Title: Forest leaves, v. 24

Place of Publication: Philadelphia

Copyright Date: 1934

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg064.2

)le.

IX-

ing
:e-

low
of
as
m-
;ri-

fits,

iSS.

ms

[go.
im-

Llld

ied

lon-

off

:ew

luc-

lits

fep-

nal

[•ees

ley

rise

[ery

a

idi-

is

tive

as

so

id

)on

of

inia
^nty
ject

lis-

Ihas

ind

on

of
led
lext
lent
•ch.

^sion

p£PARTMENT OF FORES

STATE COLLEGE

;i:'
:'!'*

I

Si?

CONTENTS

Page

Birch Silhouette P?af?

Harry C. Trexler

Historical and Memorial Tree Plantings

The Deadly Dutch Elm Disease

Natural Enemies of the Forest

An Outside Opinion of Forest Practice in Pennsylvania

The Ancient History of the Conifers

Charcoal or Gasoline

Activities of the Department of Forests and Waters for the Year 1933.

Forest Taxation in Wisconsin . . . //I

New Industrial Product from an Exotic Tree

Forestry in the Tennessee Valley

1

1

2

3

6

7

10

11

15

15

16

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS
LIFE MEMBERSHIP, FIFTY DOLLARS

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 306 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President — Samuel L. Smedley

President Emeritus — Dr. Henry S. Drinker

Vice-Presidents — Robert S. Conklin, W. B. McCaleb, Edward C. M. Richards,

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Edward Woolman
Secretary and Treasurer — C. P. Birkinbine

COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

FINANCE- Edward Woolman, Chairman

Mrs. Albert C. Barnes Dr. Henry S. Drinker Miss Mary K. Gibson

Ellwood B. Chapman Henry Howson

LAW — Francis R. Taylor, Chairman

Hon. Marshall Brown Grover C. Ladner Thomas Liggett Albert B. Weimer

MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt, Chairman
Herman Cope Edgar P. Kable J. A. Seguine

Hon. F. W. Culbertson

Dr. George S. Ray
Dr. H. A. Rothrock

Dr. J. Chnton Starbuck

PUBLICATION— C. P. Birkinbine, Chairman
Joseph S. Illick W. B. McCaleb George S. Perry

Edward C. M. Richards Edward Wildman

COMMITTEE ON PRESERVATION OF VIRGIN FOREST AREAS

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Herman Cope Thomas Liggett Edward E. Wildman

S. L. Smedley Edward C. M. Richards C. P. Birkinbine

OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 306 COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA

^^ilf

FOREST LEAVES

Published Quarterly

Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter, under Act of March 3rd, 1879

Subscription ^i.oo per Year.

Vol. XXIV -No. I

PHILADELPHIA, JANUARY, 1934

Whole Number 272

HARRY C. TREXLER

Not only do Allentown and Northampton
County mourn the loss of a noted citizen and
generous benefactor, hut through the State are
many who greatly miss Gen. Harry C. Trexler.
Known for his benefactions, his interests in
welfare works, his commercial activities and his
zest in Nature, he made and held many friends.
Forests, parks and wild life held a large place
in his interest, and for each of these he made
practical contributions to their existence. Mem-
bers of this Association who were his guests at
the 1930 Summer Meeting will be interested
to know that he had provided for the continua-
tion of the ])ark and game farm which we
visited at that time.

HISTORICAL AND MEMORIAL
TREE PLANTINGS

The cover i)late of this issue is the first pub-
lication from a series of noteworthy silhouettes
of trees by our member Mr. Ernest Bartlett.
These are scheduled as one of the exhibits of
our Annual Luncheon Meeting, which was ad-
vanced to spring, as an important forestry mat-
ter appeared close to maturity.

From 16 other states — four west of the Mis-
sissi])pi — we receive membership dues or sub-
scrijnions to Forest Leaves, also from several
foreign countries, including distant Australia.
From three other overseas lands have come
requests for coi)ies for libraries.

We are already ])lanning for another Sum-
mer Meeting to be held June 21.st and 22nd
at Reading. It will begin with a "get-together"
luncheon on the 21st. Notice of program will
'>e sent later.

The October issue of the official publication
? , ""^ Game Commission has freciuentlv set
forth in bold type

PLANT TREES
and states : "The backbone of any state-wide
scheme of wild life management is the forest.*'

Included in these activities we have learned
of several plantings in Pennsylvania which
made liberal contribut.'-»ns to this work.

Our member, Mr. John M. Phillips of Pitts-
burgh, initiated and obtained wide support for
a Nut Tree Planting Week, backed by the
Chamber of Commerce. Edible nuts were
planted in the park and rural areas by Boy
Scouts, who had gathered the seeds, and trees
from two national shrines were set out.

In Brentwood Park, near Pittsburgh, the
Borough Council gave 4^ acres for an Histor-
ical Grove. Fifteen acres of this park are
being forested, and 5,000 nut tree seedlings
have already been grown, many of the nuts
being from historic locations. In this and in
past tree plantings Scoutmaster Charles E.
Robbins has been an active leader and worker.
Another of our members. District Forester
Charles E. Zerby fostered a i)lanting at Johns-
town, in which the city officials, the Daughters
of the American Revolution, Boy Scouts and
Camp Fire Girls participated. By councilmanic
resolution the Westmont Hillside was set aside
for a 5 year planting program.

These briefly described activities are a part
of a nation-wide program to plant more nut
trees, especially from seeds gathered on historic
sites. Actively co-operating in this are the Boy
Scouts of America, the American Forestry As-
sociation, the United States Department of
Agriculture and the American Walnut Manu-
facturers' Association, now working on the
second five year period of a National Nut Tree
Planting Project.

The Council of The Pennsylvania Forestry
Association has expressed accord with the
scheme and the desire to encourage this work
in our State. Last autumn the Association dis-
tributed walnuts from historic regions to a
number of localities.

11

FOREST LEAVES

THE DEADLY DUTCH ELM DISEASE

Geo. S. Perry, Penna. Forest Research
Institute, Mont Alto, Pa.

DURING the past suninier in New Jersey
was discovered the first considerable
outbreak, or establishment, of the Dutch
elm disease (Graphium ulini Schwarz). In
December it was reported that 700 trees had
been found attacked in northeastern New Jer-
sey and adjacent New York, scattered over a
gross area of 600 square miles. One tree was
located in Connecticut near the New York
State line, while another was found at Fort
McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland, where the dis-
ease is believed to have come into the coun-
try on imported elm logs.

In New Jersey it is estimated that only one
tree out of every 200 in the infection territory
is as yet attacked, but conditions are very
alarming nevertheless, since the disease is
known to be disseminated by insects, usually
of the bark beetle type, and these carriers may
scatter the trouble widely and rapidly in their
seasonal flights or swarming stages. In Europe
the large and small elm bark beetles (Scolytus
scolytus F. and S. multistriatns Mrsh.) are
blamed for spreading the disease. The latter
of the pests is widely introduced in the United
States and was known to be present under bark
of infected logs that were shipped from Balti-
more and New York City to such inland points
as Buflfalo and Chicago. This shows the great
need for widespread vigilance on the i^art of
foresters and nature lovers, so as to detect
promptly any sporadic outbreaks of the trouble
along the several railroads over which logs are
known to have been shipped. Shipments have
been traced and large extents of territory will
be systematically scouted.

If nothing is done to combat the Dutch elm
disease, it will exterminate our splendid trees
of this genus just as certainly as the chest-
nut bark disease has destroyed our stands of
that tree. Splendid avenues and thrifty groves
of elm in Belgium, Holland, and France are
now but a memory because of this epidemic.

The most obvious evidence of the disease
occurs in late May or early June, when the
leaves on occasional branches and twigs of
elms here and there suddenly droop, a few

days later die, and shortly fall off, so the tree
crown is soon ragged and ruined, or more or
less completely defoliated. Death often fol-
lows in a single season, though some trees
linger two years or more.

The Dutch elm disease attacks trees regard-
less of soil conditions and thrift. In fact, it
is most frequent on trees in middle life between
10 and 40 years old. Nursery row trees are
often nearly immune, and it is very notable
that those recently transplanted are never at-
tacked. The elms native to Japan and China,
and the well known Siberian elm (Ulniiis pu-
mila L.) are decidedly resistant to the disease
in Holland.

As a means of identifying the disease, cross
sections should be cut from dead or dying
stems and branches. These show dark brown
flecks and lines scattered along the annual rings
and over the section. If a solid segment or
sector of the sapwood is brown or discolored,
the trouble is probably root starvation caused
by pavements, drought, gas in the soil, sun-
scald, or a similar factor.

Fungi of the genus Verticillium at times kill
stems and branches of elm with symptoms very
like Graphium, but it never becomes epidemic.
However, without making detailed microscopic
studies and cultures of the casual organism it
is at times im])ossible to tell which trouble is
])resent.

The great botanist, Andre Michaux, who
spent many years in our eastern U. S. forests,
called the American elm "the most magnificent
vegetable of the North Temj^erate Zone." It
has been suggested as our national tree, and is
undoubtedly one of the finest shade and high-
way trees of the town and countryside. Loss
of the elms would detract tremendouslv from
the beauty and sentiment of the "woods and
templed hills" of many localities.

Sickly and dying elm trees should be re-
ported to forestry and shade tree authorities
whenever they are noticed. By cutting and
burning the infected trees ])r()m])tly, it may be
possible to save our elms from this dread
menace.

Editor's Note: All readers in and near
areas where diseased trees have been found
are urged to join the "vigilantes" against this
enemy.

= /

FOREST LEAVES

(.ourtesy U. S. Forest Service.

WlNDTlIROVVS

NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE

FOREST^

By A. F. Hough, Assistant Silviculturist
Allegheny Forest Experiment Station^'

IT IS remarkable that animal life on the
earth, subsisting as it does on the food
products directly or indirectly manufac-
tured by green plants, does not con'ipletely out-
run the avilable food sui)ply. Only the green
plants are enabled to synthesize the sugars,
which are the basis for more elaborate food
products, using carbon dioxide, water, and sun-
light.

The balance between the animal population,
which is parasitic on the food produced bv
green plants, and the available supply of this
^^ood^is maintained l)y an infinite number of

Por"^". ^^^dress before the members of the Pennsylvania
forestry Association at Clearfiekl, Pennsyhania.

delnhfJ"^?)'"^'^. ^^' ^^'^ ^- ^- ^"^^^t ^"^^^rvice, at Phila-
Penn! 1 ' '" co-operation witli the University of
Pennsylvania.

interrelations between animals and plants. Were
It not for the severe struggle for existence
faced by every species of animal, the unchecked
multiplication of a single species would soon
overwhelm the entire globe. Happily the checks
seem to be adequate and nature's balance is
usually maintained.

We say the animal is adapted in its food
habits to the environment in which it lives.
Most animals, with the exception of parasites,
use plants directly as food. By the process of
evolution the species of vegetation used by a
given animal have likewise been molded into
their present form and growth habits. For ex-
ample the survival of the grasses used by herbi-
vorous animals may be explained by their per-
ennial s])reading root system and resistance
to grazing of the leaf stalks which have growth
centers at the base rather than at the tips.

Man and the Forest

Pre-historic man with his simi)le needs for
food, shelter, and fuel made relatively little
demand on his environment. In North Amer-

I- J

rO K KS'I' r. K A \ KS

I'O K I-:S r I. KA \' KS

THE DEADLY DUTCH ELM DISEASE

Geo. S. Perry, Penna. Forest Research
Institute, Mont Alto, Pa.

DL'l\IX(i the past siininicr in Xcw Jcrscv
was discovered the hrst considerahle
oiithreak. or estal)h*s]iinent, of the Dutch
elm (hsease {iirapJiiitiii itlnii v^chwarz). Tn
])ecenil)er it was re])orted that 7(X) trees had
heen found attacked in northeastern New Jer-
sey and adjacent Xew ^^ork, scattered over a
ji^ross area of 600 s(juare miles. One tree was
located in Connecticut near the X\'w '\^)rk
State line, while another was foimd at l^\)rt
AFcIIenry, Haltimore, Maryland, where the dis-
ease is helieved to have come into the coini-
try on imi)orte(l elm loj^s.

In Xew jersey it is estimated that onl\' one
tree out of every 200 in the infection territorv
is as yet attacked, hut conditions are verv
alarmin<j^ nevertheless, since the disease is
known to he dissenn'nated hy insects, usuallv
of the hark heetle ty])e, and these carriers mav
.scatter the trou])le widely and ra])idly in their
seasonal flij^hts or swarmin*^ sta<i;es. Tn luu*o])e
the larj^a- and small elm hark heetles (Scolyfus
scolytus V. and S. mulfistriafus Mrsh.) are
hlamed for si)rea(linj^^ the disea.se. The latter
of the pests is widely introduced in the I'nited
States and was known to he ])resent under hark
of infected l()j>[s that were shii)ped from Haiti-
more and Xew ^'ork City to such inland points
as iiUlTalo and Chicaj^^o. This shows the ^^reat
need for wi(les])rea(l vi<rilance on the ])art of
foresters and nature lovers, so as to detect
l)romi)tly any s])ora(lic outhreaks of the trouhle
alonj^^ the .several railroads over which loi^s are
known to have heen shi])j)ed. ShijMnents have
heen traced and lar^^e extents of territorv will
he systematically scoiUed.

If nothin^r is doiu- to comhat the Dutch elm
disease, it will exterminate oiu' splendid trees
of this ^renus just as certainly as the chest-
ntit hark disease has destroyed our stands of
that tree. Si)len(lid avenues and thriftv i^n'oves
of elm in P)el<,Mum. Holland, and P'rance are
now hut a memory hecause of this epidemic.

The most oh\ ions exidence of the disease
occiu's in late May or early June, when the
leaxes on occasional hranches and twi'^^s of
elms here and there suddenly droop, a feu

days later die, and shortly fall off, so the tree
crown is soon rai;i;ed and ruined, or more or
less completely defoliated. Death often fol-
lows in a single season, thouj^h .some trees
linj^er two years or more.

The Dutch elm disease attacks trees re,i(ard-
less of soil conditions and thrift. Tn fact, it
is most fre(|uent on trees in middle life hetween
10 and 40 years old. Xtirsery row trees are
often nearly imnume, and it is very notahle
that those recently trans] )lante(l are never at-
tacked. Hie elms native to japan and China,
and the well known Siherian elm '{riiims pu-
iiiila L. ) are decidedly resistant to the disea.se
in Holland.

.\s a means of identifvini»' the disease, cross
sections should he cut from dead or (lvinj(
stems and hranches. The.se show dark hrowii
flecks and lines scattered alonii; the annual rin^s
and over the section. If a solid sei^nient or
sector ot the .sa])woo(l is hrown or discolored,
the trotihle is i)rol)al)ly root star \at ion caused
hy i)avements, drouj^ht, j^as in the soil, suii-
.scald, or a similar factor.

h'lm^n' of the i^enus I'crt'h'Uliuui at times kill
stems and hranches of elm with svmptoms very
like iirapliiuiii, hiU it never hecomes ei)i(leniic.
However. withoiU makinj^ detailed microscopic
sltidies and cultiu'es of the casual orj^anisni it
is at times impossihle to tell which trouhle is
present.

The j^reat hotanist. Andre .Michaux, who
s])ent many years in oiu* eastern l'. S. forests,
called the .American elm "the m »st maj^niticent
ve<(etal)le of the .\orth Temperate Zone." It
has heen su<(j.iested as our national tree, and is
undouhtedly one of the fmest shade and hi^di-
way trees of the town and C(nmtrvsi(k'. Loss
ot the elms would detract tremendouslv from
the heauty and sentiment of the "woods atul
templed hills" i)\ many localities.

Sickly and dyinjn elm trees should he re-
])orted to forestry and shade tree authorities
whenexer they are noticed. I)\ cuttini^ and
l)in*m'n<; the infected trees i)romi)tl\, it may he
l)ossil)le to save our elms from this dread
menace.

1m)ITok's .Votk: All readers in and near
areas where diseased trees have heen foun<l
are uri;ed to join the "\ i,^ilantes" aj^ainst tlii>
enemw

(.'curtesy i'. S. Forest Scrzicc

W'l.NDTllKdW S

NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE

FOREST"

By A. F. Hough, Assistant Silviculturist
Allegheny Forest Experiment Station-

1''^ IS remarkahle that animal life on the
t'arth, suhsistin<4 as it does on the food
products directly or indirectly manufac-
ttn-ed hy ^wvu i)lants, does not completely out-
J*un the avilahle fcKul sui)ply. ( )nlv the i^nven
plants are enahled to synthesize the sul,^ars,
^^•hlch are the hasis for more elahorate food
Pi*<'<lncts, usino carhon dioxide, water, and sun-
li^ht.

'J'he halance hetween the animal i)oi)ulation,
^vhich is ])arasitic on the f(M)(l pn^luced hv
?reen plains, and the availahle Mipplv of this
^^^(\ is maintained hy an infnnte nund)er of

|An addr^.ss 1k-i..iv tlu> iiK'nilHTs <.t tl - Ponnsvlvania
r^'^try AssnciatK.n at CKarfu'ld. Poiinsvlvan'ia.
'Maintanu.l by tlu- L'. S. H\.rcst ScTvicc. at I>liila-

p ''^•*- 'a- 111 c.-npiTation with tlu- Cnivcrsitv .►{

' ^'iiisylvania.

interrelations hetween animals and plants. Were
it not tor the severe strti^<^le for existence
taced hy every species of animal, the unchecked
midtiplication of a sin^de species would .soon
overwhelm the entire ^dohe. Hai)])ily the checks
.seem to he adequate and nattire's halance is
usually maintained.

We .say the animal is adapted in its food
hahits to the environment in which it lives.
Most animals, with the exce])ti()n of parasites,
use plants directly as food. P,y the i)rocess of
exolution the .species of ve<,a'tation used hv a
^iven animal have likewi.se heen molded into
their present form and ^^rowth hahits. For ex-
am] )le the siu'vival of the ^n-as.ses u.sed hv herhi-
von.us animals may he exi)laine(l hv their per-
enmal si)rea(lin<; root .system and resistance
t(» i^ra/in^r of the leaf .stalks which have ^^rowth
centers at the ha.se rather than at the tii)s.

Ma.\ AM) THK Im)RKST

Tre-historic man with his simple needs tor
tood. shelter, and fuel made relativelv little
demand on his environment. In Xortii .\mer-

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

t.

FOREST LEAVES

ica the simple stone age agriculture of the
Indians did little to disturb the forest. Land
clearing was only on a small scale by use of
stone axes and fire ; permanently cleared fields
were the exception. When the white man first
came to North America he found vast forests
covering the eastern part of the country and
extending to the prairies of the middle west.

The forest was an enemy to be cut off or
burned back. It barred the way to agricultural
development and harbored savage Indians and
wild beasts. To make a clearing and practice
the highly developed system of agriculture ne-
cessary for his subsistence was a prime neces-
sity to the early white settler. The need for
shelter in a substantial and quickly erected log
house heated by a wood fire was another neces-
sity.

Under these pioneer demands the forest
gradually gave way and agricultural or grazing
land took its place. Large blocks of virgin
timber yet remained in less accessible areas
until the demand for ship timbers, construc-
tion lumber and other uses, created the logging
and sawmilling industry. The rapid exploita-
tion of our forests followed at an ever acceler-
ating pace, advancing to new regions of virgin
timber as the supply dwindled on those first
logged. This brief sketch indicates that the
white man of European origin has been the
great natural enemy of our virgin forest growth
in North America.

Past Forest Conditions

A forest may be generally defined as an ex-
tensive wood or as a tract of land covered with
trees of natural growth or planted by man.
After the harvest of our virgin forests, stands
of second growth sprang up except where kept
out by agriculture.

