and ranges. The value of the plant-food elements (considering only phosphorus, potash, and nitrogen) in this waste, as estimated on thv basis of the chemical analyses of 389 samples of surface soil, collected through- out the United States, and the n^cent selling prices of the cheapest forms of fertilizer materials con- taining these plant nutrients, exceeds $2,000,000,- 000 annually. Of this amount, there is evidence to indicate that at least $200,000,000 can be charged up a« a tangible yearly loss to the fann- ers of the Nation. Those calculations do not take into account the losses of lime, magnesia, and sulphur. • In this connection it must be considered that rainwash removes not only the plant-food ele- ments but also the soil itself. The plant-food ele- ments removed by crops (the crops do not take away the soil, but extract nutrients from it) can be restored in the form of fertilizers, mannivs, and soil-improving crops turned under; but the soil that is washed out of fields can not be re- stored, except by those exceedingly slow natural processes of soil building that require, in many instances, centuries to develop a comparativelv thin layer. It would be entirely impracticable to replace even a small part of the eroded matter, which might be recoverable from stranded mater- ial not yet swept into the rivers. A very considerable part of the wastage of ero- sion is obviously an immediate loss to the farmer, who in countless instances is in no economic posi- tion' to stand the loss. Much of the wastage that perhaps might not be classed as an immediate farm loss is nevertheless a loss to posterity, and there are indications that our increasing popula- tion may feel acutely the evil effects of this scourge of the land, now largely unrestrained. A considerable part of the erosional debris goes to clog stream channels, to cover fertile alluvium with comparatively infertile sand and other coarse materials assorted from flood water, and to cause productive stream bottoms to become sw^ampy and nmch less valuable. When the mellow topsoil is gone, with its valuable humus and nitrogen, less productive, less permeable, less absorptive, and more intractable material is exposed in its place. Figures on Soil Wastage The estimate of the quantity of plant-food ele- ments annually lost by erosion, is a minimujii estimate based upon a yearly discharge of 500,- 000 tons of suspendwl material into the sea by rivers, plus twice this amount stranded upon lower slop(»s and deposited over flood plains, in the channels of streams, and even in the basins of reservoirs, where it is not neeerate with farmers by planting at least one acre a year. The State furnishes the trees, the league mem- bers do the planting, the farmer asreeinsr to protect his young trees. ^■' DEPARTMENT OK FORESTRY STATE COLLEGE PA- 144 FOREST LEAVES and, to use ]\Ir. Price's words, "the logs sure came down." At that time only hendock and spruce were cut. The liars were left four to six feet high. I^Fany of the old trees Avere shaken at the butts, Avhich necessitated high stumps. The hemlock was peeled from May to July, the bark lieing carried to roads, where it was left to cure. Tlien later in the sunnner it was haule'» from 36 to 48 hours after deposition. The young larva, or maggot, drills directly downward into the beetle, causing the death of the beetle in ^loin five to seven days. 'J'his parasite was first established in New Jer- sey in 1923 and has spread over an area of ap- proximately seventy-fivie square miles. In the central part of this area, parasitism of the Japan- ese beetles runs as high as 10 per cent at the beginning of the season. In northern Japan, where the fiy is normally found, it parasitizes from 40 to 80 per cent of the Japanese beetles in cer- tain districts. Harrisburg is the farthest point west that the Centeter fly has been liberated in the United States. The discovery of Japanese beetles in several small areas of quite heavy infestation here a year ago prompted the liberation of the parasites this year. The fly is in no way destructive or troublesome other than to the Japanese beetles. From reports received from District Foresters it is found that 1,101 tracts of private land were examined and planting ^recommendations made during the year 1927. One hundred and eighty- five timber tracts were inspected and plans sub- mitted to the owners for improvement cuttings, thinnings, and general forest improvement. Dur- ing the past eight years, 3,592 tracts, comprising more than half a million acres of forest land, have been personally inspected by representatives of the Department of Forests and Waters, and recom- mendations made to the owners for their proper care and protection. More than 18 million white pine, 10% million Norway spruce, 10 million Scotch pine, 51/2 million pitch pine, and 4^/^ million red pine are the princi- pal kinds of trees furnished to Pennsylvania land owners from the State Forest Nurseries. The inventory value of trees growing in the State Nurseries on October 1, 1927, totaled $101,514.50. More than 64,611,000 forest trees have been supplied to 16,928 private planters in Pennsyl- vania during the past 15 years. Thirty-six million, eight hundred and fourteen thousand (36,814,000) trees have been planted on the State Forests. mi^\ 146 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 147 ADDRESS OF WELCOME [ By Charles E. Darworth, Secretary of Forests and Waters MEMBERS of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and other friends of fores- try, it is indeed a privilege and a pleas- ure to rae to welcome you to Mont Alto this even- ing". With a sincerity that comes from the heart, and with the very kindliest of greetings, may I say that I hope and trust that this summer meet- ing of your association will be richly blessed in every way possible so that its admirable purpose and usefulness may be expanded and extended more and more in the noble cause of forestry. You are to be heartily congratulated and highly commended for the splendid achievements thus far accomplished, and it is in this spirit that I regard your holding this meeting at Mont Alto as a fit- ting compliment and tribute to the fountain source of forestry in Pennsylvania. In the light of a steward rendering an account- ing, I am indeed happy and proud that I, as Sec- retary of Forests and Waters, am able to report that the past year has been one of the most pro- gressive, most helpful, most profitable in the mat- ter of actual, practical results, in the history of the department. I saj^ this as a statement of fact, while at the same time bestowing all praise possi- ble, and according the fullest credit, to the depart- ment for its many achievements in former years. It has been a year of tremendous activity, in both office and field. My portion of this activity has been a most modest one. To the department personnel, and also the field force, belong all the credit for what we have accomplished, and to them I gladly extend this credit, with my compli- ments^ my best wishes, and my heartfelt appreci- ation. Back of the department and its aggressive and progressive program, wie have had the whole- hearted, deeply sympathetic and enthusiastically loyal cooperation and support of our distinguished Governor, the Honorable John S. Fisher. I wel- come this opportunity to make public acknowledg- ment of the fact that I have not at any time ap- proached Governor Fisher upon any reasonable matter pertaining to the department but that I found him keenly interested, patiently considerate, and sincerely desirous of helping to do everything possible to further promote the cause of forestry. Talking to you in a more or less informal way, and outlining) to you some of the major activities of the department since I last appeared before your association, I want to explain that since June 1st, 1927, when the present appropriation of $500,000 became available for the purchase of forest land, we have purchased 131,188 acres, at a total cost of $386,445, and at an average of $2.96 per acre for the 53 tracts acquired. This does not include the cost of sur\^eys and title ex- amination. At a meeting recently of the State Forest Commission negotiations were authorizod for the purchase of 23,035 additional acres, which should be acquired for $48,425.25. With these purchases the State ownership of forest land will represent somewhat over 1,287,200 acres. We have shipped during the past spring nearly 12,500,000 trees from our department nurseries. Of these, 1,133,000 were for transplanting, and the remaining 11,100,000 were for reforestation pur- poses. This, I might say, included 800,000 trees planted on our State forests, which is the largest number so planted in any year since 1919. Our entire nursery area at the Mont Alto, Clearfield and Greenwood nurseries is now being devoted to the growing of forest tree planting stock. Four additional acres have been cleared at the Clear- field nursery, one of which has been planted with seed this spring, and the remaining three acres will be planted next fall. During the month of May we planted 1,122 pounds of forest tree seed in the department nur- series. In addition, Ave planted 286 pounds of small-sized seed and 110 bushels of large-sized seed in the fall of 1927. The seed thus planted should produce about 10,500,000 trees for refor- estation purposes during the next three years. Our primary observation tower system through- out the State will be practically completed tiiis summer with the erection of six additional SO- foot high towers. The cost of the proposed tow- ers, with cabin and telephone equipment, will he approximately $2,000 each. We already have 110 steel towers in the State, erected at a total cost of $122,388. Four new towers were built in 1027. As you are aware, these towers are connected witii headquarters of District Foresters and Forest Rangers by telephone. It is interesting to note that the department owns more than 800 miles of telephone lines for this service. Most towers erected in former years were only 60 feet high. With the increased height of forest growth, it has been found necessary to use towers of greater height, and for this reason the towers now beini? considered for construction will be 80 feet high. With the recent great expansion of our State forest area, and the anticipated still greater ex- tension of this area, the need of further improving and systematizing our forest roads and trails stands out conspicuously. By those who have given the subject the closest kind of study, it is believed that an extensive well-planned, well-built road and trail system provides the most effective, and there- fore, the most valuable, single factor for forest protection service to be had. Until privately owned forest lands are likewise provided with roads and trails it is reasonably certain that the very much larger area burned on such lands, as eoni pared with the area burned on State forest hinds will continue annually on much the same ratio. The comparative figures for the spring sea- son of 1928 speak eloquently in this connection. Fire swept over 81,000 acres of privately owned forest lands during this period, as contrasted with only slightly over 2100 acres burned on State forest lands. Of great significance is the fact that privately owned lands have fewer fires due to in- cendiarism or carelessness upon the part of tran- sient visitors, than do State forest lands. Taking the whole forest area in Pennsylvania of 13,000,- 000 acres, and the whole area of State forest lands as a basis for comparison, there were thus in 1928 four times as many fires on all privately owned forest lands as there were on State-owned forest lands. Limiting the calculation to the area burned, the ratio is not four to one, but forty to one. Running back over a period of the last ten years one finds an alarmingly wide difference in areas burned on privately-owned and State-owned forest lands to have prevailed. In 1927 the acre- age burned compared 37,680 on privately-owned lands to 1208 on State-owned forests; in 1926, the aeieage burned was 224,255 to 6793; in 1925, it was 125,151 to 2826; in 1924, it was 95,792 to :U26; in 1923, it was 375,737 to 14,045; in 1922, it was 332,326 to 13,404 ; in 1921, it was 188,535 to 5,774; in 1920, it was 256,158 to 19,596; in 1919, it was 126,626 to 13,180, and in 1918, it was 227,484 to 15,278. The message brought home by these figures is that some more effective means must be found tx> cut down the frightful waste from fire annually on privately-oAvned forest lands. Pennsylvania has made great strides in forest protection, and has met, and is meeting, with splendid success in 'Kittling against the fire menace. Under our sys- tem our forest protection service applies to all t'oi-est lands, regardless of owTiership. The fact that this service has been able to hold fires on State forest lands where we have roads and trails down to a gratifying minimum and is unable to "lake more headway on privately-owned forest •«ii(ls, where there are few or no roads and trails, speaks for itself. Many costly fires on private- ly-owned forest lands result directly from careless- ness in brush burning which is often turned over to incompetent and inexperienced persons to han- dle. In some instances such fires spread over and upon State-owned forests. Here again we have a contrast that commands attention. Upon one side of the line we have the highly efficient, thorough- ly trained forest protection maintained by the State, and upon the other side constant danger re- sulting from extreme carelessness. It would seem that the time is at hand when brush burning on privately-owned forest lands should be required to be handled only by experienced persons. Where privately-owned lands are contiguous to State- owned forests it might be well if brush-burning upon the former lands were to be placed under some sort of State supervision. Such' supervision certainly would greatly lessen the constant danger to our State forests, and at the same time save many thousands of dollars to private land owners. That Pennsylvania appreciates the value of for- est roads and trails is accentuated by the fact that on January 1st, last, we had 2229 miles of such roads and 2824 miles of trails. In 1927 there were constructed 36 miles of roads and 69 miles of trails. During the fiscal year— June 1, 1927, to May 31, 1928— more than $100,000 of the general appro- priation to the department was expended for con- struction and development of roads and trails on the State forests. In addition to this amount the State Highway Department authorized an expendi- ture up to $100,000 for construction and develop- ment of roads, alone, within the State forests. More than $90,000 of this was actually expended. The budget for June 1, 1928, to May 31, 1929, calls for an additional $100,000 for road and trail work, and the Secretary of the Department of Highways has authorized expenditure of another $100,000 for forest roads. I want to say in conclusion that the work of the department has not 'only been moving along aggressively, in all of its phases, but that this activity will be continued to the very best of our ability. I want to again thank you for this privilege of meeting and mingling with you, and to assure you that we not only invite but will at all times welcome and appreciate your constructive criticism and cooperation. Since the enactment of the Auxiliary Forest Re- serve law in 1913, under which the land cannot be rated for the purpose of taxation in excess of $1.00 per acre, 45 land owners have classified 37,464 acres of timberland. Six tracts comprising 4,674 acres were classified during the year 1927. < • I ■ r 148 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 149 LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS' COOPERATION IN THE FORESTRY MOVEMENT By Walter D. Ludwig, President, Franklin Comity Game, Fish and Forestry Association THE purpose of this paper is to show defi- nitely what help and assistance local g-ame, fish and forestry associations, gun clubs and organizations of a like nature are doing in Penn- sylvania to further the forestry movement. Records to date show that there are more than 605 such organizations in the State and, while we cannot give the exact figures as to membership, yet it is safe to assume that a million persons are affiliated and hold membership in these associations. These members receive the bulletins, circulars and letters put out by their local association or club and are kept informed from time to time as to develop- ments and what is doing in the work. Consequent- ly they are in a position to know what action is necessary and expedient and can take steps to see that proper action is taken. Probably the most important co-operation of such associations is the development and creation of a favorable public sentiment and interest in forestry, and this will likely always be the }>est assistance and help to be rendered. This is so obvious and clear to all of us that it need not be enlarged upon in this paper but merely emphasized as befitting its first place in the work. Local as- sociations, under wise and proper guidance and suggestions, reflect the first hand views and opin- ions of their membership and it is plainly appar- ent that more real interest and discussion is the rule in such associations. Details of the problems at hand are gone into more carefully and actions taken only after due consideration of all angles of the case. Consequently the work of the State and national bodies is made more easy and more cer- tain to reflect what amounts to the real sentiment. There is an old saying that example is better than precept, and that a certain amount of prac- tical work is necessary to theory. It is gratifying, therefore, to note that many local associations have been ax;tually doing a ^eat deal of practical for- estry work over the State, and this has been in- creasing: each year. Records of the Department of Forests and Waters show that during the spring of 1928, 382,650 trees supplied by that depart- ment were planted by 83 clubs and associations. Thi« makes an average of slightlv over 4,600 little trees planted by each one, and is a remarkable showmg. While it is not necessary to name all the clubs and associations doing this work, it might be well to mention the game, fish and forestry as- sociations and similar organizations which helped in this practical reforestation work. Among these are : Schuylkill Valley Rifle Club, New Ringgold. Bellemonte Hunting Club, Hawley. Blair County Game, Fish and Forestry Associ- ation, Altoona. Corry Game Club, Corry. Isaac Walton League, DuBois. Dunwoody Fish and Game Club, Williamsport. Good Luck Deer Club, York. Indiandale Hunting and Fishing Club, Vine- mount. Isaac Walton League, Belleville. Jenner Community Sportsmen's Association, Ralphton. Johnstown Rod and Gun Club. Laurel Hill Game and Forestry Club. Laurel Rod and Gun Club, Ridgway. Matamoras Gun Club. Mushpaugh Sportsmen's Association, Scranton. Narrows Gun Club, McConnellsburg. Palmerton Fishing and Hunting Association. W. O. Patrick Rodi and Gun Club, Brookville. Rouzer\411e Hunting Club. Spruce Cabin Rod and Gun Club, Ebensburg. Texas Blockhouse Fish and Game Club, Wil- liamsport. Twin Springs Hunting Club, Menges Mills. The largest planting made was by the Scranton Council, Boy Scouts of America and included among the tree planters were Girl Scouts, Y. M. C. A.'s, Golf and Country Clubs, Camps, Rotary Clubs and Tree Associations. In actual forest protection work there are a number of organizations over the State which are co-operating actively and rendering valuable as- sistance. Several organizations donate anniinl sums as part payment of the towermen, or sub- scribe toward the erection of the fire tower. Amoiij,' these are the Driftwood Lumber Co., which pays $20 annually toward the salary of the towemian; Reichley Bros., lumber operators in Bedford Coun- ty, pay $50 annually for the same purpose, and several individuals have contributed. The sports- men's organizations lend very valuable service in the actual extinction of fires, among which are the United Sportsmen of Pennsylvania, The Sports- men's League, Isaac Walton league of America, and numerous other similar organizations. A great many of these have organized forest fire fighting crews, probably the most active of which is the United Sportsmen's Camp at Wilkes-Barre. They have several organized crews and have made provision for their transportation. The Scranton Gas and Water Co. pay half of the towerman's salary for Scrub Oak fire tower, and constructed an asphalt-macadam road from the main highway to the tower site, a distance of one and three-quar- ter miles. Several corporations and associations throughout the State are taking advantage of the co-operative protection law, which allows the Bureau of Pro- t(H?tion to pay a proportionate share of the ex- penses incurred in the prevention and extinction of forest fires, provided the owner spends at least 10 cents an acre for forest protection on his own lands. Among these are the Bear Gap Water Co., Shamokin; Rockhill Coal and Iron Co., Roberts- dale; Armstrong Forest Co., Johnsonburg ; Goshen Rod and Gun Club, Clearfield, which club owns 1,140 acres of forest land; The Colonial Colliery Co., Natalie; Bethlehem-Cuba Iron Mines Co., Bethlehem; Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., Lans- ford; Hudson Coal Co., Scranton; Wilmore Real Estate Co., Windber; Cambria Mining and Manu- facturing Co., Altoona and the Nypen Corporation, Johnsonburg. Valuable assistance can be given by clubs in the matter of having one of their members appointed a local forest fire warden, who will have available additional fire fighters in case of need. This prac- tice is followed in many instances, and it is well known that organizations having camp site leases on State forests for recreation and hunting pur- poses, are most active and interested in preventing and extinguishing forest fires generally. Nothing so disturbs or agitates such a club as the possibil- ity of having their hunting grounds burned over and the game and fish driven out and destroyed for many years to come. Stocking of game and fish by local associations, while not directly connected with forestry work, always serves to arouse interest in forestry. The average member has been educated to the poini where he knows that without adequate forests there can be no game and fish, and that there is a direct relationship between all these. Therefore, these activities serve to again remind him of the im- portance of forestry as a part of the work of his local organization. Added interest is given by the realization that within the next decade perhaps, the State forests of the commonwealth and nation will likely be the only areas generally open to hunting and fishing. Each year sees more and more forest land ac- quired by clubs, corporations and the like, to be used as private hunting, fishing and recreational areas. More private land is being posted with no trespass, no hunting and no fishing signs each year, so that the average sportsman is coming to the conclusion that he will have to seek his recre- ation, his hunting and his fishing in the near future on the State and national forests, in which he knows he has a share and a vital interest. Nothing adds so much in creating and holding interest in forestry and wild life among local as- sociations quite so much as holding a meeting several times a year in the woods. During the summer and early fall it is a fact that such meet- ings will bring out the members and their friends in large numbers and interest and enthusiasm is aroused which is not soon forgotten. While all these forms of co-operation are reali- ties and are doing their part in keeping up inter- est in forestry work, there yet remain a number of ways which can be developed further in this work. Demonstration forests along main high- ways, thinning and improvement operations and other practical forestry work can be sponsored and fostered by local associations. It seems, too, that there are plenty of opportunities for such organizations to create or help to maintain recre- ational or park areas as cx)mmunity centers, for Boy Scout purposes or other activities. There are no instances on record where this has been done and there is no reason why this should not be carried out where practicable and feasible. Cer- tainly an added interest and enthusiasm for fores- try would be the result, and any of these projects would be a laudable undertaking for any local as- sociation. GAME REFUGES AND THEIR RELATION TO FORESTRY By W. Gard. Conklin, Chief of the Bureau of Refuges and Lands, Board