| ill 3537109 31WGNIYA Tete =~ Lei adc 2 ene cy amas ae ewer teeermen tear ane mT HUNT ne ee ee ential Trower He ome anne eenane ees mannan a AORN TTT o8 Oem y een ry aan een ane ee oe ee re eh re eee UO A A REN OD aN Ie ae ETN GON TS Nee = Se ere ee a eRe EE Ose NONE NRE oe Cone ne aan ee Sn ON oe er EN ee ae ae ne roa agrernrene ge Qo uneeaahee ae areeee werena ee ~ " ee aera e SOARS enna seen e CORA Ee ee nee a ene a Toes ee to OR TesoT RS SEES ES BER ELE ; —- 4 | , ~ sane rx ; { 4a) shit btiaaha 3:5 ¥ HI obsdedteerdieacall yitareh ; cretacedtanuandeseace aah TLE Shedd Ure eahin ger hieggeesans eh Eee i yeti ' teiseed Hy Bbibadadecareniemecen nt hs seehiael ; : ; ‘ ae i 5 EPRI Ta § | HEP ELT ERD } ) TTL TESEPAEPELETE iidatedoeais a rikekauage 4 s0ih Ha dL phegars Tigaapad HE i} SERIEER BPRS CCIE Lraed ERE ET ERY saauhhd ot) Re rere REE IEE eSeaT ares 9a Ny as er TEs 2 IO G rvat of Conse AMISSION, ¢ HE ape heal 7 1? ‘ Fa "eet : ee Commission oi Conservation Constituted under “ The Conservation Act,’ 8-9 Edward V 11, Chap. 27, 1909, and amending Acts, 9-10 Edward VII, Chap. 42, 1910, and 3-4 George V, Chap. 12, 1913. Chairman: Sir Ciirrorp Sirron, K.C.M.G. Members: Hon. Ausin E. ARSENAULT, Summerside, P.E.I. Dr. Howarp Murray, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. Dr. Cecrt C. Jones, Chancellor, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. Mr. Witt1AM B. SNowBaLL, Chatham, N.B. Hon. Henri S. BELANpD, M.D., M.P., St. Joseph-de-Beauce, Que. Dr. Frank D. Anams, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science, McGill University, Montreal, Que. Mer. CuHartes P. CHogvette, St. Hyacinthe, Que., Professor, Seminary of St. Hyacinthe and Member of Faculty, Laval University. Mr. Epwarp Gouier, St. Laurent, Que. Dr. JAMEs W. Rozertson, C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont. Hon. Senator WILLIAM CAMERON Epwarps, Ottawa, Ont. Str EpmMunp B. Oster, M.P., Toronto, Ont. Mr. CuHartes A. McCoot, Pembroke, Ont. Mr. Joun F. McKay, Business Manager, “The Globe,” Toronto, Ont. Dr. Bernuarp E. Fernow, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto Toronto, Ont. Dr. GreorcE Bryce, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. Dr. WiLL1AM J. RutTHeERForD, Member of Faculty, University of Saskatche wan, Saskatoon, Sask. Dr. Henry M. Tory, President, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Mr. Joun Henpry, Vancouver, B.C. Members, ex-officio: Hon. Martin Burrect, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. Hon. Witu1am J. Rocue, Minister of the Interior, Ottawa. Hon. P. E. Bionprn, Minister of Mines, Ottawa. Hon. Joun A. Maruieson, K.C., Premier, President and Attorney-General, Prince Edward Island. Hon. Ortanno T. Dantets, Attorney-General, Nova Scotia. Hon. Georcr J. Crarke, Premier and Minister of Lands and Mines, New Brunswick. Hon. Jutes ALLARD, Minister of Lands and Forests, Quebec. Hon. G. H. Fercuson, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario. Hon. A. B. Hunson, Attorney-General, Manitoba. Hon. James A. CALper, Minister of Railways and Highways, Saskatchewan, Hon. Artuur L. Srrton, Premier, Minister of Railways and Telephones, | Alberta. Hon. Writtam R. Ross, Minister of Lands, British Columbia. Assistant to Chairman and Deputy Head: Mr. JAMES WHITE. il Commission of Conservation Canada COMMITTEE ON FORESTS FOREST PROTECTION IN CANADA 1913-1914 Compiled under the direction of CLYDE LEAVITT, M.Sc.F. Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation and Chief Fire Inspector, Board of Railway Commtssioners Associated with C. D. HOWE, Ph.D., and J. H. WHITE, B.A., B.Sc.F. 1915 PRINTED BY WILLIAM BRIGGS TORONTO Committee on Forests Senator W. C. Epwarps, Chairnian Dr. FRANK D. ADAMS Dr. B. EF. FERNowW Mr. JoHN HENDRY Hon. WILLIAM Jj. ROCHE Mr. W. B. SNOWBALL ERINDALE COLLEGE LIBRARY To, FIELD- MarsuHat, His Roya, HIGHNESS PRINCE ARTHUR W ILITAM. ' PaTRICK Arpert, DuKE oF CONNAUGHT AND OF STRATHEARN, . KG. ‘K.T., K.P., &c., &c., GOVERNOR GENERAL ( OF Cees May rT Pirast ee RovaL HicHNESS: ee Steet ie “‘underigned has the honour to lay herore Your ‘Royal Highness. ‘the attached, report on “Forest Protection in Canada, 1913- 1914,” which was compiled by Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester. of. the. Commission of Conservation, and Chief, Fire Inspector, Board of Railway Commissioners, associated with C. D. Howe, Ph.D., and J. H. White, B-A., iB.SGE.: Seat eye ete f Wes ora een ‘Respectfully ‘submitted CLIFFORD pO | ‘ s “Chairman, Heels fie Orrawa, November 10,1915: peas ies EON en OTTAWA, CANADA November 9, 1915 Sir: ; I beg to submit the attached report of Mr. Clyde Leavitt, the Chief Forester of the Commission of Conservation. Mr. Leavitt, in submitting his report, said: “T have the honour to submit the accompanying report, which contains information collected under the direction of the Committee on Forests during the years 1913 and 1914. That portion of the report which relates to the railway fire situation.in Canada was prepared principally in my capacity as Chief Fire Inspector for the Board of Railway Commissioners.” Respectiully submitted JAMES WHITE Assistant to Chairman and Deputy Head Six CLirrorp Sirron, K.C.M.G. Chairman Commission of Conservation, Ottawa Part I. a CONTENTS PAGE THe RAImWAY Fire SItuATION, BY CrypE LEAvITT............... 1 (GENERATE ORDER IN Osml 7 aec-peney tet entn h gees S ey 4 CHANGES MADE BY GENERAL OrDER No. 107.............. 9 URISDICITONS Ob OARD rere tiers apis at ar te tomtlon coye rae eal yore 10 RAP WAVeLEINES | SUBIECE “LON BOARD: eR ms coe nee nen en 10 Raitway Lines SupyEct To Boarp BY PROVINCES........ 12 SteEAM Ratways Not Supjyect To BOARD............... 14 ORCANTZATION GM ye eo EE ptm ech keno a cpl hake saben eges 15 Co-OPERATION WITH BritisH CorumBrta Forest BrancH.. 16 PORUNTON HORESTRY SSR ANGE 1ocis taal c iiss soe cle scenes 16 DOMINIONS PARKS BRANGEaseitacen cis farce cebeo ase noe 17 Fire Guarp INSPECTION, ALBERTA...............-.--..-- 17 Fire Guarp INSPECTION, SASKATCHEWAN............... 18 (ONSTAR CO) eS oa te es ape ee 18 ONDINE HG: Fold «Sas Sada. Ree ae eee corer oem aio ene 18 Niwa BRUINS WACK means cate nae a Recenter tts 19 INO VARS COMTAW ERR oto ere ere see eth ae mCi a re ll ty 19 RENT WAC a LUI as VACER OM Steyn oer eae Aa rea sea etn oe Pe oe ec 19 CANADIAN NorTHERN RAILWAY PAYTROLS................ 21 REOUIREMEN TSOP DOARDAL ashe seca as foe cee 21 CANADIAN PacIFIC RAILWAY (WESTERN eS) Pee ae 25 GRAND LRUNI ACIRICSRATEWIAV nes o220 2525845 sons. 29 Great NortHERN RAILWAY (BritisH CoLUMBIA)........ 31 KETTLE VALLEY RAILWAY (BritisH CoLUMBIA).......... 32 EsguimaLt AND NANAIMO RAILWAY (VANCOUVER ISLAND, 1 Be Cd Paar Rear ne tare ete aE errs ARDS te di Ste ne Seep 32 VICTORIA AND SIDNEY RAILWAY (VANCOUVER IsLanp, B.C.) 33 Epmonton, DUNVEGAN AND BritisH COLUMBIA RAILWAY (CEB RONG) Bee aera ai cy 2 oa A ee Ops, gst eae aN a ce 33 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY (EASTERN LINES) .......... 34 GRAN Die RUINIKGEREATIE AW aera een recta ees oe ae ee 35 CANADIAN NORTHERN ONTARIO RAILWAY...........-..... 35 CANADIAN NorTHERN QUEBEC RAILWAY.................- 35 “EE MISCOUAGA, RATE WAVE oS eee WR eS ee et, 35 VELOCIPEDE vs. Power SPEEDER PATROLS...............:----- 35 SUMMARY TOR FIRE REPORTS... .. scone uc oes te ul shag: 38 SLATISMCSCOR (PURE REPORTS). cennmen yet go tg et aS 340 INSTRUCTIONS TO RAILWAY EMPLOYEES...................+0- 44 44 INSPECTION OF Fire Protective APPLIANCES.................. vil CONTENTS—Continued PAGE EOCOMOTIVE: FUEL. .... 6cc00cics inte eine eee eet 44 RicHT-0F-WAY. CLEARING. 20: . sah see Ere eee eet 45 CLEARING OUTSIDE RIGHTS=OF=WAV.n eles orme ere eee neat 46 Fine Guarp Construction, 19132025 s¢enuees een eee ee 50 INSTRUCTIONS. OF BOARD... 422 sche eee ee ene 51 SyNOPSIS OF VARIATIONS FROM 1912.................4--- 54 Srusps_e Fire GUARDINC—INSTRUCTIONS OF BOARD........ 55 Fire Goarpinc, Season or 19142 dices. eee ee eee 58 Fire Guarp REQUIREMENTS OF BOARD.......:....-.e002. 58 VARIATIONS IN REQUIREMENTS IN 1914.................. 63 RESULTS HAVE PROVEN SATISFACTORY.......-..02-eeee0-- 64 SuMMARY OF Fire GuarpD CONSTRUCTION. ...> 2-12 eee 66 Fire Protection IN ONTARIO, QUEBEC AND NEw BRUNSWICK ALONG THE LINES OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY, SEASON, OF 1914 By B. MM. WiONECAR. oe eee 67 New Brunswick Fairty SATISFACTORY...............-- 67 Quesec HAS DiFricuLt CONDIMONS...:..:.-..s055eeeue 67 ONTARIO CoNnDITIONS VERY UNSATISFACTORY...........-- 68 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY Fire PROTECTION...........- 68 LETTER TO GENERAL SUPERINTENDENTS.........-.-. 69 CrrcuLar No. 8 To OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES......... 70 Part IJ. Reports oF THE CoMMITTEE ON ForESTS OF THE COMMISSION OF CoNSERVATION, BY CLYDE REAVIITS 25 0-0) sute eee fe REPORT OF ‘COMMITTEE FOR 191GR2 252 oeeee eee 72 RAILWAY Fire Protection) WORK. aoe eee eee 72 Fire GUARDS IN PRAIRIE PROVINCES...........------ 73 RaiLways Not SusyEct To Board oF RarLway Com- MISSIONERS | «c.ccntac pte ae ee ee eee 74 INVESTIGATION OF ForESi? RESOURCES...........+.ee00- 75 INVENTORY OF Forrest RESOURCES COMMENCED....... 75 . . Stupy of Forest Rerropucrion: ....2-. «2-25 eee 76 DoMINIoN ForEst RESERVE EXTENSION..........-+.++--- GL PROTECTION OF ForRESTED WATERSHEDS.............-- 77 ADDITIONS To DoMINION Forest RESERVES.........-- 78 TRENT WATERSHED SURVEY... + 0+ p0 00-0. osu see 79 WATERSHED! OF PRENT CANAT cs nce ociee oon 79 Forest Starr Unprr Civit Service COMMISSION........ 80 Forestry ON DoMINION TIMBER BERTHS..............- 80 BrusH DisposaL AS Fire PREVENTIVE.............-- 81 Lack oF TECHNICAL SUPERVISION......--+.-osnseeeee 82 RECOMMENDATIONS oF COMMITTEE ON Forests, 1913......... 82 Report OF COMMITTEE ON Forests For 1914..............+6-. 84 INVENTORY oF ForEST RESOURCES. ...-.....0..-snneeenee 84 Tux Worx In BrrtisH CoLuMBiA.......2.c0ss seen 85 Procress. in. SASKATCHEWAN... 0.9500 eanaeaeee 85 ESTIMATE FOR MANITOBA AND ALBERTA..........+++- 86 “™ Repropuction Stupy mn BritisH CoLuMBIA............-- 86 REPEATED Frres DestTRoY VALUABLE SPECIES......... 87 Vili CONTENTS—Continued PAGE Rarway FIRE PROTECTION......----20--seectrtereee ee 87 Co-oPERATION IN Fire PROTECTION....---++-++-+2++-> 88 Lines BroucHt Unper Ratiway Boarb.....--.---- 88 Repuction oF RAILway Fire HAZaRD.....----+-++++- 89 Burninc oF SLASH REQUIRED....---+--eee eee ee eres 89 Co-OPERATION SECURES GooD RESULTS....----++++++++: 89 DoMINION ForEST RESERVES...-+--+eeeesceetecsteererees 90 Crvit, SERVICE REFORM.......-cece eee c cere eee e ct seenes 91 ForESTRY ON DoMINION LANDS......-+-++eeeeeeetereeee 91 Forest RESERVES IN ONTARIO....-----0-eeeerereerreeees 92 PROTECTION OF WATERSHEDS......-.-20-0e seer reeeee 93 TRENT WATERSHED....-.-0cceccc cers e erect ett seescees 93 VALUE AS DEMONSTRATION. ....---+-sece ee eeereeeee 94 Wiper UsE oF WESTERN COAL....----eeee sere rere re ees 95 Co-oPERATIVE FIRE PROTECTION.....-.---+-se eee ee eens 95 GAME PRESERVATION. ...--0000-¢-s2escee renee eee teneees 96 ScIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.....-- 000 - ee eee eee e eee ee eeees 96 RESOLUTIONS OF COMMITTEE ON Forests, 1914........------- 97 Part III. Forest Fires AND THE BrusH DIsPosAL PROBLEM........-----+-- 100 INTRODUCTION BY CLYDE LEAVITT.......-00 2s cece ee eee eters 100 DisposaL of Loccrnc SLASH IN BritisH CoLumBzia, By R. E. SS EOTI sth OPA Ae EE eg Oe Ba mee) erie omnia ea icia 101 Forest REGIONS oF BRITISH COLUMBIA.....-..+++.++-++- 102 ID wRLAS [im CoOAsH TIHEKONT ose cdedscocssoccupscoac 103 NortTHERN CoAst REGION.......--.-- ne AE ooo 104 INTERIOR WeEt BEL? REGION.....-.------+e2e eee eee 106 WEECOW. CINE REGION: < sijrsle are cla coer + cles ee vate wi 107 Rocky MouNTAIN AND PLATEAU REGION.....-.--.--. 108 RACHED RA STN IR ECIOM i - tyes 1 Sok Gin e wre oo ey shstensis aa 110 NortTHERN INTERIOR REGION........-----+++2002eeee isla! SUMMARY OF TIMBER AREAS.....----+-++----- ghar i < 111 Most Important Forest PROBLEM......---.-2+e-ee seers 112 COuUEN MIEN PE HOREST POLICY Geog crete «oop ace angen clones) arne anaes 114 TIMBER SALES AND RAILWAY PERMITS..........+---++++- 114 SrasH DISPOSAL ON TIMBER LEASES AND LICENSES...... 115 LETTER OF Forrst BRANCH TO OPERATORS........---- 115 REMOVAL oF SLASH To REDUCE Fire HAZARD............- 117 TEQaeOTNS) (hey. inio’ DANGERS s dda wa cecasosoosguesauooce iy HIRE OUND IMDUSERTAT, OPERATTONS eo :-1-/ ciel sa 6 = 118 INSPECTIONS BY DistTRICT FORESTERS.......-.-----++- 120 Crawsroox District, ey J. 9. GinMour....2-..2.0.0-.2-2 06-5 121 Vernon District, By ly. R. ANDREWS......--.---.-+--.-+---- 123 KAMLOOPS DrisitRicts “BYP 27. (CAVERIUIEE 2c vere o\apniels a= <0 2 ae 125 Tere JAUNE District, BY C. MACHAYDEN....05...----.-+-++- 127 SUPPLEMENTARY, BY H. B. MUuRRAY......0.........5--.. 129 BrusH DISPposaAL IN THE Ratiway Bewt or BritisH CoLuMBIA, ava Rov MC AMERON. cos os meee Bey ee a ae Ot ee hae 129 Avperta, By W. N. Miiar........- 8 ors Mere «aN ECE SEONG ie GasKATCHEWAN, BY GivA. GUICHES: (0000.2 s sgn nula Sees 135 1x CONTENTS—UContinued PAGE MANTTORA: BY: 6. OK: EIRRGHMER® 138 OW BARRIO $2 ohh Sect ele ee ee ae ee ee eee 138 CVORREC Fis nats Seti Set eerie ate eee 139 Cost oF Top-LOPPING, BY ELLwoop WiILson AND D. W. Lusx.. 140 STATICTICAL — CABLES: s405- ne aeeee eee ee ae eee 143 Notes oN SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES: SOME SUGGES- TIONS ON BrusH Disposal, BY Evers KocH.............. 147 SITUATION IN NATIONAL Forests IN MINNESOTA, MICHIGAN, SoutnH Daxota, CoLORADO AND WYOMING ............. 152 State Worx 1n Brusu DisposaL, Minnesota, sy W. T. Cox 157 NATIONAL ForRESTS IN WASHINGTON AND OREGON ...........-. 159 State WorkK IN BrusH DISPOSAL—WASHINGTON ........... 160 THE NorRTHERN PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN ...............-..- 162 ‘TOP-LOPPING IN ‘THE “ADIRONDACKS |. w2ciidcs 2 02 ee eee 162 Tue Entomo.ocicaAL ASPECT OF SLASH DISPOSAL, BY RALPH HOPPING 2.5 62 von cea ccs pies ace te ee 163 Part IV. Tue Errect oF REPEATED Forest FIRES UPON THE REPRODUCTION or CoMMERCIAL SPECIES IN PETERBOROUGH CouUNTY, Onvrario; BY C) D: Howe; PHD. 22.2 -5.- eee eee 166 OxsjEcT OF THE WoRK AND CONCLUSIONS IN BRIEF..........-- 166 INTRODUCTION 20 oo ss soso coeds oka oe ee eee eee 168 Basis oF CEASSIFICATION ....20: 22 2 5e0 > eee eee 169 Many SMALUER Pires: 0... oo. so. eo eee 170 PHYSIOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS: ..>2c2s-00 sm. 20ve 2 ese 171 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TERRITORY ...........--+-02--- 171 Rapm Erosion or Som’. ¢. 000.2 .<.cceeeeee ee eee 172 Forest CONDITIONS, <..: =... c0.em aise ecaeee s Core 173 Areas SEVERELY BURNED (ONCE 2 .c2-3.2--0620-2 0-2 eee eee 174 STATISTICAT,. "TABURS:. 2%... foe occ ..2.> meee 179 DTATISTICAL “CABLES. 5.0... 0cc acm 025. cee cee eee 180 AREAS SEVERELY BuRNED THREE TIMES ..........---.2-0eee- 183 STATISTICAT, TABLES )-)6 csc ode 8-0 oe Cs ee 184 AREAS SEVERELY BurNED Many TIMES ............-.------ 186 STATISTICAL, "TABERS: is 4,.< series vie 2.2 <> meta eee oe ee 188 SomMmary or Forest Conpivtions. ...<..--.2-+..00eee eee 190 STATISTICAL, "TABEES@*. 2t.5. bo 2o <a bie: iste Mean a occ eee cial, uo Sea 233 IFUNTEERING (ENDUSURN: Sas mae ane oon eee RS oS Aes 234 Forest Conpitions oN Dominion Lanps IN MANITOBA..... 236 AIMEE RMR MET pee eer et ee Ronen aacis yrs wae bem 236 HORESMEIESERVE Siler e: Cee Mya crn ee Shen eget VR 2 A 236 RIDENG), MOUINTATN: RESERVE. 2c ccca ties ca boeoee nese 237 OTH ERMERE SERVES trae os octet. SRN ee ee 238 SUCCES TBD MANAGEMENT A. ta... tee ates uit eee os 239 Forest Conpit1ions on Dominion LANDS IN SASKATCHEWAN. 239 SNE E REED OIRNEE See cnn Re co en ns ire eh tae 240 PORES Te RESERVES Eee te amt hol Hi etn th. a MEY 240 Forest Conpitions oN DomMINION LANDS IN ALBERTA......... 241 SEC MB BS SR ETS eee ar nite ree a a egy ER ahs oan 241 Rocky Mountains Forrest RESERVE ..............----- 242 RESSERCSUAVE WAKE NESERUE GS Sees. ooete eis on sass, damn 245 ‘~ Forest Conpitions on Domrnion Lanps IN BritisH COOP VET A phi one ae bare eet I eg Pe ne 246 < PIRES LEU TTA etal 2) 2) OY ge te mnt een. aC eRe ae 246 CONTENTS—Continued PAGE Forest PRoTECTION ON DOMINION LANDS .........-eeecceeee 250 WITHIN PORES? [RESERVES donc coves. comece se snlese een 250 OutsipE ReEsERvES: MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND (Ap peRt als, .\ ee mare ec coined Re ee ee 250 Rai:way Becitor Britism: ConuMBiA ~. 2c... .c.c2s eases 253 PROVISIONS FOR, SGASH DISPOSAL, --ssic..ccee cet ore eee 253 Actuar, ‘Costs ‘or Brusn. DISPOSAL. ....0h-. sae. see ee 255 ADMINISTRATION OF DOMINION FORESTS ........-2e--eeeeee- 256 Timprr: (BRANCH ios Se iss dive 12 cosines rece eee 256 RORESTRY“ BRANCH 8 oc ccc cee eset ee eee 257 Parks BRANCHS (it823)20c on Sate ne eee eee eee 259 : DISPOSAL OF DOMINION ‘TEMBER (i). 5... 00 2 o cle eee 2s eee 259 Earby) LICENSE REGULATIONS) 4 2... coeeees ore sate eee 259 Present LIceNSE REGULATIONS <2... .....026s tees eee 261 EFFICIENCY OF LICENSE REGULATIONS .........---cseeeee 262 Permits (OuTSmE RESERVES). 3. 0c.). Uocecsssces os eee eee 266 DISPOSAL. WITHIN RESERVES: ...5 0%. i001 2-6 - ae ee eee 268 DISPOSAT, “WITHIN PARKS?... i224. 2s. So. Peon. eee eee eee 270 SUMMARY «(cisco celed foes een oe a. eee 270 APPENDIX— : REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE GRANTING OF YEARLY LICENSES AND PeRMITs To Cut TrmMBER ON DOMINION LANDS ....... + tee 275 xii ILLUSTRATIONS Heavy Stanp or Doucias Fir, HEMLOCK AND CEDAR ......-+-+eeeees Frontispiece FACING PAGE Ervect oF REPEATED ForEST FIRES ....--..-eeecrecseee see ttt ete ete sses 8 Bie EIAzarn ON RAILWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY. ..... 00+ 0260 cre steele es tees ntner es 8 Heavy Forest Growth IMMEDIATELY Apyacent To NEWLY-CONSTRUCTED TEER eee Ae ee ae SAE emai Ricigiainne shaves Sol oteo nese oe eisai 16 ANnotHER PorTION OF THE SAME LINE ..-----eeecr tere ests errr srt ets settes 16 Tank Car CoNSTRUCTED BY THE GRAND ABs IRUBAWDS? Sonnacccaochuoods 28 SerreSnarnm Gar BEING TESTED ...0..--.+-52-2c eee este teeter ee tcme tte es es 28 RaAILway Fire PatROLMAN WITH VELOCIPEDE ...-----++sessrreresrssrsetts 36 Rarway Fire PatroLMAN WITH POWER Gi op oceeacoonmouecoauaoouson 36 Kertue Valley RAtLway RIGHT-OF-WAY ....---ee sere ester eer ere rset 46 Beveu Prine Atone Tote ROAD ......--.-.-- cess enters reer: 46 Tin StasH IN CoNNECTION WITH GRAND Trunk Pacrric RamLway Con- Gre “OREN eae oo ere ca ec a a ee Gal Ga 54 Rattway RicHt-or-way AFTER THE @uirine OF GRASS) seeds eri tel-r-i 54 Fire Hazarp IN ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO ...-- +++ esse rere rere tteerstets 64 Fire Hazarp Atonc ProvinciaAL GovERNMENT \WONCON IRON: Ghebeoccedsace 64 Heavy Loccine StasH, Doucias Fir Coast A Serasypenllc ae Paani 6 eee tee ren rromar ciate 100 INFLAMMABLE Loccinc Drpris IN NorTHERN CoAsT PNAS te Tork A oeeaencet aro 100 Bruse Purp oN TIMBer SALE ows... .. cscs erence ese sees teens reset rete te 114 Tis Pinks AND SLASH RESULTING FROM TIE-CUTTING OPERATIONS ....------- 114 Locetnc SLASH BEFORE BURNING .....---eeee eerste erst eter te testes 118 A Portion of THE SAME TRACT AFTER BROADCAST SiasH BuRNING......---- 118 SLASH BURNING BY SETTLERS UNDER PERMIT ....------eeeerr eee Sadie Litawet 126 Tue Burninc oF Pitts of BrusH RESULTING FROM Wacon Roap Con- Sar awed Se oe ee ee ee oe 126 Heavy Lumeertnc StasH BeErore PILING AND IB IOHRIN MEN Ogieetioeio Gorm ote Gog ea 136 Pirrinc AND BurRNING SLASH ON LOGGING AREA ......++ eee cree teeter tees 136 A PROGRESSIVE LUMBERING OPERATION ......-0 eee eee e eee te cence erect 152 SeLection Curtine oF LODGEPOLE PINE ......-+--es eee e eee e ete ees 152 Generat View or an Area Burnep THREE TIMES .......-+-see ee eee neers 176 Root Cotiars of Poprars REPEATEDLY BURNED ARE SWOLLEN AND Tuserous. 176 GrEneRAL View oF Area BurneD MANY TIMES ....-.----+e+ sees eee e teres 184 iE reeerupsTe A Va EU MESO Ge. cs. cinlc no opel oee uae neh oe wletnia fe oe'ass'e alias «eo ioisceiae 184 Srcrion oF A TREE To SHow How tHE Dates or Fires ARE ASCERTAINED. . 198 FEES OSERED) OPLARS - cic fucis Mews ces dpi wien ios aajeiseei <== «melee eels ss 202 Stumps SHOWING S1zk oF ForMER Forrest GROWTH ......--.-+-+2eee rere 202 REPRODUCTION OF WHITE PINE AND PopLaR ON AREA BurNED ONCE.......--- 208 GENERAL VIEW oF AN AREA BURNED TWICE .....---- sees rece eer eects 208 A GRouND Firr BURNING THE SLASH <2... eee cee te wae seers nens 212 Tse PRopaste ConpITION oF THE AREA AFTER TWELVE YEARS ....--+-++-+-+- 212 A Stanp or Douctas Fir Asout 100 YEARS OLD ......------+ 2s eee reer eeee 218 xiii ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued FACING PAGE. Turis ARZA HAS BEEN BURNED TWICE .:...<3...4-220-=00 oo See eee 218 Tais AreEA Hap 2.000 Younc Trees Per ACRE....--.:..22 5001s ee eee 224 BuRNED. SEVERAL “TIMES. 25 55 ce c6 oc decade wohl vs oe eee ee 224 SLASH LEFT on THE GrouNnD AFTER LOGGING ...-..-.2.2:----7--= Seen 228 Younc Fir TREES ON AN AREA LOGGED AND BURNED OFF...........-..----- 228 MATURE SPRUCE-ASPEN TYPE «.i....0 050 se 002 dae oss,0 05 Fe vo oe 232 THE SANDY AREAS OF THE NORTH ARE OCCUPIED BY THE JACKPINE TypE.... 232 Corpwoop PERMIT OPERATIONS IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN............-- 238 AN ADJOINING OPERATION =: «02. 2.60-0000000 0002 ~ 02 00 «in oe 238 TYPICAL SLASH AFTER A LUMBERING OPERATION .......-.----+220++eceeee- 246 Areca Lumperep Twetve YEARS AGO ...<-.00.060-500b002-ses eee 246 Mature STAND oF LoDGEPOLE PINE AND ENGELMANN SPRUCE.........--.--- 262 INTERIOR OF THE SAME 224. 60h cas age wwe ee den ok oe 262 Spruce Rerpropuction Unprr PoriaR .....26<. -6--+s-9s25c ee) 270 Frrteen Years LAvTee \. 2.025 is.6 esesl oo owak vows ae canis eee 270 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS FACING PAGE APriiep FORESTRY. ..o.5s = cs cas en a sod de cetcdeee oteeeet ele 72 Forest Recion Map oF SouTHERN BritTIsH COLUMBIA ............-0+0--- 102 Forest Fires 1n BurteicH AND METHUEN TOWNSHIPS, PETERBOROUGH County, Ontarto (Mar) «2.0. leccs see eee coke Pech occ l lee 166 NUMERICAL PROPORTION OF REPRODUCTION OF VARIOUS SPECIES ON THE AVER- AGE ACRE IN ORDER OF THE NUMBER OF TIMES BURNED...........----- 191 ForEcASTED YIELD or PopLaR PER AcrE, 30 YEARS FROM THE PRESENT Date, AccorDING To THE NUMBER OF TIMES BURNED........-.--...--- 197 { * XIV CRE Bes i iS AG sh OG jon of C miss ‘EDAR AND Heavy STAND OF DoUC LAS Frr, HEMLOCK us permanence for c ire me by f f the forests from destruction the use of wood. The preservation o ill the industries depend ing upon ia. h Columb « Southwestern Britis ‘j ast type, Douglas Fir Co PARE -]I The Railway Fire Situation BY CLYDE LEAVITT Chief Fire Inspector, Board of Railway Commissioners, and Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation HE Board of Railway Commissioners has jurisdiction over about 85 per cent of the railway mileage of the Dominion. The outstanding feature of the railway fire situation in 1913 was the extension to eastern Canada of the fire protective organization of the Board of Railway Commissioners. Co-operative arrangements were entered into whereby certain officials of the forest fire protective organizations of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick were appointed officers of the Fire Inspection Department of the Board. This co-operation was continued and extended during 1914. Co-opera- tion in Nova Scotia has been ‘delayed, pending the appointment of a pro- vincial Forester, for which, however, provision has been made by law. Co-operation in the west, with the Dominion Forestry and Parks Branches and the British Columbia Forest Branch, was continued and extended during both years, in accordance with the policy and pro- cedure developed in 1912. In general, the organization has fully demonstrated that it has passed the experimental stage, and has justified its existence by a more adequate handling of the patrol, right-of-way clearing and fire-guarding features of the Board’s requirements than had previously been prac- ticable. ‘The results secured have amply justified the efforts made, and show that the practically complete solution of the railway fire problem may be expected with the steady increase in efficiency of the inspection staff, made available under the co-operative arrangements in effect between the Board and the fire protective organizations of the Dominion and Provincial Governments, coupled with the natural increase in the efficiency:-* the fire protection work of the railways. It has been shown conclusively that in a broad way the efficiency of the fire protective measures of most of the railway companies is 2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION in direct ratio to the efficiency and sufficiency of the inspection staff made available for the field work of the Fire Inspection Department of the Board. The necessity for so close a supervision, through a large inspectorial organization, will no doubt disappear to a consider- able extent in future years, in the case of those railways whose officials and employees are genuinely impressed with the fact that the efficient prevention of fire is the highest type of business policy, and where a special organization is developed for the handling of fire protection work. Special organization for this work is almost imperative, if efficient results are to be secured, in the case of any except the smaller railway lines. Fire protection has, in the past, been something apart from the regu- lar routine of railway operation, and it, naturally, requires time and a distinct effort to secure complete compliance with the various instruc- tions issued by managing officials of railway companies, under the requirements of the Board. In too many cases, the mere issuance of a circular of instructions, relative to fire protection, to railway employees may not be followed by the complete observance of these instructions, including the exercise of sufficient care in the use of fire in right-of-way clearing, and the extinguishing of fires having an acci- dental origin. Some provision for the following up of these instruc- tions is needed, especially in the beginning; and in the case of a large organization, the development of a special*department, or at least the assignment of one or more special inspectors, is highly desirable. In the absence of such voluntary provision by the railway company, it is obvious that a relatively large inspection staff must be provided by the Dominion or Provincial Government agency concerned, until such time as full compliance with the various requirements can be reliably secured otherwise. There is great encouragement in the fact that, as a measure of good business policy, some of the railways are beginning to develop special organizations for the handling of fire protection work. The Canadian Northern and Canadian Pacific railways are the pioneers in this direc- tion. In 1913 the Canadian Northern organized a department of fire protection, in charge of an expert, and the results are clearly evident in the greatly increased efficiency of the fire protection work along their lines. In the same year the Forestry branch of the Canadian Pacific railway appointed three special fire inspectors for its Western lines, and three men were similarly assigned on Eastern lines in 1914. Thus far the functions of these men have been purely of an inspec- torial character, working in close co-operation with the respective operating departments. Since these two companies have fully demon- ME PATE WAY OF ERE Slr AT LON 3 strated: the value of special organization in handling fire protection work, the adoption of similar measures by other railway companies may confidently-be expected in the future. ° . - While, on the whole, Canada undoubtedly has a strong lead over the United ‘States, so far as efficient railway fire protection by the rail- ways themselves is concerned, some of the American railway lines have voluntarily, from motives of economy, taken vigorous action in securing efficient fire protection by railway employees. As a result of serious fire losses, resulting in large damage claims, a special depart- ment was organized in 1912 by the Boston and Maine railroad, and stringent instructions to all officials and employees were put into effect. As a result, the department of fire claims of that railway reports that settlements of fire claims in 1912 aggregated about $30,000, or nearly $200,000 less than during the previous year. In 1913, which was a rela- tively bad fire year in that section, payments for fire claims totalled nearly $70,000, or less than one-third the payments in 1911, before the appointment of the commissioner of fire claims. The aggregate for 1913 included $10,318 for a fire not set by locomotives, but which got beyond the control of the railway employees when burning slash, etc., which was not cleared away after the lumber was cut on property adjoining the right-of-way. It also includes $5,230 for claims originating prior to March 1, 1912, when the fire claims department was organized. These figures are highly suggestive of what fire loss means to the com- pany, and demonstrate what may be accomplished through a systematic scheme of fire prevention. Another example is the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railway, which, in 1911 and 1912, undertook a special campaign for improve- ment in matters of fire protection. In 1910, the company had claims for 1,509 fire losses, aggregating $100,605. In 1911, there were 574 fires, with claims amounting to $51,000. In the fiscal year 1912, the number of fires had been reduced to 135, and the expenditure for pay- ment of claims to only $6,000. = ; Following the issuance of Order No. 16,570, under eneral Order =e , ee No. 107 date of May 22, 1912, objections to certain provisions of the order were made by the Canadian Pacific, Cana- dian Northern, and Grand Trunk Pacific railways. ‘They claimed that some of the provisions in question were impracticable and would impose an unreasonable burden of expense upon the companies; also, that certain others were beyond the jurisdiction of the Board, as conferred by the Railway Act. Sd The Board considered very carefully the various objections, and finally decided that, while some of the points were not well taken,. some. + COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION modification might be made as to others; thus removing even the sem- blance of a basis for a charge of arbitrariness, without impairing the efficiency of the order, while, at the same time, doing away with the necessity for final consideration by the Supreme Court of the complaint by the railways respecting lack of jurisdiction on the part of the Board. The result was the issuance of General Order No. 107, as follows. THE BOARD OF RAILWAY COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA General Order No. 107 Friday the 4th day of July, A.D. 1913 H. L. Drayton, K.C. Chief Commissioner D’Arcy Scott Asst. Chief Commissioner James MILLs Commissioner A. S$. GOODEVE Commissioner IN THE MATTER OF THE Order of the Board No. 16,570, dated May 22nd, 1912; and the application by the Canadian Pacific, the Grand Trunk, the Canadian Northern, and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Companies to amend said Order. Upon the hearing of the application at the sittings of the Board, held in the city of Ottawa, July 3, 1913, the Railway Companies inter- ested, the Commission of Conservation, and the Government of the Province of British Columbia being represented by Counsel at the hearing, and what was alleged; and upon the report and recommenda- tion of the Chief Operating Officer and the Chief Fire Inspector of the Board— It Is ORDERED as follows: 1. Order No. 16,570, dated May 22, 1912, is hereby rescinded. 2. Until further order, every railway subject to the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada under construction or being operated by steam, shall, unless exempted by a special order of the Board, cause every locomotive engine used on the said railway, or por- tion of railway, being constructed or operated by it, to be fitted and kept fitted with netting mesh as hereinafter set forth, namely: (a) On every engine equipped with an extension smoke box, the mesh shall not be larger than 214x2%4 per inch of No. 10 Birmingham wire gauge, and shall be placed in the smoke box so as to extend completely over the aperture through which*the smoke ascends, the openings of the said mesh not to exceed a quarter of an inch and one- fern RANE WAY.) Bb R > Sl TO ATT. O' N 5 sixty-fourth (that is, seventeen sixty-fourths) of an inch to the square. (b) On every engine equipped with a diamond stack, the mesh shall not be more than 3 x 3 per inch of No. 10 Birmingham wire gauge, and shall be placed at the flare of the diamond of the stack, so as to cover the same completely, the openings of said mesh not to exceed three-sixteenths and one sixty-fourth (that is, thirteen sixty- fourths) of an inch to the square. 