We know that the type or kind of original
forest found on a certain area is linked with the
climate, the soil conditions, and the competi-
tion offered by plants and animals in that vicin-
ity. Past fluctuations in climate have played
a major part, along with the subsidence and
emergence of land areas from the ocean, in
the development of our land flora. In the Car-
boniferous period giant tree ferns and club
mosses flourished and their debris form our
present coal deposits. Later during the Ter-
tiary period forms characteristic of our modern

vegetation developed and during the Pleisto-
cene or glacical period the forests in front of
the ice sheet took on a boreal aspect being
made up largely of conifers such as spruce and
fir. There is evidence from pollen deposits
in ancient lakes that post-glacial climate in
North Amet-ica has fluctuated from wet to dry
cycles since the latest or Wisconsin glaciation
took j)lace about 50,000 years ago. Dry periods
would favor a hardwood forest while a wet or
colder cycle would bring in the coniferous
species.

Present Forest Types in Pennsylvania

There are three broad types of forest now
in Pennsylvania. Like the virgin forest, which
formerly covered the State, these stands are
based on associations of tree species brought
together by similar climatic demands and re-
sistance to their natural enemies.

( 1 ) The beech-birch-maple type with the as-
sociated conifer hemlock.

(2) The oak-hickory or oak-yellow poplar
ty]Xi with associated hard j)ines as pitch pine,
Table Mountain pine, and Virginia scrub pine.

(3) A transition belt of forest containing
species characteristic of both northern and
southern types and associated with white pine.
This may be noted in the vicinity of Clearfield,
Pennsylvania. The view that white pine is
more often found with species of southerly
range, such as chestnut and red maple, in this
transition forest, is not accepted by all foresters
but has been advanced by the Allegheny Forest
Experiment Station after study of these types.

Natural Enemies ok the Forest

A natural enemy may be defined as an agency
or organism o])erating to injure or sometimes
destroy a forest stand or its means of reproduc-
tion.

There are three major classes under which
these natural enemies may be ])ut : ( 1 ) Climatic
agencies, such as drought, floods, sun scalds,
wind, lightning, frost, sleet, snow, hail, ero-
sion, etc., (2) biotic or living organisms such
as man and the lesser mammals, insects, fungi,
bacteria, and understory or climbing vegeta-
tion: and (3) fire which is an agency some-
times produced in nature by lightning, but more
often set free by man.

The virgin forest on East Tionesta Creek in

=:

FOREST LEAVES

Courtesy U. S. Forest Serviee.
VVeeviled White Pine

Warren and McKean Counties has yielded
data on the damage which may be exi)ected
from certain natural enenn'es. Windthrow ac-
counted for 18 per cent of the dead trees tallied
on a strip cruise of the tract made in 1930.
The 1930 drought with subsequent insect at-
tack by the eastern hemlock borer, Mclauophila
fidvoguttata, has caused serious losses of hem-
ock tnnber. Thousands of seedlings were
killed by the drought. A few trees killed by
Iightnmg were observed.

, Of the animal life in this tract the porcupine
IS one of the most important influences on the
torest. On 40 i)er cent of the 600 tenth-acre
plots exammed. i)()rcui)ine damaged trees were
tound. The largest tree killed was a yellow
poplar 50 mches in diameter. Deer grazing
's important in its influence on reproduction
and squirrel damage to the crop of beech nuts
^s very great. The efi^ect of an overpopulation
ot deer on the undergrowth and tree species
ot the forest may be noted in the vicinity of
the Clearfield Nursery. Rabbits and squirrels
^re very nnportant agencies damaging the
natural sources of seed supply and the young
seedbng, ,„ the oak forests of Pennsylvania
ami New Jersey. For example, no oak seed-
ngs could be raised for experimental purposes
the New Jersey branch of the Allegheny

Forest Experiment Station until the seed beds
were screened to prevent squirrel depredations.
But for the fact that all these natural en-
emies, classed as biotic agencies, have their own
parasitic and predatory foes, our forests would
mdeed be in a bad way. It is apparent when
one lists the injurious or tree destroying organ-
isms that all portions of a tree from roots to
crown and all stages in tree growth from seed
and seedling to 400 year-old veterans are sub-
ject to attack.

•

Other Important Tree Enemies
Of the organisms prone to attack the roots
and heartwood of trees the parasitic fungi are
perhaps most important. Tiny newly germi-
nated seedlings are often killed by the so-called
"damping oflf" fungi which attack the roots and
tender stems to cause root rot and wilting.

The shoe-string fungus Annillaria mellea at-
tacks the root and lower stem of a great variety
of species and is often the cause of death of
mature trees. Other fungi such as species of
Fomes, Polypoms, Dacdalia, Hydnum, and
franiefcs. cause heartrots and saprots on liv-
mg trees thereby weakening them. Lesser par-
asites on roots are certain plants lacking chloro-

m\

Courtesy U. S. Forest Service.
Fire Scar and Rot

Fo R KS T L r: A \ I^S

ica the sini])le stone a^c aj^riculturc of the
Indians did little to disturb the forest. Land
clearing was only on a small scale by use of
stone axes and tire ; ])ernianently cleared tields
were the exception. When the white man first
came to North America he found vast forests
covering the eastern ])art of tlie country and
extending to the i)rairies of tlie middle west.
The forest was an enemy to he cut off or
burned back. It barred the way to agricultural
develo])ment and harbored savage Indians and
wild beasts. To make a clearing and ])ractice
the highly (levelo])ed system of agriculture ne-
cessary for his subsistence was a ])rime neces-
sity to the early white settler. The need for
shelter in a substantial and cjuickly ^-rected log
house heated by a wood tire was another neces-
sity.

Under these ])i()neer demands the forest
gradually gave way and agricultural or grazing
land took its ])lace. Large blocks of virgin
timber yet remained in less accessible areas
until the demand for shi]) timbers, construc-
tion lumber and other uses, created the logging
and sawmilling industry. The ra])id ex])loita-
tion of our forests followed at an ever acceler-
ating ])ace. advancing to new regions of virgin
timber as the sui)])ly dwindled on those first
logged. This brief sketch indicates that the
white man of luiro])ean origin has been the
great natural enemy of our virgin forest growth
in Xorth America.

Past Forest Conditions

A forest may be generally defined as an ex-
tensive wood or as a tract o? land covered with
trees of natural growth or planted by man.
After the harvest of our virgin forests, stands
of second growth sprang u]) except where kept
out by agriculture.

We know that the tyi)e or kind of original
forest found on a certain area is linked with the
climate, the soil conditions, and the competi-
tion offered by ])lants and animals in that vicin-
ity. Past fluctuations in climate have ])layed
a major part, along with the subsidence and
emergence of land areas from the ocean, in
the development of our land flora. In the Car-
boniferous ])eriod giant tree ferns and club
mosses flourished and their debris form our
present coal deposits. Later during the Ter-
tiary period forms characteristic of our modern

vegetation (levelo])e(l and during the Pleisto-
cene or glacical ])erio(l the forests in front of
the ice sheet took on a boreal aspect bein^^
made uj) largely of conifers such as spruce and
tir. There is evidence from i)ollen deposits
in ancient lakes that ])ost-glacial climate in
Xorth America has fluctuated from wet to dry
cycles since the latest or Wisconsin glaciation
took place about 5(),0(X) years ago. Dry ])erio(ls
would faxor a hardwood forest while a wet or
colder cycle would bring in the coniferous
species.

Prksknt Im)rkst Tyi'Ks in Pennsylvania

There are three broad ty])es of forest now
in IVnnsylvania. Like the virgin forest, which
formerly covered the vState, these stands are
based on associations of tree species brought
together by similar climatic demands and re-
sistance to their natural enemies.

( 1 ) The beech-birch-maple ty])e with the as-
sociated conifer hemlock.

(2) The oak-hickory or oak-yellow jxiplar
ty])e with associated hard ])ines as ])itch i)ine.
Table Mountain i)ine. and X'irginia scrub j)ine.

(3) A transition belt of forest containing
s])ecies characteristic of both northern and
southern tyi)es and associated with white i)ine.
This may be noted in the vicinity of Cleartield.
Pennsylvania. The view that white pine is
more otteii found with species of southerlv
range, such as chestnut and red ma])le, in this
transition forest, is not acce])te(l by all foresters
but has been advanced by the Allegheiiv Forest
h'.x])eriment Station after study ( 1 these ivpcs.

Xatirai. ICnk.miks or tiik h'oKKsr

•A natural eneniv mav be defined as an aueiicv
or organism o])erating to injure or sometimes
destroy a forest stand or its means of rei)ro(luc-
tion.

There are three major classes under which
these natural enemies may be jnit : ( I ) Climatic
agencies, such as drought, floods, sun scalds,
wind, lightning, frost, sleet, snow, hail, ero-
sion, etc., (2) biotic or living organisms such
as man and the lesser mammals, insects, fun^i.
bacteria, and understory or climbing vegeta-
tion; and (.S) fire which is an agencv some-
times ])roduced in nature by lightning, but more
often set free by man.

The virgin forest on Ivist Tionesta Creek in

F O R K S T L K A \^ F S

5

( oiirtrsy I \ \. l-orcst Scrriic.

Warren and AFcKean Counties has vielded
data on the damage which mav be expected
•hmii certain natural enemies. U'indthrow ac-
counted \nv IS per cent of the dead trees tallied
|>;i a strip crin"sc' of the tract made in 1930.
The \')M) drouoht with sul)se(|ueiit insect at-
tack by the eastern hemlock borer. Mchumphihi
fnlr(>(/iitfala, has caused serious losses of hem-
l<)ck timber. Thousands of seedlings were
Ivillcd by the drought. A few trees killed bv
hgh tiling were observed.

^>t the animal life in this tract the i)orcupine
>/> 'Mie ot the most important infhiences on the
b)rest. On 40 per cent of the OOO tenth-acre
Pl'>ts examined. i)orcupine damaged trees were
<'>iind. The largest tree killed was a vellow
P'M^lar .-^O inehes in diameter. Deer grazing
'^ jniportant in its infhieiice on reproduction
:^'i^' s(|un-rel damage to the crop of beech nuts
'yt^'ry great. The effect of an overp.,pulation
^' ^^^*^*i* on the undergrowth and tree species
II' the torest may be noted in the vicinitv of
I'H' Clearheld Xursery. Kabbits and s(|uirrels
•^'^* very imp(,rtant agencies damaging the
'^'i^^inil sources of seed supplv and the voung
•Hecllnigs ni the oak forests of Pennsvlvania
'i"^l Aew jersey. |A)r example, n.) oak seed-
'".^.^p'oulcl Ik. raised for experimental purp,.ses

tiH' Xew jersey branch of the Alleiihenv

lM)rest Ivxperiment Station until the seed beds
were screened to ])revent scjuirrel depredations.
Hut for the fact that all these natural en-
emies, classed as biotic agencies, have their own
parasitic and ])redatory foes, our forests would
indeed be in a bad way. [t is a])parent when
one lists the injurious or tree destroying organ-
isms that all ])()rtions of a tree fnmi r;)ots to
crown and all stages in tree growth fr:);n seed
and seedling to 400 year-old veterans are sub-
ject to attack.

Other Important Tree Knemies
Of the organisms ])rone to attack the r()r)ts
and heartwood of trees the parasitic fungi are
perhaps most important. Tinv newlv germi-
nated seedlings are often killed'bv the 'so-called
'•damping otT" fungi which attack the roots and
tender stems to cause root rot and wiltin<

The shoe-string fungus AnniUaria incllca at-
tacks the root and lower stem of a great variety
'>f species and is often the cause of death of
mature trees. ( )tlier fungi such as species of
I'omcs, rolyporiis, Dacdalia, Ilydnum, and
I nuuctcs, cause heartrots and saprots on liv-
ing trees thereby weakening them. Lesser ])ar-
asites on roots are certain ])lants lacking cliloro-

i'oiirtrsy I . S. /'.nrst Scrricc

I'lKi: SCAK .\M> koT

FOREST LEAVES

FOREST LEAVES

phyl. The role of fungi in causing mycor-
rhizae on tree rots is not definitely known but
may be beneficial rather than the reverse.

Above ground the tree is subject to attack
by a variety of enemies. Fungi which cause
bark lesions or cankers, sap rotters, those which
girdle the trunk killing the cambium layer such
as the chestnut blight and white pine blister
rust, and a host of others are known. Insects
are also very important and take great toll of
our forests annually. The bark beetles espec-
ially the genus Dcudroctonus, are well known
as a natural enemy of our southern and western
conifers. Boring grubs such as the locust,
birch, maple, chestnut and hickory borers, and
the eastern hemlock borer are destructive en-
emies of these tree species. The white pine
weevil which kills back the terminal shoot and
Hylobius pales, a weevil which girdles and kills
young reproduction, are problems to any one
seeking to perpetuate white pine.

Defoliating insects often cause the death of
trees by repeated attacks. The larch sawfly,
hemlock looper, gypsy moth, tent caterpillar,
army worm, and others, may be placed in this
class. Damage is done by the larvae or cater-
pillar stage which feeds on tree foliage and so
reduces the vigor of the trees. Certain beetles
as the introduced Japanese beetle and the May
beetle, damage leaves by feeding in the adult
stage but do not usually kill mature trees. Less-
er enemies, which, however, in the aggregate,
take enormous toll upon the vitality of the
forest, are aphids, leaf hoppers, spittle bugs,
scale insects, gall ])roducing insects, leaf spot
fungi, leaf miners and skeletonizers, mistletoes
and witches brooms.

New diseases, both native and introduced,
are being discovered and studied. Man has
been able to work out j^ractical control measures
for some of the forest enemies, but by far the
most effective control for inaccesible and wide-
spread forest areas has been the natural bal-
ance achieved by nature. In kee])ing down the
rodent and insect i)opulation both the i)reda-
tory and insect feeding birds are necessary.
Climatic and topographic barriers to the spread
of forest enemies are more effective than man
made barriers. The natural enemy of any one
species may not entirely exterminate it but
merely keep it in check and enable other species
to compete on even terms with it. For this

reason it is unwise to assume that all agencies
taking toll of the forest are unqualifiedly detri-
mental to all species in it. We should rather
expect that over a long period of development
the tree species best fitted to survive would
achieve a balance with the natural factors of
their environment.

In spite of all enemies the growth and de-
velopment of our forests continues on areas
of non-agricultural land. Much remains to be
done to put them in a condition to produce the
greatest ])ublic benefits of which they are cap-
able ; cellulose production, watershed protec-
tion, wild life, and recreation. It is the aim
of forest research to determine the ])rinci])les
which govern the protection and use of our
forests in order that fundamental laws of na-
ture may be applied in building better forests
for the benefit of present and future genera-
tions.

Under friendly care and i)rotei:tion from
man, Penn's woods can be restored to high
])roductivity, and even greater usefulness than
the original forest, because we see the need
for forests and have the diversity of species,
the soil, and the climate, which makes it pos-
sible to grow them successfully.

"Man must ever be careful not to extermin-
ate any one species of predator, for although
they take game, they also devour other small
mammals that are destructive to forest trees,
forest crops, etc." — Pcnnsyhaiiia Game News.

AN OUTSIDE OPINION OF FOREST
PRACTICE IN PENNSYLVANIA

"Of all the States, Pennsylvania has achieved
most in jmtting into effect actual forest man-
agement and reclaiming to economic produc-
tiveness, through State acquisition and admini-
stration, extensive areas of de])leted and de-
generated forest and idle cut-over land."

"To this reliance upon outside leadership
Pennsylvania was an exception. Like New
York, its forestry movement, while gaining
]x)wer from the stimulus of the general for-
estry movement, was essentially indigenous.
The ])rinci])al credit for it belongs to one man,
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, who practically gave his
life to it."

"The Pennsylvania I^'orest Research Insti-
tute at Mont Alto is outstanding as a forest

research agency which is an integral part of
the State forestry department and is provided
as a part of its equipment for performing its
practical duties.''

"This institute was dedicated to forest re-
search on June 5, 1930, to bring about the
betterment of forest practices on all types of
forest land in Pennsylvania."

"The Pennsylvania Forest Research Insti-
tute is an example of what might easily be
done by a number of the more wealthy states,
at least, to enable their forestry department to
work out their more fundamental problems."

All the above are quoted from "A National
Plan for American Forestry," prepared by the
United States Forest Service.

THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE

CONIFERS

THROUGH the courtesy of the Louisiana
Conservation Review, and of the author,
Mr. Robert Glenk, Ph.D., Curator of the
Louisiana State Museum, we present a con-
densation of an extremely interesting article,
''The Pines as Living Fossils of the Plant
World," with the comment that only our space
demands cause curtailment of the original text.
**The history of the pines constitutes one of
the surprising romances of the plant life. The
'conebearers' or 'conifers' of which the pines
and our common cypress are typical examples,
originated upon the earth at a much earlier
period of geologic time than any other mem-
bers of our present day forest trees. Through-
out the millions of years of the earth's history,
they have persisted in much the same simple
biological form since the Coal Age. Convinc-
ing proof of their long existence occurs plenti-
fully in the records of the rocks, and definitely
marks them as the oldest living representatives
of the forests of the Paleozoic Era.

''This curiously interesting group of plants
retains the primitive flower structure which
distinguishes the vegetation of the ancient
world. In fact, so close is the resemblance
to the rudimentary forms of plant life, most
o^ which have long ceased to exist, that the
stock IS considered as having lived at the same
tinie as the cycads, giant mosses, and sigillaries
pose collective fossil remains make up the
•^u k of the coal which was formed a hundred
"n'lion or more years ago.

*'In a casual examination of one of the
stately pines that constitute to a large degree
the forests of the North Temperate Zone, the
botanical relationship which places them in the
same category with the club mosses and cat-
tails of the marshes, is not readily suspected.

''The true position of the 'gymnosperms' or
naked seeded plants was recognized by Jussieu
a generation before the investigators of the
modern conifers came to an agreement in this
respect relative to the proper classification of
the pines. There is no ovary in the flower of
a conifer, but the ovule lies naked upon the
surface of a scale. Stigmas are entirely want-
ing and fertilization depends upon the distri-
bution of the pollen by the wind without the
aid of insects. The fruit is a woody strobile
called a cone which matures the second or third
year after flowering. The seeds are usually
in pairs attached at the base in shallow de-
pressions on the surface of the scale. These
are features which immediately diflferentiate
them from the higher classes of plants. Fur-
thermore, the internal anatomy and cellular
frame work are so distinctive as to relegate
the pines, as far as structural organization is
concerned, a long distance from their associates
in the forest.

'*A definite progression and more perfect
specialization is indicated from even the earl-
iest geological periods in the course of develop-
ment of the plant world up to its present state,
and in almost every class of plant life the
number of fossil forms considerably exceeds
the recent or living ones. No adequate ex-
planation of the causes underlying the extinc-
tion of former species or families has yet been
found. It may be that changes in external
conditions .with regard to the distribution of
land and water, salinity of water, volcanic
eruption, natural enemies, or diseases may have
led to the extinction of certain forms, but such
theories fail to account for the disappearance
of entire species or groups of plants.

''Botanists delight in dwelling on the auda-
city of the geologists in determining species
from leaf impressions. That some uncertainty
exists in such identifications based upon frag-
mentary material perhaps may be granted; it
fias, however, been definitely shown that foli-
age characters in general are more fixed than
those of almost any other organ of plants, and

i

8

FOREST LEAVES

FOREST LEAVES

leaves are much less subjected to complex
environment factors. Impressions of plants in
the rocks constitute the bulk of the objects
with which the paleontologist has to deal.

"The first evidence of land plants occurs
about the latter half of the Age of Fishes, or
the Devonian, as it is called. As geological
time progressed the land plants became more
prolific, individuals grew to greater dimensions
and greater heights and hence lived to a great-
er age. In the upper Devonian strata there
were found petrified trunks of trees whose
structures bear a close resemblance to present
day pines or conifers in cell structure and are
readily recognizable as such.

"Ferns, conifers and cycads flourished in
the Coal Age following, and 'Cordaites', as
certain conifers are called, were dominant gym-
nosperms or naked seeded plants of the Pale-
ozoic era. The woody trunks of these trees,
while quite similar to those of modern pines,
difl^ered from them in having a central pith
present. Cordaites did not produce seeds in
cones and the leaves were not needle shaped,
but had a family likeness to the gingko or
maiden-hair tree which ap])eared about this
time on the earth.

