Title: Forest leaves, v. 3

Place of Publication: Philadelphia

Copyright Date: 1890

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg059.3

^>l

\

>ijpy

Philadelphia, April, 1890.

No. I.

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as second-class matter in the Post Office of Philadelphia.

CONTENTS.

Editorial .,, x

The Forestry Meeting at Lan-

casterw

Movement to Organize a Branch

of Plant Physiology at the University of Pennsylvania

Arbor Day in New Jersey

Mangroves. Dr. J. T. Rothrock

Forest Vegetation and the Air. Prof. W. T. Wilson

Forestry in New York. H. Nicholas Jarchow

Some Facts Regarding Freshets. Thos. J. McKie 8-11

Abstract of a Paper on Government Forest Reserves in the

Rocky Mountain Region. Col. Edgar T. Ensign 11-13

The Georgia Pine. S. G. McLendon i3->4

Notes «

Congress and Forestry

The Uses and Claims of Forestry Associations.

Forestry in Dakota, J. C. Duffey

Worn-out Lands. Prof. H. A. Green ,

Chas. C. Binney.

15
16
18

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.
The attention of Nurseryman and others is called to the advantages
0/ Forest Leaves as an advertising tnediunt. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.
John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886.
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life membership. Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to ^. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., or to
Miss Grace Anna Lewis , Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr.
f- Newton Hunsberger, Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Hecklery Esq., Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Afarshaii, Esq., West Chester, Chester county, Pa.

!^HE announcement by Governor Beaver fixing
Vy two dates, viz., April nth and May 5th,
as Arbor Days, came too late for the former
issue of Forest Leaves, and the present issue ap-
pears after the earlier date, and so little in advance
of the later date that it is impracticable to use the
columns of our publication in the manner which
we desire to advance the celebration of Arbor Day.

We understand that in some of our public schools
a recognition of the day has been or will be made
by suitable exercises, and we believe that a meet-
ing of Pennsylvania Forestry Association will be
arranged for May 5 th; but the celebration of
Arbor Day does not command the attention it
deserves, either from schools or associations j nor
will it, until some one assumes the responsibility
of working up, by personal effort, a sentiment in
its favor. Such has been the history in other
localities, and we trust this history will be repeated
in Pennsylvania.

We wish it were practicable (we believe it pos-
sible) to have in all of our schools appropriate
exercises on each Arbor Day, accompanied, wher-
ever it can be so arranged, with tree-planting.
We would also desire that each State and county
Forestry Association would provide some suitable
public meeting and the planting of memorial
trees. The attention which was given by the press
to the memorial tree-planting in Fairmount Park
last fall, and the cordial cooperation exhibited by
the Commission, indicate that well-digested plans,
and proper effort to carry them out, will be recog-
nized.

The uncertainty of the exact date of Arbor Day
from year to year, is one reason why it is not
more generally observed ; but we trust that the
friends of forestry will prepare in advance for cele-
brations, arrange the details with sufficient elas-
ticity to permit of changes to suit the variation,
which at most need not, from year to year, exceed
a fortnight.

Governor Beaver has, by naming two separate
dates, endeavored to encourage tree-planting upon

Hi

* 1^

h '

\\\

III

^il

' >i

1 *i

^^

Lys

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

8

Arbor Day, the days named being selected so as
to meet the varying climatic conditions in a terri-
tory of the dimensions of Pennsylvania, and a
topography embracing a difference of over 2000
feet in altitude. But to secure a recognition of
Arbor Day, the friends of forestry must not wait
for, but be prepared in advance of, the proclama-
tion of the Governor.

FOREST LEAVES acknowledges many kind
words of commendation from its readers
and from exchanges. We seldom trouble
our readers with these, preferring each to judge
for himself or herself of its merits. But we need
no better evidence of appreciation than the neces-
sity of further increasing our edition. We are also
pleased to notice a liberal use of material taken
from our columns, for which credit is generally
given to Forest Leaves ; where the reverse is the
case, we do not feel the necessity of calling atten-
tion to this lack of editorial courtesy, contenting
ourselves in the fact that some friends invariably
notice excerpts from Forest Leaves republished
without credit, and advise us of the fact that some
of our contemporaries thus recognize the contents
of Forest Leaves to be superior to their own
matter, but are unwilling to admit it.

We are looking forward to the time, and believe
it close at hand, when the circulation and adver-
tising patronage will permit of the appearance of
Forest Leaves regularly every month. At pres-
ent, the expense of publication is assumed by the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and no debts
are contracted. The Association supplies Forest
Leaves to its members in return for a portion of
its dues, and furnishes copies to other forestry
organizations, for their members, at cost of publi-
cation. A portion of its cost is reimbursed from
advertising, but no effort is made to maintain
Forest Leaves as a commercial venture— all that
is received, and more, too, is expended upon it;
and as its revenue increases we hope to improve
the publication. Its editors contribute their ser-
vices gratuitously, and, we believe, with appre-
ciation. Forest Leaves has but one purpose :
the advancement of forestry, and for this it
craves the cordial support of all who sympa-
thize with this object.

tions: Lancaster County, in Pennsylvania, has
organized a county association, and the An^erican
Forestry Congress, under the guidance of some
who helped perfect the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, is assuming more importance, and
appears to be better organized than ever before.
We commend to our readers Mr. Binney s contri-
bution upon '' The Benefits of Associations, and
trust that we may be permitted in the future to
chronicle others as added to our already creditable
list of forestry organizations.

—If any of our readers have copies of numbers
of Forest Leaves, from i to 13, which they can
spare, they will please return the same to this
office as we would like to complete several volumes,
and would be glad to exchange any subsequent
numbers which we have on hand for these.

y^ HOSE who expect that the Forestry movement
(£) will advance by rapid strides and with great
enthusiasm, are destined to disappointment,
for the movement has none of the elements which
attract or hold the exultant citizen. Its growth
is, however, encouraging and healthy. Texas
and Minnesota have established State organiza-

The Forestry Meeting at Lancaster.

5^ HE Pennsylvania Forestry Association has
(£) reason to be congratulated on the success
of their efforts to arouse an interest in
Forestry among the people of Lancaster County, if
we may regard as a test of this interest the large
assemblage of people who greeted Governor
Beaver and Professor Fernow in the Court House,
in that city, on the evening of Thursday, March
20th. It is, however, only fair to say that a very
strong additional attraction was offered, in a really
admirable Concert, given by the pupils of the
High School, under the leadership of Professor
Carl Thorbahn, instructor of the High School
Orchestra, and Professor Carl Matz, instructor of

Vocal Music.

The thanks of the Association are due to Mr.
D. Harry Wright, for his very efficient arrange-
ment of the preliminaries of the meeting, and to
the local Committee of Arrangements, which was
composed of the following gentlemen :—

Rev. J. Max Hark, d.d.. Pastor of the Moravian
Church, J. P. McCaskey, ph.d.. Principal of the
High School, S. P. Wickersham, ll.d.. State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, J. S. Stahr,
PH D President of Franklin and Marshall College,
Rev. 'C. L. Frey, Rector of Trinity Lutheran
Church, E. O. Lyte, ph.d.. President of the State
Normal School, Thos. B. Cochran, Editor of the
Lancaster Examiner, F. R. Diefenderfer, Manag-
ing Editor of the Lancaster New Era, C. S. toltz.
Editor of the Lancaster Intelligencer, Messrs. A.
F. Hostetter, S. P. Eby, N. EUmuker, E. K. Mar-
tin, George W. Hensel.

On the completion of the Concert, the meeting
was formally opened by Judge Livingston, Presi-

dent Judge of the District Court, who introduced
Governor Beaver.

The Governor said that he wished, in the first
place, to correct a very serious error which seemed
to have warped the popular mind on this whole
subject of Forestry, namely, the error of suppos-
ing that the leaders of the Forestry movement
in this country had been, or were now, senti-
mentalists.

''The practical forester does ;/^/ say 'woodman
spare the tree,' but 'cut the tree down when it is
ripe.' Be sure, however, to plant another tree in
place of the one you have cut down."

Though we have a right to, and must use our
timber, we have no right to squander that vast
capital which the forests of this country represent,
as we have been doing for so many years. Practi-
cal forestry teaches us how to utilize to the best
advantage our existing forests, and bids us pre-
serve forest conditions in those regions that are
better suited for the growth of trees than for agri-
culture. The health and happiness of the next
generation will depend to a greater extent than
most people appear to realize upon our saving our
forests from utter destruction. Congress has, it is
true, already shown some appreciation of the im-
portance of this subject in establishing a National
Forestry Bureau, and in addition to the American
Forestry Association, several state Forestry Asso-
ciations have been established during the last few
years, the most important of which is the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association.

Governor Beaver then introduced Mr. B. E.
Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division of the U. s!
Department of Agriculture. Mr. Fernow took as
the text of his address the following eloquent
words from a recent speech of the Hon. Carl
Schurz. " If it were left to me to decide whether
forestry reform or tariff reform should first be
adopted in this country, ardent tariff reformer that
I am, I would unhesitatingly say; Protect your
forests now ; the losses occurring in consequence
of unwise restrictions upon Commerce may here-
after be made good, but the destruction of the
forests of the country, if allowed to go on un-
checked, will cause losses from which it will never
recover. ' '

Mr. Fernow said he did not wish to deny the
important place of sentiment in this whole ques-
tion of forestry reform, intensely practical as it
IS in many of its bearings. "Sentiment is the
promoter of progress, civilization and manhood,"
and a man devoid of sentiment is hardly likely to
take an interest in a question of this kind, which
IS more important, perhaps, in its relations to the
luture than to immediate pecuniary returns. We
must therefore encourage as far as we can the de-
velopment of popular sentiment, and try to per-
suade our fellow citizens that they, like ourselves

are trustees for the forest capital of the country,
and that they have no more right to use the prin-
cipal of this capital than a prudent man of busi-
ness has to use his principal. It is a mistake to
suppose that this is a densely wooded country.
A study of the physical geography of the United
States will convince any one that by far the
largest portion of the area of the country is a
prairie or treeless region, and that though we have
some important forest areas, they form but a
small proportion of our whole territory. The
area covered by forests or tree growth is, in fact,
barely one-fourth of the whole area of the country,
and much of this nominal wooded area is covered
with timber of small commercial value.

The influence of forests upon climate has not
yet been sufficiently investigated to enable us to
state with certainty the exact extent to which the
climate of certain regions is modified by the
presence or absence of forests. We do however
know that forests obstruct the passage of winds
and cause a difference in the insolation of the
soil. Trees retard the surface "run off" of
storm waters and increase, therefore, the time of
distribution of the water to the soil, and hence
have a very important influence in mitigating the
effects, of droughts. Trees upon hill or mountain
sides protect the land from the erosion and tor-
rential action of streams. Denudation of hill sides
lead everywhere to this torrential action. The
muddy water of the creek which supplies Lancaster
with drinking water is made muddy by this erosive
action, which has doubtless occurred in conse-
quence of the stripping of the timber from its
water shed. Mr. Fernow appealed, in conclusion,
to the farmers of Lancaster County to take good
care of their wood lots, for the sake of the water
supply of their farms, and to his audience gener-
ally to support the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation in their public-spirited endeavors.

Governor Beaver having invited remarks from
any of the members of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association present at the meeting, the Rev. Dr.
Lundy replied, in the name of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association. He said that offences
against the laws that govern natural phenomena
bring with them their punishment, just as surely
as offences against the laws of morality. It is a
law of nature that just so soon as a country is
entirely stripped of its timber, will that country
become barren, and he had himself witnessed
in Asia Minor the effect of disregarding that
law.

The land of Palestine had formerly been the
garden spot of the earth, but it has now been
entirely robbed of its trees, and has become in
consequence a howling wilderness. It was for-
merly well supplied with springs and streams — it
is now for the most part a desert.

a7f

FOREST LEAVES.

In closing the meeting, Governor Beaver an-
nounced that a meeting for the purpose of organ-
izing a Lancaster County Branch would be held m
the Orphans' Court Room the following Tuesday
evening. We have since learned that a working
organization of the Lancaster County Branch of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was there
and then effected. H. M. F.

We should be glad to make extended extracts
from the Inaugural Address of President Eby
before the Lancaster County Forestry Association,
if space and time allowed. It was a clear pre-
sentation of the facts of the Forestry cause, and
must furnish food for thought to his hearers.

Apropos of the Lancaster County Forestry
Association. Their action against the telegraph
linemen who destroy and mutilate trees by the
roadside is to be commended. Let other Associa-
tions and individuals do the same, and we shall
soon have a legal decision as to what exact rights
a man has in his own property.

V-T MOVEMENT is on foot to organize a branch |
H of Plant Physiology, in the Botanical De-
J partment of the School of Biology, of the

University of Pennsylvania. The proposed new
course is one of great importance, since it deals
with living plants and their relation to the exter-
nal world. The students in the laboratory will
cultivate plants under all kinds of varying condi-
tions, such as high and low temperatures, insuffi-
cient light, many different kinds of nourishment,
an abundance or meagre supply of water, watch-
ing in every case the effect with great care. Such
methods, in combination with careful study of
structure and chemical relations, will give the
student the key to some of the more important
problems in plant growth. The evaporation,
both from the soil and the leaves, under varying
conditions, the exhalation of gases from the plant
and the general effect of plants on the soil, are all
subjects of careful study by the student in this

new course. , . i u

It will thus be seen how important this labora-
tory will be for the proposed new School of

Forestry.

In order that the student may test all the con-
ditions of plant life for himself, a well lighted,
convenient laboratory must exist, with micro-
scopes, spectroscopes, polariscopes, delicate galva-
nometers, and other apparatus for testing electric
currents in plants, instruments for accurately
measuring growth, apparatus for measuring the
gases given off or absorbed by plants under
varying conditions of heat or cold, light or dark-
ness ; dark rooms for growing plants without light,
heavy scales for estimating transpiration, balances

for making organic analyses, and many other
similar appliances. In fact, the laboratory for
the investigation of the life histories of living
plants must be a well ordered chemical and phy«
sical laboratory combined.

The reproduction of the plant takes place under
laws as well defined as the corresponding ones in
animal life. To the application of these laws m
crossing species of plants, in budding, grafting,
layering and growing from seed under varying
conditions, we owe the most delicate of our fruits,
the finest of our vegetables, and many of the
handsomest of our flowers. ^, . , i

It will thus be seen that Plant Physiology lays
the foundation for the consideration of the most
profound questions touching agriculture, horticul-
ture, forestry and sanitary laws.

The University of Pennsylvania, althougn bear-
ing the name of the State receives no State aid.

Therefore, for the establishment of such a labor-
j atory as is here proposed, private aid is called

A number of well known ladies and gentlemen
have subscribed varying sums of money for this
purpose. Three thousand dollars only remains to
be collected. Large sums have not been asked
for It is hoped that a sufficient number of per-
sons may be easily found who will subscribe $ioo-
or more, each, in order to make up this amount.

Subscriptions may be sent to Prof. W. P. Wil-
son, who has the matter in charge, or direct to
Mr. Wharton Barker, Treasurer of the University,
corner of Chestnut and Fifth streets.

Arbor Day in New Jersey.

In Camden there were literary exercises and tree
plantings by the school.

Trenton scholars planted many trees with the
public grounds.

Egg Harbor City celebrated the day with great
zeal. Flag raising, tree planting, orations and
music completed the admirable order of ex-
ercises.

Whitall and Atlantic City were also active in
their recognition of the day.

Here also is the report from Arbor Day at the

Northern Home: —

The children at the Northern Home observed
Arbor Day yesterday by planting four trees in the
spacious park which adjoins the institution. Ihe
exercises consisted of singing in the chapel by the
children, music by the band and reading the

i Governor's proclamation, after which all adjourned
to the park, and trees were planted in honor ot
Mrs. Caroline Yarrow, Mrs. Wilhelmina Emerick,

I Mr. William Lucas and Mr. William Massey.

» *

i

Forest Lkavks, Vol. II, No. ii.

i?^

FlQ. I. MANGROVE (RHIZOPHORA MANGLE. L.), LITTLE SARASOTA BAY, FLORIDA.

FOREST LEAVES.

Mangroves.

BY DR. J. T. ROTHROCK.

>::* HERE are some plants and trees whose mere
Vy names call up associations of the most posi-
tive character. The word palm implies
visions of tropical or sub-tropical scenery. The
sound appears to bring with it the heat of the
equinoctial regions. So it is when we mention the
mangrove to one who knows anything of the tree.
Rhizophora mangle is the species with which the
dwellers of the warmer parts on the eastern side
of the two Americas are most familiar; though
over the world, where there is found sufficient heat,
associated with low sea shores and saline bogs, one
or the other of the species may be looked for.

Probably no form of plant life suggests more of
the horrors of impenetrable, malaria-cursed loca-
tions than the mangrove. Kingsley, whose pen
seldom was dipped in gall to characterize any-
thing, seems to have uncorked his vials of wrath
when he attempted to describe a mangrove thicket.
As you read his vivid passages you can almost see
disease in the gauntest forms writhing, and rising
out of the tangled mass of leaves, roots and
branches, into the hardly less unwholesome upper
air.

But it would be unfair to allow all these impu-
tations to rest without a word in favor of this tree.
More than we dream of, it has been our servant.
Though it has done its work slowly, it has none
the less wrought surely in raising out of the bosom
)f the ocean a soil on which mankind came at
ist to settle and to rear homes and temples.

I have sailed along the coast of Florida, in and
o It through the intricacies of its mangrove-covered
keys, and wondered at the work the tree was doing
fo the man of the future. Thus, to follow briefly
ai-)ng its line of growth ! We see the flower fading
anr* the fruit maturing. When the petals fall the
ovi ry is not an inch long. You look for the
ripened fruit and a strange history opens before
you. Instead of falling to the ground, one of the
two seeds in the ovary begins, while yet attached
to the parent tree, to grow. The young plant's
root perforates the walls of its seed vessel and
begi , to elongate. Soon it has attained a length
of six inches, and then, well started in life, with
its young leaves ready for duty, the infant plant
falls into the water, it may be, and is carried off at
the rr y of wind and wave. Blown and drifted
here i.i^l there it may at last, at low tide be
stranded on a reef just at the level of the water.
Promptly the root fastens, and in an incredibly
brief period the young plant is fixed to the mass
of rock ,or shells over which is spread a thin
coating gjf mud or ooze. It is enough, however.

The career of the plant is thenceforward one of
growth. Its future is assured. Within a few years,
from the main stem, a little above the water,
side branches or roots come out, and bending
downward as they grow away from the stem, at
length reach the slime-covered rock and fasten
themselves there as the young plant had done.
'' Like parent, like child." These send up aerial
stems, which in turn send off roots to extend their
hold on earth and their empire in the sky. Thus
through years, the tree grows, until after a century,
It may be, what was a naked rock or a shell reef
has been changed into an impenetrable thicket,
through which loathsome creatures crawl, and in
which flocks of water fowl live and raise their
young.

The place is not inviting, but as the years pass,
generation after generation of leaves and trunks
die, fall and are entangled by the younger shoots
to decay and form a vegetable mould, which
becomes ^ryer as it grows older and higher ; then'
ceasing to tremble beneath the tread, passes by
slow stages, through swamp into solid ground.

The mangrove tree has erected a scaffold for
its own destruction ; as now the spot is too high
for its growth, and, as it slowly disappears, it makes
room for the cedars or other trees to advance and
possess the soil.

Look along the vast shore line of our American
tropics ; see the mangrove-covered islands, penin-
sulas and swamps in the act of being wrested from
the ocean ; go back through the adjacent low
forests to where the bluffs and promontories rise,
then estimate how vast this area is, and you will
begin to comprehend what a servant of man and
founder of empires this mangrove has been.

This is the briefest possible sketch of the life his-
tory of the tree. Instead of despising or belittling it
because its aspirations cease when it has made soil
on which higher plants may live, let us rather
admire the thrift and vigor which have made the
most out of a situation so unpromising, and paved
the way for possibilities so vast.

One of our illustrations shows this Rhizophora
or red mangrove, as it is called in Florida, taking
possession of an oyster reef in Sarasota Bay.

On the keys (or islands) and on the shore of
the southern part of Florida the mangrove attains
a height of thirty feet, forming dense forests
whose descending root branches remind one most
forcibly of the famous Banyan trees of India.

Aside from the larger functions of the mangrove
as already indicated, we must add that, dead or
alive, the tree is still our servant. The bark con-
tains an enormous percentage of tannin, which,
though not yet fairly utilized, probably will be in
the future, and thus we may hope that the drain
upon our hemlock forests will be par^y relieved.

It has been more successfully utilized by dyers,

',■

:Fio. 2. BLACK MANGROVE (AVICENNIA NITIDA. JAOQ.), LITTLE SARASOTA BAY. FLORIDA.

ToRKsr Lkavks, \'o1. II, No. n

i?

5"

F,0. 1. MANGROVE (RHIZOPHORA MANGLE, L.). LITTLE SARASOTA BAY, FLORIDA.

si

J .
I

:Fig. 2. BLACK MANGROVE (AVICENNIA NITJDA. JACQ.^ LITTLE SARASOTA BAY. FLORIDA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

Mangroves.

BY DR. J. T. ROTH ROCK.

>::;• HP^RE are some plants and trees whose mere
\Q names call up associations of the most posi-
tive character. The word palm implies
visions of tropical or sub-tropical scenery. The
sound appears to bring with it the heat of the
ecjuinoctial regions. So it is when we mention the
mangrove to one who knows anything of the tree.
Rhizophora mangle is the species with which the
dwellers of the warmer parts on the eastern side
of the two Americas are most familiar; though
over the world, where there is found sufficient heat,
associated with low sea shores and saline bogs, one
or the other of the species may be looked for.

Probably no form of plant life suggests more of
the horrors of impenetrable, malaria-cursed loca-
tions than the mangrove. Kingsley, whose pen
seldom was dipped in gall to characterize any-
thing, seems to have uncorked his vials of wrath
when he attempted to describe a mangrove thicket.
As you read his vivid passages you can almost see
disease in the gauntest forms writhing, and rising
out of the tangled mass of leaves, roots and
branches, into the hardly less unwholesome upper
air.

But it would be unfair to allow all these impu-
tations to rest without a word in favor of this tree.
More than we dream of, it has been our servant.
Though it has done its work slowly, it has none
'he less wrought surely in raising out of the bosom
>f the ocean a soil on which mankind came at
ist to settle and to rear homes and temples.

I have sailed along the coast of Florida, in and
o It through the intricacies of its mangrove-covered
keys, and wondered at the work the tree was doing
fo the man of the future. Thus, to follow briefly
a^->ng its line of growth ! We see the flower fading
an-' the fruit maturing. When the petals fall the
ovi ry is not an inch long. You look for the
ripened fruit and a strange history opens before
yoit Instead of falling to the ground, one of the
two ^eeds in the ovary begins, while yet attached
to ti.e parent tree, to grow. The young plant's
root perforates the walls of its seed vessel and
• begi , to elongate. Soon it has attained a length
of six inches, and then, well started in life, with
Its yoimg leaves ready for duty, the infant plant
falls into the water, it may be, and is carried off at
the n y of wind and wave. Blown and drifted
here ij.j^l there it may at last, at low tide be
stranded on a reef just at the level of the water.
Promptly the root fastens, and in an incredibly
brief period the young plant is fixed to the mass
of rock or shePs over which is spread a thin
coatin^r cf mud or ooze. It is enough, however.

The career of the plant is thenceforward one of
growth. Its future is assured. Within a few years,
from the main stem, a little above the water,
side branches or roots come out, and bending
downward as they grow away from the stem, at
length reach the slime-covered rock and fasten
themselves there as the young plant had done.
'' Like parent, like child." These send up aerial
stems, which in turn send off roots to extend their
hold on earth and their empire in the sky. Thus
through years, the tree grows, until after a century,
it may be, what was a naked rock or a shell reef
has been changed into an impenetrable thicket,
through which loathsome creatures crawl, and in
which flocks of water fowl live and raise their
young.

The place is not inviting, but as the years pass,
generation after generation of leaves and trunks
die, fall and are entangled by the younger shoots
to decay and form a vegetable mould, which
becomes dryer as it grows older and higher; then'
ceasing to tremble beneath the tread, passes by
slow stages, through swamp into solid ground.

The mangrove tree has erected a scaffold for
its own destruction ; as now the spot is too high
for its growth, and, as it slowly disappears, it makes
room for the cedars or other trees to advance and
possess the soil.

Look along the vast shore line of our American
tropics; see the mangrove-covered islands, penin-
sulas and swamps in the act of being wrested from
the ocean ; go back through the adjacent low
forests to where the bluffs and promontories rise,
then estimate how vast this area is, and you will
begin to comprehend what a servant of man and
founder of empires this mangrove has been.

This is the briefest possible sketch of the life his-
tory of the tree. Instead of despising or belittling it
because its aspirations cease when it has made soil
on which higher plants may live, let us rather
admire the thrift and vigor which have made the
most out of a situation so unpromising, and paved
the way for possibilities so vast.

One of our illustrations shows this Rhizophora
or red mangrove, as it is called in Florida, taking
possession of an oyster reef in Sarasota Bay.

On the keys (or islands) and on the shore of
the southern part of Florida the mangrove attains
a height of thirty feet, forming dense forests
whose descending root branches remind one most
forcibly of the famous Banyan trees of India.

Aside from the larger functions of the mangrove
as already indicated, we must add that, dead or
alive, the tree is still our servant. The l)ark con-
tains an enormous percentage of tannin, which,
though not yet fairly utilized, probably will be in
the future, and thus we may hope that the drain
upon our hemlock forests will be partly relieved.

It has been more successfully utilized by dyers,

iij '.

j

ill

i I

!

■ k

it

\/

^^v

i>>

6

FOREST LEAVES.

and is capable of producing quite a number of
tints, from copper color to that of slate.

It does not surprise one to learn that the bark
has been used in medicine as an astringent. In-
deed, it is alleged that the bark of an allied species
has been used as a remedy in malarial troubles.

Time reconciles one to many things which
might have seemed impossible in the light of ear-
lier days. Thus, for centuries, among the *' trav-
eller's tales" was the one that in the tropics, oysters
grew on trees. It now appears quite plain how
this might be. The swinging air roots of the
mangrove, as they descended from above finally
came to touch and dip below the level of the water
at high tide. To these roots the young oysters
fastened themselves and not only grew but multi-
plied there. When the tide was low the roots
were hanging in the air, and the attached clumps
of oysters might certainly be said to grow on the
trees. Such sights are common enough in south-
ern Florida.

There is properly but one species of mangrove
in Florida; this, besides its scientific name, is
known as the red mangrove. Quite another tree
is called the black mangrove. It is Avicennia
nitida, a member, strangely enough, of the same
family of plants as our common verbena. The
tree may sometimes attain a height of over fifty
feet. The wood is heavy, but so far as I know of
no marked utility. The strange feature in the
history of black mangrove is its tendency to throw
up from its roots, which are but slightly below the
level of the soil, a vast number of asparagus-like
shoots, which, as Prof. Wilson shows, are to be
regarded as additional aerating organs.

Forest Vegetation and the Air.

BY PROF. W. T. WILSON.
II.

IT has been shown in a previous article, '' For-
est Vegetation and the Air," that there are
two processes in operation in the plant, both
having to do with the exchange of gases. The
one, Assimilation, so called, in which CO2 is taken
from the air, and in conjunction with moisture
from the roots or elsewhere, is converted indirectly
into starch for plant food ; the other, Respiration,
in which O is secured from the air for purposes of
oxidation, resulting in the production of heat, or
other forces to aid in the work performed by the
plant. The first process, assimilation, is active
only in sunhght, when the temperature is right,
and when the plant contains chlorophyl or leaf
green. The second process, respiration, takes
place in all parts of the living plant, and under
all conditions. Plants living in the air take their
oxygen for respiration direct from it. Such plants
as live in water get their oxygen from the water.

In respiration the whole surface of the plant
takes active part. The process goes on uninflu-
enced by the light. Both day and night oxygen
is taken up and the products of oxidation given
off. The CO2 which constantly finds its way into
the air from plant respiration is insignificant in
quantity. During the period of sunlight much of
the CO2 given off in this way is taken up for as-
similation before it leaves the active cells where
the oxidation which produced it took place. But
during the night the whole of this excretory pro-
duct of respiration finds its way to the surround-
ing air.

This has given rise to a popular prejudice that
it is unhealthy to allow plants to grow in a sleep-
ing room. Careful experiments have shown, how-
ever, that a large greenhouse full of plants does
not produce as much CO2, hour for hour, as the
burning of a common kerosene lamp. There is,
therefore, no cause for alarm. This does not ap-
ply to cut flowers, which may become off'ensive in
a sleeping room.

It has already been remarked that respiration is
active in all parts of the plant alike. The leaves,
branches, flowers and fruits, and the roots are all
absorbing oxygen. The roots obtain their supply
from the air in the soil, or if water plants, from
the air in the water. Common dry soil plants are
often killed by planting in wet or flooded places,
such plants not having the power to take the
needed oxygen from the water. This will explain
failures often made in tree planting. A few nor-
mally dry soil plants have adapted themselves to
wet localities by producing special organs of res-
piration. Illustrations of this may be found in
the Bald Cypress, discussed in Forest Leaves
December, 1889, and in the so called Black Man-
grove, Fig. 2 of this issue.

Under the Mangrove tree in the illustration, will
be found hundreds of small shoots extending ver-
tically up out of the soil to a height of from three
to fifteen inches. Just underneath the ooze, or
wet soil, these roots connect with horizontal ones.
The vertical portions above the soil are cov-
ered with small aerating openings, which take in
the oxygen for the roots, which this plant cannot
obtain directly from the water.

Only a very few plants and trees have the power
of adapting themselves to a wet or a dry soil
respectively.

— The gradual destruction of the forests in
India have gone on for more than 700 years.
Recently the forestry department of Madras has
been entirely reorganized. Several acts have been
passed to give the management of the forestry
department into the hands of the government.
Under the charge of the State are now 55,000,000
acres of forest land.

FOREST LEAVES.

Forestry in New York.

BY H. NICHOLAS JARCHOW.

Read before the American Forestry Congress, of 1889, in

Philadelphia.

SHE New York State Forestry Association has
not during the last three or four years dis-
played much activity ; but this should not
prevent us from fully acknowledging the benefits
which the gentlemen of said Association, assisted
by some members of the American Forestry
Congress, have bestowed upon the Empire State
by causing the passage of the Act of May
15th, 1885, commonly called the *•' Forestry
Act."

The State of New York was in former times
the possessor of about five millions acres of wood-
lands, covering nearly the entire area of the
Adirondack and Catskill Mountains, where our
principal rivers, especially our majestic Hudson
river, take their sources.

Until recently it was the public policy that the
State should get rid of its forest lands as fast as
possible, and for any price they would bring.
When the lands were stripped of their timber arid
lumber, they became unprofitable, and their own-
ers allowed them to be sold for taxes and to pass
into the hands of the State. The lands left to
themselves would, in time, afford a new growth,
when they would be sold again by the State only
to be stripped and abandoned as before. This,
I might say, systematic devastation of the State
woodlands went on without interruption, until in
1885, by the persistent efforts of the members of
our State Forestry Association, a new order of
things was finally established. In that year our
Legislature passed the Act, heretofore mentioned,
establishing a Forest Commission, to which was
given the special care of all State lands situated in
the Adirondack and Catskill regions, amounting
to about 800,000 acres. These lands were de-
clared to be the State Forest Preserve, which
should be kept forever as wild (/. e. natural) for-
ests, and never be sold or leased, but should be
increased by such lands as the State in those
mountainous counties might thereafter acquire,
especially by escheating through non-payment of
taxes.

The first thing our Commissioners did was to en-
deavor to stop the further destruction of the woods
by fire or spoliation; and in this, they succeeded
so well that since then no fire of any importance
has occurred ; and in regard to their dealings with
the timber thieves and trespassers, the Second An-
nual Report of the Forest Commission states that
already at that time (1887) two results had been
effected, viz. : —

I- The payment into the State Treasury of

moneys received for timber illegally cut upon
State lands, amounting to ;Ji4,o57.o9 ; and

2. The complete arrest of all trespassing, tim-
ber thieving and depredations of all sorts on State
lands.

Although our Commissioners seem to be of the
opinion that their duties in regard to the ''Pre-
servation'' of the forests imply little more than
the attempt to save the woods from the axe of the
lumberman and from the torch of the careless or
wilful incendiary, I think the Act intends to in-
augurate a new era in treating natural forests, and
therefore it requires the Commissioners to promote
the further growth of forests on the Preserve.
Even the public interests of the State in regard to
forests and tree planting, especially with reference
to forest fires in every part of the State, are given
to their charge. And this charge is so far ex-
tended that the Commission is directed to take
measures for awakening an interest in behalf of
forestry in public schools and colleges, and to pre-
pare tracts or circulars giving information and ad-
vice as to the care of woodlands, the starting of
new plantations upon grounds that have been de-
nuded, exhausted by cultivation, eroded by torrents,
injured by fire ; or that are sandy, marshy, broken,
sterile or waste and unfit for other use. From
this we perceive that the charge given to our
Forest Commission by the Forestry Act has a
much wider range of usefulness than their report
for the year 1886 states, and in which they declare
themselves satisfied when they stop the work of
further destruction and save to the State so much
of its forests as are still in existence.

But I have reason to believe that our Forest
Commissioners have at present entirely changed
their opinion in regard to the execution of their
duties. For while one of them, in an interview
I had with him two years ago in relation to the
necessity of re-stocking the waste, denuded areas
in the Forest Preserve, told me that it was his
firm belief that neither he nor I would ever see a
tree planted on State lands, the present Presi-
dent of the Board informed me lately that there
would soon be established a nursery for raising
the seedlings necessary for re-stocking the de-
nuded woodlands. You see, gentlemen, the
world moves, and our Forest Commission is
moving too.

However, we cannot be satisfied with such slight
attempts to expiate the sins committed up to a
recent time against our national forests. We
must go to work more practically, more in that
spirit in which Americans are accustomed to
handle their property interests.

What would you say of a man who was the
possessor of a million acres of woodlands, one-
half being pretty well stocked with every kind of
timber, and who would never make the least effort

!

^7^

^27

8

FOREST LEAVES.

to sell one cent's worth of it, but would spend
from his other resources every year from thirty to
forty thousand dollars only to secure his woods
frotA spoliation and fire? He would not cut or
remove either mature or dead trees but would
leave them to decay, thereby not only preventing
young saplings from springing up, but creating hre-

traps of the worst kind. ■, c^ u

Such a man certainly would be declared a fit sub-
iect for an insane asylum, and yet the present condi-
lion and management of our State forests is just such
as I have here stated, and is confirmed in the last
Report of our Forest Commission. There they
complain "that in the different sections of the
State lands considerable quantities of timber and
bark are lying, which have been cut and peeled in
years gone by, and which are going to rot upon
the grounds, and will be then of no value to any-
body " For this condition, however, the Com-
missioners cannot be made responsible, as the
Forestry Act does no/ expressly vest in them the
power of disposing of any forest product what-
ever In reviewing their labors during the last
two years, they propose, among other suggestions,
that the mature forest products should be removed
and sold, the proceeds turned over into the btate
treasury, and that a "sys/em of tree planting and
>r«/t»//ar(?" should be introduced.

These are very sound views ; and they are in
full harmony with the principles of scientific for-
estry However, I would advise that the cuttings
be not confined to mature or over-mature trees,
but rather that they be so regulated (other things
being equal) as to lead to the best financial result ;
in other words— ///^ management should be con-
ducted on strict business principles. This would
lead not only to a considerable addition to
the income of our State, but it would likewise
cover all ends and objects for which the pre-
servation, and even extension of our State forests

For the State of New York, however, there is
another reason, and a very important one, for in-
• troducing a business-like management mto the
administration of the State forests.

Systematic forestry can be practiced only to
advantage on large wooded areas. The common
farmer, possessing from loo to 200 acres, will in
treating his wood plot be guided only by his per-
sonal wants and desires ; the teachings of system-
atic forestry are to him of no importance, except
that he may be induced to adopt a copse culture
with a certain rotation; or, where the circum-
stances aie favorable, the possessors of adjoining
farms, so situated as to comprise within their hmits
a continuous tract of sterile land, may cooperate
with each other in the work of re-foresting the

barren area. .

But it is quite different with the proprietor of

lar2e wooded tracts which cannot be utilized
in any other way than by growing forest trees
thereon The owners of such estates may be
convinced of the benefits of systematic forestry
when they see that in neighboring forests such
a management has been introduced advantage-

^"portunately, the five millions acres of wooded
lands in the Adirondack and Catskill regions are
mostly of such nature as to exclude the possibility
of agricultural operations, and the attempts to
clear them for cultivation on a larger scale have
turned out to be so complete failures, that there
are now many deserted settlements with rotted
buildings and fences, overgrown with a thick cop-
pice, where nature is resuming sway over grounds
which should never have been disturbed. The
owners of such estates, who are now either entirely
indifferent about their property or give them over
to contractors for lumbering, without the least re-
gard even to a natural regeneration of the wood-
lands, should be prevailed upon to introduce a
systematic management of their natural forests.
Many of these estates reach dimensions of Irom
100,000 to 200,000 acres. These could easily be
made permanently profitable after the present
chaotic condition in the woods is brought to an
end, and active measures are taken to assist nature
in the quicker development of the remaining
trees, and to lay the Toundation for a new growth
upon the denuded tracts. The influence of the
employed experts of the State upon the regener-
ation of the adjoining woodlands would be the
more efficient, if they were officially directed to
assist with their advice owners of private forests
in the restoration of denuded woodlands, and to
furnish them out of the State nurseries, at mere
cost price, the necessary seedlings.

Some Facts Regarding Freshets.

BY THOS. J. MCKIE,
Of Woodlawn, S. C.

Prepared for the Philadelphia Meeting of the American Forestry

Congress.

Y^ DESIRE expressed at Atlanta, Ga. , during the
\\ sessions of this body last December, by the
^ Chief of the Signal Service of the United

States, to be in possession of facts regarding
freshets, induces the offering of this paper, which
is intended to apply more particularly to the cir-
cumscribed territory in which observations have

been made. . ^ , ,

The territory alluded to, and which is the tieia

of these observations, is situated in the county ot

Edgefield, S. C, on the west side, between two

FOREST LEAVES.

9

considerable streams, Savannah river and Stevens
creek. The character of this country is somewhat
broken, consisting of high and abrupt hills, almost
without intervening valleys, except upon the
borders of these two adjacent streams, where often
considerable bodies of fertile bottom lands are to
be found. The soil is, for the most part, a light
sandy loam, easily swept by excessive rains, and
readily washed into gullies, where the timber has
been removed and cultivation established. The
soil is mostly underlaid with red clay subsoil, which
is often so mixed with sand as to yield readily to
the damaging effects of excessive rains, being itself
swept away, sometimes forming chasms whose
depths are only limited by the level of the hollows
adjacent, or by underlying beds of rock — a section
preeminently subject to the most serious damage
from rain, and a liberal contributor to freshets in
the adjacent streams.

Such is the character of a greater portion of the
territory which gives to Augusta, Ga., her devas-
tating floods, such as well nigh ruined her pros-
pects as a manufacturing centre in September,
1888, not to mention other less disastrous ones of
previous years.

One distinguished engineer, in a newspaper
article purporting to give plans by which similar
disasters are to be prevented in future, promulgates
the idea that the flood of September, 1888, was so
far above the ordinary that it need not be taken
into the account in providing for the future.

So delusive does this seem to be, that only brief
reference to the facts connected with that memor-
able overflow need be made to prove the inse-
curity of what he proposes. Seven miles above
Augusta, on the Savannah, is the confluence of
Stevens creek and the Savannah river. Augusta,
at the date mentioned, experienced the greatest
height of water known to that place, while six or
eight miles above the mouth of Stevens creek, and
sixteen miles above Augusta, the height of water
in the Savannah was several inches below that of
two former freshets, both of which have occurred
within a period of fifty years. Within this period
of time, two other freshets have been experienced
at this point — Woodlawn — which almost equaled
that of September, 1888. In truth, the flood of
this date came out of Stevens creek. This is a
considerable stream, running almost parallel to the
river for a distance of twenty or thirty miles. The
water-shed of this stream seems to have been the
southern extremity of the area covered by the
heavy rainfall, and precipitated the destructive
flood of September, 1888. At a point on this
creek, five miles above its mouth, observations
have been made for a series of years, running
back to the close of the past century. These
observations prove that the so-called high water
mark is a point slowly but surely ascending, and

which the freshet of September, 1888, placed
beyond all former record, by an addition of twelve
feet to the highest figure hitherto attained.

Assuming this creek to be one-sixth the size'of
the Savannah at their confluence, it is estimated
that nearly two feet was added to the rise of water
in the river at that point, and together with the
not excessively high water immediately above, pro-
duced the unprecedented flood at Augusta which,
it is estimated, damaged her interests and property
to the extent of one million of dollars. With an
approximately equal rainfall in the watershed
proper of the Savannah the damage must have
been incalculable.

So far, then, from this being the highest attain-
able point of rise in the Savannah that may be
anticipated, and which should be guarded against,
experience teaches that greater floods may be
looked for in the not distant future.

It is evident that the bed of this creek is gradu-
ally being elevated by means of the mud, sand and
fallen timber which are annually finding their way
to it. This is proven by the numerous shoals or
ledges of rock that exist along its course, many of
which have ceased to appear at the surface of the
water, although many of these gave sufficient fall
for the successful use of fish traps not many years
since.

. In the territory comprised between these two con-
siderable streams, and which forms the basis of these
observations, perhaps not one-tenth of the origi-
nal forest now exists, although formerly these hills
were covered with a dense growth of oak, hickory,
short-leaf pine, etc. The other nine-tenths have
given place to annual crops of cotton and the
cereals for a few years, and these have then yielded
to the devastating work of unwise cultivation, re-
sulting in destruction of fertility, and formation of
gullies, causing the abandonment of entire fields
to a growth, more or less dense, of old field pines,
which, being of rapid growth, soon serve to stay,
in a measure, the rapid progress of waste, by per-
meating the scant soil with roots, and covering
the surface with pine straw, which, to a degree,
stays the downward course of rain-water falling
upon fields already stripped of absorbent surface
soil, and in every way prepared, as if by design,
to precipitate a flood upon the valley below.

Barren hills and overflowed valleys make up
the legacy — barely enough for subsistence, even
when well managed. Nature is kind and bounti-
ful in quickly covering many of these hills with a
growth of old field pines, coarse grass and broom
straw ; but enough is still left bare to work in-
creased ruin in many places. It is to these we
would direct attention.

A sufferer from the before-mentioned evils, cast-
ing about for a remedy by which a wasting patri-
mony might be preserved to those coming after.

I

I!'

i

i-» ,

\%

I

\ -'^

^^t)

<lw

10

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

n

began to experiment. For this purpose a field with
sandy soil, quite precipitous, and hollowed out in
the middle with a considerable hill rising up on
either side, was selected. This field had been
several years in cultivation, and was beginning to
wash to such an extent that something must be
done out of the usual mode of treatment, or else
it must be given up to gullies and old field pine.
That a better idea of the situation may be obtained,
it may be necessary to state that, measuring from
a small artificial pond near the bottom of the
two hills forming the hollow, made by damming
up a small rivulet which rises from a spring fifty
feet above the dam, to the top of the hill, on a
line leading up the middle of the hollow, the two
sides of which form the ground of experiment,
the distance is five hundred and eighty feet, with
a fall of seventy-eight feet. From the top of the
hill on one side, across at the dam, to the top on
the other the distance is five hundred and twenty
feet, enclosing, as will be seen, a semicircular area
of about four acres. Around this hollow eight
horizontal lines were run, as nearly on a level as
possible, and at distances varying from forty to
ninety feet ; and, by the use of the plow and
shovel, as many banks or terraces were formed,
with the view of checking the rapid flow of water,
and also of preventing the carrying off of the

soil.

On these banks or terraces weeds and grass were
allowed to grow, for the purpose of binding the
soil, filtering and diffusing the water by means of
the growth in and about the soil. In this way,
with slight repairs from year to year of accidental
breaks caused chiefly by moles, these terraces, in
the course of less than thirty years, have grown to a
height of from four to eight feet, and the inter-
vening spaces have become almost level, so that,
by this simple process, this steep hillside has been
converted into a succession of levels, not unlike
wide seats in an amphitheatre, easy of cultivation,
and retaining much of its original fertility and
soil, with no gullies to mar its face.

Some of the difficulties to be encountered in
agricultural pursuits, and the circumstances which
make liberal contributions to freshets in a hill
country like this, may be better understood when
it is known that on a hillside opposite the one
mentioned in this experiment, and not more than
three hundred yards away from it, where the cir-
cumstances have favored, there is to be seen a
gully of recent formation (not exceeding thirty
years), which measures eighty-eight feet in width
at the top, and fifty-one in depth. Not fifty feet
from it is another, of nearly equal depth, though
not so wide.

Several years after the building of these terraces,
which was commenced solely for the purpose of

preventing the soil from washing away, and the

formation of gullies, by which the land would be
rendered unfit for cultivation, the dam was con-
structed, and thus a double incentive given to the
watchful care of this piece of ground. The danger
of overflow, and consequent destruction of the
dam, which is not more than a foot higher than
the head of water contained, was to be watched
and guarded against. In doing this, it was found
that the water descended the hill much slower and
in greatly reduced quantity by reason of these
banks or terraces, it requiring a heavy and continu-
ous rainfall to produce a flow, which, when reach-
ing the pond, was deprived of much of the usual
silt, merely making the pond water milky, rather
than muddy. It was also found, in the cultivation
of this field, that the water was retained in the soil
much longer than in the opposite field of like
character in every respect, but not terraced.

It is also worthy of mention that during the first
summer after its construction there was a cessa-
tion of flow from the pond for a considerable
length of time, the water having fallen, in the
meantime, several inches, as indicated by marks
upon the dam. But since that time, the discharge
has been continuous, notwithstanding the long-
continued drouth of the last summer. It is also
safe to say that the stream appears bolder, and
seems to aff"ord more water than in the begin-
ning.

The lesson here taught is a plain and practical
one : That freshets are measurably within the con-
trol of the agriculturist, and that by his own
eff"orts he can contribute largely to \\it\x prevention,
and so add to the safety, wealth and prosperity of
the common country, and, while doing this, ma-
terially and permanently preserve and improve his
own landed estate.

If every cultivated field and pine thicket in the
Savannah watershed were properly terraced,
destructive overflows would rarely if ever happen.
Mud and silt would cease to pollute its waters ;
sand-bars would not much longer be an obstacle
to navigation, and food fishes would again popu-
late that now almost deserted stream.

These, it would seem, are objects worthy the
attention and consideration of the Forestry Asso-
ciation, as they may also be applied to other
portions of our extensive domain. As the agri-
culturist unintentionally, perhaps unwittingly,
marred the anatomy of our hill country, and en-
tailed evil upon the present, so may he, by pur-
suing the plan indicated, work out his own salva-
tion, and become a benefactor of his race. If he
must destroy the timber, let it be done in hori-
zontal zones or belts. Cultivate every field mainly
with an eye directed to the prevention of waste,
waste of water, waste of soil, waste of fertility ;
for in these is wealth for him and safety to his
neighbor in the valley below. Water diffused over

the surface of the field, and hindered in its down-
ward rush, by means of the terrace and horizontal
or level culture, will not reach the larger streams
in torrents, loaded with soil and the elements of
its fertility, bringing woe for the denizens of the
valley.

In connection with the subject of overflows,
engineers have also mentioned the construction of
reservoirs in which to store up surplus water. In
the plan proposed in this paper we have an innu-
merable series of reservoirs, beneficial to all and
dangerous to none. Supplementary to this, every
branch bottom may be converted into a reser-
voir^ safe for the farm and for the town or city.
Instead of deep and narrow canals and ditches
through these (as is now the almost universal fashion
with the farmer), so embanked as to confine the
water in one wild and maddening torrent to be
hurried into the larger streams, experience has
demonstrated that ditches, main and cross, should
be arranged with the view of breaking the current,
thereby allowing the water to spread over the sur-
face, and giving more time to deposit silt, etc.,
thus literally building up the land, and preventing
rapid accumulations of water in the larger streams.
This the agriculturist can do with benefit to
himself and to his neighbor, without the aid of
great engineering skill, and without cost to towns
and cities situated along the course of streams,
rendering harmless and helpless such as are now
dangerous and destructive to life and property.

We append a note which will emphasize to our
readers the facts as set forth by Mr. McKie.

In reference to the above paper General A. W.
Greely, Chief Signal Officer of the War Depart-
ment, writing from Washington on March 17th,
1890, says: —

** As the population increases and agriculture is
extended, the forests will continue to be cleared,
and, therefore, sooner or later some relief for the
inevitable evil of the washing away of the soil
must be found, and anything tending to check the
violence of torrents, impeding its current by ob-
struction or partially storing the water, would play
an important part in bringing about that result.

"■ Regarding the high waters of Stevens Creek,
referred to by Mr. McKie, it is interesting to
know that there is a record extending back almost
one hundred years, showing a gradual increase of
waters. The silting up of streams in a country
from which timber has been cleared is a thing
frequently observed, and it may be of interest to
know that the Eastern branch of the Potomac
^iver, at Washington, at the time of the Revolu-
tion, was navigable as far up as Bladensburg, for
the large vessels which went there to load with
tobacco, while that part of the river is not
navigable for any craft at the present time.'*

Abstract of a Paper on Government Forest
Reserves in the Rocky Mountain

Region.

BY COL. EDGAR T. ENSIGN.

Z|^ITH the exception of the Yellowstone Park
\XJ there are no Government Forest Reserves
in this country. Examining the forest
conditions of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana,
Idaho, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, I found
that the entire forest area is upward of 100,000
square miles, but this includes all kinds of forest
growth, light and heavy, valuable and inferior.
I found that the forests existed chiefly upon the
mountain slopes, and that they protected and
nourished the sources of many important streams.
It also appeared that the successful operation of
the great and rapidly growing irrigation systems
of the region depended upon the equable and con-
tinued flow of mountain streams. It was further
found that owing to adverse local conditions, large
portions of the coniferous forest, when once de-
stroyed, would not be reproduced. Finding,
therefore, that the relative forest area was small,
say 14% or less of the entire land area, and that
every square rod of woodland served a useful pur-
pose, I came to the conclusion that all the public
timber lands of the region should, if possible, be
reserved from sale or entry, at least for the time
being, and held in trust by the Government for
the common good. Under private ownership it
is evident that these forests will, in the course of
a few years, become extinct. If Congress cannot
be induced to provide for an effective and com-
prehensive forest administration, I think certain
forest lands should, at least, be set aside at the
head-waters of the principal streams in each of the
mountain states and territories. I will now pro-
ceed to designate a number of reservations which
I think it would be desirable for Congress to make.
First, the region extending from the British
Line to the latitude of the head of the Flat Head
Lake, in Montana, and extending upon both sides
of the Rocky Mountain Range. This region is
densely wooded and abounds in large and small
lakes, — one of the latter covering an area of ten
by twenty miles, — and includes high mountains
and several glaciers. The principal secondary
range is known as the Kootenai. Snow falls
deeply in the winter and is retained late in the
spring. Here are found the sources of the Sun,
Teton, Marias, Flat Head Lake and other import-
ant streams. The country is as picturesque as the
Adirondacks, and but little known. There are
three low passes in the main range here, some of
which may hereafter be utilized by railroads. A
bill for the reservation of this tract was introduced

!

i

\

I

; 1

i ^i

I

Ivx

JiS3

12

FOREST LEAVES.

into Congress, but failed to receive affirmative

^'^ W^Jtward of the Flat Head Lake country, in
the extreme northern portion of Idaho, ,s a region
of forest, lakes and streams, known as the Coeur
d- Akne and which, some years ago, was the scene
of considerable mining activity, Whatever the
state of its mining interests, special care and pro-
ectton should bt extended to its forests, which
are of wide extent and valuable for ""any purposes^
Here are some of the principal soiirces of the
Columbia River. The region also embraces Lakes
Pend d' Oreille, Kootenai and others of lesser note.
The elevation is considerable, and it is a country
of deep snows and long winters.

Upon the western slopes and foot hills of the
Bitter Root Mountains, also in Idaho, in the east
central part, and covering the head waters of the
Salmon and other rivers, is another heavily t.m_
bered region, which, in the opinion of many, should
be set apart as a forest reservation. It is moun-
tainous and has an average altitude of some 6000
feet above the sea and abounds in fish and game.
It has no mines, so far as known, and is not pre-
sumed to be a mineral region. „ , „^r
A tract fifty miles square would embrace a por-
tion of the Saw Tooth Range, numerous lakes and
many tributaries of the Salmon, Boise and Fayette
Rivers. It could easily be made accessible by
railway in the Boise valley. This part of Idaho
includes some of the finest scenery in the Rocky
Mountain range. Its forests and streams give
shelter to many kinds of fish and game, and the
timber is mostly pine and fir.

In addition to the Yellowstone National Park,
Wyoming contains at least two other forested
sections which should be reserved to public uses.
One of these, in the north central part of the ,
territory, is in the Big Horn Mountains, and in- |
eludes the country surrounding Cloud s Peak as a 1
centre From this section flow the principal
streams watering the fertile valleys on either side |
of the Big Horn Ridge. The region contaiins
dense forests, none of which have yet been invaded
by lumbermen, but some of which have been
greatly injured by fire. The natural scenery of
the region is grand and picturesque, including
mountain peaks, wild gorges and deep cafions.

In S E. Wyoming and extending into
Northern Colorado is a spur of the Rocky Moun-
tain system, called the Medicine Bow Range. It
is irregular in form and heavily wooded. Its
numerous streams contribute to the flow of the
North Platte, Medicine Bow, Laramie and Chey-
enne Rivers. It would admirably fulfill the pur-
poses of a forest reservation, and should be set

apart for that use.

In Western Colorado there are two large sec-
tions of wooded country, finely adapted to the

purposes of National Parks. The most northern
If these, called the White River Plateau, includes
an area of 2000 square miles or more of unoccu- •
pied and unsettled table-land. The tract is partly
covered with heavy forests, interspersed with a
rank growth of underbrush, vines and grasses.
From the melting snows of this plateau many
streams take their source. The mountain peaks
clothed with dense woods, numerous cafions and
valleys of this section, the lakes, springs and run-
ning streams, render this an extremely beautiful
and picturesque region. It abounds in the larger
game-elk, deer, bear, etc.-and its streams and
lakes are well stocked with trout and other fish.
The locality has already become a favorite resort
for hunters and tourists.* r ,- » »

The "Grand Mesa," lying S. W. of the tract
iust described, has similar characteristics One
explorer states that no less than 260 lakes are
found within its borders, ranging in size from one
quarter to three miles in length. This Mesa or
elevated table-land lies between the Grand and
Gunnison Rivers and its melting snows and peren-
nial springs contribute largely to the volume of
those streams. Its surface varies in altitude from
8000 to 10,000 feet above the sea level. While
delightfully cool and pleasant in summer its
winter climate is not unduly severe, being tem-
pered by the warm currents of air rising from the
low and sheltered valleys on either side. No por-
tion of it has yet come into the hands of private
owners. Turning to Utah, we find that in the
north eastern portion of the territory there is a high
range called the Uintah Mountains, well wooded
and watered, and an important source of the water
supply of the territory. Its appropriation to pub-
lic uses is strongly recommended by promment
citizens of the Territory. The irrigation system
of Utah is large and important, hence the need ot
early adequate provision for the protection ot
forests and streams. .

Passing southward to the territory of Arizona,
it appears, that the forest area is quite limited,
and that the arid conditions are intensified.

Colorado River forms the western boundary.
Bordering this on the east are plateaus and sandy
deserts. In central and eastern Arizona more
favorable conditions prevail. Here the beneficial
influences of mountain ranges are felt, and we hnd
running streams and fertile valleys— the latter,
with the aid of irrigation, becoming rapidly con-
verted to agricultural uses. In the mid-eastern
portions of the territory are the Magellan Moun-
tains, among the forests of which are found the

• Except in tht case of this plateau "°"'8an.zed effort has be

made to secure the appropriation to public use of the «vera^ tr» ^

referred to in this paper. In the '""»"f ""^'^J^'i^^^on has Veen
Congress have been memorialized, and a Stale Association iia

formed, to further this object.

FOREST LEAVES.

13

sources of the Gila, the principal river of Arizona.
In common with other suggested reservations this
section is mountainous and but little disturbed by
settlement. Its timbered lands are vastly more
valuable for the conservation of water than for any
other purposes, and the attention of Congress
should be directed to the necessity of protecting
the timber upon them.

Following the Rocky Mountain Range north-
ward through Colorado into Northern New
Mexico, we reach at Santa Fe the termination of
the high and rugged mountain system. At this
point the continuity of the mountain chain is
broken, and low and scattered ranges and isolated
summits appear here and there. Semi-arid plains
are interspersed with narrow, arable valleys, many
• of which are already cultivated under limited and
imperfect systems of irrigation. The climate is
genial ; the soil, when watered, yields abundantly
rnany hardy and sub-tropical varieties of fruit and
grain. A number of forest reservations should be
established in this territory. Southwestward are
the Santa Fe mountains — a high and rugged range
— the clear streams and forests of which are the
haunts of wild game and fish. The Pecos River,
next in importance to the Rio Grande, rises in
these mountains. A local protective association
has made strenuous efforts to preserve the natural
features of this interesting and attractive region.

West of Santa Fe another forest reserve should
be established covering the headwaters of the
Jemez river. This stream is one of the principal
western affluents of the Rio Grande. Along its
banks are bodies of arable land, large portions of
which have been irrigated and brought under cul-
tivation. In Southeast New Mexico two forest re-
servations, to include the Sacramento and Guada-
loupe ranges, should be created. A number of
important streams tributary to the Pecos, and i
furnishing water for extensive agricultural opera-
tions would thus be kept alive. I have the impres-
sion, also, that in the San Francisco range, in the
southwestern part of the territory, there is a large
tract which should be set apart as a forest reserve.
In general terms it may be said of these pro-
posed reservations that they embrace some of the
finest natural scenery in the world, that they afford
needed shelter to native wild ganie and fish, and
that their forests protect the sources of streams
which give life to :he surrounding country. In
my opinion a bill should be introduced in Con-
gress providing for the immediate withdrawal
from sale or entry of all public timber lands, and
establishing an effective and comprehensive forest
administration, and while this measure is being
pressed the passage of other bills should be urged
establishing forest reserves in such portions of the
niountain regions as may seem necessary or ex-
pedient. With the exercise of some care on the

part of the promoters of these several measures
there need arise no conflicting or inharmonious
interests.

The Georgia Pine.

Abstract of a paper read at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the
American Forestry Congress,

BY S. G. McLENDON,
Of Numasville, Ga.

y^HE Pine of Georgia (Pinus Palustris) is found
VJ south of a line drawn from Augusta to Co-
lunibus. In that State there are 19,000
square miles of standing yellow pine, or about
one-third of the entire area of the State is covered
by it. Accepting the Government estimate of
1339 feet of lumber B. M. to the acre, there would
therefore be 16,282,240,000 feet of lumber in the
standing pines of Georgia.

The *' cut " in 1885 was estimated at about 380,-
000,000 feet, so that, assuming the estimation of
the amount of standing lumber to have been ap-
proximately correct, and that the yearly cut con-
tinued the same, the supply of standing pine lumber
would be entirely exhausted in 1928, or in forty-
three years from the above date. But the yearly
'' cut " here means the '' mill cut,'* or the number
of feet sawed into lumber at the mills. The tim-
ber used in fencing and that destroyed by * dead-
ening " in the clearing of fresh land and by forest
fires is not, however, included in this estimate.
Neither is the quantity consumed in furnishing
cross-ties and fuel to railroads included.

The general manager of one of our most im-
portant railroads informs me that in 1888, in 540
miles of road, 277,000 new cross-ties were used,
or 19.4 per cent, of the whole number of ties in
hi track. These ties each contained 54 feet B.M.,
and therefore this one road used 14,958,000 feet
of lumber. Not only are these pine ties used by
railroads in Georgia, but they are shipped out of
the State in large numbers and even to foreign
countries.

Adding the amounts consumed in these various
ways to the amount sawed into lumber, and the
merchantable timber in Georgia would not, I think,
represent over a thirty years' supply. But in such
an estimate we leave out of account the fact that
in cutting timber for milling purposes many small
trees are left which, under fair conditions, attain
proper size for being sawed into lumber in from
twenty to thirty years, and practical mill men say
that not more than twenty-five to thirty per cent,
of the standing trees are carried to the saw.
These form a reserve fund of timber of vast im-
portance.

Prodigal, thoughtless and reckless waste charac-
terizes the treatment of the pine forests of the

1

\W

n

ifi

ii

ill

!!

!i

Ki

J^<^

14

FOREST LEAVES.

entire South. The fact that large profits lie in the
hurried preparations of pine tree products for the
market, explains much of this waste.

The pine of Georgia has three separate values;
first, its tax value ; second, its market value ; and
third, its real value. The rate at which wild
lands-and most of our timber lands are so classed
—are valued for taxation is forty-seven cents per
acre, and the average tax for State and county
purposes is about eight mills, or eighty cents on
each hundred dollars. Therefore our 12,160,000
acres of pine land represent on the tax-books a
value of $5,715,200. Its market value is from one
to three dollars an acre, and at the average is
worth $24,160,000. Its real value is altogether

another matter. . , ^ ^u 1 ^

To estimate this, we may consider first the value
of the rosin and turpentine the pine timber is
capable of yielding; secondly, the value of the
estimated pine timber converted into boards, and
thirdly, the value of the land for agricultural pur-
poses, after the timber has been removed.

The President of the Savannah Board of Irade
estimates that two hundred acres of average
Georgia pine land will cut one crop of 10,500

boxes.

These will yield —

The first year— 40 casks (2000 gallons)

turpentine, at 35 cents, $7^-^

The first year— 125 barrels rosin, grade

"N." C, at $1.65, 33t-47

Total, $to3i47

The second year— 32 casks (1600 gallons)

turpentine, at 35 cents, $560.00

The second year— 1 1 2 barrels rosin, grade

" G" and T. C, at 82)^ cents, . . H^-SQ

Total, . $70850

The third year— 25 casks (1250 gallons)

turpentine, at 35 cents, $437-50

The third year— 87 barrels rosin, grade

E. C, at 80 cents, lli.Sb

Total, $54936

This makes a total in three years of $2289.33,
which is equal to $ 1 1. 44>4 per acre. The 12,160,-
000 acres therefore in turpentine and rosin at
$11.44^/^ per acre have a value of $139,116,480.

Accepting the Government estimate of the
number of feet of lumber to the acre, we have
16,282,240,000 feet in Georgia, and the present
market value at our seaports is about $13.00 per
thousand. At this price per thousand the lumber
in standing trees has a market value of $211, 669,-
120. Exclusive of the value, now wasted, in tree
tops, slabs and sawdust, from which could be made
creosote, pyroligneous acid and other products of
value, and the straw, which is now to some extent

manufactured into carpets and rugs and which is
adapted to other textile purposes, the pine trees of
Georgia represent a real value of $350* 785.600.

It is a conservative estimate to say that in every
thousand feet of lumber there is a profit of one
dollar and twenty-five cents, and that in three
years there is a profit of four dollars per acre in
the manufacture of naval stores (turpentine and
rosin) Therefore on the conversion of the total
Georgia pine into these commodities there is a
profit, on lumber, of $20,352,800; on turpentine
and rosin, $48,840,000— total, $69,192,800.

Here lies the temptation and the danger. In
the mad rush to grasp this margin, the necessities
and profits of the future in Georgia and through-
out the South have been entirely overlooked and
lost sight of. And unless the people can be
awakened through such instrumentalities as this
Congress and the Forestry Division of the U. b.
Department of Agriculture, those who come after
us will suffer from our avarice and denounce us for

our greed. . , ^ ^,

Some means should be devised to prevent the
destruction of the trees not yet ripe for the axe,
which, as already said, in the average forest repre-
sent from 70 to 75 per cent, of the total number.
Many of these are now turpentined and almost
literally bled to death. The fires, lighted often
in order to give scanty pasturage to a lot of worth-
less cattle, do enormous damage, particularly to
the forests which have been partly felled or tur-
pentined. If, without too serious an invasion of
private right, it could be made penal to box trees
less than twelve inches in diameter, and to set fire
to the forests, I think a decided advance would
be made in the direction of preserving our pine.

The mill man thins out— the turpentine man
destroys. Behind the one the forest fire is hurt-
ful, behind the other it is destructive.

But aside from the merely commercial aspect ot
the case the yellow pine of Georgia has most im-
portant sanitary uses. The air of pine forests is.
well known to be laden with balsamic vapors, which
makes it extremely beneficial to persons suffering
from pulmonary diseases. .

If the facts before adduced are. not sufficient to
prove the importance of preventing the complete
destruction of the yellow pine of Georgia, this
last argument for preserving forest conditions ought
to carry some weight with the owners of pine lands.

—Madagascar has begun to export hard-wood
timbers. The first cargo has arrived in England,
and has had a good sale.

—It will soon be too late for profitable trans-
planting of trees. Do not neglect putting out a
few each year.

FOREST LEAVES.

15

y^ EN years ago there was in our public prints
v9 rare mention of necessity for organization
in forestry matters in this country. The
cause has grown rapidly and is fast assuming
enormous proportions. On our table are a score
of allusions from leading papers upon this topic.
We quote from a few of them to show that the
world moves, and that forestry will very soon be
one of the popular causes of the day.

Thus, from the Boston Herald, March 31st, we

clip: —

'* In view of what has been here set down re-
garding trees and their uses, the destruction of our
remaining forests by the axes of selfish greed and
the fires of ignorant carelessness is seen to be a
blow aimed at the health and well being of the
people at large. It is the first duty of the Ameri-
can people to grow trees now — not to destroy
them. The custodianship of our remaining forests
should be a part of our national policy. Every
man who has lungs and breathes is vitally interested
in their preservation. The absence of trees means
the drying up of brooks, the silencing of the rivu-
lets, the shrinkage of ponds and rivers, and the
absence of needed moisture and invigorating purity
from the air we inhale. It means, furthermore, a
change of climate so vast and radical that no man
of our generation is wise enough to foresee the
extent of it or the tremendous changes in human
conditions that it may impose. Water and air in
abundance and purity this country must have, and
these the millions of the future will not have unless
the trees now on this continent are allowed to
stand and multiply." — W. H. H. Murray.

Lancaster Morning News, April ist, 1890, has :
** In fact there seems to be a general sentiment
throughout the State to assist in preserving the
trees. The old-time timber which used to occupy
many of our lands in the State has passed away,
probably never to return, but still there are
many places where trees can be planted and lend
beauty to the landscape. Our own local organiza-
tion in I^ancaster are getting in shape to assist in
helping on the work, and the outlook in general
is promising."

And here too is a good word from our esteemed
contemporary. The American, March 15th, 1890,
in regard to the work of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association : —

**The monthly publication of the Association,
Forest Leaves, has become one of the most
practical and most interesting periodicals relating
to forestry subjects. Among its contents has been
a series of articles, by Prof. J. T. Rothrock, on
some of the notable trees of the country, illus-
trated from photographic views of his own taking.
In a late issue he describes the great walnut tree
on the Row Farm, on the James River, in Vir-

ginia. Those interested in the forestry movement
can hardly invest a dollar better than by forward-
ing it as a subscription to Forest Leaves."

The Evening Bulletin of San Francisco, March
17th, sends back a hearty echo from across the
continent. Hear how it rings ! —

^*To California forestry is of paramount impor-
tance. It is especially so in the portion of the
State south of Marysville. It is time that the
farmers roused themselves and made a fight for
their forest friends. No forests, no farms. The
pine tree sings in the Sierra a song that is echoed
in the rich rustle of the grain on the distant plain.
Let us not forget, then, that, though so far apart,
the interests of the plain are entwined with those
of the mountain, and without forests we may also
be without farms."

The Morning Dispatch, of Erie, Pa, March 29th,
has the following : —

forestry associations.
** In addition to the judicious designation of the
two days — April nth and May 2d — to be observed
as Arbor Days, in accordance with the differing
climatic conditions of various sections of the
Commonwealth, Governor Beaver suggests that
the occasion is a fitting one for the formation of
forestry associations for the promotion of general
public interest in arboriculture, and to encourage
some concerted action toward reforesting the ex-
tensive tracts of land in Pennsylvania now lying
waste or growing up to scrub and underbrush.
The planting and care of forests is one of the most
interesting as well as important and profitable
branches of rural economy, and there is probably
no State in the Union which would be so greatly
benefited by attention to this industry as would
Pennsylvania."

Congress and Forestry.

y^HE prospect for at least the beginning of a
Vy national Forestry administration looks
brighter. On March 2 2d, Mr. Dunnell, of
Minnesota, who has the American Forestry Asso-
ciation's bill in charge, secured the appointment
of a sub-committee of the Public Lands Committee
of the House of Representatives, to consider legis-
lation on forestry, the appointees being Messrs.
Lewis F. Watson, of the Twenty-seventh District
of Pennsylvania; Erastus D. Turner, of Kansas;
John Quinn, of New York, and Joseph M. Carey,
of Wyoming. This sub-committee has held three
meetings, when Mr. Fernow, of the Forestry Divi-
sion, Mr. Bowers, late Inspector of Public Lands,
and others of the American Forestry Association, ,
were present, Mr. Binney, the Corresponding
Secretary, attending on April 19th. There seems
to be a prevalent opinion in Congress that some-
thing ought to be done about the national forests.

1 I

t*

I

^vv

^7

16

FOREST LEAVES.

and Mr. Turner's view is that a part of the Forestry
Bill of two years ago could be made a - so as
to begin a forest administration, at lea.t to an
Ixtent^ that would serve as a basis to which the
other essential features of the system could in
?me, be added as Congress became more thor-
oughly convinced of their necessity. If the Dun-
nefl bill by drawing attention to Forestry matters,
h^uM p^'ve to ha've led to the -acmi^nt o^^^^
more advanced measure at this ^^.^^^^"^^^7^^^^^
done more good than could possibly have resulted
from hs pasfage, and the a>mmittee who prepared

'' MLny'mry^'^diS^^^ that a complete

Forest system cannot be established at once, but
ftTs weU to reflect that the idea of a Forest admin-
istration as a necessary, or even advisable under-
taking on the part of the Government, is absolutely
new i^n this country, except to a very few people
and that the mass of the community have not yet
taken it in to any full extent Forest reform in
this country means a vast change in ^deas an^
methods. Great reforms move slowly but when a
beginning is once made, there is little fear of
going backward.

The Uses and Claims of Forestry
Associations.

To the Editors of Forest Leaves :—
T SHOULD like to state in your columns, as I
1 have already done in Garden and Forest,^omQ
reasons why, as it seems to me, membership in
a forestry association is a matter of importance.
Most of your readers, indeed, being themselves
members, may be classed among the -just persons,
which need no repentance," but even some of
them may not yet fully realize the need of bringing

others into the fold. • * •

There has been for some years past in America
a marked and constantly increasing interest in,
and perception of the needs of, forestry, or, to
use a broader word, forest reform—/, e., the adop-
tion of some adequate check on forest destruction
and some rational system of forest preservation :
yet practicallv nothing is done. The tree planting
in the prairie States has been chiefly for shade or
wind-breaks, not for timber supply, or to protect
the sources of streams, which usually rise in the
hills, where the axe is known, but not the spade.
In the East some enthusiast may have here and
there reclaimed a few waste acres by planting, and
taught a good object lesson thereby ; but of real
forest reform, the systematic retention of forests
where they are needed, especially on mountain
slopes, their cutting with a view to future growth,
and their protection from fire, there has been little
or nothing, East or West.

In short, it must be confessed not only that in
the vast majority of cases, t^e interest really felt
n forest preservation has not resulted in any actual
work, but even that a great deal of honest and
conscientious effort has been wasted. Ihe reason
to my mind, is not that there are not enough
Deople who believe in forest reform, but that they
are not sufficiently united, or, to speak plainly,
Lt only a very few of them belong to forestry
associations. That union is strength, and disunion
weakness, no American needs to be told. It can-
not be claimed that the forest reformers have
hitherto shown any of the fruits of strength, and
hat they are not united the comparatively small
membership of the few forestry associations clearly
Droves The Pennsylvania Association heads the
ist with 675 members; but are those all, out of
he 4,000,000 inhabitants of the State who care
for forest reform, and can afford a doUar a year
toward obtaining it ? The smaller nun^bers of the
American Forestry Association may be due to its
origin as primarily a congress of delegates from
Stlfe societies, not an association of individuals,
but owing to the lack of delegating bodies, its
strength is chiefly derived from its own members.
If thi associations, the only visible bonds of union
between believers in forest reform all over the
country, are few and small, is it not due o this
that! in spite of the warnings both of intelligent
men, drought, flood, and land-shde warnings
whose truth is widely realized, forest destruction
continues unchecked in America? ■

Forestry associations, especially if able (as none
of them yet are, I believe) to employ paid officers
or agents, can do a far greater work than the
aggregate of their members individually. I hey
can collect and diffuse information, instruct, en-
courage, develop public opinion, secure and en-
force legislation, and work in many ways for which
individuals lack time, money, opportunity or popu-
lar support. Owing to lack of means their work
hitherto has been small, but not a tenth of it
would have been done without them. . l^esiaes
they give individual eff^ort a scope and stimulus as
nothing else does. A man deeply interested in
forestry is far more likely to speak and write abou
it, to get up meetings for it, to seek to have it
taught, to urge legislation for it, or to try it on
his own land, if he belong to an association ana
feels it a duty to his associates to spread the
gospel in every way he can, than if he do not ,
and those who can do the least individually can,
by their subscriptions, greatly increase the oppor-
tunities and effectiveness of the workers.

Two very useful classes of people have as yei
held aloof in large numbers from the torf^.^^
associations— viz., those who know something
about forestry and those who do not. 1 he lauer,
as the majority in the community, must largely

FOREST LEAVES.

17

constitute any forestry association which hopes
to wield the powerful influence of numbers in this
democratic land. They are ten times as likely to
learn something about forestry inside an associa-
tion as out of it, and their sinews of war are as
good as those of the greatest scientists. To scien-
tists, however, a successful association must always
look for inspiration and guidance. The principal
officers ought certainly to be men of reputation,
especially in forestry and botanical science. How
else can a forestry association attract outsiders,
and show them that it exists for real work, to be
done by real workers, and not to amuse a few
amateurs? What influence upon public opinion
and public men can an association exert when
many of those best fitted for its peculiar work
stand aloof? The American Forestry Association
is the child of Hough and Warder, and their suc-
cessors in the work of investigation and instruction
should succeed them also as the natural guardians
of this and kindred bodies. If they think these
associations too amateurish, let them personally
add the leaven of practical science.

It may be urged that existing agricultural and
horticultural societies can do the work. If they
are willing to undertake it, well and good ; but
they usually exist chiefly for the instruction of their
own members, whereas forest reform, for many
years to come, can only be achieved by enlighten-
ing the mass of the people and developing public
opinion.

To conclude, I do not see how real forest reform
can ever be secured in this country except by the
work of associations organized for that purpose.
The effectiveness of this work must depend on the
numbers, the liberality and the intelligence of the
members. On all men and women who believe
in forest reform such a society has a claim, whether
they can give but a little money and a good word,
or the talents and the knowledge which have been
entrusted to their keeping, not alone for their own
profit and fame, but for the benefit of their fellow-
"^^"- Charles C. Binney,

Cor. Sec. American Forestry Association,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Forestry in Dakota.

Written for the American Forestry Congress, by request of his
excellency, Gov. A. C. Mellbttb.

©ANY believe that there are no forests in
Dakota, and many more think that trees
cannot be successfully grown there. Noth-
ing could be farther from the truth. The Black
Hills are well wooded. ' Within the borders of
Dakota there are 3,000,000 acres of native forests,
which consist of pine, black and white spruce,
burr oak, white elm, white birch, ash, mulberry.

iron wood, juniper and many other species of less
value. A large part of this timber is in the Black
Hills and Turtle Mountain regions, yet by no
means all of it. There are strips of wood lands
fringing many of our streams and bordering nearly
all our lakes. Along the streams are found elm,
ash, box elder, wild plum, wild crab-apple, willow
hack-berry, besides many shrubs.

There are sufficient strips of timber scattered
through Dakota to show that trees will thrive in
our soil and climate. Why then this belief that
trees cannot be grown in Dakota? Many seem
to think that since trees do not grow naturally on
the prairies, they cannot be made to grow there.
This argument could as reasonably be used in
regard to the vegetables which grow here so
luxuriantly, and where there is sufficient moisture
for these plants to grow, there is certainly enough
for forest trees. The past season has been re-
markably dry for Dakota, and yet I have never
seen young trees make a greater growth in Michi-
gan, the land of forests, than they have made
here the past season.

Are the winters of Dakota so severe as to kill
trees? The thermometer does not fall so low in
Dakota as it does in many places where there are
dense forests. It is true that many species of trees
will not survive our winters, but also, that many
species of both forest and fruit trees are perfectly
hardy here. Trials of from eight to fifteen years
have proven that cotton-wood, several of the pop-
lars, box-elders, ash, elm, black wild cherry, pine,
spruce, wild plum, crab and several varieties of
Russian apple, and many other trees are perfectly
hardy here ; and, no doubt, many trees that are
now considered unsuited to our climate will be
found to thrive here when their peculiar condi-
tions of growth are better understood.

Many towns of Dakota now have more trees
than eastern towns of equal size, that occupy sites
once well wooded. In the city of Brookings,
where nine years since there was neither buildings
nor trees, to-day there are miles of streets with
trees on either side. Some of the earlier planted
of these are thirty-six inches in circumference and
forty feet high. These trees were set along the
sides of the streets and have had but little care.
In five years the streets of Brookings will be well
shaded.

The people of Dakota have great faith in for-
estry. Nearly every one who owns land plants
trees. It is now a common thing to see on farms,
other than tree claims, five acres of trees ; and
very few homesteads are entirely destitute of them.
These groves are usually composed of several
species, principally cotton-wood, box-elder, ash
and elms. *' It is officially stated that 50,000,000
trees have been planted in Dakota under the pro-
visions of the timber culture act," and it is safe to

' if
i \

• I

lis

n

I

,!i

\ !*

If

\%

m\

t^^

^7

18

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

19

say that nearly as many more have been planted
on homesteads and pre-emptions.

That many attempts at tree culture have failed,
cannot be denied, but most, if not all the failures
are due to ignorance or neglect. In the torests
the ground is mellow, loose, porous, and moist
As we walk among the trees, the soil yields beneath
our feet like a cushion. The seed as it drops to
earth finds a moist, congenial bed. 1 here is mois-
ture, warmth, and protection from the sun. As
the root begins to develop, it finds but little resist-
ance to its downward progress, and it goes down
into the soil beyond the reach of frost and drouth.
On the prairies of Dakota all these conditions are
reversed. The soil, though deep and rich, is hard
and dry, very much resembling a road bed on
compactable soil. When the prairies are broken,
the plow is run very shallow, not deeper than
three inches, and the average Dakota farmer seldom
plows much deeper than the original breakmg.
The young tree, whether from seed, from cutting,
or from the nursery, finds the downward progress
of its roots soon stopped by the hard, compact soil.
The roots spread out just beneath the surface, ex-
posed to the heat from the sun, to drouth, and to
the frosts of winter. Trees planted in soil thus
poorly prepared, die or make a feeble growth. If
they survive the first summer and winter they are
often left entirely to themselves the next season.
Quack grass takes possession of the soil, complet-
ing their destruction ; and the ignorant or lazy
farmer says trees will not grow in Dakota. On
his way to market he may drive past a half dozen
groves of thrifty trees, but he does not trouble
himself to learn the secret of his neighbor's sue-

cess.

Many plant tree seeds that are entirely dead at
the time of planting. I have seen elm seeds planted
that had been dried all winter, and were com-
pletely dead. Seeds of thorn ( CratcBgus) ^.nd other
species are planted and ploughed up in disgust
before they have had time to germinate. While
many tree seeds may be treated in the same
manner as garden seeds, many more require special
treatment. The seeds of elm, beech, oak, hickory,
walnut, and a host of others stored during winter
with the general stock of farm or garden seeds,
have about as much vitality as a box of dried
herring ; and yet seed men send out such seeds,
and people plant them. There yet remains much
to be learned about .forest tree seed, and that
which has been learned should be more widely
published. I believe the greatest hindrances to
successful tree culture in Dakota, are shallow
ploughing, too little cultivation, and ignorance of
the nature and requirements of tree seeds. When
our people shall have been enlightened on these
details of timber culture, we shall see more and
better trees.

To secure the best results from timber culture
on Dakota prairies, the ground should be tilled
for several years before trees are planted, each
time running the plow deeper until the soil is
thoroughly pulverized to the depth of twelve
inches. A hoed crop should precede tree plant-
ing leaving the ground free from weeds. Great
care should be taken that no ^' quack grass"
(Agropyrum repens) be in the soil. Fall plough-
ing is much better than spring ploughing for trees,
because it leaves the surface uneven to catch the
drifting snow, and the ground in the best possible
condition to absorb the water from melting snow
and spring rains. Our subsoil is of such a nature
that it holds water almost like a reservoir. On
ground that has been ploughed deep in fall, and
well cultivated the following summer, there is
little danger of drouth, provided there be suffi-
cient snow and rain in winter and sprinr^ to thor-
oughly saturate the subsoil. J. C. Duffey,

Foreman Department of Forestry, in Dakota Agricultural College
and Experiment Station, Brookings, Dakota.

Worn-out Lands.

BY PROF. H. A. GREEN,
Of Chester, S. C

Prepared for the annual meeting of the American Forestry Association,

October, 1889.

y-1 COMMON method in the South is to work
H a piece of ground as long as it will produce
J anything of a crop, and then throw it out.

As it is then considered of little or no use, the
value of the whole farm is lessened by that much.
Thus, practically, it pays but little if any tax, and
the value and consequent revenue of the State is
decreased. That this is not a small item may be
seen when the fact is considered that nearly every
farmer or plantei- does this. Many thousand acres
in every county being called worthless, those
thousands multiplied by the number of counties in
the State will give some idea of the real deprecia-
tion. This depreciation is an unpleasant fact, and
that it is yearly increasing is still more unpleasant.
All will admit that something should be done.

But what ? .A

Of course, these worn-out lands can be restored,
but it is a slow process, and takes hard work and
some money, and the planters have neither of
these to spare in any great quantity. Besides, very
few have the necessary knowledge. To restore
them quickly seems to be out of the question.

But there is one thing that may be done, with
but little expense, and by those possessing but
little knowledge. This is to seed these worn-out
places with forest trees. The seeds may, in most
cases, be gathered in the neighboring forests and
fields. At the proper season make shallow fur-

rows across the piece about thirty feet apart, and
in these drop the seeds of the lower-growing and
more valuable kinds, a few feet apart, and cover
lightly. One or two furrows may be made between
these and sowed with seeds of the quicker-growing
trees, such as pride of India, or China tree, Ailan-
thus, Catalpa, poplars, etc. In two or three years
the pride of India will furnish stakes, and in twice
that time, posts. Other kinds will do nearly, if
not quite, as well. Thus a profit can be had from
the land in a short time, and the slower-growing
trees will be increasing in value ; the falling leaves
will be restoring the fertility of the soil and,
together with the roots, keep it from being washed
away. Still another point of value will be gained :
It is to these bare fields that are due, very largely,
the floods that cause so much damage. The leaves
and roots hold much of the fallen rain from flow-
ing ofl" rapidly, so that that which would have run
off from the bare fields in a few hours will be dis-
tributed over several days, and a considerable
portion will be taken up by the trees and evapor-
ated by the leaves. Probably something would
have to be done to induce the most of the farmers
to undertake this work, such as a remission of taxes
on these new forests for a certain time, or some
other premium.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

IN THIS PAPER, ARE MADE BY THE NEW

TiaTesLYPpiCvPi^ecEgg

OF

HllfADEIsEHtt

S^ND FOR CIRCULAR

1%

Forest Leaves

THE OFFICIAL ORGAN

OF THE

Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

AND THE

T^MERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

^

"^^

\\

The attention of the advertising pub-

as a medium.

^

- 1

■^'

RATES

1 INSERTION. 6 INSERTIONS.

I inch, $100 ^4.00

14: page, ...... 4.00 17-00

1/ 4i 7.00 30.00

T « ,, 12.00 50.00

1 YEAR.

;S8.oo

34-00
60.00

100.00

i;

1^

.^9/

20

FOREST LEAVES.

The WM. H. MOON CO.,

MORRISVILLE, BUCKS CO., PA.,

Nurserymen and Landscape Architects.

OFFBK AN IMMENSE STOCK OF ALL KINDS OF

Fruit & Ornamental Trees, Shrubs & Vines.

A 48.page descriptive illustrated catalogue Free.

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

f AfiaUSAB nrSTONB COE» PLAOTEB

Warmnted the best com dropper and mort
luerfect force-feed fertUaer dUtrlbutor In tb«
^"^ world. Sbnd

roB c ATAi>oom>
Address

A. B. ^

?A5aUEA2*

York, Pa.

Send for large Illustrated Catalogue.

THE

Largest Store in the United States y/m. F. FELA^&_Ca,

^AIXf.X

CASH CAPITAL .- ;.• fJl''5SS'23

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims ^'^«o^°°"

Surplus over all Liabilities 369,4i&.38

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1,1889, - $2,500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary.

DIRECTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, P^n^^ertonS Hutchinson. J^^^^^^^i^^^f 5';^'
Inhn T Lewis A exander Biddle, .,? o Aru i

Israel M^fr^s,' Charles P. Perot. Charles S. Whelen.

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

>^i^j

DRY GOODS

Dl^lpEI^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

'$7^^<

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

STRAWBRIDGE &t CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

S/>edal attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

« Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^*

Fire-proof Vaults for Storagej)f Plates.

Mechanical Details receive our Personal^ Supervision.

PRSf

■

Vol. III.

Philadelphia, June, 1890.

No. 2.

4 Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as second-class matter in the Post Office of Philadelphia.

CONTENTS,

Editorial

Meeting of the City Park

Association

Parks

21

■•.ii»

Natural Forestation

Spring Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association*.

C. C. Binney

The Old Field or Loblolly Pine. Prof. J. T. Roth rock'.*.* *.*."**

Forestry Education in the United States. B. E. Fcrnow 25-28

American Forestry Association. Roll of Officers and Mem-
bers

Forest Fires in the National Park !.*!!.*....*.!*.*.!

Notes

23
23
24

24
25

28

29

22, 30-31

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.
The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.
John Birkinbinh, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prop. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee. One dollar.

Life membership. Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
IS intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to A. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., or to
^iss Grace Anna Lewis, Media, Delaware county. Pa., Dr,
J^Nnvton Hunsberger, Skippack, Montgomery county. Pa.,
^Ivin F, Heckler, Esq., Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
^muel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

^S we write this editorial we are traversing the
yi State of Iowa, and noting the thrifty growth
of woodlands which have been planted and
cared for by the farmers. The marked uniformity
in height, the general regularity of rows, and the
evident cotemporaneous growth, readily indicate
a planted forest. Some of these Iowa copses or
groves have already developed into groups of
splendid trees, and in this, as in other States
largely abounding in prairies, the problem of
practical forestry will be demonstrated— in fact,
It IS demonstrated to-day. Whether or not there
IS as yet employment for students of forestry suffi-
cient to encourage a Chair of Forestry, as is ques-
tioned by Mr. Fernow in the contribution he
makes to this issue, we will not assert ; but that
there is work for such students we are confident.
We do not understand Mr. Fernow as in any way
discouraging the effort now being made to estab-
lish a Chair of Forestry in the University of Penn-
sylvania; on the contrary, we have his earnest
assurance of interest in the matter. That there is
work for a considerable force of skilled foresters
in the country we are confident, and we believe
that employment would soon follow the graduation
of such experts. But we do not expect this to
develop immediately, for, like any innovation,
skilled foresters must reach success by passing
through preliminary stages of distrust, ridicule and
want of appreciation. The graduates from forestry
schools will be known by their work, just as every
Other profession is, and the same critical standard
will be established for these as for others.

One need not be aged to remember the initial
work of scientific departments in colleges, or to
recall the development of numerous professional
specialties for which provision is now made, and a
specific curriculum arranged in our prominent edu-
cational institutions; and the young of to-day may
see skilled foresters appreciated and generally em-
ployed before they are in middle life.

Forest Leaves was originated and has been
maintained to educate the people of the United

T

:* i.

\ \

I

!.!f

\

f 1

S '

tuz

M-s.-

22

FOREST LEAVES.

States to an appreciation of forest F^^^f^^^"^/^^';
est preservation and forest propagation, and as the
sentiment in favor of these purposes develops an
appreciation of the value of and necessi y for the
services of skilled foresters will also develop.

—Referring to an article on the causes of fire,
graphically presented, the Iron Age makes the
following statement : - The next larger diagram
11/ inches on a side, represents the number of
dwelling houses burned by forest and prairie
fires "We think this item will be a surprise to
most people, for the terrible results of prairie and
forest fires is not realized by those who live in
cities and in the Eastern States.

—The Ninth Congress of the American Forestry
Association will be held in Quebec, Canada, Sep-
tember 2d to 5th, inclusive. Papers of interest
on subjects connected with forestry are solicited.
Reduced railroad rates can be secured if there is a
sufficient attendance, and receipts for the tares
paid obtained at the home railroad office, i^or
further information, apply to Dr. Henry M. Fisher,
Secretary /n; fern., 919 Walnut Street, Philadel-
phia, Pa.

—A correspondent wishes to know whether any-
thing can be done to check the stupid and needless
cutting of fine trees along our country lanes by
road supervisors in this State. This abuse of
authority seems to be becoming year by year more
flagrant, and we believe, if the matter were taken
into the courts, it would be proved to the satisfac-
tion of a jury of average intelligence that the
property owners have some rights which super-
visors are bound to respect.

—The Minnesota State Forestry Association,
Minneapolis, Minn., has issued a pamphlet for free
distribution, called the *^ Tree Planter's Manual,''
from which we take the following directions for
the planting and caring of young trees :--

<* Prepare a screen to shelter them as follows :
Set two six-inch fence boards, eight feet long, on
edge four feet apart, nail on lath, leaving a space
two inches wide between the lath.

'' Have the ground worked deep and well pul-
verized ; when the trees are received, unpack in a
cool shady place, shed or cellar ; have ready a
pail one-third filled with muddy water ; place the
roots in this and carry to the place of planting.
Set one-half inch deeper than they grew in the
nursery ; straighten the roots and work fine soil
firmly around them ; plant six inches apart in rows
one foot apart ; rake the ground smooth ; cover
two inches deep with fine straw or chaff; cover
with the screen if the weather is dry \ water freely
a barrel of water to each bed four feet wide and
eight feet long ; then do not water again until they
need it. At the end of two years transplant to
ground or lawn where they are to remain."

There are a considerable number of lumber

manufacturers on the Saginaw river to-day who
remember very well when it was possible to secure
sufficient timber land from the government at $1. 25
per acre to satisfy the ambition of the most san-
guine believer in the prospective advance in prices,
and when it became necessary to pay $3 or $4 per
acre for the same, those who had invested therein
considered the price excessive, if indeed it was
■not looked upon as exorbitant. In a very few
years thereafter, however, the *^stumpage" on the
same land was selling at the same price per thou-
sand feet, plenty of it has since been purchased at
$6 and even $8 per thousand, and some of the land
secured originally at $1.25 per acre has finally
changed hands, bringing $80 per acre.

W. H. HOWCOTT.

—Mr. Bernhard E. Fernow and The Northwest-
ern Lumberman are discussing the definition of a
term applied to those who are interested in forest
preservation. The word is denudattc, defined by
Mr. Fernow as follows: —

*« The ' denudatic,' let me add, is the man with
the long head, with broad views, the careful man,
the patriotic man, who believes in his duty to his
country, besides the obligations to his pocket ; he
stands in opposition to the short-sighted and nar-
row-minded man who grubs for his own selhsh
ends; who knows nothing beyond his narrow
sphere of action ; who scorns, because he lacks, that
broader humanity which comes with civilization.

The Northwestern Lumberman takes an opposite
ground, as follows : — r . .

^^They are the men who belittle our forests,
who attempt to create a scare among the people,
and make them believe that not only is our source
of lumber supply about exhausted, but that our
climate, and even our national prosperity, will go
to the everlasting bowwows because portions ot
the forests are being cut away ; people whose ada-
mantine cheek prompts them, for the purpose o
being thought wise, to herald the statement thai
such or such a timbered territory contains a spe-
cific number of feet of standing timber, when any
man of broad intelligence knows that no man liv-
ing is possessed of such information— these are tut
men who are denudatics, not careful men witn
long heads and broad views, by any means.

The matter will undoubtedly be carried further,
and we will await the result.

FOREST LEAVES.

23

Meeting of the City Park Association.

/^HE meeting of the City Park Association,
\Q held on May 21st at Torworth, the country
home of Mr. Justus C. Strawbridge, was in
all respects, attendance and interest, a most notable
gathering.

The leaders in the social and intellectual circles of
this city combined to make it a grand and memor-
able success. Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, Mr. Hampton
L. Carson, and Dr. William Pepper, each spoke and
furnished food for thought to the assembled guests.

What particularly concerns us in this connection
is that the City Park Association is in reality but
a local manifestation of forestry interest. The
names so familiar in the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association appear most frequently and actively
in the work of the City Park Association. Forest
Leaves can but wish success to the cause, which
pleads that each man, woman and child in this
city of homes shall have also a space for fresh,
pure air ; where under the shadow of growing
trees, health, strength and pure morals may come
to all. It is quite clear that the City Park Asso-
ciation has won a place, and that it will, with its
increasing membership, gain increasing influence.
Already several new parks have been established,
and others are sure to follow. Bartram's garden
has been rescued from total destruction, and
before long, thanks to this association, may again
be what it once was — a pride of this city.

