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THE

FOREST OFFICERS' HANDBOOK

OF THE

GOLD COAST, ASHANTI

AND THE

NORTHERN TERRITORIES

BY

T. F. CHIPP, M.C., B.Sc, RL.S.

Deputy Conservator of Forests.

Chapters I to VI and Mil and IX approved as a
thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the
I'nivorsitv of London.

Published for THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GOLD COAST

BY THE CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES,

4, MiLi.BANK, London, S.W. i.

Printed by

WATERLOW & SONS LIMITED

LONDON, DUNSTABLE & WATFORD.

THE

FOREST OFFICERS' HANDBOOK

OF THE

GOLD COAST, ASHANTI

AND THE

NORTHERN TERRITORIES

BY

T. F. CHIPP, M.C., B.Sc, F.L.S.

Deputy Conservator of Forests.

Published for THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GOLD COAST

BY THE CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES,

4, MiLLBANK, London, S.W. i.

Printed by

WATERLOW & SONS LIMITED

LONDON, DUNSTABLE & WATFORD.

CONTENTS

Introductiox

Chapter I. — The West African Forests

Chapter II. — The Natural Features of the Country
Situation and Area
Physiography . .
Altitudes
Geology . .
Seasons

Chapter III. — The Forests of the Gold Coast : —
The Guinea Zone
The Evergreen Forest
The Deciduous Forest
The Sudanese Zone
Special Types of Vegetation

Chapter IV.— The Forests of the Gold Coast {continued) : —
Area

Annual Increment
Utilisation
Ownership

Notes on Timber Trees
Synopsis of Natural Orders

Ch.\pter V. — The Climate and its Relation to Forest Distribution

Rainfall

Relative Humidity

Temperatures . .
Chapter VI. — Considerations of a Forest Policy ..
Chapter VII. — The Gold Coast Forestry Department : —

Historj'^ of the Department . .

Establishment . .

Efficiency Bars . .

Chapter VIII. — Economic Notes : —
Exports . .
Census . .
Trees and Plants of Economic Importance . .

Chapter IX. — ^The Native Names of the Principal Treks : —
Botanical — Native Name Index
Native — Botanical Name Index

Chapter X. — The Ordinances and Rules Affecting Forestry

Appendix I. — Notes o.n Outfit and Life on the Coast

Index . .

PAGE
V.

7
7

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lo

12

13
13
15
17

20

~5

28

30
30
30

3^

34
36
42

47

49
50

50

51

52
55

61
63
69
99
104

IA

IV

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Maps : —

West Africa . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . Frontispiece.

Gold Coast, Ashanti, and the Northern Territories . . to face page 7

Physiographical . . . . . . . . . . ..,,„,, 8

Forest Distribution .. .. .. .. .. •.,,,, ,, 13

Meteorological : —

Monthly Rainfall Chart .. .. .. .. ••,,,,,, 34

Rainfall Curves .. .. .. .. .. •.,,.,., 36

Rainfall Distribution .. .. .. .. .. ..,,,, ,, 38

Section from Seccondee to Tamale . . . . . . . . , . . . 47

Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 107

INTRODUCTION.

Until now only two reports have been published on the Gold Coast
Forests. The first one the result of Mr. H. N. Thompson's tour in
1908, with his recommendations as to necessary forest legislation.
This was published as a Colonial Office Miscellaneous Report and is
now out of print. Secondly, Mr. N. C. McLeod's " Statement for the
British Empire Forestry Conference," in 1920, which dealt with a
brief review of the forest under certain specified headings. Only 150
copies of this report were printed, and these were circulated outside
this country.

It may safely be said, therefore, that the majority of the people
of this country, as well as those outside, who are interested in it from
commercial or other reasons, have at the most only a vague idea of
the forests of the country, their economic importance, and the part
they pla}^ in the protection of the country generally. The present
work, on which the writer has been engaged for some years, is the first
attempt at a complete presentation of the present-da}' position of the
forests with their problems and all available information bearing on
them. Many of the facts have been understood for a long time, but
this is the first endeavour to marshal these facts together, and, after
an appreciative study of them, draw the conclusions to which the
writer has come, and for which he is solely responsible. There is a
considerable amount of original work now published for the first time,
foremost among which is the intimate relation of the forests to the
meteorological observations and physiography of the country, and
the maps, graphs, and tables bearing on these. The Synopsis of
Natural Orders and fists of Economic Plants are abstracted from the
" List of Trees, Shrubs and Chmbers," and " List of Herbaceous Plants
and Undershrubs," published by the writer in 1912 and IQ14
respectively.

This work had originally been intended as a handy reference book
for Forest Officers appointed to the Colony, and African students who
take up forestry locally, and it has, to a large extent, retained its original
form to suit this purpose. Chapters VII and X, in particular, being
included, At the same time, however, its scope has been extended

VI

so that it may prove of service to all in the country interested in, or
responsible for, the future welfare of the forests and the factors bearing
on them. It is realised that the information given is very small, and
later research will doubtless modify many of the conclusions here set
out, but the need of some reference work on the Gold Coast forests
has been increasingly felt of late, and it was therefore considered
advdsable not to delay any longer the publication of the present work
which will serve as a basis for future research. By directing the study
of Officers of the Department to what appear to be the main forestry
problems of the country, and by these Officers' own observations,
criticisms and records, a comprehensive and reliable work will be able
to be compiled at a later date.

The forests have in this work been considered entirely from the
point of their value and importance to this country.

There has been no opportunity to consider them with regard to
Empire needs, and the}^ with those of Nigeria, form 14 per cent, of
the Empire's forests. *

T. F. CHIPP.

COOMASSIE,

March, 1922.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

To Lieut.-Col. R. H. Rowe, D.S.O., M.C., R.A., Surveyor-General,
Gold Coast, I am indebted for permission to use the plate from which
the maps of the Gold Coast have been prepared. His assistance in
lending the plate and having the graphs prepared for reproduction is
gratefully acknowledged.

T. F. C.

* "Empire Forestry," March, 1921.

THE FOREST OFFICERS' HANDBOOK

OF THE

Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories.

Chapter I.

THE WEST AFRICAN FORESTS.

Before attempting a consideration of the forests of the Gold Coast
itself it is necessary to obtain an idea of the forests in general of the
West Coast of Africa. For information on this point we are chiefly
indebted to the noted French explorer M. Auguste Chevalier, whose
journeys through French West African Territory have been described
in " La Geographic " and " Les Comptes Rendus."

Generally, the West Coast of Africa, which is now, on the whole,
considered to be subject to elevation, consists of a vast periplane,
divided north and south by the valleys of the larger rivers, and east
and west by their tributaries. In the upper region of the Niger,
including the hinterland of Sierra Leone, is a vast series of " massifs "
sometimes attaining an altitude of 9,000 feet, and to them Chevalier
attributes the orientation of the Coast, the hydrographic configuration,
and an influence on the climate over the whole region from Portuguese
Guinea to Cape Palmas. The part of the West Coast with which we
are more intimately concerned is a considerable distance from these
highlands and is consequently not so subject to their immediate
influence, although the main divide of the country is a spur from these
highlands. In fact, the two chief climatic factors that appear to control
the distribution of forests in the Gold Coast and its adjoining territories
are the " Harmattan," a dry, sand-laden wind which blows straight
from the desert in the north-east for about two months of the year,
and the prevalent south-west wind which brings the rain.

The forests of the West Coast of Africa show occasional connection
with South America, rarely any relation to those of North Africa, but
an intimate connection with the great equatorial belt of forest to the
east. This is to be expected for they are bounded on the west and
south by the sea, on the north by the Desert, and on the south-east
by the southern deserts of Africa.

It is, however, the climatic factor of rainfall distribution across
equatorial Africa that marks the limitations of the zone of vegetation

to which the forests of western tropical Africa belong. The forest
vegetation of equatorial and West Africa constitutes, therefore, one
flora, and to that extent exhibits the characteristics of an island flora.
The extent of the flora, both internally as regards equatorial Africa
and externally as regards connections north and south and with other
countries, is ascertained from an examination of the distribution of
genera, and in more circumscribed areas by the distribution of species.
The reason for emphasizing this point is that at the present day there
is not one equatorial belt of forest, but a western forest belt stretching
from western Liberia to the middle of the Gold Coast and the equatorial
belt stretching from the east of Lagos eastwards. The examination
of genera and species shows that formerly this was undoubtedly one
undivided belt, probably including Sierra Leone at least within its
western boundary, and reaching as far north as the seventh parallel,
and probably considerably farther.

A consideration of the types of vegetation found in West Africa
shows that the Gold Coast groups are but portions of the main belt,
for the pohtica] boundaries of the West African Colonies are not along
natural hues. Consequently it is better to adopt the names and divisions
of the zones of vegetation as defined by M. Chevalier in " Les Comptes
Rendus," Tome 149, 1909.

Three distinct zones are indicated. First, the Sahelienne Zone,
characterised by some of the scrubby desert species, and by many
woody species of small height growth, the soil being almost always
sandy and exposed. Secondly, the Sudanese Zone, the largest of the
three, comprised generally of laterite plateaux, bare in the dry season,
but becoming clothed with grass and leguminous plants in the rains ;
the trees of various species and often reaching a fair size, but never
forming thick or impenetrable forests, and rarely interlaced with lianes.
Thirdly, the Guinea Zone, comprising the coastal regions and marshes,
often cut up by estuaries and large stretches of mangrove ; in the
interior often hilly and cut by the ravines of rivers and their tributaries,
the forest dense and interlaced with giant creepers ; the water courses
bordered by bamboos, Elceis and Raphia.

Of these three the Sahelienne Zone is not represented locally, but
both the Sudanese and Guinea Zones are found in the Gold Coast and
its dependencies.

As has been stated above, at the present day there is not one
continuous forest belt throughout the West Coast, but a western portion
and a central equatorial belt. M. Chevalier states that, left to itself,
the forest of West Africa is able to gain ascendency over the grass and
recover its former area, as in some cases, notably in the mountains
to the north-west of the Ivory Coast, such advance of forest has actually
been observed. But these are isolated cases and, on the whole, the

West African forest is steadil}', and as time goes on, more rapidly,
diminishing. There seems no doubt that the root cause of this is
entirely due to the natives' system of shifting cultivation, by which
forest land is cleared, cultivated, and after a few years abandoned,
when further clearings are made. Forest again appears on the
abandoned land, but it is an impoverished woodland, comprising but
a few score species as opposed to the several hundred that are found
in the virgin forest. With the cessation of internecine warfare, and
the long period of peace that has now existed in West Africa, the
population has turned its energies increasingly to agricultural pursuits,
and consequently to meet these needs the destruction of forest has
proceeded and is proceeding at an ever-increasing rate.

In this connection a summary of the views of the encroachment of
the Sahara on the Sudan, with the first stage of which problem the
Forest Authorities of the Gold Coast are confronted, is contained in
Mr. Bovill's articles in the Journal of the African Society, Volume XX.,
Nos. LXXIX and LXXX. The situation is so weH considered
that it is felt necessary to quote the following somewhat extensive
extracts.

" The evidence of increasing aridity in the Sudan, especially in
Senegal and Nigeria, would seem to be sufficiently convincing. In
an aggregate of years, rivers are found to be less subject to flood, lakes
dry up, wells shrink and fail, farmers complain of decreasing yields,
and finally there is a gradual movement of the people from the north
southward. It is the conviction of those who are in intimate contact
with the natives that this dislocation of the population is entirely due
to the encroachment of the Sahara.

" The field geologist in so vast and imperfectly known a country
as the northern half of Africa is required to range over great areas ;
he seldom has an opportunity of becoming intimately acquainted with
any single district, and the scarcely perceptible processes of nature
such as the gradual shrinkage of wells, lakes, and even rivers, are not
unUkely to escape his notice ; nor is he called upon to solve the problems
arising out of the consequent dislocation of the population. Moreover,
in his training, and in the exercise of his profession, mere decades, and
perhaps centuries, are periods of time of no great significance. The
local official, on the other hand, is usually required to serve for long
periods in very limited areas, with which he becomes intimately
acquainted, and with the inhabitants of which he is in constant and
intimate contact. Under his eye the slight processes of nature,
especially when connected with the vital question of water supply,
are far less likely to escape observation. It is chiefly from this
source that springs the ever-growing mass of evidence of increasing
aridity.

" There seems to be a fairly general agreement that in the past
there have been climatic oscillations in the northern half of Africa.
It is further agreed that in former times conditions more arid than
those of to-da}' prevailed over much of the vSudan. The division of
opinion concerns the present climatic trend. Local observers maintain
that the present tendency is for the Sahara to encroach on the Sudan.
MM. Gautier, Chudeau and Dr. Falconer, on purely geological grounds,
maintain that the contrary is the case. May it not be that the
geologists, owing to the breadth of view with which they regard both
space and time, have overlooked a minor oscillation, namely, the present
\ndespread tendency towards increasing aridity ?

" M. Hubert (also a geologist) is in agreement with MM. Gautier
and Chudeau regarding climatic oscillations in the past, but he denies
their contention that the present tendency is towards increasing
humidity. In this, however, he is in entire agreement with the
experience of the natives and the opinion of local observers, whose con-
clusions are based on evidence which, although of very great value,
appears not to have been properly appreciated by MM. Gautier and
Chudeau. His valuable conclusions, which appl}^ equally to the
Northern Provinces of Nigeria and perhaps to many other parts of the
Sudan, ma}^ be briefly summarised as follows : —

(i) At a remote epoch there was a period when the Senegal

region was well watered, but to-day this region has become so

arid that the livelihood of the natives has become precarious.

(2) The change from more humid conditions to the aridity of
to-day has been marked by climatic fluctuations of dry and wet
periods always with a total effect of ever-increasing aridity.

(3) During a very short period so rapidly has desiccation pro-
gressed that its effects have been noted by actual observers on the
spot.

"The destructive hand of man is as active an agent of desiccation in
the Nigerian Sudan as in the Sahara. The establishment of forest
reserves has done something to limit his depredations, but the only
real remedy for deforestation lies in the introduction of some system of
permanent cultivation. To this end much may be done by the develop-
ment of irrigation and rotation of crops, but at best so great a change
in the native methods of agriculture must take a very long time to
achieve."

These remarks, made with reference to Northern Nigeria, are equally
appUcable to the Sudanese Zone of the Gold Coast. Mr. Bovill con-
siders the displacement of the Sudanese Zone : here in the Gold Coast
we are confronted with an earlier stage, namely, the displacement of
the Guinea Zone by the Sudanese.

^lore recent evidence supporting this theory is recorded in Mr.
Migeod's experiences of his recent trip across the Equator.

" The most remarkable feature of the country between the north
of the French territory and the coast, the Gaboon area, is that it is
becoming a vast gra\'e}'ard for the dying races of Central Africa. For
some time the sands of the Sahara have been advancing southward,
and there has been a steady trek of native tribes as if pushed by the
sands, south and west, into the French territory. There they are held
up by the more vigorous coastal races, and settle down.

" And they settle down as if determined to die out. It is, indeed,
the most amazing case of racial suicide, on a huge scale, that the world
has ever seen. I passed among tribes where the women refused to bear
children, and in another generation, if present ideas prevail, they will
simpl}^ die out. I heard of a tribe further north where the chief has
absolutely forbidden marriage, with this same idea.

" So pronounced is this lack of the will to live, that many tribes
have to be compelled by the French Authorities to grow enough food
to keep themselves alive, and the arts of pottery and the making of
agricultural implements have quite died out." [Daily Chronicle,
28th May, 1921.)

" A feature that brought itself very much to my notice on my over-
land journey was the constant succession of abandoned sites of both
villages and plantations.

" They were especially striking in the forest region owing to the
different type of vegetation that springs up on an abandoned site. I
further passed villages and towns in all stages of antiquity or age, from
newly built or building to falling into ruins, and either entirely aban-
doned or partly so. I gathered that the average life of a town might
be five years. If the chief died, or there was some sickness, the move
to a new site might take place earlier. In any case, at such time as
the huts of bush material began to show signs of wear and tear, it was
time to seek a new site. I have seen villages left abandoned long before
the state of the houses merited it, even houses with plastered walls and
superior construction being abandoned as well as the flimsiest shelter.

" There is, besides, another cause of a village shifting — it is perhaps
the principal one. That is, the wearing out of the good soil; and it
is useless to build houses of a nature to outlast this process,

" Good soil is one of the chief obsessions, if I may so describe it,
of the Native African Agriculturist. If he understands a rotation of
crops and proportional rest periods, he need not move at all. If he
does not, however, and is above all a one-article-of-food man, i.e., lives
almost entirely on cassada, as many tribes do, he has to move on soon,
as a few repeated crops of cassada will wear out any soil. He has no
idea of manuring the soil." {West AJrica, 8th October, 1921,)

Thus with man's assistance, aided by the great annual fires that
sweep through the Sudanese Zone grassland, and the desiccating in-
fluence of the " Harmattan," the forest is steadily receding, and when,
as in the case of the Gold Coast, it is being attacked not only from the
north and east, but also from the south, where a wedge of dry country
vegetation is ever widening, the regression is rapid.

The extent of the main zones of vegetation in the Gold Coast is
as follows. The Northern Territories, northern and eastern Ashanti,
the east of the Colony and a coastal wedge as far as Seccondee, belong
to the Sudanese type. Only the west and centre of the Colony and
the southern part of Ashanti belong, at the present day, to the
Guinea Zone.

Both of these zones exhibit two sub-types of vegetation. The
Sudanese Zone is subdivided into " Savannah " and " Savannah
Forest." By " Savannah " is distinguished that part of the country
which is clothed \\dth a graminaceous vegetation, and in which trees
and shrubs are only found isolated and at intervals. By " Savannah
Forest " is distinguished the country in which the grassland pre-
dominates, and in which trees and shrubs occur isolated or in small
patches of stunted forest along the watercourses, which may be actual
rivers in the rainy season, or may not show any free water surface.
The survey of the Sudanese Zone of the country has not yet been
sufficient to furnish an idea of the respective areas of these sub-types.
The Guinea Zone is subdivided into the " Deciduous Forest " and
the " Evergreen Forest," the main differences being that in the " Deci-
duous Forest " the dominant trees do not form a closed canopy, and
that many of the trees of the " Evergreen Forest " are absent. The
" Deciduous Forest " appears as a triangular area in the north of the
" Evergreen Forest " from a base line reaching from Sunyani through
Mampon to Juaso, and with the apex as far south as Dunkwa. It
approximately covers the area of west-central Ashanti bounded by
the 60-inch rainfall curve (see Map, p. 13), and is the northern part
of the present forest area where it is not protected by the Kwahu
range. Undoubtedly this hill mass shelters the country to the south-
east from the Harmattan, and also causes increased precipitation over
that area, over which the prevailing rain-bearing south-west winds
travel before striking the Kwaiiu high ground.

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Chapter II.

THE NATURAL FEATURES OF THE COUNTRY.

Situation.
The Gold Coast is situated on the Coast of Guinea, and lies between
I degree East and 3 degrees West Longitude, and between the 5th and
nth parallel of North Latitude.

Area.

It comprises the Colony, Ashanti and the Northern Territories,
the aggregate area of which is about 80,000 square miles, the Colony
being 24,200 square miles, Ashanti 20,000 square miles, and the
Northern Territories 35,800.

The western part of Togoland, for which the British have become
a mandatory power, is not here considered, as the Forestry Depart-
ment has not as yet been in a position to survey the country.

Physiography.

Orography. — The main feature of the country is the plateau of
west central Ashanti, which is continued as a sharp escarpment in a
south-easterly direction, terminating in the high ground north-east of
Accra.

The country rises generally from the coast until it reaches this
high ground, which has an average height of probably 800 feet, with
isolated peaks and groups reaching up to 2,200 feet.

Northwards the basin of the Volta causes a general depression
right across the country, at Yeji the height above sea level being only
250 feet.

The Northern Territories represent a periplane with the two basins
of the Black and White Volta dividing it from north to south.

The Colony itself to the west of the Volta basin comprises a series
of ridges running in a general direction from north-east to south-west
from the Ashanti plateau and range, and forming the watershed of
the river system of the Colony.

River System. — The Northern Territories and the northern and
eastern part of Ashanti and the east of the Colony all form the drainage
system of the Volta River and its tributaries. The Black Volta rising
in the French Sudan to the north-west of the Northern Territories,
and White Volta rising to the north, unite in north-eastern Ashanti
and continue, as the Volta River, along the eastern boundary of the
Colony to the coast at Addah, receiving in its course the Afram, which
originates in the Ejura-Mampon basin.

8

The river sj'stem of the Colony consists of a scries of rivers origina-
ting in the Ashanti plateau and range, and running in a south-westerly
direction to the coast. From the west the principal rivers are the
Bia, which early passes into the Ivory Coast ; the Tano, which
leaves the colony a short distance from the coast and flows into the
Tendo lagoon in the I\-ory Coast ; the Ancobra ; the Prah, formed
by the Ofin, Adra, Anum, Prah and Birrim ; the Nakwa ; and the
Densu.

Owing to rapids the biggest rivers only are partially navigable,
and these only for small craft.

In the south-west and south-east of the Colony are large salt-
water lagoons, due to the coastal current having deposited a bar of
sand across the old river deltas.

In central Ashanti there is one freshwater lake, Bosumptwi, about
25 miles in circumference.

To the above general summary may be added the following notes
of Mr. Kitson.*

" The coast-line varies very much in its character from west to
east. Between Newton and Axim there are strips of beach sand,
backed by swampy country, extending in places to about 20 miles
from the coast. From Axim eastward to beyond Appam, the greater
portion of the coast-line consists of massive rocky cliffs, some of them
rising as sheer walls to upwards of 200 feet above sea-level. Where
streams reach the ocean there are usiially brackish or freshwater swamps
or lagoons, separated from the sea by fringes of sea sand. From near
Appam eastward to the limit of the colony there is an alternation of
lagoon and coastal plain, with or without cliffs. The land is steadily
encroaching on the sea. The coast-line is undoubtedly rising, a fact
evidenced by the occurrence of several well-marked marine terraces or
platforms, one of which is from 70 to 100 feet above present sea level,
and at least two others of more recent age, of 20 feet and 8 to 10 feet
above it. Three distinct marine terraces are visible in the Winnebah
District. The last uplift of 8 feet was partly the cause of the occryTence
of the fringing and landlocked lagoons to be seen now along many parts
of the coast. In some places shells of existing marine species can be
seen in the clay and mud of the banks of channels several feet above
present sea-level. Owing to the uplift the shallow estuaries in in-
dentations of the coast at the mouths of streams were converted into
lagoons. The strong west-south-west Guinea current, and the pre-
vailing south- wx'st wind acting on the sea formed a great swell which
persistently swept and is still sweeping along the coast, transporting
landward large quantities of sand along the sea-floor. Continued action
of this kind has resulted in the formation first of a shoal, then of a tidal

*Mr. A. E. Kitson, C.B.E., "The Gold Coast, Some Considerations of its Structure, People
and Natural History." — The Geographical Journal, Nov., 1916.

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sandbank, and finally of a shore-sand barrier. This work is being
actively aided and hastened by the wind, which blows the dry sand
inland. The constructive action of the two forces proceeds rapidly,
and at such places the land is gaining at the expense of the sea ; while
at others, as at Accra, those portions of the cliffs that are composed
of soft rocks are being rapidly broken down and the material washed
away. Shore-sand barriers in most places prevent the waters of the
impounded streams from flowing into the sea. In a few places, however,
the streams are able to discharge during the rainy season floods, or at
low tide, while several of the small streams and the large rivers have
permanent outflows.

" The occurrence of earthquakes is evidence that the coast is not
yet in a state of stable equilibrium. Small shocks, recorded by a
seismometer at Accra, are by no means uncommon. Severe earth-
quakes have been experienced at various times during the last four
centuries.

" The present river system of [the] two geographical divisions is
comparatively of recent age. The main courses of all the streams are
in shallow valleys, or rather channels, though most of them have
grades high enough to admit of rapid corrosion. The largest rivers,
the Volta, Prah, and Tano, have low falls and rapids near the coast ;
they approximate to the heights of the latest uplifts of the land.

" The prevailing colour of the soil is red of various shades over
most of the country whether derived from crystalline, metamorphic, or
sedimentary rocks. This is apparently owing to the oxidation of iron
which is widely distributed in small or fair quantities through all these
rocks. The more recently raised portion of the coast-line consists of
pale grey sands with humus, while the lagoon deposits are dark blue to
black mud.

" In the forest belt the thick vegetation prevents the washing
away of the soil as it forms from the decay and disintegration of the
underlying rocks. Thus is formed a thick cap of soil, ranging in some
places to 30 feet in thickness. In other places, under certain conditions,
this soil becomes cemented by iron oxide into a firm rock, broadly called
' laterite,' which occurs on the tops of flat ridges or irregularly upon
flat expanses at high or low levels.

^ H: H: 4c

" The Akwapim Range owes its orientation to its geological
structure, for it consists of folded schists, quartzites, phylJites and
sandstones, striking generally north-east to south-west. It is deeply
dissected along the strike of these rocks, where several streams have
eroded deep valleys with parallel ridges, and across the strike, where
small streams have cut deep valleys even through quartzites and quart-
schists."

10

Altitudes.
The following data provide some idea of the general altitude of the
country. Heights are given in feet above sea level : —

Seccondee — Coomassie Railway.

Ft.

Ft.

Seccondee

19

Dunkwa

350

Tarquah

. 244

Obuasi

•• 741

Kurantin

. 365

Akrokerri

.. 806

Imbraim

. 486

Coomassie

.. 858

Cooinassie-

—Tamale.

Main North Road.

Ft.

•

Ft.

Coomassie Bank

. 911

EchenHill ..

891

]\Iamponten . .

. 1,033

Ejura Rest House

. 761

Jamasi

• 1,023

Yeji (R. Volta)

• 255

Ninting Hill

. 1,602

Salaga

. 608

Mampon

• 1,342

Tamale

. 689

Afram Bridge

• 477

Northern Territories.

Ft.

Ft.

Nasia

457

Gambaga

. 1,320

Ashanti.

Ft.

Ft.

Kete Kratchi

350

Kintampo

. 1,200

Tinte Hills . .

1,900

Colony.

Ft.

Ft

Kwahu Plateau

2,200

Kibbi

. 950

i\Ipraeso

1,800

Akuse . . below 50

Aburi . .

1,500

Geology.
The following account of the geology of the country is extracted from
a paper by Mr. A. E. Kitson, C.B.E., Director of Geological Surveys,
Gold Coast, published in the Royal Geographical Society's Journal
for November, 1916 : —

" A very brief outline of its geology may be given. Among the
oldest rocks so far known in the country are series of highly or
moderately altered sediments (mica-schists, quartz-schists, quartzites,
phyllites, slates, marble, limestone, sandstones, grits, breccias and
conglomerates) that occupy the middle and western portion of the

II

colony and Ashanti, and occur on the western side of the Northern
Territories. From tlie coast they extend generally in a north-easterly
direction inland from east of Accra to the month of the Ankobra River,
west of Axim. The}" form the Akwapim, Atiawa, and Moinsi ranges
and the hills of the western frontier, besides numerous ridges and
hills in the intermediate geographical zone. These rocks strike
generally north-east to south-west. They are widely folded in parts,
but intensely folded, and to a less extent much contorted along
numerous and well-defined zones parallel with their strike.

" In the eastern portion of the colony on the Krobo and Shai
Plains, extending back from the coast from near Accra to beyond
Prampram, is a great mass of gneisses, amphibolites, sheared pegmatites,
etc., having the same genera] strike as that of the altered sediments.
Their exact relation to these sediments has not yet been proved, but
undoubtedlv large parts of them are completely altered sediments which
have undergone greater metamorphism than those specified. All of
these rocks probably belong to periods ranging from early Palaeozoic
to Pre-Cambrian. Through these altered rocks are numerous in-
trusions of granite and diorite, porphyry, pegmatite, and other allied
rocks throughout the country. In some places these intrusive rocks
have shared in the great dynamic changes undergone by those they
have intruded ; in others they are of normal character.

" These altered sediments and igneous rocks are overlain over
large areas by mdespread and much younger sediments — flat-bedded,
slightly inclined conglomerates, grits, sandstones, shales, mudstones
and. limestones, principally of shades of chocolate and red, but also
of greyish-green and 3'ellow. They occupy almost the whole of north-
eastern and northern Ashanti, and the southern, eastern and middle
portions of the Northern Territories. In addition, they occur along
the coast from Elmina to near the mouth of the Prah River, and from
the east of Sekondi to near the Butre River. All these rocks, except
those on the coast-line, ha\'e so far proved barren of fossils, while the
coastal group has yielded only a few of indeterminate character. The
age, therefore, of these rocks is unknown.