3. Every such railway company shall cause: (a) The openings of the ash pans on every locomotive engine used on the railway, or portion of railway, operated or being constructed by it, to be covered, when practicable, with heavy sheet iron dampers ; and, if not practicable, with screen netting dampers 2}2 x 2% per inch of No. 10 Birmingham wire gauge, such dampers to be fastened either by a heavy spring or by a split cotter and pins, or by such other method as may be approved by the Board. (b) Overflow pipes from lifting injectors, or from water pipes from injector-delivery pipe, or from boiler, to be put into the front and back part of the ash pans and used from the first day of April to the first day of November, or during such portion of this period as the Board may prescribe, for wetting ash pans. | 4, Every such railway company shall provide inspectors at terminal or divisional points where its locomotive engines are housed and re- paired; and cause them, in addition to the duties to which they may be assigned by the officials of the railway companies in charge of such terminal or divisional points,— (a) To examine at least once a week, (1) The nettings ; (2) Dead plates; (3) Ash pans; (4) Dampers; (5) Slides; and (6) Any other fire-protective appliance or appliances used on any and all engines running into the said ter- minal or divisional points. (b) To keep a record of every inspection in a book to be fur- nished by the railway company for the purpose, showing: (1) The numbers of the engines inspected; (2) The date and hour of day of such inspection; (3) The condition of the said fire-protective appliances and arrangements, and (4) A record of repairs made in any of the above-mentioned fire-protective appliances. The said book to be open for inspection by any authorized officer of the Board. (c) In case any of the said fire-protective appliances in any loco- motive are found to be defective, said locomotive shall be removed from service and shall not (during said prescribed period) be re- turned to service, unless and until such defects are remedied. 6 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION (d) Every such railway company shall also make an independent examination of the fire-protective appliances on all the locomotives of such company, at least once each month, and the conditions of such fire-protective appliances shall be reported direct to the Chief Mech- anical Officer of the railway company, or other chief officer, held responsible for the condition of the motive power of the said company. 5. No employee of any such railway company shall— (a) Do, or in any way cause, damage to the netting on the engine smoke-stack or to the netting in the front end of such engine; (b) Open the back dampers of such engine while running ahead, or the front dampers while running tender first, except when there is snow on the ground, and it is necessary to take such action in order to have engine steam properly; (c) Or otherwise do or cause damage or injury to any of the fire- protective appliances on the said engines. 6. No such railway company shall permit fire, live coals, or ashes to be deposited upon its tracks or right-of-way, unless they are extin- guished immediately thereafter, except in pits provided for the pur- pose. 7. No such railway company shall burn lignite coal on its locomo- tive engines as fuel for transportation purposes, unless otherwise ordered by the Board—lignite coal consisting of and including all varieties of coal between peat and bituminous, with a carbon-hydrogen ratio of 11:2 or less, such ratio being based on analysis of air-dried coal. 8. Every such railway company shall establish and maintain fire- guards along the route of its railway as the Chief Fire Inspector may prescribe. The nature, extent, establishment and maintenance of such fire-guards shall be determined as follows: (a) The Chief Fire Inspector shall each year prepare and submit to every such railway company a statement of the measures necessary for establishing and maintaining the routes of such railways in a condition safe from fire, so far as may be practicable. (b) Said measures may provide for the cutting and disposal by fire, or otherwise, of all or any growth of an inflammable character, and the burning or other disposal of debris and litter, on a strip of sufficient width on one or both sides of the track; the ploughing or digging of land in strips of sufficient width on one or both sides of the track; and such other work as may, under the existing local conditions and at reasonable expense, tend to reduce to a minimum the occurrence and spread of fire. (c) Said statements of the Chief Fire Inspector shall be so arranged as to deal with and prescribe measures for each separate portion of such railway upon and adjacent to which the fire risk calls for specific treatment. The intention shall be to adjust the protective measures to the local conditions, and to make the expense proportionate to the fire risk and possible damage. (d) Said statements of the Chief Fire Inspector shall prescribe dates on or within which the foregoing protective measures shall be DoE TeALE WAY FIRE SITUATION 7 commenced and completed, and the fire-guards maintained in a clean and safe condition, (e) No such railway company shall permit its employees, agents, or contractors to enter upon land under cultivation, to construct fire- guards, without the consent of the owner or occupant of such land. (f) Wherever the owner or occupant of such land objects to the construction of fire-guards, on the ground that the said construction would involve unreasonable loss or damage to property, the Company shall at once refer the matter to the Board, giving full particulars thereof, and shall, in the meantime, refrain from proceeding with the work. (g) No agent, employee, or contractor of any such railway com- pany shall permit gates to be left open or to cut or leave fences down whereby stock or crops may be injured or to do any other unnecessary damage to property, in the construction of fire-guards. 9. In carrying out the provisions of Section 297 of the Railway Act, which enacts that “the Company shall at all times maintain and keep its right-of-way free from dead or dry grass, weeds, and other unnecessary combustible matter,’ no such railway company or its agents, employees or contractors shall, between the first day of April and the first day of November, burn, or cause to be burned, any ties, cuttings, debris, or litter upon or near its right-of-way, except under such supervision as will prevent such fires from spreading beyond the strip being cleared. The Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board may require that no such burning be done along specified portions of the line of any such railway, except with the written permission or under the direction of the Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board. 10. The railway company shall provide and maintain a force of fire rangers fit and sufficient for efficient patrol and fire-fighting duty during the period from the first day of April to the first day of November of each year; and the methods of such force shall be sub- ject to the supervision and direction of the Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board. 11. The Chief Fire Inspector shall, each year, prepare and submit to each and every railway company a statement of the measures such railway companies shall take for the establishment and maintenance of said specially organized force. Said statements among other mat- ters may provide for— (a) The number of men to be employed on the said force, their location and general duties, and the methods and frequency of the patrol. (b) The acquisition and location of necessary equipment for trans- porting the said force from place to place, and the acquisition and distributing of suitable fire-fighting tools; and (c) Any other measures which are considered by him to be essen- tial for the immediate control of fire and may be adopted at reason- able expense. 12. Whenever and while all the locomotive engines used upon any such railway, or any portion of it, burn nothing but oil as fuel, dur- 8 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ing the aforesaid prescribed period, under such conditions as the Board may approve, the Board will relieve the said railway of such portion of these regulations as may seem to it safe and expedient. 13. Every such railway company shall instruct and require its sec- tionmen and other employees, agents and contractors to take measures to report and extinguish fires on or near the right-of-way as follows :— (a) Conductors, engineers, or trainmen, who discover or receive notice of the existence and location of a fire burning upon or near the right-of-way, or of a fire which threatens land adjacent to the right-of-way, shall report the same by wire to the Superintendent, and shall also report it to the agent or persons in charge at the next point at which there shall be communication by telegraph or telephone, and to the first section employees passed. Notice of such fire shall also be given immediately by a system of warning whistles. (b) It shall be the duty of the superintendent or agent or person so informed to notify immediately the nearest forest officer and the nearest section employees of the railway, of the existence and loca- tion of such fire. (c) When fire is discovered, presumably started by the railway, such sectionmen or other employees of the railway as are available, shall either independently or at the request of any authorized forest officer proceed to the fire immediately and take action to extinguish it; provided such sectionmen or other employees are not at the time engaged in labours immediately necessary to the safety of trains. (d) In case the sectionmen or other employees available are not a sufficient force to extinguish the fire promptly, the railway company shall, either independently or at the request of any authorized forest officer, employ such other labourers as may be necessary to extinguish the fire; and as soon as a sufficient number of men, other than the sectionmen and regular employees, are obtained, the sectionmen and other regular employees shall be allowed to resume their regular duties. (e) The provisions of this section shall apply to all fires occurring within 300 feet of the railway track, unless proof shall be furnished that such fires were not caused by the railway. 14. Every such railway company shall give particular instructions to its employees in relation to the foregoing regulations and shall cause such instructions to be posted at all stations, terminals and sec- tion houses along its lines of railway. In case said instructions are not also carried in employees’ time tables during said prescribed period, or in “operating” and “maintenance of way” rule books, they shall, previous to April 1 of each year, be re-issued to all employees con- cerned, in the form of special instructions. The Chief Fire Inspector may waive the above requirements in whole or in part, as to lines or portions of lines where, in his judgment, the fire danger is not material. 15. Every such railway company allowing or permitting the viola- tion of, or in any respect contravening or failing to obey any of the foregoing regulations, shall, in addition to any other liability which the said company may have incurred, be subject to a penalty of one hundred dollars for every such offence. EFFECT OF REPEATED FIRES Merchantable timber and young growth entirely destroyed and no seed trees left to establish anew forest. The fertile upper layer of soil has been burned, and the mineral eroded, expos- ing the bare rocks. Millions of acres of such barren desert exist in many parts of Canada. Ser. xe Laws “Commssior: of Conservation FIRE HAZARD ON RAILWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY At the right, inflammable debris upon the right-of-way of the National Transcontinental Ry. in Quebec, resulting in great fire hazard. Similar conditions exist along hundreds of miles of this line in New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. At the left, clearing for station grounds. (SER Ee eA WAY EIR IE Sb Tl UA TION 9 16. If any employee or other person included in the said regula- tions, fails or neglects to obey the same, or any of them, he shall, in addition to any other liability which he may have incurred, be subject to a penalty of twenty-five dollars for every such offence. 17. The Board may, upon the application of any railway company or other party interested, vary or rescind any order or direction of the Chief Fire Inspector made pursuant to the provisions of this Order. (Sed.) H. L. DRAYTON Chief Commissioner, Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada BoarD oF Railway COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA Examined and certified as a true copy under Section 23 of “The Railway Act.” A. D. CARTWRIGHT Secretary of Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada Ottawa, July 8th, 1913 y Since Order No. 16,570 was quoted at length in Changes made se . . ” . by General the report on “ Forest Protection in Canada,” 1912, it Order No. 107 js not reprinted here. The changes from Order No. 16,570 are briefly as follows: It will be noted that in several respects the order is materially strengthened, while in no case is its efficiency impaired. In Regulation 4 (b) the change is wholly a matter of form. In Regulation 4 (d) the requirement is so changed as to specify the results to be accomplished in the matter of locomotive inspections by railway companies, without specifying the manner in which the results shall be brought about. . In General Order No. 107 the provisions contained in Regulation 5 of Order No. 16,570 are omitted, since, under the Railway Act, officers of the Board already have authority to inspect fire-protective appli- ances on locomotives; and the provision for the removal of defec- tive engines from service is not needed, in view of the provision in Regulation 4 (c), that locomotives defective as to fire-protection appliances shall not be used until such defects are remedied. Regulation 6 (b) of Order No. 16,570 is amended in Regulation 5 (b) of General Order No. 107 to permit the opening of back dampers of engines when running ahead, or the front damper while running tender first, in case there is snow on the ground and it is necessary to take such action in order to have engine steam properly. Regulation 7 of Order No. 16,570 is amended in Regulation 6 of the new order, so that yard limits are also included in the prohibition against the depositing of fire, live coals and ashes upon tracks or rights- 10 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION of-way, unless same are extinguished immediately thereafter. The only exception is in case pits are provided for this purpose. Regulation 14 of Order No. 16,570 is so amended in Regulation 13 of General Order No. 107 as to require the railway companies to instruct their employees relative to reporting and extinguishing fire, instead of making the order apply directly to the employees, as previously. . A very important change is contained in Regulation 13 (e) of the new order, which makes it clear that the intent of the Board is to place the burden of proof upon the railway companies to extinguish fires occurring within 300 feet of the track, unless proof shall be fur- nished that such fires were not caused by the railway. The corre- sponding provision of Regulation 14 (e) of Order No. 16,570 was easily liable to misconstruction, the understanding being in some cases that the throwing of the burden of proof upon the railway companies was intended by the Board to extend to financial responsibility in connection with damage claims, instead of being limited to the extinguishing of fires. As the regulation now stands, it clearly has no bearing upon the question of damage claims. The revision contained in Regulation 14 of General Order No. 107 provides for the posting of instructions to employees at terminals and section houses, in addition to stations, as required in the previous order. Provision is also made for the reissuance of such instructions to employees each year, under conditions stated. In addition, provision is made for elasticity in the enforcement of this regulation, by giving the Chief Fire Inspector full discretionary authority in the matter. Regulation 17 of General Order No. 107 makes clear that any rail- way or other party interested may appeal to the Board from any order or direction of the Chief Fire Inspector. This privilege had of course existed previously, without specific inclusion in Order No. 16,570. ee Following is a list of steam railways in operation or pig aaa of under construction, subject to the jurisdiction of the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. Algoma Central and Hudson Bay. Algoma Eastern. Atlantic, Quebec and Western. Bay of Quinte (C.N.R. system). Boston and Maine (Massawippi Valley). British Yukon (White Pass and Yukon). Brockville, Westport and Northwestern (C.N.R. system). Calgary and Fernie (under construction). Canadian Northern. iE SRA WAY BIR ST OATLON 11 Canadian Northern Ontario (C.N.R. system). Canadian Northern Quebec (C.N.R. system). Canadian Pacific. ‘Central Ontario (C.N.R. system). Central Railway Company of Canada (under construction). Central Vermont (G.T.R. system). Cumberland Railway and Coal Co. (Dominion Coal Company). Dominion Atlantic (C.P.R. system). Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia (under construction). Elgin and Havelock. Esquimalt and Nanaimo (C.P.R. system). Essex Terminal. ‘Glengarry and Stormont (C.P.R. system). ‘Grand Trunk. Grand Trunk Pacific. Great Northern. Halifax and Southwestern (C.N.R. system). Interprovincial and James Bay (C.P.R. system, under construction). Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa (C.N.R. system). James Bay and Eastern (C.N.R. system, under construction). Kettle Valley (C.P.R. system, under construction). Klondike Mines. Kootenay and Alberta. ‘Lake Erie and Northern (C.P.R. system). Maine Central. Marmora Railway and Mining Co. (C.N.R. system). Michigan Central (Canada Southern). Moncton and Buctouche. New Brunswick Coal and Railway (C.P.R. system). ‘Ottawa and New York (N.Y.C. & H.R.R. system). Pere Marquette. ‘Quebec and Lake St. John (C.N.R. system). Quebec, Montreal and Southern (Rutland). Quebec Oriental. Rutland and Noyan (Rutland). ‘Salisbury and Albert. Schomberg and Aurora. ‘St. Lawrence and Adirondack (N.Y.C. & H.R.R. system). ‘St. Martins. “Temiscouata. ‘Thousand Islands. ‘Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo (C.P.R. and M.C.R.R.). 12 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Victoria and Sidney (G.N.R. system). Victoria Terminal Railway and Ferry Company (G.N.R. system). Wabash. Western Canada Power Co. Western Dominion (under construction). RAILWAYS SUBJECT TO BOARD BY PROVINCES In the following list, the above railways are subdivided according to provinces. When a particular railway is situated in more than one province, the name is repeated: Yukon Territory— British Yukon (White Pass and Yukon). Klondike Mines. British Columbia— British Yukon (White Pass and Yukon). Calgary and Fernie (under construction). Canadian Pacific. Esquimalt and Nanaimo (C.P.R. system). Grand Trunk Pacific. Great Northern. Kettle Valley (C.P.R. system, under construction). Victoria and Sidney (G.N.R. system). Victoria Terminal Railway and Ferry Company (G.N.R. sys 2 Western Canada Power Company, Limited. Alberta— Calgary and Fernie (under construction). Canadian Northern. Canadian Pacific. Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia (under construction). Grand Trunk Pacific. Kootenay and Alberta. Western Dominion (under construction). Saskatchewan— Canadian Northern. Canadian Pacific. Grand Trunk Pacific. Manitoba— Canadian Northern. Canadian Pacific. Grand Trunk Pacific. Great Northern (of the United States). TH Ee eRe A DEAN AWr OP PRN vs it UAT TON 13 Ontario— Algoma Central and Hudson Bay. Algoma Eastern. Bay of Quinte (C.N.R. system). Brockville, Westport and Northwestern (C.N.R. system). Canadian Northern. Canadian Northern Ontario (C.N.R. system). Canadian Pacific. Central Ontario (C.N.R. system). Central Railway Company of Canada (under construction). Essex Terminal. Grand Trunk. Grand Trunk Pacific. Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa (C.N.R. system). Lake Erie and Northern (C.P.R. system). Marmora Railway and Mining Co. (C.N.R. system). Michigan Central (Canada Southern). Ottawa and New York (N.Y.C. & H.R.R. system). Pere Marquette. Schomberg and Aurora. Thousand Islands. Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo (C.P.R. and M.C.R.R. systems). Wabash. Ouebec— Atlantic, Quebec and Western. Boston and Maine (Massawippi Valley). Canadian Northern Quebec (C.N.R. system). Canadian Pacific. Central Railway Company of Canada (under construction). Central Vermont (G.T.R. system). Grand Trunk. Interprovincial and James Bay (C.P.R. system, under construc- tion). James Bay and Eastern (C.N.R. system, under construction). Maine Central (Hereford). Quebec and Lake ‘St. John (C.N.R. system). Quebec, Montreal and Southern (including Napierville Junction). Quebec Oriental. Rutland and Noyan (Rutland). : St. Lawrence and Adirondack (N.Y.C. & H.R.R. system). Temiscouata. 14 ' COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION New Brunswick— Canadian Pacific (including New Brunswick Coal and Railway)- Elgin and Havelock. Moncton and Buctouche. Salisbury and Albert. St. Martins. Temiscouata. Nova Scotia— Cumberland Railway and Coal Co. (Dominion Coal Co.). Dominion Atlantic (C.P.R. system). Halifax and Southwestern (C.N.R. system). STEAM Ratuways Nor SusyeEct To BoarD British Columbia— Canadian Northern Pacific (C.N.R. system, under construction) .* Eastern British Columbia. Morrissey, Fernie and Michel. Pacific Great Eastern (under construction). Vancouver Copper Co. (Lenora Mount Sicker). Wellington Colliery Co. Alberta— Alberta Great Waterways (under construction). Canada Central (under construction). Canadian Northern Western (C.N.R. system) .* Saskatchewan— Canadian Northern Saskatchewan (C.N.R. system).* Ontario— Lake Huron and Northern Ontario (formerly Bruce Mines and Algoma). Maganatawan River. National Transcontinental (under construction). Timiskaming and Northern Ontario (Ontario Government line). Quebec— Canada and Gulf Terminal. Ha Ha Bay. Intercolonial (Canadian Government lines). Lotbiniére and Megantic. *Under the Canadian Northern Railway Guarantee Act, these lines will become subject to the Board, upon proclamation by the Governor in Coun- cil, following their completion and opening for operation. THE RALEWAY FIRE SETUATION 15 Quebec.—Continued. National Transcontinental (under construction). Philipsburg Railway and Quarry Company. Quebec Central (C.P.R. system). Quebec and Saguenay (under construction). Salmon River and Northern. New Brunswick— Caraquet and Gulf Shore. Fredericton and Grand Lake Coal and Railway Company (C.P.R system). Intercolonial (Canadian Government lines). International Railway of New Brunswick (Canadian Govern- ment lines). Kent Northern (including St. Louis and Richibucto). National Transcontinental (under construction). New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island (Canadian Govern- ment lines). Northern New Brunswick and Seaboard. North Shore. Southampton (C.P.R. system). St. John Valley (Canadian Government lines). York and Carleton. Nova Scotia— Cape Breton. Intercolonial (Canadian Government lines). Inverness Railway and Coal Company (C.N.R. system). Maritime Railway, Coal and Power Company. Sydney and Louisburg (Dominion Coal Co.). Prince Edward Island— Prince Edward Island (Canadian Government lines). ORGANIZATION As noted above, the co-operation begun in 1912 with the fire-pro- tective organizations of the Dominion and Provincial governments has. been continued and extended. In this way has been handled practi- cally all of the detailed field inspection in connection with right-of-way clearing, establishment and maintenance of patrols, reporting and extinguishing of fire by railway employees, and the construction of fire-guards. In each case, the plan of co-operation includes the pay- ment of salary and expenses of the inspecting officer by the co-operating: 16 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION agency, so that, aside from the head office at Ottawa, the work of the Fire Inspection Department has been handled without cost to the Board. The following shows the organization in effect in 1914. The organization in 1913 differed only in minor details, being in general not quite so complete. Co-operation The inspection work handled by the British Columbia cea ea Forest Branch embraces all lines in British Columbia Forest Branch except those within the railway belt. H. R. MacMillan, Chief Forester, appointed provincial fire inspec- tor, to exercise general supervision over the Board's fire inspection work in the province outside the railway belt. R. E. Benedict, H. R. Christie and W. C. Gladwin, assistant provincial fire inspectors. Cranbrook District—J. D. Gilmour, divisional fire inspector; G. B. Watson, R. J. Long and J. C. Hart, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Nelson District—G. H. Prince, divisional fire inspector; J. T. Price, A. M. Black, H. S. Nelson and C. A. Mix, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Vernon District—L. R. Andrews, divisional fire inspector; M. V. Allen and H. H. Thomas, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Vancouver District—G. D. McKay, divisional fire inspector; A. T. Kennedy and W. H. Smith, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Island District—H. K. Robinson, divisional fire inspector; W. F. Loveland and J. E. Stilwell, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Prince Rupert District—H. S. Irwin, divisional fire inspector. Hazelton District—R. E. Allen, divisional fire inspector; George Dover, Thomas Brewer and James Latham, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Fort George District—H. G. Marvin, divisional fire inspector; F. W. Heath and R. M. Pellatt, assistant divisional fire inspectors. Téte Jaune District—C. MacFayden, divisional fire inspector. The divisional fire inspectors above enumerated weré under appoint- ment by the British Columbia Forest Branch as district foresters, and the assistant divisional fire inspectors, as district rangers. Divisional fire inspector-at-large—George A. Kerr. Dominion The inspection work handled by the Dominion Fer- Forestry estry Branch, Department of the Interior, is as fol- - Branch lows— ; D. Roy Cameron, district inspector of forest reserves, Kamloops, B.C., appointed fire inspector for the railway belt, exclusive of Domin- jon parks. This includes the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway 4 a vary si PN. Sk umssion of Conservation Heavy Forest GRowrH IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO NEWLY-CONSTRUCTED RAILWAY Note logs and small debris, from right-of-way clearing, piled at edge of timber. A small grass fire on the right-of-way might, by igniting this material, cause great damage to green timber before men could reach the scene and control the fire. Ontario. Commission of Conservation ANOTHER PORTION OF THE SAME LINE Note how the right-of-way has been cleared of inflammable matter. All debris has been piled and burned under careful supervision at a safe time. Danger of fire greatly reduced. The control of right-of-way burning is an important duty of the _ Fire Inspector of the Railway Commission. THE RAILWAY FIRE SITUATION 17 through British Columbia, west of Leanchoil, and branches within the railway belt; also Kettle Valley railway lines within the railway belt. Mr. Cameron was assisted by three divisional fire inspectors, W. R. Peacock, R. D. McDonald and James Selkirk. W.N. Millar, district inspector of forest reserves, Calgary, Alberta, appointed fire inspector for Dominion forest reserves in Alberta. This includes those portions of the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk Pacific lines within the forest reserves on the east slope of the Rockies. Mr. Millar was assisted by Messrs. S. H. Clark and R. M. Brown, divisional fire inspectors. EK. H. Finlayson, inspector of fire ranging, Winnipeg, Man., appointed fire inspector; to handle inspection work in the forested portions of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and in Alberta outside Dominion forest reserves and parks. This includes portions of the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk Pacific rail- ’ ways. Mr. Finlayson was assisted by T. McNaughton, divisional fire inspector. R. C. Miller, assistant gold commissioner, Whitehorse, Y. T., was appointed district fire inspector. Through co-operative arrangement, Mr. Miller covered the White Pass and Yukon lines in Yukon and British Columbia as well as the Klondike Mines railway, in Yukon. Ss The inspection work handled by the Dominion Parks ek Branch, Department of the Interior, embraces lines within Dominion parks in Alberta and the railway belt of British Columbia. P. C. B. Hervey, chief superintendent Dominion parks, Edmonton, Alberta, appointed fire inspector for Dominion parks. . FE. N. Russell, superintendent of Yoho and Glacier parks, Field, B.C., appointed divisional fire inspector for Yoho and Glacier parks. S. J. Clarke, superintendent, Rocky Mountains park, Banff, Alberta, appointed fire inspector for Rocky Mountains park; H. E. Sibbald, assistant fire inspector. N. C. Sparks, superintendent, Jasper Park, Jasper, Alberta, appointed fire inspector for Jasper park. Railways covered by the above organization are those portions of the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand Trunk Pacific, which are included within the various park boundaries. Fire-guard Inspection, Alberta—Benj. Lawton, chief game and fire guardian, Department of Agriculture, Edmonton, appointed provincial fire-guard inspector. Mr. Lawton was assisted by Messrs. Donald McEachern, James I. Brewster and Chas. H. Pinnell, fire-guard inspectors. Railways covered are the Canadian Pacific, Canadian 2—c. ¢. 