*' Cone-bearing evergreens developed during
the Coal Age and the 'Coniferales', as this or-
der became known, embraced the genera arau-
caria, sequoia, cypress, cedar, spruce, pine and
others from which the i)arent trees of the
l)resent day species evolved. The wides])read
uniformity of physical conditions prevailing
on the earth, such as equability of climate and
abundant rainfall, continuing over a long period
of time, cons])ired to make the carboniferous
forests a])])ear strange and wonderful. Two
thousand or more s])ecies of ])lants made uj)
these forests and have been identified from the
fossil remains in the rocks above and below
the C'lal denosits.

"The Triassic Conifers, which came after
the Coal Age plants, in a certain degree rep-
resented all the persistent orders and families.
Deposits of this age, consisting of wood, twigs,
and single-seeded cone scales, closely resemble
those of the present day species. Logs of
this age make u]) the fossil remains found in
the Petrified Forest of Arizona and in the form
of beautifully agatized trunks of large dimen-
sions, ancestors of the present day araucarias.

"The Jurassic period, sometimes referred
to as the 'Age of Gymnosperm' or naked
seeded plants represented by the pines, seems
to have been especially favorable for their de-
velopment .and distribution over the earth.
These queer conifers were abundant, also, all
through the Mesozoic era when giant reptiles
were swarming all over the earth. They, with
their low resistance to cold, were adapted to
a mild climate. They had nothing like the
rigid tenacity of life of the present day pines
and firs that clothe the sides of the snow capped
peaks of northern mountains uiider extremes
of cold and high winds.

"The Ginkgos or 'Maidenhair Trees' of many
varieties, were among the very first of these
j^rimitive conifers. They were both abundant
and widespread. At the present day their range
is restricted to parts of China and Japan.

"The Sequoias or 'big trees' appeared be-
fore the close of the Jurassic period and were
very generally distributed over the United
States and still persist in California. By well
nigh universal consent the *big tree' is re-
garded as the most remarkable member of the
earth's silva. Its enormous bulk, its restricted
habitat, its precarious foothold in the north-
ern ])art of its range and its plain relationship
to the flora of the ancient world, combine to
give this species a unique interest among all
the existing trees of the earth.

"The Araucarias were widely distributed
and abundant in the Mesozoic era and were
found from New Jersey and South Dakota,
south to Patagonia. At the present time they
are confined to very restricted areas in Chile.
Brazil. Australia and a few Pacific islands.
They have the appearance of large ])alms with
the limbs confined to a crown carried on a
straight columnar trunk.

"The deciduous or bald cypress, common to
our Louisiana swamps, is somewhat doubtfully
re])resented by the Leptostrobus of the Jurassic
])eriod. Cypress is consequent! v less ancient
than Sequoia but became equally well distri-
buted over the earth in this and subsequent
periods. The maximum range and develop-
ment of these handsome trees anpears to have
taken place during the middle Eocene. They
flourished abundantly in the Arctic regions.
es])ecially in Alaska, Greenland, and in Spit-
zenl)ergen during tertiary time, due, no doubt.

Courtesy American Museum of Natural History.
Fossilized Cone of Pinus Wheeleri — Florissant, Colo,

to an extension of tropical conditions over a
large area of the northern hemis])here.

"With the coming of the Ice Age when the
Northern continents became covered with an
accumulation of ice a thousand or more feet
thick, cy])ress was exterminated over the great-
er part of its former range. At the close of
the Ice Age which lasted about 300,000 years.
Cypress seems to have been able to retain but
a precarious foothold and, at the present time,
it survives in only a very snail area along the
Gulf Coast and in Mexico and nowhere else
on earth. It is a singular fact that cy])ress was
never found as a forest tree in South America.
The ])resent structure, habits and ranges of
the deciduous cypress are the res.ult of ages
of adjustment to the constantly changing en-
vironmental forces. The extinct s])ecies of
Taxodiaceae greatly outnumber the existing
genera and species, onlv 13 now surviving.
That the family seems destined for extinction
"1 the not far distant future, comjnited in
geologic time periods, there is everv reason to
believe.

"Fossil swani]) strata, once cypress bogs, have
been uncovered bv artificial excaxation or by
natural erosion of Pleistocene sediments in a

number of instances. Cypress wood, it is said,
contains phenolic compounds and geranyl al-
cohol and esters, which seem to be distasteful
to termites and to acts as preservative agents.
It has received the trade name 'The Wood
Eternal' because of its slowness to decay, espec-
ially in wet soil.

"The pines appeared in the form of *Abie-
tites', supposedly the ancestor of the existing
family, towards the end of the lower Cretace-
ous period. The record, however, is question-
able and many uncertainties exist as to the
original stock. But it is known that undoubted
species of Pinus existed before the close of the
Mesozoic era.

"From covering a wide territorial range in
earlier geologic times, the conifers became
greatly reduced in species and numbers, at the
beginning of the tertiary or the Age of Mam-
mals. The soil conditions, rainfall and humid-
ity, all were favorable to their extensive de-
velopment, but strange to say certain adverse
conditions i)revailed which efifectually pre-
vented their spreading in the ^Mississippi Val-
ley. The only explanation that the geologist
can give to account for the singular fact is
that the climate must have been excessively hot.
The ])ines fail to compete successfully in
nature, except under rigid or special conditions
of life, with their angiosperm or more modern
competitors. They are greatly handicapped in
the race of life because of their inability to
reproduce themselves with the vigor of other
trees. As soon as a pine tree is cut down the
root dies and there is no power to send forth
shoots from the stump for new growth. Pine
seed is light and its vitality is fleeting. 'Mother
Nature matures a million pine seeds for each
one she permits to grow up.' The pine tree is
steadily driven backward by the nut bearing
trees, especially by the oaks. As Darwin so sig-
nificantly stated, 'the oaks have driven the
pines to the sands.' The natural pine forests
of the present day may well be defined as being
'areas of preservation' and not as being 'centres
of distribution' of the species.

"There are nine genera and over a hundred
existing species of the Abietinaceae in the
world today, confined to the North Temper-
ate Zone. The extinct species are perhaps
much more numerous.

"Pines endeavor to fulfil the highest and

all

I

I

8

1 O RKST LE A \ ES

FOR E S 1' L K A \^ K S

leaves arc niiicli less sul)jecte(l lo complex
cnvironinenl factors. Ini])ressioiis of ])lants in
the rocks constitute the hulk of the ohjects
with which the i)aleontoloj4ist has to deal.

"The first evidence of land i)lants occurs
ahout the latter half of the A<^e of l^'ishes. or
the Devonian, as it is called. As t»eolo,^"ical
time ])r()i^ressed the land i)lants hecame more
prolific, individuals ,i(rew to i^^reater dimensions
and ji^reater heij^hts and hence lixed to a j^reat-
er ai^e. in the ui)])er Devonian strata there
were found ])etriried trunks of ti*ees whose
structures hear a close resemhlance to ])resent
day ])ines or conifers in cell structure and are
readily recoj^nizahle as such.

"I^Vrns, conifers and c\cads Hourished in
the Coal A<;e followin<(. and 'C'ordaites'. as
certain conifers are called, were dominant <;vm-
n()S])erms or naked seeded ])lants of the Pale-
ozoic era. 'i'he woody trunks of these trees,
while (|uite similar to those of modern i)ines.
differed from them in having" a central ])ith
present. C'ordaites did not ])roduce seeds in
cones and the leaves were not needle shai)ed.
hut had a familv likeness to the <rin<»ko or
maiden-hair tree which a])i)eared ahout thi>
time on the earth.

"Cone-hearing exermreens developed during
the Coal .\!L;e and the 'Coniferales', as this or-
der hecame known, emhraced the i/enera arau-
caria, secjuoia, cyi)ress, cedar, si)ruce, i)ine and
others from which the i)arent trees of the
present day s])ecies evolved. The wi(lesi)read
uniformity of ])hysical conditions ])revailin<(
on the earth, such as ecjuahility (>\ climate and
ahundant rainfall. continuin<^^ over a lonjL;- i)erio(l
ot time. consi)ired to make the carhoniferous
forests a])])ear stran<.(e and wonderful. Two
thousand or more s])ecies of plants made u])
these torests and ha\e heen identified from the
fossil remains in the rocks aho\e and helow
the c )al dei)')sits.

"The Triassic Conifers, which came after
the Coal -Xt^^L' i)lants, in a certain dei^nve rep-
resented all the i)ersistent orders and families.
Deposits ot this aj^a*. consistinj^^ of wood, twii^s,
and siniL^le-seeded cone scales, closel\- resemhle
those ot the present day s])ecies. I.nj.(s of
this li^v make up the fossil remains found in
the Petrified h'orest of Arizona and in the form
of heautifullx' aj.(atized trunks of larj^e diinen-
.sions, ancestors of the present dav araucarias.

..'iM

The Jurassic ])eriod, sometimes ret erred
to as the 'Ak<-' <>* Ciymnospenn' or naked
seeded ])lants re])resente(l hy the ])ines, seems
to have heen es])ecially favorahle for their de-
veloi)inent and distrihution over the earth,
'i'hese (jueer conifers were ahundant, also, all
throuj^h the Mesozoic era when ^nant re])tiles
were swarmin<; all over the earth. 1'hey, with
their low resistance to cold, were ada])te(l to
a mild climate. They had nothinj^ like the
rii(i(l tenacitv ol life of the ])resent day ])ines
and firs that clothe the sides of the snow cap])e(l
])eaks of northern mountains luider extremes
of cold and hij.;h winds.

"The Ciink<n)s or 'Maidenhair Trees' of manv
varieties, were anions;" the very hrst ot these
primiti\e C(Hiifers. They were both ahundant
and wi(lesi)rea(l. .\t the present day their range
is restricted to i)arts oi China and |ai)an.

"'i'he Se(|uoias or 'hii^' trees' a])i)eared he-
fore the close of the Jurassic ]>eriod and were
ver\' i>enerall\' distributed over the Cnited
States and still jx'rsist in California. P)\' well
nii;h unixersal consent the 1)i<;" tree' is re-
l^arded as the most remarkable member of the
earth's silva. Its enormous bulk, its restricted
habitat, its ])recarious foothold in the north-
ern jiart of its ranj^e and its ])lain relationshi])
to the flora of the ancient world, combine to
^ixe this si)ecies a uni(|ue interest amoii^" all
the existini^ trees of the earth.

"The .Araucarias were widely distributed
and abundant in the Mesozoic era and were
found from Xew Jersey and South Dakota,
south to i*atai(onia. .\t the present time they
are confined to \ery restricted areas in Chile.
P)razil. Australia and a few Pacific islands.
They have the ai)pearance of larj^e ])alms with
the limbs coiituied to a crown carried on a
straight columnar trunk.

"'Hie deciduous or bald c\i)ress. common to
our Louisi.'uia swam])s. is somewhat doubttnlly
represented by the Le])tostrol)Us of the Jurassic
jK'riod. C'vi)ress is conse(|uentl\' less ancient
than vSe(|uoia but became e(|ually well distri-
buted over the earth in this and subse(|iient
periods. The maximum rani^e and de\elo])-
iiieiit of these handsome trees appears to have
taken i)lace during- the middle h'ocene. 1 hey
flourished abundantly in the Arctic rei^n'oiis.
es])ecially in Alaska, (ireeiiland, and in vSpit-
zenbert^^en durin<; tertiarx' time, due, no douht-

( (•iirtrsy .Imrrican Miisi-niii ,•! Xiifiiral 1 1 istory.
l''ns<||.|/.i;i, C*(>\|.; o|.- I'im.s \\ (I KKLIki Im.i'kiss \.\ T. C<i|...

«

to an extension of tro])ical conditions over a

large area of the northern hemis])here.

"With the coming of the Ice .\ge when the

Xorthern continents became covered with an

accumulation of ice a thousand or more feet

thick, cv])ress was exterminated o\er the <jreat-

er part ol its former range. At the close of

the Ice Age which lasted about .^0:),{)(K) years,

Cy])ress seems to ha\e been able to retain but

a ])recarious foothold and, at the ])resent time,

it sur\i\es in only a \ery snail area along the

^'iilt Coast and in Mexico and iKra'hrrc else

Oil earth. It is a singular fact that cvpress was

never tound as a forest tree in South America.

I he present structure, habits and ranges of

the deciduous cyi)ress are the result of ages

'»! adjustment to the constantlv chani'inir en-

vironniental forces. The extinct snecies of

laxodiaceae greatly outnumber the existing

.i^C'iiera and si)ecies. onlv K^ now surviviiu^
'Pi 1 - •
' 'I'lt the tamily seems destined for extinction

in the not far distant future. coini)Uted in

ge()logic time ])erio(ls. there is every reason to

heliexe.

I'ossil swamp strata, once cypress bogs, have
Ix^vii uncovered bv artilicial cxca\ation or bv
natural erosiim of Pleistocene sediments in a

number of instances. Cypress wood, it is said,
contains ])hen()lic comjxnmds and geranyl al-
cohol and esters, which seem to be distasteful
to termites and to acts as preservative agents.
It has received the trade name 'The W'oijd
lUernal' because of its slowness to decay, espec-
ially in wet soil.

"The ])ines ai)])cared in the form of 'Abie-
tites', su])i)osedly the ancestor of the existing
tamily, towards the end of the lower Cretace-
ous period. The record, however, is (|uestion-
able and many uncertainties exist as to the
original stock. P>ut it is known that undoubted
>])ecies of Pinus existed before the close of the
Mesozoic ei*a.

"h'roni covering a wide territorial range in
earlier geologic times, the conifers became
greatly reduced in si)ecies and numbers, at the
beginning of the tertiary or the Age of .Mani-
mals. The .soil conditions, rainfall and humid-
ity, all were favorable to their extensive de-
\elo])ment. but strange to say certain adverse
conditions prevailed which eff ecttiallv pre-
vented their spreading in the Mississii)i)i Val-
ley. The onlv exi)lanation that the <a^olo<nst
can give to account for the singular fact is
that the climate must have been excessively hot.
The ])ines fail to compete successfullv in
nature, except under rigid or special conditions
ot lite, with their angiosperm or more modern
competitors. They are greatly handica])i)ed in
the race of life because of their inability to
rei)ro(luce them.selves with the vigor of other
trees. .\s soon as a pine tree is cut down the
root dies and there is no ])ower to send forth
shoots from the stimi]) for new growth. Pine
seed is light and its vitality is fleeting. 'Mother
Nature matures a million i)ine seeds for each
one she permits to grow up.' The pine tree is
steadilv driven backward bv the nut bearinir
trees, especially by the oaks. .\s Darwin so sig-
nificantly stated, 'the oaks have driven the
pines to the sands.' The natural pine forests
ot the present day may well be defined as bein^^
'areas of i)reservation' and not as being 'centres
ot distribution' of the species.

"There are nine genera and over a hundred
existing si)ecies of the Abietinaceae in the
world today, confined to the Xorth Temper-
ate Zone. 1'he extinct species are perhaps
much more numerous.

"Pines endeavor to fulfil the highest and

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

10

FOREST LEAVES

noblest existence which the limitations placed
upon them by heredity permit. Their elements,
in addition, are more or less plastic in their
reactions to the infinite complexity of their
surroundings. They patiently endure the cold
and snow and death-dealing blasts of w^inter
in northern climates and occupy the most pre-
cipitous slopes in the high places. The leaves
are especially constructed for such hardships,
because there is little resistance to air pressure.
Snow and ice readily slide off. On the other
hand, they can endure heat and drought quite
bravely.

"The pines are the most important timber
trees of the world from the fact that the wood
possesses the qualities of strength and elasticity
combined with lightness of weight and ease of
working. The wood is used in such enormous
quantities that we are beginning to realize that
the timber supplies are not unlimited, and, at
the present rate of consumption, the destruc-
tion of pine forests is inevitable. So far as
the production of pine timber is concerned the
practice of forestry or reforestration has be-
come a necessity. As a natural forest tree the
pine is undoubtedly doomed. It must live here-
after, if it lives at all, 'as a domestic tree, the
object of man's care and protection.'

"The pines have certainly far outlasted all
of their companions of the forest and hence
may very appropriately be termed the living
fossils of the Plant World/'

CHARCOAL OR GASOLINE

By George S. Perry, Pennsylvania Forest

Research Institute

DURING 1932 a movement promising to
be of considerable economic importance
to forestry the world over, and also of
significance to international trade, has gained
headway in Sweden and some other neighbor-
ing countries. Gas generated from charcoal
has become a practical factor to reckon with
as a motor fuel, esi)ecially for driving trucks,
tractors, busses, and machinery whose power
requirements are similar to these. Touring cars
and smaller motor vehicles may also be driven
by charcoal but are not so well adapted because
the fuel container and generator are necessa-
rily bulky and clumsy in appearance. A num-

ber of types of gas generators have been de-
veloped for use with internal combustion
engines. Both wood and charcoal have been
used as fuel, but the latter has proven best
because it- is quite free from the resins, tar,
and soot that are troublesome when wood is
used.

The most popular charcoal generator hook-
up is one which permits starting the motor
with gasoline, or some similar volatile fuel,
and then after a few minutes when every-
thing is warmed up, a change is made to
generator gas. Three or four of the foremost
American auto and tractor manufacturers have
co-operated in the experimental work with
charcoal and wood fuel in Europe, and their
ix)pular models are readily adapted to gas
generator attachments. This has contributed
greatly to the increasing use of charcoal. The
effectiveness of a motor driven by charcoal,
according to Swedish government tests, is 88%
to 92% of that secured from gasoline or raw
oil for tractors, and yZ'/r to 78%^ for trucks,
calculated on the basis of speed and draw-bar
results.

The money economy in o]:)eration is note-
worthy. Records are available for the com-
parison of a three-ton truck using charcoal
as against gasoline, over a given stretch of
road, and considering every item of added ex-
pense on account of the generator installment
and amortization. The charcoal using truck
cost only 6.1 cents per mile to operate, as
against 17.6 cents for the one using gasoline.

National necessity is a weighty reason for
the rapidly growing use of charcoal driven
motors. Sweden and many other Euroj^ean
countries must import all their liquid motor
fuel, except alcohol. This has been a grow-
ing debit item in their commerce with foreign
lands, and was a factor of importance in forc-
ing them off the gold l)asis. Since it is now
very difficult to balance international budgets
and commercial transactions by the former
easy scheme of borrowing from America, — the
World's Santa Claus since 1920, — many coun-
tries must economize in their foreign pur-
chases. Their depreciated money is a strong
urge toward such economy, but the govern-
ments naturally do all in their power to find
domestic substitutes for expensive foreign
necessities. Sweden has ordered her anny,

FOREST LEAVES

11

post-office and other government agencies to
use charcoal-driven motors wherever practi-
cable. Half of the very high annual license
fees on privately owned cars and trucks is re-
funded if they are charcoal driven, and loans
without interest are offered by the government
to all truck or tractor owners for the installa-
tion of a gas generator on their motors. Re-
sults are reported to be highly satisfactory all
around. Several hundred heavy trucks were
equipped with generators during 1932 and now
the factories are literally buried with orders.
Users make a saving varying from 60% to
80% on use of charcoal as compared to gaso-
line (see graph) and local labor is occupied in
the manufacture of charcoal from cheap wood
or material that otherwise would find no use
whatever. Foresters see a good future possi-
bility for thinnings and improvement cutting in
the present development. They have intro-
duced and improved a portable sheet-iron
charcoal oven that was originated in France,
and by this means can utilize small quantities
of wood that might not justify charcoaling in
the usual large-scale manner.

Grai)hic Representation of Economy of
Charcoal over Gasoline in Norway (Gasoline
costing about 21c. i)er gallon)

Distance Traveled on Gasoline Costing $1.

Distance Traveled on Charcoal Costing $1.

The war cry used in these foreign lands to
bring about the use of charcoal instead of gaso-
line has something of the "Buy American"
nng. It runs like this, '* Drive a charcoal-
burner and save 70% for yourself and 100%6)
for your country."

America as one of the great oil and gasoline
exi)orting countries, gains no present advan-
tage from the charcoal using motor, but in
course of time, the whole world may be glad
to turn to a chea])ly ])roduced and renewable
fuel, when exhaustible and irreplaceable
mineral su])plies begin to dwindle and prices
cnnib. To keep wheels turning merrily on our
highways, we may change our filling station
order, in course of some decades or a century,
irom ''fiv^ gallons of gas, please," to '^please
give me two bushels of charcoal." The whole
development is just one more important rea-
son why no countrv should neglect its forest
resources.