" A series of clay-shales, mudstones and sandstones at Accra
appears to belong to the same division. In the Beyin district, on the
western portion of the coast-line, there are small outcrops of a yellow
limestone with fragmentary fossils ; it probably belongs to the Eocene
period. Some of the marine terrace gravels and pebbles and bouldery
clay along the coast-line may be of Pleistocene age, while the Recent
deposits comprise river gravels and sands, alluvium, swamp and
lagoon muds and beach sands and dunes forming at the present time.

' ' It should be borne in mind that very large portions of the country
are still quite unknown to the geologist.

2

12

" In the sand and pisolite-gravel and cement resting on the great
sandstone and shales series of Ashanti and the Northern Territories,
and in those sandstones, vast quantities of rain-water are stored after
the wet season. Where not issuing as springs or streams, this water
can easily be obtained b}- digging small holes in suitable localities,
and the wants of villages and towns supplied. This is a matter of
great importance to the country with respect to the spread of settle-
ment, since in the dry season there is no surface water over the greater
portion of northern xA.shanti and the Northern Territories. h>om
the water-conservation point of \icw this series of rocks is of incal-
culable value to the country."

Seasons.

The year is divided generally into a dry season, during which the
Harmattan blows, and which extends over December and January,
and a rainy season culminating in June.

A period of small rains occurs in September and October, but is
not very pronounced in the coast towns

Tornados occur occasionally throughout the year, but chiefly
during April and May preceding the wet monsoon.

The Harmattan is a cool, desiccating wind, which blows from the
north at intervals during December and January, lasting for a few
days at a time. During these periods the air is cloudy, with fine dust
generally regarded as sand blown do^n from the Sahara. Its in-
fluence on the vegetation in the areas of lesser rainfall is the deter-
mining factor in the extent and period of the great annual fires.

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Chapter III.
THE FORESTS OF THE GOLD COAST.

The Guinea Zone.

(a) The Evergreen Forest.
This subdivision from which the greater part of the forest vegetation
of West Africa is derived is at the present day restricted to an area of
some 18,000 square miles in the Gold Coast and Ashanti. It is, how-
ever, still lingering on as the " fringing forests " of the other sub-
divisions, that is, the strips of closely wooded country along the water-
courses.

As a rule the soil has no great depth except when it has accumulated
in valleys and depressions, and from these places it is constantly being
removed seawards, and, at the same time, more is being brought down
from the open and unprotected country to the north. The soil pre-
sents every variation from a coarse sand to a characteristic red clay,
and is deri\-ed from the rock bed which is generally capped by laterite.

The country is well supplied with water owing to the extensive
area to the north which rapidl}^ drains into it.

The Evergreen Forest extends over the river system of the south-
west of the Colony, an area gradually rising from the coast to the
Ashanti plateau and Kwahu range, and intersected by the valleys of
the main streams at right angles to the coast line and by those of
their tributaries parallel to the coast. Inland and northwards these
undulations become more gentle, but eastwards they resolve into
two lines of hills running from north-east to south-west, one running
from central Ashanti to the Tarquah-Prestea area, and one from the
Kwahu District through Akim.

It is difficult at present in a forest comprising so man}/ arboreal
species to point to any individuals especially characteristic but Lophira
procera, Heritiera iitilis, Pentadesma hutyracea, and Cynometra sp.
(Ananta) have so far been noted as being peculiar to this type of forest.
In the valleys and depressions, except in the perennial marshes, these
trees thrive and regenerate abundantly ; on the hill tops where it is
drier and the soil scanty they are not so abundant, and outside the
Evergreen Forest they are rarely recorded.

The forest in general consists of trees forming a closed canopy
from 20 to 150 feet or more in height, and interlaced by innumerable
woody lianes. Below, where the light is sufficient to permit it, is a
mass of shrubs from a few inches to several feet high, bound together
by the lesser woody lianes and herbaceous climbers and interspersed

2A

14

\vitli tall herbs. As a rule the smaller herbaceous flora is scanty,
but varies considerably according to the amount of light that is per-
mitted through the canopy. Often under a well-closed canopy there
are no herbs at all, and the ground surface is clear. Of the aerial or
epiphytic flora little is known, the felling of a tree or the chance break-
ing of a branch, affording the only material from which this flora may
be examined, and from this there seems no doubt that there is a wealth
of OrchidacecB, FilicinecB, and similar herbs.

The tree canopy itself may be divided into three tiers, each charac-
terised by its own species, whilst a fourth lower tier includes the
smallest trees and biggest shrubs.

In the highest tier, which in the Evergreen Forest is a closed canopy,
the most conspicuous tree, both by its size and the frequency of its
occurrence, is the Eriodendron anfractuosuni (Silk Cotton Tree).
Second to it in size, and not quite so common, are the species of Miniu-
sops (Baku), whilst other trees attaining the height of the topmost
canopy are the Meliacece [Khaya, Entandrophragma) .

In the main canopy, which comprises the second tier, is found the
majority of the trees. The canopy is closed and so interlaced with the
woody lianes that the felling of a tree is a difficulty. From the
floristic composition given below it will be seen that the LeguniinoscB
contribute a large proportion of the species. With one or two
exceptions all trees have a good height growth, often 80 feet to the
first branch, and their trunks have fine form figures, the chief exceptions
being Afrormosia laxiflora, the Jedua [Ficus sp.) and Freibli (a species
of Flacourtiacecp). Except in the case of marshy localities these trees
extend continuously, irrespective of soil or altitude, within the limits
of the Evergreen Forest.

The trees comprising the third tier of the arboreal flora are character-
istic of it and do not appear to aspire to greater height growth even
when given the opportunity. The most typical of these are Pentadesma
butyracea, and Allanhlackia floribimda. The height of these trees is
generally from 30 to 40 feet, and their crowns can easily be seen from
below, whereas the crowns of higher trees are hidden in the tangled
mass of the canopy above.

The lowermost tier is occupied by species which may be considered
as trees or shrubs according to their form and height growth which
varies from 10 to 20 feet. These species range over the same areas
as the above, and are generally found around farms and cleared patches,
and are the first representatives in the formation of secondary forestry.
Miisanga Smithii, Myrianthus arboreus and Conopharyngia spp. are
typical representatives.

The remainder of the flora, as a rule, consists of shrubs, which in
some of their forms incline to an herbaceous habit. Its floristic com-

position seems easily influenced by the water content of the surface soil.
Thus it ma}'^ be displaced by an herbaceous flora and again regain its
ascendancy within quite a small area.

The largest species of the herbaceous flora, and in fact the greater
proportion of it, are monocotyledonous, and in manj^ places occur in
pure societies. The ground flora of the path, which is a few inches
high only, contains abundantly species of Cleome, Desmodium and
Geophila obvallata, with various Filicineat, Fern Allies, and Graminece.

The following are some common examples of the various species
that make up the different tiers : —

IX THE TWO HIGHEST TIERS : —

Afromosia laxi flora. Erythrophloeum guineense.

Afzelia spp. Heritiera utilis.

Anopyxis ealcpnsis. Khaya spp.

Bonibax spp. Lophira procera.

Bussea occidentalis. Mimtisops sp.

Calpocalyx sp. Pentaclethra macrophylla

Chlorophora excelsa. Piptadenia africana.

Cynometra spp. Pycnanthus Komho.

Entandrophragma spp. Xylia sp.
Eriodendron anfractuosum .

THE THIRD TIER : —

Allanblackia florihunda. Macrolobium spp.

Alstonia congensis. Pentadesma butyracea.

Berlinia spp. Ricinodendron africanum.

Cola spp. Tetrapleura Thoningii.
Dialium guineense.

THE FOURTH OR LOWEST TIER : —

Callichilia spp. Miisanga Smithii.

Cola chlatnydantha. Myrianthiis spp.

Conopharyngia spp. Rauwolfia sp.

CLIMBERS :—
BandeircBa simplifolia. Landolphia spp,

Carpodimis spp. Pleioceras Barteri.

Duparquetia orchidacea.

(b) The Deciduous Forest.
This is the north-western part of the closed forest in which the
desiccating climatic influences show a marked effect. In the area
covered by this type of forest the soil varies from clay to sand according
to the bedrock from which it is derived. This, for the most part, in
central Ashanti, is crystalline rocks of granitic and gneissic types
frequently capped by laterite in which are found embedded lumps of

i6

quartz. In the north there is a stretch of sandstone on which the
laterite also occurs. The character and depth of soil do not appear
to be responsible for any difference in the composition of this forest.

The area generall}^ is well supplied with rivers and embraces the
headwaters of the Bia and Tano rivers and the tributaries of the Prah.
Along its northern fringe tlie Sudanese Zone has made deep inroads, but
it still holds out in varying degree as fringes of forest along the beds of
the rivers and streams. The country as a whole is higher than that
to the south, and whilst generally averaging a height of 500 feet, there
are ranges and isolated peaks that attain to a height of 2,000 feet.
It would appear that these hill masses exert as much influence on the
retaining of the forest as do the rivers and watercourses. When the
pre\^ailing south-west rain-bearing wind strikes these ranges which,
as they run in a general direction from north-west to south-east, lie
right across it, increased precipitation results. As a result of this it
is noticed that the south-west half of Ashanti is still under forest
(farmed areas excepted), whereas the north-eastern half is Savannah
Forest. On a large scale this retaining influence is exercised over the
forest to the south-west of the Kwahu range where even specimens of
Lophira procera, exceptionally characteristic of the Evergreen Forest,
still linger on in heavy forest. This influence is also seen in frequent
isolated instances outside the Guinea Zone proper, such as the thickly-
wooded area to the south of the Ejura and Kintampo scarps in striking
contrast to the open Savannah Forest immediately to the north of them.
Throughout these isolated remnants of forest and the fringing forests,
the low canopy of small trees and the herbaceous flora are of the same
floristic composition as that of the Evergreen Forest, for the air currents
away from the ground affect the vegetation far more than the lesser
ones on the surface.

From an economic point of view the Deciduous Forest is exceedingly
rich in the best-known timber species, and has been considered by more
than one authorit}' to be the richest timber forest in West Africa. Its
preservation hitherto has depended on its inaccessibility to exploita-
tion, and for the moment this still holds, but the destruction due to
increased shifting cultivation with the opening up of the country by
motor roads in recent years is very evident. In addition to timber,
rubber-producing trees are also much in evidence : these include
Funtumia sp, ('holorophora excelsa, Irvingia sp, and Antiaris toxicaria ;
whilst of other trees of economic importance that find a home in this
type of forest Cola acuminata (C. nitida ?), from which the " Kola Nut "
of commerce is obtained, occurs commonly, and is cultivated in
naturally regenerated forest farms.

From a. survey of these forests certain outstanding dominant species
appear as characteristic of it. either by their extraordinary common

occurrence, such as Triplochiion Johnsonii, or the striking proportions
reached by individuals such as Entandrophragma utile. The area over
which the Deciduous Forest is found is subjected to a lesser rainfall
than those parts covered by the Evergreen Forest. This, and the fact
that the Deciduous Forest comes directly under the desiccating influence
of the "Harmattan," from which it itself protects the Evergreen Forest
to the south, would appear to account for its position and character
In the field the distinguishing factor of the Deciduous Forest, as a whole,
is that the closed canopy is formed by the lower trees, and that the
dominant trees have fully developed and almost isolated crowns. From
this fact, when any of the dominant trees shed their leaves a noticeable
gap amongst the huge crowns is very marked and hence the name
" Deciduous Forest " has arisen.

The lianes as a whole are found trailing over the canopy formed
by the smaller trees, and when they do ascend the bigger trees they
are not able to bind them together as they do in the Evergreen Forest
owing to the distance the crowns are apart. The largest of the lianes
often attain a girth of one foot, and are, as a rule, Apocynaceous:
The lesser lianes and climbers are provided by the ComhretacecB and
LeguminoscE, of which Acacia pennata is probably the commonest.

The arboreal species are the same as those of the Evergreen Forest,
but Mdth the exception of some of the Evergreen Forest dominant
trees. This causes other species which are occasionally met with in
the Evergreen Forest to appear more commonly. An example is that
of the W'awa {Triplochiton Johnsoni), only occasionallv seen in the
Evergreen Forest, but one of the commonest and most characteristic
trees of the Deciduous Forest.

The Sudanese Zone.

Comparatively no botanical or forestry survey work has so far
been carried out in this country on the vegetation of the Sudanese
Zone, and consequently it is not possible at the present stage to define
the limits of the subdivisions into Savannah Forest and Savannah.
The controUing factor over this zone, apart from its proximity to the
more arid conditions of the north, is the annual grass fires, which,
sweeping over an ever-extending area of country for many decades
must now be considered in the light of a natural factor. As has
already been stated, strips of the original closed forest are still found
in its southern edges along watercourses and on the south side of
the hill masses. Beyond that Savannah Forest and Savannah stretch
away to the north, the forest patches or isolated trees ever becoming
fewer.

In the west all the country north of 7° 30' belongs to this Zone.
As one proceeds eastwards the hmits bear towards the south, but

i8

keep to the north of the ^lampon, Agogo, Kwahii and Akwapim ranges
of hills. In the east of the Colony it has supplanted the Guinea
Vegetation right down to the sea front. It is now steadily progressing
along the sea front in the shape of a wedge, ever widening behind,
and at the same time extending its thin end westwards. In this manner
it has progressed as far as Seccondee. Westwards of Seccondee it
cannot 3'et be said to be estabHshed, although many of its characteristic
denizens such as Borassiis, Phcenix and Sauseveria are found as far as
Half Assinie along the sea front, and the latter two right to the western
frontier of the Colony. The extension of corn and groundnut farms
between Seccondee and Half Assinie is causing the tall forest to con-
tract inland rapidly and so preparing for the conversion of this country
to the Sudanese Vegetation.

As in the case of the Guinea Zone the soil may be sand or clay,
but there seems little doubt that the majority of the country has a
sandy soil covering. In many places, however, owing to the destruction
of the vegetation, the soil is completely removed, and there the bare
rock surface is exposed. This occurs sometimes as stretches of flat
rock over which it is extremely trying to walk during the heat of the
day, sometimes as prominent jagged rocks and scarps. Where the
vegetation exists there is found a black soil to the depth of a
few inches only, formed by the collection of vegetable ash from the
annual fires, and often described as " a rich black soil suitable for
the growth of cotton and similar agricultural crops." The removal of
the vegetation, however, quickly causes its dispersal by wind and
rain.

The principal rock of this part of the countr}' is sandstone. Where
this has been eroded, as on the hill tops, granite with quartz appears,
and the effect of the erosion is seen in the sandy accumulations in the
depressions and low valleys. Where this zone of vegetation occurs in
the south-east of the country detached outcrops of clay ironstone
occur, and here and elsewhere further north are occasionally found
schists and shales.

The general rise of the country which has been indicated pre-
viously does not appear to be continued, and maximum heights of the
majority of the isolated hills are not recorded as being greater than
those of the principal divides of the country. It seems reasonable to
suppose that the northern part which embraces the Northern Terri-
tories and Northern Ashanti is a land surface reduced to a low relief
by erosion. This explains the exposed granite on the hill tops and
the alluvium in the depressions, the latter being constantly moved
on to the sea.

Whereas the part of the Guinea Zone within the Gold Coast is that
of the rivers of the south and south-west, the part of the Sudanese

19

Zone is the basin of the \'olta River and its tributaries flowing in a
south-easterly direction. The area of this Zone within the Gold Coast
territories therefore presents the features of a periplane drained by
the Volta River.

The cliief characteristic of the Sudanese Zone is an open growth
of trees, or their entire absence, with a universal covering of grass
broken only by the exposures of bare rock. Trees and bushes
are generally of the same genera as those found in the Guinea Zone,
the fires making tree growth slow and erratic and producing a gnarled
and stunted type of tree whose crown is kept low by the wind after
it has raised itself above the influence of the fire. The arboreal and
fruticose vegetation generally may be considered as one, as it is onlv
when the marsh and aquatic formations are encountered that shrubs
appear which are floristically distinct from the trees ; similarly with
the herbaceous vegetation which in the drier areas attains a height of
three to four feet, or in isolated instances such as the Amorphophallus a
little more, but which in the marsh formation may reach 12 or 15 feet
in height. The general type of Sudanese vegetation is found on the
crests and slopes of the undulations.

As in the case of the Deciduous Forest some species are identical
with those of the Evergreen Forest, such as Afzelia africana ; others
are found which in the field appear distinct but in the herbarium are
difficult to separate. One instance of many is that of Lophira alata
of this Zone and Lophira procera of the Guinea Zone. From field
work one feels justified in considering the xerophytic alata as being
directly deri\'ed from the hygrophilous procera by being subjected
to a prolonged period of fire conditions. This " species " now seems
adapted to Sudanese environments, and has assumed a predominance
in the Sudanese Zone comparable to the Triplochitoii Johnsoni in
the Deciduous Forest.

Economically tlie forest patches of tlie Sudanese Zone are valuable
as a timber and firewood supply to the inhabitants of the country.
Apart from this the most valuable product is the Shea Butter obtained
from the fruits of Biityrospermum Parkii.

The following arboreal species have so far been definitely recorded
from the Savannah Forest.

ARALIACEM.

Cussonia longissima.
BIGNONIACEM.

Markhamia tomentoso.
Spathodea campanulata.

CELASTRACEM.

COMBRETACEM.

Anogeissus leiocarpa.

EUPHORBIACEM.

Antidesma venosuni.
Bridelia micrantha.
Hymenocardia acida

Gymnosporia sp. I Uapaca Heudelotii

20

FLACOURIIACE^.
Smeathmannia pubescens.

LEGUMIXOSM.
A/nvniosia sp.
Albizzia con' aria.
Bauhinia reticulata.
Bitrkca africana.
Deta rimn senega I en sis.
En tad a ahyssinica.
Erythrophlccuni guineeiisc.
Lonchocarpus sej'iceiis.
Mucuna iirens.
Parkia filicoidea.
Prosopis oblonga.

LOGANIACE/E.

Strychnos sp.

MELIACEM.

Khaya sp.
Pseudocedrela Kotschvi.

MORACE.E.
Ficus capensis.
Ficus Vallis-choudce.

OCHNACEM.
Lophira alata.

PALMACE,E.

Borassus flabeUifer.

ROSACEM.

Parinariu)}! sp.

RVBIACEM.

Crossopteryx febrifnga .
Gardenia Jov is-tonan tis .
Psychotria Vogeliana.
Sarcocephalus Russegeri

SAPOTACE.E.

Bntyrospermuni Parkii

STERCULIACE.E.
Cola caricifolia.
Cola cordifolia.
Sterculia tomentosa.

TILIACEM.

Greii'ia mollis.

URTICACEM.

Trema guineensis.

VERBENACE.E.

Vitex Cienkoii'skii.

VITACEM.

Cissus populnea.

Special Types of Vegetation.

The following brief accounts of special types of vegetation are
included to indicate the commonest species and their relationship.
There has been hitherto no record of the plant Hfe found in the main
cecological groupings in this country.

Strand Plants. — Along a narrow strip of beach stretching to as
much as twenty yards from high-tide mark, and with practically no
humus, is found a group of plants pecuHar to the conditions of proximity
to the edge of the sea, instability of the sand except when they fix it,
and constant exposure to salt spray. Chief amongst them are Phoenix
reclinata, Cocos nucifera, and the herbs Phyllanthiis amarus, Canavalia
obtusifolia, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Ipomcea asarifolia.

Plants of the Fixed Sand Dunes. — Immediately behind the narrow
strip of beach on which the strand plants occur, is a zone varying to
a mile in depth according to the protection from the wind afforded by

21

the configuration of the ground. Dwarf trees and shrubs, whose
height and form are controlled by the sea breeze, are characteristic
of this stretch. The species here encountered are of the forest next
inland, and vary according to its composition. Common amongst
them are EUvis guineensis, Cocas nucifera, PJnvnix rccliiiata, Pandanns
candelabrum, Conopharyngia spp, Alchornea cordi folia, Voacanga
dfricana, Ixora laxifolia, Octhocosmus Chippii, and Ipomea involucrata.
There is but little soil in the area except where humus has collected
from the vegetation. When the sand is exposed it is fixed, but gener-
ally a laterite cap forms the ground surface.

A Peculiar Grouping on a Sand Spit. — On the neck of land between
the large lagoons and the sea in the south-west corner of the Colony
is found an unusual grouping of plants. The area is some^^•hat pro-
tected by the flora of the beach. The soil is pure sand except where
a certain amount of humus has collected from fallen leaves. With
the exception of a few Palmacecp there is practically no bush or shrub
undergrowth, and the tall forest is composed of remarkably few species,
the MeliacecB and Sapotacece being conspicuously absent. The com-
monest trees are Lophira procera, Erythrophloeum niicranthum, and
one at present unidentified species known locally as Freibli [Fla-
courtiacece) . These are very prolific and well represented in all stages
of growth. Other trees are Chlorophora excelsa. occasionally Detan'mn
sp., and Pycnanthus Kombo.

Mangrove. — A general description of this formation will be found
in works dealing with " Plant Geography." Apart from the usual
constituents, such as Rhizophora sp, Avicennia sp, Laguncularia
racemosa and Hibiscus tiliaceus, Parkia biglobosa is also recorded in
this association. The mangrove forests of the Gold Coast are not of
any great extent.

Transition from the Sea Shore Vegetation to the Evergreen Forest. —
In this zone the farms made by the coast villagers are a principal
feature. Tall trees occur occasionally, but are more in the nature of
landmarks. The forest that is seen is that of a small tree type and
not that of a tall tree type which has become dwarfed owing to its
habitat, as is found near the beach. It suggests that in all this zone
the existing forest is of recent secondary growth.

From a point of view of forest produce this belt is valueless, the
trees serving only as a protection to the ground. It is essentially an
agricultural area from the requirements of its considerable population.
East of Dixcove this zone passes into or is represented by a pure
stretch of Elceis guineensis, and north of Chama this pure forest is of
considerable extent. This area is, however, well within the wedge of
Savannah Forest that is encroaching from the east, following on tlie

shifting s^'stem of farming. The following arc the commonest trees
found in this farm belt :—

Alchornea cordifolia. Pandantts candelabrum,

Bombax sp. Pentadethra macrophvlla.

ConopJiaryngia JoUvana. Piptadenia africana.

Elais guineensis. Pycnanthiis Koniho.

Musanga Smithii. Terminalia sp.

Myrianthns arhoreiis. Triplochiton Johnson j.

Fresh Water Marshes. — ^^llerever any depressions exist sufficient
to retain the surface water or wherever the presence of an abundant
supply of water in the subsoil is evident, a marshy flora occurs which,
except in the case of some of the herbs, is distinct from the true aquatic
flora. The soil is chiefly sand or mud washed down by the rain and
accumulated often to a considerable depth.

As a rule big trees are at intervals, and consequently there is no
canopy of trees ; the smaller trees also, such as Mitragyne macrophylla,
and the species of Macrolohium, occur isolated. The characteristic
species of the formation are the PalmacecB, both arboreal and scandent,
and they are to be seen at their optimum. The armed species of
Calamus and Ancistrophyllum throw their loops over everything,
binding the shrub vegetation together and making travelling through
the bush very difficult. Around the edges of these marshes, but
included within them are also found the massive loops of the Landolphia
lianes and akin genera, which here seem also to reach their optimum.
In the wettest localities the majority of arboreal species are charac-
terised by pneumatophores, which maj^ be anything up to two feet
in height.

Of the herbaceous climbers and flora the Aracece and Scitaminece
form the greater part and frequently dominate the community to the
absence even of the PalniacecB, and in these cases pure societies of a
single species are a characteristic feature.

Along the river banks the same formation occurs. Here, however,
there is often in addition a fringe of an aquatic formation, but this,
except in the case of a few Cyperacece, is distinct. Even where partial
submersion occurs during the rains the vegetation is quite distinct
from the aquatic formation which exists only in free water.

In this group also are the societies of herbs which form so distinctive
a character of this type of marsh. Of these the commonest are of the
AracecB, Anchomanes dubius, Aniibias Afzelii, and Cyrtosperma sene-
galense : of the Scitaminece , A momum Gramtm-Paradisii, and a
species near A. Melegueta, Calathea con/erta, Clinogyne flexuosa, and
Phrynium brachystachyum.

The River Banks. — Where the influence of the water of the river is
appreciable in the subsoil of its banks a marsh type of flora is very

23

noticeable. Scandent Palmacecc arc the characteristic species chmbing
over all trees and shrubs. Wliitc-llowcred Berlinia, yellow-flowered
Pterocarpiis esciilcntiis and Biissca occidentalis, and purple-flowered
Lonchocarpus scriceiis, are prominently noticeable. Of the shrubs
the commonest is Alchoniea cor dif alia, which fringes the banks for
considerable distances. In one localit\-, namely, on the Tano River
at Canal Mouth, there is a dense fringe of the probably exogenous
Cassia alata, which extends for about two miles along the south bank.
Of the herbs, Grainincw and Cyperacecs provide the greater part, whilst
Pistia stratiotes covers all the free water of the creeks. Where high
and steep banks occur this marsh group may be absent, the local
association continuing right up to the river banks. In some places,
such as the upper reaches of the Oiin and Adra rivers, these marshes
are rich in MeliacecE, especially Khaya ivoyensis, and it is quite likely
that the marshes lower down also bore these trees, but now they have
long since been cut out by the timber exploiter.

Arboreal Palmacece. — This group inhabits those marshes in which
free water accumulates and remains on the surface for a considerable
portion of the j^ear. Examples are seen along the Seccondee-Coomassie
Railway where the excavations along the side of the railway to provide
material for the embankments have caused series of large pits to be
formed, and here there is an almost pure growth of Raphia. Associated
with it are the many FiliciiieiC growing in the depressions of the leaf
bases themselves, many climbing AracecE, and also many semi-aquatic
herbaceous Aracece. ELeis guineensis, whilst occurring noticeably
in the drier parts of these areas, can here hardly be considered in its
optimum, which is rather in the tall forest. The commonest species
in this grouping are the following : —

Alchornea cordifolia. Crinuni spp.

Alstonia congensis. Macrolobimii spp.

Ancistropkylliun spp. Mitragyne africana.

Berlinia sp. NymphcBa sp.

Calamus sp. Raphia spp.

Chlorophora excelsa. and many Aracew.

Grass Fresh Water Sauuitps. — These occur chiefly in the south-west
of the Colony, and within a mile or so of the sea. They are large grassy
stretches a mile or two across and resembling the patches of Savannah
grass country between Seccondee and Chama. They differ, however,
in being for the most part submerged to a few inches in the rainy season,
and in the absence of arboreal Palmacece, scandent Palmacece also
occurring only occasionally. Their formation is on pure sand without
any humus. Their flora differs from that of the beach owing to their
being protected from the sea breeze, and to the accumulation of fresh
water during the rainy season.

Secondary Forest. — Where the original forest has been wholly or
partially cleared for farming or fuel supplies and the land subsequently
abandoned, a new forest growth is found differing not only in the
absence of a high canopy but in the paucity of species. Timber or rubber
trees are generally absent and aliens such a.<:Mangi/eraindicaaindArto-
carpiis integrifolia often occur Of the original forest trees the commonest
species surviving are Eriodendron anfractuosum, Triplochiton J ohnsoni ,
Ricinodendron afyicaniun, Cldorophora e.xcelsa (large trees generally
spared from the original clearing), Tennmalia superba, Peter sia viridi-
fiora, Albizzia sp, Piptadenia africana, Pycnanthus Kombo, Elwis
giiinecnsis and Musanga Smithii. The last named is often to be seen
in pure stands, and in these cases its reproduction is entirely vegetati^'e.
Its rapid and close growth is effected by means of stilt roots, similar
to a " rvmner " of an herbaceous plant, which constantly roots, forming
new trees. It seems unique in this respect amongst ^^'est African trees.*

* T. F. Chipp, " The Reproduction (jf Musanga Smithii." — Kew Bulletin ISo. 2, 191 3.

^5

CHAriEK 1\'.

THE FORESTS OF THE (iOLI) CO\ST~^{c<ni/iniicd).

Area.

The limits of the area N\ithin which the dense forest is to be
found have been approximately determined from the information
collected by Forest Officers during their tours, and are indicated on
the map showing the distribution of the forest, page 13.