18 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Northern and Grand Trunk Pacific, within the prairie sections of Alberta. Fire-guard Inspection, Saskatchewan—R. J. McLean, fire commis- sioner, Regina, appointed provincial fire-guard inspector. Railways covered are the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk Pacific, within the prairie portions of the province. Ontario—The inspection work handled by the Department of Lands and Forests of the Province of Ontario is as follows: E. J. Zavitz, provincial forester, Toronto, appointed provincial fire inspector, to exercise general supervision over the Board’s fire inspec- tion work in the province. Max Rabbitts, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway be- tween Port Arthur and Ingolf, and Grand Trunk Pacific railway between Fort William and the Manitoba boundary. Jas. Windle, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway be- tween Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie and between Sudbury and Cold- water junction, and the Canadian Northern Ontario railway between Sudbury and Washago. R. A. Allen, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway between Sudbury and Nipigon. C. Liddon Bliss, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway be- tween Port Arthur and Nipigon, Canadian Northern Ontario railway between Port Arthur and Nipigon, and the Canadian Northern railway between Port Arthur and Rainy River and North Lake. L. P. Didier, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway be- tween Sudbury and Pembroke, and Grand Trunk railway between North Bay and Atherley junction, and between Depot Harbour and Pembroke. Quebec—The inspection work handled by the Forest Protection Branch, Department of Lands and Forests, of the Province of Quebec, is as follows: W. C. J. Hall, chief of the Forest Protection Branch, Quebec, appointed provincial fire inspector, to exercise general stpervision over the Board’s fire inspection work in the province. N. McCuaig, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway be- tween Ottawa, Maniwaki and Waltham, and between Mattawa and Kipawa. . Art. Bedard, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific lines in Que- bec north of the St. Lawrence river, between Quebec and Ottawa, and branches; Canadian Northern Quebec railway between Quebec and Grenville, and branches. be Rev EW AY SE Ror Sli uA ELON 19 Henry Sorgius, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific, Piles and Shawinigan branches and Canadian Northern Quebec railway from Shawinigan to Riviére-a-Pierre; Quebec and Lake St. John from Riviére-a-Pierre to Kiskisink, and La Tuque branch. Nath. Lebel, district fire inspector: Temiscouata railway in Pro- vince of Quebec. Jos. Legacé, district fire inspector: Atlantic, Quebec and Western and Quebec Oriental railways, in Gaspe peninsula. F. N. Roche, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific lines in the province south of the St. Lawrence river; Grand Trunk, Boston and Maine, Central Vermont, and Maine Central railways. Isaie Dubuc, district fire inspector. Mr. Dubuc covers same terri- tory as Mr. Roche given above, with the following additional lines: St. Lawrence and Adirondack; Quebec, Montreal and Southern, Napierville Junction, and Rutland and Noyan. W. A. Bignell, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway between Quebec and Ottawa, including branches north of the St. Law- rence and Ottawa rivers; Canadian Northern Quebec railway, includ- ing branches north of the St. Lawrence river. Arthur H. Graham, district fire inspector: Canadian Pacific railway between Montreal and Ottawa (north shore), including branches, and the Canadian Northern Quebec railway, between Montreal and Ottawa, including branches. New Brunswick—The inspection work handled by the Crown Lands Department of the Province of New Brunswick is as follows :— A. FE. O’Leary, chief fire and game guardian, Richibucto, appointed provincial fire inspector. The territory covered includes the Canadian Pacific, St. Martins, Elgin and Havelock, New Brunswick Coal and Railway, Salisbury and Albert, and Temiscouata railways. John McGibbon, assistant provincial fire inspector. Mr. McGib- bon assisted Mr. O’Leary in handling the fire inspection work on the above named lines. Nova Scotia—Co-operation for the handling of inspection work in Nova Scotia was promised by the Provincial Government, but the putting of the plan into effect has been delayed, pending the appoint- ment of a provincial Forester, for which appointment provision has been made by Act of the Provincial Parliament. Railway The plan adopted in 1912 has been continued, of re- Fire Patrols uiting the establishment and maintenance of special fire patrols in forest sections where the fire hazard is considered high. The special patrols consisted, for the most part, of men with railway velocipedes, although, in some cases where the traffic 20 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION was not too heavy to prevent, the patrols consisted of men with power speeders. In the case of grades too heavy for the use of velocipedes or power speeders, foot patrols were prescribed. In sections where the fire danger was considered medium, special patrols were required by members of the section crews, as a part of their regular work. The matter of reporting and extinguishing fire on lines or portions of lines where the fire hazard is considered light, was satisfactorily taken care of by the issuance of instructions by the railway companies, to their regular employees, under Regulation 14 of General Order No. 107. Such instructions were issued by nearly all the railway lines subject to the Board’s jurisdiction. In every case the question of the patrols to be required was fully taken up in advance with representatives of the railways concerned, so that, as a rule, the patrol letters as issued represent substantial agreement between the railways, the Board and the Dominion or Pro- vincial fire-prctective organization having primary responsibility for the protection from fire of the lands adjacent to the railway rights-of- way. In this way, the element of arbitrariness in the handling of the work has been practically removed. The consistent following out of this policy has, in view of the admirable spirit of co-operation exhibited by most of the railway officials concerned, resulted in the almost com- plete elimination of friction in the administration of this feature of the Board’s requirements. Although minor modifications were made in both 1913 and 1914, the requirements as to lines in the four western provinces were, as a rule, closely similar to those prescribed in 1912. The organization. of this work did not extend to the east in that year. Letters prescribing patrols or other special measures to be taken in connection with railway fire protection were issued to the following railway companies in both 1913 and 1914: Canadian Pacific western lines, Canadian Pacific eastern lines, Canadian Northern, Canadian Northern Ontario, Canadian Northern Quebec, Grand Trunk Pacific, Grand Trunk, Great Northern, Victoria and Sidney, Esquimalt and Nanaimo, Kettle Valley, Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia, and Temiscouata. As to other lines, the issuance of special instructions to regular employees, under Regulation 14 of General Order No. 107, was considered sufficient. The Quebec and Lake St. John railway came under the Board’s jurisdiction in July, 1914, by virtue of the Canadian Northern Railway Guarantee Act. During the balance of the fire season of that year, the patrol requirements previously prescribed by the Quebec Public Utilities Commission were continued, under the authority of the Board. Pa BATE WAY FIRE STTPUATLION 21 From the beginning, the policy has been consistently followed of relieving the railway companies from the necessity of maintaining spe- cial patrols, so far as weather conditions rendered such action practi- cable. The extent to which this policy could be carried out naturally depended also, to some degree, upon the extent to which the railway companies had specially organized their fire protection work, so as to ensure the prompt resumption of patrols when the weather became dry. The handling of this patrol work constitutes an important feature of the activities of the local officers of the Board. As a rule, these officers maintained a close degree of co-operation with the local railway officials, thus securing a maximum of efficiency in fire protection at a minimum of cost to the companies. In order to show fully the degree of railway fire protection secured under the patrol requirements of the Board, the letter covering Cana- dian Northern lines in 1914 is quoted at length, with a summary of the measures required on other lines. The formal letter in each case contained substantially the same general provisions as those included in the Canadian Northern letter. The 1913 requirements are not quoted, since they differ only in minor details from the patrols pre- scribed in 1914. CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY PATROLS March 14, 1914. The Canadian Northern Railway, Mr. M. H. MacLeod, General Manager, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Dear sir — You are hereby notified that, in accordance with the provisions of General Order No 107 of the Board of Railway Commissioners, you are required to establish upon such portions of the Canadian Northern railway and of the lines under its control as are hereinafter described, a force of fire rangers fit and sufficient for efficient patrol and fire-fighting duty during the period from April Ist, 1914, to November Ist, 1914, except in so far as you may be relieved in writ- ing from such patrol by the Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board. The details of the patrols required are as follows, it being under- stood that unless otherwise specified, the patrol shall be continuous between the hours of seven in the morning and six in the evening of - each day, including Sundays, with a minimum patrol of one round trip per day. CENTRAL DIVISION Port Arthur, Atikokan, and North Lake Subdivisions—Between Port Arthur and Rainy River, Ont., 285.8 miles, and between Twin 22 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION City junction and North Lake, 56.4 miles, patrol shall be by the section sie track walkers, and watchmen; minimum of one round trip per ay. Rainy River Subdivision—Between International boundary and South junction, Man., 18.6 miles, one man with velocipede; this man shall also provide a patrol of two round trips per day over the gravel pit spur, approximately 1.5 miles in length. Between South junction and Carrick, 19.7 miles, one man with velocipede; special attention shall be paid the grades near Badger. Between Carrick and Marchand, 22.6 miles, one man with veloci- pede. Ridgeville Subdivision—Between Sundown and South junction, 24.7 miles, one man with velocipede. Oak Point Subdivision—Between St. James and Gypsumville, 156.7 miles, the patrol and fire-fighting work shall be a part of the regular duties of the section men, track walkers and watchmen. WESTERN DIVISION Swan River Subdivision—Between Ethelbert and Minitonas, 57.5 miles, three men with velocipedes, distributed as follows: Between Ethelbert and Pine River, 18.9 miles; between Pine River and Cowan, 18.1 miles; between Cowan and Minitonas, 20.5 miles. Erwood Subdivision—Between Bowsman and Hudson Bay junc- tion, Sask., 91.6 miles, four men with velocipedes; with approximately equal mileages. Prince Albert Subdivision—Between Hudson Bay junction and mileage 265 (between Osgoode and Tisdale), 65.3 miles, three men with velocipedes, with approximately equal mileages. Hudson Bay Subdivision—Between Hudson Bay and The Pas, 87.5 miles, four men with velocipedes, with approximately equal mileages. At the option of the Company, there may be substituted for the above two men with power speeders, one between Hudson Bay junction and Cantyre, 43 miles, and one between Cantyre and The Pas, 44.5 miles. Duck Lake Subdivision—Between Macdowall and the water tank at mileage 217, 11.6 miles, within The Pines forest reserve, one man with velocipede; minimum patrol of two round trips per day. Shellbrook and Crooked Lake Subdivisions—Between Prince Al- bert and Big River, four men with velocipedes, to be distributed as follows: Between Prince Albert and Holbein, 20.4 miles; between Holbein and McOwan, 22.7 miles; between McOwan and Eldred, 22.3 miles; between Eldred and Big River, 19.6 miles. Special attention is required with regard to logging engines. Athabaska Subdivision—Between Edmonton and Athabaska Land- ing, Alta., approximately 95 miles, patrol shall be maintained by the section men, track walkers and watchmen. Pe) RAEEW AY OFPEPRE STEUAT LON 23 LINES UNDER CONSTRUCTION Between St. Albert and the Pembina river, the patrol and fire~ fighting work shall be a part of the regular duties of the section men, track walkers and watchmen. Between Pembina river and McLeod river, approximately 64 miles, three men with velocipedes, with approximately equal mileages. Between McLeod river and the Jasper Park boundary, at con- struction mileage 190 (this point is coincident with the G. T. P. station at Dyke), approximately 61 miles, three men with velocipedes, with approximately equal mileages, Between the Jasper Park boundary at construction mileage 190, and Moose creek, at construction mileage 204.6, 14.6 miles, one man with velocipede. Between Moose creek and Jasper, approximately 30 miles, one man with power speeder, or two men with velocipedes, with approxi- mately equal mileages. Between Jasper and Yellowhead, 17 miles, one man with velocipede. INSPECTION For the efficient inspection of and general supervision over the work of the Company under General Order No. 107, with special reference to the patrols above specified, the following field officers have been appointed by the Board, with jurisdiction as indicated. EK. J. Zavitz, Provincial Fire Inspector, address, Lands Depart- ment, Toronto, Ontario: Central Division lines in Ontario. P. C. Barnard Hervey, Fire Inspector for Dominion Parks, address, -Parks Branch, Edmonton, Alta.: Lines within Jasper Park, which extends from a point approximately three miles west of Prairie Creek crossing to Yellowhead. FE. H. Finlayson, Fire Inspector, address, Forestry Branch, Customs Building, Winnipeg, Man.: All lines in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and all in Alberta, with the exception of lines within Jasper Park, above indicated as being under the jurisdiction of P. C. Barnard Hervey. Mr. Finlayson will be assisted by Thomas McNaughton, Divisional Fire Inspector. A number of other officials of the Dominion and Provincial Gov- - ernments have been appointed officers of the Board and will assist the above-named superior field officers in carrying on this work. The superior field officer in each case will notify the superintendent of your company of the name, title and jurisdiction of the subordinate field officer or officers responsible for the inspection of fire work in his district. GENERAL PROVISIONS So far as practicable, the work of patrol has been combined with the other regular duties of your employees, but, where this action has not been specifically indicated, the patrol force is to be a specially organ- ized and specially supervised body of men, who shall perform, to the 24 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION exclusion of other duties, the patrol and other fire-protective work indicated in the regulations of the Board and specified herein. In every case where special or section patrols are required special instructions must be issued and special supervision must be provided by the company. As a matter of record, velocipede and power speeder patrolmen passing telegraph stations shall be reported the same as passing trains, and such records shall be freely open to the inspection of any author- ized officer of the Board. Where there are no regular registering points for trains, registering points shall be established and each patrol- man shall be required to register in a small book placed at some con- venient point at or near each end of his beat. Each foot patrolman shall be equipped with one shovel and one canvas bucket. Each velocipede patrolman shall be equipped with two shovels, two canvas buckets and one axe. In addition to the above, and to the regular section equipment, there shall be stored at the tool- house for each section in each patrol district the following emergency fire-fighting equipment: one axe, three mattocks, and four buckets of not less than twelve quarts capacity each. Equipment for the trans- portation of patrolmen shall also be furnished by the company as indicated. The object sought to be obtained by the regulations of the Board and by the instructions issued under them, is the prevention of railway fires. It is desired to avoid, so far as possible, the imposition of unnecessary expense upon railway companies, and it is fully realized that the danger of fire will necessarily vary between wide limits during the long season prescribed by the regulations. There is no doubt that a very efficient system of fire patrol can be established at a minimum of expense if proper provision is made for increasing or decreasing the force as conditions may require or permit. To this end, an aver- age patrol force has been prescribed, with which to begin work, and the various fire inspectors appointed by the Board have authority to waive the requirements wholly or in part, from time to time, as may be practicable, it being understood that the company will immediately restore such patrol upon request of the Board’s representative. In order to make the system properly effective, it is essential also that your general superintendents be authorized and directed to fur- nish additional men for patrol work from time to time, as requested by the superior field officer of the Board having jurisdiction. It is essential also that the necessity be impressed upon your employees of complying in the utmost good faith with the provisions of Regulation 13 of General Order 107. In particular, sectionmen should be instructed that they must give the same attention to fire that they do to the safety of the track. On this basis, it is believed that further damage by railway fires can be very greatly reduced in the future, at a minimum of cost to the company. Yours very truly CLYDE LEAVITT Chief Fire Inspector, B.R.C. Die Ave WAY PLR E oS PUA TLON 25 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY (WESTERN LINES) MANrrosBaA DIVISION On the Fort William, Ignace and Kenora subdivisions, between Fort William and Whitemouth, 365.5 miles; on the Arborg subdivision, ‘between Teulon and Arborg, 36.7 miles; and on the Lac du Bonnet subdivision, between Molson and Lac du Bonnet, 21.5 miles, patrol by sectionmen; minimum of one round trip per day, including Sun- days. On the Lac du Bonnet subdivision, particular care shall be exercised after the passing of each train in the day time. On portions of the above lines where no trains are operated on Sundays, special Sunday patrol will not be required. ALBERTA DIVISION Laggan Subdivision—Seven men with velocipedes, to be distributed as follows: Between Bow River bridge at mileage 53.2 and Canmore, 14.1 miles; between Canmore and Bankhead, 12.2 miles; between Bankhead and mileage &9, 9.7 miles; between mileage 89 and Castle, 9.7 miles; between Castle and mileage 108, 9.8 miles; between mileage 108 and Laggan, 8.6 miles; between Laggan and Stephen, 5.9 miles. Minimum patrol, so far as possible, of two round trips per day, one in the forenoon and one in the afternoon. Between Stephen and Field, 14 miles, one man, to work on foot or ride on pushers, as may be most practicable; this patrol to be supplemented by tunnel watchmen and section crews. Crowsnest Subdivision—Between Burmis and Hillcrest, 5.4 miles, one foot patrolman, who may also be watchman or track walker. Be- tween Frank and Sentinel, 9.4 miles, one man with velocipede. Between Sentinel and Crowsnest, 5.3 miles, one foot patrolman, who- may also be track walker. Cranbrook Subdivision—Between Crowsnest and Loop tunnel at mileage 5.1, 5.1 miles, one foot patrolman. Between mileage 5.1 and Cranbrook, 93.9 miles, six men with velocipedes, distributed as follows: Between Loop tunnel at mileage 5.1 and Wardrop, 15.4 miles; between Wardrop and Fernie, 15.4 miles; between Fernie and Courier, 12.5 miles; between Courier and Jaffray, 18.5 miles; between: Jaffray and Tokay, 13.7 miles; between Tokay and Cranbrook, 18.4 miles. : Sirdar Subdivision—Between Cranbrook and Kootenay Landing, 83 miles, 5 men with velocipedes, as follows: Between Cranbrook: and Moyie, 19.8 miles; between Moyie and Yahk, 20.9 miles; be- 26 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tween Yahk and Kitchener, 14.7 miles; between Kitchener and Creston, 12.1 miles ; between Creston and Kootenay Landing, 15.5 miles. Kimberley Subdivision—Between Cranbrook and Marysville, Kim- berley and the end of the track, 21.2 miles, one man with velocipede, one round trip per day. An additional foot patrol shall be maintained between mileage 10 and 15, should such action become necessary in the judgment of the divisional fire inspector at Cranbrook. Waldo Subdivision—Between Caithness and the end of the track south of Waldo, approximately 10.7 miles, one man with velocipede, who shall also patrol the spur from branch line to Bain lake, a dis- tance of approximately 2.5 miles; to patrol thirty minutes after each train. Fort Steele Subdivision—Between Colvalli and Fort Steele, 23 miles, one man with velocipede, to patrol continuously. As new line is put under operation, an equivalent patrol shall be established and main- tained, as directed by the divisional fire inspector at Cranbrook. Kingsgate Subdivision—Between Yahk and Kingsgate, 10.5 miles, one man with velocipede. BritisH COLUMBIA DIVISION District No. 1 On the Mountain subdivision (between Field and Revelstoke, 130.3 miles), the Shuswap subdivision (between Revelstoke and Kam- loops, 129.1 miles), the Okanagan subdivision (between Sicamous and Okanagan Landing, 50.8 miles), and on the Arrow Lake subdivision (between Revelstoke and Arrowhead, 27.4 miles), patrol by section- men, track walkers, and watchmen, with a minimum patrol of one round trip per day, including Sundays. No special patrol is required between Chase and Kamloops on the Shuswap subdivision, and between Mara and Okanagan Landing on the Okanagan subdivision. The above is based on the assumption that oil will be used exclusively as locomotive fuel during the fire season, and that the right-of-way will be maintained in a condition free from inflammable material, as required by Section 297 of the Railway Act. Should either of these conditions not be fulfilled to the satisfaction of the fire inspector for the railway belt, or should additional fire hazards be found to exist on account of conditions resulting from tunnel construction or double tracking or main line diversions not adequately protected against fire by the above measures, such additional measures shall be taken by the company as shall be prescribed by the fire inspector for the railway belt. These additional measures may include any of the special meas- PB RAEI WwW AY OF ERE St ft UAT LON 27 ures relating to the above portion of the line enumerated in patrol letter to the company dated June 15, 1912. In particular, a special patrol shall be provided by the company, following thirty minutes after any coal-burning locomotive passing over any portion of District No. 1 in the daytime. District No. 2 Thompson Subdivision—Between Drynoch and North Bend, 42.3 miles, patrol by sectionmen, track walkers and watchmen; minimum of two round trips per day, including Sundays. Nicola Subdivision—Between the water tank at mileage 15 and Nicola, 32 miles, patrol by sectionmen, track-walkers and watchmen; minimum of two round trips per day, including Sundays. Cascade Subdivision—Between North Bend and Waleach, 53.4 miles, four men with velocipedes, distributed as follows: Between North Bend and mileage 14, 14 miles; between mileage 14 and Yale, 13.1 miles; between Yale and Hope, 13 miles; between Hope and Waleach, 13.3 miles. Whenever oil shall be used exclusively as locomotive fuel on any portion of the above lines, and satisfactory compliance with Section 297 of the Railway Act shall have been secured, relief will be granted in whole or in part from the above special requirements, upon appli- cation to the fire inspector for the railway belt. District No. 8 Procter Subdivision—Between Nelson and Procter, 20.4 miles, patrol by sectionmen, track-walkers and watchmen; minimum of one round trip per day. An additional patrol shall be made, following thirty minutes after each train running from Nelson to Procter in the day time. Lardo Subdivision—Between Lardo and Gerrard, 33.2 miles, one man with velocipede, to patrol thirty minutes after each train. Two patrolmen with velocipedes shall be substituted for the above should such action at any time become necessary, in the judgment of the divisional fire inspector at Nelson. Boundary Subdivision—Between Nelson and Castlegar, 25.7 miles, patrol by sectionmen, track-walkers and watchmen; minimum of one round trip per day. Between Castlegar and Shields, 13.3 miles, one man with velocipede. Between Shields and mileage 41.8, 2.8 miles, one foot patrolman, who may also be bridge watchman. Between mileage 41.8 and mileage 50, 8.2 miles, one foot patrolman. Between mileage 50 and mileage 55, 5 miles, one man with velocipede, who may 28 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION also be bridge watchman. Between mileage 55 and Paulson, 7.4 miles,. one foot patrolman. Between Paulson and Coryell, 4 miles, one man with velocipede, who may also be bridge watchman. Between Coryell and mileage 74, 7.6 miles, one foot patrolman. Between mileage 74 and Cascade, 7.9 miles, one foot patrolman. Between Cascade and mileage 92.3, 10.4 miles, one man with velocipede. Between mileage 92.3 and Grand Forks, 2.5 miles, one foot patrolman, who may also be bridge watchman. Between Grand Forks and Fisherman, 5.6 miles, one man with velocipede, who may also be bridge watchman. Between Fisherman and Eholt, 8.4 miles, one foot patrolman. Between Eholt and Greenwood, 8.5 miles, one man with velocipede. Between Green- wood and Midway, 9.3 miles, one man with velocipede. Between Greenwood and Mother Lode Mine, 6.3 miles, one foot patrolman, who may also be bridge watchman. Between East Granby and Granby Smelter, 2.2 miles, one foot patrolman, who may also be bridge watch- man. Slocan Subdivision—Between South Slocan and Perry, 23.4 miles, one man with velocipede to patrol thirty minutes after each train. Between Perry and Slocan City, 7.9 miles, patrol by sectionmen and other regular employees, with a minimum of one round trip per day, to follow as closely as possible thirty minutes after each train passing over the line in the day time. Phoenix Subdivision—Between Eholt and Athelston, 5.5 miles, and between Coltern and B.C. Mines, 2.4 miles, total 8 miles, one foot patrolman. Between Reffek and Athelston, 3.1 miles, and between Athelston and Phoenix, 4.2 miles, total 7.3 miles, one foot patrolman. Rossland Subdivision—Between Castlegar junction and Smelter junction, 18.7 miles, one man with velocipede. Between Smelter junction and Rossland, 10.6 miles, one foot patrolman. An additional foot patrolman shall be assigned should such action become necessary at any time in the judgment of the divisional fire inspector at Nelson. Nakusp Subdivision—Between Nakusp and Sandon, 40.7 miles, three men with velocipedes to patrol thirty minutes after each train, as follows: Between Nakusp and Summit Lake, 12.7 miles; between Summit Lake and Rosebery, 15.7 miles ; between Rosebery and Sandon, 12.3 miles. . Kaslo Subdivision—Between Three Forks and Kaslo, approximately 25 miles, one man with power speeder. NK. 69732 Stem TANK CAR CONSTRUCTED BY THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY For use in extinguishing forest fires along the railway line between Ottawa and Depot Harbour, Ontario, with especial reference to the protection of Algonquin Park. THE ABOVE TANK CAR BEING TESTED The pressure is furnished by the locomotive which moves the car from place to place. From one to four streams of water can be thrown at once. Extra lengths of hose enable fires to be extinguished at a distance from the track. The railways have greatly improved the efficiency of their fire protection work. EEA WAY eR DRE (Si? PATTON 29 LinES UNDER CONSTRUCTION Kootenay Central Between Golden and mileage 9 south, 9 miles, one man with veloci- pede, to patrol thirty minutes after each train running over the dine in the day time. Between Fort Steele and the southern boundary of the railway belt, -one patrolman on foot or horseback for each ten miles of the line under construction; provided, however, that if a co-operative agree- ‘ment shall be entered into between the company and the Lands Depart- ment of the province of British Columbia, whereby the patrol along ‘this portion of the line is to be handled by said Department of Lands, ‘such arrangement shall be considered a satisfactory substitute for the ‘special patrols above enumerated. Under the preceding requirement, an arrangement was entered into ‘between the railway company and the provincial Department of Lands, ‘by which the following system of patrols was maintained along the ‘line under construction between Fort Steele and Spillimacheen, 104 miles: Between Fort Steele and Skookumchuck, 24 miles, one patrol- ‘man with hand speeder; between Skookumchuck and Canal Flats, 23 ‘miles, one mounted patrolman; between Canal Flats and Goldie Creek, 25 miles, one mounted patrolman; between Goldie Creek and Edge- ~water, 18 miles, one mounted patrolman; between Edgewater and ‘Spillamacheen, 20 miles, one patrolman on hand speeder. As soon as ‘track laying was completed, the mounted patrols were replaced by speeder patrolman with approximately same mileage to patrol. As a result of conferences between representatives of the railway ~company and the fire inspection staff of the Board in the field, power speeder patrols were substituted early in the season for nearly all of the velocipede patrols prescribed in the above letter for the Laggan, ‘Cranbrook and Sirdar subdivisions of the Alberta division, and the Procter, Lardo, Slocan, Boundary, Phoenix, Rossland, Nakusp, ‘Sandon and Kaslo subdivisions of the British Columbia division. GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC RAILWAY LAKE SUPERIOR DIVISION Between Dona, Ont., and the Ontario-Manitoba boundary, 331.2 aniles, special patrol by the section force and other regular employees, ~with a minimum of one round trip per day. The work of these men ‘shall be supervised by a competent man, with power speeder, who 30 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION shall devote his whole time to the supervision and inspection of the patrol and other fire protective work of the section crews. Between the Ontario-Manitoba boundary and Elma, Man., 35 miles, one man with power speeder. MountTAIN DIVISION Between Edmonton and Entwistle, Alberta, 66.1 miles, section patrol. Between Entwistle and Peers, 43.6 miles, one man with power speeder. On the Alberta Coal Branch, three men with power speeders as fol- lows: Between Bickerdike and Coalspur, 37 miles; between Coalspur- and Lovett, 19.5 miles; and between Coalspur and Mountain Park, approximately 30 miles. Between Peers and Galloway, 39.7 miles, one man with power speeder; between Galloway and Dyke, 40.8 miles, one man with power speeder ; between Dyke and Pocahontas, 18 miles, one man with veloci- pede; between Pocahontas and Jasper, 26 miles, one man with power speeder; between Jasper and Yellowhead, 17 miles, one man with: velocipede. Between Yellowhead and Shelley, B.C., 225.3 miles, five men with: power speeders, as follows: Between Yellowhead and Albreda, 44.8. miles; between Albreda and McBride, 45.4 miles; between McBride and Kidd, 50.8 miles; between Kidd and Dewey, 40.4 miles; between. Dewey and Shelley, 43.9 miles. Between Shelley and the end of steel,. as it is laid in a westerly direction, an equivalent patrol shall be main- tained, as directed by the divisional fire inspector having jurisdiction. Between the end of steel which is being laid westerly from Prince George, and the end of steel which is being laid easterly from Words- worth, one foot patrolman shall be assigned for each ten miles of the line under construction: provided, however, that if a co-operative agreement shall be entered into between the company and the Lands Department of the Province of British Columbia, whereby the patrol along this portion of the line is to be handled by said Department of Lands, such arrangement shall be considered a satisfactory substitute: for the special patrols above enumerated. As track-laying is completed on the two portions of the line between: Shelley and Rose Lake, power speeder patrols shall be established by the company, on the basis of one man for each 40 to 50 miles of track, ~ as directed by the divisional fire inspector having jurisdiction. Between Rose Lake and Amsbury, 215.3 miles, four men with: power speeders, as follows: Between Rose Lake and Knockholt, 55.6 miles; between Knockholt and Beament, 50.1 miles; between Beament. THE RAILWAY FIRE SITUATION 3k and Cedarvale, 54.2 miles; between Cedarvale and Amsbury, 55.4 miles. Between Amsbury and Prince Rupert, 85 miles, patrol by sectionmen, track-walkers and watchmen. GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY (BRITISH COLUMBIA) CascaDE Division (O1L, FUEL) Between Vancouver and the International boundary, 36.2 miles; between Guichon and the International boundary via Cloverdale, 46.5 miles; between Fraser River junction and Hazelmere, 20.3 miles; and between Kilgard and Abbottsford, 5 miles; patrol by sectionmen, track- walkers and watchmen. Should coal fuel be used, special patrol to follow twenty minutes after each train. Marcus Division Second District—Between Waneta and Troup junction, 54.2 miles, two men with power speeders. Third District—Between Laurier and Grand Forks, 14.4 miles, one man with power speeder; between the International boundary at mile- age 66 near Midway and the International boundary at mileage 95.3 near Bridesville, 29.3 miles, one man with power speeder supplemented by sectionmen if necessary. Fifth District—Between Rossland and mileage 12.3, 5 miles, one foct patrolman; between mileage 12.3 and Paterson, 3.9 miles, one foot patrolman. Sixth District—Between Grand Forks and Phoenix, 23.8 miles, patrol as follows: Between Spencer and mileage 11, 4.4 miles, special section patrol to follow all trains; between mileage 11 and mileage 15, 4 miles, one foot patrolman; between mileage 15 and mileage 19.5, 4.5 miles, one foot patrolman; between mileage 19.5 and Phoenix, 4.3 miles, one foot patrolman. Seventh District—Between Chopaka and Coalmont, 69.9 miles, one man with power speeder. On the line under construction between Coalmont and Otter Summit, approximately 32 miles, three foot patrol- men with approximately equal mileages. On the completion of this line, such power speeder patrols shall be established as shall be pre- scribed by the district fire inspector. KALISPELL DIVISION Between Michel and the International boundary at mileage 72.67, near Gateway, 72.67 miles, three men with power speeders as follows: 32 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Between Michel and Fernie, 20.9 miles; between Fernie and Mott, 23.77 miles; between Mott and the International boundary near Gate- way, 26 miles. SPOKANE DIvISION Between Port Hill and Wynndel, 12.1 miles, special section patrol to follow twenty minutes after each train. KETTLE VALLEY RAILWAY (BRITISH COLUMBIA) Between International boundary and Lynch Creek, approximately 24 miles, section patrol; between Midway and Carmi, approximately 46 miles, section patrol; between Carmi and Hydraulic summit, approximately 30 miles, two foot patrolmen with equal mileage; between Hydraulic summit and Cafion creek, 11 miles, one foot patrolman. As soon as track is ballasted between Carmi and Cafion creek, 41 miles, the patrols specified for this part of the line shall be replaced by one foot patrolman between Carmi and Arlington lake, approxi- mately 10 miles, the balance of the section, that is, between Arlington lake and Cafion creek, approximately 31 miles, to be patrolled by sectionmen. Between Cafion creek and Sawmill creek, 11 miles, one foot patrolman; between Sawmill creek and the Jong tunnel at mile 104 west of Midway, approximately 15 miles, one foot patrolman, to be replaced by section patrol when track laid and ballasted to Sawmill creek. Between the long tunnel at mile 104 west of Midway and Penticton, approximately 20.5 miles, patrol by sectionmen; between Penticton and Osprey lake, approximately 39 miles, patrol by sec- tionmen; between Osprey lake and Christina creek, approximately 20 miles, patrol by two foot patrolmen with equal mileages; between Merritt and Otter Summit, approximately 30 miles, patrol by sectionmen. Power speeder shall follow twenty minutes after all trains over operated portions. Between Coquihalla summit and Hope, approxi- mately 35 miles, two mounted patrolmen, patrol to be carried on con- tinuously between Hope and the summit. Patrols to be divided as follows: One man between Hope and Boston Bar creek and one man between Boston Bar creek and Coquihalla summit. ESQUIMALT AND NANAIMO RAILWAY (VANCOUVER ISLAND, B.C.) As oil fuel is used on the locomotives of this line, it is deemed unnecessary to prescribe special patrols. In view, however, of the SHE RAILWAY FIRE SITUATION 33 existence of other sources of railway fire danger than sparks from the locomotive stacks, it is considered necessary to require that you provide a patrol of not less than one round trip per day over the various por- tions of your line, through the sectionmen or other regular employees. This requirement shall include the line between McBride junction and Courtenay, 45 miles, as soon as this line shall be placed under operation. Should any coal burning engine be operated over any portion of your line, a special patrol following thirty minutes after such engine shall be provided. VICTORIA AND SIDNEY RAILWAY (VANCOUVER ISLAND, B.C.) The requirement with regard to the establishment of a specially organized force of employees, who shall devote all, or a considerable portion of their time to fire protection work, is waived, on the basis of the performance by the company of the following requirements : Between Victoria and Royal Oak, 5.5 miles, no special patrol will be necessary. Between Royal Oak and Sidney, 12.7 miles, two patrols each day by sectionmen or other employees to be designated by company. Locomotives to be equipped with 150 feet of one-inch hose, with facilities for attaching to injector feed pipe. Engineers to watch out for fires along track, train crews to extin- guish fire discovered if possible; if not possible for train crew to extinguish, to stop and notify nearest section foreman, who shall immediately proceed to fire. The company shall make arrangements with the city water station at Elk Lake, and with persons having telephone service at Keating, Saanichton, at Basin Bay Brick Co., and with James A. Johns, and with a resident in the vicinity of Elk Lake, under which arrangement the section foreman or the Victoria office of the company will be notified immediately of any fire discovered burning along the right-of-way. EDMONTON, DUNVEGAN AND BRITISH COLUMBIA RAILWAY (ALBERTA) Between Edmonton and mileage 65, 65 miles, patrol by sectionmen. Between mileage 65 and Athabaska Crossing, 65 miles, three men with velocipedes with approximately equal mileage. As the steel is laid westward from Athabaska Crossing, an equivalent velocipede patrol shall be established and maintained by the company. . Between the end of steel and the western limit of construction work, one special patrolman shall be assigned for each 15 miles of the right-of-way through forest country upon which construction work is 3—c. ¢. 