ACTIVITIES OF THE PENNSYLVA-
NIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS
AND WATERS FOR THE YEAR

1933

By Lewis E. Staley, Secretary

State Forest Land

THE TOTAL area of the State Forests as
of January 1, 1934, was 1,647,800 acres,
acquired at a cost of $2.43 per acre and
located in 35 counties of the Commonwealth.

Protection

The total forest area burned in 1933 is the
lowest on record for any one year. The num-
ber of fires is the least since 1927, the cost of
extinction, the lowest since 1919. The aver-
age area per fire will be less than 14 acres,
which is the smallest average on record. The
total number of fires for the year was 2,028,
with 28,599 acres in area burned over, and a
total cost of extinction of $43,760.63.

The fire observation system has been im-
proved by the addition of three stations at
which 80 foot steel towers were erected. The
towers at six other stations were raised 80
feet in height.

Each emergency conservation work camp
was furnished with a supply of forest fire
fighting tools and at least two forest fire crews
were organized and trained in each camp.

Forest Tree Extension
During the year 8,299,208 trees were shipped
from the nurseries operated by the Depart-
ment of Forests and Waters. Of this number,
499,148 trees constituted the fall shipment.

The classification of shipments during the
year is as follows:

No Trees
Class Planted

Individuals 3,576,850

Mining Companies 126,500

Water and Power Companies 495^500

Other Industrial Organizations 396,200

Schools and Colleges 37,169

Municipalities and Counties 498!750

Churches, Homes and Private Hospitals 60,000

Associations and Clubs 284,000

State Forests 1,757^702

Other State and Federal Lands 657,629

State Nurseries 210,000

Transfer Orders 198,758

Outside of State 150

Total 8,299,208

p

12

FORES T L E A \' E S

FOREST LEAVES

13

A total of 2,030 orders was filled during the
year for state and private agencies in nearly
every county in the Commonwealth.

Planting on the State Forests consisted of
1,757,702 trees, the largest number in any
one year since 1919. Since 1899, 42,985,948
trees have beer planted on the State Forests.

Attention is called to the immediate need
for the utilization of millions of acres of idle
land in our Commonwealth so that they may
yield their just share of taxes, provide a crop
revenue, and furnish work for many of those
who are unemployed. The amount of idle
land has been conservativelv estimated at from
4,000,000 to 6,000,000 acres. This is largely
the result of the abandonment of marginal
farm land. It is estimated that at least 3,000,-
000 acres of this total, privately owned, should
be planted with forest trees.

During the year every effort was made to
insure that State trees were used as the law
provides, and to safeguard the interests of the
commercial nurseryman. All applications for
State trees in the eight southeastern counties
are first referred to the district forester for
investigation before they are approved. The
same plan was followed in Erie County and
has been started by Allegheny County.

Four nurseries are operated by the Depart-
ment and while it a])peared that operations
would have to be curtailed for lack of funds,
yet with the emergency conservation work
camps and relief labor available, a great deal
was accomplished and an additional water line
for the Mont Alto Nursery was provided.

During the fall of 1933 seed was collected
in Pennsylvania for use in the Department's
nurseries as follows :

Species Quantity

Black walnut 636 bu.

5^f. «a^ ■ 360 bu.

i uhp poplar y y^^

^^''\^ P'"e : : : : 98 bu!

Hemlock 7 hu

P^^ch pine '/.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'. 76 bu.'

A total of 2,410 acres were added during the
year as Auxiliary Forest Reserve. The total
area now classified is 48,307 acres. This con-
sists of 76 tracts held by 56 different owners.

Two municipal forests, as specified by the
Act of 1909, are registered, one at Coudersport
and the other at Kmlenton. There are 25
municipal forests in Pennsylvania, mostly used

for park purposes and covering 14,785 acres.
Four new municipal forests were reported dur-
ing the year.

Foresters were especially watchful of planta-
tions during the year, with the result that only
one acre of a privately owned plantation was
burned and 5.5 acres belonging to the State.
Examinations were made of 849 State Forest
plantations and 850 private plantations.

Rkcre:ation

A constantly increasing number of people
use the nine State Parks, ni-ne State Forest
Parks, eleven State Forest monuments, and
50 Public Camp Grounds, scattered through-
out Pennsylvania and maintained by the De-
l)artment of Forests and Waters. It is esti-
mated that more than 5,000,000 people en-
joyed these recreational, historic, and scenic
areas during 1933. An additional number
visited the forest fire observation towers and
hunted and fished within the State Forests.

The resources of the Department personnel
have been taxed to the limit during the year,
to provide the necessary facilities for the health
and comfort of these visitors.

During the year 210 new State Forest per-
manent cam]) sites were granted. The total
number leased on January 1, 1934, was 2,852.
as compared with 2,723 on January 1, 1933.
That the granting of permanent camp site
leases on the State Forests meets with po])ular
favor is evidenced by the fact that only 209
new leases were granted dtiring 1929 and 144
in 1928. During the ])ast year 140 leases were
renewed, some of them being for a third 10
year period, which means that some of them
have been under lease for 20 years.

The total value of the improvements estab-
lished in the State Forests by the cam]:) site
lessees is now almost $3,000,000. The receipts
from cam]) site rentals during 1933 amounted
to nearly $28,000.

Public Rki.attons and Co-opkration

During the year the De])artment distributed
close to 250,000 copies of bulletins, circulars,
and ma])s. Each of the emergency con.serva-
tion work camps located in the State Forests
was furnished with an adequate su])])ly of all
available bulletins, circulars, and ma])s of the
De])artment.

Most of the enrolled men in the E. C. W.
camps located in the State Forests are exper-
iencing, for the first time, new contacts with
forestry operations. To make it possible for
the men to acquire a knowledge of forestry
and an aj^preciation of the many values of our
forests, an educational program was arranged
under the direction of the Department of For-
ests and Waters.

A truck equijDped with a generator develop-
ing 1500 watts was in use for showing 35 mm.
motion pictures, two small j^ortable generators,
callable of producing 600 watts, were in use
for showing 16 mm. motion pictures and stere-
ojiticon slides, and a series of batteries were
rigged up for projecting strip film views.

The three graduate foresters delivered illus-
trated lectures, either film strips or stereopticon
slides.

An outline for a course in forestry instruc-
tion, comprising 409 ])ages of mimeograjDhed
material, was prej^ared and distributed to each
camp forester. The schools of instruction do
not conflict with the regular hours of work of
the men and attendance is voluntary. Satur-
day mornings are usually set aside for this
jxirpose and the time consumed for each lesson
does not exceed an hour and a half.

In addition to these lectures district foresters
and forest rangers gave occasional talks on for-
estry and the local history of the region. Camps
that are not too remote from colleges and uni-
versities were suj^plied with lecturers from
these institutions on Wednesday evening.

The De})artment furnished each camp with
an adequate suj^ply of bulletins and a traveling
library comj^rising a])])roximately 300 books
was made available. As a whole, the response
to this educational ])r()ject was most encourag-
ing and the schools of instruction in forestry
well attended.

Emergency Forest Work

Unfortunately few peoj)le in Pennsylvania
have had an o])])ortunity to inspect the activi-
ties and accomj^lishments of the Civilian Con-
servation Corps. By the end of the year there
^ere 92 camps in the State Forests and on
^tate game lands under the jurisdiction of the
i^epartment of Forests and Waters. The total
enrollment was aj^proximately 18,000 men.

Although the first of the forest workers to
arrive in the State Forests came as early as
last May, it was not until June that they be-
gan to get much done in the way of actual
woods operation. Accordingly, the accomplish-
ments of the C. C. C. can only be recorded for
the last six months of 1933, but, short as the
])eriod has been, their record is an impressive
one.

Although the camps were set up on the basis
of 200 enrolled men in each camp, at very few
times were the camps manned in full strength,
owing to dismissals, resignations, and other
causes. The enrollment has averaged between
135 and 175 for all camps.

Ordinarily, the number of men from each
camp released for woods operation seldom
averaged more than 100. This figure will un-
doubtedly seem extremely low until it is re-
membered that a considerable body of men
was required daily in camp to take care of such
details as mess, sanitation, camp construction,
and other miscellaneous duties. Then, too, ill-
ness further reduced the number of men avail-
able for work in the woods.

During the year one of the largest under-
takings of forest workers was the construction
and maintenance of some 1,600 miles of truck
trails, commonly known as forest roads. Horse
and man trails completed and maintained were
in excess of 1,400 miles. In connection with
this work 150 bridges spanning streams and
mountain ravines were built.

Some 330 miles of State-owned telej^hone
lines were built and rej:)aired. Forest fire haz-
ards were eliminated from 1,850 acres, and 130
miles of firebreaks for the control of woods
blazes were cut through the forest. Three 80-
foot steel forest fire observation towers were
erected and one tower replaced, bringing the
total of such lookouts in the State to 125.

More than 300 miles of woodlands bordering
roadsides were cleared and 2,000 acres of for-
est stands were given improvement cuttings.
Approximately 360 acres were cleared and de-
veloped for public camps. Another operation
conducted on a scale never before attempted
in Pennsylvania was the control of the deadly
white pine blister rust by the eradication of
currant and gooseberry plants from some
40,000 acres of woodland. The southern pine
beetle was eradicated from 475 acres.

Ml

i «

14

FOREST LEAVES

FOREST LEAVES

During this period 456 buildings of various
kinds were erected. These inckided every
type from shelters and public camps, to offices,
garages and tool sheds. Twenty-seven w^ater
supply systems and 26 water disposal plants
were installed.

To improve fishing in mountain streams 371
fish dams were constructed. Eight dams for
the control of flood waters were built.

The forest workers spent 1,725 man-days
in forest fire extinction and 4,140 man-days
in State forest nursery work. They collected
420 bushels of various kinds of native Penn-
sylvania tree seeds and planted 220 acres of
idle land with seedlings.

Civil. Works Administration

Under authority of the Petmsylvania Civil
Works Administration 135 projects, providing
employment for some 5,500 men, have been
started by the Pennsylvania Department of
Forests and Waters. Labor charges alone on
these projects will exceed $875,000.

Most of the work consists of truck trail and
fire line construction through the woods and
marking State Forest boundary lines. Im-
provement cuttings are being carried on in
natural forest stands and some of the older
plantations are being thinned.

Two sawmill o])erations, one in Huntingdon
County and the other in Somerset County, have
provided for the removal of many thousand
board feet of waste and unpromising trees.
The lumber is being worked up for general
utilization in the State Forest.

Other State Forest o]:>erations consist of
safety strip construction along railroad rights
of way for the prevention of forest fires, the
construction of cabins and forest fire observa-
tion towers, and development of a number of
new recreational areas and camp sites for use
of the general ])ul)lic in popular woodland
areas.

FoRKST Research Institute

The Emergency Conservation Work pro-
gram broke into the routine and research sched-
ule considerably. Members of the staff hel])ed
to select supervisory i)ersonnel, inspected for-
est activities, drafted and mimeographed two
editions of forest instruction outlines in six-
teen lessons each for courses offered enlisted
men, and assembled material and equipment for

a series of six illustrated lectures which were
given in the E. C. W. camps located in south-
ern and central Pennsylvania.

The bulletin "Reforesting Idle Lands in Penn-
sylvania as a Self-liquidating Public Work,"
was compiled and published. Three manu-
scripts on forest taxation and forest economics
were completed. An illustrated manuscript re-
port on "White Pine Weevil in Pennsylvania"
was submitted for publication.

The study on "Results from Forest Plant-
ing in Pennsylvania" was continued. In all
85 ])ermanent and 155 temporary plantation
plots have been investigated in 46 different
counties. Notes were also assembled on about
500 examinations of planted trees. The pre-
valent partial or complete failures where hard-
wood trees were planted, and the unsatisfactory
results shown by older Scotch pine plantings,
are notewx)rthy. The growth and yield study
of the oak-hard pine forest type was prosecuted
steadily. Data have been assembled and coni-
])iled from 80 fully stocked plots located in
20 different counties.

Special experimental forest plantations cov-
ering an area of more than twenty acres, were
established dealing with special problems, such
as exotic species, fire and deer damage, scrub-
oak elimination, soil cultivation, ])rotection
against insects, and mixture of species.

More than 50 new varieties of forest trees
and shrubs were added to the Institute Ar-
boretum or grown in ex])erimental beds. All
seeds sown in the State Forest nurseries were
tested before purchase.

The mycorrhizal roots of coniferous seed-
lings were studied em])irically and a definite
advantage of associated fungi was proven.

The definite effects of forest fire on tree
growth and forest soils were studied on numer-
ous sites under varying conditions, but special
studies on the Mont Alto Forest are worth
citing. Pitch pine seedlings one to three years
after ])lanting, sprouted almost 100 \^v cent
after being killed back to the ground by fire.
Many hardwood trees not killed outright by
fires later died or became hopelessly defective,
while others a|)])arently uninjured on close and
continued study showed a great increase in
susce])tibility to insects, disease, and climatic
damage. Soil from burnt areas, es])ecially that
of the uj^per two inches, was much less suited

15

to support coniferous seedling growth during
dry weather in particular. Much more damage
by a given fire was found where dead chestnut
and other worthless growth had been cut and
was lying undecayed on the ground.

FOREST TAXATION IN WISCONSIN

MR. PAUL D. KELLETER, Conserva-
tion Director of Wisconsin, addressed
the forestry students at the New York
State College of Forestry, on fish and game
conservation and taxation schedules now in ef-
fect in his State and designed to encourage
forestry.

In Wisconsin tax delinquent lands revert to
the counties, which now own two and one-half
million acres thus acquired. In addition, the
Director stated that there were seven and one-
half million acres in various stages of delin-
quency which will become county lands.

To relieve this tax burden there has been
enacted a special forest crop tax law which
permits the owner to register such area, and in
lieu of the regular property tax the owner
pays 10c annually i)er acre to the town,, which
is matched by an equal contribution by the
State. A fifty year agreement is made between
the owner and the State and only potential for-
est lands are registered. Periodic examinations
are made by the State, and if the lands do not
give promise of a new crop of timber within a
reasonable time, such tax entered lands are
rejected.

Counties may also enter lands under the for-
^^^^^^^P ^aw, in which case the State only pays
iOc per acre per year to the town. An exten-
sion of this forest crop law authorizes the
creation of county forest reserves, which when
authorized draws 10c per acre, annually paid
to the county by the State, which fund must
he used for the development, ])rotection and
nianagement of the lands within the county
lorest i^reserves. A statutory provision per-
mits the zoning of counties to restricted or un-
restricted uses. Restricted uses include for-
estry and conservation, and in th?se areas resi-
dence is restricted. Eight counties have al-
ready taken necessary preliminaries to be zoned
*or forestry, recreational and general uses, the
zoning being done by county ordinances, which
assure more continuitv than easilv altered coun-
ty board resolutions.

Citizens of Pennsylvania are reminded that
we have an Auxiliary Forest Act, which en-
courages growing a timber crop by lowering
taxation costs on private land devoted to this
purpose, after examination and authorization •
and that we also have a law, passed in the last
bession, authorizing counties to establish coun-
ty forests as a means of bringing tax delin-
quent lands into productivity.

NEW INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT FROM
AN EXOTIC TREE

From the Industrial Bulletin of Arthur D
Ivittle, Inc., we quote:

"Seldom in any botanical family are ^ood
and bad qualities so intermingled as the/ are
in the Anacardiacae or cashew-sumac group of
plants. In the temperate zone there are the
two sumacs, the harmless, decorative one which
reddens the roadsides in early fall, and the poi-
sonous one of the boggy sections, as well as the
fluflFy smoke tree, and the all-too-common poi-
son oak or ivy. In the warmer sections, there
are the graceful so-called pepper tree of Cali-
tornia, the pistachio-nut tree, the Japanese lac-
quer plant, and the several rhus shrubs which
yield Japan wax. In the tropics are many
varieties, the mango, the marking nut, the juice
of which makes indelible marks on linen, and
the cashew nut. This last is of great interest.
Ihe cashew nut grows in a leathery-skinned
shell at the end of a swelling of the stem, which
ooks like a juicy fruit. The apple, as the swol-
len stem IS called, is not only edible, but zest-
ful and delicious, if sometimes a bit astringent
It is used by the Brazilians to make the soft
drink cajuda, and also a strongly-flavored wine.
The nut. as we know it in the cooked condi-
tion, IS edible and tasty. The pericarp or shell
of the nut, which is the true fruit, contains a
dark reddish oil of great chemical interest,
which burns the skin of sensitive people, as
does the juice! of the poison ivy or the Japanese
lacquer plant. This non-drying oil is used lo-
cally for making wood immune to white-ant
attack, and by the natives of the Andaman
Islands to protect their fishing nets from de-
composition."

This article further relates that Dr. M. T.
Harvey, after years of work, has produced
from this oil several j^roducts, such as coat-
ings and binders, which are jmrticularly adapted
to resist many corrosive and disintegrating in-
fluences and materials, and which are already
being used in a number of industries.

16

FOREST LEAVES

Supplementing the article in a recent issue
on White Pine Blister Rust, the following sup-
plied by the U. S. Department of Agriculture
is of interest :

*'In the campaign in Northeastern States to
eradicate currant and gooseberry bushes to
prevent them harboring white pine blister rust,
control agents of the Department have found
bushes growing in trees as well as on the
ground. In Warren County, N. Y., an agent
removed eight wild gooseberry bushes from
fivt maple trees growing along an old road.
Two of the bushes were fruiting heavily and
were above planted white pine. The bushes
were growing so high in the trees that an ex-
tension ladder had to be used to reach them."

FORESTRY IN THE TENNESSEE

VALLEY

By Edward C. M. Richards, Forester T.V.A.

AS ALL the people of America know, tfe
Tennessee Valley project is a gigantic
attempt on the part of the Federal Gov-
ernment to put into practice some of the prin-
ciples of sensible regional planning. Among
the various objectives are the develo])ment of
low cost electric power generated by streams.
the manufacture of new and better forms of
fertilizer, the development of small industry
co-ordinated with agriculture, and other aims,
all of which look toward the organized build-
ing up of the Valley in the interests of the
inhabitants and of the peoi)le of the United
States as a whole.

Intimately connected, and of basic impor-
tance in the above program, is the job of the
Forester. It is upon his shoulders that the
task of protecting the watershed from floods
and erosion rests. This is his first duty and it
involves the studying out of the various fac-
tors affecting the control of water, the run-
off of the rain-fall, and the washing away of
the soil in the Valley. In order to make a
beginning at this great task, the services of 25
C. C. C. Camps were obtained commencing in
October. Twenty of these were located im-
mediately above the site of the new Norris
Dam and scattered around what will ultimately
become the Norris Lake. The fivt remaining
Camps have been placed on government lands

at Muscle Shoals to do soil erosion and other
important work there.

With the building up of the organization of
the T. V. A. and the development of its ac-
tivities around the Norris Dam and the town
of Norris, certain areas of forest have been
acquired by the T. V. A. along with other
lands. One thousand and ninety-five acres of
such forest land have been turned over to the
Division of Forestry and Soil Erosion and de-
signated by that Division as the Norris Town
Forest. This is the first public forest owned,
organized and directed by the Forestry and
Soil Erosion Division. It is being handled
along strictly sustained yield forest lines for
the purpose of making it a nucleus for the
development of real sustained yield forestry
in the entire Valley. Located near the Norris
Dam it will be a show window illustrating how
forestry should and can be i)racticed so that
all the visitors who may come this way will
have a chance to see what a forest under in-
tensive management looks like.

The development of other activities of in-
terest to forestry people and those interested
in wild life management is receiving consider-
ation, and as soon as opportunity is given for
such work, enterprises along these lines will
be undertaken. In the meantime, publicity in
regard to soil erosion prevention, sto])])ing for-
est fires, and the building up of the forests
of the Valley has been pushed by the Division,
and most satisfactory progress has been made
in securing the support and co-oi)eration of
peo])le in this part of the country. A carefully
selected, well trained and efficient corps of for-
esters and soil erosion technicians has been
built uj) in the Division of Forestry and Soil
Erosion, and as the time goes on an ever-in-
creasing efficiency has enabled the Division to
be of increasing service to the T. V. A. and
to the people in the Valley.