The system of shifting" cultivation which has been in vogue from
time immemorial, and is still practised, makes it impossible to calculate
with any degree of accuracy the inroads made into the dense forest,
or to state how much is agricultural land, as any area may be converted
into farm land by the natives no matter \\'ith what type of vegetation
covered. For the purpose of this calculation the word " forest "
is regarded as synonymous with " (iuinea Zone," as the amount of
" Fringing Forest," " Savannah Forest," and " Transition Forest "
has not, so far, been ascertained. The amount is certainly considerable,
but too little is known of its extent at present.

The proportion of the area of the country under forest, and the
extent of the requirements imposed on the forested area, as given below,
have been arrived at by an approximation somewhat similar to that
employed by Mr. N. C. McLeod in his " Statement for the Empire
Forestry Conference, 1920," but based on the 1921 Census.

The data are obtained from a consideration of, (a) the area of the
Colony, Ashanti and the Northern Territories, {b) their population
respectively according to the Census of 1921, and, (c) knowledge that,
as a rule, a fresh area of land is kept under a rotation of crops for three
years, and that a return may be made to it after a rest of up to 10
years. This return to an area for agricultural purposes, after a period
of 10 years, is not always adhered to, as the natives find it easier,
where there is plenty of high forest available, to make a clearing of the
undergrowth and trees in the sapling and pole stage, rather than to
undertake the clearing of dense secondary growth.

The total area of the country is 80,000 square miles, of which,
approximately, 28,000 square miles may be said to be under forest of
some kind, and the remaining 52,000 square miles under open Sudanese
vegetation.

The population of the country in 1921 is given as 2,078,043. From
detailed examination of the figures in respect of the area within and
without the forest zone it may be assumed that roughly 894,000 are
living within the forest area.

26

Allowing one acre per person for food crops the area in any one year
within the forest zone required for domestic agriculture is, say, 900,000
acres, or, approximatel}', 1,406 square miles. Assuming that a return
is made to an area previously farmed after a rest averaging seven years,
and that the same area is kept under food crops for an average of three
years, 5,624 square miles of forest country is required for food crops
for the inhabitants within the forest zone.

It is very difficult to form any idea of the area under cocoa, but
from a consideration of the average number of pounds of beans produced
by a tree, the usual number of trees to the acre, and the export of beans
during the past few years, a total of 800 square miles is considered
well within the figure.

x\dding, therefore, the area required for food farms, namely, 5,624
square miles, to that required for cocoa, a total of 6,424 square miles is
arrived at, required for agricultural purposes within the forest zone.
In addition, there is the area under kola and oil palm within the forest
zone, and also the food farms which supply large centres such as Accra
and Cape Coast, which are themselves outside the forest. No estimate
can be given of these, but as the}' must be taken into consideration,
the total of 6,424 square miles may safely be increased to 7,000 square
miles.

Here must also be considered the question of forest fuel supply
to the mines and railways, both services of pre-eminent importance
to the country, and therefore to be assisted in every way. The factor
governing the extent of the country which these industries require
to tap is the price of imported coal as opposed to local fuel, a most
difficult point on which to arrive at any conclusion. It is necessary,
however, to hazard an opinion, but this is best expressed by assigning
for fuel exploitation for these two services the maximum area which
it is considered likely to be exploited. The figures below provide
therefore some sort of guide. Involved in this question is the manner
in which the forest policy of the countiy is affected, for these areas,
when worked out, are practically clear cut. With the exception of
the northern part of the railway lines and the Obuasi and Bebianeha
mining areas, the areas of possible exploitation all He within the
Evergreen Forest, and when worked out and abandoned should re-
afforest themselves naturally, or provide easily cleared agricultural
areas to the saving of good forest. It does not appear, therefore,
that any reservations need be made in respect to these areas which are
not expected to exceed the figures given below, and their denudation
of forest should not therefore cause any harm, except on steep hill
slopes.

The case of the northern part of the railway lines and the Obuasi
and Bebianeha mining areas, is different, for they lie within the

27

Deciduous Forest, wliicli is in au unstable state eonipaied lo the
Evergreen ; and any extensive area eleared in one plaee may lead
to invasion by the Sudanese flora. These areas will tlierefore re(juire
watching.

The ma.xinuun areas likel}' to be altected for the suppl}' of luel to
the raihxavs and mines arc : —

Mines. ^

Square
Miles.

Tarquah and Prestea area . . . . . . . . . . 150

Obuasi area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Bebiancha, Kanyanko and other mining areas . . . . 100

Railways.

10 mile strip on each side of the Seccondec-Coomassie line 3,34o

10 mile ^trip on each side of the Accra-Coomassie line . . 3,760

Less length of railways passing through mining areas

alread}' considered, say . . . . . . . . . . 1,600

Less length of railways passing through timberless areas,

say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,800

7450

Total . .
Say, 4,000 square miles.

In considering, therefore, any policy of forest conservation, it is
necessary to regard 4,000 square miles of the total afforested area as
alienated for the supply of fuel to the mines and railways.

A consideration of the above leaves a balance of 17,000 scjuare
miles of forest country not likely to be required for any purposes other
than forestry. But in this area an approximation of 5,600 square
miles* must be allowed as swamp forest, forests on steep hill slopes,
and all other forests of no immediate merchantable value.

This leaves a final balance of 11,400 square miles of merchantable
forest, out of a coimtry of 80,000 square miles.

From these figures it will be gathered tliat the (juestion of forest
reservation to protect tlie existing forests is a serious and urgent
necessity

* Mr. X. C. McLcod, from impressions gaiiird during extensive travelling, estimates
that approximately one-tlnrd of the forest should be included in this figure. — "Statement,
Empire Forestry Conference, 1920."

28

TABLE I.

DlSTHIMXTlUX WITHIN THE (lUhNJ'A ZoNi;.

Agricultural
Land.

Forest

Fuel Supply

to

jNIines and

Railways

Merchant-
able

Unprofitable

or
Inaccessible

Other Land
(«)

Square ]\Iilcs ...

7,000

11,400

5,600

4,000

52,000

('/) riiis is the area under open \'cgetation (Sudanese Zone) ; it is capal)!e of being
cultivated, or grazed, and provides certain minor forest products such as Shea iiuttcr.

As an attempt to forecast the total area likely to be exploited for
fuel for the mines and railways has been made above, it is of interest
to sec if any forecast can be made with respect to the ultimate forest
area likely to be required for cocoa. H.E. the Governor, in his
speech to the Legislative Council in February, 1922, stated that in-
vestigations into the cocoa industry had revealed the fact that the
total export the Gold Coast was likely to attain, having regard to all
factors bearing on the subject, was at the most conservative estimate
an annual output of 200,000 tons of beans.

From the following data supplied by local eminent agriculturists
an approximation may be arrived at. Given the data that a tree pro-
duces if lbs. as an average per annum, and that 400 trees occur on an
average acre ; that, say, 20 per cent, of the area under cocoa is
unproductive, abandoned, or out of reach of a market, the total area

likely to be under cocoa is -v-^ ■ x (200,000 + \ of 200,000) acres,

^ If X 400 ^ ' ■' ' I >

or 1,200 square miles. In Table L above, only 800 square miles is

aUowed for cocoa at the present time.

Annual Increment.

So far as is known there are no statistics from which the annual
increment of the West African Forests can be obtained. Mr. McLeod,
in his " Statement for the Empire Forestry Conference, 1920," ap-
proximates the figure to 5,000 cubic feet per acre, but states that
this figure is suggested only from eye estimates actually made in the
forest. He considers the large trees average 20 to 30 per acre, and
provide from 100 io 200 cubic feet per tree, whilst at least 1,000 cubic
feet of timber per acre is provided by the other trees.

Neither are there any data of sufficient standing to assist in esti-
mating the rate of tree growth. Mr. McLeod, from his experience
of Nigerian and Gold Coast Forests, considers that the majority of
species attain maturity in 100 years.

29

One definite calculation of the rate of growth of tropical forests
in a part of the world with cUmatic conditions approximating to those
of our Evergreen Forest has been pubHshed by Mr. I. H. Burkill,
Director of the Botanic Gardens, Straits Settlements, in " The Gardens
Bulletin," Vol. II., page 145. An opportunity was taken of studying
a piece of jungle of a known age, and the conclusions arrived at by
Mr. Burkill are that it takes at least 100 3/ears from the upspringing
of the first growth of secondary jungle on a cleared area before the
giant forest trees are established as they are found in the virgin forest.
The piece of jungle examined, which was 30 years old, gave the follow-
ing number of plants : —

^yS trees of 18 feet or more.
2,728 woody plants of 2 to 18 feet.
27,342 smaller plants, mostly small, woody seedlings.

30,448 in all, or 96,660 plants to the acre.

Assuming these figures, which are the only ones which provide
any kind of basis for calculations, the annual increment per acre
must be regarded as approximating to 50 cubic feet in the forest
(Guinea Zone) area. In Table I. it will be seen that only an area of
11,400 square miles can be considered as available for timber and
minor forest products. With regard to column 6, Table II, " Loss;
Waste, Decay, etc.," as the crop is ver}^ mixed, it is little subject to
the ravages of entomological and mycological pests, and the area under
consideration, i.e., the Guinea Zone, is not at, present affected by the
lire factor. Under these circumstances it appears that an estimate
of 5 per cent, of the total increment may be allowed for loss.

The above statements appear as follows when put into tabular
form : —

TABLE 11.

AxNr.VL IXCRICMEXT WITHIN THE GuiXEA ZOXE IX CuBIC FeET.

I.

2.

Area
sq. miles

3-

Estimated
Increment
per sq. mile

4-

Total
Gross Increment

5 6

Loss

7

8.
Not

Fire

Waste, Decay, etc.

Total

Increment

Under

State

Control*

Other . .

1 ..

11,400

32,000

364,800,000

Nil

18,240,000

18,240,000

Nil
346,560,000

Total . .

11,400

3 J, 000

364,800,000

Nil

18,240,000

18,2 |0,000

346,560,000

*Althougli there are various area.s in Ashanti which have been declared " Forest
Reserves, " the Department has not yet had sufficient staff to attend to them and,
consequently, no distinction has been made by the natives between them and other
forests. There is, therefore, no forest actually under State Control,

3A

30

Utilisation.
The following lable gives an idea of the quaiitilics oi linibcr and

fuel required annually.

TABLE III.

Export.
(a)

Mines

consiunp-

tion of

fuel.

Mines
consump-
tion of
timber.

Railway
consump-
tion of
fuel

P.W.I).

and private

firms'

timber.

(b)

Natives. I'or

domestic and

agricultural

purposes.

(c)

Cub. feet.
1,3^3.500

Tons.
165,500

Cub. feet.
315.500

Tons.
14.500

Cub. feet.
200,000

?

(a) — Average for ten years.

(b) — ^'ery appro.ximate.

(c) — The consumption of timber an 1 fuel by the Natives is not known, and may

be left out of account as tlie area of forest allocated to agriculUuc, etc., is

sufficient to meet their wants.

Ownership of the Forests.

There are no forests belonging to the State. All land in the
country is owned by communities, and is known as " Communal "
or " Stool " lands, or by families, when it is known as " Family Land '" ;
individual ownership is also recognised.

A member of a community who makes a farm on Communal land
enjoys his right of tenure so long as he fulfils the political and social
duties which devolve upon him as a member of the community, and
even a person belonging to some other community may make a farm
and enjoy the same privileges as a member if he first obtains the
permission of the " Stool " and pays the annual tribute which native
custom demands.

All forests are " Communal " or " Stool " property with the ex-
ception of farmed areas in them. The right to grant concessions for
mining purposes, for the taking of timber, and for agricultural and
arboricultural purposes, is vested in the owners of the land, and is
controlled by the " Concessions Ordinances."

Notes on Timber Trees.
It will be useful to give a general idea of the kind of tree a forest
officer coming to the Gold Coast will have to deal with. Practically
all the big trees in the Guinea Zone are " buttressed." These but-
tresses appear as large triangular plank-like growths at the base of
the tree varying in thickness and size according to the depth of the
soil, for their purpose undoubtedly is to support the trunk in the
absence of a deep tap root which is not found in these forests. A

31

suggestion has been made by the writer, and the few observations so
far carried out by him tend to support it, that the shape of the buttress
is constant for the species. That is to say, in the same species the butt-
resses have the same relation of height to base, and the hypotenuse
is straight, depressed or curved for the same species, regardless of the
actual size of tlio buttress, which is dependent on telluric conditions.
Some species, sucli as Chlorophora excelsa and a species of Daniella
have practicalh' no buttresses ; others such as Eriodendron anfrachio-
sum have buttresses to a height of thirty feet, and between these is
every gradation.

\\lien cutting a tree that is buttressed a platform is erected so
that it ma}' be cut above the convergence of the buttresses. Stumps
often twelve feet high result with much waste of good wood but saving
of time to the exploiter. Above the buttresses the trunk runs away a
long clean bole often 80 feet high to the first branch, after which it is
broken up into the crown of the tree.

The following measurements are the average taken in 1912 from a
considerable number of " mahogany " trees, Khaya ivorensis. At the
present time the average content of an exported log is nearer 80 cubic
feet and that of a tree 200 cubic feet. This would appear to be ac-
counted for from the pressure of competition and the 1921 high selling
prices of mahogany when almost any log was accepted on the local
market. Before the War, as a rule, only the largest and the best trees
were selected to be cut, whereas nowadays every tree over the pre-
scribed minimum girth is likely to be felled.

Average Measurements of 100 Mature " Mahogany Trees."

Height of stump

left owing to

buttresses.

Girth at

Convergence of

buttresses.

Length of bole

from top of

stump to first

branch.

Girth just

below first

branch.

Number of logs
extracted from
eacli tree.

8 ft. 6in.

13 ft.

55 ft.

10 ft.

25

From the above figures it is seen that the bole of the ordinary
" Mahogany Tree," KJiaya ivorensis, on the Gold Coast, has a taper of
nearly 6| inches in girth for every 10 feet in length, and that the num-
ber of cubic feet of timber which was extracted from each of these
trees was approximately 453, which gave an average of 181 cubic feet
per log.

It should be mentioned that there is an enormous amount of waste
in not extracting the top and branch logs. It is hoped that in the
near future this will not be neglected.

32

Synopsis of Natural Orders.

The object in giving this synopsis when we are only at the beginning
of the study of our flora is to give prospective Forest Officers an idea of
the principal Natural Orders with which they will have to deal. Ex-
perience has shown that it is very difficult for forest students to form
an idea of the flora of their prospective countries, and to study the
flora of the tropics as a whole requires far more time than the ordinary
student can devote to this subject. This synopsis will naturally be
considerably amplified as time goes on and material accumulates, but
at present it serves its purpose by indicating the relative proportion
of the Natural Orders and the frequency of their occurrence.

Of the Natural Orders mentioned the following may be considered
as the more important from a Forest Officer's point of view. The
principal local genera are : —

APOCYNACEM. — Ahionia, Carpodinus, Funtumia, Landnlpliia,
Strophanthus.

BOMB ACE. li. — Bombax, Eriodendron, Adansnnia.

COMBRETACEM.—rerminaUa.

EUPHORBIACEM.—Ricinodcndron.

GUTTIFERAM.—AUanhlackia, Garcinia, Pentadesma.

LEGUMINOS.E.^A/ronnosia, Afzelia, Baithinia, Berlinia, Biirken,
Biissea, Calpocalyx, Cylicodisciis, Cynometra, Daniellia, Dialium,
Erythrophlceum, Lonchocarpus, Macrolobiitm, Parkin, Pentadetlira,
Piptadenia, PithecoloUum, Pterocarpus, Tctraplciira, Xylia.

MELIACEM. — Carapa, EnUi)idropJtragiii(i, Kliaya, Lovoa, Psciidn-
cedrela.

MORA CEM.—Myria nth lis.

OCHNA CEM.—LopJimi .

PALM ACE /E. — Bornssiis, Cahuniis, Cocas, Ehiis, RapJtin.

RHIZOPHORA CEM.—Anopyxis, Rhizophoni.

RUBIACEM.—Mnrinda, Sarcoccphaliis.

SAPOTACEM.—Bntyrospcrmiim, Minitisops.

SrERCULIACEM.—Cola, Hcfilicru, Slcvculia, rriplocJii/i»t.

UFiTICACE.E.—Au/ian's, Cldoroplioya, Eicits, Miistniga.

33

Tlie relatively small nuniber of species compared to genera recorded
in the following table is what wonld be expected in the initial stages
of the botanical sur\'ey of a country.

SYNOPSIS.

Natural Order.

Genera.

Species.

Natural Order.

Genera.

Species.

DICOTYLEDONS.

Nympheacecs . .

I

I

Acanthacece

16

20

OcJinacecB

2

7

.IniarantacecF

8

1 1

OlacacecB

8

<)

A HI pel idea"

4

7

Onagracecv

I

r

A uacardiaceee . .

6

6

Papaveraceo! . .

I

I

A notiacecB

4

5

Passifloracecc . .

4

4

Apocynacecs

20

3S

PedalinecB

I

r

Asclepiadaceo"

9

10

Phytolaccacecs . .

2

2

Balanophoracecs

I

I

Piperacecs

I

4

Begotiiacecs

I

3

Polygalacece . .

3

3

Bignoniacetv . .

■ 5

5

Polygonacece . .

2

2

Bixacees

6

8

ProteacecB

I

I

Boiubacece

3

4

Rhamnacea?

3

4

Bnyaginacefg . .

3

4

Rhizophoracecc

Caiiipauidaceff!

Rosacece

2

2

Cappai'idacecB

5

5

Rubiacecs

3-1

.V-J

Caryophyllacea;

I

I

RutacecB

I

2

Casuarinacea; . .

I

I

Saniydacece

I

T

Celaslracece

2

3

SapiiidacecB

10

I I

Chenopodiacece

I

I

SapotaceiB

6

8

Combretacece . .

7

16

ScvophulariacecB

I

I

Coinposi/ts

17

20

Scytopetalacecs

I

I

ConnaracecB

4

6

SimavubacecE

4

4

Convolvulacea;

4

8

SolanacecB

I

CrassulacecB

2

Sterculiacece . .

8

20

Ciicurbitacece . .

5

7

ThymelacecB

I

2

Dilleniacece

I

2

TiliacecB

6

10

Ebetmcecs

_

2

2

UlmacecB

I

I

Eupliorbiacece . .

35

66

Umbellifercs . .

I

I

FicoidecB

I

I

Urticacece

9

20

GeraniacecB

I

I

VerbenacecB

5

14

Goodeniacea;

I

I

ViolacecB > . .

3

GiittifercB

5

6

Hernandiacecs

I

I

Total . . 85

427

658

HippocrateacecB

2

2

Hydrophyllacece

I

I

MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Hyperiacecs

2

2

A maryllidacecs

3

4

Labi at ce

5

6

AracecB

7

10

Laitracecs

2

2

Comnielinacece

7

II

Leguinitinstv

63

102

Cyperacece

10

23

LinacecB

3

5

DioscoreacecB . .

I

4

Loganiacees

3

4

Flagellariacece

I

I

Loranthacece . .

2

5

Graminecs

21

26

Lythracece

I

I

LiliacecB

7

i|

MalpighiacecB . .

2

3

OrchidacecB

7

9

Mah'acecB

7

13

Palmacecs

7

8

Melastomatacees

3

5

Pandanace(S

I

I

Meliacees

9

19

Scitaniine(B

10

16

Melianthacece

I

I

Taccacece

I

I

Menisperiuacecs
Moracece

I

2

I

Total 1 3

83

128

Myristicacea; . .

I

I

Myrtaceee

4

8

GYMNOSPERMJE.

Syctaginacecs

3

4

CycadacecB

I

I

SUMMARY,

DICOTYLEDONS . .
MONOCOTYLEDONS
GYMNOSPERM/E ..

No.
85
13

I

Genera.

427

83

I

Species.
658

128
I

T0T.A.L . .

99

511

787

34

Chapter V.
THE CLIMATE AND ITS RELATION TO EOREST DISTRIBUTION.

The meteorological records available that have been able to be
considered for this purpose are, Rainfall records for forty-six stations,
and Temperature and Relative Humidity records for thirteen stations.
Eor these thirteen stations, all three kinds of records have been ob-
tained and the result arrived at from a consideration of fifteen years'
data. For the other Rainfall record stations, data for periods of two
to fifteen years have been consulted, as available.

The distribution of these thirteen stations is as follows : — Five in
the coastal Sudanese Zone, two in the Evergreen Forest, two in the
Deciduous Forest, two in the inland Sudanese Zone, and two in transi-
tion areas.

There are unfortunately no records of cloud observations or wind
velocity.

Also there are no records of periodic phenomena such as leaf-fall,
growth, or sexual periods. It is not expected that sufficient data
will be available for some years on these subjects. The forests in the
Sudanese Zone are chiefly controlled in these factors by the Harmattan,
fires, and rainfall periods and show marked seasonal reactions to
these. The Deciduous Forest is less affected, and, in the case of the
Evergreen Forest the rainfall factor alone appears to exercise any
determination of periodic phenomena.

Rainfall.

The general trend of the rainfall is a maximum fall in June, a
second increase, though to a lesser extent, in September to October,
whilst the driest period is in January, with an abatement of rain also
in August.

The heaviest annual fall occurs on the coast in the south-west of
the colony where Half Assinie has an average of 88*05 inches a year
for 114 wet days, and Axim 8274 inches for 100 wet days. The Ever-
green Forest inland generally shows a smaller return, averaging 71-61
inches for 130 wet days.

The smallest falls are recorded from the coast towns in the Sudanese
Zone in the east of the Colony, Ouittah showing the lowest annual
average with 25-42 inches for 47 wet days, and the wholi^ of this area
onlv an average of 36-50 inches for 58 wet days.

3

CO

mm

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ITT

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iHMMj}

TTTTTr

:w143:B4T

^.|,[,| [ I U-^i4J-iL14I-LUfLLLLlU.li:|

— Evergreen Forest

Deciduous Forest

— Inland Ssvaonah

_ Coast. Ssvannsh

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35

The inland Sudanese Zone shows a slightly higher fall than the
area covered by the same type of vegetation on the coast, the average
being 47'45 inches for 75 \vet days. The area occupied by the De-
ciduous Forest, as would be expected, shows a transition between the
Evergreen Forest and inland Sudanese, namely 5178 inches for 108
wet days.

In considering the records for individual months, the heaviest
fall is recorded from Half Assinie, which averages 25'82 inches for 15
days in June, whilst on the other hand at Navarro in the extreme
north no rain is recorded for Xo\-cmber, December, January and
February.

Although the greatest fall is recorded in the month of June for all
stations except those in the inland Sudanese Zone, the distribution
of the rain is greater through the temporary abatement in August
and the smaller rains in September and October, only declining in
November. Thus in the Evergreen Forest the June average is 11 '53
inches for 16 days, whereas October and November show (r^j inches
for 15 days and /■64 inches for 15 days respectivel}'. In the inland
Sudanese Zone the secondar}^ season in September actually shows a
greater fall than the first season in June, \\'hilst the contrary obtains
in the coastal Sudanese Zone where the secondary season rains in
September and October amount to 3 or 5 inches only.

From a study of a chart obtained by plotting the number of inches
recorded for each station annually against the number of wet days
for the same period, it is seen that the stations fall into the same four
groups as those under which the country has been considered from the
view of the distribution of its forests. The order from zero being,
coastal Sudanese, inland Sudanese, Deciduous Forest, and Evergreen
Forest areas. An additional interest is provided however, in that
stations which are now situated distinctly in the Deciduous Forest,
such as Obuasi and Dunkwa, or even on the outskirts of the Deciduous
Forest such as Ejura and Kintampo appear within the group containing
the whole of the stations of the Evergreen Forest. It is not too much
to assume, therefore, that the natural limits of the heavy Evergreen
Forest originally included Kintampo and Ejura, and an examination
of the floristic composition of the fringing forests around these stations
actuall}- supports this assumption. In considering, therefore, any
schemes for re-afforesting parts of the country, as undoubtedly such
schemes will have to be considered in the future, activities should, in
the first instance, be confined to areas whose rainfall records show
that the conditions required for the Evergreen Forest obtain, and
by the same token, removal of tlie fire factors will undoubtedly
allow an\' district showing these rainfall records to re-afforest itself
naturallv.

36

Again, the high forest may be considered in a state of unstable
(H-juilibrinm in the Deciduous Forest areas, where a sUght disturbance
of the natural conditions, such as the clear felling of forests for farms
along the Coomassie-Jumasie road, or the introduction of grass fires,
as at Manipon, will immediately destroy the forest without hope of
re-afforestation except at a great price. Consequently, areas whose
records coincide with those obtained for Coomassie, Aburi, Sunyani,
and Assuantsi require to be watched witli care and protective belts
established.

Witli regard to tlie inland and coastal Sudanese Zone, it is ver}-'
doubtful if areas showing these records are worth while considering
from a production forest point of view. Work in such areas should
be confined to providing for the needs of the local populations.

A general summary of this study shows that the rainfall along the
Coast decreases steadily from west to east. Inland the higher curves
run out in a north-easterly direction to include the main divide of the
country, but in central and western Ashanti retreat rapidly westward
showing the Afram basin and the area covered by the Deciduous
Forest to be of a lesser rainfall. In northern Ashanti the higher
curves run out eastward again and include the western part of the
Northern Territories before finally passing into the areas of definite
diminution of rainfall to the north. This is graphically illustrated on
the map, page 36. A comparison of this map with that showing the
physiography of the country on page 8 brings out the important
fact that the majority of the rivers of the country rise in an area of
small rainfall.

Relative Humidity.

The amount of humidity in the air away from the seashore is
entirely dependent on the existence of vegetation. This is illustrated
very markedly by a study of the records of the relative humidit}'
taken at the thirteen stations in the country. In the Guinea Zone,
the relative humidity in the Evergreen Forest varies between 84 and
87, in the Deciduous Forest between 80 and 89. In the Sudanese
Zone inland the variation is between 34 and 80, whilst the maritime
strip of Sudanese vegetation is affected by the sea and shows a variation
between 75 and 81. In the Evergreen Forest the variation throughout
the year is only 3 points, in the Deciduous Forest 9 points, but in the
inland Sudanese Zone 46 points.

As has been previously mentioned tlie three main crops on whicli
the agricultural wealth of the country depends, namely, cocoa, oil-
palm, and cola, are, apart from tlu^ fringing forests, confined to the
forest area, and there is no doubt tliat it is the necessity for a certain
constant humidity tliat prevents their cultivation outside. This
Inuuidity, expressed in relative terms, may be said to be between 80

to

LU

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38

DlSTKIRTTIOX OF RaINFAI.L IN PERCENTAGES.

rr^ ACT

Guinea Zone.

Inland
Savannah,

Savaxn.ah.

Evergreen
Forest.

Deciduous
Forest.

T^ainfall in Percentages

]8

34

25

23

Rainfall and Number of Wet Days,
Guinea Zone.
Evergreen Forest,

STATIONS.

AxiM.

Half-

Assinie.

J EMMA.

Akwan-

TAMBRA.

Tarquah.

Rain

in
Ins.

No. of

Wet

Days.

Rain
in
Ins.

No. of

Wet

Days.

Rain
in
Ins.

No. of

Wet

Days.

Rain
in
Ins.

No. of

Wet

Days.

Rain
in
Ins.

No. of

Wet

Days,

January

2-24

3-8

3"

6-2

216

4-6

0-65

2-2

1-95

4-8

February . .

2-55

3-3

1-56

51

325

7-3

2-84

57

3-33

6-6

March

4-33

6-4

4-82

8-5

501

IO-7

5-95

II -0

764

1 1 -9

April

662

8-x

698

lOI

7-i8

II-6

7-62

132

6-87

IO-5

May

1418

138

II 78

17

8-51

i8-i

9-44

16-4

8-52

16-0

June

2112

167

2582

151

15-46

20-8

9-38

i8-8

10-23

17-0

July

982

IO-6

6-97

IO-8

6-04

175

8-06

17-8

703

13-8

August

2t8

4-8

I 89

77

2-87

131

514

14-6

3-37

11-8

September . .

2-47

71

2-53

IO-6

5-35

18-1

5-66

18-1

4-38

14-1

October

534

10

5-65

IO-8

7-16

20-6

9-47

17-5

8-82

19-8

November . .

8-43

9-8

8-65

141

6-99

171

3-86

lOI

570

130

December , .