34 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION being carried on. ‘These patrolmen shall so far as possible be mounted, but where this action is not practicable a foot patrol shall be maintained. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY (EASTERN LINES) ATLANTIC DIVISION Bay Shore Subdivision—Between St. John and St. Stephen, 83.7 miles, special patrol by sectionmen, or by special patrolmen at option of company. Fredericton Subdivision—Between Fredericton Junction and Fredericton, 22.15 miles, one man with velocipede. St. Andrews Subdivision—Between Watt junction and Chamcook, 23.11 miles, patrol by sectionmen. St. Stephen Subdivision—Between McAdam junction and St. Stephen, 33.91 miles, one man with power speeder. Woodstock Subdivision—Between McAdam junction and Canter- bury, 22.47 miles, one man with power speeder. Tobique Subdivision—Between Perth Junction and Plaster Rock, 27.49 miles, one man with velocipede. Gibson Subdivision—Between Newburg and Millville, 20.63 miles, and between Millville and Keswick, 26.59 miles, one man with power speeder. LINES IN QUEBEC Moosehead Subdivision—Between Boundary and Megantic, 16.26 miles, one man with velocipede. EASTERN DIvIsION Megantic Subdivision—Between Megantic and Scotstown, 25.00: miles, one man with velocipede. Laurentian Subdivision—Between Nomining and Mont Laurier, 34.47 miles, two men with velocipedes with approximately equal mileages. Waltham Subdivision—Between Davidson and Fort Coulonge, 1.94 miles, patrol by sectionmen. Timiskaming Subdivision—Between Mattawa and Timiskaming, 37.5 miles, two men with velocipedes. Kipawa Subdivision—Between Timiskaming and Kipawa, 10.5 miles, one patrolman. PEE ALTE WAY PURE Slr UATILON 35 GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY Province of Quebec—Between Lyster and Methot Mills, 17.84 miles, one man with velocipede; between Walker’s Cutting and St. Gregoire, 26.75 miles, patrol by track-walkers and other employees of the company. Province of Ontario—Between Pembroke and Depot Harbour, 199.79 miles, and between Washago and North Bay, 128.7 miles, patrol by sectionmen. CANADIAN NORTHERN ONTARIO RAILWAY Between Sudbury and Severn River, 153.6 miles, and between Sud- bury and Ruel, 70.9 miles, patrol by sectionmen. CANADIAN NORTHERN QUEBEC RAILWAY Between Arundel and St. Sauveur, 20 miles, two men with power speeder, to make two round trips per day, once in the forenoon and once in the afternoon. This patrol to be made only on week days unless trains shall be run over the line in the day time on Sundays, in which event the company shall provide a special patrol following each train. Between Riviére-a-Pierre and Hervey junction, 21 miles, two men with velocipedes, to make a minimum patrol of two round trips per day, including Sundays, once in the forenoon and once in the afternoon. TEMISCOUATA RAILWAY Between Whitworth and Ste. Rose, Que., 44.2 miles, special section patrol following all trains, with minimum patrol of two round trips. per day. On the balance of the line in Quebec and New Brunswick, the issuance of special instructions to employees will be considered satisfactory. VELOCIPEDE vs. POWER SPEEDER PATROLS There has been considerable discussion as to whether, everything considered, the best results are secured by equipping special patrol- men with track velocipedes or with power speeders. In the first case, using a velocipede, the patrolman must furnish his own motive power, by pumping the machine, and can, on an aver- age, cover a beat of about twenty miles of track, making one round trip per day, or about ten miles if two round trips are required. In the second case, using a power speeder, the motive power is a gasolene engine, and the patrolman can, on an average, 36 COMMISSION. OF CONSERVATION cover at least twice as much mileage as a velocipede patrolman. This would be about forty miles of track, where one round trip per day is to be made, or twenty miles, where two round trips are required. Patrol by men with velocipedes is preferred by the Canadian Northern railway, on the basis of both efficiency and economy. It is argued that velocipede patrols. are much more reliable, since the machines do not get out of order, as is frequently the case with power speeders. At the relatively low rate of wages paid patrolmen, it is often very difficult to secure men with sufficient mechanical ability to keep power speeders in running order, and the interruption of a patrol at a critical time in the dry season may result in a fire doing more dam- age than the total cost of all patrols for many years. It is argued, further, that without a gasolene engine on which to spend his time in making adjustments and repairs, the velocipede patrolman can put in about half of his time during the fire season in clearing up bad places along the right-of-way, thus reducing the actual cost of fire patrol to a lower figure than is practicable in the case of the power speeder patrolman. The fire inspector for the Canadian Northern railway maintains that, when the above points are fully considered, and the first cost and annual depreciation of velocipedes and power speeders compared, the velocipede patrol is cheaper in the long run, where the grades are not too heavy to make such action impracticable. On the other hand, there has been a strong tendency toward the use of power speeders on the Great Northern, Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk Pacific railways, and their use has in general been approved by the British Columbia Forest Branch, notwithstanding some individual instances of failure due to the engine getting out of order. The following extracts from a report by W. C. Gladwin, Assistant Provincial Fire Inspector for British Columbia, are of interest in this connection: The most essential points in favour of power speeder patrol are these: First, a patrolman on a power speeder can keep within fifteen to twenty minutes of the train he is following, whether the grades are heavy or easy. He can carry tools to extinguish a fire that would equip four men and can carry a chemical fire extinguisher on his machine. Second, if he discovers a fire that is too large for him to extin- guish he can get quickly to where he can get help, and can carry two or three men besides himself back to the fire. This done quickly means everything in fire-fighting. Third, he can cover and patrol more efficiently a district two or three times larger than a hand speeder patrolman can, and not be nearly so fatigued. i ee The following extracts from other reports by Mr. Gladwin throw additional light upon both advantages and disadvantages of RAILWAY FIRE PATROLMAN WITH VELOCIPEDE One man can in this way patrol about twenty miles of track, making one round trip per day, or ten miles of track if two round trips per day are required. RAILWAY FIRE PATROLMEN WITH POWER SPEEDER Such a patrol can cover about 40 miles of track, making one round trip per day, or 20 miles making two round trips. Ordinarily, these patrols are handled by one man, though in some cases two men work together as shown here. THE RAILWAY FIRE "SITUATION 37. power speeder patrols, as carried out during 1914 in southern British Columbia : Great Northern Power speeder patrolmen not capable, and unable to Railway keep speeder in repair. Example :—August 1, speeder broke down. Patrolman stayed at Elko all ‘day, the worst day for fires in four years. The northbound passenger started six fires between Baynes and Elko. They had to be looked after by Forest Branch officials. The next day the town of Elko was threatened, costing the Forest Branch several hundred dollars to control it. In the early period of the dry season, a power speeder patrol can properly look after twenty-five to forty miles of track. As the danger increases, extra special foot patrolmen or hand speeder patrolmen should be placed in the most dangerous sections, supplemented again, as the hazard increases, by patrolmen sent out from section crews to inspect the most dangerous spots in their sections where a fire would probably start. Some days, when fires seem to start by the least little cause, a foot patrolman to every mile would pay in the long run. When their speeders broke down and it was neglected to send a man out from the section crews, any fires that were started by sparks from locomotives did damage and generally cost a considerable sum to put out. Incident:—May 22, a fire was started on the right-of-way between Salmo and Ymir by passing freight train. The power speeder was broken and patrolman did not follow this train. The section fore- man neglected to send out foot patrol from his crew to follow this freight. The patrolman following the passenger train some hours after discovered the fire and the result was that two section gangs and two Forest Branch officials worked ten hours to extinguish it. Arrangements were also made that, in case the patrolman on power speeder did not appear within his time, the patrol was taken up by a man from the section crew who would follow the train.. This was effective. Another system they tried out proved effective. The patrolman on power speeder in a dangerous country for fires would, as he came to a section crew, take one of them with him, and if a fire was dis- covered he would put the sectionman off to put it out. If no fires were discovered, he would carry this man to the section boundary and drop him off, and he would walk back to his crew, and so on with each section crew, making practically a double check. This system they intend to adopt next season. From Chopaka to Princeton, the power speeder patrol did not prove effective owing to the machine breaking down frequently. Whether this was the fault of not having a practical man in charge or not, is not known. Fires were started by locomotives and were not properly attended to by the employees of the company, causing consid- erable damage to standing timber. The engines were properly equipped with fire protective appliances, and were inspected frequently. The situation got so grave that the railway company put on an oil-burning locomotive, and no fires were started afterwards. 38 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Pais Patrols were well maintained and relief granted when Pacific Railway and where necessary. The patrolmen equipped with power speeders demonstrated that they could take care of a much larger section, and give more efficiency than patrol- ‘men equipped with hand speeders, giving forty miles of a patrol and «close inspection where the grades are easy and danger from fire not ‘great. Also that the patrol should follow all trains not later than twenty minutes. Fires inside that time would not as a general rule be beyond control. Results show that during a season that is not counted as extra dangerous a power speeder patrolman can effectively cover a patrol of thirty-five miles in length, going a round trip per day. During a spell of weather when the danger of fire is great, experience shows that the patrol should be doubled and all trains during the daytime followed as close as ten to fifteen minutes. On one occasion the company had forty men on the fire exactly twenty minutes after the train that started the fire had passed. Conditions were so dry and dangerous that the fire had spread beyond control. It was also found necessary to put on, besides the extra power speeder patrol, a foot patrolman to watch extra dangerous localities. This proved effective. When patrolman followed trains within the prescribed time the patrol proved good, but when behind time more than thirty minutes, fires got away beyond control. Two destructive fires reported as origi- nating from sparks from locomotives got beyond control, costing large amount to control them. Estimated damage, $90,000. At present the cause of these fires is disputed by the railway company. Kettle Valley Excellent co-operation and results were secured from Railway this company during construction. A great part of this line is built through splendid timber. The right- of-way was cleared and burned properly, and, although this is in the dry belt, no fires escaped from the right-of-way clearing, which fur- nishes a splendid example of what can be done by a close and rigid inspection. Another aspect of this railway building is that this line passes through the watersheds of four large irrigation systems, and, owing to the very close patrol supervision, not an acre was burned over, although the danger from camp fires of men looking for work was very great. SUMMARY OF FrrE REPORTS The fire season of 1913 was marked by relative freedom from serious fires, on account of the generally satisfactory distribution of rain. However, the season of 1914 was the most serious in many years in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia and in the western portion of Quebec, dry spells of almost unprecedented severity occur- ring in both spring and autumn. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the eastern half of Quebec the climatic conditions were such that very THE RAILWAY FIRE SITUATION 39 little trouble from fire was experienced. The losses caused by fire over the whole Dominion were considerable, and there is no doubt that the losses along railway lines would have been very much greater had it not been for the preventive measures taken by the railways and by the Dominion and provincial agencies co-operating with them. The accompanying statements show all the information available with regard to fires in forest sections, originating within 300 feet of railway tracks, during the seasons of 1913 and 1914. Many incipient fires were extinguished in both years, of which the record is incomplete. Figures are not available as to fires in agricultural sections. The information available as to the situation in eastern Canada in 1913 is very much less satisfactory than that relating to the west, partly on account of delay in organizing the eastern work in that year, and partly on account of insufficient inspection having been provided by the provincial governments which have co-operated with the Board. On account of incomplete organization in Ontario, it was not practt- cable to secure information relative to some of the fires which occurred during that year, particularly in the Muskoka section. ‘This situation was greatly improved in 1914, and promises to be very efficiently handled during 1915. In general, it may safely be stated that the results which have been secured from the co-operative handling of the railway fire-protection work have been admirable. The occurrence and spread of railway fires has, beyond the possibility of a doubt, been greatly reduced. There is every reason to believe that the efficiency of the work will be still further increased during the coming year, through the extension and increased efficiency of the inspection staffs to be made available by the various co-operating agencies, especially in eastern Canada. For the most part, full credit must be given the railways for the fine attitude they have shown toward the work of the fire inspection department, and for their very general endeavor to comply honestly with the various requirements. It is reported that, in 1913, no-fires originated within 300 feet of the track in the case of the following railways: White Pass and Yukon, Esquimalt and Nanaimo, Atlantic, Quebec and Western, Quebec Oriental, Rutland, Temiscouata, Central Railway of Canada, Western Canada Power Company. On account of incomplete organization at that time, no information is available as to the fire situation in 1913 along the following lines, which operate at least in part through forest sections: Algoma Cen- tral and Hudson Bay, Algoma Eastern, Central Ontario, Dominion Atlantic, Elgin and Havelock, Moncton and Buctouche, St. Martins, 40 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Cumberland Railway and Coal Company. Fairly satisfactory informa- tion was, however, secured during 1914, as to these lines. No fires were reported during 1914 as originating within 300 feet of the track, along the Quebec Oriental, Atlantic, Quebec and Western, Quebec, Montreal and Southern, and Salisbury and Albert railways. The following lines do not operate to any material extent through forest sections and fire statistics have accordingly not been secured: Bay of Quinte, Brockville, Westport and Northwestern, Klondike Mines, Michigan Central, Ottawa and New York, Pere Marquette, Schomberg and Aurora, Thousand Islands, Oshawa, Toronto, Hamil- ton and Buffalo, Wabash, Essex Terminal. L8S*OFS|*** "| FIOSPS ZPP OTS! * "| FIOSFS eeee ee ee eeee 016 ‘94 eeee eoee cee ‘ez$ eevee eeee i ea OS | 2°" SIT PR Sa Fe Sv6 € oe 86°61 | OF | °°°° 697 Ut on LL t G Ie fatetes|(arateners 06 I 3006 OF I EYerers S9¢ G ae 602 8 GP a S |ea sd = A |S Nene eo Q |9 isp Oo, |PANoe = |os'Oo E eee a) oS (e) yy) (2! (e) a Sens 77) eo oo Lae ee ee ee ee eoee eoee 098 ‘F$ 986°E L68°€ 68 yuniy purely 098 FS! ‘uOyNA pue sseg oY pure “omOog epeurd UsloisaA\ ‘YOOTIARFT pue uUls[y UO pojiodei1 say ON ‘SABMIILI JIoqTy pue Ainqsyes pure [vijued) suey “OUI, PUL WOJSOG PY} 1OF SO14SIVVIS SopNjoUL UUIM]OS sty ft ‘OUNIRULNY pue }eUMbDsyY sopnpouy,. SzF os SzP ‘ot daqeng~ | U1Oy}ION uerpeues) Ore‘ I$ ee ee ee ee eee OPS" I$ PSE ‘T PSE ‘T eeee O1IejUuQ UIOYIION ueIpeurs) 026 ‘01S 026 °0T$ LES‘ ST eevee eeee LEE ‘ST eee &P (soury Usteqseq ) oyloeg uvipeue) OZL$ 0094 OTs Ste SOE OV WwW eIquinjod ys: -Jlig pue uersoa -unqg ‘uouOoWpy sors eoee SOTS LI ATLA 21379 org NN SoD co | UISYJION jeolr) | NON 00s ‘OTs 000*S$ 00g *s$ P99'T ST 00S GIT‘T TE oyIoeg yunI puesr) | O18‘ TS cere eeee 00a‘ 14 OT9$ 0cE OP Sc 9GT 6cT UIIYIION ueipeues) ost eeee ee ee eevee x (SOUrT U124S9 (A ) oyldeg ueipeues Ce Cc [eqOL, (/) TSS COMODO C0 aAoqe Ut pao -A0D jou Ajtodoid oayeatid s9yIO (2) nay ver eseerueseesss AQgR UL pataAod you Ajytadoid Avmyrey (Pp) ae ecto ‘see eeeSees oomagemUelt jo ssos0id ur sjonpoid yso104q (2) Cece eee reese Joquiry Surpurys (q) Ce Ce eee eee YMo1s SunO X (0) :posorjsop Ajtodo1d Jo one, eee ee oe eee ee we Ce ey [P10 (2) eee ee ee we ee ee wee eee eee . SUI DeOeOrOn Oe eoreeeeee pur] Joquir 7 (2) Rape Se ""** YGMOIS Jsotoy Sunox (q@) "soe ts ss DURT poyVAly[N 10 sseiry (Dv) > ABM-JO -JYSI1.9pisyno sory Aq DAO pouing sa1sy tem em emcee eens s cee ne poy10da1 JON (2) CC i eC Ce ec cry uMouyUy:) (P) sreeeeeceesssosnes UMOUY JIC (I) “"** sory dures pue “ojo ‘sdure1y, (q@) St } SUTeI T, (?) :So1y JO sasney set tsssesssyery JO Joog QOE UTyITA Surjiejs se pozioder samy jo s1oqumny E16] JO UOSeaG ‘epeULD JO} sIOUOISSTUIUIOD ABMIIEY JO preOg sy} JO uOTOIpstinf ayy 0} yoalqng soury AeMiey UO YORI], JO 399f OVE UIYIM BUTJEUISIIO SUOT}Iag jS9IO UT Soy UO Ss}Ioday jo Ayeuruins ~~ vs, Te. J OLL‘T6I '92I |6€ |THE |090‘S6 [69T‘Z |9ZE‘TT \2PS‘OT |ssz |pzb‘oT js9z‘8 |zeB‘oE |ses‘zt |(P snid 9 snjd q snjd v) tore [ejoL (a) 6Ir'éz jt |TE [OPE [28T séz‘b |sPs*s iT OTT |L6F €ZE°S |EZL‘E LZ20°9 |SuLpo}sat JOU UING PO JO Buryselsg (p) SOP LOT jo is KE G0Z‘89 |S62‘T |2Ib°h |T2r’L [SS |9ST'PT |TST |PROCTT | 922 eed eee a ee) ozes'6h |ZIT |*’*"|"°*" |Z69°FS \ZBE°L |PIT'S |OOT 2 iS2 (08 289'Z |EZ6B‘IT | TOS‘ [otc ts tots’ YRMOIB ysor0y Bunox (q GLE TL 1 vie a ee oSe Los'T |020*T \ét |TPZ°T \28 Corl ‘th T28‘T |*tsttetsss** puel peqyeAnino JO sserr) (0 :YOVAZ FO JOE OOE ut “YUM Surjeursi10 sory Aq J9AO pouing saixy °¢ Les G OF 9 Tg £9 ta oo ale ST bP 6P UMOUYUN St 9SNVI YOIYM JO saly JO JOQUINN “fF 91 seeeleeeely ¢ veee S cane I I sree Ig seve Sree e es see Saray TSS EO) WMOUM elit) 3 29 gra are) (ufatenlltennieron lls, 0/5) ¢ a een rot LT 6I p Meek sor ‘BUIIEII) S49[119S q) IST I veeele ree |e oT 0s es It 02 9 1S Teebwaiintune dwuvs pur siayjaavsy aoyjo ‘sdureiy, (?) :sasnvo Aq soiy ABMIIVA ULY} J9YIO JO JOquINN “¢ S eeeclevee|seee eeee eeee eves eeee maga ir Z Z eeee diay t) ‘soursua Aa uop ‘sjaAoys weays (2) LL eeeeleceelseee ¢ Il Ze seer ¢ seer Il OF b Pe ee soakoydua AUMIIVI JO VUdsZou 10 ssoussajaivyg (4) 6c8 St |? I iL os L8 006 yp OTT 19 L9 622 "++ (suvdyse puv syivuds) darjouros0'y (7) :sasneo Aq saty ABMIIVI FO JOGUNN "Z ore ile jot 8 Lo 08 906 OSG Lt /9tt 96 SOT LTE ‘pakorsop Ay10dord fo ganyeA ‘9 44 COMMISSION OF-CONSERVATION ; There has been very satisfactory compliance by rail- Instructions : : : 5 to Railway way companies with the Board’s requirements for the Employees issuance of instructions to employees relative to the reporting and extinguishing of fires along railway lines. The form of instructions issued follows closely, in most cases, the draft prepared by the Board and submitted to the railways for their consideration. While undoubtedly these instructions have not been strictly observed in all cases, their issuance has unquestionably improved the railway fire situation very materially, and this improvement may be expected to continue. An example of such instructions may be seen at page 70 of this report. Inspection of | The inspection of fire-protective appliances on loco- Fire Protective : : enh tg: One : Appliances motives is under the jurisdiction of the operating department of the Board. However, during 1913 and 1914, 28 local officials of the fire inspection department were instructed in this work, in co-operation with the operating department. This. makes a total of 33 of the local fire inspectors in this department who- have been so instructed. The services of these men in connection with this line of work are especially valuable as to railway lines under con- struction, and the more remote branches of railways in forest sections,. since they supplement materially the regular inspections by operating department officials. eae ie Oil fuel is in exclusive use on 477 miles of the Cana- Fuel dian Pacific railway, on 134 miles of the Esquimalt and” Nanaimo railway, and on 115 miles of the Great. Northern railway, a total of 726 miles, all in British Columbia. In no: case has a definite report been submitted of a fire caused by an oil- burning engine in Canada. The Grand Trunk Pacific railway has. announced that during the spring and early summer of 1915, oil- burning engines will be installed on that portion of its lines in British: Columbia and Alberta between Prince Rupert and Jasper, a distance of 718 miles. It is expected that this action will materially decrease the danger of fire along this portion of the line. The use of oil fuel is. purely voluntary with the railways, and its adoption is dictated alto- gether by business considerations. During the past two years, complaints have been received by the- Board as to fire danger resulting from the use as locomotive fuel of certain classes of western coals. In order to secure expressions of opinion from all concerned, the Board issued Circular No. 141, under . date of January 25, 1915, containing the suggestion that it might be- DERE JeATE WAY, PIRE SLTUATION 45 considered advisable to require a different kind of spark-arresting device, on engines using such coals, than the standard screen prescribed in Regulation 2 of General Order No. 107. The replies received indicated the need for further investigation, and, as a result, the situa- tion will be carefully studied during the coming year, in the hope that some solution of the problem may be found that will cause the least possible hardship to all the interests affected. Both the Commission of Conservation and the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines are co-operating in the investigation, the latter having assisted materially by making a number of analyses of samples of coal from the mines in question. : It is fully recognized that the condition of the right- Right-of-way : : : ee Clearing of-way is a very important factor in determining the extent of railway fire hazard. The best evidence indi- cates that, of locomotive sparks capable of setting fire, a large percent- age—though by no means all—fall within a distance of fifty feet from the track, and will thus be within the average railway right-of-way. In many cases where fires burn over lands adjacent to railway rights-of- way, the fires originate in the first place upon the right-of-way, that is, at a distance of fifty feet or less from the track. Dry grass and weeds, bark peelings, or other inflammable matter, if allowed to accumulate upon the right-of-way, enable even very small sparks to start a blaze, which may readily communicate to lands adjacent to the right-of-way containing timber or other property liable to damage or destruction by fire. Fires resulting from cigars and cigarettes thrown from trains, or dropped by pedestrians, as well as fires due to the carelessness of sectionmen, almost invariably start upon the right-of-way. The importance of rendering the right-of-way as nearly fireproof as practicable thus becomes obvious, not only from the point of view of public policy, but also from a purely selfish interest of the railways themselves, if there be reasonable consideration of potential earnings from passenger and freight traffic, as also of the expense incurred in the litigation and settlement of damage claims. To maintain the right-of-way reasonably free from inflammable matter, constant attention on the part of railway employees is required. On some railways, or portions of railways, this matter has not received sufficient attention in the past, in part due to the limited staff of sec- tionmen being fully occupied in keeping the track in order and attend- ing to other duties of an imperative character. In some cases, usually due to crippled financial condition, the debris resulting from the original clearing of right-of-way has never been disposed of. In other cases, provision has been regularly made for the adequate handling of 46 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION this work, including disposal of the annual accumulation of dry grass, weeds, etc. Experience has, however, shown that in the case of many railways, a close inspection by the Board assists materially in securing an efficient handling of this work by railway companies. Much atten- tion has accordingly been paid to this matter by the fire inspection department, and probably more progress was made in right-of-way clearing work during 1914 than in any previous year. Clearing The problem of railway fire protection through forest Outside sections can never be solved satisfactorily until ade- Rights-of-way quate provision is made for the disposal of inflammable debris on lands immediately adjacent to railway rights-of-way. In most cases the removal of inflammable debris from a strip of even 50 feet outside the right-of-way would decrease the fire hazard materially, though 100 feet would be much preferable. In no part of Canada thus far has there been an adequate handling of this matter, through both legislative and administrative action. As in other matters of forest protection, however, the situation is most favourable in British Columbia. In that province, under the Forest Act, and the provisions of the new form of license in effect since 1912, much progress has been made in securing the disposal of recent slash along railway lines under construction. The adjacent timber lands are very generally Crown lands, and the cutting operations are, for the most part, by contractors, in connection with securing material for ties and other construction purposes. Here, as also in the case of timber licenses recently issued, there is provision for enforced brush disposal, and the policy has been adopted of safeguarding, so far as practicable, a strip of limited width on both sides of the right-of-way. The situation is very different, however, as to lines constructed before 1912. The timber licenses along these lines of railway are of older standing and they do not contain the effective brush disposal pro- visions of those issued during the past three years. As a rule, timber lands along these railway lines were cut over years ago, they being naturally among the most accessible. No provision for brush dis- posal was made, either by the operators or by the provincial govern- ment. In most cases, these operations were carried on before the question of brush disposal on lumbering operations was seriously raised in either Canada or the United States. The result is a serious fire hazard, in the form of highly inflammable lumbering debris, as well as dry grass and weeds, immediately adjacent to a very consider- able railway mileage. While the percentage of live sparks liable to fall outside the right-of-way is small, still some fires do result, and the severity of these fires, and the difficulty of controlling them, are greatly KETTLE VALLEY RAILWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY After piling and burning of debris. Vernon District, B. C. rod Commission BRUSH PILING ALONG TOTE ROAD Incident to Grand Trunk Pacific Railway construction. ‘Téte Jaune District, B. C. TT BRAT W AY OFT RE SITUATION 47 increased by this inflammable debris. Small fires starting on the right-of-way also spread quickly to this debris, so that bad fires result before the patrolmen or section crews can reach the scene. If the inflammable matter could be disposed of, by burning, at a safe time, a strip of 50 to 100 feet in width outside the right-of-way, the situation would be tremendously improved, since fewer fires would start, and there would be a much better chance to reach these before they got beyond control. There is a provision in the Forest Act of British Columbia (Sec 123) which provides that the Minister of Lands or the Provincias Forest Board shall have the power to declare any inflammable material which endangers life or property a public nuisance, and to require the land owner or occupier, or the operator, to dispose of same. Another section (124) provides that, when the safety of any forest, or woodland, or cut timber is endangered by the debris caused by any lumbering or other industrial operations, the Minister or the Forest Board may require the person or corporation conducting such operations, or the owner or occupier of the land on which such debris exists, to cut down dead debris or stubs within such area, and to estab- lish a safe fire line around the area or areas covered by such debris; said fire line to be cleared of inflammable material, and to be of a width and character satisfactory