of Game Commissioners A FEW weeks ago, when asked to prepare a paper to be read at this meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, without much thought I selected as the topic to be dis- cussed, '*Game Refuges and Their Relation to Forestry." What I really had in mind for dis- cussion was the relation of game to forests or for- estry. The word "refuge" slipped in as a mat- ter of habit, it being so frequently used in my every-day work. Nevertheless, both game and game refuges have their respective relations to forests and forestrj^, so each will be briefly dis- cussed. In thinking of a forest we generally have in mind an aggregation of trees on a large area of ground, or brush lands which sooner or later will produce a stand of timber. Of course, it may ap- pear almost silly to apply the term "forest" to 150 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 151 I' areas covered vnth brush, usually termed waste lands. Nevertheless, practically every acre of brush land in this State, if protected from forest fires and given a chance, will in time produce a stand of commercially valuable timber. These same waste or brush lands are extremely im- portant as feeding grounds for wild life. In con- sequence the term "forest," will, in so far as this paper is concerned, include brush lands. But what cx)nstitutes the forest? Is it tree growth only? B. E. Femow, in his "Economics of Forestry," says: "The forest is not a mere collection of trees, but an organic whole, the re- sult of evolutionary development of interrelations between components of the forest and the soil, climate and lower vegetation, as well as between components themselves." Animal life is surely a part of the organic whole. It is one of the inter- related components, and has its rightful place in the economic value of the forest. Nature's meth- ods of doing things is always intensive and well balanced. When she created forests, realizing that surplus vegetation — nuts, fruits, etc. — should not be wasted, she populated the forests with types of animals and birds which would exist on that sur- plus, thus making them a part of the organic whole. With wise forethought she realized the possi- bility of one or more species of animals becoming over-abundant and detrimental to valuable vegeta- tion, so she created carnivorous animals to prey upon the surplus vegetarians. Thus a balance in nature was provided for. That balance has long since been entirely upset by man, not only in this State but in almost every comer of the universe through the march of civilization, lumbering, for- est fires, hunting and trapping. Man now must exert his energies in an effort to more properly coordinate, for continued existence, the various components of the forest. The forester strives to coordinate the supply of timber with the needs of mankind by producing a proper proportion of various species of trees needed in the economic development of man and man's desires. In like manner the game conservationist and sportsman aim to coordinate the supply of valuable wild life — ^game, game birds and fur-bearing animals— with the desires of the hunter and trapper. Numerous species of wild life depend entirely on the forest for food and cover, which means their existence. Their food may be nuts, berries, bark, insects, which in turn live on trees or shrubs, or buds. For example, part of the ration of deer and of our most valuable game bird, the ruffed grouse, consists of succulent buds. On the other hand upon certain varieties of animals and bird life depends in part the regeneration of par- ticular species of trees and shrubs. Birds and insects carry pollen from staminate to pistilate flowers, and rodents, particularly squirrels, dis- tribute nuts and acorns, burying them in shallow holes where later many of them germinate and ultimately become mature plants. The squirrel, as well as other rodents, apparently is beneficial in another way, for, according to District Forester Walter Leach, they eat the swollen and damaged tissue of white pine trees affected by the blister rust. I quote from a recent article written by Mr. Leach. He says: "One not enlightened in the ways of nature might judge too hastily th.it the squirrels by girdling the white pine tree were causing great damage. On the other hand if squirrels were only more persistent in completely eating out all the places of damaged tree growth tissue, the blister rust would thereby be held in check." Certain game animals do more or less damaj^e to forest crops. Beaver, for instance, are de- structive to tree growth. Their principal food consists of bark and twigs of the softer woods, such as aspen, maple, etc. When these soft species are gone, beavers attack the hard woods and more valuable timber trees, even white oak. I have seen white oaks as large as 16 inches in diameter entirely girdled by beaver, then aban- doned. In the Adirondacks thousands of cords of pulp wood are destroyed annually by beaver. For- tunately for us in Pennsylvania topographic con- ditions are quite different and damage less ap- parent. Our mountain streams have a greater fall in a given distance, and a beaver dam needs mueli less territory than in sections of New York State. Nevertheless, we, in time, will undoubtedly hear complaints of damage, as beaver become more numerous. These valuable fur-bearing animals are interesting to observe, but in their relation to forests are somewhat of a detriment. On the other hand beaver are decidedly beneficial in many re- spects. By building dams they assist in con- trolling floods and also provide bodies of water which serve as sanctuaries for wild water fowl. Their fur value is quite high and, at least in part, offset the timber loss. As an example of indus- trious and efficient engineering, they are decided- ly interesting and instructive, and in this there is value. The relation of game to forestry may be con- sidered from another angle. I have reference to the monetary value of game and fur-bearing ani- mals within the forest, which may well be con- sidered as an annual income, the amount of which depends in some respects on the plan of manage- ment for the forest. From the 13 million acres of forest land in this State we estimate the value of game and furs taken therein amounts to not less than four million dollars annually. The total value from field and forest combined amounts to about $8,000,000 per year. Another economic value of game to the forest should not be over- looked. The desirability of recreational activi- ties within the forest is well known, but not all persons realize that one of the greatest factors inducing men to take recreation in the forest is the game which lives there. Hunters constitute a large percentage of campers on State Forests, which is a self-evident fact that game is the in- ducement for them to take their recreation in the woods. Let us now give consideration to the relation existing between game refuges and forestry. Practically all of the 104 game refuges under State ownership or control are forest clad. In fact, the Bureau of Refuges and Lands of the State Game Commission, which administers these refuges, is really a fair-sized forest service in it- self, and it may be of interest to you to know that this bureau is the only administrative or- ganization of its kind in the world, to the best of my knowledge and belief. It is, to say the least, unique in game management. Its duties and func- tions are game management plus forest manage- ment. Game refuges are depended upon to pro- duce a large proportion of upland game needed to supply Pennsylvania's army of hunters who annually seek recreation in the woods. Every ef- fort is made to manage refuges in such a way as to produce a maximum amount of game to a given area of land. This management contemplates sup- plying natural food and cover for game by pro- tecting existing trees, shrul)s and vines or by planting desirable species where needed. The bureau cares for and manages 102,541 acres of forest lands, purchased from the Game Fund, and has nominal control over 22,469 acres of lands leased from private interests and more limited control over 52,292 acres of State Forest lands. It is entirely supported from a fund pro- vided by a levy of seventy-five cents from each $2.00 paid for resident hunting licenses. This fund amounts to about $378,000 annually, 37 per cent of the total revenues of the Game Commis- sion. Not a single dollar is appropriated by the Legislature for game management within this State, the Game Commission being entirely sup- l)()rted by its hunters. The bureau's principal purpose is to provide sanctuaries for game, but in doing this almost all phases of forestry practice are involved. Forest protection, for instance, is a pertinent factor in connection with our system of game refuges. Lands owned, as well as those under control of the Game Commission, must be protected from forest fires and insect damage. Silviculture, which contemplates the raising and tending of trees and shrubs, plays its important part. Coniferous trees are planted for reforestation and game cover; deciduous trees for reforestation and to produce food for game and birds; and shrubs to produce berries and nuts eaten by game and birds. Of course, our primary purpose in planting is to in- crease the amount and variety of trees and shrubs which bear nuts and berries relished by game and birds, but at the same time, the production of timber for future use is also kept in mind. Den- drology and botany come into the picture for we must know and be able to identify species of trees, shrubs and vines, as well as annual plants, which will furnish food. The utilization of forest prod- ucts will sooner or later become an important part of the bureau's duties, for timber on lands owned by the Game Conmiission will have to be disposed of in an economical and business-like method. It is pertinent to add here that three technically trained foresters are a part of the bureau's personnel. Other phases of forestrj"^ practice within the bureau might well be cited, but I will mention only one more. That is the acquisition of lands for the purpose of providing additional game refuges and public hunting grounds, practically all of which are forest lands. The Game Commission now has approximately $200,000 available annual- ly for the purchase of lands. To date there has been purchased through the Bureau of Refuges and Lands a total of 102,541 acres and 75,400 acres are under contract for purchase. Pennsylvania has for many years taken the lead in conservative game management as she has in forest management. She was the first State in the Union to create a separate department of the State Gt)vemment, the duties of which had to do wholly with the forests — control of forest fires, acquisition of lands to be permanently set aside as State Forests, raising seedling trees in State- owned nurseries for reforestation on State Forests as well as on privately-owned lands, and making her State Forests available and accessible to the public for recreational purposes. I believe she was the first State to create a distinctive game gov- erning body, self-supporting and having indepen- dent administrative powers. Then, when she adopted game refuges as a means of protecting the diminishing supply of game and using it as a nucleus for propagation purposes within its natural habitat, she became unique in game man- ii i I I it 152 FOREST LEAVES I agement. Pennsylvania's methods of conserving and bringing back game has been closely observed by other States, and many of them have adopted her systems insofar as; their conditions made our methods applicable. What has been done in Penn- sylvania can be done elsewhere. Game may at times and under certain circum- stances appear more or less detrimental to forests and forest management. On the other hand as for- ests mature, the undergrowth, usually termed for- est weeds and despised by the ultra-scientific fores- ter, disappears, materially reducing or entirely eliminating needed food and cover of many kinds of game. To properly coordinate the two, requires that the carrying capacity of the forest for game and birds be determined. A happy ratio is possi- ble of attainment but to determine this is the prob- lem confronting the forester and the game adminis- trator today. The solution will ultimately be found through experiments and studies carried on cooperatively by forest and game officials. It is quite evident that this country is rapidly coming to a realization of the value of wild life, particularly game and birds, to the forest. Within the last few years the term "forest biologist" has become fairly commonly used and I consider it only logical that a forest biologist be a scientifical- ly trained forester as. well as a biologist. This in turn would seem to indicate that the present day forester must consider forest fauna, particularly game, an integral part of the forest; a natural re- source, a thing of value to be conserved and nmn- aged as the trees of the forest must be managed. The term "sustained yield" is as applicable to the management of game as it is in the practice of sil- viculture. Valuable game must be conserved and not more than the annual increment utilized to satisfy man's desires for trophies, game meats and furs. It is true that the monetary value is less easily figured for game than it is for the trees of the forest, yet there are ways of doing it. But far and above the money value is thei value to health resulting from the fact that game attracts the hunter into woods. There he receives, along with the pleasure of the chase with gun and camera, renewed vitality from pure air and fresh water] and an inspiration to do good by association with trees. Another indication that the country is awaken- ing to the fact that a very important relation ex- ists between game and forests is reflected by the action taken by Congress. During the last session the McSweeney-McNary Forest Research bill was passed. By its provisions forest research activi- ties within the United States Department of Agri- culture have been greatly enlarged, and $150,000 a year was appropriated specifically for wild life research as related to forests and forest manage- ment. Apparently Congress finally realizes that wild life is an economic factor in forest manage- ment and that ways and methods must be worked out which will permit a maximum amount of game and birds to live and thrive in the forests with the least detriment to the future timber supply. In the discussion of forests and game in this State it seems almost impossible to avoid men- tioning deer which are unquestionably an im- portant forest product. They, especially does, have increased far beyond fondest hopes of the State Game Commission. In fact, they have in- creased to such an extent, particularly in certain sections, that they have created a very serious problem, due to a shortage of food. Estimates indicate not less than one million deer in the State today. Does have been protected for 21 years and now it is estimated there is an average of 25 does to each buck. Hundreds, yes thousands of deer, mostly does and yearlings, died during the past winter in the central part of the State. Carcasses when found generally were so badly decomposed that a diagnosis of the cause of death was diffi- cult to make. Some claim the mortality within the deer herd is due to malnutrition. It is true, there is a lack of winter food in the woods in the central part of the State, but indications are that disease of some kind is causing the trouble. I have a theory, which seems plausible, and which I consider is worth mentioning in this discussion. It is an undisputed fact that nature endeavors to arran*>e a balance betAveen species of both vegetable and animal life; a balance between component species of animal life; a balance between sexes of the various components. We know that nature has her own peculiar methods of creating a proper balance, two of which are by increasing the num- ber of camiverous animals to prey upon vegetar- ians, and by disease, which is her most effective instrument. Man has so seriously upset a normal ratio between sexes in the deer herd, and at the same time has kept game-destroying animals under control, that the first method is not applicable, but the second is. It seems quite logical to me to assume that nature has selected disease to correct the abnormal condition created by man. With dis- ease it is a case of the survival of the fittest and the weaker and immature deer first becomes af- fected. Unfortunately some young bucks suffer with the does and we cannot afford to lose the bucks. Whatever may be the cause of mortality within the herd it is apparent that prompt and effective Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 10 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI. No. 10 I Ij Observation Tower for Detection of Forest Fires Maintained Co-operatively by Maryland and Pennsylvania State Forest Departments, Mt. Quirauk Pen Mar, Md. Two Thousand. One Hundred and Forty-five Feet Above Sea-Level tl *x J r,' m-;^ -'•?^^, •,:•'•.'■(, >**> »■;. ' / •^■' First-class Forest Road, Graded and Surfaced, Mont Alto State Forest ^.:y i^'^'v -'^ •r^-: '<^.i>i m^' "• * »^' ^^^^-'^ '"'"'^^^!^^ ^ **ifc „'•'*■ ^ ■.i(-^K«. 7^^r ^mf^' r.-/-5^ *5- i, •« .^^^M ^H^dh^^ir -^i!^^ W^^^ Brandon Hollow Improvement Cuttings Inferior Trees Removed to Stimulate More Rapid Growth of the Choice Stems. Mont Alto State Forest A Corner of the Forest Nursery, Pennsylvania State Forest School, Mont Alto State Forest Forest Lkaves, Vol. XXI, No. 10 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI. No. 10 OH.SEUVATION ToWKU K(>I{ DETKCTION ok FoRKHT p-IREH Maintained Co-oiuriitivi'Iy by Maryland and Pennsylvania Stale Forest Departments. Ml. Quirauk 1 en Mar, Md. Two Thousand. One Hundred and Forty-five Feet Above Sea-Level p^,r ^\- r:* ?SI ^^ M w. -:^'mm '. ..-P--5S :^i> •- ■»>..*.*,.<'k. . •**' >/ -'w^ ^^^ ^^.^ . .'^^^'ftQwS ^.-IV '«• "'*"■» -'"ShSb .: /' J fr« ' *«^r ''v^rtfr:^- '^ Vwf "iC'riN g"^'. <"»-^ .-.,—.•5 life*?;?. -'"K^ Brandon Hollow Improvement Cuttings Inferior Trees Reinov«'d to Stimulate More Rapid Growth of the Choice St(>n)s, Mont Alto State Forest First-class Forest Roal», Graded and Surfaced, Mont Alto State Forest [: A Corner of the Forest Nursery, Pennsylvania State Forest School, Mont Alto State Forest INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 153 i action must be taken to correct conditions, and in particular to bring about a more nearly normal ratio between sexes. To this end, the Game Com- mission has decided to permit the killing of does this year, and to protect the bucks. By so doing thoy may save the herd from a possible serious epidemic, and perhaps complete extermination. In any event, their action, through the use of guns, will help to bring about a safer ratio between sexes, which I believe is exactly what nature is attempting to do by disease. THE NARRATIVE OF THE SUMMER MEET- ING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FOR- ESTRY ASSOCIATION AT MONT ALTO, PA. THE Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held at Mont Alto, Pa., on June 28th and 29th. Members ar- rived at the Graeffenburg Inn, Caledonia Park, on Thursday, June 28th, where luncheon Avas served at 12.15 P. M. A motor tour was then made of the Michaux State Forest, its tree plantations, the permanent camps, and the public camp grounds. A stoj) was made at Pine Grove Park where the Girl Scout Camp was inspected. There were about 75 jrirls here, with provisions for accommodating 100. There were sleeping quarters, an auditorium with open fire place for use in the evenings and on rainy days, commissary, swimming pool, Red ('ross tent, ete. Here the girls are taught wood- craft, basketry, and other useful trades. The next stop was at the old Pine Grove Fur- nace. The woodlands belonging to this furnace formed the first nucleus of this State Forest. The old furnace stack still remains, and a lookout tower has been made of it. It is hoped that an Jippropriation will be made so that the old stone stack, portions of which have fallen, will be re- stored. Mr. John R. Williams, District Forester, made an address, giving the history of the Pine (rrove Furnace, which was a community in itself, supplying from its own mines and banks the necessary iron ore and limestone, while the forest furnished the timber for charcoal. Many of the old original buildings are still extant. Mr. Wil- liams stated that last year the revenue derived from the Michaux Forest of 43,000 acres, was 68 por cent of the total cost of its maintenance and miprovement. Some of the old iron ore pits, ^vhich are now filled with water, could be seen on tlio trip to the plantations. A visit was then paid to the Boy Scouts' Camp and the Laurel Dam, on Laurel Creek, furnish- ing a fine place for bathing and swimming. On the return a stop was made at the old Thad- deus Stevens Furnace at Caledonia. This furnace has been restored, and serves as a memento of the famous iron industry which formerly existed here. The fine plantations along the Lincoln Highway near Caledonia were then inspected, also the source of the water supply for Chambersburg. The Michaux Forest furnishes a never-failing clear, cool and pure supply of water for the town. The party then proceeded directly to the State Forest School at Mont Alto, where luncheon was served in the old Wiestling Mansion. The new Forest School Building was inspected, also the auditorium, the latter being dedicated but a short time before. In it a session was held, with the following program: Music. Address of Welcome — Hon. Chas. E. Dorworth, Secretary, Department Forests and Waters. Reply — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President, Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. Address — "Conservation and Its Relation to Mankind." E. B. Dorsett, Master, Pennsylvania State Grange. Address — "Game Refuges and Their Relation to Forestry." W. Gard Conklin, Chief, Bureau of Refuges and Lands, Pennsylvania Board of Game Commissioners. Address — "Local Associations' Cooperation in the Forestry Movement." Walter Ludwig, Presi- dent, Franklin County Game, Fish and Forestry Association. Address — "The State Forest School and Mont Alto State Forest." Dr. E. A. Ziegler, Director, Pennsylvania State Forest School. All of these addresses will appear in Forest Leaves. The party then returned to the Graeffenburg Inn. On Friday morning, June 29th, the party left Graeffenburg Inn at 8.30 o'clock, going west over the Lincoln Highway to Black's Gap. The route passes the most famous sample plots in Pennsyl- vania, located by the Bureau of Research in White Pine Plantations east of Greenwood Village, and one-quarter mile west of Caledonia Park. On the left of the highway are seen results of mixed planting. White Pine, White Ash, and Black Locust. Leaving the highway at Black's Gap the party proceeded south to Mont Alto Forest, which is entered about two miles from the highway where the road skirts the foot of Little Mountain, passing through partially successful plantings of White and Scotch Pine on the right made in 1910 ^lil 154 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 155 i>< and on the left in 1920 under natural growth of slow-growing" hardwoods. The overstory here is largely of very defective oak sprouts and is being removed to permit further development of the planted trees. Lea\ang these plantings, a run down hill was made to an old forest road. Cars were parked and a marked trail followed. To the left of the trail is a walnut plantation made in the fall of 1906 (22 years old), by plant- ing nuts 4 ft. by 4 ft. apart in holes. In 1925 this plantation and the area to right of the trail was underplanted and planted respectively with Japanese and European Larch. All trees under and near the walnuts have died, due to root toxins, Avhile on the adjacent area a thrifty stand is de- veloping. After crossing a creek, an area was entered which had been planted with 1-year old seedling walnuts in the spring of 1908 (20 years old). Small trees show another failure, due to the poor sandy soil and occasional late frosts. In 1919 the area wa.s n^planted with White Pine and Norway Spruce which thrive where the Walnuts are not poisoning the soil. Then Sample Plot No. 1 of Pitch Pine (one- quarter acre), Avas inspected. It was established by the Bureau of Research on an area plantetl in 1919 after fire had destroyed the White Pine. The area shows 1350 living trees per acre, with an average D. B. H. of 2.3 in. and height of 11.4 ft. after nine years' growth. Sample Plot No. 2 (one-quarter acre). Jack Pine {P. Banksiana), planted in 1919 after fire had burned over Green Ash plantation made in 1904 but failing, due to poor soil and Oyster-Shell scale. This plot shows the following trees per acre at end of 1927 (9 years old): Na Av. Ht. Av. D.B.H. ^'^Pecies (feet) (inches) Jack Pine 1212 14.7 2.57 Pitch Pine 8 15. 