Not the least pleasant of the activities in-
volved, is that of showing visitors some of the
forests and soil erosion work in the neigh-
borhood of the Norris Dam. It is sincerely
hoped that visitors, especially those from Penn-
sylvania, will not fail to get in touch with
the headquarters of the Division in Knoxville
when they come this way. In other words, to
use a colloquialism, "Come and see me some
time !"

^"^"^^ or ro«,.

TIONESTA NUMBER

STATe

COLLEG-.

^

^'

^-^

Np'^-^-g./xl-'

"^/hPn^

W'

S^

:^\

^

\\

> " «™ t

U

%^

i^

^>

Ml

^y^JH

\^

'^::^

r^"/^

V

0

^

r/-

't

'K^i

xi

(A/

4^

^^

.^

^^^

\%

^

\S

■»

4y

r

in\Vi>

^

% W'^'n,'

-^fv

^2^

g^"^^-ir

^.

<^f*^-

^^rM

>^i

m

V(

\t'

,v

Z^n

APRIL-JULY-OCTOBER. 1934

--*

-*^:

J^^rtC

T/

5

y

>

\^ycif^

•t^if^

:3'

'^?^

u

»2^^^-

v

r«

li^

«^.

5^

-«<

y ~tt ^ -—■

^5;^^"

■»»!

«««»

r.-i^

*► m^'

r^

/:,

mrw^

:\, ■ 5«;-^

'y

^ ^X;^ '

-1 ■^'W*'^

.::^-.

i.^-'^'

^^'^

^Up^ "

■y':pr >•

'? ^ ,-

IH

It.

^^ A-

t^^^jT"--" "rT*^

y^

'/

^ .

In tmk Forkst Primeval

Courtesy of U. S. Forest Service.

1

^

PUBLISHED BY THE

PENNSYIVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCl

PHILADELPHIA. PA.

JION

I

I

< I

1 1 1

CONTENTS

In the Forest Primeval

Tionesta Tract Saved

4,000 Acres of Pennsylvania Virgin Forest Saved

Letter from the Chief Forester

Tionesta Victory 1,000 New Members

A Preliminary Survey of the Flora and Fauna of the East Tionesta
Virgin Forest

Editorial

Annual Meeting Notice

Narrative of the 1934 Summer Meeting

1934 Luncheon Meeting

Reforestation and Recreation

Private Forestry •

How Our Forests Are Planted and Grown

Mr. McCaleb's Account of Association Activities

America, Do You Want Your Elms?

Page

Cover
Plate

19
20
22

22

23
27
27
28
31
32
34
36
39
39

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture
and preservation and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS
LIFE MEMBERSHIP, FIFTY DOLLARS

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
Mate ot Pennsylvania Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
l>hairman ot the Membership Committee, 306 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President — Samuel L. Smedley
-. _ President Emeritus — Dr. Henry S. Drinker

Vice-Presidents— Robert S. Conklin, W. B. McCaleb, Edward C. M. Richards.

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Edward Woolman
Secretary— W. B. McCaleb Treasurer— R. A. Wright

COMMITTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

FINANCE— Edward Woolman, Chairman
Mrs. Albert C. Barnes Dr. Henry S. Drinker Miss Mary K. Gibson

Ellwood B. Chapman Henry Howson

LAW — Francis R. Taylor, Chairman

Hon. Marshall Brown Grover C. Ladner Thomas Liggett Albert B. Weimcr

MEMBERSHIP— George H. Wirt, Chairman

Herman Cope Edgar P. Kable J. A. Seguine

Hon. F. W. Culbertson Dr. George S. Ray Dr. J. Clinton Starbuck

Dr. H. A. Rothrock

PUBLICATION— Edward E. Wildman, Chairman

Joseph S. Illick W. B. McCaleb George S. Perry

Edward C. M. Richards H. G. Mattoon

COMMITTEE ON PRESERVATION OF VIRGIN FOREST AREAS

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Herman Cope Thomas Liggett Edward E. Wildman

E. B. Chapman S. L. Smedley W. B. McCaleb Edward C. M. Richards

OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, 306 COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA

FOREST LEAVES

Published Quarterly

Subscription $i.oo per Year.

i

Vol. XXlv-No,. 2.3.4 PHILADELPHIA. APRIL-JULY-OCTOBER, 1934

Whole Numbers 273-74-73

Tionesta Tract Saved

Three years of work by Our Association Crowned with Success. We can well be
IZtll test- "' '^^ ''^'^^ ^" '""^'"^ ^'°"^ ^"^ preservation of this great :::ct of

4000 Acres of Penn's Own Woods

in western Warren County, five miles southeast of Sheffield.

For the nature-loving public, we have helped to provide a Sanctuary for wild life
unique m the Middle Atlantic States. ^

nf Z°' *! "."•*''^ l'^*" ^°"''' ^"^'"' ^" ^^""^ ^^JP^^ t° P^°^id« « Forest Laboratory
of the greatest immediate value, and. wholly impossible to reproduce.

A LETTER OF THANKS FROM THE NATIONAL FOREST SERVICE

The Forest Service, through the Allegheny Forest Experiment Station, takes
this occasion to ex,)ress ,ts very great indebtedness to the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association for its support of the Tionesta purchase. We feel that without the
astute and tireless efforts of the Association's special committee on Tion I a bacS

fil of r '^ •■'"'''"' ^r,"""^- ^"'■'"^^ ^'"'''^'y I^irkinbine. and the rank and
hie of membership, we could never have obtained favorable consideration for the

virH? ' '"■■"^'^•^?- "■^''- ^° °"" ^^'^" ^^' "Ot 1^^^" intimately in touch

V .th the movement to buy 1 lonesta. and has not seen his correspondence file since

inrl ^1 • ''H ^"'' ''«^"'"^"t^ concerning it. can realize how much hard

vork vv.thin the committee went to its consummation. Chairman Francis R. Cope
lade hve trips to Washington on committee business, and several others members

made two or three ; nearly the entire body has visited Tionesta at least once Mr

mntl"!" .r'l^- '" '''*''"*''°r !° ''" ^'' °^''^'' ^^'''^'' &?^^ "« the absolutely vital
contact with the owners of the property. The enthusiasm and eloquence of every

ember, at conferences, interviews, and meetings innumerable, and culminating in
lie chairman s masterly summary of our case before the National Forest Reserva-
tion Conimission at its decisive session, were the driving power that brought suc-
cess. Knowmg the extreme modesty of the officers and committees of the Forestry
Association in all their good works. I take especial delight in preparing this most
nadequate vvonl of thanks. The Forest Service of the United State's feels it ha? no
Detter friend than the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

Reginalo D. Forbes. Director,
Allccjiicny Forest Experiment Station. Philadelphia.

20

FOREST LRAVICS

?l

\''

I

4000 ACRES OF PENNSYLVANIA'S

VIRGIN FOREST SAVED. HARD

WORK, BUT SUCCESS AT LAST

For obvious reasons it has not l)een possible
for the Council to keep our members com-
pletely informed as to the i)rogress of negotia-
tions and activities involved in our successful
effort to save the Tinoesta Tract of virgin
timber.

At the outset, we had no thought of at-
tempting to save such a large acreage.

Briefly, this is the history of the project.
In early December, 1931, a member of the
Council heard Mr. R. D. Forbes suggest in a
lecture before the Philadeli)hia Hotanical Club
that if a tract of a])out 250 acres of the prime-
val forest still standing w^ithin the limits of
the Allegheny National Forest Reservation in
Warren and McKean Counties could be se-
cured and added to that station as a forest
laboratory, not for exi)erimentation, but purely
for observation, it would be a priceless addi-
tion to cur present equipment for Forest Re-
search.

This member was then giving a good deal
of thought to the best methods to celebrate in
1932 the 250th anniversary of the coming of
William Penn to America. So this project ap-
pealed as one especially appropriate. At the
annual meeting of the Council held a few days
later, the project was proposed and received
sufficient attention to warrant President vSmed-
ley in a])iK)inting a small committee to give it
further thought, and if "way oix^ned" to bring
a suggestion for a plan of action to the Coun-
cil. This was done, and the Committee en-
larged.

Federal foresters on the ground were then
asked to supply mai)s, advice and contacts with
representatives of the operating company. The
first of these were supplied readily and cordi-
ally, but the contacts were slow and of course
delicate. Mr. Forbes and Mr. l^ishop, with
their assistants, arranged several visits of our
members and others interested to the Tract
during 1932 and 1933. The i)hotograph be-
low, taken by Vice President Woolman, shows

a ])arty of fourteen who si>ent a beautiful day
in the Tract in October, 1932.

In 1933 a change of policy in Washington
concerning the purchase of forest lands gave
us renewed hope. Mr. Forbes secured the in-
terest of Chief Forester F. A. Silcox who suc-
ceeded Major R. Y. Stuart, deceased. Mean-
time our Council member, Herman Cope,
formed contact with representatives of the lum-
ber holding company concerned. And in all
of these activities we were constantly stimu-
lated by the wise enthusiasm and guidance of
our chairman of the Committee on Preserva-
tion of Virgin Areas, Francis R. Cope, Jr.
and by President Smedley. .

While it was considered desirable to acquaint
the jxibhc with the treasure there, it was always
a question how much i)ublicity to use while
the negotiations were under way.

Mr. Francis Cope read an exceedingly inter-
esting paper before our Annual Meeting in
Philadeli)hia in Deceml)er, 1932, under the
title, *'Five Remnants of Primeval Forest in
[Pennsylvania." This pai^er described the Tio-
nesta Tract much more fully than the other
smaller ones, and pointed out its great value
as a forest laboratory, both from the stand-
ix)int of its character and of its location within
the boundaries of the Allegheny Forest Re-
servation. It was published in March, 1933, as
Chapter 8 in PENN'S WOODS, 1682-1932.

Again, late in 1933 Mr. Forbes wrote about
this stand in American Forests under the title
"The Thousandth Acre." It was at about this
time that the attention of Mr. Silcox was
directed to the value of the Tract. He pro-
ceeded to have the Tract cruised and the value
of the timber appraised. The owners also had
appraisals niade. The first offer on the prop-
erty the Forest Service declined to accei)t, hut
as a counter i)rop()siti()n named an offer which
they considered reasonable. After considera-
tion for .some weeks, this, the owners decided
to accept.

Mr. Silcox was then prepared to go before
the National Fore.st Reservation Commission
and ask that they approve this purchase, but
various dela>'s jx)stponed his opportunity.

Finally the secretary of the Commission, Mr.
John F. Burch, notified us that the Commission
would meet at the Atlantic Building, 930 F St.,
N. W., on November 23rd, at 10 A. M., and

FOREST LEAVES

21

Photograph by Edward Woolman.
Croup of Our Council Members and Friends on an Old Pipe Line Clearing

IN Tionesta Forest, October 16, 1932

in reply to our further inquiry, stated that he
thought a small delegation would he permitted
to attend the hearing, hut added, '^However,
It may be stated for your information that the
Forest Service has an immense program to
present to the Commission at the coming meet-
ing", and therefore he doubted if much time
could be allowed for our delegates to discuss
the projx>sed purchase.

Seven meml)ers of your committee attended
the session of the Commission. Before going
to the Atlantic Building we decided that our
chairman, IVIr. Francis Cope, should be the
only one to speak for us, if any one was to
nave an opix>rtunity to si^eak. Congressman-
elect Driscoll, the representative in Congress
for the Sheffield district, had come to Wash-
ington to attend the hearing and to oppose the
purchase, on the ground that reserving this
^arge acreage would shorten the life of the
town of Sheffield as a lumber town. Secre-
tary of War Dern, Chairman of the Commis-
sion, granted each side ten minutes to present
their arguments. The Chair then ruled that
tor final decision this purchase would be re-

ferred to an executive session of the Commis-
sion. We wondered if this would mean fur-
ther delay, but fortunately it did not. The
Commission then proceeded with the consider-
ation of the other items in the very large pro-
gram submitted by the Chief Forester. Final-
ly, at 12.55, executive session was called for.
No other item except ours had been referred
to It, so at 1.03 the affirmative vote of approval
was reported to us informally by Mr. Silcox
and Mr. Forbes.

This purchase involves 16,000 acres, all told.
It includes 4,000 acres of virgin timber and
12,000 acres of cut-over land. The price agreed
upon for the whole is approximately three
quarters of a million dollars.

The Comm'ission was made up of Secretaries
Dern, Ickes and Wallace, Senators Keyes and
George, and Member of Congress Doxey.
Members of our committee present were
Messrs. Smedley, F. R. Cope, H. Cope, True,
Jennings and Wildman.

The American Forestry Association was
represented at the hearing by Mr. Collings-
wood. Soon after the adjournment of the

22

FOREST LEAVES

!liii

session of the Commission messages were sent
to those interested at a distance, and to the
evening papers of Philadelphia. These papers
made the announcement in their later editions.

Under date of November 28, 1934, a brief
report or news item went to the editors of the
journals which will reach scientists and nature
lovers throughout the state and nation within
a few days or weeks.

Your committee wishes to express deep ap-
preciation to all who helped us in this great
endeavor, both members, and those who are
not yet members of our Association. Mr.
Roland H. Zinn and Mr. Wm. McAdoo, Jr.,
of the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Co., have
at all times been most sympathetic and helpful.
Letters to Chief Forester Silcox from such men
as State Superintendent James N. Rule, Super-
intendent Edwin C. Broome, of Philadelphia,
President Cheeseman A. Herrick, of Girard
College, and many other leaders in the cultural
life of the Commonwealth attested to the inter-
est of the public in our effort. >

Finally, whenever you hear a friend of yours
congratulating you on our success, ask them
to back it up by joining the Pennsylvania For-
estry Associations now for 1935.

WRITES THE CHIEF FORESTER OF

TIONESTA

Mr. Silcox replies to a recent letter from
one of our members :

Your letter of November 21 is received.

You will, I am sure, be as much gratified as
I am by the knowledge that the National For-
est Reservation Commission at its meeting of
November 2Z approved the purchase of the
Tionesta Area within the Allegheny National
Forest. Steps promptly will be initiated to
consummate the purchase so that without too
great a delay this unique body of virgin hem-
lock-hardwood timber can be so managed as to
conserve its scientific, inspirational and other
social values. It is my sincere hope that the
future management of this tract of virgin for-
est by the Forest Service fully will meet the
expectations of the people who have concerned
themselves with its preservation and have so
effectively supix)rted the proposal that it be
acquired by the Federal Government.

Very sincerely yours,

F. A. Silcox, Forester.

Courtesy U. S. Forest Service.

• Deep in Tionesta — One of the Few Spots Where
:' SuNuiGHT Reaches the Forest Floor in Summer

TIONESTA VICTORY WORTH 1000
;; NEW MEMBERS BY THE TIME

»

/;* . OF OUR ANNUAL MEETING

'<'', When in all of its history has our Associa-
tion had a better selling ]X)int for new members
among our friends who love the out-of-doors?
Already they are beginning to come in. If
each of us gets one, we will double our mem-
l)ership by January 21. Let's even do better
than that. A new membership now is good
till December 31, 1935.

And let us not forget the advantages of Life
Membershi]) in an organization like ours. Think
what a heritage we can give our children in
our field of better forests for them to enjoy.

Let us all go after Life Membershii)s, too.
What better Christmas gift than a chance
to share in such work as ours — helping to save
and increase our natural resources, and to in-
crease opportunities for health ? Find member-
ship blank under front cover.

FOREST LEAVES

23

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE
FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE EAST
TIONESTA VIRGIN FOREST
PENNSYLVANIA

By Theodora M. Cope and
Arthur S. Hawkins, Cornell University

THE following preliminary report con-
tains the observations recorded during the
periods from June 14 to July 15 and
from July 29 to August 10, 1933, when a gen-
eral survey was made of the flora and fauna
of the East Tionesta Virgin Forest of Warren
and McKean Counties, Pennsylvania, and
covers the basins of Cherry and Fork' Runs
and part of the valley of the East Branch of
the Tionesta Creek. The virgin region around
Deer Lick Creek north of Sheffield was also
briefly studied, and small areas of second-
growth timber lying on the outskirts of the
virgin woods were included because there is
more or less overlapping of species between the
two areas. The survey covered only the higher
flowering plants including lycopodiums and
ferns and the vertebrate animal forms. Owing
to the shortness of the time spent in the area
this survey is of course far from complete, and
the writers feel that other species of plant and
animal forms will probably be found after fur-
ther study even though the variety of faunri
and flora in a virgin forest is generally rather
limited. Where noted, observations of the
writers have also been supplemented by infor-
mation received through several of the natives
tamihar with the wild life of the region.

This virgin forest area lying mainly south
of the East Branch contains about 4,000 acres,
and IS now a part of the great Allegheny
National Forest. This virgin tract is a superb
example of the typical northeast coniferous
hardwood association and is probably the only
virgin forest of its particular type and size
east of the Rockies and the largest tract left in
the Central Atlantic States. It is this area of
original timber which the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association has been making every effort
to save and to have set aside especially for
ecological and forestry experiments as well as
lor Its great educational and recreational value
to the general public. In other words, it should
f>e protected from all possible interference in

order to observe how the flora and fauna of
an area largely unspoiled by man will work out
Its life cycles.

The highest points of elevation covered in
this survey are supposed to be about 1,900 feet
above sea level. The region, once a plateau, has
been dissected by stream action forming gently
sloping valleys, although the conglomerates and
sandstone rocks, which are of the Pottsville
series, have upheld much of the original pla-
teau. The exposed rocks belong to the Car-
boniferous Period. On steeper slopes, espe-
cially along the East Branch, are a few strik-
ing boulders and rock masses.

The major factors which control the abun-
dance of wild life in any region seem to be
particularly favorable in this Tionesta Forest.
Food, water and shelter areas are distributed
m such a way as to afford the maximum pro-
duction of animal life of all kinds. Man, an-
other controlling factor of animal abundance,
has opened the area to gas and oil operations,'
but these have apparently done little harm to
the wild life.

It is needless to point out how valuable such
an experimental area might prove to the for-
ester, zoologist and botanist, in addition to the
value of the timber itself. Man and science
can do wonderful things but they can never
rebuild or imitate an area of virgin forest.

The writers owe much to the continued help
and encouragement of Mr. Francis R. Cope,
Jr., Vice-President of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association, who made the study of this
area possible and assisted greatly in the census
of plants and animals. They are also grateful
to Mr. A. F. Hough of the Allegheny Forest
Experiment Station at Kane, who gave them
valuable information on the forestry, geology,
and plant life of this region, and to Mr. Arthur
N. Leeds of the Philadelphia Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, for permission to compare the
list of ferns which he noted during a brief
visit to this region in May, 1933.

Woody Plants

White Pine. Rare except in one section of
the north side of the East Branch. Here
there is a fine stand of trees approximately
one hundred years of age which evidently
succeeded an older stand destroved by a
hurricane.

24

FOREST LEAVES

-fti:?:^'-->'\:

Hemlock. Trees exceptionally fine and abun-
dant, with an almost pure stand of mature
timber in favored localities. One tree noted
with DBH of 53".

Willow.

Pussy willow. S. G.

Cottonwood. Rare.

Large-Toothed Aspen.

Quaking Aspen.

Bitternut Hickory. S. G. Rare.

Iron wood.

Blue Beech.

Black Birch.

Yellow Birch.

Beech.

Chestnut. Rare. Dead trees.

Red Oak. S. G. Rare.

American Elm. Rare.

Slippery Elm. S. G. Rare.
♦Virgin's Bower. S. G.

Cucumber Tree. Rather Rare.

Tulip. Not common. One tree noted with

DBH of 48".
*Wild Gooseberry.
♦Skunk Currant.

Witch Hazel.

Apple. S. G.
♦Juneberry Shadbush.
♦Blackberry.
♦Red Raspberry.
♦Flowering Raspberry.

Fire Cherry.

Wild Black Cherry.

Chokecherry. S. G.

Black Locust. S. G. Rare.
♦Dwarf Sumac. S. G.
♦Poison Ivy.

Staghorn Sumac. S. G.

Large-leaved Holly.

Black Sugar Mapfe. Rare.

Striped Maple.

Red Maple.