3-88

5-6

3-97

7-3

2-87

8-8

1-83

41

407

7-8

Average \
Total/

8274

100

88-05

114

73-84

171

67-81

141

72-82

150

^

■^Half Assinie

•4

r

A'

/c

/

^ +5ec90ndee
Addah

"SukuS

Gambae

Akuse

"^ Accra

+Quittah

^*' sbolabo ^

Saltpond Capecoasb
*Winnebah

"Navarro "Tamale

l-M' liMilllMMlill'+t,

lio ''''"■ lao

*Tarquah

^Birrimsu »
+ *Akwant,arnbra
*Nsuann

*Dunkwa

+ Mpraeso

^^-'am.

Nurriber ofWet daifs .

39

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40

Rainfall and Number of Wet Days.

C'.uiNEA Zone.

Deciduous Forest.

AbURI. 1 ASSTANTSI.

SUNYANI.

COUMASSIE.

Tamiarv . .

IOC

1-8 I -Go

4-2.

0-84

1-7

0-70

i-i

February

I 62

5-6 2-56

4-8

1-88

3-8

1-96

4-3

March

3-86

6-6

3-57

7-8

4-61

77

4-88

5-2

April

515

7-6

572

6-6

7-19

1 1 -3

6-17

8-3

May

5"45

9-6

676

14-2

5-04

10-3

7-33

8-5

June

7.8

107

8-55

l6-2

6-41

139

8-25

10-5

July

429

103

5-03

15-8

4-43

II-3

4-88

9-3

August

2-29

8-4

3-36

10-4

4-06

10-5

4-10

8-5

September

370

lOI

3-07

II-4

7'63

14-8

7-29

11-7

October . .

440

IO-5

405

no

7-11

15-2

7-33

11-6

November

4-67

9-5

3-43

9-8

2-85

70 2-55

57

December

183

5-8

2 '68

6-0

0-47

1-5

i-i6

2-0

.\VERAGE Total

48-92

lOI

50-88

120

50-52

106 5074

75

and 89, that is the range of humidity in the forest zone. When the
humidity has a greater variation than 9 points and a minimum below
75 points tliese crops do not thrive. The desiccation following on the
destruction of the high forest is, therefore, a conclusive factor in the
inhibition of these main agricultural crops of the country. Minor
crops such as bananas, pawpaws, plantains, and coco-yams, of great
local importance, also conform to these restrictions.

In considering the stations in detail, it will be noticed that Axiin,
on the coast and in the Evergreen Forest, has the highest relative
humidity, from June to November, the records showing over 90.
Seccondee presents an anomaly, as, although on the sea-coast and at
the present termination of the Sudanese coastal wedge, its relative
humidity is considerably below that of any other coastal town, but
ratiier higher than the inland towns in the Sudanese Zone. Kintampo
shows an intermediate stage between the Guinea Zone records and the
inland Sudanese, Aburi conforms to the Deciduous Forest average
on the whole.

41

IxELATivJi Humidity
(iuiNEA Zone,

Dkchjuous Fouest.

Evergreen Forest.

Tkansixiun

CiUINEA To

Sudanese.

Aburi.

Sunyani.

Coomassie.

Axim.

Tarquah.

Kintampo.

January

84

14

82-43

7903

88-83

82-00

52-17

February

78

44 84-25

S374

88-11

79-95

53-02

:\Iaich

85

62

87-64

8333

8746

80-78

57-60

April ..

85

72

85-19

84-27

88-13

8105

6650

May ..

86

18 . 86-12

86-22

89-52

83-13

69-19

June . .

87

44

86-38

8593

90 08

83-37

76-18

July ..

89

34 89-78

88-IO

9086

80-33

77-78

August

89

45 89-41

87-57

92-53

80-58

78-83

September

88

67 88-27

87-78

92-72

81 02

63-01

October

88

77

87-81

87-95

92 72

80-83

72-86

November

87

73

8382

86-76

91-81

8020

68-22

December

'^^7

'>.T

83-84

83-18

89-14

8o-i2

62-46 .

Relative Humidity
Sudanese Zone.

Coastal.

Inland.

Cape Coast

Accra.

Addah.

guittah.

Seccondee

Tamale.

Gambaga

January

83-67

80-78

8684

77-71

62-24

34-30

34-81

February . .

81-59

81-86

85-82

77-06

58-55

47-61

35-58

March

81-12

77-87

86-08

75-94

57-36

51-17

40-24

April

82-00

78-56

86-89

77-13

57-32

54-99

53-85

May

83-61

88-07

82-71

78-10

5902

58-49

64-22

June

86-11

83-12

8399

81-74

6i-oi

59-94

75-37

July

87-90

82-30

8798

80-73

61-85

71-34

80-03

August

8623

82-16

88-47

80-85

61 -97

7596

82-28

September

87-81

81-07

88-36

78-24

62-78

74-35

79-54

October

8401

80-40

85-59

79-53

61-49

6304

73-58

November. .

82-27

80-08

81-54

76.09

58.88

51-93

60-80

December

82-91

82.08

85-83

77.71

58-14

43-10

37-90

42

Temperature.

Shade Tcmpcyatiircs. — The maximum shade temperatures are re-
corded for Tamale and Gambaga, where, towards the end of the dry
weather in February and March, the average is over loo"^ F. The
lowest average record is from Tamale during the Harmattan month
of January, when the sliade temperature falls just below 60^ F. Both
greater and lesser individual temperatures are commonly recorded.

The shade temperature within the Guinea Zone is very equable,
varying onl}' some 2<f in the coast towns, 2^° in the Evergreen Forest,
and some 28" in the Deciduous Forest areas, between a maximum of
92° and a minimum of 64"'. In the inland Sudanese Zone, however,
the variation is considerably more, from an average maximum of
over 100° to an average minimum of 64°, a difference of 36°.

This comparatively even temperature under the modifying influences
of proximity to the sea and the presence of the forest and a greater
variation away from these influences and further inland naturally
follows.

The stations are not sufficient, or sufflcientl}^ distributed, at present
to warrant setting these results down on an isothermic map.

Maximum Solar Radiation. — The following data are obtained from

•the records pubHshed under this heading in the meteorological statistics

of the country. The actual results must be accepted with reservation,

but the comparative results serve as a useful indication of the radiation

to be expected.

The chief point noticed is that the results show two culminating
points for maximum solar radiation for both subdivisions of the Guinea
Zone and those of the Sudanese Zone. The chief culminating point is
in March and April, that is, during the tornado season towards the end
of the dry weather and before the heavy rains begin. The second
and lesser culmination is reached in October when the lesser rains are
falhng off and before the Harmattan begins.

The records for the Coast Savannah, Evergreen Forest and De-
ciduous Forest He between a minimum of 135° F. and a maximum of
150" F., a range of 15^. The Inland Savannah, whilst also extending
over a range of 15", is in a considerably higher plane with a minimum
of 142'' F., but a maximum of 157^ F. The graphs illustrating this
result in connection with the monthly averages frequently intersect
in the cases of the Coast Savannah, Evergreen Forest and Deciduous
Forest, but that of the inland Savannah is entirely free and superior
to all three.

The extreme range is between 161^ F. at (iambaga, the most north-
erly station in the Inland Savannah, and at a height of 1,300 ft. above
sea level, and 123° F. at Saltpond at sea level in the Coast Savannah.

Minimum Terrestrial Temperatures. — The records are not considered
sufficiently reUable to reproduce and discuss in this connection.

43

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44

McAX [Maximum Shade Ti-mperature (Degrees Fahrenlieii;
(Ilixea Zoxe.

Deciduous Forest.

Aburi.

Sunyani. , Coomassie.

January

78-62

9008

87-81

February'

86-17

92-30

90-15

March

87-58

94-62

90-67

April

87-03

93-26

91-45

May

85-29

91-31

87-74

June

82-60

88-69

84-89

July

81-25

84-56

83-25

August

76-11

83-32

83-25

September . .

82-45

86-01

85-84

October

84-71

88-89

85-89

November . .

79-35

90-06

8766

December . .

84 -09

89-67

87-67

Evergreen Forest.

Axim.

85-55

86-62

87-14

86-95

85-55

82-88

81-71

81-51

84-52

85-58

Tarquah

go

91

94

92

91

71

86

86

89

91

91

05

87

13

81

58

64

Sudaxese Z')NE (Degrees Falireuheit),

Coastal.

Inland.

Cape
Coast.

Accra.

Addab.

Quittah.

Seccondee

Gambaga

Tamale.

January . .

85-73

86-81

85-43

88-42

87-57

92

38

95-48

February . .

87-19

86-56

86-25

90-02

89-38

100

05

101 -02

March

88-32

87-58

86-53

90-63

90-57

99

79

lOI-II

April

97-55

87-46

85-95

90-86

90-15

97

86

9843

May

86-64

86-33

85-76

8908

88-79

93

02

9604

June

84-40

84-26

83-19

87-19

85-58

87

47

91-72

July

83-17

82-56

80-12

86-49

83-17

83

70

88-42

August

83-67

8i-io

79-04

70-00

82-08

82

75

87-48

September

82-46

84-55

79-59

86-30

82-82

83

go

89-27

October . .

85-20 85-05

82-82

88-78

8583

97

28

93-95

November

86-68

84-97

84-57

88-93

8842

93

03

97-31

December.. 85-91 83-02 86-27 88-77

88-78

94

05

97-08

45
Mean Mini.mim Sii.\i)i-; 'ri^Mi'icR.nrKii (Dc'give.s Falnvnlu'it;

(ii'iXKA Zone.

Ukcidtuus Forest.

iiVERGREEN FuKEST.

iRANSI-
TION,

Guinea-
Sudanese.

1,300 ft.

A.S.L.

Aburi.

Siuiyani.

900 ft.

A.S.L.

Coomassie.

S.L.

.\xiin.

300 ft.

A.S.L.

Tarquah.

KintamjKi.

January

•

69-60

6423

67-17

68-68

74-02

66-87

February

65-48

6836

68-56

69-95

71-96

68-93

March

64-38 69-21

7369

71-27

72-18

71-91

April ..

69-33 68-03

71-72

7069

71-25

71-49

May ..

. , 69-61

67-98

71-44

69-50

70-86

■ 71-71

June . .

74-69 1 67-20

71-64

68-63

6800

69-55

July ..

. i 66-64

68-92

69-35

68-88

86-36

66-86

August

. 1 66-65 ! 68-99

69-79

67-17

86-51

6858

September

• : 67-49

69-21

62-76

67-84

70-96

67-20

October

. 1 6838

69-93

6362

68-12

71-72

67-72

Xo\-cmbcr

69-35

69-12

63-48

65-27

68-77

68 -60

December

67-23

66-13

6354

69-31

70-21

65-38

Sudanese Zone (Degivcs Fahrenheit).

Coastal.

Inland.

S.L.

Coast.
Cape

S.L.

Accra.

S.L.

Addah.

S.L.

Quittah.

S.L.

Seccondee

1,300 ft.

A.S.L.

Gambaga

690 ft.

A.S.L.

Tamale.

January . .

73-59

7008

76-07

75-54

71-84

70-74

59-84

February

69-57

70-30

77-81

75-96

72-99

73-91

6608

March

7398

72-10

78-73

76-89

73-37

76-92

60-39

April

73-64

71-48

77-52

75-62

73-02

76-32

68-07

May

7438

69-91

77-20

74-67

72-97

74-56

67-53

June

7264

69-37

75-97

73-41

72-18

69-20

64-25

July ..

7 1 76

69 06

73-69

73-40

70-76

70-70

63-16

August . .

69-93

68-47

7074

71-55

6948

70-45

6394

September

71-04

6903

72-88

72-72

70-66

70-17

62-52

October . .

7-24

70-71

71-52

7476

71-76

71-36

61-32

November

73-64

72-22

76-13

7501

72-39

72-33

63-06

December

74-05

71-25

75-69

74-90

72-74

70-91

5899

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47

Chapter VI.
CONSIDERATIONS OF A FOREST POLICY.

In considering the forest policy required for the country, nndonbt-
edly the outstanding factor to be kept in view is the gradual but ever-
increasing ad\'ance on the forest of the Sudanese vegetation and the
comparatively arid conditions obtaining where this vegetation is estab-
lished. There can be no doubt that ultimately, if unchecked, the
whole of the forests of the Gold Coast will disappear as they have
alreadv done in Sierra Leone and Togoland. Apart from the loss in
forest wealth to the country that would be entailed, it would also mean
the practical disappearance of the cocoa, kola, and oil palm indus-
tries as commercial ventures.

It will of course be a long period before such a state of things comes
to pass, but at the same time it istheduty of a forester to look further
ahead than anyone else, and it can never be too soon to start such
counter measures as are considered necessary to prevent such a calami-
tous state of affairs in the distant future. The rate of the destruction
of the forest will naturally increase with the population and its
turning more and more to pacific methods of livelihood, such as agri-
culture. Hence the destruction, important as it is in the present
generation, will increase in greater proportion in each subsequent
period.

It is not proposed to discuss the details of any policy here, but
the outstanding feature must undoubtedly be the reservation of suffi-
cient stretches of the main divide of the country and other hill masses
to the north, as the chief barrier to the advance of the Sudanese con-
ditions and a protection to the existing forest. At the same time,
reservation of sufficient areas as production forests within the present
forest area must be made to ensure that succeeding generations shall
enjoy the same benefits, direct and indirect, from their forests as the
present generation has inherited.

The urgency and seriousness of the forestrj^ problem to the country
can be estimated from a consideration of the following points which
have been referred to in this work and verified by the personal obser-
vations of the writer :

(i) The rivers of the country, apart from the Black and White Volta,
rise from the Ashanti plateau and its continuation, which is the main
divide running south eastwards into the Colony.

(2) This plateau and watershed are subjected to a lesser rainfall than
the country to the north and south, and are either deforested or rapidly
becoming so, with the consequent exposure of the sources of the rivers.
(See Chapter V.)

(3) The northern edge of the forest zone bordering this country is
heavily farmed and supports a comparatively dense population,

48

which is annually increasing b}' settlement of people from the north.
In consequence the forest is being rapidly cut for farming.

(4) Savannah vegetation, energetically assisted by the annual fires
that sweep through the northern country, is constantly making further
inroads into this farmed northern edge of the forest and, once estab-
lished, remains in possession with the constant retreat southwards
and westwards of the remaining forest.

(5) Once the forest has been completely driven off this high ground,
the regression will be rapid and result in rolling back on to the Ivory
Coast throughout the whole of the area now covered by the Deciduous
Forest. With the consequent concentration of farming in the remains
of the forest the forest itself will entirely disappear.

(6) The eastern part of the forest area is being rapidly separated from
the remainder b}- the clearing of a belt up to 20 miles wide along the
railway from Seccondee to Coomassie, and along the main north road
from Coomassie to Ejura. In a few years' time, if unattended, this
belt will be continuous throughout the forest zone, and with the com-
pletion of the Coomassie-Accra railway the remaining forests in the
Central and Eastern Provinces of the Colony will be completely
encircled. The construction of the proposed railway through the Cen-
tral Province of the Colony will so open up this eastern portion to
exploitation and agriculture that the whole of these forests will be
wiped out in a few years, and no forests will then exist in the country
cast of the Seccondee-Coomassie railwa}^

An attempt may here be made to repl}- to two questions that are
often asked and which bear on this part of the subject : "At what
period did the destruction of the forests begin ? " The first step in
the destruction of the forests was undoubtedly, as Mr. Rattray suggests,
when the original races gave up their primitive hunting habits and
began to cultivate imported foods such as cassava, yams, etc., and
this, Mr. Rattray considers, was at no very distant period. The rapid
destruction of the forests, however, began at the time when local wars
and fightings ceased, a time which approximately coincided with the
introduction and initial stages of the cocoa industry.

" How much longer can this country be considered as a virgin
country for forest exploitation and agricultural purposes ? " From a
general survey of the progress already made in the development of
the country, and a knowledge of the extensive proposed development
of railways and roads, one is forced to the conclusion that the virgin
forests of this country, if unprotected, will all have been exploited
and agriculture, within the forest zone, have reached its optimum,
within the coming generation.

An appreciation of these facts clearly indicates the forest policy
required and the urgency for its immediate prosecution. (Contrast
maps at pages 8, 13, and 36.)

4Q

Chapter VIT.

THE GOLD COAST FORESTRY DEPARTMENT.

History of the Department.

The following Notes are extracted and amplified from Mr. McLeod's
" Statement for the British Empire Forestry Conference, 1920."

It was during the Governorship of the late Sir John Pickersgill
Roger, K.C.M.G.,that the idea of having a Forest Department in the
Gold Coast Colony was first conceived, and accordingly, in 1908.
Mr. H. N. Thompson, Conservator of Forests, Southern Nigeria, was
invited to inspect and report on the forests of this Colony and Ashanti,
and to advise as to the best means of regulating the haphazard methods
of exploiting mahogany. His report was duly printed as a Parlia-
mentary Paper (Cd. 4993), and in 1909 Mr. N. C. McLeod, who was
then Mr. Thompson's deputy in Southern Nigeria, was appointed
Conservator of Forests, Gold Coast.

His attempt to start forestry on proper lines by the early intro-
duction of suitable legislation was frustrated by the strong opposition
of the " Aborigines' Rights Protection Society " at Cape Coast to the
proposed Forestry Ordinance.

A local enquiry into the reasons for this opposition was made by
Sir H. Belfield, and in 1912 the West African Lands Committee, under
the Chairmanship of Sir Kenelm E. Digby, G.C.B., K.C., which sat in
London, " to consider the laws in force in the West African Colonies
and Protectorates (other than Northern Nigeria) regulating the con-
ditions under which rights over land or the produce thereof may be
transferred, and to report whether any, and, if so, what, amendment
of the laws is required, either on the lines of the Northern Nigeria
Land Proclamation or otherwise," considered the provisions of the
Forestry Ordinances in the various dependencies and expressed their
views thereon, although they recognised that they were strictly outside
the terms of reference. In Section 287 of their draft report, "African
(West) (No. 1046) Confidential," printed in April, 1917, their views are
recorded in favour of State control in forest administration, as this
is vital to the general interests.

From October, 1909, to the end of 1914, the Conservator of Forests
and liis European Assistants, who gradually rose to the number of
four, made an inspection of the forests of the Colony and Ashanti, ear-
marking areas suitable for reservation against the time when authority

50

would be given to constitute such areas " Reserved Forest." The
preliminary study of the flora of the countr}^ was also undertaken,
the result of such study being embodied in two booklets, " A List of
Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, and the Northern
Territories " and " A List of the Herbaceous Plants and Undershrubs,"
both by Mr. T. F. Chipp, B.Sc, F.L.S., Assistant Conservator of Forests.

Forest Officers were also employed in detecting and prosecuting
offenders under " The Timber Protection Ordinance," No. 20 of 1907,
in so far as mahogan}' for export was concerned.

In 1913 two Assistants left for mihtary service and the Conservator
was absent on leave for more than six months. From the ist January
1916, the Forest Department was entirely in abeyance up to November
1919, when j\Ir. McLeod again arrived in the Colony to resume his ap-
pointment as Conservator of Forests on the invitation of the Governor
Brigadier-General Sir Gordon Guggisberg, R.E., K.C.M.G., D.S.O.

During 1920 and 192 1 a small staff of Forest Officers has been
graduall}' built up, the services of most of the original members also
liave been secured. The present world-wide financial crisis which
has been reflected locally has so far prevented the Department from
being recruited up to strength.

The following table gives the 192 1 Establishment of the Department

13 Assistant Conservators :

£480-30-720-40-920 phis I'll.

9 luiropean Foresters:
£440-12—500.

I Mill Foreman : £'500.

Clerks.

Native Subordinate Service.

I Conservator :

£1,200 plus ii\o.

I Deput}' Conservator :
£960 plus £96.

3 Provincial Forest Officers :

£480-30-720-40-920 plus ^7

Qualifying Tests for Passing Efficiency Bars.
(Vn.) Forestry.
£600 Bar
A certificate from the Conservator of Forests that the officer con-
cerned has a fair working knowledge of the forests and flora of the
Colony, of the system of keeping the Government accounts, of general
orders and of such Ordinances and Regulations as particularlv apply
to the Forestry Department and that his energy, ability, and conduct
justify the grant of the higher salary

;^720 Bar.
A certificate from the Conservator of Forests that the officer has
a sound and complete knowledge of the forests and flora and has
made himself well acquainted with the other subjects and that his
energy, ability and conduct are such as to justify the grant of the
higher salary.

\

51

Chapter VIIT.

ECONOMIC NOTES.

Natural Eorestry Resources axd Exports.

The following tables taken from the Customs returns pro\icle an
indication of the chief natural products of commercial importance
exported from the country. There is a considerable export of cola
nuts overland northwards which is not included in these figures.
Also there are man\' incipient industries which have not at the present
actually assumed commercial importance, but which promise to take
their place in the market as the country develops. Amongst these may
be considered the shea butter, obtained from the fruits of Bidvrospermuvi
Parkii, a common tree in the Sa\'annah country'. There are other sources
of natural wealth which must exist in the forests but which cannot be
brought to light until investigations have been undertaken by trained
research officers. Such materials may provide scope for the following
industries : — Acetone from wood, pulp from wood, match making,
cooperage material, lumber as opposed to the mahogany and cedar
which alone is shipped at present, railway sleepers, silk cotton,
gums, fats and oils from fruits such as those of the Miuiitsops and
Lop/lira, medicaments and rattans. In conjunction with this it
must also be borne in mind that the nearest part of the Empire to
Great Britain which contains vast tropical forests is the Gold Coast.
Apart from the above there are also the agricultural possibilities of
the country, which are so intimately bound up with the preservation
of the forests.

Value and quantity of the principal vegetable products obtained from
forestry sources, exported from the Colony during the last 12 years : —

COLA-N

fTS.

Gum Copal.

LUMHER

Palm Kernels.

(N.\TivE Timber).

Year.

Superficial
Ft.

Lbs.

1

Value.

Lbs.

Value.

Value.

Tons.

Value.

£

£

£

{

1910

5,156,500

77.716

.53.847

647

14.935.935

148,077

14,182

185,058

1911

.5.791.931 i

93.099

80,042

1,110

13,973,396

138,821

13.254

175,891

1912

7,133.165

134.231

67.133

1,077

23,573,651

228,745

14,628

205,365

1913

7,024,868 j

144.705

38.205

555

37,391,848

366,094

9.744

159,128

1914

7,862,414

142,190

18,549

265

24,587,217

240,878

5.633

88,671

191.5

8,267,100

139,163

28,888

405

9,217,622

90,661

4.064

50,512

1916

6.742.898

130.571

12.594

132

10,334,793

93.981

5.857

85,899

1917

11,984,645 1

239.134

2.306

24

7,481,468

69,128

4,768

74,911

1918

13.254.538 i

262,144

1,963

38

14,680,823

137.648

8,933

152,922

1919

16.319.972

350,249

13.748

174

10,432,250

103,238

9,892

253.243

1920

16,203,851

452,245

84,136

2,779

21,620,513

342.115

7,664

222,468

192 1

13.693. (12

463.596

8,002

124

16,669,476

206,512

1,599 30,117

52

Value and quantity of the prinripal vegetable products obtained
from forestry sources, exported from tlu' Colony during the last 12
years : —

P.M.M

Oil.

Rubber.

CoPR.\.

Year.

Callons.

Value.

LhP.

Value.

Tons.

Value.

i

£

i

IQIO

• 1 2,044,945

161,388

3,223,265

358,876

755

13.032

iqi I

1,610,209

128,916

2,668,667

219,447

779

13.259

1012

r. 444. 432

112,885

1,990,699

168,729

620

11,841

1013

860.155

65,652

1,317.369

87,915

629

14,292

1914

495,763

37.646

654.133

21,631

656

11,825

1015

330,990

^5.769

647,982

25.167

770

12,821

1916

450,360

38,302

2,215,973

78.865

633

14,386

1917

108,900

24.770

2,961,204

110,272

736

19,916

ic)i8

670,867

83,689

T. 39 1. 097

57,006

99

2,772

1019

938,595

140,163

721,588

33.637

983

30,091

1020

629,612

114,084

299,180

27.331

427

17.561

1021

67.447

7.718

102,780

6,744

1 12

10,488

Census.

The returns for the 1921 Census are also given under this section.
The comparative density of the population is a factor that must be
taken into account in considering the destruction of the forests to
provide suitable land for agricultural needs, and also in considering
the timber and fuel required by the general population, the mines
and railways.

By reference to maps p. 7 and p. 13 , the distribution of population
and its relation to the area under forest can be seen at a glance.

(A — Wholly within the Forest Zone. B — Entirely outside the Forest
Zone. C — Partly within and partly without the Forest Zone.)

Gold Coast C

ILONY

Eastern Province : —

Accra . .

B

99-598

Addah and Ouittah . .

B

177-704

Akvvapim

B

79-917

Akim Abuakwa

C

58,118

Kwahu . .

C

41-693

Volta River

B

176,396

Central Province : —

_

633,326='

Cape Coast

C

93-618

Saltpond

C

77-366

Winnebah

C

96,398

Western Akim

C

32,164

299,546

" These figures arc quoted from the " Cold Coast (

alette,'

No.

3 of 1922, dated

/|th January

53

Western Province :—
Ankobra
Axim
Seccoiidec
Tarquah
Aowin
Sefwi

A

33,053

A

40.759

C

59,261

A

44,525

A

6,751

A

26,008

Total Colony

210,177

1,143,049

ASHANTL

Eastern Province : —

Coomassie Town
Coomassie T^istrict
Manipon
Aslianti Akini . .
Obuasi . .
British Kratclii

A
A
C
C
A
B

20,001

121,420

4^.432

4i.7^V
61.837

2.654

Western Province : —

Simvani

.. C

36,667

Ahafo . .

..A

9,269

Wenchi . .

.. B

39,038

Kintampo

.. B

29,975

Total Ashanti

Northern Territories.
SniiiJiern Province : —

Western Dagomba (Tamalc) . . B 93,944

Eastern (lonja (Salaga and Yeji) B 18,152

Western Conja (Bok^). . .. B 8,490

i\'(irtlieni Province : —

Wa B 43,168

Lorha-Tumii . . . . . . B 84,264

Southern Mamprussi

(Gambaga) B 21,947
Northern Mamprussi (Navarro,

Bawkii, Znaragu) . . B 257,949

292,131

114,949
407,080

120,586

407,328

Total Northern Territories

527,914

54

Comparison 1911 and 1921.

Colony : —

I9II

1921

Western Province . . 164,413

210,177

Central Province . . 247,121

299.546

Eastern Province . . 442,232

633.326

Total Colony . . 853,766

1. 143.049

Total Ashanti . . 287,814

407,080

Total Northern

Territories 361,806

527.914

Total . . 1,503,386

2,078,043

The popnlation of the following chief towns is given in order to
assist in arriving at an idea of the areas required for agricultural and
domestic purposes, such as fuel supplies, where the population is densest.

Colony

Western Province.

Central Prm

'ince.

Eastern Pr

ovince.

Abbontiakoon

Abodum

• 2,831

Abetifi..

■ 3.874

(Mines) . .

2,230

Akim Swedru .

. 2,802

Aburi

. 2,080

Abosso (Mines)

2,604

Akyease

• 2,757

Accra . .

. 38,044

Abura Village

5.293

Anamabu

• 2,457

Addah

. 5.907

Axim

3.781

Appam

• 2,925

Akuse

• 4.145

Chama

2,378

Berracoe

. 2,467

Anum

. 2,888

Dunkwa

2,005

Bissardzi

• 3,700

Anyako

• 4.013

Half Assinie . .

2,457

Cape Coast

. 14,921

Asamangkese

5.413

Prestea (Mines)

4,026

Commendah .

. 2,786

Begoro

. 3.706

Seccondee

9.500

Elmina

• 5.252

Bepong

. 2,001

Tarquah (Mines

) 2,671

Kwanyako

. 2,427

Dsode

. 5.621

Wioso

1,003

Nsaba . .

• 2,343

Koforidua

• 5.363

Nsuaem

. 2,932

Kpong

• 3.285

Nyakrome

• 6,257

Kukurantum

i 3.431

Saltpond

• 6,342

Labadi

• . 3.075

Swedru

. 2,552

Larte

. . 4,128

Winncbah

. 6,980

Mangoase

Mpraeso

Nkwatia

Nsawam

Nungua

Obo ..