to the Minister or to the Provincial Forest Board. However, advantage has not been generally taken of these pro- visions to require a clean-up of slashings on old cuttings, along rail- way lines, where the hazard to settlements is not severe. The cost of carrying out such work is necessarily a serious obstacle to its rapid and general completion. On the other hand, a small beginning has. been made in some places, by the Forest Branch, in persuading land owners to voluntarily clean up dangerous slashings along railway lines. The existence, in the Forest Act, of the provisions above referred to,. has undoubtedly aided materially in enabling the Forest Branch to secure such co-operation. The voluntary action of the timber land owners alone will not, however, prove adequate in securing the handling of this problem generally, in British Columbia or elsewhere. The situation in British Columbia will no doubt steadily improve, through: gradual application of the strong provisions of the Forest Act. In all the provinces of Eastern Canada this situation is very much: less satisfactory than in British Columbia, since, so far as known, there is no legislation applicable, nor, with few exceptions, do any material results appear to have been accomplished, by co-operation between the agencies concerned. In many sections, the lands adjacent 48 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION to railway lines have been so frequently and so completely burned over that the slashings have been consumed, and the problem has been changed from one of brush disposal as a preventive measure, to one of general fire protection, in order to permit the re-establishment of a young forest growth. The governments of Ontario and Quebec have, however, given some consideration to the matter of legislation somewhat similar to the provisions of the British Columbia Forest Act above referred to, with a view of making it possible to enforce the disposal of inflammable debris where the same is a menace to life or property. The Forest Fires Prevention Act of Ontario has been amended (Bill No. 110, third reading, April 27, 1914,) by providing that the municipal council of any city, town or township, may file a statement with the Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, where it appears that the condition of any land within the limits of the municipality or adjacent thereto is, by reason of unfinished clearing, a source of danger from fire to property within the municipality. The Minister is authorized, after investigation, to require the owner to properly clean up the land, to such an extent as may be necessary to remove the source of danger from fire. Since this amendment apparently requires the initiative to be taken in each case by the municipal council, it seems doubtful whether it will prove as effective as would be the case could the initiative be taken by any interested party, or by the Minister direct. This section is not applicable to ordinary lumbering slash on non-agricultural lands under license from the provincial gov- ernments, but only to lands located, purchased, assigned or occupied for agricultural purposes. It is, therefore, not sufficient to meet the general situation above described. It is believed that, so far as existing slash is concerned, the ade- quate solution of this problem demands the enactment, in each of the eastern provinces, of an act similar to that in British Columbia, authorizing some executive officer, for instance, the Minister having jurisdiction over the Crown lands of the province, to issue an order requiring the owner or lessee of forest lands adjacent to railway lines to make satisfactory disposal of inflammable debris on a strip of specified width adjacent to railway rights-of-way, where, in the judg- ment of such officer, this action is necessary in the public interest, as a matter of fire protection. In the case of Crown timber lands under license, the question would, of course, have to be considered whether the licensee should bear the whole cost of this work, or a portion should be borne by the provincial government. In the case of Crown lands not under license, the whole cost must obviously fall upon the TEE RATLWAY- FIRE SETUATION 4S province, unless the co-operation of the railway concerned in each case, or of limit-holders threatened by the slashing, could be secured. As to Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the provision would appar- ently be through action by the Dominion Government, since a very large percentage of the timber lands along railway lines in these pro- vinces is held under Dominion timber license. Legislation should also be enacted, to provide against the accumula- tion of inflammable debris from future cutting operations on lands immediately adjacent to railway rights-of-way. Such legislation should be made applicable to settlers’ clearings as well as to lumbering opera- tions. Laws which include provisions for the disposal of slashings along railway lines are in effect in Minnesota, Oregon, New York and New Jersey, and are advocated in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and several other states. It will thus be seen that the necessity for action of this kind is becoming recognized to a constantly increasing extent. Pending such legislation, there is unquestionably a wide field for either individual or co-operative action by the various interests con- cerned. Of these interests, the chief are the provincial governments, the railways, and the owners or licensees of timber lands along railway lines. Varying degrees of co-operation would be justified, according to the circumstances surrounding each case. While the provincial governments and the limit-holders, and, in some cases, the municipali- ties, should undoubtedly either co-operate or take individual action in this matter, the railways are also directly interested, and are fully justified in many cases in incurring expense, either alone or on a co- operative basis, for eliminating fire hazards of this character. As an example of the policy adopted by one of the most progressive railways in matters of fire protection, the following statement, by Mr. E. A. Ryder, Commissioner, Department of Fire Claims, Boston and Maine railroad, is quoted: “We burn over our right-of-way each spring and autumn, but, under certain conditions, sparks from locomotives will fall outside thereof, and we naturally felt that something should be done to avoid fires on property contiguous to our right-of-way. We have, therefore, asked the owners to clear back or burn the inflammable material, such as slash, dry grass, etc., and, if for any reason they have been unable to do it, we have asked their permission to let us do the work at our expense, Last year [1913] we cleared 75 such places. We believe it is a good investment. We know it has been the means of preventing many fires, and we also know that it is a good example to a large number of land owners contiguous to our property as well as others. We figure that our moral obligation extends at least to the limit we can get protection. The added expense is not very great, because we 4—c. ¢. 50 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION try to have our men do such work on rainy days, when there is no track work they can do. While there are laws in the states of Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire regarding the removal of slash, we are glad to state that the people are gradually growing more willing to allow strips of their property alongside the railroad to be burned or cleared for fire protection purposes. We are trying to make people see that, while preventing fire claims is a large factor, we also have a great interest in conserving our forests, because they mean lumber, and lumber means freight, and freight means revenue; and further, New England, being the vacation grounds of this country (so we think, at least), we must do everything to maintain its picturesqueness, which, to a large extent, is due to its woods, so that we may secure the pas- senger revenue therefrom.” Although it should not be necessary for railways to incur expense for the disposal of inflammable debris outside rights-of-way in forest sections, and such action can not be expected except under the most unusual circumstances, nevertheless some excellent results have been secured during 1914 through co-operation between railways and gov- ernmental as well as private agencies. In a few cases, particularly along the Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific (eastern lines) railways, there was co-operation between the railway company and the owners of adjacent lands, resulting in the disposal of inflammable debris on a narrow strip adjacent to the right-of-way. The best example of this occurred in Algonquin Park, Ont., where the provincial Department of Lands, Forests and Mines employed a gang of men and cleared up the inflammable debris along a portion of the Grand Trunk right-of- way and lands immediately adjacent thereto, the Grand Trunk man- agement bearing one-half the cost. It is expected that this arrange- ment will be continued in 1915, until the line through the park shall have been covered. Along the Canadian Pacific line, through the.Shawanaga and Nipis- sing Indian reserves in Ontario, the Department of Indian Affairs disposed of inflammable debris on a strip adjacent to the railway, the company having cleared up the right-of-way independently. In each of the above cases, the Department concerned is entitled to much credit for its progressive action. Fire-Guard Construction The question of fire-guard requirements in the Prairie provinces has received most thorough consideration by the Board’s fire inspection department since its inception, in the spring of 1912. The require- ments for that year (see Forest Protection in Canada, 1912, p. 34) were necessarily substantially those which had been in effect under the Eee AG WAN ERE? Slit AC & ON: |. 51 previous requirements of the Board, embraced in Orders No. 3,245 and 15,995. In other words, sixteen feet of ploughing was required, at a distance of 300 feet from the track, without reference to the character of the land in question, except where a showing should be made by the company that such ploughing was unnecessary or impracticable. As outlined at page 36 of Forest Protection in Canada, 1912, the matter of revising the fire-guard requirements for 1913 was exhaus- tively taken up in the fall of 1912, by circulars, which were sent to hundreds of representative farmers throughout the prairie provinces, as well as to provincial government officials, and representatives of all the railways concerned. A heavy correspondence followed the receipt of the answers to the questions contained in the circular. After most careful consideration of the many opinions expressed, including the preliminary submission, for criticism, of tentative drafts of require- ments to railway officials and representatives of the Grain Growers’ associations of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, as well as to provincial government representatives, a final draft of requirements was prepared and issued to railways concerned, as follows: BOARD OF RAILWAY COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA Fire INSPECTION DEPARTMENT, OTTAWA May 24, 1913 To The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, The Canadian Northern Railway Company, The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company, The Great Northern Railway Company: Subsection 4 of Section 298 of the Railway Act provides that “ The Board may order, upon such terms and conditions as it deems expe- dient, that fire-guards be established and maintained by the company along the route of its railway and upon any lands, of His Majesty or of any person, lying along such route, and, subject to the terms and conditions of any such order, the company may at all times enter into and upon such lands for the purpose of establishing and maintaining such fire-guards thereon, and freeing, from dead or dry grass, weeds and other unnecessary inflammable matter, the land between such fire- guards and the line of railway.” Regulation 9 of Order 16,570, provides that “every such railway company shall establish and maintain fire-guards along the route of its railway as the Chief Fire Inspector may prescribe.” You are accordingly required to establish and maintain fire-guards on both sides of the right-of-way, along the route of your railway, in the Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as follows: Cultivated Lands—On lands under cultivation, fire-guards shall be constructed in the form of a ploughed strip not less than eight feet in width, not less than 100 feet from the centre of the track. All dead o1 on 2 " COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise removed from the right-of-way. Where the right-of-way is 200 feet in width, the fire-guard may be ploughed at the outer edge of the right-of-way immediately inside the fence. The construction of fire-guards is not required where, on account of recent ploughing, or the presence of non-combustible crop, there is no danger of fire spreading and doing damage. The construction of fire-guards in standing grain or other similar crops is not required, but fire-guards shall be constructed as above pre- scribed immediately following the cutting or harvesting of such crops. Your attention is called to the requirement of Order No. 16,570, that “No such railway company shall permit its employees, agents, or contractors to enter upon land under cultivation, to construct. fire- guards, without the consent of the owner or occupant of such lands,” and that “ Wherever the owner or occupant of such land objects to the construction of fire-guards, on the ground that said construction would involve unreasonable loss or damage to property, the Company shall at once refer the matter to the Board, giving full particulars thereof, and shall in the meantime refrain from proceeding with the work.” Said order also provides that “ No agent, employee or contractor of any such railway company shall permit gates to be left open or to cut or leave fences down, whereby stock or crops may be injured, or do any other unnecessary damage to property, in the construction of fire- guards.” Where the owner or owners of cultivated lands have refused the company permission to plough fire-guards on such lands, and where, on account of weather conditions or other reasons, the dead ‘or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter on the right-of-way has not been burned off or otherwise removed, the company shall construct a fire-guard along the outer edge of the right-of-way in the form of a ploughed strip not less than eight feet in width. Such ploughing along the outer edge of the right-of-way shall be done either before or imme- diately following such cutting or harvesting of crops on the adjacent cultivated lands. Fenced Grazing Lands—On fenced, uncultivated lands, fire-guards _ shall be constructed and maintained in the form of a ploughed strip not less than 16 feet in width, not less than 200 feet from the centre of the track. All dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise removed from the right-of-way. Open Prairie—On unfenced, uncultivated lands, fire-guards shall be constructed and maintained in the form of a ploughed strip not less than 16 feet in width, not less than 300 feet from the centre of the track. All dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter between such ploughed strip and the track shall be burned or otherwise removed from such strip. Aspen or Poplar Lands—In sections where fire-guards are neces- sary and, on account of aspen or poplar growth it is impracticable to plough, the fire-guard may be constructed by clearing away such trees and undergrowth and removing all combustible material on the ground, BEB RALL WAY PIRE SITUATION 53 so as to expose the mineral soil, for a width of 16 feet, at a distance of approximately 200 feet from the centre of the track. Additional Provisions—Where there are alternating bodies of cul- tivated, fenced, grazing, open prairie, or poplar lands, the ends of the fire-guards above prescribed shall, so far as possible, be so connected as to make an unbroken, continuous fire-guard. Wherever, for any reason, it is not practicable to construct a con- tinuous fire-guard as above specified, the ends of the constructed por- tions of the fire-guard shall be turned in to the right-of-way, and special care shall be taken to connect such ends, either by ploughing a strip eight feet wide along the outer edge of the right-of-way, or by burning or otherwise removing the combustible matter along such right-of-way, in such a manner as to provide good and efficient pro- tection against the spread of fire to lands which have been properly fire guarded. The construction of fire-guards shall be completed, as above spe- cified, not later than the first day of August, 1913, except as to culti- vated lands, where the requirements as to time of construction, above specified under that heading, shall be observed. Between the date of construction and the 15th day of May, 1914, said fire-guards shall be maintained in a good and efficient manner, and dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise disposed of, on lands or portions of lands between such fire-guards and the track, in accordance with the above requirements. Where a fire-guard has been ploughed within two years, in accord- ance with the above specifications, the operation of discing and harrow- ing will be acceptable instead of reploughing, provided that all weeds and other inflammable material are disced and harrowed under the fur- row, so as to make a good and efficient fire-guard. Otherwise, replough- ing is required. The provisions of this order shall apply to the portions of the line under construction, in the three provinces named, the same as to por- tions under operation. In other words, fire-guards shall be constructed at the time grading is done on each new portion of the line. The foregoing requirements shall apply to all lines of the company in the three provinces named, except where the company shall be specifi- cally exempted from such requirements on the basis of a showing by the company that such construction and maintenance of fire-guards is. either unnecessary or impracticable. The list of such specific exemp- tions will accompany another letter, at a later date, after a field inspec- tion by this department on the basis of the showing made or to be made by the company in this connection. In the meantime, the com- pany must proceed upon the basis of constructing and maintaining fire- guards as above specified, except where such action is clearly imprac- ticable or unnecessary. The company shall submit to the Chief Fire Inspector for the Board, at Ottawa, not later than November Ist, 1913, a report in triplicate, in the form of a graphic chart, showing by mileages, subdivisions, and provinces the portions of the line in the three provinces named where fire-guards shall have been constructed or exemptions granted, and 54 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION where and for what reason there shall have been failure to comply with the requirements of this order. Said report shall account fully in the above respects for all lines of the company in the said provinces, including lines under construction. In every case where the owner or occupant of cultivated land objects to the construction of fire-guards, the name and address of such owner or occupant, together with the description of the land in question, both by legal subdivision and railway mileage, shall be immediately submitted to the Board, as provided in Regulation 9 of Order 16,570, above referred to. ‘This information shall also be shown upon the graphic chart constituting the annual report. Exemption by the Chief Fire Inspector is not necessary in such cases, since Order 16,570 specifically prescribes the procedure. Very truly yours (Signed) Crype LEAviTT Chief Fire Inspector, B.R.C. The principal points in which the above requirements eee 2 differ from those issued in 1912 are as follows: (1) A specific classification of lands, with separate treatment prescribed for each. (2) Eight feet of ploughing, instead of sixteen, in the case of cul- tivated lands; only the right-of-way to be burned off. Distance from track, 100 feet instead of 300. (3) In fenced grazing lands, ploughing to be at a distance of 200 feet from the track, instead of 300 feet. Requirement for burning off grass between guard and track reduced to cover burning off of right-of- way only; this to decrease loss of pasturage. It will be noted that this order made it necessary for railway com- panies to handle the fire-guarding of cultivated lands in substantially the same way as open prairie and fenced grazing lands, viz., by the contract system. In practice, however, great difficulty was found in securing permission of land owners or occupants to enter for the pur- pose of fire-guarding. Much time was lost by the necessity for repeated visits, by railway representatives, in order to find the owner or occu- pant. Unnecessary expense was in some sections incurred in ploughing fire-guards in grain stubble where the climatic conditions did not render such action necessary. Farmers were subject to annoyance by railway employees, in connection with the granting or refusal of permission to enter upon cultivated land, and also through the danger of fences being cut and gates left open in connection with fire-guarding operations. It was also found very difficult, if not impracticable, to handle the fire- guarding of grain stubble lands efficiently under the contract system applicable to open prairie and fenced grazing lands, on account of the TIE SUASH IN CONNECTION WITH GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION A fire under these circumstances would mean the practically complete destruction of the forest. Under present regulations, such debris must be piled and burned in order toreduce fire hazard. | Northern British Columbia. RAILWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY AFTER THE CUTTING OF GRASS In accordance with section 297 Of the Railway Act. Fire danger greatly reduced Ontario. DerE wR AH IWAN BP IROE os) 1 i) U At hO oN a5 difference in the time at which the work must be done. In the case of open prairie and fenced grazing land, the requirement called for the completion of construction by August 15. Obviously, fire danger in growing grain crops being negligible as a rule, fire-guarding should not take place until immediately after the cutting of the grain. It must, however, be done immediately after that operation, or the fire hazard will, in many sections, be great. The problem was further complicated by the materially different times at which cutting of grain takes place in the same sections of the country. Thus, in order to secure efficient results in stubble fire-guarding, the railway company must not only provide for the handling of this work at a later date than that pre- scribed for open prairie and fenced grazing land, but must also provide for the separate handling of the work in each grain stubble field. These difficulties were obvious, and had been consid- ered to some extent previous to the issuance of cir- cular of May 24, 1913, without, however, the develop- ment of any practicable method of obviating them up to that time. During the early summer, however, the matter was further taken up, principally by personal investigation in the field. The result was a joint conference at Winnipeg, on August 6, 1913, at which were present representatives of the three railways most concerned, and of the Grain Growers’ associations of the three prairie provinces, as well as the Chief Fire Inspector of the Board. Following this conference, the following circular was issued: ' Stubble Fire Guarding BOARD OF RAILWAY COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA Fire INSPECTION DEPARTMENT Winnipeg, Manitoba, Aug. 8, 1913 To The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, The Canadian Northern Railway Company, The Grand ‘Trunk Pacific Railway Company, The Great Northern Railway Company: Reference is made to my letter of May 24, 1913, containing require- ments for the construction of fire-guards along railway lines in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Asa result of a conference held at Winnipeg, August 6, 1913, with representatives of the C.P.R., C.N.R., G.T.P.R., United Farmers of Alberta, Grain Growers’ Association of Saskatchewan, and Grain Growers’ Association of Manitoba, the following modifications are hereby made in the requirements prescribed in said letter of May 24, 1913 : ; Frencep Grazinc Lanps—No change in requirements. Open PrarriE—No change in requirements. 56 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ASPEN OR PorLar LAnDs—No change in requirements. It is, how- ever, suggested that fire-guarding of this class of land is generally unnecessary, and that exemptions may properly be requested in such cases, as provided in letter of May 24, 1913. Especial care must, how- ever, be taken to construct fire-guards, where practicable, along lines running through or near forest reserves. CULTIVATED LANDs—AIl grass, brush, weeds and other unneces- sary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise removed, between the track and the edge of the cultivated land, provided that this require- ment shall not extend more than ten feet outside the right-of-way on private land. Every effort must be made to have this work completed in an efficient manner at the earliest practicable date this autumn. Where mowing is necessary to secure a clean burn, this action must be taken. It is generally agreed that if the right-of-way and adjacent narrow uncultivated strip are freed from combustible material, in accordance with the above requirements, the greatest source of fire danger in cul- tivated sections will have been removed, and that, while in some sec- tions and under some conditions the ploughing of fire-guards through cultivated land will still be necessary, in other sections and under other conditions such action is not essential to a reasonable degree of safety. It is also agreed that in general the best judge of the necessity for ploughing fire-guards through cultivated lands is the owner or occupant of the land himself, and that, where such action is necessary, some degree of co-operation on the part of the land owner or occupant may reasonably be expected. You are accordingly required, in addition to the measures above pre- scribed, to plough either four-foot or eight-foot fire-guards through cultivated lands adjacefit to your lines in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, wherever such action is necessary in the judgment of the owner or occupant of such land, and where such owner or occupant will undertake to plough, immediately following the harvest, either a four-foot or an eight-foot fire-guard, as he may con- sider necessary, at a distance of approximately 100 feet from the track, for a remuneration of $1.75 per lineal mile of four-foot fire- guard, or $3.00 per lineal mile of eight-foot fire-guard, such amount to be promptly paid by the company, it being understood that the minimum amount to be paid in any case shall be one dollar. Where the owner or occupant of such cultivated land is unwilling to undertake the construction of fire-guards in accordance with the above, the company will exercise its discretion as to whether it will make other arrangements for the ploughing of fire-guards or leave such lands unguarded. In case the owner or occupant will neither contract for the construction of such fire-guards nor permit such work to be done by an agent of the company, the company may either drop the matter of fire-guarding or make application to the Board for authority to enter upon such land for the purpose of fire-guard construction, over the protest of such owner or occupant. Such refusal must, however, be reported to the Board, as required by General Order 107 and by letter of May 24, 1913. iE SRA TE WAY BUR E SITUA TLON 57 The construction of fire-guards is not required where, on account of recent ploughing or the presence of a non-combustible crop, there is no danger of fire spreading and doing damage. It is clearly understood that nothing contained in this letter shall be construed as in the slightest degree affecting the statutory respon- sibility of the company for the payment of damage claims on account of fires. It is also understood that the above modifications of the require- ments contained in letter of May 24, 1913, are experimental, and that requirements as to fire-guard construction for the season of 1914 will depend upon the showing made in connection with the requirements for the current season. The forms to be used in presenting the above matter for the signa- ture of land owners or occupants shall be subject to the approval of the Chief Fire Inspector. Such forms, after signature, shall be avail- able for examination by any authorized officer of the Board. The graphic chart, in triplicate, comprising the annual report, required by letter of May 24, 1913, to be submitted not later than November 1, 1913, shall, as to cultivated lands, indicate lands fire- guarded, lands on which fire-guarding is stated by the owner or occu- pant to be unnecessary, lands on which permission to construct fire- guards has been refused by owner or occupant, lands exempted because fire-guard ploughing is unnecessary on account of recent ploughing, the presence of non-combustible crop, climatic conditions, or other reason, if any, why fire-guards have not been ploughed. Your attention is directed to the fact that a strict enforcement by the company of Regulation 13 of General Order 107, with regard to the reporting and extinguishing of fire by all employees, is desirable in the prairie sections, and would undoubtedly not only reduce damage claims, but also make possible some relaxation of the requirements as to the ploughing of fire-guards. The issuance and posting of full instructions to employees, in printed form, as required by Regulation 14 of General Order 107, is. necessary in this connection. This action has not yet been generally taken in the prairie section, by the companies concerned. In view of the above modifications, supplementary requests for exemption from fire-guard construction may be submitted at any time prior to October 1, 1913. Yours very truly (Signed ) CLYDE LEAVITT Chief Fire Inspector, B.R.C. The above arrangement worked out satisfactorily during the autumn: of 1913, and very much more work was done in connection with the fire-guarding of grain stubble lands adjacent to railway lines than had ever been the case in previous years. No complaints regarding the arrangement were received from any source, thus proving the justice of the assumption that the requirement for the fire-guarding of graim & COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tn stubble lands by railway companies may reasonably be limited to cases where the land owner or occupant considers such action necessary, and is also willing to co-operate to the extent of ploughing the guard for the fixed reasonable compensation specified above. It will be noted that for the first time provision is made above for materially reducing the fire hazard through grain stubble lands, by the requirement that rail- way companies shall dispose of dry grass and other combustible matter between the right-of-way and the edge of cultivation. This is important, since, as a general rule, fires burning over grain stubble lands seldom start in the stubble itself, but in the dry grass or weeds on the right- of-way, or in the narrow uncultivated strip immediately between the stubble and the right-of-way fence. The requirements above specified have greatly reduced both these sources of fire danger, so far as grain stubble lands are concerned. As in previous years, the details of fire-guard require- Fire Guarding, rine Ser : : Soto ak diet ments for 1914 w ere fully discussed, in advance, with the railway companies and with representatives of the Grain Growers’ associations. The result was the issuance of the fol- lowing circular. BOARD OF RAILWAY COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA FirE INSPECTION DEPARTMENT Ottawa, Monday, the 11th day of May, 1914 FrirE GUARD REQUIREMENTS To The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, The Canadian Northern Railway Company, The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company, The Great Northern Railway Company: Subsection 4 of Section 298 of the Railway Act provides that “ The Board may order, upon such terms and conditions as it deems expe- dient, that fire-guards be established and maintained by the Company along the route of its railway and upon any lands of His Majesty or of any person, lying along such route, and, subject to the terms and conditions of any such order, the Company may at all times enter into and upon such lands for the purpose of establishing and maintaining such fire-guards thereon and freeing, from dead or dry grass, weeds and other unnecessary inflammable matter, the land between such fire- guards and the line of railway.” Regulation 8 of General Order No. 107 provides that “Every such _ railway company shall establish and maintain fire-guards along the route of its railway as the Chief Fire Inspector may prescribe.” You are accordingly required to establish and maintain fire-guards on both sides of the right-of-way, along the route of your railway, in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as follows :— THE RAILWAY FIRE SS!tTUA TLON 59 (A). Gratin STUBBLE LANDS—l1. Section 297 of the Railway Act requires that “ The Company shall at all times maintain and keep its right-of-way free from dead or dry grass, weeds and other unneces- sary combustible matter.” As to portions of lines where the right-of- way adjoins lands devoted to grain crops, this requirement is hereby extended to include the strip between the right-of-way and the edge of cultivation, provided that this requirement shall not apply more than ten feet outside the right-of-way on private land. 2. It is generally agreed that if the right-of-way and adjacent nar- row, uncultivated strip are freed from combustible material, in accord- ance with the above requirements, the greatest source of fire danger in cultivated sections will have been removed, and that, while in some sections and under some conditions the ploughing of fire-guards through grain stubble lands will still be necessary, in other sections and under other conditions such action is not essential to a reasonable degree of safety. It is also agreed that, in general, the best judge of the necessity of ploughing fire-guards through grain stubble lands is the owner or occitpant of the land himself, and that, where such action is necessary, some degree of co-operation on the part of the land owner or occupant may reasonably be expected. 