Sugar Maple.
♦Virginia Creeper. S. G.

Basswood.

Hercules' Club. S. G.

Alternate-leaved Dogwood.
♦Rhododendron. Rare except in one swamp at
the head of the North Branch of Fork Run.
♦Laurel.

♦Wintergreen.
White Ash.
♦Partridge Berry.
♦Bush Honeysuckle. S. G.
♦American Fly Honeysuckle.
♦Black Elderberry.
♦Red-berried Elder.

'if' I

Maple-leaved Viburnum.

Hobblebush.

Wild Raisin or Withe-Wood.

Arrow-Wood.

,

Note: Unless otherwise indicated species named in
all lists were abundant or fairly common in the Vir-
gin Timber area.

S. G. — Indicates species found primarily in second
growth timber.

* Not trees.

Editor's Note: Owing to lack of space scientific
names of species have been omitted.

Ferns

Ostrich Fern. Second growth timber, along

streams.
Sensitive Fern.
Oak Fern.
Long Beech Fern.
Marsh Fern.
New York Fern.
Marginal Shield Fern.
Crested Shield Fern.
Spinulose Wood or Spiny-Toothed Shield

Fern. Most common fern of forest floor.
Christmas Fern.

Hay-scented Fern. Along trails and in old

clearings.
Silvery Spleenwort.
Ebony Spleenwort. North side of East

Branch.
Blunt-lobed Woodsia. On a few rocks and

boulders. Not common.
Lady Fern.
Maidenhair.

Bracken. Second growth timber.
Polypody.

Interrupted Fern. Chiefly along trails.
Cinnamon Fern.
Adder's Tongue. Second growth timber.

(From the list of Mr. Arthur N. Leeds:

One s])ecimen found by Mrs. Arthur C.

Emlen.)
Matricary Fern. (From the list of Mr.

Arthur N. Leeds.)
Common Grape Fern.

Lycopodiums

Shining Club Moss.
Running Pine.
Ground Pine.
Trailing Christmas Green.

FOREST LEAVES

25

Herbaceous Plants

Sedge — ^Carex folliculata.
False Hellebore — Veratrum viride.
Bellwort— Oakesia sessilifolia.
Wild Leek— Allium tricoccum.
Clintonia— Clintonia borealis.
False Solomon's Seal— Smilacina racemosa
False Lily-of-the- Valley.
Twisted Stalk— Streptopus roseus.
Great Solomon's Seal.
Indian Cucumber Root.
Purple Trillium— Trillium erectum.
Painted Trillium— Trillium undulatum.
Bue-eyed Grass— Sisyrinchium ang.
Mocassin Flower— Cypricedium acaule.
Habenaria — Hal>enaria orbiculata.
P. Fringed orchis— Hab. psychodes.
*Coral Root— Corallorrhiza mac.
Wild Ginger— Asarum canadense.
Curly Dock— Rumex crispus. S. G.
*Sheep Sorrel — Rumex Acetosella.
*Lady's Thumb— Polygonum Persicaria.
*Tear ThumI)— Polygonum Persicaria.
* Poke weed— Phytolacca americana.
White Campion — Lychnis alba. S. G.
White Baneberry— Actea alba.
Gold Thread— Coptis Tri folia.
Field ButtercufD — Ranunculus acris.
Cress — Cardamine pennsylvanica.
False Mitre wort— Tiarella cordi folia.
Mitrewort— Mitella diphvlla.
Golden^ Saxifrage — Qirysophenium amer.
*Wild Strawl>errv'-— Fragaria virginiana.
tBarren Strawberry— Waklsteinia fragarioides.
*Potentilla— Potentilla canadensis.
Dalibarda — Dalibarda repens.
Wood Sorrel — Oxalis acetosella.
Jewel Weed— Impatiens biflora.
^St. Johnswort — Hyi^ericum perforatum.
*Common X'iolet- Viola sororia.
Round-leaved Yellow Violet— V. rotundi folia.
Fireweed— Epilobium angustifolium.
*Sundrops — Genothera pratensis.
Wild Sarsaparilla— Oralia nudicaulis.
Sweet Cicely— Osmorhiza Claytoni.
Indian Pii>e— Monotropa uniflora.
Shinleaf— Pyrola elliptica.
^Arbutus— Epigaea repens. S. G.
^Yellow Losestrife— Lysimachia quadrifolia.
Closed Gentian— Gentiana Andre wsii.
^Milkweed— Asclepias syriaca. S. G.
^Water Leaf— Hydrophy Hum virginianum.
^ orget-me-not— Myosotis scorpioides.

*Blue Vervain— Verbena hastata.

Heal-all — Brunella vulgaris. S G

Oswego Tea— Monarda didima," S* G
'^Veronica— Veronica officinalis

Wood Betony— Ped. canadensis. S G
jBedstraw — Galium aparine.
tRough Bedstraw— Galium asprellum.

Daisy— Bellis perennis. S. G.
jAster — Aster divaricatus. S. G
f Aster— Aster macrophyllus
"Aster— Aster cordi folius.

Aster — Aster acuminatus.

Fleabane— Erigeron ramosus.

^^Q"'s Foot— Prenanthes trifoliata.

*S. G.

tFrom the list of Mr. A. F. Hough.

Fish

Brown Trout. F. C.
Rainbow Trout. S.
Brook Trout. C.
Common Sucker. A.
Stone Roller Sucker. C.
Horned Dace. A.
Black-nosed Dace. A.
Common Shiner. A
River Chub. A.
Bull-head. F. C.
Small-mouth Black Bass. S.
Johnny Darter. A.
Black-sided Darter. F. C.
Shielded Darter. R.
Sculpin. R.

Note: Inability to secure a collecting permit nv,v\c
It impossible to collect any of the smalllr species
A. — Indicates Abundant

S V« — <" Common

F. C— " Fairly Common

R. — ;; Rare

S- — " Stocked

Amphibians

Common newt. R.
Dusky Salamander. A.
Mountain Salamander. A.
Slimy Salamander. R.
Red-backed Salamander. F. D.
Purple Salamander. F. D.
Two-lined Salamander. F. C.
Common Toad. A.
Spring Peeper. R.
Green Frog. R.
Leopard Frog. R.
Pickerel Frog. F. C.
Wood Frog. A.

26

FOREST LEAVES

Reptiles

Smooth Green Snake. R.
Milk Snake. R.
Red Bellied Snake. R.
Garter Snake. F. C.

F.C.

— Indicates Fairly Common

R.

a

Rare

A.

a

Abundant

C.

<(

Common

Birds

Great Blue Heron. R.

Red Tailed Hawk. F. C.

Red Shouldered Hawk. F. C.

Sharp Shinned Hawk. F, C.

Eastern Ruffed Grouse. F. C.

Woodcock. R.

Mourning Dove. R., S. G.

Yellow-Billed Cuckoo. A.

Great Horned Owl. F. C.

Northern Barred Owl. C.

Saw-whet Owl. R. One seen, and heard

several times.
Chimney Swift. A.
Humming Bird. R.
Belted Kingfisher. F. C.
Northern Flicker. R., S. G.
Pileated Woodpecker. F. C.
Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker. F. C.
Eastern Hairy Woodpecker. F. C.
Northern Downy Woodpecker. C.
Eastern Phoebe. R., S. G.
Alder Flycatcher. R.
Least Flycatcher. R.
Eastern Wood Pewee. F. C.
Olive-sided Flycatcher. R. One sine^ins: male.
Blue Jay. F. C.
Eastern Crow. F. C.
Black-Capped Chickadee. C.
Northern White-breasted Nuthatch. C.
Red Breasted Nuthatch. F. C.
Brown Creeper. F. C.
House Wren. R., S. G.
Eastern Winter Wren. F. C.
Catbird. F. C, S. G.
Brown Thrasher. R., S. G.
Eastern Robin. C, S. G.
Wood Thrush. A.
Eastern Hermit Thrush. A., chiefly in S. G.

and edges of Virgin Timber.
Olive-Backed Thrush. F. C. in deep forest,

especially near water courses.
Eastern Bluebird. R., S. G.
Cedar Waxwing. C.
Starling. C, S. G.
Blue-Headed Vireo. C.

Red-Eyed Vireo. C.

Black and White Warbler. R.

Northern Parula Warbler. R. Two singing

males.
Magnolia Warbler. A.
Black Throated Blue Warbler. A.
Black Throated Green Warbler. A.
Ovenbird. A.
Blackburnian Warbler. C.
Chestnut-sided Warbler. F. C.
Northern Water Thrush. R.
Mourning Warbler. R. One family with

young birds found.
Northern Yellow Throat. A., S. G.
Hooded Warbler. R.
Canada Warbler. C.
American Redstart. F. C, S. G.
Scarlet Tanager. C.
Cardinal. R., S. G.
Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. F. C.
Indigo Bunting. F. C, S. G.
Eastern Purple Finch. R., S. G.
Eastern Goldfinch. C, S. G.
Red-Eyed Towhee. C, S. G.
Slate-colored Junco. A.
Eastern Song Sparrow. F. C, S. G.

Note : All the birds noted at this season of the year
were probably nesting species. Pellets of either Long-
eared or Screech Owls were collected. It is probable
that both these species of owl are present, although
neither was found during the time when the survey
was made. Particularly striking was the apparent
absence of the Veery Thrush even along the streams
where one would expect to find it, although it is a
common breeding bird in the Cook Forest further
South.

S. G. — hidicates Species in Second Growth rather

than Virgin Timber.

F. C. — " Fairly Common

R. — " Rare

C. — " Common

A. — " Abundant

Mammals

Common Oppossum. According to trappers

becoming increasingly common.
Smoky Shrew. One specimen taken.
Short-Tailed Shrew. Five specimens taken.
Long-Eared Brown Bat. One specimen taken.
Black Bear. R. A large one seen ; also tracks

on several occasions.
Common Raccoon. C.
Common Skunk. F. C.
Mink. F. C.
New York Weasel. C.
Short-Tailed Weasel. F. C. but probably less

so than New York Weasel.
Red Fox. F. C.
Gray Fox. F. C.

FOREST LEAVES

27

Wild Cat. Formerly quite common and still

found in some of more inaccessible places
Woodchuck. C.
Chipmunk. A.
Red Squirrel. R.
Gray or Black Squirrel.

Gray— F. C.

Black — C. According to reports of natives
outnumber Gray about 10- L
Flying Squirrel. Two specimens seen. One

livmg m tree where hairy woodpecker was

nesting.

American Beaver. F. C.
Muskrat. F. C. along main streams.
Deer Mouse. Several specimens taken.
White-Footed Mouse. About thirty specimens
taken.

Jumping Mouse. Two specimens taken.
Meadow Mouse. Two specimens taken.
Red-Backed Mouse. Two specimens taken.
Canada Porcupine. A.
Snowshoe Rabbit. C.
Cottontail Rabbit. C.
White-Tailed Deer. A.

A.

C. -
F.C.-

-Indicates Abundant
Common
Fairly Common

Philadelphia contains a private aboretum of
hemlocks on the estate of Mr. Charles F. Jen-
kins. It now includes thirty-three species and
varieties, many of them extremely rare. This
IS probably the only hemlock aboretum in the
State, and Mr. Jenkins (a member of this
Association) plans to add other varieties as
they become available.

The southern pine beetle, a destructive in-
sect which can destroy any species of native
pine, has been found in the southern part of
this State. These insect and their larvae work
jn the bark and cambium layer of the trees.
The first indications are tubes of pitch, which
exude where the adults enter to lay eggs. Small
amounts of sawdust-like borings are also visi-
ble m the crevices of the bark ; and the foliage
becomes yellow and gradually turns brown. If
the outer bark is removed the cream-colored
larvae can be seen in their galleries.

Because of the destructive nature of this tree
enemy, the Department of Forests and Waters
urges that affected trees be at once cut, and the
hark and slash burned.

Excerpted from The Service Letter.

EDITORIAL

W. B. McCaleb

This issue of Forest Leaves contains more
pages than usual as it covers the July, October
and December numbers.

We greatly regret that it has not been pos-
sible to publish the magazine regularly this
/ear but it was deemed inadvisable mainly on
account of finances.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association in
common with other organizations, has suffered
losses in membership, but it still has a substan-
tial number and intends to carry on and work
for the cause of Forestry as in the past.

A campaign to secure new members is now
under way. The interest of our members and
friends in securing new members will be great-
ly appreciated.

An issue of Forest Leaves will appear in
January next.

At a meeting of the Council on November
21st, the resignation of Carl P. Birkinbine as
Secretary and Treasurer was accepted. To
fill out the unexpired term William B. McCaleb
was elected Secretary, and Roy A. Wright
Treasurer. Edward E. Wildman was ap-
pointed Chairman of the Publication Commit-
tee.

The office will be continued at Room 306
Commercial Trust Building, where members of
the Association are welcome.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE

PENNSYVANIA FORESTRY

ASSOCIATION

Our annual meeting will be held in Phila-
delphia on Monday, January 21, 1935. The
program will be a most interesting one, for
Mr. Forbes and Mr. Cope will tell us all about
the Tionesta Tract, illustrating their reports
with good photographs.

We are inviting Mr. Silcox to come and help
us celebrate this great Tionesta victory.

Details of the program will be sent to our
membership later, but save the date. It will
be a luncheon meeting, and we expect a much
larger number than usual.

28

FOREST LEAVES

NARRATIVE OF 1934 SUMMER

MEETING

PRACTICAL forestry by individuals, as
well as by the City and County, were dem-
onstrated to our members during an in-
teresting and delightful two days at Reading
on June 21st and 22nd.

On the first day, after luncheon at the Berk-
shire, members visited the nearby old Friends'
Meeting House, the Reading Museum, and
Library, the local office of the Weather
Bureau, and the attractive Park which the City
has developed.

After dinner the first session was held in the
auditorium of the Berkshire, which had been
given a forestry atmosphere by exhibits sent
by the Department of Forests and Waters and
the Game Commission, and a special exhibition
of photographs of the Tionesta virgin forest.

Hon. Heber Ermentrout, Mayor, welcomed
the Association to Reading, where the people
appreciated and practiced forestry.

In reply President Smedley said :

Eighteen years ago the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association held a Summer Meeting in
Reading. Of this meeting Dr. Rothrock wrote
that it "was a splendid success" ; and referring
to the inspection trips said that "they were
revelations of what has been accomplished in
a few years in the way of reforesting lands
which were too poor for paying farm pur-
poses."

May I quote also from some of the addresses
made at that time ? Mr. Jonathan Mould, then
President of the Berks County Conservation
Association said : "We realize fully the impor-
tance and necessity of the work in relation to
forestry. A great many people are uncon-
cerned on this subject, and have an idea that
the forest can take care of itself. Something
must be done to arouse a greater and stronger
interest among those who own and manage
these extensive areas of our State."

Dr. Rothrock said, in his Presidential ad-
dress: "I especially ask you to consider the
wisdom of entering into a close federation with
all allied organizations which are in any way
concerned with the extension and protection of
the now unutilized lands of this State, which
are better adapted to the production of timber

than of any other crop. Such a federation is
possil:)le without losing our specific place as a
strictly State Forest Association."

Dr. Drinker, speaking for the American
Forestry Association, referred to the high ap-
preciation in which the work of the members
of the Berks County Conservation was held by
foresters throughout the country, and how it
was looked upon as a marked example of thor-
ough, intensive and progressive work.

From what we have seen this afternoon
Berks County has in no way relaxed her pace
in conservation and civic improvement.

In casting about for a place to hold our
Annual Summer Meeting this year, a number
of places w^ere suggested, but when Reading
was mentioned the others seemed to just dis-
appear. So many of our Council recalled the
delightful memories of our last visit. Then the
many forest plantings were seen in their in-
fancy— but the thought of what 18 years have
wrought seemed to sound a call that none could
resist.

If Dr. Rothrock was so enthralled with what
he saw^ at that time, can you imagine how his
soul would fairly leap for joy if he could be-
hold the wonderful progress, and the heights
to which the stepping stones which he laid
nearly 50 years ago have attained.

The cause for which he and many others of
our Association fought so valiantly year after
year and against great opposition seems in the
year 1934 to have arrived at a plane above
many of our State and National activities, and
is commanding the attention of a large per-
centage of our citizens.

Nothing is doing more to relieve the de-
pressed social condition of the present-day than
the ins])iration and new vision of life that many
are finding in the C. C. C. camps. And the
gospel of forestry is being sounded in no
greater way than through the hundreds of thou-
sands in these camps.

Those of us who are seeking to perpetuate
the endeavors of our forefathers in forestry
can take courage and reassurance that the
Great Out-of- Doors is going to be appreciated
far more in the future than in the past, and
that we have not striven in vain.

The efforts of our Association may not be as
locally visible as those of your county conser-
vation association. Yet since our last visit

FOREST LEAVES

29

with you we have had our shoulder to the
wheel in many lines of activity. Each biennium
we are watchful that helpful legislation can be
procured in the interest of forestry and con-
servation. At the last regular session we were
able to get a bill through and signed, by which
the County Commissioners can hold tax-sale
lands for forestry and recreational purposes.
As there are now over a million acres of such
land in the State, this Act should facilitate the
disposition of such lands: and the fact that
these are increasing very rapidly should make
such legislation most helpful.

Our attention has been called the past year
to the few remaining primeval forests in our
State. We are now in the midst of a very
active campaign in which we very much hope
in the near future to rescue and save for pos-
terity a priceless tract of virgin forest. If the
commercial sawmill cannot soon be stilled this
tract will soon be gone — and can never be
replaced.

We are pleased to note that largely through
the efforts of a member of our Council, for-
estry and conservation are being taught in the
public schools of our State. The same persori
had recently prepared and published a most
interesting^ book entitled "Penn's Woods—
1682-19v32," in which he has enumerated and
described many of the trees which were in
existence when William Penn first founded our
Commonwealth.

I have mentioned a few of the activities we

are all more or less mutually interested in

the conservation of what is our greatest Na-
tional asset. And in our co-operative work let
us ever remember the last line of Joyce Kilmer's
beautiful poem:

''But only God can make a Tree."

We then had what has proven to be the most
popular and most often requested talk on. for-
estry in the State : "Trees— Great and Other-
wise," by W. E. Montgomery, Director Bureau
of Forest Management, Lands and Parks, De-
partment of Forests and Waters.

This was followed by a talk on "Private
forestry," by our member Mr. H. Gleason
Mattoon, Consultant in Arboriculture, and
which is printed later in the text.

Vice President McCaleb spoke on "Our

Association's Aid to Forestry," which we give
elsewhere.

The session concluded with "Twenty Years
of Forestry in Berks County" by Mr. Harvey
F. Heinly, the active President of the Berks
County Conservation Association.

The following day was devoted to the in-
spection of nearby forests. The first visited
was the famous Nolde Forest Estate, begun by
the late Mr. Nolde about forty years ago and
continued by the present generation. This tract
is under the care of our member Mr. C. A.
DeLong, who guided the party along the roads
which showed what forestry can accomplish,
from nursery and underplanting to established
mature forests of both hardwoods and soft-
woods, including the establishment of some
non-native species like the western yellow pine
The courtesy of the Nolde family was further
shown by a representative of the family who
made us welcome and furnished welcome cool-
ing lemonade.

The next visit was to the nearby Horst
Estate, where again the Association members
had the visible illustration of what a few dec-
ades of planting and care can accomplish in the
establishment of practical forests. Here too
we were shown i)ersonal welcome and atten-
tion by Mr. George D. Horst, and were di-
rected by him and Mr. John Downing, Land-
scape Architect of the Horst Estate. This trip
included a climb to the top of their observa-
tory, from which a splendid view was had, not
only of the plantings, but of the City and the
Schuylkill Valley.

Then the motorcade traveled to Reading
Park, where, in accordance with custom, we
planted a hemlock as a memorial of our Sum-
mer Meeting, and a beautiful specimen had
been donated by the Nolde family.

REMARKS OF PRESIDENT SMEDLEY
AT THE PLANTING OF THE ME-
MORIAL HEMLOCK AT CITY PARK
AT READING, JUNE 22, 1934

THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association
is indebted to our member, Mr. Edward
Woolman, not only for his gift of this
tree and the marker, but also for the idea that
at each Summer Meeting we should plant a

II

30

FOREST LEAVES

FOREST LEAVES

tree as a memorial of our visit and as a re-
minder of our enterprise.