Since the organization of this Association in
1888, with its active cooperation and assistance.
Councils have located the following small parks :
Stenton Park, of about thirteen acres, including
the homestead of the Logan family, near Wayne
Junction ; Weccacoe Square, at the corner of
Queen and Cobb Streets, the only spot not built
upon in the Third Ward; Bartram's Garden, the
ground of the famous botanist of the last century,
with its collection of rare trees and shrubs still
preserved ; Northwood Park, with its picturesque
brook and meadow, in the neighborhood of Frank-
ford ; Juniata Park, a wooded height overlooking
a creek, but immediately adjoining the vast manu-
factories of the Twenty- fifth Ward ; and River-
view Park, giving a view of the Schuylkill from
the heights above the Pennsylvania Railroad, near
Thirty-second Street. In addition to this public
action private beneficence has added to the number
of parks by the gift to the Association of the Starr
Clarden, on St. Mary's Street, by Miss Anna Hal-
lowell ; the present to the city of a square of
ground, in the southern section, by Mr.. Edward
C. Knight ; and a tract of about five acres, near
the junction of Haines Street with the Chestnut
Hill Branch of the Reading Railroad, to be known
as Waterside Park, by the heirs of the late Reuben
Haines. .

The last year has seen the passage of an ordinance
to take possession of three of the parks already
located, Bartram's Garden, Juniata Park, and
Northwood Park, and the purchase of Weccacoe
Square, besides the gift of Waterside Park above
mentioned. Weccacoe Square is now being im-
proved at a cost of J 2000, and is expected to be
thrown open to the public in June.

The Association hopes to secure the addition of
more parks during the coming year, and the im-
provement of those already taken. It is also hoped
that the spaces in the middle of Spring Garden
Street, formerly occupied by the market-houses
now in course of removal, may be planted with
grass and trees, instead of being thrown into the
street.

Parks.

*7^ HE largest and most valuable park thus far
V£) acquired under the ** Small Parks" move-
ment has lately been given to the city by
the heirs of the late Reuben Haines, of German-
town. It is estimated to be worth ^12,000. It
contains over six acres, includes a two-story stone
house and barn, and there is a fine spring of
water on the place. The property is well shaded
with large trees and the ground is somewhat roll-
ing. It is near the Chestnut Hill branch of the
Reading Railroad, not far from Chew street. It
is hoped that a small strip of ground adjoining
this property may be given to the city also, thereby
extending the park to Cedar Lane. The Sub-
Committee of the Committee on Municipal Gov-
ernment recommended that the donors receive
special thanks from the Mayor and Councils for
this very liberal gift. Such a judicious benefac-
tion deserves the warmest thanks of every good
citizen.

The city authorities have paid over to the Trus-
tees of the Bethel African Church $10,000 for
the first park acquired by purchase under the
*' small parks" movement. A motion was also
passed in the Committee on Municipal Govern-
ment to set apart $2000 in the annual appropria-
tion bill toward improving the property under the
supervision of the Bureau of City Property. The
Committee have also requested the Chairman of
the Sub-Committee on Parks to urge proceedings
for the condemnation of property set apart for
park purposes. The bills setting apart Wharton
Park of 3.81 acres and Girard Park of 17.5 acres
in the 26th Ward, were ordered to be favorably
reported. Favorable report was also ordered of
the bill for the appropriation of $39,300 for the
purchase of Juniata Park in the 25th Ward, which
contains about 28 acres. The Sub-Committee on
Small Parks is now considering an ordinance
relating to some new plots. Since the city cannot

t ;

''1(1

If il ijfl

li

b^ +

24

FOREST LEAVES.

make new loans to buy parks, as is done in other
cities the Committee cannot recommend very
expensive projects. It is hoped large operators
will see the advantage of offering small park plots
to the city at nominal figures, with the view of
enhancing the value of their building operations
A magnificent gift has been made to the city of
Pittsburgh by the widow of Captain Schenley, of
the British Army. In addition to the deed for
.00 acres for a park, she also gave an option on
an adjoining tract of 100 acres at a figure far
below that asked by owners of property in the
immediate neighborhood. This option was ac-
cepted, and the park will be called Schenley
Pajk A tract near this park was bought six
years ago for $8500. Since the announcement
of the park project this tract has been so d for
^100,000, showing the vast increase in value of
land situated near these *' open spaces. Mrs.
Schenley will also build a fine asylum for the
blind, modelled after a famous London Institu-
tion, and will give ten acres for the purpose.

The suggestion that the historic ground at Val-
ley Forge be purchased and set apart for a National
Park, is worthy the consideration of all patriotic
citizens. A bill with this plan in view has been
sent to Washington. It proposes that the Govern-
ment appropriate $25,000 for the purchase of the
site of Washington's headquarters and the adja-
cent historic acres. Private enterprise has done
much to preserve Valley Forge, but it seems emi-
nently proper that national aid should be given to
secure this almost sacred ground as a heritage for
all time to the American people.

Natural Forestation.

^ HE following brief statement comes from our
\Q veteran botanist, Mr. Isaac Burk, and illus-
trates in a striking way some of the processes
going on under our eyes, but which are too seldom

noted.

<<Few persons have any idea how much the
higher forms of plant-life depend on the lower
for their food and foothold. It is, of course, .all
essential that this protection be given in the early
stages of life, when our familiar and striking forms
are in a weak and struggling condition.

**I had a good opportunity to see the way in
which these lowly plants assist nature in clothing
the most barren soil with verdure, soon after the
completion of the Camden and Amboy Railroad,
just beyond Cooper's Creek, N. J., when a tract
of several acres was denuded of its soil, leaving
nothing but a bed of red gravel, with no sign of
vegetation. After remaining bare for several years,
little patches of crustaceous lichens appeared,
which arrested small portions of soil and particles
of vegetable matter, which the wind carried from

the neighboring fields. This soon enabled other
low forms of plant-life, such as grasses, sedges, etc.,
to grow. These, in turn, attracted insects and
birds, each of which in various ways added to the
small' stock of matter on which plants might live.
'' Next, species of rubus, greenbrier and huckle-
berries followed. Then many other plants appeared ;
each of all of these by decaying leaves and stems
contributed something toward forming soil. Thus,
step by step, soil was made ; and seeds from the
neighboring fields, before I fairly realized what
was going on, had covered the ground with a good
coat of vegetation. Later a fine grove had sprung
up; there were in it many species of trees and

shrubs. J J •

^*But the 'march of improvement tended in
that direction, buildings took the place of the
young forest, and my observation of what promised
to be a most interesting lesson was suddenly cut

short.

*'But, nevertheless, I had observed enough to
show me that animals and plants which are so
unimportant that they ' neither food nor physic
yield ' have still a part to perform in the great
scheme of creation."

Spring Meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

;^HE Spring meeting of the Pennsylvania
KQ Forestry Association was held May 2d, 1890
(being the second Spring Arbor Day), at
Doylestown, Pa. At 2.30 p. m., in the new Pub-
lic School House, Prof. J. T. Rothrock addressed
the children of the public school, their teachers,
some members of the Association, and residents
of Doylestown, on ** Trees," pointing out both
the resemblances between tree life and human
life, and various respects in which tree life is not
only valuable, but essential to human life. After
the conclusion of this address, five young trees
(supplied by Henry C. Mercer, Esq., Vice Presi-
dent of the Bucks County Branch) were planted
in the front yard of the school, and one in the
Court House yard, some of the school boys par-
ticipating in the planting. At 8 p. m. a meeting
was held in the Bucks County Historical Society s^
rooms in the county building. In the absence ot
President Landreth (at present in Virginia) and
the Vice Presidents, General W. H. H. Davis, ot
Doylestown, presided. Prof. Edward J. James,
of the University, read a paper on the duties ot
the national and State governments in rega.rd to
forest preservation and cultivation. Mr. Binney
addressed the meeting briefly, on the use of forestry
associations, and the work in which this Associa-
tion is at present engaged. The meeting then
adjourned. C. C. Binney,

Secretary of Meeting.

m

%\

I

i i^i

1!

>
i

Forest Leaves, Vol. Ill, No. 2.

FOREST LEAVES.

25

The Old-Field or Loblolly Pine (Pinus
Taeda, Linnaeus).

BY DR. J. T. ROTHROCK.

SHE salvation of states, as well as of individuals,
is sometimes worked out in spite of them-
selves. Both violate frequently the plainest
principles gf common prudence and still live; but
it is only because some power higher than them-
selves has intervened to stay impending calamity,
and to introduce beneficent agencies.

To point the above homily, one may well enough
appeal to what we know of the relation of the Old-
field Pine in the States to the South of us. Years
of slovenly culture, of taking from the soil more
than was returned to it, have at last left the ground
so impoverished that it no longer pays for cultiva-
tion. It goes from one stage of unproductiveness
to another still lower, until at last it is recognized
as absolutely unremunerative, and then abandoned.
But somehow, from somewhere, the seeds of this
Old-field Pine fall into the old furrows, and before
they are obliterated the surface is likely to be
covered with a coming forest. The saplings grow
into trees of fair size, good shape and real value,
in a time which may be regarded as incredibly
short, when we remember how little nourishment
was left in the soil.

Not only do these trees grow, but all the time
they are actually restoring the virgin fertility of
the original forest. So that with both hands they
are putting money into the pockets of the owners.
As he sleeps they are enriching him. Stand on
the wharf near Fortress Monroe and see the '* pine
wood " schooners come from the rivers of Eastern
Virginia, on their way, loaded with fuel for the
North, and you will partly realize how important
a product these trees furnish — important in a
double sense ; because, while they supply us with
fuel, they also supply Old Virginia with money to
expend in restoring a past prosperity.

Though of great value, both as fuel and also as
lumber, and even as a source from which turpen-
tine may be derived, yet the loblolly pine can
never compete with the Georgia pine (Pinus
palustris) and the slash pine (Pinus Cubensis) of
further South. They are as a rule larger, and the
wood is stronger. Still, cut into short lengths,
the loblolly pine furnishes wainscotting timber,
which possesses a rich color and an attractive type
of marking.

It attains its greatest size on the eastern slope
of the Carolinas, reaching a height sometimes of
one hundred and thirty feet, and a diameter of
four and a half feet ; though it must be remem-
bered that these dimensions are exceptional rather
than the rule or common.
The more one studies the cone-bearing type of

trees, the more he is impressed by the important
part they play in our civilization, and how much
of our otherwise waste areas they utilize.

Forestry Education in the United States.

BY B. E. FERNOW,
Chief of Forestry Division.

IN a late number of Forest Leaves Mr. Burnet
Landreth proposes a curriculum for American
students of forestry, in connection with the
proposition of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa-
tion to establish a Chair of Forestry at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania.

Believing that a discussion on these propositions
can only be to- the advantage of our forestry
interests, and in the conceit that my opinions on
the subject might be of value, as coming from one
who has not only graduated from one of the Prus-
sian Forest Academies, but who has by long sojourn
in this country and favorable opportunities, become
conversant also with American institutions and
forestry interests in the United States, I venture
to offer some suggestions in regard to it.

I had at first meant to discuss only briefly the
proposed curriculum, but the whole educational
aspect of our forestry question is so intimately
involved in this movement and has received so.
little definite discussion, except in general state-
ments of its needs, that I have preferred to speak
more broadly and fully. In order not to ex-
clude too much other matter of interest to the
readers of Forest Leaves, I shall divide my
paper into two sections ; giving in the first my
views in regard to the proposition of instituting a
chair of forestry at one of our Universities, and
reserving for the second part, in a later issue, a
review of the curriculum for American students of

forestry. .

While I suppose the question, whether a chair
of forestry is to be established, has been definitely
settled in the minds of its promoters, and while I
do not wish to dampen the ardor of our forestry
friends, who have with commendable enthusiasm
and— f am delighted to acknowledge— with reniark-
able success undertaken to pave the way for rational
forest management, yet I cannot refrain from ex-
pressing my doubt as to whether this is the wisest
move, whether at the present stage of forestry
development in the United States there is such an
urgent need for a fully equipped University course
in forestry, and such a comprehensive curriculum
as has been claimed, whether other methods of
advancing forestry interests might not be of more
promise and perhaps more easily attainable.

I will admit that times have changed some-
what since twelve years ago, when a ^* forester"

M

.< ti.r

mm

' I

i^

Mji

LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS T>!EDA, L.), JAMES RIVER. VIRGINIA.

Ill

Forest Leaves, Vol. HI, No. 2.

i_?x5

FOREST LEAVES.

25

The Old-Field or Loblolly Pine (Pinus
Tseda, Linnaeus).

BY DR. J. T. ROTHROCK.

y HE salvation of states, as well as of individuals,
\Q is sometimes worked out in spite of them-
selves. Both violate frequently the plainest
principles of common prudence and still live; but
it is only because some power higher than them-
selves has intervened to stay impending calamity,
and to introduce beneficent agencies.

To point the above homily, one may well enough
appeal to what we know of the relation of the Old-
field Pine in the States to the South of us. Years
of slovenly culture, of taking from the soil more
than was returned to it, have at last left the ground
so impoverished that it no longer pays for cultiva-
tion. It goes from one stage of unproductiveness
to another still lower, until at last it is recognized
as absolutely unremunerative, and then abandoned.
IJiit somehow, from somewhere, the seeds of this
Old-field Pine fall into the old furrows, and before
they are obliterated the surface is likely to be
covered with a coming forest. The saplings grow
into trees of fair size, good shape and real value,
in a time which may be regarded as incredibly
short, when we remember how little nourishment
was left in the soil.

Not only do these trees grow, but all the time
they are actually restoring the virgin fertility of
the original forest. So that with both hands they
are putting money into the pockets of the owners.
As he sleeps they are enriching him. Stand on
the wharf near Fortress Monroe and see the '' pine
wood " schooners come from the rivers of Eastern
Virginia, on their way, loaded with fuel for the
North, and you will partly realize how important
a product these trees furnish — important in a
double sense ; because, while they supply us with
fuel, they also supply Old Virginia with money to
expend in restoring a past prosperity.

Though of great value, both as fuel and also as
lumber, and even as a source from which turpen-
tine may be derived, yet the loblolly i)ine can
never compete with the (Georgia pine (Pinus
palustris) and the slash pine (Pinus Cubensis) of
further South. They are as a rule larger, and the
wood is stronger. Still, cut into short lengths,
the loblolly pine furnishes wainscotting timber,
which possesses a rich color and an attractive type
of marking.

It attains its greatest size on the eastern slope
of the Carolinas, reaching a height sometimes of
one hundred and thirty feet, and a diameter of
f<»ur and a half feet ; though it must be remem-
bered that these dimensions are exceptional rather
than the rule or common.
The more one studies the cone-bearing type of

trees, the more he is impressed by the important
part they play in our civilization, and how much
of our otherwise waste areas they utilize.

Forestry Education in the United States.

BY B. E. FERNOW,

Chief of Forestry Division.

IN a late number of Forest Leaves Mr. Burnet
Landreth proposes a curriculum for American
students of forestry, in connection with the
proposition of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa-
tion to establish a Chair of Forestry at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania.

Believing that a discussion on these propositions
can only be to the advantage of our forestry
interests, and in the conceit that my opinions on
the subject might be of value, as coming from one
who has not only graduated from one of the Prus-
sian Forest Academies, but who has by long sojourn
in this country and favorable opportunities, become
conversant also with American institutions and
forestry interests in the United States, I venture
to offer some suggestions in regard to it.

I had at first meant to discuss only briefly the
proposed curriculum, but the whole educational
aspect of our forestry question is so intimately
involved in this movement and has received so
little definite discussion, except in general state-
ments of its needs, that I have preferred to speak
more broadly and fully. In order not to ex-
clude too much other matter of interest to the
readers of Forest Leaves, I shall divide my
l)aper into two sections ; giving in the first my
views in regard to the proposition of instituting a
chair of forestry at one of our Universities, and
reserving for the second part, in a later issue, a
review of the curriculum for American students of

forestry. .

While I suppose the question, whether a chair
of forestry is to be established, has been definitely
settled in the minds of its promoters, and while I
do not wish to dampen the ardor of our forestry
friends, who have with commendable enthusiasm
and— I'am delighted to acknowledge— with reinark-
able success undertaken to pave the way for rational
forest management, yet I cannot refrain from ex-
pressing mv doubt as to whether this is the wisest
move, whether at the present stage of forestry
development in the United States there is such an
urgent need for a fully equii)ped University course
in forestry, and such a comprehensive curriculum
as has been claimed, whether other methods of
advancing forestry interests might not be of more
promise and perhai»s more easily attainable.

I will admit that times have changed some-
what since twelve years ago, when a ^'forester"

if

i \\

\

\

Ml

LOBLOLLY PINE PINUS T/EOA, L.', JAMES RIVER, VIRGINIA.

I

■ I I

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

t^\c

iU7

26

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

27

suceested a '^ Robin Hood," and still more since |
six years ago, when I ventured to hang out my
shinde m New York as ^' Consultmg Forest En-
gineer," resulting in one call, which led to nothmg
then it was discovered that I proposed to charge
for my advice. Yet even to-day it would be ditti-
cult to find employment- for half a dozen men of
such caliber as the proposed curriculum would
promise to produce, men competent to manage
extensive forest estates. .

Sometimes, it may be true, the existence of a
suDDlv creates a demand that did not exist before,
but as yet the demand for forestry experts seems
so small that it may be well to first stimulate that
demand a little more before creating a supply,
before inducing young men to devote themselves
to the study of a profession for which there exists,
as yet, no call. It seems to me that education in
forestry is more urgently wanted in another direc-
tion The teacher that is needed is not the/* ses-
sile'' college professor of forestry science in the
chair, but the ^'mobile'' popular lecturer, the
wandering teacher on the platform, who, with a
full knowledge of the science will first open the
eyes of our people to the need of more specific
knowledge, will educate those who own forest
property to a conception of what forestry means,
and of the advantages resulting from a systematic
management of their forest lands.

There is a great difference between creating
sentiment for a rational forest policy and giving
instruction in the technicalities of the art of
forestry. Will there be students to take advantage
of the latter, if the absence of the former makes
it questionable whether they will be able to make
use of their knowledge?

We need to diffuse a great deal more general
knowledge on the subject before the need of
special knowledge becomes urgent. I should,
therefore, propose that the money raised be utilized,
first, to endow a lectureship, employing a man who
is thoroughly versed in the science of forestry
so as to avoid the blunders which our present
forestry reformers constantly make, but who pos-
sesses at the same time the gift of arousing interest,
and, while popularizing and imparting some of his
knowledge, stimulates the hearer to desire more.
Series of lectures should be arranged to be given in
different parts of the State, in connection with the
normal schools, farmers' institutes, Chautauquas,
etc. Such lectures should not be disconnected,
general discourses, going over the whole subject in
each lecture, but a series presenting different phases
of the forestry question, bringing in enough
detailed information that the hearer may carry
away, besides the general ideas, some practically
applicable information. This might be done on
the same plan as the so-called University extension,
the lecturer spending a week at one place, lectur-

ing in the evening, and being on hand during the
day-time at some library rooms to answer questions
and give further advice and instruction to those

who come for it. . . r i

When in this way the interest of employers
is aroused, it will be a more opportune time to
connect the lectureship with the University, to
change the popular lecture into the instruction of
the school, to give the opportunity to would-be
emplov^s of acquiring, in a systematic manner,
technical and specific knowledge

There may be even now a call for some forestry
experts, and there is opportunity to acquire the
knowledge needed for a willing student.

There exist at various agricultural colleges pro-
fessorships of forestry and courses of forestry
studies and arboriculture ; there is connected with
Harvard College a professor of arboriculture ; it
would be of interest to find out what these do—
what their students do, if they have ^;/^— and
whether these provisions are not, or may not be
made, sufficient for present needs. For those who
wish to do more than thes^ institutions afford,
there are other ways open. I am at liberty to offer
the facilities which are gradually accumu ating at
the Forestry Division, consisting of a full library
in various languages, herbarium, a live connec-
tion and constant correspondence with the forestry
interests, which give an opportunity of getting
acquainted with the needs of the country, and,
besides, the guidance and advice of the Chief of
the Division, and the Columbia University for ac-
cessory studies. _

Lastly, the few who require a more thorough
training can do what the English did when they
started with their forestry administration in India
—acquire the fundamental part of their education
at home institutions, and then go to Europe and
acquaint themselves with forestry science and for-
estry practice there. In fact, I do not believe
that we can as yet offer in any manner a substitute
for at least one year's sojourn at a French or Ger-
man Forest Academy and forest station.

In fact, believing thoroughly in object lessons,
especially in matters of applied science or art (like
the technical part of forestry), I would consider it
almost an impossibility for a professor of forestry
to be successful in his teaching without an oppor-
tunity to show the application. You might as well
attempt to study Greek art from books without
even the use of models or illustrations, as to teach
forest management where none exists.

My advice would be, therefore, to send young
men, well grounded in all the botanical and
practical knowledge they can acquire here, to
Europe for a year, to imbibe the spirit of forestry,
which they cannot do here, and, by personal ob-
servation, to acquire and bring home for applica-
tion the essential features of forest management.

It would be a good plan to use the fund to be
raised for scholarships, enabling students of natu-
ral science who have the inclination to take up
forestry as a profession, to go abroad for this pur-
pose. A stipend of 500 dollars a year would be
almost sufficient. Thus the chair or chairs of for-
estry to be established in this country would be a
natural growth and not a creation ; the teachers
would develop and not be made.

I am pleased to be able to state that the first
American student of forestry has begun his studies
at the Forest Academy of Nancy, France — a native
of Pennsylvania and a graduate of Yale. He
consulted me, following my recommendation,
and is now, after half a year's trial, thoroughly
convinced of the wisdom of his move. The only
mistake was, that he knew almost nothing of
American forest conditions, and but little of the
fundamental natural sciences ; the latter, how-
ever, he will as readily learn there, and on his re-
turn he will quickly be able to acquaint himself
with our peculiar conditions.

What has struck me as especially curious — I
might say un-American — in Mr. Landreth's cur-
riculum, is that he gives so little attention to the
practical education of the young forester. He
follows rather closely the curriculum of a modern-
German Forest School and adduces also the argu-
ments used by German writers in favor of uni-
versity chairs instead of special schools. While
I was myself in favor of the former — for German
conditions — I should not without reserve advocate
them for our present conditions here.

Mr. Landreth, in accepting the conclusions of
the advanced German foresters, overlooks the fact
that the school or university part of a German
forester's education is only a part, in the matter of
time the smaller part, of his education, the larger
amount of his time being spent in the field, or
rather the forest. The argument for university
education rests upon the assumption of such field
work ; in the absence of this the argument needs
revision.

The education of a German forester of the
liigher class is divided into two parts — the theo-
retical and the practical education. Out of the
five years which the whole course occupies, at
least two years are spent on the former and three
on the latter. The disposition of the time is about
as follows : —

After the student has graduated from a gymna-
sium, corresponding about to fitness for the senior
year of our best colleges, he enters upon a prepara-
tory course in some forest district, under the guid-
ance of a competent district officer, for at least
one year.

The object of this preparatory course is to get
a practical insight into the life and work in the
lorest, which is considered necessary in order that

the student may be prepared to follow intelli-
gently the lectures at the school or university, and
attention to this education of the beginner is
said to be *^ among the most important duties of
the district officer." An examination at the end
of this period is followed by two years of study at
a forest academy or university, and in Prussia by
an additional two years' course in law and eco-
nomics. The course at the forest academy (which
does not include all the branches proposed by
Mr. Landreth), is ended with an examination, in
which it is to be shown '' t]iat the student has
laid a satisfactory scientific foundation for his
further practical education. ' '

A further course of at least two years is spent
by the student at various forest statiohs of his own
choice, in practical work, under the guidance and
direction of the respective forest officer, in such a
manner that he will become acquainted with the
various timbers and methods of management in
all parts of the country.

During this time the student has to perform for
six months all the work and duties of a lower
forest officer in a sub-district, for five months
the work and duties of a higher forest administra-
tor or district officer, and for four months he
must be occupied with the detail measurements
and calculations necessary in making up a work-
ing plan for a district. During these two years
the student must keep a day-book, which is certi-
fied to by the officer under whom he has been
working and forms part of the papers in his last
examination, which is mainly directed '^ to find
out iht practical capacity o{ the graduate to manage
a forest and the business connected with it."
After passing this examination the ** forest as-
sessor" may find occupation in the service, but
not necessarily, at per diem rates, and it takes,
probably, six to ten years before he is perma-
nently employed.

We see, then, that the practical course occupies
at least three years, while the theoretical instruc-
tion, as far as forestry studies proper are concerned,
takes only two, and these, therefore, might, with-
out detriment, or rather with advantage, be laid at
a university distant from the forest, which can be
reached by occasional excursions.

It would be instructive, also, in this connection,
to study the history and evolution of forestry edu-
cation in Germany. The mistake of connecting
it with the university at a time when neither sci-
ence nor practice warranted so comprehensive a
plan as such a connection necessarily involves,
was made in Prussia and Bavaria by establishing
chairs at Berlin and Munich. The mistake was
recognized and corrected in Prussia, at the instance
of the two Humboldt's, in 1831, and in Bavaria in
1843, ^y ^^^ establishment of separate academies
which have done their work so well that now,

n

!

j

1

'!

1

1
i

!

to:

m

1

w

'

\ I!

h

a^^/"

Xjj

FOREST LEAVES.

29

28

FOREST LEAVES.

with the growth and elaboration of forestry sci-
ence and art and with the proper separation of
theoretkal and practical education, U has become
desirable and advantageous to return again to the
un lers ty plan. This has been done in a manner
Sn th'eLt ten years in Bavaria by r«ra.ring
students to study two years at the forestry at
SSaffenburg and two further years at the un.ver-
Jtfat Munich, to be followed by three years
practical preparation at some forest station.

I may, then, summarize my position in regard
to foresi^y education in the United States some-

what as follows : — . -^i. a

I believe that popular instruction with regard
to forest policy and forest management is stiU
more urgent than the technical education of forest-
ers • that the facilities now offered for students of
forestry at agricultural colleges are, or ought to
be, made sufficient for our present wants ; that for
more thorough training other facilities exist ; that
it is questionable whether our forestry education
is best laid at a university without further provi-
sions for practical education ; and lastly, that a
less comprehensive curriculum than that proposed
by Mr. Landreth would, for a good while to come,
satisfy our needs.

American Forestry Association.

{Formerly American Forestry Congress.)

ROLL OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

President,
Hon. James A. Beaver, Harrisburg, Pa.

I 'ice- Presidents ,
Alabama, Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile
Arizona Territory, D. M. Riordan. Flagstaff.
California, William Alvord, San Francisco.
Colorado, George F. Parsons, Colorado Springs.
Connecticut, Dr. B. G. Northrup, Chnton.
District of Columbia, Hon. Edwin Willets, Washington.
Georgia, Hon. C. R. Pringle, Sandersville.
Illinois, George W. Minier, Minier.
Iowa C. L. Watrous, Des Momes.
Kansas, Prof. E. A. Popenoe, Manhattan.
Maine, John E. Hobbs, North Berwick.
Massachusetts, J. D. W. French. Boston.
Michigan, Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansine.
Missouri, Hon. N. J. Coleman, St. Louis.
Nebraska, Robert W. Furnas, Brownvnle.
New Hampshire, J. B. Harrison, Frankhn Falls.
New Jersey, W. A. Stiles, Deckerton.
New York, Morris K. Jessup, New \ ork. ^

Ohio, Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Columbus.

Ontario, Hon. G. W. Allan, Toronto.

Pennsylvania, Herbert Welsh, Philadelphia.

Quebec, Hon. H. G. Joly, Quebec.

Rhode Island, L. D. Davis, Newport

South Carolina, Prof. H. A. Greeti, Chester

Tennessee, Col. Thomas T. Wright, Nashville.

Texas, W.Goodrich Jones, Temple.

Vermont, Dr. Hiram A. C:utting, Lunenburgh.

Wisconsin, H. C. Putnam, Eau Claire.

Corresponding Secretary,
Charles C. Binney, 218 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia.

Recording Secretary,
Dr. N. H. Egleston, Washington, D. C.

Treasurer ,
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut St., Philadelphia.

Members.

Alabama. ,,

Cullman, John G., Cullman.

Mohr, Dr. Chas., Mobile.

Arizona Ty. _.

Riordan, D. M., Flagstaff.

California. ^

\ Alvord, ^Tw., San Francisco.
Blanchard, Nathan, Santa Rosa.
Rrown F. E., Redlands.
FeTnald Hon. Chas., Santa Barbara
Kmney, Abbot. Lamanda, Los Angeles Co.
Rock, John, Santa Jose.

^°Th^rrch, Louis R., Colorado Springs.
Ensign, Edgar T., ^^
Parsons, George H.,
Titcomb, John S., Denver.
Van Diest, P. H., "

^""T/STr.y. ^.,Middletown. ^ ^^ „

Brewerf Pi^f: W.'H., 4x8 Orange St., New Haven.
Gold, T. 5-., West Cornwall.
Northrup, Hon. Dr. B. G., Clinton.

^''°L^n''g, Mrs. Ellen C, Tallahassee.
Marks, M. R., Orlando.

Georgia.

Bacon, D. C, Savannah.
Bullock, Hon. Rufus V., Atlanta.
McLendon, S. G., Thomasville
Pringle, Hon. C. R., Sandersville.
Reppard, K. B., Savannah.
Root, Sidney, Atlanta.
Tift, Nelson, Albany.

^"'"oe'eHng, Chas. W., 16 Fullerton Ave., Chicago.
Hill, D., Dundee.
Minier, Geo. W., Minier.
Peterson, P. S.,?. O. Box 583. Chicago.

Indiana. _. , ,

Ratliff. J. C, Richmond.

Troop, Prof. James, Lafayette.

Iowa. .,^ «, •

Watrous, C. L., Des Moines.

Kansas. ,, ,

Mason, S. C, Manhattan.
Popenoe, Prof. E. A., Manhattan.

Brown,* Hon. A. M., Elizabethtown.
Hayes, W. H., Bardstown Junction.
Logan, A. H., Shelby ville.

^^Hammond, George W., Yarmouthvillc.
Hobbs, John i:., North Berwick.
Jackson, Thomas, Portland
Jewett, Miss Sarah O., South Berwick.
Talbot, Hon. Geo. F., Portland.

Massachusetts. _

Appleton, Francis H., 251 Marlborough bt.
tBeebe, E. Pierson, 36 Temple PI , Boston.

Boivditch, James //., 60 Devonshire St., Boston.
fBrewer, F. W., Hingham.
Brooks, //., 97 Beacon St., Boston.
Brooks, P. C, 7 Arlington bt., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, 27 Central St., Boston,
Carter, John W., 172 Columbia Ave., Boston.
Chaplin, H. W., 87 Milk St. Boston
Chase, Geo. B., 234 Beacon St., Boston.
Cheney, B. P., 40 Court Square, Boston.
Codman, Henry S., Brookline.
Doane, Thomas, Charlestown.
Fay, Joseph S., Wood's Holl.
\Fay, Miss Sarah B., Wood s Holl.

Flagg, Augustus, care of Little, Brown & Co.,

French, John D. W., 12 Commonwealth Ave.,
^Gardner. John L., 22 Congress St., Boston.

Ginn, Ediu., 7 Tremont PI., Boston.

Hunnewell, H. H , 87 Milk St., Boston.

Jackson, Robert T., 89 Charles St., Boston.

Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
+ A^<'5<7«. /. /i!., Box 2221, Boston. ,^ , , Wr^ctrtn

^L^dge, Richard W., Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston.

Low, John, Chelsea.
May, John J., Box 2348, Boston.
Morse, Anson D., Amherst.
Olmsted, Kred. L., Brookline.
Olmsted, J. C, Brookline.

?::b'4;o.iv^/^.fiar^TKidder, Peabody & Co., Boston.

Boston.

Boston.
Boston.

Rollins, Wm. Herbert, 252 Marlborough St., Boston.

Russell, H. S., Milton.

Saltonstall, Henry, 26 Commonwealth Ave., Boston.

Smith, Benj. G., Cambridge.

Stevens, Mrs. Moses T., North Andover.

Waters, Edw. F' , Boston.

Wheildon, William W., Concord.

White, James C, 259 Marlboiough St., Boston.'

Williams, John D., 160 State St , Boston.

Michigan.

*Beal, Prof. W. J., Agricultural College, Lansing.
Mathieu,Jean A., 52 Moffat Block, Detroit.

Minnesota.

Andrews, Hon. C. C, St. Paul.
^Ayres, //. B., Box 106, N. P. Junction.
Chute, Richard Minneapolis.

Jeivell Nursery Company ; S. E. Emery, Secretary, Lake City.
Sewall,Jos. S., St. Paul.

Missouri.

Colman, Norman J., 810 Olive St., St. Louis.
Kern, M. J., 705 Olive St., St. Louis.

Nebraska.

Bennett, J. M., Hebron.

Furnas, Robt. W., Brownville.

Morton, Hon. J. Sterling, Nebraska City.

New Hampshire.

Bellows, Russell N., Walpole.
Harrison, J. B., Franklin Falls.

New Jersey.

Davis, Saml. D., Lake wood.
Dawes, Lewis C, Englewood.
♦Girtanner, Jules, Linden.
Stiles, W. A., Deckerton ; Garden and Forest Pub'g Co., Tribune
Building, N. Y.

New York.

Adams, Chas. K., Ithaca.

Bishop, Heber /?. , 993 Fifth Ave., New York.

Crary, J. D., 72 Wall St., New York.

Cutting, W. Bayard, Room 516, 12 Nassau St., New York.

De Forest, Robert W., 120 Broadway, New York.

Deming, William B., 52 Exchange Place, New York.

Dolge, Alfred, Dolgeville.

Dudley, P. H., 66 >i Pine St.. New York.

Hicks, John S., Roslyn, L I.

Iligley, Hon. Warren, 55 Broadway, New York.

Hildebrand, Wilhelm, i Broadway, New York.

Jesup, Morris K., 52 William St., New York.

Kelsey, Fred'k W., 208 Broadway, New York.

King, John A., Great Neck, L. I.

Marie, Peter, 48 W. 19th St . New York.

Martin, Edmund P., 169 S. Oxford St , Brooklyn.

Meyer, L. H., Box 208, P. O., New York.
^Palmer, William J., 32 Nassau St., New York.

Pellew, Henry E., Katonah.

Potts, William, 56 Wall St., New York.
♦Prentiss, Prof. A. N., Cornell University, Ithaca.

Rose, A. P., Geneva.

Stephens, W. Hudson, Lowville.

Thayer, Dr. W.A., Cooperstown,

Thomson, Lemon, Albany.

Tratman, E. E. Russell, C. E., 144 Remsen St., Brooklyn.
\Vander6ilt, Geo. W., 640 Fifth Ave., New York.

Ohio.

Bambach, George, Ripley.

Deane, Harmon, Sidney.

Fisher, W. Hubbell, Cincinnati.

Gamble, lames N., Cincinnati.

Gano, John A., Cincinnati.

Lazenby, Prof. Wm. R., Experimental Station, Columbus.

Orion, Prof. Edw., State (ieological Survey, Columbus.

Poindexter, Rev. James, Columbus.

Read, Prof. M. C., Hudson.

springer. Dr. A., Cincinnati.

Steele, Robert W., Dayton.

Townshend, N. S., Columbus.

Warder, R. B., North Bend.
Weltz, Leo, Wilmington.

Pknnsylvania.

♦Anders, Dr. J. M., 1637 N. Broad St., Philadelphia

Heale, Edw., F., Jr., 231 S. Front St., Philadelphia.

Beaver, Hon. James A., Hjirrisburg.
^iJinney, Chas. C, 218 S. 4th St., Philadelphia.
*Coates, Geo. M., 181 7 De Lancey Place, Philadelphia.

*c:o
*

L.oxe, Mrs. Brinton. i/ii Locust St., Philadelphia.

f-dge, Thomas J., Harrisburg.
*Fisher, Dr. Henry M., 919 Walnut St., Philadelphia.

Ha.seltine, Frank, 1825 Walnut St., Philadelphia.
*Heston. Mrs. George T., Newtown, Bucks County.
*James. H. F., Franklin.

Jones, Horatio G., 135 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia.
"^Lea, Henry C, 2000 Walnut St., Philadelphia.

*Lundy, Mrs. J. P.. 245 S. i8th St., Philadelphia.
*Lundy, Rev. J. P., 245 S. i8th St., Philadelphia.
*Peabody, Chas. B., 1415 Spruce St., Philadelphia.
*Pinchot, Gifford, Milford.
*Praetorius, Geo. O., Pottsville.

Sellers, William, 1600 Hamilton St., Philadelphia.

Walker, Wm., 45 S. 3d St., Allegheny.
*Weish, Herbert, 1305 Arch St., Philadelphia.
*Wolfe, Dr. Samuel, Skippack.

Rhode Island.

Davis, L. D., 207 Thames St., Newport.
Emmons, Arthur B., Newport.

South Carolina.

Atkinson, Prof. George F., Columbia.
Green, Prof. H. A., Chester.
Lawton, Hon. John, Lawtonville.
McKie, Thomas J., Wood Lawn.

Tennessee.

Goulding, B. L., Chamber of Commerce, Chattanooga.
Wright, Col. Thomas T., Nashville.

Texas

Jones, W. Goodrich, Temple National Bank, Temple.

Vermont.

if Billings, Hon. Frederick, Woodstock.
Cutting, Hiram A., Lunenburg.

Wisconsin.

Putnam, H, C, Chippewa Valley Bank, Eau Claire.

District of Columbia.

Abbe, Prof. Cleveland, Washington.
Bowers, Edward A , National Safe Dep. Building.
Egleston, Dr. N. H., Dept. of Agriculture.
Fernow, Bernhard E., Dept. of Agriculture.
Riley, Prof. C. V,, 1714 13th St., Washington.
Warder, Reuben H , Howard University.
Willets, Hon. Edwin, Dept. of Agriculture.

Ontario.

Allan, Hon. G. W., Toronto.
Denton, John M., London.
Heneker, R. W., Sherbrooke.
Morgan, J. H., Amherstburg.
Russell, A. J., Ottawa.
Saunders, Prof. Wm., Ottawa.
Thane, E. S., Ottawa.

Quebec.

Drummond, A. F., Montreal.
Joly, Hon. H G., Pointe Platon.
Little, Wtn., Montreal.
Shanley, Walter, Montreal.
Tache, Hon. E. E., Dep't Crown Lands, Quebec.

* Means members of Pennsylvania Association.

Italics indicate Life Members.

f Indicates Life Members on new plan.

N. B. — Life members who became such before life membership was
raised to $50, and who agreed to contribute two dollars annually, are
classed with the annual members.

Forest Fires in the National Park.

^?^ HOSE who are unfamiliar with the pine-clad
\Q slopes of the Rocky Mountains, says Forest
and Stream, can have but little conception
of the destruction wrought by a fire which passes
through these forests. The ground is covered to
a depth of a foot or more with the pitchy accumu-
lations of centuries of forest growth. Pine needles,
cones, dead branches and the resinous trunks of
fallen trees form a forest floor that catches fire like
tinder and burns like a furnace. A spark from a
camp-fire, pipe, or a cigarette may ignite this forest
floor, which may smoulder for hours or days before
bursting into flame. This flame once started, the
fire moves rapidly before the wind, constantly
finding, as it moves along, new food in the debris
upon the ground. The foliage of the living ever-
green trees burns as readily as hay soaked in kero-
sene oil. Each tree, as the fire touches it, becomes

1

i<

,

* 1

>. ^

1

<sw

^t)Q

h

30

FOREST LEAVES.

a hu^^^, which flares up for a moment and

the forest are left to stand for years, black monu
m^nK of the fire's destructive force. Before a
merits <>* /"« " ;„ the mountains, a fire

gale, such ^J^'^^'^fl^ timber rushes onward
iTXrflS tindtcribable, and destroys
Tn an hour timber that a century of growth cannot

"Unnecessary to show that the chief value of
the forests of the Yellowstone P^^ ^le^^n J^ton^
that thev protect the sources of the veiiowsionc
Ind Snale\ivers, two streams which supply he
water for irrigating a vast area of the and West.
This has many times been demonstrated.

Tt is of the highest importance to preserve mese
forests and in order to preserve them they must
be no iced with men to protect them from the
SnLe of fire. The greater the number of travelers
Tn the National Park the greater the danger from
fire for tWs reason it is of the utmost importance
£ the Park should be efficiently patrolled and
that all travelers should be watched This need
not be done in an offensive way, but it must De
Sone The presence of these fire-guards is exactly
like the presence of the police in our city park ,
whose duty it is to prevent the careless, the thought-
Tess or thi malicious from doing any injury to these
cultivated parks which belong to the whole people,
and must be guarded for them. , •

'"The Yellowstone Park is a wild region of grea
extent, and it is well that it shou d be left in its
wildness, but if the flames are allowed to ravage
it its beauty and its economic usefulness will be
destroyed. It is for the proper protection of the
Park for a government which, by the authority
of its laws and the agents for their enforcement,
111 regain criminal^, -Hcious and thoiigh^ess
persons, that those most interested in the 1 ark
Tave so long been fighting. With such a govern-
ment and an adequate force of troops and civilian
Tcouts for patroUhig it, the forest of the Park can
be preserved, and the waters which they protect
will always remain undiminished.

There are stationed in the Park at present two
companies of troops, efficient, courteous and
oblicine to tourists, and during the season ot
travel very hard worked. Last summer was a very
dry one, and fires were numerous. The good work
of the troops under Captain Boutelle's command
is shown by the record that sixty-seven fires, large
and small, were extinguished by them.

Besides these controlled fires-all with two ex-
ceptions traceable to careless campers or employes
—there were three fires abandoned as beyond
control. These were large fires, and probably
burned over in the aggregate twelve square miles
of timber.

Some of these controlled fires were fought for
eight or ten days by the soldiers, who worked at
them with the greatest energy and faithfu ness
itemllv eating and sleeping by them. If it had
not been for tliis unremitting work, the destruction
would have been far greater than it is.

There were other larger fires on the borders, but
outside of the Park, which -received no attention
and which burned over a great deal of territory.
ThesI must in the aggregate have burned over
many square miles of timber, and this destruction
means the drying up of many springs.

y^ HE American Association of Nurserymen held
^ ks fifteenth annual meeting at the Park
^^ Avenue Hotel, New York, commencing

Wednesday, June 4th. /-".T ^^^J^ut CuC"
were presented, among others Chestnut Culture,
by Mr Samue C. Moon. He said it was large
profitable, and that there is much to be karned
of it by tree men and orchardists. He told ot an
irget'ic farmer in Pennsylvania -ho plan ed one
acre of Nunibo chestnuts and grafted the trees
eieht years ago, which in the Fall of 1888 averaged
two nuans of nuts per tree, and sold at twenty-five
cent^ pe quart wholesale. In planting chestnut
avenues he trees should be set forty feet apar ,
and an orchard of Numbo or Paragon chestnuts
would become profitable as early as an orchard o

Baldwin or Smith cider apples, ^"d ^«f j^^v
well The chestnut culture is yet in its intancy.
Tt has rnany culinary qualities, and when the nu s
are boikd with lima beans and properly seasoned,

they make a delicious dish. -RHation

B. E. Fernow read a paper o" '' ^^e Relation

of Nurserymen to the Forestry P;;f em He

said that there were two phases of the fo estry

problem-the proper ™-"f.g^"»„7' °^^fones^
natural forests and the creation of artificial ones
Forest planting dealt with trees in masses, and he
spoke of mixed planting and grouping instead of
kSng e^ch species by itself. The main service
The^ufsery man could do for forestry was to pro-
vide rdiabl plant material as cheaply as it cou d
be done. The discussion which followed brough
out the fact that the most Fofitable rees for fores^
planting were the white ash, the ye low and black
locust, the green ash, walnut, chestnut, and bass
wood. ^

Sr . x-E excerpt the following from an address de-
(t j livered by Arthur Hollick, Esq., at the
^^ Arbor Day exercises of New Brighton,

Staten Island : — . . ^^.r -i few

-I was asked, some days smce, to say a levv

words to you on this occasion, and m a moment ot

weakness I consented. .^mnder-

-In 1676 Jasper Bankers and PeterSluyterunder

FOREST LEAVES.

31

took a journey on foot across the Island, and they
tell us how they pushed on through the woods so
thick that they could scarcely see their way and
* having wandered an hour or more in the woods,
now in a hollow and then over a hill, at one time
through a swamp, at another across a brook, with-
out finding any road or path, we entirely lost the
way. We could see nothing but the sky through
the thick branches of the trees over our heads,
and we thought it best to break out of the woods
entirely and regain the shore.' It was probably
not until the time of the Revolution that extensive
inroads were made into this forest. The bulk of
the growth was chestnut and oak, and we are told
that a large chestnut which stood somewhere near
the highest point on Ocean Terrace was used as a
signal and lookout station at the time of the Brit-
ish occupation of the Island.

'' The trees of the Island also played an impor-
tant part in its sale, when this was consummated
between the Indians and Governor Lovelace in
1670. The transaction is said to have been ren-
dered very impressive and binding by the presen-
tation on the part of the Indians, of a sod and a
branch of every kind of tree which grew upon the
Island, except the ash and hickory. This latter
part of the transaction was apparently to show
that they still reserved certain rights in these
trees, and, as a matter of fact, they continued
to visit the Island for many years afterward in
order to cut such trees of these species as they
desired.

'*At the present time there is not a section of the
original forest left standing. Every portion has
been cut down at some time or another, and there
are comparatively few trees now living which are
more than loo years old. The bulk of the wood-
land is probably not more than 50 or 75 years old,
and much of it is growing upon land which was in
cultivation in the early part of the present century.
There are, however, a few isolated specimens
which can certainly boast of having seen more
than a century's growth."

— In a collection of four hundred and twenty-
four specimens of trailing arbutus (^EpigcEa repens)
found growing in beds of moss upon a northern
slope of hills at Roseglen, Montgomery county.
Pa., on April 2 2d, 1890, two were staminate, two
hundred and ninety-two were pistillate, and one
hundred and thirty were hermaphrodite.

Each head of flowers was distinctly staminate,
pistillate or hermaphrodite, the latter exceeding
in size, beauty and fragrance the male and female
varieties. M. Lyons Middleton.

MEEHANS' NUESERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750
kinds at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET the best STOCK AT

lowest figures. The cheapest way
TO BUY Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, &c., sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS MEEHAN& SON,
Germantown, Phila., Pa.

Forest Leaves

THE OFFICIAL ORGAN

OF THE

Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

AND THE

AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

*!

^

The attention of the advertising pub-
lic is called to the advantages we offer

as a medium.

<h

■^

> I

rates;

I inch,
% page,

% "

u

1 insertion.

6 insertions.

I YEAR.

$I.OO

$4.00

;J58.oo

4.00

17.00

34.00

7.00

30.00

60.00

12.00

50.00

100.00

3«>^

32

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

[N

THIS PAPER, ARE MADE BY THE NEW

Tia^FeeiiYPpiCvP^ecEgg

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING.

308 and 310 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

OF

. 'HllfADBUEH»

«

"■■"J^st'.!" ED IN HIGHEST O^t'ol-r""'
SEND FOR CIRCULAR

s

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

ri\

DRY GOODS.

STRAWBRIDGE k CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

CASH CAPITAL • $600,000.00

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims 1,631.500.23

Surplus over all Liabilities, 369,415.98

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1889, - $2,500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary.

DIRECTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, PembertonS. Hutchinson, J^s-'E Gillingham,
TohnT Lewis Alexander Biddle, Samuel Welsh, Tr.,

Israel Mofr^s.' Charles P. Perot. Charles S. Whefen.

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

Pl^I[N]TEl^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE-LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

I

« Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^*

Fire-proof Vauitt for Storage of Plates.

Medunlcal Details receive our Pergonal Supervlsjo"-

*

>./ / f' [

Philadelphia, November, 1890. No. 3.

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as second-class matter tn the Post Office of Philadelphia.

CONTENTS.

Editorial 33-34

Synopsis of the Reports of the
State Forestry Commissioner

of Colorado for 1887-8 and 1889, 34*36

Summer Meeting of the American Forestry Association, held in

Quebec, September 2d-6th 1890. Dr. H. M. Fisher 36-45

Who are the Vandals ? 45

Notes 46,47

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.

The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising mediutn. Rates ivill be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.
John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prop. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M. Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life memberships Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of, this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names \.o A. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila.,orto
Miss Grace Anna Lewis ^ Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr.
y. Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county. Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler ^ Esq.y Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county, Pa.

y^HE Publication Committee are indebted to
Vy the courtesy of Dr. H. M. Fisher for pre-
paring the present issue of Forest Leaves,
the other members of the Committee having
been unable, owing either to absence or illness,
to do their usual share of the work. Prof. J. T.
Rothrock, to whom our readers are indebted for
many valuable contributions, has been prevented,
owing to physical disability, from contributing his
share toward the present issue, and his absence in
the West Indies, where he is instituting a series
of scientific investigations, will probably prevent
Forest Leaves receiving contributions from him
for some time to come.

Much of the space of the present issue is taken
up by a record of the transactions of the American
Forestry Association, which held its meeting in
Quebec in September last. Unfortunately, the
failure to obtain desired railroad concessions
seriously interfered with the attendance, but the
character of the papers and debates was not, in
any way, affected by the comparatively small num-
ber who were able to join in the meeting.

We regret that our good friend, H. G. Joly, at
whose instance the Congress was held, did not
have an indorsement in number which would have
been more gratifying to him, for he certainly de-
serves well at the hands of the Association.

Concerning the work of the Quebec meeting, we
quote from a letter from Dr. Fisher, as follows : —

** The recognition of the importance of the
work of the Association by the Government of
the Province of Quebec, as well as by the
Dominion Government, was highly gratifying to
those who had labored for so many years in the
United States.

*^ The Association deferred the consideration of
the question of the administration of the forests
of the public lands belonging to the United States
until the regular annual meeting which-, it is ex-
pected, will be held in Washington just before
Christmas. At this time, an opportunity will be
afforded for a Conference with the Secretary of

3^^

: ;

i?

(I

I

4 t tm

!

'1

I

30^-

3^S

34

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

35

the Interior, some of the members of the Com
mittee on Public Lands of the House of Repre-
^n atives and of the Committee on Agriculture
and Forestry of the Senate, as to the best means of
bringing this question to the attention of Congress.
"Slutions were passed with reference to the
reservation of the Sequoia Groves of Cah ormaby
the Government, and to the "-etention of the Cah-
fornia Trade Board of Forestry. The recom
r^endations of the Special Committee as to the
XSL of a scientific system in the admm.s ra-
fon'of the timber lands of the Province of Quebec
were endorsed by the Association, and will be
transmitted to the Provincial Government.

" The system long m vogue m Canada ot issu-
ing licenses for cutting timber on the public lands
while the title of the land is st.ll retained by the
Government, thus affording an opportunity for the
reproduction of timber on these lands, provided
the restrictions as to the size of timber to be cut
are rigidly enforced, has in practice not been
found effective for the prevention of the denuda-
tion of the land. . . .

"A scientific system of forest administration
under the care of educated foresters seems a neces-
sUy for Canada, and it is probable that the Pro-
vincial Government will soon appreciate this
necessity and steps will be taken to secure such an

administration. . r „ c„

"The laws assigned to protect forests from hre
are more rigidly enforced than in most portions
of the United States. In Ontario the owners of
timber limits share with the Government the
expense necessitated by the employment of fire
wardens, and the results already attained demon-
strated the wisdom of this system.'

The Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association will be held at the College of Physicians,
N. E. Cor. 13th and Locust Sts., Philadelphia, on
Friday evening, November 28th.

Synopsis of the Reports of the State For-
est Commissioner of Colorado for 1887-8
and i88g.

/COLONEL Edgar T. Ensign, State Forest
\G) Commissioner for Colorado, has sent us his
Biennial Report for the year 1887-88, and
his much briefer report for the year 1889. Both
reports present very clearly the need of prompt
action in protecting the forests of Colorado from
further unnecessary spoliation. , ^ „ , ,

The average altitude of the land of Colorado
being nearly seven thousand feet above sea level,
and arid or semi-arid conditions prevailing in the
less elevated portions of the State and in the ad-
joining States and Territories, it is of the utmost

importance not to diminish still further the volume
of the streams that rise in the mountainous por-
tions of the State by stripping their headwaters of
their forest cover, irrigation being essential to the
success of agricultural operations in the adjoining

districts. , ^i t

The forests of Colorado are mostly coniferous,
and have already been greatly injured by fire and

Colorado was the first of the States to embody
in her Constitution a clause looking to the care
and preservation of her forests. In 1884 the
Colorado State Forestry Association was organized,
and soon afterwards prepared and submitted to
the fifth General Assembly of the State the text
of a Forestry Bill, which, with some modifica-
tions, became a law April 4th, 1885. The act
referred to creates the office of State Forest Com-
missioner, constitutes the County Commissioners
and Road Overseers throughout the btate torest
officers in their respective localities, and imposes
upon the officers so constituted certain duties with
respect to the care of woodlands, and to the en-
couragement of forest tree planting.

Inasmuch, however, as the State under existing
laws has no control over the public timber lands,
which comprise the principal forests of the State,
the functions of the State forest officers are in
great measure, advisory and educational, ^or
several years statutes have been in existence pre-
scribing penalties for the firing of timber and
prairie lands, the wilful cutting or injury of trees
or timber, or for damage done to planted trees by
domestic animals.

The State laws provide, also, -for the paying
of certain premiums for the planting of forest
trees, and exempt from increased assessment tor a
term of years lands made more valuable by the
planting of forest or fruit trees."

In llarch, 1885, acts were passed prescribing
penalties for the setting of fires causing injury to
The lands of others, and for failure to extinguish
camp fires ; and the boards of County Commis-
sioners were required to erect in conspicuous
places along the public highways notices warning
persons to extinguish camp fires, and citing the
penalties for failure to do so.

In order to ascertain the forest conditions of the
several counties, and the damage done by fires ana
other agencies, Colonel Ensign sent circular let-
ters to the County Commissioners and the Koaa
Overseers throughout the State, asking for intor-
mation with regard to the cause or causes of the
principal injury to the forests in the differen
counties, the extent to which the law requiring
the posting of notices, etc., had been observed,
and finally the opinions of the above-named om-
cials as to the best means of putting a stop to the
wholesale destruction of the forests. I he answers

received showed that great damage had been
done to the native forests by fire, lumbering,
charcoal-burning and mining operations.

The remedies suggested were : ist, Enforce-
ment of existing laws ; 2d, Provision for the pay-
ment of informers; 3d, The enactment of a law
making railroad companies liable for the damage
done by locomotive sparks ; 4th, Rebatement of
taxes for tree planting; 5th, The acquisition from
the general government of the control of public
lands within the State, etc.

Though great damage has been done to the
forests of Colorado by fire and by a wasteful system
of lumbering, the most open and flagrant usurpa-
tion of the people's property in the forests of the
public domain for private gains has been commit-
ted, under the form of law, by the prospectors of
mineral lands so called, who have stripped large
districts bare of valuable timber and made no
return to the National treasury for the timber so
removed.

The right to take timber from mineral lands for
building, agricultural, mining, or other domestic
purposes was provided for under act of Congress
approved June 3d, 1878.

- In a report of the Committee on Forestry,
made to the American Association for' the Ad-
vancement of Science in 1880, the above men-
tioned act was characterized as an act grant-
ing to the inhabitants of certain regions, where
conservation is of the first importance, the
unrestrained use of timber upon the public do-
main, for all mining and domestic purposes, with-
out the least check on the amount taken, or the
least payment for the privilege," and declared
that -such legislation tended to increase, rather
than diminish, the waste of timber."

This law has not only enabled smelters and
charcoal burners to destroy the timber on such
of the public lands as were known to have mineral
deposits upon them, but in one case where the
Secretary of the Interior was petitioned to permit
the cutting of standing timber on portions of
the public lands not subject to mineral entry, the
records showed that the petitioner had already
cut 39,000 cords of pine and spruce wood from
non-mineral public lands in Colorado. Com-
missioner Sparks in a letter to the Secretary of
the Interior, urging that the petition above al-
luded to be not granted, quotes the following
from a report from one of the special Agents of
the General Land Office: -Observations based
upon considerable travel through Colorado, and
investigations of timber trespasses in different sec-
tions of the State, point to the fact that the great-
est damage done to the timber interests of the
State, is done by the charcoal burners. Wherever
one of these industries has had a location, the
mountain sides are bare as if shorn by machinery,

and the charcoal kiln absorbs alike the large and
the small timber. Ostensibly dead timber is used
in this industry, but a convenient fire first
deadens the timber and then the charcoal burner
follows."

Circular-letters were sent to the various char-
coal manufacturers by Colonel Ensign, but only
one-third of these letters met with any reply, and
the replies gave only meagre and unsatisfactory
information as to the points which it was desired
to elicit. It appears, however, that about three
hundred and fifty charcoal kilns exist in the State,
with a capacity of about eight million bushels.
Pinon, both green and dry, and yellow pine in
all conditions, are the principal kinds of timber
used.

During the late spring and summer months of
1889, ^fter a long dry period, disastrous forest
fires occurred in fourteen counties of Colorado.
The preceding biennial report of the Forest Com-
missioner had reported comparative immunity
from fires for three years before. The fires were
rendered vastly more destructive by the mass of
combustible material left in the forests by the rail-
way-tie choppers, lumbermen, etc.

Colonel Ensign thinks that, in case a general
forest administration were instituted, the public
forest lands might be divided into districts, and a
system of protection organized, in which a free
use would be made of rangers or patrols. This,
if coupled with power to call out 3i posse comitatus
in case of emergency, and further strengthened
by the cooperation of local authorities, would, he
believes, be reasonably effective.

All land-grant and right-of-way railroads are
authorized to take timber from the public lands
adjacent thereto, for construction purposes. In
the recent action brought by the Government
against the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad for
cutting timber on the public land, the judge held
that the word adjacent, as used in the acts of Con-
gress referred to, confers the right to take timber
some distance from the right-of-way, or within
such convenient distance from such lands as may
be reached by the ordinary transportation of
wagons, and not otherwise.

There is no doubt, however, that the provisions
of the laws in question have been very liberally
construed, and that large areas of valuable timber
land have been appropriated by the railroad com-
panies under these acts.

The heaviest draft made by the railroads upon
the forests is for cross-ties. For this purpose
young, thrifty, and partly-grown trees are mostly
used, the natural consequence of which is great
waste and loss.

The mining operations of Colorado, as at pre-
sent conducted, are specially destructive to the
forests. Young or half-grown trees, being of con-

. 1,

i

'<■,'

■ vi

(i

I

1,<^\<^

3t?

36

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

37

venient size, are largely used for timbering mi.^
As a rule, no growing trees ^^ ^he v cimty o
^inPQ lonff escape the axe. The general aci oi
Ze%diS above alluded to pern^itting
miners a^d others to fell and remove for building,
agricultural, mining or other domestic acts tvmber
gfowing on the public mineral lands, although
Ccent in its Intentions, has been productwe
of ^reat harm to the public forests. Ihe privi
WesTo granted have, in numerous instances, been
Sv abused. In many of the older mining
Sets the timber, never too abundant, has been
wholly consumed ; the streams, deprived of all
Se protection, have become nearly or quite ex-
tinct Mine owners and others, in some districts,
are now obliged to import, at heavy expense,
timber for all necessary purposes. . ^ ^^a

At the close of 1887 about one l^^^f ^d ^^^^^
fifteen saw-mills were in operation in the State.
Yellow and white pine and white and red spruce
are the kinds of timber most commonly used in
lumber manufacture. The estimated annual pro-
duct of forty- five establishments is given at thirty-
nine million five hundred thousand feet ; three
firms in addition to their lumber manufacture,
report an aggregate annual product of three mil-
lion one hundred thousand shingles

To turn to the brighter side of the pcture we
find, on reference to Colonel Ensign's report, that
about eight hundred and fifty thousand trees were
^kntedln Colorado during the years 1887 an^^^
1888 These were chiefly cottonwoods, different
varieties of maples, box elders, white ashes, and

black walnuts. a -^^

In one county (Elbert) one hundred and nine-
teen thousand two hundred and fifty trees were
planted on timber-culture claims Of these sixty-
five thousand were Russian mulberries. Arbor
Day was observed, and many trees were planted
on that day in some counties. The difficulty of
securing suitable irrigation has made it impossible
to plant trees with any hope of success m a good

many parts of the State. , , , r- 1

Acts have recently been passed by the General
Assembly of the State of Colorado establishing
an annual Arbor Day and making appropriations
for the use of the State Horticultural and Forestry
Association. A legislative memorial to Congress,
relative to the destruction of native forests, has

also been adopted. . . . ^r ^u^

A map, showing the approximate extent of the

forest and irrigated lands of Colorado, acconipa-

nies the above report. Information is also given

as to the kinds of trees, deciduous and coniferous,

best adapted for experimental forest planting at

different altitudes, and we commend the report,

of which we have only been able to give a very

imperfect summary, to the careful attention of our

readers. H. M. F.

Summer Meeting of the American Forestry
Association, held in Quebec, September
2d-6th, 1890.

^ Tuesday Evening, 2D September.

>^ HE Association met at 8 p. m. in the Hall of
(Q the Legislative Council, where a number of
the leading citizens of Quebec and many
ladies were in attendance to welcome them. In
the absence of the President, Governor Beaver,
of Pennsylvania, the meeting was called to order
by the Hon. H. G. Joly, one of the Vice-Presi-
dents Governor Beaver's letter, expressing his
deeo 'regret at his unavoidable absence and his
earnest wishes for the success of the meeting
having been read, his Honor the Lieutenant
Governor of the Province of Quebec, Mr. Angers,
opened the sessions of the Congress. He gave
the American Forestry Association a cordial wel-
come to Quebec, expressing the hope and belief
that its deliberations would be of great interest
and importance, and asked the assistance of he
Association in recommending some-plan by which
the Provincial Government might be guided tor
the better management of the forests of the
Province of Quebec. He then went on to speak
of the system of forest administration now in
vogue in the Province of Quebec.

In Canada licenses are issued for cutting timber
on the Government land. A very large proportion
of all the timber land of the country is still in the
hands of the Government, hence, the Government
can control the cutting of the timber, and has
adopted certain rules with regard to the cut, which
it is the duty of the Government Inspectors to see
enforced. Thus, pines less than twelve inches and
spruce trees less than nine inches at the butt must
by law remain free from the axe. By this system
the young trees are spared, and at the end ot
twenty or thirty years a new crop of commercially
valuable timber is ready to be cut.

One could get some idea of the importance o
the timber product of Canada from the statement

that between 1867 and 1889 430'000'00° t-ct
lumber, board measure, and 69,600,000 cubicteei
of timber, had been cut in the Province of Que-
bec alone. The Crown timber dues amounted to
$9,800,000, and last year, from that source alone,
the Province received nearly a million dollars

'^ Will the forests of Canada," he asked, long
endure this drain upon them? They can only
bear it if they are wisely and economically admin-
istered. Your mission is to give the people use-
ful counsel on the subject of forest management

His Honor was followed by Mr. J. M- i^e
Moine, President of the Reception Committee,
who welcomed the members of the Association on
behalf of the citizens of Quebec. He spoke ot the

extravagance in the use of timber, as exemplified
by the profuse decoration of the streets of the
city on the national holiday (24th of June) every
year, when flags would answer the same purpose.
He asked what would Canada become without her
forests, and pictured the state of things when the
forests were consumed and large portions of the
Province had become almost uninhabitable for
want of fuel during the long, cold winter.

** Truly, I know, on God's earth, no more
noble object than a majestic oak, a wide-spreading
feathery elm, a little, green, graceful maple, a lux-
uriant silver birch, an umbrageous centennial white
pine, alive with the rustle of summer zephyrs and
tuneful with the song of birds. Well might a
French poet write : —

* Quel livre vant un arbre auguste et tout en fleurs ?
L'homme fait en six mois un iivre et des meilleurs,
Dieu met cent ans a faire un chere.'

*^ Yes, my friends, it takes a man six months —
sometimes less — to write a book, even a good one !
It takes Omnipotence one hundred years to raise
an oak.

**We shall learn to protect and cherish not
only the graceful shade-trees of our lawns, but
their venerable brotherhood in the dark, silent
woods. The care, the water we shall bestow on
them, they will return in many ways : restoring
the failing sources of diminished streams ; fertiliz-
ing arid tracts of country previously held as useless ;
supplying material which will send a glow of heat
through our homes, wealth in our coffers, through
the argosies of commerce, health and gladness to
our children, nestled at eventide under their cool,
umbrageous foliage. Such, gentlemen, we take
to be the teachings of your patriotic Association."

These addresses of welcome were responded to
on behalf of the American Forestry Association
by Mr. B. E. Fernow, who said that he knew no
man in high office who had devoted himself so
zealously to the cause of reform in the adminis-
tration of our forest lands as Governor Beaver had
done. He said that the ancient colonists of
America understood better than their descendants
the advantages of the forests. Thus, Parkman
mentions that Monts, one of the pioneers of New
France, when established in winter quarters on
the Island of the Croix, refused to cut down a
grove of cedars on the shores of the island, al-
though he and his company found it difficult to
secure enough wood for fuel. The American
Forestry Association had passed through periods of
great depression, but had still kept alive and
active, in spite of many difficulties. Mr. Fernow
said that the encouragement and help given to the
Association from the Canadian side of the line
had been one of the chief causes of its continued
activity, and spoke in high praise of Mr. William

Little's disinterested labors in preparing for and
conducting the Montreal meeting of the Associa-
tion in 1882, which made that meeting so emi-
nently successful.

The Association had been directing its efforts
toward securing a proper administration of the
timber lands still belonging to the United States
Government, but that, through the formation of
four new States and the consequent enclosure of
the greater part of the public timber land within
the boundaries of these States, the Government
had, to a certain extent, lost control over its own
property, and could no longer inflict penalties for
trespass, or for setting fire to the forests in public
lands within State limits.

Dr. Peter H. Bryce, of Toronto, spoke of the
forest in its sanitary relations, and described the
effect that had been actually produced upon the
health of the inhabitants of the great table lands
in the middle of the Province of Ontario by the
clearing away of the forests that had previously
occupied this territory.

Mr. William Little spoke of the Hon. H. G.
Joly de Lotbiniere as the best friend of the forest
in America. Mr. Joly made a brief reply, and the
meeting adjourned until Wednesday morning at
eight o'clock.

Wednesday, September 3D.

Morning Session. — The meeting was called to
order by the Hon. H. G. Joly, First Vice-Presi-
dent, at 10 o'clock.

Resolved, That the election of officers be
deferred to the Winter Meeting, to be held in
Washington.

From Massachusetts three of the delegates ap-
pointed by the Governor were present, viz.,
Messrs. J. D. W, French of Boston, John M.
Woods, of Somerville and Nathaniel T. Kidder,
of Milton. .

Maine was represented by the Hon. George F.
Talbot, of Portland.

The Province of Ontario was represented by
Hon. A. Blue, Deputy Minister of Agriculture,
Dr. Peter H. Bryce, Secretary of the Provincial
Board of Health of Ontario, Mr. Aubrey White,
Deputy Commissioner of Crown Lands, and Mr.
John Craig, horticulturist to the Ottawa Experi-
mental Farm.

The Province of Quebec was represented by
Mr. E. E. Tache, Deputy Commissioner of Crown
Lands, and Mr. E. A. Barnard.

New Hampshire was represented by Mr. J. B.
Harrison.

New York, by General James Grant Wilson.

Pennsylvania by Mr. Thomas J. Edge, Secre-
tary to the State Board of Agriculture, Mrs. George
F. Heston, of Newtown, Bucks county, and the
Acting Secretary.

^ I a

1

I

t Vi

10^

38

FOREST LEAVES.

<

Ohio by Professor Wm. R. Lazenby, of the
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Colorado, by Col. E. T. Ens.gn, State Forest

"^ThT ottrS of Columbia by Mr B, E. Fernow
General James Grant Wilson being asked to
respond for the State of New York, spoke of the
terrU)"e devastation that he had witnessed in the
Ad rondack forests, and of the efforts that were
now being made to secure State control of those
forests. He alluded to the beneficial results of
Arbor Day, and he said that among private at-
tempts at reforesting waste districts he knew o no
one who deserved greater praise for his efforts in
?hTs direction, than his friend the Hon. William
Walter Phelps, who had for some years been en -
gaged in this work, planting on an average 40,000

"ThfHon^ George F. Talbot, of Maine, spoke
of the wasteful method of utilizing forest products
that he had observed in his own State. Immense
numbers of young pine and spruce trees which if
left to themselves, would in the course of a few
vears furnish valuable lumber, were habitually
Lcrificed for wood pulp, scantling matches etc
while remnants from the saw-miU would answer
the same purpose.

"We in the State of Maine," he said, "are
obliged 'to go in search of our masts to the State
of Washington ; to Tennessee, or Michigan for
boards of a quality good enough for the fine in-
side work of our hotels and private houses. Our
water courses, since the destruction of our forests,
have become capricious torrents, inundating the
whole surrounding country after each heavy rain,
while the beds of these streams dry up a few hours

*Mr Talbot alluded to the scheme which had
been proposed : that townships should secure the
title to tracts of waste lands, these lands to be
protected, as far as possible, from fire and pastur-
age, and administered by the town for the benefit
of the tax-payers in such town or township. 1 his
scheme he thought was particularly applicable to
Maine, where the assessments on timber land were
too high and the risks too great for owners not
provided with large capital to keep land in

He urged the people of the Dominion of Canada
to take good care of their forests, " For," he said,
" we shall have reciprocity with you one of these
days, and we want you to supply us with timber

when our supply fails." ^ ■ r . ^

Mr John M. Woods presented a brief state-
ment of the condition of the forests and wood-
lands of Massachusetts. . .

Mr Aubrey White, Deputy Commissioner ot
Crown Lands for the Province of Ontario, gave a
very interesting account of the present forest

administration of that Province. The Govern-
ment of Ontario, like that of Quebec leases the
right to cut timber on certain limits, but restric-
tions are also imposed in Ontario as to the size of
he tirJiber to be cut. Mr. White gave figures
from the Crown Lands' office, showing how large
had been the increase of late years of the license

fees for timber limits. _ . , , .,

He also presented some very interesting details
on the OnUrio system of forest protection against
fire bv the joint action of the holders of limits
and the Government, each contributing an equal

share of the expense. _

The report of the Executive Committee was
then read by the Acting Secretary, and after a
verv active discussion of the various questions
raised bv the reports of the delegates and of the
Executive Committee, Mr. J. D W. French
moved that a Special Committee be appointed
"to consider the last Report of the Executive
Committee, and the best means of obtaining some
practical result from the work of this Association.
This motion was seconded by Mr. Fernow.

Thl Chair then appointed Messrs. French, Fer-
now, J. X. Perreault, J. B. Harrison, P. H. Vil-
mor n, E. E. Tach6, Wm. Little, and Aubrey
White as the Special Committee. The Congress
then adiourned until 2 p. M.

The following is a list of the members and dele-
gates in attendance at the meeting.
^ Province 0/ Que6ec.-lior^. H G. Joly de Lot-
binidre, Pointe"" Platon ; Mr Wm. Little, Mon-
treal ; Mr. J. X. Perreault, Montreal ; Mr. J. M.
LeMoine, Quebec; Mr. Edw. A. Barnard, Sec-
retary of the Board of Agriculture, Quebec ; Mr.
H M Price, Quebec ; Hon. D. A. Ross Que-
bec; Mr. Richard Turner, President of Chamber
of Commerce, Quebec ; Hon. L. A. Robitaille,
Quebec ; Hon. E. E. Tach6, Deputy Commis-
sioner of Crown Lands, Quebec; Mn H U.
Moore, Moore's Station; Hon. I^ouis Beaubien,
Montreal; Mr. W. J. Ross, Quebec ; Mr. W. P.
Greenough, Pontneuf; Mr. George Moore, Mon-
treal • Mr. Archibald Campbell, Quebec; Mr.
Ulric Barthe, Editor of V Electmr, Quebec.

Province of Ontario.— Hon. Archibald Blue,
Toronto ; Dr. P. H. Bryce, Toronto ; Hon. A.
White, Toronto ; Mr. John Craig, Ottawa.
Maine.-Uon. George F. Talbot, Portland.
Massackuseits.-Ur. J. D. W. French, Boston
Mr. John M. Woods, Somerville ; Mr. N. T. Kid-
der, Milton. . T- u
New Hampshire.— yix. J. B. Harrison, Frank-
lin Falls. ^ ,„., »T„„
New ybryJ.— General Jas. Grant Wilson, New

York

Pennsylvania.— Ux, Thos. J. Edge, Harris-
burg; Dr. H. M. Fisher, Philadelphia; Mrs.

^d,f

FOREST LEAVES.

39

George F. Heston, Newtown, Bucks county ; Mrs.
T. J. Edge, Harrisburg ; Mrs. Brinton Coxe,
Philadelphia.

Ohio. — Professor Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus.

Colorado. — Colonel E. T. Ensign, Colorado
Springs.

Flonda. — Mrs. W. J. Keyser, Milton.

District of Columbia. — Mr. and Mrs. B. E. Fer-
now, Washington.

2 P. M. — Mr. Joly read a paper prepared by
Mrs. S. W. Dodds, m. d., of St. Louis, entitled
<* What Causes the Cyclones.'* Mrs. Dodds, after
considering various explanations of their cause,
came to the conclusion that the chief cause was
the destruction of the forests that once covered
so large an area of this continent, and suggested
that reforestation on a large scale might diminish
the frequency and reduce the violence of these
terrible storms.

Mr. Fernow then read a long and very full
paper on '* Forests as a National Resource.*' He
urged that, owing to the amount of capital in-
volved and the risks to which forest property was
exposed, forestry proper ought to devolve rather
on the State than on private individuals. The
special considerations that may fairly influence
the State in the question of the growth of forests
and in forestry were the following : —

First. — The location of the forest on the
slopes of mountains, or on sand dunes, in which
situations the forest may present relations of the
first importance to climate or agriculture, which
would render the value of the timber on it a mat-
ter of secondary importance.

Secondly. — Through maladministration or neg-
ligence, the capacity of the soil for reproduc-
tion of forest growth becomes impracticable or
impossible. This happens frequently in neglected
timber lands in the hands of private owners.

Thirdly. — The growth of the forests enriches
the soil instead of exhausting it, and even on the
poorest soil produces useful products.

Fourthly. — Forestry differs from other kinds of
industrial enterprise from its requiring an accumu-
lation of capital exposed for a long time to great
risks, and from the slow returns of the interest on
the capital invested in the forest. Therefore,
Forestry offers little encouragement to private
owners of land. The permanent administration
and the continuity of action of a government is
needed to bring this form of enterprise to a suc-
cessful completion.

While Mr. Fernow was speaking, the old Huron
chief, Thomas Siouhi and his son, entered the hall,
clad in full Indian costume. After the comple-
tion of the paper, the chief went for\^ard to the
platform and said to the delegates: —

*'We are the children of the forest, and are
come to welcome the friends of the forest. Since

I was sixteen years old, the forest has been my
country. I have lived in it and I hope to die in
it. We are not numerous ; we are gradually dis-
appearing, like the great trees of our woods. Pro-
tect us, and you will have the prayers of the
Hurons and the gratitude of their hearts."

The chief was off'ered a seat on the platform by
the President. He sat there for a long time, hold-
ing on his knee a large picture of King George
IV. He had brought it with him as his greatest
treasure. On the frame were engraved the follow-
ing words : —

'* Presented by the hand of His Most Gracious
Majesty, George IV, to Michael Tsioui, 7 April,
1825."

The old chief said it would make him happy if
the young Prince knew that he still had this
picture, and the President promised that Prince
George, then in Quebec, should be informed of
the fact.

Mr. E. E. Tach6 read an official report on the
'* Administration of the Public Forests of the
Province of Quebec."

Mr. Byron D. Halsted's paper on *' Some
Fungous Enemies of Forest Trees " was then read
by title.

The Chairman exhibited at the close of the ses-
sion a fine piece of black walnut grown from a
tree planted by him at his place at Pointe Platon
fifteen years ago. He said that in making such
plantations of trees those of the highest commer-
cial value should be selected.

Evening Session, 8 p. m.— Colonel E. T. Ensign,
Forest Commissioner for Colorado, read a paper
on the *^ Rocky Mountain Forests." He said that
only approximate estimates of forest growth in the
Rocky Mountains could be given, but from the
best data obtainable, the forest area of this region
was about 100,000 square miles, or about thir-
teen and two-tenths per cent, of the total land
area.

Inasmuch as the forests serve as feeders for
the principal streams of the district upon which
the irrigation system of the Rocky Mountain
States depends for its maintenance, their protec-
tion is a matter of vital importance. It is esti-
mated that the area already covered by irrigating
canals exceeds six million acres, and it is proposed
to largely extend this area.

Though lumbering, mining, railway construc-
tion, charcoal-burning, etc., are making heavy
draughts upon the Rocky Mountain forests, the
injury caused by them would. Colonel Ensign
thmks, not be irreparable, but with fire the case is
a different one, and this evil can only be checked
by an effective forest administration. Fortunately,
by far the largest portion of the Rocky Mountain
forests is still Government property.

Mr. N. H. Egleston's paper on '*The Planting

; i!»l

'A

1 1\

. !l

Ll^

3/y

40

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

41

•;*

and Preservation of Forests of Limited Extent '

"Professor Lazenbv gave an interesting account
of the m^ horadoVt'ed in Ohio of celebrat.ng
Xrbor Day, and said that Ohio was one of the first
of the States to introduce into her public schools
°he annual observance of Arbor Day, and that the
nractke of tree planting on that day had perhaps
Teen more generally and heartily earned out in
Ohio than in any other State.

Mr A Blue stated that Arbor Day had been
established by law in the Province of Ontario, and
St the Government had appropriated |5°>°oc>

for Arbor Day and ag"^">V"'"^y"'P''°Trr"others
After some remarks by Mr. Fernow and others
as to the importance of endeavoring to secure an
extension of the system of Arbor Day tree plant-
inrMr H L. de Vilmarin, of Paris, France, read
b/in^i^a?on a paper on the " Management of the

^°Mr! viinaTnt one of the partners in the seed
house of Vilmarin & Andrieux of Pans, of world-
l"de reputation, and his description '" bn^f o
the system of forest management in France was
listened to with deep interest.

He insisted on the fact, now generally recog-
nized in Europe, that, in general, forests can be
better and more economically administered by
permanent bodies, such as great corporations, m
ihe governments of States and Provinces, than by

'^"'ThJSerll' direction of the forests of France
is at present under the Department of Agricul-
ture It consists of a Director General, resident
in Paris; of " Conservateurs," each of whom
takes care of one of the great forest d>st"^f ..'"/o
which the whole country is divided, and ot in-
specteurs," who fill the local posts under the Con-

servateurs." .. , ^rc

The "Gardes Gto6raux" are the younger offi-
cers of the organization, and have head-keepers
and ordinary keepers under their authority. 1 tie
duties of officers in the forestry service are as fol-

lows * ' m

ist. To protect the State forests proper from

damage by fire, theft, etc. . . ^ ,^

2d To decide how each section entrusted to

his care may be most profitably planted, whether

. in copse wood or in high stem or standard trees.

-2d To determine the number and size ot the

allotments that are sold at auction. When ready

for cutting, to mark the trees that are to be felled,

and to superintend the cutting of timber at such

times, etc. , , , i • c

Under this head may be included the leasing ot
State forests to sportsmen, which, especially near
the great cities, affords by no means an unimport-
ant part of the revenue derived from the forest.
4th. The work of filling in the gaps in the old

forest, which is effected either by sowing in
patches, or planting in trenches or holes the kind
of trees that it is found advisable to propagate.
Bv these means a change is gradually effected in
the composition of the forest, evergreen trees be-
ing gradually substituted for deciduous, or vice

^^ ?Th To make the timber accessible by roads,
streams, or canals, these duties embracing the
construction of roads, bridges, sledge-ways or
wire cable systems of transportation over deep

chasms or torrents.

6th Another duty devolving upon the forestry
officers is to control the management of timber
lands owned by communities, especially in moun-
tainous districts, to obviate the destruction of
wood lands by reckless cutting, and the damage
to young growth by injudicious grazing. Mr.
Vilmarin spoke of the work .that had been accom-
Dlished in the mountain regions of various parts
of France in protecting the mountain slopes by a
series of osier fences and walls, by means of which
the soil in the hill sides is retained, the violence
of the torrents broken, and little by little the accu-
mulations of soil on the slopes and upper valleys
^re planted with trees, which when they have
attained a certain growth, help to prevent the
washing of the soil away from the slopes and thus
prepare the way for further plantations. He also
spoke of the work begun by Bremontier, m 1825.
of reclaiming the waste land on the coast of
Brittany by sowing the sand dunes with the seeds
of the Cluster Pine {Pinus pinaster) after the sur-
face of the sand hills had been protected with
branches of the common broom {^Sarothamnus
scoparius). Thus, thousands upon thousands of
acres have been covered with the Cluster Pine,
which, in addition to valuable timber, furnishes
large quantities of tar and turpentine He also
alluded to the extensive work of reforestation
that is now being carried on in Algiers.

"Whether it be a question only of preserving
the forest resources of the country, or of creating
new forests, it appears to me indispensable to give
to your forestry service a perfect scientific organi-
zation. Why cannot America who, within he
last ten years has given us such marvelous resu ts
in the development of scientific agriculture estab-
lish also a scientific administration of her lorests.
When a country can show such a collection 01
indigenous varieties of wood as figures in the
» Museum of Natural History in New York, it is
assuredly not in order to show this collection a
few years later as one of specimens of extinct

'^ Mn' Auguste Dupuis, of St. Roch des Aulnaies
read a paper on a - Nursery of Fruit and Forest
Trees in the Far North of Quebec. Mr.
Dupuis has for a number of years been conduct-

ing, at his own expense, a series of experiments
in planting every species of tree — American as well
as European — the culture of which appeared to
offer the slightest hope of success in the severe
climate of the extreme north of the Province
of Quebec. All the results he had obtained had
been carefully noted. Mr. Dupuis brought with
him a number of samples of trees that he had
planted.

Messrs. Fernow, Talbot, Lazenby and Bryce
spoke of the work updn which Mr. Dupuis had
been engaged in terms of the warmest approbation.

Mr. H. G. Joly followed with a paper on ** Tree
Planting on the Prairies."

Meeting adjourned till Thursday morning at lo
o'clock.

Thursday, September 4TH.

At the beginning of the morning session His
Excellency the Governor General, Lord Stanley,
welcomed the American Forestry Association to
Canada, and expressed his deep interest in the
work of the Association.

Professor Lazenby, of the Ohio Agricultural
Experiment Station, requested the members to
excuse the absence of the paper he had prom-
ised on '^Timber Planting in Ohio," which
had unfortunately been stolen from him on his
journey.

He, however, gave a brief resume, from memory,
of the main points in this paper, and stated which
varieties of trees had been proved, by actual ex-
periment at the Experiment Station in Ohio, to be
most useful for plantations. Of these, the ash
stood at the head of the list. He said that wagon
builders in Columbus were complaining of the
dearth of proper hard wood for wagons, particu-
larly of hickory, and advised the planting of
this and other trees, the demand for which was
steadily increasing, while the supply steadily
diminished.

Mr. J. X. Perreault, of Montreal, then read an
abstract, in English, of a paper he had prepared
on the ** Adoption of a Regular System for the
Cutting of Timber on Our Public Lands." ** La
Mise en Coupe reglee de nos fordts." Mr. Per-
reault, in this paper, quotes many reports to show
that the supply of timber in Canada is rapidly de-
creasing in consequence of wasteful systems of
lumbering, and proposes, as a remedy, the adop-
tion of the French system of Forest Administra-
tion, and the cutting of sections, only, of the forest
at intervals of twenty years. One twentieth of
the forest is, by this system, cut each year — only
the ripe trees being taken out each time. Each
year the Government would decide as to how
much timber would be needed, in order to avoid
the overstocking of the market, which has been
one cause of the lowering in value of the forest

products. The hewing of logs in the forest
should not be permitted, as the chips and shav-
ings thereby produced encourage the spread of
fires. The Government should exercise an intel-
ligent supervision over the yearly clearings of the
forest, and the forest-rangers should be instructed
to mark the trees that are to be felled and those
that are to be spared. Each year a number of
young men should be sent to the Forest School,
of Nancy, in France, who should be charged with
the administration of the woods and forests, after
having passed through a complete course in for-
estry. It might be objected that all these changes
would add greatly to the expense of the Govern-
ment. On the contrary he thought that no very
great increase in the number of officials at present
employed would be needed. A reorganization of
the forest-land administration would, of course,
be necessary. The total revenue yielded by the
forests to the Government of Quebec amounts
now to about one million dollars yearly, and he
predicted that with a proper system of adminis-
tration the annual revenues from the forests
would very nearly pay all the expenses of the
Government.

An address was delivered by the Hon. G.
Duhamel, Commissioner of Crown Lands for the
Province of Quebec, on '* Forestry."

A paper on **Tree Planting in Normandy and
other Sections of the North of France," by Mr.
C. L. Allen, of Floral Part, Long Island, was
read by title.

Afternoon Session, 2 p. m.

At the opening of the afternoon session Sir
Ambrose Shea, Governor of the Bahama Islands,
visited the Congress. The President, Mr. Joly,
having spoken of the pleasure it gave him to wel-
come so distinguished a guest to the Councils of
the Association, Sir Ambrose thanked his friend,
Mr. Joly, for the kind allusion to him, and speak-
ing of recent events, expressed the hope that re-
ciprocity between the United States and Canada
would soon be established. Later in the after-
noon the Congress received a visit from the
Prime Minister of the Province of Quebec, the
Hon/ Mr. Mercier, who was accompanied by
Mr. Daniel Dougherty of New York. Mr. Mer-
cier and Mr. Dougherty both addressed the meet-
ing. Mr. Dougherty spoke in favor of abolishing
all trade barriers between the United States and
Canada.

Mr. Fernow read a very instructive paper upon
the ** Mismanagement of Forests — The Enemy
of Orchards." He said that it was not merely
the complete denudation of the mountains that
had proved injurious to agriculture. This is a
matter of common observation, and the baneful
results of it have been witnessed in Northern

M^

W

■t

< i

' i

11

i!

i,f

lli

S'3

i'

h'\

42

FOREST LEAVES.

France, where the great gaps that have been
made in the forests that formerly existed there,
and the consequent exposure of the soil to the
icv winds of the north, has completely put a
stop to the cultivation of the- olive. But orchards
and gardens have other enemies as terrible as
the cold winds. The dead limbs left by forest
fires or by the careless wood choppers in the
forest, engender in their bark myriads of insects
injurious to vegetation. To avoid this danger
the dead wood should be taken out of the
forest, and the bark should be removed from the
dead trunks. Many insect enemies of the apple
and pear tree and of the grape vine were shown,
by Mr. Fernow, to pass the larval stage of their
existence in the dead wood and bark of forest trees.
An address was then delivered by Mr. J. B.
Harrison, of New Hampshire.

The Hon. J. K. Ward then read a paper on the
** Duties of the Government and of Lumbermen
in the Management of the Public Forest."

A discussion then ensued on Mr. Ward's scheme
of fires and insurance.

Mr. Wm. Little read a paper entitled : 1 he
Protest of the Pine," and a paper by Mr. W. R.
Phipps on *^ Forestry outside of Forests. Mr.
John Craii? read a paper on ^^ Forestry at the
Dominion Experimental Farm at Ottawa. On
the north and west sides of this farm a belt of
trees about 150 feet wide is planted. There are
about 8000 trees in this belt, made up, in the
main, of between 40 and 50 varieties of deciduous
and evergreen trees. Though it is not more than
three years since many of these trees have been
planted, and consequently the time is too brief
to come to any definite conclusions as to the
adaptability to soil and climate of the majority
of them, Mr. Craig had made observations with
regard to a few of them: he thought that none
of the species of catalpa ordinarily planted were
calculated to make useful timber in the soil and
climate of Ottawa ; that the ash was perhaps the
most useful deciduous timber tree that could be
planted. He had found that the Russian mul-
berry, honey locust and American sycamore
suffered slightly from the cold of winter, but
that the black walnut promised well, and trees
raised from seed in the plantation, when only three
years old, had attained the height of 6 to 7 feet.
The negundo maple (box elder), Russian mul-
berry and yellow locust were all about equally
rapid growers, mor« so than any others in the

Another belt, like the one just mentioned, had
also been planted, but mixed up with this were a
number of hardy shrubs, in order to imitate, as far
as possible, forest conditions.

One of the first things that had been done in
connection with arboriculture at the Ottawa Ex-

periment Station, was the collection of great
numbers of the seeds of the Rocky Mountain and
European conifers, and last spring there had been
transplanted from seed beds about 175,000 seed-
lings of different varieties of spruce and pine, and
these will be distributed, when they attain the
proper size, to branch farms and to experimenters
who may be depended on to give careful returns.
To encourage tree planting in the west and north-
west the Minister of Agriculture caused to be dis-
tributed to applicants, last spring, 100,000 forest
tree seedlings, with instructions for planting and

after care. t. n ^ r^

In addition to this the Canadian Pacific R. K.
gardens (twenty-five in number) situated along
the main line, west of Winnipeg, have been sup-
plied during the last two years with collections of
trees from the Ottawa farm.

The Indian and Mounted Police Stations in the
far north and west, have also been the recipients
during the last two years of liberal collections of
the hardier trees and shrubs. ' '^

The paper of Mr. William Saunders, Director
of the Dominion Experimental Farms, on '^ For-
estry on the Western Plains of Canada," gave a
comprehensive sketch of the work done so far by
the Dominion Government in reforesting or assist-
ing in the reforesting of some barren tracts of
prairie lands in the northwest territories. In
1887, 20,000 trees were planted on the farm at
Indian Head. In the summer of 1888, 20,000
trees were sent to the Brandon farm in Manitoba,
and 10,000 or 12,000 more during the present
year. From the experiments thus far made Mr.
Saunders concludes that the box elder {Negundo
aceroides) promises to be the most valuable of
all forest trees for the western plains, adapting
itself to all conditions of climate and situation,
and making thrifty growth under trying circum-
stances ; but to get the best results the seedlings
should be grown from seed collected from trees
growing on the river banks in Manitoba or the
territories. If grown from eastern seed, the young
trees are often partly winter killed.

Among the trees which promise to rank next
in value are the American elm and white ash,
when grown from Manitoba seed ; the native pop-
lars and some of the willows also make fine growth
and aid materially in the formation of shelter
belts ; some of the Russian poplars have also suc-
ceeded very well, and the American and Euro-
pean mountain ash, the yellow birch, the Euro-
pean white birch, and the variety of white birch
known as the Cut-Leaf have also proved hardy
so far as they have been tried ; of the maples the
only ones that have succeeded thus far are the
silver-leaved {Acer dasycarpum), and the Nor-
way {^Acer platanoides), and they are only partially
successful.

FOREST LEAVES.

48

Among the most valuable shrubs, useful for or-
namental purposes and as undergrowth, are the
several native willows, the wolf willow {Eleagnus
argenier), the native wild cherry and hazel, to
which may be added the Siberian pea {Caragana
arbor escens)y Russian olive, Eleagnus and the sev-
eral varieties of lilac.

The wild rose also serves a similar purpose, and
the Rosa rugosa, from Japan.

By the free use of the trees and shrubs named
effectual shelter-beds and forest-clumps can in a
few years be produced."

At the evening session Mr. Joly presented speci-
mens taken from badly pruned trees, and spoke of
the importance of pruning branches away close to
the stem and making clean vertical cuts. He also
presented some copies of Professor Sargent's edi-
tion of Count des Cars' work on ** Tree Prun-
ing," and distributed them to the members of the
Association. (These were the gift of the Massa-
chusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture.)

The President then read a note from the Gov-
ernor of Texas inviting the American Forestry
Association to hold their next congress in the
State of Texas. Referred to the Executive Com-
mittee. The report of the special Committee which
had been appointed ** To consider the report of
the Executive Committee, and the best means of se-
curing some practical result from the work of the
Association," was then read by the Chairman of
the Special Committee, Mr. J. X. Perreault.

The following is the Report : —

His Honor the Lieutenant Governor of the
Province of Quebec having suggested that this
Association should propose such measures as they
think advisable in order to secure the preservation
and permanence of the forestry domains of the
Province, the American Forestry Association rec-
ommends : That the working of the timber limits
should be so regulated that while the largest
amount of timber may be cut which the virgin
forest affords, this be not done without proper
provision for a recuperation of the timber crop,
or protection against fire, cattle, and other agen-
cies injurious to the continuance of forest growth.

The Association recognizes the fact that it is
not in its power to devise the methods by which
such recuperative reproduction may be attained,
applicable to all the different conditions, political,
administrative and forestal, which may prevail in
the Province, but it would respectfully state some
facts and principles which must be understood in
order to inaugurate a forest policy superior to that
now in existence.

It would appear that without a special inves-
tigation of existing conditions, with a view of
applying forestry principles in their management,
such changes, with the present system, could not
be attained.

It IS contrary to the public interest of any
country, that lands which are covered with forest
and have little or no agricultural value, should be
opened for settlement or alienated by the State,
but that such lands should be kept in forest and
carefully preserved from destruction by the rav-
age of fire, or by settlement. The methods by
which the management and reservation may be
effected are various and must be adapted to local
conditions; but, whatever methods are employed,
it is necessary to have an efficient and well-trained
corps of officers conversant with the principles of
forestry.

The recuperation of a national forest is not
effected by a simple utilization of the ripe timber
and superior kinds of trees, and by leaving the
remaining growth to itself. But it can be eco-
nomically and satisfactorily attained only by a
wisely directed cutting which keeps in view the
re-seeding of the original growth or of more valu-
able kinds.

The protection of forests against fire and cattle
is naturally of the first importance, and cannot be
effected by legislation alone without devising the
proper machinery to carry out the law. In regard
to fire legislation, preventive measures are of more
use than curative. Hence, all such utilization of
timber under which inflammable material is accu-
mulated, remaining in the forest, such as the hew-
ing of logs in the forest, should be discouraged.

It must be recognized that the present methods
of lumbering take no consideration of the future
of the resource upon which the lumber business is
based, and any regulations that are adopted should
promote such a change of methods as will secure
continued forest growth upon the forest reserves.
These regulations along with legislation for the
protection of the forest against fire and theft, will
comprise perhaps all the forest administration that
is at present practicable.*

It will be advisable to encourage young men to
study forestry at one of the forestry schools of
Europe, so that gradually a corps of forestry offi-
cers may grow up, capable of applying the more
refined principles of forest management, when
the time for such has arrived.

I. Resolution regarding the State Board of For-
estry of California.

Whereas, The State of California has had, for
some years past, a State Board of Forestry, charged
with the forestry interests of that State in general,
and with the protection of tlie timber lands of
said State against fire and depredation, especially
disseminating, at the same time, useful informa-
tion in their reports, and

Whereas, It has been suggested that political

\^

1 S.

W-

^1!

j

' \\

\ '

• The phraseology of this sentence has been somewhat changed in
transcribing — the wording of the original draught being very defective.
The sense of the original is, however, I think, retained.— Secretary.