Quittah

Tafo (Old)

Teshie

. . 2,961

. . 1,220

.. 3,084

.. 6,143

•• 4.369
. . 3,800

.. 9.839
. . 3,260

. . 7,604

55

ASHANTI.

Eastcyn Pruviiicc.

North I'RX Territories.
Soiif/icni Province. Xoiihcni Pi

Agogo . . 2,0 J 7 Bole

Coomassie Kurubimya

Town 20,268 Salaga

Ejura.. .. 2,446 Tamalc

Mampon . . 2,2/2
Obuasi (and

Mines) 7,765

670 Bawku
2,784 Binduri
3,207 Cianibaga
3,901 Lorlia

Navarro
vSandama
Tongo
Wa . .
Zuaragu

ovincc.
7,708
6,028
1,330

1.37^
14,798
10,908

2,810
7,259

List oe Trees and Peants oe Jiconumic Imeortance.

The following list is an extract from data collected by the writer
of the principal trees and plants that have hitherto been recorded in
the country as possessing economic importance.

African Mahogany
Ago Beam
Bamboo

Bamboo Palm . .
Basins and Stools, Trees

used for
Camwood

Canoes, Trees used for

Cedar
Chewstick Trees

Coconut
Copal, Gum
Corkwood

Cotton Tree

Cotton . .

Crawcraw Plant
Date Palm

(See Mahogany).

Borassus flabcllifer, var a'thiupuui, Warb.

A few of the largest species are found in

clumps in marshy localities.
Rap hi a spp.

Alstonia cuiigeiisis. lingl.

Bapliia niiida, Afz,

Bomhax.

Eriodendron an/niclitositin, D.C.

Kiiaya.

Triplochiton Johnsom, CILW.

Entandrophragma.

Natives do not seem io conhiie themselves to
any particular species.

Cocos nucifera.

Daniellia.

Eriodendrun anj'yadiwsuin, IJ.C.

Musanga Sinithii, P. Br.

Bomhax.

Eriodendrun anfraduosuin, D.C.

Apart from that obtained from the intro-
duced species, the natives use the cotton
from species of Bunibax and Eriodendrun

Cassia alata, Linn.

Phoenix.

56

\)ycs ai'c obtained fiuiii Baphia nitida, Afz.

Bridclia ))iicrantlui, Baill.
Bonihax brevicuspe, Sprague.
CochlospcnniDii tiucioriitiu, Pers.
Dracii'na Manii, Baker.
Haronga madagascaricnsis, Cliois.
Indigofera hirsuia, Linn.
Khaya ivorcnsis, Che v.
Mangrove.
Rcuidia maculalu, D.C.

Edible Fruils are borne

by . . ,. .. AiiioJiiiiiii Gi'ciiiiiiii-pdi'adibil, Linn.

Blighia sapida, Kocnig.
Butyyospenmiin Parkii , Kotschy.
Borassus flahcllifcr, vav, adhiopnin, Warb.
Chrysobalanus ellipticits, Soland.
Cocos nucifera, Linn.
Cula aciiniinata, R. Br.
Coulci cditlis, Bail.
Dolichos Lahlnh, Linn.
Fie US spp.

Myrianthus arborens, P. Bcauv.
Napoleona imperialis, P. Bcauv.
Parkia biglobosa, Benth.
Phoenix sp.

Psidium Gnajava, Linn.
Pterocarpus esciilentus, Schuni et Tlionn.
Sarcocephalus escitlenhts, Afz.
Spondias littea, Linn.
Tetrapleiira Tlionningii, Benth.
Tvcculia afyicana, Decne.
Vitis Boiiibycitui, Baker.
ZizypIiHs Spina-Chvisti, \Villd.

Fan Palm .. .. Borassus flabcllifer, var, (Cihiopitui,\N'Arh.

Fetish Tree . . . . There does not seem to be any particular

species of tree having this distinction. The
big fetish trees of Coomassie were Erio-
dcndron an/racluosiiin and Ficifs, but any
kind of tree may be so regarded, such as
Chlorophora excelsa, BapJiia nitida, etc.

Native Names: — Abusamdtta (T.), Musam-
dua {¥.).

57

Fibres are obtained from Baiihi}iia rcticiiluLa, 1).(1.

Cocldospcniiiijii tincloritiin, Pers.
Crotalaria falcata, Valil.
Crotalaria striata, Al. Br.
Dombeya Buettneri, K. Scliuin.
Eheis guineensis, Jacq.
Hibiscus Abehnoschiis, Linn.
Hibiscus tiliaccus, Linn.
Honckciiya Jicifolia, \\'illd.
Rap Ilia spp.
Sanscvieyia sp.
Sesbania uculcata, Pers.
Sida cavpinifolia, Linn.
Sida r ho nibi folia, Linn.
SteixuUa tragacantha, Lintil.
Urena lobata, Linn.
Wissadula rostrata, Planch.
Fisiiing, Plants nsed in Ophiocaulon cissainpeloides. Mast.

Tephrosia Vogelii, Hook. f.
]'"odder, Plants used for CeucJivus catharticus, Del.

Digiiaria horizontalis, M'illd.
Eleusine indica, Gaertn.
Eragrostis ciliaris, Link.
Mikania scandens, Willd.
Pennisetum purpureuin, Scliiun.
Pistia stratiotes, Linn.
Portulaca oleracea, Linn.
Fuel Wood is obtained

from . . . . Anopyxis ealaensis, Sprague.

Dialiurn guineense, Willd.
Lop /lira p racer a, Pierre.
Pentaclethra niacrophylla , Beiith.
Sarcocephalus esculcnius, Afz.
Triplochiton Johnsoni, C. H. Wright.
And timber trees generally,
(iourds are obtained from Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser,
(ireenheart .. .. Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Hdims.

Piptadenia africana, Hook. f.
(juava . . . . . . Psidiuin Guajava, Linn.

Gum Copal . . . . Daniellia

Gums and Resins are

obtained from . . Anogeissus leiocarpa, (iuill. et Perr.
Burkea africana, Hook.

58:

Gums and Resins, etc. — ■
cunliniicd.

Hog Plum
Ironwood Tree.
Kola
Mahogany

^lanG:rov'e

Mats, Leaves used for

Diuiiclliii sp.

Dialhtni giiiiieensc, Willd.

Sterciilid tvagacantha, Linn.

Spondias lutea, Linn.

Lop/lira procera, Pierre.

Cola acuminata , R. Br.

Species of the following genera are recorded

as having been exported under this name :

Kliaya, Entandrophragma , M iiii usups,

Lovoa and Heritiera.
The real African Mahogany and the bulk

of what is exported are species of Kliaya.
The natives do not distinguish between the

different species in tliis Association.
Native Names : — Asopro (F., 3'oung trees),

Ajuro (K.), Atra (O), Abin (Ax., F.).

IMangrove bark, which is used for dyeing

fishing nets. Kweijabra (F., old trees),

Ngateka (A.)
Pandanus.

MecUcinal purposes,
Species used for

Agcraliiin conyzuides, Linn.

Ai'gciiione niexicana, Linn.

Alcliornea cordifolia, Muell. Arg.

Aspilia latijolia, OHv. et Hiern.

Blighia sapida, Koenig.

Boerhavia repens, Linn.

Bridelia ferruginea, Bentli .

Cardiospermiim Halicacabidii, Linn,

Cassia alata, Linn.

Cassia Absus, Linn.

Cissampelos Pareira, Linn.

Clitoria Teniatea, Linn.

Conopharyngia.

Eclipta alba, Hassk.

Euphorbia Poissoni, Pax (an arrow poison).

Garcinia giiineensis, Willd.

Gynaiidropsis pentaphylla, D.C.

Haronga iiiadagascayiensis, Chois.

Hibiscus tiliaceiis, Linn.

Hura crepitans, Linn.

Kalanchoe crenata, Haw.

Lonchocarpus sericetts, H.B.K.

59

^[edicinal purposes, etc —
conti)ined.

Monkey Kola . .
Oils and Fats are obtain-
ed from the fruits of

Oil Bean Tree . .

Oil Palm

Palm Oil is obtained

from
Palm Wine is obtained

from

Red Iron wood Tnu
Rottan . .

Rubber

Morinda citrifolia, Linn.

Xciiboldia Icevis, Seem.

Piper guineense, Sch. et Thonn. (Ashanti

Pepper Oil).
Sapiinii Gvahami, Prain.
Seshania punctata, D.C.
Sida carpinifolia, Linn.
SpayguHophonts Vaillantii, Crantz.
Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl.
Sterculia tragancatha, Lindl.
Stt'ophanihus hispidus, D.C.
Strophanthus savmcntosiis , D.C.
Uvaria picta, Desv.
Vernonia nigritiana, Oliv. et Hiern.
Xanthoxylmn senegalense, D.C.
Carapa guyanensis, Aubl.

Buiyrospenniim Parkii, Kotschy.

Carapa guyanensis, Aubl.

Elcris giiineensis, J acq.

Jati'opha Curcas, Linn.

LopJiira procera, Pierre.

Lop/lira alata, Banks.

Miiniisops.

Pentaclethra macrophylla, Benth.

Pentadesma hutyracea, Don.

Pycnanthus Komho, Warb.

Ricinodendron africanum. Muell. Arg.

Pentacethra macrophylla, Benth.

Elaeis giiineensis, Jacq.

Elaeis giiineensis, Jacq.

Borassus flabellifer, var. cBthiopmn, Warb.

Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.

Phcenix sp.

Rapliia.

I.opliid procera, Pierre.

Culaniits deeratus, Mann et Wendl. and scan-
dent Palmaceae in general.

rij(> best indigenous rubber is collected from
the trees Funtuinia elastica, Stapf., and
species of Ficus and from species of
Lnndolphia, the Rubber Vine. The latex
of most laticiferous trees and climbers is
used for adulterating purposes.

Raphionacme Brownii, Set. Ell.

6o

Rubber coagulants arc
obtained from

Rubber, inferior and
rubber adulterants
are obtained from . .

Rubber Vine
.Sand binders

Sandpa]:)er Leave Tree
Screw Pine
Shea Butter Tree
Shingles, Trees used for

Shini^lewood Tree
Silk Cotton Tree
Stools and Basins, Trees
used for

Thatch, Leaves used for

Bdit/iiiiia rcliciildla, D.C
Slrop/uinl/nis Barter i, h'ranch.

Alslonia congcnsis, Engl.

A ntiaris sp.

Carpodiniis hirsittiis, Hua.

Chlorophora excelsa, Benth.

Conopharyngia spp.

Fie us spp.

Fiintumia a/rieaiia, Stapt.

Irvingia sp.

Landolphia spp.

Laiidolphia.

Canavalia obtiisi/ulia, D.C.

Ipomcea biloba,¥ovsk. {l.Pes-Capne, Rotlj.)
which gives its name to the " Pes-Caprce "
formation, and all other maritime Ipomoecc.

Philoxerus vennienlatus, R. Br.

Ficus asperifulia, Miq.

Pandanus.

Butyrosperniuui Parkii, Kotschy

Cor did Irvingii, Baker.

Mansonia aliissima, A. Chev.

Miisanga Smithii, P. Beauv,

Pycnanthus Konibo, Warb.

Terminalia superba, Engl, et iJiels.

Termialia sp.

Ter}}iinalia superba, Engl, et L)iels.

Eriudendruu anfraciuosu)n, D.C.

Alstunia congcnsis, Engl.

Funtumia spp.

Borassus fiabcllifer, var. cethiopum, Warb.

Cola sp. (near C". cordijolia, R. Br.).

Elcsis guineensis, Jacq.

Raphia.

And many herbs.

6i

ClIAPTlHi IX.

THE XATIVK XAMKS OF THl^: PRLNCIPAL TRF1<:S.

Language or Dialect. Abbrev.

La)iguage ur Dialed. Abbrev.

Appolonian . .

A.

Grunchi

G.

Accra or Ga . .

Ac.

Hausa . .

H.

Akwapim

x\k.

Krepi . .

K.

Aowiii

Ao.

Quittah

Q-

Aslianti

. Ash.

Twi . .

T.

Axini or Ahaula

Ax.

Wassaw

W.

Fanti . .

F.

Western Ash

anti

.. W

. Asl.

Botanical — Native Name Index.

Afronnosia laxiflora, Harms. Duabai (A.), Diiaanyan (F.), Dbakobiii

(F.), Ehuranvian (Ao.).
Afzelia africana, Smith. — Papoa (Asli.), Opapao (Ak.).
.illaiiblaekia fioribuiida, OUv. — Suein (A.), Anane (Ax.).
Alstoiiia coiigeiisis, Engl, — Nimeribaka (A.), Bakimin (Ax.), Niamidua

(T.), Sindru (W. Ash.).
Anopyxis ealcensis, Sprague. — Abari [K., Ao.), Anchi (F.), Kokoli

(F., W.).
Anliaris sp. — Chenchen (T.).
Berliiiia spp. ^Ajamt'TSi (East. A.), Ajamara (Ao.), Kolo (G.), Wupa

(O.), Samanta (W.), Tetekojemera (W.), Kotoprepre (W.).
Bombax s/).— Ekuba (A.), Akronkron (Ac), Ekm- (Ao.), Kafro (G.),

Agutesi (K.), Eku (T.), Akonkordei (W.), Akata (Denkira).
Borassus flabellifer, var. cethiopttni, Warb. — Agogo (Ac, K., O.),

Malaukwi (A.), Makube (Ash., F.).
Biisseu occidentalis, Hutchinson. — Tarkroa (T.), Bonamhita (W.),

Kotoprepre (W.).
Butyrospermum Parkii, Kotschy. — Ngu (A.), Nku (F., Ak.), lakuiii

(K., O.), Kanku (Ash.).
Calpocalyx. — Kotoprepre (W.), Samanta (W.).
Carapa giiyanensis, Aubh — Asokom (A.), Osuabise (Ak.), Asoroa

(Ao.).
Chlorophora cxcelsa, Benth.— Elmii (A.), Erui (Ao.), Odum (T.).
Cocos niicifera, Linn. — Kukwi (A., Ax.), Ajuri (Ao.), Kiibe (F.), Jiavune

(K.), Ene (0.).
Cola acuminata, R. Br. — Esseri (A.), Evvasi (Ao.), Bessi (Ash., K.),

Bawsi (F.), (iwe [G.), Evi (O.), Guru (H.).

5A

62

CyUcodiscus gabiinensis. Harms. ^ — Den^^a (Ash., F.), Odenya (F.),

Adadua (W. Ash., W.).
Cynometra sp. — Ajunnkobi (W. Ash.), Anaiita (A. F. \\'.), Awonia (W.).
Daniellia sp. — E3'ere (A.), Siadua (F. W.), Eyedua (T.)
Elcsis guineemis, Jacq. — Abe (F,), and man\7 local names.
Entandrophragina spp. — Tiama-tiama (A., Ao.), Penkwa (A. W.),

Pepedom (A.), Mpengwa (Ao.), Efrubrodiju (Ash.), Kwabohoro

(xAsh.), Effiiokonkonti (Ash.), Dukuma (A., Ao.).
Eriodendron an/yaciuosKni, D.C. — Enyenga (A.), Enyena (Ash., F., \\'.),

Enya (Ao.), (iung (G.), Rhni (H.), Ofwho (O., K.).
ErythrophLceuui iiucrantliiini, Harms. — Potrodom (A., Asli., F., W.),

Etsa (K.).
Ficus spp. — Adoma (xA., F., Ao.), Shedua (Ao., Ash., T.), Manshedua

(F.), Kapro ((/.), Kinganga (H.), Amanshedua (W. Ash.), Ani (K.),

Diipain (Ao.).
Funtnmia spp. — Efunmundon (A., Ao.), Fruntum (Asli.), Ofruntuni

(Ash.,F),Pum (K.).
*H.eritiera iitilis, Sprague. — Niangwune (A.), Niangwen (Ao.), Niankom

(T.).
Khaya spp.—Dnhim (A., F., W.), Odubin (Ash.), Dukmna (A., Ao.)

Kwabohoro (Ash.), Dumanami (W. Ash.), Kriibna (W., W. Ash.),

Mpengwa (Ao.), Tiama-tiama (A., Ao.).
Landolphia spp. — Amale (A.), Faia (Ao.), Opauia (Ash.), Engc (K., O.),

Paui (T.), Jama (W. Ash.), Kwantama (W.).
Lophira procera, Pierre. — Azobe (A.), Assore (Ao.), Jacha (K.), Kaku

(Q.. T.).
Macrolohiiim spp. — Ajemereibli (A.), Ndukoon (A.), Ofam (Ash.),

Tetiwon (F.), Wulfram (F.), Kotopapa (K.), Kussipapa (W.),

Tetekojemera (W.).
Mimusops sp. — Makure (A.), Makwe (Ao.), Abaku (Ac, W.), Baku

(Ash., T.).
Musanga Smithii, P. Br. — Eguni (A.), Eguen (Ao.), Ajama (F., K.,

W. Ash), Ojamba (W. Ash.), Jmna (W.).
Parkia higlohosa, Benth. — Asoma (A., Ao., F., W.), Ancho (Ac), Ewo

(K.), Ewa (Q.).
Parkia filicoid en, Welw. — Sung (G.), Dorro (H.), Dowadowa (H.).
Pentadethra macrophylla, Benth. — Ataba (A.), Ata (Ao., F., W.),

Atawa (T.), Ekuana (F.), Eklo (K.).
Pentadesma butyracea, Sabine. — Ehukei (A.), Paeja (A.), Asuaindokun

(Ao.), Brombabine (Ax.), Pija (F., W.), Swenchi (W.).
Piptadenia a/ricana, Hook. f. — Dahoma (A., F., W.), Dubma (A.),

Dabima (Ao.), Odahoma (F.), Dani (W. Ash.), Odani (W. Ash.).

* In Kew Bulletin 1916, p. 85, Mr. Sprague states that the examination of more
complete material shows that this tree should be placed in the genus Tarrietia under
the name of Tarr-iena ntilis.

63

Raphia s/)/>.— Doka fA., Ax., Ao., F.), Adube (F.), Alati (K., 0.

Eduiri (A.).
Ricinodendron n/ricaimiu, Miiel. Arg. — Awuma (A., T.), Ngvvama {A.

Epui (Ao.), Owama (F., W.), Wama (Ash., W., F.), Ekpedi (K.
Sarcoceplialus escidentus, Afz.— Kissia (A.), Kiisia, KiisiabcL. Kishia (T.

Ekusawa (F.).
Tcrminalia superba, Engl and Diels. — Frani (A.), Faraeii (Ao.), Frang<

(K.), Fram, Of ram, Oframo (T.).
Terminalia sp. — Emeri (A., Ash., W.), Emrel (Ash.), Frameri (Ao.

Evfei (K.), Emil (W. Ash.).
Triplochiton Johnsom, C. H. Wright. — Wawa (A., Ash., T., Ao., K.

Owawa (Ash.).
Xylia sp. — Kotoprepre (W.), Samanta (W.).

Native-Botanical Names Index.

Abaku (Ac, W.)
Abari (A., Ao.)
Abe (F.)

Abebetia (A.) . .
Abedua (F.)
Abin (Ax., F.) . .
Abontire (T.) . .
Abusamdua (T.)
Adadua (W. Ash., W.)
Adoma (A., F., Ao.) . .
Adube (F.)
Acre (A.)
Ago (Ac, K., O.)

Agutesi (K.)

Ai (Ao.)

Ajama (F., K., W. Ash.

Ajamara (Ao.)

Ajemera (East A.)

AjemereibH (A.)

Ajui (Ao.)

Ajuro (K.)

Akata (Denkira) (Ash.)

Akonkordei (W. Ash.)

Alati (K., Q.) . .

Amale (A.)

Ananta (A., F., W.) . .

Mimusops.

Anopyxis ealcBiisis, Sprague.

Elceis guineensis, Jacq.

Elceis guineensis, Jacq.

ElcBts guineensis, Jacq.

See " Mangrove."

Landolphia owariensis, Wild.

Fetish Tree,

Cylicodiscus gahunensis. Harms.

Ficus.

Raphia spp.

ElcEis guineensis, Jacq.

Borassus flabellifer, var. athiopiini,

Warb.
Bombax.

Elcsis guineensis, Jacq.
Musanga Smithii, R. Br.
Berlinia.
Berlinia.
Macrolobium.
Cocos nucifera Linn
Mangrove.
Bombax.
Bombax.
Raphia spp.
Landolphia.
Cvnometra.

64

Anchi (F.)
x\ncho (Ac.)
Ani (K.)

Asokorii (A.) . .
Asoma (A., Ao., F., W.
Asopro (F.)
Asoroa (Ao.)
Assore (Ao.)
Asuaindokmi (Ao.)
Ata (Ao., F., W.)
Ataba (A.)
Atawa (T.)
Atra (O.)
Awonia (W.'^ . .
Awiima (A., T.)
Azobc (A.)
Baku (Ash., T.)
Bakunin (Ax.)
Bawsi (F.)
Bentene (A.) . .
Bessi (Ash., K.)
Beteng (Ao.) . .
Bonaminta (W.)
Brombabine (Ax.)
Chenchen (T.)
Dabima (Ao.) . .
Dahoma (A., F., W.)
Dani (W. Ash.)
Denya (Ash., F.)
Doka (A., Ax., Ao., F.
Doro (H.)
Dowadowa (H.)
Dnaanyan (F.)
Diiabai (A., Ash.)
Diiakobin (F.) . ,
Dubini (A., F., W.)
Dnbma (A.) . .
Dukuma (A., Ao.)
Dukuma (A., Ao.)
Dumanami (W. Asli.)
Dupain (Ao.) . .
Eaviine (K.)
Eberi (Ash.)
Edc (K., 0.) ..

Anopyxis ealcvnsis, Spragiie,
Parkia biglobosa, Bentli.
Fiots.

Carapa guyanensis, Aubl
Parkia biglobosa, Benth.
Mangrove (young trees).
Carapa guyanensis, Aubl,
Lophira procera, Pierre.
Pentadesnia buiyracea, Sabine.
Pentadethra niacrophylla, Bentli.
Pentaclcthra niacrophylla, Benth.
Pentadethra niacrophylla, Benth.
Mangrove.
Cynometra.
. . Ricinodendron africanum. Mull. Arg.
Lophira procera, Pierre
Mimusops.

Alstonia congensis, Engl.
Cola acuminata, R. Br,
Elceis guineensis, Jacq.
Cola acuminata, R. Br.
Elceis guineensis, Jacq.
Biissea occidentalis, Hutchinson.
Pentadesnia butyracea, Dow.
Antiaris sp.

Piptadenia africana. Hook, f,
Piptadenia africana, Hook. f.
Piptadenia africana. Hook, f,
Cylicodisciis gabiinensis. Harms.
Raphia spp.

Parkia filicoidca, ^^'elw.
Parkia filicoidea, Welw.
Afrormosia laxiflora. Harms.
Afrormosia laxiflora. Harms.
Afrormosia laxiflora, Harms,
Khaya.

Piptadenia africana. Hook. f.
Khaya.

Entandrophragma.
Khaya,
Ficiis.

Cocos nucifera, Linn.
ElcEis guinee)isis, ]a.cq.
Eld'is guineensis, Jacq.

65

Eduiri (A.)

Efimmundom (A., Ao.)

Efrubrodiju (Ash.)

Efuokonkonti (Ash.) . .

Eguen (Ao.)

Egiini (A.)

Ehiikei (A.) . .

Ehuranvian (Ao.)

Eklo (K.)

Ekpedi (K.) . .

Eku (T.)

Ekuana (F.)

Ekuba (A.)

Ekur (Ao.)

Ekusa (F.)

Eluni (A.)

Emeri (A., Ash., W.)

Emil (W. Ash.)

Emrel (Ash.) . .

Ene (O.)

Enge [k., 0.) . .

Enya (Ao.)

Enyena (Ash., F., W.)

Enyenga (A.) . .

Epui (Ao.)

Erui (Ao.)

Esseri (A.)

Etsa (K.)

Eyedua (T.)

Eyere (A.)

Evi (O.)

Ewa (Q.)

Ewasi (Ao.)

Ewo (K.)

Faia (Ao.)

Faraen (Ao.) . .

Fram (Ash.)

Frameri (Ao.) . .

Frangor (K.) . .

Frani (A.)

Fruntum (Ash.)

Gung (G.)

Guru (H.)

Gwe (G.)

Raphia sp. (or dwarf forms).

Funtumia.

EntandropIiragiiKi.

Entandrophragma.

Miisanga Smithii, R. Br.

Musanga Smithii, R. Br.

Pentadesnia hutyracea, Sabine.

Aformosia laxiflora, Harms.

Pentacleihra niacrophylla, Benth.

Ricinodendron africanum, Mull. Arg.

Bomhax.

Pentacleihra macrophylla, Benth.

Bombax.

Bomhax.

Sarcocephaliis esciilcntiis, Ai?.

Chhmphora excel m, Benth.

Terminalia sp.

Terminalia sp.

Terminalia sp

Cocos nucifera, Linn.
Landolphia.

Eriodendron anfraciuositm , D.C.

Eriodendron anfractnosmn, D.C.

Eriodendron anfractiwsum, D.C.

Ricinodendron africanum, Mull. Arg.

Chlorophora excelsa, Benth.

Cola acuminata, R. Br.

Erythroplneum niicranthum, Harms.

Daniellia sp.

Daniellia sp.

Cola acuminata, R. Br.

Parkia biglobosa, Benth.

Cola acuminata, R. Br.

Parkia biglobosa, Bontli.

Landolphia.

Terininalia superba,'Eng\. ct Diels.

Terminalia superba, Engl, ct Diels.

Terminalia sp.

Terminalia superba, Engl, ct Diels.

Terminalia superba, Engl, ct Diels.

Funtumia.

Eriodendron anfractuosum, D.C.

Cola acuminata, R. Br.

Cola acuminata, R, Br.

66

lacha (K.)
lakimi (K., O.)
Jama (W. Ash.)
Jiima (W.)
Kafro (G.)
Kakii (Q.,T.) ..
Kapro (G.)
Kiakia (Ac.)
Kingkanga (H.)
Kishia (T.)
Kissia (A.)
Kokoti (F., W.)
Kolo {G.)
Kotopapa (K.)
Kotoprepre (\^^)
Kotoprepre (W.)
Kotoprepre (W.)
Kotoprepre (W.)
Krubna (W.) . .
Kube (F.)
Kukwi (A., Ax.)
Kusia (T.)
Kusiaba (T.)
Kussipapa (W.)
Kwabohoro (Ash.)
Kwabohoro (Ash.)
Kwantama (W.)
Kweijabra (F.). .
Lafo (0.)

Lati (O.)
Limi (H.)
Makiibe (Asli., F.)

Makure (A.)
Malaukwi (A.) . .

Manshedua (F.)
Mbwei (Ac.)
Mpengwa (Ao.)
Mpengwa (i\o.)
Musamdua (F.)
Ndukwon (A.) . .
Ngateka (A.) . .

Lophira procera, Pierre.

Butyrospermurn Parkii, Kotschy.

Landolphia.

Musanga SimtJni, R. Rr.

Bo}}ibax.

Lophira procera, Pierre.

Ficus.

Landolphia owariensis, Beauv.

Ficus.

Sarcocephalus esculentiis, Afz.

Sarcocephalus escidenius, Afz.

Anopyxis ealcensis, Sprague.

Berlinia.

Macrolohium.

Berlinia.

Biissea occidentalis, Hutchinson.

Calpocalyx.

Xylia.

Khaya.

Cocos nucifera, Linn.

Cocos nucifera, Linn.

Sarcoccphahis esculentus, Afz.

Sarcocephalus esculentus, Afz.

Macrolohium.

Entandrophragm a .

Khaya.

Landolphia.

Mangrove, okl trees.

Raphia, The inner part of the leaf

rachis.
Raphia.

Eriodendron anfractuosuni, D.C.
Borassus flabellifer, var (Fthiopum

Warb.
Mimusops.
Borassus flabellifer, var cethiopum

Warb.
Ficus.

Elceis guineensis, Jacq.
Entandrophragma.
Khaya.
Fetish tree.
Macrolohium.
Mangrove.