3.60 Ash and Wild Cherry 132 13. 1.33 Total 1352 trees per acre. The trail runs to right, off forest road, through Pitch Pine showing considerable snow pressure in- jurj^ in April, 1928. Sample Plot No. 3 (one-quarter acre dynamited subsoil in 1911.) Norway Spruce and White Pine planted in 1910, but largely failed to grow, due to dry weather. Replanted with pine in 1912 after subsoiling. At end of 1927 (pine, 16 years, and spruce, 18 years old), the White Pine averaged 3.82 in. D.B.H. and 23.2 ft. tall. Spruce, 2.46 in. in D.B.H. and 19.7 ft. tall. Sample Plot No. 4 (one-quarter acre). This White Pine is same age as on the adjacent dyna- mited plot, but is a little smaller in D.B.H. and height. This is mainly due to the presence of several yellow pines with wide crowns. However, the total volume of this stand and its sectional area at B.H. is about the same as for the dyna- mited site. Following the trail to the left and crossing Promise Mine Mud Dam, once planted to Honey Locust (1907), all are heaved out, and the area is now used for experimental planting". At the north end of the dam is seen successful planting of Piteh, Banks and Scotch Pine of Finnish origin, while White Pine is growing poorly. The trail crosses the comer of a Black Locust planting" on another mud bank. This was estai)- lished in 1907 and flourished for a time, but now is declining rapidly under attacks of the borer and leaf miner, as soil is too poor to sustain it in pure stand conditions. Crossing the brook and following the road up to the right, and then to left over the railroad, the party went through Scotch Pine and White Pine plantings made in 1909, and re-enforced with the latter trees in 1911. Here is located Sample Plot No. 5 (one-quarter acre), to study increment and internal struggle of these species in a mixed stand of poor soil. The trail then leads across the comer of a mis- cellaneous hardwood planting made in 1908. The lower and best part of the area was set to White Ash and Eastern Catalpa in mixture, while the upper portion shows White Oak and Rock Oak succeeding fairly well. The Catalpa failed miser- ably and the Ash has suffered, due to poor, diy soil, Oyster-Shell Scale and White Grubs on the roots. The lower part of the area has been re- enforced with Larch and the upper with Red Pine (1924 and 1927). Sample Plot No. 6 (one-quarter acre). This area shows practically pure Scotch Pine, as Euro- pean Larch planted with it in 1909 (19 years ago), nearly all failed to support the struggle against the aggressive competition met. This Scotch Pine is of good heredity and flourished for many years, but now it shows signs of premature senility, which shows our climate is not adapted to the tree. Just beyond the plot the general damage sustained by the trees from snow break, bark borers, and other enemies is very obvious. Two years ago these stands compared favorably with those met in Central Europe, now they seem to be declining rapidly in vigor. Sample Plot No. 7 (1 acre Scotch Pine Seed Supply Station). The best laid out study plot on the School Forest. Both this area and No. 6 are maintained by the Bureau of Research. This area will be valuable as an index to the effect of heavy thinning upon Scotch Pine in Pennsyl- vania, and will be watched closely to determine whether the stimulus of light will keep the tree vigorous or merely increase loss, due to bark beetles and snow. The trail leads next to a recent planting. Red Pine, just at the left, and mixed Larch, Norw'ay Spruce, Balsam and Douglas Fir below. The growth here is very promising as it dates back onlv from 1923 and later. The trail then leads to a series of heavy thin- ning (Bolshovik Cutting) in White Pine planted in 1909 and re-enforced in 1911. Sample Plot No. 8 (1 acre) has been reduced to 400 trees per acre from over 1600. Sample Plot No. 9 has merely hiul the lower dead limbs cut away. It will serve as u check on Nos. 8 and 10. Sample Plot No. 10 has 800 trees per acre left. The heavy snow of April still further reduced the numl)er of trees on ])l()ts 8 and 10 respectively by 10 and 5 trees, while the check plot lost none. All the above plantations were made and main- tained by the State Forest School during its an- nual silviculture practicums. The Mont Alto For- est is the school experimental forest. Returning to the cars the party drove to the Forest School via Pond Bank and the Ben. George woodlands. These woods have recently been deva.s- tate "Vi 160 FOREST LEAVES A MASSIVE SYCAMORE DISTRICT Forester E. T. Brouse, of the Val- ley Forge Forest District with headquar- ters at Norristown, recently took some measurements of what is probably the largest syca- more tree in Pennsylvania. In reporting upon it he said : "It was my privilege to measure a large sycamore or buttonwood located on the property of the Coopers Creek Chemical Company, West Conshohocken, Pa. I found that at one foot a})ove the ground it was 30 feet, 8 inches in cir- cumference, and at 41/2 feet above the ground it was exactly 25 feet in circumference. The tree is approximately 100 feet in height, has a branch spread of 117 feet, and it is 16 feet to the first limb. It divides into four large branches, eimh of which is as large as an ordinary sized tree. "It is interesting to note that this 200-year-old sycamore is said to have sheltered Gen. Nathaniel Green during the Revolutionary War. Recently it has housed in turn a family of goats, a number of sheep, and a canine clan. The stem of the tree is in such bad condition that only a shell re- mains." According to the description given in the latest edition of ''Pennsylvania Trees/' the tree which was supposed to have been the most mass- ive in Pennsylvania is slightly smaller than the one described. The sycamore or buttonwood de- scribed in ''Pennsylvania Trees" stands about four miles south of Lancaster between the Lincoln Highway and Marietta Turnpike. This tree has a circumference of 27 feet, 6 inches at 18 inches above the gi-ound, and at five feet above the ground is over 22 feet in circumference. The tree has a height of 102 feet and its branch spread from eaist to west is 118 feet, and from north to south 138 feet. BLISTER RUST MENACE TO FORESTS OF WHITE PINE MAY BE CONTROLLED WHITE pine and sugar-pine timber in the forests of the United States is valued at $550,000,000, and several million acres of young growth promise future values. These valu- able trees are threatened with destruction. In Mis- eellaneous Publication No. 22,M, "Protect White Pme from Blister Rust," the United States De- imrtment of Agriculture i)leads for their protec- tion from the deadly blister rust," now widely prevalent from Pennsylvania northward, from Michigan to Minnesota, and in Idaho, Washington and Oregon. White pine blister rust is a fungous disease of foreign origin, which has the peculiarity of being unable to pass the infection from one white pine to another. An infected white pine is only capa- ble of infecting the various varieties of currants and gooseberries, wild and tame. One currant or gooseberry may infect another currant or goose- berry, and from these bushes the blister rust spores travels on the wind to pines, but are effective only over comparatively short distances. These currant and gooseberry bushes are of comparatively sliglit economic importance, and the wild varieties have more the nature of weeds. Blister rust can be checked and the damage to the white pines elimi- nated by eradicating all currant and gooseberi-y bushes in the vicinity of white pine or sugar-pine trees. The department says: "When the blister rust appears in a locality, owners of white pine should promptly apply control measures to pre- vent loss from this disease. Any white pine stand can be protected from blister rust by uprooting all currant and gooseberries within infecting distance (900 feet) of the pines." The European or cultivated black currant is a special case, because it is more susceptible to blister rust than other currants or gooseberries. The department "is opposed to the growing of this plant in the United States, and recommends its elimination in States where white pines are important forest trees." Miscellaneous Publication No. 22-M is illus- trated, and shoAvs in natural colors the progress of the disease from an infected pine to a wild gooseberry and from this to the pines. It is avail- able for free distribution on application to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. NEW PUBLICATION "Common Wild Flowers of Pennsylvania"— By Dr. Ernest M. Gress, State Botanist of Penn sylvania. "Common Wild Flowers of Pennsylvania" is a practical handbook of 120 pages, written by an outstanding authority. The style of the book is so simple and interesting that it should appeal to everybody. It is illustrated with well selected photograpLs and printed on good paper. This book should be in the hands of every Pennsyl- vania teacher, Scout Leader and Nature Study Director. It fills a long-felt need and will be helpful in promoting a comprehensive and far-reaching wild life conservation program in Pennsylvania. This helpful handbook is distributed by the Times- Tribune Company, Altoona, Pa. Price, 75 cents; two copies, $1.25. PUBLISHED BY THE PENNSYIVANIA FORESTRY PHILADELPHIA. PA. 160 FOREST LEAVES A MASSIVE SYCAMORE DISTJUC^T Forester K. T. Broiiso, of the Val- ley Forji-e Forest District with headquar- ters at Norristown, recently took some measurements of what is i)rohahly the l{n'«>est syca- more tree in Pennsylvania. Tn reporting- upon it he said : "It Avas my i)rivih'<»e to measure: a large sycamore or })utt()nwood located on the property of the Coopei-s (^reek Clieniicai ('ompany, West (^mshohocken, Pa. T l\)und that at one foot .•ibove tlie g-round it was 30 feet, S inches in cir- cumference, nnd at 41/2 feet above the ground it wjis exactly 25 feet in circumference. The tree is api)roximately 100 feet in height, has a })ranch spread of 117 feet, and it is 16 feet to the first liud). It divides into four large })r.'uiches, eju-h of which is as large as an ordinary si/ed tree. "It is interesting- to note that this 200-year-old sycauiore is said to have slu'ltered (ien. Nathjjniel (Jreen during the Kevolutionary War. Kecently it lias housed in turn a family of goats, a number of sheep, and a canine clnn. The stem of the tree is in such b.-id condition that only a shell re- mains." According^ to the description given in tlie latest edition of ''Pniusi/Inmid Trees,'' the tree which was supi)osed to have been the most mass- ive in Pennsylvania is slightly smaller tluin the one described. The sycamore or buttonwood de- scribed in ''Pvnusiihuniia Trees'' stands about four miles south of Lancaster between the Lincoln Highway and ALirietta Turnpike. This tree has a <'inMimference (.f 27 feet, 0 inches at IS inches above the ground, and at five feet abov(! the ground is over 22 [wi in circumference. The tree has a height of 102 feet and its branch spread irom east to west is ILS feet, and from north to south i;JS feet. BLISTER RUST MENACE TO FORESTS OF WHITE PINE MAY BE CONTROLLED WIIITK pine and sug-ar-])ine timber in the forests of the United States is valued at $550,000,000, and several million acres of young g-rowth i)roniise future values. These valu- •d'li' trees are threateneennsylvania northward, from MiH.igan to Minnesota, and in Idaho, Wa.shin-ton and Oregon. White pine |,lis(er rust is a fun-ous disease of foreign origin, which has the i)eculiarity of Wnv^ lunrble to pass the infection from one white pine to another. An infected white pine is only capa- ble of infecting* the various varieties of currants and goosebeiTies, wild and tame. One cun-ant or gooseberry may infect another currant or g'ooso- beiTy, and from these bushes the blister rust spores travels on the wind to pines, but are effective only over comparatively short distances. These cumnit and gooseberry bushes are of comi)aratively sliglit economic inii)()rtance, and the wild varieties have nioi-e the nature of weeds. Blister rust can \w checked and the damage to the white pines elimi- nated by eradicating all currant and gooseberry bushes in the vicinity of white pine or sugar-pine trees. The department says: ''When the blistci- rust appears in a locality, owners of white pine should i)romptly ap[)ly control mea>;ures to pro^ vent loss from this disease. Any white pine stand can be prot(>cted from blister rust by uprooting all currant and gooseberries within infecting distance (900 feet) of the i)ines." The European or cultivated black currant is a special case, ))ecause it is more susceptible to blister rust than other cun-ants or gooseben-ics. The department ''is opposed to the growing of this plant in the United Statef^, and recommends its elimination in States where white pines are important forest trees." ]Vrisc ■^. i • • r £:**"■.' **. . ^- Ji :■■■■ V > .; .v=^-/^v '•./'T ISS PUBLISHED BY THE PENNSYiVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCI PHILADELPHIA. PA. |J INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE m I i ;| n . CONTENTS Page The Logan Sycamore, Logan Farm, Near Bloserville, Pa piafe Editorial 161 The Value of Forests to Our Cities 161 Fall Arbor Day Proclamation 162 State Forests Supply Pure Water 163 The Coal Comi>any's Opportunity 164 Town Forest Provides Fuel for Municipal Buildings 166 Trees for Wild Life 166 Trees Protect Canadian Pacific Tracks from Snow Drift 167 Our Forests and Our Paper Needs 168 State Botanist Censures Wild Flower Depredators 169 The Effect of Smoke and Gas on Forest and Shade Trees 170 Early Forest Succession in Pennsylvania 171 Restoration of Forests Recommended as Supplementary to Engineering Works for Control of Mississippi Floods 172 Nation Will Always Need Wood 173 White Pine Blister Rust Survey in Pennsylvania 174 The Habits of the Hemlock 174 Advantages of a Forest Bond Issue 175 Irish Free State Forestry 176 New Publication 176 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment ?nd enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both Stale and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE. THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP, FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the Stale of Pennsyl ania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 130 South 15th Street. Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents. Robt. S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley Treasurer and Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher. Chairman H. W. Shoemaker Henry Howson Hon. Marshall Brown Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Bitler LAW— Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt. Chairman J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Cary Joseph S. Illick WORK — Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman J. Rodman Paul George F. Craig Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Harrison Souder Miss Ethel A. Shrigley Miss Mary K. Gibson E. E. Wildman J. Franklin Meehan OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 130 S. FIFTEENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d. 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 1 1 PHILADELPHIA, OCTOBER, 1928 Whole Number 246 EDITORIAL THE Forest Bond Issue, Amendment No. 3 to the Constitution, will be voted on at the elec- tion to be held on Tuesday, November 6th, 1028. This proposed amendment has been endorsed by over 150 organizations, the latest being the Penn- sylvania State Chamber of Commerce. This body sent out a referendum to its over 3,000 members, jmd the result was in favor of the proposed forest bond issue. The intrinsic merit of the forestry .'iinendment is shown when a body composed of business interests endorses this amendment as a wise INVESTMENT, which will bear fruit manyfold lor the future generations of this great Common- wealth. A brief resume of the reasons why you should vote for this measure is as follows: A Paying Investment for the State, increas- iu^' in value daily. Several more million acres of State Forests. More and Better Public Hunting and Fishing (i rounds. Improved Water Supplies. Perpetuation of Wild Life. Wild Flower Preservation. Ilelj) Maintain the Navigable Rivers. Places for Sanatoria. rnsurpassed Outing Grounds for the Public. lieautification of Denuded Mountains. Reduction of Floods. Amelioration of Droughts. Forests Enrich the Soil. Guarantee a Wood Supply for: The Farmer, The Mining Industries, . The Railroads, Our Homes, The Wood-Pulp Mills. Savings of millions of dollars in freight. The Annual Freight Bill on Lumber Imported into Pennsylvania now is $25,000,000. Preservation and Perpetuation of the Lumber Industry. I fitting Idle Land to Work. Outside of the Ocean, Vegetation of which Trees are the largest examples, is the only purifier of oxygen, the Life Giving Principle. Wood is the Only Great Natural Resource Ca- pable of Reproduction. History Shows that Nations Without Forests Become Decadent. Be sure to vote for the Forest Bond Issue. It is amendment No. 3 to he voted at the November 6, 1928, election. Ask your friends to vote for it. It is a patriotic duty. THE VALUE OF FORESTS TO OUR CITIES E. B. Dorsett, Master, Pennsylvania State Grange THE three great needs of mankind are Food, Shelter and Clothing. These needs are met only because forests obtain and are directly influenced by nearness to or remoteness from our forest lands. No food was ever prepared that was not closely related to, or had its origin in the forest. All our cereal crops, meat animals, food fish, game and poultry, are dependent upon our forests for life and maintenance. Not many people fully realize the value and im- portance of forests in building and in maintaining our great cities. We not only need timber for building, but we need it to repair buildings already constructed. Brick, tile, steel and concrete have come rapidly into use, as building material, but timber will always be a necessity in providing shelter for mankind. In the matter of clothing, whether it be fur, skins, wool, silk, cotton or leather, its origin can l)e traced back to the forests. The fields which furnish forage and grains for the herds and flocks, the streams which give shelter and protection to fish and game are all dependent upon forests for water, fertility and climatic conditions. Thus life itself could not long be maintained were it not for our forests. There is no more serious problem confronting our large cities than that of an adequate water supply. Forests have a distinct value in meeting this need. Water means life, safety, protection and happiness. Cover the hills and mountains of i f?l 162 n FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 163 f i Pennsylvania with forests and an abundant sup- ply of water will always be had, but destroy them and you remove the agency that makes cities pos- sible. At the rate our forests are being" destroyed it will only be a few years before we are confronted with a real timber famine. Which also means a water famine, sickness, suffering and death. Let us heed the warning and act before it is too late. In order that tliis calamity might be averted, and human lives preserved, an x\mendment to the Constitution is to be voted on at the November election, giving the Department of Forests and Waters the right to bond the State for twenty- five million dollars to purchase lands for Forestry Purposes. The expenditure of this money is to extend over a period of ten years and not more than two and one-half millions is to be spent in any one year for the purchase of lands. This question should be given careful considera- tion by the voters in all our large cities, as it means more to them than to any one else. If the amendment passes, Pennsylvania will have made an investment that will not only bring protection to the present generation, but health, wealth and happiness to future ones. Go to the polls on No- vember 6th and vote for Amendment No. 3. FALL ARBOR DAY PROCLAMATION Whereas, An awakening public interest has made our Commonwealth the foremost among States in the restoration of our forests, and the preservation of bird life; and Whereas, The custom of observing Arbor and Bird days, which is now almost universal through- out the civilized world, should be encouraged and perpetuated, and, Now, Therefore, I, John S. Fisher, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby designate and proclaim, Friday, October 26, 1928. as Fall Ari)or and Bird Days. Forests are necessary if we are to conserve, in a large way, our health and happiness. They al- ways have had and always will have a basic in- fluence on the development of the American peo- ple. They have more to do with the high stand- ards of our civilization and the characteristic I)rogress of the Nation than any other natural re- source. They regulate water supply and provide game, birds and recreation and furnish the essen- tial nuiterials for many of our industries. The State Forests comprise one-tenth of the total forest area of our Commonwealth and are in a better position than ever to give the opportuni- ties for our-door instruction and enjoyment. They are being improved and made accessible for the widest use by the building of many miles of forest roads and trails so that they may be enjoyed by all. Our forest areas merit, not only class-room study, but school journeys into the woods. A treeless State is a birdless State. We need trees for their refuge and when we plant a tree we plant a home for the birds. As we cannot have agriculture, pure water, equable climate and health without forests, so we cannot have forests without birds. They are useful in maintain inf> Nature's balance and destroying insect enemies. We need their cheery presence in the forest. Tliey deserve the fullest protection and the preserva- tion of their natural nesting places. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the Commonwealth at the City of Har- risburg, this twenty-fourth day of Sep- tember, the year of our Lord one thou- sand nine hundred and twenty-eight, and of the Commonwealth the one hundred and fifty-third. By the Governor : John S. Fishek. A. J. Hummel, a lumberman of Millville, Co- lumbia County, Pa., some 30 years ago planted a few walnuts along a fence on his father's farm. The farm was sold soon afterward, but Mr. Hum- mel continued to watch the growth of the walnut trees and was more and more impressed with their rapidly increasing value as contrasted with the general unproductiveness of the farm. In 1910 he began tree planting in earnest, with 5,000 Scotch pine and larch from the State nurseries. These trees grew much better than he had ex- pected, and encouraged him to plant on a larger scale. So far as the records of the State for- estry organization show, he now holds first plaee among Pennsylvania's individual forest planters. He has planted 439,000 trees obtained from the State, 10,000 seedlings obtained from commereia! nurseries, 300 bushels of walnuts, and 40 bushels of red oak acorns. For the last few years Mr. Hummel's tree planting has cost less than $6 an acre. His method of preparing the ground is to plow furrows about 4 or 5 inches deep. This takes less time than digging holes with mattocks, and largely does away with the competition of weeds and grasses for at least two years. STATE FORESTS SUPPLY PURE WATER By District Forester E. F. Brouse AN important product of the Pennsylvania State Forest Land that is often overlooked or discounted is the abundant supply of j)iire water that is available to nearby individuals and communities. Fifteen municipalities in Pennsylvania in the sections where 80 per cent of the State Forests are located secure their water supply directly from State Forest areas which comprise over 50 per eent of their water-sheds. Four of the municipali- ties, namely, Chambersburg, Shippensburg, Waynesboro and South Renovo, have their im- pounding dams located on State Forest Land. The total population of these fifteen towns is 75,000. Twenty-five to 50 per cent of the water-sheds of fit'teen other municipalities representing a popula- tion of 69,000 is State-owned land. It is signifi- cant that the drainage basins of the thirty towns referred to cover a total area of 126,198 acres which is more than one-tenth of the total acreage owned by the State. This entire area is doubly productive for it furnishes a plentiful supply of pure water in addition to the large amount of timber it is producing. The State forests also furnish many private supplies of water, such as tliat for the State Forest School at Mont Alto, the Mont Alto Sanatorium, the Laurelton Home for Feeble-Minded Women, GraefTenburg Inn, the campers at the thirty-eight public camp grounds maintained by the Department of Forests and Waters, the villages of Hartleton, Woodward, Cross Fork, and many others, as well as approxi- mately 5,000 individual supplies. In all, about 250,000 people as well as many industries in the State depend wholly or in part on the State-owned I'orest land for their water supply. It is carefully calculated that the daily con- sumption of water coming from the State Forests is approximately 10,290,000 gallons. At the cur- rent selling price of 30 cents the thousand gallons, it is actually worth $308.70 a day, or a total of $112,675 yearly. Even if the cost of delivering the water to the consumer is two-thirds of the sell- ing price, it will be noticed that the State Forests niake a substantial contribution to the people of I'cnnsylvania. It is one of the receipts of the State Forests which cannot be overlooked. IVobably the Bald Eagle State Forest which comprises Union, Snyder, and parts of Center and CI intern Counties, furnishes the populace with ^vater more completely than any other. The State owns a total of 79,148 acres of forest land in this district and it is so located that it is invaluable as a place to collect water for the nearby towns. The larger and more important towns in this dis- trict probably with but one exception receive all or part of their water supply from the State Forests. Among these towns are Mifflinburg which receives all of its water from the State Forests, Milton, Watsontown, Lewisburg, Middleburg, Troxelville, Hartleton and Woodward which get a greater part of their supplies from the State Forests. The towns in the district that receive a small supply of water from the State-owned land are as follows: Lock Haven, Loganton, Livonia and Wolfs Store. Still another group of towns receive water from large creeks that flow through State Forest land which are constantly fed by smaller streams, springs and rivuletsi that come directly from the public land. More than 75 per cent of the total area of the water-shed of the Lewistown Water Company is on State-owned land and it is calculated that 90 per cent of the water that is used for human con- sumption comes from this source. Several of the water-sheds are entirely within the boundaries of the Penn Forest, namely: Cooper's Gap, Lingle Valley and Treaster Valley, while the large Laurel Run water-shed is also largely on State-owned land. All of these water-sheds are well protected from forest fires for the area that has burned over in the last fifteen years is negligible. That the people of the towns being supplied by this water company are receiving an adequate supply of water, is illustrated by the fact that during the times of severe droughts there was no shortage of water. The town of Chambersburg receives its water supply largely from State-owned forest land, for more than three-fourths of the drainage area is State-controlled. The supply of water comes largely from Birch Run which with its many small tributaries drains approximately 11 500 acres in the South Mountains in the Michaux For- est District. The minimum reported flow of the stream during a drought was 2,500,000 gallons, but the average daily consumption is less than the minimum flow, so it can be clearly seen that the danger of a water shortage is not great, for the storage supply is always available in an emerg- ency. That the water is pure can scarcely be questioned for there is not a single human habi- tation on the entire drainage area, so that the likelihood of contamination is little. A road traverses nearly the entire length of the water- shed, but the campers are not numerous on the drainage area. ¥i i 164 '>b^ FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 165 The borough of Mifflinburg is among the towns that receive their water supply from State-owned forest land. Of the 9,000 acres in the drainage basin all but 10 are owned by the Commonwealth. The area was lumbered about 20 years ago and now supports a good stand of second growth hard- woods. Forest fires seldom occur on the water- shed so that the conditions of the forest for con- serving water are most satisfactory. The people of Mifflinburg receive a strong supply of pure water. A shortage has not been felt for years. South Renovo has a water supply that ap- proaches the ideal. The water comes from Halls Run, the entire drainage basin of which is owned bv the State. It is well timbered and receives the fullest measure of protection, both from fire and from the axe. The drainage area covers a total of 11,500 acres, and adequately supplies 1,400 people with pure water. The people of South Renovo well know the value of a good supply of pure water and they have the satisfaction of knowing that their supply will not be curtailed or contaminated. That State Forests give forth a good supply of pure water is effectively brought out in the re- port of the recent stream survey made by the Sanitary Water Board. It is interesting to note that in six counties in Pennsylvania in which the survey has been completed and in which there is State-owned forest land there are only fifteen miles of streams traversing State lands that are contaminated. In each instance streams are pol- luted before they arrive at the borders of State- owned land. The counties are Bedford, Fulton, Franklin, Cameron, Monroe and Pike, which em- brace a total of 200,000 acres of State Forest land and in which there are 315 miles of pure streams and only 15 miles that show pollution. There are no contaminations in streams that orisri- nate on State Forest land nor any pollutions the source of which are on State Forest land. In the above-mentioned counties there are 74 streams that originate on State Forest land and 22 that traverse it, making a total of 96. The survey shows clearly that the purest supply of water comes from the State Forest land for not a single source of pollution is found in the streams. This is the record the State Forest land holds in six counties and it is reasonable to assume that the same condition exists on all other State Forest areas for it is managed with the idea of producing a maximum of first quality products. Nearly everywhere on the State Forests one may drink from a stream without fear that the water is con- taminated. The communities that are so situated as to })e able to obtain their water supply from State Forest land, are indeed fortunate. The people may be assured that the supply will not be cur- tailed because of careless exploitation of the forest by the axe, or the destruction of it by fire. THE COAL COMPANY'S OPPORTUNITY By T. I. Shirey, Assistant District Forester FORESTRY in southwestern Pennsylvania is well on its way. Probably in no other ])art of the State do we find so many larj^^e holdings. One coal company I have in mind owns ten thousand acres of idle farm land in one block. Such holdings are not exceptional. You ai»k, why is this land idle? The reasons are apparent. 1. The coal companies buy up farm after farm and move the tenants or owners, for they do not want the expensive litigation which may follow the drying up of the water sources, or the pollu- tion of the streams. 2. After purchase, it does not pay the coal com- pany to have the farm used, the cost of adminis- tration is too high. 3. The tenant farmer usually takes all he can out of the soil and replaces nothing. Conse- quently, the farms become less and less productive, the company gets no return, the buildings are less cared for and eventually become uninhabitable. ^4. The tax on agricultural land is greater than on unimproved land, hence the quicker the land reverts to that condition the cheaper it is for the coal company. Under these conditions the coal companies are pursuing the course which will be cheaper for them. However, the land, unless tilled will quickly be- come covered with Crataegus sp. Sumac, locust, blackberries and other more or less undesirable species. When the idle land lies to leeward of a stand of valuable species such as Hemlock, SuG:ar Maple and Beech, these species will gradually seed up the area. They are not in many respects, from the coal company's view, the most desirable cover. Until 1916 only 16,000 trees had been planted in the Gallitzin District. Since then there iias been a steady increase, but not until the spring of 1924 was there any spectacular jump in the number of seedlings planted. One million, two hundred thousand seedlings were placed for a future crop of wood. Of this amount 900,000 were planted by coal companies. The advantages to the coal companies are evident. 1. They secure for themselves a reduction in the tax rate, as forest land is always assessed lower than agricultural land. 2. By using the land it produces something of value. The timber can be raised cheaper than it can be purchased. W. The forest crop is being raised right whore it will be utilized. 4. The coal company will derive revenue from an hitherto neglected source. The coal companies are well on their way, they see the reason for their reforestation work, but they are not planting as rapidly as they should. If the coal industry could be stabilized, the eam- injifs would be increased, and the companies could spend more on this work. A company which owns 10,000 acres of idle fann land should start a planting program of one mil- lion trees a year. Twelve years would be necessary to complete the job. Practically all the planting is done with the two-man crew, with a dropper to each three or four planters. Establishment percentages are <^( nerally 90 per cent or better. Open spaces are left for protection from fire and in many places only the alternate blocks are planted. Next to protection, planting will rank as the leading activity in the District. Many of the coal (oinpanies, water companies, municipalities and land owners are sold to the planting idea. All that holds them back is the lack of money to pay for the planting. With the improvement of business conditions and the stabilization of industry, a total of five mi II ion seedlings will be planted annually in the region, a great step towards the reclamation of the vast areas of farm lands in southwestern Pennsyl- vania. The effect in the future upon the economic con- ditions in the district will be too great for present realizations. It will mean that southwestern Penn- sylvania is a self-sustaining section. Most of the plantings have been successful from a silvicultural standpoint, notably the red pine, l)itch pine, Scotch pine, and white pine, which last, however, has been slightly damaged by weevil. The Norway spruce plantations have a high per- centage of trees living, but owing to their en- forced competition with weeds and grass, they have not attained marked height growth. Euro- ]>ean larch has been about 70 per cent successful. The white ash trees were set out in rather acid swamp ground, and accordingly have been almost a complete failure. When comparing the results of the company plantations with those of other private plantings, and with those of the State, and if one considers the purposes for which the plantings were made together with the fact that some were avowedly experimental, it is apparent that they have had more than the average amount of success. The company operates a portable sawmill, em- ploys a permanent crew of woodsmen, and have foremen whjo are acquainted with the general methods of improvement cuttings, natural regen- eration, and brush disposal. They saw much ot their OAvn rougher construction timber and planks, besides cutting pipe blocks, fence posts, ties, and poles. Some cuttings have been made by private parties who bought the wood on the stump, but all operations are carried out in accordance with the accepted principles of forestry — providing re- generation by seed trees, protecting young growth, disposing of brush, and in some cases cleaning or thinning the stand. Approximately 100,000 board feet of lumber is the annual company demand for their own use. They are now, however, engaged in lumbering a tract of virgin timber near Chinchilla. This for- est has never been more than slightly culled, and then only by the company. The trees range in age from one hundred and fifty to two hundred years. It is estimated that the tract contains 700,000 board feet of timber, of which 400,000 feet is hardwood and 300,000 feet hemlock. The hardwood lumber will be sold; the hemlock is to be utilized by the company. The Selective Sys- tem of cutting is being used, which will provide sufficient seed trees to the acre for natural re- generation. When the operation is completed the entire tract will be gone over for fail places, and restocking by planting will be made where natural reproduction may be slow or lacking. The Scranton Gas & Water Company is not only a pioneer in forestry work in Northeastern Pennsylvania, but their work impresses one as l>eing as intense and systematic in management as that of some recognized (and advertised) hold- ings where the supervision is in the hands of technical, graduated foresters. But the point is this: The advent of private corporations into the ranks of those who practice forestry does more than prove that forestry is a recognized institution in Pennsylvania; it marks it as a sound business investment. Which, after all, is a great — one is almost tempted to say the great — unassailable argument for its continued existence. The beauty and safety of our landscape depends upon trees — "barren" and "treeless" are almost synonymous, from both the standpoint of appear- ance and that of value. — W. B. Bliss. ■Hi 166 -z^-' FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 167 TOWN FOREST PROVIDES FUEL FOR MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS A TOWN forest that provides fuel for schools, timbers for local bridges and town build- ings, and hundreds of cords of wood for distillation has been owned by the town of War- ner, N. H., since 1919. The tract includes 800 acres of the tops and slopes of the Mink Hills, in the southern part of the tf»wn. It was acquired a part at a time by the late Senator William E. Chandler, who was accustomed to spend his sum- mers in the neighboring village of Waterloo, and, in accordance with Mr. Chandler's wishes, after his death, was presented by his son to the town. Mr. Chandler had improved the tract by plant- ing old fields and building roads and trails, and it included not only areas of young growth and thousands of cords of wood, but fine stands of merchantable timber. Nevertheless the gift was not accepted without Avarm discussion in town meeting, some of the townspeople expressing grave misgivings over the "venture." During its fii'st winter as town property the forest supplied 100 cords of wood for the heating of the town house, library, and schools, and a cut of lumber that busied a woods' crew for several weeks and sold profitably. In the second winter, cuttings of hard- woods for the liberation of pine provided more than 100 cords of fuel wood, of which the portion not needed for public purposes was sold to the townspeople at less than the commercial price. In decisions relating to the management of the forest, the forest committee of the town has availed itself of the advice of the State Forestry Depart- ment. Open areas on the forest have been planted with pine and spruce, and the whole tract has been protected from blister rust. The income from the forest, besides paying for this work, has built up a town forest fund of $2,200. Charles Hauserman, assistant secretary of the park board of Milwaukee, Wis., recently found in a book on Napoleon Bonaparte, a letter Napoleon wrote to his superintendent of forestry following the outbreak of several forest fires in France. The letter follows: "Monsieur le Prefect: I am in- formed that a number of forest fires have broken out in the department the administration of which I have confided to you. You will please have the individuals, convicted of having set them, shot immediately. Also, if fires break out again, I shall see to giving you a successor." TREES FOR WILD LIFE BOTH cover and food are essential to tiu; welfare of wild life. For cover almost any of the species of evergreens, i. e., pine, hem- lock, spruce or fir prove satisfactory. CertMui kinds of game birds also relish pine seeds as an article of food. Beechnuts are greatly desired ])y bear. Turkeys and deer are fond of acorns. Just what should be planted depends entirely on the nature of the ground in which it is intended to plant. The best results can be obtained by planting,' small seedlings, one to three j^ears old and from 6 to 12 inches high. A higher per cent of estu))- lishment can be obtained by planting small seed- lings, since they better stand the shock of trans- planting. List of trees and shrubs which produce food for game animals and birds: Trees Beech (Fagus) Hazelnut (Corylus) Hickory (Carya) Hornbeam (Carpinus) Hemlock (Tsuga) Cedar (Juniperus) Mulberry (Morus) Maple (Acer) Ash (Fraxinus) Sassafras (Sassafras) Crabapple (Malus) Persimmon ( Diospyros ) Cherry (Prunus) Aspen (Populus) Oak (Quercus) Walnut (Juglans) Chestnut (Castanea) Pine (Pinus) Larch (Larix) Hackberry (Celtis) Poplar (Populus) . Birch (Betula) Bass wood (Tilia) Conmion Apple (Malus) Black Gum (Nyssa) Wild Cherry (Prunus) Shrubs Mountain Ash (Sorbus) Dogwood (Comus) Alder (Alnus) Elder (Sambucus) Sourwood (Oxydcndrum) Rose (Rosa) Spicebush (Benzoin) Laurel (Kalmia) Haw (Viburnum) Viburnum (Viburnum) Red Bud or Judas Tree (Cercis) Holly (Ilex) Maleberry (Lyonia) Hawthorn (Crategus) Barberry ( Berberis ) Snowberry (Symphoricarpos) Hercules Club (Aralia) Bayberry (Myrica) June Berry or Shad Bush (Amelanchier) Buckthorn (Rhamnus) Leatherwood (Dirca) Chokeberry (Pyrus) Privet (Ligustrum) Pa^^'paw (Asimina) ('urrant (Ribes) Rhododendron ( Rhododendron ) Bittersweet ( Celastrus ) Vines and Berries TT(meysuckle (Lonicera) Blueberry (Vaccinum) Raspberry (Rubus) Teabcrry ( Gaultheria ) Huckleberry (Gaylussacia) (Jreenbrier (Smilax) Partridge Berry (Mitchella) Strawberry (Fragaria) (irape (Vitis) Pokeberry (Phytolacca) Blackberry (Rubus) TREES PROTECT CANADIAN PACIFIC TRACKS FROM SNOW DRIFT IN an effort to find something less expensive than wooden fences to keep snow from drift- ing and piling on its tracks, the Canadian I'.uific Railway began in 1916 to experiment in iiil«iu'nt Kdifsts iiml Wjitt-rs it Camp Circle of Haurihburo Girl Scoutr Who Camp Annually at Pine Grove Furnace on the Michaux Statr? Forest ''l">«o Coiirti'sy of PoriHTfty's, Inc. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE .n HI FOREST LEAVES 169 program. At least 500,000 acres are required to supply the present pulp wood needs of the mills operating in Pennsylvania, and since these com- j»anies now have less than 100,000 acres, it fol- lows that not less than 400,000 additional acres must be devoted to this purpose. No one can deny that this reforestation work should be done to perpetuate this important wood-using indus- try. The matter is so urgent that it does not seem safe to depend upon the uncertain appropri- ations of the Legislature that meets only every two years. The surest way to guarantee a wood supply for pulp mills, and thus maintain one of the foremost wood using industries of the State, is by means of a FOREST BOND ISSUE. The Legislatures of 1923 and 1925 passed the FOREST BOND ISSUE PROPOSAL. It will come before the people at the November, 1928, election for their final sanction. The approval of this proposal will be the surest way of restor- ing Penn's Woods and maintaining the many wood-using industries of the State. The $25,000,- 000 Forest Bond Issue must not be regarded as nn expenditure, but as an investment. The peo- ple of Pennsylvania cannot afford to let this op portnnity go by without helping to restore Penn's Woods. For every dollar invested in the pur- chase of forest land many dollars will be re- turned to the people of the State. To all people who use paper — and we all do — the FOREST BOND ISSUE should appeal as a wise and busi- ness-like investment of the first order. It will also insure the continuance of the pulp business in Pennsylvania, and thereby furnish employment to many of her citizens. STATE BOTANIST CENSURES WILD FLOWER DEPREDATORS IX a plea for the conservation of wild plant life, Dr. E. M. Gress, Bureau of Plant In- dustry, State Department of Agriculture, re- minds nature enthusia.sts that Pennsvlvania has two dra^stic laws for the protection of plants grow- ing on private property. ()ne law, enacted in 1925, provides a fine of $500 and imprisonment for not more than thr^ years for "any person not being the present owner thereof who shall wdlfully and unlawfully ^teal, take, or carry away or be engaged in steal- ing, taking or carrying away any kind of prop- f^J'ty whatsoever growing or being on the land of another." The other law imposes a fine of $500 and cost of prosecution with an additional fine of $25 for each tree or shrub cut down, injured or taken, upon a person who "shall willfully (negligently) or maliciously cut bark from, or cut down, injure, destroy, or remove a tree or trees, shrub or shrubs, or parts thereof, growing or standing upon the land of another, without the consent of the owner; or shall willfully (negligently) or maliciously do or cause to be done any other act to the damage of said land or the trees or shrubs growing there." "These laws will no doubt assist in the preser- vation of our wild flowers; but statute alone can- not save the flowers," asserts Dr. Gress. "A colony or a few specimens of a rare plant may be up- rooted \Wthout detection by any interested person. A sense of appreciation of the beauty of our wild flowers and a desire to preserve that beauty must be instilled into the hearts and minds of our citizens." Wild flower depredators are severely censured by the botanist for their shortsighted, selflsh activities. "Plant destruction is perpetrated by persons who do not stop to contrast the freshness and beauty of the plant in its natural habitat with the withered condition and the faded beauty which in- variably ensues a few minutes or at most a few hours after picking," he states. "It is not an uncommon occurrence to see an automobile party with large bunches of flowering dogwood, azaleas, mountain laurel, rhododendron or other flowering plants. These plants are car- ried in the automobile exposed to the wind which withers them rapidly. When the party has reached its destination, or probably long before, the bunch of flowers will be thrown out by the roadside and the plant from which they have been so carelessly and thoughtlessly plucked will be left in a scraggly, unsightly condition. If it happens to be a plant that has been pulled up by the roots or one that depends upon the formation of seeds for production, it may be entirely eradicated from the particular spot never to be enjoyed by another passerby." Dr. Gress is the author of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture's latest bulletin en- titled, "Enjoy But Do Not Destroy Wild Flow- ers." In addition to giving the list of wild plants which may be picked, the bulletin carries a long list of those plants that should not be picked at all or should be picked ^vith extreme care. This pub- lication is bulletin No. 431, and can be secured free from the State Department of Agriculture at Harrishurg. 