3. You are accordingly required to provide for the ploughing of fire- guards through grain stubble lands adjacent to your lines in the pro- vinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, wherever such action is necessary in the judgment of the owner or occupant of such land; and where such owner or occupant after notice by the railway company as hereinafter prescribed, shall take the initiative and plough, immediately following the cutting of the grain, such fire- guard, four feet in width at a distance of approximately one hundred feet from the main track for a remuneration of $1.75 per lineal mile of four-foot ploughed fire-guard, such amount to be paid by the com- pany within forty days after the submission by the land owner or occupant of written statement of account to the railway company, it being understood that the minimum amount to be paid in any case shall be one dollar. 4. The railway company shall notify land owners and occupants as to the above requirement, by posting printed notices at all stations and all public road crossings through cultivated sections within the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Notices at sta- tions shall be posted in a conspicuous place, readily accessible to the general public. Two copies of such notice shall be posted on the rail- way crossing sign pole in a substantial manner at each public road crossing, these notices to be on the opposite sides of pole, one copy facing the railway track. Such notices shall be posted not later than July 15, 1914. 5. In notices to land owners and occupants, railway companies may insert a clause stating that the above arrangement relative to the con- struction of and payment for the fire-guarding of grain stubble lands will remain in effect during 1914 and successive years, until changed by public notices to be posted in a manner similar to that above pre- 60 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION scribed. In other words, the above arrangement will remain in effect: without further notice, unless and until said arrangement shall be changed by public notice under instructions issued by the Chief Fire Inspector of the Board. 6. Notices under the above requirements shall be issued over the signature of a responsible official of the railway company, and the form of such notices shall be subject to the approval of the Chief Fire Inspector of the Board. Provision shall be made in the notice that the ploughing of these fire-guards shall be done in a workmanlike and efficient manner, and that where such guards do not connect with. similar fire-guards on adjacent lands, the ends shall be turned in to the railway right-of-way. 7. Your attention is called to the requirement of General Order No. 107, that “ No such railway company shall permit its employees, agents, or contractors to enter upon land under cultivation, to con- struct fire-guards, without the consent of the owner or occupant of such lands,” and that “ Wherever the owner or occupant of such land objects to the construction of fire-guards, on the ground that the said construction would involve unreasonable loss or damage to property, the company shall at once refer the matter to the Board, giving full particulars thereof, and shall in the meantime refrain from proceeding with the work.” Said Order also provides that “ No agent, employee or contractor of any such railway company shall permit gates to be left open or to cut or leave fences down, whereby stock or crops may be injured, or do any other unnecessary damage to property, in the construction of fire-guards.” 8. Where the owner or occupant of grain stubble land is unwilling to undertake the construction of fire-guards in accordance with the above, the company will exercise its discretion as to whether it will make other arrangements for the ploughing of fire-guards or leave such lands unguarded. In case the owner or occupant will neither construct such fire-guards under the above requirement, nor permit such work to be done by an agent of the Company, the Company may either drop the matter of fire-guarding or make application to the Board for authority to enter upon such lands for the purpose of fire-guard con- struction over the protest of such owner or occupant. 9. The construction of fire-guards is not required where, on ac- count of recent ploughing or the presence of a non-combustible crop, there is no danger of fire spreading and doing damage. Fire-guards are not required in standing grain crops. 10. It is clearly understood that nothing contained in this letter, nor any action to be taken under it, shall be construed as in the slightest degree affecting the statutory responsibility of the Company for the payment of damage claims on account of fires. (B). Fencep Grazinc Lanp—1. This classification shall include fenced, uncultivated lands, which are occupied by owner or tenant or which are used for the purpose of grazing. Meadows and hay lands generally shall be construed as coming under this classification. EVE RAE WoA YE ER Bors LTO AT TON 61 2. On such lands fire-guards shall be constructed or maintained “in the form of a ploughed strip not less than sixteen feet in width. Where such fire-guards have been constructed in the past at a distance eof from 150 to 250 feet from the track, they shall be maintained in the same location, in order to minimize the weed nuisance. Otherwise, construction shall be at a distance of approximately 200 feet from the main track or as close a distance to 200 feet as the nature of the country will permit. 3. All dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise removed from the right-of-way, Burning ‘outside the right-of-way is not required under this classification. 4. Wherever the owner or occupant of land under this classification objects to the construction or maintenance of fire-guards as above ‘prescribed, the Company shall refrain from doing such work, but shall immediately report the matter to the Board, stating name and address -of such owner or occupant, the description of the land by legal sub- division and railway mileage, and whether the Company desires the ‘permission of the Board to enter on such land for the purpose of constructing or’ maintaining such fire-guards notwithstanding such refusal by owner or occupant. (C). Open Pratriz.—l. This classification shall include unfenced, uncultivated lands, and fenced lands which are uncultivated, unoccu- pied by owner or tenant, and not used for purposes of grazing. 2. On such lands fire-guards shall be constructed or maintained in the form of a ploughed strip not less than sixteen feet in width. Where such fire-guards have been constructed in the past at a distance of from 200 to 400 feet from the track, they shall be maintained in the ‘same location, in order to minimize the weed nuisance. Otherwise, con- struction shall be at a distance of approximately 200 feet from the ‘main track or as close a distance to 200 feet as the nature of the coun- try will permit. 3. All dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise removed, between the fire-guard and the track. Where the ploughing of fire-guards is impracticable on account of ground being too stony or rocky, or too hilly or broken to plough, the dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned off on a strip extending 200 feet from the track. 4. Under the provisions of the Railway Act and of the Board’s Order, the consent of the owner of private land coming under this -classification is not essential in connection with either the ploughing of fire-guards or the burning off of grass between the fire-guard and the ‘main track as above prescribed. (D). AsPpEN or Pop_Lar LAnps—1. In sections where fire-guards are necessary and, on account of aspen or poplar growth it is imprac- ticable to plough, the fire-guard may be constructed by clearing away ‘the undergrowth and removing all combustible material on the ground, “sO as to expose the mineral soil, for a width of sixteen feet, at a dis- 62 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tance of approximately 200 feet from the track. Where the land is sufficiently open so that ploughing is practicable, fire-guards shall be constructed as above prescribed for fenced grazing lands or open prairie, according to the status of the particular tract in question. 2. It is understood that fire-guarding of this class of land is gener- ally unnecessary, and that exemptions may properly be requested in such cases. Especial care must, however, be taken to construct fire- guards where practicable along lines running through forest reserves. 3. All dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise removed from the right-of-way. (E). ApprtioNAt, Provistons—l. Where there are alternating bodies of grain stubble, fenced grazing, open prairie, or poplar lands, the ends of the fire-guards above prescribed shall so far as possible be so connected as to make an unbroken, continuous fire-guard. 2. Wherever, for any reason, it is not practicable to construct a continuous fire-guard as above specified, the ends of the constructed portions of the fire-guard shall be turned in to the right-of-way, and special care shall be taken to connect such ends, either by ploughing a strip eight feet wide along the outer edge of the right-of-way, or by burning or otherwise removing the combustible matter along such right-of-way, in such a manner as to provide good and efficient pro- tection against the spread of fire to lands which have been properly ire-guarded. 3. The construction of fire-guards shall be completed, as above specified, not later than the 15th day of August, 1914, except as to grain stubble lands, where the requirements as to time of construc- tion, above specified under that heading, shall be observed. Between the date of construction and the 15th day of May, 1915, said fire-’ guards shall be maintained in a good and efficient manner, and dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned or otherwise disposed of, on lands or portions of lands between such fire-guards and the track, in accordance with the above requirements. 4, Where a fire-guard has been ploughed within two years in accord- ance with the above specifications, the operation of discing and harrow- ing will be acceptable instead of reploughing, provided that all weeds. and other inflammable material are disced and harrowed under the furrow, so as to make a good and efficient fire-guard. Such discing and harrowing shall be completed before the weeds on the fire-guard shall have gone to seed. Where more than one operation of discing and harrowing is necessary in order to keep down the weeds on a particular fire-guard, such action shall be taken. 5. The provisions of this Order shall apply to the portions of the line under construction, in the three provinces named, the same as to. portions under operation. In other words, fire-guards shall be con- structed at the time grading is done on each new portion of the line. However, in case the laying of the track is to be delayed for a period of one year or more, temporary exemption from this requirement will ieee OAT WAY PIRES SETUA TLON 63 be granted, upon a showing to that effect, to be made to the Board by the company. 6. The foregoing requirements shall apply to all lines of the com- pany in the three provinces named, except where the company shall be specifically exempted from such requirements on the basis of a show- ing by the company that such construction and maintenance of fire guards is either unnecessary or impracticable. Such showing shall be made at the earliest practicable date but in any event not later than June 10, 1914, in the form of two blue print copies from right-of-way plan. Such plan shall indicate railway mileages and shall show in each case why fire-guard construction is considered unnecessary or imprac- ticable. Pending action by the Chief Fire Inspector upon such request for exemption, the company shall proceed upon the basis of construct- ing or maintaining fire-guards as above specified, except where such action is clearly impracticable or unnecessary. 7. The following reasons will be considered in connection with requests for fire-guard exemptions: ground too stony or rocky, or too hilly or broken to plough (exemption here, as to open prairie, will apply to ploughing but not to burning, see paragraph 3 under heading “ Open Prairie”) ; timber or scrub; swamp, muskeg or sloughs (where per- manently wet and too large to plough around) ; cities and villages (only where ploughing is impracticable) ; and the following where width and location are such as to constitute an efficient fire-guard, thus making ploughing unnecessary :—irrigation canals, ditches, rivers, lakes, creeks, graded roadways or other railway grades parallel to the company’s tracks. 8. The company shall submit to the Chief Fire Inspector for the Board at Ottawa, in duplicate, not later than December 31, 1914, annual graphic charts and an annual fire-guard statistical report, in accordance with the accompanying forms. Such charts shall indi- cate by mileages, subdivisions and provinces, the portions of the lines in the three provinces named, where fire-guards shall have been con- structed or maintained, and where and for what reason there shall not have been such construction or maintenance. All portions of the lines in the said provinces, including those under construction, shall be fully accounted for in the above respects. Very truly yours CiypDE LEAVITT Chief Fire Inspector Points in which _H¢ Principal new points included in the 1914 require- Requirements ments are as follows: Varied (1) The use of the term “ grain stubble” instead of “cultivated land” as one of the classifications. This is merely a change in form. ‘ (2) Farmers to be informed of the arrangements for the fire- guarding of grain stubble lands, through public notices posted at all ‘64 COMMISSION. OF CONSERVATION stations and public road crossings in cultivated sections in the prairie provinces, instead of by personal visits of railway representatives, as in 1913. (3) Four-foot fire-guards made standard in grain stubble lands, instead of leaving it to the individual land owner or occupant to determine whether the guard should be four feet or eight feet in width. (4) Two hundred feet made the standard distance from the track for the ploughing of fire-guards in open prairie, instead of 300 feet, except that, where guards have been previously ploughed at a distance of from 200 to 400 feet from the track, they shall be maintained in the same location. This change was considered desirable, on account of previous confusion where doubt arose as to whether a particular piece of land should be regarded as fenced grazing or open prairie land, thus raising the question as to whether the fire-guard should be ploughed at a distance of 200 feet or 300 feet from the track. Also, in many cases, what is open prairie one year becomes fenced grazing land the next, thus necessitating the ploughing of a new fire-guard and the abandoning of the old, with consequent possible increase in the number of noxious weeds, which thrive on old fire-guards. Both these diffi- culties are overcome in the 1914 requirements. (5) Inclusion of requirement that where the ploughing of fire- guards in open prairie is impracticable on account of ground being too stony or rocky, or too hilly or broken to plough, the dead or dry grass and other unnecessary combustible matter shall be burned off on a strip extending 200 feet from the track. This provision is obviously neces- sary in order to reduce the danger of fires spreading in open prairie lands where guards cannot be ploughed, but where the dry grass would otherwise accumulate year after year until the occurrence of an acci- dental fire, which, under such circumstances, might assume serious proportions. . Results On the whole, the 1914 requirements worked very Have Proven _ satisfactorily and seemed generally acceptable, aside Satisfactory from the feeling of the railways that they should have the right of unrestricted entrance upon fenced grazing lands for the purpose of ploughing fire-guards, instead of being compelled to follow the procedure prescribed in the requirements. A few other points have been raised, concerning which it was not possible to completely meet the sometimes conflicting points of view of the railways, but these are of a minor character and do not modify the general statement that, on the whole, the requirements have given very general satisfaction. During 1914, specific complaints were received as follows: Damage by fire: Canadian Pacific, 4; Canadian Northern, 12; Grand Trunk Pacific, 2; total, 18. In each case the complainant was advised that i FIRE HAZARD IN ALGONOUIN PARK, ONTARIO Reduced through the disposal of inflammable material along Grand Trunk railway right-of-way and land immediately adjacent. This work was done through co-operation between the railway company and the Provincial Department of Lands and Forests. Ee weg : “Commission OF C ons @r vation i he FIRE HAZARD ALONG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT WAGON ROAD Due to failure of construction gang to pile and burn debris when building road. This condition is now being gradually corrected. Southern British Columbia. ee Ah Way eRe Slt UA TION 65 the Board has no jurisdiction in connection with damage claims and that recourse should be had through the courts, in case of failure to reach a settlement with the railway concerned. Failure to construct fire-guards, or construction unsatisfactory: ‘Canadian Pacific, 3; Canadian Northern, 5; Grand Trunk Pacific, 1; total, 9. Report by railway company that land owner refuses to permit con- struction of fire-guards in fenced grazing lands: Canadian Pacific, 11; Grand Trunk Pacific, 22; total, 33. In twelve of these cases, the Grand Trunk Pacific requested authority to enter upon the lands in question for the purpose of constructing fire-guards, notwithstanding such refusal of the owner. In three of these cases, orders were issued by the Board, granting authority for such entrance and construction, as requested. The following tables show fire-guard statistics for 1913 and 1914: Jqvuosvds oy} Je paens ysnoyd oF ayeytopun plnom juednss0 10 19UMO -pury] ot} 9.19 ‘poysnoyd Axessaoouun St uorjonazsuod Yous 7e ‘yovi} OY} JO SaprIs YyIOG UO pasMbos st sprens-o1y J ‘spavns-a1y Surjonsysuos yo osodind 10J pury uo ‘pavog ayy Aq paytoads aorsd ym [UO paimbod purl -poyearyno ut Bulpsens-oityy (¢) Apvalye spjey esneoeq ‘Aressooouun Sutpsrens-a11y (p) dn 19}U9 0} 10uUMO fq UOISstUIOd pasnyor Auvduo0d ABAjTet JO soofojdmy (¢) ‘ayqeoijoeidut 10 Y} ope SurMoYs o19YM oUT] JO SUOTJAOd 0} SB “UOTJONISUOS pien3-s1y wosy poyduiexa Auedwoy (Z) O UOTJONI}SUOD dy} SUIS VSvafIU Yes, olf} s[qnop S} avai psens-ai1q (1) ‘OLLPS‘T 0} syunowL sutazt BSoy} JO [PIO T* eee S| orsae ss oz FE0'9 | Ss'sTe'?y Se"6S2‘Z 0$°969'T PS°ZL 9Z°ZS 68° I6T‘T Z°0CL 2 * le. 2tORr y, 9S SOT OOzeR th hescon |S eee et AWA eee weer en eeee OS'*STT'T 0°2Z1Z 6S° LFS eoeeeeeneeee 00°9 lee eeeeveee OT OTR'T PS fe 8°9Z 06° 9ST \/o @ 016 sib) 0.8 8) pins 0S°Z tate 00°Sz 8°08 * SP'SF 0S°6 Og OF PASSA 8 Se a 0€°9L2'Z 9° F89'T 00°898'¢ OL S$9'% 00° SPP T 00° SL Greco = "| Or 7e 6 ZSP‘L 8°220'8 0z'stO'S |. SO°S8OL‘E Sz" 9F0'Z L°E06'T&| SzZ°2sz 0$*ZLz ST LOT'Z LPP OL FIS ( 09°00 ~ * 1( SZ°08 00° SST TePle'T | p-grgty yee | so'soz‘s S8° FOF L°S06'T® \\ OS*TLT EIT: 06'0z6'S | ae o9'orS's | 08° 0F2‘T |Los* SL°I8 92°929 ‘ZI 8°1Z6'TL | 0F'z80‘'6 9°€2z0'S 9°S0E ‘F z'06S‘S OL FZE OL FE Elsie '9 6°096‘S OZ TFS ‘F 8° T10'F S°ZsT ‘2 Toe 0 8° ZOL 8E"Z9OT FI6BL S161 PI6BI | S161 FIGI S161 PI6T S161 dyIoeg uvipeurs UINYJION UeIpeurdy dyed yuniy, pursy UIIYJION 3915 pue uemoayo}eyses ‘eyloqiy jo sereees pagzyonsysuod JOU [e}OL * suosvod J9Y}JO SNOBULT[IISIP, eee rps 97242. (((ct) 1OUMO Aq popiens-aiy jou ‘aiqqnys uretty “***(p) poysnojd Apeosye pur’y “*(¢) a0URI}JUI Sasnfoat JOUMQ PU Ce suoijduiaxy (z) (soptw piens-a1y ul UMOYS) pe}INs}SUOD JOU SPleNs-I11 Seach Sst+ee+s poqonsqsuod [2JOJ, PNT ey ghia: ‘-spury aiqqnys ures) aioe Gt ‘spurl, Sulzeis pou secre eseoseeesoere orreid uodO (sopiu piens-a14 Ur UMOYS) pe}oNJ}sUOd spseNs-d41T ‘tees (7) satu prens-a1y ul yy3ue'] sg 00 2 ere eee eee * So] ru yori} ul y}3ua"] pl6l pue C161 “eqQowUeA SQOUIAOIg 9Y} Ul SkeMIey Aq UOT}ONIJsUOD P1eNs-o1ly FO Arewiwing PEP eRAL Ey WAY PIRES) TUATION 67 Fire Protection in Ontario, Quebec and New Bruns- wick along the Canadian Pacific Railway, Season of 1914 By B. M. Winegar, Forest Inspector, C. P. Ry. In spite of the long, dry season and the droughts in May, July, and August, comparatively few very serious fires occurred on timber lands immediately adjoining the eastern lines of this railway. A _ great amount of damage was, however, done in various sections by fires which had their origin a long distance from our railway lines. Timber in the Laurentian mountains and on the upper Ottawa suffered severely, New Brunswick Logging operations along this company’s lines are not Fairly Satis- being carried on, except perhaps to a limited extent, factory and new settlement is not as marked as in some of the more western provinces. ‘ Reproduction, which is very satisfactory generally, amply repays the cost of necessary protection. A total of 43 fires occurred on or within five miles of the company’s lines during the fire season of 1914. Fourteen of these occurred within the 300-foot limit; of this number five were proved to be of foreign origin. Nine occurred immediately on the right-of-way, but the agency is not definitely known. The 29 other fires referred to occurred on cut-over timber lands, on farms, newly settled areas, etc. There was no damage from fires starting on right-of-way, nor did any fires on neighbouring land cause any timber losses. The fire situation in New Brunswick is fairly satisfactory. Slash along highways, parallel to the company’s rights-of-way, has been pretty well cleared up, and outside of a few deserted mill pro- perties there seems little danger of a heavy loss. Quebec has In the old settled and thickly populated districts there Difficult is only a small portion of the area covered by forest Conditions growth. These are used principally for wood-lots, but, here and there, some local timber industries thrive. Protection in such districts is comparatively simple, and very few losses are recorded each year. Fires rarely get away from the average farmer in the older districts, who is careful in doing his clearing. Along the Laurentian and Maniwaki subdivisions, in the Lauren- tian mountains, a variety of conditions make difficult a satisfactory system of fire protection. Settlement is going on all the time, right after logging operations. The settler follows the lumberman, and the 68 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION debris and slash accumulation make the reduction of the fire risk most difficult. The average new settler is extremely careless, and added to this is the lack of passable highways. Several very important factors militate against the conservation of the merchantable timber and young growth. It has been shown that the most dangerous zone for fires lies between the railway line and the virgin forest, because here the settler is clearing up. This strip may be two miles wide, and, in some places, it is five miles in width. Local organizations are needed in the villages and settlements to handle all fires. Equipment for fighting fire could be kept in an accessible spot, under the care of the local police officer, who could be named “ fire warden.” Telephone lines and lookout stations could be constructed at a comparatively small cost. The value of the two last mentioned improvements is indisputable, especially where topo- graphical conditions such as exist in the Laurentian mountains permit. Two protective associations, which are made up of lumbermen and pulp-wood limit-holders, are doing most efficient work along fire protec- tion lines. One of these associations gives permits to burn during the fire season. This idea has proved very valuable, as it educates the settler not only to use care in handling his slash, but his contact with the local fire officer tends to ensure a more amicable relation between the settler and the lumberman, In the Timiskaming country, the question of fire protection ought to be comparatively simple. Waterways allow the use of motor boats and a mobile equipment, and easy access could be gained to fires occur- ring near the lakes and rivers. Telephone lines and trails are badly needed in this area. pee The lack of organization for handling fires, the Conditions Very absence of cleared highways in the timber districts, Unsatisfactory and the non-existence of the permit system for burn- ing on settlers’ lands have resulted in a very dangerous and unsatisfac- tory condition. Especially is this so between Muskoka and Sudbury, and between Chalk River and Chapleau. The system of fire protection which has been in force in Ontario looks only to the conservation of merchantable timber, and seemingly disregards reproduction, which is so essential. To reduce the fire loss to forest properties a fire pro- tection system has been developed by this company, and the co-operation of all operating employees is given. A fire inspection force gathered data of all fires on or within five miles of the company’s lines. Reports on the efficiency of the Can. Pac. Ry. Fire Protection ishee RATE WAYS PIR Ke SiTUATION 69 patrols furnished, under orders of the Board of Railway Commis- sioners, were made by fire inspectors. Circular No. 8, copy of which is attached, together with supple- mentary letter, outlines the plan for the elimination and extinguishing of fires which occur along the company’s lines. Under the order of the Board a number of special patrolmen were. kept patrolling through the forest regions. During extremely dry seasons additional patrolmen were put on; and besides these, section- men constantly patrolled their sections. The results proved satisfactory this past year, and little damage was done to timber by fires of known company origin. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY (Eastern Lines) OFFICE OF THE GENERAL MANAGER Montreal, April 3rd, 1914 To General Superintendents. Dear Sir :— Referring to my circular No. 8, dated February 25th, covering the prevention and extinguishing of fires on or in the vicinity of our right of way. Your attention is drawn to the fact that sub-section (e) of section 13, General Order No. 107, of the Board of Railway Commissioners, specifies that the company’s zone of responsibility is within 300 feet of the track. However, the company is interested in the preservation of all natural resources, and, therefore, whenever an employee dis- covers a fire outside of the 300 foot zone, he should immediately advise his superintendent, who will in turn telegraph the nearest provincial forest officer, notifying him that a fire has been discovered in such and such a place, outside of the company’s zone; this, of course, so that the provincial authorities may have an opportunity to promptly extinguish the fire. (Sgd.) A. D. MacTier General Manager 70 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY (Eastern Lines) OFFICE OF THE GENERAL MANAGER Montreal, February 25th, 1914 Circular No. 8 To all Officers and Employees: Instructions Covering Prevention and Extinguishing of Fires on or in the Vicinity of Right-of-Way. In carrying out this Order, it will be the duty of all officers and employees generally, to take precautions to prevent fires on or along the railway of the Company, to promptly extinguish and prevent the spread of fires outside the right-of-way, and to investigate and report fires and probable cause thereof. When fire is noticed by any train or engine crew, on or in the vicinity of right-of-way, they must notify first section gang after observing fire by giving three short whistles repeated twice. Sectionmen, as well as such other employees of the Company as are available, must proceed at once to the fire, and take all possible and immediate steps to prevent its spreading, and, if possible, to extinguish it. Conductor must send to Superintendent, by telegraph, from the first telegraph office, full report of any fire discovered by himself or of which he receives notice, giving the exact situation of the fire, its extent, and any other information which may be of value, particularly as to the means required to cope with it; and, when a fire threatens to be of any magnitude, copy of this report must immediately be telegraphed by the Superintendent to the Local Fire Inspector of the Board of Railway Commissioners. If fire is of such an extent that sectionmen, or other local force available, cannot control it unaided, Superintendent, or, in his absence, his representative, must immediately arrange for the despatch of the Roadmaster, or other competent officer, with the necessary additional men, who can be drawn from those available in any department, and all necessary fire-fighting appliances, to the scene of the fire, and must so arrange the train service that they will get to the fire with the least possible delay, in order that no time may be lost in getting it under control. The officer in charge must also arrange to obtain promptly complete statements from all witnesses so that origin of and responsibility for the fire can be accurately determined. Employees must not do or cause damage or injury to any of the fire-protective appliances on any engine. The back dampers of engines must not be opened while running ahead, or the front dampers while running tender first, except when there is snow on the ground, and it is necessary to take such action in order to have engines steam properly. Ee RATE WAY SRE Str UATION 7] Fire, live coals, or hot ashes must not be deposited upon the tracks or right-of-way, unless they are extinguished immediately thereafter, except in pits provided for the purpose. On no account shall ash pans be dumped, or ashes from cars or cabooses be thrown out on the right- of-way while running. Burning or smouldering waste taken from hot boxes shall be covered with earth, or otherwise completely extinguished. Fires must not be started upon or near the right-of-way for the clearing of rubbish or dried grass from the right-of-way, between the first day of April and the first day of November, unless specially authorized by the Roadmaster or his superior officer. Officers of the Board of Railway Commissioners may at any time require that no burning be done along specified portions of the right-of-way, and employees must observe such instructions. General Order No. 107 of the Board of Railway Commissioners provides as follows: “Tf any employee or other person included in the said regula- tions fails or neglects to obey the same, or any of them, he shall, in addition to any other liability which he may have incurred, be subject to a penalty of twenty-five dollars for every such offence.” A copy of this Circular must be posted at all Stations and Tool- - houses, as well as in Bulletin Books. (Sgd.) A. D. MacTrer General Manager PART if Reports of the Committee on Forests of the Commission of Conservation BY CLYDE LEAVITT Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation REporRT FoR 1913 HE report of the Committee on Forests for the year 1913 is, for the most part, one of progress. THe Rariway Fire SITUATION At the instance, largely, of the Commission of Conservation, the Board of Railway Commissioners on May 22, 1912, issued its well- known order, No. 16,570, with respect to forest fires along the lines of railway that are subject to its jurisdiction. The unique feature of this order was that it placed on the railway companies, under the jurisdic- tion of the Board, the responsibility of taking all the precautions rea- sonably