3J<s

^1^

44

FOREST LEAVES.

considerations may lead to a discontinuance of
said board, or to such a reduction of the appro-
priations provided for such board, as must neces-
sarily hamper its work and curtail its usefulness—
Resolved, That the Council and members of
the American Forestry Association, in meeting as-
sembled at Quebec, view with alarm the possible
occurrence of such a contingency, rooting out,
as it were, the first germ of a rational forest
policy, which the State of California had wisely
planted, and cannot without detriment to its agri-
cultural interests afford to discontinue.

While, then, there is no personal connection
between the members of the Forestry Board and
the members of this Association, which is con-
cerned in this matter only from its general inter-
est in proper forest preservation, and while this
Association does not desire to pass judgment in
regard to the efficiency or inefficiency of the
work of said Board, we earnestly hope and pray
that any discontinuance or limitation in the func-
tions of such Board, if contemplated, will find
the vigorous opposition of every fair-minded leg-
islator, and that efforts for an extension ana in-
crease of efficiency in this first and foremost
American forest administration will alone meet

with success. . -

Resolved, That a copy of these expressions of
interest in the forest policy of the State oi^^ Cali-
fornia, be forwarded to the Governor and Legis-
lature of the State of California.

IL Resolution regarding the Big Trees of
Tulare County, California. ^

The American Forestry Association, being ad-
vised that the last grove of big trees in Tulare
county is in danger, under the regular working of
the land laws, of being turned over to private par-
ties, respectfully submit to the Honorable Secre-
tary of the Interior, that the value of these
Sequoias, for their grandeur and their beauty, is
much greater than it can be for lumber, and that
their preservation as a monument of natural history
is of national concern.

The American Forestry Association would there-
fore urge the Honorable Secretary to use such
power as is at his command to withhold from
entry such grove or groves as are still in the posses-
sion of the general government, until proper legis-
lation for the permanent reservation of the same
can be enacted by Congress.

in. Model Farms,

That in the attempts made to encourage agri-
culture by offering prizes for model farms, the
importance of the woodlands necessary on every
farm (deserving to be considered a model farm) for
the supply of fuel and lumber, as well as for shelter
and ornament, ought not to be overlooked, and
that the state of the woodland should receive, in

these competitions, all the attention that it deserves,

and be it further r t. a

Resolved, That the thanks of the American
Forestry Association are hereby presented to His
Honor the Lieutenant Governor and other officials
of the Province of Quebec, and also to the city
authorities, for the courtesies extended to its mem-
bers, and for their promotion of the objects of the

association, and r .i_ a

Resolved, That the thanks of the American
Forestry Association be presented to the Reception
Committee and to the citizens of Quebec, for the
hospitalities so courteously granted.

The report of the committee and the resolutions
therein contained, were unanimously adopted.

The Hon. J. K. Ward then read a paper en-
titled '' Reminiscences of the Lumber Trade of
Canada.*' He said that about fifty-two million
acres of timber land were held by the Dominion
Government under the license system, and esti-
mated that the supply of lumber would last thirty-
seven years at the present rate of cut.

Dr. Peter H. Bryce then presented a paper on
'* Forests in their Relation to Health."

It was moved and seconded that a vote of
thanks be given to Dr. Bryce for his- interesting

paper. Carried.

Mr. George Moore read a paper on '^bhade
and Ornamental Trees in Cities.'*

He recommended that nursery grown seedlings
should be used for street tree planting, and that a
municipal officer should be appointed whose duty
it should be to superintend the planting of trees
in streets and also street tree pruning.

Papers by Mr. H. B. Ayres, of Minnesota,
entitled ''The Minnesota Woodman;" by Mr
J. C. Chapais, on ''Forest Preservation and
Restoration;" by Mr. J. Curtis, on -Forests
and Moisture," were read by title.

Mr. J. D. W. French, of Massachusetts, moved
that the Report of the Executive Committee* be
adopted. Some discussion then occurred as to the
best means of publishing the papers that had been
presented at the meeting, and it was finally nnoved
to refer the question, as to the best method of pub-
lishing them, to the Executive Committee, with
full power. Carried. .

A letter from Mr. W. A. Stiles, Editor oi Gar-
den and Forest, asking the Forestry Association
to interfere for the protection of the big trees in
Tulare County, California, was read. (See recom-
mendation embodied in Special Committees

Report.) ^ . , c

A letter from Colonel Thomas T. Wright, ot
Nashville, to the President, suggesting the desira-
bility of enlisting the support of the women ot
the country in the cause of Forestry, and forming

FOREST LEAVES.

46

an Association of Daughters of Forestry, and
also of holding a meeting in Chicago during the
season when the World's Fair was in progress, was
read, but no action was taken thereon.

It was moved that a vote of thanks be tendered
to the Hon. H. G. Joly for his unselfish devotion
to the interests of the Association during all its
sessions in Quebec, and for his unwearied kind-
ness and courtesy.

Professor W. R. Lazenby, Mr. Fernow, and
General James Grant Wilson all warmly seconded
the motion. Carried.

The meeting then adjourned to meet again at
the call of the Executive Committee.

Henry M. Fisher, Acting Secretary,

♦ Report of the Executive Committee will appear in the next number.

Numerous courtesies were extended to the mem-
bers of the American Forestry Association during
their stay in Quebec. On Tuesday afternoon,
September 2d, Mr. J. M. Le Moine took a num-
ber of the delegates to the Laval University, and
showed them the interesting natural history collec-
tions and the picture gallery. On Friday, Sep-
tember 6th, the members of the American Forestry
Association and the members of the Alpine Club
of France were taken on board the steamer
** Druid " (placed at their disposal by the Domin-
ion Government), and proceeded down the St.
Lawrence to the Island of Orleans, paying a visit
to the Church of St. Anne, to which pilgrimages
are made, and were hospitably entertained on
board by the Corporation of the City of Quebec.

Before parting, the members met once more
to plant on the Parliament grounds two hickory
trees from General Andrew Jackson's place, which
had been sent from Tennessee by Col. Thos. T.
Wright, with the request that one of the trees
should be planted in honor of Lord Dufferin, late
Governor-General of Canada. The other tree
was planted in honor of Mrs. B. E. Fernow, in
acknowledgment of her valuable help and en-
couragement, and of the great services rendered
by her husband to the cause of Forestry in
America.

"Who are the Vandals ?

Kate Field's Washhtgtonian publishes the following article
by B. E. Fernow : —

(( t^OT as long as I have a voice in the matter
1 Ks will I allow a tree to be cut in this park !"
exclaimed a profoundly learned gentle-
man who presides over a certain institution in
Washington, and whose office window opens upon
one of our best-conceived pleasure-grounds, now
actually languishing for lack of proper attention.
Shade of the immortal Downing ! You, who
were the first apostle of landscape-gardening in
our country, then just beginning to realize the

aesthetic claims of the higher civilization — you
who were the originator of this identical park —
what horror would you experience could you see
what has become of your beautiful conception !
Love, reverence, misguided admiration — or should
I call it simply ignorance? — has almost choked
your noble work out of existence. Its beauty is
already marred to such an extent that it is a dis-
grace to your memory. Reverence ! Reverence
for what? Not for your memory; not for the
demands of symmetry and proportion ; but for —
trees !

There is no doubt a tree in itself may be a thing
of beauty worthy of our admiration for its grace-
ful lines and wealth of color, deserving of our
reverence if historical associations or special affec-
tions attach to it. Nay, though I have seen
thousands of trees fall under the axe, I have never
done so without a thrill of awe when the mighty
giant, the recorder of ages, was laid low. But
there is a sad irony in the morbid sentiment of
the unthinking for a tree simply because it is a
tree — the conventional reproaches poured forth by
men who at the same time can hear, withou at
shudder, of the millions of such victims that are
ruthlessly and uselessly burned by our annual
forest fires. Is this fear of cutting the single tree
in the park to be accounted for as the reaction of
the national conscience, a wave of popular repent-
ance for the wholesale murder of the many ?

There seems to be really very little intelligence
among our people as to where and when to cut a
tree, and where and when not to cut it.

** You propose to cut a tree in this park?" cries
the indignant enthusiast. ** You are a vandal !**

My friend, it is you who are the vandal. It is
you who lack a civilized conception of fitness and
beauty. It is you who do not see that by allow-
ing this tree to stand you are preventing the
development of its more valuable neighbor. It is
you who, from a purely sentimental motive which
you call reverence, will suffer your pets to choke
and stunt each other till the beauty of a whole
group is marred, in which the doomed member
has outgrown its usefulness.

Your park will no more stay in the condition in
which it is first created than your coat, and your
gaiters, and your clothing in general. There is
always mending to be done ; and it must be done
in time, or else the rent will grow larger and the
worn spots shabbier, till finally they become un-
mendable. Then your once proud garment is no
longer a garment, but a rag. So the finest of
parks go to ruin for lack of timely mending — for
lack of the proper use of the axe, supplemented
by the spade.

This one which has furnished me with a text
was planned and planted some thirty years ago.
Mr. Downing adapted the groups of trees and the

;

;< ' !

i\

\\\

U

< I

I

1/w

2)7

n '

il

46

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

47

shrubbery to make a pleasing picture at the time.
He knew that the individual parts could not
always retain their relation to the whole, and he
never intended that they should. May his ^sthetic
spirit and his conception of the fitness of things
descend upon those of our public officers by whose
hands the beauty of our National Capital may be
eitlier preserved and improved, or marred and
destroyed !

V^LL our trees, and all plants with green foliage
ri produce most of the material which enters
J into the solid framework of their structures

from the carbon-dioxide (CO,) of the air taken in
by the leaves, in combination with water, mainly
taken in by the roots. The green coloring of the
leaves is caused by innumerable small green
bodies called chlorophyll grains, situated m the
little leaf cells. They are so numerous as to give the
leaf the appearance of a uniform green coloring.
In these little green bodies, each made up of a
mass of pure protoplasm colored with a green pig-
ment the carbon-dioxide, in combination with
water, is chemically changed from its inorganic
condition to its organic one, resulting later in
starch, cellulose, dextrine, sugar, etc. This chem-
ical change takes place only in sunlight. The
carbon-dioxide and the water contain more oxy-
gen than is needed in the resulting products, there-
fore in this process of so-called assimilation oxygen
is set free and escapes into the air. This process,
resulting in the organizing of new material for the
growth of the plant takes place only in the sun-
light, and in the green parts of the plant. The
temperature must be right, as in any chemical
change. The process of respiration which takes
place at all times, in light or in darkness, and
consists simply in the consumption of oxygen by
any part of the plant, whether green or not, and
in the consequent giving off of carbon-dioxide and
moisture as the result of this oxidation, I shall
not consider here. It will readily be seen that
the process is somewhat opposed to that of assimi-
lation.

The growth of any plant or tree takes place only
through the use of this newly formed and organ-
ized material. Whenever it is needed there, it is

taken for use.

The tall tree organizes and forms its starch in
its leaves ; the new growth at the tips of its roots
far under the ground may need this starch for the
formation of its new cellulose which constitutes
the cell-walls. The distance between the leaves
where the plant food is prepared for use, and the
remote roots where it may be needed for growth
in a small herbaceous plant, is very little, and the
transfer may be easily made ; but in the Austra-
lian Eucalyptus trees, the tallest in the world, the

distance from the growing roots to the nearest
leaves where the food is prepared may be two-
hundred feet or more. Here the journey of the
formed material or prepared food is not only a
long one but a slow one. It takes place through
laws of osmosis, diffusion of fluids and capillarity.
When the cold weather in the fall comes this
transfer gradually ceases. The passage of food
from one part of the plant to another wholly stops
and the food remains over winter in any of the
living cells where it happens to be, until the warm
sun in the spring gives opportunity for the re-
newal of all the vital and growing processes in the
plant. At this time all the nutrient materials begin
CO move, and journey on their way to the points
where they are needed. Those particles of food
which had almost reached their destination when
growth was arrested in the fall, soon arrive at the
growing points; those which had just left the little
chloropyhll laboratories where they were formed,
have a long journey before them.

This so-called circulation of the sap of the tree
is not a true circulation as in animals. There are
no long open tubes or vessels. The materials all
nass through closed cell-walls and cell-membranes.
^ Wm. p. Wilson.

tN central Germany, Herr Kastner has been
1 making some interesting observations on light-
ning-strokes during the past twenty-six years.
There has been an increase of 129 per cent, in
the frequency of strokes during this period. The
observer distinguishes four thunder-storm paths.
The starting-point, of all is in the hills. The low
meadow grounds about lakes, the flat country, the
woodless districts and the river valleys are specially
hable, while the wooded and hilly parts are gener-
ally exempt.

tN reply to a note addressed to the Hon. J. W.
i Noble, Secretary of the Interior, inclosing a
copy of the resolutions concerning the big
trees of Tulare County, California, the following
has been received: —

Department of the Interior,
Washington, September 22d, 1890.

Mr. Henry M. Fisher,

Acting Secretary of the American Forestry Association.

Dear ^iV;— Yours of the 1 2th instant has been received,
inclosing a resolution regarding the big trees in Tulare County.
You will have observed, ere this, no doubt, that the Act 01
Congress passed, making reservation of the lands on whicti
the grove referred to is growing. I am now preparmg regu-
lations in regard to the manageraennt of the park, and hope
soon to have it under the entire control of this Department.

Yours most respectfully,

John W. Noble, Secretary.

— I have traveled throughout the length and
breadth of Alabama and Mississippi ; estimated
their pines ; I have taken Louisiana by parishes,
and Texas by counties ; Arkansas by facts as given
by her State official records ; I have made all and
proper allowance for Missouri, West Virginia and
Old Virginia, Delaware and Maryland, and to all
of my most convincing and conservative figures
of standing stumpage I have added a large per-
centage of increase to provide for oversights and
inaccuracies, and from this grand and liberal total
I have deducted the production of the mills,
making limited allowance for the destruction and
waste by storm, fire and clearing for the home-
stead, and I realize that within six years, yellow
pine stumpage will command by the thousand feet
the prices prevailing to-day by the acre.

There are ahead some wonderful revelations in
the matter of supply, and so sure as night follows
day they will reveal the fact of an immense short-
age. W. H. HOWCOTT.

— Prof. J. D. Whitney, of Harvard, in his book,
''The United States," 1889, gives it as his con-
viction that the lack of tree-forms on the rich and
well watered prairies of the West is due to the
extreme fineness of the particles of soil. The
roots of all trees must have air. A superficial
growth of grasses and small plants with roots near
the surface is possible, but deep-rooted forms, like
trees, cannot thrive in such fine and closely packed
earth where sufficient aeration is not possible.

(W. P. W.)

— The following is from the Delphi (Ind.)
Journal : —

Lumber dealers state that the sale of walnut
trees that took place in this city was the best sale
of valuable timber that has taken place in this part
of the State in recent years. Sixty-nine trees
standing in the forest sold for $6900 in cash. The
purchase was made by Irwin & Hascall, the well
known hard wood lumber dealers, of Goshen.
Walnut lumber is getting scarce and the price
it commands is almost fabulous.

— G. P. Putnam's Sons have issued '' The Trees
of Northeastern America,'^ by Chas. S. Newhall.
The book contains an introduction by Professor
N. L. Britton, of Columbia College.

It describes the native species of the northern
United States, east of the Mississippi. The most
important introduced species receive mention.
The book is illustrated, and will be an important
help in determining the species.

MEEHANS* NURSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750
kinds at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET the best STOCK AT

lowest figures. The cheapest way

TO BUY ILLUSTRATEQ CATALOGUE OF

Trees, Fruits, Seeds, Ac, sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS MEEHAN& SON,
Germantown, Phila., Pa.

5 t
I 1

1 i

Forest Leaves

THE OFFICIAL ORGAN

OF THE

Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

AND THE

/MERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

^

"^

The attention of the advertising pub-
lic is called to the advantages we offer

as a medium.

^

■^

rates;

1 INSERTION. 6 INSERTIONS.

I inch, $i.oo $4.00

)i page, 4.00 17.00

^ '* 7.00 30.00

I " 12.00 50,00

I YEAR.
1.00
34.00
60.00

100.00

i/^

(

48

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS AMERICAN FIRE

OF

i

TREES

IN THIS PAPER, ARE MADE BY THE NEW

OF

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, ThUadelpMa.

I

'A^lliA^^^R?

»

^""91^^ ED IN HICHEST ,^^eD|J'°

7tCHEsl^^>RU!E5^itCREATi5T^g^DEl.PHIA
SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

$600,000.00

CASH CAPITAL "•• » rii Rno 23

Reserve lor Reinsurance and all other claim ''leg 4,6 98

Surplus over all Liabilities, '

TOTAL ASSETS. JAN. 1,1889, - $2,500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS. Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary.

DIRECTORS.

Thos.H. Montgomery, P-b=r.o„S.Hu.chl„son, }^;^^^^^^-

John T. Lewis,
Israel Morris,

Alexander Biddle,
Charles P. Perot,

Charles S. Whelen.

THE

\i

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

PljslTEI^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

DRY GOODS.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

^'^]^^

STRAWBRIDGE &. CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,

SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

« Estimates Cheerfully Famished on Application.^.t-

Flre-proorVauIts for Storage of Plates.

MechanicaiDetalls receiveourPersona^ Supervision.

— -:fXiPi

Vol. III.

Philadelphia, December, 1890. No. 4-

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as second-class matter in the Post Office of Philadelphia.

CONTENTS.

Editorial 49"5o

The Annual Meeting of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation <. 50*51

Forests not Exclusively for Human Use. Rev. J. P. Lundy, d.d. 5i-53

The Palmetto of the Southern States. Prof. W. P. Wilson 53-54

Forestry. Burnet Landreth 54~58

Alterations in Forest Laws 5^

Report of the Executive Committee 59-62

Forestry on the Western Plains of Canada 62-63

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.
Price for Single Numbers 12 Cents.
The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
«f Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.
John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prop. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnj.it Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life memberships Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to ^. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., or to
Miss Grace Anna Lewis ^ Media, Delaware county, Pa.,Z>r.
J. Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county. Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler ^ Esq.y Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

y^HE present seems to afford an opportunity
KH) which may, if taken advantage of, place the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association in a po-
sition which it should command, and permit it to
exercise the influence for which its friends have
been so anxious. By reference to the proceedings
of the annual meeting our readers will understand
that several important topics were presented for
discussion, and that the meeting was adjourned so
as to take up these topics and consider them fully.
This meeting has been arranged for by the Council,
and will be held in the Hall of the College of
Physicians, 13th and Locust Streets, Philadelphia,
on the first Monday of January, 1891, at 8 p.m.
By that time the new committees will have their
work well under way, and it is hoped that reports
to the Association will be presented during the
meeting, laying out a campaign for the year. Our
readers are reminded that the biennial meeting of
the Pennsylvania Legislature commences early in
January. Any advance that the Forestry move-
ment makes for improvements to the laws for pro-
tecting, preserving or propagating forests must be
undertaken promptly, or the matter will lie for
another two years. This is a subject which should
interest each individual member, and it is hoped
that those who have suggestions to make will pre-
sent them by letter to the Corresponding Secretary,
Mrs. J. P. Lundy, No. 245 South i8th Street,
Philadelphia, or in person at the meeting. The
purpose of the adjourned meeting is for discussion
and action, and no set speeches have been arranged
for.

The special business which will come before the
meeting of the Association may be briefly sum-
marized as follows ; —

Shall the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
make application for State aid, as suggested in
Mr. Landreth's paper upon *' Forestry? "

Shall the Association make a determined effort
for the establishment of a State forestry preserve
or a State forestry station ?

The project of establishing a permanent head-

^^7

w

! I
i i

ti '

n

fi

^^

^X)

50

FOREST LEAVES.

quarters for the Association will also be reported
upon, and the Resolutions recommended by the
Lancaster County Branch will properly come up
for discussion. Those who feel an intense interest
in the forestry movement in Pennsylvania or m
the United States, cannot show it in any more
emphatic manner than by attending and partici-
pating in the meeting of January 5th, and such
interest shown will inspire all friends of the for-
estry movement with an earnest effort and a strong
purpose of doing something to advance it.

We remind our readers that Forest Leaves
is issued as a means toward advancing the interests
of Forestry, and that more money is expended
on its publication than is received for it, the
deficit coming from the treasury of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association. Every new subscriber
a member obtains will therefore permit of more
extended missionary work in this interesting field.

Have you not some friend who will contribute,
or for whom you desire to contribute, one dollar
annually to this cause ?

The regret which our readers have expressed at
the absence of the illustrated articles for which
Forest Leaves has been indebted to Prof. J. T.
Rothrock, will, we are sure, give place to gratifica-
tion that another friend of forestry has generously
prepared a similar article for this issue, and
promises to assist us still further.

Prof. Wilson's admirably illustrated contribu-
tion upon the Palmetto will, we are sure, be most
cordially welcomed by all of the readers of For-
est Leaves.

The Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

y^ HE Pennsylvania Forestry Association met in
V£) the hall of the College of Physicians, Phila-
delphia, Friday evening, November 28th,
1890. President Burnet Landreth in the chair,
and a very satisfactory representation of the Asso-
ciation being present. The following reports
were presented : —

annual report of the council of the PENNSYL-
VANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

During the past year the list of annual mem-
bers of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association has
remained nearly stationary. Thirteen life mem-
bers have, however, been added, and the receipts
from the County Branches show a decided increase
in their membership.

Hon. J. M. Rusk was elected an Honorary
and Mr. H. G. Joly a Foreign member.

Several public meetings were held by the Asso-
ciation, or under its auspices, during the past year.
The first, and by far the most successful of these,
was at Lancaster on March 20th, 1890. Judge
Livingston, of the Lancaster County Court, intro-
duced the President of the meeting, the Hon.
Tames A. Beaver. Gov. Beaver made an admirable
address, and then introduced the principal speaker
of the evening, Professor B. E. Fernow, chief of
the Forestry Bureau at Washington, who made a
very good speech.

The meeting was well attended, the court-room
in which it was held being crowded, and was on
the whole a great success. A county branch
since organized at Lancaster, owes its origin
largely to this meeting. . , *

The annual Spring meeting of the Association
was held on the second Spring Arbor Day, May
2d at Doylestown, Pa. In the afternoon, at
a meeting held in the new school house, Prof.
T T. Rothrock made an address, and some young
trees were afterwards planted. In the evening a
second meeting was held, in the rooms of the
Bucks County Historical Society.

In the course of the winter a member of the
Council from Philadelphia delivered a lecture in
the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion in Germantown.

As the State Legislature was not in session last
winter, nothing was done in the direction of
forestry legislation in Pennsylvania.

A sub-committee of the Public Lands Commit-
tee of the House of Representatives was appointed
to consider forestry legislation last winter. The
Committee on Law of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association issued and distributed a circular urg-
ing members of the Association and other friends of
forestry to write to members of this sub- committee,
and bring all other influences to bear on them, in
favor of the Dunnell Bill, which was prepared by
the American Forestry Association, or any other
bona fide measure for forestry preservation and

management. ^ , __ .

On Dec. 5th, 1889, the Trustees of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania established a chair of Forestal
Science, to be filled as soon as adequate funds
were placed in the hands of the Trustees for that
purpose. A committee of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association was appointed to solicit subscrip-
tions to an endowment fund for this chair, and
President Landreth prepared a curriculum o
studies to be followed by students of forestal
science, a copy of which was sent to the Trustees
of the University of Pennsylvania.

The circulation of Forest Leaves for the past
year has increased from iioo to 1400, copies
being sent to twenty-six counties in Pennsylvania,
twenty-seven of the other States in the Union, one
Territory, the District of Columbia and Canada.

FOREST LEAVES.

51

One new county branch, Lancaster, was organ-
ized last year, and several of the older ones
evinced renewed activity.

The Delaware County Branch held regular
meetings, and the Secretary of the branch, Miss
Graceanna Lewis, delivered a lecture on the care
and preservation of trees before the annual session
of the Delaware County Teachers* Institute.

The Montgomery County Branch was particu-
larly active. A public meeting was held at Bryn
Mawr, at which Prof. Rothrock made an address.
Another meeting was held at Schwenksville, and
twenty members were added to the Association as
a result of these meetings. Prof. Fernow also ad-
dressed the Montgomery County Institute.

Wm. Wharton Smith,

Secretary of Council,

treasurers report.

Dr. Gbn. Fund.

Cash balance on hand, Nov., 1889, , . ;^ 196.02
Subs, to expenses of meeting of

American Forestry Congress, . . . 40.80

Donations, 50.00

Dues 1889-90, Life Members, . . . . 195.00

" " " Annual " ... 375.00

" " " County Branches, . , 113.00

Advertising in Forest Leaves, . . . 40.84

Sale of Forest Leaves, 124.85

s1.3s.51

1889-90, Printing Forest Leaves,

Levytypes, etc ^(5642.58

Postage, Stationery, and Gen. Expenses, 75.19
Expenses American Forestry Congress, 45.88
Expenses Annual Meeting, 16.25

^779-90

Balance, $ZSS'^^

There was also a cash balance on hand,

Nov., 1889, of the special fund, of . ^92.56
And of this amount there was expended

for lectures, 41.28

Leaving a balance of . . 1^51.28

Charles E. Pancoast, Treasurer.

An election being entered into, the persons
named below were chosen as officers : —

President, Rev. J. P. Lundy. Vice Presi-
dents, Prof. J. T. Rothrock, John Birkinbine,
Herbert Welsh, Hon. Jeremiah S. Hess, Thos. J.
Edge. Recording Secretary, W. W. Smith. Cor-
responding Secretary, Mrs. J. P. Lundy. Treas-
urer, Chas. E. Pancoast.

Members of Council from Philadelphia. — Mrs.
J. P. Lundy, John Birkinbine, Herbert Welsh,
J. Rodman Paul, Eli Kirk Price, Henry Budd,
A. B. Weimer, W. W. Smith.

Council at Large. — Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Mrs. G.
Dawson Coleman, Thos. H. Montgomery.

After the election, Mr. Landreth welcomed the
pewly elected President, Dr. Lundy, and, as retir-
ing President, delivered the address, which appears
elsewhere in the Forest Leaves. Dr. Lundy fol-
lowed with an address, which also appears in this

issue. Prof. B. E. Fernow described the plans and
methods adopted by the Adriondack League Club,
who have secured control of 93,000 acres of land
in the Adriondack Mountains, to which practical
forestry methods will be applied. Mr. Herbert
Welsh also participated in the meeting.

Mr. S. M. Sener reported from the Lancaster
County branch, making suggestions for presenta-
tion to the Legislature,which will be found in this
issue of Forest Leaves. The Association passed
a vote of thanks to Messrs. Landreth and Fernow
for their papers, and on motion an adjournment
was ordered to a future time, subject to the call of
the President, to discuss recommendations which
had been presented. The lateness of the hour
prevented action on that evening.

The adjourned meeting of the Association will
be held in the Hall of the College of Physicians,
13th and Locust Streets, on Monday, January 5th,
1891, at 8 P.M.

Forests Not Exclusively for Human Use.

address of rev. J. p. LUNDY, D.D.,

President-elect of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

>::* HE tree of Life and the tree of Knowledge
Vy in the midst of man*s primitive abode must
not be touched ; the fruit of other trees
might be taken for his sustenance. ' So that trees
are meant for the double purpose of soul and
body, that is, for instruction and discipline as
well as for utility. That fine naturalist and ac-
complished scientific traveler, Mr. Alfred R.
Wallace, found good reason to remark that trees
and their fruits, no less than the animal kingdom,
do not seem to be organized with exclusive refer-
ence to the use and convenience of man. Or, as
the late lamented Alphonse Karr puts it : Man
pretends to be the king of all nature. When I
look at things closely, this monarch, so vain of
his power, seems to have a close resemblance to
certain bishops, styled in partibus infidelium ;
that is, among Pagan unbelievers, who, if per-
chance they should ever appear among them,
could not avoid being broiled, hung, quartered,
or impaled. I do not here speak of carnivorous
animals that would devour this monarch raw, but
of those innocent pretenders who share with man
the empire of earthly things, generally leaving him
nothing but their refuse. You, king of nature and
of all the world, you think that the violet was only
made to recreate your eyes by its green leaves
and its purple-colored flowers, but to intoxicate
your brain with its perfume. Permit me to unde-
ceive you. The violet serves as an asylum and as
food to numberless insects ; they are not so large
as you, it is true, but if you pride yourself on this
advantage, you must give way to the ox and the

11'

« 1

■W:illl

M

\\

' \

-3-«

\ *

\y

; \

I I

i 2. a

62

FOREST LEAVES.

I!!

elephant, who are stronger and bigger than you
are HI sometimes appear to prefer trees and
n ants to men, I will not tell you, as my sole
Sson that I owe ever-reviving pleasures to trees
and flowers ; and that men, with few exceptions,
have always been to me obstacles or enemies.
Shat I chiefly love in trees and flowers ,s this :
that they both show themselves to me as they
really are, whether near or remote, in winter or
summer. When I look at a tree I know at once
"e nature. Trees and flowers have their own
particular existence, their own Pf <=«lf J j^]»""J^ '
one of which, often not the least, is to fly to the
midst of them and forget men. A tree outlasts
whole generations of men, and yet I call it mine
Ten more generations will live and die beneath
its shade, and yet I call it mine I can neither
reach nor see that nest which a bird has built on
one of its highest branches. I call this tree mine
and I cannot gather one of its blossoms ; yet I
call it mine. There is scarcely anything that 1
call mine which will not last much longer than I
shall. And when we think that the Sovereign
Creator and Master of men and of ants beholds
them both alike from above, can we convince
ourselves that the one can really have so much
more importance than the other? How many
men there are who would smile at seeing us
watching ants, and who think that God^has his
eyes constantly fixed upon themselves, and passes
his eternity in observing what they think of him ?
Now, Alexander Selkirk was either no lover of
trees or else he must have sojourned on the south
side of the island of Juan Fernandez, where there
were few or no trees, and no fruit trees anywhere on
the island, but plenty of wild goals ; inasmuch as
he gives expression to that pride and conceit so
conTmon to the savage and the civilized man
alike, who, for the most part has been and still is,
the foul and brutal lord of all things earthly :—

I am monarch of all I survey,

My right there is none lo dispute ;

From the centre all round to the sea,
I am lord of the fowl and the brute.

This upstart monarch has come into the world
very lately. It is only some 10,000 years ago,
according to the lowest geological and archaeologi-
cal estimate, and 80,000 years since, according to
the highest calculation, just upon the heels of the
last retreating ice flood. On the granite rocks of
Norway, ground and scratched by the glaciers of
this Ice Age, man has left his traces picked on the
smooth surface of these rocks among the stna,
iust as he has done at the Lake of the Woods, in
British America, where the ice-scraichings and
his own mystic symbols are intermingled. Long
and countless geological ages preceded this, when
no human being had as yet put in an appearance.

when immense jungles and forests of tropical
crowth covered the earth, and gigantic saurians,
reptiles and other monsters alone sported in them.
Coal-beds and oil-wells are the products of these
during that long Carboniferous era, without any
human intervention. . .. • .1.

So too, the petrified forests, existing in the
deserts of Egypt and Arizona would seetn to have
been of little or no use to mankind. The peat
bogs of Denmark reveal a fourfold succession of
forest growth, viz. : i, Aspen or poplar; 2, Fir
or pine ; 3. Oak ; 4, Beech, or the present woods.
The oldest human occupation there traced, up to
this time, is found in the fir or pine stratum, say
about 10,000 years ago. The most ancient his-
torical records of Denmark mention no other trees
than beeches, immense forests of which existed
there 3000 years ago. So, too, in the later Stone
Age '' the inhabitants of the Swiss lake dwellings
had 'learned to fell large trees with their stone axes,
and drive the piles deep into the soft mud, and to
construct on the piles platforms of beams, which
were morticed together with considerable skill,
upon which they built square or circular huts.

In the absence of fire, the prehistoric man
lived in the forest on its spontaneous fruits, such
as nuts, bulbous roots, berries and wild cereals,
seeds of grass or clover, etc. His meat he must
have eaten very rare, and especially gamey. The old
legend of the discovery of fire by Prometheus, some-
where north of the Caucasus, in a snowy, cold
country, is the date of the true rise of civilization
and forest destruction. The two have alwaysand
everywhere gone together. To make cleared land
a matter of personal ownership and greedy mo-
nopoly, the primitive man set fire to the forest and
burned it down, so he always did or does yet in
Scandinavia and the Adirondack Mountains of
New York ; fences in as much as he can ; scratches
up the thin soil, and expects to raise a crop ot
potatoes, grass, or oats. It is this personal seizure
and ownership of land once held in common for-
est growth, that has made human life so hard a
struggle with poverty and privation in all civilizea
states, and has generated so many bloody civU or
foreign wars. Therefore, Prometheus was justly
crucified for stealing Jove's lightning, and teaching
men how to get fire by means of friction and the
pramantha, or fire-drill.

Ivan Petroff"and the present Governor of Alaska,
Lyman E. Knapp, both unite in saying that there
are immense forests in that vast territory consist-
ing mainly of poor knotty, stunted spruce, unht
for building purposes or furniture, inasmuch as tne
larger proportion of the lumber used at Sitka lor
these purposes comes from Washington and Ore-
gon, at an enormous cost for transportation Dy a
steamship company which has no competition.
These immense forests, very little explored as yet,

111

1!

* •!

\\

V

' ■ 1

w

n

W

m

'5

)l

si

O

o

>

>
<

H

MX

O

^3h

I'
I fl

If

I

FOREST LEAVES.

53

exist for the wild animal life there found, the
musk-ox, the elk, the moose, the caribou, the
grizzly and black bear, the great variety of valu-
able fur-bearing animals, etc., and not for any
exclusive use of man. Just as the enormous gla-
ciers there are still grinding down mountain and
forest alike to make moraines for this animal life
and scanty human habitations, so they have been
doing for past untold ages, and will so continue
for ages to come. The conclusion is, that man,
of right, only shares the forest in common with
bird and beast, and that, if he destroys that har-
mony and equilibrium of nature consisting of veg-
etable and animal existence, his own life is im-
periled and ultimately rendered impossible. If
his legacy to his posterity shall be only a desert, it
is he that shall be first buried under its sands.
Philadelphia^ November 28th, i8go.

■*K

The Palmetto of the Southern States.

BY PROF. W. P WILSON.

y^KE subject of the sketch presented in this
v£) issue is a group of Cabbage Palmettos
(Sabal palmetto) on the gulf coast of south-
ern Florida on Lake Butler. Twenty-eight miles
northwest of Tampa, on the Gulf of Mexico, is
situated the town of Tarpon Springs. The natural
surroundings of sea, river, and lake are not
equaled in attractiveness in many places in Florida.
Tarpon Springs, with its trim cottages, schools and
fine groves of fruit, is on the Anclote River, two
miles from the open sea. Inland more than a
mile further are the shores of Lake Butler, extend-
ing nearly six miles parallel with the general
direction of the gulf coast. Much of the lake on
its west shore, toward Tarpon Springs, is bor-
dered by well-wooded bluffs, rising from twenty
to seventy feet above its waters. Yellow pine
{Pinus australis) and live oak (^Quercus semper-
virens) cover the rolling hills and slopes toward
the water. At the water's edge, and extending
back over the few rods of level alluvial soil, we
have a beautiful border of Sabal Palmettos skirting
the entire lake.

The sketch includes a few of these which grow
closest to, or stand in the water, and shows well
the root development and general characteristics
and cut of the tree. On the left are the low leaves
of the dwarf palmetto {Sat)al Andersonii), whose
stem is wholly prostrate, and whose leaves rise
above the ground only two or three feet. Back a
little further from the water, on the slopes at the
foot of the bluffs, are clusters of the saw palmetto
{Sabal serrulata)^ not, however, shown in the
picture.

The Cabbage Palmetto belongs to a large group
^^ of plants which have been brought together on
account of close relationship under the name of
the Palm Family. Altogether they number over
1000 described and named species, growing in
greater or less numbers in all the tropical countries
of the world. This Palm Family is as important
to the inhabitants of the tropics as our Grass
Family, which gives us our grains, is to the dwell-
ers in the temperate regions. The Palms in the
tropics furnish almost all man needs in shelter,
food, and clothing.

The Date Palm {Fhcentx dactylifera^y for iri-
stance, feeds millions of people. Originally it
inhabited Arabia and Africa only. It is now grown
in most parts of the tropical world, either for or-
nament or for its fruit. Sago, a starchy food from
a half do^en different palms, is now found in every
important market of the world. Sugar made from
a number of different palms is a very important
article of export from several different countries.
Wine of an excellent quality is also made from
these same sweet juices.

The Cocoa-nut Palm {Cocos nuciferd) stands
next the Date Palm in its rank of usefulness to the
human family. Besides furnishing food and shelter
^or whole communities of people in the tropics, we
in the northern latitudes make great use of its
fibres for cordage of all kinds, especially for sea
use. This tree bids fair, also, to fill a much more
important place in the list of food-producing
plants than formerly. A recent scientific commis-
sion in England, after the most careful study of
different fats, have discovered that cocoa-nut but-
ter is not only much more easily digested than
other fats, but that it resists the action of bacteria
better than any of them, and will therefore keep
fresh longer than the others. It is for this reason
better suited for cooking purposes than olive oil,
and will in time, no doubt, replace the latter.
But we have not space here to discuss the great
commercial value of palm oil (from Elais guine en-
sis), or the stimulating value of the betel-nut to the
thousands who use it, or the many other products
of the palms which serve either as food, or cloth-
ing, or medicine.

There is no doubt that the very grace and beauty
of our Sabal Palmetto led to its adoption as the
emblem of South Carolina. Further south in
Florida, both on the sea-coast and in the interior,
this beautiful palm often gives a distinctive char-
acter to the landscape. Since the rapid increase
in the orange industry in Florida, many of the
^nest groves of Palmettos have been sacrificed to
the axe, for the purpose of obtaining the rich soil
which they invariably occupy, for the orange grove.
In a few years this palm, which now contributes
more than any other plant toward the tropical
aspect of Florida, will be limited to swampy mar-

'1

^^

- ( I
• ' I

4|i

1 f t H

(I

i

o

H

t/5

o

FOREST LEAVES.

53

exist for the wild animal life there found, the
musk-ox, the elk, the moose, the caribou, the
j^rizzly and black bear, the great variety of valu-
able fur-bearing animals, etc., and not for any
exclusive use of man. Just as the enormous gla-
ciers there are still grinding down mountain and
forest alike to make moraines for this animal life
and scanty human habitations, so they have been
doing for past untold ages, and will so continue
for ages to come. The conclusion is, that man,
of right, only shares the forest in common with
bird and beast, and that, if he destroys that har-
mony and equilibrium of nature consisting of veg-
etable and animal existence, his own life is im-
periled and ultimately rendered impossible. If
his legacy to his posterity shall be only a desert, it
is he that shall be first buried under its sands.
rhihuielphia^ November sSth^ i8go.

The Palmetto of the Southern States.

BY PROF. W. P WILSON.

y^ HE subject of the sketch presented in this
\Q issue is a group of Cabbage Palmettos
{Sabal palmetto) on the gulf coast of south-
ern Florida on Lake Butler. Twenty-eight miles
northwest of Tampa, on the Gulf of Mexico, is
situated the town of Tarpon Springs. The natural
surroundings of sea, river, and lake are not
equaled in attractiveness in many places in Florida.
Tarpon Springs, with its trim cottages, schools and
fine groves of fruit, is on the Anclote River, two
miles from the open sea. Inland more than a
mile further are the shores of Lake Butler, extend-
ing nearly six miles parallel with the general
direction of the gulf coast. Much of the lake on
its west shore, toward Tarpon Springs, is bor-
dered by well-wooded bluffs, rising from twenty
to seventy feet above its waters. Yellow pine
{Finns australis') and live oak {Quercus semper-
virens) cover the rolling hills and slopes toward
the water. At the water's edge, and extending
back over the few rods of level alluvial soil, we
have a beautiful border of Sabal Palmettos skirting
the entire lake.

The sketch includes a few of these which grow
closest to, or stand in the water, and shows well
the root development and general characteristics
and cut of the tree. On the left are the low leaves
of the dwarf palmetto {Sat?al Andersonii^^ whose
stem is wholly prostrate, and whose leaves rise
above the ground only two or three feet. Back a
little further from the water, on the slopes at the
foot of the bluffs, are clusters of the saw palmetto
{Sabal serrulata)y not, however, shown in the
picture.

The Cabbage Palmetto belongs to a large group
of plants which have been brought together on
account of close relationship under the name of
the Palm Family. Altogether they number over
looo described and named species, growing in
greater or less numbers in all the tropical countries
of the world. This Palm Family is as important
to the inhabitants of the tropics as our Grass
Family, which gives us our grains, is to the dwell-
ers in the temperate regions. The Palms in the
tropics furnish almost all man needs in shelter,
food, and clothing.

The Date Palm {Pluvnix dactyli/era), for in-
stance, feeds millions of people. Originally it
inhabited Arabia and Africa only. It is now grown
in most parts of the tropical world, either for or-
nament or for its fruit. Sago, a starchy food from
a half dozen different palms, is now found in every
importantmarketof the world. Sugar made from
a number of different palms is a very important
article of export from several different countries.
Wine of an excellent quality is also made from
these same sweet juices.

The Cocoa-nut Palm {Cocos fiucifera) stands
next the Date Palm in its rank of usefulness to the
human family. Besides furnishing food and shelter
for whole communities of people in the tropics, we
in the northern latitudes make great use of its
fibres for cordage of all kinds, especially for sea
use. This tree bids fair, also, to fill a much more
important place in the list of food-producing
plants than formerly. A recent scientific commis-
sion in England, after the most careful study of
different fats, have discovered that cocoa-nut but-
ter is not only much more easily digested than
other fats, but that it resists the action of bacteria
better than any of them, and will therefore keep
fresh longer than the others. It is for this reason
better suited for cooking purposes than olive oil,
and will in time, no doubt, replace the latter.
But we have not space here to discuss the great
commercial value of palm oil (from EIleis guineen-
sis), or the stimulating value of the betel-nut to the
thousands who use it, or the many other products
of the palms which serve either as food, or cloth-
ing, or medicine.

There is no doubt that the very grace and beauty
of our Sabal Palmetto led to its adoption as the
emblem of South Carolina. Further south in
Florida, both on the sea-coast and in the interior,
this beautiful palm often gives a distinctive char-
acter to the landscape. Since the rapid increase
in the orange industry in Florida, many of the
finest groves of Palmettos have been sacrificed to
the axe, for the purpose of obtaining the rich soil
which they invariably occupy, for the orange grove.
In a few years this palm, which now contributes
more than any other plant toward the tropical
aspect of Florida, will be limited to swampy mar-

w

\

III

I

1

'!

i

i .1'

■

1
j

!
1

1

] i

1 !

' 1

1:i

'1

: 1

1

1 i|

i

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

icvH-

54

FOREST LEAVES.

m

li

gins of streams, and here and there narrow border-
ings on the sea-shore. In studying the marks
blazed upon some of these trees in running the
lines of the old survey of 1839, in relation to the
present height of top and size of stem, we are
eiven, in some cases, quite an accurate means ot
estimating the rate of growth. It is found to be
exceedingly slow in most cases. Fifty years has
often produced very little length of stem.

The durability of the palmetto stem when
placed in water has long been known, and as it
resists the action of the teredo worm, it is the best
known timber for wharves in the South. In dense
groves it often attains a height of from forty to
sixty feet, and sometimes even seventy-five. Ihe
fruit of the Palmetto is a dry drupe, resembling a
small stunted plum, with the skin dried down on
the stone, well stocked, however, with, tannin. Its
fruit is not edible. The terminal bud of a young
growing palmetto makes a very delicious salad. It
may be cooked and dressed with butter, or some
delicately flavored sauce. When eaten raw it is
more crisp and without the acrid taste of the cab-
bage. By many it is eaten with great relish. The
taking of the terminal bud always kills the tree,
and therefore should be strongly discouraged. The
Sabal, the Saw and the Dwarf palmettos,all produce
in their leaves valuable fibres, which have not yet
been very much utilized. Quite a profitable in-
dustry is carried on by the natives where these
palms grow, in gathering the leaves, bleaching
them, and manufacturing them into hats and bas-
kets for the winter visitors.

On the Palmetto at the extreme right in the
sketch, the bases of the dead leaves are still at-
tached to the stem, giving it its roughened appear-
ance. This can be seen in three others, one on
the left and two in the centre. These dead leaf
stalks gradually drop away and leave a clean stem
marked only by the scar of each leaf, as may be seen
in the two larger Palmettos near the middle of the
sketch. A young cypress (^Taxodium distichmn),
with its enlarged base, stands just in the water at the
left. The Palmetto, like all palms, possesses only
small, almost fibrous roots. This is admirably seen
in the foreground. These roots are filled with tan-
nin. Some of the lower ones have been washed
out by the action of the waves, others are late pro-
ductions from the lower margin of the stem itself.
The Cocoa-nut Palm is being planted for its
fruit in many places in the extreme south of Flor-
ida. It can, however, attain its full development
only where the frosts are very light. The Royal
Palm ( Oreodoxa regid), one of the finest palms
in the world, reaching a height of over a hundred
feet, grows in one or two limited areas in the extreme
south of Florida, but cannot reach further north on
account of frosts. This leaves our beautiful Pal-
metto, so far as native plants go, in undisputed

possession of the extreme Southern States as a
decorative plant. It is certainly worthy of its
place It is hoped that a spirit of toleration may
be extended to it, even where its beauty and grace
are not appreciated, and that it may be saved for
the admiration and use of future generations.

Forestry.

Read at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, November nth 1890 by the retirmg President,

Burnet Landreth.

•ZiVHAT IS IT? Few know, or rather appreci-
(t) ate, its full import. Some conceive it
means planting trees alone, and therefore
are inclined to smile at an endeavor to supply
from artificial forests the enormous annual demand
for timber. Others think it alone implies so stay-
ing the woodman's axe as to produce a timber
famine, and therefore they look upon forestry ad-
vocates somewhat after the nature of cranks.

These views are all misconstructions. A detini-
tion of forestry to be in any way complete cannot
be incorporated in a short paragraph, for forestry
is a subject broad as mountain and plain, affecting
the interests of every individual in the Common-

wealth. ^ , . ,

It is an art which, instead of hindering, encour-
ages the judicious use of wood, aiding the axe-man
in his avocation, directing him by intelligent
theory and practice to the greatest economy with
greatest profit. True forest economy consisting m
its most direct definition of cutting the right trees
at the right time, moving them with least cost and
most thoroughly utilizing their products. It is
that art which nurses back to primeval conditions
the natural growth on the stumpage land ot cut-
off forests, which, when efficiently done, renews
in part the original physical conditions of the

° U I7that science which consists of planting open
land of mountain sides, valleys and prairies with
the best trees under considerations of soil forma-
tion, temperature, moisture, prevalent winds, tree-
dom from insect ravages, aJl with a view to ultimate
profit. It is the art of building embankments for
the storage of water for use of mills, and floating ot
logs to places of manufacture or sale, and ot
building barriers against avalanches of snow and
land slides; against mountain streams which,
in their unchecked, furious course, gully tne
hillside and change the plains into worthless

moraines. „„,»

To these definitions may be added many more,
for the subject is a big one, big in Us scope and
big in its importance, so large that it has not yet
been grasped by the average American legislator,
though in England and the Western European
nations it has had for years the full support of the
governments.

FOREST LEAVES.

55

4li

' *

In the administrations of the internal affairs of
our various States, our representatives appear to
be afraid to advocate precautionary measures, fear-
ful of offending some persons or some party who
might use the proposition or the measure as a boom-
erang, and so is permitted to go on a wasteful de-
struction of our most valuable natural product, a
product originally more valuable than all our mines
together.

In the science and practice of forestry there is a
good deal of agriculture ; for example, the grow-
ing of artificial forests or the care of established
ones with that necessary knowledge of varieties,
botany, vegetable physiology, vital processes, na-
ture of soils, methods of working, preserving and
improving them. There is also a good deal of
commercial training required in forest administra-
tion and lumbering with all it comprises as a
branch of business, in which the aim is to realize
the greatest return with the least expenditure.

Sylvaculture, in its object, is much the same as
agriculture — as observed, it is a part of it, the for-
ester depending for his profits upon the vegetable
productions of the soil, which even if he does not
plant as the farmer plants his crop, he yet depends
upon the same physical effects as does the grower
of cereals or the orchidist. All this requires prac-
tical experience. The natural qualities of wood
are propositions calling for the most careful study,
worthy of the 'same attention as given to the
metals, so much do we depend upon timber for
the economic maintenance of our dwellings and
other structures, and for security of life and limb.
The durability and strength of timber much de-
pends on the parts of trees from which taken, and
the age of the trees, the heart in early growth being
the best, while it is the first to decay under age.

This being the case, it is unsafe to place reliance
on a timber simply because it is of the sturdy fami-
lies of oak, chestnut or beech ; and, again, the sea-
son of cutting influences the durability as also the
processes of curing or drying. To the man who
builds a wooden house in a growing town where it
will soon have to make way for a more durable
structure, these things are of little moment ; but
with him who builds a grand cathedral or a muni-
cipal or State building intended to stand for cen-
turies, the quality of timber is of all importance.

The forest school will no more make a forester
than do the theoretical teachings of an agricultural
school make a farmer. Practice in the field in
both cases is necessary. Science needs practice
to prove theories, and practice needs science to
account for results.

Forestry, as practiced in Europe, consists in
such a course of consecutive tree cutting as to
provide for a sustained production of wood from
an established acreage, for the natural or artifical
re-clothing of stumpage or cut-off land and for an

annual advance in wood growth instead of a re-
duction.

A fair example of the system of sectional cutting
may be observed on the hill sides of the Hudson
River near West Point, the wood removed being
used in brick-yards. At this portion of the High-
lands can be seen blocks of twenty to fifty acres
of all successive stages of growth, most satisfactory
local examples of an effort looking towards a sus-
tained supply.

A good example of sectional cutting may be
seen in the Forest of Dean, England, which is a
tract of about 20,000 acres, the finest example of
an English State Forest, the grand areas of which
reservations amount to about 100,000 acres. The
annual expenditures on this 20,000 acres being
about $24,000, the net profits being about ;Jli7,-
000 — less than %\ per acre, it is true, but beyond
the cash return there are economic questions aside
from calculations of pounds, shillings and pence.

The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scot-
land may be credited with having developed prac-
tical forestry in that country, having as early as
1784 been active in both theoretical and practical
labors, the outcome of which has been of inesti-
mable benefit in re-foresting rugged heights and
naked mountain sides, where nothing else would
grow, plantations independent of their cash value
contributing in no small degree to a softening of
the rigors of Scotch winters, protecting valleys and
heaths, regulating the flow of streams and adding
to the beauty of Scotia's unrivaled scenery.

The Duke of Athol over one hundred years ago
planted a tract of 15,000 acres, and his successors
have since planted many times that area.

The Earl of Seafield has planted thirty millions
of trees. The Earl of Strathspe has twenty thou-
sand acres of artificial forest and forty thousand
acres of natural forest. His Royal Highness, the
Prince of Wales, has planted two thousand acres
at Balmoral.- The Earl of Mansfield, at Scone, is
one of the most practical planters. His wood-
lands comprise over eight thousand acres in blocks
of one hundred to four hundred acres, many of
them Scotch Firs, seventy to one hundred years
old.

In January, 1874, the stumpage right on one
block of four hundred acres, Scotch Firs 80 years
old, was sold for ^121 per acre, or $650 per acre
for the wood alone. Lord Mansfield, an admirer
of the American tree, Abies Douglassiy has planted
large breadths of it, and expects it to be most
profitable. The total value of the stumpage on
this estate of eight thousand acres is estimated at
^^250, 000, or $150 per acre for the wood, a low
calculation, since 400 acres brought J600 per acre.

Nowhere has forest planting been pursued so
generally by the people as in Scotland. On the
Continent the Governments have led the way,

1 1

rJ:

3>:x^

56

FOREST LEAVES.

|i'

Ik

but in Scotland, the people. They are a Nation of
Planters. It is the people who have organized
and supported the foremost Forest Association of
the world-the Scottish Arboricultural Society--in
which society, nearly twenty years ago, I had the
honor of election to membership.

But it is the forest affairs of this country which
most interest us, and considering the already di-
minished areas of natural timber and the period
required to reclothe the lands cut over, the annual
consumption of timber is appalling. Let me give
a few examples: In the matter of firewood for
brick yards, the amount used is three million
cords ; the amount used in making lasts for boots
and shoes and handles for small tools takes one
million cords. The manufacture of shoe pegs
takes one hundred thousand cords ; matches take
four million cubic feet.

Of poplar lumber ten million feet are usea
annually in making pumps for wells. One hundred
million cubic feet are used annually in the manu-
facture of railroad cars.

Assuming that there is nearly 200,000 miles ot
railway in the United States, and estimating 2600
ties to the mile, we have 500 millions of ties in the
road beds at one time, and as they last but seven
years, the annual number required in repairs is
over 70 millions. Estimating that 200 ties may
be cut to the acre, the annual demand necessitates
the cutting over of '400 thousand acres, and most
of these ties are sold far below their value, farmers
cutting them at odd times, and hauling them
when they have nothing else to do; making
less than laborers' wages while destroying the
noblest trees of the forest, fast developing to

saw-log size. .

Did you ever see a tie cut ? Here is a noble
young white oak, straight and in its fullest vigor of
growth, not large enough by ten to twenty years
growth to be classed as a saw log, but it will make
a tie, perhaps two of them. Down it comes, the
one or two ties — generally one— are cut out of the
lower end of the fallen trunk, and the rest of the
tree, four-fifths of its weight in wood, is left to
decay upon the ground — worse than that, to be in
the way of young growth. _

How different the course pursued in Europe,
where a shortened supply of timber has taught
economy. There, when a tree is cut, the entire
upper portion is taken for fuel or the arts,— every
limb, every twig, be it no thicker than a man s
finger. I cannot get reconciled to forest waste. In
Virginia, where I have some forest interests, it pro-
vokes me to see the wastage of strong tops of pine
and oak, but the axe-men say it won't pay, and
upon trial I find it won't.

Now consider for a moment the subject of tele-
graph poles. Our 200,000 miles of railway require
10 million telegraph poles, one million of which

must be renewed every year ; frequently the life
of a pole is not over seven years.

One Wood Pulp Company used 400 thousand
cords of wood, and there is said to be 175 com-
panies. . ^ - . .-

The annual consumption of wood in railway
building is computed at 500 million cubic feet.
The tanners of the country require 3 million cords
of bark annually. Estimating the product of bark
at ten cords to the acre, there is thus required
hemlock and oak bark the growth of 300 thousand

acres.

Certainly it cannot be doubted that the reduc-
tion of timber far exceeds the annual increase.
Such being admitted, why hesitate to take steps to
provide for a clearly approaching necessity?

When an American forest is cut off, there fre-
quently follows a new natural growth of varieties,
sometimes the same as the one removed, some-
times distinct, as chestnuts and oaks after pines.
How is this to be accounted for?— the pme having
stood for say 60 or 80 years. Not to spontaneous
development, not to a germinating principle,
though some advocate such a theory, but to a con-
stant presence of living oaks or chestnuts through-
out the entire period of the growth and develop-
ment of the pines. Oaks and chestnuts starting
from the nuts, starting and stopping, again start-
ing and stopping, never progressing beyond a few
inches or a few feet, forming, as time passes, con-
torted roots, knuckle shaped, never progressing,
simply containing the spark of life, just ready to
develop trees under circumstances more favorable.
With pines as a crop following hard woods of
oak and chestnut the case is different, as pines do
not produce knuckles. Pines are classed as en-
croaching trees, that is to say, they sow the lands
adjacent and afar by reason of the lightness of
their seeds, blown often to incredible distances.
This in part accounts for pine growth on hard
wood stumpage ; again, pines produce seeds earlier
I in life than hard wood trees, and their seed has
greater vitaUty. Of many varieties of pine the
cones hold the seed for years, and if by accident a
few trees here and there in a hard wood forest
reach the cone-bearing stage they self-sow their
seed, some of which will in turn develop and pro-
duce seed, and thus the species be perpetuated and
the earth be sown with seeds ready to sprout when
the stronger growth hard wood is removed.

A group of forest trees to be of value need
not necessarily be matured ; sixty years of growth
will produce saw logs of almost any variety of tree,
twenty-five to thirty years will produce good cord
wood, fifteen to twenty years will produce such
effective trees as to materially enhance the value
of the land upon which they stand. If we were to
await full maturity we might have to wait two or
three centuries, as most American forest trees re-

^1^

FOREST LEAVES.

67

quire quite one hundred and fifty years to reach
full development ; many over two hundred years.
The Giant Sequoias, of California, are over two
thousand years old. In England there are many
historic oaks which are believed to be one thousand
years old.

Farmers often toil for years on an over-acreage,
and at last leave their families in straightened cir-
cumstances, whereas if they had grown agricultural
products on one-half or two-thirds of their acres the
more intense cultivation would probably have pro-
duced an equal profit, and a grove of fully de-
veloped trees on the other portion have stood a
handsome legacy to their children. At my home
in Bucks County there are trees of Southern
Cypress, Scotch Larch, White Pine over two feet
in diameter, and I well remember the plantings
of some of them, not more than forty years
ago.

The treeless prairies of the West are supposed to
have been made so through the annual practice of
the Indians burning in the winter the dried natural
grass, that an unobstructed and increased growth
of succulent herbage may appear in spring time.
This practice pursued for years killed every tree
seed, reducing the plains to one vast sea of pas-
turage. That the prairies have the natural soil
qualifications to produce trees is well known to
every railway traveller; each prairie homestead
now having around it fine specimens ; but there
would be more and better developed trees had not
the wind such an unobstructed course over the
face of the country. These fierce winds in time
will be subdued and the prairies become one of
the most fertile soft wood producing sections of
the country.

Trees can be advantageously planted by every
one, young and old, the young men or women for
themselves, the aged for posterity, and what better
work can the aged do than that ? A man is never
too old to plant a tree or a forest, but whether done
by young or old, they to profit the fullest must
commence at once, as time is the factor of im-
portance. He who intends to build a house can
probably do it as well next year as this, perhaps
more artistically. Not so with trees ; a year lost
is that much growth lost forever. No part of the
world has more varied and more valuable growth
of noble trees than the United States, and our
soil and climate are so diversified that we can add
many valuable varieties from foreign parts.

In Germany only such soils are kept under forest
as are unprofitable for general agriculture, conse-
quently any revenue, even if small, is a pure gain ;
for example: In 1856 a state forest of 250,000
acres in the Duchy of Brunswick, cost in its admin-
istration gi.oo per acre, making a return of net
profit of $1.00 per acre. In 1866 the administra-
tion cost J 2.00 per acre and there was a net profit

of $2.00 per acre ; not much, but half a million
dollars over all costs.

Many of our States possess thousands of acres
of State land, a constant source of expense instead
of revenue, due to the want of a practical under-
standing and treatment of the subject.

Now what is to be done in the interest of for-
estry, for if it be so important it should command
our immediate attention and labor. As individuals
we cannot do much, but as a Society a great deal,
by calling attention to the subject through printed
reports of our meetings, by well written articles
in our Society Journal, and by our joint example.

Unfortunately, the work of preservation of nat-
ural forests never is effectively pursued till the
shortage in timber becomes seriously noticeable.
Consequently every society or government de-
partment established for the preservation of for-
ests enters the field as a conservator of a domain
already much reduced. It is not right then to
ask the question. Does it pay? It cannot pay at
first. It might if done earlier. No revenues
should be expected for many years. It will be
enough to increase the acreage in trees and protect
them and let it lay. Being thus a work of years,
it is a subject for the State to handle, and for
wealthy landed proprietors, not tenants.

Our Society is now old enough, sufficiently well
established and known, to encourage me in the
belief that an application to the Legislature for
State aid would be granted ; there is a good pre-
cedent. One thousand dollars annually are
granted by the State to several societies kindred
to agriculture, and the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association has by twofold a larger and more
influential membership than any of those receiv-
ing the State aid to which I refer.

Another proposition that I would make would
be to reintroduce the bill for the purchase of the
William Penn farm as a Forest Station, which,
planted in trees, would sixty years hence be a
grand monument both to the illustrious founder of
the province, the Legislature and to this Society.

I would also suggest that this Society advocate
the creation of a State Forest. In this we have
the precedent of the State of New York. In
1830, Governor De Witt Clinton, in a message to
the Legislature of New York, declared the time
had come for the State Government to protect
the natural forests of the State, and that a primary
object should be to encourage the reproduction
of timber. This note of alarm then first sounded
was not heeded till 1885, when the New York
Forest Commission was appointed, with power to
administer the affairs of the State lands of the
Adirondack and Catskill mountains, none of
which can now be sold, and to which must be
added all lands hereafter reverting to the State, the
whole as a forest preserve, the intention being not

i

:!.

ii

tl

» /-

i "

lc^<

58

FOREST LEAVES.

;. fv

fe': I

only to make the forest self-sustaining, but a source
of revenue, direct as well as indirect.

I do not know if the State of Pennsylvania has
any mountain domain, but if it has or shall have
it should be protected; and I believe it would pay
the State to purchase ten or more blocks of ten
to twenty thousand acres each on the tops and
sides of the Allegheny mountains, land already
cut over, and to be had at the cost of say $2 per
acre, and hold it for the future. The re-creation
of forests having economic aspects far beyond
that of mere revenue, they are so intimately con-
nected with the conditions of rain-fall, flow of
streams, temperature, and therefore with the
health, happiness and profit of all, as to have,
like the lake and river, the qualities of a common
inheritance. This may seem somewhat com-
munistic, but is it not true ? „ «. •,

Every taxpayer of the State can well afford to
contribute his mite toward the establishment and
support of a State forest with a view of perpetuat-
ing those physical conditions which large bodies
of trees alone can sustain. I have named ten to
twenty thousand acres as the dimensions of these
tracts, as small blocks are not sufficient to be
effective in having a physical influence on the
climate, nor would they be self-protective.

No doubt private owners of land adjoining such
State forests would allow their land to grow up in
like manner, thus perhaps doubling the area of
each block, and still further aiding in the renewing
and preservation of the primitive conditions of
the locality. I urge upon this Society the pre-
sentation to the Legislature of some such propo-
sition as I have outlined.

In this city we cannot preserve old or grow new
forests, but we can encourage the planting of the
best forest trees on our streets and in our open
spaces and the proper labeling of them; and it is
quite within the province of this Society to memo-
rialize the City Councils to plant only such trees
as experience has proved the best as respects free-
dom from insects and immunity from the dele-
terious effects of smoke and gas. Again, this
Society can advocate a course of instruction in the
public schools upon the various subjects connected
with forestry— subjects themselves each well worthy
whatever time might be given them, and when
taken altogether and in connection with forestry
as the pivotal subject, impressing upon the minds
of the rising generation the responsibility they
will bear as voters, business men and legislators.

In national aff"airs the Society has the function
of watching the timber thieves on the national
domain, and to advise our members of Congress
as to the most practical course to arrest the waste
of government timber, and consequently the dry-
ing up of watercourses on the slopes of the Rockies
and elsewhere, and the improvement of plains

and valleys adjacent. Such course cannot be
adopted too soon, as experience has proven that
mountain slopes once cut over and water-washed
are slow to reclothe themselves.

Above all, the Society should have a well located
executive office, open at all times, and in charge
of a person capable of intelligently answering
ordinary inquiries in the line of forestry. In that
office should be established a forestal library and
a collection of the smaller forest tools, with models,
maps, photographs and other illustrations of forest
work, examples of wood, barks, seeds, insects
preying upon forest products, bark extracts, resin,
tar sugar, oil and the manufactured products of
wood, as paper and other manufactures of wood

^^Finally, we want to increase our niembership.
Every progressive man and woman in Philadel-
phia should be asked to join, not so much for the
annual dollar, but that the public may be educated
up to the importance of the subject. Even if the
800 members will each bring in but one recruit,
the results another year will be most efficient, as
with 1 600 members we would then take position
in this country as the foremost Society in any way
connected with agriculture, certainly the most
ancient and by some said to be the noblest pursuit
of man.

ALTERATIONS IN FOREST LAWS. ^

y^RE Lancaster County Forestry Association
(£) was organized March 28th, 1890, and has
an active membership of thirty. Great in-
terest has been manifested in the Society, and
among its members it includes divines, lawyers,
newspaper men, professors of the Millersville State
Normal School, Franklin and Marshall College
and public schools of the city, besides numerous
scientific men. Through the energetic labor ot
an individual member, *' Arbor Day " has been
made a special feature in the public schools of the
city, and hundreds of trees are presented to the
pupils for planting. The Society has appointed a
committee of five, who are to report upon the ad-
visability of establishing a public park and a plan
to govern the same. Numerous trees have been
planted, notably, 500 at Columbia and 150 and
300 respectively at other points. The local press
has done all in its power to foster and encourage
the Association. The officers of the Society are :
President, S. P. Ely, Esq. ; Vice-Presidents, Prot.
J. E. Kieff-er, Prof. J. P. McCoskey ; Secretary,
F. R. Diffenderfer ; Treasurer, Chas. S. Faltz ;
Cor. Secretary, M. W. Raub, m.d. ; Librarian,
S. M. Sener, Esq.

The following resolution was referred to the An-
nual Meeting by the Lancaster County Branch :—
Resolved, That this Association and its Branches

tXf

FOREST LEAVES.

59

use their influence with the Legislature, at its next
session, to have the provisions of the law relating
to the '* Erection of Corporations," passed April
29th, 1874, and its supplements, extended so as to
embrace the incorporation of associations for the
purchase of land to be devoted to the planting and
cultivation of Forests and Timber belts,

Purd. Dig. JJ4 — Title, Corporations,

And also to have, the third section of the Act of
Assembly, **For the encouragement of Forest cul-
ture, etc.," approved June ist, 1887, amended by
inserting in said section a minimum penalty of
2.00.

See P. L. 1887, page 288, sec 3.

Such amendment being necessary to reach
minor offences of trespassers.

Action on this resolution was deferred until the
adjourned meeting, January 5th, 189 1.

Report of the Executive Committee.

To the Members of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation : —

^^HE Executive Committee presents the follow-
Vy ing report on the condition of the Associa-
tion, the work done since the last annual
meeting, and the condition and prospects of the
movement for forest reform : —

At the annual meeting in October last an im-
portant change was made in the composition of
this committee, in order, as it was hoped, not only
to render it more effective for continuous work by
securing a quorum of members within reach of
each other, aijd able to meet from time to time ;
but, also to keep it in touch with the forestry
movement all over the country by officially con-
necting with the committee one member, a Vice-
President, in every state, territory and province.
In fulfilment of this latter feature of the plan,
your committee, as instructed, has elected Vice-
Presidents in twenty-five states, one territory, the
District of Columbia and the Province of Ontario,
Quebec being already represented. Vice-Presidents
for the four other states, where we have members,
will be chosen as soon as proper selections can be
made. The plan was a good one, save in one
most important particular, and this defect has
seriously crippled the work of your committee.
No five members (the number fixed as a quorum)
reside near enough to each other to hold any
meetings without decided inconvenience, and
hence all conference has had to be by correspon-
dence, and the Treasurer and Corresponding Sec-
retary have had to act on their own responsibility
much more than they had any desire to do. If at
the next annual meeting an Executive Committee
IS elected, composed chiefly of members resident
in one place, who can hold regular meetings, they

will be able not only to accomplish far more
work, but to stimulate the activity of the Vice-
Presidents, as well as to avail themselves of all
help rendered by the latter. The wisdom of hav-
ing these Vice-Presidents is already seen in the
accession of new members, many of whom have
been brought in through their influence.

Owing to the need of a change in the construc-
tion of the Executive Committee, it was thought
best to defer incorporation till such change had
been made.

Though thus defectively organized, the com-
mittee has not been inactive. The Treasurer's
report last year showed the immediate need of a
larger income. To secure this, and also to diffuse
and increase the Association's influence, an in-
crease in the membership was indispensable. As
this question of membership is really a matter of
great importance to the continued life of the Asso-
ciation, a few facts and figures in regard to it are
worth considering. Originally planned as a Con-
gress of Delegates from Local Forestry Associa-
tions, this body only sought to secure members
enough in each state to form the nucleus of that
local society which they were expected to found,
and no special effort was made to gain a large
membership for the parent association. Very few
local associations were formed, however, and none
in any way tributary to the parent body, and it
became clear both that our own members could
alone give us strength and influence, and that we
must either increase or decrease ; and further, that
our members having decreased very considerably
since a few years ago, the tide must be turned or
we should soon cease to exist at all. Accordingly,
with the copies of Mr. Schurz's address, which
were sent in pamphlet -form to all members in No-
vember last, a circular was also sent stating the
needs of increased membership, and asking each
member to appeal to his own friends and ac-
quaintances to join the Association, experience
having shown that this could be made the most
effective means of winning new members. While
a few of our members, especially in Massachu-
setts and New York, exerted themselves to fill our
ranks, the idea of each man working for the Asso-
ciation by constituting himself a recruiting ser-
geant seems to have been too novel, and the call
met with no general response. An appeal for
members and contributions, explaining the object
of the Association, was also printed and widely
distributed, partly by individual members, but
chiefly from the Secretary's office.

In response to the appeal and the personal solici-
tation of members, over sixty new members have
been added since the October meeting, exclusive
of several who joined during that meeting. This
brings our present total to 196, which would have
been greater but that twenty-three names have been

1

)i

4

\\'

^^o

60

FOREST LEAVES.

? 1

struck off the rolls on account of death, resigna-
tion and continuous non-payment of dues. The
number of new members may seem small, but, as
hitherto there have been practically no accessions
except at the annual meetings, it is a clear gain.
It is interesting to note that among the number
are some old members who had resigned, but who
now desire to join the ranks again.

At the beginning of the year there were seventy
members, nearly half the total membership at that
time, who had been admitted to life-membership
some years before on payment of ten dollars.
Necessary current expenses had in the course of
time exhausted the sum so raised, so that the
whole expense of the Association was being borne
by the eighty-five other annual members, although
many of them had paid in dues more than the
life-membership fee. A statement of the facts,
suggesting a voluntary relinquishment of their
rights, was sent to all life members ; and it is
gratifying to state that, while no disapproval of
the scheme has been received from any one, four-
teen of the members have resumed payment of
annual dues, while three others have become life-
raembers on payment of fifty dollars, as pro-
vided in the amendment adopted last year. Of
these new life members there are now ten in all,
and the fund of $500 secured thereby remains
intact, to form the nucleus of a permanent invested
fund.

Our members are now found in twenty-nine
States, one Territory, the Federal District and two
Provinces of Canada, as follows: —

Alabama, 2 ; Arizona Territory, i ; California,
6 ; Colorado, 5 ; Connecticut, 4 ; Florida, 2 ;
Georgia, 7 ; Illinois, 4 ; Indiana, 2 ; Iowa, i ;
Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 3; Maine, 5; Maryland,
i; Massachusetts, 40; Michigan, i; Minnesota,
5; Missouri, 2; Nebraska, 4; New Hampshire,
2; New Jersey, 4; New York, 27; Ohio, 14;
Pennsylvania, 22; Rhode Island, 2; South Caro-
lina, 4 ; Tennessee, 2 ; Texas, i ; Vermont, 2 ;
Wisconsin, i ; District of Columbia, 7 ; Ontario,
6 ; Quebec, 6. In short, while our membership
is small, it is believed that there are few, if any,
nominal members, and if only each individual
member will bring in a few others, women as well as
men, our growth maybe very rapid. The experi-
ence of other associations clearly proves that, in
a body that meets as rarely as ours, it is absolutely
necessary to keep up the interest of the members
by the distribution of publications, and at the At-
lanta meeting in 1888 it was decided to subscribe
to the Pennsylvania Forestry Association's paper.
Forest Leaves, for all our members, so that this
paper could be sent to them regularly. Your coni-
mittee have continued this subscription (which is
made at a very favorable rate), and believe it the

best policy to do so, as the paper not only brings
before all our members very valuable and inter-
esting information in regard to forestry, but also
helps to keep them in touch with the forestry
movement all over the country. Besides this, it
supplies a ready means of reaching an appreciative
class of readers for all matter which this Associa-
tion, or its members, may wish to have published.
In view of this arrangement, it was thought better
not to print a pamphlet report of the last meeting
(as had sometimes formerly been done), but to
have the minutes published by themselves in For-
est Leaves, and also, in successive numbers, the
papers read or presented at that meeting. A great
saving of expense has been effected thereby, and
the proceedings of the meeting have been much
more widely made known than could readily have
been done otherwise. .

The report of the Committee on Legislation
will show what has been done in the effort to
secure a proper legal basis for national forest pre-
servation, but in addition thereto the general status
of the forestry movement all over the country
needs a few words.

It is true, that there is as yet little that is new
to be said as to the actual treatment and condition
of the forests themselves. The old story of waste-
ful cutting, of the laying bare of mountain slopes
where trees are absolutely essential to hold the
soil together, and of the ravages of fire, a story
with which this Association is but too familiar
must be told again this year. The terrible fires of
1880 will probably long remain without a parallel,
but it is only a question of degree. Without
adequate protection from fire, the loss must
be serious enough every year. As to cutting, too,
the absolute divorce, which has existed in this
country ever since its settlement, between the
mutually essential occupations of timber-cutting
and timber-raising, continues practically un-

"" On^he other hand, signs of an approaching
change and a fundamental improvement in the
treatment of our forests are clearer now than ever
Your committee has been in correspondence with
citizens and the press all over the country, and it
is undeniable that a very general awakening to
the necessity of forest preservation is taking place,
gradually indeed, but surely. The increased num-
bers of this and other associations, the reorgani-
zation of the New York Association, the formation
of that in Texas, and the successful meetings heia
in various places, are proofs of this ; nor are others
wanting. The press, formerly silent as to our
forestry needs or unfavorable to any reform, is
now throwing more and more of its influence in
aid of the movement for forest preservation ; ana
in this connection too much cannot be said 01
the energy and intelligence with which the con-

n]

FOREST LEAVES.

61

dition of the Adirondacks has been laid before
the public. The fact that the approaching scar-
city of timber has led many owners of forest lands
to hold them for higher prices should also not be
disregarded. The temporary forest preservation
thereby effected is both a good thing in itself and
a necessary first step to proper forest management,
and while the latter is probably not yet even in
contemplation, its advantages must eventually ap-
peal to men who have already learned to look be-
yond the present moment.

The most distinct cries for forest reform come
from the widely separated States of New York and
California. The effects of deforestation in the
Adirondacks touch the manifold interests of a
large number of people so closely and so plainly
that the mere reservation of some forest lands
under the charge of an unpaid commission cannot
satisfy the demand for the preservation of the
Adirondack woods. The existence of this demand
was made evident at the last session of the New
York Legislature, and if the end in view is steadily
pursued it can hardly fail of eventual attainment.
The New York Forestry Association has its work
clearly before it, and should receive aid and en-
couragement from every patriotic citizen of the
State.

In California the prosperity of many fruitful
valleys is dependent on a water supply of whose
regularity the existence of forests on the mountain
is the only guarantee. Axe and flame have made
serious inroads on those forests, and they are also
becoming more and more a pasture ground for
sheep and cattle. The people are awake to the
dangers which threaten them, but, unfortunately,
their appeal for protection has to be made at
Washington, and not at San Francisco, and amid
the mass of legislation constantly before Congress
it is no easy task to make the claims of one section
heard. That a region which human industry has
turned into a garden should relapse into a wilder-
ness through the impossibility of securing propfrr
legislation would be a sore reproach to our boasted
American civilization.

In conclusion, your committee can frankly say
that while present conditions are anything but
satisfactory, and the prospect in many places far
from hopeful, yet, through the agency of this and
other associations, the need of proper forest man-
agement is being gradually brought home to the
minds of the American people. L^pon the speed
with which the people are won over to the cause
of forest reform depends the nearness of the day
when that great menace to our national welfare,
the waste and destruction of our forests, shall be
a thing of the past.

Respectfully submitted,

C. C. BiNNEY,

Secretary,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION.

To the Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation:—

Your Committee, elected by the Executive
Committee chosen at the Philadelphia Meeting,
respectfully report as follows : —

The members of this committee being widely
scattered over the country, their conferences have
been chiefly by correspondence. On November
14th, 1889, ^ meeting was held at the office of the
Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, at Washington,
D. C, to confer with a committee of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science,
and other persons interested in National forest
preservation. Your committee was represented
by Messrs. Ensign, Higley and Binney. There
was a full discussion as to the actual condition of
the National forests, the best practical means of
preserving them, and the legislation that could
reasonably be expected. The same day the above
members of your committee, together with Assist-
ant Secretary Willits, and Messrs. Fernow, Bow-
ers and Egleston, of your Association, waited
upon the Secretary of the Interior to express their
views as to the reservation and protection of the
public forest lands. Major Powell and Colonel
Hinton of the United States Geological Survey
were present.

In accordance with the understanding arrived
at at these conferences, an admirable memorial
was prepared by the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and transmitted by the
President of the United States to Congress on
January 20th ; and your committee prepared the
Memorial to Congress and the Bill : —

House of Representatives Bill, No. yo26. — '* For
the reservation and protection of forest lands on
the public domain, and to establish a commission to
inquire into the condition of the said lands, and to
report a plan for their permanent management,"
copies of which are annexed hereto. The Bill
was introduced in the House on February 17th,
by Mr. Bunnell, of Minnesota, who afterwards
secured the appointment by the Public Lands
Committee (to whom the Bill had been referred)
of a sub-committee on forestry legislation. The
Chairman of this sub-committee being from Penn-
sylvania, the Committee on Law of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association cooperated by asking
the influence of the latter Association and the
press in support of the Bill. Mr. Fernow and
others of your Association resident in Washing-
ton, and also Mr. Binney of this Committee,
appeared before the sub-committee and found its
members disposed to favor a measure more simi-
lar to your Association's Bill of two years ago.
Messrs. Fernow and Bowers met the sub-committee
and its members repeatedly during the session.

il

M-'i

t

is 3

I

62

FOREST LEAVES.

Since, however, the Publ c Lands Committee has
had much important work before it, ai^d since a
thorough revision of the land laws in all its parts
s contemplated, including the Present method o
disposal of timber lands, action "PO" hi P^-^'^"
lar legislation has been deferred until the more
comprehensive plans of land legislation could be
digested. But the assurance is given that, early
fnTh next session, such a Bill for a permanent
forest administration as will meet the views of the
CommUtee on Public Lands, will be prepared by
the sub-committee and laid before the House.

Forestry on the Western Plains of Canada.

BY WM. SAUNDERS,
Director Experimental Farms, Ottawa.
Read a. the Summer Meeting of the American Forestry Association,
"^ in Quebec, September 3d, 1890.

5^ HE experimental farms which have been es-
Co tablished by the Government of Canada
are five in number, located at the following
points :-Nappan, Nova Scotia ; O"*^^' p"'"'^ ;
Brandon, Manitoba; Indian Head, Northwest
Territories, and Agassiz, British Columbia. Ex-
periments in tree planting were begun at all these
farms as soon as possible after the selection of the
sites, but on the farms on the Western plains in
Manitoba and the Northwest Territories this work
has been conducted on a more extensive scale
then on the other sites, for the reason that the
need of forest shelter is more keenly felt in the
prairie districts. Work was begun on the farm at
Indian Head, during the summer of 1887, and
the first trees were planted in the spring ot i»»»,
about 20.000 in all, consisting of a large number
of varieties. This farm is a section of bare
prairie land of 680 acres without any shelter
whatever. In the spring of 1889, another con-
signment of about 12,000 trees was forwarded and
during the present season a few thousand more
have been sent. A considerable quantity of seed
of the Box Elder with a smaller proportion ot
White Ash and American Elm has been sown
each season and thus more than 50,000 seedlings
have been added to the stock. A portion of these
seedlings have been distributed among the settlers
in the neighborhood of the farm, but the larger
part has been planted in shelter belts, and forest

clumps on the farm.

The Brandon farm was selected during the sum-
mer of 1888, and tree planting was begun there
in the spring of 1889. About 20,000 trees were
sent that year and ten or twelve thousand more
during the present year. A large number of seed-
lings of Box Elder, Ash and Elm have also been
grown on this farm during both the seasons re-

ferred to The Brandon farm is situated partly in
the valley of the Assiniboine River and partly on
the bluffs which form the northern boundary of
that valley. This farm is mostly prairie, but in
the ravines in the bluffs, and also on the face of the
bluffs there are large patches of scrub consisting of
scrub oak, hazel, eleagnus and other low bushes,
while near the river bank there is a snnall grove of
elm, ash, and box elder trees, with undergrowth of
willow, rose, etc. From this brief description it
will be seen that the land on these two farms is
varied as to exposure, while the soil and the cli-
matic conditions by which they are surrounded
are such as to include within their area most of the
difficulties which stand in the way of tree growmg
in the better farming districts in the Canadian

Northwest. ., ,,

During the spring of 1889, a considerable rium-
ber of packages of trees were sent by mail and ex-
press to different parts of the Northwest plains for
test, and this work has been continued on a lar-
ger scale during the past season. The distribution
outside of the Experimental Farms in 1890, con-
sisted of 130,000 seedling trees of one and two
years' growth, which were sent by mail in 1300
packages of 100 each to as many different points,
while larger bundles were forwarded by express to
twenty-five of the experimental gardens on the
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Moose
Jaw to Calgary, to most of the agencies on the
Indian Reserves, and the chief stations of the
mounted police. By these several methods trees
have been distributed for test over the whole area
from the eastern part of Manitoba to the western
extremity of the Great Plains of the Territories
and along the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains
On the Indian Head farm trees have had the test
of two winters and three summers ; on the Brandon
Farm and at a few other points, including about
twenty stations on the Canadian Pacific Railway,
we have the results of one winter and two sum-
mers ; while at a very large number of other points
the summer drought and heat is the only test the
trees have yet been subject to. This latter, how-
ever, is no mean test, for dry weather will often
cause the death of more trees than will the cold
weather of winter. . ,

The results of the tests on the Experimental
farms have been carefully noted each year, but
the experience gained is too limited as yet to
admit of very positive statements regarding many
varieties of trees under trial. The following notes
are submitted with the hope that they may be ot
some interest to the American Forestry Associa-

tion. ^, . , ^_

Box Elder, Negundo aceroides.—Th\^ tree prom-
ises to be the most valuable of all forest trees for
the Western Plains, adapting itself to all condi-
tions of climate and situation, and making thriity

FOREST LEAVES.

63

growth under trying circumstances. No tree is so
universally successful, but to get the best results
the seedlings should be grown from seed collected
from trees growing on the river banks in Manitoba
or the Territories. If grown from Eastern seed
the young trees are often partly winter-killed. In
three or four years from the time of sewing the
seed, this tree will usually attain a height of
from five to seven feet, with a nice bushy head,
and after that the growth is quite rapid.

Among the trees which promise to rank next in
value are the American Elm and White Ash, when
grown from Manitoba seed, but these often prove
more or less tender when grown from seed pro-
duced in Ontario or the Western States. The na-
tive poplars and some of the willows also make
fine growth and aid materially in the formation of
shelter belts; some of the Russian poplars have also
succeeded very well, notably Populus FefrovskUy
certinensis, bertolinus and bolleana ; salix lauri-
folia is also valuable. The American Mountain
Ash, European Mountain Ash, yellow birch, Eu-
ropean white birch and the variety of white birch,
known as the cut- leaved ^ have also proved hardy
as far as they have been tried. Of the maples,
the only ones which have succeeded thus far are
the silver-leaved Acer dasycarpum, and the Nor-
way maple, Acer platanoidesy and these are only
partially successful. The Siberian maple, Acer
ginuala, has proven hardy at the Indian Head
Farm, but this will rank rather as a shrub than a
tree.

Among the evergreens the white spruce, trans-
planted from the sandy plains near Carberry, Mani-
toba, or the spruce from the foot-hills of the Rocky
Mountains, succeed best. The Scotch fir and the
European mountain pine are also hardy in many
places, enduring the low temperatures of the win-
ter better than the drying winds and hot weather
of the summer months. The white spruce of the
East, Norway spruce, arbor vitae, Austrian pine, red
cedar and European larches have failed in most
localities in the Territories, but many of them have
survived and made a little growth in some places
in Manitoba. The same may be said of the bass-
wood, European ash and Russian mulberry. The
attempts to grow the sugar and red maples, syca-
more, black locust, butternut, black walnut and
Western catalpa have so far been unsuccessful.

Among the most valuable shrubs useful for orna-
mental purposes and as undergrowth, are the sev-
eral native willows, the wolf willow, Eleagnus ar-
gentea, the native wild cherry, Saskatoni and
hazel, to which may be added the Siberian pea,
Caragana arborescenSy Russian olive, Eleagnus ^ind
the several varieties of lilac. The wild rose also
serves a similar purpose, and the Rosa rugosa from
Japan, which has proved hardy and valuable at
Indian Head.

By the free use of the trees and shrubs named,
effective shelter belts and forest clumps can in a
few years be produced on the Northwest plains,
which will help to break the force of the winds
and give a home-like beauty to the bare prairie.
When sufficient time has elapsed to allow of more
extended testing, many valuable additions will
no doubt be made to the list now given.

Canada is undoubtedly in advance of the United
States, in the care of its water-ways and in an
appreciation of its forest wealth. We may well
learn of our neighbors lessons upon political
economy in these particulars.

Forestry stations scattered through our land,
would do much to excite interest in sylvaculture,
and he who takes pride in growing trees will be
quick to distinguish between the use and the abuse
of one of God's best gifts to man.

Congress can enact no better educational mea-
sure than the judicious establishment of experi-
mental forestry stations throughout the land ; and
this education will affect Congress itself; for leg-
islators who vote appropriations for the propaga-
tion of forests, will appreciate the loss to the gov-
ernment, arising from their wholesale destruction.

The Editor.

THE ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

^meriijaii f OFeftry ^|§o?iatioii

WILL BE HELD ON

Tuesday, December 30, 1890,

AT THE

Washinqton, D. C.

There will be a Morning Session at lo A. M., for
the election of officers for the ensuing year, and for
general business.

An Afternoon Session for business and discussion.
At the Evening Session, at 8 P. m., at the National
Museum, which will be held conjointly with the
American Economic Association, the following papers
will be read : —

I. '• The Duty of Government in Regard to Forests.**

By Professor Edmund J. James.

II. •' The Present Condition of Forests on the Public
Lands." By Edward A. Bowers.

III. "Government Forestry Abroad."

By GiFFORD PiNCHOT. .

IV. " Feasibility of American Forest Administration.'*

By B. E. Fernow.

The Arlington Hotel, Vermont Avenue, will receive
members of this Association at $4.00 per day. There
are also several hotels with lower rates.

If fifty persons agree to attend, reduced railway
fares can be had.

By order of the Executive Committee.

CHARLES C. BINNEY, Corresponding^ Secretary.

;iil

f!

II

II.

1 1
)

1^1

'T!

II

%1>t

64

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

IN

THIS PAPER, ARE MADE BY THE NEW

OF

obQI

*^"b^::^^;"

'■'"^i?'A"ED"N HIGHEST m'JjlTH"'

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, rhiladelphia.

STRAWBRIDGE k CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples pronnptly mailed to any

address.

CASH CAPITAL f j!?;2nn US

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims 1,631.S00.23

Surplus over all Liabilities, 369,415.98

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1889, - S2,000,916.2I

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary.

DIRECTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, PembertonS. Hutchinson, Jos. E GUlingham,
lohnT Lewis. Alexander Biddle, Samuel Wekh, Tr.,

Israel Mofrb, Charles P. Perot. Charles S. Whefen.

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

Pl^l[NlTEt^S

>

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE-LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

4^ Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^

Fire-proof Vaults tor Storage ot Plates.

Mechanical Details receive our Personal Supervision:

Zt

Philadelphia, March, i8gi.

No. 5.

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as secoDd-class matter in the Poit Office of Philadelphia.

h»/. /■ it«fc^-- CONTENTS.

'/•Fv^^Bh ''••]»'»- Editorials

Bill for the Appointment of

Commissioner for Penna

What the Association Wants

The Forest in One of Its Relations to the Orchard. Prof. Byron
D. Halsted «

Dwarf Trees. Prof, William P, Wilson

Meeting of the New York Forestry Association ,

An Alleghany Mountain Park

Special Meeting of the American Forestry Association at Wash-
ington, D. C, December 30th, 1890

Minnesota Woodsmen H. B. Ayres

Adoption of a Regular System for the Cutting of Timber on our
Public Lands. P. X. Perreault

Government Forestry Abroad. Gifford Pinchot

Forest Reform

Notes

66-67
67-68

68-70
70-71

71-73
73-74

74-76
76

77.78

78-79

79

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.

Price for Single Numbers xa Cents.

The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising mediutn. Rates will be jur-
Mtshed on application.

~ ' ■ — . ■ ■■ I . I 11 . ■ - — .. I I I ■.■■ 1^ I ...

Committee on Publioation.

John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prop. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Prop. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M. Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life membershipy Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send fheir names io A. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., or to
Miss Grace Anna Lewis ^ Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr,
y. Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler y Esq.^ Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samt4el Marshall^ Esq.^ West Chester, Chester county, Pa.

y^HE adjourned meeting of the Pennsylvania
Vc) Forestry Association, held in the Hall of
the College of Physicians on the evening
of January 5th, exhibited an earnestness of pur-
pose and a concert of action which is commended
to all the members of the Association throughout
the State. Every committee reported something
tangible for action.

The Membership Committee stated that it had
decided upon issuing a formal notice to suitable
persons, stating that he or she had been nominated
for membership in the Association. This blank
is for the use of members in encouraging their
friends to unite with the organization.

The Finance Committee stated that while the
Association started with a good balance at the
first of the year, with every prospect of as large
an income as the year past, yet to meet the neces-
sary expenses of any advanced movement made
by the organization, more money must be forth-
coming. The same was emphasized by the Publi-
cation Committee, which showed that the regular-
ity and the number of issues of Forest Leaves
could be improved if the amount of money at
command was greater.

The Committee on Permanent Headquarters
stated that they had an available locality selected,
but hesitated to assume the responsibility without
the endorsement of the Association.

As a result of these reports, it was decided to
raise a special fund of $1000 to meet these various
requirements, and before the meeting had ad-
journed almost every one in the room had con-
tributed to this fund.

The Law Committee made three reports — One
concerning the recommendation of the Lancaster
County Branch, which appeared in our last issue;
this was approved by the Association. One rec-
ommending that the Association ask for State aid;
this proposed law is printed in this issue of
Forest Leaves. The third, creating the office
of Forestry Commissioner — his duties being de-
tailed in the proposed law which appears in this

^

V

h >

i ^Ic

it 7

I,..; M

u

66

FOREST LEAVES.

issue of Forest Leaves. The Association also
decided that a member of the State Board of
Agriculture should be nominated by the Council.
The meeting was full of interest, and showed a
determination to accomplish results which we trust
will spread to the six hundred members through-
out the State. ^

IF you believe that the Pennsylvania Forestry
1 Association is doing a work of practical be-
nevolence, and is entitled, like other similar
organizations, to assistance from the State of Penn-
sylvania, then, as a member of the Association, or
as a subscriber to Forest Leaves, you should do
all that you can to secure the appropriation which
the Association has asked for. If you beheve in
the proposed law, as presented in this issue of
Forest Leaves, which favors the appointment ot
a forestry commissioner, you can emphasize this
faith by taking some personal interest and action
in the matter. Our representatives residing in
Pennsylvania are urged to communicate promptly
with the members of the State Legislature with
whom they are acquainted or to whom they receive
letters of introduction, urging fair consideration ,
of these two propositions. If those who niake I
the laws recognize a public sentiment back ot
these propositions, they will be sure to give them,
at least, proper consideration ; but unless the two
bills, as proposed, develop friends outside of the
Legislature, they will be sure to find but tew
within it.

—The Pennsylvania Forestry Association greets
the New York Forestry Association, and offers
congratulations upon the splendid meeting which
emphasized the good work for which it was
organized. _'

A Bill for the Appointment of a Forest
Commissioner for Pennsylvania.

y^RE Committee on Legislation, of the Penn-

CO sylvania Forestry Association, have issued

the following, dated Philadelphia, February

loth, i8qi : — , XX rr»

* * A bill has been introduced in the House of Rep-
resentatives in Harrisburg, by Hon. Henry F.
Tames, of Venango County, providing for ^he ap-
pointment of a Forestry Commissioner and defin-
ing his duties (in little respect differing from that
drafted by the Temporary Forestry Commission
and introduced at the last session of the legislature).
The Bill having been referred to the Committee
on Agriculture, of the House, has since been com-
mitted to the Committee on Appropriations 1 his
Bill receives our hearty endorsement, and it it
becomes a law, will prove the most important and
beneficial step yet taken in the direction of

Forestry preservation within this State. The
reasons for some more vigorous movement in this
direction are briefly set forth in the accompanymg
pamphlet. IVe earnestly ask you to write to your
Senator and Representative at Harrisburg and to
any members of the Legislature whom you happen to
know (especially to members of the two Committees
on Agriculture and on Appropriations, whose names
are appended), urging them to assist in securing a
favorable report upon the Bill from the Committees,
and favorable action upon it in the House and
Senate : and also ask your friends to do the same.

We also ask that you procure, among your neigh-
bors and those who are interested in this move-
ment, signatures to the enclosed petition, to be
transmitted by you to your Senator and Represen-
tative, to be presented to the legislature.

Committee on Appropriations: Messrs^ Fruit,
Chairman, Marshall, Baldwin, Boyer, Burdick,
1 Coray, Lemon, Losey, Taggart, Flickinger, Lytle,
MacDonald, Morrison, W. P., Patterson, Richard,
Mullin, Titman, Woodmansee, Wherry Fow,
Sando, Centner, Holt, Flad, Robbins, L^h.

Committee on Agriculture are : Messrs. Taggart,
Chairman. James, Potter, Fruit, Squires, Wood-
mansee, Griffith, Branson, Burritt, Eby, Lewis,
McKee, Seanor, Thompson, J. M^ Weller, Whee-
ler Patterson, T. M., Haines, Holt, Crawford,
Fabian, Hartley, Wile, Ziegler, Kutz.

Henry Budd, J. Rodman Paul, Chairman,

Eli Kirk Price, George B. Wiestling,

Lucius S. Landreth, Wm. Wharton Smith,
w W Carr Lincoln L. Eyre,

Commitue on Legislation, of Penna, Forestry Association,

ABSTRACr OF BILL FOR APPOINTMENT OF A
ABb KAi. pQREST COMMISSIONER.