1 ii 4 V H' \\ ^-^ H 170 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 171 4 # l: rf THE EFFECT OF SMOKE AND GAS ON FOREST AND SHADE TREES By LeRoy Frontz DEAD and dying trees usually fonn very conspicuous features of the landscape in the vicinity of large cities a«d industrial sections where smoke and poisonous gases are dis- charged into the air. The usual sources of smoke and invisible poison- ous gases are smelters, furnaces, kilns, railroad locomotives, manufacturing plants, office and apartment buildings, and private residences. Although smoke and gas fumes may cause the death of trees and other vegetation in the imme- diate vicinity of their source, chronic injui-y often results at a considerable distance. The effects of acute injury have been found to extend for a dis- tance of 10 to 15 miles, and chronic injury to an even greater distance, sometimes probably 50 or 100 miles. The topography of the countrj^ pre- vailing wind direction, and natural air currents caused by hills and valleys determine the distribu- tion and extent of injury. Sometimes vegetation growing close to the source of smoke and gas fumes shows little evidence of injury, although trees and forests standing at considerable distance may be severely damaged. The poisonous property of gas and smoke is due to several substances, the most important of which is sulphur dioxide. All coal contains some sulphur, and when burned escapes as sulphur dioxide. It is a heavy gas and accumulates in the lower strata of air. Upon further oxidation and contact with water, sulphuric acid is formed. The acid is corrosive and poisonous to living cells of leaves. It is responsible for the burned ap- pearance in acute injury and causes stunted and dwarfed foliag:e in more resistant trees and plants. Soot, in addition to the sulphuric acid it car- ries, causes injury by accumulating as a tarry coating on the leaves, clogging the stomata and intei-fering with the normal and active exchange of gases necessary for starch formation and tree growth. This tarry coating reduces the photo- synthetic power of the leaves. In cases where the foliage is covered with a coating of soot, the leaves appear sickly and dwarfed. The tree or plant as a whole is un- healthy and makes but little growth. When the injury is more acute, due probably to the poison- ous gases in addition to the smoke, the leaves or needles turn brown and die. In the case of coni- fers, the needles turn brown from the tips. Decid- uous leaves usually appear as if sun-scorched. A study of the planted and natural tree and shrub growth in the park areas of the city of Pittsburgh and surrounding territory, furnished some interesting and enlightening data on smoke and gas injury and the relative susceptibility of the various kinds of trees to such damage. A special study was made of the Leech Farm plan- tation and the natural growth. This tract, oAvncd by the city of Pittsburgh, is located west of High- land Park and the Pennsylvania Railroad cut^)ff, over which trains are almost constantly movin;^. The prevailing direction of the wind is from the west, continually bathing the area with smoke and gas fumes from the locomotives in addition to that from industrial plants and other sources. The common elderberry thrives best on this location. Sumac grows well, as does the ailanthus. The pines planted by the city on this site in 1923 as an experiment, appear sickly. Those that have not already died are unhealthy and make little growth. Apparently none will survive. The rock oak, although deficient in vigor and slow of growth, appears most thrifty of the planted trees. The red oak and elm seem much alike in their reaction to the smoke and gas. Seedlings and young trees are apparently more susceptible to damage than older trees of the same kind. As a result of discussion and comparing notes with Mr. Giltenboth, Highland Park Superinten- dent, the following table of relative smoke and gas resistance of the various trees was worked out, the most resistant heading the list : 1. Elderberry. 2. Ailanthus. 3. Sumac. 4. White Oak. 5. Pin Oak. 6. Red Oak. 7. Norway Maple. 8. Oriental Plane. 9. Black Locust. 10. Elm. 11. Tulip Poplar. 12. Liquidambar. 13. Ginkgo. 14. Silver Maple, Sugar Maple, Ash-leaved Maple. The most resistant conifers are: 1. Savian Juniper. 2. Austrian Pine. 3. Arbor Vitae. 4. Retinospora, Red Cedar. The Savian juniper ranks about equal with the silver maple in relative resistance. From this it will be seen that conifers are pretty certain to fail entirely or to prove disappointing when planted in regions subject to smoke or gas fumes. In highly industrial centers where the smoke and gas nuisance cannot be entirely eliminated, it is advisable to plant the more resistant kinds of trees and shrubs. As a general rule better results will be obtained from planting well rooted, tlirifty; nursery-growTi stock calipering on the average not less than one inch in diameter at breast height. Trees of this size are relatively easy to transplant. Very few roots are lost or damaged in the operation, and when carefully liandled such trees put out a vigorous and healthy j,n<)wth. This is a big factor in determining the success of a planting made under unfavorable con- ditions. Field notes show that small seedling trees are not suitable for planting in park areas. The small trees are usually trampled upon, stolen, or mowed off and in other instances burned. Probably the most resistant trees as shown by tlie above table will give the best results when phuited in the city of Pittsburgh and surrounding territory. The trees listed above are all resistant to a degree, and when set out should prove more satisfactory than most other kinds. EARLY FOREST SUCCESSION IN PENNSYLVANIA By Dr. Arthur P. Kelley, Appalachian Forest Experiment Station IN publications of the Department of Forests and Waters and still earlier in the writings of the Father of Pennsylvania Forestry, Dr. 'loseph T. Rothrock, there is frequent mention of those lofty and noble forests which once covered practically all of the State. There is less infor- mation available about the original condition and oli), preserved in a rare volume at the Ameri- <">n Philosophical Society Library, tells of <'li.*inges which occurred in the forests at Valley Foijrp. Botanists have long been familiar with the tact that plants live in definitely organized com- iiHinities, and that when one community is de- stioyod another may move into its place, just as nie Stone Age of civilization was succeeded by the Hionze Age, or as the Roman civilization was suc- . ceeded by the Teutonic. These forest communities proceed to a climax which, for southeastern Penn- sylvania climate and soils, is a beech forest, with white oak, oak-hickory and chestnut oak as lower stages. This letter, written to the Editor of the Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agri- culture (3:376-377, 1814), took the place of an earlier communication which had been lost in transit. In it we see what happened to a splendid white oak forest. "From the best recollection I have of the said statement; it contained (inter alia) the follow- ing facts: "That the timber prevalent about Valley Forge, previously to its being fallen for the use of tlie American Army, in the autumn of 1777, and win- ter and spring of 1778, consisted of white oak, black oak, Spanish oak, rarely interspersed with scrubby chestnut and hickory. "That the ground on which white oak was formerly the most conspicuous, now exhibits black oak, hickory and chestnut, in abundance, and in great perfection. "That where black oak had been most general, white oak, hickory and chestnut now plentifully exist. "That of the hickory and chestnut, there wer(» at least 16 to 1 of what grew on the same ground in the year 1777 ; and that these two latter species of timber, were now flourishing in the highest degree, in many places where no other timber formerly grew, than white oak, black oak, and Spanish oak (red oak). "That notwithstanding the old encampment, and the ground within its vicinity, yet present con- siderable quantities of tiniber, similar to that which w^as cut in the autumn of 1777, and the winter and spring of 1778, it has originated al- most universally from the old stumps or roots . . . farmers, in many parts of this country are so decidedly convinced of the change of timber; that they reluctantly cut their full-grown white oak, black oak and hickory; knowing that these species will be succeeded by some other of a qual- ity inferior for fuel." The forest on the Valley Forge Hills is now chiefly of chestnut oak, a forest which is still further down the scale of communal life. Thus we see that by cutting and fire, in only 150 years, a forest which w^as once but one stage removed from the climax is now four stages removed; and the soil at the same time was damaged. With proper care the forest could possibly be brought back to the original condition. ! 1 iiii -asg- 172 FOREST LEAVES RESTORATION OF FORESTS RECOMMEND- ED AS SUPPLEMENTARY TO ENGI- NEERING WORKS FOR CONTROL OF MISSISSIPPI FLOODS THE results of an intensive study made by the Forest Service of the entire Mississippi drainag^e system, to determine the place of forests in the problem of flood prevention and con- trol, are ^ven in a publication of the United States Department of Agriculture just off the press — "The Protection Forests of the Mississippi Watershed and Their Part in Flood Prevention," by E. A. Sherman, Associate Forester, Forest Service. This report will be presented to Confess at its next session, as one of a series being prepared in accordance with the Act of Congress approved May 15, 1928, "For the control of floods on the Mississippi River and its tributaries," which in- cludes the following provision : "That the President shall proceed to ascer- tain through the Secretary of Agriculture and such other agencies as he may deem proper, the extent to and the manner in which the floods in the Mississippi Valley may be controlled by proper forestry prac- tice." In outlining the scope of the report, the Associ- ate Forester says, "While this is primarily a re- port on the protective influence of the Mississippi Valley forests, the study upon which it is based necessarily covered surface conditions and land use generally. The starting point was the self- evident fact that the condition of the land surface has a direct influence on the amount of water held and retained by the soil, on the time and rapidity of nm-off, and on the silt content of streams con- tributing to floods, as well as on the volume, velocity, and turbidity of the water itself. It follows that any form of land use which affects the condition of the surface has a direct bearing on the run-off from that land." The report shows graphically and statistically the location and extent of what are supposed to l)e the most critical areas in the Mississippi Val- J<*y> judged by their need of forest cover to pre- vent excessive run-off and erosion. The regions classified as critical areas amount to 289,000 scjuare miles in 30 States. Among the important findings of fact in the re- port are: Since the settlement of the Mississippi Valley the proportion of forest area in the basin of the Mississippi has been reduced from 40 to 20 per cent by necessary human use and by unneces- sary abuse and neglect; the forests on critical areas, with the exception of the lands within pub- lic forests and parks, are not contributing full service in the direction of flood control, largely be- cause of injury by flres in commercial woodlands and too heavy grazing in farm woodlands; the loss of soil by erosion from cultivated fields is a serious menace not only to the channels of the Mississippi River, but to the permanency of profitable agi'i- culture in many parts of the valley which have thus far flourished through the virgin fertility of soils now rapidly eroding. The report culminates in a series of recommen- dations for remedial action by the Federal Gov- ernment, in addition to the construction of levees, reservoirs, by-passes, and spill-ways as flood-pre- ventive measures. In this connection, the Associ- ate Forester says: "Forest rehabilitation is not urged as an alternative to engineering works for flood control. It is supplementary to the engineer- ing program, but it is a supplement of such im- portance that no complete plan of flood control can omit it." The recommendations include: Extension of cooperation between the Federal Government, the States, and private owners in the protection against Are of all forests on the Miss- issippi watershed. Cooperation between the Federal Government and farmers in the planting to forests of idle waste lands on farms and submarginal lands used agriculturally. Provision for supplying information and advice to owners of 115,000 square miles of farm wood- lands in regard to the use and marketing of forest products. Purchase of several million acres of protection forest lands, to be administered as national for- ests, on the Mississippi watershed. Continuance of protection and administration of present national forests, parks, and game refuges, and addition to national forests of adjoining forested areas of unreserved public domain. Investigation of the Bad Lands in the Missouri Basin, and of the Breaks in northern Texas and western Oklahoma from which the Arkansas and Red River draw their first great burden of silt, with a view of devising methods of preventing the present serious erosion. Adoption of the plan of control of public graz- ing lands recommended by the Secretaries of Agri- culture and the Interior. Provision for securing a permanent record of streamflow measurements and silt content of the Mississippi River at some point below Cairo and on each of the principal tributaries entering the FOREST LEAVES 173 river below that point, and for securing in this way data essential to a long-time study of land use and of remedies for erosion. Copies of the report can be obtained free of charge by writing to the Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C. NATION WILL ALWAYS NEED WOOD THE United States will continue to need wood indefinitely, in the opinion of W. N. Sparhawk, Forest Economist in the Forest Service, United States Department of Agricul- ture. The United States is now by far the <,^reatest wood user in the world, using more saw timber than all other countries together, and more than two-fifths of the world^s consumption of tim- ber of all kinds. More and more wood has been needed with advancing civilization ever since the cave-man fii-st used a wooden club, says Mr. Sparhawk. The recent rapid development of substitutes, which ))r()ught timberland owners, for whom the grow- ing of trees represents a long-term investment, face to face with the question of the future need of timber, has not changed the trend of develop- ment in the use of wood. It is pointed out that the production of sub- stitutes for wood often requires wood. The min- ing of coal for fuel requires a billion board feet of wood a year for mine props and other uses. Hrick and concrete dwellings ordinarilj' use much himber for interior work, and a great deal of wood is required in concrete construction. Along with the development of substitutes for wood, tiiere is a constant broadening also of the uses for wood. The manufacture of paper and other products from woodpulp, which consumed practi- cally no wood 40 years ago, now takes the equiva- lent of more than, two billion board feet from our forests, besides an equal or greater amount in the fonn of imported wood, pulp and paper. Wood is now being used in any number of new ways, for example, in the manufacture of phonograph records and viscose sausage casings. The manu- facture of artificial silk from wood takes large quantities. The extent to which lack of wood has directly or indirectly held back economic development in ^nma, and has kept down the standard of living, is well known. "For the United States to follow in China's footsteps in this respect," says Mr. Sparhawk, would be an inexcusable crime against future pr<'nerations. For, unlike coal, iron and most minerals, timber can be renewed like any other crop after the original supply has been consumed. Moreover, it is renewed largely by natural forces which in proportion to the effort expended pro- duce greater values than any other use of many million acres of land. Promptness in utilizing these forces will prevent the conversion into idle, non-productive wastes of great areas capable of yielding continuous crops of timber." A decrease in the per capita consumption of wood, in the opinion of Mr. Sparhawk, will be offset by the normal increase in population. The United States can grow all the timber that it needs, however, to take care of a continuing de- mand. Upwards of 80,000,000 acres of land, once covered wdth forests and now denuded, is capable of producing timber crops, while 250,000,000 acres of cut-over land more or less stocked with second gro\\i;h, will produce full crops under proper for- estry management. More careful utilization of the trees that are cut will allow us to cut seven or eight billion board feet less, without diminisliing the present rate of consumption; and adequate fire protection will add greatly to the producing capacity of the forests. "We must grow timber because nature unaided will not grow it for us in sufficient quantities, nor can the deficiency in our supplies be made up from sources outside our country. It is immediately urgent that full timber crops be grown wherever cut-over land is available for this purpose. It is of vital interest, not only to the landowner, the timber operator, and the manufacturer of forest products, but to every citizen who in, one way or another has already felt the first effects of the timber shortage wliich improvident and unregu- lated exploitation of our forest resources is bring- ing upon us." In a new circular, "Why Grow Timl>er"? ju:st published as Miscellaneous Publication 26-M by the United States Department of Agriculture, Mr. Sparhawk discusses the reasons for confidence that timber will always be in great demand, and that it is today a profitable crop to grow. Copies of this bulletin can be obtained without charge by writing to the Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. District Forester W. L. Byers, McConnells- burg, reports that during a recent storm the giant swamp oak tree located on the farm of Henry Boor, in Fulton County, was blown down. This tree had a circumference of 33 feet, 3 inches, three feet from the ground, and was considered one of the largest swamp oak trees in Pennsylvania. R |W I p k ll « --n9o 174 FOREST LEAVES WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST SURVEY IN PENNSYLVANIA By W. A. McCubbin, Chief Pl?int Pathologist, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture IN 1927 an attempt was made to determine the presence or absence of blister rust as far as possible over the whole State of Pennsyl- vania, by enlisting the aid of the schools of the State. The plan approved and put into effect })y the cooperating agencies involved a request that the school children throughout the State be asked to examine the currant and gooseberry leaves in their own or neighbor's gardens, to col- lect any leaves which were judged to resemble the colored illustrations provided for the purpose, and to return such specimens, through the teachers, to the Department of Agriculture at Harrisburg for confirmation. Since this plan of survey does not depend upon the children for a diagnosis of disease, and since errors made by them would not be of importance from the negative standpoint, it was considered that this method of survey could be relied upon to replace a considerable amount of scouting, at a very reasonable cost. Summarizing the results of the survey it is api)arent that out of the 67 counties in the State reports were received from 53. Originally it was planned to leave out several counties because they were outside the pine area entirely; two or three counties failed to cooperate, and others refused, so that 57 counties in the State were asked to as- sist. In the 53 reporting, returns were received from 1,761 schools. These schools reported that 13,061 gardens had been examined and 253 of these schools sent in 465 envelopes containing specimens with blister rust. These rust findings are distributed over 37 counties and the area so affected extendsi nearly to the Ohio border on the west, and on the south to the Maryland line. Since the number of envelopes submitted was 7,123 the percentage of specimens containing blister rust was 6.5 per cent; similarly the percentage of schools reporting rust was 14.7 per cent. On the whole the survey was successful beyond expectation. The scattered findings of blister rust in former years had been altogether confined to the northeastern counties and the widespread occurrence of rust during 1927 was quite unex- pected. It is to be noted, however, that the scout- ing undertaken in the usual manner earlier in the season had already given an intimation that this was an exceptional year, since rust had been found in eight counties outside the known rusted area previous to the school survey and entirely in- dependent ofl it. In addition, a finding of some years' standing was made later on in the season that had no connection with school survey woik. There is every reason to believe that the wide- spread occurrence of blister rust last year has been quite exceptional and an effoH has been made to account for it here and elsewhere through climatic conditions. It is perhaps all llie more fortunate that the survey was made hist year, since in addition to providing data on tjie Pennsylvania situation this survey is likely to lie of value in indicating the distance over which rust infection may carry when conditions are favor- able. THE HABITS OF THE HEMLOCK By LeRoy Frontz HEMLOCK was rather commonly distributed in the original forests throughout the mountainous regions of the State. Like the white pine, with which it associated it has dis- appeared, or nearly so, following lumbering and fire, from many localities where it was abundant formerly. It seems that hemlock is a tree whose worth has not been appreciated by foresters generally. It has been of especial interest to the writer he- cause of its natural beauty and silvical character- istics as well as for the lumber, pulpwood and tanning bark which it produces. Hemlock is one of our most tolerant trees, thriving in shade that would mean death to other trees. This character- istic makes it particularly well-fitted for plantinj? on areas that are now supporting only a growth of aspen, fire cherry, briars and ferns, and where previous to lumbering operations and fire it was abundant. It is significant that the finest of white pine developed in mixture with hemlock. Due to its tolerance it has a tendency to kill off the side limbs of the trees with which it is associated, witli the result that tall, straight, clean boles, contain- ing high quality of lumber are produced. Contrary to belief the rate of gro\vth of hem- lock compares favorably with white pine, spniee and similar species used for reforestation pur- poses. It has few insect and fungus enemies. Hemlock lumber is used for purposes where great strength is not required and when protected from the weather. Wood is also manufactured into paper pulp. The bark of this tree is valuable for the tannic acid it contains. In view of these facts, the question now arises as to why this tree has not been used to a greater FOREST LEAVES 175 extent in planting operations. The answer seems to he the difficulty experienced in growing it in the nursery. After observing the attempt of others to grow this tree, the methods used and poor suc- eess attained in most cases, together with a couple of attempts of my own that were more or less I'm i lures, the writer has finally succeeded in get- ting as good results with this tree in the nursery as with any other forest trees commonly grown in nurseries for reforestation purposes. Success seems to depend upon several factors rather than a single one. The source and condition of the seed is very important. It must not be collected until rii)e. When pine squirrels begin to cut the cones and a frost or two has partially browned them, seems to be the proper time for collection. As some trees bear seeds of a higher vitality than others the seeds of a tree should be examined be- fore the cones are gathered. The seed used in the nursery of the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Cor- poration at Clymer was collected near Gazzam, in ('learfield County. As soon as the cones were ji^athered they were placed on trays or frames with a woven wire bottom around which the air was allowed to circulate freely. The cones open readily and seeds were collected as they dropped from the frames and then cleaned. After this treatment the seed was now ready for sowing. In preparing the nursery beds for the sowing of the seed, the area to be made up in seed beds was covered with a layer of partially rotted saw- dust 2-3 inches deep, then plowed and made up in seed beds. Wood ashes at the rate of a peck to 100 square feet were applied and raked into the l)eds. The seed beds were then leveled with a rake and a pound of seed sown to 150 square feet. The beds are then firmed and the seeds covered to a depth of 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch with woods mould. The beds were then mulched heavily with straw and left until spring when a very prompt, vigorous and complete germination took place. The young hemlocks are given no di- rect sunlight during the first summer. They re- ceive their light from the sides of the shaded heds. The beds