It is told that one of the wise men who
helped to build our Nation was planting a tree,
when one of his neighbors remarked that he
was foolish to plant that tree, for he would
never live to enjoy it. To which he replied:
'*If I knew that I would die tomorrow, I should
plant this tree today.''

That spirit, of planting trees for those who
will follow us, is ingrained in all forestry. Yet
this tree — one of our native species, and offi-
cially designated as the State Tree — will be
enjoyed by us today, and for many years to
come will be enjoyed by the people of your
city and county, and by others who visit this
park.

As told on the bronze marker, it is a symbol
of our desire and our work to Restore Penn's
Woods. It typifies what others, as well as our
Association, are doing all over the State. This
work will not only again clothe with living
green our scarred and barren hillsides, but it
will bring rest and pleasure to our people.
This has been well expressed by a man, not
only well known and admired, but well known
and admired for his common sense. President
Coolidge said:

"Strange as it may seem, the American Peo-
ple, bred for many generations to forest life,
drawing no small measure of their wealth from
the forest, have not yet acquired the sense of
timber as a crop. These immense stretches of
cut-over land, mostly too rough or too sterile
for tilling, have not yet awakened us to their
vast potential worth as growers of wood.
Fully one-fourth of our land area ought to be
kept in forest — not poor, dwindling thickets of
scrub, but forests of trees fit for bridges and
houses and ships. Handled by the best timber-
cropping methods, our present forest lands
could be made to grow even more timber each
year than we now use. But much of our cut-
over land, lying idle or half productive, is now
an immeasureable loss. It pays little or no
taxes, it keeps few hands busy, it turns few
wheels, it builds no roads. Idle forest land has
scrapped schools, factories, railroads and
towns; it has dotted the land with abandoned
farms; it has created a migratory population.
Our forest problem is a land problem of the
first magnitude."

The tree was accepted for the City of Read-
ing by Mr. George W. Yocum, Chief of the
Department of City Parks and Property, who
assured us of the City's gratification to have
this tree which it would be glad to give care
so that it might long stand as a tribute to the
work of the friends of forestry.

Each officer present wielded the shovel to
help plant this tree among the others which
beautify this park, and the tour continued on
to the Tower Hotel for lunch. Here we were
joined by a number of our good friends and co-
workers from Harrisburg, including Mr.
Staley, Mr. Wirt, Mr. Perry and Mr. Meek.

Having seen tree planting in hundreds of
acres, we then started off to view trees by
the million, which the City has been planting
on the watershed of Maiden Creek. A stop
was planned en route to the C. C. C. camp, to
view the work which was being done under
Mr. Albert Gotch, Regional Planning Engi-
neer; but a short and severe thundershower
intruded at the wrong time. Continuing on to
Lake Antietam and Lake Ontelaunee, City
Water Supplies, a stop was made at the
Mother's Tree, and then on to see the impres-
sive covering of trees which the City has been
yearly adding to protect its watershed. Few
localities can show as much actual forestry as
we saw in and about Reading, and nowhere in
the country has there been such a quantity of
new planting by any municipality or county,
as was lately done here.

The evening session was preceded by a show-
ing of forestry motion pictures by our reliable
standbys, Mr. Emerick, Mr. Clepper and Mr.
Ziegler, of the Bureau of Information and
Research.

In the unavoidable absence of Dr. E. A.
Ziegler, Director of the Pennsylvania Forest
Research Institute, Prof. George S. Perry read
his paper on Practical Forest Research.

This was followed by "The Work of the
C. C. C. in the State Forests" by Mr. E. A.
Rupp, Director Emergency Conservation Work
for the Department of Forests and Waters.

Mr. Daniel K. Hoch, President of the Blue
Mountain Climbing Club, told of their interest
in the Appalachian Trail, illustrated with mo-
tion pictures. His talk demonstrated that the
people of this region were not only interested,
but had accomplished much toward the estab-

31

lishment of this mountain-crest trail.

The Association then contributed to the Boy
Scouts and Girl Scouts of Reading, each a copy
of Dr. Wildman's book "Penn's Woods, 1682-
1932," and to the Camp Fire Girls of Reading
a copy of Pennsylvania Trees.

Dr. L. W. R. Jackson, of the Bureau of
Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, spoke of "New Enemies of the
Forest," relating of several recently found
fungi which were destroying certain species of
trees.

The session concluded with a condensed talk
by Mr. George H. Wirt, Chief Bureau of
Forest Protection, on "The Value of Roads in
the Protection of Forests from Fire." This,
given with Mr. Wirt's customary clarity and
force, showed clearly that if the forests are to
be saved from both the accidental and incen-
diary fires, it is essential that access to the
fire be available.

With members attending from Wilkes-Barre,
Harrisburg, Reading, Lancaster, Hazleton'
Mont Alto, Philadelphia and its adjoining
areas, and with hearty co-operation from the
people of Reading, we had a pleasant and suc-
cessful Summer Meeting. Much credit should
go to Mr. E. F. Brouse, who with Mr. McCaleb
and the Secretary, arranged the schedule, and
to Mr. Harvey L. Heinly of Reading, who so
well looked after many local matters.

At the close of the last session the Associa-
tion was glad to pass the following resolution
unanimously :

"The Pennsylvania Forestrv Association, at
the close of its 1934 Summer'Meeting, desires
to record its gratitude and appreciation to the
citizens of Reading for the hospitalities and
tnendliness shown to us during the past two
days.

"We especially desire to thank the Berks
County Conservation Association, and the
niany other organizations which have so well
and helpfully aided us.

"We are also grateful to Mayor Ermentrout,
Mr. George D. Yocum, Mr. Hans Nolde, Mr.
^eorge D. Horst, Mr. Harvey F. Heinly, the
Keading Automobile Club, the Berkshire Hotel,
and their associates and co-workers for their
tnendly aid and co-operation.

"The 1934 Summer Meeting will remain a
aelightful memory."

1934 ANNUAL LUNCHEON MEETING

WHAT was really the 1933 meeting of
this type, postponed because the Tion-
esta purchase had appeared imminent,
occurred on May 24th. Fifty members and
friends attended, and it was evident that they
enjoyed the occasion.

The Tionesta tract purchase could not be an-
nounced, although it has since been consum-
mated to our great gratification. However,
through the courtesy of Hon. Lewis E. Staleyi
Secretary of the Department of Forests and
Waters, each place was decorated with a grow-
ing young hemlock, the State tree, a personal
gift from Mr. Staley, who was unable to be
present. In addition at each place was a copy
of the booklet on the Hemlock, and of the
Recreation map which showed where the State
Forests are located.

An interesting panel on forestry was loaned
by the Allegheny Forest Experiment Station,
which attracted much attention.

A further exhibit consisted of 30 original
silhouettes of native trees by our member Mr.
Ernest Bartlett, and several paintings of forest
fires, which produced much favorable com-
ment, and added to the success of the meeting.
President Smedley opened the meeting with
cordial greetings and then after lunch we had
a most interesting talk on "How our Trees
found their Habitats," by Dr. John M. Fogg,
Jr., Assistant Professor of Botany at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. Dr. Fogg has kindly
consented to dictate this talk for publication,
and it will be an interesting contribution to
Forest Leaves.

Vice-President Richards describes his work
as Chief Forester of the Tennessee Valley
Authority as "an intensely interesting job" — in
fact two jobs, forestry and erosion control.

Our Association will miss his energy and
zeal for forestry in Pennsylvania, which he has
given both as an active member and as a citi-
zen interested in the practical and sociological
phases of forestry.

The State Forest Nurseries planted 1,600
pounds of seeds and 844 bushels of walnuts
and acorns.

im

32

FOREST LEAVES

REFORESTATION AND
RECREATION*

I

By Lewis E. Staley, Secretary Department
of Forests and Waters, Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania

WHEN Emperor Napoleon the Third of
France declared war against Germany
in 1870, it is said that General Von
Moltke was awakened about three o'clock in
the morning and notified that the French had
declared war against Germany, and that he
replied : "You will find instructions in portfolio
42," and then rolled over and went to sleep.
He was prepared for that emergency.

Preparedness is the key to success. Our tim-
ber in Pennsylvania is almost gone and we must
provide a new supply by growing it. When
the first settlers came to Pennsylvania they
were confronted with forests everywhere.
Pennsylvania or Penn's Woods, as it is often
called, comprised 28^ million acres, nearly all
of which was originally covered with timber.
In this Grand Old State grew a liberal sprin-
kling of practically all species of trees that
grew anywhere under similar climatic condi-
tions. Stands of white pine, hemlock, oaks and
other valuable species were unexcelled any-
where in any State.

Wood has always been and will continue to
be one of the main agencies of satisfactory
progress and development. This has been true
from time immemorial. The forests have al-
ways been one of the greatest servants of man-
kind. The forests were the happy hunting
grounds of the Indians. From them was taken
much of their food and their greatest enjoy-
ment was gotten in the woods. At that time
there seemed to be no end to the forests and
\yood supply for the advancement of civiliza-
tion.

A great change has taken place since the
days when the first settlers began building
their log cabins and clearing fields for agricul-
ture. Then timber was a menace to the pro-
gress and development of Pennsylvania. Huge
piles of valuable logs were rolled together and
burned in making way for agricultural develop-
ment. That is all a matter of history. It will
never happen again.

Fortunately, forestry had an early beginning

♦ Read at the meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association June
21, 193*

in Pennsylvania. In 1681, Wm. Penn, in his
Charter of Rights directed that, "care should
be taken to leave one acre of trees for every
five acres cleared." It is significant that as
early as 1819, the French Naturalist, Andre
Michaux, in his North American Silva spoke
warningly of the destruction of the forests.
That warning has become a reality.

In 1874, Governor Hartranft of Pennsylva-
nia, in his message to the Legislature called
attention to the importance of forest conserva-
tion and recommended an investigation and re-
port of both scientific and practical forestry
in the State. The wanton and indiscriminate
destruction of the forests had already been
long under way and the time had come to do
something about it. In 1888, Governor Beaver
appointed a Commission of Forestry, which
made its report to the Legislature in 1889. In
1895, a Division of Forestry was created in the
Department of Agriculture and our beloved
and foresighted Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock was
wisely appointed the First Commissioner,
where he served until June 1, 1904. Dr. Roth-
rock organized the Department of Forestry,
giving it equal rank with the Department of
Agriculture and other State Departments. In
1920, the Department was reorganized by the
present Governor, GifYord Pinchot, and in
1923, it was greatly enlarged to include the
Water Service and the Park Service of the
State.

Appropriations have grown from a few thou-
sand dollars to several million dollars for all
purposes. But it took a depression such as was
never known before to bring about the result
which the Foresters of Pennsylvania have been
planning and hoping for, for many years. The
Federal Government finally came to our rescue
and supplied the funds, not only for Pennsyl-
vania but for the United States, that were so
badly needed to bring the forests of the coun-
try on a better basis for adequate protection
and sustained yield.

President Roosevelt is conservation-minded.
Hundreds of millions of dollars have been pro-
vided from the Public Works Appropriation
for the development of our natural resources.
The CCC Camps are accomplishing in Penn-
sylvania what could not have been accomplished
through Pennsylvania funds within the next
15 or 20 years. In addition to taking more
than 300,000 young men off the streets of our

FOREST LEAVES

33

cities and towns and giving them productive
work, which in itself is complementary, the
forests of the State are reaping needed bene-
fit in improved conditions that can hardly be
measured in dollars and cents. Pennsylvania
forests are helping to wipe out the depression
and the depression helped our forests.

But Pennsylvania has not stopped with
growing timber. We cannot stop there. That
in itself is worth-while, but the forests of the
State are providing much needed recreation
facilities for the enjoyment of our people.
They are already putting large sums into the
State Treasury and have only just begun to
produce revenue. We are not setting aside
these areas in their entirety as parks, but we
are using the most desirable places as outing
grounds for all the people of the State.

The spirit of recreation is Nation-wide and
the annual expenditure for its enjoyment does
not run into mere millions but into billions of
dollars. Recreation is a rapidly expanding
phase of American life. It is a reflection of
material well-being and an increasing appreci-
ation of spiritual value.

It is believed that the only way to give all of
the people of the country work is to shorten the
work day and pay for that shortened day the
same amount of money as was received for the
former 10- or 12-hour day. A 5- or 6-hour
day does not seem to be impossible, in the near
future. In fact, it appears to be the only way
out of this depression.

We must provide something for the people
of Pennsylvania to do while away from their
regular jobs. Recreation is a necessary ad-
junct to their happiness. So long as recrea-
tion is freely indulged in by all classes of peo-
ple, it represents a sound and healthy economic
and social life. The continued enjoyment of
vyholesome outdoor life and the use of leisure
time rests upon the maintenance of accepted
standards of American citizenship.

As a State wt have been singularly blessed
in the wealth of raw materials and scenic
beauty, but we cannot indefinitely draw upon
our capital and adequately meet the economic
pressure and social demands of a fast-growing
population, unless we properly handle our
forests. If we did follow such a policy, we
Would condemn administration of a heritage
we hold in trust for future generations. Na-

ture has provided beauty almost beyond com-
prehension in the mountains and valleys of our
State, but man must keep them clothed with
trees to make their beauty complete. In our
recreation plan we must not leave out correlated
forms of land use. With this treatment of our
landscape recreation can rest upon a firm eco-
nomic basis.

The development of a comprehensive pro-
gram is not void of complications. This is more
evident as the problem is confronted and
studied. It is clear that every governmental
unit from the villages up through the cities,
the towns, the counties and the State and Fed-
eral Government must play a part in a well-
rounded and effective program. It is not good
policy for either unit to try and get the other
unit to do its job for it. Neither should the
larger unit trespass upon the smaller unit's
field. Either course leads to friction and tends
to defeat the desired purpose.

Pennsylvania's present forest land program
diflFers somewhat from that of a number of
other States. The Commonwealth's state for-
ests should just as well be called State Parks,
because every acre is open for legal recreation
use by the public. Timber and playgrounds
for our citizenry are growing side by side.

Within the State forests we find many his-
toric spots of unusual interest with scenery un-
surpassed in the east in beauty and extent.
These areas are the people's resting spots, and
should be used freely by all who have an op-
portunity to do so.

Unfortunately, Pennsylvania has not gone
forward as rapidly with her park program as
many of us had hoped. In fact, we have just
made a beginning and I think it is only reason-
able to assume that much more rapid progress
will be made during the coming years. The
first park appropriation was made two years
ago, which while very small, I feel sure is the
beginning of a very much enlarged park pro-
gram.

The people have arrived at the place where
they will demand more money for park facili-
ties. They have a right to expect them and
I have no doubt that the Legislature will even-
tually accede to their demands.

The last Legislature provided machinery for
still further developing park facilities for the
people of the Commonwealth, but the Depart-

■<\\\:

34

FOREST LEAVES

FOREST LEAVES

ment of Forests and Waters cannot satisfac-
torily develop this program alone. We need
the influence and moral and financial support
of every other agency in the State looking to-
ward the better development of recreational
facilities. We have already received liberal and
outstanding co-operation to that end from
every section of the State. And right here, I
should like to pay tribute to the work of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Through
its official organ, Forest Leaves, the people of
the State have been constantly and reliably
informed of the work of the Department of
Forests and Waters. The Association's policy
has been clearly set forth and its influence has
done much in the constructive forward move-
ment of the State's public forest and park pol-
icy. I am sure it will continue the good and
effective work in behalf of the people of the
State.

There is peace, quiet, and contentment in the
forest. The stillness of the woods is a stimu-
lant to the tired soul. Quiet is nature's great
medicine. In the forests of our Pennsylvania
hills there is the peace and contentment that
should become a part of our human nature.
Every citizen of the Commonwealth, whenever
possible, should visit and enjoy our State For-
ests and State Parks. All are invited and all
are welcome.

PRIVATE FORESTRY*

By H. Gleason Mattoon, Consultant in

Arboriculture

IT is with trepidation that I stand before
this body presuming to speak on forestry.
Being but an humble aboriculturist, I come
not to question the program, policies or prac-
tices at present observed by foresters, but rather
to emphasize an aboricultural procedure which
may aid and abet forestry. When I have fin-
ished, foresters present may question the title
of this paper, yet forestry is a broad and inclu-
sive term well able to mother a varied off-
spring.

One of forestry's greatest needs is a public
appreciation of its problems and possibilities.

♦Read at the meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association June 21, 1934.

Those problems and possibilities are not gen-
erally grasped in the abstract of public owner-
ship. The dollars and cents value of a forest
when or if harvested plays a large part in state
and federal reports with the result that the
public thinks of a forest principally in terms
of its products, its stumpage value, pulp wood
yield, and so on. Yet a growth of trees during
its life has a value greater by far than its
products.

Of the benefit of a tree-clothed land in the
control of floods, the amelioration of climatic
excesses, the conserving of moisture, the check-
ing of erosion, etc., even though they affect the
health and happiness of all of us, comparative-
ly little is known by Mr. Citizen and his fam-
ily. Nor will he learn much so long as the
policy of public ownership is preached to the
exclusion of any definite and sustained at-
tempt to stimulate private woodland develop-
ment. Do not misunderstand me. I do not
question the value of or necessity for state and
national forests. Moreover, I appreciate the
problems of private ownership, and I recognize
that there have been spasmodic attempts to en-
courage it. But by and large the problems of
private forests have been sidestepped by urg-
ing public ownership. To talk of private wood-
lands or forests now may be heresy, yet I feel
very strongly that an opportunity to stimulate
greater interest in all forest matters is being
neglected.

That which we learn by actual experience
we are most apt to retain. This is as true
in matters pertaining to forestry as in our
everyday activities. Moreover, our greatest
interest centers around that which we possess.
Let us suppose we had a forty acre field which
was brought into cultivation during the War.
In topography and fertility it was not ideal for
tillage purposes. Crop yields were never large,
but during the years of high prices it showed
a profit. With the depression of 1920 and 1921
we decided to make a woodland of it. We
may not have followed accepted forestry prac-
tices. Some of the species may be wrong, the
spacing may not be just right and the manage-
ment has been hit and miss. However, we have
a woodland now, and we have enjoyed watch-
ing it develop. Rut more than that, it has sup-
plied us with fence posts. We used to buy
them. We have ample firewood too, and still

35

the woodland is not impaired. Moreover, it
will not be many years before we can sell some
mine props. The grain crops on that land
were only fair, but it is growing good timber.
The trees are tall enough now to provide a
windbreak for the better fields. Game is ap-
pearing, and there is no longer washing on that
hillside. All in all, we are beginning to appre-
ciate the possibilities of forestry.

We may read of fire hazards and fire protec-
tion, of the advantages and disadvantages of a
pure stand, of the depredations of the white
pine weevil or the bronze birch borer, of the
soil and moisture requirements of the black
spruce or of a pathological trouble of red pine.
We own a woodland, so our interest is immedi-
ately aroused. We are on the alert to discover
whether it will affect what we have. We take
steps to protect our possession. We are begin-
ning to appreciate the problems of forestry.

Before planting this woodland, our interest
in forests, whether state or national, was pas-
sive at best. We now realize their value and
take an active interest in movements for their
expansion. We have alw^ays enjoyed hunting
and invariably sided w^ith the game protection-
ists in any controversy with forestry depart-
ments. We have now learned that there is a
balance in nature which must be maintained.
If there are too many gray squirrels, there will
be no natural regeneration of oaks or other
large seeded trees. Beyond a certain point the
protection of deer is unwise. An excess of
rabbits means the destruction of trees. In
other words, we have learned that our former
viewpoint was based upon ignorance of facts.
This is a fanciful case, yet to a greater or
less degree such are the reactions of those who
are aroused to plant and develop a woodland.
Such woodlands will add but little to the total
forest lands of the country, but they will add
greatly to the number of |)ersons who appreci-
ate the need for such forests. After all, if. the
need is recognized, the greater part of the
battle is won.

The time is propitious. There is much land
now idle which should not go into cultivation
again. These plots are varied according to
tbcir location, toi)ography and the character
of the holding. It is not necessary to go into
detail regarding them, but I should like to say
a few words about one group.