necessary in order to prevent forest fires due to railway opera- tion. For the purpose of administering the order, the Chief Forester of the Commission also holds the position of Chief Fire Inspector of the Board of Railway Commissioners, in pursuance of a co-operative arrangement between Hon. Mr. Sifton and the late Chief Commissioner Mabee. Thus, this Commission has every reason to take a particular interest in the railway fire protection work, although the actual admin- istration of the work itself is necessarily under the sole jurisdiction of the Railway Commission, to the members of which the fullest credit must be given for the splendid support they have afforded the new department. Rail Fi As was announced at the last annual meeting, the rail- ilway Fire : : > Protection way fire protection work was organized only in western Work Canada during 1912. In 1913, the organization was extended as far as possible in the eastern provinces. The plan of building up an inspection staff, through co-operation with the exist- ing fire-protective organizations of the Dominion and Provincial 72 APPLIED FORESTRY SPRUCE TAKEN, 96-29 TAKEN, 88°4 Yo DIAMETER _ rieistns 3 Ba VW. CG GW( 7 TAKEN, 76°84 \ QUANTITY OF MATERIAL — CUTTING TO VARIOUS DIAMETERS e a EE NG SNIRERE|ECD[KJK_EG CWS QQ GGG 7 7, SSX NUMBER OF TREES-CUTTING TO VARIOUS DIAMETERS ~ TAKEN, 96-2 % RK CC votume Oo. oo. TAKEN, 88-4-% \ ~<<\\\\votume KEN, 76-8 %o VOLUME NS WN 7) EN . % \N GHA GQ : WK : RATIO, NUMBER OF TREES TO VOLUME - CUTTING TO !2° NUMBER OF DIAMETER TREES 6 ee 5 PM eee. : l 2’ a : SS SS NUMBER OF TREES OF VARIOUS SIZES REQUIRED TO MAKE 1000 FEET OF LUMBER Gurtesy of Conservation Commission, State of New York 3MU 4OV OT 23 SAT T 70 y azaMUn ‘OITA . Pig 7 ea Bode. An = Sy Ol oT Quit Tua, IMU_LOV OT 233nt Fo Bay tok di~ Pocs ge Oem oe a MaMAP pat. re beng Seabee aE Cane ei DWITTIUD = 4AMUJOY OT. e4 13H ac “ Ss C x fee aie ei riot as iat gages eu019h Mir, ‘pan inspection a oh ptect ive. organi iz REEOR TS OF, COMMELTEE. ON FORESTS 73 governments, within the territory already covered by the jurisdiction and organization of each, has been consistently followed throughout. As a result, a considerable number of the officials of the Dominion Parks Branch, Dominion Forestry Branch, British Columbia Forest Branch, Department of Lands, Forests and Mines of Ontario, Forest Protection Branch of Quebec, and the Department of Crown Lands of New Brunswick have been appointed officers of the Fire Inspection Department of the Railway Commission. The principal work of these officials has been in connection with enforcing the requirements respecting patrol work and right-of-way clearing by the railways, as well as co-operating with the Operating Department of the Board in the inspection of fire-protective appliances in use on locomotives. Thus, the fire-protective work of the Board is carried on in full accord with existing fire-protective organizations of the Dominion and Provincial governments, and all unnecessary duplication is avoided. | Rie Guards In the Prairie provinces, fire-guard inspection has beer in Prairie carried on under the direction of the Chief Fire Provitices Guardian of Alberta and the Fire Commissioner of Saskatchewan, who have been appointed officers of the Railway Com- mission. It is hoped that a similar arrangement may be made in Manitoba, negotiations being under way for co-operation with the Fire Commissioner of that province. Almost without exception, the results of the co-operative handling of the railway fire protection work have been highly satisfactory. Not only has the number of fires been reduced, but most of the fires that have occurred were prevented from spreading. It is worthy of note that the efficiency of the work is in direct ratio to the sufficiency and efficiency of the inspection staff made available by the various co-oper- ating agencies. In the western provinces, especially, very little criticism can be made of the work. However, certain minor changes will be made with a view to still further increasing the usefulness of the organization. In the east, the work of organization has been much slower, owing to the more conservative attitude taken by the authorities, resulting in an inadequate inspection staff being made available. Assurances have been received, however, which will mean a very much more satisfac- tory organization in the east during 1914. Such extension is particu- larly needed in Ontario at the present time. In Nova Scotia, too, the proposed plan of co-operation has not yet been put into effect, pending the appointment of a provincial forester. This appointment was pro- vided for in a law passed last spring, following the report made by Dr. Fernow, on forest conditions in that province. It is proposed, 74 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION under this law, to give the forester, when appointed, supervision of forest protection work in general, including that of railway fire inspection. The railways have, for the most part, shown a uniformly friendly attitude toward the work, and have made honest efforts to meet the various requirements. ‘There is every reason to believe that henceforth the railways will be found near the foot instead of at or near the head, in the list of agencies responsible for forest fires, providing the amount of damage rather than number of fires be considered. Railways mot Before this condition shall be fully reached, however, Subject to the it is urgently necessary that further action be taken as Commission to two classes of railways which are not subject to the jurisdiction of the Railway Commission. These are the various rail- ways operating under provincial charters, and the Government rail- ways, consisting of the Intercolonial, Prince Edward Island, and National Transcontinental. In regard to the first class, action in the form of new legislation, or, in some cases, a more complete enforcement of existing legislation, is required in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and Alberta. The governments of these provinces have already been approached in this matter, and it is hoped that steps will be taken to improve conditions as to fire protection on provincially-chartered rail- ways. ‘The one great essential, which has all too generally been lack- ing, is the provision of an adequate inspection staff for this line of work. During the past year, marked improvement has been shown in the matter of fire protection on Government railways. In the spring of 1913, following representations made by this Commission and by the government of New Brunswick, a system of special fire patrols was established along the line of the National Transcontinental railway between Edmundston and Moncton, N.B., and special instructions were issued to all employees relative to reporting and extinguishing fires occurring along the railway line. There is still much to be done, however, before the fire protection afforded on Government railways will be as efficient as on the lines now subject to the Railway Commis- sion. Much still remains to be done in the matter of removing inflam- mable material from the rights-of-way of the Transcontinental and_ the Intercolonial. The former is in an especially dangerous condition, and measures should be adopted to destroy the debris at the earliest possible moment. Patrols should be established and regulations applied similar to those in force on the New Brunswick division. More attention should also be paid to the fire-protective appliances in use on REP ORES OF COMMITTEE ON FORESTS 75 locomotives running on portions of the Transcontinental not yet opened to traffic. It is believed, also, that the best results would be secured in the long run by making the Government railways subject to the same fire regulations as are prescribed by the Board of Railway Commissioners for lines under its jurisdiction. This action is accordingly recommended. INVESTIGATION OF ForEsST RESOURCES Considerable progress may also be reported in connection with ‘matters other than railway fire protection. A beginning has been made toward the collection of information relative to the forest resources and forest conditions of the Dominion. The value and importance of this work may be realized when it is considered that there is at the present time no sufficient basis for anything like a reliable estimate of the forest resources of the Dominion as a whole. It is, however, known, in a general way, that these resources have been vastly over- estimated, and that, instead of being able to supply the United States after her timber shall have been exhausted, Canada has, as a matter of fact, probably not more than one-fifth to one-fourth as much saw- timber as has the United States. Inventory of | The work of collecting this information was com- BE ca menced during 1913 in two provinces. In British Commenced Columbia Dr. H. N. Whitford has gathered informa- tion relative to the territory south of the railway belt. In this work, the co-operation of the British Columbia Forest Branch and the Fores- try Branch of the Canadian Pacific railway has been of the very greatest value. Limit-holders have also been of very material assist- ance, by furnishing information as to the quantities of timber in various specific sections of the province. At the same time, Mr. J. C. Blumer has been engaged in similar work in the district west of Prince Albert in Saskatchewan. Here the co-operation of the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior has been most helpful. As in British Columbia, the limit-holders have provided much valuable information. It is considered exceedingly important that this work be continued until the two provinces have been covered. This is the first attempt at a comprehensive study of this kind in Canada, and the results will undoubtedly be of great interest and value. It now seems, however, that, unless the existing appropriation can be increased, not only will it be impossible to extend this work so that the final result for the whole Dominion may be secured within a reason- able number of years, but it may even be necessary to cut down the amount of work now being done in British Columbia and Saskatche- 76 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION wan, so that the results in these two provinces may be seriously delayed. It is believed that this work should be handled on such a scale that the data for British Columbia and Saskatchewan may be gathered within the next eighteen months, and for the whole Dominion within five years. Stady oF There are also various other investigations for which Forest it is exceedingly important that provision be made. Reproduction One of these is a study of forest reproduction and rate of growth, with a careful check estimate of the amount of stand- ing timber on representative portions of the Crown timber lands of New Brunswick. There has already been tentative discussion with the Government of New Brunswick relative to a co-operative handling of this project. It is believed that the execution of such work as this, not only in New Brunswick but in other provinces as well, together with the collection, on an adequate scale, of data relative to the forest resources of the Dominion, will amply justify a request for an increased appropriation for the work of the Commission. A detailed statement of the financial situation as to forestry work during the current year is as follows: Cost of investigation of forestry conditions on the public domain, by J. H. White, approximately.... $1,700 Cost of detailed study of forest reproduction on Trent watershed, by Dr. C. D. Howe, approximately.. 1,600 Study of forest resources and forest conditions in Sas- katchewan, by J. C. Blumer. . 25 2. sae eee 1,000 tudy of forest resources and forest conditions in British Columbia, by Dr. H. N. Whitford, to date 1,600 Necessary, for balasce of fiscal yeario:. 5. cece atone 1,100 The total approximate cost of conducting all the above field work, exclusive of travelling expenses of the Chief Forester, is thus approxi- mately $7,000. The projects of Messrs. White and Howe were con- ducted only during the summer, approximately four months. Messrs. Whitford and Blumer were not employed until late in the summer. Dr. Whitford is still on duty, and the above estimate ($2,700) covers a period of approximately seven months. The estimate for Mr. Blumer’s work ($1,000) covers approximately four months’ work, and it is impossible to continue the project at the present time on account of lack of funds. Both these projects will require to be prose- cuted during the whole of the coming year, and longer, unless the benefit of the work already done is to be largely sacrificed. In addition, provision should be made for one man to work with Dr. Whitford, in order that the report on the entire province of British Columbia may be completed within the next eighteen months. Provision should also -be made for a detailed study of forest reproduction under various con- sO eee REPORTS OF COMMITTER ON FORESTS 77 ditions, on burns and cut-over lands in British Columbia, to supplement the information relative to the stand of timber, etc., being collected by Dr. Whitford. A detailed summary of the needs for the ensuing fiscal year is as follows: For continuation of work of Dr. H. N. Whitford, study of forest resources of British Columbia.... $4,500 For additional man to co-operate with Dr. Whitford in Britishs Columbia~ =. ccs eee ee eee oe 4,500 For continuation of work of J. C. Blumer, study of forest TESOUECES Ofs Saskatche wane secs 5 ceclececieincis «ue 4,000 Study of forest reproduction in British Columbia...... 2,000 Co-operative forest investigation in New Brunswick.. 2,000 “TES (TLS I re alse ap ais ee ne ad ge! rer aN $17,000 The total needed is thus $17,000, or $10,000 additional to the sum made available during the present year. If the Commission desires to retain the services of Dr. Whitford and Mr. Blumer, continuous em- ployment must be provided, otherwise new men must be found when the work can again be taken up, thus losing the benefit of the personal experience gained by the men, and delaying the work so greatly that its value will be largely lost before the final results can be secured. DoMINION Forest RESERVE EXTENSION Each year, for some years past, the Forestry Branch of the Depart- ment of the Interior has had six or seven parties in the field examin- ing the lands in the western provinces which are under Dominion jurisdiction. The purpose of this work has been to determine the lands that control watersheds or are absolute forest lands and which should, therefore, be set apart for timber production. In addition to the area of 35,805 square miles already set apart for forest purposes by Act of Parliament, the surveys show that there is an additional area of 20,980 square miles which is best suited for timber growth. Pee of These areas are of two characters. There are, first, the’ Forested large forested watersheds in the northern portions of Watersheds the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, such as the Porcupine hills, the Pasquia hills, the Swan hills and others. These form the main watershed between the Mackenzie and Churchill River systems and the Saskatchewan and Red River systems, and should, in addition to protecting the water supply, form the great source of timber for domestic and manufacturing purposes for the great prairie regions to the south. The second class of reserves are smaller or larger areas of light sandy lands, scattered through the prairie, which are of absolutely no agricultural value and which, although now generally denuded of tree 78 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION growth, may, by an active policy of reforestation, be made of great value to the surrounding prairies. In the Railway Belt, in the province of British Columbia, there are also large tracts of mountain country which are suitable only for forest lands, and which, after examination, have been recommended for addition to forest reserves. The Commission of Conservation should use its influence to secure these additions to the forest reserves. A detailed statement of the results of the Forestry Branch examina- tions is as follows: Approximate Areas of Additions to the Dominion Forest Reserves, Recommended by the Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior BritisH CoLuMBIA (RatLway BE.T) New Reserves Square miles shiuswip Jake" sa: coma treet’ oun ere 1,09 EV OP Cie 55 ch See oe eee BS ee 1,044 INahatla tela: teiteer hcp 4 corse 8 co et ee ep eet 935 jess MioGtintain femcn eh Wea act ee cee ean 802 Rete: 2 End ee re ee 747 CG aS fii: 3s 6's Hoc Oe es eer ae E 1200 se 5,825 Additions to Existing Reserves Hat. Creek vous ecie e no eee eee 178 TAT Cli reterc artiste hike ee Eee 30 208 Motalstoreb ritishsColumbiaees eee 6,033 ALBERTA LEgevla Biche (new reserves) -.<..<0.ess5 ceneu: 4,248 Lesser Slave (addition )i< 2s s.i0-~ sik ce tee 1,496 5,744 Total tor Alberta, 2:22 oar sSeoe eee 5,744 SASKATCHEWAN New Reserves Dundgtn dss 255 o ar Seek ebinae pe eee eee Sheep Greek ig ..ués cts Gases ucetee eee 7 Stench Wakes: oc b.cas sacaan ween Cee 27 Keppel 550255. sia.0 00 5.ta die! Cane cae ee Zon. stewards ico es cies 3 ai eee ee eee 31 Bagle. Pills .< oj: cesawesu lg antenls coat eee 34 Good Spirit’ Lakes. 1% scenes we eee Cee 6 Manitou Lake. siti 2.05 «ase See eee 180 Sturgeon. Riveti;. dsc osteo ak oeee ee 560 Pasquia Hills-..; .nncocice eeen eee 2,592 Big Rivet... 005 Ue dee eee ee 1,250 Battleford...... wa, 0: "so: pss tabciace tonet ene dager ote paee te lier beet 951 BIDOW. .ss6,0carek sists oa ee aS —— 5,841 REPO s OF COMMIL_ELT ER, ON FORESTS 79 Additions to Existing Reserves Wy pressm dlls. 2... 35225 Ls cee eee emt ee a sles) 9 26 SO ASIN TIS eG oso: «ce ao. 55 Dee etme ere akeeh| Aes a as 4 1h | eee 27 2,946 io = 28 4 123 2,046 Li ie 4 128 7,612 | 60 12 372 12 2,605 Bees, 4 153 | 31 31 2,545 ae 4 106 1,770 | 16 4 111 6,920 ee 12 370 There is no accurate manner of obtaining data on the number of logs lost per day. Figuring backward from the cost of lopping per “No. feet,” we find that it means the loss of four to twelve logs per horse per day, or from one to two logs per man per day. The average number of logs per day per man in District No. 1 is eight below that in District No. 2. With the liberal allowance of two logs for the added work of top-lopping, there still remains a differ- ence of six logs. This is explained by the inferior quality of the labour employed on District No. 1. On District No. 2 the jobbers and their men are old, experienced hands. Many of the sawyers have themselves been jobbers in previous years, and they thoroughly under- stand their work. On the other hand the jobbers in District No. 1 are many of them new at the work and their men are, with a few excep- tions, entirely unaccustomed to woods work. In many instances boys from the larger towns are employed. This class has had no previous experience in logging or with horses. Generally speaking the men working in District No. 1 are but two-thirds to three-quarters as effi- cient as those in District No. 2. The wages are not correspondingly low, hence costs are high. The log run in District No. 2 is estimated to be higher than that in District No. 1. This is due to the large number of white pine and big PORES. FIRES ANDREBRUSH DISPOSAL 145 balsam in District No. 2, considerable area of one to two log balsam in District No. 1 and lack of white pine in District No. 1. Nos. 1 and 5 show fewer logs per man per day than their associates, due to the presence of boys and cheap labour on the pay roll. TABLE NO. 2—ACTUAL TIME CONSUMED IN LOPPING AT VARIOUS CAMPS Aver. No. . ‘Loaf- Time charged to Trees pet . Lopping | ing and shee No. trees Jobber} crew pet trees per | time in sna = mee lopping lopped day er I hours ea lie o per hour ay time | Hours Days 1 50 96 6 Z 1 8 8 84 46 6 2 1 8 8 8-— z, 28 52 35 1 44 4s z 8 24 25 62 2s 4 10+ 3 24 24 24 0 62 24 rs 104 4 28 30 3 0 6 3 ra 94. 5 28 27 2s 1 44 44 x 8 6 30 62 3 0 0 6 4 10 28 3 0 0 6 x 9+ 7 27 25 23 0 62 24 4 12 36 37 SS 0 5s Se 2 10+ TABLE NO. 3—ACTUAL COST OF LOPPING Time Cost per Feet skid- |used in} Wages day per Cosi pele (C eke a Cost of Horse M.B.E.| of labour Jobber} ded per | lopp- of : crew for : esis food time lost for for top- day ing in| lopper tops aa aes days lopping opping opping 1 3,012 = 100 70 none $1.51 .50 | small boy 3,012 * 100 70 none 1.51 -5U | small boy 2 1,788 4 100 70 1 hour .85 47 small boy 1,788 4 154 70 1 hour .56 -31 | man 3 1,680 4 154 70 2 hours 56 .33 | man 4 2,109 4 192 70 2 hours &8 AL man 5 1,842 S 100 70 3 hours 85 .44 | small boy 6 2,208 S 173 70 1 hour 81 .37 | man 2,208 = 173 70 1 hour 81 .37 | man 7 1,984 4 173 70 1 hour .61 .31 | man 8 2,511 2 173 70 1 hour .97 .39 | man Grand average 40 cents, men average 354 cents, boy average 48 cents. H=oTc 146 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TABLE NO. 4—IDEAL CREW FOR TOP-LOPPING Four men—men do cooking; pay, $52 per month. One horse—125 logs per day. Two fellers—fell, buck up, make bark marks and do branching up to top. One swamper—lop the tops and assist skidder in making trails. One skidder—skid logs, roll logs, make skidways and make trails. Ration estimate before Christmas, averaging in Sundays, 70 cents. Two-fifths swamper’s time to lop the tops, at $2.00 per day. Log average, 27 board feet skidded per day—3,375. Cost of lopping per day, $1.08. Cost of lopping per M. feet, 32 cents. Top-lopping, except under proper supervision, is only a waste of time, as the men, especially under the jobbing system, will try to evade the work, often piling brush on tops to conceal them. The holders of timber lands are disposed to look upon top-lopping as a matter for careful investigation, and are willing to approach the subject with open minds. As has been said before, it is not likely that anyone would lop tops unless all his neighbours did the same. Some are disposed to use the following argument, which can be illustrated by the experiment described above. The cost of lopping per acre was found to be $1.63; the benefits from the standpoint of fire pro- tection, reduced cost of cruising, etc., could under no circumstances extend over fifteen years, which would make the cost per acre per year eleven cents. As limit-holders in this section are now getting good fire protection for one-quarter cent per acre per annum, and for two or three cents practically perfect protection could be had by more numerous patrols, would it not be better therefore to spend the addi- tional money in fire protection rather than in top-lopping? This, of course, applies only to lumbermen, for the pulp operators, by taking trees down to three and one-half inches in the tops, are practically leaving small enough tops; in fact, that is within one-half inch of the limit prescribed by the top-lopping law in New York state. To sum up, the authors agree that top-lopping is well worth while from the standpoint of the good of the forests, but can only be a practical measure when compelled by a general regulation well enforced. BORE Sf FIRES ANDES RUSE DISPOSAL 147 NOTES ON SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES; SOME SUGGES- TIONS ON BRUSH DISPOSAL* By Elers Koch, Forest Supervisor, United States Forest Service, Missoula, Montana On a large percentage of the Forest Service timber sales fire pro- tection has been insured by piling and burning the slash, which costs usually from 30 cents*to 75 cents per thousand feet. Brush piling, in most cases, is done by the logger, and, of recent years, the timber sale contract usually requires the operator to burn the brush also, With stumpage prices running from $1 to $4 per thousand feet, the cost of brush disposal, which, of course, comes out of the stumpage paid the government, takes a large proportion of the value of the timber. On a big timber sale, with a heavy stand per acre, the total amount ex- pended for temporary protection of the sale area reaches a rather alarming figure, and the thrifty forester must, of necessity, cast about for a less expensive means of protection from fire. Observations made on old slashings indicate that, in from five to seven years, the slash has rotted down and disappeared so as to ‘bring the fire risk back to normal. The problem, then, is to secure protection for the cut-over area during the danger period, after which the ordinary protective measures in force on the forest should suffice. Piling and burning the brush reduces the danger to a minimum, but the expenditure for a few years’ fire protection is extremely great. The fire risk on a timber sale area is generally either from fire starting in an adjoining slash on private lands, or from some human agency, such as logging engines, campers or smokers within the area. If a system of fire lines is constructed, by piling and burning the brush on strips 100 to 300 feet wide along the danger zones, and combined with a very intensive patrol for about five years after the cutting, it should be possible to reduce the fire risk to a minimum at a fraction of the cost of piling and burning the slash on the entire area. In general, the brush should be piled and burned on a strip 200 feet wide around the border of the area if it adjoins slashing on private lands. A wide strip should be cleared of brush on either side of logging railways, and narrow strips along the main logging roads would break the area up into blocks and reduce the danger of fires starting at those points apt to be frequently traversed by human beings. Lopping the tops may prove desirable in some stands where the brush is very heavy, in order to hasten the rotting of the branches *Reprinted by permission, from Forestry Quarterly. Volume XI, No. 4. 148 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION and needles. In many cases this is not necessary, particularly on steep slopes, where the tops are pretty well shattered to pieces by felling and logging. Recent inspection of slashings near the Lolo forest, where no disposal had been made of the tops, showed that, in the course of five or six years, the slash had practically disappeared in both the yellow pine and fir-larch types. A specific example of a Forest Service timber sale will illustrate the saving which could be made on the present method of brush dis- posal. A sale made to the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, in the Bitterroot forest, cutting on which has been completed, covered an area of approximately 3,300 acres, with a total cut of 52,600,000 board feet, chiefly yellow pine. The area is situated on the edge of the forest, adjoining private lands cut over by the Anaconda Copper Mining Company. The brush on this sale was all piled by the logging company and burned by the Forest Service. The brush piling cost, on an average, about 40 cents per thousand feet. Much of the work was contracted at this figure, and it is safe to say that, at any time, the company would have been glad to modify its contract with an increase in stumpage of 40 cents per thousand, if brush piling could be dispensed with entirely. The brush burning cost the Forest Ser- vice six cents per thousand, making a total cost of 46 cents per thousand, or in round numbers, $24,000 total. That is to say, as much money was expended on the special protection of this 3,300 acres for a period of about five years, as the annual cost of protection and administration of the entire Bitterroot forest, containing 1,154,550 acres. Only the greatest risk could justify the concentration of such a large proportion of the fire protection funds on this limited area. The expense is probably justifiable if no other cheaper means of protection were available. The writer believes that an almost equal degree of protection could have been secured for an expenditure of about $10,000, a saving of about 58 per cent. The great danger on this area is from fire starting in the adjoining slash on the Anaconda Copper Mining Company lands. A strip 200 feet wide along the forest boundary on which the brush is piled and burned would offer a good base of protection from fires of this class. This should be further supplemented by a system of cleared belts along the main logging roads. A total of ten per cent of the area would provide for a very extensive system of fire belts. As the brush is heavy on this area it would probably have been advisable to lop the limbs from the tops, which could be done for not to exceed ten cents per thousand feet. The area would then be left in good shape for repelling fires, with all the greatest danger points cleared up. For further protection, until the brush had rotted away, two guards. FOREST FIRES AND BRUSH DISPOSAL 149 employed for four months in the year would give very intensive patrol. Each guard would have only two’and one-half sections to patrol and should be able to see every foot of the ground several times a day. The following summary makes clear the relative cost of the two methods: Plan Adopted Area cut over, 3,300 acres. Total amount cut, 52,600 thousand feet. Cost of piling and burning at 46 cents per thousand ...... $24,000 Proposed Plan Cost of piling and burning 10 per cent of brush for eit MPEGS MI rs Sr Syeltas che Gag grate: Y atc! oa! hw hehe eas $2,400 Cost of lopping brush on balance of area at 10 cents PaaS Se tearags nb hn ee ee lth viele oa he wins tl oo bie 4,700 Cost of patrol, two men, four months each year at $75 Pemidonth for ive years 52. 6.7)..%.%. nod thdte 3% 3,000 $10,100 Smineaby proposed method. 2... sii. cies. coedaeeses $13,900 It is believed that this system of partial piling and burning brush in the danger zones, supplemented by intensive patrol for a few years, can be applied successfully to most stands in the yellow pine, the fir-larch or Douglas fir types. Further advantages of leaving the brush unburned might be cited. Most of the yellow pine type in this locality occurs on dry south and west slopes. The brush and needle cover would help to retain moisture in these very dry situations and would probably be an aid to securing reproduction. In the fir-larch type there is very often an advance seedling growth, frequently eight or ten feet high, besides a large number of poles below merchantable size. Brush burning on an area of this sort must, of necessity, destroy a large amount of seedling and pole growth, besides being so expensive that it often deters a prospective purchaser from buying the timber. The problem in white pine, spruce and cedar timber is somewhat different. The amount of brush in timber of this sort is so large, and the fire risk in the white pine belt is so great, that, in most cases, extreme care must be taken to prevent fire in the slashings. In the old, over-mature white pine stands, which are characteristic of the merchantable white pine type of the Lolo forest, the only feas- ible system which has been proposed for securing natural reproduction is the reservation from cutting of scattered groups, strips or single trees well distributed over the area, constituting 10 to 15 per cent of the total stand. If the brush is to be burned in a stand of this 150 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION sort, it must necessarily be piled, in order to prevent the total destruc- tion of the seed trees. The cost of piling and burning brush on a mixed stand in the white pine type is estimated at 60 cents per thous- and feet. Ina stand averaging 25,000 feet to the acre this involves the enormous expenditure of $15.00 per acre, several times the cost of planting. The obvious alternative, then, is to cut clean, burn the slash broad- cast, and plant the burned area with nursery stock. No very accurate figures are at hand for the cost of broadcast burning, with the area controlled by cleared fire lines, but an estimate of 20 cents per thous-- and feet is certainly conservative. Let us then take a specific instance and compare the cost of the two methods. A timber sale has recently been made to the Mann Lumber Company, on Big creek, in the Lolo National forest, cover- ing an area of 3,600 acres, estimated at 80,000,000 feet, a mixture of white pine, spruce, Douglas fir, larch, cedar, hemlock, and white fir. The contract provides that, except on clean-cut areas, the brush shall be piled and burned. The clean-cut areas will be practically nil, so that they need not be considered. In this particular case a part of the area is fire-killed timber where there will be no brush disposal; but to make the case typical of average conditions, it will be assumed that it is entirely a green timber stand. By clearing a system of fire lines one chain wide along the prin- cipal ridge tops, thus dividing the area into blocks, broadcast firing could be done safely and cheaply, and the ground would be left in good shape for planting. The following figures give the relative cost of the two systems: Area of tract, 3,600 acres. Total stand, 80,000,000 feet. Cost of brush piling and burning, at 60 cents per thousand (per acre, $13.33) 7 > Totaly: 2 fs 6. 