are shaded by lath frames held "P by stakes about 20 inches above the beds. The second summer the beds are one-half shaded from direct sunlight. After completing two seasons' growth in the nursery, many of the hemlock seedlings are 6-8 inches in height. The seedlings under 6 inches ^li<)uld be transplanted a year in the nursery be- fore being sent to the woods. The seedlings will then have developed into sturdy plants 6-30 inches 'n height and are then ready to be lifted and sent to woods, where they may be planted on slopes, flats and other locations suited to hemlock. They should do well among maples, aspens, fire cherry, briars and ferns or mixed in plantation with white pine, where they can grow undisturbed and again bring back the type of forest that made Pennsylvania famous as a lumber-producing State. ADVANTAGES OF A FOREST BOND ISSUE By E. G. Sherman, Associate Forester, U. S. Forest Service < STATE COLLEGE PA. PUBLISHED BY THE PENNSYIVANIA FORESTR/ ASSOCIATION PHILADELPHIA. PA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE CONTENTS Paok Cover Young Scotch Pine in a Swedish Forest Plate Editorials ^^^ Water Forestry 178 Christmas Greens and the Yule Log 179 Forestry in Sweden as an Example to America 180 Forestry in Old China 1^2 White Pine 1^^ The Evolution of Forejst Tree Distribution in Pennsylvania 185 Early Forest Land Purchases in Northern Pennsylvania 186 Fertilizer Value of Norway Pine and Jack Pine Litter 187 Where, When and How to Plant White Pine 188 Forest Vegetation in Turkestan 189 Porto Rico Hurricane Damaged National Forest 189 The Beech-Birch-Maple Forest Type in Pennsylvania 190 Brush Burning in Pennsylvania 191 THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886 Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS LIFE MEMBERSHIP, FIFTY DOLLARS Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 714 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia. President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker Vice-Presidents, Robt. S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley Treasurer and Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FINANCE— Dr. Henry M. Fisher, Chairman H. W. Shoemaker Henry Howson Hon. Marshall Brown Hon. F. W. Culbertson Edgar P. Kable F. L. Bitler LAW — Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman Eli Kirk Price MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt, Chairman J. A. Seguine PUBLICATION Egbert S. Cary Joseph S. lUick J. Rodman Paul George F. Craig Dr. George S. Ray Dr. H. A. Rothrock Harrison Souder WORK — Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman Miss Ethel A. Shrigley E. E. Wildman Miss Mary K. Gibson J. Franklin Meehan FOREST " LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XXI— No. 12 PHILADELPHIA . DECEMBER, 1 928 Whole Number 247 EDITORIALS OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 714 COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA THE Advisory Committee of the Forestry As- sociation to carry on the Forestry Bond Issue Campaign consisted of the following: . TIenry S. Drinker, Hon. Wm. C. Sproul (de-^ eeased), Samuel Rea, Effingham B. Morris, Wil- liam B. McCaleb, Harry C. Trexler, Homer D. Williams, and Richard Coulter. The Committee was ably assisted by F. L. Bit- ler, Secretary, and through the fund subscribed by friends of the Forestry movement, secured the services of several writers and agents, and through them carried on an educational campaign all over the State. It also had prepared by an authority on Forestry, several pamphlets setting forth the various phases of the forestry situation, and the advantages which would accrue from the passage of the Bond Issue. They had many thousand printed, and through various channels, distributed throughout the State. While not a member of the Committee, Ex-Gov- ernor Pinchot rendered material assistance, hold- ing meetings and distributing many of the pamphlets, and in other ways. The Master of the State Grange, E. B. Dorsett, also is deserving of special mention as he never missed an oppor- tunity to say a good word for the Bond Issue when making his many addresses at meetings of the Grange in various parts of the State. Our efforts were well received and we received many requests for pamphlets and speakers, and indeed, it was a rare exception to find anyone who was opposed to the Bond Issue, and a much greater exception to find anyone who was opposed to the State enlarging its forest area. The objections usually centered around the raising of money by means of a Bond Issue. State Treasurer Lewis made several speeches in which he said that the State could finance all the five projects out of surplus and current revenues, and that therefore a bond issue for any purpose was unnecessary and it was difficult to overcome the efl'ect of his statements. However, up to two weeks before the election, your committee was quite sanguine as to a favor- able outcome; then developed powerful opposi- tion. The political leaders decided that it was in- advisable to have any Bond Issues at this time. The Taxpayers' League published a large adver- tisement in all of the leading daily papers in the State, advising against voting for any of the Bond Issues. The Philadelphia Chamber of Com- merce did likewise (except it favored the Wel- fare Bond Issue). As can well be imagined the effect of all this on the voters was such as to cause a majority to vote against all five of the Bond Issues. The vote on the Forestry Bond Issue being approximately 412,386 for and 673,198 against. While this result was deeply disappointing, your Committee feels that the campaign was well ^\^orth while as it helped to create an interest in Forestry among the people of the State, which should inure to the benefit of a forestry extension program in the future. Our State officials have already promised liberal appropriations at the next session of the Legislature, and this will now be necessary as there is no other way by which the money can be made available for the purchase of the additional acres of forest lands which it is generally considered the State should own and care for in the same efficient manner as it now handles the 1,290,000 acres which it has already acquired. W. B. McC. The Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association for the presentation of reports, election of officers, and the transaction of busi- ness will be held in the Gray Room of the City Club, 313 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., on Monday, December 10th, 1928, at 3 P. M. We trust that all of our members who can will be present. Major R. Y. Stuart, Chief of the Forest Service says: ''The $33,000,000 damage to the forests of the country last year was the result of 158,000 fires. Nearly 90 per eent of these were caused by careless smokers, eampers, incendiaries, brush burners or other human agencies. ' ^ The offiee of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ- ation has moved from 130 S. 15th Street to Room 714, Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. : 178 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 17^ CHRISTMAS GREENS AND THE YULE LOG By Henry Clepper ONE of the most cheerful customs of our age in the celebration of the Christmas holidays is that of decorating homes and churches with mistletoe, holly, and evergreen boughs. So intimately associated with the Yule-tide that one accepts the custom as a wholly Christian observ- ance, it nevertheless has a distinctly pagan, if time-honored, origin. The use of greens at Christmas is a direct in- heritance from an old Druidic superstition. In those days it was believed that shelters had to be provided where the forest spirits might go to escape the rigors of the cruel winter. The Druids, who taught that the forest spirits dwelt in trees, placed sprays of mistletoe- and greens upon their altars to provide them with retreats when the leaves had fallen. Since these shelters were especially desired during the period of the Jul festival, held during the winter solstice, and inasmuch as the time of this festival corresponds closely to the time of the Christmas holidays, it is easy to understand how the original custom endured even after Christianity had supplanted the religion of the wizards. However, like many other observ- ances of pagan origin still in vogue today, it did not persist because it was not opposed. In early English times the Church frowned upon the decoration ofl the home with greens as being a legacy of heathenism, and an interdict was read against it. The use of the mistletoe in churches, which came later, was also severely reproved on the ground that it was a symbol of the cruel Druidic worship. After a while, as the origin of the usage grew more obscure and then forgotten altogether, the decoration of churches became an established practice during the Christmas holy days, with never a thought as to its pre-Christian antiquity. Certainly few church-goers of today would want to see discontinued the bright and cheerful spec- tacle of the church draped and ornamented with holly, mistletoe, bay, laurel, or ivy, merely be- cause the custom had been inherited from the pagan Celts. For during Christmas week, when leaves and flowers have turned brown and have died, when days are dark and the ground shrouded with snow the touch of green leaves and red and white berries m offices schools, theatres, churches, stores, and homes reflects as few other customs can, the spirit of the Yuletide. The Yule Log, too, has a dim and remote ances- try. The Jul festival was observed by the old Vikings, and continued by the Saxons until they were conquered by Charles, the Conqueror of Saxony, and converted by Winfrid, his missionary. The feast, dedicated to mighty Thor of the Ham- mer, was often a riotous celebration and during it a log was dragged into the banquet hall and burned with ritual and ceremonies. The custom of bringing in the Yule log was car- ried to England during the Norse invasion, and was later appropriated by the Druids. As with the use o^ Christmas greens, the people of Mediaeval England inherited a pagan custom and made of it a Christian one, for the old observance was kept up and has persisted to this day. Unlike, however, the use of greens at Christmas time, which is becoming more general each year, the Yule log is slowly but surely becoming a thing of the past. The reason is not hard to find; the old open fireplace of our forefathers has been sup- planted by steam heat and gas-burners built to resemble logs on a grate, and the modem home and apartment house has nowhere to bum a Yule log. Dwellers in suburban bungalows, however, often boast a fire-place, and there are still dealers who can supply fragrant birch logs for those tra- ditionally inclined souls who cling to old customs and who like to observe the Yule-tide in the man- ner of their fathers. WATEE^FORESTRY One of the largest land purchases for State forest purposes during the current year was that of a tract belonging to the estate of S. N. Wil- liams. The estate received the sum of $55,837.67 for 13,929 acres of forest land situated in Gmgan, Chapman and Gallagher townships, Clinton county. The whole tract is covered with a fine rej>roduc- tion of white oak, birch, beech, and maple, inter- spersed with wliite pine and hemlock. The entire body of land is well watered and has within its boundaries practically all of Hyner and Huff runs. The area is almost surrounded by present State forest land and is exceptionally easy of access. No forest fires have bumed upon this area during the last ten years. The program for the eradication of the Gypsy Moth in the Province of Quebec, Canada, has been so successful that the quarantine against the impor- tation of Christmas trees into the United States has been lifted. A tree in full leaf is a nobler object than a king in his coronation ro])es. — Francis Bacon. By H. E. Clepper THE common belief that, before the practice of forestry can successfully be started on woodlands, a full-fledged forester must be present at the opening exercises, and in more or less constant attendance ever afterwards, has been rather effectively exploded in the case of the Scranton Gas & Water Company. Here is a big corporation, which does a big business and on a strictly business basis. Twenty-two years ago this compjuiy entered the field of forestry by inaugu- rating a forest fire service, which, because of the thoroughness of its preparation, promised to be- come quite costly. It is well to inquire as to the motives which actuated this company to take such a pioneer step at a time when, in the industrial sections of Northeastern Pennsylvania, the mean- ing of forestry was not generally understood, and often considered to be something of a fad. Was it because they believed it their patriotic duty, or because it was an educational project, or because they wished to conduct experiments? Worthy as those considerations are, none had much weight in the decisions of the officials of the Scranton Gas & Water Company when they adopted their policy of forest activities, which it must be under- stood they were far-sighted enough to see would involve ever-increasing expenditures of time and money. No; their motives were quite different. To quote Mr. George R. Taylor, who has had charge of the forestry work on their lands since its l)eginning: "Among large corporations there are none to whom forestry should make a stronger appeal than our waterworks* corporations, either privately or municipally controlled. They are in- terested in the run-off from catchment areas, the peaks of flood and the depths of drouth, the tur- bidity of streams, and the sanitary quality of the water; all of which is more or less favorably in- fluenced when the watersheds are covered with for- ^ts. It is clear that waterworks* plants are vital- ly interested in reforestation. Equally clear is it that safety is the prime necessity in forest work and its synonym is fire protection." TIk; activities of this company in fire protection cover a period of years, but it has been during the last few years only that they have received help irom the State. In the period between 1902 and 1JJ2(), they were practically alone in their efforts, and far from receiving other private cooperation, they were under the necessity of providing the education, which it was essential for adjoining property owners, and the transient public who used their lands, to have. There are approximately 20,000 acres of land owned by the water company, scattered over the three counties of Wayne, Lackawanna, and Sus- quehanna, although the majority lies in Lacka- wanna County. Of this area, 7,000 acres lie in a solid tract adjoining, and partly within, thel City of Scranton. This tract, which by the way is one of the niost beautiful scenic spots in Northeastern Pennsylvania, is easily accessible by hard-surfaced highways, and is traversed by sixteen miles of macadam road, which the company maintains upon it. One feels that it is more than a corporation property — a great public park, in fact — for on fine days hundreds of recreationists throng there. Obviously, the fire risk is great, and in dry weather a fully equipped crew with a truck is held available for instant fire duty. Additional protection is afforded by their fire boundary lines, which total twenty miles, and are kept in the cleanest possible condition, and tw^o lookout tow- ers, one erected by the State, and the other, a wooden tower, put up by the company in the early days of their protection work. Beginning in 1912 the company planted 80,000 white pine seedlings, which were purchased stock. They continued setting out white pine from pri- vate nurseries until 1918 when over 200,000 trees of six varieties were obtained from the State. Surely a broad visioned achievement! A dangerous disease is attacking Scotch Pine, and presumably other hard pines, in two areas in New York State lying between Lake Champlain and the Ohio boundary. It is an infection which attacks the host. Out of 184 plantings of Scotch pine that were examined, 78 were found to be in- fected, and the virulence of the new disease may be judged from the count of 18,000 galls on a single tree fifteen feet tall. The parts of the tree above the galls either die, or if life continues "brooms" are produced which dwarf the tree and ruin it for timber. The rust has been proved to have a capacity for spreading directly from tree to tree without intervention of any alternate host. This peculiarity will probably make it particularly dangerous and difficult to control. The disease was first found on Scotch Pine at Woodgate, N. Y., and for this reason has been called the Woodgate Rust. ! li i| The first paper mill in the United States was started on the outskirts of Philadelphia in 16C0. 180 ^. \_> FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 181 FORESTRY IN SWEDEN AS AN EXAMPLE TO AMERICA By Praf. George S. Perry SWEDEN without its forests is as unthink- able as Hamlet without the melancholy Dane. Norway gathers a rich harvest from the sea; Denmark is famous as a source of but- ter and eggs for Great Britain and produces sugar beets in quantity on its fertile and well- watered acres, but Sweden to an extent probably only surpassed by Finland, is dependent upon the forests for public welfare and private prosperity. Looking back over a period of years, it appears that about 50 per cent, of all the exports of the country are directly derived from the forest and such items as iron and steel, whether sold as such or in some fabricated product like ball-bearings or cream separators, have still a forest back- ground, since praxitically no coal occurs in all Scandinavia, and charcoal is mainly used in the iron furnaces and manufacturing processes. The forests and fisheries based upon the teem- ing waters of the Baltic Sea and splendid glacial lakes, have nurtured the Swedish people since earliest times. Few if any n^ationalities can pomt to, a family tree rooting as far back in the uncertain hinterland of the past and then fairly prove their claims. Certainly no branch of the white race has maintained a pure strain so long as the folk who dwell in this sheltered Baltic land where the dark forbidding mountains and cold gray sea limited intercourse to a strict mini- mum. Prehistoric grave mounds are rather preva- lent m Sweden, especially toward the south, and with the abundant peat-bogs have yielded numer- ous relics that show the first inhabitants after the glacial age in Sweden to have been almost or quite identical with the modern Swedes The facial angle and the skull measurements prove the pre-viking man was the same as his later and more adventurous descendants. Peat bogs are slow accumulations of spha^^-num moss residues and other organic remains which have gradually filled in shallow glacial lakes. They always show characteristic acid conditions which result in preservation of constituents from decay to a remarkable degree. Even such minutiae as I>ollen grains and diatoms are held for thousands ot years without change as to structure. Relics ot trees and men have presented an easy prob- lem to the scientist who has calculated the rate ot peat formation within narrow limits. Such studies show the Swedes have held undisputed possession of their homeland for 5,000 years, and have during all that time derived both food' and creature comforts from the forest in large meas- ure, yet it is unexhausted and increasingly pro. ductive today. Forest conditions in Sweden exhibit far more variety than is found in Pennsylvania and the land area of the country is four times that of the Keystone State. At the extreme north and on the mountain summits to the west occur 16,000,000 acres of bleak tundra lying above timber-line. There has been a tendency for this treeless area to increase at the expense of the slow-growing forests that lie adjacent and struggle for exist*- ence against the adversities of climate and human abuse— fire and reindeer grazing being examples of the latter. The mossy or rather lichen covered forest near the cold tree limit is one of the most weird and dismal spectacles I have ever endured. The Spanish-moss clad forests of our Southland are relieved by the brilliant sun, with flowers, birds, and living myriads all about, but the gray- black draped pine and spruce of the north show- only haunting shadows that add a chill of fear to the bitter cold which warns man of the cruel, relentless and hungry aspect Nature presents in these latitudes. To protect themselves against destruction by snow, trees are either tall and spire-like in form or flattened and procumbent with gnarled and distorted branches. At lower elevations, even up to the Arctic Circle however, the Swedish landscape is pleasant and inviting. Agriculture has learnt wisdom by experience and makes a maximum use of the fer- tile lowlands while thrifty forests clothe the slopes and mountain heights. Only at the extreme south do forests practically disappear. Even there planted groves and highway trees are much in evidence and yield good returns for the care expended ujwn them. Central Sweden is most productive from a forestry standpoint. The climate is highly favor- able to the Scotch Pine and Norway Spruce, which are the only trees of high commercial importance in northwest Europe. Straight close growth is notable. Here in the Jonkopin^' County-forest is found the heaviest mixed forest stand in all Europe with 12,112 solid cubic feet, or more than 134 cords of wood per acre, at 140 years old. Such forest stands as these are very dense indeed and remind one much of the best hemlock-white pine stands of medium age that could once be found here and there in the Black Forest of Northern Pennsylvania. Among the minor trees found all over Sweden is the trembling aspen of the Old World. It is very like our own aspen and has been the basis of the safety-match industry which makes a product used to the ends of the earth. The original forest growth of South Sweden showed beech as the climax type. The tree is still grown for both sentimental and practical reasons, although there has been a strong tendency to replace it with the more rapid growing spruce. The wood of beech is much sought after for the manufacture of butter kegs for exportation of the great staple product of Denmark and adjacent Sweden. White Oak was also once very important in south and southwest Sweden. It built the galleys in which the Norse sea-kings roved far and wide for a thousand years. The tree is still cherished, but is certainly an inferior tree compared to such species as our white, black, and red oaks; since it does not grow so fast as even the slowest of these and is always crooked when young — henct cross-grained when old. Since both oak and beech grow in a region Avhere forests are restricted in area, close utiliza- tion is the rule. Portable sawmills which have wasted and mangled much of our best white oak timber are unknown in Sweden. Small perma- nent mills with narrow-'bladed gang-saws are located here and there. They are usually operated by experts who know how to make the most of everything. Next to spruce and pine, birch is the most im- portant tree of Sweden. It is very like our white or papei^ birch and grows readily everywhere. It miirht almost be called the national tree of Sweden, since it is so intimately associated with all the outdoor life of the people and adds a rare touch of beauty to the dark evergreen forests. Tiansportation in the Swedish lumber industry is still by water and certainly less expensive than other means would be. Saw mills are universally located at or near the mouth of rivers or larger streams and usually on harbors or sheltered shores where ocean going ships can load directly from the drying yards and storage sheds. Many mil- lions of dollars have been expended upon streams in Sweden in order to make them drivable, but it is largely a permanent investment, since sus- tained yield means that all larger streams will be used year after year. I^g driving in Sweden is slow due to the oc- currence of lakes along most river courses. It is not infrequent that two years elapse before a log reaches the mill from the stump. Skidding in the woods as well as hauling is largely with a single horse. This is made possible by cutting small logs and taking full advantage of snow. It results in a minimum of damage to young trees and regeneration. Neatness and care at every step is typical of the Swedish sawmill. Construction is always on a permanent basis, and waste-burners are un- known. Small stuff and sawdust goes to some nearby pulp mill or is charcoaled. In a few cases it is all burnt under the boilers and con- verted into electric