^7

Ngii (A.)
Ngwama {A.)
Niamidua (T.)
Niameribaka (A.)
Niangwen (Ao.)
Niangwuno (A.)
Niankom (T.) . .
Nku (F., Ak.) . .
Odahoma (F.)
Odani (W. Ash.)
Odenya (F.)
Odubin (Ash.)
Odum (T.)
Of anil (Ash.)
Of ram (T.)
Oframo (T.)
Ofruntum (x\sh., F.)
Ofwho (Q., K.)
Ojamba (W. Ash.)
Opapao (Ak.) . .
Opauia (Ash.)
Osuabise (Akw.)
Owama (W.) . .
Owawa (Ash., F.)
Paeja (A.)
Papro (Ash.)
Paul (T.)
Pauia (Ash.)
Penkwa (A., W.)
Pepedom (A.) . .
Pija (F., W.) . .
Potrodom (A., Ash., F
Pumpune (A.) . .
Puni (K.)
Samanta (W.)
Samanta (W.)
Samanta (W.)
Shediia (Ao., Ash., T.)
Siadua (F., W.)
Sindru (W. Ash.)
Sung (G.)
Swenchi (W.) . .
Tarkroa (T.)
Tetekojemera (W.)

W.

Bntyrospermuni Parkii, Kotschy.
Ricinodendron africanum, Mull, Arg.
Alstonia congensis, Engl.
Alstonia congensis, Engl.
Heritiera iitilis, Spragiic.
Heritiera utilis, Sprague.
Heritiera utilis, Sprague.
Butyrospermum Parkii, Kotschy.
Pipfadenia africana, Hook, f.
Piptadenia africana, Hook. f.
Cylicodiscus gabunensis. Harms.
KJiaya.

Chlorophora excelsa, Benth.

Macrolobium.

Terminalia superba, Engl, et Diels.

Terminalia superba, Engl, et Diels.

Funtumia.

Eriodendron afractuosurn, D.C.

Musanga Smithii, R. Br.

Afzelia africana, vSmith.

Landolphia.

Carapa guyanensis, Aubl.

Ricinodendron africanum, Mull. Arg.

Triplochiton Johnsoni, C. H. Wright

Pentadesma butyracea, Sabine

Afzelia africana. Smith.

Landolphia.

Landolphia owariensis, Beau v.

Entandrophragma .

Entandrophragma .

Pentadesma butyracea, Sabine.

Erythrophlceum micranthuni. Harms.

Landolphia owariensis, Beauv.

Funtumia.

Berlinia.

Calpocalyx.

Xylia.

Ficus.

Daniellia sp.

Alstonia congensis, Engl.

Parkia filicoidea, Welw.

Pentadesma butyracea, Sabine.

Bussea occidentalis, Hutchinson.

Berlinia.

68

Tetekojemera (W.)
Tetiwon (F.)
Tiama-tiama (A., i\o.)
Tiama-tiama (A., Ao.)
Timer (T.)

Wama (F., W.)
Wawa (A., Ash., T.
Weiberi (Asli.)
Wulfran (F.) . .
Wupa (O,)

Ao.. K.

Macrolobiiivi.

Macrolobinm.

Enta ndropJi ragn i a

Khava.

Native pronounciation of English

word " timber," and apphed, as a

rule, to the Meliacece.
Ricinodendron africanum, Mull. Arg.
Triplochiton Jolni^nni, C. H. Wright.
Cola sp.
Macrolohiion.
Berlinia.

69

Chapter X.
THE ORDINANCES AND RULES AFFECTING FORESTRY.

The following arc. up to date, the Ordinances and Rules which affect
the Forestry of the country.

A Forest Ordinance on similar lines to those in operation in other
British Tropical Dependencies was passed as Ordinance No. 15 of 191 1.
Owing, ]iowe\'er, to the strong native opposition in view of the peculiar
nature of the land tenure system of the Colony, the proclamation of
this Ordinance has been withheld.

In some instances only the paragraphs directly affecting forestry
are quoted. These extracts are only as a guide and must, of course,
be read in connection with the whole of the Ordinance concerned.

Misprints in the spelling of botanical names in the original texts
of the Ordinances have been corrected in the following extracts.

The Colony,
Ordinances.
The Concessions Ordinance*
The Timber Protection Ordinance
The Rivers Ordinance
The Timber Export Duty Ordinance, 1921

Orders and Rules.
Extent to which the Rivers Ordinance applies to Scheduled

Rivers . .
With respect to traffic and floating timber on the Ankobra
Under Section 5 of the Timber Protection Ordinance
The Timber Protection Rules, 1921
Under the Timber Export Duty Ordinance, 192 1
Under the Concessions Ordinance

Page.

84
70

.SS

93

. 89
. 90
.71, 72, 76

• 72

• 95. 97

• 84

Bye-Laws.
Proposed for the Protection of Forests . .

ASHANTI,

Ordinances.
The Ashanti Administrative Ordinance
The Ashanti Rivers Ordinance, 1903
The Ashanti Concessions Ordinance, 1903
The Ashanti Administration Seventh Further Amendment
Ordinance, 192 1

76

7<S
91

80

* Xot repeated here as it has been recently circulated to Officers of the I^epartincnt in
pamphlet form, " Selected Ordinances of the Gold Coast, etc."

70

Orders and Rules.
Under the Ashanti Rivers Ordinance . .
Sur\'ey Rules

Charges for Government Surveys
With respect to the Conservation of Forests
The Timber Protection Rules (Ashanti) 192 1

Bye-Laws.
Proposed for the Protection of Forests . .

The Northern Territories
Ordinances.
The Northern Territories Administration Ordinance
The Northern Territories Rivers Ordinance

Page.

91

87

•^7
79
80

76

83
92

FOREST CONSERVATION AND TIMBER PROTECTION.

The Gold Coast Colony.

Chap. 96.— TIMBER PROTECTION.

. I II Ordinance to prevent the cutting of immature timber.

[30///, December, 1907.

Whereas it is expedient to make provision for the protection of timber
by prohibiting the cutting of imniature trees :

Be it therefore, enacted by the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony,
with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as
follows : —

1. This Ordinance may be cited as " The Timber Protection
Ordinance."

2. In this Ordinance, " timber tree " means a tree which is included
in the Schedule to this Ordinance, or which may hereafter be added
thereto, by whatsoever name such tree may be known in the Colon}'.

3. (i) No person shall without the permission in writing of a District
Commissioner cut or fell any growing timber tree the girth of which is
smaller than the following dimensions : —

[a) In the case of timber trees in Part i of the Schedule
to this Ordinance a girth of nine feet at a point one foot above
the convergence of the buttress roots, if any, or at the base
where there are no such roots.

[b) In the case of timber trees in Part II. of the Schedule
to this Ordinance a girth of four feet six inches, at a point one
foot above the convergence of the buttress roots, if any, or at
the base where there are no such roots.

[c) In the case of timber trees in Part III. of the Schedule
to this Ordinance a girth of three feet at a point one foot
above the base.

(z) Any person contravening the provision of this section shall be
liable on conviction for a first offence to a fine not exceeding fifty ponncls
and for a second and subsequent offence to imprisonment with or
without hard labour for a period not exceeding six months.

4. (i) It shall be lawful for the (iovernor in Council from time to
time to add to the trees specified in the Schedule hereto the name of
any other tree ; provided that no such addition shall be deemed to be
part of the said Schedule imtil the expiration of one month from the
publication thereof in the Gazette.

(2) It shall be lawful for the Governor in Council from time to
time to exclude any timber trees from the operation of this Ordinance,
either permanently or temporarily and to amend the name or
description of any timber tree in the said Schedule as he shall think
fit.

5. It shall be lawful for the Governor in Council to make, alter
and revoke rules for marking timber trees which may be cut and
generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this
Ordinance and to attach a penalty not exceeding ten pounds for the
breach of any such rule.

The Schedule.
Part I.
Mahogany or Dubini [Khaya senegalensis).
Opapao [Afzelia africana).
Baku [Mimusops species Djava).
Odum {Chlorophora excelsa).
Kokote {Kokote alata).
H3'edua (Gum Copal Tree)
Cedar

Kwabohol (Genus and species unknown).
Penkwa ( ,, „ ).

Yankum ( ,, ,, ).

Part II.
Odan {Piptadenia africana).
Epro (Genus and species unknown) .
Osuabise [Carapa guineensis).
Kaku [Fillacopsis Kaku).
Bompaja {Paranarium robiistuin).

Part III.
Kube [Borassiis cBthiopum),

Chap. g6.— TLMJiliK I'JiOTECTlON.
Rules under section 5 of tlie Timber Protection Ordinance.

I. Xo person shall buy, sell, export or be in possession of timber
which has been cut from a tree below the girths prescribed in section

72

3 (i) of tlie Tiiubcr Protection Ordinance ; nanieh-, a girth of nine
feet at a point one foot above the convergence of the buttress roots,
if any, or at the base wliere there are no sncli roots.

The onus of proof that the timber in question has not been obtained
from a tree below the prescribed girth shall be on any person charged
with a breach of this rule.

2. Any person contravening the above rule shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding ten pounds and the timber cut in
contravention thereof shall be liable to forfeiture.

{Made ^th August, 1910.)

GOLD COAST COLONY.

JWLE.

Xo. 13 OF igii.

RULES UXJ)1':K TH1-: TLMBI'IK PROTECTION OKI )1N ANCJ:, lyuy.

Under sections 4 and 5 of the above-mentioned Ordinance, I, Frederick
Gordon Guggisberg, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Gold
Coast Colon}-, with the advice of the Executive Council, do hereby
make the following rules :—

1. These rules may be cited as " The Timber Protection Rules,
1921."

2. Nothing in these rules shall apply t(j a native cutting mahogany
with the consent of the Chief and Councillors of the vStool within
whose jurisdiction such mahogany is grown and otherwise than for
export or to any mahogan}' so cut.

3. The Conservator of Forests shall divide such parts of the Colony
as he shall deem necessary into such areas as he shall think fit and shall
allot to each of such areas a distinctive mark to be known as a " Locality
mark " ; and shall keep at his office at Coomassie a record of such
division and of the locality marks allotted, wliich shall be open to
l)ublic inspection, free of charge during ordinary office hours.

4. Xo person shall cut or fell any growing mahogany tree unless
and until he shall have registered a property mark at the office of the
Conservator of Forests, Coomassie.

5. No person shall purchase or possess any log, being part of a
mahogany tree cut or felled in the Colony, unless and until he shall
have registered a property mark at the office of the Conservator of
Forests, Coomassie.

6. Applications for registration of a property mark shall be made
in writing to the Conservator of Forests, Coomassie, and shall be in
Form A in the Schedule hereto.

7. Should the Conservator of Forests consider the proposed
property mark in any way unsuitable, he may refuse to register the
same.

73

8, If the Onscrvator of Forests approves the proposed property
mark ho shall cause the same to be registered free of charge in a book
to be kept in liis office and caUed " The Register of Property Marks "
and shall cause the applicant to be given a certihcate of registration,
g. The Register of Property Marks shall be in Form B in the
Schedule hereto and a Certificate of Registration shall be in Form C
in the said Schedule.

lo. (i) Every person who shall cut or fell a growing mahogany
tree shall, as soon as possible,

{(i) mark the stump thereof with his registered property
mark and with a number (called the " stump
number ") ;
{h) mark each of the logs therefrom with the locality
mark of the area in which the tree is situate, his
registered property mark, the number of the tree and
the log number.

(2) Stump numbers shall runconsecutiveU- from number i upwards,
number i being applicable to the hrst mahogany tree felled by any
person after he has registered his property mark

(3) Log numbers shall run consecutively from number i upwards,
the butt log always being numbered i

Example : — A. has registered the following property mark A

Since doing so he has felled and duly marked 26
mahogau}- trees. On felling the 27th from M'hicli Ik;
obtains (say) 4 logs and which is situate in an area of

which tile locality mark is L.5 1 he must . —

mark the stump thus

27

mark the butt log thus

L5

A

L5 A

mark the other logs
respectively thus ...

■

A

L5

^1

27.1

27,2

^7-3

27.4

II. Every peison who shall purchase or come into possession of
any log, being part of a mahogany tree cut or felled in the Colony or
Ashanti, shall as soon as possible mark such log with his property
mark.

74

12. Any person fellini;' or cutting any growing mahogany tree or
purchasing or being in possession of any mahogany being part of a
mahogany tree cut or felled in the Colony or Ashanti, shall on demand
produce the certificate of registration of his property mark to any
Administrative, Police or Forest Officer.

13. No person shall buy, sell, export or be in possession of any
mahogan}' log which is not duly marked in accordance with the
pro\isions of these rules.

14. Every person having a registered property mark shall on
demand show to any Administrative or Forest Ofhcer the stump of
any mahogany tree felled by him or give such Officer such information
as will enable him to find such stump without difficulty.

15. The following amendments are hereby made in the names and
descriptions of timber trees in the Schedule to the Timber Protection
Ordinance 1907 : —

Part I.

For Khaya setiegcileiisis substitute Khaya caitdala, Kluiya ivorensis.

For KWABOHOL (genus and species unknown) substitute KWABOHORA
{Khaya species).

For PENKWA (genus and species unknown) substitute PENKWA, UDUPON
[Evtavdrophragma species) .

For YANKUMA (genus and species unknown) substitute NIANKUM (Hcritiera

utilis) .

16. The following timber trees are hereby excluded from the
operation of the Timber Protection Ordinance, 1907 : —

Part L

OPAPAO {Afzelia africana).
BAKU [Miinusops species Djava).
KOKOTE (Kokote alata).
HYEDUA (Gum Copal Tree.)

Parts IL and IlL
All Trees.

17. An\- person contravening or failing to comply with any of
the provisions of these rules shall be liable on suminar\' comiction to
a hnc not exceeding ten pounds or to imprisonment, with or without
hard labour, for a term not exceeding three months or to both in
addition to any penalty which may have been incurred under the
Timber Protection Ordinance, 1907, or anv other rules made thereunder.

75

SCHEDULK.
FORM A.

The Timber Protection Rules, 1921.
Application for Registration of a Property IMark.

Full Name

of
Applicant.

Address.

Proposed

Property

mark.

Area within which
applicant proposes
to cut mahogany.

I hereby apply for registration of the above property mark and the
issue to me of a Certificate of such registration.

Date 19 .

Applicant.
To

The Conservator of Forests.
Coon lassie.

form b.

The Timber Protection Rules, 1921.

Register of Property Marks.

No.

Date of
Registration.

Mark.

Person in

whose

name

mark is

registered.

Address
of such
person.

Area

within

which

applicant

proposes

to cut

mahogany.

.Signature
of Con-
servator

of Forests.

Re-
marks

FORM C.

The Timber Protection Rules, 1921.
Certificate of Registration of a Property Mark.
I hereby certify that the following property mark was registered by
me on the day of , 19 ,

in the name of of

Date , 19

Conservator of Forests.

Made at a meeting of the Executive Council held at Government
House, Accra, this i6th day of February, 1921.

f. g. guggisberg,

Governor.

76

GOLD COAST COLONY.

RULE ]S'o. 33 OF 1921.
UNDER THE TIMBER PROTECTION ORDINANCE (Cap. 96).

Under and b}- virtue of the provisions of section 5 of the above-
mentioned Ordinance, I, Reginald Warren Hale Wilkinson, Esquire,
Acting Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, with the advice of the
Executive Council, do hereby amend Rule 17 of the Timber Protection
Rules, 1921 (Rule No. 13 of 1921), made by the Governor in Council
on the i6th day of February, 1921, by substituting a full stop for the
comma appearing after the word " pounds," and by deleting all the
words appearing thereafter.

Made at a meeting of the Executive Council held at Government
House, Accra, this 29th day of November, 1921.

{Sgd.) R. W. H. WILKINSON,

A cling Governor.

proposed bye-laws for the protection of forest.

Gold Coast Colony or Ashanti (as the case may be).

Bye-laws made on the day of 19 ,

at a meeting duly called for the purpose by Omanhene

of , and Chiefs and Councillors of his Stool, pursuant to

the provisions of the Native Jurisdiction Ordinance.

1. (i) It shall not be lawful for any person to make any clearing or
cultivation upon any of the following hills in the Division : —

[Here the names of all hills the slopes of which are 30° and over must
be given.)

(2) Any person who owns a cocoa plantation upon any of the
above-named hills may keep the same until the plants are exhausted,
but shall not on any account extend the clearing any further than the
portion actually occupied by the cocoa trees, nor shall he replant with
cocoa or any other crop the area now under cocoa.

(3) Any person who owns any farm of foodstuffs upon an}/ of the
above-named hills shall remove his or her crops within two years from
the date of passing of these bye-laws, and shall not make any clearing
upon the same after the crops have all been removed.

2. It shall not be lawful for any native of .to cut

down or fell any of the following timber trees without first obtaining
the consent of the Chief and Councillors of the Stool within whose
jurisdiction the same are situated.

1, Khaya sp : Dubini, Odubin, Dukuma, Kwabohoro, Mpengwa.

2. Entandrophragma : Penkwa, Pepedom, Odupon, Dukuma.
3 Chlorophora excelsa : Odum, Erui, Eluni.

11

4- Cylicodisciis gabiuiensis : Benya, Odenya, Adadua.

5. Mimiisops sp : Makure, Makwa, Abaku, Baku.

6. Heritiera utilis : Niangwane, Niangwen, Niankuni, Yankiiiii.

7. Albizzia : Okiiro.

8. Terminalia sp : Fram, Ofrani, Frani, Fraiigor, Emiri, Emil,

Frameri.

9. Sarcocephaliis cscidentits : Kissia, Kusia, Kusiaba, Kishia,

Ekusawa.

10. Piptadenia a/ricana : Dahoma, Dubma, Odalionia, Dani Odani.

11. Afzelia africana : Papao, Opapao.

12. Afrormosia laxifloni : Diiabai, Duaanyan Duakobin, Ehuran-

vian.

13. Lovoa Klaineana : Pepedom, Penkwa, Mpengwa.
14 Guarea : Bossi.

15. Fiintiimia elastica : Fruntum, Ofruntum Ofruntum, Puni,

Efunmundoni.

16. Lophira procera : Azobe, Assore, laka, Kaku.
17 Daniellia sp : Eyere, Siadua, Eyedua.

18. (Esa.)

19. Any Fetish Tree.

3. It shall not be lawful for any person not a native of

to cut down or fell any of the following timber trees or plants, without
first obtaining the consent of the Chief and Councillors of the Stool
within whose jurisdiction the same are situated.

In addition to the 19 species enumerated in Bye-law 2, the
following : —

Alstonia congensis : Nimeribaka, Bakunin, Niamidua, Sindru.
Cola acuminata : Esseri, Ewasi, Bessi, Bawsi, Gwe, Evi, Guru.
Fleets guineensis : Aere, Abebetia, Bentene, Beteng, Abedua.
Landolphia : Amale, Faia, Opania, Enge, Pawi, Jama.
Raphia : Doka, Adube, Alati, Eduiri, Lati.

Pentaclethra macrophylla : Ataba, Ata, Atawa, Ekuana Eklo, Apuro.
Tetrapleura Thoningii : Aprekase, Prekese, Essem.
Pentadesma bntyracea : Ehukei, Paeja, Bromabine Asuaindokum,
Swenchi.

4. Any person who makes a clearing in forest land for cultivation
of cocoa shall remove therefrom all silk-cotton trees {i.e., Eriodendron
an/ractuosum, Enyenga, Enya, Gung, Rimi, Ofwho and Bonibax,
Ekuba, Akronkron, Ekur Kafro, Agutesi, Eku, Akata) but shall
leave standing a number of the straightcst, healthiest, and most valu-
able of the other trees of the original forest for the purpose of shading

the cocoa.

6a

78

5. When any cocoa farm is exhausted the owner thereof shall grub
up by the roots all cocoa trees and burn them on the area, taking care
that the large forest trees left on the land are not injured during the
process of burning. He shall also, for the period of two years after-
wards, weed out the inferior species of forest growtli which spring up
on such area, and if there are no large forest trees of the kinds named
in Bye-law 2 on the land, shall plant a number of an\' of the trees named
in Bye-law 2.

6. No person shall make a clearing for a farm or fell an}- tree what-
soever on the following areas which are hereby declared to be Stool
Forest Reserves : —

Provided that nothing herein shall prevent the felling of timber in
a Stool Forest Reserve in accordance with a working plan approved
by the Forest Officers of the Government.

7. An}' person contravening 'diiy of the provisions of these Bye-laws
shall be liable on conviction to a penalty not exceeding £5, and in the
cases where timber of any of the kinds mentioned in Bye-laws 2 and 3
is felled without due consent having been obtained, or land cleared on
" Stool Forest Reserves," the offender shall further forfeit the right
to the use of the timber felled or the land cleared.

7 (bis.) Any member of the Forestry Department may with or with-
out warrant or other legal process arrest and detain any person whom he
finds or suspects of contravening any of the provisions of these Bye -laws
in which case he shall immediately convey such person to the Chief
of the Stool within whose jurisdiction such contravention took place.

ASHANTI ADMINISTRATION.

Ordinance No. i of 1902.
An Ordinance to Provide for the Administration of the Govern-
ment OF ASHANTI.

I. Preliminary.
I. 'iliis Ordinance may be cited as "The Ashanti Administration
Ordinance, 1902."

* :): Hs * * *

30. It shall be lawful for the Chief Commissioner to make, amend
and revoke rules with respect to : —

(9) The conservation of forests and the collection of forest products.

Any such rules and any amendments or revocations thereof shall
be subject to the approval of the Governor, who, before approving,
may in his discretion amend them.

To the breach of any such rules may be attached a penalty of a
fine not exceeding £25 or of imprisonment with or without hard labour
for any term not exceeding three months.

79

RULES WITH RESPECT TO THE CONSERVATION OF FORESTS.

(s. 30 (9) )•

1. ((?) Xo timber tree mentioned in Part I. of the Schedule hereto
of smaller girth than nine feet at a point one foot above the convergence
of the buttress roots, if any, or at the base where there are no such
roots, and

(b) Xo timber trees mentioned in Part II. of the Schedule hereto
of smaller girth than four and a half feet at a point one foot above the
convergence of the buttress roots, if any, or at the base where there
are no such roots, and

(c) Xo timber trees mentioned in Part III. of the 'Schedule hereto
of smaller girth than three feet at a point one foot above the base
shall be felled without special permission in writing of the Chief
Commissioner or Ofhcer deputed by him.

2. An}- contravention of the above rule will render a person liable
to a fine not exceeding twenty-five pounds or to imprisonment with
hard labour not exceeding three months.

3. (i) Xo person shall buy, sell, export or be in possession of timber
which has been cut from a tree below the girths prescribed in rule I.
{a), (6), and (c) of these rules.

4. Any person contravening the above rule shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding twenty-five pounds or to imprison-
ment with hard labour not exceeding three months ; and the timber
cut in contravention thereof shall be liable to forfeiture.

The Schedule.

Part I,
IMAHOGANY OR DUBINI {Khaya senegalensis).
OPAPAO (Afzelia africana).
BAKU [Mimusops species Djava).
ODUM (Clorophora excelsa).
KOKOTE (Kokoie alata) Ofuobrodejui).
HYEDUA (Gum Copal Tree).
CEDAR.

KWABOHOL (Genus and species unknown).
PENKWA (Genus and species unknown).
YANKUM (Genus and species unknown).

Part IL

ODAN (Piptadenia africana).
EPRO (Genus and species unknown).
OSUABISE [Carapa guitieensis).
KAKU (Fillacopsis Kaku).
BOMPAJA [Paranariuni robustitm).

Part TTT.
KUBE [Borassus csthiopum).

(Rules I and 2 and the Schedule made 13th April, 1915 and approved
nth May, 1915 ; rules 3 and 4 made 30th August, igis.and approved
30th September, 1915)

So

ASH ANT 1.

No. 13 OF 1921.
An Ordinan'ce further to amend the Ashanti Administration

Ordinance, 1902.

[14th October, 1921.
BE IT ENACTED b}- the Governor of the Gold Coast with respect to
Ashanti, as follows : —

1. This Ordinance ma}^ be cited as " The Ashanti Administration
Seventh Further Amendment Ordinance, 1921," and shall come into
force on the date of its enactment.

2, The Schedule to the principal Ordinance is hereby further
amended b}^ inserting therein in their f>roper chronological sequence
and in the appropriate columns respectively thereof the additions
specified in the Schedule thereto.

SCHEDULE.

Chapter 96
(20 of 1907).

The Timber Protection
Ordinance, and all rules
heretofore made there-
under and presently in force

Made this 14th day of October, 1921.

R. W. H. WILKINSON,

Acting Governor of the Gold Coast.

ASHANTI.
RULE. No. 6 OF 1921.
UNDER THE TIMBER PROTECTION ORDINANCE OF THE GOI>D COAST
COLONY AS APPLIED TO ASHANTI.

Under and by virtue of sections 4 and 5 of the above-mentioned
Ordinance, I, Reginald Warren Hale Wilkinson, Esquire, Acting
Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, do hereby with respect to Ashanti
make the following rules : —

I These rules ma}^ be cited as " The Timber Protection Rules
(Ashanti), 1921."

2. Nothing in these rules shall apply to a native cutting mahogany
with the consent of the Chief and Councillors of the Stool within whose
jurisdiction such mahogany is grown and otherwise than for export
or to any mahogany so cut.

3. The Conservator of Forests shall divide such parts of Ashanti
as he shall deem necessary into such areas as he shall think fit and
shall allot to each of such areas a distinctive mark to be known as a
" locality mark " and shall keep at his office at Coomassie a record of
such division and of the locality marks allotted, which shall be open to
public inspection, free of charge, during ordinary office hours.

8i

4. No person shall cut or fell any growing mahogany tree unless
and until he shall have registered a property mark at the office of the
Conservator of Forests, Coomassie.

5. No person shall purchase or possess any log, being part of a
mahogan\- tree cut or felled in Ashanti, unless and until he shall have
registered a propert}' mark at the office of the Conservator of Forests,
Coomassie.

6. Applications for registration of a property mark shall be made
in writing to the Conservator of Forests, Coomassie, and shall be in
Form A in the Schedule hereto.

7. Should the Conservator of Forests consider the proposed property
mark in any way unsuitable, he may refuse to register the same.

8. If the Conservator of Forests approves the proposed property
mark he shall cause the same to be registered free of charge in a book
to be kept in his office and called " The Register of Property Marks "
and shall cause the applicant to be given a certificate of registration.

9. The Register of Property Marks shall be in Fonn B in the
Schedule hereto and a Certificate of Registration shall be in Form C
in the said Schedule.

10. (i) Every person who shall cut or fell a growing mahogany
tree shall as soon as possible,

{a) mark the stump thereof with his registered property
mark and with a number (called the " stump number").

(h) mark each of the logs therefrom with the locality mark
of the area in which the tree is situate, his registered
propert}^ mark, the number of the tree and the log
number.

(2) Stump numbers shall run consecutively from number i upwards,
number i being applicable to the first mahogany tree felled by any
person after he has registered his property mark.

(3) Log numbers shall run consecutively from number one upwards,
the butt log always being numbered i.

Example : — A. has registered the following property mark

Since

doing so he has felled and duly marked 26 mahogany trees.
On felling the 27th from which he obtains (say) four logs
and which is situate in an area of which the locality mark

IS

L5 he must :-

mark the stump thus A 27

mark the butt log thus L5 A 27.1

82

mark the other logs
respective!}' thus

1

Is

L5

A
A

27.2

•^/•J

274

11. Every person who shall purchase or come into possession of
an}' log, being part of a mahogany tree cut or felled in the Colony or
Ashanti, shall as soon as possible mark such log with his property majk.^

12. Any person felling or cutting any growing mahogany tree or
purchasing or being in possession of an}' mahogany being part of a
mahogany tree cut or felled in the Colony or Ashanti, shall on demand
produce the certificate of registration of his property mark to any
Administrative, PoUce or Forest Ofiicer.

13. No person shall buy, sell, export or be in possession of any
mahogany log which is not duly marked in accordance with the
provisions of these rules.

14. F,very person having a registered property mark shall on
demand show to any Administrative or Forest Officer the stump of
any mahogany tree felled b}^ him or give such information as will
enable him to find such stump without difirculty.

15. The following amendments are hereby made in the names and
descriptions of timber trees in the schedule to the Timber Protection
Ordinance of the Gold Coast Colony as applied to Ashanti.

Part I.

For Khaya scnegalevsis substitute Khay\a caudata. Khaya ivorerisis.

For KWABOHOL (genus and species unknown) substitute KWABOHORA

(KJiaya species).
For PENKWA (genus and species unknown) substitute PENKWA, ODUPON

{Efiiandrophragiiia species).
For YANKUMA (genus and species unknown) substitute NIANKUM {Heritiera

titilis) .