Section i. Appointment of a Forest Commis-
sioner by the Governor.

Sec 2 To possess practical knowledge ot i^ or-
estry and to receive a salary of three thousand
r^^ooo) dollars per annum. i o -^ i

Sec. 3. To have permanent office at the Capital

and appoint Secretary.

Sec. 4. To employ Forest wardens.

Sec. 5. To investigate the true state of forest
lands, to protect them from fires, cattle and ille-
gal depredations, to enforce rules and regulations
and existing laws providing for the P^^^^^ment of
those wilfully destroying forests. Also, to lave
charge of all forest lands belonging to the Com-

monwealth. . . ^ r ^^^r^'-

Section 6, 7. To ascertain the extent of depre
dations by fire and cattle and report annually to

the Governor. . , j • ^ fn

Sec 8 To give information and advice 10

owners in the care of woodlands and the starting

of new plantations, without cost.

Sec Q, 10, II. To procure statistics of ttie

timber cutting during the year and the purposes

FOREST LEAVES.

67

for which used, and the area and extent of timber
lands throughout the State, by means of reports
from the County Commissioners.

Sec. 12. To post notices containing rules for the
prevention and suppression of fires.

Sec. 13. Appropriating ten thousand dollars for
the purposes of the Act, to pay salary of Commis-
sioner, Secretary and Wardens, etc.

PETITION.

To The Senate and House of Representatives,

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

We, the undersigned, citizens of the State of
Pennsylvania and residents of the County of

being interested in the protection
of the Forests and extension of the timber supply of
the State, do respectfully petition the Members of
your Honorable Houses in favor of the passage of
a Bill **For the appointment of a Forest Com-
missioner and to define his powers and duties,'*
and respectfully ask that favorable action be taken
thereon in both Houses.

What the Association Wants.

!^HE following circular has been issued by the
Vy Committee on Legislation of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association: —

We want every Farmer, every Owner of Wood-
land, to know —

That his w^ood-lot contains a valuable crop,
which it will pay him, not to cut down and
slaughter, but to manage and utilize judiciously ;

That it is possible to utilize the old trees in such
a manner that a new, valuable crop is produced
instead of the inferior crop which now so often
takes the place of the virgin forest after indiscrim-
inate cutting ;

That as an intelligent manager and husbandman,
he would do better to see to a natural reproduc-
tion of his wood-lot, to cut with regard to the
spontaneous young growth, rather than to clear
indiscriminately.

That the time has come when forest destruction
must give way to forest management ; for timber
is becoming more valuable every year, as it grows
scarcer in the country at large.

In support of these statements we may cite a few
facts.

We consume in the United States, roughly esti-
mated, 300 cubic feet of wood per capita, annually,
niore than necessary. This consumption for Penn-
sylvania, with now nearly 5,000,000 population,
means the average annual growth of at least
30,000,000 acres of tolerably well-stocked forest,
while Pennsylvania has only 7,000,000 acres (now
mostly poorly stocked) forest growth and 8,000,-
000 acres credited as waste land, which should be
in forest.

A comparison of crop area and annual consump-
tion of wood supplies in the whole United States
shows the same disproportion ; hence as soon as
this state of affairs is realized, wood supplies must
become more valuable.

That forest management pays as well as farm
management we may learn from the farmers in
Maine, who do not clear, but carefully cull their
spruce forests, allowing the young growth to
develop.

While in our native woods we are well satisfied
with a product of 12,000 feet, B. M., and 50 cords
of firewood, or say 6000 cubic feet — not a common
yield — the same wood-lot in Germany, being care-
fully managed, yields double that quantity, with
little additional expense, and, when ultimately
cleared, shows a well-stocked young forest, which
in value stands to a full-grown forest in the same
relation as the colt to the horse.

So much for the 7naterial forest value.

Next, we want every Farmer, every Owner of
Woodland, every Citizen, to know —

That in the woodlands in proper proportion lie,
to a large extent, the conditions of a favorable
climate and successful agriculture ;

That upon forest growth depend healthfulness
and equableness of climate ;

That the forest breaks the force and tempers the
fury of the northern, and cools and moistens the
breath of the southern, wind ;

That by its own cooler and moister atmosphere
in summer and warmer atmosphere in winter, it
tends to equalize temperature and humidity over
the intervening fields ;

That while the open, treeless, heated prairie
prevents the fall of rain, allowing moisture-laden
clouds to pass over it undrained, we must thank
our forest-clad hills and mountains for our more
frequent, more gentle, more useful showers; and
above all,

That the forest cover of the mountains preserves
the even water flow in our springs, brooks and
rivers, while its destruction, or even deterioration,
increases the danger of floods, washes off" the fertile
soil, and then brings down unfertile soil into fertile
valleys, lowers the water level, and, in general,
throws out of balance the favorable conditions for
agriculture.

In support of these statements we have our own
experience all over this State and country ; we have
the experience of older nations, where, as in
France, not only large fertile districts were entirely
ruined by reckless deforesting of hills, but where
re-forestation, at enormous cost, has restored fer-
tility, thus practically proving the intimate relation
between forestry and agriculture.

We have also careful experiments which leave
no doubt as to the general truth of this indirect
forest value.

i

\
\

11!

#i

M^

is

68

FOREST LEAVES

FOREST LEAVES.

69

:1

I

Zasth, we want every Farmer, every Owner of
Woodland, every Citizen, every Voter, every Legts-

^^ Tha? bX^e material value of the forest and
its indirect influences are only now beginning to
become apparent and to be appreciated every-

"^^That Pennsylvania-whose beautiful name sug-
gests the appropriateness of caring for her fores
Kerty-cannot any longer afford to be without
an intelligent forest policy ; , • r

That while we advocate the cutting and using of
the wood crop as we need it, we must not any
longer, as we have done, squander and waste it ,
we must not clear where clearing produces danger
to the surrounding country ; and above all.

That we must take care of the growing crop,
protect it against cattle and against fire, which in
Pennsylvanfa alone destroys annually forest value
that must be estimated far above the three million
dollars reported as material loss ;

That we must all, as citizens of a prosperous
State, as citizens of a flourishing county, as citizens
of a well-regulated town, take an interest m the
future of the State, the county, the town, and that
implies also an interest in its forest conditions.

That we should all support and by every proper
means assist in procuring the enactment of the Bill
" providing for the appointment of a Forest torn-
misdonertand defining his duties r now before the
House of Representatives, which if it becomes a
law will provide an administrative and educational
centre for the protection and development of all these
interests.

The Forest in One of Its Relations to

the Orchard.

BY PROF. BYRON D. HALSTED.

>^HE readers of Forest Leaves may be
{Q interested in one of the many relations
that forests bear to the orchard. It is not
the difficult problem of rainfall in any of its
features that is to be mentioned, or the equally
familiar one of winds versus shelter. It is one ot
the relations, however, between the woodlot and
the orchard that is as real and vital as either that
of the rainfall or of protection.

It may be assumed at the outset that every
reader is more or less familiar with the fact that
the tree crops of the orchard and garden are
frequently attacked, if not entirely destYoyed, by
certain forms of rusts, smuts, mildews, moulds,
blights, and the like. Now these ptsts are obscure
in their habits, even if consinruous by the de-
structive work thev may do. Thus the smiits are
caused by minute organisms that consist of slender
threads which penetrate the substance of the plant

that is to become smutted. The so-called smut
consists of a vast multitude of microscopic spheri-
cal bodies called spores, which, like seeds are
able to grow under favorable conditions, and pro-
duce a new smut patch in the favoring plant. If
we take the grape mildew, we have another example
of a fungus. There is first the vegetative state of
the minute parasite, during which time the fungus
is gathering substance from the grape leaf or
berrv When this has been carried on for a time
the minute threads come to the surface and form
a downy or "frosty" coating over the affected
nart This white appearance is due to the micro-
scopic forest of filaments and the minute spores
borne singly upon the tips of the "um^s
branches. These spores when ripe fall away, and
carried by the winds, are able to spread the mil-
dew with considerable rapidity through the vine-
vard should the weather be warm and moist, or in
other words, just suited for the growth of the
spores as they fall upon the moist surface of healthy

In Hke manner the rusts of the grains grow for
a time within the substance of the leaf or stalk
and when the time comes for the formation of
spores, cracks are produced in the epidermis and
the riisty-colored spores appear in vast numbers.
These fungi, while they observe the ordinary aws
of vegetable growth, and are nothing more than
plants of low organization, are usually surprises to
us because they come into prominence so suddenly
But when we come to think of it, the higher plants
show many rapid transitions. Take the grain fie d
for example, one day the ground is bare and
the next it has a decided green sh^^e, from the
advent of the tips of the young P^^^^.^'. J^^^^"^^^^
tree puts forth its leaves with surprising rapidity,
and its blaze of blossoms with still greater quick-

"^With this preliminary consideration of the fungi,
it S my purpose to call attention to at least two
cases i/ which the forest bears a vital relation to
the diseases of cultivated crops. J^^ "^^"^ ^":
stances the fungi that prey upon the forest trees
and shrubs are the same as those which by invad
ing the orchard become pests to the crops of fruit
Thus over a large portion of the eastern United
States it is difficult to grow a profitab.. ^rop ot
plums, and many sorts of cherries are troubkd ^"
the same way. The disease is ^^"^^^ "^^^^.^^^^^^^^
names, but perhaps best as the Black Knot o
-plum wart." An infested tree presents a host
of distortions upon the branches that are rough in

outline and black in color. ^^^^^>"^^^^S;/e.
swellings upon the young twigs, and as the en arge
nient increases the bark cracks in various places,
and gradually the whole swelling be monies black.
In thi worst cases the twig above the knot soon
dies Often the knot is only upon the side of tlie

branch when the latter becomes bent, perhaps
almost double. This black knot, that has de-
stroyed many large plum and cherry orchards and
renders still more unsightly and worthless, is
caused by a fungus that, by means of its spores,
effects an entrance into the young twigs usually
in early spring. The black-knot fungus is a
native of America, and flourishes upon several
species of our forest trees and shrubs that are
members of the genus prunus — the same as the
one to which cultivated plums and cherries be-
long.

In a forest journal it may not be amiss to enum-
erate the kinds of prunus upon which the black
knot has been found, as this question bears directly
upon the most practical one of all, namely, the
final eradication of the plague. The common
Choke Cherry {Prunus Virginiana, L.) is perhaps
the most susceptible, but the wild Black Cherry
{Prunus seroiina, Ehrb) is not exempt. The
wild Red Cherry {Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.) and
the wild Red Plum {Prunus Americana^ Marsh)
both bear knots, and along the sea-coast the
Beach Plum {Prunus marittma, Wang) may often
be seen loaded with the black distortions. In ad-
dition to the garden Red Cherry {Prunus cerasus,
L.) and Cultivated Plum {Prunus domestical L.)
there are the Chicasaw Plum {Prunus Chicasa,
Mich.) and the rarer Western species {Prunus
demissa, Walp) that are infested. The list of sus-
ceptible species of prunus is, therefore, a large
one. While the knots vary much in general ap-
pearance among the several species, it is doubtless
true, as has been proved in some cases by actual
inoculation, that any one of the eight species
above named may take the disease from the other
seven. This being the case, and the fact that the
roadways, fever rows and forests contain speci-
mens of wild cherry and plum trees and shrubs
badly infested with this contagious disease, it be-
comes evident that to eradicate the pest from the
orchard requires first that it shall be removed from
the surrounding fields and forests.

One more word upon the method of eradication
and this part of our subject must close. The best
method of destroying these knots is to burn them,
and this means the casting of all infested wild
trees and shrubs into the burn heap. To cut them
down is not enough, for then the spores will
mature in vast numbers, and thereby spread the
trouble to new places. In the orchard, if the trees
are only slightly attacked, it may be that severe
pruning away of the knots will suffice, but there is
much danger of not cutting far enough below the
warts to remove all the fungus. The knots are
conspicuous when the plants are defoliated, and
during the comparative leisure of winter is a most
fitting time in every way to clean the country of
this scourge to the fruit grower. The cost will be

slight, but all should act in the matter. The lazy
and thoughtless neighbor may need to have the
work done for him; and there is no other fungous
enemy to crops that offers so many good points
as a subject for legislation, provided the pest can-
not be eradicated without the hand of the law
being laid upon the matter.

The second instance of the relationship of forest
to orchard, as regards fungous diseases, is a quite
different one from the black knot, and in some
respects more complicated, and therefore none the
less interesting There is a rust upon the apple-
tree that in many parts of the country is so abun-
dant as to cause the entire destruction of the crop.
During the past season the writer saw large
orchards in which this rust was so abundant that
the trees had an orange color. Not a leaf escaped
the attack, the fruit rusted, and all prematurely
fell from the branches. This rust may be recog-
nized by the orange color of the whole tree, but
more particularly by the blotches upon the leaves,
in the centre of each of which is a cluster of long-
stemmed cups bearing a multitude of spores.

The point of most interest to us in this connec-
tion is that the forest tree associated with the
apple in the development of the rust fungus is the
ordinary red cedar. Upon this tree, large or
small, there has long been seen a peculiar growth
which, during showery days in late spring, have
sometimes been called '* cedar flowers." They at
that time are orange-colored masses that might
well be mistaken for blossoms. In mid-winter the
cedar, afterwards bearing these showy bodies, may
have its smaller branches beset with multitudes of
chocolate-brown bodies, varying in size from that
of a pea to a walnut. These galls are the work of
a fungus, and from them the large orange, gelatin-
ous horns protrude in spring when the warm rains
come. These conspicuous outgrowths of the gall
are made up principally ofspores, and as the horns
dry down, the spores are carried away by the
winds. These spores, when they fall upon the
tender surface of newly unfolded leaves, will ger-
minate and begin the production of an orange
blotch, previously described. The connection be-
tween the cedar gall and the apple rust has been
suspected for many years, for orchardists and
others had frequently observed that the rust was
most prevalent in the vicinity of cedar trees ; but
it was not until within the last few vears that the
relation has been established beyond any doubt.
Thus the spores of the cedar gall can be trans-
ferred tO) literally sown upon, the apple leaves,
and the rust will appear in the sown spots, and no-
where else.

We have in this last instance a species of fungus
that not only assumes two widely different forms
in its life history, but those two are upon different
plants, not of the same family, but separated as

-ip

V'v

70

FOREST LEAVES.

^L

I

widely as any two trees can be in their ties of

kinship.

That the rust is a destructive enemy to the apple
crop, and that it passes one stage of its existence
upon the cedar trees, are established beyond a
doubt. It therefore follows that a method, if not
the only practical one, of eradicating the pest is
to eliminate the cedar, at least all those cedar
trees that grow in proximity to the apple orchard.
The writer has in mind orchards that are half sur-
rounded by forests in which the cedar is a com-
mon tree. Such orchards have this year failed
utterly to produce a crop, and simply on account
of the rust. The remedy is evident, but it re-
mains to be seen if the lesson will be learned by
those who are the most interested in the matter,
and are in the position to take action against this
orchard enemy. It may be well, as in case of
the black knot of plum and cherry trees, to legis-
late against the cedar trees, at least those growing
within a half mile or so of an apple orchard.
The details of such a proposed law it is not my
purpose to here elaborate, but the thought of legis-
lation is thrown out that others may consider and
report upon it. It is hoped that the wisdom of
the orchardist will be sufficient in the case when
the relationship herein stated is presented to him.

Rutgers College, Jan. 2d, i8gi.

We welcome Prof. Halsted's contribution upon
'*The Forest in One of its Relations to the
Orchard," but cannot accept the remedy he
suggests, for if every forest tree is to be sacri-
ficed, and eradicated because it may more or less
propagate some fungi or other growth detrimental
to the fruit crop, we would soon have fewer
forests than now, with probably no more numer-
ous, thrifty or prolific orchards. — Ed.

Dwarf Trees.

BY PROF. WILLIAM P. WILSON.

y^ HE Japanese people are remarkable for artistic
\Q gardening. They make the most of every
inch of spare ground about their dwellings.
On a few square feet, which with us would be
considered too small to cover with anything but
rubbish, they often develop the most beautiful
miniature landscapes and gardens. On a space
no larger than the floor of one's dining-room
may appear, in the centre, a miniature moun-
tain two or three feet high, with a tiny lake at
its base and dwarf plants and trees clinging to
its rugged cliffs. Little tortuous paths, much too
small for one's feet, with rustic bridges, boats,
animals and pigmy people, complete the delight-
ful picture. If the space is larger, then the moun-

tain may be higher, the lake larger, with waterfall,
and the decorative plants taller and of greater
variety. It is in these pretty little gardens that the
Japanese make the most effective use of their justly
remarkable dwarfed trees. This custom of pro-
ducing gnarled, twisted and distorted miniature
forms, from a few inches in height to a few feet,,
from what would otherwise have grown to be tall
and stately forest trees, has been common in China
as well as Japan for many centuries past. The
illustration accompanying this number of Forest
Leaves represents ten or twelve of the handsomest
dwarf trees which have found their way to this or
any other country, from the skillful hands of the
Japanese gardener.

Last summer, while in Yokohama, Dr. E. H.
Williams, of Philadelphia, selected these trees, with
others, as representative specimens of this peculiar
tree culture, and shipped them to this country.
They are now at his home, at Thirty-Third and
Arch Streets, and it is through his kindness and
courtesy that the readers of this journal are ena-
bled to study them from so fine an illustration.

The group represents Pines {^Pinus parviflora)
and Arbor- Vitse, which are native in the East.
In the centre of the group, on the ground, we
have the tallest of the trees — a gnarly, knotty
dwarf Pine, hoary with age, which may have
graced for a century or more some one of the
eastern gardens. It is a dwarf, indeed, just
thirty-nine inches high. On either side of this
aged Pine pigmy, on the ground, and in the same
line, stand Arbor-Vitae, one with golden and the
other with dense green foliage. The taller one of
the two, the one with green foliage, is just twenty-
three inches high and is over one hundred and
twenty-five years old. Two small trees stand in
the foreground, on the grass. They are both
growing on rocks. The one on the right is fifteen
and one-half inches in height, and rests on a rock
ten inches above the surface of the pot in which it
grows. The naked roots are closely pressed to
either side of the stone and hold it up and in
place. The plant on the left is eighteen inches
in height, and much the more interesting of the
two. Its long naked roots have been trained into
deep, artificially-cut grooves, which nearly hide
them. Upon careful inspection of the photo-
graph they may easily be seen in long parallel,
vertical lines, with the sunken roots in them. The
special method by which these trees are tilted up
or grown on stones with exposed roots will be
spoken of later. The highest tree in the group in
position, a Pine, shows well a number of exposed
roots. The contorted trunk of the tree looks like
the body of a spider, with the crooked curved
roots for legs. Some of the other trees show the
same peculiarity.

The Japanese dwarf most of the fruit and forest

i i

w

H

>
<

o

r

p

:i

n

, \S

'I

1

i ' 1

J

I

i •'

i

II ! iP

I *

mi

70

FOREST LEAVES.

widely as any two trees can be in their ties of

kinship.

That the rust is a destructive enemy to the apple |
crop, and that it ])asses one stage of its existence j
upon the cedar trees, are established beyond a ^
doubt. It therefore follows that a method, if not ^
the only practical one, of eradicating the pest is
to eliminate the cedar, at least all those cedar |
trees that grow in proximity to the apple orchard, i
The writer has in mind orchards that are half sur- |
rounded by forests in which the cedar is a com- ;
mon tree. Such orchards have this year failed
utterly to produce a crop, and simply on account
of the rust. The remedy is evident, but it re-
mains to be seen if the lesson will be learned by
those who are the most interested in the matter,
and are in the position to take action against this
orchard enemy. It may be well, as in case of
the black knot of plum and cherry trees, to legis-
late against the cedar trees, at least those growing
within a half mile or so of an apple orchard.
The details of such a proposed law it is not my
purpose to here elaborate, but the thought of legis-
lation is thrown out that others may consider and
report upon it. It is hoped that the wisdom of
the orchardist will be sufficient in the case when
the relationship herein stated is presented to him.

Rutgers College, Jait. 2d, i8c)i.

We welcome Prof. Halsted's contribution upon
**The Forest in One of its Relations to the
Orchard," but cannot accept the remedy he
suggests, for if every forest tree is to be sacri-
ficed, and eradicated because it may more or less
propagate some fungi or other growth detrimental
to the fruit crop, we would soon have fewer
forests than now, with probably no more numer-
ous, thrifty or prolific orchards. — Ed.

Dwarf Trees.

BY PROF. WILLIAM P. WILSON.

^jT' HE Japanese people are remarkable for artistic
\Q gardening. They make the most of every
inch of spare ground about their dwellings.
On a few square feet, which with us would be
considered too small to cover with anything but
rubbish, they often develop the most beautiful
miniature landscapes and gardens. On a space
no larger than the floor of one's dining-room
may ai)pear, in the centre, a miniature moun-
tain two or three feet high, with a tiny lake at
its base and dwarf plants and trees clinging to
its rugged cliffs. Little tortuous paths, much too
small for one's feet, with rustic bridges, boats,
animals and pigmy people, com])lete the delight-
ful picture. If the space is larger, then the moun-

tain may be higher, the lake larger, with waterfall,
and the decorative plants taller and of greater
variety. It is in these pretty little gardens that the
Japanese make the most effective use of their justly
remarkable dwarfed trees. This custom of pro-
ducing gnarled, twisted and distorted miniature
forms, from a few inches in height to a few feet,
from what would otherwise have grown to be tall
and stately forest trees, has been common in China
as well as Japan for many centuries past. The
illustration accompanying this number of Forest
Leaves represents ten or twelve of the handsomest
dwarf trees which have found their way to this or
any other country, from the skillful hands of the
Japanese gardener.

Last summer, while in Yokohama, Dr. E. H.
Williams, of Philadelphia, selected these trees, with
others, as representative specimens of this peculiar
tree culture, and shipped them to this country.
They are now at his home, at Thirty-Third and
Arch Streets, and it is through his kindness and
courtesy that the readers of this journal are ena-
bled to study them from so fine an illustration.

The group represents Pines {Finns parviflora)
and Arbor-Vitae, which are native in the East.
In the centre of the group, on the ground, we
have the tallest of the trees— a gnarly, knotty
dwarf Pine, hoary with age, which may have
graced for a century or more some one of the
eastern gardens. It is a dwarf, indeed, just
thirty-nine inches high. On either side of this
aged Pine pigmy, on the ground, and in the same
line, stand Arbor-Vitae, one with golden and the
other with dense green foliage. The taller one of
the two, the one with green foliage, is just twenly-
I three inches high and is over one hundred and
twenty-five years old. Two small trees stand in
the foreground, on the grass. They are both
growing on rocks. The one on the right is fifteen
and one-half inches in height, and rests on a rock
ten inches above the surface of the pot in which it
grows. The naked roots are closely pressed to
either side of the stone and hold it up and in
place. The plant on the left is eighteen inches
in height, and much the more interesting of the
two. Its long naked roots have been trained into
deep, artificially-cut grooves, which nearly hide
them. Upon careful inspection of the photo-
graph they may easily be seen in long parallel,
vertical lines, with the sunken roots in them. The
special method by which these trees are tilted up
or grown on stones with exposed roots will be
spoken of later. The highest tree in the group in
position, a Pine, shows well a number of exposed
roots. The contorted trunk of the tree looks like
the body of a spider, with the crooked curved
roots for legs. Some of the other trees show the
same peculiarity.

The Japanese dwarf most of the fruit and forest

73

IT.

H

>

<

p

l^i

\ f

t

( J

.

'II

I

'I

I

ill

Hi

1 •

.,

' 1

I

N

I

■\ H

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

m

FOREST LEAVES.

71

trees. The various kinds of oranges, peaches,
apples and plums are their favorites among the
fruits ; the elms, maples and a large number from
the Pine family are chosen most frequently from
the forest trees.

In dwarfing trees, or plants of any kind, well-
known physiological laws are taken advantage of.

Trees are selected, from which to take the cut-
tings; when possible, those which have already
been dwarfed. A good dwarf is much more easily
produced from such in -bred stock.

The young plant is often grown under an in-
verted pot, and when one of the limbs has pro-
truded sufficiently through the opening above to
enable it to be bent down to the earth, it is par-
tially girdled and covered with moist soil for a
short distance, both below and above the girdle.
When it roots, it is severed from the parent plant.
The roots are subject to quite as much cutting as
the branches.

The tap-root is always cut away soon after it
appears.

In some cases, the secondary roots are quite
closely pruned.

The terminal bud is pinched out, as well as the
buds from many of the stronger growing lateral
branches, at a very early stage in the growth of the
plant. Constant pinching and pruning of both
roots and branches is the rule.

The plants are often transplanted. They are
put in shallow pots and given very poor soil and
little water ; in other words, they are partially
starved, that they may be stunted in their develop-
ment.

The growth of the dwarf trees is secured on the
ends of rocks and stones by beginning with the
stone covered with soil, and gradually removing
it as the roots penetrate down the sides of the rock.
Later the rock may be removed, thus leaving the
tree stilted up on its roots as seen in several of the
Pines in the illustration. Added to the above
course of treatment are various methods of tying,
twisting and splinting the branches with bamboo
springs and strings. In this way all sorts of odd
and peculiar shapes are produced. In dwarfing
any given tree a regular plan is followed, which is
often handed down and continued from generation
to generation. There are trees in China and in
Japan on which such definite plans have been car-
ried out for fifteen successive generations. As
many trees are killed in the dwarfing process, the
price for aged, well-formed specimens is high.

Japanese art will no longer direct the dwarfed
energies of the fine specimens which have furnished
us our sketch. They are in good hands, however,
and will without doubt not even recognize the
change from the rigid customs of the Eastern Em-
pire to the freer air of our Western Continent. We
shall certainly watch their growth with interest.

Meeting of the New York Forestry

Association.

^i^E regret that absence in the South prevented
vXJ attendance at what is reported, by the lo-
cal press of New York City, as one of the
most enthusiastic meetings in favor of Forestry
ever held in this country, and we can do no better
than copy from the published reports of this meet-
ing, so that our readers may see the activity which
has taken hold of our friends in a neighboring
State, who believe in the preservation and propa-
gation of our forests.

At last public spirit seems to be awakening to
the fact that something must be done to protect
the watersheds of the Adirondack region from
devastation. The first public meeting under the
auspices of the New York State Forestry Asso-
ciation was held yesterday afternoon in the big
lecture hall of the American Museum of Natural
History. Nearly 1500 ladies and gentlemen at-
tended, and by their enthusiasm manifested an
interest that, to say the least, was not hoped for
until a good deal more missionary work had been
done. The meeting was a great one in every
sense of the word, and was a source of intense
gratification to those gentlemen present who have
labored so long to arouse a public sentiment that
would demand a cessation of forest destruction.

Morris K. Jesup, President of the association,
was Chairman of the meeting, and in order that
all present might understand what practical for-
estry was, and how essential it was that it should
be carried on in this State, he called on Mr. Warren
Higley, to make the opening address. Said Mr.
Higley : —

** Forests can be preserved and perpetuated in
the midst of a teeming civilization only through
a scientific system of administration, whereby the
most thorough protection shall be afforded, the
waste and denuded areas reclothed with forest
covering, and the ripened timber be wisely utilized.
The rapid diminution of our forest wealth, the
widespread waste and reckless destruction of our
native woodlands, the increased and growing value
of forest products, the inconstancy of our rivers
and streams, the changing climate and growing
frequency of drought and flood, warn us against
continued apathy, and urge to prompt action.

**In the census year of 1880 more than
10,000,000 acres of forest in the United States
were burned over, with a loss of about ^25,500,000
in timber. In our State the same year nearly
150,000 acres were burned over, principally in
the Adirondack region, with an aggregate mone-
tary loss estimated at about $1,250,000. The
injury to the business interests of the State and to
the soil and surface conditions cannot be estimated
in dollars and cents. The forests cry out for pro-

Ml.

I

r !

(N tl

n

^H-^

^3

n

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

73

tection against fire, and it is the duty of the State
to give it by providing more efficient and abso-
lutely effective safeguards agamst it.

"About forty years ago the Government of
France became alarmed at the fact that entire
communities had become impoverished through
the deforestation of mountain lands, and ordered
a careful examination of the condition and needs
of the reported sections. It was found that
,8^ ooo acres needed to be reforested, for reasons
of public utility, and 1900 miles of torrents to be
checked and brought under control. The work
was at once begun, and in 1887 it was reported
that 103,138 acres of these mountain lands had
been put in the requisite forest condition by the
Government, at a cost of ^4,365. 75°- A further
expenditure is estimated to be necessary, in the
round sum of $34,000,000, to complete the work
of reforesting. Thus does France pay the penalty

of the folly of delay. j u ■

" The importance to the commercial and busi-
ness interests of the State of preserving the Adi-
rondack watershed from further denudation of its
forest areas cannot be overestimated. Ihe de-
struction has already gone too far, and dire con-
sequences have already followed. The rivers and
streams of the whole region have been seriously
affected within the memory of living men ; they
have decreased in Summer from 30 to 50 per cent.
In the last five years the normal height ot the
North River in Warren County has decreased
eight feet in the heated season and increased six
feet during the freshets. .

"The North Creek, which flows into the river
at the town of North Creek, instead of being a
noble stream, as it was twenty years ago, is a most
insignificant brook, only one-third of whose orig-
inal bed is used. At the head of navigation at
Troy it is reported, that the rise of the tide has
decreased one foot since i88i, owing to the detri-
tus brought down by the increased Spring floods.
The water supply of the Erie Canal is dangerously
scarce. It is stated that there has not been a flood
in the past eight years, in the southeastern Adiron-
dacks, that has done less than ;?30,ooo damage to
the towns which lie along the North and the
Sacondaga Rivers. These are but a few of the
alarming facts that call for prompt legislative
action. What is the remedy ? _

"There can be but one conclusion in the in-
terests of the people. The State must purchase,
in addition to her present holdings, all the lands
necessary for the protection of that great water-
shed and subject them to a thorough forest ad-
ministration. Let this area be dedicated to the
purposes of a State park, nature's sanitarium, and
a forest and game preserve for the benefit of all
the people. Then the waste places and the
scarred and blackened mountain sides will be

eventually reforested and the wilderness restored
to something of its original grandeur and beauty,
whUethe stfeams will resume their former peren^
nial flow, and the water supply for PO*^/ ^nd
commerce be certain and never failing. Under
sue™ an administration the mature and ripened
dmber will be utilized and prove a constant source
of income sufficient to pay all expenses of a liberal
management and leave a good surplus besides.

"Will the Legislature of New York ac and
grant the relief needed ? The present Legislature
will soon have before it important measures look-
Tng to the consummation of this much-desired
object, and it is the duty of every citizen patriot-
ically to give his support to those measures that
shall promise the earliest and completest success
n this direction, regardless of political affiliations
or business interests^ With prompt and effective
legislation on the part of our lawmakers, and the
zealous, united efforts of patriotic citizens, the
Empire State will retain her supremacy by pro-
tecting, maintaining, and conserving the forest
areas Throughout the State necessary to her agri-
cultural, commercial, and business prosper, y

Brief addresses were made by Messrs. Ellis tl.
Roberts, A. W. Gleason, and the Rev. Dr Lundy
of Philadelphia. Then William Potts, Chairman
of tlie Association's Executive Committee, read
the following resolutions : —

mer.as. The commercial prosperity of the State of New
York is largely dependent upon the free and safe nav.gat.on
of [he Hudson River and of the Erie Canal, wh.ch .n turn
draws its wa.er from the Black R.ver; and,

mlreas, For this reason the public imerests .mpjatwely
demand the retention of the forest covering upon the moui.-
fain scopes from which these rivers take ihe.r r.se because
without^his covering the liability .0 alternate disastrous
floods and low water will be greatly .ncreased ; and,

m"r.as. The preservation of these fo'«ts .s generd^
conceded to be also of the utmost importance to the publ.c

^"'mlr^Sh^r removal is progressing with great rapidity,
and in miny places if once removed they can never be

Resolved That it is essential that measures be taken at the
earUest practicable date to establish absolute State control
over a suffident extent of the Adirondack region to ma.ntam

the needed protection ; , .• r .u. <,„,««-

^.Wwrf, That pending the completion of the arrange
ments necessary for the establishment of this absolute control
the Legislature be urged to pass such measures as may be
practicable to minimize the further destruction of t.mber..n

this district; , fio-.«c.

Resolved, That to this end we urge the passage of laws .

/iV,/—To prohibit the building of railroads over any btate
lands in the Adirondack region without P;^T'<^%^^^f 5,"^^^^^^^
the Commissioners of the Land Office and the State Forest
Commission, after an adequate public hearing.

5,,,„^_To prohibit the building of dams »" J^^^ jegion
by means of which any lands belonging to the State may be
flooded, and the forests thereon may be destroyed.

Third— To increase the efficiency of State control in tne
direction of preventing forest fires; detecting and P^nishin.
trespassers upon State lands ; renewing the forests upon tbe

denuded and burned districts, and introducing a thorough,
conservative, scientific fjrest administration ;

Resolved, That so far as these provisions may be needed
to maintain favorable conditions in the Catskill, the Helder-
berg, and the Shawangunk Mountains, and elsewhere
throughout the State, they be extended to cover these dis-
tricts.

Ex-President Cleveland said : —

** I rise to say a word in support of the resolu-
tions that have been read. When as Governor
this subject was brought to my mind I gave it
careful study, and I was thoroughly satisfied that
the destruction of the Adirondack forests was
jeopardizing our rivers as means of transportation,
and that their preservation was essential to the
health and comfort of future generations.

** It is a most important matter, worthy the
attention of all. Therefore it was that I recom-
mended to the legislators of the State the passage
of measures calculated to prohibit the further sale
of forest lands in the possession of the State, and
that such lands as we had, together with such as
should come into our hands for the non-payment
•of taxes, should be preserved for a park. Some-
thing of that sort was done or attempted to be
done through an act providing for a forest com-
mission, but the necessary amount of public feel-
ing could not then be aroused to accomplish
much.

*' I have listened with a great deal of interest
to the suggestions which have been made here.
To my conservative mind many of them seem radi-
cal. I have had the same advantages of observa-
tion as some of the previous speakers. I am an
Adirondacker. I go to the Adirondacks every
year. I have seen the great waste places and the
desolation of which you have heard ; but, ladies
and gentlemen, I have been on the edge of another
^reat waste, on the margin of another great wilder-
ness. I refer to the Capitol at Albany. Now
make no mistake, if you wish to preserve your
forests from waste,' there must be considerable cul-
tivation done up there.

** But after all there is no reason for discourage-
ment. A little reminiscence of a previous struggle
like this will teach you that. There was a sug-
gestion made when I was in Albany that an effort
should be made to have a reservation at Niagara
Falls for the purpose of preserving the great natural
beauty of the place. I must confess that that pro-
ject seemed to me a rather discouraging one to
attempt. I was full of sympathy, but not full of
hope. Its warmest supporters hardly dared to
predict that their hopes would be realized, yet
they were realized. * * * *

** The trouble is that the waste of our means of
transportation is too remote to affect them. They
will shrug their shoulders and say that the Hudson
River will continue to flow as long as they live,
and future generations — well, perhaps future gener-

ations can get along without rivers. Tell them
that the work is essential to the preservation of
health, and they will answer you that they are
healthy enough. These arguments are weak to us,
but to a member of the Legislature, when linked
with the question of expense, they become strong.
** We must take up the great task before us by
easy stages. Let us begin on what we already
have. Let us demand that the State shall preserve
the great amount of Adirondack lands it now owns.
That will not antagonize anybody. Let us demand
that railroads shall not go in there on public lands
except upon the consent of the State and the Forest
Commission. That is but right and cannot antag-
onize anybody. We must not ask that somebody
be given a license to go into the Adirondack region
and blow up all the destructive dams, but we can
with reason ask the State to see that no dam exists
which is an injury to public lands and public
forests.

'* Let us begin at once to protect what we have.
That will demonstrate to the people the value of
our work. Having done that, I believe that secur-
ing new lands and finally getting such a great State
park as we need will be an easy matter. Rome
was not built in a day. A great Adirondack park
cannot be acquired by a single act. * *

** Don't then, let us shock our lawmakers, econ-
omical at least on matters of this kind, by asking
for too much at once. Don't let us oppose any
association, society, or individual that is working
on the same line as we are. We need all the help
we can get. Let us get to work to do something
now, for, although it may be but an inch of the
mile we ultimately want, we must remember that
a little done now is worth a great deal in the future.
I move the adoption of the resolutions as offered.'*

The motion being seconded, the question was
put, and the resolutions were adopted with a roar
of * * yeas. ' '

Before the big audience was dismissed the hall
was darkened for ten minutes, and by the aid of a
stereopticon Prof. Bickmore practically illustrated
the infinite value of the Adirondack watersheds
to the people of the State and the destruction that
has already been done there.

An Alleghany Mountain Park.

>^HIS caption may excite the query, '* Where? "
Vy to which there is but one reply : ** There is
none." To the next inquiry, ** Why not?"
no satisfactory answer can be given other than that
the great Keystone State has neglected one of its
best opportunities. Our neighbor, the State of
New York, is now much exercised over a large
forest preserve in the Adirondack Mountains, and
Pennsylvania should be equally earnest in securing

I

4

X

\

^i^4-

74

FOREST LEAVES.

and maintaining a liberal forest area in the Alle-

chany Mountains. r • a

Ex-Governor James A. Beaver, always a friend
to Forestry, was alive to the necessity of this, tor
in his last message he says :—

*' I commend also to your careful consideration
the subject of the preservation of the forests sur-
rounding the headwaters of our principal water-
ways While it is true that the disasters following
the floods of '89 might not have been entirely
avoided under the most favorable conditions, it is
nevertheless true that their annual recurrence in
the future may be prevented to some extent by the
rehabilitation of our denuded forests. It is very
difficult at this time, when the Commonwealth
has practically parted with all her lands, to revest
the title in her ; and yet without the actual owner-
ship of the waste land of the central mountain
belt of the State, it is difficult to see how any
efficient plan of reforesting these lands, or ot
allowing them to reforest themselves, can be
adopted. Tens of thousands of acres of waste
lands, not worth for any commercial purpose the
taxes which are annually levied upon them, and
which, under our present system of tax rates ot
unseated lands, are used by the unscrupulous to
deceive and defraud the unwary, might be made
productive of the common weal, if held and con-
trolled by the Commonwealth.

'* An Alleghany Park, which could be made to
include a large portion of the mountain regions of
the State, might be so formed as to protect the
headwaters of our streams, and by a gradual
system of reforesting would retard the disastrous
flow of water in the spring, when the snows melt,
or when there is unusual rainfall. This neglect is
one of unusual difficulty, but it is of so much and
of such practical importance that I feel compelled
to call it to your attention, and to invoke for it
your most careful consideration.*'

The Legislature is now in session ; and it may
consider it late to properly formulate and introduce
a bill which will be of service, but with the above
endorsement of Gen. Beaver while Governor, a
possible legislation might be obtained in favor ot
this excellent project. To do this, the friends of
Forestry must be active, earnest and direct in their
eff"orts to secure this much needed advantage for
Pennsylvania.

Special Meeting of the American Forestry

Association at Washington, D. C,

December 30th, 1890.

^

SPECIAL meeting of the American Forestry
Association was held at Washington, D. C,
December 30th, 1890.
There were in attendance Hon. Edwm Willits,

Assistant Secretary of Agriculture ; Hon. Geo. H.
Jarsons, of Colorado ; Prof. H. A. Green, of South
Carolink; Hon. Jno. A. Kmg, Judge Warren
nSy, Hon. Henry E. Pellew and Gtfford
Pinchot Esq., of New York; C. C. Bmney
Esq Dr. H^ M. Fisher, Rev. A. L. Elwyn and
J. Rodman Paul, Esq., of Pennsylvania; Hon.
Joseph Battell, of Vermont ; J. D^W. French, F.
H Appleton and N. T. Kidder, Esqs., of Massa-
chusetts; Hon. B. G. Northrop, of Connecticut,
and Messrs. B. E. Fernow, E. A. Bowers, H. B.
Ayres and N. H. Egleston, of Washington D. C.

In the absence of Gov. Beaver, President, Hon.
B G Northrop, one of the Vice-Presidents, took
the chair and called the Association to order

Letters from Gov. Beaver, Hon. B. G. Joly, of
Quebec, and Hon. G. W. Allan, of Toronto,
reerettine their inability to be present and express-
ing their great interest in the Association, were

The minutes of the annual meeting of the Asso-
ciation at Quebec were read in part, when, on
motion, their further reading was dispensed with.

A Committee on Resolutions and the nomination
of officers, consisting of Messrs. French, Parsons
and Green, was appointed.

The Report of the Executive Committee was
read by Mr. Binney. From this report it ap-
peared that ninety members have been added to
the Association during the last year, and that the
total membership is now 224, representing 30
States, one Territory, the District of Columbia
and 2 Provinces of Canada. The report stated
that as a result of the efforts of the Association a
Bill for the protection and preservation of l^orests
on the Public Lands has been introduced in the
House of Representatives and has been referred to
a sub-committee of the Committee of the House on

Public Lands. . u ^ fU^

A very general awakening throughout the
country to the needs of forest preservation was
reported by the Committee, special interest being
manifested in California and New York. The
continuation of the movement to secure forestry
legislation was earnestly recommended by tne

Committee. .

In connection with the report of the Executive
Committee, Mr. Binney made his report as Cor-
responding Secretary. , v r^.

The report of the Treasurer was read by Vv.
Fisher, from which it appeared that the Associ-
ation has a balance to its credit of $686.20.

Messrs. Appleton and Pinchot were appointea
an Auditing Committee on the Treasurers

account. 1

Hon. Mr. Northorp made a report from tne
Committee on Arbor Day in schools, which was
very encouraging, showing that Arbor Day is now
observed by schools in 37 States.

Hs

FOREST LEAVES.

75

U'

By invitation Judge Higley reported upon the
prospect of forest improvement in the State of
New York, referring especially to the movement
of the Adirondack Park Association, composed
largely of business men, which proposes to have
the State set aside 3,000,000 acres of Adirondack
forest land and place them under proper forest
administration. He also spoke of the work just
begun by the Adirondack League Club, a com-
pany of private citizens who have purchased 100,-
000 acres of forest which they propose to maintain
in its forest condition as a pleasure resort, while
also so managing it as to make it a source of income
from the sale of timber as it is ready for market.

At 12.30 o'clock a recess was taken until
2 o'clock.

At the opening of the afternoon session the
Committe on Nominations and Resolutions
reported a proposed amendment of the constitu-
tion so that Article 4 shall read as follows, viz : —

*' The officers of this Association to be elected
at the annual meeting shall be a President, one
vice-President for each State, territory, and pro-
vince represented in the Association, a Treasurer,
a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary,
and an executive committee consisting of these
officers and six other members. Three of this
committee shall constitute a quorum. This com-
mittee shall choose its own chairman and shall have
power to fill vacancies in its membership during
any current year, and to elect and define the
powers of such subordinate committees as it may
deem necessary."

The proposed amendment was adopted.

The Committee then reported a nomination of
officers as follows : —

President. — Wm Alvord of California. Vice-
Presidents. — Quebec, Hon. H. G. Joly; Ala-
bama, Dr. Chas. Mohr ; Arizona, D. M. Riordan ;
Colorado, Geo. H. Parsons; Connecticut, Hon. B.
G. Northrop; District of Columbia, Hon. Edwin
Willits; Georgia, Hon. C. P. Pringle ; Illinois,
Geo. W. Minier; Iowa, C. L. Watrous; Kansas,
Prof. E. A. Popenoe ; Maine, Jno. E. Hobbs ;
Massachusetts, J. D. W. French; Michigan, Prof.
J. W. Beal ; Minnesota, Hon. C. C. Andrews;
Nebraska, Hon. R. W. Furnas; New Hampshire,
J. B. Harrison ; New Jersey, W. A. Stiles ; New
York, Morris K. Jesup ; Ohio, Prof. W. R.
Lazenby; Ontario, Hon. G. W. Allan; Penn-
sylvania, Herbert Welsh ; Rhode Island, L. D.
Davis; South Carolina, Prof. H. A. Green; South
Dakota, Prof. C. A. Keffer; Tennessee, Col. T.
T. Wright; Texas, W. G. Jones; Vermont, Dr.
H. A. Cutting; Wisconsin, H. C. Putnam.
Treasurer. — Dr. H. M. Fisher, Philadelphia, Pa.
Recording Secretary. — N. H. Egleston, Washing-
ton,- D. C. Corresponding Secretary. — E. A.
Bowers, Washington, D. C.

Additional members of Executive Committee : —
B. E. Fernow, H. B. Ayres, E. T. Ensign, H. E.
Pellew. Warren Higley, C. C. Binney.

The officers nominated were elected.

Informal reports as to the condition of forestal
interests in several States were then made by Prof.
Green of South Carolina, and Messrs. Appleton
and J. Rodman Paul, which were followed by
remarks from various members.

An invitation from Colorado to hold the next
meeting of the Association in that State was
received with thanks and the decision as to its
acceptance was referred to the Executive Com-
mittee.

The Association then took a recess until 7.45
o'clock p. M.

EVENING SESSION.

The Association met at the designated time, at
the National Museum, in joint session with the
American Economic Association.

Vice-President Willits called the Association to
order and made a brief address.

The Committee on Nominations and Resolu-
tions then made its report through its chairman
Mr. Binney as follows: —

1. Resolved, that immediate steps should be
taken to reserve from sale and entry the forest
lands now under national and State control, and
to so preserve and administer them as to make
them a source of permanent income to the govern-
ments and especially that the sub-committee of the
Public Lands Committee of the House of Repre-
sentatives, appointed to consider forestry measures,
be earnestly requested to report favorably a bill
for the reservation, protection and management of
the forests on the public lands of the United
States.

2. Resolved, that permission should not be
granted by the United Slates Government for the
construction of any railroad in the Yellowstone
National Park ; and that besides the passage of the
necessary laws for the government of the said
park, including the adequate punishment of
offenders, the boundaries should be extended so
as to include adjacent forest lands, and should be
more definitely marked.

3. Resolved, that this Association heartily
approves of the request made by the Secretary of
the Interior to the Secretary of War for two com-
panies of cavalry to protect the Yosemite and Se-
quoia Parks, and respectfully urges the Secretary of
War to grant this request.

The Association also urges upon Congress the
desirability of farther extending such reservations
as that lately made in Tulare County, and the need
of extending the boundaries of Yosemite Valley
Park.

4. Resolved i that the present efforts for forest

s

;

Kl

V

t

^i-?

^4^

76

FOREST LEAVES.

administration and preservation in the Adirondack
forests in New York and in the White Mountain
regions of New Hampshire, both by the States,
by Associations, and by individuals, deserve the
earnest encouragement of the American Forestry
Association, and that the members resident in
those States be urged to co-operate with the Adi-
rondack Park Association and the New Hampshire
Forest Commission in securing the legislation

needed. . . . i ^-i ^ ,^

c Resolved, that this Association heartily advo-
cates the establishment of forest parks by cities
and towns, and especially commends the donation
of such parks by private citizens to public uses,
regarding them as important agents in promoting
public interest in forest preservation as well as

public health.
The Resolutions reported by the Committee

were unamiously adopted.

Papers were then read by Edward A. Bowers,
Esq on ''The Present Condition of Forests on
the Public Lands,*' by Gifford Pinchot, Esq. , on
** Government Forestry Abroad," and by B. L.
Fernow, Esq., on "The Feasibility ot American
Forest Administration."

The Association then adjourned sine die.

N. H. Egleston, Recording Secretary.

Minnesota Woodsmen.

Paper presented at the Summer Meeting of the American Forestry
Association in Quebec, September 3d, 1890.

y^ HE forest region of Minnesota has an area of
\Q some 39,000 square miles, extending from
the Canadian boundary southward to an
indefinite border, from the St. Croix River, near
Rush City, westward, near Princeton, St. Cloud
and Alexandria, to within a few miles of Fergus
Falls ; thence northward, near Red Lake Falls, to
the 49th parallel. .

Logging operations have been continuous in this
region for more than thirty years.

During the season of 1889 and '90, i , 1 74,607,000
feet, board measure, of pine log timber were cut
within this area.

To cut and bank this timber required the work
of 14,780 men, classified as follows: 118 superin-
tendents, 150 cruisers, 354 scalers, 472 foremen,
1888 sawyers, 472 sled tenders, 2596 teamsters,
J776 swampers, 1888 chain tenders, 994 road
monkeys, 472 landing men, 118 blacksmiths,
118 handy men, 472 cooks, 472 cookees and 472
stable boys. Add to this number of men em-
ployed in logging the low estimate of 5000 men
working on ties, piles, poles and cord wood, and we
have an army of at least 20,000 men finding com-
fortable quarters and good pay six months of the

year cutting and hauling cnide forest products to

market. , ,

Of these men but one class— synonymously
called cruisers, explorers, examiners, inspectors
or woodsmen— need necessarily be woodsmen in
the full sense of thoroughly knowing the woods.

In designing and planning logging operations,
the superintendent, especially if he is putting in
any considerable amount of timber, needs assist-
ants who know all about lines, corners, topogra-
phy, timber, roads and road making, the driving
stream and clearing it, and have a good general
knowledge of every work connected with logging.
These examine the tracts to be cut, estimate the
amount and quality of timber, map the land,
showing location of timber, with general topog-
raphy, lay out roads, locate buildings and land-
ings, and after cutting has commenced, see that
everything is properly done ; that all the market-
able timber is taken, no worthless logs being
hauled, that no timber is wasted in cutting, and
the logs are being properly landed and correctly
marked, stamped and scaled.

Where men of this class are employed by land
owners, timbering and logging is but part of their
work ; for they are to carefully map the land in
detail on a scale usually not less than four inches
to the mile, showing all topographical features,
especially streams, lakes, marshes, hills, the va-
rious species of trees, size, condition* and amount
of each kind, undergrowth, brush, grass, liability
to fire and trespass, cost of clearing, cost and
extent of drainage, and the grade of each tract
according to its desirability for farming purposes.
The life of these men is one of continuous lia-
bility to exposure, hardship and severe physical
labor, and requires, beside the best of physical
constitutions, mature and independent judgment,
with unusual fidelity and discretion.

At work, these men move in parties of from two
to six, carrying tent, cooking utensils and provi-
sions on their backs. In summer a party of four
can carry their complete outfit for three weeks
work. Canoeing along the water-courses, where
available, is a great convenience, and is hailed
with delight by all as a desirable change from the
tiresome monotony of packing.

Throughout this region there is a great lack of
sentiment and caution against starting forest fires.
Camp fires so often die out without spreading, or
spread unseen by the camper, after he has moved
away, that habitual carelessness is the rule, even
among men considered thoughtful.

H. B. Ayres.

N, P. Junction, Minn.

FOREST LEAVES.

77

[An army of 20,000 men can soon reduce the
timber resources of the 39,000 square miles of
wooded area in Minnesota, particularly if as-

sisted by wood fires. When this timber growth
becomes a matter of history, the popular senti-
ment will declare in favor of judicious reforesta-
tion and severe penalties for wanton waste. The
mission of Forest Leaves is to awaken this senti-
ment while available timber exists, so that the
woodlands may be protected for the use of man. —
Editor.]

The Adoption of a Regular System for the
Cutting of Timber on our Public Lands.

Abstract of a Paper presented at the Quebec Meeting of the American

Forestry Association, September 4th, 1890, by Mr. J. X. Pbkkeault,

Secretary of the Forestry Association of the Province of Quebec.

IN the first portion of this paper, entitled the
<< Present System,*' the writer criticises the
management of forests, both in Canada and
the United States, and shows the necessity of in-
troducing reforms without delay. He then pro-
poses the following measures as, in his opinion,
indispensable for preventing the further devastation
of the forests of the Dominion and for protecting
what remains of them. First. Dividing the forest
domain into five grand departments, namely, those
of Ottawa, St. Maurice, the Saguenay, the Eastern
Cantons and Gaspesie, he proposes that each be
placed under the control of a Forest Commis-
sioner as Director. Each of these Forest Direc-
tors should then be required to divide his depart-
ment into as many forest districts as may be
required for their successful management.

Under the direction of the Forest Inspector for
each particular forest, the contract may be awarded
for a certain number of years to some one lumber
man, a saw-mill owner, for the gradual cutting of
the timber on the particular tract, the Inspector
being compelled to see that certain rules in cutting
the timber are rigidly adhered to by the contract-
ing party. Under no circumstances shall more
than one-twentieth part of the standing timber be
removed in any one year. In this way will the
forest be preserved, while yielding every year an
equal and never failing profit.

Second. The Government should determine
each year how large a cut is demanded by the
wants of trade, in order to reduce to a minimum
the risk of over-production of lumber and hence
the sudden and disastrous reduction in value of
forest products, which have hitherto been the cause
of great commercial disturbances.

Third. Since it is an established fact, that the
covering the ground of the forest with chips and
shavings produced by the hewing the logs in the
forest increases greatly the danger of forest fires,
and that fully one-third of the timber is habitually
wasted by forest hewing, the Government should
require the Forest Inspectors to see that the trunks
of the trees are sawn into blocks, which by split-

ting can easily be transformed into firewood or
floated in their entire length to the point of ship-
ment.

Fourth. The Government should carefully
watch the operations of the lumbermen and in-
struct the Forest Inspectors or wardens to see that
all trees to be felled or to be preserved in the an-
nual cut are clearly and distinctly marked.

Fifth. The Government should send each year
to the Forest School of Nancy a certain number
of young men to take a complete course of study
in practical forestry, who, after passing satisfactory
examinations, shall be entrusted with the forest
administration in the different forests of the Do-
minion.

Sixth. The Department of Agriculture should
determine in general the cost of licenses to cut the
timber in the manner above indicated, the area
of the forest land upon which cutting is to be per-
mitted, and assume a general supervision of the
work of the different forest departments.

Mr. Perreault maintains that no very great in-
crease in the present number of Forest Inspectors
would be required by the proposed change, and
that the profits would far more than cover any
additional outlay on the part of the Dominion
Government.

A forest domain of 50,000 square miles, which
is all actually threatened by the lumberman's axe,
is, he thinks, well worthy of consideration. ** The
annual production of this domain is on an average
400,000,000 feet of pine and 110,000,000 feet of
spruce. Further, building lumber (white and red
pine) 37,300,000 feet, hard wood 60*0,000, railroad
ties 4,500,000 ft. , cedar 4,500,000, pine and spruce
in the log 5,500,000, tamarisk 175,000, **pruche"
34,000, firewood 5,000,000 feet, make a grand
total of 550,000,000 feet and give a revenue to the
Province of Quebec of one million dollars. For
the whole of Canada the anual product of timber
is probably worth $25,000,000, and will probably
double in value? as the annual product of the United
States decreases.

In a few years the Province of Quebec could
obtain from its forests, if properly administered,
a revenue sufficient to defray in great part the en-
tire expenses of the Government."

Government Forestry Abroad.

Abstract of a Paper read by Gifford Pinchot at a Joint Meeting of the
American Forestry and American Economic Associations in Wash-
ington, D. C, December 3uth, 1890.

^HE nations whose forest policies might justly
\Q claim attention are so numerous that I shall
confine my remarks chiefly to those with
which I have been fortunate enough to gain some
personal acquaintance.

M.

Hi

if

^4<

Hr

M

78

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

79

. u

In Prussia the relation of the State to the forests
which it owns is simple and rational. The enor-
mous capital which they represent is not permitted
to lie idle, and the forest as a timber producer has
taken its place among the permanent features of
the land The government has done the only wise
thing by managing its own forests through its own

forest officers. . ^ ^ „,

With respect to the forests belonging to towns,
villages and other public bodies, the State prevents
absolutely their treatment under improvident or
wasteful methods, nor does it allow any measures
to be carried into effect which may deprive pos-
terity of the enjoyment which it has a right to

^''Th'e 'relations of the State to those forests which
belong to private proprietors are of a much less
intimate nature. The basis of these relations is,
however, the same. To quote from Donner, now
head of the Forest Service :— . r ,u

*^ The duty of the State to sustain and turther
the well-being of its citizens regarded as an im-
perishable whole, implies the right and the duty to
subject the management of all forests to its inspec-
tion and control."

In Switzerland the development rather than the
actual condition of forest policy may best claim
attention. This development is of peculiar interest
to the United States, because in Us beginning may
be traced many of the characteristics of the situa-
tion here and now, and because the Swiss, like the
Americans, were confronted by the problem of a
concrete forest policy extending over the various
States of a common Union.

The work of the forest reform was begun by a
few public-spirited citizens soon after the middle
of the last century, and has been continued in
later times through the Swiss Forestry Association,

founded in 1843. , ,, •

It has moved successfully, among other things,
for the foundation of the forest school, the ex-
amination of the higher mountain forests, the
passage of a new forest law and the correction of
the torrents. Partly, at least, as a result of its
efforts a federal forest inspector was appointed in
1875, and a year later the first forest law of the
confederation was passed. The passage of this
law was immediately followed almost everywhere
by the appointment of trained forest officers, and
all the cantons whose forest legislation was defec-
tive amended or completed it.

In France, which stands with Germany at the
head of the nations as regards thoroughness of
forest policy, the large extent of State and other
public forests is in admirable condition. The
training of French forest officers, and to some
extent the treatment of French forests, differs,
widely from those which distinguish Prussia. That
this training extends over two years, instead of the

six or eight spent by the Prussian candidates, cannot
but make the task of national forest administration
seem easier, especially in view of the excellent, and
very often the wonderful, results which the French
foresters have achieved. Perhaps their most bril-
liant work has been accomplished in the correc-
tion of the torrents in the Alps, Pyrenees and
Cevennes. The whole story of reforestation in
France is full of the deepest interest in compari-
son with the past history and probable future of

our mountain forests. ^ 1 i- i. .. i.

" History has proved," says Dr. Schlich, that
the preservation of an appropriate percentage of
the area as forests cannot be left to private enter-
prise in India, so that forest conservancy has for
some time past been regarded as a duty of the
State. ' ' The formation of the reserved State forests
was the first step. These forests have been gradu-
ally brought under simple but systematic methods
of management which aim at effective protection,
an efficient system of regeneration and cheap
transportation, the whole under well considered
and methodical working plans. The results of this
enlightened policy are conspicuous in the great fact
that the forests yield, and will permanently yield,
the supply of timber and forest produce which the
population requires, also in the beginning which
has been made towards regulating the water supply
in the mountains, and in the steadily increasing
capital value and annual net revenue of the State

forests.

Dr. Schlich's statement of the destructive ten-
dencies of private forest ownership in India might
with equal truth have been made as a general propo-
sition. It is the salient fact which the history of
the forests of the earth seems to teach, but nowhere
have the proofs of its truth taken such gigantic
proportions as in the United States. We are sur-
rounded by the calamitous results of the course we
are now pursuing. The peoples whose intelligence
and foresight are most worthy of respect have
shown that the solution of the problem of forest
protection lies in forest management.

Forest Reform.

AN APPEAL.

/^ HE Colorado State Forestry Association have
\Q issued an appeal, dated Denver, Colorado,
February loth, 1891, to the people of Colo-
rado, from which we quote the record of pro-
gression.

1884.— Systematic publication of forestry matter
in the local press ; organization of the Colorado
State Forestry Association.

1885. —Memorials to the general assembly ; pass-
age of forestry act, establishing the office of State

Forest Commissioner, and constituting county
commissioners and road overseers forest officers
in their respective localities.

No appropriation was made for carrying this act
into effect, and for a period of two years the bur-
den of enforcing its provisions was borne by the
friends of the measure.

Legislative acts making it a criminal offense to
carelessly or wilfully set prairie or timber fires, to
the injury of others, or to set camp-fires and fail
to extinguish them ; and requiring the erection of
notices warning persons against violations of the
law.

1887. — Forestry act of 1885 amended so as to
provide a salary and traveling fund for the State
Forest Commissioner, and further defining the
duties of forest officers.

Senate joint memorial to Congress asking for the
transfer to the State of the public timber lands
within the State.

1889. — *' Arbor Day " established by legislative
enactment, and its due observance enjoined*

1 89 1. — Forestry convention in Denver, and
reorganization, upon a permanent basis, of the
Colorado State Forestry Association.

Introduction of bills in the general assembly to
amend and strengthen the forest laws.

The Association asks: —

1. That the membership of the Colorado State
Forestry Association be largely increased. The
annual membership-fee is only $1.00.

2. We need more stringent forests laws, both
State and national. It is hoped that all who feel
an interest in the subject will communicate with
their representatives in the Legislature, or with the
Colorado delegation in Congress, urging necessary
action in this behalf.

Agriculturists and others interested in irrigation
enterprises, and those who desire the preservation
of our wild game and fish, should take a special
interest in the conservation and extension of bur
forests.

EXCELSIOR

INCUBATOR

r-u-T^MM

Simple, Forfeit nnil ^oir.ReKulatlnc*
I Hundreds in Huccessful operation. Guar-
re— — r— ir an teed to hatch a larjfer percentage of
ID • y tertile egfrH at less cost than any « ther
I ■ hatcher. S«nd 6c. for Dltui. Gatalofrue.

OircuUrs Q^Q |, 3JA„^ Q„j„^y^ ,||^

The American Agriculturist reports, as a result
of a crop contest, that 975 bushels (within a few
pounds) was grown on one measured acre in John-
son County, Wyoming, winning a prize offered by
the paper for the largest yield of potatoes on one
exact acre. Another large crop was 347 J^ bushels,
while other notable crops ranged from 746 bushels
to 450 bushels. The first prize the year previous
was for 738 yz bushels.

We do not know but that it would be a good
idea to have some of the friends of forestry offer
a prize for the best growth of young trees or the
best propagated forest, or some other feature which
would encourage competitive interest in forest
growth and care. The circumstances, however,
under which trees grow, requiring longer time,
would not permit of having annual competitions,
as in some of the products of the farm.

— ** The forests are a precious heritage to man.
They provide him a cradle ; they furnish him the
soil, and they still offer him their help in some of
his greatest needs. No man has a right to destroy
them when their destruction means calamity to his
fellows or his successors. To give the individual
the right to overthrow them at his will is to con-
stitute him a cruel despot ; if such privileges exist
in the laws framed by a short sighted past, it is
time they were annulled.*' {From Skater's ^^ As-
pects of 'The Earth, ' ' )

— The entire forest of Germany amounts to 34,-
596,000 acres.

Russia has 494,228,000 acres of forest.

Austria- Hungary, . . 46,952,000 '*

Sweden, 42,010,000 *♦

France, 22,24.1,000 "

Spain 19,769,000 *'

Italy, 9*884,572

England, 2,471,000 "

MEEHANS' NUBSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750

KINDS AT the CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET THE BEST STOCK AT
LOWEST FIGURES. ThE CHEAPEST WAY

TO BUY Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, Ac, sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS MEEHAN& SON,
Germantown, Phiia.« Pa.

DECIDVOTT8 and
EVKRURKKN.

[ncludintrthe

NeiT <'h('Ktnut

NDMBO.

HEDGING, FLOWERING SHRUBS and VINES.
GRAPES, SMALL FRUITS in variety, ASPARAGUS, etc.

An niostrated DescriptiTe C'ataloffue and Planters («iiide, FRbE.

The WM. H. MOON COMPANY. Morrisville, Bucks County, Penna.

T D C C Q J ORNAMENTAL}

I KttoiFruit&NutBearing}^'

:!

' 1

I J

\ \

i

I ^.

I*
1 ■*

1 .1

1 ■ 1

It'

J.S/

^5t)

80

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

IN THIS PAPER, ARE MADE BY THE NEW
f OF

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, Philadelphia^

HIlfADBIiEHft

.URERS

1

'■""»ts?'.!,"ED'N HIGHEST OJ^'oltl'"'

^*CHESTy PRICES i CREATjSTj^ELPHM

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE

Largest Store in the United Slates

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

STRAWBRIDGE & CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

CASH CAPITAL ••- f °^'^°°?J

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims 1,631.500.2a

Surplus over all. Liabilities, 369,416.98

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1889, - S2,500,9I6.2I

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, ActuRry.

DIRECTORS.

Thos H. Montgomery, PembertonS. Hutchinson, Jos. E Gimngham,
TohnT Lewis Alexander Biddle, Samuel Welsh, Tr.,.

Israel MofrU,' Charles P. Perot, Charles S. Whefen.

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

Pl^l[NlTEl^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN UNGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

HfEsUmates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^

Fire-proof VaultjJo^Sjorage^fJIateii.

Mechanical Details rtceWe our Personal Superylsjon.

%<f^'C^nt m.

— -.^XaQI

r--

Philadelphia, June, 1891.

No. 6.

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

as North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as second-class matter in the Post Office of Philadelphia.

■yrJiVsr'^' CONTENTS.

yy^duVs^l ly Editorials 81-83

\''f> W -^"^ Proposed School of Forestry in

"'H^A^^* the Adirondacks 83

' / ^^ *• -^•*- How to Procure Good Forest

Trees for Planting. H. G.

Joly 83-85

City Parks Association 85

Recent Floods in Pennsylvania 85

The Tulip Poplar, or Poplar Tree. Dr. J. T. Rothrock 85-86

Abstract of the Third Biennial Report of the California State

Board of Forestry for the Years 18S9-1890. Adolph Nahmer... 87-89
The Conditions of the Forests on the Public Lands of the United

States. Edward A. Bowers 89-90

What About Forestry? B. F. Fernow 90-9*

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.

Price for Single Numbers 12 Cents.

Thg attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on publication.

John Birkinbine, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M. Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886.

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee y One dollar.

Life membership^ Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive 4he publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to ^. B. Weimer^ Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila.,orto
Miss Grace Anna Lewis , Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr.
f' Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler ^ Esq.y Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Marshall^ Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

At Home.

•Zi'^E are pleased to announce to our readers
\Xj that the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
has secured an office in the second story
of 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, which they
are about furnishing and which will be equipped
with the nucleus of a library, and as soon as
arrangements can be perfected, provided with
some one who will be in charge to answer ques-
tions or give any information.

The Council held a meeting there on May 4th,
and in the future the headquarters of the Council
and the business connected with the Association
will be transacted from the new headquarters. It
is hoped that the friends of forestry will make it
their business, when in Philadelphia, to call in and
use the rooms for the advancement of the interest
in which we are engaged.

>^HE daily newspapers have lately been call-
\Q ing attention to widespread and numerous
forest fires throughout Central Pennsyl-
vania and Southern New Jersey. As a rule, how-
ever, these disasters are noted merely as news items,
and where dwellings, barns, or other buildings are
destroyed, or in apparent jeopardy, the notice is
naturally given additional prominence. There is,
however, an absence of editorial comment upon
the irreparable loss which in many instances has
fallen on valuable woodlands, and little attention
is given to the origin of these forest fires. To
those who are fighting the fires, and who have at
times to flee from the advancing flames, forest
fires are terrible realities, and only those who have
for days and nights ** back-fired '* against the
demon which is urged rapidly forward by strong
winds, with lungs choked by the dense smoke and
throats parched by the heat and the scanty supply
of drinking water obtainable where the fire-lines
must be maintained, can appreciate the terrors of
forest fires. To those at a distance the heavy

ill

m

.11

I

■ 1

11

t

%-i^

82

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

83

It'

smoke which obscures the familiar features of the
landscape and gives the sun a blood-red tinge,
may prove a temporary annoyance, partially re-
compensed by the picturesque fringes of fire to be
seen along the mountain sides after nightfall, and
to others the fire ravages are merely passing news
items. But the grim black spectres of what were
mature trees, or the charred and broken stakes
which are all that remains of healthy sprouts will
for years mark the areas which are now being
burned over, some of which may never be re-
forested. . , . J «. • 1

All of this devastation, with its attendant risks
to life and property, all of the growing timber
thus destroyed and all of the territory made barren
by the consumption of the fertilizing cover, is
probably due to carelessness or criminal intention.
We very much doubt if a single instance can be
mentioned where the forest fires of the present
season in Pennsylvania and New Jersey could not
have been prevented had the value of forests been
appreciated and the fear of punishment been before
those who are responsible for these fires.

The laws of Pennsylvania make provision tor
the punishment of those who set fire to woodland,
and make it the duty of County Commissioners to
organize forces to suppress the fires and arrest the
offending parties. But the law is seldom enforced,
nor can we expect that it will be until public
sentiment is awakened to a reahzation of the
injury done to the commonwealth by forest fires.
This is the mission of Forest Leaves, as the
organ of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
and we need the support of the city and State
press to point out the damage which results from
forest fires, and to demand that suitable efforts be
made to arrest and punish those who originate
them. A few examples of punishment will go far
to diminish the number of forest fires. In one
county in Pennsylvania the arrest and incarcera-
tion of two men, one for three and one for five
years, has for a decade practically kept that county
free of forest fires. . *

What a commentary upon our State pride we
find in the newspapers of to-day, which in one
issue mention a number of forest fires raging
throughout the State, and also several Arbor Day
celebrations. We believe in Arbor days, and hope
for their growth in public appreciation, but had
every citizen of Pennsylvania planted a tree on
Arbor Day, the destruction which was then in pro-
gress on our hills and mountains would have more
than offset theJi^alue of woodland to future gener-
ations.

T^HE City Parks Association entertained his

\Q Honor Mayor Stuart, Director of Public

Works Windrim and other officials of the

city of Philadelphia at luncheon in Bartram's Gar-

den on the afternoon of May 2 7th. We need hardly
say that the Forestry Association were well repre-
sented at this gathering. All who were present
were delighted at the magnificent trees, the quaint
homestead and other features, and the general
verdict was one of gratification that by the action
of the City Parks Association this grand botanical
collection, which has a world-wide reputation
among scientists, is preserved for the enjoyment
and improvement of the people. Bartram's
Garden is not difficult of access ; the Eastwick
Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is
within a few rods of the garden. The Fifty-
eighth Street Station on the Philadelphia, Wil-
mington and Baltimore Railroad is not over half
a mile distant, and the street cars on Woodland
Avenue pass Eastwick Lane within the same dis-
tance. Bartram's Garden is well worthy of a
visit from all lovers of botany and of forestry.

—The recent action of Congress in authorizing
the President to set apart from time to time such
portions of the public lands as he deems it desira-
ble to maintain as permanent reservations, is, if
we are correctly informed, the first step taken by
the General Government in the direction of forest
preservation, and we trust he will exercise this
power to a considerable extent.

—The work of forestry associations in the United
States is at last beginning to receive some of the
recognition to which its importance entitles it.
Greater attention has, however, been paid to the
care and preservation of woodland in Europe than
in this country, and in both Germany and Austria
the care and management of such work forms a
distinct governmental function. — Mamstique
{Mich,) Pioneer

>^ HE statement has often been made, without
\Q contradiction, and figures will probably
verify it, that Germany to-day has a larger
forest area available, /^r ^^///^ of its population,
than the United States. When we realize how oia
a country Germany is, and how lately settled the
United States is, comparatively, such statements
are startling. We are also informed that Germany
now has a greater forest area than it had a century
ago, and the same applies to some other European
countries. An examination of the census returns
of the cities of Europe and the United States in-
dicate a steady inclination of the population to
centre in large communities, and those who nave
studied the problem claim that this must continue,
because the labor-saving appliances and the me-
chanical features introduced on the farm have maae

it possible for the labor of one man to produce, to
grind, to transport to a central market and bake
into bread, wheat sufficient to sustain one hundred
of his fellow citizens. Accepting these statements,
we see additional reason for the preservation and
propagation of forests. The land difficult to till,
by reason of its being on steep mountain sides or
covered with rocks, or the land removed from
convenient means of transportation, cannot be ex-
pected to yield cereals in competition with the
great areas which can be cultivated on liberal scale
to more advantage. These lands can, therefore,
be better spared for forests ; as it has been claimed
that a large district, of which three-quarters were
tilled and one-quarter retained in timber, would
produce more than the total district if cultivated,
we see additional reason for encouraging forest
growth as an accessory to farm operations. The
centering of great communities in cities creates a
demand for the products of the field and also for
the lumber growth, and we present these crude
thoughts to our readers now,to invite attention to
the relation which forestry will bear to the future
of the country, when its great cities shall be much
more numerous than now, and the demands of
augmented population of these large communities
greater than heretofore.

Under these circumstances, it is not surprising
that the interest in forestry seems to develop more
rapidly in cities than in the less closely settled por-
tions of the various States ; but scattered through
most of our States we find active and earnest
champions of forestry, who, living among woods
or where they know that forests should be, ar€ en-
deavoring, by practice and precept, to advance
interest in the cause in which we are engaged.

Proposed School of Forestry in the Adi-

rondacks.

/T\R. EDWARD S. SCHERMERHORN
yi/ writes to the Dolgeville Herald, urging
apropos of the plan of creating a State
Park in the Adirondacks, the establishment of a
School of Forestry there.

There is a growing desiiis in New York to pre-
serve the Adirondack forests from further spolia-
tion,— some of the largest owners of timber land
there have evinced a desire to adopt a more
scientific system of lumbering, and the Adiron-
dack League Club, whose 93,000 acres of timber
land are to be put, we understand, under the care
of a trained forester and scientifically adminis-
tered, contains among its leading members some
of the chief lumbermen of that district — and no
disinterested person who has given any attention
to the subject can any longer doubt that the State
owes it to the people of New York that further

unnecessary devastation of this region should not
be permitted.

It becomes, however, yearly more and more
apparent that mere appeals to the patriotic senti-
ment of the community and citation of examples
of successful forest management abroad will not
have much effect in preventing the owners of
large tracts of timber land in this country from
endeavoring to '* realize" from the forest products
as soon as they can convert the standing trees into
lumber.

Actual ocular demonstration, on the other hand,
of a large body of timber land yielding substantial
returns on the purchase-money, while under scien-
tific management, would, however, probably not
fail to set some of the neighboring lumbermen
thinking, and the example thus set would surely
be contagious.

We labor under the disadvantage in this country
of having few men who have the training neces-
sary for handling a forest in a thoroughly scientific
way.

If the successful prosecution of agriculture in
this country requires special knowledge, acquired
by years of patient toil, how much more must the
successful prosecution of forestry require training,
thorough knowledge of the conditions of tree
growth, best methods of lumbering and bringing
the product to market, etc, foresight and intelli-
gent supervision.

We hope, therefore, that Mr. Schermerhorn's
suggestion will soon be acted upon, and that the
Empire State will lead the way in establishing the
first American School of Forestry in the Adiron-
dack woods, where civil engineers can acquire
such a knowledge of practical woodcraft as will
enable them successfully to cope with the many
perplexing problems of forest management.

The United States Government should assist in
the endowment of such a school and send cadets
there to acquire a thorough education as forest
engineers, whose services could then be given in
administering the forests of the public lands.

How to Procure Good Forest Trees for

Planting.

IT is not easy to procure young forest trees, worth
planting. The trees raised in the nurseries
can generally be relied upon, and they are
sold at moderate prices, but, owing to distance,
want of easy communication, delays in forward-
ing and delivering (which are often the cause that
the trees, when received, are unfit for planting),
and owing to the cost, however moderate, it is very
seldom that farmers have recourse to the nursery-
man for the forest trees they intend planting (we
do not allude, here, to fruit trees).

H^

\ \

vf \

I

1 'f

i

J

'1

^6"f

i

84

FOREST LEAVES.

People generally go to /I'e .^o^^^Vw who
nftpn a distance of several miles. Those who
have tried t know how hard it is to find such trees
L IheTwant, how much time and trouble U takes
To dig^hem'up, and how impossible " 's, even
with the greatest care, to avoid wounding and
Tearing off the roots. They know, too, how little
satisfaction they generally derived from the work.
TreV taken out' of the forest and transplanted on
the open, are placed at a great disadvantage ,
they fail so often that people get dis^^o^^^g^^ ^"J
many give up tree-planting, as too difficult an

undertaking. ., .,„

Nothing is easier ; in the proper season, if the
tree is in good order, with soil fit to_grow the kind
of tree you wish to plant, and a little care, you
ought to succeed. But the trees you dig out of
the woods are seldom in good order, and they cost
vou a high price in time, if not in money. If you
wish for good trees, in great number, safe to grow,
without trouble or expense, procure them trom a
nursery, but let that nursery be your own. _

Any farmer can start, in a corner of his garden
a nursery of forest trees, by sowing the seeds of
the trees he wishes to plant. With a little observa-
tion, it is easy to find out when the seed is ripe ; for
instance, towards the end of June or the beginning
of Tuly, the seed of the elm and of the soft maple
facer rubrum) is ripe; by sowing it at once, it
will sprout and the little trees grow nearly one
foot in height this summer. .

The maple, oak, ash, birch, butternut, etc.,
ripen their seed in autumn ; better sow it at once
than winter it in the house. Sow in straight rows,
with a garden line, leaving a picket at each end,
to guide you, when weeding. Sow, say, halt an
inch deep, for the maple seed, and for other kinds,
in proportion to the size of the seed, two or three
inches deep for butternut and walnut. Thin alter
the first year, if needed, and transplant further on
the little trees removed in thinning. After three
or four years, more or less (the time will depend
on the rate of growth of each kind of tree) plant
your young trees where they are destined to stay.
Choose a cloudy or rainy day in the spring, and,
without leaving home, with no trouble, without
breaking any roots, you will take up and plant at
once, without allowing the roots time to dry, one
hundred young trees, certain to grow, in less time
than it would take you to go to the woods and
dig up ten trees, with a poor chance of their
taking root and living.

These young trees will cost you nothing ; your
children will soon learn how to weed them and
take care of them, especially if you set them the
example. Our own children, when quite young,
took pleasure in sowing acorns and watching the
growth of the young oaks as they came up. By
sowing you can procure, with no expense, any

number of young trees, and re-wood by degrees all

the land which is not fit for cultivation and ought

to have been kept as woodland.

But do not forget to /<r«^^ carefully your nursery

and your plantations, so as to keep out the cattle.

It is no use to plant trees without fences ; the

cattle will destroy everything.

In many cases nature will spare you the troub e

of sowing where the ground is favorable, in July
and August, along the ditches, the roads, the
fences, on the moss on barren patches, wherever
there is a little dampness, in the neighborhood of
the elms and soft maples, you will find hundreds
of young elms and maples, just sprung up from the
seed fallen from those trees ; plant thenn in your
nursery ; try it this summer ; the seed of the elm
is so minute and delicate that it is better to pick
up those young seedlings than to attempt sowing

* InThe maple groves, the ground is covered with
a regular carpet of young maple seealings. You
can pull them up easily by hand, in the fall or
early spring when the ground is still damp, with-
out breaking any of the small roots. Plant them
at once in your nursery. .

It is very difficult to collect pine and spruce
seed. Early in the spring, when the ground is
still soft and spongy in the pastures near where
those trees grow, you will see a number of young
pines and spruces that you can pull up very easily ;
plant them at once ; that kind of tree, you must
shelter from the sun, until they are well rooted.

Whenever the ground of a garden has been dug
up and worked in the fall? if there are any maple
or ash growing in the neighborhood, it will be
noticed that the ground, in the spring, is more or less
covered with maple and ash seedlings grown from
the seeds fallen from those trees. It takes a very
little time to pull up and replant hundreds of them,
and scarcely any of them will fail ; of course, hey
must not be pulled up too roughly or it may dam-
age the delicate roots; if the ground is too hard,
use a trowel. As much as practicable, they ought
to be pulled up when they have only got the r
two first leaves, which are easily known by their
peculiar shape— long and narrow, from one incti
and a half to two inches long and about a quarter

of an inch wide. • , • ^uo

For several years past I have been seeking tiie
cheapest and, at the same time, most effective
mode of restoring the woods, where they have
been completely destroyed ; many of our old settle-
ments are completely denuded of trees and i
can recommend this simple mode as the best,
from my personal experience. Let those who suf-
fer for the want of fuel, of timber for build ng,
of trees for shelter and ornament, and those wno
would look to have a sugar-maple grove at ttieir
door, start their own nurseries this very summer ,

H-

HI

'III

■■'■.:^.

r|

li;

FOREST LEAVES.

85

Forest Leaves, Vol. m, No. 6.

5>'

jt' **■'..'•

■•*W 4?^

/*/ --^

.^:ik^

?i

^■m

5?'^^>t

-'.'

1;^

^ . -

'* !

- 1 . ; g^

♦

/

-

***

- • _ ' ■:;,:■-•;■-.. .-.,Jt-

, - %,*>»..■■ " ■

' ;><■*•.*''

1 ^ ; .

-

' --iH-""

.^|^,^t>^.'

i

,

■?*■« ^
''^^^-

" * •- Vj*. >»;-

^Vr

>«t*»*

**: " ■"■♦>'

\.^\V\?<L '.b X^-O'^

TULIP POPLARS-COMING INTO LEAF.

it will entail no expenditure of money, take but
very little time and repay them bountifully. It
will be a pleasure for me to give any further in-
formation, and advice to all those who may apply
for it. H. G. JoLY.

Quebec, February 15th, 1891.

City Parks Association.

y^KE City Parks Association held its annual
O meeting in Philadelphia, May 7th. The
annual report says that during the past year
considerable progress had been made in the matter
of obtaining small parks throughout the city, and
credits the Association with having a decided
influence in keeping alive public interest in that
direction.

Two parks have been opened, Weccacoe Square
and Bartram's Garden, and Northwood and Ju-
niata Parks will probably be opened soon.

Four new parks have recently been placed on
the city plan by 'Councils: Girard Park, in the
Twenty-sixth Ward, covering almost six squares;
Wharton Square, also in the Twenty-sixth Ward ;
McPherson Square, in the Twenty-third Ward,
and Vernon Park, the old Wister place, on the
Main Street, Germantown. In view of an effort
on the part of the citizens of Germantown to raise
$20,000, of which sum $14,500 have already been
pledged, as a contribution to the purchase of Ver-
non Park, an ordinance to authorize the immediate
opening of this park has been introduced into
Councils and referred to the Committee on
Parks.

The Committee on Municipal Government has
been authorized to continue the consideration of
the subject of locating new parks, and an ordi-
nance is pending to beautify Powelton avenue
under the provisions of the ordinance whose pas-
sage was promoted by the late G. Ralston Ayres,
a member of the Association.

The heirs of the late George H. Stuart have
given to the Association a piece of ground on St.
Mary Street, bounded on two sides by the Stan-
Garden. This ground will eventually be added
to the Starr Garden, and will greatly enhance its
appearance and usefulness. The Starr Garden
was kept open by the Association daily last sum-
mer and autumn until the middle of September.
It has been sodded where the grass was worn off,
some plants and a tree have been planted, and the
garden will soon again be open daily.

At the close of last year the Association had
125 annual members; now it has 190 annual and
27 life members.

The officers for the coming year are among
those most active in the forestry movement. — Phila-
delphia Public Ledger^ May 8, 1891.

The Recent Floods in Pennsylvania.

From the Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette,

DESTRUCTIVE floods are becoming more
and more frequent in this vicinity. About
every third year now the waters of the two
rivers leap their banks and ravage along their
shores. Why do the floods increase in frequency ?
Because, first, the forests about the headwaters of
the two rivers, that used to greatly retard the melt-
ing of snow and the movement of surface water
to the streams, are greatly thinned out and are
diminishing in size every year. The other, and
probably the chief reason, is the encroaching upon
the banks of the rivers that is going on, which is
constantly decreasing their ability to carry off the
volumes of water pouring into them, and which
volumes by the destruction of the forests are
increasing in size. * * * An immediate halt
must be called upon encroaching or very damag-
ing floods will be of yearly occurrence. Legal
bounds of the rivers should be determined, and
they should be considerably back of where they
are at present, and then very heavy penalties
should be visited upon any person reaching out in
the channels beyond them. The remaining forests
at the headwaters of the rivers should be saved
from wholesale destruction and the growth of
others to replace those destroyed should be en-
couraged.

Public School Notes.

ARBOR DAY CELEBRATION.

An entertainment was given at the Wyoming
Boys' Grammar School, in celebration of Arbor
Day. An interesting part of the entertainment
was a beautiful wand-drill. — Ledger,

The Tulip Poplar, or Poplar Tree, y

BY DR. J. T. ROTHROCK.

T IRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA is the un-
J C inviting name by which we would have to
designate our beautiful Tulip Poplar if we
sought to give its exact scientific title. It is for-
tunate that no confusion of ideas or terms can
arise in this case if we use the popular name for
the tree, from Vermont to Florida, and from
Eastern Pennsylvania to Eastern Arkansas. It
grows more or less abundantly in the richer soils
of this whole vast area. I do not remember to

5 \

FoRKhT Leavks, Vol.. in, No. 6.

"j^-

A.

*,' •.-■ I. r

hi

i

I

•ify*

/■ ".Ic: ■

-*; •^•r^-

VCvV\?^ ;.& ''V-N

TULIP POPLARS-COMING INTO LEAF.

FOREST LEAVES.

85

it will entail no expenditure of money, take but
very little time and repay them bountifully. It
will be a pleasure for me to give any further in-
formation, and advice to all those who may apply
for it. H. G. JoLY.

Quebec, February 15th, 1891.

City Parks Association.

*7^ HE City Parks Association held its annual
\Q meeting in Philadelphia, May 7th. The
annual report says that during the past year
considerable progress had been made in the matter
of obtaining small parks throughout the city, and
credits the Association with having a decided
influence in keeping alive public interest in that
direction.

Two parks have been opened, Weccacoe Square
and Bartram's Garden, and Northwood and Ju-
niata Parks will probably be opened soon.

Four new parks have recently been placed on
the city plan by Councils ; Girard Park, in the
Twenty-sixth Ward, covering almost six squares ;
Wharton Square, also in the Twenty-sixth Ward ;
McPherson Square, in the Twenty-third Ward,
and Vernon Park, the old Wister place, on the
Mam Street, Germantown. In view of an effort
on the part of the citizens of Germantown to raise
g2o,ooo, of which sum $14,500 have already been
pledged, as a contribution to the purchase of Ver-
non Park, an ordinance to authorize the immediate
opening of this park has been introduced into
Councils and referred to the Committee on
Parks.

The Committee on Municipal Government has
been authorized to continue the consideration of
the subject of locating new parks, and an ordi-
nance is pending to beautify Powelton avenue
under the provisions of the ordinance whose pas-
sage was promoted by the late G. Ralston Ayres,
a member of the Association.

The heirs of the late George H. Stuart have
given to the Association a piece of ground on St.
Mary Street, bounded on two sides by the Starr
Garden. This ground will eventually be added
to the Starr Garden, and will greatly enhance its
appearance and usefulness. The Starr Garden
was kept open by the Association daily last sum-
mer and autumn until the middle of September.
It has been sodded where the grass was worn off,
some plants and a tree have been planted, and the
garden will soon again be open daily.

At the close of last year the Association had
125 annual members; now it has 190 annual and
27 life members.

The officers for the coming year are among
those most active in the forestry movement. — Phila-
delphia Public Ledger, May 8, 1891.

The Recent Floods in Pennsylvania.

From the Pittsburgh Conwiercial Gazette.

DESTRUCTIVE floods are becoming more
and more frequent in this vicinity. About
every third year now the waters of the two
rivers leap their banks and ravage along their
shores. Why do the floods increase in frequency?
Because, first, the forests about the headwaters of
the two rivers, that used to greatly retard the melt-
ing of snow and the movement of surface water
to the streams, are greatly thinned out and are
diminishing in size every year. The other, and
probably the chief reason, is the encroaching upon
the banks of the rivers that is going on, which is
constantly decreasing their ability to carry off the
volumes of water pouring into them, and which
volumes by the destruction of the forests are
increasing in size, ^i^ * * An immediate halt
must be called upon encroaching or very damag-
ing floods will be of yearly occurrence. Legal
bounds of the rivers should be determined, and
they should be considerably back of where they
are at present, and then very heavy penalties
should be visited upon any person reaching out in
the channels beyond them. The remaining forests
at the headwaters of the rivers should be saved
from wholesale destruction and the growth of
others to replace those destroyed should be en-
couraged.

Public School Notes.

ARBOR DAY CELEBRATION.

An entertainment was given at the Wyoming
Boys' Grammar School, in celebration of Arbor
Day. An interesting part of the entertainment
was a beautiful wand-drill. — Ledger.

The Tulip Poplar, or Poplar Tree.

BY DR. J. T. ROTHROCK.

T IRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA is the un-
J C inviting name by which we would have to
designate our beautiful Tulip Poplar if we
sought to give its exact scientific title. It is for-
tunate that no confusion of ideas or terms can
arise in this case if we use the popular name for
the tree, from Vermont to Florida, and from
Eastern Pennsylvania to Eastern Arkansas. It
grows more or less abundantly in the richer soils
of this whole vast area. I do not remember to

\\

I

I !iil

1i

w

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

35^-

li

86

FOREST LEAVES.

have seen the tree growing spontaneously where
the soil was not fairly fertile. I am sure that in
our richer soils it attains its maximum size. In
Eastern Pennsylvania it reaches a height of one
hundred and twenty feet, and a diameter of five
fee^ quite often. In the Western Prairie States it
grows much larger.

^ It may long remain an open question as to what
our national emblem of plant life should be. The
Western coast might with justice ^laitn the Giant
Redwood. With equal propriety we of the East
might select the White Pme, the Shell Bark
or the Tulip Poplar. The tree last named has
points in its favor. Its stately size, its shape, the
beautv of its conspicuous flowers, and the air ot
cleanliness with which it always impresses one are
to be considered. The shape of its leaves, the
character of its fruit, are both almost unique in
our flora. This leads to the question, Why is it
so much neglected as a lawn tree? Certainly
there are few of our American forest trees which
have a higher claim on the landscape gardener
than this one has. Few trees permit a more per-
fect shaping by art than the Tulip Poplar. You
may induce it to become a long slender shaft,
tike those represented in the illustration, or by
giving it room and heading it back, you may cause
it to branch out more broadly than it is high. The
Tulip Poplar is a blood relative of the Magnolia,
and a most interesting chapter might be written
on the reasons why this group is mainly confined
to Eastern North America and to Eastern Asia
It would stretch back to a geological period much
earlier than the present one, and would involve
many changes in the configuration of our globe.

There are among our American trees, as tor
example, the Spruce, some which from ocean to
ocean, clear across the continent, fail some years
to produce any seed. So it is occasionally with
the Tulip Poplar. Over a limited area, at least,
there are years when not a single perfect seed can
be found in the vast numbers of cones that the
trees produce. The late revered Dr. Joseph Leidy
called my attention to this fact. , , j-

None of our forest trees shows more marked di-
versity in appearance than the Tulip Poplar. I
have in mind some tall, straight, smooth-barked
specimens, which taper up gracefully as a well-
shapen mast. Others I know of, that are, almost
from their infancy, ragged, branched, and with
bark that resembles that of an old white ash. Yet,
the specimens are not over a foot through.

It is just as variable in the appearance and
quality of its wood, varying from very light
vellow to brown, and given to shrinking and
swelling, when dry or wet, much, or little, o>ver
such a range that it is hardly possible to predict
what any given example of the timber will, or will
not do. Some eastern lumber-merchants say east-

ern poplar shrinks and swells much more than the
western product ; but I am informed of one hon-
est dealer who, while he made this assertion, was
still willing to think that Chester county was far
enough away from the eastern seaboard to obtain
the logs which he sold for western poplar.

The specific gravity of the wood is not great
fo 42^0), and the ash remaining after combustion is
but little (o. 23). It has been stated that the wood
is brittle. That is a purely relative term, and also
may depend somewhat on individual peculiarities
of the specimen tried. I have at times been sur-
prised by the elasticity shown and also by its
actual strength, for so light a wpod. It splits with
comparative ease. This is doubtless, m great part,
due to its straight grain. The wood is easily
worked. Indeed, a well-seasoned bit of Tuhp
Poplar, if one has whittling propensities, is almost
as much of a luxury to have in hand as is a nice
White Pine stick. The ease with which a sharp
plane does its work on a piece of dry poplar is
something pleasant to look at, or to listen to. Ihe
wood raises no remembrances of crooked fibres,
and very few of hard knots, which were a bother
to the boys of forty and fifty years ago, who made
their own toys in the home carpenter shop. There
are some of us, whose hearts warm up at the sight
of a nice poplar board. It lifts ofl" the burden of
nearly half, a century from the soul, to think ot
the time that *^ the boys'' watched the old cabinet
maker pile away his poplar lumber '' to season in
s-ood shape:' Each stick was placed between the
boards with loving hand and heart. The pile
diminished more and more slowly as the old nian
grew weaker, and when he left to join the majority,
there were just enough of the boards remaining to
make his coffin. A generation has grown up since
he left, but in obscure, somewhat sheltered places,
near where we watched him work, one may still
find some of his drying sticks of Yellow Poplar.

The illustration shows the three large specimens
on the northwestern side of West Chester. The
trees are well known there as *' The Sisters.
They are by no means the largest specimens
the same neighborhood could furnish, but they
are certainly the most striking ones.

Of all our trees, I know of none that are so well
shapen, as a rule, as the Tulip Poplar. It may be
tall and slender, broad and low, or huge and
massive, in all its proportions, but after it rises
from shrubhood into the dignity of a tree, it is
always a thing of beauty. The last remembrance
of its autumn foliage is a golden memory. 1 tie
scarlet oak leaves ; the gorgeous yellow and red 01
the maples command attention ; but when tne
frosts come, the leaves of the poplar, matured,
mellowed and yellowed, fall almost unnoticed,
though they carry to earth with them the hue 01
the subdued summer sun.

FOREST LEAVES.

87

Abstract of the Third Biennial Report of
the California State Board of Forestry,
for the Years 1889 and 1890.

y^ HE Board have given increased attention to
Vy the forest fire service, as well as to the task
of insuring the permanency of present and
the rehabilitation of depleted forest areas. The
greatest obstacle is found in the destructive agen-
cies tolerated upon Federal territory. This
prompted the Board to draft a memorial toCongress,
and though no legislation has as yet flowed there-
from, assisted by the Representatives of the State
in Congress, it has induced the Government to
withdraw from sale that portion of the public
domain on which are situated the famous big
trees, and to declare it a national park.

The lumbermen of the State have formerly
been arraigned for injudicious cutting and needless
waste of timber in their logging operations. This
condition of things has ceased, and the lumber
dealers, mill-men and their employees all heartily
cooperate with the Board.

The volume of the lumber trade is fast increas-
ing; new avenues of export trade being continually
developed. This is especially the case with red-
wood.