power which is retailed to the general public. Charcoaling is quite common throughout south and central Sweden. It gives an outlet for small size material that would otherwise rot in the woods. The high quality of Swedish and Nor- wegian iron aud steel is due almost entirely to the charcoal used in its reflnement. Some iron- working plants demand a guarantee with every carload of charcoal that it is all of spruce or pine, since birch or maple wood contains a little phosphorus and might deteriorate their product. A number of impK)rtant problems confront forestry in Sweden. An age-old one is grazing. Fence laws are a matter of local option, so in many sections animals, especially cattle, graze at large and forest owners have no redress when their planted or natural young growth is destroyed. For long centuries Sweden had a peculiar custom of mountain forest grazing. In spring when grass was well advanced, cattle, mostly milch cows, were driven back into some wilderness location far from civilization where they fed until cold weather required better care than the locality offered. Usually some woman or old man and children of tender years were sent back with the cattle to tend and milk them and make butter and cheese. A cold spring and rude cabin with a fenced corral or yard many miles from the near- est neighbor was the usual situation. Generally the butter and cheese made in summer could not be transported out to market until the bogs and lakes froze up and snow fall made sledding pos- sible. There is no doubt that grazing has been a drawback to forestry and has not even been profit- able to the owners of the stock concerned. It is falling today of its own weight so far as the forest is concerned in more progressive localities, but in backward districts forest owners must still fence their young growth. As a heritage of grazing long ago with recur- rent fires set to improve the herbage, there existed in South Sweden in 1914 over 350,000 acres of nearly barren heath land and about 100,000 acres that had been reforested at considerable expense. ■Ill ! '\ r aj > 11 178 FOREST LEAVES CHRISTMAS GREENS AND THE YULE LOG By Henry Clepper ONE of the most cheerful customs of our age in the celebration of the Christmas holidays is that of decorating homes and churches with mistletoe, holly, and evergreen boughs. So intimately associated with the Yule-tide that one accepts the custom as a wholly Christian observ- ance, it nevertheless has a distinctly pagan, if time-honored, origin. The use of greens at Christmas is a direct in- heritance from an old Druidic superstition. In those days it was believed that shelters had to be provided where the forest spirits might go to escape the rigors of the cruel winter. The Druids, who taught that the forest spirits dwelt in trees, placed sprays of mistletoe and greens upon their altars to provide them with retreats when the leaves had fallen. Since these shelters were especially desired during the period of the Jul festival, held during the winter solstice, and inasmuch as the time of this festival corresponds closely to the time of the Christmas holidays, it is easy to understand how the original custom endured even after Christianity had supplanted the religion of the wizards. However, like many other observ- ances of pagan origin still in vogue today, it did not persist because it was not opposed. In early English times the Church frowned upon the decoration o^ the home with greens as beinollen grains and diatoms are held for thousands of years without change as to structure. Relics of trees and men have presented an easy prob- lem to the scientist who has calculated the rate of peat formation within narrow limits Such studies show the Swedes have held undisputed possession of their homeland for 5,000 years, and have during all that time derived both food and creature comforts from the forest in large meas- ure, yet it is unexhausted and increasingly pro. ductive today. Forest conditions in Sweden exhibit far more variety than is found in Pennsylvania and the land area of the country is four times that of the Keystone State. At the extreme north and on the mountain summits to the west occur 16,000,000 acres of bleak tundra lying above timber-line There has been a tendency for this treeless area to increase at the expense of the slow-growing forests that lie adjacent and struggle for exist- ence against the adversities of climate and human abuse— fire and reindeer grazing being examples of the latter. The mossy or rather lichen covered forest near the cold tree limit is one of the most weird and dismal spectacles I have ever endured. The Spanish-moss clad forests of our Southland are relieved by the brilliant sun, with flowers, birds, and living myriads all about, but the gray- black draped pine and spruce of the north show only haunting shadows that add a chill of fear to the bitter cold which warns man of the cruel, relentless and hungry aspect Nature presents in these latitudes. To protect themselves against destruction by snow, trees are either tall and spire-like in form or flattened and procumbent with gnarled and distorted branches. At lower elevations, even up to the Arctic Circle however, the Swedish landscape is pleasant and inviting. Agriculture has learnt wisdom by experience and makes a maximum use of the fer- tile lowlands while thrifty forests clothe the slopes and mountain heights. Only at the extreme south do forests practically disappear. Even there planted groves and highway trees are much in evidence and yield good returns for the care expended u|K)n them. Central Sweden is most productive from a forestry standpoint. The climate is highly favor- able to the Scotch Pine and Norway Spruce, which are the only trees of high commercial importance in northwest Europe. Straight close growth is notable. Here in the Jonkoping County-forest is found the heaviest mixed forest stand in all Europe with 12,112 solid cubic feet, or more than 134 cords of wood per acre, at 140 years old. Such forest stands as these are very dense indeed and remind one much of the best hemlock-white pine stands of medium age that could once be found here and there in the Black Forest of Northern Pennsylvania. Among the minor trees found all over Sweden FOREST LEAVES 181 I is the trembling aspen of the Old World. It is very like our own aspen and has been th< basis of the safety-match industry which makes a product used to the ends of the earth. The original forest growth of South Sweden showed beech as the climax type. The tree is still grown for both sentimental and practical reasons, although there has been a strong tendency to replace it with the more rapid growing spruce. The wood of beech is much sought after for the manufacture of butter kegs for exportation of the great staple product of Denmark and adjacent Sweden. White Oak was also once very important in south and southwest Sweden. It built the galleys in which the Norse sea-kings roved far and wide for a thousand years. The tree is still cherished, but is certainly an inferior tree compared to such species as our white, black, and red oaks; since it does not grow so fast as even the slowest of these and is always crooked when young — henct cross-grained when old. Since both oak and beech grow in a region where forests are restricted in area, close utiliza- tion is the rule. Portable sawmills which have wasted and mangled much of our best white oak timber are unknown in Sweden. Small perma- nent mills with narrow-^bladed gang-saws are located here and there. They are usually operated by experts who know how to make the most of everything. Next to spruce and pine, birch is the most im- portant tree of Sweden. It is very like our white or paper' birch and grows readily everywhere. It might almost be called the national tree of Sweden, since it is so intimately associated with all the outdoor life of the people and adds a rare touch of beauty to the dark evergreen forests. Transportation in the Swedish lumber industry IS still by water and certainly less expensive than other means would be. Saw mills are universally located at or near the mouth of rivers or larger streams and usually on harbors or sheltered shores where ocean going ships can load directly from the drying yards and storage sheds. Many mil- lions of dollars have been expended upon streams m Sweden in order to make them drivable, but Jt is largely a permanent investment, since sus- tained yield means that all larger streams will be used year after year. . Log driving in Sweden is slow due to the oc- currence of lakes along most river courses. It is not infrequent that two years elapse before a log reaches the mill from the stump. Skidding in the woods as well as hauling is largely with a single horse. This is made possible by cutting small logs and taking full advantage of snow. It results in a minimum of damage to young trees and regeneration. Neatness and care at every step is typical of the Swedish sawmill. Construction is always on a permanent basis, and waste-burners are un- known. Small stuff and sawdust goes to some nearby pulp mill or is charcoaled. In a few cases it is all burnt under the boilers and con- verted into electric power which is retailed to the general public. Charcoaling is quite common throughout south and central Sweden. It gives an outlet for small size material that would otherwise rot in the woods. The high quality of Swedish and Nor- wegian iron aud steel is due almost entirely to the charcoal used in its refinement. Some iron- working plants demand a guarantee with every carload of charcoal that it is all of spruce or pine, since birch or maple wood contains a little phosphorus and might deteriorate their product. A number of important problems confront forestry in Sweden. An a^e-old one is grazing. Fence laws are a matter of local option, so in many sections animals, especially cattle, graze at large and forest owners have no redress when their planted or natural young growth is destroyed. For long centuries Sweden had a peculiar custom of mountain forest grazing. In spring when grass was well advanced, cattle, mostly milch cows, were driven back into some wilderness location far from civilization where they fed until cold weather required better care than the locality offered. Usually some woman or old man and children of tender years were sent back with the cattle to tend and milk them and make butter and cheese. A cold spring and rude cabin with a fenced corral or yard many miles from the near- est neighbor was the usual situation. Oenerally the butter and cheese made in summer could not be transported out to market until the bogs and lakes froze up and snow fall made sledding pos- sible. There is no doubt that grazing has been a drawback to forestry and has not even been profit- able to the owners of the stock concerned. It is falling today of its own weight so far as the forest is concerned in more progressive localities, but in backward districts forest owners must still fence their young growth. As a heritage of grazing long ago with recur- rent fires set to improve the herbage, there existed in South Sweden in 1914 over 350,000 acres of nearly barren heath land and about 100,000 acres that had been reforested at considerable expense. n; ill I r 182 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES These lands were once covered with good beech and oak growth but like the scrub oak and huckleberry lands of Pennsylvania have become so impoverished that trees grow but poorly and the soil is highly acid. Not all the heath-lands of Sweden lack a forest cover. Many million acres of the pine heaths have been burnt over occasionally for centuries and the present growth is limited to unthrifty older trees of thick-barked pine with a ground cover of heather, blueberries, etc. Such forests are like the pitch pine barrens of South Jersey and certain localities in Penn- sylvania. They have recently been given good fire protection and seem to be improving to the extent that young spruce trees often begin to appear beneath the pine. Drainage of bogs and "drowned forests" is important, especially in North Sweden. It has often been highly successful and suggests a profit- able line of work for extensive glaciated regions in the northeastern United States and Canada. It is remarkable how the most stunted and wretched looking dwarf spruce and pine trees become re- juvenated when stagnant water is led away from around their roots. These drained areas often develop into the most productive forests of the locality. One big land and lumber company in Sweden has opened enough ditches during the last twenty-five years to reach half-way around the earth. In southwest Sweden and at a few points on the Baltic Sea there are sand dunes. These have been attacked with the same pertinacity that the French show along the Bay of Biscay and results have been just as favorable on a smaller scale. Beach grass is first planted and then the common pme (P. sylvestris). Some very good pine stands now occur on old dunes. Regeneration of the forest always offers its special problems. In some localities the example ot German forestry has been followed and the solu- tion is embodied in the phrase "Clear-cut and plant. But this has always seemed unnecessarily expensive to most people in a country where the climate IS so favorable to the early development ot young trees. As a result, sowing seeds directly on small prepared spots or in cultivated rows ha.s been tried and proven very successful. Other land ownere rely on natural seeding from choice parent seed trees sometimes guaranteeing a good even stand by harrowing or otherwise cultivating the soil for reception of the seed. To make assurance doubly sure, some forest own- ers leave seed trees and in addition plant up or sow seed on the ground beneath and around about Results have in general been good by all these methods, but there is now a reaction in favor of seeding up and growing the new crop of trees from parent trees that have thriven on the site Some young stands in Sweden have been grown from seed bought in Germany or collected in dis- tant localities where the climate differed materially from the site where the new crop must grow. Many of these stands of pine show very crooked limby trees, so local seed is considered best. Forestry education in Sweden aims to be practi- cal, and is certainly more in' line with the curricn- lum of the Pennsylvania State Forest School than any other institution in America. Field-work and forestry practice is constantly emphasized. Water power is already widely developed in Sweden; primarily under state ownership, or otherwise under strict supervision and regulation. The forest is recognized as an efficient stabilizer of stream flow, thus preventinsr erosion and silt- ing. Last and most important is the cordial support of forest research during the past quarter-century. Thousands of permanent sample plots are located over the country. These are measured up and re- corded so definite facts are becoming available to show just what forestry can do. The motto of the Swedish Forest Research Institute seems to be "Try everything," and results already attained justify the expense and effort. If this has proven true in a country of such uniform forests as Sweden with only five trees that can be considered at all important and but two of the first rank, it is obvious that a State like Pennsylvania with more than twenty-five important trees should surely expand its forest research many fold and support it liberally. FORESTRY IN OLD CHINA MR. SHU-CHITN- TENG, a graduate of the Yale School of Forestry, recently wrote an interesting letter on the histery of forestry in his native country, in which he shows that the care of woodlands was given systematic attention by the Chinese people hundreds of years before the Christian Era. From the earliest times to the birth of the Chinese Republic in 1911, Tentr recognizes three distinct eras of forest history in his native land. They are the "Ancient Period." the "Golden Period," 1100-250 B. C, and the "Dark Period." The "Golden Period" coincides approximately with the Chow Dynasty (1122-256 B. C). Be- 183 t fore the rise of this dynasty, Tai Wang, a progeni- tor of its founder, "already showed interest in silvi- cultural practices. He took pains to improve the condition of the forests by building trails, remov- ing the dead, fallen and defective trees, thinning the dense growth, and eliminating the undesirable species." "Histery also relates that during the reign of Emperor Chen there teok place a big sterm when many giant trees were uprooted. After the storm was over the Emperor ordered the people in the country to set upright all the fallen trees." During this dynasty, there were in the Ministry of Instruction, commissions of Mountain Forests and of Swamps and Marshes, and police of Foot- hill Forests, and of Rivers and Streams. The Commission of Mountain Forests controlled the mountains and forests and instituted rules and regulations protecting them. The cutting of tim- ber was allowed only at certain times, and for making farm implements only small timber was used. Both commissions noted had charge of mat- ters relating to hunting, and they taught and in- duced the people to raise produce from the moun- tains and marshes to propagate birds and animals in the jungles. The police of Foothill Forests patrolled the forests of the foothills and enforced the regula- tions for protecting them. A duty of the Guard of Fortresses, in the Ministry of War, was to fortify strategic areas of defense by planting trees. Political boundaries, likewise, were marked by planted trees. Not only did government employes, under the Ministry of Public Works, include carriage-makers, wheelwrights, wagon-makers, carpenters and makers of furniture, but all kinds of manufacture were standardized, and the taking of different materials from the forests was regulated. Many, decrees dealing with the forests were is- sued. The cutting of timber and the starting of fires in the forests, during certain seasons of the year, were prohibited. Trees that were not ma- ture enough to be cut might not Ik? marketed. Per- sons that failed to plant trees were not allowed to have coffms. But with the decline of the Chow Dynasty and the rise of the feudal states, forestry crumbled. Mencius (372-280 B. C), one of the wise men of the day, said: "The trees of the Niu Mountain were once pretty. Being situated, however, in the borders of a large state, they were hewn down. Still, Mother Nature let seedlings and sprouts spring forth, but then came the sheep and cattle and browsed upon them. To these things is owing the bare and stripped appearance of the mountain, which, people think when they see it, was never wooded. But is this the nature of the mountain?" On another occasion Menicus remarked: "If the axes and bills enter the forests only at the proper time, timber resources will be inexhaustible." Far-sighted men like Menicus foresaw the tim- ber shortage and gave warning as tx) the need of a conservative forest policy. It is apparent that the elements of forest i>er- petuation were appreciated long ago. The truly modem aspects to the knowledge of forests that we possess today would seem te be those derived from modern chemistry, biological knowledge, and in- ventions. It is significant that the people of China so long ago "actually realized the need of forest protection and attempted te carry out a conservative forest policy, without being forced to do so by wood shortage." But it would be of far greater significance if we of today, with all our knowledge about forests and their necessity in everyday life, should fail to do so. WHITE PINE By Henry B. Phillips WHITE PINE, the prince of American forest trees, continues to be the principal tree grown for reforestation by the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. More than 18,000,000 of the 64,611,896 forest tree seedlings distributed to private owners from the State Forest Nurseries where white pine, and 21,- 517,527 of the 36,813,999 trees planted on the State Forests are of this species. This king of softwood trees, about which centers the romance of the big lumbering days in Pennsylvania, is step by step regaining its place of importance in the forests of the Keystone State. The original white pine-hemlock forests of the State contained more* timber than all other species combined, and Pennsylvania's rise and fall as a lumbering State is largely the histery of white pine lumbering. The city of Williamsport, once the lumber capital of the world, derived its wealth from these forests. Although some white pine oc- curred in every county of the State, the great forests of pine and hemlock were found in the northern counties, extending southward through Clearfield and along the crest of the Alleghenies. Many lumbermen conceded that the finest forests of white pine east of Idaho were found in Penn- sylvania, These stands commonly contained 25 to m i f 184 FOREST LEAVES 50 thousand board feet per acre and stands of 100,000 board feet are said to have occurred. White pine ordinarily reaches a diameter of three feet and a height of 100-125 feet, but trees five feet in diameter, 150 feet high, and 300 years old were not uncommon in the original forests. The tree so impressed the early colonists that it was introduced into England in 1705 and shortly afterwards into Germany, where it has long been naturalized. Better forests of white pine today are growing in Germany than can be found in this country. Some of the oldest and most beauti- ful planted stands are located in the forests of the City of Frankfort. Relatively little of the original white pine forests of the State remains. Most of the white pine in the State today is "second growth" timber. Thou- sands of acres of abandoned farmlands are seed- ing up to white pine, and seedlings and saplings are scattered upon the cut-over lands now being protected from fire. The largest remaining stands of original white pine occur on the properties of Wheeler and Dusenbury in Forest and Elk counties and the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company. The Wheeler and Dusenbury Company, of which Mr. N. P. Wheeler is a member of the State Forest Commission, made a gift of a tract of beautiful white pine to the Federal Government for per- manent preservation, in 1927. One of the most beautiful tracts of virgin white pine and hem- lock in the State is found within the 8,000-acre Cook Forest, along the Clarion River. White pine trees from State Forest nurseries have been plantedj in every county of the State. These trees are being planted for timber and wind- breaks, and trees secured from private nurseries are being widely planted for Christmas tree and ornamental purposes, for besides being the tallest, most stately, and most beautiful of all eastern • conifers, white pine is a desirable tree for park and lawn planting. The oldest plantations on the btate Forests are of white pine. The first white pme was planted in 1902, when 5,000 trees were set out on the Mont Alto State Forest. During the first five years in which white pine were planted on the State Forests, 120,300 trees were planted. A9S9,068 white pine were planted and during the second decade more than 18,000,000. The Department now collects a large amount of the white pme seed needed for its forest tree nurseries In 1927 more than two thousand bushels of white pine cones were collected in thir- teen of the twenty-four Forest Districts of the btate. The cones were shipped to the seed extrac- tion plants at Mont Alto and Greenwood, and yielded 1,832.5 pounds of cleaned seed at $1.64 per pound. During the same year the Department purchased 975 pounds of white pine seeds for $2,337.50. Among the seed supply stations estab- lished on the State Forests last year was a seed supply station in a 75-year-old stand of white pine near Greenwood, on the Logan State Forest. White pine is subject to attack by one insect which does considerable damage, and by one serious disease. Effective control measures for both these troubles— the white pine weevil and the white pine blister rust — have been worked out and are being applied with success. Freedom from the blister rust is assured by removing all bushes of barberry and cultivated black currants within 900 feet of the trees. The white pine weevil is par- ticularly a foe of pine during the first ten to fif- teen years of its life, and attacks the main leaders of the trees. It may be controlled by hand-picking the weevils, cutting out the infected leaders, and maintaining parasite "trap-nests" within planta- tions. The encouragement of insectivorous birds is also effective. One of the oldest and thriftiest plantations of white pine on the State Forests is the planting at Caledonia, along the Lincoln Highway between Chambersburg and Gettysburg. These trees were set out in 1907 at the rate of 2,700 per acre. The trees were planted close to keep them from becom- ing limby and to produce tall, straight trees and knot-free timber. Close planting requires early thinning. This stand was thinned in 1923 and again in 1928. There are at present 1,300 trees per acre, with an average height of 32 feet and a diameter breast-high of 5 inches. The wood volume is 2,500 cubic feet per acre, or 1.93 cubic feet per tree. The average growth of this planta- tion during the first twenty-two years of its life has therefore been 114 cubic feet— approximately one and one-third cords— per year. The plantation is entering the period of its most rapid growth. Should the present average growth be no more than maintained, and the stand properly thinned from time to time, it will contain 5,700 cubic feet at the age of 50 years and ea^sily cut 35,000 board feet of high grade lumber. The thinnings that are secured from the 25th to 50th year will provide an added source of considerable income. As the result of experiments made in recent years, white pine has been found suitable for pulp and paper manufacture, in mixture with other woods. The pulp mills, which use sticks of wood down to three inches in thickness, afford a commercial out- let for early thinnings from white pine. The box- ii ..