16. The following timber trees are hereby excluded from the
operation of the Timber Protection Ordinance of the Gold Coast
Colony as applied to Ashanti.

Part I.

OPAPAO [Afzelia africana).
BAKU [Minmsops species Djava)

KOKOTE [Kohote alata).
HYFDITA (Gum Copal Tree).

Parts IL and III.
All trees.
17. Any person contravening or failing to comply with any of the
provisions of these rules shall be hable on summary conviction to a
fine not exceeding ten pounds.

SCHEDULE.

FORM A.

THE TIMBER PROTECTION RULES (ASHANTI), 1021.

APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OF A F

'ROPF.RTV MARK.

Full Name

of
Applicant.

Address.

Proposed

propertj-

mark.

Area within \vhich
Ai>piicant proposes
to cut mahogany.

I lu'ioby apply for registration 01 the above property mark and the
issue to me of a certificate of such registration.

Date 19

To Appliciini.

The Conservator of Forests.
Coomassie.

FORM B.

THE TIMBER PROTECTION RULES (ASHANTI), 1921.

REGISTER OF PROPERTY MARKS.

No.

Date of
Resistration

Mark.

Person in

whose

name

mark is

remstered.

Address
of such
person.

Area

\vithin

which

applicant

proposes

to cut

mahogany.

Signature
of Con-
servator

of
Forests.

Re-
marks.

FORiSI C.
THE TIMBER PROTECTION RULES (ASHANTI), 192 1.
CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION OF A PROPERTY MARK.

I hereby certify that the following property mark was registered
by me on the day of ,1921,

in the name of of

Date 1 92 1.

Conservator of Forests.

Made at Government House, Accra, this 24th day of October, 192 1.

R. W. H. WILKINSON,

A cling Governor.

NORTHERN TERRITORIES ADMINISTRATION.
Ordinance No. i of 1902.
An Ordinance to provide for the Administration of the Northern
Territories of the Gold Coast.

ii: :i: if ^- ^

25. It shall be lawful for the Chief Commissioner to make, amend
and revoke rules with respect to : —

(9) The conservation of forests and the collection of forest products.

84
CONCESSIONS AND SURVEY RULES.

The Gold Coast Colony.

Chap. 87.

Concessions.

An Ordinance to Regulate the Concession of Rights with respect
to land by Natives.

(Not repeated here as recently circulated to Officers of the Department in
pamphlet form, " Selected Ordinances of the Gold Coast, etc.'")

Colonial Secretary's Office,

x\cCRA,

yyd June, 1908.
Sir,

I am directed by the Governor to request you to instruct the
District Commissioners in your Province to grant permission in
writing under section 3 (i) of Ordinance No. 20 of 1907, to the various
Mine Managers to cut or fell " Kaku " trees of any dimensions for
firewood or other purpose connected with their mines.

I am, etc.,

(Sgd.) A. WILLOUGHBY OSBORNE,

Acting Colonial Secretary.

The Commissioner,
Western Province,
Sekondi.

GOLD COAST COLONY'.
Order by the Governor.
No. 27 OF 1921.
UNDER THE CONCESSIONS ORDINANCE. ,

Under and by virtue of the authority vested in the Governor by section
2 of the Concessions Ordinance, I, Reginald Warren Hale Wilkinson,
Esquire, Acting Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, do hereby appoint
the following officers to perform all acts and to exercise any authority
iniposed on the Treasurer by the said Ordinance relating to the assess-
ment of duties on profits : —

(i) With respect to timber concessions — The Conservator of Forests.

(2) With respect to other concessions — The Secretary for Mines.

The order made by the Governor on the 9th day of June, 1908,
is revoked.

Made this 29th day of August, 1921.

(5^^.) R. H. W. WILKINSON,

Acting Governor.

S5

ASHANTI.

Concessions.
Ordinance No. 3 of 1903.
An Ordinance to Regulate the Concession of Rights with respect
to Land in Ashanti by Natives.

Be it enacted by the Governor of the Gold Coast with respect to
Ashanti as follows : —

PRELIMINARY.

1. This Ordinance may be cited as " The Ashanti Concessions
Ordinance, 1903."

2. In this Ordinance iniless the context otherwise requires : —

" Concession " means any writing whereby any right,
interest or property in or over land, with respect to minerals,
precious stones, timber, rubber, or other products of the soil
or the option of acquiring any such right, interest or property
purports to be either directly or indirectly granted or agreed
to be granted by a native, but shall not include an assignment
of a concession as above defined.

" Prospect " means to search, seek for or explore for
minerals, precious stones, timber or other products of the soil.
9. (i) On or before the 31st July, 1904, with respect to any
concession made prior to the ist February, 1904, and within six months
after the date of the concession with respect to concessions made on
or after the ist Februar\^ 1904, notice of every concession shall be
filed by the person claiming to be entitled to the benefit thereof
(hereinafter called " the claimant ") with the Registrar of the Court.
Such notice shall be in the prescribed form and shall contain the
prescribed particulars. The claimant shall also file within the like
time such other documents, or duly certified or attested copies thereof,
as the claimant relies upon in support of his right to such concession,
provided that the filing of any such copies shall not be deemed to
render unnecessary the due production at the enquiry into any
concession or at the trial of any question relating to any concession
of the original document so relied upon.

17. \Mienever the Court shall have decided tliat a concession is
valid, a certificate to that effect bearing the seal of the Court herein-
after referred to as a " Certificate of \"alidity," shall be attached to.
or indorsed upon, such concession.

18. Every certificate of validity :

(a) Shall state the boundaries, extent and situation of tlu^
land in respect of which the certificate is given ;

(b) Shall briefly specify the nature of the concession ;

(c) Shall contain a complete statement of any limitations,
modifications and conditions imposed by the Court ;

86

(d) Shall declare the concessions to be valid subject to the
terms of the certificate of validity- ;

(e) Shall be signed by the president of the Court making
the final order for the issue of the certificate of validity or his
successor in office ; and

(/) Maj' be in the form in Schedule C. hereto.

20. No certificate of validity shall be issued in respect of any
concession which purports to confer any right or interest in or over any
land for a longer period than 99 years or in respect of any concession
which purports to confer an option of acquiring an}- such right or
interest for a longer period than three 3'ears. The Court may reduce
the term of any concession so as to bring it within the limits aforesaid.

21. (i) No concession shall be valid if made before the coming
into force of this Ordinance which purports to confer on any person
rights over an area larger than that which he is entitled to hold under
sub-section (2) hereof or if made after the coming into force of this
Ordinance which purports to confer any rights over on area exceeding :

{b) In the case of land in respect of which rights to cut
timber or collect rubber, or relating to other products of the
soil are conferred, twenty square miles.

(2) No person shall hold at one time concessions the aggregate
area of the land comprising in which shall exceed, in the case of mining
rights, twenty square miles, or in the case of rights relating to timber,
rubber or other products of the soil, forty square miles.

28. (i) No person shall prospect within Ashanti without licence
from the Chief Commissioner in the form set forth in Schedule D.
hereto and ever\^ such licence shall be subject to a stamp duty of £5 ;
provided that the holder of a mining licence with respect to any land
and those under him may prospect on such land without first obtaining
a licence under this section. Every person contravening this sub-
section shall be guilty of an offence and be hable to a penalty not
exceeding fifty pounds.

(2) Every prospecting hcence shall be made out in the name of the
individual applying for the same and shall not be transferable.

(3) It shall be lawful for any officer to demand from any person
prospecting (not being the holder of a mining licence or those under
him prospecting on land included in such mining licence) the production
of a licence to prospect. If such person shall not produce a licence
duly granted to him to prospect within the limits within which he is
prospecting and permit the officer demanding the production thereof
to read such licence, it sliall be lawful for such ofiiccr to require such
person to declare to him immediately his name and place of residence
and if such person shall refuse to declare his name and place of residence
as aforesaid he shall be guilty of an offence and be hable to a penalty

8;

not exceeding ten pounds. And every sncli person so refusing may be
arrested and taken before the Chief Commissioner or a District
Commissioner.

(4) In this section " officer " shall include the Chief Commissioner,
any District Commissioner, Justice of Peace, any member of the Police
or the West African Frontier Force, or any other officer who is appointed
by the Governor and whose appointment under this section is notified
in the Gazette.

ji. EvTry holder of a concession, \\h(?ther or not the same shall
have been adjudicated upon by the Court, shall as from the dale of
the coming into force of this Ordinance be charged with the payment
to His Majest}' of the following duty, namely, one shilling for every
twenty shillings of the annual amount of all profits made from or in
respect of the exercise of the rights conferred by such concession.

51. Every person who after the coming into force of this Ordinance
obtains or attempts to obtain any concession in Ashanti without
complying with the rules laid down in Schedule B. to this Ordinance
shall be guilt}' of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
one hundred pounds or to imprisonment with or without hard labour
for a period not exceeding six months and any concession so obtained
by him shall be absolutely void and of no effect.

ashanti surveys.
Survey Rules (s. 4).
19. Where a timber concession has a boundary parallel for a length
of one mile or more to the centre of a railway track, and distant not
more than one mile from the centre of that track, that boundary of
the timber concession shall be held to have been surveyed and
demarcated when the railway track has been surveyed and boundary
marks erected at distances not greater than half a mile apart along
the railway track and at such distance from the railway track that
they will not interfere with the maintenance of the same and there
must be indicated on these boundary marks in a permanent manner
on one side their exact distance from the centre of the railway track
and on the other their exact distance from the boundary parallel to it.
The boundary parallel to the centre of the railway track shall be held
to be formed by the straight lines joining the points indicated on the
boundary marks as being on that boundary.

Rules with respect to the Charges for Government Surveys of Con-
cessions in Ashanti, etc. (s. 4.).

I. The following charges shall be payable by the applicant for
Government surveys of concessions and for certifying surveys of

88

licensed surveyors and for connecting survey to general survey :■ —
{Hi) Survey of Timber and Agricultural Concessions :

(c?) Concessions other than those ha\-ing a raihxay track
for one boundary and a depth uf not more than one mile from
that railway track :

For cutting and surveying a boundary, including the fixing
of boundar\- marks, but not provision of posts or name plates,
per mile £-20 os. od.

For cutting and surveying a boundary \\hen a stream forms
a boundary, per mile . . . . . . . . £12 los. od.

For cutting and surveying a boundary when a road forms
a boundary, per mile . . . . . . . . £8 os. od.

{b) Concessions, one boundary of which is a railway track
having a depth of one mile or less from that railway track :

For cutting and surveying a boundary, including fixing of
boundary marks, but not the provision of posts and name
plates, per mile of railway track . . . . . .£12 los. od.

{iv) Certifying Survey of Licensed Surveyor :

Mining Concessions, for every 1,000 fathoms of boundary

£10 OS. od.
River concessions, per mile . . . . . . £10 os. od.

Timber and Agricultural Concessions :

{a) Concessions other than those having a railway track
for one boundary and a depth of not more than one mile from
that railway track, per mile of boundary, whether cutthig,
road or stream . . . . . . . . . . £5 os. od.

{b) Concessions, one boundary of which is a railway track
having a depth of one mile or less from that railway track,
per mile £10 os. od.

RELATING TO THE USE OF RIVERS.
The Gold Coast Colony
Chapter 105.

RIVERS.

An Ordinance to Regulate the Use of Certain Rivers in the Colony.

[4th February, 1903.
Be it enacted by the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony with the advice
and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows : —

Preliminary.
I. This Ordinance may be cited as " The Rivers Ordinance."

89

2. In this Ordinance unless the context otherwise requires :

" Ri\'er " means a riN-er specified in the first Schedule to
this Ordinance or added thereto in manner hereinafter

provided :

******

13. The Governor in Council may from time to time make, amend

and revoke rules :

******

(b) With respect to the use of any river for the transport
of floating timber.

(c) For regulating the tratiic on any ri\^er.

(d) Generally for the purpose of protecting and improving
the navigabihty of any ri\er.

5)^ ^ JfC 5fC ifj jj;

Schedule I.
Rivers to which this Ordinance applies : —
The Tano and its tributary the Boi.
The Ankobra and its tributary the Bonsa.
The Volta and its tributary the Afram.
The Prah.

The St. John's or Prince's.
The Boutry.
The Fura.
The Birrim,
The Ahama.
The Mansi.
The Whin.
The Suni or Akivida.

Orders and Rules under the Rivers Ordinance.

Extent to which the Rivers Ordinance applies to Scheduled Rivers
(s.4).

To so much of the Tano and its tributary the Boi as are within the
boundaries of the Colony.

To so much of the Ankobra as is within the boundaries of the Colony
and to the w^hole of its tributary the Bonsa.

To so much of the Volta and its tributary the Afram as are within
the boundaries of the Colony.

To the whole length of the St. John's or Prince's.

To the whole length of the Boutry.

To the whole extent of the Ahama.

To the whole extent of the Mansi.

90

RULES Willi RESPECT TO TRAFEIC Ax\D FLOATING TIMBER OiN

THE ANKOBKA.
(S. II).

IJC »T» •!» "i* 't* 't»

4. Every log of timber floating down the river shall be accompanied
by some person in charge. Where two or more logs are floated down
the river at the same time they shall ])e securely fastened together at
both ends \\ith ring bolts and cable. When a number of logs not
exceeding Ave shall be floated down the river together in a raft they
shall be accompanied by two persons in charge. When the number
of logs in a raft exceeds five and does not exceed ten, they shall be in
charge of three persons and when the raft consists of more than ten
logs it shall be in charge of four or more persons.

5. Every log or raft of logs when floating down the river or moored
in the fairway of the river shall, between the hours of sunset and sun-
rise, carry a red light in front.

7. No log, raft of logs, boom, float or other structure of like character
shall be moored or anchored at the mouth or in the fairway of the
river without a Hcence issued for that purpose by the District Com-
missioner of the district or except in accordance with the conditions
(if any) which the District Commissioner may attach thereto.

8. For the purpose of Rule 9 of these rules, every day during which
a contravention of Rule 7 of these rules occurs or continues shall be
deemed to constitute a separate contravention of the provision of such
last mentioned rule ; and the Court before which a person has been
convicted of an offence under the said rule may order such person to
remove the log, raft of logs, boom, float or other structure, as the
case may be, and if such person shall omit to comply with such order
forthwith, may cause such removal to be carried out ; and the cost of
such removal may be recovered from the person so convicted as afore-
said. A certificate under the hand of the Commissioner of the District
or Provincial Engineer of the amount of such cost of removal shall in
any Court of Law be deemed to be conclusive evidence of the amount
due from and payable by such convicted person as aforesaid.

9. Before the District Commissioner shall issue any licence under
Rule 7 of these rules he shall first be satisfied that the use of the log,
raft of logs, boom, float or other structure to be moored or anchored
under the licence will not cause any substantial obstruction, hindrance
or danger to the proper navigation of the river on either side of such
log, raft of logs, boom, float or other structure as aforesaid.

9^

II. A fee ot £5 shall be chargeable on the issue of every such licence
and when issued the licence shall be valid for a period of one year
from the date of such issue.

14. Any person who contravenes tlie provisions of any of these Rules
shall be liable on conviction to a penalty not exceeding live pounds.

ASHANTI.
RIVERS.

Ordinance No. i of 1903.

An Ordinance to Regulate the Use of Certain Rivers in Ashanti.
Be it enacted by the Governor of the Gold Coast with respect to
Ashanti as follows : —

Preliminary.

I. This Ordinance may be cited as "The Ashanti Rivers Ordinance,
1903."

^ >i: ^ ^ :^ :i:

II. The Governor may from time to time make, amend and revoke
rules : —

[a] With respect to steam vessels on any river,

{b) With respect to the use of any river for the transport of

floating timber,
{c) For regulating the traffic on any river, and
{d) Generally for the purpose of protecting and improving the
navigability of any river ;
and may for the breach of any such rule impose a penalty not exceeding
five pounds.

Any such rules, amendments or revocations shall come into force
on their publication in the Gazette or on such later date as may be
therein declared.

13. All offences under this Ordinance shall be dealt with summarily
and may be heard before a District Commissioner.

Schedule I.
Rivers to which this Ordinance applies : —

The Tano The Prah

The Ofin The Volta

RULES UNDER THE ASHANTI RIVERS ORDINANCE, 1903.
RULES AS TO TRAFFIC AND FLOATING TIMBER ON THE OFIN RIVER.

I . Every log of timber floating down the river shall be accompanied
by some person in charge. Where two or more logs are floated down
the river at the same time they shall be securely fastened together at
both ends with ring bolts and cable. When a number of logs not

92

exceeding five shall be floated down the river together in raft they
shall be accompanied by two persons in charge. When the number
of logs in a raft exceeds live and does not exceed ten they shall be in
charge of three persons and when tlie raft consists of more than ten
logs it shall be in charge of four or more persons.

2. Every log or raft of logs when floating down the river or moored
in the fairway of the river shall, betw-een the hours of sunset and
sunrise, carry a red light in front.

3. No vessel, log, or raft of logs shall be moored or anchored in the
fairway of the river in such a manner as to cause obstruction to the
proper navigation of the river.

4. Any person who contravenes the provisions of any of these rules
shall be liable on summary conviction to a penalty not exceeding
five pounds.

THli ^'OJ<THERN TERKITOKIKS.
RIVERS.

Ordinance No. i of 1903.

An Ordinance to Regulate the Use of Certain Rivers in the
Northern Territories of the Gold Coast.

Be it enacted by the Governor of the Gold Coast with respect to the
Northern Territories as follows : —

Preliminary.

I This Ordinance may be cited as " The Northern Territories
Rivers Ordinance, 1903."

11. The Governor may from time to time make, amend and revoke

rules : —

(a) With respect to steam vessels on any river ;

(b) With respect to the use of any river for the transport of
floating timber ;

(c) For regulating the traftic on any river ; and

(d) (icnerally for the purpose of protecting and improving
the navigability of any river ;

and may for the breach of any such rule impose a penalty not exceeding
five pounds.

An3^ such rules, amendments and revocations shall come into force
on their publication in the (lazeite or on sucli later date as may be
herein declared.

12. For every licence takon out under tliis Ordinance there shall
be payal)lc tlic fee pnsrribcd therefor in tlie Fourth Seliedule hereto

93

13- All offences under this Ordinance shall be dealt with sunniiarily
and may be heard before a District Commissioner.

Schedule I.

Rivers to which this Ordinance applies : —

The Volta and its tributaries the White Volta and the Black Volta.

EXPORT DUTY ON TIMBER.

GOLD COAST COLONY.

No. 7 OF 1921.

I assent

F. G. GUGGISBERG,

Govo'iioy.

4th February, 1921.
An Ordinance to raise export duties on Timber.

[^th February, 192 1.
Whereas it is desired to raise further revenue in the Colony and to that
end to impose a duty on timber exported from the Colony :
Be it therefore enacted by the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony,
with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as
follows : —

1. This Ordinance may be cited as " The Timber Export Duty
Ordinance, 1921."

2. In this Ordinance the term " exporter " shall include any owner
or other person for the time being possessed of, or beneficially interested
in, any timber from the time the same is placed in the sea or in any
boat, canoe or other craft whatsoever for the purpose of bemg exported
until such timber shall be conveyed out of the territorial waters of
the Colony.

3. There shall be raised, levied, collected and paid unto His
Majesty for the Government of the Gold Coast Colony, an export
duty at the rate of two pence per cubic foot or part thereof on all timber
exported from the Colony.

4. No person shall export any timber or, for the purpose of ex- j^]"'''"/,j
portation, cause any timber to be placed in the sea or in any boat, paki'anci'''
canoe or other craft whatsoever or to be carried to any ship or to be
shipped or transhipped unless and until such timber shall have been
passed by an officer of the Forest Department as having been lawfully
cut and shall have been marked as so passed by such officer in the
manner prescribed by rules under this Ordinance and such person
shall have passed in respect thereof an export entry in the form given
in the Schedule hereto and shall have paid the export duty thereon.

7A

94

5- The master of any steamer taking timber for exportation from
any port in the Colony shall deliver to the Officer of Customs, before
leaving such port, a manifest shewing the marks, numbers and cubical
dimensions (in feet) of all timber which has been so taken on board.

6. It shall be lawful for the Governor in Council to make rules for
the better carrying into effect of any of the purposes or provisions of
this Ordinance ; and in particular prescribing the manner in which
the cubic contents of any timber shall be ascertained for the purposes
of this Ordinance ; and such rules shall on publication thereof in the
Gazette have the same effect as if they had been enacted herein, either
immediately or at such future date as may therein be provided.

7. The exporter and any person concerned in any contravention
of the provisions of this Ordinance or of any rule made thereunder, or
wilfulh' or neghgently failing to comply with such provisions, shall be
guilty of a misdemeanour.

8. A misdemeanour under this Ordinance shall be triable summarily
and any person so convicted thereof shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding one hundred pounds, or to a term of imprisonment with or
without hard labour not exceeding one year, or to both, and it shall
be lawful for the Court to order that all timber in respect of which
any such misdemeanour is committed, or attempted, be forfeited to
His Majesty ; thereupon such timber shall be dealt with as the Governor
shall direct.

schedule.

Export Entry.

Port of

Exporter's NaiTie

Wharf,
]J)ock or
Station.

Ship's
Name.

Whether

British or

Foreign ; if

Foreign the

Country.

Master's
Name.

Port or

Place of

Destination.

Date of
Shipment.

95

\"alue,

Number and

Quantity,

Marks

including

I )escription

( )uality and

l^ate of

Amount of

Numbers.

cost of

of

I^escription

Duty.

Duty.

Packages.

Packages.

of Goods.

declare the quantity and description of the

goods above mentioned to be correctly stated and the value of the

said goods to be pounds

shillings and pence.

Dated this day of 19 ... .

Signed Signed

Comptroller of Customs. Exporter or Agent.

Passed in the Legislative Council this Fourth day of February, in
the year of our Lord, One thousand nine hundred and twenty-one.

A. J. OUTFIELD,

Clerk of the Legislative Council.

This Printed Impression has been carefully compared by me with
the Bill which has passed the Legislative Council and found to be a
true and correct printed copy of the said Bill.

A. J. CUTiaELD.

Clerk of the Legislative CoiDicil.

GOLD COAST COLONY.
RULES.

No. 23 OF 1921.

UNDER THE TIMBER EXPORT DUTY ORDINANCE. 192 1.

Under and by virt ue of the provisions of section 6 of the Timber Export
Duty Ordinance, 1921, I, Reginald Warren Hale Wilkinson, Esquire,
Acting Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, with the advice of the
Executive Council of the said Colony, do hereby make the following
rules : —

I. Before any timber is shipped for exportation, or entered for
such purpose and the export duty paid thereon, each log intended for

96

export shall bear on one end at least the follo\\ing marks impressed
b}' the proper officer of the Forestrj- Department \\'ith a marking
hammer :

F

D

No.

(According

to

port).

G

Pass

C

2. Six marking hammers, numbered consecutively from i to 6
shall be assigned as under for the purpose of marking timber for export-
ation. Hammer

Port. Numbers.

Half Assinie . . . . . . . . i

Axim . . . . . . . . . . 2 and 3

Seccondee . . . , . . • • 4 and 5

Accra . . . . . . . . . . 6

3. For the purpose of assessing export duty on timber exported
from the Colony, the average cubical dimensions of the logs shipped
as ascertained periodically in the Forestry Department, shall be
accepted by the Customs Department for duty purposes subject to
the following test checks. Three per cent, of the logs shipped on an
entry shall be measured by the Customs Officer on export duty, for
the purpose of ascertaining whether the Bill of Lading and Export
Entry particulars are substantially accurate and whether the totals in
such documents agree with the cubical dimensions in the manifest
which the master of the exporting vessel is required to deliver to the
Customs Department under Section 5 of " The Timber Export Duty
Ordinance, 1921 " (No. 7 of 1921). A less percentage may be
measured at the discretion of the Comptroller.

4. Until further notice the undernoted average measurements
furnished by the Conservator of Forests shall be accepted for duty
purposes by the Officers of Customs at the following ports.

Each log to be accepted
Port, as measuring.

Half Assinie . . . . . . . . 126 cubic feet.

Axim . . . . . . . . . . 78 ,,

Seccondee . . . . . . . . 100 ,,

Accra and uncnumerated ports . . By actual measurement

of three per cent, of the
logs intended for
exportation.

97

5- The Conservator of Forests shall cause to be reviewed the
measurements specihed in the preceding paragraph at the end of June
each 3'ear and shall notifx' the Comptroller of Customs not later than
the end of Juh' annually what alterations, if any, shall be made for
the ensuing year in the aforegoing cubical dimensions for the purpose
of duty assessment. Any such change shall take effect from the day
following that on which the Comptroller of Customs actually receives
ofificial notice of amended average measurements as calculated in the
Forestry Department.

6. For the purpose of ascertaining or test-checking the cubical
dimensions of timber for exportation, the following procedure shall
be followed. The measuring tape shall be passed round the middle of
the log, and at right angles to its length, and this measurement shall
be recorded in feet and inches. The length of the log shall then be
measured and recorded i)i feet and inches. The cubical volume of the
log shall then be ascertained in accordance with the following formula :
Middle girth 2 X Length.

4
If for any reason the measuring tape cannot be passed round the

middle of the log it shall be passed successively round the two ends
of the log and the mean girth calculated by averaging such measure-
ments.

7. No timber shall be exported overland or by any inland water
from the Colony except between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., or
except through such stations as provided by law for the importation
of goods.

8. No timber shall be exported overland or by any inland water
from the Colony until the duty thereon has been previously paid.

Made at a meeting of the Executive Council this 24th day of
September, 192 1.

R. W. H. WILKINSON,

Acting Governor.

GOLD COAST COLONY.
RULE.

No, 34 OF 1921.

UNDER THE TIMBER EXPORT DUTY ORDINANCE, 1921.

Under and by virtue of the provisions of section 6 of the above-
mentioned Ordinance, I, Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, Governor and
Commander-in-Chief of the Gold Coast Colony, with the advice of the
Executive Council of the said Colony, do hereby amend the Rules

98

made on the 24th day of September, 192 1, under the statutory
authority aforesaid (hereinafter called " the said Rules ") as follows : —
T. Rule I of the said Rules is hereby deleted and the following
Rule is substituted therefor :

I. Before any timber is shipped for exportation or entered
for such purpose and the export dut}' paid thereon, each log
intended for export shall bear on one end at least the following
marks impressed bj^ the proper officer of the Forestry Depart-
ment with a marking hanuner.

F

D

(Letters

according

to port)

G

Pass

C

2. Rule 2 of the said Rules is hereby deleted and the following
Rule is substituted therefor :

"2. Marking hammers, bearing letters according to the port
of export, shall be assigned for the purpose of marking timbe
for exportation "

3. Rule 4 of the said Rules is hereby amended by substituting for
the figures " 100 " where they occur therein after the word " Seccondee "
the figures " 82."

4. Rule 6 of the said Rules is hereby amended by substituting for
the formula which appears therein the following formula :

/Middle girth\2
\ 4 / X Length.

Made at a meeting of the Executive Council this 19th day of
December, 1921.

{Sgd.) F. G. GUGGISBERG,

Governor.

99

Appendix I

NOTES ON OUTFIT AND LIFE ON THE COAST.

Tlic West African Pocket Book issued by the Crown Agents for
the Colonies contains information for the guidance of officers coming
to any part of the West Coast. It has been represented, however,
that the conditions on the West Coast are pecuUar to that part of the
world and so little information is available to assist a Forest Officer
in his own special equipment that it is advisable to add a few notes
of assistance to prospective Gold Coast Forest Officers. The main
facts to be borne in mind are that a new Forest Officer has to be prepared
for a more or less isolated life in the bush and must be as self-contained
as possible. If in doubt as to what to bring he should bring more
rather than less but always remembering that he must at first be pre-
pared to be mobile. He will as far as possible be attached to a Senior
Officer for the first few months, but he must be prepared to change
his station at short notice and to spend periods of a month or more
away from his station, touring the " bush."

In the Gold Coast the term " bush " is generally applied to the
dense forest and is the equivalent of the Eastern " jungle." The open
Savannah country is generally known as the " grass " or " orchard "
country.

There can be no question that a new Forest Officer cannot bring
his wife with him his first tour and it is inadvisable for him to think
of doing so for the first few tours. Except at a very few stations there
are at present no definite quarters able to be allotted to Forest Officers.
Apart from that, a new man will be expected to travel considerably,
his wife cannot then accompany him, and it is difficult for her to be
left alone. As he rises in the service his travelHng will be neccessarily
curtailed, his station permanent and he will then be able to be accom-
panied by his wife.