The redwood forests are confined to a so minute
fraction of the earth's surface, and their extension
through natural agencies is so improbable, that they
would long ago have been exterminated through
felling and fire, were it not for their power of self
reproduction from the stem, for only when they
have been burned over three or more times, the
vitality of the tree succumbs and the charred but
undecayed stump remains, for all times a monu-
ment of our egotism. Therefore a strict enforce-
ment of the laws against forest fires is the only
means of preserving these forests. The natural
habitat of the tree is confined to good soil and
land of great depth and fertility.

The agents of the Board, in regard to forest
fires, have shown great activity, and were readily
assisted by the mill-men and their employees.

FINANCIAL REPORT.

The appropriation for 1889 and 1890 amounted

to, $30,000 00

Expenses for salaries and various sundries, . . 26,314 59

Balance, $ 3,685 41

which will barely suffice to pay the expenses of the Board to
the expiration of the time in which the appropriation has to
run.

REPORTS OF W. S. LYON, FORESTER.

Report on the condition of the experimental
station at Santa Monica : —

The grounds ofthis station have been subdivided
into three sections. One is reserved exclusively

for rearing young forest tree seedlings ; a second
space is allotted to the individual planting of
different species, and the third for the making of
practical forest plantations en bloc^ and of growing
these latter under different systems of treatment.

A very large number are grown for general dis-
tribution. Parties receiving such tr^es have to
bind themselves in their applications to render, in
writing, a report setting forth the measure of suc-
cess that has attended the planting. The number
of plants sent to one party is limited to fifty.

The free distribution has exercised a widespread
influence for good throughout the State.

The list of trees of which seedlings are raised,
comprise about forty-five different sorts of euca-
lyptus, about twelve kinds of pines, four kinds of
cypresses, two kinds of larches, redwood, bog-
trees, and oak in three varieties.

The system adopted provides for planting with
the same species three tracts of land. Upon one,
trees are set out without regard to clearing away
brush and weeds, or other obstacles of growth, the
trees receiving neither water nor cultivation nor
any previous preparation. A second subdivision
receives, where possible, preparation of the soil
and some subsequent cultivation, and the third
receives both cultivation and irrigation. In the
first many failures were recorded, yet many trees
survived.

NOTES ON THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS.

As the list of trees planted shows, this tree is
especially favored, and this because it stands fore-
most as the quickest grower ever introduced in the
State, and on account of the facility and rapidity
with which big treeless wastes can be converted
into forests. Its reputed durability was about nine
years, against only seven to eight years for white
oak. Still, its susceptibility to checking and
cracking makes it practically unsuitable for
railroad ties, because the rails cannot be kept
spiked down. However, it still holds its place as
the most important tree, because of its rapid pro-
pagation and because it yields a crude oil inimical
to the formation of incrustations in boilers. More-
over, this oil, when refined, has proved to have
strong antiseptic qualities.

Many side products of this tree, including aerated
waters charged with its extracts, are coming into
use.

The best species of this class have proved to be
the red gum and the manna gum, especially
because these are better able to withstand the ex-
tremes of heat and cold. Another species has of
late become prominent, and this is the so-called
sugar-gum tree. It is the most satisfactory tree
introduced for sidewalk planting within the ther-
mal districts of the State.

y

I .-

HI

■V

\'l

■i

,•

m

ill

I *

n

^51^

^5^

if

m

88

FOREST LEAVES.

Other highly favored species of eucalyptus are
the karri, the farrah and the swamp gum tree.

THE CLUSTER PINE.

This tree is so easily reared, so readily trans-
planted, so inexpensive, and its successful growth
so independent of expert management, that its
propagation was extensively carried on at the ex-
perimental station. The Stone pme shows strong
vitality, but is a slow grower.

The Digger or Monterey pine has slightly out-
grown the cluster pine in size, but seems more

sensitive to drought. ^ .• ^ .Uo

In the yield of tar, resin and turpentine the
cluster pine is only excelled by the Georgia pine,
but the latter matures only in fifty years, while the
cluster pine matures in twenty to twenty-five, ihe
Monterey pine is the only one comparable with the
cluster pine in the matter of early maturity, but it
is lacking completely in all the economic proper-
ties making this one so valuable.

While in France this species requires a growth
of twenty-five years to attain maturity, it grows
here in fourteen years to a height of 35 to 40 feet.

WATTLES AND WATTLE PLANTING IN CALIFORNIA.

Wattles, or Australian acacias, may be grown
wherever the blue gum tree thrives.

The strict economic virtue wattles possess, lies
in their bark as a tanning material, and this is a
most important point, since within the last twelve
years the price of native tan bark has advanced
from $S to $14 and $16 per ton.

By native bark is meant the bark of the coast
chestnut oak. Its excellence as a tanning material
is undisputed. The yield of tannic acid of this
bark is 16.7 per cent., giving in the vats an esti-
mated percentage of 12 to 13 per cent.

Wattle growing, as an industry, has only re-
cently been inaugurated even in the Australian
colonies. Out of a list of forty different species
the following have been found to give the rnost
promising returns for commercial uses :— The
South Australian broad or golden wattle, the
Sydney black wattle, and the Tasmanian or Vic-
torian black wattle.

For quantity of tannic acid the broad-leaved or
golden wattle is an easy first, yielding an average
of 37 per cent., rarely falling below 32 per cent.,
and, in exceptional cases, yielding 46^^ per cent.
In 1884 Prof. Hilgard even obtained 46.8 per
cent, from barks dried at the same temperature as
prevailing in Australia. In age, the samples grown
in the experimental station at Santa Monica range
from three to eight years, in height from eight to
fourteen feet, and in diameter from i^inch to

4j^ inches.

The net profit per annum per acre amounted to

$16.40, the product being estimated from the bark
of the Sydney black wattle. n . .u . r

The fuel rating of wattles is excellent, that of
the golden variety being highest, figuring, at a
very low estimate, at ten cords per acre.

It is a mooted question if irrigation could be
applied with advantage, for it is claimed that excess
of moisture stimulates foliage at the expense of
the bark, which becomes thin and deficient in
tannin. Irrigation, however, combined with cul-
tivation, during the first two years, may constitute
a proper compromise. , ,. , , .r

A point which commends this tree to public
attention is that it is adaptable to all lands not
strongly alkaline. In ferruginous soils the bark of
a seven-year old tree yielded 31.4 per cent, of
tannin and in calcareous soils 31.7.

The points to be made in favor of this variety
are greater resistance to cold, greater percentage
of tannic acid, greater adaptability to varied soils,
greater cheapness and fa<:ility of obtaining seeds,
and maturing one or two years before the others.
To its discredit may be mentioned smaller size,
and consequently smaller yield of bark and less

fuel per acre. r • •

A fact which has produced much confusion is
that there are three kinds of black wattle, and
that all of them are more or less whitish canescent,
which had been supposed to be the exclusive
quality of the silver wattle. There is some differ-
ence in the pods if subjected to a close scrutiny,
but the seed offered in the market are almost in-
distinguishable. The silver wattle is reputed to
be the largest tree, some grown in moist bottom
lands frequently exceeding a height of 100 feet
and a stem diameter of two feet. All of these
kinds seem to require more moisture than the
golden wattle. The yield of bark is very great,
being on an average 86 lbs. per tree.

THE MODE OF REARING.

It has been found necessary to expose the seed
of all varieties to a partial roasting or boiling.
Sowing seed thus prepared requires a high degree
of cultivation, a continuance of night temperature
of not less than 50 degrees (Fahrenheit), ana
moisture close to the surface. But these condi-
tions are seldom coincident in this State. All
these wattles,though of subsequent vigorous growth,
are slow to start, and there is always danger lest
the spontaneous growth of native weeds ana
grasses may quickly exterminate the wattle.

The hill system, in which two or three seeas
are planted like corn, as recommended by the
Department of Agriculture, has great advantages,
still success is mainly dependent on the coinci-
dence of the same conditions as the other.

Rearing the plants, both in boxes and nursery

FOREST LEAVES.

89

rows, and then transplanting them to permanent
locations, showed a greater percentage of failures
than otherwise. This plan acts well with most of the
eucalyptus, but it seems that wattles while small are
very sensitive as to root disturbance. It was there-
fore concluded that the only satisfactory way of
planting was in pots or some equally serviceable
substitute.

The system is to boil or soak the seed in hot
water and then to keep it moist by a covering of
wet moss as fast as germinated, and to put one
seed only in the smallest two-inch flower pot,
using preferably rich soil, as our planting is made
in June to August, and we aim to stimulate the
growth as much as possible before cold weather
sets in. At the season of the year named the
seedlings grow rapidly and, though small, are well
established and may be set out in permanent loca-
tions in the winter, subsequent to the first rainfall.
Thus they will receive a start that will carry them
through the ensuing summer's drought.

Another advantage of this system is the economy
of seed. If exposed to heat and moisture nearly
every seed will produce a plant. A pound of seed
will contain from 25,000 to 50,000 seeds, and, if
treated as above, 95 per cent, can be expected to
produce plants.

The main objection to this plan is that of the
expense for pots, amounting to about $8.00 per
acre. Under these circumstances the method in-
vented by Mr. E. Brown, Conservator of the
South Australian Forests, seems to be most prac-
ticable. He cuts the hollow shoots of bamboo
into 4-inch lengths, fills them with soil, and inserts
the germinated seed into each of them, setting
them together in boxes and plants bamboo and all
in the place where the tree is to grow. There are
few plantations of bamboo in California, but the
common cane, which is very prolific along the
waterways of the old towns and cities, proved in
every way satisfactory as a substitute.

In California the planting of this tree may be
carried on through the winter, and in the valleys
of the interior as long as moisture remains in the
ground.

CULTIVATION.

Wattles may be grown on a hillside, where only
band cultivation, with a hoe to kill the first crop
of weeds, can be applied. But where the nature
of the soil will permit, ploughing, harrowing, and
cultivation during the first year will pay very well.
Experience has taught us to introduce the follow-
ing system : Plant four feet apart in the rows and
keep the rows ten feet distant. This will permit
cultivation both ways for two years, and allows the
planting of about 11 00 trees to the acre, sufficient
for a proportionate development of the top and

yet close enough to secure the straight spar-like
growth so helpful to future operations.

Adolph Nahmer.

The Condition of the Forests on the
Public Lands of the United States.

IT is necessary to recognize at the outset that
little improvement need be expected in the

condition of the public forests of the country,
until there is a radical change in the laws relating
to them. These forests are steadily being destroyed
and injured to such an extent that their preserva-
tion even now in some minds is problematical.
The text of this article is, — The laws provide
neither an adequate method for the protection of the
public timber^ nor for its disposition in regions where
its proper use is imperative.

Aside from the relatively unimportant public
timber areas of the South, the present forest lands
of the United States are situated either high up on
the sides of the great mountain chains that form
the backbone of the continent, or along the slopes
of the northern half of our Pacific coast. These
two regions differ widely — the first being arid,
generally mineral, with inferior timber for lumber-
ing, but with a forest cover invaluable for the irri-
gation now so extensively practiced on the lower
lands, subject to dangerous forest fires, owing to
the aridity of the region, and consequently a
region unfavorable to re-forestation by natural
methods ; the second, famous for its great rainfalls
and the enormous products of its forests, which are
perhaps the finest for lumbering in the world,
protected from fires by this heavy rainfall, with
soil of little value either for agriculture or mining,
and naturally producing a renewal of the forest.
In the first region the timber is cut and used locally
and is of the first necessity, while in the second it
is cut for exportation principally. Thus we see
that where our public forests are most needed, both
for the actual forest products and for climatic and
agricultural reasons, they are most likely to be
destroyed and most difficult to renew.

In the arid mountain regions the great problem
is the prevention and control of forest fires, but
proper legislation would lessen this source of loss,
both by removing some incentives for firing the
forests which the present laws and regulations hold
out, and by reducing their destructiveness to a
minimum. The present annual loss to the Govern-
ment is placed at eight million dollars, in the
value of wood material destroyed, without consider-
ing the far more serious secondary and resultant
losses from floods, drought and the destruction of
soil fertility and young forest growth.

The foundation of our protective system is the
Act of March ist, 1817, and its amendment in
1832, under which the Secretary of the Navy was

\ \

HI

ty

i'>t .

11

B^l

<,s^

«'■■

■ I

90

FOREST LEAVES.

to preserve and protect lands of the United States
producing live oak and red cedar, for the purpose
of supplying ship timber for our navy. Upon this
old law, having the construction of a wooden navy
in view, the officers of the Government have to-
day to chiefly rely in protecting the timber through-
out the arid regions of the West, where not a stick
of this naval timber is to be found ! An examin-
ation of the Statutes shows that there is no legal
method by which the great mass of the population
from the Missouri River to Nevada and the Pacific
States, can cut public timber. Such timber can be
cut on mineral lands by bona-fide residents, but as
not one acre in thousands is known to be mineral,
this means comparatively little. All railroads hav-
ing land grants or rights of way from the Federal
Government have the privilege of cutting timber
from the public lands adjacent to the line of the
road, for construction purposes only, except that
the Denver and Rio Grande R. R. has the addi-
tional right of cutting for repairs.

The Timber Culture Act, designed to stimulate
the planting of small areas of trees upon the open
plains, is the only legislation aiming to promote
the extension of forests ; and under it less than
fifty thousand acres of the 38,000,000 acres of
public land entered have been successfully covered
with young tree plantations.

The effect of existing legislation is to force the
whole population over large areas to steal the tim-
ber, which is as necessary for their use as settlers
and pioneers as the water that runs in the streams
by them. This has so demoralized this commu-
nity that convictions for theft of timber or verdicts
for damages for the Government are rare. The
few special timber agents, appointed for political
reasons and without knowledge or fitness for the
work, are regarded as mere spies, and this places
the local population in opposition to the Govern-
ment in its efforts at forest preservation. More-
over, the task laid out for them is manifestly an
impossible one, for these twenty-five men can
hardly be expected to protect 70,000,000 acres of
public forest, collecting the testimony on which
suits for trespass and criminal prosecutions for
timber depredations may be brought. During the
last fiscal year, timber depredations to the value of
$3,000,000 on Government lands were reported,
and $100,940.32 is the magnificent sum recov-
ered.

This condition of affairs is not the fault of the
officers of the Interior Department of the General
Land Office having charge of these lands, but of
Congress, which persistently ignores the calls of
these officers for such a change in the laws as will
enable them to protect the public timber. While
this is so, it is the duty of this Association to agi-
tate this question until reform is accomplished.

Edward A. Bowers.

What About Forestry ?

(fTT'S all bosh— this talk about the destruction
1 of our forests. There is more wood grow-
ing in the United States now than there was
one hundred years ago, more than we want and
can use ; and if, by any chance, the supply ever
should be exhausted, then we shall use something

else iron, paper, or it may be aluminium. And,

as far as the influence of forests on climate, rain-
fall and floods is concerned, that is all exploded
nonsense. You have really no legs to stand on,
you forestry people !"

So spoke a wise and learned friend to me. bo
high is my friend's reputation in other matters,
that his ** say so " is gospel with many. Besides,
his remark had such a ring of the American don't-
care- for- to-morrow, we*ll-come-out-all-right spirit
about it, that argument seemed to be hopeless.
Yet I ventured to ask him for the basis of his asser-
tion. . ,, I- 1

<' I know it ; that is my basis, was his reply.
'' Don't you know that all the abandoned farms in
New England grow up in wood ? Don't you know
that in the South more than half the land is
covered with forest? And along the Pacific coast
the timber is simply inexhaustible ! Your picayune
European experiences and conditions do not fit

this big country !" .

And, pray, I rejoin, is your field of vision so
filled with the enormous resources of this big coun-
try that you cannot see the correspondingly enor-
mous consumption which is going on ? Observe
how rapidly we are growing in numbers. Don t
you know that for every acre of abandoned
farm-land which grows up to wood in New England
hundreds are burned in the far West, and that for
every acre left untouched in the South ten are laid
waste in the North?

Truly you said that these abandoned farm-lands,
these cut-over areas, grow up to wood as fast as
they are left by the farmer and the lumberer. To
wood, indeed ; but not, in most cases, to wood
that our children will thank us for, wood that is
good for birds to build their nests and rattlesnakes
to hide in ; wood that will, perhaps, bye and bye,
produce inferior fuel to feed the forest fires that
annually sweep over our country, and thus increase
the thousands of acres of waste brush-land which
make a foul blot on our fair domain. Inexhausti-
ble ! Yes, like Silas Lapham's fortune. .

Listen while I tell you how a nation of civilized
and prudent Caucasians should look at this matter.
It is possible for us to estimate tolerably closely
the amount of wood that we annually consume ;
and you know that wood is an article essential to
almost every kind of human activity. It is at pre-
sent the most indispensable, the most ubiquitous
material that ministers to the needs of man's civU-

FOREST LEAVES.

91

ized existence, so that it could not be easily re-
placed.

Now, of this material, with our present popula-
tion— which is not going to stop growing in num-
bers and in wants — we consume every year, in all
ways, probably from twenty-two to twenty-four
billion cubic feet. My estimate, moreover, is
outside of what we need for our annual bonfires,
which during the last season have probably con-
sumed more lumber on the Pacific coast than all
the saw-mills since the country was first settled,
and which for weeks at a time obscured the grand
scenery in an impenetrable cloud of smoke. To
know how this consumption compares with the
annual growth of our wood on our forest area, we
must know the acreage and the amount likely to
be produced on each acre every year. You say
one-half the country is wooded. It is figured
out that this is not possible ; that at the utmost
only forty-five per cent, could be covered with
tree-growth ; but other sources of information,
which are likely to be nearer the truth, place the
acreage of woodland at less than five hundred
million, or 26.5 per cent, of our total area.

How much wood grows on this area ? How
much may we take off annually without cutting
into our capital ? You know that it takes eighty
to a hundred and more years to grow a tree of
size, and that we are really using up the accumula-
tion of centuries when we cut the mighty redwood,
the lofty pine, or the sturdy oak.

Well; nobody can tell how much there grows on
this vast area, its conditions are so very varying.
But we can make a clever guess at it, by availing
ourselves of the ** picayune experiences " of some
European statelet.

The poor State of Prussia, for example, with a
population nearly twelve times as dense as ours.

EXCELSIOR

INCUBATOR

Simple, Perfect nnd Self.Reffulatlnc*

HandredBin sacceMfnl operation. Guar-
anteed to hatch a lancer percentage of
fertile e^g» at less coBt than any other
hatcher. Send 6c. for DIuh. Catalo^rue.

GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. Ill

Circulars
Free.

must husband her resources closely to supply her
wants. A first-class forest administration is there-
fore among her institutions; and from its carefully
collected experience we learn that forty-one cubic
feet per acre per year is all the wood crop she can
raise. Of this, forty per cent, is brush and such
inferior-sized wood as no American would use.
We may, then, accept an annual production of
twenty-four cubic feet of wood per acre over our
whole forest domain, as a reasonably large average
figure. /

That is to say, there would grow only twelve
billion feet, where we cut twenty billion, or eight
billion more than we are entitled to. By this amount
in progressive ratio, we decimate our capital yearly
— we spendthrifts and despoilers of our children's
heritage !

B. E. Fernow.

— In his proclamation, setting apart April 25th
as Arbor day. Governor Russell, of Massachusetts,
gives this wise counsel as to the higher uses of
the celebration: ''And I recommend that it be
observed in ways which may serve to increase the
love and respect in which we all hold the dignity
and beauty of this noble land which God has
given to our keeping. Let us devote the day
to the establishment and adornment of public
grounds, to the restoration of our wasted forests,
to the repair of every defacement which make this
commonwealth less beautiful than it should be, so
that we may not only have it appear the nobler in
our own time, but that we may hand it down to
our children the statelier and more fruitful for our
care. ' ' — Garden and Forest.

MEEHANS' NUBSERIE8

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750
kinds at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO get the best stock at
lowest figures. The cheapest way
TO BUY Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, &c., sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS M EEH AN & SON,
Germantown, Phiia., Pa.

T D C C O / ORNAMENTAL}

I nCCdlFruit&NutBearlng

DECinrorS and
EVEIRGUKKN.

] Inrl 11(1 inir the
vXew ClK'Ntnut
_ ) NUMBO.

HEDGING, FLOWERING SHRUBS and VINES.
GRAPES, SMALL FRUITS in variety, ASPARAGUS, etc.

An Dlostrated Descriptive Oataloffue and PlanterH CiSnlde, FKEK. •

The WM. H. MOON COMPANY, Morrisvllle. Bueks County, Penna.

^ C

If'

i

J

•■^\

',\\

\ .•

%^'^

5^:^

92

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

IN THIS PAPER, ARE MADE BY THE NEW

AWIERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

OF

_ HllrADBUEHft

"••"I^St'o^" ED IN HIGHEST O^'oltl'"'
SEND FOR circular;

i /

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

STRAWBRIDGE & CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

<

lit

CASH CAPITAL ; •. ^^'^/Z^^

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims ^',^0 air q«

Surplus over all Liabilities 369,4i&.a»

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1,1889, - S2,500,9I6.2I

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actunry.

DIRECTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, PembertonS Hutchinson, J^- ^ Gimngham
lohn T Lewis Alexander Biddle, ,,^ , o A/u i

Israel Mofrb,' Charles P. Perot. Charles S. Whelen.

Wm. F. Fell & Co,,

Dl^IJNlTEI^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE-LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

^5^ Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^

Flre-proof Vaults for Storage of Plates.

Medtanlcal Details receive our Personal^ Supervjslon.

^ ^^ %^ / ^

Vol. III.

Philadelphia, January, 1892.

No. 7.

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as secoud-olass matter in the Post Office of Philadelphia.

CONTENTS.

Editorial

Results from Tree Planting.
W. S. Lyon ...

Forestry at the World's Fair.

B. E. Fernow

Oriental Plane Trees at Montagnis, France

The Tulip Poplar and the Cigar Box Industry. Dr. H. M.

Fisher

Memorial for Forest Reservations

Pecos River Reservation

Pike's Peak Reservation

Minnesota National Park

Flathead and Marias River Reservation

Tulare Reservation, California

How to Start Timber Growing on a Farm .'.

Government Timber Tests

The Locust — Is it disappearing?

Curious Trees

Notes

94-95

9597
97

97-98

98

98-99

99

99
100

lOO-IOI

101

10I-I02

102-103

103

103

Subscription Price, $i.oo per Year.

Price for Single Numbers 12 Cents.

The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
0/ Forest Leaves as an advertising ntediutn. Rates will be fur-
nished on application,

• Committee on Publication.

John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 919 Walnut Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.

H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life memberships Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to ^. B. Weimer^ Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila.,orto
Miss Grace Anna Lewis ^ Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr,
y. Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler ^ Esq.y Quakertown, Bucks county. Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

/pVIRCUMSTANCES beyond our control have
V§/ delayed the issue of Forest Leaves, but
our regret in making this statement is
tempered by numerous inquiries, indicating that our
little paper has made friends who have missed it.

The movement to propagate and protect our
forests has been making progress for good in
many directions; results can be chronicled, and
notices of some of them appear in our present
issue. The effort to make the forestry exhibit at
the Columbian World's Fair in 1893 impressive
and representative should do much for the cause
in which we are interested ; and the actions to
secure national forest reservations which have
been and are to be taken should encourage gov-
ernment interest in forestry.

The tests of timber inaugurated by the Forestry
Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
will assist in advancing our knowledge of the
properties of different kinds of wood, and the
circulation of information as to the habits, growth,
and uses of various woods will aid in the work
before us.

In our present issue Mr. Brown discusses
methods of growing timber on farms.

Mr. Lyon presents some interesting results from
tree planting, and Dr. Fisher directs attention to
the employment of the tulip-poplar for the manu-
facture of cigar boxes.

In addition we are favored with the reproduc-
tion of an excellent photograph made by Mr.
Williams while in France.

At the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, held in Philadelphia, No-
vember 27, the officers of 1891 were re-elected
for 1892, and a number of interesting talks by
members of the Association enlivened the evening.

The American Forestry Association is exerting its
influence to secure national forestry reservations by
a meeting lately held in Washington and a formal
presentation of the subject to President Harrison.

We have thus much to encourage us in the
belief that the forestry movement is advancing.

n

i HI

*ii

'•■.n

> 'I

!l

^^r

3Xi

ni

94

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

95

H

I"

Results from Tree Planting.

Bbing Illustrations of Practical Benefits Directly Attribu-
Being 1LLU5TBA1.U ^^^^^ ^^ .j-ggj Planting.

-^ HE value of woodland or forests as agents in
(G) promoting equilibriums of temperature and
atmospheFic humidity has been determined
by exact sdentific methods, from observations
taken in wooded and contiguous non-wooded dis-
tricts The results had have been tabulated, and
he reduction or increment in temperature are
expressed in degrees or fractions thereof, and the
gafns or losses If humidity in percentages from

^"ThesXTe'-highly useful and instructive to
those actively engaged in forestry '"yestiganons
do not convey to the general public so full a
knowledge of all that is implied by such tables as
a few less scientific but equally useful observa-
tions that have fallen under the writer s ken.

During the past ten years many mil ions ol fast-
growTng^rees luve been planted in Southern
California and many beautiful suburban homes

planned and planted. _

Owners of these latter, m many cases, were
people of highly cultivated horticultural tastes.
Familiar with very many of the most des.rable ex-
otic trees and shrubs, and, granted suitable soils
and facilities for irrigation, took thought of noth-
ing further than minimum temperature records,
before incontinently rushing off to plant out in
great variety and profusion both tropical and

extra-tropical plants. . . j^„^. ,

To be sure, they in most cases coincidently
planted out on all sides of their plots or grounds
for wind-breaks two or more rows of Eucalyptus,
Grevillias, Pepper trees, Monterey Pines, or other
rapidly maturing trees.

In most cases the planting of the choicest of
the exotic flora or silva was attended with com-
plete failure. In some cases, where the adventi-
tious circumstances of exposure, shelter, or soil
were exceptionally good, these plants remained,
if not positively moribund, in a state of teebie,

sickly inefficiency. ,

My curiosity and investigation were aroused by
discovering in some of these latter places that
after a few years these plants began to assert them-
selves and acquire satisfactory thrift and vigor.

Close scrutiny and inquiry revealed that it was
not due to any change or improvements in cul-
tural methods, for these were practically the same,
and I was forced to the conclusion that the im-
provement was owing to the higher winter tem-
perature and increased humidity derived from the
now towering forest growths surrounding them.

And conversely, as if to furnish demonstrable
proof of this hypothesis, I recall three of the

largest of these plantations where the tropical
vegetation had come to great final perfection, to
see it fall again into rapid decadence upon the
subsequent and necessary cutting out and destruc-
tion of this surrounding growth m order to make
way for city improvement. Nothing in our ex-
tremes of temperature is inimical to many of the
tree ferns. Camellias, Gardenia Florida or Mag-
nolia fuscata, yet I have seen these planted out
again and again with ever-recurring failure and
ultimately upon the same soils with identical treat-
ment plus the later addition of a great expanse
of neighboring vegetation, seen the same become
admirable specimens of robust growth and luxuri-
ous inflorescence.

That the gains in this instance, or rather the
benefits, were in the direction of humidity rather
than ot temperature, I think cannot be doubted
by people conversant with the native habitats of

these plants. ... . • <•

That we gain a material point m the raising of
the winter temperature is not improbable, though
a less demonstrable feature than the other.

In many tree-sheltered grounds may now be
noted such beautiful palms as Archantophcenix
elegans, Cocos plumosa, and the Kentias, or still
more tropical examples of vegetation in laber-
n^emontaLa coronaria, or the regal Plumerias
where to my individual knowledge, a dozen
years ago their planting resulted in disastrous and

costly failure. t u-' i f

The present success of these genera, I think, must
be as much attributed to an increase in wmter
temperature as to gains in humidity.

So lon^ ago as 1872 I noted in an old and
heavily Uee-protected garden in the lowest and
coldest part of the city of Los Angeles a thrifty
shrub, the Euphorbia pulcherrima of Mexico
During the exceptional freeze of 1882 these
tlants^n the newer gardens, and grounds were
universally winter killed; this^ one escaped un-

"fcdimation, so-called, will not fully explain
these phenomena, for in another ground stood a
specimen, full twenty feet high, of that noblest^^
all tropical laurels, the Persea gratissima, Alligator

^"l^presumably was acclimated having stood un
injured from 1870 to 1884. In that latter yea
the mass of surrounding Eucalyptus and Con t^^
were removed to make way for streets and city nn
provements, and twice since then its ripened wood
has been - killed back »' as much as six ieet.

A multitude of humbler herbaceous plu s
could be named, sensitive alike to atmosphe^^
dryness and temperatures approaching the tret z 8
point of water, whose ^^i^tory of success in South^
ern California is coeval with the advent o ex
tended tree planting ; but, aware of the pow

erful influences which soils and slight cultural
modifications exert upon short-lived plants, I hesi-
tate to use them as illustrations of what has been
eftected by tree planting alone.

M. Charles Naudin, the distinguished eucalyp-
tographist, has pointed out that the genus Euca-
lyptus is conspicuous among forest trees by the
excessive moisture they release to the atmosphere
in proportion to their area of leaf surface, and it
may be that the tangible benefits in this direction
which have accrued to us are due to the greater
preponderance of this genus planted here over all
others.

Modification of temperature, however, may be
as reasonably expected of any other equally rapid-
growing evergreen when planted in large bodies.

To us, and, in fact, to all people living in extra-
tropical latitudes, devoid of native forest, exten-
sive tree planting seems to open up illimitable
possibilities.

The mitigation of so much as one or two de-
grees of cold, or an increase, however small, in
atmospheric moisture, makes feasible the future
successful introduction and growth of a host of
fruit-bearing, fibre-yielding, drug-producing, and
other economic or ornamental plants, for the pro-
ducts of which we are now wholly dependent
upon tropical or ultra-tropical countries, and de-
monstrable success with them here would throw
open to us avenues of enterprise and wealth not
otherwise to be exploited.

Wm. S. Lyon, £os Angeles, Cal,

f «!

Forestry at the World's Fair.

y^HE Lumber and Forestry building at the
vL) Columbian World's Fair will be 500x200
feet in size with a central height of 60 feet.
" Its interior appearance will be as natural as un-
hewed wood can make it. The pillars supporting
the roof will constitute the principal feature of its
architecture. They will consist of natural tree
trunks from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and 25
feet long. Contributions of three trunks from
each State and Territory will be used. The sides
of the building between the supporting trunks or
pillars will be filled in with slabs with the bark
off. The window frames will be treated in the
same rustic manner as the remainder of the build-
ing. The main entrance will be elaborately fin-
ished in different kinds of wood, the material and
workmanship to be contributed by the wood-
workers of the world." A wide colonnade will
extend all around the building, supported by col-
umns composed of tree trunks with the bark on.
Each column will consist of a central tree trunk
16 to 20 inches in diameter and 25 feet high, with
a smaller trunk on each side of it. Each State

Board has been asked to contribute those columns.
In several of the States their Boards have not yet
been organized. In order that each State may
furnish its typical tree, and to prevent duplication,
the following is the list suggested : —

Maine, white pine; New Hampshire, yellow
birch ; Vermont, sugar maple ; Massachusetts,
elm ; Rhode Island, sassafras ; Connecticut, but-
ternut ; New York, black spruce ; Pennsylvania,
hemlock ; New Jersey, pitch pine ; Delaware, soft
maple ; Maryland, chestnut ; West Virginia, black
cherry ; Virginia, loblolly pine ; North Carolina,
short leaf pine .; South Carolina, cypress; Georgia,
long leaf pine ; Florida, red cedar ; Alabama,
chestnut oak ; Mississippi, sweet gum ; Louisiana,
bull bay magnolia ; Texas, pecan ; Arkansas, red
oak; Indian Territory, bois d'arc ; Tennessee,
whitewood ; Kentucky, hickory ; Ohio, ash ; In-
diana, black walnut ; Illinois, white oak ; Michi-
gan, beech; Wisconsin, red pine; Minnesota,
basswood ; Iowa, post oak ; Missouri, sycamore ;
North Dakota, canoe birch ; South Dakota, box
elder ; Nebraska, black locust ; Kansas, catalpa ;
Montana, mountain white pine ; Wyoming, lodge
pole pine ; Colorado, Engelman spruce ; New
Mexico, Cottonwood ; Arizona, bull pine; Utah,
Utah white pine ; Nevada, mountain mahogany ;
Idaho, Douglas spruce ; Washington, canoe cedar ;
Oregon, sugar pine; California, redwood.

The following suggestions have been made by
Chief Fernow, of the U. S. Forestry Division, to
the Columbian Exposition's Department of Agri-
culture and Forestry with reference to a plan of
co-operation between the different State Forestry
Commissions and the Forestry Division of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, in selecting and
co-ordinating the Forestry exhibits at the Exposi-
tion : —

It is evident that without such concert there
would be much repetition and sameness in the
exhibits.

It may be presumed that the State Commission-
ers, besides facilitating the relations between the
exhibitors from their respective States and the
Directory, will try to invite and bring together ex-
hibits which will illustrate the forest resources of
their States and what their people have done in
developing them.

Scientific forestry in its application to the man-
agement of forest resources is very little developed
or understood in this country, and few of the
States will be able to make exhibits that will illus-
trate it. These should mainly be left to the U. S.
Forestry Division, whose business is mainly to
develop and teach forestry as a science. This
would not, however, exclude co-operation in col-
lecting this class of exhibits and their *' installa-
tion," either with the general exhibits sent by the
State, or better, perhaps, with that of the Forestry

^\m%

)

if

.i

«f

1 1

M

^^^

96

FOREST LEAVES.

W

Division. But there would remain for State Com-
missions to provide exhibits illustrating :—

I. Forest resources in kind, quality, and condi-

II Status and method of their development.

III Status and methods of the wood-workmg
and other industries relying upon forest pro-

IV. Work done or required to be done in the
interest of a more rational forest economy.

Forest resources may be illustrated by a full
collection of timber or section of trees of useful
character existing in large quantities in the State

or Territory. . u * • i

Any attempt to make general forest botanical
exhibits might lead to undesirable duplications,
and should be left to the Forestry Division. If,
however, any State desired to make a full exhibit
of its forest botany, I would suggest that it be
made as compact as possible.

The exhibits of resources under (I) may be made
in the shape of monster sections, logs or trunks of
trees, raw material, and in manufactured lumber
of the various grades sent to market, always keep-
ing in mind that only the specialities of the State
should be considered. ,

It would not be easy, although very desirable,
for State Commissioners to compile and exhibit
statistical statements and maps showing the dis-
tribution of forest areas and the location and
amount of the available supplies of forest pro-
ducts which the State claims to possess in quan-
tity. Lumbermen's associations could give effi-
cient help in this.

Under this head let me suggest that each of the
States noted for timber or forest products choose
its most representative tree for exhibition as fully
as possible. Concert and agreement between the
Commissioners of the different States would be
needed for this. Such exhibits should be in effect
monographs of the particular trees. The Forestry
Division had contemplated making these, but I
yield the idea and offer, if needed, to State Com-
missioners the co-operation of this Division in
completing such an exhibit.

Under (II) the logging and lumbering interests
should be represented by statistics of the lumber
trade of the State, maps showing the location of
leading lumber markets and mills, logging plants
with photographs, or prints of notable objects
or of operations, such as, ^. g. , those connected
with transportation, which might call for models,
etc. This is a field in which Lumbermen's Asso-
ciations might give especially valuable help.
The modern sawmill is a characteristic American
development, and should be shown as adequately
as may be in a world's exhibition like this.

In (III) there would be wanted statistics of the
wood-working establishments and a fuller exhibit

of such industries as are most prominently devel-
oped in the State, especially those that work up
the woods derived from and exhibited as repre-
senting the forest resources of the State, showing
the methods by which the raw material is trans-
formed into the finished article, the machinery
used, etc. Here, too, would come in exhibits
of any processes or articles using other forest pro-
ducts than lumber or timber as raw material, e.g.y
pulp, cellulose, excelsior, turpentine orcharding,
tanbark and the process of making the extract,
etc. Methods of impregnating timber with pre-
servative substances would come in under this

head.

In section IV of the proposed programme could
be shown what has been done by States that lack
forests in the way of planting groves, shelter-belts,
etc. They might set forth the acreage and age of
planted forest, exhibit specimens of trees with
record of age, and sections showing the rate of
growth of the various species. Nurserymen hand-
ling forest tree seedlings can exhibit their methods
and results. Arbor Day proclamations and pro-
grammes might be displayed.

Under this section Forestry Associations and
Commissions could furnish illustrations of the
effect of devastation or destruction of forests upon
soil, water supply, etc. Also of the distribution
of forest areas with reference to the necessity of
reforesting. With these should be included their
work in the way of publications, reports, etc.

The following is an outline of what this Divi-
sion proposes to attempt: —

A. Forest Botanical and Forest Geographical
Exhibits : These will contain in compact form
and systematic arrangement a collection of speci-
mens of all arborescent plants native in the United
States— soVne 425 species— each displayed by
various sections of wood with the bark, a branch
with foliage and fruit, maps showing its geographi-
cal distribution, its various botanical and vulgar
names, and a description of the wood and its

uses.

The most important— some 100 species— to be
further illustrated by exhibits of photographs of
typical trees, of photo-micrographs of their wood,
of their technical quality under tests, their phases
of development at different ages, with notes on
their cultivation, illustrations of floral parts, pecu-
liarities of forest growth, etc. Furthermore, maps
showing distribution of forest areas and of genera
and species in the United States and other parts
of the world ; and, in short, any material which will
serve to give a comprehensive view to the student
of forest growth.

B. Technological exhibits : These are to show

the nature of the raw materials derived from the

forests, showing differences of structure and quality

, of woods grown in different parts of the United

sm

*.i

\ \

^X7

\:i

FOREST LEAVES.

97

IH'

States, and adaptation of the woods to various
uses. Also by-products and, derivatives from wood
distillation, etc., and whatever interests directly
fke consumer of forest products,

C. Forest Culture and Management : Thi?
would include a collection of fruits and seeds for
comparative study, plant material, planting tools,
illustrations of various methods of planting;
working plans; maps (mostly foreign collections)
and statistics of forest management ; possibly a
model plantation, a model windbreak, a forest-
seedling nursery, instruments and utensils, and, in
short, all that \.\iQ forest growemt^d^'s, to know.

D. Forest, Economy : Here would be exhibited
comprehensive and comparative statements of the
value of forests to the nation, statistics of supply
and demand, exhibits demonstrating the influence
of forest cover on soil, water, and climate, litera-
ture and means of education ; work of Forestry
Associations, legislation, etc. — in fact, all that may
lead to an appreciation of the value of forests to
the nation.

It will appear from this statement that there is
an entirely different field for the exhibit of the
Forestry Division, the object of which is to fur-
nish comprehensive and comparative views and
to keep in front the main object of giving instruc-
tion.

On the other hand, for the exhibits to be secured
by the State Commissions are reserved the more
special features with the main object of illustrating
existing conditions.

As to the manner of displaying the exhibits, I
do not suppose you wish me to go into detail ;
that, of course, admits of endless variety ; and the
artistic arrangement which each Commissioner
can influence his contributors to give their exhibits
will reflect credit upon him, while the inventive
genius of the exhibitor will suggest the best method
of illustrating what he desires to show.

I am,

Yours respectfully,

B. E. Fernow,
Chief of Forestry Division,

Oriental Plane Trees at Montagnis,

France.

J^i'^E are indebted to Mr. David Williams, pro-
vXy prietor of the Iron Age, for a number of
views of curiously trimmed trees which
line the canal connecting the Seine and Loire, in
France. The one presented was taken by Mr.
Williams at the town of Montagnis.

The trees, which are called ** Platane " by the
inhabitants of the town, are probably specimens
of the Oriental Plane {Platanus Orientalis)y and
are so placed as to shade the towpath. The

practice is to trim them ofl* close to the principal
branches, as shown in the cut, every four years,
at the end of which time they present a very dif-
ferent appearance on account of the luxuriant
growth of the leaves. At the time the view was
taken the trees had been but recently trimmed,
and their subsequent appearance was changed by
the growth of the leaves. The canal was made in
the time of Henry IV, and the trees are reported
to be as old as the canal.

The wood of the Oriental Plane takes a fine
polish, and is valuable for cabinet making. The
American Buttonwood is a close relative of the
Oriental Plane.

The Tulip-Poplar and the Cigar Box

Industry.

To THE Editor of Forest Leaves : —

Sir:

^tMONG the many uses to which the wood of
K 1 the tulip tree {Liriodendron TulipifercC) is
^ applied, there is one which may not be fa-
miliar to some of your readers, viz., the making of
cigar boxes. This industry has now assumed con-
siderable proportions, and a Philadelphia firm
has recently acquired the title to all the lumber of
this kind — the ** yellow poplar" lumber so called
of commerce — on a large tract of land in Vir-
ginia, and is rapidly converting the fine tulip trees
into thin boards suitable for cigar boxes.

The boards, when they come to the market, are
sawn into strips of convenient size and overlaid
with a very thin veneer of red cedar. How
much is annually used in this way by the firm in
question I am unable to say, but the quantity must
be large.

This points, of course, to the greatly enhanced
value and the diminished supply of red cedar,
of which it was once thought that this country
contained an inexhaustible supply. The fact must
also give thoughtful people some apprehension
about the perm'anence of the supply of the ** yellow
poplar " timber. It is now, I think, about eighteen
months since a writer in Garden and Forest called
attention to the fact that a firm of lumbermen had
bought up all the ** yellow poplar " lumber on the
slopes of the Great Smoky Mountains in Eastern
Tennessee, with a view, I think, to convert it into
wood pulp. When I was in the neighborhood of
Fredericksburg, in Virginia, a year or two ago, a
gentleman informed me that some agents of a
Philadelphia firm had been buying up all the
** yellow poplar*' trunks in that neighborhood,
in this case also in order to convert it into wood
pulp for paper.

In view, also, of the manifold uses of the
timber of this stately tree for carriage building,

I'li

!!:

;i

'I i

n:

i

^X7

II

FOREST LEAVES.

97

IJJI

States, and adaptation of the woods to various
uses. Also by-products and derivatives from wood
distillation, etc., and whatever interests directly
the consumer of forest products,

C. Forest Culture and Management : This
would include a collection of fruits and seeds for
comparative study, plant material, planting tools,
illustrations of various methods of planting ;
working plans ; maps (mostly foreign collections)
and statistics of forest management ; possibly a
model plantation, a model windbreak, a forest-
seedling nursery, instruments and utensils, and, in
short, all that the forest }^ro7iferneeds to know.

D. Forest Economy : Here would be exhibited
comprehensive and comparative statements of the
value of forests to the nation, statistics of supply
and demand, exhibits demonstrating the influence
of forest cover on soil, water, and climate, litera-
ture and means of education ; work of Forestry
Associations, legislation, etc. — in fact, all that may
lead to an appreciation of the value of forests to
the nation.

It will appear from this statement that there is
an entirely different field for the exhibit of the
Forestry Division, the object of which is to fur-
nish comprehensive and comparative views and
to keep in front the main object of giving instruc-
tion.

On the other hand, for the exhibits to be secured
by the State Commissions are reserved the more
special features with the main object of illustrating
existing conditions.

As to the manner of displaying the exhibits, I
do not suppose you wish me to go into detail ;
that, of course, admits of endless variety ; and the
artistic arrangement which each Commissioner
can influence his contributors to give their exhibits
will reflect credit upon him, while the inventive
genius of the exhibitor will suggest the best method
of illustrating what he desires to show.

I am.

Yours respectfully,

i>. E. Fernow,
Chief of Forestry Division.

Oriental Plane Trees at Montagnis,

France.

^1 VE are indebted to Mr. David Williams, pro-
vXy prietor of the Iron A^t^e^ for a number of
views of curiously trimmed trees which
line the canal connecting the Seine and Loire, in
France. The one presented was taken by Mr.
Williams at the town of Montagnis.

The trees, which are called ** Platane " by the
inhabitants of the town, are probably specimens
of the Oriental Plane {Ftatanus Orientalist^ and
are so placed as to shade the towpath. The

practice is to trim them off close to the principal
branches, as shown in the cut, every four years,
at the end of which time they present a very dif-
ferent appearance on account of the luxuriant
growth of the leaves. At the time the view was
taken the trees had been but recently trimmed,
and their subsequent appearance was changed by
the growth of the leaves. The canal was made in
the time of Henry IV, and the trees are reported
to be as old as the canal.

The wood of the Oriental Plane takes a fine
polish, and is valuable for cabinet making. The
American P>uttonwood is a close relative of the
Oriental Plane.

The Tulip-Poplar and the Cigar Box

Industry.

To THE Eduor of Forest Leaves: —

Sir :

/^MONG the many uses to which the wood of
\ 1 the tulip tree (J^iriodendron Tidipifera^ is
^ applied, there is one which may not be fa-

miliar to some of your readers, viz., the making of
cigar boxes. This industry has now assumed con-
siderable proportions, and a Philadelphia firm
has recently acquired the title to all the lumber of
this kind — the ** yellow poplar" lumber so called
of commerce — on a large tract of land in Vir-
ginia, and is rapidly converting the fine tulip trees
into thin boards suitable for cigar boxes.

The boards, when they come to the market, are
sawn into strips of convenient size and overlaid
with a very thin veneer of red cedar. How
much is annually used in this way by the firm in
question I am unable to say, but the quantity must
be large.

This points, of course, to the greatly enhanced
value and the diminished supply of red cedar,
of which it was once thought that this country
contained an inexhaustible supply. The fact must
also give thoughtfiil i)eople some ap|)rehension
about the perm*anence of the supply of the ** yellow
poplar " timber. It is now, I think, about eighteen
months since a writer in Garden and Forest called
attention to the fact that a firm of lumbermen had
bought up all the ** yellow poplar " lumber on the
slopes of the Great Smoky Mountains in Eastern
Tennessee, with a view, I think, to convert it into
wood pulp. When I was in the neighborhood of
Fredericksburg, in Virginia, a year or two ago, a
gentleman informed me that some agents of a
Philadelphia firm had been buying up all the
'* yellow poplar" trunks in that neighborhood,
in this case also in order to convert it into wood
pulp for paper.

In view, also, of the manifold uses of the
timber of this stately tree for carriage building,

f

11,

1

i I

)

t,

'

i ^'

\

:

.

• M

!.

1*

»

i

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

-t,^^

^^cr

98

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

99

cabinet making, etc., it may not be preniature to
"nquire whether the available supply of this lumber
is likely to be equal very long to the already vast

demands upon it. . . _^^ i^ ._

Might it not be well for enterprismg people to
begin now to replenish the forests which have been
depleted of it by setting out large plantations, in
order to meet the constantly increasing commer-
cial demand for '' yellow poplar " ?

Yours respectfully,

Henry M. Fisher.

Memorial for Forest Reservations.

u 1

y^ HE following memorial has been prepared to
Co secure additional forest reserves, general de-
scriptions of which have been supplied by
the Forestry Division of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture :—

MEMORIAL.

To THE President of the United States :—

Sir • The undersigned memorialists desire to
express their gratification at the exercise of the
President's power, under the law of March 3,
1801, Section 24, in enlarging the boundaries of
the Yellowstone and Yosemite Reservations.

In furtherance of the objects of the law cited
and considering it their duty to assist as far as is in
their power, in a liberal and comprehensive appli-
cation of the authority therein conferred, in the
interest of maintaining favorable forest conditions,
your memorialists take it upon themselves to re-
commend, at the present stage of their investiga-
tions, the establishment by your proclamation as
permanent forest reservations of these tracts, briefly
designated as follows, and more fully described in
an accompanying paper, viz. : —

1. Flathead and Marias River Reservation m
Northwestern Montana.

2. Tulare Reservation in California.

3. Pecos and Canadian River Reservation, near
Santa Fe, New Mexico.

4. Pike's Peak Reservation in Colorado.

5. Minnesota Reservation.

The object for which these reservations at the
head waters of streams are asked is to retain in the
hands of the Federal Government these areas, upon
the forest conditions of which depend to a great
extent the water supply for a large area of adjoining

country. . , , r» •

Your memorialists fully realize that the Presi-
dent will exercise the power to reserve only with
due caution and for good and convincing reasons.
The accompanying paper, therefore, sets forth,
besides a description of the tracts to be reserved,
the considerations upon which their reservation is

asked .

It is also respectfully suggested that a more de-

tailed examination by proper agencies is desirable
in order to ascertain more fully the actual condi-
tions,the practicable boundaries, the desirability of,
and objections to, the reservation of these as well
as other locations. ^ .

Your memorialists also desire m this connec-
tion to express their opinion that, while the action
of Congress in granting the power to make such
reservations may be taken as an assurance that the
existing policy with regard to public timber lands
is to be changed, nevertheless, such reservations
cannot accomplish the object for which they are
made unless a strong and efficient admmistration
of the same is established, capable of supplying
local timber requirements, and at the same time ot
preventing depredations and loss by fire, m accord-
ance with the plan proposed m Senate Bill No.
1779, of the Fiftieth Congress, which was endorsed
by the American Forestry Association.

We, therefore, pray that the President will not
only exercise his right to reserve but also his right
to protect this public property under existing law,
and urge such additional legislation as may be
necessary to that end.

Pecos River Reservation.

•7-* HIS reservation is asked for by the Surveyor-
(Q General and other citizens of New Mexico.
A petition for the reservation, with an
accompanying bill defining its boundaries, was
presented to the Fifty-first Congress at its first
session, and the bill was referred to the Committee
on Public Lands. Bill No. 9343- ^ ^ ,

The reservation is situated in north central
New Mexico, near and northeast of Santa te, on
the main range of the Rocky Mountain divide
covering the Las Vegas and Santa Fejanges_ It
is bounded as described in Bill 9343 H. R., Fifty-
first Congress, though the boundaries have been
modified since the introduction of the bill, so as
to exclude some settlements on the Pecos and in-
clude an equivalent area on the north, which is
uninhabited. The area thus indicated includes
4.2 square miles. It seems desirable, however to
I extend the eastern border of the reservation to the
' western line of the Mora and Las Vegas grants
in which case the area included would be 570

square miles. . ^foin

The proposed reservation is a rugged mountain
region, the two ranges— Santa Fe and Las Vegas
enclosing the basin of the Pecos river, with caftons,
steep slopes, and high peaks, among which is the
Truchas Peak, over 13,000 feet high The entire
area is well forested for the region, the growth in
the foothills consisting of scattered pifion and
cedar, in the mountains of the more valuable spruce
and pine.

The reasons urged for the establishment of the
reservation are : That the region is not adapted to
agricultural use,on account of its high, mountainous
character and the fact that owing to its peculiar
configuration the cailons, the only portions suit-
able for cultivation, are liable to be filled with
snow to the depth often of 50 feet, which lies
upon the ground far into the spring, precluding
timely tillage or the pasturage of cattle.

That the region contains the headwaters of the
Pecos river and other affluents of the Rio Grande,
together with those of the Mora river, which flows
into the Canadian, the Pecos being now tapped by
ditches supplying a larger area than is irrigated by
any other stream in the Territory, while the other
rivers issuing from the reservation furnish the
water supply to Santa Fe and many other settle-
ments.

The whole area of the proposed reservation,
while manifestly of little value for settlement, is
fitted by nature, if protected, to be a lasting source
of benefit to a large adjacent region by furnishing
a continuous supply of wood and water, while if
left to lawless invasion and unregulated appropria-
tions the results will be correspondingly disas-
trous.

Ifike

's Peak Reservation.

y^ HIS reservation is asked for by many citizens
\Q of Colorado in a petition on file in the
Department of the Interior. The petition
is also seconded by the Senators and Representa-
tives of Colorado and by the State Forest Com-
missioner.

The proposed reservation is situated in El Paso
county, Colorado, covering Pike's Peak and its
slopes, and is part of the Arkansas river drainage.
It contains about 357 square miles, or 228,480
acres.

The region proposed as a reservation lies at an
altitude of from 7000 to 14,000 feet. It is moun-
tainous, cut by deep gorges, rocky and precipitous,
so as to be unfit for agricultural use, the few small
parks or open valleys adapted to grazing having
been already taken up, so that no valuable land
will be withheld from the settler.

The whole tract is more or less wooded, and
30,000 people are now dependent upon it for their
supply of fuel and timber.

In the higher portions of this tract several
streams have their origin, namely, the Fountain
creek and all its tributaries, Beaver creek and its
tributaries, and part of Four-Mile creek, which
furnish the water indispensable for the irrigation
of many hundred thousand acres of land and drink-
ing water for several thriving towns and commu-

nities, and, as the supply is scanty at the best, it
needs to be husbanded and protected.

These supplies, both of wood and water, are now
threatened with extinction by saw-mill owners, who
are already at work cutting illegally and waste-
fully, without thought of reproduction and increas-
ing the danger from fire, and by the many more
whom the facilities of access offered by the rail-
road, recently extended to the very summit of the
Peak, will invite to similar action.

For want of proper protection, frequent and
unrestrained fires are also rapidly wasting these
forests.

The citizens of Colorado who ask for this reser-
vation add, as a further reason for its establish-
ment, the fact that the region of Pike's Peak is
very attractive on account of its scenery, no fewer
than 10,000 tourists having visited it luring the
last year, and that it ought to be preserved in its
present wooded condition as one of the healthful
and pleasurable places of resort of the great West.

Minnesota National Park.

^^HIS reservation is asked for by prominent
V£) and influential citizens of Minnesota.

It is situated in the extreme northern
part of the State, touching the international
boundary for a considerable distance, and its
southern portion includes the head waters of the
Mississippi river (the boundaries being given more
exactly in the memorial). It comprises about
6,000,000 acres.

The region may be described as being generally
woodland, of larger or smaller growth, though a
considerable portion is occupied by lakes and
marshes, and very little of it is suitable for agri-
cultural use.

The reasons for establishing this as a reserva-
tion are, that its preservation from further depre-
dation by fire and the axe is absolutely necessary.

1. To keep in a condition of constant repro-
duction the forests as such, these being situated
on land useless except for wood crops.

2. To maintain an even supply of water at the
sources of the Mississippi river and minor streams
(Red Lake, Clear Water, etc.), to preserve in ad-
joining territory favorable conditions of atmospheric
humidity for agricultural pursuits, and the protec-
tion which these forest areas offer against the cold
winds of the north.

It may not be inappropriate to add that the situ-
tion is such in the region of the proposed park as
to make speedy action in its behalf very desirable,
and that it is the expectation of the memorialists
that all Indian rights shall be scrupulously re-
spected.

''WW?-,-

1,2

M

100

FOREST LEAVES.

Pi

r

ii

i

r'

Flathead and Marias River Reservation.

•7-- HIS reservation has the sanction of the
(S members of the United States Senate,
bills for its establishment (Senate Bill 1824,
Forty-eighth, and Senate Bill 581, Forty-ninth
Congress) introduced by Mr. Edniunds of Ver-
mont having passed the Senate in bo h the Forty-
eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses without dissent.
This reservation covers the main range of the
Rocky Mountains— both east and west slopes— in
northwestern Montana, about the headwaters of
the Flathead river, which forms part of the Co-
lumbian river drainage, and of the Marias, Teton
and Sun rivers, of the Missouri river system. The
location is mainly between the 112th and 115th
meridians, and the 47th and 49th parallels, and
has an elevation of more than 3000 feet. its
boundaries are described in Senate Bill 581, Forty-
ninth Congress. r * i •

The principal part of the tract is of Alpine
character, with rugged peaks and deep gorges
It is marked by perpetual snows and glaciers, and
avalanches are not infrequent. There are no agri-
cultural lands on the west slope, except in the
Flathead valley below Flathead gap. On the
east slope there is some arable land and some
more which is adapted for grazing. The western
slope south of the middle fork of Flathead river
is covered principally with a dense growth of fir,
spruce, cedar, pine, and larch, most of it of little
value for mill purposes. North of the middle fork
fires have nearly denuded the western range. The
eastern slope is not well known.

On the western slope innumerable rivulets and
brooks rise in the higher altitudes, fed by linger-
ing or perpetual snows, and flowing westward con-
stitute by far the greater part of the water supply
of the Flathead river, which, uniting with the
Missoula, forms Clark's fork of the Columbia.
The eastern slope, less abundantly watered, main-
tains the Marias, Teton, and Sun rivers, which are
of much value for irrigation purposes before they
reach the Missouri.

JTAll the land in the proposed reservation is un-
surveyed. The northeastern portion, extending
about fifty miles south of the international boun-
dary east of the mountain summit, or over 2000
square miles, is now included in the Gros Ventre,
Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot and River Crow Indian
Reservations.

If this forest tract, which nature has provided
as a great safeguard of our commerce and agricul-
ture, is cut off at the will of millmen and specu-
lators, who are now at work upon it, and burned
by lack of protection, no estimate in money can
measure the possible disastrous results to the coun-
try. Centuries would not replace the forest
cover, if indeed it could be replaced at all. But

reserved, as the bill of Senator Edmunds proposes
to reserve it, the timber, under the management of
the government, may be cut off as it ripens and
there is a market for it, and thus become a source
of permanent income, while also for all time to
come it may continue to exert its beneficial influ-
ence upon two great arteries of our commerce,
and upon almost measureless tracts ready to give
ample reward to the labor of the husbandman.

Tulare Reservation, California.

^ HIS reservation is asked for by a convention
(£) of citizens of several counties and by the
California Academy of Science.
It is situated on the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada range, in California, between the ii8th
and 1 20th meridians, and the 35th and 38th
parallels, forming the entire eastern watershed of
the St. Joaquin river, with its tributaries, and of
the Kern, White, Deer, Tule, Kaweah, Kings, and

other streams. . . v .

The area of the proposed reservation is about

7000 square miles.

The reservation is mainly of a mountainous
character, with valleys and plateaus of greater or
less breadth, the mountains ranging from 2000 to
12,000 feet in height. It embraces about a dozen
scattered groves of the famous Sequoias or Big
Trees, and abounds with the pines, firs, and spruces
commonly found in the Sierra Nevada range.

/Reasons for making the Reservation: The me-
morialists ask for the establishment of this reser-
vation for two reasons ; first and above all, as being
necessary to the maintenance of the water supply
of a large agricultural region; second, as being
essential to the preservation of those great natural
curiosities, the Big Trees,which are now threatened
I with speedy extinction. . .

! California is especially dependent upon irriga-
tion for successful agriculture. The counties in
i the lower part of the St. Joaquin valley have been
changed within a few years from a state of barren-
I ness to one of great fertility by means of an artiti-
I cial supply of water from the streams which issue
from the adjacent mountains, and this fertility is
maintained only by a continuance of this supply,
the average annual rainfall of the cultivated area
being only about six inches. The maintenance ot
a steady and abundant flow of water in these
streams is dependent upon the forests along then
course, especially those in the mountain regions.
Timber speculators and sheep herders, however,
are already making havoc of these forests, the
former cutting the timber recklessly, the latter
destroying the undergrowth and often kindling
fires, by accident or design, which cause wide-
spread destruction of the forest-floor and vegetation

5^/

FOREST LEAVES.

101

of all kinds. The result is an alternation of
floods and droughts in the valleys below, with
which any proper system of irrigation is incom-
patible, and which, if continued, will make agri-
cultural pursuits- no longer practicable, and turn
this now fertile region into a desert again.

How to Start Timber Growing on a Farm.

eXPERIMENTS were made with three kinds
of seedlings. Locust, Catalpa, and Soft
Maple. The locust seed has the shape of
a clover seed, but is as large as a radish seed, and
is exceedingly hard. The seed must be scalded
before they are sown. In order to scald them I
do not use water that is quite at the boiling point,
but pour a pint of cold water into a kettle full of
boiling water, and then pour this water over the
seeds, which are put in a tight vessel and then let
it stand until it cools. It will be found then that a
portion of the seeds will be swollen to about four
times their natural size. Generally not more than
one-fourth of the seeds will be swollen at each
scalding. The swollen seeds are separated from
those not swollen, hot water is applied to the rest,
and so on. I often find it necessary to add the hot
water five or six times before all the seeds will
swell.

This swollen seed grows as readily as corn, and
comes up as quickly. The best time to plant it is
early in May, and if the weather is unfavorable
for planting when the seed is prepared it can be
kept for a week or more, by spreading it out an
inch thick upon a cellar bottom and covering it
with a damp cloth.

A spot of rich, clear land should be selected
on which to sow the seed. It should be covered
about an inch deep, and the rows should be far
enojgh apart to admit of the use of a cultivator.
The young plants should be thoroughly worked
all summer, and if not too thick in the row will
grow to the height of 3 feet or more, and will
develop large roots. You may leave four to six
plants to the foot of the row.

These seedlings should always be transplanted
to the plantation when they are one year old.

Plow and harrow the land in good order, then
with a two-horse plow open a furrow where the
row is to stand, this furrow removing the necessity
for digging holes. The tree is simply held upright
in the furrow while the earth is drawn to its roots.
No pruning is needed if the trees are close enough,
as the side branches die and drop off" in this case,
leaving a much smoother trunk than if they are
cut off* when green. The plantation should always
be cultivated for one year, and unless the trees
spread so that the thorns are in the way, it is
better to do it for two years. It is a good plan,

if you find that the trees are not starting up with
good-shaped trunks, to cut them back to the ground,
one and even two years after planting, and then
they will be well rooted, and will throw up a
straight, vigorous shoot.

In most neighborhoods the spare maples that
are taken out in thinning can be sold for shade
trees for more than enough to pay the entire
expense of the plantation.

I have utilized a row of locusts, 50 rods long,
along the north side of a permanent pasture field
for a fence. These trees were set out in '81, and
for six years past by use of a single wire and some
hedge bush have made a perfect fence to turn
horses and cattle ; and some of these trees are now
large enough to split into two good posts. The
trees were set 4 feet apart, but if I, were putting
out a single row again I would set them 2 feet
apart.

Soft maples are grown in the nursery in the
same way as locusts, but the seed should be planted
so soon as it is gathered. Soft maple seed ripens
about the middle of May, and as soon as it begins
to fall it may be planted and covered up at once
on good land, with only two or three trees to the
foot of the drill.

I have seen such seedlings grow 6 feet high the
first summer.

Catalpa seed is very light. It must be covered
lightly, and should not be sown on a heavy clay
land, as if a heavy rain falls then, soon after it has
been planted, it will not come up.

Waldo F. Brown.

The Country Gentlemen,

Government Timber Tests.

Y^ HE Forestry Division of the United States
yQ Department of Agriculture has published
a circular in regard to the tests of timber,
from which the following abstracts are taken : —

**To arrive at any satisfactory results in an
experimental determination of the properties of
wood, it is necessary to derive them from test ma-
terial of known origin^ and furthermore, to establish
any laws which will be generally applicable in
referring quality to physical appearance, structure,
and origin of material, it is necessary to examine
and test carefully a very large number of test spe-
cimens. ^ ^ ^

** Besides more reliable data regarding the pro-
perties of our principal timbers, there is to be
gained from this investigation a means of determin-
ing quality by the examination of physical appear-
ance and structure, and of establishing an inter-
relation between quality and conditions of growth.

** Some of the questions which it is expected
ultimately to solve may be formulated as follows : —

I \

\\

\

!.

' > I

170-

I

102

FOREST LEAVES.

"What are the essential working properties of
our various woods and by what circumstances are
they influenced? What influence does seasoning
of diff-erent degree have upon qua hty ? How does
aee rapidity of growth, time of felling, and after-
u'eatmTn? Chang! quality in different Ambers? In
what relation does structure stand to quality ? How
far is weight a criterion of strength ? What macro-
cropk or microscopic aids can be devised for
determining quality from physical examination ?
What differ^ence is there in wood of different parts
of the tree ? How far do climatic and soil condi-
tions influence quality? In what respect does tap-
nine for turpentine aff'ect quality of pine timber ?
"It is also proposed to test, as opportunity is
afforded, the influence of continued service upon
the strength of structural material, as, for instance,
of members in bridge construction of known
length of service. This series of tests will give
more definite information for the use of inspectors
of structures. Besides these problems many others

will arise. * * * • , • j ^ u„

• "The collection of the test material is done by
experts. The trees of each species are taken from
a number of lecalities of different soil and climatic
conditions. From each site five trees of each species
are cut up into logs and disks, each piece being
carefully marked, so as to indicate exactly its posi-
tion in the tree; four trees are chosen as repre-
sentative of the average growth, the fifthor' check
tree ' the best developed specimen of the site.

" Disks of a few young trees, as well as of limb-
wood, are also collected for biological study. Ihe
disk pieces are 8 inches in height and contain the
heart and sapwood of the tree from the north to
the south side of the periphery. From 50 to 70
disk pieces and from 10 to 15 logs are thus col-
lected for each species and site.

"A full account of the conditions of soil, cli-
mate, aspect, measurements, and determinable
history of tree and forest growth in general accom-
panies the collection from each site.

" The disks are sent to the Botanical Laboratory
of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, to
be studied as to their physical properties, their
macroscopic and microscopic structure, rate ol
growth, etc. Here are determined, (a) the spe-
cific weight by a hygrometric method ; (^) the
amount of water and the rate of its loss by drying
in relation to shrinkage ; (<r) the structural differ-
ences of the diff'erent pieces, especially as to the
distribution of spring and summer wood, strong
and weak cells, open vessels, medullary rays, etc. ;
(ti) the rate of growth and other biological facts
which may lead to the finding of relation between
• physical appearance, conditions of growth, and
mechanical properties.

" The material thus studied is preserved for fur-
ther examinations and tests.

"The logs are shipped to the St. Louis Test
Laboratory. They are stenciled off for sawing and
each stick marked with dies corresponding to
sketch in the record, so as to be perfectly identified
as to the number of tree, and thereby its origm,
and as to position in tree. After sawing to size
the test pieces are stacked to await the testing.
One-half of every log will be tested green, the
other half after thorough seasoning. A deter-
mination is made at the time of testmg the amount
of water present in the test-piece, since this
appears greatly to influence results.

" From each tree there are cut two or three logs
from each log three or four sticks, two of standard
size, the other one or two of larger size. Each
standard stick is cut in two, and one end reserved
for testing two years later after seasoning. Ihe
standard size for the sticks is 4 x 4 mches and 60
inches long for cross-breaking tests. There will,
however, be made a special series of cross-break-
ing tests on a specially constructed beam testing
machine, in which the full log length is utilized with
a cross section of 6 by 12 up to 8 by t6 inches, m
order to establish the comparative value of beam
tests to those on the small test-pieces.

"All due caution will be exercised to perlect
and insure the accuracy of methods.

"Conc/usion. Such work as this, if well done,
will never need to be done over again. Ihe
results will become the standard the world over.
The strength and value of a given species or even
stick will then no longer be a matter of opinion,
but a question of established fact, and we will learn
not only to apply our timbers to the use to which
they are best adapted, but also what conditions
produce required qualities, thus directing the con-
sumer of present supplies and the forest grower

of the future. ,

" So far the work has been confined to southern

pines and oaks."

The Locust— Is it Disappearing ?

tN many parts of the country the locust tree is
1 almost a family necessity. Only the other day
a prominent builder asked : " What shall we do
when the supply of locust gives out? It is a
pertinent question. Year by year the locust posts
become scarcer and more expensive Ihe tree
is said to have been introduced from Virginia by
Captain John Sands, of Sands' Point, L. 1.,
about the year 1700. For a time it grew waxed
strong, and was cultivated extensively, but during
the past twenty years the demand for locus ha
been so great and the price so high, that it has
been well nigh exterminated. Of late, trees have
been cut so young that it is next to impossible to
get locust timber.

^^3

FOREST LEAVES.

103

r\t

The locust tree is exceedingly erratic in growth.
In some places it thrives, increases rapidly, and
grows luxuriantly, while perhaps only a few feet
away it is only a nuisance. This peculiarity of
growth may prevent its cultivation on a large
scale. Even at the present price, say 50 cents
each for posts six feet long, it is cheaper than
any other post for fencing, either wire or wood.
It will, with us, last twice as long as cedar, and
perhaps three times as long as the best chestnut.
The labor of setting locust is but slightly greater
than that of setting the more perishable posts.
The supply of locust is diminishing ; the demand
is increasing enormously. It will pay to let
every locust sapling grow — grow big. There is
money in it. — Country Gentleman.

Curious Trees.

y^ HERE are many vegetable wonders in this
v£) world of ours. Certain tropical trees fur-
nish clothes as well as food, and the inner
bark of others is smooth and flexible enough to
serve as writing paper. The bread tree has a
solid fruit, a little larger than a cocoanut, which,
when cut in slices and cooked, can scarcely be
distinguished from excellent bread. The weeping
tree of the Canary Islands is wet, even in a
drought constantly distilling water from its leaves,
and the wine tree of Mauritius Island furnishes
good wine instead of water. A kind of ash in
Sicily has a sap which hardens into crude sugar,
and is used as such by the natives without any
refining. The product of the wax tree on the
Andes resembles bees' wax very closely. Then
there is the butter tree of Africa, which produces
as much as a hundred pounds at once, only to be
renewed in a few months. This secretion, when
hardened and salted, is difficult to distinguish from
fresh, sweet butter. Closely rivaling this is the
milk tree of South America, the sap of which
resembles rich cow's milk, and is used as such by
the natives. China can boast of a soap tree, the
seeds of which, when used as soap, produce a
strong suds and remove dirt and grease readily. —
Goldthwaite' s Geographical Magazine for No-
vembe^.

Our contemporary has colored the picture
^ig^ly> but there is enough fact in each case to
suggest the idea which is embellished. — Ed.

— A member of the American Forestry Associa-
tion is anxious to obtain two copies of No. 8 of
Forest Leaves, issued in June, 1888, in order to
(Complete his files. Please communicate with the
Editor, stating price desired.

World's Fair Notes.

— More than 15,000,000 feet of lumber will be
used in the construction of the huge building for
Manufactures and Liberal Arts.

— Lieutenant Baker, Special Commissioner for
the World's Fair to Mexico, reports that Mr.
Berringer, a prominent merchant and landholder
in Tabasco, will send to the Columbian Exposi-
tion a collection of the cabinet woods of Mexico,
consisting of more than two hundred samples
and showing a specimen of every variety of cab-
inet wood in the Republic of Mexico.

— British Columbia has decided to build a
structure which will be a novelty in architecture,
composed of every variety of wood known to the
British Columbia forests. The building will be
built first in sections of contrasting woods neatly
mortised together. The roof will be of native
slate and a variety of cedar shingles, making in
all a pleasing effect. It is intended to ship the
building in sections, ready to be erected on its
arrival. The display will be unique in every way.
The government and cities of the province sub-
scribe to the fund.

— A writer in the Evening Post says : ** In 1873
the government of Assam began to cultivate the
india-rubber tree in the humid forests of Charduar,
at the foot of the Himalayas. It was found best
to propagate from seedlings, which were planted
in the forks of trees, and by 1885 they had reached
the ground. The trees were subsequently planted
in beds forty feet wide, amid the surrounding
forest which sheltered them. Last year the plan-
tation comprised 1,106 acres, and contained
16,054 healthy plants, besides 84,000 seedlings."

MEEHANS' NURSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750
kinds at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET THE BEST STOCK AT
LOWEST FIGURES. ThE CHEAPEST WAY

TO BUY Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, Ac, sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS MEEHAN&SON,
Qermantown. Phila., Pa.

« (1

I)

1>7^

104

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

I

TREES

IN THIS PAPER ARE MADE BY THE NEW

^U'F8eiiYP}HCvPB(eCEgg

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, PhiladelpJiia,

OF

It

©0-

//\.p:

. HIlrADEUEHUl

^^ST^l^^D 'N HIGHEST ttU^'ol^l^

CASH CAPITAL,

$500,000

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims ^'ofo^iRof

Surplus over all Liabilities, 3ba,4io.att

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1,1889, - $2,500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary.

DIRECTORS.

THOS. H. Mon.o.e.. Pe.W.on|. H.c.nson. |^-,1»;

John T. Lewis, .,. , r> d

Israel Morris, Charles P. Perot,

Charles S. Whelen.

SEND FOR circular:

Wm. F. Fell & Od^.

THE •

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

STRAWBRIDGE k CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

(^l[NlTEI^S

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

S/>edal aitention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,

SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

I'

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

« Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^^

Flre-proof Vaults for Storage of Plates.

Mft^t'""'^"' nfttftiigracelve our Personal Supervisioji.

^7^

IPR

Vol. III.

Philadelphia, March, 1892.

No. 8.

Published Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

as North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS.

105

Editorial

Proceedings of the American
Forestry Association at its
Tenth Annual Meeting,
Washington, D. C, Decem-
ber, 1891 106-113

Address of Hon. John W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior.... 1 13-115

The Teacher and the Forest. Herbert Welsh 115-116

Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Dr. H. M. Fisher -. 116-117

Correspondence 117

Removing Trees in Autumn 117

Wasted Resources. Prof. J. T. Rothrock 118-119

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.
Price for Single Numbers za Cents.

The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
0/ Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.

John Birkinbine, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 317 S. 12th Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M. Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life memberships Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names Ko A. B. Weimer^ Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila.,orto
Miss Grace Anna Lewis, Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr.
y. Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county. Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler ^ Esq.y Quakertown, Bucks county. Pa.,
Samuel Marshall^ Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

9^iVE devote most of the space in this issue
\XJ to printing the Minutes of the Tenth
Annual Meeting of the American Forestry
Association, held in December last, at Washington.
This we do for two reasons : First, there is a
great deal of interest to our members in what was
done, and a perusal of the Minutes will be in-
structive; second, because the American Forestry
Association has made Forest Leaves its official
organ, and as its representative we must give to
its members a record of its proceedings. We
trust in the future to have arrangements made
SO that the Minutes can be more promptly pre-
pared and issued, for although the matter pre-
sented is not old, we feel that all parties interested
are better served by having the transactions of an
association appear as soon after the meeting as
possible. We must omit from the present record,
in the present number, memorials and other indi-
vidual matters, but give place to an address by the
Hon. John W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior,
which is worthy of the attention of every reader
of Forest Leaves. In speaking of the protec-
tion of forests Mr. Noble truly says, *' No amount
of resolution, no amount of energy will prevail
without the aid of law; law too, which has a pen-
alty to be felt by transgressors.*' He might have
gone further and said that no amount of law will
avail unless its provisions are rigidly enforced.

We also give to our readers reprints of Primers
Nos. I and 2, which have been issued by the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association. Up to the present
time the Association has issued three primers, and
we hope to give to our readers these and others
which may be prepared from time to time, believ-
ing that more liberal publication will be to the
advantage of those interested. These primers are
prepared with the purpose of using them to
educate a forestry sentiment through the medium
of the public schools, and the friends of forestry
are to be congratulated on having in this work
the cordial co-operation of the State Superin-
tendent of Instruction in this State.

3 %

m

>?^7

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

107

fi*i

106 _________

Z;r;;^^Z7^r^he American Forestry
"^ Assocan at its Tenth Ar^nual Meet-
ing. Washington, D. C, Decem-
^ ber, 1891.

•^ HF Association met at the Department of
©" AgtSure, at .0 o'clock D-ember .9^h^
In the absence of the President, Hon. Edwin
wiUits Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, one
^'"heVfce Presidents, called the Association to

"'Members and delegates were present from the
memuci Massachusetts, Connecticut,

'£'Zk,'p nVsySa, Ohio, 'New Mexico
nisTrict of Columbia ; also representatives of the
State Board of Forestry of New York, and from
thP Minnesota Forestry Association.

The r^inutes of the last Meeting were then read
by the Recording Secretary. Secretary Bowes
then read an interesting paper, prepared by Pres
Alvord on "The Forests and Forest Products of
cLufor^ia •■ The Corresponding Secretary then
made his report, as follows :

secretary's report.

To the Members of the American Forestry Asso-

Gentlemen : As we have so many n;att"s of
importance to consider in the two short days
before us I shall make this report as briel as
oolsble especially as the inner pages of our pro-
=e contain 'a report of the Executive Com^
I^Utee, which summarizes the action of the
A«ociktion since our last annual meeting.
XSion to what is there. stated you will be
interested to hear the following report of the
cSttee on Publication and Membership
The Committee on Publication and Member

shin reports as follows : — • , „<•

The present number of life members is 14, of

lifrr^embers under the old plan 35, of annual

members 216, total 265. oneTerri-

The members are iound in 32 States, one lerri
torythT Federal District and the Provinces of

Ontario and Quebec. , ^ , , ., ^r T W
The Association has lost by death Dr. J • w .
Alsop, of Middletown, Conn Mr. Leo Wehz, o
Wilmington, Ohio (one o ^he onginal rnembe«
of the Forestry Congress), and Mr. George u.
C^riS, of Lttsvifle. Pa. The la«er jas at
one time a German Forster, and was a member 01
the temporary Pennsylvania Forest Commission,
annointed by Governor Beaver in i»87- .
^The net increase in membership during the
past% is 40, a growth which has not real, zed
our expectations. In the Spring a f^all pam
Dhlet giving a list of the officers of the assoaa
fonl'and a^statement of its objects, of what the

forestry movement meant, and inviting member-
ship was prepared by the Executive Committee
and'p^^ted by its direction. Each vice-presi-
dent w^ supplied with fifty copies and requested
?o make use of them in securing new members
Tud^lng by results, the necessity of personal
ffi in making known the uses and claims of
the Association has not been fully recognized. By
the ac ivity of our President in California^ and of
Mr William Trelease, Vice-president for Missouri,
^e membership in those States was materially
ncre^sed but elsewhere little seems o have been
donT Circulars inviting membership were also
sent out with the reports of the Quebec ana
Washington meetings to the members and various
other persons, and some accessions were se-

■^"A^fn'thJ- previous year several of the life
members under the old ($10) plan have volun-
UrUv relinquished their rights, and resumed pay-
ment of their annual dues, a proceeding which
gives the Association financial strength, as well as
thowinff real interest in its success. .

Wh"fe as already sUted, this growth is not
whYt hid been hope^ for. there has at least been
an increase in membership, not a fall "g off , and
if the members, both new and o^, will only real
i/e that the growth and success of the Association
depends upon them, that they can bring others in
bv Sect personal application more rapidly and
satisfaSriW than can be done in any other way,
the S[ig up of a strong and effective associa-

tion will not be difficult. . ., .• c fV.^

Belides the printing and distribution of the
small pamphlet and the report above referred to
a nun^ber^f copies of the papers read at th^
Washington meeting were procured at cost from
thf American Economic Association, which had
i'^wfshed them, and were distributed to members

Ke^'crntinued.butthepaperhasnota^^^^^^^^^^^

^IV^^ngrenS b7ma?e ^hS the pubU-
catTon of This really useful paper can be put on a
"Du'nf the year, as vacancies have occurred
among the officers of the Association, they have
been filled by the Executive Committee, as

^Thf actlv^t" mtr "o?- forestry reservations
haJtereycially marked durmg^t^^^
Colorado, where a considerable number ot
vations have been suggested or Prop<?^^^, a a
general an interest awakened in the subject ii«
fesulted in a stirring public meeting ^^^'^^'^^
at which the friends of the ^rest re ervat
gained a signal victory. In Minnesota ana
North Dakota there has also been unusual activity

during the past year. From the Chamber of
Commerce at Duluth, the Association received a
vigorous protest against the establishment of the
Reserve in St. Louis and adjoining counties,
which this Association had been considering the
advisability of recommending. To this protest a
detailed reply was made in the early part of Octo-
ber and sent to the Chamber of Commerce, but
nothing has since been heard from it.

Earlier in the year there was a movement for
holding our Summer meeting at Duluth, and at
the present time the Forest Commissioner for
Minnesota is very urgent and cordial in his invi-
tation to have us hold our meeting for the follow-
ing Summer in Minneapolis. I think it would be
well for us at this time to decide when and where
our Summer meeting shall be held, in order that
arrangements for it may be early set on foot, and
I urge your consideration of this subject.

With us, as is almost invariably the case with
philanthropic societies, there is a constant scarcity
of funds, and we find ourselves greatly hampered
in our activities for this reason.

If we are to make a successful campaign we
must certainly have the '* Sinews of War." How
this is to be effected I am at a loss to know. Our
hopes for a largely increased membership, based
upon vigorous efforts of our committees in distri-
buting literature and appealing to the vice-presi-
dents to be active in this direction, have proved
futile, and unless these officers, each one repre-
senting a State, make a canvass for members in
their own States, I do not see how our member-
ship is to be increased, and consequently our
funds, as we are entirely dependent upon the ||2.oo
annual dues of members for our current expenses.

I recommend to the Association an earnest con-
sideration of this question of increasing our finan-
cial strength.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Edw. a. Bowers, Secretary,

The report was accepted.

The report of the Treasurer was read and
accepted.

treasurer's report.
1890. Dr.

Dec. 30. To Permanent (Life Member-
ship) Fund in Trust Company
of North America, Philadel-
phia

" " Balance of Fund for Current
Expenses (Annual Member-
ship-?, Contributing, etc.) in
Provident Life and Trust Com-
pany, Philadelphia, ....

$550 00

1891.

Dec. 29. To Receipts for Life Member-
ship Fees for current fiscal

J^** f ••••••••••

;^i36 20

250 00

Carried forward ^^136 20 5800 00

1891. Dr.

Brought forward ;S5i36 20 ;J58oo 00
Dec. 29. To Interest on Life Member-
ship Fund in Trust Company
of North America, 1 2 87

" " To Receipts from Annual

Memberships, 314 00

" " To Receipts from Contribu-
tions, 60 00

** " To Interest on Deposit in
Provident Life and Trust Com-
pany, 4 33

" ** To Payment by Hon. H. G.
Joly for 500 extra copies of
Annual Report furnished Que-
bec, 75 00

" ** To total Receipts to date, to

Credit of Permanent Fund, . $812 87

" '* To total Receipts for Current =^:==:

expenses for fiscal year, . , ^589 53

1891. Cr.

Jan. 14. By Cash for Stationery and Postage, . ^^534 87
Dec. 17. By Cash Payments to date for printing
Annual Reports (1500 copies), for print-
ing Constitution and By-Laws, circulars,
envelopes, meeting notices and share of
Guggenheimer, Weil & Co's bill for
Forestry Monograph of the American

Economic Association, 366 28

Dec. 29. By Cash Payments for telegrams, type

writing and expressage, 8 54

Total Payments to date, .... ^409 69

Dec. 29. To Permanent Fund. $812 87

" " To Balance to Credit of Current Expense

Fund 179 84

;?589 53

Examined and found correct, HENRY M. FISHER,
J. D. W. FRENCH. Treasurer.

It was voted that the continued use of Forest
Leaves as the organ of the Association, and our
financial support of the same, be referred to the
Executive. Committee.

The report of the Committee on Arbor Day
was then read by Dr. Northrop, Chairman of the
Committee.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ARBOR DAY.

Washington, Dec. 29, 1891.

The Committee of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation on Arbor Day submit the following report :

There are many proofs of a growing interest in
this observance all over the country. We need
refer only to a few new and distant States and
Territories of the many who have reported through
their State School Superintendents : Oregon,
**Our second Arbor Day was a marked success."
Idaho. '* Last spring we had our first trial of Arbor
Day; it was a favorable beginning, and next year
we shall make a still better showing." North

\\

W

! l<

Ml

I

^?r

^i

108

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

109

I * ^
V ♦^ 1

7^ z. . *'The dav has been quite generally

;n this direction in New Mexico.

To Mve a single illustration from one of the
T ^Q,!.P«; and the last of them to begm this
woT New YorAis observed three Arbor Da^s
work, i^ew * planted by us

by school children on ^'^ns lor &

Arbor Dav," the liberal prizes offered by wm a.
Wadsworth for the last two years and likely to be
Continued, for the best kept rura school grounds,
all sussest the educating influence of this o^serv
«nce Si now carried out in thirty-nine Sta es
^nd Terr tor es. The Arbor Day lessons, recita-
tkfns songs, addresses, and other exercises, tend
to bdng youth in touch with nature, and foster
Ihe n-'e careful study and ob-v-oVf rees,

S\r^ wetl 'XpJ^d Jith .trees, mich ha
been done the last year in planting vines around
school buildings, and especially that most beauti-

^"S; LVK-mJan important co-efficient |
in V ilage improvement, though tree planting is
onlv one of the minor aims of the many hundreds
o?Cse societies, now multiplying over he
country more rapidly than ever. Large as'V».e
number of trees planted recently on scnoui
grounds, myriads mo're have been -t o"t on Arbo
Dav by the roadside and around the homes, ine
Sll value of this work only the next generation

^^Th?observance of Arbor Day has becoine a
pauStictature, especially in those southe>-n s a es
which have fixed its date on Washington s birth
day The custom of planting memorial trees in
£or of Washington, Lincoln, Grant, and mher
r.otrint«; has become general. What growm oi
Ed'lnd Ln may cfme to youth who plant and
rare for trees as monuments of history and charac
ter' slys ex-Governor J. Sterling Morton, ''All
other ceremonies refer to the past, and is dead^
Arbor Day alone deals with the present and the
futur . /t stretches its sheltering shades over the
unborn millions of coming generations, and in the
voices of the leafy woods pronounces benedictions

"''^.i'Tesut'-of Arbor Day for economic tree-

nlanting in Nebraska, of which Governor Morton
was thf originator, are marvelous. Letters just
received from ex-Governors Furnas and Morton
IffirmThat in the twenty years pr.or to ^a^ «P-g
Nebraska has planted 35.S«.?9i.9o° >-ees. The
prizes awarded for tree-planting secure sUistcs
from official county returns. These reports tor
X (^ade annualfy Dec 3x) are, of course no
included in the above statement. As Uiese enor
mous figures seemed at first incredible, inquiry
mous ngures, Furnas, as to the possi-

K-r. nfmistake He promptly replied, re-affirm-
S thek'orrectnes" This work of tree-planting
I^^Saska leaving -.^^^^^^^^^^^^ - some

SLffh':: btt planted in that time, and

"°ir;et^DX'w"rvl'rgi"1a. North Carolina
So^;ifa.lina,Louisia^^^^^^^^^^

S'of ^the'ov^™- Sutl School Superinten-
} ^ ^t.teGraneer, State Horticultural or Agri-
'^^".'flwS though it is observed m

fn Californif. but failed to receive the approval o
™. «Sl mi to th. children of San Francsco

tas so™e,i™e, ,'J*>«/„™?.°.h U . »S.s
r r foTS... i a pSen. .en,ln.ent against

£rrxffrHiS.-»tr:iint»o,,,.

' ''T/n'crTo'nfcS'lt,™ o(re„ the following

"^tr r™ in ^';= »p:„n.°' tnf r s

Respectfully submitted,

B. G. Northrop, ) Committee.
N. H. Egleston, )

S "pC<,r.h:'ESJ;. Co»n,U... was the.
read by Mr. Fernow, Chairman.

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Your Executive Committee ''epo^'s th^,'^^^^^^"e!
the year past its principal attention has been n
l^ote'd to^ecurinla liberal, app 'cation of the ;W

of March 3, 1891, which '^f^f ;°" 'l^erve wood
the President of the United States to reserve

ands, and makes also other prov^ion^ ot
highest importance to the future of the pu
timber lands.

Since the Association, some time ago, deter-
mined that its chief activity would be most advan-
tageously directed toward securing a better forest
policy for the public wood lands, it is proper to
state briefly the provisions of this legislation and
the possible results.

The law provides that the President of the
United States may, by proclamation from time
to time, set aside any portions of the public wood
lands as public reservations. At the same time
cutting off timber on the public timber lands is
permitted in several of the States and Territories,
if for use within the same by residents thereof, the
regulation of such cutting being under the direc-
tion of the Secretary of the Interior, but the
pleading that timber had been cut for domestic,
mining or manufacturing purposes shall be a de-
fence in cases of trespass. The natural effect of
this permission will be to stimulate the cutting of
timber on the public lands thus thrown open to
every one, with the probability that roving and
irresponsible lumbermen will cut the best and de-
prive the permanent and law abiding citizens of
their just share in the forest resources.

Nothing can prevent this result but a wise and
just system of management of the public lands,
scrupulously protecting the rights of all and rigor-
ously and impartially enforced. The proclama-
tion of reservations by the President will be of
little public benefit without such a system of man-
agement accompanying it. The Secretary of the
Interior, with gratifying forethought, has endea-
vored to place an administrative check upon the
wrongful appropriation of the public timber, by
requiring a permit for cutting to be obtained from
the General Land Office at Washington ; but it is
to be feared that this will be inadequate to pre-
vent the evil results above anticipated, especially
as no local supervision can be provided for under
existing appropriations.

Your Committee, then, wishes to express em-
phatically its position regarding the proposed
reservations and their management.

(1) Reservations in detached localities, while
perhaps preferable to none, will not satisfy the
needs of forest protection unless their number is
sufficiently large to embrace practically all remain-
ing public wood lands.

(2) The all-important problem is that of the
management of these reservations, made, or to be
made, which should be solved at once and simul-
taneously with the making of the reservations.

(3) The principles upon which such manage-
ment must proceed are laid down in a draft of
suggestions for a bill, submitted herewith by the
Committee, in which safeguards are provided to
protect prior rights; the return of agricultural
lands to entry ; licenses to prospect fox minerals,
to camp, hunt, fish, and otherwise use the reserva-

tions legitimately ; licenses to cut timber under
regulations adapted to the necessities of the
locality ; protection against fire and theft, and
such organization as will secure, with the co-oper-
ation of State authorities, the objects of the
reservations, and at the same time offer as little
friction as possible to existing conditions.

Your Committee, however, wishes to impress
upon you and upon the public, their belief that
the protection of our remaining public forests on
the Western Mountains, in the dry regions of our
country, which depend upon irrigation systems
for soil and moisture, and in the east the main-
tenance of a permanent lumber industry, is so
important a matter, and at the same time so
urgent and so difficult, that no half measures, no
reliance upon precedent policy, will accomplish
any real benefit to the present or the future popu-
lation. B. E. Fernow, Chairman.

The report was accepted. Letters were then
read from persons unable to attend, expressing
their regret on account of inability to attend the
meeting of the Association, and their interest in
its work. The letter of Senator Edmunds was
directed to be published with the proceedings of
the meeting, alid is as follows : —

[Copy.]

Aiken, S. C, Dec. 23, 1891.
Dear Sir. — 1 have yours of the 21st. I am sorry that I
cannot be in Washington on the 29th and 30th, and have
the pleasure and profit of attending the meeting of the
Forestry Association. The subject is of immen.«e import-
ance to the future welfare of all our countrymen, as well in
Vermont as in the arid regions of our one country. I have
seen in Europe much of the almost remediless evils of the
stripping of the hill and mountain sides of their forests —
great or small — and I have seen in our temperate and well
watered climate of Vermont, how great has be^n the loss
from timber and wood cutting merely fir the timber and
wood, without reference to the inevitable consequences in
reference to floods, washing away of soils, drying up ot
springs, and turnmg the face of otherwise bountiful nature
into deserts. So I am deeply intere>ted in what the Asso-
ciation is trying to do. The devastations of a dozen years
can hardly be repaired in half a century, and so every
energy of reason ancj persuasion ought to be brought to bear
upon the public intelligence to avert the evils that so seriously
threaten large parts of the republic, from destruction of the
forests. Very truly yours,

Geo. T. Edmunds.
Prof. N. H. Egleston, Sec^ Etc.y Etc.,
Washington y D. C.

Interesting reports were then made by members
and delegates in regard to the forest interests in
their respective States.

Committees were appointed as follows : On
Nomination of Officers and on Resolutions ; On
Finance and Employment of a Permanent Secre-
tary ; On Incorporation ; On Publication of Ab-
stracts for the Press.

The Association then adjourned to meet at the
U. S. Museum at 2 o'clock p. M.

»t
•1

m

2i^^

3tr/

110

FOREST LEAVES.

The Association met, according to adjourn-
tnent at the U. S. Museum, at 2 o clock.

The special object of this session of the Associa-
tion was the consideration of the estabhshment
and management of public forest reservations.

ThTExecutive Committee presented a paper on
the subject, which they had prepared for the occa-
s?on w h a draft of a proposed bill for a public
let (h" would carry out or aid in carrying out the
designs and purposes of the Association. (See
Report Executive Committee above.)

After the reading of the paper of the Executive
Committee, the Hon. J. W Noble, Secretary of
the Interior, addressed the Association at length,
Spres ig his hearty sympathy with the work of
the Association, his readiness to receive sugges
tions in regard to the management of the timber
Lnds and his willingness to do all in his power to
lid the Association in its work. The thanks o the
Association were given to Secretary Noble for his

^ThTa'cldfers"^^^^^^^ Noble was followed by

a paper prepared by the Hon. Mr. Carter, Com-
Xsione^ of the General Land Office. The ob-
ject of the paper was to set forth the F^sent a ti^
tude of the Government towards the objects of the

Association. r-^^f^r nn

After the reading of the paper of Mr. Carter, on
invitation of the chairman, Hon. Senator H. 1..
Dawes addressed the Association at considerable
length and in hearty encouragement of its worK.
He spoke of the difficulties that attend the enforc-
ine of law not less than in making it, and said the
ingenuity of the law maker had never yet been
equal to the ingenuity of the spoliator. He urged
the necessity of creating a public sen iment that
will not only secure the necessary law on the
statute books, but create a living force to preserve
what is left to us of our vast forest wealth. He
expressed the belief that there is a growing senti-
ment in Congress in favor of co-operating with th s
Association in the attempt to preserve the forests
of the country. But to secure the right action ot
Congress it is not enough to pass resojutions or
adopt memorials. You must get behind Congress
and make Congressmen feel that behind them is
a public sentiment that will demand that the
spoliators shall not only take their hands off, but
that the Government shall, so far as it is in its
power, restore what has been lost.

After the address of Senator Dawes the remain-
der of the session was occupied with the discussion
of a series of questions in regard to the establish-
ment and management of the proposed reserva-
tions, which had been prepared by the Executive
Committee for the purpose of presenting for con-
sideration all phases of the subject.