. Much of this acreage is semi-rural. It is
owned largely by men who farm as an avoca-
tion, having their principal business in a nearby
city. These men in the past have bred horses,
raised beef cattle or had a dairy, sometimes on
a rather elaborate scale, but in recent years for
economic reasons they have either abandoned
or greatly reduced their activities. The result
is that much of this land is now unused and
the owner is seeking some use for it which will
not entail costly upkeep. Frequently this class
of landowner is receptive to the suggestion of
establishing a w^oodland. From the standpoint
of forestry, it would be uneconomical, due to
the character of the holding, the location and
the high tax rates, but I am thinking princi-
pally of inducing these landowners to grow
trees that they may be better acquainted with
the problems and possibilities of woodland de-
velopment. Usually it would be unwise to con-
sider such a planting from the viewpoint of a
forest, but rather as a composite woodland
made up of species grown for their aesthetic
as well as utilitarian value.

This planting may be done in a ''carelessly
uniform'' manner, so that casual observation
would give the impression of a natural seeding,
yet the trees are so spaced that each has a
maximum of soil and sunlight for rapid
growth. One such planting of white pines and
oaks which was set out in an alfalfa field has
made very rapid growth. These trees were
planted sixteen years ago, being spaced un-
evenly from eight to fifteen feet apart. Today
the pines range from thirty to forty feet in
height, while the oaks are nearly as tall. This
planting, which now covers more than a hun-
dred acres, has definitely changed the character
of the stream which runs through it. The
spring freshet is a minor matter now, and
erosion has ceased on those hillsides. No doubt
within twenty years this property which com-
prises about fixG hundred acres will be split up
and developed as smaller suburban estates. The
land is worth far more for that purpose clothed
with trees than bare.

Another such woodland is composed of a
great number of deciduous species with groups
of hemlocks. Everything but the hemlocks
Was grow^n from seed in beds established on
the property. This landowner has derived as
much pleasure from the creation of this wood-

36

FOREST LEAVES

I

land as he formerly had in breeding show
horses. He has learned much, not the least
of which is that there is a woeful lack of infor-
mation on the best methods of propagating and
growing many deciduous trees. If the demand
is great enough perhaps the departments of
forestry will carry on the necessary research.
After the planting is done, a forest will not
spring up over night, yet it is surprising how
quickly the trees will grow and take shape as
a definite woodland area. But they may be
enjoyed even before full grown, for there is a
thrill each spring in every tree as it awakens
from its months of rest to stretch its arms
further towards the blue. There is interest
and instruction in every species, eacli has its
distinctive habit of growth, color of bark and
foliage, flower and fruit.

In considering the use of some of his land
for the development of a composite woodland,
such a property owner will find distinct advan-
tage from whatever angle it is viewed. It may
be so planted as to enhance the beauty of the
property, to delineate interesting vistas, to pro-
tect a hillside from washing, to prevent the
rapid runoflf of excess rainfall and to provide a
haven for game. But more important, for a
very small outlay it will put to use land which
should not be cultivated, and the owner will
learn through experience some of the problems
and possibilities of forestry.

On August 7th the Administrator for Public
Works approved an allotment of two million
dollars for white pine blister rust control on
State and private lands. At that time 1 1 900
men in 208 C. C. C. camps in 22 states were
engaged in this work, and in the previous two
months had removed over 12,000,000 Rihes
(which transmit the disease from pine to pine)
from 150,000 acres.

The most recent figures give a total eradica-
tion by the C. C. C. workers in 1933 of 49,000,-
000 currant and gooseberry bushes, from '574^-
450 acres. Added to this are 16,000,000 bushes
removed from 89.000 acres under N. R. A.
programs and 8,000,000 plants from 300,000
acres by the regular Federal, State and private
agencies. These total 70,000,000 bushes from
nearly a million acres, and of this, 2,000,000
plants were eradicated in Pennsylvania.

HOW OUR FORESTS ARE PLANTED

AND GROWN*

By Charles R. Meek, Chief Bureau of Forest

Extension, Department of Forests

and Waters

IS it not remarkable that with all the inven-
tions and substitutions for wood, forest
products are still essential in human liv-
ing? Many changes of materials used in every-
day life occur, but wood remains a basic com-
modity. We may change from silk produced
from tree leaves eaten by worms, to rayon made
from wood, and still depend on the forest.
Formerly we joked about "wooden overcoats";
now in reality we take for granted cellulose
clothing made from the forest. A grass skirt
worn in Hawaii is so near and yet so far from
the artificial one grown and manufactured in
New York from tree products.

Nineteen thirty-three (1933) will long re-
main in memory because of the impetus given
forest culture by President Roosevelt's ener-
getic conservation program. Many people are
now getting, for the first time, a real concep-
tion of what the forester does. Very impor-
tant, too, many well intentioned and otherwise
well informed folks, fortunately are learning
for the first time that somebody owns the
mountain land — and cares.

Does Pennsylvania have a forest problem?
Oh yes; it not only has an important forest
problem, but also a big land-use problem too.
Of the twenty-nine million acres of land
area in Pennsylvania, about 4570 or thirteen
million acres are devoted to forests, or at least
this land is suitable for nothing else and is
covered with vegetation. It is owned by thou-
sands and thousands of people. The State it-
self owns only about one-seventh of it. The
percentage in forest cover in our State is good,
i)ut it means only 1.4 acres of woodland per
capita, and that is too small an area to make
us self-sustaining in wood production. The
Scandinavian countries have from six to fif-
teen acres of forest for each person. Of
course the per capita acreage depends on the
density of population and Pennsylvania has
nearly ten million |Xiople using wood.

The Scandinavian countries also export
wood, but Pennsylvania imports most of its

* Read at the meeting of the Pennsylvania Forrestry Association, June
21, 1934

FOREST LEAVES

37

limber needs. This is true i)artly because our
virgin forests have been harvested only re-
cently, and the second crop has not had time to
mature; also because the per-acre timber pro-
duction or annual wood growth in our forests
is too little. It is evident that by importing
our timber needs we pay high transportation
costs for hauling lumber long distances. Thus
Pennsylvanians support industries employing
labor in other States, while our land loafs and
our lumber jacks are idle.

The forests of our State are not working as
hard as they can and should work. It is not
dieir fault either. It is ours. Forest fires,
especially, are responsible for keeping much
of the forest land unproductive. This difficulty
is officially recognized. Though the fight
against forest fire is slow and hard, yet it is
none the less surc to be won in a comparatively
short time. According to Dr. E. A. Ziegler
of the Forest Research Institute, "our forests
should average 3,000 to 5,000 cubic feet of
growing trees per acre. We have not over one-
sixth of this." Since we now grow but 16%
of what we use, is there any doubt but tliat
our State will benefit from a forest conscious-
ness aroused by a *'new deal," that will result
in less damage from forest fire and disease,
and will increase the amount of wood grown
per acre in our forests? Our woodland is a
I)otential source of much employment and great
wealth and we must realize it hard enough to
sit up, take notice, and do something.

What is the big Pennsylvania forest prob-
lem.'' It is to make every acre of woodland
produce the maximum quantity of high quality
wood. The forest is now understocked partly
l)ecause of forest fires. The State is fast rem-
edying this by fire control. Also it is planting
the waste forest land with little trees. Pro-
gress in tree i)lanting is going too slowly.. We
"Hist i)lant more trees, we must prevent all
destructive fire in the forest, and we must take
better care of what woods we have. We should
stop destroying our young tree growth by cut-
ting small sizes. Forest i)roducts from saj)-
hngs give an immediate money return, but it
(loes not pay to cut trees while they are grow-
ing most rapidly in value.

We see what a tremendous job it is to con-
trol forest fires, and to plant trees on the waste
forest areas, and that progress in fire control

and reforestation is being made even though
slowly. The forest like anything else must
be taken care of properly if the best results are
to be obtained. The forest land is not the
only land problem that Pennsylvania has —
there is another big land condition. It is how
to use wisely land not in forest and not work-
ing at all. On this land, now unproductive the
owners must pay taxes. Since a great deal of
the area is unfit for agriculture we can safely
consider it for forest purposes. Let us see;
twenty-nine million acres in our State, thirteen
million acres of it forested; about four million
acres, once in farms and now abandoned, that
are idle and producing nothing at all ! These
four million acres are one-seventh of our
State land area, and of them at least two mil-
lion acres are idle cleared land. This area, once
set aside for farming, was frequently the
poorer land, and as agriculture became more
intensive it became sub-marginal. It could not
produce a living for the tenants, and usually
cannot produce enough in farm crops to pay
the taxes. It is not only idle but in some cases
IS washing away. How to put four million
idle acres to work is a hard problem. Most
of this land can grow timber— in fact, it is
about all that it will grow, and the sooner it is
put to work the better.

Unfortunately, most of this idle farm land
IS owned by those too poor, or else unwilling,
to furnish the needed funds to plant it with
trees. Some of this land has already reverted
to the counties for the unpaid taxes. Dr. E.
A. Ziegler tells of this situation in detail in
Bulletin 51, published by the Department of
Forests and Waters. To really do something
eflfective about the idle privately owned aban-
doned farm land perhaps means government
purchase and adn^inistration. This involves so
much money that it makes such a plan, on a
large scale, impractical just now.

Something can be done right away, however,
about some of the lands on which taxes have
not been paid. The counties hold these. The
1933 Legislature provided that, under certain
conditions, such lands can be used for the ex-
tension of State Forests and game lands, as
well as the establishment of county forests.
The county forest idea is a new one, but it is
practical and the next few years should witness
great strides being made in forcing much idle.

if

38

FOREST LEAVES

S^i'ti;' '■ >

once privately owned waste farm land to help
provide a future public income. It can be done
at reasonable expense — an expense that the
counties can afford.

Once again four million acres must be made
to contribute their share of income, from use-
ful production, instead of costly loafing and
deteriorating through non-use, erosion, and the
silting up of streams and reservoirs. The first
step in this program has been taken. The
County Commissioners in every county should
examine this new law carefully, and decide at
once to use it effectively.

Since 1910, the State has been encouraging
reforestation on private land. Only since 1918,
however, has the need for reforestation of pri-
vate lands been really stressed by wide public-
ity. We see what a big tree planting problem
for private land there is. It is hard to realize
that from 1910 to date, a total of only about
118,000 acres of private land has been refor-
ested with trees from all sources. In 1932
about six thousand acres of private land were
planted to forests. At this rate in one hundred
years only 600,000 acres would be reforested.
Can we wait one hundred years to do about
one-seventh of the tree planting job, and can
we afford to spread all the work over 700
years? Of course not. Greater effort must be
put forth in reforestation by private land own-
ers. The State and County governments must
show increased interest and assume a greater
share of the work.

The small land owner is doing something in
tree planting at any rate, though not too much,
and only a very few large land owners show
sustained interest in reforestation. The de-
pression has hit tree i)lanting, of course, but
the work goes on. Nearly as many smalMand
owners ordered trees for planting in the spring
of 1933 as has ordered trees in the spring of
1932. The larger planters, however, cut down
on the size of their orders. As a result, fewer
total trees were planted by all. Instead of
eight or ten million trees being planted in re-
forestation efforts in Pennsylvania each year,
there should be from one hundred to one hun-
dred and fifty million trees used. That would
mean from one hundred to one hundred and
fifty thousand acres a year planted to forests.
It would put one million acres of idle land to
work again in each ten year period. Some

states such as New York and Wisconsin are
going after the idle land question in earnest
and vast areas are being planted each year.
Our state must do more.

There is more to growing the little trees than
one thinks. First, the seed of trees to be grown
niust be collected— red pine, white pine, pitch
pine, and hemlock — from the northern states;
Norway spruce, Scotch pine, and larch froni
abroad; the hardwood seed, however, as oak,
walnut, tulip, locust, and ash is collected locally
when possible. Then come the nurseries. In
a production schedule for ten million seedlings
and transplants annually, Pennsylvania devotes
48 acres of land to nurseries. It takes time
to grow good nursery stock, and one cannot
arrange to i)lant a great many trees only a
short time in advance, as the trees cannot be
grown over night. Good nursery soil must be
developed, suitable seed must be gathered and
planted. Even then, in our climate, it requires
one year to grow suitable hardwood seedlings,
two years for hard pine seedlings, and three
years to develop soft pine seedlings. To pro-
duce transplants takes much nursery area, and
from three to four years for each crop. Thus
it can be seen that a reforestation program must
l)e well planned in advance, and once begun
must be sustained. To reforest profitably, costs
must be kept low, and the price of the trees
must not be too great. Costs can be kept low-
only when the trees are produced in large
quantities.

We start out with our forest problem— to
make the j)resent forest land i)r()duce its maxi-
nuun and to put idle waste land to work. We
have the land to plant, the Department of
Forests and Waters can produce the needed
trees, and the work should be done. Of course
it takes money to co-ordinate these factors and
start them moving. That, just now, seems like
an insurmountable difticulty, yet it would melt
before the efforts of our citizens, when their
interest is once aroused by a knowledge of the
forest and idle land situaticms and their possi-
bilities for the future. It is fortunate, that in
1933, Pennsylvania had one million six hun-
dred thousand acres of State forests in which
to send 20,000 idle men in the Emergency Con-
servation Corps, from the centers of j^ojndation
for healthful and productive work. Already
the State Forests are helping, during this enier-

FOREST LEAVES

39

gency, to provide useful work for that other
great resource, the waste of which cannot be
tolerated — human labor.

MR. McCALEB'S ACCOUNT OF
ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES

MR. McCALEB in his address stated
that the Association was interested in
forestry, from the individual who
planted a few trees, to the larger ownerships
of the State and Nation. He referred to the
proper place and function of the local, state
and national organizations, how each had its
own field and worked in it, and why they should
be supported because of the specific work they
carried on.

He paid tribute to the Presidents who had
led the Pennsylvania Forestry Association to
the accomplishment of much practical work,
and mentioned them :

Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, 1886-7
Burnet Landreth, 1887-1890
Rev. J. P. Lundy, 1890-2
John Birkinbine, 1892-1915
Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, 1915-16
Dr. Henry S. Drinker, 1916-1930
Sanuiel L. Smedley, 1930 to date.

He also spoke of the large amount of useful
work which stands to the credit of the Asso-
ciation and mentioned the following:

Since June, 1886, the Association has pub-
lished Forest Leaves, and we have been told
that it is the oldest forestry magazine which
Has been in continuous publication in this
country.

In addition to fostering favorable legislation
for public forests and to encourage private
forests, the Association has been watchful of
inimical legislation. The work along these
jines has been accomplished without entering
into political activities or partv affiliations.

Early in 1933 this Asociation presented a
'^111, permitting counties to utilize tax-delin-
quent lands for County Forests, and this bill
^vas passed by the Legislature and signed bv
the Governor.

The bin authorizing tax delinquent lands for
bounty Forests was initiated to cope with the
t^v() situations of excess idle land, and with a
"nlhon acres in this State, which, having long

been tax delinquent remained in a "No Man's
ivand" and produced no benefit or revenue to
the county or State.

Previously it had opposed a reduction in the
hre-fightmg allotment below the safe limits, so
as to protect the investment in a growing asset
already made.

It has called attention to the great areas of
abandoned land, and how they may be brought
mto the production of income by proper for-
estry methods.

Each year, at its Annual Meeting, it has
brought the public attention to the cause of
forestry ; and by holding an Annual Summer
Meetmg, at different parts of the State, it has
spread the knowledge of the need and has
stnnulated the local interest in forestry.

It has established and maintained close and
co-operative relations with other organizations
active in the same field of endeavor.

Through its office it maintains correspond-
ence with members and departments and organ-
izations active in forestry and distributes in-
formation and literature; while its library fa-
cilities are available to those interested.

During the year 1932 this Association was
active in co-operation for the George Wash-
ington Memorial Tree Plantings, and in the
search for trees which were growing here when
William Penn arrived, and we are seeking to
further the National Nut Tree Planting pro-
ject. ^ *

That the organization can be proud of its
record is attested by the voluntary praises
given it by others who know it only by its
accomplishments.

AMERICA, DO YOU WANT YOUR

ELMS?

By Lee A. Strong, Chief Bureau of Ento-
. mology and Plant Quarantine, U. S.
Department of Agriculture

IF America wants her elms apparently she
will have to exterminate the Dutch elm
disease which has invaded an area of some
3,000 square miles in New Jersey, New York,
and Connecticut. The greatest concentration
of the disease, so far as we know, is still con-
fined to an area of about 1,700 square miles.
Up to July 31, approximately 6,500 trees were

40

FOREST LKA VES

known to be infected. Of these about 4,000
are still standing and 2,500 have been removed
by Federal, State, municipal, and private
means.

Elm trees estimated to be from 75 to 150
years old which two weeks ago showed no
external signs of the disease today stand dead.
Nothing can now be done except to remove and
burn them. Highly prized elms on which the
owners have spent hundreds of dollars for sur-
gical work in an effort to save them from de-
cay and other troubles are killed almost over
night by the Dutch elm disease.

The disease was first found in this country
in 1930. It has been known in Europe for
approximately 16 years, during which time it
has proved very destructive.

A diseased tree cannot be treated; it must
be removed and burned. It is believed that a
small beetle which infests the trees carries the
disease to uninfected trees. If diseased and
beetle-infested trees are not removed and im-
mediately burned, the beetles leave the infected
trees and move to uninfected trees. Thus the
disease is rapidly and widely spread.

The indications are that unless a vigorous,
consistent program is carried out to remove
and burn every infected tree, the elms of
America may follow the American chestnut to
almost complete destruction by disease. All
the United States Department of Agriculture
can do with the limited funds at its disposal
is to conduct scouting oi)erations to find the
diseased trees and co-ordinate the eradication
activities, although some money is being s])ent
to take out trees which are obviously most dan-
gerous to areas not yet infected and which
otherwise would not be removed in time. If
individuals, cities, counties, and States will at
once undertake and aggressively carry out the
right kind of a program of eradication, there
is a fair chance to eradicate the disease. Fail-
ure to do this probably means dedicating the
elms of America to disease and death. The
question is — Do you think enough of your
elms to save them?

Our Association is taking an active interest
by urging that sufficient funds be appropriated
to combat the spread of this disease.
^ Our members are urged to write to their
Congressmen and Senators and impress them
with the seriousness of the situation.

"During the fiscal year the thirty-eight States
and Territories co-operating with the National
Forest Service, spent $6,607,158 for forest
protection. I'ennsylvania, despite it being one
of the more important forest States, spent
only one fifty-third of this sum.

"Fires which destroy 76,000 acres of wood-
lands during a year are a serious matter to any
State intent on saving its forests for timber,
watersheds or park purposes. But during 1930
forest fires in this State destroyed 300,000
acres of woodlands. In 1928, a normal year
contrasted with the drought of 1930, the fires
swept 110,000 acres. So this year's record is
good beyond expectations."

— Public Ledger.

In his book, "The Important Timber Trees
of the United States," published in 1912, Mr.
S. B. Elliott says, in the introductory:

"It is being further comprehended that, like
other products of the soil, the forests which we
possess can, with proper management, be main-
tamed m useful i)erpetuity, and in many cases
their productive ca])acity be increased, and that
while we are consuming their annual accretion
we need not necessarily exhaust them; and,
what IS equally important, it is likewise realized
that forests can be grown in practically all sec-
tions of our country where, in our early his-
tory, they once grew but have since been de-
stroyed, and also even where there is no proof
that any have ever existed."

"The growing shortage of our sui)ph of for-
est products, the rapidly increasing demand for
such products, our cut-over, burned-over, and
fast-becoming-barren lands, the disturbed flow
of our springs and streams, and the erosion
of the soil that is going on in conse(|uence of
the desruction of the forests, are conditions,
patent to all; and these ctmditions, though vo-
cally silent, convey to us, in a language that we
cannot fail to understand, the importance of
action on our part. They all point to the same
conclusion, — that the forests should be restored
at the earliest possible moment.
• "The duty of the hour can be summed up
111 (jne sentence: a supply of forest ])roducts
must be maintained by properly caring for what
forests are left us and by planting others where
necessary to meet the demand. If we do not
do this the end of our nation's prosperity will
soon be reached. Every day's delay adds to the
difficulties to be encountered."