\i Forest Leaves^ Vol. XXI, No. 12 Forest Leaves, Vol. XXI, No. 12 White Hirches are the Domestic Treks of the Swedish Forest. They Supply Fuel for THE Hearth and Cheer the Eye During the Long Dark Winter Drivincj Logs to the Mill on a Typical Forest Stream in Sweden Typical Dense Stand of Scotch Pine in Central Sweden A Flume for Carrying Loos Over Ohsi uucii«'Nrt ln a Stream in North Sweden it! m I 'ii FOREST LEAVES 185 hoard induBtry, which m iisinpr fimallcr Im)iii'(Ih from Hnmller tvocH than ix^'ImjjH any otlu^N hIho offt^rH one of tho honi oppavUmHwH for ii(ili/in^ thin- ninj,'H from whito piiio wlilIc^ IIk^ f(uvHt in (h^volop- \]\^ to maturity. I • THE EVOLUTION OF FOREST TREE DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR ('i«^lit(H*n yearn the Pt'iiiiHylvaiiia Di^part- mcnt of ForcHtH and Wati^rn, formerly the Depnrtment of Forentry, has been Hupplyin^^ foH'Ht tr('(^ |)hintin^^ ntoek to private hind owners within the (commonwealth. Sueh a poliey Hhouhl ho Hiifficiently liberal to inelueo forest ownerH to phmt trees and at the same time not interfere with the proper hiisineHs nf eommereial nui^nei^ men. The iriain ])urpose of the forest tree distri- hiition plan is to Htinmlate reforestation, and thiiK reston^ to jjroduetion vast areas of idle aeres. The hefifinnin^- of a private forest tree planting,' |)ro«:ram in Pennsylvania was the result of talks, artides and reports by refiresentatives of the Dopartment of Forestry. It y the boxing and sbippin^^ charj^eH and enter into an a^ret^nent with the Department to mrry out certain promises. The rcKidations prescribed for tlie distribution of trees clurinf? the si)rinfir of lOlfl were thftt no ehargre for seedlings be made except for a nominal nursery charge to cover cost of packing, which would amount to possibly 10 cent« per thousand, plus transportation charge, and distribution was nuide in lots of fiOO or more. In 1017 the regulations stated that no charge Imj made for the trees, !)ut the applicant pay the cost of packing ami hauling, which was from 20 to 40 cents jier thousand. Trees were to be used for forest planting only and not for shade or orna- mental j)lanting. The conditions of lOliO and 1921 were that the applicant be re(|uired to pay only the eo»t of packing aiul transjiortation, which varied witli the size of the order. Jn case of small orders, it rarely exceeded 50 cents per thousand, and in larger orders the cost was uftm as low< as 20 cents per thousand. From 102ft to 1027 the regulations required that th<^ applicant pay the cost of boxing and Hhi[ii)ing, which amounted to $1.50 per thousand or frmition thereof. In 1027 the l^^gislature passed an Act author- izing the Department of Forests and Waters to sell trees and restrict their sale. It was necessary for the Department to draw up an agreement and to establish a set of regulations in compliance with the Act. A copy of the agreement and the lumdi- tions t^rom dune 1, 1027, to June 1, 1028, follows: 1. To pay the purchawe price of $2.00 per thousand for seedlings and $5.00 per thousand for transplants, when trees are received. 2. 'i'o protect the planting area as far as pos- sible from Ore, grazing and trespa-ss. •i. To furnish a report on the planting wlien re- erly done gives satisfac- tory results. When using the slit method, work the planting tool back and forth, enough to form a space for the spread of the roots. There are sev- eral kinds of tools for slit planting. One practical tool has a blade about 6 inches wide and 5 inches long with a bar for the foot at the top. This is at- tached to a heavy handle. The tool is strong and has weight enough to be forced down among roots and rocks, while the blade is short enough not to cause too deep planting. The hole made with the mattock is dug with two or more strokes. The first stroke removes the sod and the second makes the hole. Do not plant too deep, but try to get the tree as deep in the soil as it was when taken from the nursery. Do not bunch the roots, but spread them by a light shake when the tree is placed in the ground. Firm the tree in well with the heel. The test of good planting is not just whether the trees live, bat whether they make good growth during the first few years after planting. FOREST LEAVES 189 President Coolidge in his message to Congress says: ^* Every proper effort should be made to put land to uses for which it is adapted. The re- forestation of land best suited for timber pro- duction is progressing and should be encouraged, and to this end the forest taxation inquiry was instituted to afford a practical guide for public policy.*' FOREST VEGETATION IN TURKESTAN Excerpta from Article by V. Pelts in the Indian Forester IN TURKESTAN forestlike desert vegetation is met usually only far away from towns, big roads, and railways. All easily accessible places are usually devoid of big dendroid vegeta- tion and are covered with moving sand dunes. About the terrors of these, travelers have circulated much exaggerated tales. Usually the belt of mov- ing sand dunes is only 30 to 50 kilonieters (20 to 30 miles) wide and is due mainly to extermination of vegetation by concentrated action of animals belonging to villagers inhabiting adjoining culti- vated lands. In the desert there is a much larger nomadic population than the traveler suspects, but such nomads live in tents near their wells which are situated far from big roads. They avoid the neigh- borhood of big roads for two reasons. The vege- tation near roads is poor owing to damage by animals belonging to caravans; and, secondly, being Mohammedans they adhere to the old law of the desert in offering hospitality to travelers. They are fond of society, but on the roadside the number of guests entertained would be beyond their means. No man can live in the desert without large flocks of sheep and many camels to transport his camp, but he migrates systematically in the area near his well and the vegetation does not suffer as it does from the concentrated action of animals belonging to settled villagers and caravans. The guides taken by travelers from villages never find any nomads in the desert because they themselves are afraid to leave the main roads. The dendroid vegetation consists of Art. arborescens and Art. haloxylon, Salsola richteri, Ammodendron conollyi,^ and^m. karelini. Excellent results have been obtained in afforesta- tion of sand dunes along the Central-Asian Rail- way. A stretch of about 200 miles, where trains were formerly obstructed by moving sand dunes, has been fixed by cultivating saksaul and other plants such as Am. conollyi, Salsola richteri, Calli- gonum caputmedusce, and desert glasses. By re- stricting the grazing of animals, up to 100 tons of firewood can be produced per hectare (2.47 acres) each, 20 years, on suitable soil. The established conception that saksaul wa.s growing very slowly was founded on the well-known fact that you can count on a cut tree the yearly (annual) rings (lay- ers) of growth. However, the procedure proved to be wrong in the ca,se of saksaul, for evidence taLn^"^^*^^^''^^ f'onollyi and karelini belong to the 'amiiy Leguminoaae (Papilioiiaceae) . discovered through cultivation showed that a tree 10 inches in diameter with 80 or more "rings" might be only 15 to 20 years old. This tree bafiled the botanists, therefore, until the forest service found it out by cultivation. The "rings" corre- spond merely to periods of increased growth, due either to rains (5 inches per annum) or to periods of increased differences of maximum and minimum temperatures in twenty-four hours, when desert sand condenses moisture from the air at night and salines do the same. A similar phenomenon is likely to be met also with some other desert plants. PORTO RICO HURRICANE DAMAGED NATIONAL FOREST DAMAGE to the Forest Service office and nursery on the Luquillo National Forest ap- proximates $3,500 as a result of the Porto Rico hurricane, according .to word received by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture from Acting Forest Supervisor William P. Kramer. The Luquillo National Forest, the only tropical forest in Government ownership, comprises 12,443 acres in the western part of the island of Porto Rico. Hurricane damage to the forest itself has net yet been estimated. All communication with the interior of thoi island was broken and travel was impossible because of landslides and fallen trees. A crew of six men has been put to work repairing the trails necessary for inspection and administrative work. Standing trees in the forest have been completely defoliated, according to Mr. Kramer, so that they have the appearance of hardwoods of the north in the dead of winter. A peculiar circumstance is that many trees easily uprooted were snapped off at a height of five to twelve feet above the ground, a clean fracture being made in most instances. The lands to the east which are to be turned over to the Federal Government by the Insular Government escaped with slighter damage than the lands to the west. On the Ocala National Forest in Florida, Super- visor Shaw reports that the hurricane blew down twenty miles of telephone wire and destroyed 100 telephone poles. All steel fire look-out towers with- stood the force of the gale. 1 ti District Forester Paul II. Mulford of the Tioga Forest Disti'ict recently discovered a black birch tree 15 inches in diameter growing in a white pine stump th?*ee feet in diameter. '« '.^- 190 FOREST LEAVES THE BEECH-BIRCH MAPLE FOREST TYPE IN PENNSYLVANIA AN interesting brochure bearing on the above title has been issued by the Department of Forests and Waters as Bulletin 46, and our members should write to the Department for a copy. It was prepared by Prof. Joseph S. Illick and LeRoy Frontz, and gives many interesting facts in regard to these trees, which were compiled after much study and investigation. The following is a summary of the facts set forth in the Bulletin: 1. Beech-birch-maple type is the term used to describe that general forest condition encoun- tered in northern Pennsylvania in which the for- ests are composed chiefly of beech, birch, and maple trees. The principal trees in the type are : sugar maple, yellow birch, black birch, and beech, with important associated trees, such as wild black cherry, white ash, and basswood. This natural grouping of trees is sometimes described as the northern hardwood forest. 2. The beech-birch-maple forest type is dis- tinctly northern, very important in the Lake States, the Adirondacks, New England, an;l northern Pennsylvania, particularly in the coun- ties of Potter, McKean, Forest, Tioga, p]lk, Cameron, Lycoming, and Sullivan. Other exten- sive areas occur in Wayne, Susquehanna, Brad- ford, Monroe, Clearfield, Cambria, and Somerset Counties. Widely-detached outposts are found in Franklin and Lancaster Counties. (See map showing distribution of the beech-birch-maple type in Pennsylvania, on page 8.) 3. The area of the beech-birch-maple region in Pennsylvania occupies nearly 7,372,800 acres. Large continuous tracts in north-central Penn- sylvania cover a total area of 4,352,729 acres. Broken or farm woodlot areas, and a region where the oak-chestnut grows in mixture withthe beech-birch-maple type form together an area of 3,170,071 acres. 4. The present range of the beech-birch-maple type in Pennsylvania corresponds to the original white pine and hemlock forests, in which grew scattered specimens and small groups of beech birch, and maple. ' The spruce-fir, the white pine-hemlock, and the aspen-fire cherry types are found in the same regions as the beech-birch-maple type. The beech-birch-maple type grows best at ele- vations of 1,000 to 2,500 feet, where the normal annual rainfall totals 40 to 50 inches, and the annual mean temperature is 44 to 49 degrees. 5. The original forest of north-central Penn- sylvania was composed of a dense growth of white pine and hemlock, mixed with sugar maple, black birch and yellow birch, beech, wild black cherry, ash, and basswood. When the virgin forests were first lumbered, white pine and hem- lock were the most valuable trees, and were cut most heavily. The hardwoods were favored, not only by being cut less heavily, but by beinj? more resistant to fire and more aggressive repro- ducers. Hence, they took possession of the areas they now occupy, almost to the exclusion of soft- woods. 6. The disappearance of white pine and hem- lock from vast areas in the northern foi-est region is due to the great fires that have followed lum- bering. If fire is kept out of beech-birch-maple stands, where scattered softwood seed trees are available, young softwoods will establish them- selves under the protection of the overstory of hardwoods. The hemlock— one of the most tolerant of all native trees— develops under com- paratively young hardwood stands. White pine, less tolerant, does not begin to develop in the same stand until the hardwood is older, when openings develop between the crowns and permit more sunlight to reach the forest floor. Proper handling assures this desirable hardwood-soft- wood mixture. 7. The beech-bireh-maple type grows more rapidly than it is generally believed. Maximum height growth usually comes before the fortieth, and seldom after the sixtieth, year. Growth in diameter not only continues, but holds its own and even increases for many years after maxi- mum height growth is past. Greatest volume growth is made between the twentieth and six- tieth years. After the sixtieth year, the total volume growth increases very slowly. However, most of the quality growth comes after the period of maximum volume growth is past. 8. The best rate of growth is made by mixed stands, in which the overstory is composed of such rapid-growing light-demanding trees as wild black cherry, ash, and basswood, ambng and under which sugar maple, yellow birch, and black birch develop. In Elk County, a 40-year-old stand, chiefly black cherry, grew at the rate of 131 cubic feet per acre per year. In the same locality a 45-year stand, dominated by yellow birch, produced only .% cubic feet [>er acre i>er year. Both grew under similar conditions. The best mixture is softwoods and hardwoods of all FOREST LEAVES 191 de^ees of tolerance, similar to those nature originally provided. 10. Natural even-aged lully-stocked stands of beech-birch-maple, beginning at the twentieth to the thirtieth year and continuing to the fiftieth or sixtieth year, will yield one cord or more of wood per acre per year. Because of the relatively small average diameter attained by the individual trees in these stands, the yield of a stand younger than 40 to 60 years is best suited to chemical-, pulp-, and fuel-wood. Stands 60 to 80 years of age will yield approximately 5,000 cubic feet. The quantity of saw timber in such stands ranges from 50 to 80 per cent of the total volume. With a better mixture either of hardwoods or hard- woods and softwoods the period of maximum yield may be considerably increased. The vol- ume in cubic feet for fully-stocked stands of a given age and site varies considerably with the proportion of mixture. 11. The principal products supplied by these forests are lumber, chemical- and pulp-wood, fuel-wood, maple syrup and sugar. To a lesser extent natural birch oil is })roduced. Chemical- and pulp- wood products produce such important articles as alcohol, drugs for the pharmacist, paper, and other products. 12. Stands of seedlings or seedling-sprout origin are necessary to produce high-quality wood. The beech-birch-maple type produces tlirifty and vigorous sprouts only when cut while young. At times basswood and wild black cherry produce from large stunijjs sprouts that grow to tree size. Stands of s])rout origin break up at an early age. 13. In old-growth forests of this type are to be found dense stands of seedling trees, often num- bering 100,000 to the acre, that are ready to shooi up promptly after the mature trees have been cut. In one instance more than 800,000 small trees were present per acre. In clear-cutting operations the small trees or seedlings are often cut or broken oft' near the ground. These small rees send up sprouts almost immediately and lorm dense natural even-aged stands. 14. The beech-birch-maple type employs three "nportant methods of reproduction. In order of neir relative imi>ortance they are: seeding, irouting, and root-suckering. Maple and birch « ireely and sprout vigorously. The beech seeds 2 frequently and sprouts less vigorouslv, a com- numhp ^ ^^''^'''* ^"^^"^^ ^^" production of large 8DP.jr^ '! , V"""'**'"^ root-suckers. Associate:! ^P^ie^-^w.ld black cherry, white ash, and bass- of vioK? ^^^"^ f»-equently, producing large crops Niawe seed. 15. Selective cutting of the best trees like that practiced in the past, and clear-cutting of large areas, should be discouraged. Inferior quality stands follow both practices. With care in lumbering, beech-birch-maple stands will maintain their quality in reproduc- tion, and may even show a gradual improvement. The best trees in this type are fast growers; hence, they assume a commanding ix)sition in the new stand. Certain conditions may require a modified sys- tem of clear-cutting, for clear-cutting lends itself best to even-aged stands. Selection forestry, or some modification of it, is admirably adapted to the handling of the beech-birch-maple type. Careful removal of se- lected trees makes it possible to control the com- position of succeeding stands, and goes far to guarantee a sustained yield of increasing quality. BRUSH BURNING IN PENNSYLVANIA THE Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa., has just issued Bulletin 48, bearing the above caption. This brochure, which was prepared by George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden, contains much valuable information on this subject, and all who are interested should write to the Depart- ment for a copy. Some excerpts from this Bulletin follow: There are several fundamental ideas concern- ing fire which we must keep constantly before us : 1. Fire is a destructive and dangerous force. 2. The forest is valuable property that belongs to some one. The leaves of trees, branches, and other vegetable material usually found on the floor of the forest are very inflammable (bum- able) under certain conditions, and will burn even when wet. 3. Fire is not natural to the forest. Except for a few fires set by lightning, fire is produced in the forest only by the action of man. 4. If damage results from man-made fire, it is because of man 's failure to restrain within in- tended bounds the destructive force he turned loose. 5. An individual has a right to have fire on his own property and to burn any part or all of his property, just so long as this fire or burning does not disturb or damage the rights of his neighbor or work harm to the welfare of the community. With these fundamental ideas before us, it* is evident that no one should start a fire in the open without a full realization of the danger from flying sparks and unextinguished embers. Theie are two i>eriods in the year when out- i 1 ; 192 FOREST LEAVES J II I ! door fires are most common in Pennsylvania, namely, between the disappearance of the snow and the start of new vegetation, and in the fall, between harvest time and the coming of the win- ter snows. Both periods are natural times for clearing away debris. In every case where the Department of Forests and Waters can determine the cause of a fire and place the responsibility upon a person, that person is asked to pay the cost of extinction. He may also be sued for the violation of the law which prohibits the setting of forest fires. When a person permits his fire to escape from his land to the property of another, the person damaged may collect through the courts an amount sufficient to cover his loss. It is wise, therefore, to exercise the greatest! precautions when any fire is used in the open. A. When we should not burn brush 1. Between March 15th and June 15th. Between September 15th and December 15th. 2. On a clear quiet day any time in the year when the forest floor is dry. B. When we may burn brush 1. It is desirable to mow and burn at the same time, except during the fire sea- sons. 2. From December 15th to March 15th. From June 15th to September 15th. 3. When the forest floor is damp and there is a noticeable dampness in the air. 4. When snow is on the ground. 5. At night. C. How to bum 1. Arrange cutting in windrows or in piles. 2. The best and recommended manner is to burn brush in small piles, which are regularly placed and without confusion, burning one pile and feeding on it the brush from other piles nearby, which operation will result in the least num- ber of piles or embers. 3. Bum down hill. 4. Burn against the wind. 5. Piles should be five feet in diameter and 18 inches high and may be taken care of by two men under the worst conditions. 6. Five or six fires may be taken care of by one man if the ground and forest floor are quite wet. 7. Stop lighting fires early in the afternoon in order to be absolutely sure that the embers are extinguished at the end of the day. 8. After burning, it is advisable to have a man visit the spot early next morning. 9. Watch fires and piles of embers carefully during lunch hour. 10. Equipment should comprise torches for back firing and igniting piles. Rich fire tools, rattan brooms, and not less than four water tanks equipped with pumps. At least two tanks must be full at all times. D. How not to burn 1. Do not pile cuttings in windrows along the edge of right of way. 2. Do not permit a spray tank to be empty, but refill at once. 3. Do not burn on rocky areas. It is safer to let the brush lie unburned. 4. Do not burn up hill, i. e., do not light the fire at the down hill side. 5. Do not burn with the wind, i. e., with the wind behind the fire. The idea of planting trees by machine is by no means new, as various devices and ideas have been tried out from time to time with more or less success. Mr. B. P. Bater, of Rensselaer County, New York, having several thousand 3-year old trans- plants of Norway spruce to set out this spring, decided to use a transplanting machine which he owned and had oftem used in setting out plants in his berry patches. The machine which is operated by one man and which uses a light tractor to furnish motive power, cuts with a V-shaped plow a furrow about six inches deep. The plow can be adjusted, however, to any depth. The trees are set in this furrow and tamped tightly into the ground by means of two heavy wide-rimmed wheels which closely follow the plow and are set at an angle so that while the part of the wheel on the ground is only about one inch from the rim of the other wheel, yet the tops of the wheels are five to sii inches apart. Setting the wheels at this angle assists in packing the earth tightly around the roots. The number of trees which can be set out by the machine depends a great deal upon conditions, such as length of rows, soil, and topography. K is estimated that two men will be able to phint about 2,000 trees per hour with this machine. There are limitations to the work which the machine can do, as it cannot be used on very steep hillsides or where there is rocky or rooty soil. I