The first questions presented for discussion were.
''What should be the extent or number of reser-

vations, and what their character? -What
methods should be adopted for the purpose of
avoiding interference with other interests and
opposition to the establishment of the reser-
vations? And shall the reserved lands be ceded
as such to the individual States or remain, at least
for the present, in possession of the General
Government? Mr. Fernow indicated briefly the
opinion of the Executive Committee closing with
the statement that the Committee holds that the
various reserves should all be turned into one big
reserve, embracing all the public timber land.
He was followed by Prof. Abbe, Rev. Dr. Lundy,
Mr. Bowers, and Mr. Ledyard, who concurred in
the opinion that it would not be wise to cede the
timber lands to the States, but that they should
be retained and managed by the General Govern-

' "" The next question presented for discussion was,
<* Shall the management of the public timber
lands be carried on as a part of the business of
the General Land Office, by a separate Bureau of
the Department of the Interior, by a Bureau of
the Department of Agriculture, or by an inde-
pendent Bureau? " Mr. Fernow again gave he
views of the Executive Committee, taken after
much study of the subject. The conclusion of
Te Committee is : that while, so far as technical
knowledge is important for forest ^^nagement
this knowledge is probably possessed by the
Department of Agriculture more ^^^^X /^f^^^^^
any other department, yet in the present state of
the matter, and to make as little change as
possible, the Committee think t^e b-t cou^^^^^^
would be to place the management of the reserya
tions under the control of a new division of the
Department of the Interior. The Associat^n
seemed to acquiesce in th;s opinion and passed
on to the consideration of the question, - Wha^
regulations are necessary and ^^^irable, //jA o
prevent fire, second, to ^^gulate occupancy M/n/
io regulate the cutting of timber, 2Xi^ fourth, ^r
general administration ? " In reply to some
inquiries of Mr. French, Secretary Noble ex^
plained the difficulty of protecting the pa^ks and
eservations, arising from the lack of specific egis-
lation on the subject by Congress, and the abseiKe
of any power to inflict penalties ^^^"^J^l^'l^^
passers. No punishment can be inflicted, except
to put the criminals out of the park.

kr. Fox, superintendent of the New York pub
lie forests, made some remarks in regard ^
protection of forests from fire. He said that un
Fess a forest fire could be suppressed as so^n a
started it could not be extinguished. No matte
how many men the forest ^"P^^^".^,^"^""; • J^' ^^^
his command, the fire will run until the ram pu
it out. The main thing to do to pu out a fire is
to have no fire, to bend our energies to control tne

FOREST LEAVES.

Ill

causes by which the fire is started. Our investi-
gations have also shown us that the causes of fires
are largely different from what we had formerly
supposed them to be. The man that we fear the
most is the man who starts on agricultural ground
the burning of brush and rubbish. One of the first
things done by the forest commissioners of New
York was to print handbills giving rules in regard
to the starting of fires, with the laws and penalties
respecting the same, and these were posted every-
where. The result is that throughout the State,
we have had in the forests no fire of any import-
ance. The people have become educated in
regard to the proper use of fire on their own
lands. Every supervisor in the State, from its 666
towns, is ex-officio a forest officer with authority,
and, in addition to these supervisors, there is in
every town where there are forests a man who has
charge of this matter, and is responsible for it.
He has power by law, whenever he sees a. fire ris-
ing in the distance, to summon the citizens, under
a severe penalty for refusal, to go to the fire. And
so it is that in every case the fire has been extin-
guished.

Mr. Fox was followed by Mr. Fernow, Judge
Higley and Rev. Dr. Lundy, in regard to the pre-
vention of fires. Judge Higley said, *^We cannot
stop railroad building, we cannot stop the running
of locomotives, but we can stop the running of
steam engines in such a manner as to cause fires
in the forests, and the law in New York is strong
on this point. It lays a penalty on any railroad
corporation in the State, and damages to the full
amount of the injury occasioned by forest fires
which may be caused by the railroad company.
The fault is in the non-enforcement of the law."

Mr. Barrett said that the great difficulty in pre-
serving the forests of Minnesota from fire was the
carelessness of the Indians.

The entire afternoon having been spent in this
discussion, other questions, as to the qualification
of officers for the administration of reserves, and
the methods to be adopted for securing State co-
operation, were left without consideration, and on
motion of Judge Higley, the Association adjourned
to meet on Wednesday, at 10 o*clock, at the office
of the Experiment Stations, Department of Agri-
culture.

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 30.

The Association met at 10 o'clock ; Vice-
President Northrop in the chair. Mr. French,
as Chairman, then presented the following —

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS AND

RESOLUTIONS.

Your Committee nominate for election the offi-
cers of last year, with a few exceptions only, viz :

Mr. J. O. Barrett, of Minneapolis, as Vice-
President for Minnesota; New York, Hon. War-
ren Higley; Tennessee, Hon. Albert Roberts, of

Nashville, and Vermont, Hon. Geo. F. Edmunds,
of Burlington ; adding to the list of Vice-Presi-
dents, Hon. W. W. Barrett, of North Dakota.

On the Executive Committee we propose Prof.
Cleveland Abbe, of Washington, in place of C. C.
Binney, and nominate J. Grant Wilson, of Ne^
York, as an additional member.

We nominate as a Committee on Membership
and Finance, Messrs. French, Wilson, and Fisher.

We recommend that the duties of publication
be transferred to the Executive Committee. Those
duties have been performed by a Committee on
Membership and Publication, but it is thought
better to have them transferred to the hands of
the Executive Committee here in Washington.

It is recommended that the Executive Com-
mittee have the power of filling vacancies. If
any of those nominated as Vice-Presidents decline
to serve, they will simply be dropped, and as soon
as men can be found to fill these places they will
be placed there.

The Arbor Day Committee will be the same as
before: Dr. B. G. Northrop, Hon. J. Sterling
Morton, Dr. N. H. Egleston, Hon. B. L. Gould-
ing, and W. Goodrich Jones.

The report was accepted, the recommendations
contained therein were adopted, and the officers
nominated duly elected by the Association.

The Corresponding Secretary made a statement
in regard to his work for the year, and spoke of
his discouragements on account of lack of sufficient
funds and the little interest manifested in enlarg-
ing the membership of the Association. He said
the Association needs some one as Secretary who
can give his whole time to promote the objects of
the Association. He had given what time he
could, but this was only what he could spare from
his regular business.

Dr. Fisher, from the '* Committee on Finance
and Permanent Secretary," read the report of the
Committee recommending that a Permanent Sec-
retary be employed by the Association, and that
an effort be made to raise a fund of ;j2ooo to pay
the salary of the Secretary.

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON FINANCE
AND A PERMANENT SECRETARY.

The Committee report that it is in their opinion
desirable that the sum of two thousand dollars
should be raised at once, and placed in the hands
of the Treasurer for the use of the Executive Com-
mittee, for the purpose of employing a salaried
Secretary or Agent; and that, with the view to
obtaining this fund for the immediate use of the
Association, they would ask that, the Committee
be authorized to apply to each of the fourteen
persons who have already agreed to contribute the
sum of one hundred dollars each to a permanent
fund, on condition that ten thousand dollars should

" *

m^

%

r »

iil

^^c^

3^3

112

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

113

be Dledged, and ask them to make their promised
contr butions now unconditionally, m order to
enable the Executive Comm.ttee to secure the
services of such an agent at once. They would
also recommend that all those who may be present
at this meeting should be asked to contribute now
towa ds th s fund, or to give their names to the
¥rea u er, stating at the same time the amounts that
thev are willing to contribute for this purpose.

FurtheT Siaf if the sum hereby realized be not
sufficient for the immediate purpose m view, they
wouW recommend that the Co--«ee be author
ized to send a personal appeal to the Vice-Fresi-
dents ofihe several States and ask them to assist
The Committee in securing subscribers to th.s fur^d
among those whom they know to be interested in
fOTest reform, and among other public spirited

citizens. ^,^ _ -v

(Signed) J. D. W. French, |

Henry M. Fisher, > Com.
James Grant Wilson, )

The report was adopted.

The Corresponding Secretary was added to the

Committee on Finance.

Mr French moved that the Executive Commit-
tee have full power to appoint and employ a paid
Secretary or Agent, this being done for the pur-
pose of carrying out the recommendation pre-
viously adopted, if it should seem possible to do
so. The motion was adopted. , u *u^

Mr Bowers read the Memorial prepared by the
Executive Committee for presentation to the
President. It was accepted and ordered to be
signed by the Executive Committee.

A resolution conveying the thanks of the Asso-
ciation to Secretary Noble for his attendance at
yesterday's session and his encouraging words,
was referred to the Committee on Resolutions.

The matter of holding a summer meeting ot
the Association was referred to the Executive

Committee. , , -r* • • i

On nomination of Mr. Ledyard, the Principals

of the Central New York Seminary and of the
Union School, Cazenovia, N. Y., were elected
members of the Association. ^

On motion of Mr. Fernow, the Association ad-
iourned to meet the President at the White House,
and to reconvene at 2 o'clock at the National

Museum.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.

The Association met at the Museum according
to adjournment. Vice-President Willits in the

chair. . rr j ♦u •

The Committee on Resolutions offered their

report as follows: —

resolutions.
Resolved, i. 'That the thanks of the American
Forestry Association be extended to the Secretary

of the Interior, Hon. John W. Noble, for his
presence at our meeting of December 29th, and
for the earnest expression of a desire to co-operate
with the objects of our Association.

2 This Association expresses its opinion that
the ' opposition to the establishment of Public
Timber Reservations arises either from miscon-
ception as to their objects and the manner of
their management, or as a result of the effort of
individuals, for their private gain, without regard

to public welfare. 1 •. * *u

/ The Association respectfully submits to the
Secretary of the Interior that he use the authority
granted to him by law, and that he withdraw from
settlement and entry temporarily during examina-
tion, all tracts of land recommended for reserva-
tions by this Association.

4 This Association urges upon the Superin-
tendents of the public schools in the several States
to require that the high schools shall make forestry,
in connection with botany, a subject of instruc-

•

"°c' Whereas, This Association holds that the
interests of agriculture are ultimately dependent
upon a proper forest condition, and

Whereas, the Government of the United States
has recently made large additional appropriations
to the Agricultural Colleges and Experiment

^^Te^olved, That this Association earnestly recom-
mends that forestry be made a part ^^ the cur-
riculum of all Agricultural Colleges and of the
experimental work by the various stations, where

this is not done already. , ^ . a

The Resolutions were unanimously adoptee.
The Association then took up the regular order

of business, the hearing and discussion of papers

prepared for the occasion by the arrangement ot

the Executive Committee.

The first paper read was by Mr. Gifford Pinchot

on ^^The Development of a Protective Forest

Policy in Europe.*'

The reading of the paper was followed by re-
marks from President Adams, of Come I Univer-
sity and Judge Higley, of New York, and on
rliot^ion of Dr.\und'y, of Philadelphia the thanks
of the Association were given to Mr Pmchot.

The next paper presented was by Mr. J. \J- vv-
French, on ** The Forestry Movement in the
United States." This was followed by ^ paper
from President C. K. Adams, of Cornell Univer-
sity on '* The Needs of Forestry Education in the
United States. ' ' The reading of the paper was fol-
lowed by some earnest remarks from P^- ^un^y, w o
spoke of his observations in the Holy Land on the
effect of the destruction of forests Remarks were
also made by ex-Governor J. W. Hoyt, of Wyom.
ing, giving an account of his observations of forests
1 and forestry education in Europe, congratulating

the Association upon what it had already accom-
plished and encouraging it in its future work.
The last paper read was by Mr. Fernow, on ** The
Proper Administration of Forest Reserves." The
reading of papers and the addresses occupied the
entire afternoon. Owing to the lateness of the
hour the usual reading of minutes was dispensed
with ; their arrangement and the publication of the
proceedings was referred to the Executive Com-
mittee, and at 5 o'clock the Association ad-
journed.

THURSDAY MORNING.

The Association having been prevented from
presenting their memorial in behalf of forest reser-
vations to the President on Wednesday and an
appointment for a second meeting with him hav-
ing been made, those of the Association who had
not left the city assembled at the White House on
Thursday morning at 10 o'clock. The members
of the Association were presented to the President
individually by the Recording Secretary, and
afterwards Judge Higley presented the memorial
of the Association, briefly explaining its objects,
and expressing the grateful feelings of the Associa-
tion on account of the interest already shown by
the President in the work of the Association, and
his action in regard to reservations previously
asked for. The President received the members
of the Association very kindly, and in response to
their address, assured them of his sympathy with
their efforts, and his disposition to do all in his
power to favor and co-operate with their endeav-
ors. The meeting was a very pleasant and satis-
factory one, quite encouraging to the members of
the Association.

N. H. Egleston, Recording Secretary,

Address of Hon. John W. Noble, Secre-
tary of the Interior. ,

Delivered at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the American Forestry

Association.

^^O one temporarily holding the office which
\£) has in charge the great public forests of our
country, it is a great gratification to meet
with this Association organized to preserve that
vast source of our national wealth and prosperity.
I come without any address prepared in set phrases,
but with an earnest purpose to consult with you,
and to hear what you have to say upon a subject
of such importance to the whole country. It is
an occasion not for sentiment merely, but to
devise practical means and measures adapted to
the advancement of this great interest.

Conversing with your presiding officer a few
moments ago, the similarity occurred to me
between the treatment accorded to the aborigines
of America and that accorded to the forests of

our land. In the beginning, when the fathers
were laying the foundations of our government,
they were for the most part compelled to treat the
Indians with severity, cutting them down ruth-
lessly in clearing the way for civilization. But
when our power became so great that successful
resistance became hopeless, there were extended
to the Indians humane treatment and laws for
their protection and elevation. So as to the for-
ests.

In the early days in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indi-
ana, and over a large part of Illinois, the supera-
bounding forests had to be destroyed, in order
that the fields might become productive, that
communities might be assembled, and that roads
and canals might be constructed from village to
village and from capital to capital. Many of you
have seen the trunks of trees rolled together in
huge piles for this purpose, and burned as the
quickest mode of their removal. It was a neigh-
borly act to assist at the ** log rolling " when a
** clearing" was being made. But now condi-
tions have changed. The remaining forests, instead
of being something to be got out of the way, are
to be preserved. We feel that we are charged
with a trust for the benefit of posterity. This
interest compared with even that of our mine or
other internal wealth, is immense, if not measure-
less, as it affects not only the welfare of the
present, but as reason predicts and experience
proves, future generations must depend for their
prosperity upon this great resource and preserver
of other elements of national safety.

Our forests are in danger from many causes, and
not the least of these is lawless depredation for the
sake of private gain. Soon after the public domain
was committed to my more immediate care and
supervision there was a fleet lying at Pensacola,
waiting to load with timber cut from the public
lands along the rivers of Alabama. The cargoes
were destined for Europe, and largely for Eng-
land. Through the co-operation of the Attorney-
General and a zealous and able District Attorney,
a bill in equity was filed against the depredators
thus engaged in unlawfully cutting down the for-
ests of Alabama for foreign trade. The logs were
seized and sold, and the proceeds, many thousands
of dollars, were paid into the United States trea-
sury. The depredations were stayed, and the
ships sailed back to their home ports.

On our northern borders there is a region called
Rainy River Country. Awhile ago it was found
that lumbermen from the Dominion of Canada
were at work on the public lands cutting and
carrying away the timber, making money out of
the spoliation of our forests. A body of men
was sent to examine the case, accompanied with
officers authorized to make arrests! Reports have
come back that the depredations have been

I*

!

t •

11!

! 11

-II

%^^

114

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

115

' ;«

[■ i

Stopped, although a careful guard will be needed
to protect this region and preserve the timber
along that border. There is another considera-
tion in connection with this case. These were
invasions from abroad. But at home, I dislike to
sav it (though it is no reflection upon the general
character of our countrymen), there are persons
who are ready to take for themselves and for their
individual advantage and enrichment that which
they know belongs rightfully to the whole people
Against this class of persons the General Land
Office is engaged in a continual contest, and
although considerable sums of money are recovered
from those who have endeavored to misappropriate
this property, the depredations are ceaseless.

But here let me pause for a moment to say that
not all those who are taking the public timber are
doing it for an illegal purpose, or altogether
without warrant. In many of the States and
Territories there are vast arid regions, where there
is not a stick of timber, while on the mountain
sides adjacent there is an abundance. The moun-
tain land is unfit for agriculture; it is impossible
to make any use of it except as timber land ; it
should be left there for the perpetual benefit of
the settlers on the properly agricultural lands; it
should be protected from ravages by fire or the
axe of the speculative lumberman. The settlers
on the treeless arid regions have a natural right to
the timber near them, for the purpose of building,
fencing, fuel, and certain other domestic uses.
This has led to the passage of a law permitting
the cutting of timber for domestic, mining, or
manufacturing purposes. It is intended thus to
enable the settlers to take possession of the forests
to a certain extent, and to provide themselves
with timber and lumber for their houses, barns,
and fences, and other necessary improvements.
It provides that in any criminal case for trespass
upon the public timberlands it shall be a valid
defense if the timber has been cut for '' agricul-
tural, mining, manufacturing or domestic pur-
poses." This is a very broad and general expres-
sion, under which could be included almost any
use of timber. The law did not say that the
timber, in order to be legally acquired, must be
used by the person by whom or by whose order it
was cut, nor did it specify that it should be used
in the district in which it was cut, or in any
particular district, nor did it say how much might
be cut, or what cutting would render one liable to
an action, civil or criminal, for trespass. The law
became in effect a permission to any one to cut
down the forests to any extent he saw fit, and to
pile it in lumber stacks, to be sold and used within
the Slate or Territory. The only safeguard for
the protection of the timberlands was the restric-
tion that timber should be cut only in compliance
with rules and regulations on the subject, which

should be made by the Secretary of the Interior.
This restriction was enacted by the last Congress
in connection with the Act repealing the timber-
culture laws. But in putting the care and pro-
tection of the public forests upon the Secretary
they have put a burden upon him which no public
officer ought to be required to bear. The power
involved in such an arrangement ought not to be
at the discretion of any one person.

The cutting and disposal of the public timber
should be definitely regulated by laws applicable to
all persons alike, and the laws should be accom-
panied by proper penalties. The moment that,
in the exercise of discretionary power, you give
to any particular person the right to cut timber,
what can you say to the man who applies for the
same privilege ? and if you grant it to all applicants,
what will be left of the public property ? It will
require of this official a strong, not to say lofty,
purpose to preserve the forests, to enable him to
say to any one asking for the same, that you can-
not have, because the public interest requires that
you should not. That answer is the only one that
can be given to a very serious complaint. Look
at Oklahoma and the scenes which have taken
place there during this administration. When
that Territory was opened to settlement by the
President's proclamation, 60,000 people settled it
up in a day, and took every piece of land there
was there, and established twenty-three towns

besides. , .

No man can comprehend even now the great
pressure for the possession of the public lands.
Let the forests be thrown open with unrestricted
permission to convert them into articles of mer-
chandise for individual gain, and the applications
for them would be ten times as numerous as they
are now, and they would soon disappear.

I had the opportunity a few years ago, in
London, of visiting what was called the Fisheries
Exposition. I expected to see a great variety ot
fish, and to learn a good deal about fishing, i
found a mammoth building, in which were pre-
sented to view, things which before I saw them
there associated, were as far removed in niy minU
from fish as could be. I hardly expected to see
there a tiger in his lair. But there he was m a
bamboo cane-brake. There was an array of a 1
that went to supply a fishing vessel on the coast,
or a whaler on the ocean. There were hemp and
cotton for lines, ropes and sails, and iron* ^oPPer
and tin for pails, hooks and lanterns. The illus-
trations of agriculture and mining, and looa
supplies, as well as ship-building, and the art ana
industry of fishing. A thousand different things
were brought together to make a most interesting
and instructive exhibit. It seems to me that this
Fisheries Exhibit is only a fair illustration ot tne
manifold forms and features which are to betouna

in any fair and full exhibition of the forest. How
much is involved in it ! Not lumber merely.
How many industries are connected with it !
What close connection it has with our habitations
and homes; with how many things which go to
make life pleasant and the nation prosperous !
Recently we have begun to turn the forests into
paper. You should see that a large part of this is
used to inform the people of the value of these
trees and how to preserve them. This manufacture
is already making large demands upon this raw
material, and how great will be its demands in
the future, who can tell? But this would fail to
enumerate the various products of the forest. Yet
a word as to the forms of animal life which are
connected with the woods : the fish, the fowl, and
other game. With their homes in the forest you
save these denizens, the most varied and wonder-
ful of the earth, as well as the flora.

Since the Yosemite, the Sequoia, and the Yel-
lowstone Parks have been established as reserves,
and have been put under military guard so that
fires and marauders have been kept out, nature
has put on her verdant dress once more and the
woods are filled with the birds, and the deer is
found where only a little while ago the Mexican
appropriated every green twig within reach for his
countless sheep. The only remnants of the buf-
falo in their natural condition, formerly so abun-
dant, are now to be found in the Yellowstone
Park, and they would not have been there but for
the protecting hand of the Government.

I do not attempt now to enter upon a discus-
sion of the law whereby the forests may be pro-
tected. No amount of resolution, no amount of
energy, will prevail without the aid of law ; law,
too, which has a penalty to be felt by trespassers.

It may be said without exaggeration that the
forests have suffered more injury from fires than
from any other or perhaps all other causes. They
ought to be protected from this source of harm,
and how that can be done becomes a matter for
serious consideration. It must necessarily be by
adequate watchfulness in advance, as well as by
active aid when fires may have been kindled by
any cause. When you consider the extent of the
forests, you see the need of a large force of men,
and that involves a large expense. This outlay
of money is of course a serious matter for consid-
eration. Thus far the experience of the Depart-
ment has been in favor of the use of the military
force, and I am happy to say that the army, both
officers and men, have been not only prompt but
enthusiastic in aiding to preserve the parks, and
all that makes them beautiful and instructive.

We are not living for ourselves alone. Let us
transmit to posterity the trust we have, unimpaired.
We would not betray the free institutions of our
great Republic, but preserve them for our people.

Why then should we not also help them to those
physical conditions and natural features that have
made us love our native land, and that will alone
enable them to live a life of happiness, freedom,
and prosperity ?

I thank you for your attention. Whatever you
may suggest, so far as I am concerned, shall have
most hearty consideration and mature thought,
and if I can by any means, through recommend-
ing a resolution or advising the President, who,
indeed, in this matter, needs no advice, I shall
be glad to aid you.

The Teacher and the Forest.

Primer No. i, Issued by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

/^^ARE for the Forest, to most of us, is a new
V§) thought. The word Forestry strikes us as
strange, outlandish. That there should be
such a body of related facts and of laws founded
upon them ; — a science of the woods which a state
or nation has need of studying with care and
patience, on pain of the grievous loss of pure and
wholesome air, of abundant streams, of fertile soil,
and with the penalty of ravage by fire and drought ;
— all this is new, and provokes the incredulous
**Why?" ^*How?"

It is so short a time since in America the
Forest was man*s enemy. Its sombre billows
of olive shade rolling from mountain to valley,
and from valley to mountain again, away into the
blue-green distance, seemed to civilized man harsh
and forbidding, for it meant too often a stealthy,
sudden foe, ambuscade, and death. The forest
was the defense of savage man, and it also hid
from the waiting earth the sun whose. heat should
beget abundant harvests for the various uses of
civilization. So the settler rejoiced as with every
axe-stroke danger moved westward and the wealth
of a virgin soil overflowed. But Colonial days
have long passed by with their sparse population,
scattered on the narrow seaboard, the Alleghenies,
covered with unbroken forests, bounding civiliza-
tion on the west, and the fear of Indian raids a
constant reality. The feeble Colonies have become
the great Republic, with new conditions and new
problems demanding intelligent consideration
from thoughtful minds and generous hearts all
over the broad Union. Prominent among these
problems is that of Forestry.

It is not now the Forest, but the wanton, un-
regulated wasting of the Forest, which is our
menace. The danger approaches by many avenues
of economic loss, each one bringing national
impoverishment in the near or the far future ; the
supply of water, the fertility of the soil, the balance
of climate, the supply of lumber ; — all have their
ultimate relationship with the Forest. The sterile

.'3

!!

ni

i

^^^

t%-7

ii:

116

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

117

I!

desolation which has visited other lands through
violation of natural laws is a warning of the fate
awaiting us, if our ignorance or heedlessness sha 1
lead us to adopt a similar course. Nature inflicts
her punishments with an absolute impartiality.
The precise nature and details of this impending
danger it is not my duty to state. That will be
done by others who, upon a basis of exact knowl-
edge, speak to the public of Pennsylvania through
the medium of the Forestry Primers. The exist-
ence of that danger, however, cannot be doubted.
How is it to be met and averted ? Mainly by the
enactment of State laws based upon a clear and
accurate understanding of Forestry needs in this
State : of laws framed with a scientific knowledge
of what is really needful, and with a wise avoidance
of what is not : partly by the wise action of pnvate
land owners in preserving a balance of woodlands
on their farms. But the members of the legislature
cannot be expected to enact laws for forest pre-
servation unless their constituents make a strong
demand that they shall do so; then, too, laws
when enacted will not enforce themselves ; they
he mute within the pages of the statute book,
unless popular interest insists upon their being put
into operation. A law without popular sentiment
behind it pushing it into activity is like an engine
without steam, or a gun without powder.

Now in this country the importance of Forestry
is just beginning to dawn upon the public mind ;
the science of Forestry, which appeals so strongly
both to our sense of natural beauty and to that of
practical utility, has not been considered, far less
understood, by any considerable number of
thoughtful people.

There exists in Pennsylvania to-day no powerful
organized sentiment capable either of enacting
necessary forestry laws, or of securing the enforce-
ment of those already enacted. How can such a
sentiment be most quickly created ? In no way
so thoroughly as through the public schools of the
State. If the forests of Pennsylvania are to be saved
for the use of the children of future generations,
the minds and the hearts of the children of to-day
must be appealed to \ they must be taught that
the fruit of ignorance and of greed which with fire
and axe have wasted the noblest woods of this great
State,— once so rich in timber, now dotted with
bald and blackened mountain tops, — is irremedi-
able impoverishment for generations to come.

Who shall teach the children this lesson but the
teachers throughout the schools of the State ?

There are thousands of true teachers in Penn-
sylvania, men and women, conscientious, enthusi-
astic, deeply imbued with a sense of the responsi-
bility of their position, who are never content to
exact only a task from the young minds under
them, but who are always seeking to convey the
inspiration of an idea, to awaken the sense of

manly and womanly obligation, and to create in
the child of to-day a thirst for the performance of
the generous duties of citizenship when he shall
have become the citizen of to-morrow.

Such a reform as in our country is required to
save the forests, like all reforms in a democratic
country, is mainly dependent upon the intelligent
devotion and energy of a comparatively small
number of men and women. It is a reform with
an immense economic outcome, but for its incep-
tion it must appeal almost wholly to the ethical
sense ;— -to those who though they have received
no benefit from posterity are yet content to confer

one upon it. , r u

Our appeal, then, is to those teachers of the
public schools of Pennsylvania— quite unknown
to us personally— unselfish, intelligent, who work
in faith to make of their children real men and
women whose lives shall bless the future. To
them we commit the large cause of Forestry,
(which is, in a word, but wise care for the rich
heritage of God-given trees,) with a faith ascertain
as their own that to no class of persons can we
turn who will more faithfully or intelligently accept

the trust. ,

We ask them, by use of those odd moments and
opportunities, which are the seed time for true
teachers— in the absence of more regular and
systematic efforts— to imbue the minds of their
scholars with a few simple principles as to the all-
important part which the Creator has given the
Forest to play in the economy of nature, and to
awaken in them a sense of responsibility for their
coming power in Forest protection.

If the teachers of Pennsylvania will accept their
share of this work the significance of the State s

beautiful name will not be lost.

Herbert Welsh.

Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

5^T the meeting of the Council held February
rl 1, 1892, Mr. Herbert Welsh, from Special
J Committee, reported that Mr. Waller

State Superintendent of Public Instruction, had
consented to distribute the Forestry Primers to
the Superintendents of all the State Normal
Schools. The titles of the above primers are :
I -The Teacher and the Forest." 2. -Wasted
Resources. " 3. * * Remove the Tax from Timber

Land.** , . _f

The Secretary was requested to send copies 01
above primers to all the public school principals
throughout the State.

The Acting Recording Secretary reported that
he had, with the approval of the Editor of Foresi
Leaves, written to the Secretary of the American
Forestry Association proposing an arrangement

for the editing and publishing of Forest Leaves
at regular intervals, but no definite arrangement
has, up to date of issue, been made, negotiations
being still pending.

At the meeting of the Council of March 7th,
the following resolution, offered by Mr* Howard
M. Jenkins, was adoptedand referred to the Com-
mittee on Legislation for further elaborate report.

Resolved, That it is the judgment of the Coun-
cil that the efforts of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association as to legislation should be directed to
procuring the appointment, by the authority of the
Legislature, of a State Commission, which shall
be instructed to make a survey of the forest and
waste lands of the State, and report upon the prac-
ticability of forming, for public use, one or more
forest reservations. It shall also be the duty of
said Commission to designate and clearly define
the limits of such forest reservations, as, after care-
ful examination, they may see fit to recommend
for acquisition by the State.

Henry M. Fisher,

Acting Secretary.

Notice to Members of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association. — Membership dues
($1.00) for the year 1892 are now payable and
may be sent to Charles E. Pancoast,

512 Walnut St. Treasurer,

Editor of Forest Leaves: —

THEREWITH send you an interesting and in-
structive item of forestry information of pre-
historic times, taken from the Nile Gleanings
of Mr. Villiers Stuart. He says : *' Having heard
of some remarkable fossil trees three hours west of
the Great Pyramid, we set out in quest of them.
Our way lay up the course of an ancient river bed,
broad enough to have once been the channel of
the Nile, crossing great tracts of fossil mud, ex-
actly resembling the present annual deposit, and
still seamed with cracks that opened in it as it
dried for the last time. A ride of three and a
half hours brought us to the fossil trees, one of
which had limbs of great length and girth, one
43 feet and 6 inches long, by 10 feet and 4 inches
in girth, the others not so large. Much of the
bark was still attached, and retained its color,
reddish chocolate, exactly resembling the bark of
the Scotch fir in appearance and texture. On as-
cending the high conical hill under which this
large tree lay, we found quantities of fossil wood,
as well as all around its base. But the trees were
smaller. Some were acacia or gum-arabic trees;
some resembled ash in grain and color; others
were black as ebony, and still others were veined
with purple. A variety of the palm was found,
but not the date. A fossil stick was found show-

ing three distinct cuts made with an axe while the
wood was green. In many places the ground was
littered with chips, as if split off with an axe. It
is evident that a totally different climate must
formerly have prevailed here, and that there once
existed a forest region covering what is now an
arid desert." (pp. 348-50, Lond., 1879.)

Our own Arizona is its match. Will the Ameri-
can people learn the lesson taught by forest de-
struction ? J- P' L.

Philadelphia, Feb. 5///, i8g2.

Removing Trees In Autumn.

Y^ HE premature removal of trees for transplant-
yQ ing in autumn has been much discussed.
The objections to it have, however, been
of a more general character, and the rules for
avoiding it have not been so distinctly pointed
out as would enable planters to act intelligently
in all cases. More care is required for trees that
are partly tender than for such as ripen their
wood early in the season. Partly tender trees
usually grow later in autumn than hardy ones.
The peach continues growing later than the horse-
chestnut, and the wood of the young shoots is
more readily injured by intense cold. Some
varieties of the pear show fully matured buds on
well-ripened wood before others. The general
rule may therefore be laid down, other things
being equal, that as soon as growth entirely ceases
and the leaves are ready to drop, it is safe to take
up the young tree ; but if the terminal bud on the
young shoot has not fully hardened, it is better
to defer the operation. With a very hardy kind
this care is less important than with such as may
be cut by intense cold. Succulent growth is more
quickly winter-killed; and a shoot while still
growing partakes of the character of succulence.
The nature of the soil has something to do with
early or late ripening in growth, and the season,
whether wet or dry, operates as much. We have
known the osage orange, which is a partly tender
tree, to ripen its wood so perfectly during the in-
tense and long continued drought as to endure
without harm an excessive cold snap with twenty
degrees below zero — better than in a very mild
winter after a warm and wet autumn which kept
up the succulence of the young shoots. All these
modifying influences are to be observed and acted
upon by those who may have occasion to trans-
plant trees in autumn, who should especially avoid
stripping the leaves from young shoots until they
have performed their office in ripening and hard-
ening the young wood ; for although hardy trees
may survive the operation, their vigor will be
seriously checked. — Country Gentleman,

.

I y

lit'

f ■■'{ w

I

: ■

^^^

l^i

t.

m

FOREST LEAVES.

119

118

FOREST LEAVES.

Wasted Resources.

Primer Series, No. 3, Issued by the Pennsylvania Forestry

Association.

In the year 1700 a law was made in Pennsyl-
vania that a fence high enough and strong enough
to prevent horses and cattle from escaping should
enclose each farm. That was one hundred and
ninety-two years ago. The whole Atlantic sea-
board was then densely covered with forests.
No person could have thought that by this time
our population would be so great as it is, or that
the State of Pennsylvania would have less timber
than was actually required for home use.

Much less could it have been supposed that we
would have been obliged to obtain our lumber from
regions which were so far away that they
were then almost unknown, and which were in-
habited only by wild Indians and wild animals.

The trees, two centuries ago, were an actual
encumbrance to the ground, and were to be
removed, and usually destroyed, that room might
be made for planting crops upon which the food
of the young colony depended.

The law then made was a wise one, because in
building the fences two good ends were secured
at the same time; that is, the trees removed
cleared the ground for crops, and were made into
rails, which enclosed and protected the farm
against loose animals. It was not only the best
kind of a law for that early period, but it was the
only thing to do in self-protection.

But times are constantly changing. What was
right and useful in 1700 may be wrong and harm-
ful in 1892. There may be no more reason why
we should live under laws made two centuries ago
than that we should be subject to England, as our
fathers were when they made these laws. This
was what our legislators in Harrisburg thought
when, on the 4th of April, 1889, they abolished
the fence law of the year 1 700.

In spite, however, of the fact that farmers are
no longer required by law to make fences against
their own or their neighbors' cattle, they are still

doing it.

It is worth while to count the cost, and then to
see whether it is wiser to make fences or not.

There are in the State of Pennsylvania about
30,666 square miles devoted to farms. If you
were to make a square of that large area of farm-
ing land, it would be just about 175 miles long and
1 75 miles wide. Suppose each one of the farms con-
tained 160 acres ; or, what is the same thing, sup-
pose the farms would average half a mile long and
half a mile wide ; that would make in a tract of
land 1 75 miles square just four times as many farms
as there are square miles. A little calculation
will show you that there would be 122,664 farms.

To go around a farm which was one-half a
mile on each of its sides would require two miles

of fencing. The law, however, required that
each farm should make but one-half of the
boundary fences. Hence, each farm would make
one mile. In other words, there would be
as many miles of boundary fences in length as
there were farms in number. That, as you have
seen, would be 122,664 miles of fences.

But we have still to consider the fences which
divide the farm into fields. In the eastern part
of our State, they are very commonly nine fields.
Suppose them to be square (even though they are
not always), we can see by making a diagram of
such a farm, that there will be two miles of
fencing (exclusive of the boundary fence) for
the fields. That is, in all, 122,664 miles for the
boundary fences, and 245,328 miles for the in-
terior fences — which together sum up 367,992

miles.

Of course, you cannot realize how long such a
line of fences would be, if it were all spread out
before you ; but it will help you to comprehend
the problem when you remember that there
are enough fences in Pennsylvania to go around
the world more than fourteen times.

In each mile there are 5,280 feet. In each panel
offence there are ten feet, consequently there
are 528 panels offence to the mile; or in 367,992
miles of fences there are 194,299,776 panels,
which at the cost of one dollar for each panel
would reach the amazing figure of 194,299,776
dollars, as the cost of erecting the fences now
standing in this State.

Or, suppose we estimate that a fence would
last twenty-five years, then the value of the fences
constructed each year in Pennsylvania would be
j7, 771, 991, or on each one of the farms of the State

there would be expended about the average sum
of $63 each year. This is a drain upon the re-
sources of the State, because, in the first place, it
represents so much wood to be cut and used ; and,
in the second place, because it means -the expen-
diture of labor and of money which could be better
expended in some more productive way. It also,
by reducing the profits on farming, discourages
an industry on which the prosperity of the State
most largely depends.

This condition of affairs is rendered much

worse by the fact that in keeping up fences the

woods on a vast number of farms have been so

completely removed that the material for fences

was brought from other regions. This ^i^volved

an actual expense to the farmer and often obliged

him to cultivate the acres so cleared, in order that

he might reap some benefit from them, when he

would have done better to have farmed less ground

more carefully, and allowed his trees to stand and

protect the soil, save the water, and aid in purifying

the atmosphere. .

Furthermore, much of the ground cleared in

late years to obtain fencing material was poor,
rough, and hilly. But if farmed, it must have
been enclosed, and hence the crops produced
often failed to render an adequate return for the
labor and money expended.

You can easily see how much injury was thus
brought to the State by enforcing a law unsuited
to the present time.

The question now is, how can we best get rid
of the old idea that fences are necessary? First
of all, we may fairly conclude that our legislators
carefully considered the case before they decided
to free the farmers from the labor and expense of
enclosing the farms. Our lawmakers must have
felt that the old law was working harm to the
State. Many of our wisest farmers had come to
the same conclusion long before.

But what is to be done with the cattle now that
the fences can be removed? First of all, the
cattle can no longer be turned out into the public
roads to wander at will. The roads were never
intended for them, except as they were driven
from place to place, and their presence was often
a source of danger to people who were using the
roads for the purposes for which they were made.
There are two ways of caring for the cattle with-
out injury to them and with actual profit to the
farmer. First of all, movable fences are in use in
many places. These can be made to enclose
small areas, and the cattle allowed to graze in
such places until the pasture becomes insufficient.
Then they can be moved so as to surround a fresh
space, and the pasture be allowed to grow again
until it is ready for use a second time. The mere
fact that the destruction of forage caused by the
tramping of the cattle is lessened by this method
is something to recommend it. Such fences
would, year by year, cost less than it now does to
maintain permanent fences over the whole farm.
Another method is to give the cattle a limited
range, within a permanent enclosure, or **to soil
them," as it is sometimes called, where the green
food is cut and brought to them in the stable or^
in the enclosure. .

Some of our best farmers who have tried this
method say that they can get food enough for
cattle, during both winter and summer, from an
area which would only suffice to feed them
during the summer if they were allowed to run

at large. , , .

It is quite certain that where the population
becomes, as it is fast doing, more dense, and the
farms are correspondingly smaller, we will be
obliged to adopt this method. Where it is now
most used, it is true that labor is cheaper than
with us; but, on the other hand, we cut our grass
by machinery, which probably would more than
compensate for the cheaper labor of other
countries.

Where there are but few cattle, they can be
tethered ; or, as one may often see in populous
parts of our country, people may club together
and employ a herdsman.

In many places where fences are used, hedges
would not only be as cheap and answer as well,
but they would beautify the landscape. This
may be regarded as a small thing, but whatever
improves the appearance of a region increases
the value of land in it.

Wire would at least spare the trees, which we
need much more for other purposes than fences,
and so aid in diminishing the waste of our
resources. J. T. Rothrock.

j^meFiigan forestry j^^^oijiation.

The Executive Committee of the Ameri-
can Forestry Association calls special attention
to the effort now being made to provide for a
salaried executive officer for the Association.

Some encouraging success has been attained by
the slow, arduous, and unremunerated work of a
few. To keep and extend the vantage ground
we need the services of a man who can afford to
place all, or most, of his time at the disposal of
the Association, and by personal effort secure
more members and more interest in its work, with
corresponding tangible results.

All who are really interested in our reform work
have now an opportunity of showing their interest
in a substantial, efficient, and practical manner by
contributing toward the Permanent Fund of
the Association. Those who cannot do so person-
ally can solicit subscriptions from their wealthier
friends. For particulars, address the Treasurer of
the Association, Dr. H. M. Fisher, 317 South
Twelfth Street, Philadelphia.

B. E. FERNOW,
Chairman Executive Committee, A. F. A.

MEEHANS' NURSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750

KINDS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET the best STOCK AT
LOWEST FIGURES. ThE CHEAPEST WAY

TO BUY Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, Ac, sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS MEEHAN&SON,

Germahtown, Phiia., Pa.

\ \

' ((

in
3 i

I'll

r}
A

,\,

^^o

S<tf

I

120

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

THIS PAPER ARE MADE BY THE NEW

^nT06IiYPpiCvP^0CEgS

OF

^m«^^:"

'■•'**'esT'.l"ED IN HIGHEST Q^t'olf""^

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

,^i^i : >^

DRY GOODS.

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street^ rhiladelphia.

STRAWBRIDGE k CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

CASH CAPITAL ?l°i!'2°no2

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims 1,631,500.Z3

Surplus over all Liabilities, 369,415.98

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1,1889, - S2, 500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary,

DIRECTORS.

John 1. Lewis, f^u„,,„. p p^r..f Char es S. Whelen.

Israel Morris,

Charles P. Perot,

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

Di^ipEi^s

J

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE-LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

« Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application.^i-

Fire-proof Vaults for Storage of Plates.

Mecluinlcal Details receive our Personal Supervision.

^^^^i-t ^'^, ^.//^

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

as North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS.

pDITORIALS 121, 122

Famine and Forestry in Rus-
sia. J. P. L 123

Penn Treaty Elm 124, 125

125

The Needs of Education in Forestry. C. K. Adams 125-128

Roll of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 130

Roll of the American Forestry Association 134

Forestry Annals.

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.
• Price for Single Numbers 13 Cents.

The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
0/ Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.

John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J, T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 317 S. 12th Street.
Prop. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life memberships Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names Ko A. B. Weimer^ Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., orto
Miss Grace Anna Lewisy Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr.
J' Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler y Esq.y Quakertown, Bucks county. Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

y^:* HE illustration published in this issue draws
KD timely attention to the old Penn treaty
elm, in connection with the acquisition
to the City of Philadelphia, for park purposes,
of the ground from which it was originally taken,
and we trust before another year that an effective
Arbor Day celebration can be held upon the
ground where the treaty between William Penn
and the Indians, which resulted in the formation of
what is now a great State, was ratified.

The exhibition of interest in preserving the
scion of a historical tree, which we give in this
issue, will, we trust, be both entertaining and
instructive, and cause others who desire to pre-
serve specific trees to follow a similar course on a
less pretentious scale.

Unfortunately, the unfavorable season prevented
as general an observance of spring Arbor Day in
Pennsylvania as was desired, but we have records
of celebrations being held in various parts of the
State, by the school children, who planted trees
with appropriate exercises. Pennsylvanians, how-
ever, do not exhibit the enthusiasm in Arbor
Day to which it is entitled, and while there were
numerous celebrations, there should have been
many more. New York State seems to be in
advance in this. From a letter written from New
York we copy as follows : —

** This is Arbor Day in New York, and in every
school in the State it is being celebrated. In the
country, the boys and girls plant trees, to the
singing of appropriate hymns, while in the city,
as well as the country, the school children write
compositions appropriate to the day, recite poems
on nature, and sing patriotic songs. The compo-
sitions this year, by direction of State Superin-
tendent Draper, relate to historic trees. The
Superintendent hoj^es, by aid of the million
school children, to obtain an account of the old-
est and most notable trees in the State. The
information will bfe edited and published, and
will undoubtedly make an important work.'*

We commend the effort which New York is

"i

^*rA.

JrS

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

123

m
^

122

Z;;;;r^7p^mote the history of notable trees to
Te frfends of forestry in Pennsylvania and we
stall be glad to receive contributions from our
friends upon a subject of such value.

The extract which *we publish from Pallas'

orthe fkmineltricken country, "^ed no wonk of
emohasis to indicate the lesson which hey teach.
But wil the lesson be heeded in this country ?
Wm we n the face of such a terrible example.
!^ miT ^as" areas to be practically denuded or

S^Srof the constant adva„c j,

broiafoTStui-f cS :-^^^^^^

^ fi^^n make costlv but almost futile, attempts
t:tt m rtarefJffloods. or to supplement by
artificial storage the low water ^'^gf,? ^^e f e
receiving almost daily warnings in the records ot
S uctfve floods, unprecedented down-pours,
Sen levees, homes and l>"dges washed away
and loss of life ; later we may be c:onJ^°"f^^
with crop failures, and who knows but that he
Trliprudence of to-day may threaten famine in the
future ? ^

We are glad to chronicle an exhibition of inter-

est in Bartram's Garden, which is now one of the

parks of he City of Philadelphia, and we trust

Ct the unique collection of trees and plants co -

ected by "he skilled boUnist, John Bartram, will

be pt seLd. The garden, or park, is quite easy

of access by local trains from the B. & O. i'tation

at Twenty-fourth and Chestnut Streets, reaching

the P & R. crossing or Eastwick Station in a few

!!^fn„ eV and it is within half a mile of Fifty-
minutes, anu ''- *^ . , r» Axr wv ti "R T^ or
eiehth Street station of the P. W. &:B. R. K., or
of the street-car lines on Woodland Avenue. The
garden is also accessible by a good country road

%;to'd mansion, built in i77o,and.the great '
cypress tree are alone well worthy of a visit.

In this issue will be found the list of members
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and
American Forestry Association, printed for he
n.^nose of showing to each of the members of the
fwoTssociations which Forest Leaves represents,
who are laboring with them in the forestry move
Tent, and also suggesting by the absencoof the r
names the friends and acquaintances of members

X should be interested .' V'^'l "irr "St
who would probably be so interested if the subject
was presented in a personal manner.

^,VE have before us the first number of the
( t) IVoo^sman, published in Evergreen, Ala-
^^ bama, which, though a trade paper in the
main gives useful and interesting information
about native plants, flowers, and trees.

The editor is evidently in sympathy with the
forestry movement, as the first article is on the
subiect'^orthe destruction of the Norihern Forests
TvALan^i Fire, by Mr. Harlan P. Kelsey, of
4rfh Carolina, from which we quote a few para-

^"^Th^e are but few large tracts of fine timber in
, the South that are not now in the bands of rich
comoanies— principally composed of Northern
1 crifal^t '-who have been forced to turn their at-
; teSn tom the desolated lumber regions of the
' North and Northwest. , .

•'Large saw mills and factories are springmg up
like mSc throughout the New South, and their
unceaS hmn will be silenced only when the
noWe forests are entirely consumed and the
mtrialtTwork on is exhausted unles^proinp
and efficient measures and united efforts are

lion .ndlTis only . m.l.er of a f.» yea', at mos.
wh» .Se great Sou.hern pine forests .,11 be »cfc
onlv in name and memory.

-While much of the best and most valuable black

fine cabinet woods Itave not equaled, probably,
5°,e-twe«tietl, of their ..lue, and this section ,. .«
a bke proportion poorer by the transact.on.
' ':. ffife fo,« fir. is almost as i™'. '^"jj «
as clean, a destroyer as the axe. Jta'ands »

Sr-llte-S™" inTn' TficSS d^rT^in »

A stlVs^r3|riS{^ /S
in;S3i;utic7'b;^f.&"s;'otit^Hei,..

Of their trunks which has been so scorched as soon
to com-ence decaying, generaUy ending in a dry
rot This in time extending into ana "P
re; renders it worthless for lumber and hable o
Tblown down by the first strong wmd; -P^
phes, as well, good fuel m either case for the

fire that is started. destroyed,

^' Millions of feet of lumber are thus aesir >

whole farms and plantations devastated, while
miles of fence are consumed every season, and
occasionally a life is lost through the agency
of this destructive element. Some few compre-
hend in a vague way that there is something wrong
about it, and even the Legislatures in a mild manner
have passed a State law against firing the woods.
But still, after a residence in Western North
Carolina of fifteen years — seeing and knowing of
thousands of fires started — I have never heard or
known of a single conviction in the courts for
this offense! " H. M. F.

Famine and * Forestry in Russia.

>npvORE than a hundred years ago an eminent
\ I / German naturalist and traveler, Professor
Peter Simon Pallas, under the auspices of
the Empress of Russia, Catharine ii, made an ex-
tensive tour of the provinces of the Russian
Empire, one account of which has been published
in German and another in English. The science
of forestry was not then known, yet Pallas men-
tions two facts which will account for the failure
of crops and the famine in Russia. One is this :
The decrease in the volume of water in the Volga,
the largest river in Europe, was ten feet six inches
between the years 1775 and 1792, an accurate
table of its floods having been kept by the military
engineers stationed at Tzaritzin. Pallas does not
know how to account for this decrease, whether it
is owing to a smaller quantity of snow and rain hav-
ing fallen in the higher or wooded countries where
the Volga rises, or the greater evaporation of the
Caspian Sea where it empties, or the progressive
extension and cavities of the different mouths of
the river, or all these combined.

But he mentions another fact which better
accounts for it : ** The steppes are frequently fired,
either by the negligence of travelers, or wilfully
by herdsmen in order to forward the crops of
grass ; or, it may be out <5f malice, as some years
since the Kossaks of Yaik did ; when, having
risen in rebellion, a small corps of Russian troops
advancing against them, they saw themselves
almost entirely surrounded by the high grass
on fire. Such a catastrophe often occasions great
mischief; the flames spread themselves far and
wide, put the dwellings of the inhabitants in
imminent danger, consume the corn on the
ground, and even seize on the forests. Many
prohibitions, under severe penalties, have accord-
ingly been issued against the practice, but they
seldom have any effect. All the steppes may be
considered as a sort of common land " (Trave/s, i,
pp. 97, 114, 115).

Again he says: '*The woods, with which
nature has clothed their mountains, they most

wantonly destroy. In order to construct misera-
ble carts, the finest trees fall beneath the axe,
though they generally use but a small part of the
timber. For the naves of wheels they fell the
strongest elms and ash trees, of which the solid
root only is used. The most beautiful young oaks
and beeches are cut down for spokes, axletrees
and fire wood. Every winter the Tartars burn
the fences of their fields and gardens, to replace
which the young shoots and coppices are unmer-
cifully cut in the spring ; while the windfalls and
wood usually felled lie rotting in the forest.
This waste of young timber, the sale of which
affords their chief maintenance, together with
their numerous herds of goats, destroys all the
young forests, so that large tracts of land once
covered with lofty trees are now overgrown with
useless bushes and underwood " (^Ibid.^ 11, 363).

The English traveler Coxe, a cotemporary and
admirer of Pallas, speaks in glowing terms of the
magnificence of the Russian forests, but also of
their prodigious waste, more especially of the
forest of Volkonski, in which the Volga rises.
(Pinkerton's Voyages, etc.. Vol. iv, 645.)

It is this fact which accounts for the diminution
of the volume of water in the Volga, and the
failure of crops in the famine-stricken districts of
Russia. It was the rapid destruction of the Adi-
rondack forest of northern New York, by fires
and the axe, that diminished the volume of water
in the Black and Hudson Rivers, so as to threaten
commerce with serious consequences ; and it is
this which has aroused the authorities of that state
to do something for the preservation of what
remains or may be left of that forest when the
railroads are done with it. The Pennsylvania
Forestry Association has thrice gone before the
Legislature of this state to ask its aid in Some way
to save our stream^s and rich farm lands from the
fate of those in Russia and New York, but it has
been to have a deaf ear turned against its earnest
plea and warnings, once in favor of a brutal
prize fight, on the part of the committee appointed
to meet our representatives. So we go to ultimate
ruin. J. P. L.

The prophecy mentioned in the preceding para-
graph has been fulfilled, as will be seen by the fol-
lowing extract taken from the letter of the corres-
pondent of the Public Ledger. He says : My
first halting-place was Herr Seiffert^ s estate, the
largest, indeed practically the only big estate in
the district of Saratoff.

In the eighteenth century this enormous estate
of some 30,000 acres was granted by the Empress
Catherine to the famous Kotzebu^ family, who
planted a colony of ** Little Russians " from their
southern estates upon this uncultivated, unin-
habited, but remarkably fertile tract of land. In
those days the banks of the Volga were fringed

\\\

; W

\ \\

i*

I

it

^ll

s*t^

( >3

] 7

Hi

124

FOREST LEAVES.

with extensive forests, and the plough of the hus-
Wmln had to be preceded by the woodcutter s
axe Now all this has been changed. The
J^oHous forests of the Volga have disappeared.;
fl at river itself is growing shallow and insignificant
in consequence ; and the once fertile regions of
Sara^off and Sahara are rapidly becoming barren
desens, over which the hot winds of the summer
fweepwith devastating effect, burning up all the
vegeution in their track. The celebrated estate
of the once powerful Kotzebu6s is magnificent no
h nger, and has changed hands, part fall.ng;nto
l,e%;session of a clever peasant, now a milhon-
aire the other, and larger portion, belonging to
the descendant of a German colonist, Herr
Seiffert. .

Penn Treaty Elm.

r^ ENERAL PAUL A. OLIVER, of Oliver's
Kn Mills, Penna., has kindly furnished the
photograph which has been reproduced for
this issue, to illustrate the method emp'^y^d in the
removal, from Bay R.dge, N. Y., to the W.lkes-
ba™e Mountain, near Laurel Run, Pa of an off-
spring of the original Penn Treaty Elm, which
stood in Philadelphia.

The original Penn Treaty tree was a remarkable
one, aside from its historic interest on account of
its immense size. It measured 24 f^et around the
base, and one branch extending toward the Dela-
ware was 150 feet long. It blew down in 1810.

General Oliver's ancestors owned the ground
on the Delaware River shore, on which the Penn
Treaty Elm stood, and a shoot from one of the
roots which showed signs of life after the o d tree
bad blown down, was carried to ^nd planted on
the Oliver estate at Bay Ridge New York where
it has grown for more than fifty years, until its
removal was decided on. This was a difficult
undertaking, requiring heavy hoisting apparatus
to lift the tree out of the ground on the truck.
It required ten stout horses to pull the truck and
tree on a level road, and where any slight eleva-
tion had to be overcome the horses were attached
to a rope, and block and fall attached to a tree
In this way the heavy truck was hauled to the
dock at Fort Hamilton. , j 1 „

In going down the steep hill to the dock a
block and fall was attached to the rear of the
truck and to a heavy iron stake 2>f '"'^'l^^ '"
diameter, driven into the ground, fwo horses
were hitched to the rope of the block and fa ,
thus preventing the truck from ^I'^'ng dow" h'l'
too fast. A lighter took the tree to the Jersey
CentS" doci at Jersey City, and there it was
secured on two flat cars. The tree was so heavy,
however, that the axle of one car gave way and
it had to be transferred to another car.

The tree is seventy feet long and thirty inches
in diameter at the butt. It was presented by
General Oliver's uncle to his sister, the General s
mother, and planted on her place at Fort Hamdton.

When the tree arrived at its destination (Oliver s
Mills, on the mountain near Wilkesbarre Pa.)
the roads were so soft that it could not be hauled
on a truck, and the platform seen in the cut was
made, the tree placed on it, and moved along by
means of rollers, skids being placed for these
to move on. When it was necessary to haul it up
hill a block and tackle were used.

A hole was dug last fall where the tree was
to be placed. This hole was filled with rich earth
mixed with water, making a paste, and the roots
of the tree settled down into it. We trust that
the tree will sustain no damage from its long
journey, and will still continue to grow as well in
its native State as in New York, and flourish on
the mountain side as satisfactorily as on New York

In regard to the present condition of the tree.
General Oliver, writing ftom Forest Roads, Fern
Lodge, on May loth, sa)s:-" So far it seems all
righf, the sap, of which there appears to be plenty
is running up. It has been very cold here, and
our trees are only just beginning to ^ho* ^'g"^ f
life I have every confidence in the tree,

the' parts 'where the limbs have been cut, have
been carefully coated^over with wax and rosin so

as to keep in the sap."

The project of moving a tree of such large size
over so great a distance, requiring transportation
by horses at the initial and terminal pom ts, and
b? boat and rail for a distance of fully one hun-
dred and seventy-five miles, is certainly a bold
one, and the sentiment which encouraged he
large expenditure necessary for the >;emoval of the
tree is commendable, for we recognize in General
Oliver's action not only loyalty to his ancestors,
but also a love of forestry.

There is another descendant of the Penn's Treaty
Tree in the grounds of the Pennsylvania Hospita ,
in Philadelphia, and the following d«"'P '""J.^
taken from the Philadelphia ^t'^^/^^-^"/^^'" •

The minutes of the Hospital, dated 3 mo. 20,
1 810, state that <' A scion from the root o a tree
called the Great Elm of pnsingtoii^ sad to have
been the same tree under which W. ham Pen
the proprietor of Pennsylvania, held the hrs^
treaty with the Indians, was presented by Matthew
Vanduzen, and planted by Peter Brown Es^--
near the centre of the westernmost lot belongn
to the Hospital ; for which Peter Brown is reques^
ed to return to Matthew Vanduzen the thanks o
the managers, and to procure a box to defend
from injuFy. The parent tree was blown down
a late storm."

o

o

>

>

<

£2

O

I'l^

00

z
<

QC

I-

UJ
UJ
QC

g

QC

o

I-

00

z
<

w

124

FOREST LEAVES.

Sy'll

with extensive forests, and the plough of the hus-
bandnSn had to be preceded by the woodcutter s
axe Now all this has been changed. The
gbnous forests of the Volga l^^^e disappeared ;
fl at river itself is growing shallow and insignificant
in consequence ; and the once fertile regions of
Sara°off and Sar^iara are rapidly becoming barren
de ens over which the hot winds of the sumrner
sweq with devastating effect, burning up all the
vege ation in their track. The celebrated estate
of the once powerful Kotzebues is magnificent no
h nger, and 'has changed hands part falling into
tlie possession of a clever peasant, now a million-
aire the other, and larger portion, belonging to
the descendant of a German colonist, Herr
Seiffert.

Penn Treaty Elm.

/GENERAL PAUL A. OLIVER, of Oliver's
(«^ Mills, Penna., has kindly furnished the
photograph which has been reproduced for
this issue, to Illustrate the method employed in the
emoval, from Bay Ridge, N. Y., to the Wilkes-
barre Mountain, near Laurel Run, Pa. of an ofl^-
sjring of the original Penn Treaty Llm, which
stood in Philadelphia.

The original Penn Treaty tree was a remarkable
one, aside from its historic interest, on account of
Us immense size. It measured 24 leet around tie
base, and one branch extending toward the Dela-
ware was 150 feet long. It blew down in i8io.

(leneral Oliver's ancestors owned the ground
on the Delaware River shore, on which the lenn
Treaty Elm stood, and a shoot from on« of ^he
roots Ihich showed signs of life after the o d tree
had blown down, was carried to and planted on
the Oliver estate at Bay Ridge, New York, where
it has grown for more than fifty years, until its
removal was decided on. This was a difficult
undertaking, requiring heavy hoisting appa-^tus
to lift the tree out of the ground on the truck.
It re.iuired ten stout horses to pull the truck and
tree on a level road, and where any slight eleva-
tion had to be overcome the horses were attached
,0 a rope, and block and fall attached to a tree
In this way the heavy truck was hauled to the
dock at Fort Hamilton.

In going down the steep hill to the dock, a
block and fall was attached to the rear of the
truck and to a heavy iron stake 2>f '"'^'^^^ '"
diameter, driven into the ground Two horses
were hitched to the rope of the block and fal ,
thus preventing the tru<:k from sliding down hill
too fast. A lighter took the tree to the Jersey
Central" dock at Jersey City, and there it was
secured on two flat <;ars. The tree was so heavy,
however, that the axle of one car gave way and
it had to be transferred to another car.

The tree is seventy feet long and thirty inches
in diameter at the butt. It was presented by
General Ohver's uncle to his sister, the General s
mother, and planted on her place at Fort Hamilton.

When the tree arrived at its destination (Oliver s
Mills, on the mountain near Wilkesbarre Pa.)
the roads were so soft that it could not be hauled
on a truck, and the platform seen in the cut was
made, the tree placed on it, and moved along by
means of rollers, skids being placed for these
to move on. When it was necessary to haul it up
hill a block and tackle were used.

A hole was dug last fall where the tree was
to be placed. This hole was filled with rich earth
mixed with water, making a paste, and the roots
of the tree settled down into it. We trust that
the tree will sustain no damage from its long
journey, and will still continue to grow as well in
its native State as in New York, and flourish on
the mountain side as satisfactorily as on New York

In regard to the present condition of the tree.
General Oliver, writing from Forest Roads, Fern
Lodge, on May 10th, sa)s:-" So far it seems all
righf, the sap, of which there appears to be plenty
is ruining up. It has been very cold here, and
our trees ire only just beginning to ^^ow s^'ns of
life I have every confidence in the tree,

the' parts 'where the limbs have been cut, have
been carefully coated__over with wax and rosin so

as to keep in the sap.

The project of moving a tree of such large size
over so great a distance, requiring transportation
byhorsetat the initial and terminal points, and
bj boat and rail for a distance of fully one hu v
dred and seventy-five miles, is certainly a bo d
one, and the sentiment which encouraged the
large expenditure necessary for the removal o the
tree is commendable, for we recognize in General
Oliver's action not only loyalty to his ancestors,
but also a love of forestry.

-I'

There is another desce*ndant of the Penn's Treaty
Tree in the grounds of the Pennsylvania Hospita ,
in Philadelphia, and the following description's
taken from the Philadelphia ^z^.«///.-^"'//''" •

The minutes of the Hospital, dated 3 "'o. - > ,
1810, state that " A scion from the ^"01 of a tr e
called the Great l-:im of Kensington sa do ha •-
been the same tree ""der which W.l.anU.n
the proprietor of Pennsylvania, held the >
treat; with the Indians, was presented by Ma I ew
Vanduzen, and planted by Peter ^^o-^J^-
near the centre of the westernmost lot bel g" .
to the Hospital ; for which Peter Brown ^^^^^
ed to return to Matthew Vanduzen the thanks
the managers, and to procure a box « del end
from injury. The parent tree was blo«n do«i
a late storm."

On

O
>

Ui

>

<

H

ai
C

CO

z
<

QC

UJ
QC

h-

O

QC

o

\-

00

i
<

•\i

III

li

II

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

:i^5'

FOREST LEAVES.

125

From the late William G. Malin, who for more
than sixty years was connected with the Hospital,
the writer learned that when the ** westernmost
lot" was about to be built upon, a cutting was
taken from the tree, if I mistake not, by the late
Charles Roberts, long a manager of the Hospital,
grandfather of our Councilman of the same name,
and planted near the hospital building. This is
now the beautiful tree a short distance west of the
north house, within the Hospital enclosure. An-
other grandchild of the Treaty Elm is in the yard
surrounding the Friends' Meeting House, Twelfth
and Girard streets. The branches of this beauti-
ful tree spread themselves out to the roof of the
Meeting House. In this house, under the branch-
es of this elm, a few years ago, a meeting was
held, in which representatives of the Sioux, Ara-
pahoe, Comanche, and other Western Indians,
had a loving council with the Friends, descend-
ants of those who were with Penn, two hundred
years ago, under the old elm at Shackamaxon.

Forestry Annals.

fr\^' J. D. W. FRENCH has prepared a his-
\I/ tory of Forestry in this country. We
give below the principal events up to and
including the year 1869, and will contmue the
annals in future numbers.

1681. Ordinance of William Penn, deminding the reserva-
tion of one acre of trees to every five cleared.

1791. Formation of Society for Promotion of Agriculture,
Arts and Manufactures in New York.

1792. Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agriculture
organized.

1795. Report of Committee of N. Y. Society on best mode
of preserving and increasing Growth of Timber.

1799. Act of Congress, appropriating $200,000 towards pur-
chase and preservation of timber lands for purposes
of the Navy,

1803. Publication of Andrd Michaux' Flora Horealis Ameri-
cana.

1 8 10. Publication of F. A. Michaux' History of North
American Forest Trees.

1 81 7. Renewal of Act of 1799, surveyor appointed, reserva-
tion of 19,000 acres sft aside.

1819. Publication of F. A. Michaux' North American Sylva.

1825. Appointment of an agent by Congress to look into ihe
exportation of live oak from Florida.

1827. Act authorizing the President to take proper measures

for preservation of live oak timber lands.

1828. Appropriation of $10,000 for purchase of live oak

timber lands; attempt at cultivation in following

years.
183 1. Act making provisions for punishment of limber

depredations.
1832 Publication of Sir Henry Stewart's "The Planter's

Guide'* (Grant, Thorburn & Sons, New York.)
1837. Massachusetts orders forest survey of her timber lands.
1846. G. B. Emers'^n's " Report on the Trees and Shrubs of

Massachusetts." (Reprint 1875.)

1854. Discontinuance of timber agencies on government
lands, established under the previous Acts, and transfer
of their police duties to the General Land Office,
allowing^, however, compromise of thefts.

1855. Publication of R. U. Piper's "Trees of America,"

(Boston.)

Bequest by F. A. Michaux, of $20,000 for Promotion
of Silviculture in the United States.
i860 and 1862. Notable forest fires in Wyoming.

1867. Appointment of a Committee of the Agricultural and

Horticultural Societies of Wisconsin, to report on the
disastrous effects of forest destruction.

1868. Act for the encouragement of planting of timber in

Iowa.

Act for the encouragement of planting of timber in

Kansas. (Repealed in 1874.)

Act for the encouragement of planting of timber in

Wisconsin.

1869. Act for the encouragement of planting of timber in

Nebraska.

Maine Board of Agriculture appoint Committee to
* report on a Forest policy for the State (leading to
Act 1872.)

We shall welcome any corrections or addenda
to these annals. — Ed.

The Needs of Education in Forestry,

BY C. K. ADAMS, ESQ.,
President of Cornell University.

IN a country like our own, where every great
reform must rest on the basis of public approval,.

there can be no important advancement that does-
not have the support and encouragement of popu-
lar opinion. It is for this reason that every great
movement must rely for its success very largely
upon the work of educanon. Parliament and
Congress must enlighten public opinion on the
one hand, while, on the other, every source of
information should be made tributary to the know-
ledge of those who are charged with the framing
of our laws. This is true in regard to the tariff,
in regard to the silver question, to the civil ser-
vice, and to any and every question that touches
the welfare and prosperity of the people.

This process of education is a very complex
affair. It is not exclusively, nor indeed mainly, a
work of the schools. It is rather that complicated
method of procedure by which new and enlight-
ened ideas infiltrate themselves into all the ave-
nues of public opinion, take possession of them,
and finally insist upon new methods and new re-
sults.

This process, no doubt, is partly the work of
the schools, partly the work of public address and
private conversation, and still more largely the
work of the public press.

The function of the schools in regard to all
questions of this kind is indirect and elementary.
Their business is not to teach their pupils w/iaf to
think on any given question, but rather /low to

'p^

i .

h ■

' J

i^.

H^

*iW

^7 7

FOREST LEAVES.

think on any question that ^ay come be^^^^^^^^^^
The schools have not the facts at t"e'J nresenting
Indeed, new questions are con^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

themselves, in regard to ^^'^'^ *>:", P^^^""' and the
. could neverhave been known nadvance^^^ ^^^^^^

r 'tn^rranSe^S^f ^hich such facts
are to be met and conside^ed^ .^ ^^^^.^^^

V T^ Sai y nte e ts and duties do not work
SseWes^rl^y n.athem.^l ^n.^^^^^ Most

']o:s'tt"r'oceed from ^^^^^^^^l^
fined premises to an mev.table co"dusK,, ^^ ^^

Ttk verv near what we call judgmem. xt

It IS very ^'^ faculty of the successful business

are soraet.me, P^-^P'^f^f,' J' "ining in the schools
the fact that men of limitea trail" ig"' .,„.,

domestic, social, and political lile

Thk reasoning aupl es to the subject that is now
-j his reasoning n ^ j^e at certain

p„Mic 'opinio, to ~;j«;;';rr™.e™e„r«

of education in forestry thus become apparent and

'°Ittrnecessary to dwell at length upon the
dep o'rlb "r/no^nL that '-s hitherto been shown
;,. tVik rnnntrv on th s great subject, bverytmng
LtVnX"e'at°hap-haLd. The lumbermen^^^^^^^^

practically everywhere taken 7^f ^^'^^y ^^J'tS;
Ld often have allowed the fi'-«^J° f^^f ^^ ' o.
rest. In order that the pine lumber might be pro

J A uh tViP least Dossible trouble and enrich a

S: a respectable European kingdom Tlus^has

STomr:fThrpi:ine:tta:as of history.
Q oin whkh in The thirteenth century, largely
Spam, "'h ch in t methods, was one

ttlieSt th tU^Jfat'nto^ away its forests,

H thns allow its climate to be permanently
and thus allow us ^^^ ^^^^^

*= '^"f tht .oTden egg has been followed with

te deSruction of the irrigating ditches has inter-
t^eS:lth the distribution of ^he sma -p^y of

"^^" ^tllow'd'ThT^hole of that va^t region
quence followea , tne wuui Mediter-

which lies between the east end o^ J^e Mediter

structive process, and a large part o it has

imiiaiing. All >-• y TTranr-p the CfOV-

source of national income. In J ^""^^^j^
ernment and the communes not only P/otec' a^
care for the forests, but receive from them a very
considerable annual profit. I" /^R^Jhc^;, ^^^ ,„
erland the lands that are f ^^••^'^, *'\'^;^'' • 'come

nd a anVrvS^in th^e Australasian Islands asys-
emat\c forestry policy has been adop ed .and
this policy is already not only PaV'^g f ^^^l';
I K,it it k at once preserving the forests anu u
I SLa'te? irVeidmg an annual revenue to
the government. Meanwhile, the only P
whom we really have imitated in ^^J^''^^
nolicv have been the Ottoman Turks, we
SS t'he Chief of the Forestry Division of te
Department of Agriculture say la'^t year ma
ingenuity of which the mind of nian i capal

could have devised a 7,^»^"^,/"°'^;£ has been
our national interests than that which nas

followed. , , ^ „on<Tallv and

Before systematic reform can be ge"^^f;^> ;,,t
comprehensively adopted public opinion mus

FOREST LEAVES.

127

be aroused and instructed. This is a process of
education. In what way shall it be most success-
fully carried on ?

I. In the Schools.

There are two ways in which the efficiency of
the schools mny be shown : first in the education
of foresters, and secondly, in the dissemination of
knowledge, with a view to improving public opin-
ion. Let us look for a moment at each of these
lines of activity.

The success of an effort to educate men for any
particular calling or vocation must always depend
very largely upon public demand. It is probably
no exaggeration to say that as yet there is no
no such demand for educated foresters in America
as to encourage young men to seek a thorough
education in forestry. Nothing but a fair prospect,
at least, of remunerative and permanent employ-
ment will prove inducement enough to lead young
men to spend years of preliminary training for
such a vocation. No such prospect is at present
offered, and it is not easy to see how young men
could be induced to enter a forestry school, even
if such a sclrool were established, except by an
assurance on the part of the government analogous
to that which is given to the students of Annapolis
and West Point. If the government should under-
take the task of systematically protecting and
caring for and developing its forest resources, it
might then very properly consider whether at
least one school should not be established for the
education of foresters. But until such a policy is
entered upon it can hardly be expected that a gov-
ernment school of forestry will be established ; or,
if such a school were established, it may be doubted
whether any considerable number of persons would
desire to avail themselves of its advantages.

In a general way the same may be said in regard
to State schools. Instruction in forestry could
easily be provided for in the State universities.
Chairs might be founded, even complete courses
of instruction might be organized and equipped.
But until there should be some assurance that per-
sons receiving such a training would find employ-
ment with a prospect of reasonable permanency
and remuneration, very few persons would seek
such a course of instruction. As in all other pro-
fessions, it would only be the hope and the prospect
of success that would attract students into such a
new vocation. And such hope and prospect can
never come from mere private exhortation and
encouragement. In this country the forests under
private ownership are not so large in extent as to
call for the private superintendence of trained
foresters ; and it follows as a matter of necessity
that only the government can furnish inducements
enough to lead young men to forestry as a perma-
nent vocation. At present, therefore, should the
schools devote themselves to the technical educa-

tion of foresters, they could hardly hope for any
considerable success.

In the other field alluded to the prospect is far
better.

The schools of the present day contain the
young men and women who in the next twenty-
five years will control public opinion. In the
schools, therefore, such instructions should be
given as will make a definite impression in regard
to the place of forestry in national development
and prosperity. The work will have to be gradual,
and the impulses leading to it will have to come
from various sources. But, in every practicable
way the opportunity should be seized and devel-
oped. In two classes of schools especially does
this kind of instruction assume a practical phase.
The Normal Schools are under State patronage
and support ; and they might very appropriately
be required to instruct all their pupils in the im-
portance and significance of arboriculture and in
the rudiments at least of those methods which
have been so successfully adopted in other coun-
tries.

But there is another class of schools in which
even more can be done. I refer to the Agricul-
tural Colleges. The farmers, more than any other
class, have to do with the forests ; and, in the
education of farmers, instruction in this industry
ought not only not to be neglected but be given a
prominent place. The agricultural colleges have
been established with governmental help. Many
of them are solely dependent on funds derived
from Congressional and State grants. It would
be entirely appropriate, therefore, for the national
and State legislatures to insist that regular and
systematic instruction in the care and develop-
ment of our arboreal resources should be given in
every agricultural college in the land. Such in-
struction would be of vast importance, not, in-
deed, in the education of foresters, but in the de-
velopment of a public opinion which at a later
period might be expected to bear important fruit.

IL The Press.

If the schools can do something in this way the
newspapers probably can do still more. It is com-
monplace to say that the power of the press is not
easily exaggerated. But we have only to reflect
that with vast numbers of our people the newspaper
is almost or quite the only source of opinion in
regard to current affairs, to realize the full potency
of this great agency in regard to any subject with
which It has to deal. The newspaper is in part
the parent, and, in part, the child of public opin-
ion. It takes up the ideas of some and conveys
them to others ; and it thus becomes a powerful
educational agent. The agricultural papers are
especially alert to seize upon and develop any idea
that promises to be of assistance to their readers.
The subject of forestry is so broad in its scope, and

!

^^^^

ij<f

128

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

12^

so far-reaching in its influence and ^^8"^^^^ "^^'
that it can easily be made interesting and profit-
able to every observer of the true sources of national
development.

IIL The Associations.

But the process of education must not be con-
fined to the readers of the papers. There is
almost as much need that the editors themselves
should be enlightened. Information on such a
subject does not come from intuition. D rectly
or indirectly it springs rather from the most care-
ful study and observation of all sources of infor-
mation. These sources are chiefly accessible to
J^vernment officials. It is through U.e reports
Ld other writings of such officials that the needed
information is to be carried to the newspaper
offices, and through the newspapers to the people

in all parts of the land. . n j „

The process will not be a rapid one. All educa-
tion, except that which comes from costly expe-
rience, is slow. But it need not be discouraging.
If the reports of the Forestry Bureau on various
phases of the subject are framed in such a way
as to catch the editorial eye, the facts and ruths
they contain will be widely disseminated. It the
Committee on Agriculture in the House of Rep-
resentatives is duly alive to all its opportunities it
can do much, not only to shape legislation but
also to form and educate public opinion. And,
finally, if this Forestry Association continues to
thrive and prosper in the years to come as it has
done since first it was organized, it will perform a
service in behalf of education that will prove to
be by far the most important of all its functions.

Nothing is more needed than popular informa-
tion • and by this I mean information that will
serve, and appear to serve, the popular interests.
What the people every year need to know is not
only what has been done, but what can be done,
and what should be done to place the administra-
tion of our forests on a creditable and profitable
footing. This information involves a knowledge
of forestry elsewhere, and such knowledge should
be repeatedly placed before the people.

have the opportunity of meeting many of the
readers of Forest Leaves.

A former President of the American Forestry
Association, in a letter to one of our members,

^^^'^ 'Pennsylvania is my native state. I always
loved her hills and valleys, her creeks and rivers,
and was not pleased in my last trip through the
state to note the vandal destruction of her once
noble forests. The failing springs, dried up rivu-
lets, and abandoned hillsides plainly told the sad
tale Her once tree-clad hills and mountains,
now bald-headed, seemed to look down with sad-
ness on the desolations at their feet. Yes, my
dear sir, you need a Forestry Association, a live
one too. I confess at onetime I had great hopes ot
the West, and little fears for the East. My senti-
ments are changed. We are planting more trees
than we are using in the prairie states, but the
once forest-covered states of the East are sadly on

the decline. . ,

Now let me exhort all the farmers of your nol le
state to take hold of this work in earnest, and let
Pennsylvania not become as Palestine, Spam, and
Arabia now are, and as parts of France are fast
becoming.'*

To THE Editor of Forest Leaves : —

In August, 1889, I read the following suggestion
in one of the letters on Foresfs and Civilization,
based on the assumption that the International
Exhibition would be held in New York. It ought
certainly to be acted upon by those who are inter-
i ested in the preservation of the Adirondack
forests. That ^* a papier mache model ot the
Adirondack region *' be prepared, - showing the
extent and location of the devastations which have
already been made, the tracts of denuded rock sur-
faces and those of burned out, blasted land, and
set up in one of the Exhibition buildings. 1 very
much fear that no action has been taken upon this
suggestion as yet, but perhaps it is not yet too
late. Yours, etc..

A Forestry Meeting.
Active preparations are now being made for
a convention at Mt. Gretna Park, Penna., copied
after the meetings at Lake Chautauqua, N. Y.,
which have become so popular. This Pennsylva-
nia assembly is to occupy Mt. Gretna Park from
Tuly 1 2th until July 28th, and at the request of
the managers of the enterprise, the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association has undertaken to provide
for one day devoted to Forestry, viz. Saturday,
July 23d. A committee to arrange the details has
been appointed, and entertaining speakers will be
secured. We trust that on this occasion we may

[Extract from South Carolina Correspondence.]

In the forests of the South lie her chief source ot
future wealth, but where timber is so plentiful ana
the propensity to get "^^ney and get it quickly,
is so strong, the average landholder rarely thinks
and little cares about the future of this great source
of wealth. Indeed, it may not be unjust to say
of us of the South that the waste and sacrifice ot
profitable timber is being daily practiced for the
unprofitable growth of cotton. It seems to be a
: fixed habit if not a disease, and the man wh^ Ul^^
about saving timbered lands is usually looked upon
as a sort of sentimental dreamer— certainly noi

one up with the times. It is therefore idle to
talk to landholders now about forestry, and per-
haps will remain so until the timber supply is
exhausted.

—Mr. H. J. Mackinder, of England, lately
lectured in the University Extension course at
Germantown, on Great Commercial Cities of the
World. In speaking of ancient Lebanon, he re-
marked that the cedars, cut off for ship building
by the ancient Phoenicians, Tynans, etc., had
never been replaced. Referring also to Spain,
and other countries, he remarked that those who
still had trees left should heed the lesson taught
by the Old World, that forest destruction injures
the climate, and cannot always be restored.

I am told to-day that* in Shenandoah and ad-
joining counties of Virginia, large forests of pine
are dying, apparently, from some natural cause
not understood, and the owners are, therefore,
hurrying to cut and sell for charcoal furnaces.

C. E. P.

— Mr. J. G. Lemmon, of Oakland, Cal., has
issued an interesting pamphlet on the *' Cone
Bearing Trees of the Pacific Slope " giving brief
and instructive descriptions of the various conifers
of that section of the country, and containing a
large amount of useful knowledge.

— Tree trunks for the colonnades of the For-
estry Building have been received from Wisconsin,
Montana, West Virginia, California, Indiana,
Ohio, Delaware, New Mexico, North Carolina
and Connecticut. Thirty of the states will make
contributions of this character.

— The Missouri World's Fair Board has for-
warded to Chicago nine tree trunks to compose
three of the columns of the rustic colonnade
around the Forestry Building. These trunks are
typical specimens of yellow pine, white oak, red
oak, ash, cypress, red gum, and hickory. It has
also sent thirty pieces, all of timber of different
variety, for the rustic interlaced work between the
three columns.

— Dr. Hiram A. Cutting, of Lunenburgh, Ver-
mont, writes: **The terrible wind here last sum-
mer has given a temporary set back to our tests of
profit in tree culture. One nice trimmed grove
of 10,000 pine trees was all blown down * * *
they were sold for five thousand dollars, or fifty
cents a tree. If they could have stood for ten
years longer they would have brought one dollar
and fifty cents a tree sure, and, as it is, they have
brought much more than their cost."

American Forestry Association.

Of the two thousand dollars required for. the
salary of a Special Agent for the American For-
estry Association, about eleven hundred dollars
have already been subscribed or pledged. In order
to complete this fund, the Association earnestly
solicits contributions of five and ten dollars, which
may be sent to the Treasurer,

Dr. H. M. Fisher,

S17 S. Twelfth St.

Philadelphia,

— A work is in course of publication by M. Ga-
dean de Kerville, on the ancient trees of Nor-
mandy. The most remarkable trees yet described
are two yews of La Haye de Routot in the depart-
ment of Eure. They are, respectively, about 31
and 27 feet in circumference at the base of the
trunks, and about 573^ and 47^ feet high. Their
ages are estimated by the author to be not less
than 1500 years. A chapel has been constructed
in the hollow trunk of one of these trees, about
10 feet high and 6^ feet deep. — Popular Science
Monthly,

— A bill has been signed by Governor Flower,
providing for the establishment of the Adiron-
dack Park. New York State now owns about
900,000 acres of land in the Adirondacks,
half of which is situated in detached pieces
around the border of the wilderness. The inten-
tion of the bill signed by Governor Flower is to
enable the State to sell as much of this outside
holding as may seem wise, and buy in its place
more desirable timber land which will connect
that which it already owns, nearer the headwaters
of the great streams in the mountains, into one
great park.

MEEHANS' NURSERIES

Rare Trees a Specialty. Had 750
<ind8 at the centennial exhibition.
No Agents. Deal directly with cus-
tomers, WHO GET the best STOCK AT
LOWEST figures. ThE CHEAPEST WAY

TO BUY. Illustrated Catalogue of
Trees, Fruits, Seeds, &c., sent for
6 cents in stamps.

THOMAS M EEH AN & SON,

Germantown, Phila., Pa.

ijlt

1'

il

^t^

FOREST LEAVES.

Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

Incorporated 1889.

130

Founded 1886.

OFFICERS FOR 1892:

a««.iV from Philadelp>na.-Urs.y P" ^""dy, »«• "e ^^^^

C.««W?i^.';^::-M- f;:rorcSMn!-Tr«oA.gon.e.y. M.. G. Dawson Cole.an.

COMMITTEES:

fr.r*.-Herbert Welsh, «.,>«<««/ J- 1^°^"^ Sr '"
Brinton Coxe Mrs. ^/^^^--^V.^^r «^M. J^sh r.^^^

^""t g;CorcX;;ran:"Mrs.'lirLon Coxe, Howard M.

^„S;:-^-.^BVerr •«..>-«.- A. T. Freed..
W. W. Smith, Chas. E. Pancoast.

^,„.««.-Chas. E. P»"Coast,a«<V««»- Herbert Welsh,

A. B. Weimer, T. H. Montgomery Eh K,rkPr.c^
Law.-]. Rodman Paul, Chatrman ; ^^^fj''^^'^^""'^

Budd, Lucius L. Landreth, Lmcoln L. Eyre
P««LrtV« — lohn Birkinbine, aa!V/««« ,• Prof. J. T. Roth-

roct Prof W. P. Wilson, Howard M. Jenkms, Dr. H.

M. Fisher.

Blair County.
Dudley, C. B., m. d., Altoona, Pa.

Berks County.
Grebe, Lewis, Stony Creek Mills, Reading.
Kraemer, Louis F., Reading.
Kraemer, Louis, Reading.
Schock, Oliver D., Harrisburg.

Bucks County.
Churcb.E.F., Newtown.
Clymer, Isaiah, Quakertown.
Ely, Miss Helen C, Newtown.
Erdman, Dr. M. S., Richlandtown.
Fretz, C. D., Sellersville.
Fretz, Dr. O. H., Richland Centre.
Haring, Chas., Jr., Quakertown.
Heckler, C. F., Richland Centre.
Heston, Mrs. Geo. T., Newtown.
King, Chas. R., Andalusia.
Knowles, Thos. C, Yardley.
Laubach, Sam'l., Reigelsville.
Landreth, Mrs. Burnet, Bristol.
Landreth, Burnet, Jr., Bristol.
Landreth, David, Bristol.
Landreth, Symington Phillips, BristoL
Lear, Henry C. Doylestown.
Mercer, Henry C, Doylestown.
Mercer, Wm. R., Doylestown.
Paxson, Henry D. (506 Walnut, Phila.),

Holicong.
Purcell, Dr. Howard, Bristol.
Ruos, H. D., Sellersville.
Shelly, Anthony S., Quakertown.
Shelly, Jos. W., Quakertown.
Spang, Jacob K., Lenhartsville.
Thomas, Dr. Jos., Quakertown.
Williams, H. T., Sellersville.

Centre County.
Buckout, Prof. Wm. A., State College.
Frear, Prof. Wm., State College.

Biddle. Mrs. H. J. (1623 Walnut St., Phila.).

Westtown.
BoDzano, Mrs. Adolphus, Phoenix Park,

Phcenixville.
Darlington, Miss Alice L., West Chester.
Darlington, Miss Anna B., West Chester.
Green. Dr. J. C. (care of Daily Local), West

Chester.
Gorgas, Miss Susan, West Chester.
Hall, Edward H., West Chester.
Kirk, Wm. S., West Chester.
Lewis, Miss Alice, West Chester.
Maris, Mrs. Anna M., West Chester.
Maris, Prof. Geo. L , West Chester.
Marshall, Samuel, West Chester.
Marshall, Mrs. Wm. P., West Chester.
Montgomery, S. G. Morion. West Chester.
Montgomery, Thos. H., West Chester.
McCall, Mrs. Elizabeth, West Chester.
Price, Dr. Jacob, West Chester.
Price, Mrs. Jacob, West Chester.
Rothrock, Prof. J. T. (University of Penna.,

Phila.)

Rothrock, Mrs. J. T., West Chester.

Reeves, Mrs. David, PhoenixviUe.

Smith, James C, West Chester.

Smith, Mrs. James C, West Chester.

Steele, Henry, Glen Moore.

Steele. James, Glen Moore.

Townsend, Hon. Washington, West Chester.

Wyeth, Stuart (15" LocustSt., Phila.), West-
town. ^

Clarion County.

Fox, Jos. M. (206 S. 15th St., Phila.), Fox-

^^^' Clearfield County.

Eppley, Lewis H., Osceola Mills.

Cumberland County.
Fuller, J. C, Pine Grove Furnace.
Fuller, Mrs. J. C, Pine Grove Furnace.
Hays, John, Carlisle.
Thomas, Miss Estelle, Mechanicsburg.

Chester County.
Biddle, Miss C. W. (1623 Walnut St., Phila.),
Westtown.

All who have not paid since 1889 after
notice are omitted from this list. Any cor-
rections will be gladly received and noted by
A. B. Weimkr, 5'? Walnut St., Phila., for
Membership Committee.

Dauphin County.
Bailey, Chas. L., Harrisburg.
Bailey, Chas. L., Jr., Harrisburg.
Bailey, Edward, Jr., 31 S. Front St., Hams-

burg.
Bailey, Miss Emma D., Harrisburg.
McCormick, Henry, Harrisburg.
McCormick, James, Harrisburg.

Reily, Jno. W., Fort Hunter.
Rose, Wm.'j., Harrisburg.
Young, Col. James, Middletown.

Delaware County.
Adams, George B., Media.
Baker, Mrs. Frances N., M.D., Media.
Brinton, Mrs. D. G., Media.
Broomall, Hon. John M., Media.
Broomall, Mrs. John M., Media.
Brown, Miss Martha M. (1716 Walnut St.),

Radnor.
Cooper, Hon. T., Media.
Cushman, C. W. (Rosemont P. O.), Radnor.
Dillin, John G, Radnor.
Fussel, Linnaeus, M. d., Media.
Holl,Emil, Media.
Jackson, James W., Media.
Keriin, Mrs. Harriet D., Elwyn.
Kerlin, Isaac H., m. d., Elwyn.
Kirk, Lewis, Media.
Lewis, Miss Grace Anna, Media.
Miller, Mrs. Clara B., Media.
Miller, Mrs. Sarah W., Media.
Miller, MLss Caroline, Media.
Mercur, James W., 715 Walnut St. , Ph.la.
Montgomery, Archibald R. (Bryn Mawr P.

O.), Radnor.
Montgomery, Richard Alan (Bryn Mawr P.

O.), Radnor.
Montgomery, Mrs. Richard R. (Bryn Mawr

P, O.), Radnor.
Montgomery, Wm. W. (218 S. 4tbSt., Phila.),

Radnor.
Montgomery, Mrs. Wm. W., Radnor.
Ogden, Chailes G., Media.
Pennock, Abraham L., Lansdowne.
Potts, Edward, Wawa.
Potts, Charles, Media.
Rand, Theodore D., Radnor.
Risley, Dr. Sam'l D.. Media.
Sharpless, Samuel, Media.
Smith, A. G. C, Media.
Smith, Mrs. Rebecca L., Media.
Styer, T. Walter, Concordville.
Webster, Geo. C, Media,
Wendell, E. J., Wayne.
Wheeler, Mrs. Chas. Pembroke, Bryn Mawr.

Franklin County.
Kennedy, Col. T. B., Chambersburg.

^0)

FOREST LEAVES.

131

Huntingdon County,
Dorris, William, Huntingdon.
Dorris, Mrs. Wm., Huntingdon.

Lackaivanna County.
Parke, W. G.,Scranton, Penna.

Lancaster County.

Bundell, Miss Sarah H., 449 W. King St.,
Lancaster.

Becker, E. H., 142 S. Queen St., Lancaster.

Brenneman, Miss Caroline S., 688 Columbia
Ave., Lancaster.

DifFenderfer, F. R., 542 W. Duke St., Lan-
caster.

Eby, Simon P., 51 N. Duke St., Lancaster.

EUmaker, Nathaniel, Lancaster.

EUmaker, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Fowler, W. W., City Hotel, Lancaster.

Foltz, C. S., 233 N. Duke St. Lancaster.

Hark, Rev. J. Max, 36 W. Orange St., Lan-
caster.

Hensel, Geo. W. O., Quarry ville.

Hostetter, A. F., Lancaster.

Hershey, A. S., East Petersburg.

Kennedy, G. C, 30 N. Duke St., Lancaster.

Kieffer, Prof. Jno. B., 230 Lancaster Ave.,
Lancaster.

Leaman, Simon S., New Providence.

Lyte, Prof. E. O., Millersville.

McCaskey, Dr. J, P., Lancaster.

Morton, Hon. Wm. A., 721 S. Queen St.,
Lancaster.

Raub, Dr. M. W., West King St., Lancaster.

Ream, Charles, 41 W. Orange St., Lancaster.

Reynolds, Geo. N., 121 E. King St., Lan-
caster.

Sprecher, W. D., 519 N. Duke St., Lancaster.

Slaymaker, S C, 230 W.Orange St., Lan-
caster.

Suavely, Josiah, Lititz P. O., Lancaster Co.

Tomlinson, Geo. W., Lancaster.

"Worth, A. B., Coleraine P. O.

Lebanon County.
Coleman, Mrs. G. Dawson (2109 Walnut St.,

Philadelphia), Lebanon.
Coleman, Mrs. H. Bertram D., Lebanon.
Gloninger, Mrs. Julia B., Lebanon.

Lehigh County.
Boettiger, Chas., Macungie.
Williams, Oliver, Catasaqua.

Luzerne County.
Atherton, Mrs, Thos. H., 9 W. River St.,

Wilkesbarre.
Conyngham, O. M., Wilkesbarre.
Coxe, Mrs. Eckley B., Drifton.
Darling, J. Vaughn, Wilkesbarre.
Haydon, James C, Jeansville.
Jennings, Wm. H., Wilkesbarre.
Jones, Rev. Henry L., 89 S. Franklin St.

Wilkesbarre.
Maffet, Mrs. Wm. R., 15 N. River St.

Wilkesbarre.
Miner, Miss Elizabeth, 130 S. Franklin St.

Wilkesbarre.
Oliver, Paul A., Oliver's Mills.
Scott, Mrs. E. G., 150 S. Franklin St., Wilkes

barre.
Sharpe, Miss Mary, 25 W. River St., Wilkes

barre.

Williams, R. Norris, Conyngham.
Williams, Chas. W., Conyngham.

Lycoming County.
Welch, Benjamin G., Hughesville.

McKean County,
Kane, Dr. Harriet A., Kane.

Montgomery County.
Anders, J. M., M. d., 1637 N. Broad St.,

Phila.
Anders, Rev. Wm. S., Fairview Village.
Arthur, Rev. A. A., Bryn Mawr.
Ashbridge, Miss L. H., Bryn Mawr.
Ashbridge, Miss Mary, Bryn Mawr.
Baird, Mrs. M. A., Merion Station.
Baker, Mrs. Joseph, Wyncote.
Bergey, Jas. R., M. D., North Wales.
Blair, Mrs. Andrew A. (1802 De Lancey

Place, Phila.), Penllyn.
Brown, J. Morton, Norristown.
Brower, Albert, Schencksville.
Brown, T. Wistar (Villanova P. .0), Lower

Merion.
Cassel, Abram H., Harleysville.
Clothier, Isaac H., Wynnewood.
Colton, J. Milton, Jenkintown.
Conrow, Mrs. E. B., Norristown.
Cooke, Jay, 119 S. 4th St., Phila.
Corson, Hiram, m.d., Conshohocken.
Curwen, John, Jr. (Villanova P. O.), Lower

Merion
Dambly, B. Witman, Skippack.
Fell, J. R., 237 S. 3d St.
Fetterolff, A. D., Collegeville.
Fisher, Henry M., M. d. (317 S. 12th St.,

Phila.), Jenkintown.
Fisher, Wm. R., Bryn Mawr.
Fox, S. L., Bryn Mawr.
Fox, Webster, Bryn Mawr.
Frazier, Wm. W. (250 S i8th St., Phila.),

Jenkintown.
Garber, Miss Ida A., Bryn Mawr.
Garber, Miss Virginia W., Bryn Mawr.
Gross, Jacob W. S., Collegeville.
Haines, Robert B., Cheltenham.
Haines, Mrs. R. B., Cheltenham.
Hallman, Jacob H., Creamery.
Hartshorne, Chas , Merion.
Hunsberger, J. Newton, Skippack.
Jenkins, Howard M., Gwynedd.
Kratz, W. H., Trappe.
Kreibel, Henry S., North Wales.
Lippincott, Horace G., Wyncote.
Lukens, Chas., Conshohocken.
Lukens, Mrs. Chas., Conshohocken.
Lukens, Jawood, Conshohocken.
Lukens, Mrs Jawood, Conshohocken.
McFarland, C. W., Bryn Mawr.
Morgan, Mrs. Jno. B.

Pepper, Mrs. Jno. W., 1305 Spruce St., Phila.
Prizer, J. G., Schwenkstown
Reid, J. K., m. d.. King of Prussia.
Seckler, H. S., Norristown.
Seipt, A. H., Skippack.
Shaner, W. B., m.d., Pottstown.
Singerly, Wm. M. (1701 Locust St., Phila.),

Gwynedd.
Snyder, Jesse H., Kulpsville.
Streeper, D. H , Norristown.
Super, Prof. H. M., Collegeville.

Thouron, Nicholas, Merion Station.