Preparations at Home.

It is strongly recommended that the advice and assistance
of one of the firms who specially deal in West African out-fitting be
obtained. There are se\'eral in London and from their special know-
ledge of the conditions on the West Coast their advice will be of
considerable assistance and probably a saving of expense.

In assembhng one's belongings it is important to realise the
peculiar means of transport that is in vogue on the Coast, namely,
carrying on the head. Despite the recent progress of railways and

100

motor roads the Forest Officer must for man}- years be mainly de-
pendent on carriers for the touring that he wih be required to do.
Loads should be made up in England to an approximate weight of
60 lbs. inclusive, and in that state they can be dealt with no matter
where an Officer has to land or proceed on landing. Special short
airtight uniform cases are advisable for clothing: stores and kit can
be taken in ordinary packages and packing cases, but one or two
venesta boxes should be included. Names should be printed on the
front of the boxes and a distinctive mark with the box number on
each end.

Clothing.
For outdoor work, khaki " bush-shirts " with spine pad, shorts,
knickers or trousers are preferred but advisably of khaki drill. Puttees
or stockings and at least two strong pairs of heavy nailed marching
boots, khaki pith helmet and oil-silk rain cover.

For office work, drill suits or the equivalent, soft collars, white
canvas or leather shoes. For recreation, clothing as at home. For
evening wear, dress suit, dinner suit (required on the voyage), and
white dress mess jackets with kummerband. A dark suit of thin
tropical cloth is also required for afternoon functions. The civil
uniform described in the West African Pocket Book is not in general
use on the Gold Coast. Mosquito boots, black for town wear and buff
for bush wear are a necessity. A light rain coat is required and gum
boots are found useful. Underclothing varies considerably with the
individual but is most important. Especially during the wet season
the forests are never dry and the constant dripping from the trees and
brushing from the wet bushes and herbs necessitate good warm
underclothing at the end of a march.

Stores.
It is generally found cheaper to bring out necessities. Advice as
to quantities and packing should be obtained from an African outfitter.
Neither fresh milk nor fresh butter are obtainable locall}/. Tinned
stores generally can be bought at the bigger stations.

Camp Kit.
The following articles are considered necessary for a Forest Officer
to bring out. Towards his expenses he now receives a Government
grant of £60 for Class "A" Officers and £45 for Class "B." Tents are
provided.

Housewife.

Table and bed linen, strong and serviceable.

Mosquito net.

Cutlery.

China.

Glass.

lOI

Hurricane lamp (burning paraftin).

Two table lamps for quarters (burning paraffin).

Deck chair.

Camp chair.

Camp bed.

Travelling bath with wicker lining.

Fitted cook's box.

Travelling drip filter with spare candles.

Folding table.

Enamel or canvas basin.
The following additional articles are recommended but are not
absolutely necessar}- : Sand-fly sleeping net, " road " box.

It is wise to effect insvu^ance on one's belongings and stores against
leakage, breakage, pilferage and all marine risks from Liverpool to
Seccondee and against fire, theft and burglary on the Coast. Infor-
mation can be obtained from the Crown Agents.

Guns, Etc.

Very little shooting except birds can be obtained in the bush and
an officer is recommended to bring a 12-bore shot gun and ammunition
only with him for the first tour if he is keen on shooting. He will
then be able to see what chance of big game shooting he is likely to
get and equip himself suitably at a later date.

f Preparations for Landing.

v

For the next few years at any rate landing will be effected at
all parts of the Gold Coast in surf boats into which one is lowered from
the steamer in a " mammy chair." A sun helmet must be worn and
if the surf is anything but calm a rain coat or macintosh is useful to
keep one from spray. On arrival on shore one must first go to the
Customs Warehouse, declare what stores one has and hand over all
arms and ammunition. At Seccondee or Accra a representative of
the Government transport service will assist in this routine. If a
list of boxes with their contents severally priced has been made ready,
this may be handed in to the Customs and the opening of boxes avoided
All stores and liquors are subject to Customs Duty. It is often advis-
able to open boxes of spirits and so avoid paying duty on bottles that
have been smashed on the journey. As soon as the Customs au-
thorities have assessed the duty the boxes may be withdrawn. For
the firearms and ammunition an authority to import must be obtained
from the local District Commissioner and the various dues paid before
they can be obtained. As most Forest Officers will land at Seccondee

102

it may be useful to indicate the procedure at that port. Accommo-
dation on landing will be found to have been provided by the Transport
Officer at the " Rest House." It is advisable that an Officer has a
camp bed, mosquito net, bed linen, and towels ready for use the first
night. Other necessaries and messing are provided. As soon as
practicable after landing officers must report at the Provincial
Commissioner's Office and sign the duty book. Instructions as to
destination will be given to officers through the Transport Officer.
Officers proceeding up country bv rail must provide themselves with
food and drink for the journey. Railway tickets will be obtained
through the Transport Officer.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE COAST.

Recreation.

Tennis is played at nearly all stations, generally on hard

courts but sometimes on grass. Cricket can be obtained at the larger

stations. Polo, except at Accra and Tamale, has been in abeyance

since the war.

Literature.
One is entirely dependent for news of the outside world and for
reading matter on one's own supplies. It is necessary to arrange for
newspapers to be sent out.

Currency.
The West African Currency is common to all British West Africa
and is the same value and denomination as English money. English
silver is still used but the local currency is in notes and alloys.

Languages.
Owing to the wide range of country over which Forest Officers
have to travel and the many unwritten native languages in use it is
not at the present stage practicable to recommend the study of any
particular native language. The African Forest Staff and Officers'
personal servants understand English to a certain extent.

Banks.
The Bank of British West Africa is established in all large stations.
The Colonial Bank is also now established on the Coast.

Mails.
Since the war the mail service has been somewhat irregular. A
fortnightly service can be rehed upon and often there is a weekly
boat. Normally mails take fourteen days from Liverpool to Seccondee.

Medicines.
What is required can be obtained locally. A clinical thermometer
should, however, be brought out.

103

Servants.
A cook and a steward boy arc normall}' required but some manage
to do with a cook-boy only. They can be obtained without difficulty.
Wages vary according to locality from £2 los. od. to £4 per month
for a cook and £2 to £3 per month for a steward-boy.

Transport.
A Forest Officer will have to be prepared to travel almost entirely
on foot and frequently without the assistance of a hammock through
bush tracks. As there are no draught animals there are only a few
main roads over which motor vehicles travel.

Postage.
Ordinar}' Empire rates. There is a special Ciold Coast series of
stamps of the values of id., id., 2d., 3d., and upwards.

Hobbies.
An officer interested in natural history has a full field to indulge
his taste especially the botanist, entomologist and ornithologist. There
is also much scope for photography, painting and sketching. Materials
must be brought with one for these latter.

Travelling Allowance.
An allowance of ten shillings per twenty-four hours for class "A"
Officers and six shillings for Class "1^" Officers is allowed when an Officer
is travelhng on duty. At present this is commuted with the field
allowance at the rate of £10 per month for Class "A" and .£7 per month
for Class " B" Officers.

I04

INDEX.

Only the botanical and native names of trees and plants that are
found in the text are included in this Index. F"or complete lists
reference must be made to Chapter IV., " Synopsis of Natural
Orders," Chapter VIII., " Trees and Plants of Economic Importance "
and Chapter IX., " Native Names of the Principal Trees."

An indexed list of Ordinances and Rules will be found on page 69.

Page

Page

Acacia pcniuUa

17

Bye-Laws under Native Jurisdic-

Accra . . 7, g, 11,

z6, 27, 48, loi

tion Ordinance . .

09

Addah

7

Calamus

• • --, -^S

Adra River . .

. . 8, 23

Calathea coiijerta

Afram River

• . 7-36

Camp kit

100

Afyormosia I ax i flora

14

Canal mouth

■^5

Ajzelia africana

19

Canavalia obtusijolia

20

Agogo

18

Cape Coast . .

26

Akim

13

Cape Palmas

I

Akwapim

9, II, 18

Cassada

•• 5. 6

Albizzia

24

Cassava

48

Alchoriiea cordijolia

21,22,23

Cassia alala . .

• • -J

Allanblachia floribiinda

14

Census

'• -5> 5-

Alstonia congensis . .

23

Chama

•• 21, 2^

Altitudes

10

Chevaher, Auguste . .

1,2

Amomuni Granum-Paradis

i . . 22

Chipp, T. F.

.. 24. 50

Ainorphophallits

19

Chlorophora excelsa . . 16, 21

, -^i, 29. 31

Amphibolites

II

Chudeau

4

Ananta

13

Clay ironstone

18

Anchoniancs diibiits

Clay shales . .

II

Aiicistrophylhim

.. 22,23

Cleoine

15

Ancobra River

.. 8,11

Climate

•• 34. 37

A niiaris toxicavia . .

16

Clinogyne flexaosa . .

A nubias Afzelii

22

Clothing

100

Aiiuni River

8

Cloud observations . .

34

Appam

8

Coast of Guinea

7

Aracecs

.. 22,23

Coast, savannah . . 37, 38, 42, 43, 46

Area

7

Cocoa . . . . 26, 2

i. 36. 47. 48

Artocarpus iniegrifolia

24

Coco-yams . .

40

Assuantsi

. . 30, 40

Cocos nucifera

. . 20, 21

Atiawa

II

Cola . .

26, 36, 47

Avicennia

21

Cola acuminala

16

Axiiii

8,11,34

Cola nitida . .

16

Baku

14

Cola nuts

. . ] 0, 5 I

Bamboo

CombretacecE

17

Bananas

40

Communal land

30

Banks

102

Conglomerates

II

Bebianeha . .

.. 26,27

Conopharyngia

.. 14, 21

Belfield, Sir H.

49

Conopharyiigia J ollyana

22

Berlinia

2:^

Coomassie . . . . if>, 2

1. 27, 36, 48

Beyin

II

Copra ....

52

Bia River

. . 8, 16

Crinuni

23

Birrini River

8

Crystalline rocks

•• 9, 15

Black Volta

• • 7. 47

Cultivation, shifting

3. 16, 25

Bombax

Currency

102

Borassus

18

Cussonia lougissima

19

Bosumptwi . .

8

Cynometra sp.

13

Bovill

3. 4

Cyperacece . .

• • 22, 23

Breccias

II

Cyrlosperiiia senegalense

22

Burkill, I. 11.

29

Daiiiellia

31

Bush

99

Deciduous Forest ..0, 15, lO

17. 19. 27,

Bussea occidentalis . .

23

34. 35. 36, 37. 3'^, 4*'. 4'. 42,

13, 44. 45.

Butre River. .

II

46, 48

IJuttress

• • 30, 3 I

Dcnsu River

8

Butyrospcrmuiti I'cirkii

. . 1 9, 5 1

Dcsiuodimii . .

15

1^5

Page

I'AGE

Detariiiiii

21

Jponuva iiivolucrata

21

Digby. Sir K. E. . .

49

Irvingia

60

Dioiite

II

Ivory Coast . .

i. 8, 48

Dixcove

21

Lvora laxijolia

21

Dunkwa

^.j5

Jedua

14

1-^artliquakos

9

Jemma

38

Ecoiioimc Plants

v.. 55

J uaso

6

Efficiency bars

50

Jumasi

36

Ejura

.. 7,10

55. 4^

Jungle

29. 99

Eleeis

Kanyanko . .

. .

27

EliEts guiiiceiisis

. . 21, 22,

^5. 24

Khaya

14.

15. 19

Elniina

11

Khaya ivovcnsis

23. 31

Entandrophragma . .

14

Kintampo . . . . 16

. 55. 40.

41. 45

Eut audio phragma utile

17

Ivitson, A. E.

8, 10

Eocene

11

Krobo

11

Eyiodendron aufyactitosum .. 14

24. 31

Kwahu

0, 13,

10, 18

Erythrophlceuin iiiicraiithuiii

21

Lagoons

8, 9, 1 1

Establishment

5<J

Lagos

2

Evergreen Forest . . 0,

13. 14. 1^.

17. 19.

Eagmicularia vaccmusa

21

21. 26, 27. 29, 34, 35,

36. 37. 38.

40. 41.

Landolpliia . .

22

42. 43. 44

45. 46

1 .anguages . .

102

Exports

51

Late rite . . . . 2,9

i3. i5>

10, 21

Falconer

4

Leaf-fall

34

Family land

30

Lcgumiiioscs

14. 17

Fern Allies . .

15

Lianes

2. 13.

14. 17

Ficus

14

Liberia

FilicinecB

14,

15. 23

Life on the coast . .

99

lires 6, 12, 17, 18, ly

29. 3 1. 55.

5^. 4«

Limestone . .

II

l-'lacourtiacecB

14, 21

Literature . .

102

Forest Distribution

28, 34

Loiichocarpus seviceus

23

Forest Policy

20,

47. 48

Lophiva

51

Forest Reserves

29. 50

Lophira alaia

19

Forest Savannah

L>, 10, 17, 19

. 21, 25

Lophira procera

U, lb,

19. 21

F'orest Zone

52

Lumber

51

Forestry Department

vi.. 7. 29,

49. 50

Macrolobiiiin

22, 2^

Forestry Ordinance

49

Mahogany . .

31. 49,

50. 51

F'orcstry Resources

51

Mails

102

F'ossils

II

Mampon

0. 7.

18, 36

Freibli

14, 21

Maiigifera indicu . .

24

Fringing Forests

13. i(^. 25.

35. 36

Mangrove

2, 21

Fuel . . 24, 26

, 27, 28, 30,

52, 54

Marble

II

Fnii/niiiia

16

jNIarine terraces

8, II

Gaboon area

5

Marshes . . . . 2

13. 19.

22, 23

Gambaga . . 39

41. 42, 44.

45. 4^

Massifs

I

Gautier

4

McLeod, N. C. . . v., 25

27, 28,

49. 50

Geology

10

Medicines

102

Geophila obvallaia . .

15

MeliacetB

M.

21. 23

Gneisses

II

Metamorphic rocks . .

9

GraminecB

15. 23

iMeteorological records

34

Granite

II, 18

Mica-schists . .

10

Grits

II

Migeod

, .

5

( '.rowtli

34

Mimusops sp.

'4. 51

Guggisberg, Br.-Genl. Sir Gordon

50

Mines . . . . 26

27. 28,

30. 52

Guinea Zone 2, 4, 6, 13,

16, 18, 19,

25. 28,

Milragyne ajricana

23

29. 30, 36, 37. 38, 40,

41. 42, 43.

44^ 45,

Mitragyne macrophylla

22

46

Moinsi

II

Gum copal . .

51

Mudstones

II

Guns . .

lOI

Musauga Smilhii

M,

22, 24

Half Assinie . .

V. 18, 34,

35.38

Myrianthus arboyeus

14. 22

Harmattan . .

1, 6, 12, 17,

34. 42

Nakwa River

8

Heritiera iitilis

13

Natural Orders, Synopsis of

v., 32

Hibiscus liliaceus . .

21

Navarro

35. 39

Hobbies

i"3

Newton

8

Hubert

4

Niger River . .

I

Humidity, relative . .

34. 3'J, 37

,40,41

Nigeria

vi., j

. 4. 49

ilydrocotyle boiiariensis

20

Nynipha'a

23

Igneous rocks

1 1

Obuasi

26.

27. 35

Increment, Annual. .

28, 29

OcUiocnsvuis Cliippii

21

Inland Savannah . .

37. 3S, 42,

43. 4^^

Oiin River

8,23

Ipoincca asari^olia . .

20

Oil-Palm

26.

36,47

lob

Page

Page

Orchidacecs . .

14

Saltpond

. .

42,40

Orders by the Governor . .

69

Sandstone

9. ii. 12,

10, 18

Ordinances . .

• • 19. 69

Sanseveria . .

iS

Orography . .

7

Sapotacece

21

Outlit

99

Savannah . . . . 6,

17'. 23,48.

5'. 99

Ownership . .

30

Savannah, Coast

• ■ 37. S'^,

42, 43

Palseozoic

II

Savannah, Forest . . 6,-

16, 17, 19,

21, 25

Palm Kernels

51

Savannah, Inland . .

■ • 37. 38,

42,43

Palm Oil

5-

Schists

9, 18

Palinacece

21, 22, 23

ScitamineiB . .

22

Pandanits caudelabruin

. . 21, 22

Seasons

12

Parhia biglobosa

21

Seccondec . . 6, 10,

S'.*23, 2^,'

48, lOl

Pawpaws

40

Sedimentary rocks . .

9,

10, 11

Pegmatites . .

II

Senegal

3. 4

Pentaclethra nuicrophylla . .

22

Sekondi

. .

II

Pentadesma bulyracea

■• 13. 14

servants

103

Petersia viridiflora

24

sexual periods

34

Phoenix

18

Shai

1 1

Phoenix reclinata

. . 20, 21

Shales

II

12, 18

Phyyniiim brachysiacJiyum

22

Shea butter . .

28, 51

Phyllanthus ainariis

20

Shifting cultivation

3.

16, 25

Phyllites

.. 9, II

Sierra lleone

. 2, 47

Physiography

. . v., 7

Silk Cotton Tree

14

Piptadenia africana

. . 22, 24

Situation

7

Pistia stratiotes

23

Slates

II

Plantains

40

Solar radiation

42. 46

Pleistocene . .

II

South America

I

Policy, Forest

26. 47. 48

Stilt roots . .

24

Population . .

3. 52. 53. 54

Stool land . .

30

Porphyry

II

Stores

100

Portuguese Guinea . .

I

Sudan

3. 4. 7

Postage

103

Sudanese Zone 2, 4, 6,

16, 17 iS,

19, 28,

Prah River . .

8, 9, 11, 16

34. 35. 3fJ. 37. 39. 40

41. 42. 44

45. -J6

Prampram . .

II

Sunyani

6, 36

Pre-Cambrian

II

Swamps

8, 23

Prestea

•• 13. 27

Tamale

lo, 42

Pterocarpus esculent us

23

Tano River . .

.. 8, 9

16,23

Pycnanthus Konibo

21, 22, 2i

Tavrietia ulilis

. .

62

Quartz

.. 16, 18

Tarquah

13. 27

Quartzites . .

9, 10

Temperature . .3^

37. 42. 43

44. 45

Quartz-schists

10

Tendo lagoon

8

Quittah . . • .3-1. 39.

41, 44, 45, 46

Terniinalia . .

22

Railways 10,23, 26, 27, 28, 30

48,52,99,102

Terminalia superba . .

24

Rainfall . . . . i

. 6, 12, 17, 34

Thompson, H. N. . .

v., 49

Raphia

• • 2, 2^

Timber trees

30

Rattray

.. 48

Togoland

7. 47

Recent deposits

II

Tornados

12, 42

Recreation . .

102

Transition forest . .

25

Relative Humidity 34,

36, 37, 40, 41

Transport

103

Reserves, Forest

4. 29, 50

Triplochiton Johnsoni

. . 17, 19

, 22, 24

Rhizophora . .

21

Utihsation . .

30

Ricinodendroii africanuin . .

24

Voacanga africana . .

21

River banks

22

Volta River

7. 9. 19

River System

7. 8,9, 13

Wawa

. .

17

Roger, Sir John P.

49

Wenchi

53

Rowe, R. H

vi

White Volta

. .

7. 47

Rubber

16, 24, 52

Wind velocity

. .

34

Rules

69

Winnebah . .

8, 46

Sahara

3. 4. 5, 12

Yams

40, 48

Sahehenne Zone

2

Yeji

7

Salaga

• • 39,53

to;

PLATES.

The accompanying Plates have been reproduced from
Mr. H. N. Thompson's " Report on Forests," Gold Coast
Colonial Reports — Miscellaneous No. 66, 1910.

109

PLATES

I. BOMBAX BREVICUSPE.

II. Triplochiton Johnsoni.

III. Tarrietia (Heritiera) utilis.

IV. Khaya ivorensis.

V. Khaya senegalensis,

VI. LovoA Klaineana.

VII. Entandrophragma cylindricum.

VIII. Entandrophragma septentrionale,

IX. Entandrophragma utile.

X. Pseudocedrela Kotschyi.

XI. Afzelia africana.

XII. Piptadenia africana.

XIII. Cylicodiscus gabunensis,

XIV. Sarcocephalus esculentus.

XV. BUTYROSPERMUM PaRKII.

XVI. MiMusops sp.
XVII. Funtumia elastica.
XVIII. Landolphia owariensis.
XIX, Chlorophora excelsa.
XX. Musanga Smithii.

no

PLATE I.

BOMBAX BREVICUSPE.

Figs. I and 2, branchlets ; 3, fruit ; 4, central axis of
fruit, and calyx ; 5, seed ; 6, hair from inner wall of fruit.

Figs I — 5, X f : 6, X 2.

PL. 1.

BOMBAX BREVICUSPE.

112

PLATE 2.

Triplochiton Johnsoni.

Fig. I, liowering branch ; 2, flower with part ol calyx and
petals cut off; 3, petal; 4, apex of gonophore, witli two
staminodes and all but one pair of stamens removed ; 5, pair
of stamens; 6, longitudinal section of carpel.

Fig. I X I, 2x3, J X 2, 4 X 4, 5x5. ^ X 8.

Pl. 2.

Triplochiton Johnsoni.

114

PLATE 3.

Tarrietia (Heritiera) utilis.

Fig. I, flowering branch ; 2, upper part of leafy branch ;
3, tetramerous flower ; 4, pentamerous flower laid open ;
5, pistil ; 6, carpel ; 7, peltate scale from carpel ; 8, fruit ;
9, seed ; 10, section through seed.

Figs. 1—2 X I, 3—4 X 3, 5—6 X S, 7 X 50, 8—10 X §.

Note. — The leaves are usually 3 — 7 foliolate.

PL. 3.

Tarrietia (Heritiera) utilis.

ii6

PLATE 4.

Khaya ivorensis.

Fig. I, fruiting branch ; 2, leaflet ; 3, empty capsnle
Fig. I X L 2 — 3 X §.

Pl. 4.

Khaya ivorensis.

ii8

PLATE 5.

Khaya senegalensis.

Fig. I, flowering branch ; 2, fruiting brancli ; 3 — 6, male
flower — (3) expanded, (4) with the corolla removed, (5) part
of staminal tube from within ; (6) abortive pistil ; 7 — ^8, female
flower — -(7) part of staminal tube from within, (8) calyx and
pistil ; 9, capsule ; 10, seed ; 11, dross section through seed.

Fig. 1X5, 2 X f, 3 natural size, 4 — 6 x 2, 7 — 8 x 3,

9— II X |.

Pl. 5.

Khaya senegalensis.

120

PLATE 6.

LovoA Klaineana.

Fig. I, fruiting branch ; 2, portion of a lower leaf ; 3,
portion of young inflorescence ; 4, flower ; 5, flower with
petals removed ; 6, portion of upper part of staminal tube
from within ; 7, pistil ; 8, fruit ; 9, central axis of fruit ;
10, seed ; 11, embryo.

Fig. I X I, 2—3 X f, 4x4, 5x5, 6 X 9, 7 X 6,
8-11 X I.

Pl. 6.

LovoA Klainkana.

122

PLATE 7.

Entandrophragma cylindricum.

Fi.e:. I, fruiting- branch ; 2, leaf ; 3, a small fruit ; 4,
central axis of a large fruit ; 5, seed from small fruit.

Figs. 1—2 X I, 3—5 X §.

Pi.. 7.

Entandrophragma cyi.indricum.

124

PLATE 8.

EnTANUKOPIIKAGMA SEPTENTKIONALE.

Fig I, leaf ; 2, fruit.

Fig. I X i 2 X §..

Pl. 8.

Entandrophragma septextrioxalk.

126

PLATE 9.

Entaxdrophragma utile.

Eig. I, fruit ; 2, valve of fruit ; 3, seed ; 4 embryo.
Eigs. 1—4 X |.

Pl. 9.

Entandrophragma utile.

128

PLATE w.

PSEUDOCEDRELA KOTSCHYI.

Fig. I, tlowering branch ; 2, flower ; 3, flower with petals
removed ; 4, portion of upper part of staminal tube from
within ; 5, pistil ; 6, fruit ; 7, seed ; 8, embryo.

Fig. 1 X f , 2x4, 3x3. 4x8, 5x5, 6 X i 7—8 X |.

Pl. 10.

PSEUDOCEDRELA KOTSCHYI.

1^.0

PLATE II.

Al'ZELIA AFRICANA.

Fig. I, flowering branch ; 2, flower ; 3, interior of calyx-
tube, upper parts of s:pals, petal, stamens and ovary cut off
4, valve of fruit from within, showing seeds.

Fig. I X |, 2x2, 3X4, 4 X

Pl. 11.

Afzelia africana.

132

PLATE 12.

PiPTADENIA AFRICANA.

Fig. I, flowering branch ; 2, flower ; 3, section of flower ;
4, portion of corolla showing insertion of stamens ; 5, anthers ;
6, fruit ; 7, seed.

Fig. I X §, 2 X S, 3 — 4 X 10, 5 X 16, 6 — 7 X |.

Pl. 12.

PiPTADENIA AFRICANA.

134

PLATE 13.

Cylicodiscus gabunensis.

Fig. I, flowering brancli ; 2, bud ; 3, flower ; 4, petal ;
5, pistil and disc with a single stamen ; 6, anthers ; 7, fruit ;
8, seed.

Fig. I X I, 2 — 5 X 10, 6 X 20, 7—8 X f.

Pl. 13.

Cylicodiscus gabunensis.

1^6

PLATE 14.

Sarcocephalus esculentus.

Fig. I, flowering branch ; 2, flower ; ], flower laid open ;
4, anthers ; 5, longitudinal section of ovary ; 6, fruit ; 7, seed.

Fig. I X |, 2 — 3 X 2, 4 X 4, 5 X 6, 6 X §, 7 X 10.

Pl. 14.

Sarcocephalus esculentus.

I3S

PLATE 15.

BUTYROSPERMUM PaRKTT.

Fig. I, fruiting branch ; 2, inflorescence ; 3, flower
4, flower with corolla and stamens removed ; 5, corolla an(
stamens ; 6, seed.

Figs. 1—2 X I, 3—5 X 2, 6 X |.

Pl. is.

BUTYROSPERMUM PaRKII.

140

PLATE i6.

MlMUSOPS Sp.

Fig. I, liowering brancli ; 2, calyx and pistil ; 3, corolla
and stamens from without ; 4, corolla and stamens from
within ; 5, anther ; (), transverse section of ovary ; 7, fruit ;
8, seed.

Fig. I X f, 2 X li 3—5 X 4> 6 X 5> 7— « x f.

Pl. 16.

MiMUSOPS SP.

142

PLATE 17.

FUNTUMIA ELASTICA.

Fig. I, flowering brancli ; 2, pits on lower surface of
leaf ; 3, flower ; 4, section of flower ; 5, portion of calyx
with the pistil surrounded by the disc ; 6, an anther, front
view ; 7, a pair of open follicles, seen from the back ; 8, seed.

Fig. I X i 2 X 2, 3 X li 4—5 X 2, 6 X 5, 7— « X |.

Pl. 17

FUNTUMIA ELASTICA.

144

PLATE i8.

Landolphia owariensis.

Fig. I, flowering branch ; 2, upper part of young frviiting
branch ; 3, bud ; 4, flower ; 5, corolla, opened ; 6, pistil ;
7, antheis ; 8, fruit.

Figs. 1—2 X I, 3— ''^ X 3, 7x6, 8 X |.

Pl. 18.

Landolphia OWARIENSIS.

146

PLATE 19.

Chlorophora excelsa.

Fig. I, flowering branch of male ; 2, flowering branch of
female ; 3, male flower ; 4. female flower ; 5, pistil ; 6,
longitudinal section of pistil.

Figs. I — 2 X |, 3x7, 4 — 6 X 8.

Pi.. 19.

Chlorophora excelsa.

148

PLATE _'o.

MusANGA Smith II.

Fig. T, male inflorescence and young leaf ; 2, branchlet
bearing female inflorescences ; 3, head of male flowers ; 4, male
flower and bracteoles ; 5, female flowers ; 6, seed ; 7, longi-
tudinal section of seed.

Figs. 1—2 X f, 3 X 4, 4 X 8, 5 X 12, 6—7 X 8.

Pl. 20.

MUSANGA SmITHII.

DATE DUE

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AGRICULTURE

FORESTRY

LIBKARY

ILTURE