Thouron, Mrs Nicholas, Merion Station.

Tilton, Mrs. Jos. W., Wyncote.

Tyson, Dr. James, 1506 Spruce St., Phila.

Wanger, Irving P., Norristown.

Weinberger, J. Shelly, Collegeville.

Wilson, Albert L., Overbrook.

Wilson, Joseph L., Overbrook.

Wolfe, Sam'l, m. d. (1624 Diamond St., Phila.),

Skippack.
Wolfe, Mrs. Samuel, Skippack.
Wood, Hon. Alan, Conshohocken.
Wood, Mrs. Alan, Conshohocken.
Wood, R. Francis (218 S. 4th St., Phila.),

Merion Station.

Montour County.
Grier, Isaac X., Danville.
Wilkins, Miss M., 92 Ferry St., Danville.

Northampton County,
Henry, James, Nazareth.
Porter, Prof. T. C, La Fayette Col., Easton.

Philadelphia County.

Allen, Elwood, Richmond and York Sts.

Baird, Henry C.,8io Walnut St.

Balch, Edwin S., 1412 Spruce St.

Balch, Miss E. W., 1412 Spruce St.

Balch, Thomas Willing, 1412 Spruce St.

Balch, Mrs. Thomas, 14 12 Spruce St.

Baugh, Mrs. William, 2025 Chestnut St.

Belfield, Mrs. E R., 1905 Spring Garden St.

Benson, Mrs. Edwin N., Chestnut Hill and
2107 Walnut St.

Biddle, Miss Adele, 2033 Pine St.

Biddle, Miss A. E,, Summit Ave., Chestnut
Hill.

Biddle, Mrs. Alexander W., Chestnut Hill and
1307 Walnut St.

Biddle, Charles, 208 S. 7th St.

Binney, Charles C. (218 S. 4th St., Phila.),
Mount Airy.

Binney, Mrs. Chas. C, Mount Airy.

Binney, Miss Julia H., 2020 Delancey Place.

Birkinbine, John, 25 N. Juniper St.

Bispham, Geo. T. , 1805 Delancey Place.

Bitler, F. L. , 1820 Master St.

Blakiston, Miss M., 2042 Chestnut St.

Blakiston, Presley, 2042 Chestnut St.

Blight, Miss E. R., 1820 Pine St.

Blight, Wm. S., 1406 Pine St.

Blight, Geo., 1500 Pine St.

Boggs, Miss, 304 S. 19th St.

Borda, Miss Alice, 246 S. 3d St.

Bride, Chas. F., 144 W. Coulter St., German-
town.

Brinley, Chas. A., 247 S. 16th St.

Brinton, Joseph P., 1933 Spruce St.

Brinton, Mrs. Joseph P., 1933 Spruce St.

Brown, Miss E. U., 2035 Pine St.

Brown, J. B., 1815 N. Logan Square.

Budd, Henry, 503 N. 7th St.

Bullock, David Jayne, 1826 Chestnut St.

Burnham, Jas,, Jr., 214 N. 34th St.

Cadwalader, John, Jr., 1519 Locust St.

Cadwalader, John, 1519 Locust St.

Cadwalader, Mrs. John, 1519 Locust St.

Cadwalader, R. M., 1614 Locust St,

Carpenter, A. Snyder, Phil-EUena, German-
town.

Carpenter, Miss E , Phil-Ellena, Germantown.

(

ij

1'

)^^0-

132

FOREST LEAVES.

Fisher's Lane, Ger-

Carpenter, Mrs. Geo. W

mantowp.
Carr, William W., 518 Walnut St.
Chamberlain, Mrs., 1622 Locust St.
Cheston, D. Murray, m. d.. 1834 Chestnut St.
Childs, Geo. W., S. E. Cor, 22d and Walnut bts.
Clark, C. Howard, 4200 Spruce St.
dark, Edward W., School Lane, German-

town. .

Clark Edward W., Jr., Manheim St., Ger-

mantown.
Clayton, Miss, Chestnut Hill and .915 Wal-

Cleeman, Richard A., M. u., 2135 Spruce bt.

Coates, Sarah H., 1616 Arch St.

Coates, Mary, 1616 Arch St.

Coates. Edward H., Hancock St., German-

town.
Coates, Geo. M., 1817 De Lancey Place.
Compton, Miles E., SpringviUe, Pa.
Conover, Miss S. S., 13x4 P»ne St.
Cope, Alfred, Chew St., Germantown.
Cope, Mrs. Alfred, Chew St.. Germantown.
Cope, Miss Annette, 121 S. 19th St.
Cope, Miss Clementine, Awbury. German-
town.
Cope, F. Hazen, Awbury, Germantown.
Cope, Francis R , Awbury, Germantown.
Coxe, Mrs. Brinton. 17" Locust St.
Coxe, Mrs. Clhas. B , 1512 bpruce St.
Coxe, Edmund J., 171^ Locust St.
Coxe, Miss Mary C, 1303 ^^^^ St.
Coxe, Miss Rebecca, 1512 Spruce St.
Da Costa, Dr. J. M., 1700 Walnut St., Ger-
mantown.
Dale, Richard C, Chestnut Hill.
Darlington, J. G.. Haverford College P.O.,

Pa.
Desmond, M. W. C.,229 N. 9th St.
Dickson, L. Taylor, 131 S. 15th St.
Disston, Horace L, Tacony.
Douglass, Rev. Benjamin J, 19°^ Chestnut

St.

Drayton, Wm., 706 Walnut St.

Dreer, Edward U., 1520 Spruce St.

Dreer. Wm. F., 32d and Arch Sts.

Dubois, Wm L.. 1915 Vine St.

Dunn, Chas B., Chestnut St.

Eakins, Geo., 616 Chestnut St.

Eisele, Christian, 1502 N. nth St.

Elkins, Wm. L., Jr , Chestnut Hill.

Elliot, A. Graham, Johnson St., Germantown.

Ellis, Dr. Geo. W., 1533 Chestnut St.

Elwyn, Rev. Alfred L., 1422 Walnut St.

Eskins, Mrs., 2125 Walnut St.

Evans, Jonathan, Awbury, Germantown.

Ewing, Maskell, Villa Nova, Delaware

County.
Fisher, Miss Anna S., 1311 Locust St.
Fisher, Geo. H.. 1311 Locust St.
Fisher, Mrs. G. H., 13" Locust St.
Fisher, J. Logan, Crescentville P. O.
Flanders, Henry, 129 S. 13th St.
Foulke. John E., 1827 Pine St.
Francine, Mrs. A. F., 1422 Walnut St.
Freedley, Chas. W., 512 Walnut St.
Freeman, Mrs. Geo. M.. Aldine Hotel.
Gillespie, Mrs. E. D. 250 S. 21st St..
Gilroy, John J., 3^6 Chestnut St.
Gowen, Francis I., 210 S. 4th St., Phila.
Gowcn, Frederick C, Mount Airy.

Gummey, Henry B., E. Walnut Lane.
Haines, Miss, 5074 Main St., Germantown.
Hallowell, Miss Jean, 2017 De Lancey Place.
Harper, W. Warner, 5774 Main St., German-
town.
Harris, Mrs. J. Campbell, 1607 Walnut St.

Harrison. Mrs. Geo. L., Glenwood, School
Lane, Germantown.

Harshberger, John, 737 Corinthian Ave.

Hart, Mrs. H. C, 1317 Walnut St.

Hays, Mrs I Minis, 266 S. 21st St.

Hemphill, A. J., 333 Walnut St.

Henszey, Wm. P., Wynnewood, Pa.

Hippie, Frank K., 1340 Chestnut St.

Hockley, Miss, 1828 Pine St.

Hoffman, Mrs. Geo. E., 259 S. 17th. St.

Hopkins, James R., 1908 S. Rittenhouse

Square.
Hopkins, Mrs. James, 1908 S. Rittenhouse

Square.
Hopkins, Wm. B., M. d.. 1904 S. Rittenhouse

Square .
Houston, Wm., C. Jr., Germantown.
Houston, Prof. Edwin J.. 1809 Spring Garden

St.
Howell, E. L H., 4636 Main St.
Hubbell. Miss A. L., 171 » Walnut St.
Hutchinson, Emlen,2oo6 De Lancey Place.
Ingham, John H., 333 S. i6th St.
Janney, E. K., 320 Marshall St.
Janney, Nathaniel E., 1326 N. 15th St.
Jellett, Stewart A . Chew St. near Washing

ton Lane, Germantown.
Justice, W. W., Germantown.
Kane, Francis F., 1024 Clinton St.
Keim, Geo De B., 2009 De Lancey Place.
Kirkpatrick,Geo. E., 4802 Chester Ave.
Landreth, Lucius S , 2215 St. James Place.
Landreth, Oliver. 1917 Walnut St.
Landreth, Mrs. Oliver, 1917 Walnut St.
Landreth, Wm. Linton, 1917 Walnut St.
Lamed, Wm. H, 422 Walnut St.
Lathrop, Mrs. E , 122 S. i8thSt.
Lea, Arthur H.. 706 Samson St.
Le Coute, Mrs. John L.. 1625 Spruce St.
Lee, Dr. Benjamin, 1532 Pine St.
Lehman, Miss, 1718 Arch St.
Levick, James J.. 1200 Arch St.
Levis, Mrs. ,2116 Pine St
Lewis, Miss, 2016 Spruce St.
Lewis, Dr. F. W.. 2016 Spruce St.
Lewis, John A., 250 S. 16th St.
Lewis, Mrs. Lawrence, Jr., 1820 Pine St.
Lippincott, Mrs. J. Bertram, Logan, Phila.
Lippincott, J. Dundas, 509 S Broad St.
Lippincott, Mrs. J. Dundas, 509 S. Broad St.
Littell. C. Willing, 1P29 De Lancey Place.
Logan, Mrs. A. Sydney, 247 S. 18th St.
Lovering, Mrs. Jos S., School Lane, German.

town.
Lowber, Henry S., White Oak, Germantown
Lowber, Mrs. WiUiam, 319 S. 16th St.
Lucas, John, 191 3 Arch St.
Lundy, Rev. John P., d. d., 245 S. 18th St.
Lundy, Mrs. John P , 245 S. i8th St.

Lundy, Miss E. L..245 S. 18th St.

MacVeagh. Hon. Wayne, 1817 Walnut St.

MacVeagh, Mrs. Wayne, 1817 Walnut St.

Magee, Miss, 1219 Arch St.

Magee, Miss Eliza J., 1219 Arch St.

Martin, Mrs. Edward, 4^5 S. 15th St.

Martin, J. Willis, 1709 Walnut St.
Martin, Mrs. J. Willis, 1709 Walnut St.
Matlack, Charles, 1321 Walnut St.
Matlack, Miss Eleanor, 1321 Walnut St.
McClellan, Dr. Geo., S. E. Cor. Broad and

Spruce Sts.
McClellan, Mrs. Geo., S. E. Cor. Broad and

Spruce Sts.
McCuUagh, Miss, 551 1 Main St., Germantown.
McFarland, Mrs. James P . 724 N. i6th St.
McFarland, James P.. 724 N. 16th St.
McKay, Henry, Moimt Airy.
McMurtrie, Miss, 1104 Spruce St.
McMurtrie, Miss E. C, 1104 Spruce St.
McMurtrie, Miss Mary. 1104 Spruce St.
Merchant, Henry W., E. Walnut Lane, Ger-

mantown.
Merchant, Mrs. H. W., E. Walnut Lane, Ger-

mantown.
Miles, Frederick B., 1718 Walnut St.
Mitchell, Langdon E., 1524 Walnut St.
Morgan, Mrs. Jno. B., 130 W. Chelten Ave.,

Germantown.
Morris, John T.. 2247 Richmond St.
Morris, Miss Lydia, 826 Pine St.
Morton, Thos. S. K., m d , 1506 Locust St.
Morton, Mrs., 1506 Locust St.
Mumford, Joseph P., 1401 N. 17th St.
Mundell.John, 119 N. 13th St.
Neilson, Wm. G., 37^3 Chestnut St.
Newhall,Geo. M.. 1209 Walnut St.
Ogden, Robert C, 1316 Spruce St.
Outerbridge, Albert A., E. Penn St., German-

town,
Pancoast, Charles E., 5" Walnut St.
Pancoast, Henry S., Germantown.
Patterson, C. Stuart, Chestnut Hill.
Patterson, Mrs. T. Cuyler. Chestnut Hill.
Paul, James, m. d., 1608 Walnut St.
Paul, J. Rodman, 505 Chestnut St.
Paul. Miss M. W., 1608 Walnut St.
Peabody, Chas. B., T41.S Spruce St.
Penrose, Hon. C. B., Chelten Ave. and

Wayne St., Germantown.
Pepper. Mrs John W., 1305 Spruce St. .
Pepper, Wm., m.d , 1811 Spruce St.
Pepper, Wm. Piatt, 1730 Chestnut ^t.
Perot, Effingham, 229 S. 8th St.
Porter, John Biddle, 1529 Spruce St.
Potts, Joseph D., 3905 Spruce St.
Price, Eli Kirk, 1709 Walnut St.
Price, J. Sergeant, 1709 Walnut St.
Price, Mrs. J. Sergeant, 1709 Walnut St.
Price, J. Sergeant, Jr., 1709 Walnut St.
Purves, G. Colesbury, 1812 Pine St.
Randolph, Mrs. W. A., 132 Price St., Ger-
mantown.
Rawle, William Brooke, 230 S. 22d St.
Redfield, John H., 216 W. Logan Square.
Riichie, Miss Mary H., m S. Broad St.
Ritchie, Rev. Robt.. d. d. (St. James the Less

Rectory), Falls of Schuylkill P. O.
Roberts, Miss C. 1901 Walnut St.
Roberts. Miss Frances R., 1901 Walnut St.
Rosengarten, Jos. G.. 1532 Chestnut St.
Rossell, Mrs. C. B., 2027 Fine St.
Rupp, Geo. P., 182.. Wylie St.
Ryers, Robt. W.. 922 Walnut St.
Savage, Henry C. 1223 Walnut St.
Savage, Wm. Littleton, Esq., 1223 Walnut bi.
Sayres. E. S., 1815 Spruce St.

"^^3

FOREST LEAVES.

133

SchaefFer, Charles, 1309 Arch St..

Scull, Mrs. Edward D., Overbrook P. O.

Scull, Wm. E., Overbrook P. O.

Shober, Miss, 1311 Spruce St.

Sims, John C, Chestnut Hill.

Smith, William Wharton, 418 Walnut St.

Stokes, Thos. P. C, Wissahickon Ave., Ger-
mantown.

Stokes, Mrs. Thos. P. C., Wissahickon Ave.,
Germantown.

Strawbridge, Mrs. G., Wissahickon Ave., Ger-
mantown.

Taite, Mrs. Caroline G., 1518 Walnut St.

Thomas, Geo. C, care of Drexel & Co.

Thouron, Augustus, 2003 Delancey Place.

Thouron, Henry, 2003 Delancey Place.

Tower, Mrs. Charlemagne, Jr., 243 S. iSth St.

Tower, Miss Henrietta, 1523 Spruce St.

Townsend, Henry C, 709 Walnut St.

Trotter, Chas. W., 2024 Spruce St.

Trotter, J. Spencer, m. d., Swarthmore Col-
lege.

Trotter, Miss, 1303 Spruce St.

Turner, James V. P., 1523 Spruce St.

Yaux, Miss E. W., 1900 Chestnut St.

Wagner, Miss Emily, 1819 Spruce St.

Wagner, John, Jr., School Lane, Germantown.

Wagner, Samuel, 1819 Spruce St.

Wagner, Wm. W., School Lane, Germantown.

Wanamaker, Hon. John, 1336 Walnut St.

Watner, Redwood F., School Lane, German-
town.

Warrington, Mrs. Edwin L., 1009 Pine St.

Watson, Henry W., 708 Walnut St.

Watts, Ethelbert, 2303 Walnut St.

Weimer, Albert B., 512 Walnut St.

Welsh, Herbert, 1305 Arch St.

Welsh, Mrs. Herbert, Hancock St., German-
town.

Wharton, Miss, 910 Clinton St. .

Wharton, Mrs. Henry, Chestnut Hill.

Wharton, Mrs. Rodman, 910 Clinton St.

Whelen, E. S., Torresdale.

Whelen, Henry, 1720 Spruce St.

Whelen, Mrs. Henry, 1720 Spruce St.

Whitaker, Mrs. John, Chestnut Hill.

Whitaker, Rt. Rev. O. W., d. d., 4027 Wal-
nut St.

Whitney, W. Beaumont, 137 S. 2d St.

Williams, Edward H., 500 N. Broad St.

Wilson, iMrs. J. W., 640 N. 32d St.

Wistar, Edward, 119 S. 4th St.

Wister, Miss S. E., 321 S. 4th St.

Wood, Richard, 400 Chestnut St.

Wood, Stuart. 1620 Locust St.

Wood, Walter, 1620 Locust St.

Wright, Miss Edith, Wissahickon Ave., Ger-
mantown.

Wright, Ernest N.. Germantown.

Wright, James A., Wissahickon Ave., Ger-
mantown.

Wright, Miss Marion A., Germantown.

Wright, Richardson L., Jr., 1919 Master St.

Wright, Wm. Redwood, Waldheim, German-
town.

Wright, Mrs. John W., Philadelphia.

Wurts, Miss Alice, 25 W. 53d St., New York.

Wurts, Miss B. L., 25 W. 53d St., New York.

Wurts, Chas. S., m. d., 1701 Walnut St.

Young, Mrs. Jas, B., 3 Upsal Terrace, Ger-
mantown.

Young, John W., 3 Upsal Terrace, German-
town.

Pike Cotmty.

Pinchot, Giflford, Milford.

Schuylkill County.
Bayer, Dr. F, W., Mohantargo St., Pottsville.
Cake, J. J., Pottsville.
Ferg, Adam, Tremont.
Hennig, D. C, Esq., Pottsville.
Lowrey, J. G.. Pottsville.
Miller, Preston, Pottsville.
Praetorius, Miss Dora, Pottsville.
Shulz, John, Pine Grove.
Shulz, Wm., Pine Grove.
Sullivan, John A., Pottsville.
Vitinghoff, Wm., Pottsville.
Woeltzen, Chas. H., Pottsville.
Woeltzen, Mrs. Chas, H , Pottsville.

Susquehanna County. '
Cope, Mrs. Alexis T., Dimock.
Groflf, Geo., m. d., Mt. Union, Lewisburg,

Venango County.
Cotes, William, South Oil City.
James, H, F., Franklin.
Phipps, Porter, Clintonville.

York County.
Roland, Dr, Wm. S., York,

Canada,
Grover, T. M., Norwood, Ont,

Colorado.
Ehrich, Louis, Colorado Springs.

*

Illinois.
Swayne, Henry S., Bloomington,
Minier, Geo. W., Minier,

Indiana.

Williams, Creighton, Fort Wayne.
Williams, Henry M,, Fort Wayne.

Maryland,

Mackeebin, Miss Florence, care of Chas,
Carroll Mackeebin, Esq., Maryland Club.
Baltimore.

Smith, Mrs, D. C. Wharton, Winstane, Dar-
lington.

Massachusetts,

Brooke, Henry, 97 Beacon St,, Boston.

Don, Geo, B., 18 Commonwealth Ave., Boston.

Russell, E. H., State Normal School, Wor-
cester.

Wright, Ernest N., 620 Atlantic Ave,, Boston.

Michigan,
Beale, Prof. Wm, J., Agricultural College.

Missouri.
Trelease, Prof, Wm., Missouri Botanic Gar-
den, St. Louis.

New Hampshire,
Harrison, J. B., Franklin Falls.

New Jersey,
Austin, Mrs, Helen V., Vineland,
Cook, R. A., New Brunswick.
Girtanner, Jules, Linden.
Spilsbury, E. Y., Trenton
Wriglit, D. Henry, Riverton.

New York.
Clark, Mrs, Alfred C, Cooperstown.
Colston, Miss Mary A., 48 W, 20th St., New

York City.
Cox, Benoist J., 683 Madison St., Brooklyn.
Cox, Wm. E., 647 Prospect Place, Brooklyn.
Fay, Mr, Sigourney W., 35 W. 50th St., New

York City,
Fowler, Dr. Geo. P., 56 W. 50th St., New

York City.
Haddock, John L., i Broadway, New York.
Hamilton, Mrs, R Chauncey, care of T, H.

Messinger, 161 Maiden Lane, New York.
Herrick, Mr. Richard P,, 17 New St,, New

York City.
Jones, Mrs. J Howell, 189 Front St.
Martin, E. Philo, cor» Pearl and Pine Sts.,

New York City.
Paine, Miss, 98 Park Ave.
Peck, Alfred A., 20 Liberty St., New York.
Prentiss, Prof. Albert N., Cornell University,

Ithaca.
See, Mrs. Horace, 48 W. 25th St., N. Y.
Smith, Mrs. Frank S.,"Tlie Gerlach," W.

27th St., New York.
Raymond, R. W., 13 Burling Slip, New York.
Verplanck, Mrs. Bessie, Ballston Spa, New

York.

4

il

vV^^

134

FOREST LEAVES.
American Forestry Association.

(Formerly American Forestry Congress.)

ROLL OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

. Means Member, of .he Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

Italics indicate Life Members. ^ j ,„ ^nntribute «2 annually, are classed

with the Annual Members.

President.

William Alvord, San Francisco, Cal.

Vice-Presidents.

T^ /^v,orl*.<i Mohr Mobile, Alabama.
n'\?Riordan Flagstaff, Arizona I'erritory.

Abbot K nney"'Lamlnda Park. Cabforma^
A ^rr^ K Parsons Colorado Springs, Colo.
?»^° R r • Northrop; Clinton, Connecticut
S;nVdwi^WnS?:Wasl^.gto^

A V riiiVibK Pensacola, Honda.

Hon.'C R PHngle, Sandersville Georgia.

George W. Minier, Mimer, Illinois.

Prof. James Troop, Indiana.

C \ Watrous, Ues Moines, Iowa.

Prof E A Popenoe, Manhattan Kansas.

t u ^ Hnhhs North Berwick, Maine.

]°'d". W.'lv'encCSoston, MassWetts.

irof W. J. Beal, Lansing,'Michigan

J. O Barrett. Minneapolis^ ^^^'^J^f Card St

•prof William Trelease, Mo. Bot. Oard., bt.

Louis, Missouri. Tsj^Viraska

Robert W. Furnas, B^?^"«^^,'^!%^f['^'''^-
T. B. Harrison, Frankhn Falls, N.H.
W A. Stiles, Deckertown, New Jersey.
Son. Warren Higley. New York.
W W Barrett, Lakota, North iJaKO^a-
Prof W R. Lazenby, Columbus. Ohio.
Hon G. W. Allan, Toronto, Ontario.
VW Hammond, Wimer, Oregon.
He^;rt WeUh, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.

{"^D Davis^N^ew^ort Rhode Island.
Pro?*H A GreeTchester. South Carolina.
Prof Chas A Keffer, Brookings So. Dak
Prof HA. Green, Chester. South Carolina.
Hon Albert Roberts Nashville lenn.

Son^Get" F. ^^^1^^^^^^:^^ ^^-^-^^
HC. Putnam, Eau Claire. Wisconsin.

Corresponding Secretary.
Edward A. Bowers. 1429 New York Ave.,
Washington, D. C.

Recording Secretary.
Dr. N. H. Egleston, Washington, D. C.

Treasurer.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 317 South Twelfth St.,
Philadelphia.

MEMBERS.

Alabatna.

Cullman, John G., Cullman.
Mohr, Dr. Charles, Mobile.

Arizona Territory.
Riordan, D. M., Flagstaff.

California.

+Alvord William, San Francisco. ,

JAlvord: Hon. Henry B., Park Commissioner.

San Jose. „ _

+Alvord Mrs. William, San Francisco.
BYakeman Miss Leontina Spotts. 2420 Pacific

Ave. . San Francisco.
Blanchard, Nathan, Santa Rosa.
Hrown F E. Redlands.
Brown Thos., 1019 Bush'St., San Francisco.
Burbrnk. Luther. ao4 Santa Rosa Ave.. San

Francisco. . ^ r. u

Fernald, Hon. Charles, Santa Barbara.
Forbes, A. B., 401 California St.. San Fran.
+Freeborn, Jas., 420 Montgomery bt , s». r .
Garden. Jonathan H.. ?ark Conservator.

Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.

Keenev, Mary A., 2220 Clay St. San Fran.
Keeney Ethel Spotts, 2423 f >llniore St b.

Keeney Chas. W., 2423 ^ ' IV^o'^t;?''^ F *
Keenev Dr. Jas. W., 2220 Clay St.. b. f .
K nney'; Abbott. Lamanda, Los Angeles Co
McLaren, John, Supt. Golden Gate Park,

tp';rroU.M^^.^A.M.,Baywood, San Mateo.

^thf! B."c.!r,S ^^ St. , San Francisco.

Colorado.

Ehrich, Louis R., Colorado Springs.
Fniian Edcar T., Colorado Springs.
pSs. George H.. Colorado Springs.
Titcomb, Johns., Denver.
Van Diest, P. H., Denver.

Connecticut.
Brewer, Prof. W. H., 418 Orange St., New

Haven. ^ ,,

Gold, T. S., West Cornwall.
Northrop, Dr. B. G., Clinton.
Williams, F. W., New Haven.

Florida.
Clubbs, A. v., Pensacola

Keyser, Mrs. W. J.. Milton.
Marks, M.R., Orlando.

Georgia.
McLendon, S. G., Thomasville.
Pringle, Hon. C. R.. SandersviUe.
Reppard, R. B., Savannah.
Tift. Nelson, Albany.

Illinois.
Deerine Chas. W., 16 FuUertonAv.. Chicago.
Deerinf; William, 16 Fullerton Ave.. Chicago.

Hill. D., Dundee .

Minier. George W.Minier

Nash, Rev. C, Mount Carmel.
Marlatt. Fredericn A.. Manhattan.
p:^erson, P. S., P.O. Box 583, Chicago
Sidway, L. B., 59 Dearborn St.. Chicago.

+Beebe, E. Pierson.36 Temple Place, Boston.
BowditcK Jas. H to Devonshire St. , Boston.
Brewer F W., 72 Commonwealth Av.,±5oston.
Brooks; H., ^7 Beacon St., Boston
Brooks P. C., 7 Arlington St., Boston.
Rnrnett Toseph. 27 Central St.. Boston.
CarTet John W; x^ Columbus Ave. Boston.
Chase George B., 234 Beacon St., Boston.
Codman. Henry S., Brookline.
Doane, Thomas, Charlestown.

Emmons, N. H., 4o Water St Boston.
tFay, Joseph S, Wood s Holl.

kay Miss Sarah B., Wood's Holl.

Fields, Mrs. James \. , 148 Charles St., Boston.

Flagg Aug., care Little, Brown &Co Boston.

French Jonathan. 160 State St., Boston.

French, John D. W.,42 Commonwealth Ave.,

+GSe"r*. John L., 22 Congress St.. Boston.
^ctnnEdw., 7 Tremont Place, Boston.
I HrnewelLHV,8,MiIkSt.B^^^^^^^

Indiana.
Troop, Prof. James, Lafayette.

Iowa.
Watrous, C. L,, Des Moines.

Kansas.
Marlatt. Frederick A., Manhattan.
Mason, S. C, Manhattan.
Popenoe, Prof. E. A., Manhattan.

Kentucky.
Brown, Hon. A. M Elizabethtown.
Hayes. W. H., Bardstown Junction.
Logan, A. H., Shelby ville.

Maine.
Eastman, Theodore J., South Berwick.
Hohhsjohn iE., North Berwick.
Jackson. Thomas, Portland.
Cwett?Miss Sarah O South Berwick.
Talbot, Hon. George I-., Portland.

Maryland.
Lanahan, Mrs. T. M.. 7-7 Washington Place,
Baltimore.

Massachusetts.
Appleton, Francis H., 251 Marlborough St.,
Boston.

5i:5;s:::Ro;;:r;T.:§9Charles'St., Boston.

Johnson, Arthur, Topsfield.

Kidder, Nathaniel I ., Milton.

Knapp, F. B.,Duxbury.

+Leeson, J. R., Box 2221, Boston.

Lodge Richard W., Mass. Inst, of Tech-

nology, Boston. _ ^
LodgeTMiss Mary E., Swampscott.

Low, John, Chelsea. n 'cton

Manning, Robert Tremont St., Boston.
Mason, Miss E. F., i Walnut St., Boston.
May, John J., Box 3548, Boston.
Morse, Anson D., Amherst.
Olmsted, Frederic L., Brookline.
Olmsted, J. C. Brookline.

Paine, R.T., 6 Joy St., Boston.

Parsons, Miss Katherine, 54 Garden St., Cam

Pe\boly. Oliver W., care of Kidder, Pea-

Ro'ger's^Geo'geT^North Andover Deoot
|E',VFr//.r^.r^252 Marlborough St.,

Boston.
tkaUo.l;tali. HenrylTe Commonwealth Ave.,
Shawl Mrs. Francis, 85 Devonshire St., Bos-

&^ffirZ.esH^?«ndover.

Strong, William C, Waban.

Waters, Edw. F., Boston.

Wheildon, William JK.Concord.

White, Chas. T., 213 Commonwealth Ave.,

WhUe'Dr. James C, 259 Marlborough St..

wflUam"; John D x6o State St , Boston.
Woods, John M., 86 Canal St., Boston.

Michigan.
V.^^\ Prof W J.. Agricul. College, Lansing.
ItatMetjeanA.. 52 Moffat Block, Detroit.

Minnesota.

^^?rXj.a:/f-^-"VrJ::.,Minneapolis.

Bowers, Lloyd W.. Winona.

Chute, Richard, Minneapolis.

Gale, Edward C, Minneapolis ^ec-

Jewell Nursery Company, S. E. h.mery,

retary. Lake City.
Keel, R.C, Rochester
Mover, L. R., Montevideo. c» Paul

Se'Zall Jos. -^^ m6 GHfiUan Bbck St. Paul.^^^
Weyerhauser, Fred.. 435 Summit Av., ov.
Winchell, N. H., Minneapohs.

V>66

FOREST LEAVES.

135

Missouri.

Bell, Hon. C. C, Booneville.

Broadhead, Prof. G. C, Mo. State Univ.,

Columbia.
Chubbuck, Levi, Sec. State Board Agricul.,

Columbia.
Jordan, J. M., 706 Olive St., St. Louis.
Kern, M. G., 705 Olive St., St. Louis.
Murtfeldt, Charles W., P. O. Box 53, Kirk-

wood, St Louis Co.
Trelease, Wm., Mo. Bot. Garden, St. Louis.
Winslow, Arthur, State Geol., Jefferson City.

Nebraska.

Bennett, J. M., Hebron.
Furnas, Robert W., Brownville.
Morton, Hon. J. Sterling, Nebraska City.

New Hampshire.

Bellows, Russell N., Walpole
Harrison, J. B., Franklin Falls.

New Jersey.

Davis, Samuel D., Lakewood.
Dawes, Louis C, Englewood.
Girtanner, Jules, Linden,
Peters, Dr. John E., Pleasantville.
Stiles, W. A., Deckertown.

New Mexico.

Edward F. Hobart, U. S. Surveyor General's
Office, Santa Fe.

New York.

Adams, Charles K., Ithaca.

Bishop, Heber R., 993 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

Cogswell, W. B., Syracuse.

Coxe, Macgrane, 41 Wall St., N. Y.

Crary, J. D., 72 Wall St., N. Y.

Cutting. W. Bayard, Room 516, 32 Nassau

St., N. Y.
Dolge, Alfred, Dolgeville.
Dudley, P. //., 66 J^ Pine St., N. Y.
Hicks, John S., Roslyn, L. I., N. Y.
Higley, Hon, Warren, 55 Broadway, N. Y.
Higley, Mrs. Warren. Equitable Bl'g. N. Y.
Hildenbrand, Wilheim. i Broadway, N. Y.
Hubbard. R. J.. Cazenovia.
Jesup. Morris K... 52 William St., N. Y.
Kelsey. Fred. W., 208 Broadway. N. Y.
Kern, W. M.. 840 East 166th St.. N. Y.
King, John A., Great Neck, L. I., N. Y.
Ledyard, L. W., Cazenovia.
Marie, Peter, 48 W. 19th St., N. Y.
Martin. Edmund P.. corner Pearl and Pine

Sts., N. Y.
Mead, E. N., 649 N. Division St., Buffalo.
fMills. D. O.. Mills Building, N. Y.
f Palmer, Gen. Wm. J.. 32 Nassau St.. N. Y.
♦Pinchot, Gifford, 2 Gramercy Park, N. Y.
Potts, William. 65 Wall St., N. Y.
♦Prentiss, Prof. A. N., Cornell Univ., Ithaca.
Preston, George R., Cazenovia.
Raymond, Rossiter W.,13 Burling Slip, N.Y.
Rose, A. P., Geneva.

Starr, Walt. D. , cor. 14th St. & loth Av., N. Y.
Stephens, W. Hudson, Lowville.
Thayer, Dr. IV. A., Cooperstown,
Thomson, Lemon, Albany.
Tratman, E. E. Russell. C. E., 144 Remsen

St , Brooklyn.
+Vanderbilt, Geo. W., 640 Fifth Ave., N. Y.
Wilson, Gen. James Grant, 98 Bible House,

N. Y.

North Dakota.
Barrett, W. W., Lakota, Nelson Co.

Ohio.

Bamhach, George, Ripley.
Fisher, IV. Hubbell, Cincinnati.
Gamble, Tames N., Cincinnati.
Gano, John A., Cincinnati.
Lazenby, Prof. Wm. R., Experimental Sta-
tion, Columbus.
Poindexter, Rev. James, Columbus.
Read, Prof. M. C, Hudson.
springer. Dr. A., Cincinnati.
Steele, Robert PV,, Dayton.
Townshend, N. S., Ohio State University,

Columbus.
IVarder, R. B., North Bend.

Oregon.

Applegate, O. C, Olene, Klamath Co.
Hammond, E. W., Wimer, Jackson Co.

Pennsylvania.

♦Anders, Dr. J. M , 1637 N. Broad St., Phila.
*Heale, Edw. F., Jr., 231 S. Front St., Phila.
♦Beaver, Hon. James A., Bellefonte.
♦Binney, Chas C, 218 S. Fourth St., Phila.
Cadwalader, John, 505 Chestnut St., Phila.
♦Coates, Geo. M., 1817 DeLancey PL, Phila.
Converse, John H., 500 N. Broad St., Phila.
♦Coxe. Mrs. Brinton.

♦Coxe, Mrs. Eckley B., Drifton, Luzerne Co.
♦Elwyn, Rev. Alf. L., 1422 Walnut St., Phila.
♦Fisher, Dr. Henry M., 317 S. 12th St , Phila.
♦Fisher, George H.,^o8 Walnut St., Phila.
♦Fisher, Mrs. Geo. H., 1311 Locust St., Phila.
♦Fisher, Miss Anna, 1311 Locust St., Phila.
Hazeltine, Frank, 1825 Walnut St., Phila.
♦Heston, Mrs. Geo. T., Newtown, Bucks Co.
♦James. H. F., Franklin.
Jayne, H. La Barre, 505 Chestnut St., Phila.
Jones, Horatio G., 135 S. Fifth St., Phila.
fLea, Henry C., 2000 Walnut St., Phila.
♦Lundy, Mrs, J. P., 245 S. i8th St., Phila.
♦Lundy, Rev. J. P., 245 S. 18th St., Phila
Morris, Elliston P., 4782 Main St., Gtn., Phila.
♦Paul, J. Rodman, 505 Chestnut St., Phila.
*Peabodv, Charles B., 1415 Spruce St., Phila.
Sellers, Wm., 1600 Hamilton St.. Phila.
Vaux, J. Wain. 505 Chestnut St., Phila.
Walker, Wm.,45 S. Third St., Allegheny.
♦Welsh. Herbert, 1305 Arch St., Phila,
Wilmsen, Bernhard, 413 Commerce St., Phil.
Winters, Anton, 1905 N. Broad St , Phila.
♦Wolfe, Dr. Samuel, 1624 Diamond St., Phila.

Rhode Island.

Davis, L. D., 207 Thames St., Newport,
Emmons, Arthur B., Newport.

South Carolina.

Green, Prof. H. A., Chester.
Hemphill, Hon. James, Chester.
Love, Col. R. A., Chester.
McKie, Dr. Thos. J., Wood Lawn.
McLure, J. J., Chester.

South Dakota.
Keffer, Prof. Charles A., Brookings.

Tennessee.

Goulding, B. L., Chamb. of Com.,Chatta'ga.
Roberts, Hon. Albert, Nashville.
Wright, Col. Thomas T., Nashville.

Texas.

Jones, W. Goodrich, Temple National Bank,
Temple.

Vermont.

Battell, Joseph, Middlebury.
Cutting, Dr. Hiram A., Lunenbnrgh.
Edmunds, Hon. G. F., Burlington.

West Virginia.

Hopkins, A. D,, W. Va. Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Morgantown, W. Va.

Wisconsin.

Putnam, H. C, Chippewa Valley Bank, Eau
Claire,

District of Columbia.

Abbe, Prof. Cleveland, Washington.
tAyres, H. B.. Dept. of Agriculture.
Bowers, Edward A., Nat, Safe Deposit Bldg,
Dickson, Dr. S. H., U. S. N., 1728 I St.,

Washington.
Egleston, Dr. N. H., Dept. Agric.
Fernow, Bernhard E. , Dept. Agric.
Fernow, Mrs. B. E., Washington.
Harrington, Prof. Mark W., Chief of Weather

Bureau.
Hornblower, J. C, 1402 M St. .Washington.
Hutchinson, W. J., 1707 Massachusetts Ave.,

Washington.
Hoyt, Hon. J. W,, 510 13th St . Washington.
Luebkert, Otto, Dept. Agric, Washington.
Mann. Parker, Kalorama Ave., Washington.
Mann, Mrs. Parker, Kalorama Ave., Wash'n.
Newell, F. H., U. S. Geol. Sur., Washington.
Pellew, Henry E., 1637 Massachusetts Ave.,

Washington.
Riley, Prof. C. V., 1714 13th St., Wa.shington.
Robbins. Mrs. M. A., 1708 15th St., W. Wash.
Willits, Hon. Edwin, Dept. of Agric, Wash.
Wilson, Nathaniel, 624 F St.. Washington.

Canada — Ontario.

Allan, Hon. G. W., Toronto.

Blue, Hon. A., Agric. Dept , Toronto.

Bryce, Dr. Peter H., Toronto.

Craig, John, Dominion Experiment Farm,

Ottawa, Ontario.
Denton, John M., London.
Heneker, R. W., Sherbrooke.
Morgan. J. H., Aniherstburg.
Perley. George H., Ottawa.
Russell, A G., Ottawa.
Saunders, Prof. William. Ottawa.
White, Hon. Aubrey, Toronto.

Canada — Quebec.

Barnard. E. A., Agric Dept., Quebec

Crown Lands, Department of Quebec.
Barthe, Ulric, Quebec.
Beaubien, Hon. Louis, Montreal.
Campbell, Archibald, Quebec, P. Q.
Drummond, A. F., Montreal.
Greenough, W. P., Pontneuf, P. Q.
Joly, Hon. H. G., Leclercville, Prov. Quebec.
LeMoine, J. M., Quebec.
Little, William, Montreal,
Moore, George, Montreal,
Perreault, Hon. J. X.. Montreal.
Price. H. M., Quebec
Robitaille, Hon. L. A., Quebec.
Ross, Hon. David, Quebec
Ross, W. I., Quebec
Shanley, Walter, Montreal.
Turner, Richard. Quebec.

* . I

i

) '1

1 \\

i\-

v^^^

u

y

'}

136

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

IN THIS PAPER ARE MADE BY THE NEW

OF

.^-^ r .HIlfADEUEHft

•■OWtS'SHED IN HIGHEST ttU'*,tlO'<

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

STRAWBRIDGE & CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

CASH CAPITAL $500,000.00

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims 1,631.500.23

Surplus over all Liabilities 369,415.98

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1889, • S2, 500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary,

DIREOTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, PembertonS. Hutchinson, Jos. E. Gillingham,
John T. Lewis, Alexander Biddle, Samuel Welsh, Tr.,

Israel Morris, Charles P. Perot, Charles S. Whelen.

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

P[^i[NlTEI^S

?

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

4^ Estimates Cheerfully Famished on Application. i**

FIre'proof Vaults for Storage of Plates.

Mechanical Details receive our Personal Supervision.

Vol. III.

Philadelphia, July, 1892.

No. 10.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS.

[jjj[, »>' Editorials 137, 138

IS. r-^iTl- Government Forest Reserva-

^— - ^r- tion 138

Forestry Annals 140

Notes on the History of Forest Policy. By Gifford Pinchot, 141-143
Notes 138, 140, 143

Subscription Price, $x.oo per Year,

Price for Single Numbers 12 Cents.

The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates -will be fur-
nished on application.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.

John Birkinbine, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 317 S. 12th Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886.

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee ^ One dollar.

Life memberships Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names \.o A. B. Weimer^ Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., orto
Miss Grace Anna Lewis ^ Media, Delaware county, Pa., Dr.
y. Newton Hunsberger^ Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler, Esq., Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county, Pa.

^i^E very much regret that the midsummer
XjsJ number of Forest Leaves must appear
without the usual full-plate engraving
of typical trees, for we recognize the fact that
these illustrations have been of material advan-
tage to the journal, and have attracted wide-
spread interest. We, however, expect to be able
to supply an attractive engraving for our next
issue.

The interest of the members of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association is naturally directed
toward the forestry day meeting in connection
with the Pennsylvania Chautauqua meeting at Mt.
Gretna, Pa., on July 23d. A committee of sixty
ladies and gentlemen, among whom are many of
the prominent citizens of Eastern Pennsylvania,
has the matter in hand, and arrangements have
been made for interesting addresses. To Mr. B. E.
Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division, has
been assigned the ** Forestry Problem." Mr. E.
A. Bowers, Secretary of the American Forestry
Association, will speak upon ** What the United
States Government is Doing with the Public
Timber Land." *^How Forests are Managed in
Europe" will be treated by Dr. J. D. Jones. Several
prominent champions of forestry in Pennsylvania
have also been asked to participate in the meeting,
and we trust that a large attendance will help
spread the good work. There is surely no place
so appropriate to talk about trees as among the
trees, and if this sylvan meeting receives the en-
couragement which its projectors hope for, it will,
undoubtedly, be followed by other pleasant gath-
erings of a similar character.

During the summer vacation many of the mem-
bers of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
will be scattered in different parts of the country,
and have ample opportunity of appreciating the
beneficent, influences of forests and witnessing
the injury resulting from their wholesale destruc-
tion. Forest Leaves should be favored with
some interesting vacation notes from its members

ii •

r -,

S'.

\

>if]

t+<^s^

FOREST LEAVES.

who visit different parts of the country, and the
opening of the fall season should bring with it en-
couragement and inspiration for aggressive action
the part of those interested in the forestry

on . ^
problem.

* * 5k

A stormy day limited the number, but not
the enthusiasm, of the friends of forestry who
gathered at the historic Wakefield Mansion on
June 8th. The intention was to have a lawn
party, but the weather prohibited outdoor enjoy-
ment ; the attendance, even under the discouraging
circumstances was sufficiently large to indicate
that had the weather been favorable there would
have been an assembly such as would have
indicated the lively interest which the forestry
movement is exciting. An afternoon under the
grand old trees at Wakefield would have secured
new converts, strengthened the hands of the
workers, and encouraged the enthusiast. Those
who were present listened to addresses by Mr.
B. E. Fernow, General Paul A. Oliver, Mr. Rod-
man Paul, and the President of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

— The public meeting of the Genesee Valley
Forestry Association, which was held at Rochester,
N. Y., last May, was a decided success. The
large audience present listened to interesting
addresses by Messrs. A. S. Hamilton and B. E.
Fernow, on the question of whether timber cul-
ture pays cash returns. It was shown that while
it may not be profitable in individual cases, it is a
benefit to the community at large. We are glad
to note the increased interest in forestry which is
being shown, and trust that not only will the
older associations increase in number, but that
other new organizations similar to that above
mentioned will be formed.

— One of the special exhibits of Pennsyl-
vania at the World's Columbian Exposition will
be that of forestry and forest products, embra-
cing : —

1. Sections in the rough of every kind of tree
that grows in the State.

2. Specimens of ornamental woods, prepared
for decorating and furniture.

3. Peculiarities in forest growth.

4. A collection of forest plants, leaves, flowers,
etc.

5. Statistics giving the original forest area of
the State, the extent of forest that remains, and
the acreage of which the State is annually being
denuded.

6. Statistits of the lumber industry.

Government Forest Reservation.

^i'^E give below an abstract of a bill drafted
\XJ by the Executive Committee of the Amer-
ican Forestry Association, entitled A Bill
for the protection and administration of the public
forest reservations.

This bill (S. 2763) was introduced into the U.
S. Senate March 28th, by Senator Paddock.

It was read twice and referred to the Committee
on Agriculture and Forestry.

The proposed Act applies to the forest reser-
vations already created by the President's procla-
mation and to all such reservations as may here-
after be created, the object of such reservations
being to secure ** favorable conditions of water-
flow and continuous supplies of timber ' ' by pro-
tecting and improving the forests within the reser-
vations.

Section J provides for a Commissioner of For-
ests under the Department of the Interior and for
three Inspectors of Forests, who shall, together with
the necessary clerical force, act as assistants to
the Commissioner of Forests, and visit and in-
spect all reservations placed under their inspec-
tion at least three times a year.

Section 4 provides for one Superintendent for
each forest reservation, who shall be appointed
'* by the Secretary of the Interior and serve
during good behavior, after three years' satisfactory
service on probation, who shall be responsible for
the local administration of each forest reservation
entrusted to his charge. The Act also provides
for the appointment of Assistant Superintendents,
who shall be in charge of portions of reservations
that exceed one million acres, under the super-
vision of the Superintendent.

Section j provides for rangers for each reserva-
tion, to act as police to prevent trespass and fires, to
supervise the cutting and removal of timber, etc.,
in number not exceeding one for every 10,000
acres of the reservation.

Section 6 provides for such details of troops as
the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of
the President, may require for the additional pro-
tection of the reservations, and that the officers in
command of such troops may be required to act
temporarily as superintendents of reservations
whenever the employment of a special Superinten-
dent from civil life, in the opinion of the Secretary
of the Interior, may be dispensed with.

Section 7 provides that all the forest officers
shall hold commissions as Deputy U. S. Marshals,
wear badges showing their official functions, and
shall have all the powers and duties of such officers
in enforcing this Act and the rules and regula-
tions governing their reservations.

Section 8 provides that if any of the States in
which forest reservations are situated provide for

^M

FOREST LEAVES.

139

the management of the forests in the State, it
shall be in the discretion of the Commissioner of
Forests to substitute such State forest manage-
ment.

Section g provides for a survey and description
of the lands in each forest reservation, with special
reference to the uses to which the soil is best
adapted, and, after due examination by the Com-
missioner of Forests, for a report by him designat-
ing such areas as are better adapted for farming
than for the growth of timber, with a view to
their release from reservation and disposal under
the public land laws.

Section lo provides for ** reasonable rules and
regulations for the administration, protection, and
occupancy of the reservations," for the establish-
ment of a practicable system of forestry by the
Commissioner of Forests, but there shall be *'no
restrictions preventing prospecting for minerals
except so far as general regulations " are con-
cerned, and ** no exclusive rights to prospect,
hunt, or fish," but **the forest officers shall be
charged with the enforcement of any existing
State game laws,** etc.

Section 11 provides for the opening of mines
under licenses granted by the Secretary of the
Interior in designated localities, within which
mineral has been actually discovered; and for
such regulations as will insure the objects of the
reservations, and for the leasing of pasturage, for
the construction of reservoirs, ditches, and other
irrigation works.

Sections 12, ijy and 14 provide that all the cut-
ting of wood on the reservations shall be done in
accordance with a system of licenses as follows :

jst, Ffospector^s licenses, which shall ht granted
upon the payment of two dollars, conferring the
right to prospect for minerals and to cut timber
for the first construction of all necessary mining
structures from the land adjacent.

2d, Settlers' licenses — granted to any bona fide
settler having no timber on his claim by the
Reservation Superintendent on the payment of
two dollars. Such license shall confer the right
to cut for one year, for the licensee's own use
only and for domestic purposes, fuel and fence
material, etc., upon an area of five acres.

jdy Lumbermen' s licenses, granted upon pay-
ment of a fee of $25, for the cutting of such
timber as in the opinion of the Commissioners
may b* advantageously cut and is **not needed
for mining or agricultural development in the
neighborhood, in quantities not less than that
standing on one section, nor more than that
standing or being in 25 contiguous sections."

The licensee shall also pay one dollar per acre
for the whole number of acres covered by his
license before he may begin operations, and a
further charge per cubic foot of wood shall be

included in the bid by the applicant and paid by
licensee after the timber has been cut and before
it is removed.

The license shall not be renewed where not
more than ten sections of timber were embraced
in the original license, unless reasons satisfactory
to the Commissioner are shown why the same
could not have been used and its privileges ex-
hausted during the period for which it was given.
Section ij provides that the reservations shall
be under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the
United States, but that nothing in this Act ^' shall
be construed to forbid the service in the reserva-
tions of any civil or criminal process of any court
having jurisdiction in the States or Territories in
which the reservations are situated."

Sections 16, ly, 18, and ig provide the penal-
ties for the infringement of the provisions of this
Act and the proceedings in designated courts.

Sections 20, 21, 22, and 2j provide for the pay-
ment of costs of expenses of cases under this Act
properly chargeable to the United States and, for
the application of sums arising from licenses,
rents, fines, or forfeitures for violations under this
Act, to the care and preservation of the reserva-
tions under the direction of the Secretary of the
Interior.

Section 24 provides for the appropriation of the
sum of five hundred thousand dollars from moneys
in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise
appropriated for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of this Act.

Practically the same bill was introduced by
Senator Dolph on April 12th (S. No. 2899), with
these additions : It provides for the examination
and division of all public lands iilto four classes,
arid, mineral, agricultural, and lands chiefly valua-
ble because of the timber thereon ; the withdrawal
of the latter from homestead entry, but to be sold
at public auction, and those remaining unsold to
be subject to private entry for cash, with this
saving clause in Section 3 : '* That it shall be the
duty of the President, as far as the public lands are
so classified, to withdraw such portions of the
timber lands as he deems advisable for forest

reservations.

»>

— The Canadian Government is trying experi-
ments on an extensive scale in the cultivation of
trees. At the Central Farm, near Ottawa, the
seeds of Rocky Mountain and European conifers
have been liberally sown, and in 1891 175,000
seedlings were transplanted from the beds to be
distributed later on to branch farms and private
experimenters, who are to send careful reports of
progress. Twenty-five gardens along the main
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway have been
supplied from the experimental farms. — Popidar
Science Monthly,

\\

1 it< I ii

< ii

pf-l^

^//

140

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

141

Forestry Annals.

(Continued from page 125.)

Y- HE second portion of the principal events in
(Q Mr T D. W. French's history of Forestry
^ in this country will be found below bringing
us down to the year 1880, and the article will be
concluded in the succeeding issue.
,870-'7i. Experiment in tree planting by Kansas Pacific
,870-'7^'Act L'J' ihe^encouLgement of planting timber

.87.-'?3''TctS encouragement of planting timber in
,87.. Actfof fhe encouragement of planting timber in

,872. Acrfor the encouragement of planting timber in

Maine.
^9.n1 Notable forest fires in New Jersey.
\l\ Benuet by James Arnold of J. 00,000 for Professor-

slTip of Tree Culiure and Arboretum at Boston. (Prof.

.872 Yeltwsto^nT'park established by Act of Congress.
^ Experimental Station at Illinois Industrial Un.versUy,

.872. SSfo-nel's-r^oin^eTt:; report on Adirondack

,872-'f wS'bythe Burlington Missouri River,

^ the Northern Pacific, St. Paul and S.oux City, St

Paul and Pacific (L. B. Hodges), Atch.son, Topeka and

Santa Fe (nurseries) Raihoads western

1875 Act to encourage growth of timber on western

"• prairies (Timber CuUure Act), granting government

lands to the successful planter of forests on one-quarter

of his entry.
tRt^ 1876 1877 Amendments thereto.
,&7rAct for ^e encouragement of planting timber m

1874. A« for the encouragement of planting timber in

Illinois. . T- 4 r'^„»i.-n "

1874. Formation of the '' American Forestry Coun^^^^^

^^ (American Institute, New York Geo. May Powell V
American Association for the Advancement of Science
appoint Committee to memorialize congress \yx. r.
B Houeh), in consequence of which
1874. ACommit;;ewas apWnted in the House of Repr^^^
sentatives to look into the question of a Forestr)

1874. Minnesota"!' Defeat of a bill to encourage forest tree
culture and to appoint a Forest Commissioner.

1874 F St \rbor Day instituted in Nebraska (second
^^' Welesday in April) by Board of Agriculture (twelve
million trees reported planted same year).
Arbor Day in Iowa, instituted by Horticultural Society.

1874 to 1877. Report of Land Office on the unwise policy in

regard to Government timber lands.

1875 Formation of the - American Forestry Association" at
Chicago. (Dr. John A. Warder.)

1876. Arbor Day in Minnesota, by Minnesota Forestry Asso-

1876. Forl^ation of Minnesota State Forestry Association,
with appropriations from their Legislature.

1876. Instructions in forest culture ^^^f "^.""^.^^^jj ^^^ J/
Executive Committee at Amherst Agricultural College.

1876.
1876.

1876.

1877.
1877.

1877.
1877.
1877.
1877.

1878.
1878.
1878.

Adoption of Article XVIII in the Constitution of
Colorado, concerning preservation of timber lands.
Appointment by the Commissioner of Agriculture of
a Forest Commissioner (Dr. F. B. Hough)
Notable forest fires in Northeastern Pennsylvania
Notable forest fires in Clinton County. New York^
First report of Forest Commissioner. This report,
up to date is the best and most complete publica-
tion of its kind on forestry in this country.
Commissioner from Connecticut sent to Europe to

KeXo.^rln^P^c.fce':ri!:^^^bffice.abol^
"^-S^r^^^^^^^ a service of

Kr t'h'e encouragement of planting timber in Con-

nectkut, Dakota, Washington Territory, and Wyom.ng.

The same for Iowa and Rhode Island.

Timber CuUure Act of 1873 amended.

A special appropriation of $25,000 made "to "leet

the Expenses of suppressing depredations upon timber

K'Sulatthe burning of woods in Florida.

1879

[Any corrections or additions will be welcomed.

—Ed.]

FROM an .interesting monograph, entitled
" The Influence of our Northern Forests on
the Mississippi River." by S. Waterhouse
LL D of Washington University, dated bt.
T nnis March I, 1802, we extract the following:
^ If the water 'that'n'ow flows in the Mississippi
were contracted into a narrow channel it would
even in mid-summer, be amply sufficient for all
the purposes of navigation. But any material re-
duction in the volume of water would seriously
increase the difficulties which now confront the
Government engineers. If the axe of the north-
ern woodsman is lowering the Mississippi and its
upper tributaries. Congress ought at once to enact
Ks ry laws that will effectively protect those
woodlands which are still under the nationa con-
trol That the felling of large forests afl^ects the
distribution of the rainfall both reason and^obser^-
vation seem to prove. * , •,,. a „„

The geographies studied in my childhood as-
serted that it ilever rained in Egypt. During the
first day of my visit to that land there were two
showers. They fell in thte neighborhood of the
Suez Canal. But the quantity of water in that
canal was altogether too insufficient to account for
the result. Apart from the construction of this
great waterway there have been for ages no physi-
cal changes except the recent growth of a large
number of trees and the cultivation of limited
UaS on the banks of the canal. It would appear
to be a legitimate inference that the showers were
due to the trees and tillage.

It has been stated that the rain-gauge shows that
there is no greater amount of precipitation on
wooded than on bare lands. If the same showers

pass over both tracts the statement is probably
true; but it is my belief i\\2iX, in the case of large
sections, the forests are more frequently watered
than the prairie. * * * ^ * *

If it is true that, since the colonial times, there
has been no material decrease in the rainfall of
New England, the fact is unquestionably attributa-
ble to the cultivation, which is nearly coextensive
with the cleared lands. But this condition of
general tillage does not prevail in the remote
northwest. In that almost uninhabited region
there is scarcely one cultivated acre to the square
mile. Consequently the plowed clearings are too
limited perceptibly to counteract the injurious
effects of felling the forests. * * * *

The constancy with which nature provides for
the wants of vegetable life would seem to justify
the belief that the showers which refresh the wood-
lands are more frequent than those which water the
open plains. But it is certain that, even if the
forests do not increase the rainfall, they at all
events insure its slow and useful distribution.
This is a highly important fact which statesmen
desirous of improving the navigability of the Mis-
sissippi River cannot afford to ignore. The im-
portance of the subject invites the grave considera-
tion of our national legislators. If more stringent
forestry laws would at all serve to maintain the vol-
ume of the Mississippi, then Congress would be
faithless to its duty if it failed to enact them. A
judicious preservation of northern woodlands
might perhaps prevent the expenditure of addi-
tional millions in deepening the channel of the
river. The improvement of the Mississippi is now
a sufficiently arduous undertaking, without the in-
creased difficulties with which a still lower stage
of water would invest the problem.

Notes on the History of Forest Policy.

BY GIFFORD PINCHOT.

INDIA.

REAR of a scarcity of teak timber was the
motive of the earliest attempts at state forest
protection in India. Action was taken in
the Bombay Presidency as early as 1800. In
1843 ^^^^ plantations were begun at Nilanibur, in
the Presidency of Madras, which have since ex-
panded to an area of 3500 acres. But these and
other similar efforts in behalf of the forests resulted
in nothing definite until 1856, when the formation
and systematic management of state forests was
successfully attempted.

For many years Indian forestry was a striking
example of time wasted by measures which left
the root of the trouble more or less unharmed.

When the right man, in the person of Dr. (now
Sir Dietrich) Brandis, began working for a state
forest management with the idea of revenue dis-
tinctly recognized, the change and the subsequent
progress were very marked.

The state forests are now yielding a revenue of
upwards of two million dollars a year. There is
no reason why the United States Government
forests, which must be preserved for other rea-
sons, should not at least pay for their own care
and protection. Legislation to permit this en-
viable result will not be possible until it becomes
generally known that to cut over forest land
wisely and well has no necessary relation to forest
destruction.

AUSTRIA.

In Austria the early development of forest
policy was fragmentary and irregular, as it must
have been in a country of such various physical
and political conditions. Forest economy made
its earliest growth in Bohemia, Moravia and Si-
lesia, while in the Tyrol the state forest protective
service had its rise. Along the coast Roman
civilization attacked the forests at a very early
period, and the Venetian Republic followed with
a still wider destruction. In spite of forest laws,
which were timely, numerous, and excellent of
their kind, the demands of the Venetian ship-
builders upon the neighboring forests left a barren
country along the shores of the Adriatic.

The organic forest policy of Austria may be
said to date from 1754, when Maria Theresa pro-
mulgated an admirable forest ordinance, which
was to remain in force for nearly a hundred years.
As was the case with so many of the-earlier forest
laws, the incentive to this enactment was the fear
of a wood famine. In it the great empress espe-
cially recognized the importance of the city forest
of Vienna, and declared that its office was to fur-
nish wood to the court, the city, and the courts
of justice. This forest (the Wienerwald), whose
importance to the life of the capital has since
widened almost into a necessity, had its forest
masters even in the twelfth century, and had long
been closely managed and well handled, while yet
many a virgin forest lay only a few miles from the
gates of the city. To-day it occupies a place in
the hearts of the Viennese which leaves no doubt
of its present usefulness or its future preserva-
tion.

In 1733, under the successor of Maria Theresa,
the first method for determining the yield of a
forest by volume was devised. The appearance
of this Kameraltax, as it is called, marked an
epoch in the conception of the normal forest and
a great advance in forest economy. Shortly after
three forest schools came into existence, and the
way was opened for the progress of modern ideas.

r

i

I

;

\

I

4

Hl<i-

Y13

142

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

143

The forest law which was to lead Austria to her
present advanced position in forest policy, was
passed in December, 1852.

GERMANY.

The literature of forestry is extensive, and
some of it is very ancient. Among the authors
who wrote of trees in the Middle Ages, Albertus
Magnus is the most valuable. Later on, a work
of Vincentius Bellovacensis, in which all the
present European trees were described, was
printed. But forestry as a science is of compara-
tively recent origin. Until the end of the eigh-
teenth century it had been chiefly written about
by men who were either scholars or practical
foresters, but who were not both. Then appeared
the men who united these points of view, and
their writings are at the base of the whole modern
growth of the subject. Both were Germans, each
covered the whole field as it was then understood,
and each exerted an influence which has not been
approached by any other author before or since.
Hartig, the more important of the two, made his
most valuable contributions to the sylvicultural
side of forestry, while Cotta gave his chief atten-
tion to the mathematical and economic aspects of
the subject. That stage of progress which is
marked by the appearance of specialists may be
said to have begun with Hartig and Cotta. From
Germany their teachings spread to France ; and
in 1827, within three years of the founding of the
French Forest School at Nancy, their doctrines
were introduced into its courses by Lorentz,
who was, with his successor Parade, the founder of
modern forestry in France. Hartig and Cotta
are the two great names in the history of forest
science.

State aid for the advancement of forest science
through forest experiment stations is a still more
recent German contribution to the progress of
forestry. Since their foundation in 1863, these
stations have spread from Germany to Switzer-
land, Austria, France, and Sweden. Their work
relates chiefly to the question of forests and cli-
mate, while other stations, whose position is
analogous to that of our agricultural experiment
stations, began three years later, and now exist in
Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.

FRANCE.

Forestry in France has long been associated
with the names of famous men. Henry of
Navarre and his friend and minister. Sully;
Palissy, who called the prevalent neglect of the
forest ** not a mistake, but a calamity and a curse
for France"; Colbert, minister of Louis xiv;
the botanist Duhamel du Monceau; Buff'on the

zoologist, — are among the men to whom France
owes the rise and progress of her present excellent
forest policy.

I can mention but two of the lines along which
this policy has expanded. The first is that of
state control of communal forest property.

Under the feudal system the forests of each
fief were the property of the feudal lord. In
order to increase the number of his serfs, who
were useful both as taxpayers and fighting men, he
gave them the privilege of taking from his forest
the wood which they required. For similar
reasons the religious orders made grants of land
and rights in the forest. From these conces-
sions the larger part of communal property is de-
rived.

The increasing numbers of the peasants at length
began to absorb nearly the whole produce of the
woodlands, and it became necessary to limit or
extinguish their prescriptive rights. Accordingly
those rights were either restricted to a limited dis-
trict, the rest remaining free, or were transformed
into rights of property in a portion of the forest,
and so ceased to exist.

Until the sixteenth century the communes man-
aged their own forests without restriction. The
ordinances of 15 61 and 1597, which strove to cor-
rect the deplorable condition of the communal
forests, required both lay and religious communi-
ties to survey their woodlands, to reserve a third
of them as high forest, and to cut over only a
definite area each year. These and other royal
enactments placed the communal forests under the
care of the officers of waters and forests. But it
was not until Louis xiv, or rather his minister
Colbert, had promulgated the famous ordinance
of 1669 that the condition of this class of prop-
erty began to assume regular form. The present
forest code, which dates from 1827, is scarcely
more than a repetition, as far as it concerns com-
munal forests, of the provisions of the older law.
The results of this policy of government control
are evident from the fact that the income which
the village communities derive from their forests,
in addition to their supply of fuel, is sometimes so
large as to relieve the villagers from all assessments
for taxes.

The second department of French forest policy
on which I may touch relates to the protection
of mountain forests and the extinction of tor-
rents.

When the French Revolution broke out in 1 789,
the old restrictions on the management of private
timber lands were removed, and a wholesale cut-
ting naturally followed. As soon after as 1792
the consequences began to be remarked. The
question of forests and climate was then raised for
the first time. The observations which gave it
rise were made chiefly in the mountains of Lor-

raine, not in the Alps, from which the subject of
deforestation and torrents has since drawn its most
striking examples. Fabre had already written
upon reforesting the mountains as early as 1780,
but Surell's treatise, published in 1841, was the
first thoroughly important work on the subject of
torrents. Legislation did not follow, however,
until the disastrous floods of 1856 had emphasized
the need of action. In i860 the first law on re-
foresting the mountains was passed. Under it the
work of reforestation was done either by the owner
of the land or by the government at his expense.
Cession of one-half the reforested land to the
state might be substituted for payment. The
well-deserved unpopularity of this law and the re-
sistance offered to its execution led to the substi-
tution, in 1864, of turfing for reforesting. The
change not only left the obnoxious provisions of
the old law in force, but it was very generally
impossible to carry out the turfing which it pre-
scribed. In 1882 the present law, after an inter-
mittent discussion in the Chambers which extended
over six years, finally put an end to complaints by
bringing the whole matter of reforesting within
the province of the common law. When the re-
foresting of any area or the correction of a torrent
(often synonymous terms) is recognized as neces-
sary for the public safety, and has been declared
so by law, after a long series of local and expert
inquiries, the state may take possession of the
lands, compensate the owners, and do the
necessary work at its own charges. If the owner
prefers to do the work himself, under state super-
vision, bounties are ofl*ered to help bear the
expense. In a word, the commonwealth does
and pays for the work demanded for the com-
mon weal. At the same time it restricts the
enjoyment of certain rights (such as pasturage
in given localities) whose exercise is recognized
as dangerous.

Side by side with the growth of this rational
policy, the art of reforesting has made wonderful
advances, and to-day both the influence of the
forest on the distribution of rain-water after it has
fallen, and the methods to be used in extinguish-
ing torrents by means of the forest, may be said
to have passed out of the range of doubt into that
of comparative knowledge.

[Mr. Pinchot's Notes on Forest Policy in Switzerland will appear in
the next issue.]

Venerable Trees. — A very interesting work is
in course of publication by M. Gadeau de Ker-
ville, on the ancient trees of Normandy. The
most remarkable trees so far described are the two
yews of La Haye de Routot, in the Department of
the Eure. They are respectively nine and a half

and eight and a quarter metres in circumference
at the base of the trunk, and seventeen and a half
and fourteen and a half metres high. Their ages
are estimated by the author to be not less than
1500 years. A chapel has been constructed in
the hollow trunk of one of these yews, three
metres high and two metres deep. Before it was
transformed into a chapel the hollow would hold
forty persons, and eight musicians have played in
it in concert. The beech of Montigny, estimated
by the author to be between 600 and 800 years
old, is 18 metres high and 8.20 metres in circum-
ference at the base. There are oaks from 200 to
900 years old, one of which is nearly 40 metres
high. — Popular Science Monthly.

— The past winter has been a very profitable one
for that class of citizens who curse the Adiron-
dacks and are known as timber thieves.

They have boldly operated on State lands and
drawn therefrom millions of feet of valuable
timber. No forest inspectors come around to
block their game or disturb their operations. It is
a well-known fact that four or five timber thieves
can cause more damage to the forests in one day
than an army of educated foresters would do good.
They only select the butt log of the most valuable
trees, slash them down indiscriminately, letting
them fall where they may, injuring many smaller
trees in their fall and leaving the top branches in
the woods to rot and decay, forming a good
breeding place for forest-destroying insects and
good fodder for forest fires. — Dolgeville, N. K,
Herald.

— There is an American elm in Utica, N. Y.,
that is well worthy a visit by any scientific arbori-
culturist or plain lover of trees. This tree is grow-
ing on an open lot and is about seventy years old.
It is nearly iij^ feet in circumference at its base,
while the bole or stem rises as straight as a Doric
column to the height of about 60 feet before
branching at its solvent axis where it breaks into
a whorl of massy horizontal branches, until the
uneven circumference makes an average of 90 or
more feet in diameter, the greatest extension being
over 100 feet. Some of the laterals are nearly 7
feet in circumference where they join the bole.
But this radiation of branches is the most grandly
picturesque, as these laterals break into zig-zags of
kneed timber and into all manner of contortions,
like an old apple tree or an English oak, and yet
the tree maintains a fine oblate shape when covered
with its rich foliage. The tortuous arms and the
*' thousand crooked whimsies" of the rugged
limbs can only be seen to perfection when the tree
is defoliated. — Country Gentleman.

fH\^

144

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

AMERICAN FIRE

OF

TREES

IN THIS PAPER ARE MADE BY THE NEW

i^aTeeiiYPpiCvP^ecEgg

OF

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

STRAWBRIDGE & CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, JPhiladelphia,

CASH CAPITAL $500,000.00

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims, 1,631,500.23

Surplus over all Liabilities 369,415.98

TOTAL ASSETS, JAN. 1,1889, - $2,500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary,

DIRECTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, PembertonS. Hutchinson, Jos. E. Gillingham,
John T. Lewis, Alexander Biddle, Samuel Welsh, Tr.,

Israel Morris, Charles P. Perot, Charles S. Whelen.

Wm. F. Fell& Co.,

Pl^l|NJTEI^S,

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

IS- Estimates Cheerfully Furnished on Application*^-

FIre-proof Vaults for Storage of Plates.

Mechanical Details receive our Personal Supervision.

%fS^tC^^

Philadelphia, October, 1892. No.

II.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

as North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS.

145
146

Editorials

Forestry Day at Mount Gret-
na

The Forestry Prollem. By

Prof. B. E. Fernow •^•■^'1""^ m6-i47

Forest Management in European Countries. By John D.

Jones, M. D T47-M8

The Scion of the Penn Treaty Elm Mo

A State Forest Reserve MQ-^So

A Proposed Forestry Commission 'S^

Forestry Annals By J. D. W. French ......^..... 151

Remove the Tax from Timber Land. By Prof. J. P. Rothrock.. 152-153

Forest Policy in Switzerland. By Gifford Pinchot i54-i55

Waste of Wood ^55

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.
Price for Single Numbers 12 Cents.
The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
0/ Forest Lkavhs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on publication.
John Birkinbinh, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 317 S. 12th Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE. 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual membership fee. One dollar.

Life membership. Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to A. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., or to
Miss Grace Anna Lewis, Media, Delaware county. Pa., Dr.
J. Newton Hunsberger, Skippack, Montgomery county, Pa.,
Calvin F. Ileikler, Esq., Quakertown, Rucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county, Pa.

U /^ ORNADOES, cyclones, and unusual storms
yQ have occurred lately in sections of the
country where they were unknown, and
in all parts of the land they appear more fre-
quently than formerly," is the expression of a
contemporary, which is followed by an appeal to
meteorologists to give a reason for them. Some
of these visitations have been accompanied by
atmospheric conditions which have puzzled those
versed in meteorology, but we incline to the
opinion that good reasons based upon terrestrial
conditions may be found for some of the effects of
the disturbances indicated without distorting facts
or imagining results. We recognize that meteor-
ology is a science which is not confined to nar-
row boundaries, but its changes are the result of
temperature, moisture, and wind force over large
geographical areas, and we do not expect that
local geographical features will affect storm con-
ditions over great territories, but local conditions
may modify effects, and the combination of a
series of such conditions may materially influence
meteorological disturbances over large areas.
The rapid increase of our population, the estab-
lishment of new towns and cities, with rail-
way, telegraphic, and news-gathering facilities,
give opportunity for supplying us promptly with
news of destructive storms, or freshets, etc.,
covering great areas, not only in this but in other
countries. Storms may be very destructive over
unsettled or sparsely settled districts which pass
unnoticed because unknown by the general public,
but which, if occurring in a populous district, are
promptly chronicled. Undoubtedly storms appear
to be more numerous than formerly, because in
equal areas more people are affected and more
pecuniary damage is done, and information of such
injury is quickly given wide publicity. But, not-
withstanding this explanation, destructive storms
ARE possibly more numerous than formerly, and
they appear in districts heretofore believed to be
free from such disturbances. It is hardly neces-
sary to seek for an explanation of much of this

^/6 S

\ 1'!

m

r'-:

■j

!^

f!

Hv^

146

FOREST LEAVES.

by conjunction of planets or other astronomical
phenomena, for to the denudation of great forest
areas we may properly assign some of the results
which follow severe storms. The ** wind-falls"
which are found in great forests indicate that tor-
nadic or cyclonic conditions may exist in well-
wooded areas, and that similar storms unroof or
destroy buildings and uproot trees in cultivated sec-
tions, yet we see good and sufficient reason for
expecting that territory stripped of its equalizing
medium should have more frequent extremes
not only of air currents, but of temperature
and rainfall. Whether forests induce a greater
average annual precipitation is doubtful, but we
believe that great forest areas materially affect
the amount of evaporation and possibly the
quantity of rainfall ; but forests are undoubtedly
equalizers of temperature, and this should in turn
affect the rainfall. The influence of the forest
floor, however, in holding storm waters unques-
tionably mitigates destructive freshets.

The conditions encouraged by wide-spread and
continued high temperature apparently breed the
disastrous downpours and tornadoes. It requires
no manufactured data to prove the beneficent in-
fluence of a liberal proportion of forest area, nor
to demonstrate the injury resulting from wholesale
denudation ; and although so high an authority
as the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey,
in the North American Review for August, in
discussing ** Our Recent Floods,'* ridicules the
influence of forests, we assert that the wholesale
denudation of our forests is responsible for much
of the damage resulting from severe freshets, and
we believe that a close study will show that
forested areas are less liable to destructive storms
than sections of the country which have been
stripped of their woodlands.

Forestry Day at Mount Gretna.

^I* HE Pennsylvania Chautauqua Association in-
KD troduced a novel feature of Chautauquan
study by assigning a day to forestry, and
the arrangements were put in charge of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association. The selection of
Saturday was unfortunate, but, in spite of the in-
convenience of the day to many, a fair represen-
tation of members of the Forestry Association
from Lebanon, Lancaster, Berks, Montgomery,
Chester, Delaware, and Dauphin Counties met on
July 23d with members of the Pennsylvania Chau-
tauqua Association.

Rev. J. Max Hark, d. D., Chancellor of the
Chautauqua Association, opened the meeting with
an appeal for the forests, and called Mr. John
Birkinbine, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, to the chair. The Chair-
man, after a brief outline of the purposes and work

of the organization, read the bill prepared by the
Law Committee, which provides for a Forest Com-
mission, and made a plea favoring a forest reserve
(the bill appears in this issue). Addresses fol-
lowed by Hon. B. E. Fernow, Chief of the For-
estry Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
by Mr. E. A. Bowers, Secretary of the American
Forestry Association, and by Dr. John D. Jones,
of the Forestry Bureau, Washington, D. C.

On motion of the Chancellor of the Pennsyl-
vania Chautauqua Association, a unanimous ap-
proval was given to the Paddock Bill, which is
before the United States Senate, and which pro-
vides for putting the Forest Reservations already
made under the charge of a Forestry Department,
under the Secretary of the Interior. Abstracts of
the addresses, with the exception of Mr. Bowers',
are given below. The officers of the Chautauqua
Association expressed a hope that a forestry meet-
ing may form part of the programme for 1893, and
promise to assign a time when persons from a dis-
tance can more readily attend.

The Forestry Problem.

Excerpt of an address by Hon. B. Y.. Fernow before the
Pennsylvania Chautauqua Association, July 23, 1892.

^R. FERNOW, after some introductory re-
marks, outlined how the forestry problem
came into the world, what it involved,
where its difficulties lie, and suggested means for
its solution.

In regard to the outlook for the future of forest
supplies, he gave the following significant calcu-
lations : —

** There are 500,000,000 acres, more or less, in
the United States believed to be woodland. Much
of this is culled over and in poor condition ; but
even if we assumed that it was well timbered,
containing say 10,000 feet B. M. per acre, which
may be considered as equivalent to say 3000
cubic feet of wood of all descriptions, there would
be only 1,500,000,000,000 feet of wood standing.
From various computations and estimates the an-
nual consumption of wood in the United States —
outside of that consumed in annual conflagrations
— may be set down as between 20,000,000,000 and
25,000,000,000 cubic feet. From this it would ap-
pear that, leaving out of consideration any new
growth, which can probably hardly supply in-
creased demand (this increases by about 30 per
cent, every decade) our present supplies would,
under the assumed conditions, be good for 60 or 70
years only. This, if it is considered that the timber
we now cut is almost invariably over 150 years old,
and it takes not less than 70 to 100 years to grow
sizable timber, would be serious enough matter
for apprehension.**

*'But,'* said Mr. Fernow, '* graver conse-

"^sy

FOREST LEAVES.

147

quences in regard to changed water conditions,
due to altered forest conditions, have made them-
selves apparent." He cited the fact that the
high-water marks at the Harrisburg water-works
showed a regular increase during the last 40 years,
and referred to Major Raymond's report on the
improvement of uncertain water conditions in the
West Branch of the Susquehanna, which, in the
opinion of that officer, were due to deforestation,
and involved the reforestation of its watershed
and banks. Other experiences regarding disturb-
ances of waterflow and deterioration of soil con-
ditions by erosion due to deforestation were cited,
and the relation of forests to waterflow explained.
The speaker laid special stress upon the fact that
the forest floor had the most to do in this direction,
and that while the trees were still standing, the
efficiency of the forest as a water regulator was
oft^n destroyed because the forest floor had been
burned off.

But the most important part of Mr. Fernowls
remarks for us were those in reference to the diffi-
culties in the way of securing a change of present
practices, which have brought about and continue
to produce unfavorable forest conditions.

Almost all our forest lands are in the hands of
private owners. Even if it could be satisfactorily
shown that, by certain practices in the use of this
property, adjoiners were sooner or later injured,
he doubted whether any American Legislature
could be induced to place restrictions upon such
private owners. On the other hand, it had been
claimed that timberland owners and lumbermen
might be persuaded to apply forest management
as practiced abroad, if it could be shown that this
was profitable. This, Mr. Fernow said, would be
difficult to do, for while, under favorable condi-
tions, forest management even now could be made
immediately profitable, its profits were mostly to
be found in the future rather than in the present ;
in fact, forest management meant curtailment of
present income for the purpose of continued and
even revenue for the future. He aptly compared
the difference in the manner in which the lumber-
man and the forester look upon the forest to two
men owning herds of cattle, the one slaughtering
his and then buying a new one in a cheaper mar-
ket to be slaughtered again, the other breeding
calves and considering these the profit on his in-
vestment. The one was constantly changing his
investment ; the other kept it in stable producing
condition. With virgin supplies being brought
to market by the opening of new transportation
facilities it was impossible to compete, if addi-
tional cost of production, which is involved in
forest management, was necessitated. Hence,
private individuals, who for the most part are
interested only in direct profits immediately avail-
able, could not easily be moved to manage their

property with regard to the future or to the
interests of adjoiners. It would, however, be
often possible by persuasion to bring about a
more rational treatment of their forest property,
and especially to reduce the danger from fire.

Where, however, the interests of the community
are beyond doubt at stake, by reason of misman-
agement of forest cover, as in important water-
sheds, the only way of guarding them is by the
community, /*. <?., the State, owning the lands and
managing them with a view to the indirect object
of soil protection. Hence, Mr. Fernow advo-
cated the bill prepared by the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association, and closed with an appeal
to those present to lend their aid by joining the
Association.

Forest Management in European

Countries.

Abstract of an Address by John D. Jones, M. D., Washington, D.C.,
at the Pennsylvania Chautauqua Association, July 23, 1892.

eXPERIENCE is a hard but good teacher,
and Time, the regulator of all things, has
impressed its lessons upon European
countries, which, having gone through their child-
hood's stage in the destruction of forests, are now
protecting and utilizing the gifts of nature and
assisting in advancing forest conditions that had
been neglected. All European countries now
give attention to forest lands, but those having
the largest areas and most extensive forest knowl-
edge are Germany, France, Switzerland, and
Austria.

The area devoted to forests in Germany is about
25 per cent, of the entire Empire. The situation
of wooded lands, according to approximate esti-
mates, is, aboutonehalf occupy level ground, one-
quarter hilly ground, and the remaining forests
occupy mountain regions. The administrative
department governing forests is most thorough,
the education being both practical and theoretical ;
a student having the broad foundation of a first-
class education is prepared to go into deeper
sciences. It is necessary for a student to have one
year's practical work in the forest itself, under the
instructions of a master forester, before entering
upon his course of study in the school of forestry.
The principal forestry schools in Germany are
Tubingen, Munden, Tarrand, Eisenach (Aschaf-
fenburg, and forest school at Munich), and Karls-
ruhe. The regulations in regard to the guarding
of and caring for forests are extensive, and an
endeavor is made to bring all under the same
code, as it were, by imitation, and the laws are
intended to act more through instruction and
encouragement. The idea held by some that the
German government is tyrannical and govAns all
lands, both public and private, as it chooses, is

\\

V

A

t ."

k_

I

^\^

148

FOREST LEAVES.

i

not true. A private individual is assisted when
desired, and is only interfered with by the govern-
ment officer when, by clearing his land or other
acts, he may affect the general welfare of the sur-
rounding country. The Crown forests are cared
for by regularly educated officers of the govern-
ment, and a number of inspectors go from time
to time to inspect the various regions. Each
Oberforstmeister has about 10,000 acres that he
has charge of, and regulates according to the exist-
ing laws and conditions by means of a corps of
assistants under him.

The system of Communes or societies owning
forests is a great advantage, as by the sale of forest
products not only are the taxes paid, but by some
a dividend is given to the members of the commu-
nity. The government has the general oversight
and caring of the Commune forests. In 1875 i^
was necessary to enact the Forest Protective Act
throughout the entire kingdom in order to prevent
devastation in certain sections where the welfare
of the community demanded restriction in the exer-
cise of private rights. The restriction and enforced
reforestation of land can only be demanded on
application of the endangered party, upon the
decision of a competent jury, and full indemnifi-
cation must be paid by the applicant (individual
or community) for damage occasioned by such
restriction. This protective form of government
in these various departments, where all interests are
cared for, is the means of forwarding and putting
into a state of perfect culture the forests of the
country. The government will purchase lands
and replant when necessary, thereby saving the
individual owner this great expense which would
be incurred by the law for the protection of the
surrounding country. The Crown has already
paid out large sums of money in reforestation.
The fundamental rules for the management of
State forests are, first, to keep rigidly within
bounds of conservative treatment, and, secondly,
to attain consistently with such treatment the
greatest output of most useful product in the
shortest time. The planting, seeding, and clear-
ing are done with the greatest care and according
to rules and conditions.

France stands next to Germany in regard to
forest care. The Forest Code being valid for the
whole of France, there is a unity of forest laws.
The area of forest land owned by the government
is about 17 per cent. ; the remainder is held by
Communes and private individuals.

The system of education is thorough, the prin-
cipal school being at Nancy ; the course of study
is only from one-quarter to one-third as long as in
Germany. The management is to a certain extent
as in Germany in regard to public Communal
forests and those owned by private persons. The
same protective system is adhered to.

All enjoy the benefit of advice from properly
educated officials. France has done extensive
work in the region of the Loire and other depart-
ments in reforestation, reclaiming sand-dune lands,
regrassing mountain sides, and correcting torren-
tial storms. The most wonderful work has been
done in the Alps, Pyrenees, and Cevennes, over
350,000 acres having been wooded, under the
greatest difficulties, at a cost of over 50,000,000
francs. In fact, when the devastation resulting
from deforestation is evident, the government has
stepped in and carried out extensive works, the
good result of which is seen. It might be of in-
terest to hear something of "The Code" con-
cerning private lands.

No private owner may root up and clear his
woodlands without having made a declaration of
his intention at least four months in advance.
The forest service may forbid this clearing in case
the maintenance of the forest is deemed necessary
upon any of the following grounds : —

1. To maintain the soil upon mountains or
slopes.

2. To defend the soil against erosion and flood-
ing by rivers, streams, or torrents.

3. To insure the existence of springs and water

courses. *

4. To protect the dunes and seashore against
erosion of the sea and encroachment of moving
sands.

5. For the purpose of military defense.

6. For the public health.

An individual who clears his land without per-
mission is subjected to a large fine and can be
compelled to replant the land. One again sees
the practical system here shown.

Switzerland has followed the rule of nature, that
of self-preservation, after she had had her lesson,
resulting from deforestation. Mucli has been done
and much remains to be done in this land of
mountains and glaciers. The forest history of
Switzerland is of interest to the United States,
because in its beginning may be noted many of
the conditions existing with us. Zurich is the seat
of the principal school of forestry. As to the
government power, the same protective system
is used regarding individual rights.

As one goes from one country to another, he
sees well cared for forests, all having more or
less protection and showing the results of care
and management. Much good can be gained
by the study of the various systems of European
forestry.

Being a cosmopolitan people, we are willing
to accept the best instructions and ideas from
other nations. We can well afford to imitate
and utilize results gained by much labor and
the great patience of the foresters of the Old
World.

': 4

h

i

t

Forest Leaves, Vol. hi, No. ii.

i i

'1 1

A HISTORIC TREE IN A NEW HOME.

<H^

f-'.l

FOREST LEAVES.

149

The Scion of the Penn Treaty Elm.

P

S SOME of our readers will be interested to
know how the scion of the Penn Treaty
Elm withstood the transportation from New
York Bay to Laurel Run, Pa., we are pleased to
be able to present in this issue, through the cour-
tesy of General Oliver, a reproduction of a photo-
graph taken about two months ago, showing that
the tree was then in a flourishing condition. It is
hoped the tree will continue to grow in its new
home.

General Oliver in a late letter says: '' The elm
was dug up at Fort Hamilton and transported to
Jersey City on the 22d of February (Washington's
Birthday). It was placed in front of the Log
Chapel at Laurel Run on the ist of March. After
the tree was planted great care was exercised to
prevent any severe motion in the trunk and roots,
so that after the small rootlets begin to shoot
into the earth and cling to it for nourishment they
should not be disturbed or moved by the swaying
of the tree, and for this purpose guys were
attached to the tree and fastened to strong posts
in the ground, any slack being taken up by means
of turnbuckles. The tree shows remarkable vigor,
and at this time, when many forest trees show by
their leaves that fall is here, the leaves of the elm
remain fresh and green."

The elm tree is shown in the centre of the
picture, as well as the guy rods which support it,
the Log Chapel being at the back of the tree.
The tree to the left of the elm is a mountain ash.

This illustration, in connection with the view
of the moving of the trunk seventy feet long with
its protected roots, etc., which appeared in our
issue of May, offer a splendid object lesson, which
we hope may encourage others to attempt the
preservation of trees by removal.

— The Secretary of the Council of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association, Mr. Wm. Wharton
Smith, met an untimely death, being drowned
with a friend at Newport, R. I., where he was
spending his vacation, just as the last issue of
Forest Leaves was published, but too late to
mention the fact. We cannot allow his work in the
interests of the Association to pass unchronicled.
His death has caused sorrow to a numerous circle
of friends, and has removed an earnest worker in
the cause of forestry.

—The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association will be held next month,
due notice of which will be given to members.
It is hoped that a large attendance will testify to
the increasing interest in forestry.

A State Forest Reserve.

y^ HE late more frequent and destructive floods
yQ in all rivers of our State, as well as the low-
water stages following, have been ascribed
by students of the water problems to the unsatis-
factory condition of the forest-cover of our moun-
tain slopes in the various river-basins.

As a single example, we may quote from the
report of Major Charles Raymond, in charge of
harbors and rivers of the State, upon practical
means of regulating the waterflow in the West
Branch of the Susquehanna. He says: —

*'(i) The destruction of the forests from the
mountain crests and slopes of a watershed is
undoubtedly the principal cause of the increase
of the average magnitude of floods. The evi-
dence collected during the last twenty-five years
establishing this conclusion is well nigh over-
whelming, and it is verified by repeated obser-
vations, not only in the mountainous countries
of Europe, but also in our own land. By the
removal of the forests from the mountain slopes
the ground is robbed of its protecting covering of
roots, moss, leaves, and porous soil, which forms
the forest floor and serves as a natural storage reser-
voir, holding back the water of rainfall and melting
snow, and compelling it to descend slowly to the
channels. By the subsequent cultivation of the
lands, ditches and drains are made to facilitate
the more rapid discharge from the cultivated sur-
face, until the rain rushes down the hillsides in
destructive torrents, gullying the ground and
choking the minor lines of drainage with rocks,
sand, and gravel, and hurrying into the recipient
of the watershed volumes of water which before
reached it in a comparatively quiet flow.

'' Colonel Torrelli affirms as the result of care-
ful observation that four-fifths of the precipitation
in forests is absorbed by the soil or detained by
the surface of the ground, to be gradually given
up in springs and gentle rills, and only one-fifth
of the precipitation is delivered to the rivers
rapidly enough to create floods. Upon the same
slopes and surfaces, denuded of their forests, the
proportions are reversed.

**That the destruction of the forests in moun-
tainous watersheds is followed by disastrous floods,
where previously such floods were unknown, is
not a matter of theory, opinion, or probability,
but it is a well established physical fact. * *
* * The method of prevention by the main-
tenance and planting of forests upon the head-
waters and upper slopes of the a fifluents of the
basins depends for its efficiency upon the ability
of forest- covered slopes to retain for a considerable
time a large percentage of heavy rainfall, thereby
preventing the surcharge of the line of drainage.
In France, Italy, Germany, and Austria the sys-

r

. 1

t

i

^

'.i.i^^'^-^^^^^^SSm

/,

i <

Forest Leaves, Vol. hi, No. ii.

FOREST LEAVES.

149

r I

A HISTORIC TREE IN A NEW HOME.

The Scion of the Penn Treaty Elm.

P

S SOME of our readers will be interested to
know how the scion of the Penn Treaty
Elm withstood the transportation from New
York Bay to Laurel Run, Pa., we are pleased to
be able to present in this issue, through the cour-
tesy of General Oliver, a reproduction of a photo-
graph taken about two months ago, showing that
the tree was then in a flourishing condition. It is
hoped the tree will continue to grow in its new
home.

General Oliver in a late letter says: '' The elm
was dug up at Fort Hamilton and transported to
Jersey City on the 22d of February (Washington's
Birthday). It was placed in front of the Log
Chapel at Laurel Run on the ist of March. After
the tree was planted great care was exercised to
prevent any severe motion in the trunk and roots,
so that after the small rootlets begin to shoot
into the earth and cling to it for nourishment they
should not be disturbed or moved by the swaying
of the tree, and for this purpose guys were
attached to the tree and fastened to strong posts
in the ground, any slack being taken up by means
of turnbuckles. The tree shows remarkable vigor,
and at this time, when many forest trees show by
their leaves that fall is here, the leaves of the elm
remain fresh and green."

The elm tree is shown in the centre of the
picture, as well as the guy rods which support it,
the Log Chapel being at the back of the tree.
The tree to the left of the elm is a mountain ash.

This illustration, in connection with the view
of the moving of the trunk seventy feet long with
its protected roots, etc., which appeared in our
issue of May, offer a splendid object lesson, which
we hope may encourage others to attempt the
preservation of trees by removal.

— The Secretary of the Council of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association, Mr. Wm. Wharton
Smith, met an untimely death, being drowned
with a friend at Newport, R. I., where he was
spending his vacation, just as the last issue of
Forest Leaves v/as published, but too late to
mention the fact. We cannot allow his work in the
interests of the Association to pass unchronicled.
His death has caused sorrow to a numerous circle
of friends, and has removed an earnest worker in
the cause of forestry.

—The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association will be held next month,
due notice of which will be given to members.
It is hoped that a large attendance will testify to
the increasing interest in forestry.

A State Forest Reserve.

>^HE late more frequent and destructive floods
\Q in all rivers of our State, as well as the low-
water stages following, have been ascribed
by students of the water problems to the unsatis-
factory condition of the forest-cover of our moun-
tain slopes in the various river-basins.

As a single example, we may quote from the
report of Major Charles Raymond, in charge of
harbors and rivers of the State, upon practical
means of regulatmg the waterflow in the West
Branch of the Susquehanna. He says: —

*'(i) The destruction of the forests from the
mountain crests and slopes of a watershed is
undoubtedly the principal cause of the increase
of the average magnitude of floods. The evi-
dence collected during the last twenty- five years
establishing this conclusion is well nigh over-
whelming, and it is verified by repeated obser-
vations, not only in the mountainous countries
of Europe, but also in our own land. By the
removal of the forests from the mountain slopes
the ground is robbed of its protecting covering of
roots, moss, leaves, and porous soil, which forms
the forest floor and serves as a natural storage reser-
voir, holding back the water of rainfall and melting
snow, and compelling it to descend slowly to the
channels. By the subsequent cultivation of the
lands, ditches and drains are made to facili'ate
the more rapid discharge from the cultivated sur-
face, until the rain rushes down the hillsides in
destructive torrents, gullying the ground and
choking the minor lines of drainage with rocks,
sand, and gravel, and hurrying into the recipient
of the watershed volumes of water which before
reached it in a comparatively quiet flow.

** Colonel Torrelli affirms as the result of care-
ful observation that four-fifths of the precipitation
in forests is absorbed by the soil or detained by
the surface of the ground, to be gradually given
up in springs and gentle rills, and only one-fifth
of the precipitation is delivered to the rivers
rapidly enough to create floods. Upon the same
slopes and surfaces, denuded of their forests, the
proportions are reversed.

** That the destruction of the forests in moun-
tainous watersheds is followed by disastrous floods,
where previously such floods were unknown, is
not a matter of theory, opinion, or probability,
but it is a well established physical fact. * "*"
* * The method of prevention by the main-
tenance and planting of forests upon the head-
waters and upper slopes of the affluents of the
basins depends for its efficiency upon the ability
of forest- covered slopes to retain for a considerable
time a large percentage of heavy rainfall, thereby
])reventing the surcharge of the line of drainage.
In France, Italy, Germany, and Austria the sys-

. ».

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

M-i--0

^V

150

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

151

tematic planting of mountain slopes, as a means
of restoring lost fertility and preventing the inun-
dations following the destruction of forests, is an
established fact, followed by results more satisfac-
tory than the most sanguine anticipations."

And discussing the methods of prevention he
says further : —

*^ All that can be done at present to protect
the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna
from inundations seems to be to remove, as far as
possible, the conditions tending to increase the
destructive effects of the floods. Obstruction by
bridges and boom piers should be reduced to a
minimum, leaning trees and drift should be
removed from the banks, logs and lumber should
be prevented from mingling with the flood dis-
charge, and, most important of all, such forests
as yet remain upon areas not valuable for
cultivation, especially near the headwaters and
on the upper slopes of the basin, should be pro-
tected.'*

From indications it would appear that the same
conditions exist in other water basins, and that
the preservation of equable waterflow or the res-
toration of the same, where forest destruction has
disturbed them, must depend upon a more rational
treatment of the forest-cover. It must be ad-
mitted that the interest in such equable water
conditions is one in which the community at
large is most vitally interested ; that, on the other
hand, the individual owner of mountain wood-
lands cannot be expected to take into account in
his methods of treating his forest property the
eff'ects that such treatment may have upon the
agricultural lands and improvements of owners
below, often many miles away. These lands being
mostly remote from markets, are too cheap and
the margin from the sale of the wood too small
to permit of expending any money on their care
or protection where profit, direct money profit,
is expected, which is the only incentive for the
private owner.

Where, therefore, the preservation of a forest
cover for the sake of regulating drainage con-
ditions is of importance, such lands should be
controlled by the community in the person of the
State, since a restriction of private owners in
their property rights for the welfare of the com-
monwealth, while perhaps constitutional, would
be impracticable.

The present bill, therefore, contemplates, first,
the appointment of competent representatives of
the State's interests, to ascertain whether and
where such an interrelation of forest and water
conditions exist, to find out where forest devas-
tation has produced undesirable conditions, and
where from similar treatment of the wood-growth
similar consequences are to be anticipated. Such
an investigation of the different watersheds will

in itself furnish a desirable addition to the know-
ledge of the State's resources and conditions.

The Commission will at the same time try to
ascertain what areas it appears desirable that the
State should own for the purpose of controlling
water conditions, and also in what manner and at
what cost such areas may be acquired.

The second section of the proposed act has in
view the reservation of a separate forest area,
possibly situated not far from the Agricultural
State College and to be placed under the charge
of this College. It will be only a question of
time, and not of very long time, when it shall
become necessary in the United States to adopt
similar methods of forest culture and forest
management as those now used by European
nations. To provide for the contingency it will
be necessary to treat the subject of forestry in
our Agricultural Colleges, and as the teaching of
'* how to do " anything can best be accomplished
by practical object lessons, it is desirable to estab-
lish such an object lesson in time. From
European example we can only learn the princi-
ples, but the application we will have to work out
ourselves, to suit our special local conditions.

Systems of forest management adapted to our
conditions will have to be found out by experi-
ment and trial, and such experiments are a
proper charge of the State Experiment Station.
The area reserved for such purpose should, if
possible, comprise a variety of conditions, moun-
tain, hill, and plain, so as to permit exhibition of
various methods applicable under such condi-
tions. It should be large enough to permit the
employment of keepers, whose salary and the cost
of the whole reserve should be covered by the
proceeds of the sale of wood from the reserve.

It should be understood, that if the State should
reserve the forest growth at the head-waters and
slopes of streams, the cost of its protection and
management would readily be covered by the
sale of wood material, cut with caution and
according to proper forest practice.

A Proposed Forestry Commission.

— The Hungarian Government does not sell
any part of its forests, but buys more each year.
In some parts of the country, as in the eastern re-
gion of the Carpathians, woods are found of sev-
eral thousand acres in extent, consisting for the
most part of red beech. This is used for fire-
wood, carriages, staves, and agricultural imple-
ments, and in the manufacture of bent wood.
There are few fires, and they seldom permanently
damage the woods. There are large resinous
forests in Transylvania, but they are not very
accessible ; and there are also some in the district
of Marmaros, in the northeast of the country. —
Popular Science Monthly,

MONG the bills to be presented to the Penn-
sylvania Legislature is the following, which
is offered to our readers for criticism or

approval. — Ed.

Section I. Be it enacted^ etc, That the Gov-
ernor be authorized to appoint three competent
persons as a Commission, one of whom is to be a
civil engineer, whose duty it shall be to examine
and report upon the condition of the slopes and
mountain-sides of the important water-sheds of the
State, for the purpose of determining how far the
existence or absence of the forest-cover may be
influential in producing excessively high and low
water stages in the various river basins.

This Commission shall at the same time con-
sider and report upon practicable means of secur-
ing to the State the ownership of such forest lands
at the head-waters and along the slopes of the
river courses as seem necessary for the purpose of
insuring stable water conditions.

Sec. II. The said Commission shall also ascer-
tain what wild lands, if any, now belong to the
Commonwealth ; their extent, character, and loca-
tion ; and to report the same to the next session
of the Legislature, together with a statement of
what part or parts of such lands would be suitable
for a State Forest Reserve; and, further, should
there be insufficient lands for such purpose be-
longing to the Commonwealth, then to ascertain
and report what other suitable lands there may be
within the State, their extent, location, and value,
and the best means of acquiring the same, to serve
as a State Forest Reserve, to be placed into the
charge of the State College, for the purpose of
carrying on and demonstrating practicable systems
of forestry, and to serve as a necessary means for
the instruction of students and the people at large
in the study of forestry.

Sec. III. Each of the Commissioners appointed
hereunder shall be entitled to receive a compensa-
tion in the sum of thousand dollars ; and the

sum of thousand dollars is hereby appropri-
ated out of any money in the Treasury, not other-
wise appropriated, to be paid by warrant drawn
by the Auditor-General.

— The late forest fires in the State of Colorado
have been given considerable attention in the
newspapers, large tracts of forest land having
been burnt over, doing great if not irreparable
damage. It will be many years before trees can
be grown to replace those destroyed, and in some
places it is doubtful if this can be done. The
person or persons who started these forest fires,
either through carelessness or malice, should, if
caught, be summarily dealt with.

Forestry Annals.

(Concluded from page 140.)

1880. Second report of Forest Commissioner.

1881. Forestry Bureau in connection with the Department
of Agriculture is established, and distinct appropria-
tions made.

1 88 1. In New Hampshire joint resolution of Legislature
authorizing inquiry concerning destruction of forests
and the wisdom and necessity of forest laws.

1 881. Arbor Day in Ohio, by the Governor.
Arbor Day in Michigan by law.
Arbor Day in Minnesota by law.

1882. April 25. Organization of " The American Forestry
Congress" at Cincinnati, O.

Public Park Act in Massachusetts, May 25.

1882. August 22. The old American Forestry Association
(organized 1875) '^^^ united with the American For-
estry Congress at Montreal.

1882. Notable forest fires over the whole country.
Arbor Day inaugurated at Cincinnati, O.

1882. Act for the encouragement of planting timber in
Canada.

1883. Arbor Day in West Virginia, for schools, by Superin-
tendent of Free Schools.

The American Forestry Congress met at St. Paul,
Minn.

1884. Notable forest fires in North Carolina. ,

1884. In May, special meeting of American Forestry Con-
gress at Washington, D. C.

American Forestry Congress met at Saratoga, N. Y.
Colorado State Forestry Association formed.
Resolution authorizing the collection of forestry statis-
tics, May 24, Chap. 55, in Massachusetts.
Arbor Day established in New Jersey. — Dakota.

1885. New York State Forestry Commission appointed.
American Forestry Congress met at Boston.
State Board of Forestry in California.

Office of State Forest Commission constituted in Col-
orado.

1886. American Forestry Congress met at Denver, Col.
Act for the better protection of forests from fires in
Massachusetts.

Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founding of.
Arbor Day established in Massachusetts, April 9.
Arbor Day estal)lished in Connecticut, March 31.
Arbor Day established in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania,
Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, and Idaho.

1887. American Forestry Congress met at Springfield, 111.
Arbor Day in New York and Illinois. .
Forestry Association in Dakota.

Salary provided for State Forest Commissioner in Col-
orado.

1 888. Bill S. 1779 introduced for protection and administra-
tion of forests on public domain.

American Forestry Congress met at Cleveland, Ohio;
adjourned to meet at Atlanta, Ga., in December, where
the Southern Forestry Congress was merged with the
American Forestry Congress.

Garden and Forest^ a journal of Horticulture, Land-
scape, Art, and Forestry, established in New York.

1889. American Forestry Congress became American Fores-
try Association in Philadelphia. A petition to Con-
gress adopted urging passage of act withdrawing from
sale all forest lands belonging to the nation, and com-
miiiing them to custody of army until a commission
shall have been appointed and reported on said lands.
Repeal of Fence Law in Pennsylvania, existing since
1700.

^

■"ti

\

i

152

FOREST LEAVES.

1889. Arbor Day in Colorado. New Hampshire Forestry
Commission established by Act of Legislature, Aug. 16.
1500 acres of land dedicated to park purposes in Lynn,
Mass.

1890. American Forestry Association met at Quebec in Sep
tember. Constitution amended at this meeting and
also at Washington in December.

The Sequoia National Park, Yosemite National Park,
and General Grant National Park established by Con-
gress.

August. Amended Act passed allowing withdrawal
of certain public lands from entry for reservoir sites.

1890. Bartram's house and garden acquired by the city of
Philadelphia for a park.

Resolution at Meeting of American Forestry Associa-
tion against construction of any railroad in Yellowstone
National Park.

Bill H. R. 7026 introduced by Mr. Dunnell and re-
ferred to Commissioner on Public Lands.

1 89 1. Forestry Convention in Denver and reorganization of
the Colorado State Forestry Association.

1891. March 25. State of Maine. An act to create a For-
est Commission and for the protection of the forests.

1891. May 21. " The Trustees of Public Reservations" in-
corporated by the Legislature of Massachusetts, its ob-
ject being the holding, maintaining, and opening of
beautiful and historical places and tracts of land
within said Commonwealth.

1891. First and second volume of " Silva of North America,"
by Prof. C. S. Sargent, issued.

Act of March 3, authorizing the President of the
United States to make reservations of timber lands,
and repealing the Timber Culture Act. Under this
act additional reservations of land made bounding on
the Yellowstone and Yosemite Parks, and also the
White River Forestry Reservation in Colorado.
The American Forestry Association asks the President
to make the following reservations : —

1. Flat Head and Marias Rivers.

2. Tulare Reservation.

3. The Pecos River Reservation.

4. The Minnesota Reservation.

The meeting of the American Forestry Association at
Washington, D. C, in December.

J. D. W. French.

[Any corrections or addenda will be welcomed.
—Ed.]

— The suggestion of planting Columbus memo-
rial trees is one which we commend to our read-
ers, particularly in sections where such planting
promises success in October. We hope to hear
of numerous efforts to perpetuate the 400th
anniversary of the discovery of America by
planting trees which may stand as a reminder of
the occasion after many of the other features of
the celebration have been forgotten or have
decayed.

—A chute in the logging camp at Clifton, Ore-
gon, is described as one of the longest in the
world, measuring three-quarters of a mile. Its
bottom is shod with railroad iron, and, on account
of its smoothness and the steepness of the descent,
logs traverse it in the space of twenty seconds. —
Garden and Forest,

Remove the Tax from Timber Land.

Primbr No. 3, Issued BY the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

Yj^ SENATOR of the United States once re-
V~l marked in a public meeting that in our
^ Northwestern States the taxes on the for-

ests were so high, that the owners of the lands
were obliged to cut the timber to derive a revenue
from the lands ; that they could not afford to pay
the taxes. Then he added : ** When the white
pine is cut off, it is not reproduced. I think we
shall soon have destroyed it all."

Without explanation, any one can see that if
this is true our taxes on forests are leading to de-
struction of timber, which is especially unfortunate
in the case of the white pine, because it grows
naturally only in North America, aifd is better
adapted to certain uses than any other known
species of tree. In other words, its extinction
would, to a certain extent, be an irreparable public
loss.

But may it not be possible that there are other
regions than our Northwest in which taxes are
working a public injury ? For example, in the
State of Pennsylvania there are at least two
thousand square miles of land so poor, so rough,
and so hilly that its cultivation will probably
never be attempted. These areas are more or less
densely covered with a growth of rock-oak,
chestnut, locust, hemlock, white pine, and pitch
pine, with, besides, a rather dense growth of
underbrush.

The preservation of timber on these poorer
parts of the State, is of vast importance, not only
because of the future value of the trees as timber,
but because they are the most active agents in
properly protecting the high lands upon which we
are so greatly dependent for the even flow of our
streams, which water and help almost the whole
Commonwealth.

You will see by a glance at the map, in an in-
stant, the importance of this. Philadelphia is
supplied with water the best part of which comes
from mountains almost one hundred miles away.
So, too, the great Susquehanna has its heads in the
high, mountainous parts of the State.

There are two facts now to be remembered :
first, that when water falls upon ground which is
well covered by trees it is led by the leaves,
branches, and trunks to the ground quietly. There
it becomes entangled by the fallen leaves, and
soaks along the roots slowly into the deeper parts
of the ground, where it is secure from evapora-
tion. From this water, so saved by the trees, our
supply comes in dry seasons.

The second fact is, that if these high ground
forests are swept away, the melting snows and
summer rains will be much more likely to form

FOREST LEAVES.

153

such freshets as will do vast damage to the regions
on the lower parts of the streams. Those who
live in the Valley of the Juniata, for example,
know the frequency and the destructiveness of
these freshets, even as the adjacent mountains now
are.

One might add a third fact in this connection.
There is probably no known cause so powerful in
supplying ])ure air as our extensive woodland
areas, and from them it is rapidly diffused over
the country.

Here, then, are three ways in which the public
at large is benefited by the trees on our mountain
sides. It is clear, then, that you and I are inter-
ested as much in those trees as the owners, but the
strange part of this relation is, that while we are
all interested in those forests, the owner is obliged
to pay all the taxes, and also to protect his lands
against fire and trespassers. Not only so, but
when he pays a tax it is for protection, yet he
practically obtains nothing of the kind, for the
laws against offenders who kindle forest fires are of
but little real service.

If we were to be fair in regard to these impor-
tant forests, the whole Commonwealth would aid
in paying the taxes on them so long as the owner
allowed them to remain uncut. Or, what would
be the same thing, the Commonwealth should re-
move the taxes. But we are told that all private
property must be taxed equally in proportion to
its value. It is on this ground of equal taxation
that I object to tax our forest lands. Is any tax
equal where the public receives the benefit and the
owner pays the whole tax ? To make the tax equal,
it should either be paid by the State, or be re-
moved by the State.

Furthermore, taxation of timber land, so long
as the trees remain uncut, is a violation of the
principle in which taxation is founded, because
the owner is receiving neither **rent, profit, nor
wages." Hence it is unjust.

But, an objector remarks, the owner of those
timber lands is holding them against a time when
he shall receive an increased price for the trees.
Very well ! Then tax him on his revenue when he
receives it, whether it be from a single tree or
from an entire forest. There are known methods
of obtaining taxes on income. Do not, by taxing
him for waiting, drive him to despoil the State of
trees, which are of infinitely greater value to the
State than the tax received. This is actually being
done in portions of this State, quite as much as
it is in our Northwestern States.

To put the leading idea of this paper in plain
form, we would say that : —

So long as land remains in the condition known
as timber land, the 07a ner or owners thereof
should pay no tax upon it, except in so far as he or
they derive an actual revenue from it. In other

words, the tax should be on the income and not
on the property; because the owners are benefited
by the income, but the community by the prop-
erty. This would be taxation on the basis of
strict equity.

It will be well to add something more, lest mis-
apprehension should follow. Nothing in what we
have written is to be regarded as opposing any
proper use of timber. When a tree is mature, it
should be cut down. The country needs it. If
it is allowed to fall and rot, it is practically a
waste and a loss to the State — and no one
who understands the principles of Forestry would
advise or desire this.

Removal of a mature tree, however, is a very dif-
ferent thing from cutting down whole forests — big
trees and little trees, all victimized in one wholesale
slaughter. There is now in this State but little land
from which forests should be cleared for agricultu-
ral purposes. Most of it will yield a larger return
to the owners and to the State if it be kept in
forest and the trees removed as they mature,
providing the owner is not driven by taxes to cut
his trees.

Forestry also contemplates planting and pro-
tecting young trees on the rocky and poor soils
from which they have been removed ; or if the
planting be not required, then their protection
against fire and roving animals should be pro-
vided for.

One is almost driven to think it would be wise
in the State to encourage more liberally tree
planting and tree protection by premiums. Cer-
tainly it would be unwise to discourage it by taxa-
tion. It should be remembered that there never
can come a time when it would be well to re-
move all the forests from the poor ground on
the heads of our great streams. It is then the
duty of the State to guard against such a public
calamity as this would be.

Destruction of hemlock forests, for the bark
alone, might be partly obviated also by removal
of taxes from timber land.

If some of our few counties in which there
remains an excess of timber suffered by removal
of woodland tax so serious a drain upon their
income as to retard their develoi)ment or to
interfere with the administration of justice, then
that deficiency should be made good by the
State at large; just as the public schools in
poorer counties are aided from the common
fund, or as the United States Government, when
it, by a general policy, produces an injury to a
local interest, offers a premium in some shape to
make amends. The reason for such a compensa-
tion in one case is the same as in the others —
namely, the greatest permanent good to the
greatest number.

J. T. ROTHROCK.

w

t

w^mr

Mrv^

k

154

FOREST LEAVES.

Forest Policy in Switzerland.

BY GIFFORD PINCHOT.

(Continued from page 145.)

BEFORE touching upon the antecedents of
the present forest policy of the Swiss Re-
public, it may not be unwise to review the
growth of forestry in a single canton, chiefly
because of the better definition which it gives to
certain phases of the subject.

The rise of the Swiss forests in popular estima-
tion may be illustrated by the legislation of the
canton of Bern proper. A decree of the year 1592
warns the people against the wasteful use of timber
and provides for the protection of the forest along
various lines. It also directs that for every tree
cut down, a young one shall be planted in its
place. It is rather interesting to find this univer-
sal prescription for the ills of the forest already in
vogue at a date about midway between the times
of Washington and William Tell. We are all
familiar with it to-day as a popular synopsis of
German forest management, and the one infallible
way to save the forest. There is scarcely another
subject besides forestry on which Americans can
be accused of holding still the mistaken opinions
of three hundred years ago.

The decree of 1592 was found good, for it was
followed by three similar ones dunng the first half
of the seventeenth century. Recognition of the
role of the forest was becoming wider. A mining
ordinance of 1631 emphasizes the importance of
forest preservation to mining. As early as 1725
the first general forest law w*as passed, and it is
remarkable that it asserted the most important
principles of wise forest legislation. It was fol-
lowed, toward the close of the last century, by a
law which provided for the restriction of clearing,
the protection of young growth against cattle, the
planting of large blanks; forbade taking out
stumps on steep slopes, regulated the harvesting
of grass, dead leaves, and turpentine, and forbade
the export of wood and the lighting of fires in the
forest. This law, admirable indeed foi* the time
m which it was i)assed, marked an advanced ap-
preciation of the forest in the public opinion on
which It was necessarily based. It was added to
by enactments of 1817, 1824, and 1853, the last
of which made conservative management of all
communal and corporation forests obligatory, re-
stricted their subdivision, and required special
forest regulations to be issued by their owners. It
also asserted the principle of commutation of pre-
scriptive rights by total surrender of part of the
property involved— a matter of very great import-
ance to the safety of the forest where such rights
exist. °

The organization of the Forest Service of both

divisions of the canton (Bern proper and the
Jura) was adjusted by the law of 1847, and in
i860 another enactment placed restrictions on
clearing. A year later it was ordered that work-
ing plans should be made for all communal and
corporation forests throughout the canton.

The idea which is steadily growing from the be-
ginning of this series of forest laws, is that of the
importance of the forest to others besides its owner,
and the nearer we come to the present the more
willing do we find the citizens of Bern to place re-
strictions upon themselves as individuals, for the
good of the commonwealth.

A word on Switzerland as a whole may be fitly
begun with a quotation from Professor Landolt,
to whom especially the labor and the honor of cre-
ating its present forest policy have fallen. He says :
'' As long as the price of wood was low, and the
influence of the forest on climate and the preser-
vation of the soil but little considered, neither
private owners nor civil authorities gave it much
attention. In many cases the destruction of the
woods was looked upon as more deserving than
the care of them, because through it the area of
pasture land was increased and the extermination
of beasts of prey made easier. The single excep-
tion to this general statement was formed by the
early interdiction of those forests which served to
protect buildings, roads, and other valuable prop-
erty against avalanches. Asa rule, the interdict
applied only to the removal of wood, and pasturage
was restricted either insufficiently or not at all."

But soon after the middle of the last century the
beginnings of better things appeared. Bern and
Zurich were in the lead of the new movement.
Between 1765 and 1768 the Natural History Soci-
ety of Zurich offered prizes for essays on certain
forest subjects, the answers to which were after-
wards published as directions to the countrymen
for handling their woods. These papers, one of
which contains by far the best treatment of forest
economy of its time, are of special interest, because
they exhibit a developed understanding of the
forest and its management already in existence
among a republican people, where the bulk of the
forests belonged to communities or private owners.
But it seems probable that theory had outstripped
practice, for it was only toward the close of the
century that the other cantons, following the lead
of Bern, made the first step toward regular forest
nianagement by the appointment of forest officers.
This was the beginning of the policy of state con-
trol and protection of forests which the Swiss
people have gradually but most wisely and effec-
tively carried out.

When quiet had returned to Switzerland after
the revolution of 1798, the development of forestry,
which it had interrupted, was resumed, but until
1830 it was almost wholly confined to the less

FOREST LEAVES.

155

mountainous regions. Meantime, the utility of
state supervision of public forests other than those
of the state was gaining fuller recognition. The
mountain forests were as yet, however, almost
wholly neglected. But the enormous damage
caused by the wide-spread floods of 1834 drew the
attention of the philanthropic and scientific soci-
eties vigorously to the subject of torrents. Their
inquiries added new consideration to the influence
of the forest on the economic prosperity of the
people. In the midst of a general awakening of
interest in forestry the mountain cantons took up
the reform, and the cities everywhere introduced
wiser treatment under regular forest officers.

Since 1840 the general progress of forestry in
Switzerland has been good. The Swiss Forestry
Association, whose birth marks the time when for-
estry had so far vindicated its rank as a profession
that yearly conventions of foresters were justified,
was founded in 1843. Scarcely more than ten
years later it began, at the suggestion of Professor
Landolt, an agitation on the subject of the moun-
tain forests which led to a thorough study of them
by a federal commission.

'' From the appearance of the final report of this
commission in 1 861," says Professor Landolt, *'the
improvement of Swiss forestry has been kept stead-
ily before the Confederation. In 1875 a federal
forest inspector was appointed, and a year later the
first Swiss forest law was passed. This law does
not extend to the whole of Switzerland, but only
to the Alps and the steeper foot-hills. More re-
cently attempts have been made by the cantonal
government and the Forestry Association to ex-
tend its influence to the Jura or to the whole of
Switzerland, but the need of such action is not yet
clearly apparent."

The spirit of the recent Swiss forest legislation
is one which must permeate our own coming forest
laws if they are to win that acceptance with the
people without which they must be worse than
useless. It has been summarized as follows by Pro-
fessor Landolt : —

''Our forest laws are intended to work more
through instruction, good example, and encourage-
ment than by severe regulations. This method is
somewhat slower than one which should involve
more drastic measures, but the results achieved are
more useful and lasting. When forest proprietors
do something because they are convinced of its
utility, it is done well and with an eye to the fu-
ture ; but what they do under compulsion is done
carelessly and neglected at the first opportunity.
What they have come to learn in this way, and
have recognized as good, will be carried out, and
that better and better from year to year."

This homely statement of the great Swiss for-
ester is full of the wise moderation of a man con-
scious of the dignity of his work. Successful forest

reform, here as there, must be a growth from the
education of the people, finding its expression in
laws which respect both the needs of the forest
and the needs of the people, and which waste no
time in mistakes. Such legislation is respected
because it is capable of being enforced. The re-
sults of it are so large, it is so surely a part of the
future, that the friends of forestry in America
ought to work for it with the steady vigor of men
who know they are going to win.

Waste of Wood.

eVERYBODY is familiar with the waste of
our fine black walnut timber for fence rails,
posts, and firewood. Until twelve or
fifteen years ago many million feet of hemlock
were left to rot in the woods, after the bark had
been taken for tanning purposes, or this timber
was not cut at all, because its value for building
purposes was not understood or was underrated.

In Alabama, along the Louisville and Nash-
ville Railroad, a few years ago a large amount of
chestnut oak was felled for the tan bark alone, the
wood of the trees being allowed to rot, because
railroad people did not know its value for railroad
ties. The Division of Forestry, by a little cir-
cular, called their attention to the superiority of
this timber for tie purposes, and now the wood is
utilized, and thus for this region alone a saving of
from ;^4o,ooo to ;g5o,ooo annually was effected,
or more than three to four times as much as the
annual appropriations for the Division of Forestry.
Even now many thousand cords of this valuable
wood are lost there and in other regions when the
bark is taken for tanning purposes, while the wood
itself, which contains much more tannic acid per
cord than the bark, is left unused, because it cannot
be profitably transported in its original form. Pres-
ently a new wealth will be developed for tanners
where it is not looked for. — Timber Physics,

— Says a Western lumberman: *' The signing
of a contract for 600,000,000 feet of pine in Min-
nesota should serve as a reminder that the fear of
American forests giving out is far from being an
imaginary one. I have been handling lumber by
the 10,000 feet for two-thirds of a lifetime, but
the figures in this deal were a surprise, and it was
some time before they could be realized. The
supply of lumber in the North is steadily giving
out, as the figures for Michigan in particular show.
We are lavish and extravagant with our lumber
now, but at the present rate of consumption there
will be little left to consume a century hence,
even making allowance for what we can draw from
Mexico." — Evening Telegraph.

f

vU

M

Or\J>»

156

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

IN THIS PAPER ARE MADE BY THE NEW

;qaT06IiYPpiCvP]^0CE3g

OF

I!

©0-

,jHIIrADEm?H»

m«>t"'

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE .

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

DRY GOODS.

^^^^^

STRAWBRIDGE & CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

AMERICAN FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY,

OFFICE, COMPANY'S BUILDING,

308 and 310 Walnut Street, Bhiladelphia,

CASH CAPITAL $500,000.00

Reserve for Reinsurance and all other claims, 1,631.500.23

Surplus overall Liabilities 369,415.98

TOTAL ASSETS. JAN. 1, 1889, - $2,500,916.21

THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, President.

RICHARD MARIS, Secretary,

JAMES B. YOUNG, Actuary,

DIRECTORS.

Thos. H. Montgomery, PembertonS. Hutchinson, Jos. E. Gillingham,
John T. Lewis, Alexander Biddle, Samuel Welsh, Jr.,

Israel Morris, Charles P. Perot, Charles S. Whelen.

Wm. F. Fell& Co.,

P[^i|MTe:i^s

?

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE-LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

tf Estimates Cheerfnllj Furnished on Application.^

Fire-proof Vauitt for Storage of Plates.

Mechanical Details receive our Personal Supervision.

Philadelphia, December, 1892. No. 12.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS

Editorials

Mount Desert and the Effect
of the Denudation of Trees.

By Thomas Meehan

Seventh Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation

Lumbering in the Cascade Range

Washington's Giant Trees

Deforestation. By Dr. Ellerslie Wallace

The Magnolia. By Adolph Nahmer

The State and the Forest..

The Camphor Industry of Formosa ^

Notes 159,

157-158

158-159

160-161
161
162
163

164-165

165-167
167

163, 167

Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.

Price for Single Numbers 13 Cents.
The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
0/ Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Bates will be fur-
nished on application.

Committee on Publication.
John Birkinbinb, Chairman, 25 North Juniper Street.
Prof. J. T. Rothrock, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Henry M. Fisher, 317 S. 12th Street.
Prof. Wm. P. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania.
H. M Jenkins, Gwynedd, Pa,

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDED IN JUNE, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the neces-
sity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to
secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest laws,
both State and National.

Annual vievibership fee^ One dollar.

Life membership. Fifteen dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association
is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. All
members are entitled to receive the publications of the
Association without charge. Persons desiring to become
membefs should send their names to A. B. Weimer, Chair-
man Membership Committee, 512 Walnut street, Phila., or to
Miss Grace Anna Lewis , Media, Delaware county. Pa., Dr.
J. Nexvton Hunsberger, Skippack, Montgomery county. Pa.,
Calvin F. Heckler^ Esq., Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa.,
Samuel Marshall, Esq., West Chester, Chester county. Pa.

>I* HE Pennsylvania Forestry Association starts
Vy another year of its existence with but little
change in the number of members, but
with continued interest among those who have
been active in the work, and with a determination
to put the Association on a better basis, so as to
have it occupy the important position and exert
the influence in the State which its promoters
desired, and which its friends now confidently
hope for. Earnest efforts resulted in securing as
general secretary Prof. J. T. Rothrock, who gave
up his active work in the biological department of
the University of Pennsylvania to represent the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Prof. Rothrock
will, by his best efforts, excite the interest of the
people throughout the State in forestry, and secure
the co-operation of our citizens in the Association's
efforts to preserve and protect such forests as we
now have, and encourage the propagation of new
growths of timber.

It is important that every member of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association should realize that
influence at the present time may be worth much
more than in the future. The Association should
be prepared to go before the Legislature with well-
digested suggestions, which will secure the desired
results; and these suggestions should be backed
by a membership which in numbers and character
will impress the lawmakers with a knowledge that
the legislation asked for is supported by sufficient
influence to command respect. It is scarcely fair
to blame public officers for a failure to enact laws
unless they can be assured that their constituents
wish such legislation.

With a large membership the Association can
accomplish a great deal, but with a small
membership much of the efforts are no more
effective than ** beating the air ; " and it is here
that the responsibility for success or failure
can be assumed by each individual member of
the organizaation. If the number on the roll of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association could be
doubled within the next three months, the knowl-

^2.7

\

t

»

I

\

w

\['i ..:-,,.y^

H^^

n

158

FOREST LEAVES.

edge of this fact would do more to advance the
interests of forestry in Pennsylvania than a number
of addresses or pages of printed matter.

We are convinced that we speak within the
limits of the facts when we assert that there are
thousands of people in the State of Pennsylvania
who are as heartily in favor of the objects of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association as those whose
names appear on the rolls of the Society, and that
it only requires a proper presentation of the sub-
ject to secure the interest and influence of these
to act in harmony with the organization. The
Council hope by the appointment of a Special
Agent to secure many of these now silent friends,
but such Agent can reach but a fraction of the
number, and while we cordially approve and
heartily endorse the appointment of such a repre-
sentative, we have greater faith in the combined
individual effort of the membership of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association. We have not only
too many silent friends, but too many silent mem-
bers.

fi

S this issue of Forest Leaves was ready for
the press we were shocked to learn of the

death of the Rev. J. P. Lundy, d.d., late
President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa-
tion, and one who since the inception of the
movement over six years ago has been a most
active worker for the advancement of its interests.
Dr. Lundy became President of the organiza-
tion in December 1890, serving until December
1892, when he declined the renomination. He
died Sunday, December nth, aged sixty-nine
years, after a brief illness. We regret that this
news was received at such time that but little
space was available, but the issue was held until
the following resolutions, passed at the Council
meeting of the Association, could be incor-
porated : —

At a meeting of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, December 12, 1892, the Council having heard
with deep sorrow of the death of the Rev. John P. Lundy,
D.D., one of the founders and for several years President of
the Association :

Resolved^ That we hereby record our high appreciation of
the zeal and earnestness displayed by Dr. Lundy in behalf
of Forestry reform in the State and Nation, and the intelli-
gence and skill with which he has forwarded the undertakings
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

Resolvedy That we add to this testimony our appreciation
of his estimable qualities as a man and his genial and
stimulating influence in the work in which we have been
engaged.

Resolvedy That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to
Mrs. Lundyy and that they be published in Forest Leaves.

We are sure that we voice the sentiment of the
readers of Forest Leaves in extending to the
widow and daughters of our friend their sympathy
on the sad bereavement, and we feel convinced

that although the cause of forestry has lost a
valiant champion, his work will not lag in the
hands of his dear ones, who were so well schooled
to love what he loved.

Mount Desert and the Effect of the
Denudation of Trees.

Mount Desert, Me.
y^HE Public Ledger recently cold of the say-
Vr) ings and doings of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association, which account was read
here with great interest. Mount Desert Island is
just the place to furnish the evidences of the de-
sirability of the work the Association is trying to
accomplish.

Mount Desert Island is anything but a desert.
Its majestic hills, ranging from 300 to 1500 feet
in height, were once clothed with magnificent
forests, and though these have been mostly
burned away or have fallen before the woodman's
axe, they are clothed with arborescent vegetation,
which gives them a rich and luxuriant character
still. The Island is horse-shoe-shaped, an inlet
of the sea running so as to divide it into two
broad wings. While the mountain scenery
pleases by its deep verdure, the lower land along
the coast presents everywhere rich and luxurious
herbage.

What interested me chiefly was the utterly
barren summits of some of these hilltops, which
had once been tree-covered. In many cases,
for several hundred feet from the summit would
be an exhibit of nothing but bare projecting rocks,
with no vegetation that the eye below could per-
ceive. There would be a distinct line of demar-
cation between trees and rocks, just as we see in
what is often called the timber line in high moun-
tains, beyond which, from climatic conditions, it
is supposed trees cannot grow. Here they have
grown, but do not grow now. With fhe sudden
destruction of the trees the earth washed away,
and now nothing can grow till nature prepares
new soil for a new growth.

It is said that within the memory of people now
living terrible fires raged, and burnt away most
of the timber, with the result of leaving the high
peaks bare. I was able to verify this by an ex-
amination of a rather flat elevation of about 350
feet high. There were the stumps left of some of
the huge trees that had been burned away, still
remaining among the younger generation which
had grown up about them. It was just about 50
years since the trees had started to repair the
damage caused by the fire. The age of the tree
can also be told by the lateral branches, which
have a distinct pair of stronger branches to mark
each year's succeeding growth. The age of trees

^t-'^ ,

FOREST LEAVES.

159

can also be readily approximated by cutting into
the wood of the trunk near the ground a small
notch. The annual ring may be but the eighth of
an inch. We find the girth six feet, which is two
feet in diameter. From centre to circumference we
have ninety-six eighths; 96 years the tree had
been growing above the portion cut. When trees
are young, the annual growth is apt to be wider.
This rough calculation has the unusual merit,
therefore, of surely not being exaggerated. The
ages of some of the large pines in California have
been tested in this way with an actual count of
annual rings, and found quite satisfactory.

It is very interesting to watch Nature in her
workshop resoiling the surfaces from which the
earth has been washed away. First, these hills are
anything but everlasting. In the granite there is
often much feldspar, which, on exposure to air
and moisture, crumbles to powder. Then there
is iron — and this oxidizes, rusts, and the hard
rock, on exposure, soon crumbles. In crannies
one may often walk knee-deep in decomposed
granite rock, all the wo/k of these little forces
during a' few years. Then water gets into little
crannies, freezes and expands, often throwing
apart masses of rocks tons in weight, which in
falling crush themselves and others into fragments.
Faith may say to this mountain, be ye lifted and
cast into the sea, but the good work of nature
itself does not require many centuries before the
• tallest must succumb, especially when denuded of
its forest garb. The masses of decomposed rock
finding a resting place in some little basin, the
next point of interest is to note how nature en-
riches it. Wherever it can get a chance a hard,
black lichen covers the rocks. It forms large
circular, leather-like patches, with a depression in
the center of the circle, which led the botanist to
give it the name of Umbilicaria, while the under
surface exhibits a face with numerous depressions,
which suggested the specific name of Fustulata,
These collect carbonated material from the atmo-
sphere, and when they crumble, as they soon do,
mix with the granite detritus in the hollows and
form good black soil, in which even fastidious
plants love to grow. Our common sour grass or
sorrel may often be found in possession of these
little oases in the great desert of rocks, holding
the gathered earth together by its roots, into
which a tree seed may next fall, when greater
efl*ects soon begin to tell. In this way, little by
little, nature aids the soil to creep up, and vege-
tation again eventually to recover the ground
fire or flood, in a passionate outburst, deprived
it of.

Geologists tell us nature took more heroic
methods of soil making in the earlier ages, and
the evidences are abundant on the hills of Mount
Desert Island. Flowing sheets of Arctic ice, of

depth and weight almost beyond imagination to
conceive, carrying with them immense rocks,
which acted like huge rasps, ground to powder the
solid rock, and deposited these scrapings as beds
of earth over the solid rocks, much as we find it
here to-day in the low and arable places. One of
the most striking of these evidences came in my
way. The mica, feldspar, and quartz, which mainly
go to make up a piece of granite, vary much, and
sometimes veins of almost wholly one kind will
occur. In the case in question a line four inches
wide of pure marble-like quartz ran vertically, and
seemed to separate a huge rock into two sections.
Portions of this quartz vein were still protected
from the weather by the forest earth of many thous-
and years. On removal of this covering the surface
edge of the quartz was found as beautifully polished
by the immense weight of the glacial load, as if
just turned out of the hands of a modern worker
in granite. Where exposed to modern weather,
even this polished, horn-like surface of flint be-
comes rough, like all rock.

The forest trees of Mount Desert Island are
mainly of the black spruce, of which chiefly consist
the Christmas trees sent to the Philadelphia mar-
ket, and it will interest the young folks to know
that the supply is not likely to run short. The
votary of forest culture may also get relief when
he deplores the great sacrifice of timber interests
by the destruction of so many young plants when
he learns that these trees spring up so thickly to-
gether that they can never make good timber as
they stand. They simply starve each other, and
make kindling wood to feed forest fires. Then
there is a good sprinkling of balsam fir, white
spruce, and arbor vitse, with an occasional red and
white pine. Old sugar maples seem to have dis-
appeared, but there are numerous young ones com-
ing on, and red maple abounds. The large-toothed
poplar, Populiis grandidentata, makes a grand for-
est tree, and there are some aspens, but the glory
of the woods are the poplar birch, yellow birch
and the famous birch that helped the Indians to
canoes in times past. Old trees that have escaped
fire and axe, and have had no great struggle with
near neighbors for food, make majestic trees, quite
equal in picturesque beauty to the famous elms of
New England. There are a few other species of
trees of minor importance, though an occasional
beautiful red oak would feel slighted by being
classed in such depreciative terms.

Thomas Meehan.

— The weeping willow is a native of China, in-
troduced from there by the Dutch, and sent from
Holland as a present to a Queen of one of the
Georges. The first known in England was one
planted at Hampton Court Palace.

\

1 i

I

r
it

^-0,0

160

FOREST LEAVES.

The Seventh Annual Meeting of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association.

>^HE seventh annual meeting of the Penn-
{Q sylvan ia Forestry Association was held at
the rooms of the Association, 1012 Walnut
Street, at 4 o'clock on December 2d. In the
absence of the president, the Rev. J. P. Lundy,
D. D., the Rev. Benjamin J. Douglas was called
to the chair. The minutes of the last annual
meeting and the annual report of the Council
were read and approved.

THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

The Council would report that since the last
annual meeting of the Association on November
27, 1 89 1, eight stated and one special meeting
have been held.

The semi-annual meeting of the Association
was held at Wakefield, Fisher's Lane, German-
town, on the afternoon of Wednesday, June 8ih.
The unsettled condition of the weather on that
day probably deterred many members and invited
guests from attending this meeting ; however, there
was a fair audience and interesting addresses were
delivered by General Oliver, of Wilkesbarre, Pro-
fessor Fernow, of Washington, and the president.
Dr. Lundy. Mr. J. Rodman Paul read the draft
of a bill that had been prepared by the Com-
mittee on Legislation, which will, it is hoped, be
presented to the Legislature early in the coming
session, and which provides for the appointment
of a Forest Commission charged with the duty of
examining into the condition of the forest and
waste lands of this State, and of reporting a
scheme for the formation of one or more forest
reserves in the mountain regions.

At the invitation of the Pennsylvania Chautauqua
a special committee was appointed by the Coun-
cil to arrange for addresses on forestry on the after-
noon of Saturday, July 23d, at Mount Gretna,
near Lebanon. Mr. John Birkinbine, Chairman
of this Committee, arranged for addresses from
Mr. B. E. Fernow, Chairman of the U. S. For-
estry Division ; Dr. J. D. Jones, Mr. Fernow's
first assistant ; and Mr. Edward A. Bowers, Sec-
retary of the American Forestry Association.
There was a fair attendance of members of our
Association at this meeting, and a bill for the estab-
lishment of a State Forest Commission received
the endorsement of the Chautauqua. Senator Pad-
dock's bill (Senate 3235) was read by Mr. Fernow
and also endorsed by this meetincr. This bill
provides for the establishment of a Forest Depart-
ment of the National administraiion as a division
of the Department of Agriculture, said depart-
ment to consist of a Forest Commissioner and a
corps of assistant commissioners, and upon whom

the entire charge of the forest reserves that have
thus far been made and may hereafter be made
shall devolve.

Efforts have been made, and we hope not with-
out success, during the past year by the Committee
on Publication and other members of the Council
to give to Forest Leaves greater value as the rep-
resentative of the forestry interests, not only of
this State, but of the entire country. We are con-
scious, however, that in this enterprise we require
the assistance and co-operation of men who have
devoted a large amount of their time and atten-
tion to the practical aspects of the forestry question.

We need more subscribers who are experts in
practical forestry matters. Above all, we need in
this work and in the general work of the Associa-
tion the assistance of a man of ability, of scien-
tific training in this special department, who knows
exactly what reforms are needed and can explain to
our people in what way they can be brought about.

Until our Association can secure the services of
such a man we can hardly hope to make our work
tell with the plain people^ of the State, though we
may still command, as we hope we do already, the
respect and sympathy of those who have had their
eyes opened to the utterly defenseless wasting and
impoverishing of the land by the wholesale destruc-
tion of the forests.

Only one County Branch has thus far reported
to the Corresponding Secretary.

We append the report of the Delaware County

Branch. H. M. Fisher, Acting Secretary.

Report of Delaware County Branch,

Media, November 29, 1892.

Since our last annual gathering we have held
nine regular monthly meetings, and have, also,
indulged in our usual summer vacation during the
months of July and August. Our regular meet-
ings, while never large, have usually been of in-
terest to those who attended them. They offer
to members the opportunity of reporting observa-
tions, more or less nearly relating to forestry, on
microscopic fungi, farm or garden crops, flori-
culture, wild-wood vegetation, or cultivated or
indigenous trees.

At our March meeting a committee was ap-
pointed to assist in purchasing and planting shrub-
bery in the Court-House square. With a dona-
tion of twenty dollars from this Association, a
large number of valuable shrubs and small trees
were purchased and planted on the west and north
margins of the square.

Additions to these were made by contributions
from individual members, notably from Charles
G. Ogden, who gave and planted a fine clump of
arundo donax, one paw-paw, one persimmon, one
koelruteria, one witch hazel, and two clethra alni-
folia trees.

I I

\

\

I

%

\

^3}

FOREST LEAVES.

161

(/

M

d

12;

o

>

C/)

U
>

<

H

u:
ai
O

UJ

O

z
<

UJ

Q
<
O
CO

<
o

(U

z
I-

o

z

q:
u

QQ

The magnolia grandiflora, presented by our
President, wintered well, and is in a flourishing
condition, as are all the other magnolias we have
planted. In a few years the value of these dona-
tions will be fully apparent, and they will then be
appreciated as they deserve to be.

An effort was made to procure increased water
facilities, but without result for the present year.

The attention of the Association has been called
to the iinused burial ground, known as '* Sandy
Banks.'' A proposition was made to endeavor to
obtain it, that it may be preserved in perpetuity
for the planting of memorial trees, many of the
ancestors of persons residing in this community
having been buried there, and it being in a de-
sirable location for an open space for trees and

shrubbery A determined effort is being

made to have this ground sold for building pur-
poses. If it is to be secured for memorial trees.
It is important that renewed efforts be made to
secure possession by purchase of the true owners
of the property. It is probable that it could now
be purchased at a moderate price, and held for
public use as a memorial ground, if sufficient at-
tention were now given to the subject.

Our Association is out of debt and has a small
balance in the treasury. We continue our sub-
scription to Garden and Forest.

Our membership numbers thirty-seven. Our
delegates to the State meeting are John M. Broomall
and Mrs. Caroline L. Broomall.

Grace Anna Lewis, Secretary,
The Treasurer's report was then read and ap-
proved, and Dr. H. M. Fisher and the Rev. A. L.
Elwyn were appointed Auditors to examine the
Treasurer's report.

Extract from the Report of the Treasurer of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association.
Recapitulation : —

Balance on hand January i, 1892 :

General fund, ^435 41

Lecture fund, 51 22

Rent fund, 209 66

Receipts, all sources : —

General fund,^ ;jj677 80

Lecture fund, 295 00

Rent fund 174 59

JJJ696 29

Expenditures: —
General fund,
Lecture fund,
Rent fund, .

1147 39

$1843 68

29 98
17 30

347 52

1194 80
Balance, ;J5648 88

♦ Of this amount there was received for dues of members,
5370.12; dues of county branches, 562.50; donations, etc.,
5245- 18. '

The nomination for officers to serve for the
ensuing year was then made, and the following
persons elected : — ^

President, John»Birkinbine.

Vice-Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Howard M
Jenkins, Gen. Paul A. Oliver, and James C.
rlaydon.

Secretary, Dr. J. T. Rothrock.

Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. J. P. Lundy.

Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Council- at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Mrs. G.
Dawson Coleman, and Thos. H. Montgomery.

Council from Philadelphia County, Rev T P
Lundy, D. D., Eli Kirk Price, A. B. Weimer, J.'
Rodman Paul, Richard Wood, Henry Budd,
Lucius L. Landreth, and H. LaBarre Jayne.

Lumbering in the Cascade Range.

>^HE illustration which we offer in this number
V^ IS a realistic view of the way in which the
^"^'^ense fir and cedar trees are cut, han-
dled, and shipped in the States of Washington.
Oregon, and northern California.

The two men who are standing on temporary
supports, inserted in the trunk of one of the forest
giants, illustrate the manner in which cutting by
axes and saws is carried on. The partially com-
pleted notch in the tree will be made larger, and
the axes, saw, and wedges employed until this
magnificent specimen topples over and falls to the
ground, when it will be sawn into desired lengths
and these logs will be hauled by ox teams to the
skids ready to be loaded on railway cars, by which
they are transported to the mammoth saw-mills on
Puget Sound. The illustration well shows the
predominance of large timber, the straight shafts
of the trees, the immense stumps which are left
the size of the logs handled, and in the distance
the cabin where the loggers make their home.

It has been our privilege to traverse portions of
the Cascade Range, which have never been touched
by the axe, where the trees were all of such size
that not one of them would in the East be con-
sidered less than noteworthy, where all of the
trees were so straight that the presence of a
crooked tree was used to indicate a trail. We
also traversed parts of Oregon and Washington
from which the magnificent forests have been de-
nuded, leaving as tombstones immense stumps,
from six to fifteen feet in diameter and from four to
ten feet in height. While much of this denuda-
tion may be considered as unnecessarily rapid, the
friends of forestry do not question tree cutting
for legitimate industrial purposes ; but we saw also
in the same States wanton destruction, where mag-
nificent specimens of forest growth were felled
and left to decay, and, worse than all, where

P

.

V31

FOxREST LEAVES.

Ifil

n

^,

rr.

<

ir,

UJ

O

z
<
q:

UJ
Q

<
o

CO

<
o

UJ

I
I-

o

z

cr
u

CO

The magnolia grand iflora, presented by our
President, wintered well, and is in a flourishing
condition, as are all the other magnolias we have
planted. In a few years the value of these dona-
tions will be fully apparent, and they will then be
appreciated as they deserve to be.

An effort was made to ])rocure increased water
facilities, but without result for the present year.

The attention of the Association has been called
to the ^unused burial ground, known as ''Sandy
Banks." A proposition was made to endeavor to
obtain it, that it may be preserved in peri)etuity
for the planting of memorial trees, many of the
ancestors of persons residing in this community
having been buried there, and it being in a de-
sirable location for an open space for trees and

shrubbery A determined effort is being

made to have this ground sold for building pur-
poses. U it is to be secured for memoriaf trees,
it IS important that renewed efforts be made to
secure possession by purchase of the true owners
of the property. It is probable that it could now
be purchased at a moderate price, and held for
public use as a memorial ground, if sufficient at-
tention were now given to the subject.

Our Association is out of debt and has a small
balance in the treasury. We continue our sub-
scription to Garden and Forest.

Our membership numbers thirty-seven. Our
delegates to the Stale meeting are John M. Broomall
and Mrs. Caroline L. Broomall.

Grace Anna Lewis, Secretary.
The Treasurer's report was then read and ap-
proved, and Dr. H. M. Fisher and the Rev. A. L.
Elwyn were appointed Auditors to examine the |
Treasurer's report.

Extract FROM TiiK Rkport or thk Trkasl^rkr ok tiik
Pennsylvania Imjrestrv Association.
Recapitulation : —

IJaiance on hand January i, 1892 :

(jeneral fund,
Lecture fund,

7 • • •

Kent fund, ....

Receipts, all sources: —
General fund,'* . .
Lecture fund,
Kent fund, . . .

Expenditures: —
General fund,
Lecture fund,
Rent fund, .

S4;.5

41

5»

22

209

66

5677

80

295

00

174

59

$696 29

1 147 39

The nomination for officers to serve for the
ensuing year was then made, and the foUou inir

persons elected : — *^

President, John Birkinbine.

Vice-Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Howard M

Jenkins, Gen. Paul A. Oliver, and James c'
Haydon. *^

Secretary, Dr. J. T. Rothrock.

Corresponding^ Secretary, Mrs. J. P. Lundy.

treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Counci/uit-Large, Mrs. IJrinton Coxe, Mrs. G.
Dawson Coleman, and Thos. H. Montgomery

Council frotn PJiiladclpJiia Conntv, Rev. J. P
l>undy, D. D., Eli Kirk Price, A. B. Weimer, J.
Rodman Rml, Richard Wood, Henrv J]udd,
i.ucius L. Landreth, and H. LaBarre Tavne

!

$1843 68

S829 98

17 30

347 52

lialance,

1 1 94 80
$648 88

* Of this amount there was receiveil for dues of members,
55370.12; dues of county branches, $62.50; donations, etc'
3245- 1»^'

Lumbering in the Cascade Range.

y^HE illustration which we offer in this numl)er
V^ is a realistic view of the way in which the
immense fir and cedar trees are cut, han-
dled, and shipped in the States of Washington,
Oregon, and northern California.

The two men who are standing on temporary
supports, in.serted in the trunk of one of the forest
giants, illustrate the manner in which cutting by
axes and saws is carried on. The partially com-
pleted notch in the tree will be made larger, and
the axes, saw, and wedges employed until this
magnificent specimen topples over and falls to the
groimd, when it will be sawn into desired lengths
and these logs will be hauled by ox teams to^he
skids ready to be loaded on railway cars, bv which
they are transported to the mammoth saw-mills on
Puget Sound. The illustration well shows the
])redominance of large timber, the straight shafts
of the trees, the immense stumps which are left,
the size of the logs handled, and in the distance
the cabin wliere the loggers make their home.

It has been our privilege to traverse portions of
the Cascade Range, which have never been touched
by the axe, where the trees were all of such size
that not one of them would in the East be con-
sidered less than noteworthy, where all of the
trees were so straight that the presence of a
crooked tree was used to indicate a trail. We
also traversed parts of Oregon and Washington
from which the magnificent forests have been de-
nuded, leaving as tombstones immense stumps,
from six to fifteen feet in diameter and from four to
ten feet in height. While much of this denuda-
tion may be considered as unnecessarily rajiid, the
friends of forestry do not (juestion tree cutting
for legitimate industrial purposes ; but we saw also
in the same States wanton destruction, where mag-
nificent specimens of forest growth were felled
and left to decay, and, worse than all. where

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

^^

^^3

162

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

superb fir and cedar trees were fired until a great
conflagration was raging over and far beyond a
territory which was intended to be laid out as a
town site, where there were really no requirements,
and very little possibility of a town of any con-
siderable size ever existing.

Washington's Giant Trees.

STEPS taken by the Government lately to set
aside a reservation of gigantic fir trees in
Pierce County, near the base of Mt. Rainier,
has attracted much attention. It is said that some
of these trees are nine feet thick and 300 feet
high, yet strange as this may seem in many
Eastern States, it is not surprising here. Many
trees, each over 280 feet tall, have been measured
about Blaine. Others in that vicinity and else-
where reach to a height of 350 feet. There
are without doubt large numbers of trees in
Washington over 300 feet high. The largest
cedar in the State is said to be three miles east of
Snohomish City. It is dead. The top has broken
off, so that the tree stands only 60 feet in the air.
Its diameter is 24 feet ; greater than this, even, at
the base. It has over 800 well-defined rings, and
must be over 1000 years old. The highest tree
in the world (fallen) is in California. It is called
** The Father of the Forest," and has a length of
450 feet. The tallest foreign tree is a eucalyptus
in Tasmania, height 350 feet.

About Snoqualmie pass are many single speci-
mens of Douglas fir, or *' Oregon pine," that are
over 300 feet high and 10 to 12 feet in diameter.
The trunks are quite straight and, curiously, they
stand close together. [Note the illustration in
this issue shows some of the timber near Sno-
qualmie pass. — Ed.]

In Skagit County is a forest of Douglas pine and
white cedar in which there are many trees reaching
325 feet high, and some of them are fully 350 feet
high. Many trees there and elsewhere reach 250
feet without a limb.

There is almost every variety of pine, hemlock,
cedar, fir, balsam, larch, alder, oak, and many
other kinds of trees. The Pseudotsuga Douglassii,
or Douglas pine, is a magnificent tree, often over
250 feet high and 30 feet around, and with bark
nine or 10 inches thick. The Picea Siichensis, or
Western spruce, which also flourishes here, is sim-
ilar in size to the giant Douglas spruce, but the
wood is whiter. The great silver, or white fir,
Abies Granciis, is a tree with soft wood and is found
in the interior of Washington. A curious tree,
because of its wood splitting obliquely, is the
Tsuga Mertensiana, or Western hemlock. It
reaches a height of 200 feet and occurs on the
banks of lakes and rivers in the Northwest.

163

A tree, straight as a ramrod, and found in the
mountains, where it forms dense forests, is the
Engleman spruce, or Pica Englemanni. Its wood
is very durable. The mountain balsam, or Abies
Subalpina, grows luxuriantly in the higher regions,
sometimes as high as 4000 feet above the level of
the sea. The white-barked pine, Pinus Albicaulis,
and the Pinus Flexilis, look very much alike and are
found in the Cascade Mountains. The mountain
Weymouth, or Western white pine, is found in the
Columbia basin. It is this wood that is largely
used for masts.

The yellow pine, Pinus Ponderosa, is a magnifi-
cent tree, with very heavy wood and reddish-
colored bark ; the Pinus Contorta, or black pine,
grows in the sand and rocks along the coast.

On the banks of the rivers flourish the red or
giant cedar, called by scientists the Thuya Gigantea.
It grows over 150 feet high and is often 12 or 15 feet
thick. Indians use it for making canoes. The
yellow cypress, a near relative of the Thuya Gigan-
tea, has wood of a pale yellow color and resinous
odor. The tamarack, or Western larch, is a tower-
ing tree, and its timber is very valuable. There
are several other varieties of the larch here, among
which is the LarixLyallii, or mountain larch, grow-
ing just below the snow line, and the black larch.
Then there is the Western red cedar, ox Juniperus
Occidentalis, and the common juniper of the
variety of alpina.

Hard woods of Washington have many kinds
and varieties. Among the handsomest is the yew,
\yhose wood is rose colored. It flourishes on Bel-
lingham Bay.

There is the vine maple, Acer Circinatum ; the
red, mountain, and common alder; the crab apple
and others. There is the Western birch, dwarf
birch, and canoe birch, used for canoe making.
On the San Juan and other islands in the Sound
flourish the white oak. Dogwood is found in many
places in the State. The laurel is found on the
coast. The aspen, or poplar, towers up as straight
as an Indian arrow, and grows luxuriantly in many
places, though it rarely reaches a thickness of over
two feet. Great indeed are the resources of
Washington in timber.

The common maple is in places found in exten-
sive groves, the trees being of such size as to cut
large quantities of lumber. The ** curly " maple,
as it is commonly called, here takes a most beau-
tiful polish, and manufactured into furniture or
used for interior finishings presents an exquisite
appearance.

The Alaska cedar discovered in the Olympic
Mountains by the O'Neill exploring party isamong
the chief and most important discoveries of the
year. The wood has an aromatic flavor which
lasts as long as the wood does and makes it valu-
able for the manufacture of trunks and cabinets.

Deforestation.

>nr NY observing person who travels through our
ri diff*erent States can have but one opinion
concerning the waste and loss of our forests
and woodlands. It is quite unnecessary for me to
enlarge upon this matter.

The old saying that God made the country
while man made the town will be more keenly ap-
preciated now than ever before. Numerous sec-
tions of our own State of Pennsylvania, close at
hand, show the absolute stripping .bare of the
mountains, and the destruction of everything in
the nature of a tree save the scrubby and com-
paratively useless undergrowth. From my own
personal knowledge and observation this is the
case along the entire Valley of the Lehigh, partic-
ularly in the mountainous portions, and a large
portion of the Upper Delaware Valley. One
beautiful place near Bear Creek, not far from
Wilkesbarre, formerly a great timbering region,
is now entirely deforested. It made me sad at heart
to think what this section must formerly have
been; the stump of every tree cut still stands in
its place, whitened by exposure to the weather and
charred by the unceasing fires which follow the
railroads. No comparison is more apt than that
the whole locality was a great graveyard of some
of the best, kindliest, and most wholesome gifts
of nature, the stumps themselves looking like
tombstones.

A person interested pecuniarily in this wholesale
robbery would ask the question, '* How can you
prove that cutting off trees does harm?" And
the answer would be that the plain evidence of
our own senses and health proves it. Anyone
familiar with these regions thirty or forty years
ago observes a very disagreeable diff*erence in the
climatic conditions now prevailing there. The
names of many places in these regions could be
mentioned, formerly excellent air-cure sanitariums
(so to speak), that now are not worth the trouble
of going to. The anthracite coal regions of Penn-
sylvania, while never remarkable for natural
scenery or for sporting purposes, in times past,
have been well worthy of a visit for the purity of
the atmosphere and its health-giving qualities,
which depended in a great degree upon the
large extent of pine forests, now almost entirely
gone.

Among our scientific people — people who ought
to know better, too—there are, unfortunately,
large classes of doubting Thomases who will be-
lieve nothing unless it is capable of being set
down in algebraic formulae, or proved with scales,
weights, and chemical test-tubes. Of course it
would not be easy for us to estimate the precise
loss in ozone or allotropic oxygen that has oc-

curred in the coal regions of Pennsylvania since
the year 1850, or to prove just how many extra cy-
clones, freshets, and droughts have occurred as the
direct result of deforestation. But human health,
feelings, and observations prove these things we
have been speaking about better than all the lit-
mus paper, gas-bags and chemical lectures that the
world ever saw. That is to say, reasonable people
in a reasonable franje of mind will see it this way,
but the greedy^ corporations or the equally greedy
land-owners would never so see it (even if one
came back from the dead to tell them).

The time for careful legislation concerning the
forest supplies and re^serves of our land has long
been at hand. I am enough of an optimist in
this matter to believe that hearty energetic eff*orts
expended in the right direction will secure it.
But it will have to be worked hard for in a demo-
cratic country like this. Europe has immense ad-
vantages over us in being able to force the land-
owners either to replant, or not to cut the trees
down. I believe that we shall be able likewise to
compel by legal means the preservation of trees
just as we now abate nuisances and clear high-
ways.

As mentioned before, this matter is a long and
an arduous one. We must expect rebuffs and
drawbacks of every kind, be prepared to encounter
the venality of law-makers, the violent opposition
of small property-owners, the downright dis-
honesties that will be resorted to by the heads of
railroad and mining corporations, and, worst of
all, the general apathy of the public at large.
Nevertheless I see no grounds for discouragement.
We must try to educate public sentiment and
raise public interest in the matter by every means
in our power— by illustrated lectures, frequent
meetings, liberal subscriptions of money and care-
ful spending of the same, by wide dissemination of
the right kind of literature, and finally by persistent
individual effort, and the constant urging of our
friends to come and aid us with their money,
their time, and their social influence.

Ellerslie Wallace.

—Mr. A. B. Farquhar, Executive Commissioner,
Harnsburg, Pa., has issued a handsome illustrated
pamphlet on '* Pennsylvania and the World's
Columbian Exposition." It gives the rules, regu-
lations, and classifications, etc., adopted by the dif-
ferent departments, and the introductory chapter
treats of the resources of Pennsylvania. The in-
formation which it contains in regard to ''Forestry
at the Fair" was published in Forest Leaves, No.
27, pages 95 to 97. Pictures of prominent per-
sons connected with the fair, the buildings, and
some of the allegorical figures are inserted.

^3^-

164

FOREST LEAVES.

The Magnolia.

Extract from Prof. C. S. Sargent's
SiLVA Americana.

^I^HE buds of the magnolia are enclosed in
ycO spathes, which drop off in due time, the
flowers, perfect and solitary, being found
at the ends of branches. They have six to twelve
petals, in series of three ; the sepals number three.
The anthers (cases containing the pollen) are in-
verted toward the axis. The pistils are definite,
and enclosed in scaly elongated receptacles. The
carpals have pulpy skins, resemble almonds in
shape, and open at the back when ripe, the
seeds having a similar shape, and are suspended
at maturity on long, thin cords of unrolled vessels.
The roots, of an ashy-gray, or brown color, are
generally smooth, but occasionally covered with
scales. The bark has an aromatic, bitter taste.
The branches are smooth and tapering, marked
by large, round leaf-scars and narrow rings. The
wood is light, moderately hard, close-grained,
and easily worked, the sap-wood being a little
lighter colored than the heart. It quickly becomes
stained with decay.

The genus of Magnolias is now confined to
Eastern North America, Southern Mexico, and
Eastern and Southern Asia, but it formerly occu-
pied a much larger area. As late as the tertiary
period it was common in the Arctic Circle, in
Greenland, Central Europe, and on the plains of
Western America. There are twenty known species.
Of these six are found in North America, with the
centre of distribution in the Southern Allegheny
Mountain region, two in Mexico, ten are found
in Eastern Asia, and four especially in the Hima-
layas. The largest species, called Campbell's
Magnolia, is found in the Sikkim district of the
Himalaya Mountains. The following is a descrip-
tion of the American magnolias: —

The Magnolia foetida is a tall, slender tree, sixty
to eighty feet high, the trunks having a diameter
of three to four feet. The deliciously-fragrant,
creamy-white flowers will, when fully developed,
measure seven to eight inches across, and continue
to open from April or May to July or August.
The trunk is oval, of a rusty brown color, and
covered with a fur- like skin.

The most northern station of this species of
magnolias is on the coast of North Carolina, south
of Cape Fear River. In South Carolina and
Georgia it is rarely found far from the coast, while
in Florida it extends across the peninsula. It is
also grown in Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi.
The wood of this species is harder, heavier, and
more valuable than that of the other American
species.

Magnolia glauca, also called Sweet Bay or
Swamp Bay. The lower side of the leaves are pale,
the fruits perfectly smooth, but the young shoots
and winter buds have fur-like skins. It is a slender
tree, fifty to seventy-five feet high, the diameter
two to three feet, often much less. In the North
it is reduced to a low shrub. The bark of a fully
developed tree is three-eighths to one-half inch
thick, of a light brown color and covered with
small thin scales. The dark red fruits are oval,
smooth, two inches long by one and one-half
inches broad. Its most northern limit is found in
the town of Gloucester, Massachusetts, and also at
the eastern end of Long Island. It is not found
in the Allegheny region, but abounds in the
Gulf States. In the North it is nearly always
found in deep, wet swamps, associated with red
maple, white cedar, etc.

Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree). The
leaves are oval with heart-shaped marks on the
lower surface. The fruit is smooth, the young
shoots and buds are covered with hairy skins. It
is a tall slender tree with an average height of
sixty to ninety feet, from three to four feet in di-
ameter. The bark of fully developed trees is
three-eighths to one-half inch thick, light brown,
and covered with small, thin scales. The fruit is
oblong, often curved, of a dark-red color, two and
one-half to three inches long, and seldom more
than an inch broad. It extends from Western
New York to Illinois, and in the Appalachian
Range to Southern Alabama. The wood is light,
soft, with a silk-like lustre, not strong, but close-
grained and durable. It grows to a height of
sixty to eighty feet, the trunk being three to four
feet thick. It has a pyramidal shape, where the
location permits the expansion of the limbs. Its
usual companions are the tulip, poplar, white ash,
hickory, etc.

Magnolia cor data is a variety of this species,
but cultivated in gardens, and distinguished by
small flowers, of a bright, canary-yellow, and
larger leaves of a darker green.

Magnolia macrophylla, or Large-leaved Magno-
lia. This is a spreading tree, thirty to fifty feet
high. The trunk is straight, and, under favorable
circumstances, eighteen to twenty inches in di-
ameter, the bark being of a light-gray color and
thin, generally less than one-half inch. The surface
is covered with minute scales. The leaves are thin,
semi-transparent, oval or oblong, havmg a promi-
nent mid-rib, and are borne on stout leaf-stalks.
They are often twenty to thirty or more inches
long, of a light-green color on the surface, but
silvery-gray and slightly hairy on the lower side.
The flowers are white, cup-shaped, and fragrant ;
when fully expanded they are ten to twelve inches
across, appearing in May or June. The fruits are
broadly oval, often nearly round, two and one-

^3^

FOREST LEAVES.

165

half to three inches long, and when fully ripe they
have a bright rose color. The Magnolia macro-
phylla requires a deep, rich soil, and is found
about the base of the Southern Allegheny Moun-
tains, from North Carolina to Southeastern Ken-
tucky, and even Louisiana. It also occurs in
Central Arkansas.

Magnolia tripetala^ or Umbrella Tree. This is
a small tree, thirty to forty feet high, rarely more
than eighteen inches in diameter, surrounded by
several stems springing from the same base, and
growing into a large bush, surmounted by the
head of the principal trunk, the branches often
being of irregular shape. The bark is one-half
inch thick, and of a light-gray color. The flowers,
of a creamy-white color, are four to five inches
long, and appear in May, having a strong, dis-
agreeable odor. The fruit is ovate, two to four
inches long, and, when fully ripe, of a bright rose
color. • It is widely distributed in the Allegheny
Mountain region, from Southern Pennsylvania to
Central Alabama. It is not common, growing only
in rich, deep, and rather moist soil, near mountain
streams. The wood is light, soft, close-grained,
the heart being brown, and the sap-wood creamy-
white, and somewhat heavier.

Fraser' s, or Mountain Magnolia. This tree is
thirty to forty feet high. The trunk, twelve to
eighteen inches in diameter, is straight or inclined.
Near the base it often has a number of stout,
diverging stems. The bark is rarely more than one-
third of an inch thick. The leaves are thin, semi-
transparent, and light green. The large, winter-
buds are purple, oval, and resemble a druggist's
spatula in shape. The flowers are creamy-white
and sweetly scented, appearing in May or June.
The fruit is oblong, four to five inches long by one
and one-half to two inches broad, and, when fully
ripe, of a rose color. The inner surface of the
leaves, of which the pistils are composed, are of a
bright yellow color, distinguished by being sur-
mounted by long, awl-like points.

This species is less widely distributed than the
others mentioned, the northern limit being the
range of mountains in Southwestern Virginia, ex-
tending southward to the valley of the Chatta-
hoochee River, in Western Florida, and west as
far as the Pearl River. Its real home is the val-
ley of the mountain-stream flowing from the Blue
Ridge to form the principal tributaries of the
Savannah, and on the slopes of the Black and Big
Smoky mountains. The wood of Eraser's Mag-
nolia is light, soft, and close-grained, but not
strong. It needs a deep, rich soil, and is less
easily propagated than the other species of Ameri-
can magnolias.

Adolph Nahmer.

The State and the Forest.

Tl TRACT at the extreme end of Cape Cod,
yi several thousand acres in extent and known
as *'The Province Land" has, Mr. Harri-
son tells us in a recent issue of the Cosmopolitan,
always been owned by the State of Massachusetts.
A large part of the village of Provincetown
stands on this land, but, besides the tract thus
built on, there is an unoccupied area estimated at
4000 acres (or six square miles) and about half of
this latter tract *' is fairly well wooded," being cov-
ered by a thick growth of hard pine {Finus
Figida), oak, maple, and other trees, with a dense
undergrowth of shrubs and vines. This wooded
portion lies nearest the village of Provincetown
and probably contains about 2000 acres. The
part nearest the shore, constituting the point of
the Cape, appears to be of nearly equal value.

It is a region of moving sand, which is blown by
the wind into great billows of irregular ridges which
are every year rolled farther and farther inland
toward the village, swallowing and burying the for-
est as they advance. He tells us he saw maple
trees more than twenty feet high entirely covered as
they stand, except a few sprouts from the highest
branches. The whole of this area of thousands
of acres was covered by a pine forest when white
men first came to the Cape. The trees were cut
away and the ground burned over, thus destroying
the soil and the mat of vegetable fibres which
held it in place. The conditions which main-
tained the stability of the surface being destroyed
the sand of the shore began to move inland before
the wind, and it has continued to advance. The
stumps of the pine trees are still visible when the
wind blows the sand away to the original surface.
The methods thus far employed to stay the prog-
ress of *' this ruinous tide of sand " have been iu-
tile, and Mr. Harrison suggests the close planting
of several rows of cedar saplings at the edge of the
water to serve as a windbreak, under the shelter of
which hedge such cuttings and young trees as are
best adapted to growth in such conditions could
be planted. The hedge of cedar saplings would
not be planted to grow, but it would last a long
while, would catch most of the sand that might be
raised by the wind between the hedge and the sea,
and would afl'ord shelter for the young trees
planted at its foot on the landward side. Only a
narrow strip could thus be defended at first, and
therefore only a narrow strip could be planted at
once with any possibility of success. Here is an
excellent opportunity, Mr. Harrison thinks, for
State Forestry in Massachusetts.

Attention is next called to the sale, in 1867,
by the State of New Hampshire, of a great area of
magnificent timber land in Grafton, Carroll, and
Coos counties. Since that time immense damage

H^i-

166

FOREST LEAVES.

has been done to these forests, not only by him-
bering but by fire, which has burnt not only the
standing timber but the root-mat which held the
soil together. The soil has been carrred down by
rains into the valleys, and the rocks have been left
bare. ** The areas of scorched and desolate stone
will probably never be covered with forests again.
.... The utter desolation of these tracts
shows what is the destiny of a large proportion of
the White Mountains, if nothing adequate is done
to interfere with existing conditions and agencies.

Other portions of the region will be cut off and
afterward burned over, till in time there will be
vast areas of the mountain region of northern New
Hampshire, in which there will be no timber,
shade, verdure, nor springs of water."

In view of this alarming prospect Mr. Harrison
urges that **the State of New Hampshire should
resume possession of its mountain lands, and ex-
ercise therein the right of eminent domain, while
a just compensation is paid to its present holders."

Again. **The life of the Hudson River is
bound up with the life of the mountain forests of
the Adirondacks. It has already been seriously
injured by the destruction of forest conditions
over extensive areas in the region of its sources.
The State of New York owns more than 700,000
acres of forest land. This is a great opportunity
for State forestry, but it has not been improved
or developed to any considerable extent. This is
not so much the fault of the officers who have
had charge of the State forests, as of the people of
the State in general. They have never taken up
the matter, even for consideration, with seriousness
or public spirit. The hotels should be owned by
the State and managed under official supervision.
A school of forestry should be established and
maintained by the State to train and equip foresters
for the management of the State forests, and all
forest products should be utilized under com-
petent direction, as a source of revenue to the
State.

Pennsylvania has already suffered great injury
to some of the most important interests of her
people, for want of State control and administra-
tion of her mountain forests. The maintenance
of forest conditions on the mountains of the St2^te
is indispensable to the permanent prosperity of
the people. If these forests are extirpated, the
streams will probably become destructive torrents
in the spring season, and their channels will be
dirty and wind-swept in summer. The soil will
be washed down from the mountains into the
streams, the inert clay, sand and gravel will follow,
burying the fertile lands near the foot-hills. The
area of farm land will thus be diminished more
and more, and the fertility and productiveness
of what is still cultivated will steadily decline.

If the mountain forests are burned, the time

will inevitably come when there will be no trees
or verdure on the mountains of Pennsylvania,
and no soil. There will remain only the wrecks
and skeletons of the mountain chains, unsightly
mounds and ridges eroded and scarred by torrents
and rent by horrid gulfs and chains — a blasted
and ruined land, the result and monument of
man*sincapacity. "

*' The people of Pennsylvania should take posses-
sion of the mountain forest lands in that State and
establish a system of State forestry for their per-
manent administration. No other practicable
method of saving the forests and the important
interests which are dependent on permanent forest
conditions on the mountains has been suggested.
Of course, the present holders of the lands should
be fairly compensated. This course of action
should be speedily adopted by all the States which
include any portion of the Appalachian mountain
system. It is idle to think of securing the neces-
sary unity and efficiency of action for the proper
administration of the mountain forests in a great
State like Pennsylvania, while the title to these
forest lands is held by several hundred different
owners, many of whom never saw each other.

'* All the mountain forest lands owned by the
nation should be at once withdrawn from sale, and
should be put under the guardianship of the
national army until a comprehensive and efficient
system of forestry has been established over them.
But it is probable that all remaining portions of the
national domain will soon pass into the possession
of the States within whose boundaries they are
situated. If this expectation is realized the
mountain forest lands everywhere should be held
and administered by the States, as such, and should
not be allowed to become private holdings by
sale to individuals. This is essential for the
preservation of the country's water supply and for
the permanence of its agriculture. This is espe-
cially manifest in relation to the regions which
require irrigation. No possible system of dams,
or of hydraulic engineering of any kind, can
secure and control an adequate supply of water
for extensive agriculture by irrigation if forest
conditions are destroyed on the mountains above
the arid region. Forest conditions on these
mountains on the public domain are now being
rapidly destroyed by pasturage, by wretchedly
wasteful and irresponsible lumbering, and by fire.
If these agencies continue in operation, the arid re-
gions will remain arid, or, if they are reclaimed
for a little while, the supply of water will soon
fail and the desert will reassert its ancient domin-
ion. A large proportion of the mountain land
of the western part of the continent is of such a
character that if forest conditions upon it are
once fully destroyed they can never be restored.
Man has no power to create a new world, but his

Vi

FOREST LEAVES.

167

ability to wreck and exhaust the planet on which
he lives is almost without limit."

T^i^HILE in this country we have an opportunity
\XJ of witnessing on a large scale the dire re-
sults of deforesting steep hill sides, there
are parts of Europe where the consequences of
reckless deforestation are only too manifest. In
striking contrast to the careful management of
the mountain forests in most of the German and
Austro-Hungarian dominions travelers can now
see in Northern Italy and parts of Switzerland
the terrible havoc that has been wrought by the
removal of the forests from the mountain sides.
An instance of extensive erosion and destruction
of the soil by the cutting of the forests is seen
near the Baths of Bormio in Northern Italy. A
few years ago iron ore was discovered in the valley
below this village, and the side of the mountain
(Monte della Scala) was stripped of its timber in
order to furnish mine props. As a consequence
the springs that were formerly numerous in the side
of this mountain have entirely disappeared, the soil
has been almost washed away, and the whole side of
the mountain presents a barren and forbidden as-
pect— nothing but rocks and masses of loose stone
that are constantly being broken off from the rocks
above, and almost all trace of verdure has disap-
peared.

The traveler from Thusis on the Splugen Pass to
Coire may see the effect of the erosion of the river
banks by reckless denudation of the hills above,
and the masses of silt and debris along the banks
show how the whole face of Nature can be changed
for the worse by the unintelligent felling of timber.

H. M. F.

The Camphor Industry of Formosa.

y^ HE Formosa camphor of commerce is obtained
v9 from Laurus Camphora, of which immense
forests cover many of the lower ranges of
hills in the island, extending up the lower slopes
of the mountains. Many of these forests have not
been invaded, and the statement that the camphor
supplies in the southern part of the island are be-
coming exhausted applies only to those districts
which are purely Chinese. The supply from other
parts of the island is said to be practically inex-
haustible ; and, even in the districts inhabited by
the Chinese, it is only in certain places that the sup-
ply is falling off inconsequence of the reckless man-
ner in which the trees have been destroyed, partly
for the sake of their timber and for camphor, and
partly, probably, to clear the ground for cultiva-
tion. It has been stated that the method of ob-
taining crude camphor in Formosa was by steeping
the chopped branches in water and then by boil-

ing them until the camphor begins to adhere to
the stick used in stirring, when the liquor is
strained and the camphor is allowed to harden.
By this method it is not necessary to destroy the
tree and it may have prevailed formerly, although
it certainly does not at present, the yield of cam-
phor from the branches being too small to repay
the cost of extraction. A recent British consular
report gives some details of the method now in
general use. A tree is selected by an expert, who
scrapes into the trunk in different places with an
instrument resembling a rake, for the purpose of
ascertaining if it contains sufficient camphor to
repay the cost of extraction. Trees less than fifty
years old do not produce camphor in paying
quantities, and the yield varies considerably in
individual trees. Sometimes one side only of a
tree contains sufficient camphor to make extrac-
tion profitable, and, in this case, that side alone
is attacked. The trunk is scraped as high as the
workman can conveniently reach, and the scrapings
are pounded and boiled with water in an iron
vessel, over which an earthenware jar, made espe-
cially for the purpose, is inverted. The camphor
condenses on the inner surface of the jar, and is
removed from time to time. The root of the tree
and the trunk, for some eight feet up, contain the
greatest quantity of camphor. If the scrapings
obtained from the trunk yield well, the chipping
is continued until the tree falls. The roots are
then grubbed up and the camphor from them ex-
tracted. If the scrapings are not sufficiently pro-
ductive, the tree is abandoned and work is
commenced on another. No effort is made to
extract the camphor from the fallen trunk or from
the branches. In some cases the trunk, however,
is sawed into lumber, but this depends on the
locality where the tree is growing. In many dis-
tricts, owing to the want of roads, the timber
would not pay the cost of its transport. It is im-
possible to imagine a more wasteful method, and
it is fortunate that these camphor forests extend
over a large part of the islands. Ten of the iron
pots in their accompanying jars make up what is
called a **set," and are worked by four men. One
set will produce about sixty-five pounds in ten
days, but this yield is reached only under the most
favorable conditions. — Garden and Forest,

—Meehan's Monthly states that Mr. Burnet
Landreth. Past President of Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, the Chief of the Department of Agri-
culture during the Centennial Exhibition, received
form the French government a decoration as
Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. We note that
he has been recently again honored by the French
government in being promoted in the Legion, and
Mr. Landreth's title is now Officer of the French
Legion of Honor.

H^'i

168

FOREST LEAVES.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

TREES

»

IN THIS PAPER ARE MADE BY THE NEW

^uTeeiiYPpiCvPEtecEgg

OF

©01

obQI

- , .HllfADBLEHa

SEND FOR CIRCULAR

THE

Largest Store in the United States

DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO

>^i^i

-»-^

DRY GOODS.

-<M-

»^4!^<

STRAWBRIDGE k CLOTHIER,

Eighth and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

Samples promptly mailed to any

address.

SPRAY

"Wormy Fruit
and Leaf Blight

lOf Apples, Pears,

iChemes, and Plums >q?«:v

■prevented ; also Grape

[and Potato Rot— by
spraying with ^Stalll'8
Double Acting EzcelBior
Spraying Outfits. Best
in the market. Thousands
in use. Catalogue, describ* t_
ing all insects injurious to
fruit, mailed Free. Address

'WM.STAHl,Quincy.lll

^.F'-'

Wm. F. Fell & Co.,

Pl^I[NlTEI^S

?

Nos. 1220-1224 Sansom Street,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BRIEFS, PAPER BOOKS, BLANKS AND LEGAL
PRINTING GENERALLY.

Special attention given to the Printing of

MEDICAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

CATALOGUES, PRICE-LISTS

AND

GENERAL PAMPHLET WORK.

ALSO

ANY CLASS OF WORK IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE,

under the superintendence of a competent workman of

that nationality.

If Estimates Cheerl'ullj Furnished on Application«i»

Fire-proof Vaults for Storage of Plates.

Mechanical Details receive our Personal Supervision.

V"vJ^

ii^L." » Ji.»'«i mjnmf,"

National Education

Association

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT

Forty-Eighth Annual Convention

BOSTON, MASS.
JULY 2-8, 1910

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Tames Y. Joyner, President .Raleigh, N. C.

Ix)RENZO D. Harvev. First Vice-President Menomome, Wis.

Arthur H. Chamberlain, Treasurer • • '^^^^f^\.^^'

Nicholas Murray Butler, Chairman of Trustees New York, N. Y.

John H. Phillips, Member by Election Birmmgham, Ala.

Irwin Shepard. General Secretary Winona, Minn.

DEPARTMENT PRESIDENTS

National Council — Joseph Swain. President of Swarthmore College Swarthmore, Pa.

Kindergarten — Miss Luella A. Palmer, 235 East Eighteenth St New York, N. Y.

Elementary — Thomas A. Mott, Superintendent of Schools Richmond Ind.

Secondary — David E. MacKenzie. Principal of Central High School Detroit, Mich.

Higher — George E. Fellows. President of University of Maine Orono Me.

Normal — Joseph H. Hill. President of State Normal ?chool ^!^°"*' Z^?^'

Superintendence — William M. Davidson. Superintendent of Instruction Omaha. Nebr.

Manual Training and Art — J. C. Monaghan. Room 2076 Metropolitan Bldg New York. N. Y.

Music - Charles I. Rice. Director of Music. Public Schools ^f"*^f ^^ ^f .'•

Business — James S. Curry. High School of Commerce Cleveland. Ohio

Child-Study — Will Grant Chambers, Professor of Educ. Univ. of Pittsburg Pittsburg. Pa.

Physical — Clark W. Hetherington. Dir. of Phys. Educ, University of Missouri. . . .Columbia. Mo.

Science — B. M. Davis, Professor of A^culture. Miami University Oxford, Ohio

School Administration — J. J. Stoddart. President of Board of Education Columbus. Ohio

Ubrary - Edwin White Gaillard. Public Librar>'. 209 W. 23rd St New York. N^ Y.

Special — Edward M. Van Cleve. Superintendent. State School for Blind Columbus. Ohio

School Patrons — Miss Laura Drake Gill. President, Ass'n of College Alumnae Boston. Mass.

Rural and Agri. — Kbnyon L. Butterpibld. President, State Agri. College Amherst, Mass.

STATE DIRECTORS BY ELECTION

AUbama Samuel S. Murphy, Superintendent of Schools Mobile

Arizona A. J. Matthews. President. Territorial Normal School. Tf"l^„ ,

Arkansas George B. Cook, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Little Rock

California. .. ..... .Duncan MacKinnon. Superintendent of Schools San Diego

Colorado Charles E. Chadsey. Superintendent of Schools Denver

Connecticut Charles H. Kbybs. Supervisor of South District Schools Hartford

Delaware . George W. Twitmybr, Superintendent of Schools Wilmington

Dirt, of Columbia.. .Elmer Ellsworth Brown. United States Com'r of Education. . . .Washington

Florida Miss Clbm Hampton. Department of Education Tallahassee

Georgia . • • • Jbrb M. Pound, State Commissioner of Schools Atlanta

Idaho ....*.'.'. Miss S. Bellb Chamberlain, SUte Supt. of Public Instruction. . . Boise

Illinois. ....... J. Stanley Brown, Principal of Township High School Joliet

/

/'

\y

'n

Indiana Thomas A. Mott, Superintendent of Schools Richmond

Iowa Frank L. Smart. Superintendent of Schools Davenport

Kansa< John MacDonald, Editor, Western School Journal Topeka

Kentucky W. H. Bartholombw, Principal of Girls* High School LouisviUc

Louisiana Warren Easton, Superintendent of Schools New Orleans

Maine Payson Smith, State Superintendent of Schools Augusta

Maryland A. C. Willison, County Superintendent of Schools Cumberland

Massachusetts Irving O. Palmbr, Science Master Newton High School N^wtonville

Michigan E. E. Scribnbr, Superintendent of Schools Ishpeming

Minnesota S. L. Hbbtbr, Superintendent of Schools St. Paul

Mississippi E. E. Bass, Superintendent of Schools Greenville

Missouri Howard A. Gass, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Jefferson City

Montana W. E. Harmon, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Helena

Nebraslta A. H. Watbrhousb, Superintendent of Schools Freemont

Nevada Romanzo Adams. Professor of Education, University of Nevada. . . Reno

New Hampshire Hbnry C. Morrison, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. .Concord

New Jersey M. H. Kinsley, Superintendent of County Schools Hoboken

New Mexico Jambs E. Clark, Territorial Superintendent of Public Instruction. . Santa Fe

New Yorl< Augustus S. Downing, First Assistant Com'r of Education Albany

North Carolina W. S. Snipes, Superintendent of Schools Winston-Salem

North Daltota Thomas Hillyer, President of State Normal School Mayville

Ohio J. W. MACKINNON, Superintendent of Schools Bellefontaine

Oklahoma Lynn Glover, Professor of Polit. Econ., State Normal School Weatherford

Oregon Edwin D. Resslbr, President of State Normal School Monmouth

Pennsylvania Reed B. Tbitrick, Deputy State Sup't of Public Instruction Harrisburg

Rhode Island Herbert W. Lull, Superintendent of Schools Newport

South Carolina David B. Johnson, President of Winthrop Nor. and Indust. Coll . . Rock Hill

South Dakota Freeman H. Hopp, Superintendent of Schools Mitchell

Tennessee I. C. McNeill, Nos. 666-568 Randolph Building Memphis

Texas George H. Carpenter, Superintendent of Schools Brownwood

Utah Wm. S. Rawlings, Superintendent of Schools Provo

Vermont Mason S. Stone, State Superintendent of Education Montpelier

Virginia Joseph Eggleston, State Superintendent of Public Instruction — Richmond

Washington Henry B. Dewey, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Olympia

West Virginia Morris P. Shawkey, State Superintendent of Schools Charleston

Wisconsin Carroll G. Pbarse, Superintendent of Schools Milwaukee

Wyoming A. D. Cook, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Cheyenne

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT

To Members of the N. E. A.:

The Executive Committee of the National Education Association take pleas-
ure in announcing that the Forty-Eighth Annual Convention will be held in
Boston, Mass., July 2 to 8, 1910. The following explanation is submitted:

As early as October last, the educational institutions and the citizens of Bos-
ton and vicinity renewed their invitation for the Annual Convention in 1910. The
lines of the New England Passenger Association tendered a rate of one and
one-fourth fare on the certificate plan, subject to the concurrence of the Trunk
Lines and their western connections. This tender was rejected by the Trunk
Lines at three successive meetings, and a rate of one and one-half fare offered
instead. The Executive Committee regarded this rate, which is 50% higher than
the rates formerly granted, as unjust and discriminatory against the N. E. A. in
comparison with other convention rates and with the lower rates for summer
tourists and occasional excursions, which have prevailed during the past two years;
and, therefore, on January 17th issued official announcement adverse to holding
the next convention in Boston with a railroad rate of one and one-half fare.

Two days later at a meeting of the New England Passenger Association in-
dividual notice was filed by W. E. Davis, Passenger Traffic Manager of the Grand
Trunk Railway, stating that the line which he represented would tender a rate of
one fare for the round trip from Milwaukee and Chicago and all points eastward
on the certificate plan with provision for extension of tickets for return until Sep-
tember 15th and for limiting the validation of certificates to members of the Asso-
ciation.

The Executive Committee, finding all of the ticket conditions accompanying
this tender entirely satisfactory, promptly accepted the tender and announced
the selection of Boston as the place of convention, July 2 to 8, 1910.

On February 16th the following details were filed with the New England
Passenger Association by the Grand Trunk Railway, the Canadian Pacific Rail"
way, and the Wabash Railroad to apply from St. Louis, Hannibal, Keokuk, Mil-
waukee, and Chicago via the Montreal gateway.

The following are the most important of these details:

Pares — One limited first-class fare by route traveled for the round trip, on certificate plan.

Selling Dates — Going tickets to be sold with certificates June 30 to July 4 inclusive, and so ar-
ranged that passengers will not arrive in Boston earlier than July 1st, nor later than July 6th.

Return Limits — Tickets will be issued upon properly validated certificates, good leaving Boston
not earlier than July 4th, nor later than July 13th.

Validation — Certificates will be viseed by a Validating Agent in Boston, when bearing signature
of Irwin Shepard, Secretary of the National Education Association, certifying that the holder is a
member thereof. A fee of 25 cents will be chained for each certificate viseed.

Extension — An extension of the return limit to September 16th will be granted by deposit of
properly indorsed certificates at the Validating Agency immediately on arrival of passenger in Boston ,
but not earlier than 8 A. M. July 1st, nor later than 6 P. M. of July 13th, and payment of extension
fee of $1.00 for each certificate at time of deposit. On all certificates deposited for this extension,
the validation fee of 25 cents will be waived.

Stop-overs within the final limit of the ticket will be allowed in Canada on the return trip.

It is anticipated, with confidence, that lines thru the Albany gateway will
make the same rate, which will be announced in the Program Bulletin to be issued
in April. In case no other lines join those above named in making the one fare
rate, it will be found practicable to buy local tickets from many points to junction
points on the above named lines east of St. Louis, Milwaukee, and Chicago, and
receive the one fare rate from such points.

It is believed that the lines of the Western and Southwestern Passenger
Associations will grant a reduced rate of one and one-half fare to their eastern
gateways for this occasion, to be added to the rate in force from such gateways.

Negotiations are already in progress for securing for those residing in the ter-
ritory of the Southeastern Passenger Association favorable rates to Boston
via the coast steamship lines as well as via Washington and New York.

The following is the full text of the Boston invitation.

Boston. Mass., October 26, 1909.
To the Executive Committee of the National Education Association :

The undersigned representatives of educational interests in Boston and its neighborhood desire
hereby to renew and endorse the invitation conveyed to the Association at its last convention, that
the next meeting be held in Boston in the summer of 1910.

We retain the most agreeable recollections of the last visit of the Association in 1903. when all
the educational forces of this community joined in welcoming the thousands of your members who
honored Boston by their attendance. The many evidences of goodwill and of enthusiasm for educa-
tion which that occasion evoked lead us to hope that another meeting in Boston would produce a
similar result, to the advantage not only of the Association and its Boston friends, but of the whole
cause for which it stands.

We hope, therefore, that your Committee will agree with us upon the desirability of holding the
next convention in Boston. In expressing this hope we pledge the cordial and enthusiastic support
of the institutions and educational interests which we represent. (Signed) A. Lawrbncb Lowbll.
_^ On behalf of Harvard University, A. Lawrbncb Lowell, President

Tufts College, Fredbrick W. Hamilton, President
Boston College. Rev. Thomas \. Gasson, S. J., President
Boston University, William E. Huntington, President
Wellesley College. Caroline Hazard, President
Radcliffe College, LeBaron Russell Briggs, President
Simmons College, Henry Lafavour, President
N. E. Conservatory of Music, George W. Chadwick, Director
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Arthur Fairbanks, Director
State Board of Education. Frederick P. Fish, Chairman
Boston Chamber of Commerce. James J. Storrow, President
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Eben S. Draper. Governor

L'">

L-

'A.

J^Sf^S??!!

-."SC

7

The School Departments, represented by their respective Superintendents:

Boston, Stratton D. Brooks
Belmont, Gbo. P. Armstrong
Brookline, Gborgb I. Aldrich
Cambridge, Frank E. Parmn
Chelsea, B. C. Gregory
Dcdham, Roderick W. Hine
Everett, U. G. Wheeler
Hyde Park H. L. Brittain

Lexington, Frank H. Damon
Lynn, Frank J. Peaslee
Melrose, John C. Anthony
Milton, Asher J. Jacoby
Newton, Frank E. Spaulding
Nahant, Edwin S. Terrell
Quincy, Albert L. Barbour
Revere, Clarence H. Demp<:ey

Saugus. Fairfield Whitney
Somerville, Charles S. Clark
Stoneham, Chas. E. Stevens
Swampscott, William J. Pelo
Wakefield, J. H. Carprey
Waltham. Wm. D. Parkinson
Winchester, S. F. Herron

In addition to the above, practically all of the school superintendents of the
leading cities of New England have joined in supporting this invitation.

The Local Executive Committee will be organized very soon, when active
measures will be taken to provide for all the needs of the Convention. It has al-
ready been determined that Copley Square will be the center of Convention ac-
tivities as in 1903. The Kational Council will begin its sessions on Saturday, July
2nd. Educational Sunday, July 3rd, will be observed by the churches of Boston
and surrounding cities.

The first General Session will be held in the Stadium of Harvard University
on the afternoon of Monday, July 4th. President Taft has consented to deliver
the principal address on that occasion. The Department Meetings will all be held
during the forenoons of July 5th to 8th inclusive in the various churches about
Copley Square and in the new buildings of the Harvard Medical School and the
Boston Normal School. The General Sessions will be held in the evenings, and it
is expected to secure the new Boston Opera House for these sessions.

There will be no meetings on the afternoons of July 5 to 8 inclusive, which
will be left free for visits with guides to places of literary and historical interest in
and about Boston.

On the days following the Convention many excursions will be planned to
more distant points by boat, by rail, and by trolley lines. There is the greatest
interest in the approaching Convention on the part of the citizens and teachers of
Boston, many plans having already been formed for entertaining our members in
ways similar to those which proved so delightful in 1903.

Information, with complete programs, announcements of railroad rates, Boston
local arrangements, and the like, will be furnished in the Program Bulletin to be
issued in April. The active members of the Association are cordially invited to
co-operate with their respective State Directors in extending notice of plans and
details for the Boston Convention and in securing the largest possible membership
at the convention. It will be remembered that in 1903 we had nearly 35,000 en-
rolled. Reference to the statistical tables published in the Boston Volume and
in the last Yearbook will show the record of each state for that year We trust
that no state will have a smaller membership this year and that most states will
add largely to that record.

It is believed that the teachers of the country will cordially embrace this op-
portunity to attend the Boston convention and to spend a part or all of their va-
cation at the New England resorts.

It is gratifying to report that our California friends, who have been so active
and earnest to secure the convention for San Francisco in 1910, promptly and
loyally accepted the decision of the Executive Committee, pledging the State to
a large attendance at the Boston Convention. The Transcontinental Lines as
promptly granted a round trip rate of $72.50 to Chicago and $67.50 to St. Louis^
to be added to whatever rate might be in force from those points.
Respectfully submitted for the Executive Committee,

JAMES Y. JOYNER,
IRWIN SHEPARD, President.

Secretary.

^T

I i

m^

m

mm

mmmmm.

MJf:

W^m^^^'^'

3VJ