5 ses See $48,000 Cost of broadcast burning at 20 cents per thousand (per acre, $4.44). Total) ..ico nee so ks soe san eeu 16,000 Saving by broadcast burning, per acre, $8.89. Total....... $32,000 Cost of planting white pine 8x 8 ft., per acre, $5.22. Total... $18,792 Net saving after burning and planting, per acre, $3.67. Total $13,208 These figures, if correct—and it is believed that they can be demon- strated—indicate that, if the contract could be amended to permit the company to burn broadcast instead of piling the brush, the stumpage price could be increased sufficiently to amount to $32,000. The sum FOREST FIRES AND BRUSH DISPOSAL 151 of $18,792 could then be devoted to planting the area, leaving a net saving of $13,208. We would then have a well-spaced, completely stocked plantation of white pine, or whatever species was deemed desirable, instead of a more or less incomplete, natural reproduction of perhaps 25 to 50 per cent white pine. The weed trees, the hem- locks, white fir and cedars, would all be eliminated, and there would be prospects for a succeeding crop of timber which would have double the value of the mixed, natural stand. A further advantage, which has not been included in the calculation, is the saving of stumpage in the seed trees. In an over-mature stand much of this will be lost by death of the trees before the end of the next rotation, and the amount of timber left would probably not justify a logging opera- tion before that time. ‘This item would amount to from $2 to $4 per acre. The operator would aiso get the advantage of an increased cut with the same improvement investment, as well as the cheaper cost of logging a clean-cut area. The planting cost is figured as follows: Cost of three-year-old white pine transplants, per thousand.. $3.00 Seuspariation, per thousand <2. 02.25 ...c ete eke ese nt se .50 pero e ty LNOUSATIG icici clan 'y Sls oo wai die\ eye aie «Sin 4 tigers ale sens 4.00 Ste MME PRS Me Me NA Prt kd ara oly ordeals 6 ose dnee oe ace $7.50 Spacing 8x 8, or 670 per acre, gives a cost of $5.22 per acre. About a million and a half of eastern and western white pine transplants will be shipped from the Saranac nursery this fiscal year, at a cost not to exceed three dollars per thousand ready for shipment. The planting crew on the Lolo forest this fall is planting white pine at the rate of 1,000 per man per day. The final cost has not yet been obtained ; but it is certain that it will not exceed $4 per thousand plants. The obvious difficulty in carrying out a policy of clear cutting and planting on Forest Service sales is, of course, lack of funds to handle the planting. The increased stumpage receipts go into the United States treasury and the extra expense must be carried by the regular funds of the Forest Service. It would seem, however, that arrangements must be made to cover this expense, if the Forest Service is to make any pretence to a businesslike administration. The Forest Service policy is, perhaps, not to be criticized. In- creased appropriations are hard to get and the present funds barely cover current work; but the fact remains that an attempt to regenerate over-mature white pine stands by natural methods is an economic waste, which will cost the United States government tens of thous- ands of dollars within the next decade if the policy is continued. 152 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION SITUATION IN NATIONAL FORESTS IN MINNESOTA, MICHIGAN, SOUTH DAKOTA, COLORADO AND WYOMING The following statement is furnished by the District Forester at Denver, Colorado, in charge of U. S. Forest Service District No. 2. Heretofore our methods of brush disposal have differed, of course, with the various timber types and ground conditions in each case. In the lodgepole type, we have resorted to piling and burning entirely. In the open yellow pine type in Colorado, scattering has been our usual method, and this method has also been used almost exclusively in our rather dense stands of spruce and alpine fir in mixture. In the Black hills, and in Colorado, where fire danger is great, yellow pine brush has been piled and burned as a strictly protective measure. In comparison with other districts more heavily timbered, and not subject to a fair amount of precipitation during the summer months because situated at lower altitudes, the fire risk in this district is not great and our reasons for piling and burning in lodgepole have taken reproduction into consideration as well as to present a clearer surface to possible ground fires. With the exception of the Minnesota and Michigan forests now in this district, piling has generally been done by the operator as cutting progressed, and the burning has been carried out by the Forest Service later, when light snow or other conditions made it least dangerous. Lately, we have been using a clause in our contracts, however, which requires the purchaser to furnish a sufh- cient number of men to properly burn the brush, under the supervision of the Forest officer in charge, at any time the latter may order such men, On the Minnesota forests, and in Michigan, piling and burning are carried on simultaneously as the cutting progresses, and we are giving this method a thorough trial in the lodgepole type in Colorado and Wyoming, with a view to determining its feasibility in these regions. The following is an extract from a letter submitted to this office last winter by Supervisor Marshall of the Minnesota Forest, describ- ing methods of brush disposal in that region: “Brush piling and burning costs vary so much according to con- ditions that it is impossible to give any figures which will govern all cases, but I will give you such data as I have and you can fit them to local conditions. “For an open stand of Norway, running from five hundred thous- and to a million to the forty, brush burning should cost nothing if properly handled. By this I mean, that, if as soon as the trees are felled, the brush is piled and burned, the extra amount of logs that the teams will skid on cleared ground will offset the cost of brush disposal. This may be considered one extreme. A PROGRESSIVE LUMBERING OPERATION The fire risk is reduced by the disposal of the debris. Brush is piled, ready for burning. Clear cutting of very heavy stand of spruce. Deerlodge National Forest, Montana. -0f71715.5/oZ.0f Conservation pote i = SELECTION CUTTING OF LODGEPOLE PINE, DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST, MONTANA Only marked trees are allowed to be cut, brush must be piled and burned later. Sufficient trees remain to ensure a next crop. PORES Lt FIRES-ANDeE ROSH DISPOSAL 153: “Tf you have a bunch of scattered pine timber situated in a growth of poplar and aspen, where the felling of a pine will bring down a dozen or so aspen with it, and where it is necessary to cut a skid road through birch and aspen to get to the tree, the cost of piling and burning will come close to seventy-five cents. This is assuming that you would do as we do here, make them burn all of the brush cut out of the skid roads and all of the aspen knocked down by the ‘pine. We have had instances where there was more brush to be burned on the skid road and more knocked down aspen and birch than there was to be burned on the pine tree they were after. This is the other extreme. “We figure an average of from eighteen to twenty-five cents for piling and burning. If piled and burned later, it will cost from twenty to forty cents for piling and from five to ten cents for burn- ing, but this is the most costly method and not used here at all. Assum- ing that you intend to have the brush piled, it is just as easy to take ten minutes in the morning and start a small fire of dry wood and pile the brush on. After the fire is once started, you need do no more than pile, except that, instead of piling it on bare ground or snow, you pile it on the fire and, in this way, brush that would make two or three piles is burned in one fire, and time is saved in carrying the brush. After the first one is made, other fires may be started easily by using a square-nosed, long-handled shovel and carrying some coals to the point where the next fire is to be started. It is very difficult to make a pile of brush that will burn clean without repiling but by burning as you pile, everything is cleaned up. “Another thing to be taken into consideration is that, if you are working in a country where there is considerable reproduction, the number of ash piles will be greatly reduced, in fact, from figures: we have made here, the area burned over will be only about one- fourth of what it would be if piled and burned later. If brush cannot be piled and burned as soon as it is made, I would just as soon not require piling for, if piled in the winter, the snow drifts in and the pile will be the last thing to dry out in the spring. If left unpiled, just as soon as the spring thaw-comes, a crew can go in and pile and burn it at one operation before there is any danger of fire- spreading. “While in District No. 1, figures were taken from this forest on brush burning to be used in the west, and I found that at the vari-. ous supervisors’ meetings which I attended, a great deal of the opposi- tion to brush burning was from the supervisors themselves. I will admit that to get general brush burning under way was some job,,. but now that we have been burning for nine years, the lumbermen think nothing of it and it is considered as much a part of a logging operation as the cutting of the logs themselves. Employment offices around here advertise for brush burners iust the same as they do for swampers and sawyers. We were told when we first attempted brush burning that it would cost $2.00 per thousand. Others said that green brush could not be burned in the winter at all. To date, we have cut about six hundred million and the brush has all been burned. This- 154 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION winter we have cut nearly fifty million and the brush will all be cleaned up within two weeks, and for the last month we have had nearly three feet of snow.” Generally, we feel that burning should not be attempted on an extensive scale in less than six inches of snow. It can be done with safety, however, on a small scale after rains and on damp days. The cost of brush disposal naturally varies very ‘much with the’ timber and ground conditions. Twenty-five cents per thousand should cover scattering in western yellow pine stands, unless the timber is unusually limby. The cost of scattering properly in spruce should rarely exceed 40 cents per thousand, and piling can be properly done in the lodgepole type for 30 to 45 cents per thousand, depending on the quality and density of the timber, and these piles can later be burned for three to ten cents per thousand, if weather conditions are just right. If the snow is too deep, however, or the piling has been poor, the cost of burning can go as high as 20 cents per thousand. These figures assume an average cost of $2.50 per day and meals for temporary labour and the cost of at least one forest officer at an average of $1,100 per annum, supervising the work. Aside from the piling and burning costs there appear to be no additional costs to operators from this source, and in many cases I believe skidding is facilitated by piling and burning, and the cost thereof lowered a few cents per thousand, offsetting a portion of the direct brush disposal cost. Following are figures on burning cost furnished from the Medicine Bow forest: Average depth of snow, 6 inches. Acreage burned )\; 0. ..2) ieee ts Boe ee 514 Averdve cut per.acte’s .h0. 56 Jag ee eee ee 5,000 Average piles burned per man per day ............. 451 Brush had been piled one year. “ Tepee ” and low, flat piles. COSTS Oil and smatchési7 iin 2266 6! ease $4 05 Teaming 14/1. Fee gave esas s ot os rapes hee einen 9 00 Temporary labour at $2.50:.. 0... 2.222 pss eee 72 00 Forest officers’ time’. . .vs.c....+-s0000505 se 56 39 $141 44 Cost. Per ACTE aos. ais. in 0160 x, «pe octe cena ee $0.275 Cost per thousand cut . <... 2.0.5 sine eee 0.0542 The costs of burning with a large crew in the Bighorn forest in the season of 1911, were as follows: FOREST FIRES AND BRUSH DISPOSAL 155 COSTS, SEASON IQII Wages of temporary labourers ..............-+--- $534 00 Wages of Forest Service employees .............- 141 86 Meals furnished temporary labourers ............ 13572353 81 gallons oil, at 25 cents per gallon ............. 20 25 Fremht on 81 gallons oil. ..202 3.065... ee eee 7.29 Supplies purchased from Bighorn Timber Co. ..... 9 05 fiwo lb. witkine ato) cents per Ib. 2... .°. ae. ==. 70 Freight on food supplies (Dayton-Woodrock) .... 27 40 MOLAR COSEsIts weet es ee a ESET Ve 2 Be $878 08 Re AT MEC NOVEL) ACEKES) ors sland wideisl a, 8S wees! waa sld S bia Siete oo! 4,236 Total amount timber removed from above area, ft. B.M... 24,532,875 Amount of timber removed per acre burned over, ft. B.M. 5,791 en ECE Cu ee oo ant tt ypey he Ge oreo Since se enya ae $0.207 Basten, fe Wigs. Gree ee cele oc Petter Ss belts oes 0.0357 When brush disposal was initiated, operators throughout this dis- trict were very much opposed to it, but now take it as a matter of course, and we have very few complaints from this source. One of our largest operators in the lodgepole type in Wyoming has com- plained on several occasions of the added responsibility thrown on the operator’s shoulders from this source, and has asked that the Service take entire charge of brush disposal, carrying it out at such times as may seem best and meeting the costs from funds deposited by the operator for this purpose from time to time. This is an unusual case, however, and, where the burning is properly supervised by the operator, little trouble occurs. Shortly after piling and burning was initiated we had some trouble with operators because of their lax supervision of this phase of the operations, and, because of a general inclination on their part to consider brush disposal impracticable, they make no effort to carry it out properly. When an honest effort is made to secure efficiency in its disposal, operators secure results at very low cost and rarely, if ever, complain of this feature, particularly in view of the fact that our stumpage appraisals now consider brush disposal as a distinct item of operating costs and allow a rather liberal figure for it. The only compensating advantages I can think of which ensue to the operator through brush disposal, are the slight reduction in the fire hazard and, as previously mentioned, the slightly increased freedom in skidding operations. If a sufficient margin has been allowed for brush disposal in the stumpage appraisal, I think these two points can really be considered as distinctly advantageous to the operator. How- 156 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ever, if brush disposal has not been considered in the stumpage ap- praisal, they would, of course, not offset its cost. It is our belief that the piling and burning of brush undoubtedly reduces the fire hazard and certainly lessens damage to which timber is liable through ground fires. However, under certain conditions in this district, piling and burning is impracticable, owing to the nature of the stand or ground conditions. In our spruce-fir type, for instance, there is so much advance reproduction on the ground as a rule and such a large amount of dead timber and other inflammable debris, that piling and burning would hardly be practicable, unless we required the purchaser to pile this other material in addition to the brush resulting from his cutting operations, and, in many cases, this would prove so expensive as to make the requirement impracticable of enforcement. In the yellow pine type we rarely pile and burn because the stands are generally very open and the ground rather bare; we have also felt that the slight addition to ground cover and soil moisture occasioned by scattering was very desirable from a standpoint of possible repro- duction, and that the risk of fire was negligible. I believe that it is very generally conceded in most portions of the west and in the Lake states, to-day, that brush disposal does lessen the fire hazard, although I do not know of any tests having been recorded on this subject or any reports showing the comparative intensity of fires on cleared and uncleared cut-over land. The effect of brush disposal on reproduction seems to be dependent on a number of factors, the most important of which are the weight of cutting in the stand, the tree species, and soil conditions. In our lodgepole type, brush burning is undoubtedly conducive to reproduc- tion, and investigators of this office have reported that reproduction following the scattering of brush in the lodgepole type in Wyoming was very unsatisfactory in comparison with that following piling and burning. Based on cutting areas examined in the past several years and the general knowledge of conditions in the lodgepole type, it is my opinion that scattering would not give good reproduction in this type if applied as a general rule. I believe that piling and burn- ing in the spruce-fir type might possibly result in better reproduc tion, but, as explained above, it is impracticable owing to the character of the stand usually encountered. Where the cutting in this type is rather heavy and the scattering is carried out with the idea of assist- ing reproduction as much as possible, I think we will obtain very fair results. In our open yellow pine stands, scattering is undoubtedly more favourable to reproduction than piling and burning. The great- est difficulty we encounter in securing reproduction in such stands is _ FOREST FIRES AND BRUSH DISPOSAL 157 ‘the occurrence of grass and weeds and the dryness of the soil, and I feel that any method which assists in killing the grass or weed cover is more conducive to reproduction than a system which would not destroy this cover on portions of the area. I am sorry to state that we have as yet no information on file in this office as to the effect -of brush disposal on reproduction in timber types found in the Lake ‘states. Brush disposal is now so firmly established in the sale policy of ‘the Service that I can foresee no radical change in the near future. Changes may be made from time to time in the exact methods of dis- ‘posal, either from silvicultural or administrative standpoints, but I do not believe the general principles we have been following will ‘be relinquished. STATE WORK IN BRUSH DISPOSAL—MINNESOTA* By W. T. Cox, Minnesota State Forester The control of fires and the handling of slash has been the body of ‘the work of the Minnesota State Forest Service since its organization. A large number of people are vitally interested in the disposition of the ‘logging slash, either because they have such to dispose of or are dan- gerously menaced by its existence. Since the slash disposal laws have ‘been in effect, it has been the custom of many of the logging companies to leave the slash scattered and strewn all over the logged ground, and ‘then make a grand clean-up in the spring with a general fire. This ‘system has not worked out satisfactorily, not only because of the destruction of the remaining timber and reproduction, but because of ‘the damage of resulting fires that escape control. A study of the situation for the last few years has revealed a few ‘new facts. Statistics show that 16.5 per cent of the total fires during the last year were fires escaping from slash burners, and that these fires caused 16 per cent of the total damage done. All kinds of slash do not burn the same, nor does any one kind burn ‘the same under different conditions. Green slash of pure cedar and ‘spruce, for instance, is hard to burn, but, if a fire is started and the green slash piled on, it burns well. Pine slash burns well either in ‘winter or summer. Where the timber is dense and the slash consider- ‘able, the expense of burning at the time of logging is very nearly ‘balanced or may even be more than offset by the increased convenience ‘in skidding. Actual operations have shown that where timber is heavy * Extracts reprinted from Fourth Annual Report of State Forester ei Minne- -Sota, for the year ending July 31, 1914, pp. 36-40. 158 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION (150 M per “ 40” or greater), slash will be so dense that considerable piling will be necessary before skidding can be done, and under these circumstances it would be much cheaper to burn at the time of cutting than to wait until spring. Figures from further operations also show that 25 cents is a fair average cost for burning of slash at time of logging, to say nothing of the increased benefit to skidding and to the operation as a whole. In summarizing conditions generally, the policy has been adopted to enforce winter burning, or very early spring burning wherever winter burning would entail unreasonable expense. Below are general instructions for disposing of various kinds of ' slash under different conditions: CEDAR, AND TO A CERTAIN EXTENT, TAMARACK I. Isolated or very small tracts. Pile and burn in winter or early spring, a strip at least 150 feet wide along roads or any dangerous points. Pile and burn any slash that falls from the cedar swamp on to high land. II. Larger tracts. Where there is much small cedar or other timber remaining, pile slash well in at least a 150-foot strip around slashing, and burn strip in early spring. III. Upland Cedar and Hardwoods. On good agricultural soil with very little or no valuable timber remaining, fire line as in No. II, or let burn hard with general fire, but in early spring only. IV. Summer cutting of Cedar. When it can safely be done, pile and burn a fire line along roads, rights-of-way, and settlements as cutting proceeds. Otherwise, slash to be disposed of as per Nos. I, II and III when dry season is over. SPRUCE AND BALSAM I. Upland type. Where spruce alone is cut and the stand is mixed with pine or hard- woods, burn the slash as logging proceeds. II. Swamp type. : Where 40 to 50 per cent of the number of trees remain standing, fire-line a strip at least 150 feet wide around entire slashing by burning slash in winter or early spring. If clean cut, pile slash in windrows and burn in early spring. III. Any Spruce or Balsam. Where most of spruce or balsam is cut out, but where there is con- siderable timber remaining that may be valuable in the future, pile slash in windrows as logging proceeds and burn in early spring.. PORES! FIRES AND BRUSH DISPOSAL 159 PINE I. Very scattering. Burn a 150-foot strip as logging proceeds, or pile and burn in very early spring all dangerous slash, old and new, along rights-of-way, standing timber, roads and farmsteads. No late spring burning. This would apply to land with pine alone or where pine is in mixture with other timber. II. Scattering to 150 M per “ 40.” Burn slash in winter over entire area as logging proceeds, or pile, as logging proceeds, all slash either old or new in a 150-foot strip around entire cutting and burn the slash on this strip either in winter or early spring. III. 150 M per “ 40” and heavier. Burn all slash as logging proceeds. IV. Summer logging. Burn all slash as logging proceeds, except during dangerous periods, when slash should be piled for burning at first safe time. V. On strictly non-agricultural land. If dense (150 M or more to the “40”), winter burn all slash. In lighter stands, winter burn or pile all slash in 150-foot strip or greater, fire line around entire area and along all roads, rights-of-way and standing timber, and burn piled strips in early spring. No late burning. VI. Steam skidding. Clean burn winter cutting in early spring. For summer logging, burn settings as safe conditions will permit, or keep a fire-line around slashing as cutting proceeds. VII. Homesteaders, settlers, wood cutiers and small jack pine opera- tors. Early spring -burn scattered slash, or fire line as provided for other slash, | (Wherever the term “ early spring” is used, it is meant immediately after the snow has gone and while the frost is yet in the ground. At this time the surface is moist enough so that fires will not run in the woods. ) NATIONAL FORESTS IN WASHINGTON AND OREGON}. Following is a statement of the developments in brush disposal, during the past year, in National forests in Washington and Oregon. This statement was prepared by the District Forester, District No. 6, U. S. Forest Service. The slash on two of our National forest timber sales in Oregon was burned broadcast last autumn (1913), and the fire menace on these two cut-over areas was thereby considerably reduced. On one of these 160 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION areas, consisting of 120 acres, the cost of burning the slash was 43c. per acre, or, when figured in terms of the amount of timber taken from the area, $0.0034 per thousand board feet. We have experienced very little difficulty in securing the consent of purchasers of National forest timber to the brush disposal require- ments in the sale contracts. Practically the only point to which they object is the cutting of snags on the sale area, and this requirement is usually confined to only three snags per acre in addition to the snags which must be cut in the construction of fire-lines. I believe that almost all the present purchasers of National forest timber in this district fully appreciate the importance of the proper disposal of brush. In one of our yellow pine sales in southern Oregon, where big wheels are used in the logging, comparatively wide roads must be cleared through the forest, so that a good deal of the brush is piled in advance or at the time of the felling operations. A suggestion has recently been made that slash burning on Douglas fir sales, where all of the merchantable timber is cut and removed, should be confined to only one burn. The idea set forth is that the seed which has fallen from the trees in the past few years is present in the duff and humus and, after the forest cover is removed and light is admitted to the ground, this seed germinates. A single burning is supposed not to be so severe as to destroy this seed, but a second or numerous subsequent burnings would probably completely destroy it. If this idea is true, and we are now trying to corroborate it, it might be advisable to burn over such areas only once. At the bottom of page 53 of Forest Protection in Canada, 1912, an error was made in stating that the Oregon forestry law requires that slash- ings shall be burned between June Ist and October 1st. The law prescribes that it is unlawful to burn slashings between June 1st and October Ist without first obtaining a burning permit from a state fire warden. No restriction whatever is placed on slash burning during the other eight months of the year.—C. L. STATE WORK IN BRUSH DISPOSAL—WASHINGTON The following is quoted from a statement by E. W. Ferris, State Forester of Washington : The disposal of slash is one of the important problems of forest protective organizations. In this state we have three forest protective organizations working in co-operation. They are the State Forest Fire Service, the Washington Forest Fire Association, and the U. S. Forest Service. In the forest protection laws of this state, consideration is given to the importance of slash burning, and provision is made that permission for burning shall be given only upon compliance with such rules and HORST FIRES ANDY BRUSH DISPOS AI, 161 regulations as the Board of Forest Commissioners shall prescribe, which shall be only such as the board deems necessary for the protec- =rer=z° 4 2.6 WSaATACK 4b we aie ee clias cielerneieisi>'ni siren ose = ei 4 / 220 Total number of trees per ACTe.--+ eee eeeees) | teeereet | 625.5 176 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TABLE Is DIAMETER CLASSES AND THE AVERAGE PROPORTION OF OCCURRENCE IN EACH Acres SEVERELY BuRNED ONCE ~n ev ss) | Per cent... 1 Per acre... Per cent... 2 Per acre... Per'cent... 3 Per acre... Per cent... 4 Per acre... Pér cent.:> -5 Per acre... Per cent... 6 Per acre... Percent... 7 Per acre... Per cent... 8 Per acre... Percent... 9 Per acre... Per cent... 10 Per acre... Per cent... 11 Per acre... Per cent... 12 Per acre... Per cent... 13 Per acre.. Per cent... 14 Per acre... Per cent... 15 Per acre... Per cent... 16) Petacte. 6 | Per cent... 17 Per acre... Per cent... 20 Per acre... Per cent... 21 Per acre... Total Per cent.. Per acre..| 164.8 | 92.8 Trembling aspen ae DOR Wd OM BPR WON NW OD DO FR WON CHR MO MW OW UM a 100.0 | | Large-toothed aspen min NO) WR COO MNO NO OM WO Od ow White pine a a or He BN BON UM OF DO mM m PRY OW 00 00 Sb BR OO BU 1 64.8 BNW OM oe HN 1 e @ ie es® 0 a, 2 co] s S ei] Ce 30.1! 1.9 | 39.5 13.4 . | 42.3 26.1 x2 | Bape [eyes eames Sc 117.8 | 3.8 | 16.0 8.0| .05| 17.1 Wile Sheree ALS ee aes 6/43] 15.14 3.224 PW eae Se. 4.7 :1j28.3:4 ee 22) Sg ies 2 Ay dies 5 S| ae ee 1.04 20:82 22 eM ee ae Bf ieee ys eee Hy er | 3 rs + 05 st 2s 4 | 05 19 £05 2 1 ae | Ay | | | ere | | 44.6 | 1.3 [106.9 | we C9), 284 2 | 8 ‘5 bs) 37:8) tee 9! 2.9 16.8 | 16.2 4) 2.4 17.9 | 22.6 51s 6.9 16.7 2) es 6.9 | 13.7 Pale 2.01 ae i ie 3.9] 3.8 ee bee 3.9 |' -3 Fi 7a 1.04 254 is mS | 1.0 Lee ok ve ie ee ie PS fe 2.4 Red maple Hm wm . . . . . . . Lisa On oe RO NUP WO NO RO NO UD YO me eo “05 ‘05 15.0 | 37.7 GENERAL VIEW OF AN AREA BURNED THREE TIMES Poplar largely predominating. Commission of Conservation Root CoLLARS OF POPLARS REPEATEDLY BURNED ARE SWOLLEN AND TUBEROUS No commercial trees come from such roots. ‘ 177 TABLE Is DIAMETER CLASS OF THE SPECIES ENUMERATED IN TABLE Ia, OccuRRING ON 17,349 BEERECT OF REPEATED BORE ST FIRES YORIEWIL TL : a ¥ ere A yoo Ol te eet 2.6 2.6 1.2 4.7 1.3 Yse oy A Ome ore nino More os am A = 1 oO On mm +R 40m ANH AN COS Ine PooMsse g Od ANH w co on =H 4 Sa Go el in Ww ot nt Om HH RO KRS youd MOTTO XA oO = S SN on So) Gy Ge GS = ais = — sf HUN CO CH ON RH MS weaquioy-doH | gH scH So IU A Ai” = os iva) Ne ON OnK OH N- HON: + OA - yIo[Ws Fy dm OM © cl Oo A 4.0 1G COO HO MO ANH AH TEPID | am OO ON 32.7 IND HR OH MR AR HM AH ON Or sonads a3 AA ON HH RN OC. Se) — 8.8 wes[eq SMD Ot ANH OM A A Ye) A = WwW AN NM MO KRATIOCH On NS -- Nn - ajdew sesng So xin Cie ee = 15.6 12—c. c. 10.2 178 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The areas burned once, as indicated on the map (facing page 166), aggregate 18,898 acres. Deducting one-quarter of these as areas occu- pied by marshes and swamps, there are left 14,174 acres occupied by poplar and pine. The patches that escaped the fire, in the areas burned more than once, total 3,175 acres. Therefore, the total num- ber of acres burned but once is 17,349. It will be seen, by referring to the accompanying table (page 175), that white pine on this area aver- ages 65 trees and red pine 45 trees per acre, or a total of 110 pine trees. Seventy-nine per cent of these trees are from one inch to three inches in diameter. Judging from the results of the growth studies, it takes about 25 years, on the average, to make a three-inch pine tree. These areas were burned about 25 years ago; therefore, practically four-fifths of the present quantity of pine has established itself since the last severe fire. Regarding the trees eight inches in diameter and above as capable of producing viable seeds, there are on the average three seed trees per acre on the area as a whole, an ample quantity, if properly dis- tributed, to fill up the open places and to replace the trees that die from natural causes. If the 110 trees per acre were allowed to come to maturity, the area would probably be more fully stocked with pine than it was at the time the first lumbering operations began, for the original forest was a very old one, with large trees, a condition under which the trees must necessarily have been scattered to have received light and food enough to reach large dimensions. But, with the present high price of pine lumber, and the consequent utilization of compara- tively low grade stock, pine forests like the original will never be duplicated. Instead of cutting trees 200 to 300 years old, as was originally done, the trees will be harvested at 100 years, 80 years, and even, in some cases, 60 years of age. The pine trees standing at present will be cut at these ages, if not burned in the meantime, and the present number of trees per acre on the areas severely burned once is about right for proper development for harvest in that condition. It would seem, therefore, that one burning after lumbering does- not seriously interfere with the reproduction of pine in commercial quan- tities. This statement, of course, is based on the assumption that the fire came very soon after lumbering, since otherwise it would destroy the first crop of seedlings established. The pine trees above ten inches in diameter on the average acre would yield only 185 board feet, a very small amount, but when multi- plied by the number of acres, it becomes 3,000,000 feet of commercial material. It will be seen from the table (page 175) that the poplars con- tribute the largest number of trees per acre, the trembling aspen having BERHCTS OF. REPRA RE DeHORE ST FIRES 179 165 and the large-toothed aspen 93, a total for the two species of 258 per acre, and they thus comprise 41 per cent of the stand. Nearly 90: per cent of these trees have not yet attained commercial size, if we regard those as non-commercial which are less than five inches in diameter at breast height, that is, the height at which the trees were measured. By using a volume table for poplar, it is calculated that the trees of this species now of commercial size, yielding only one cord of pulpwood per acre, would run 17,000 cords on the whole area burned once. Yet, if the 230 trees per acre under commercial size, or the normal percentage of them, were allowed to come to maturity, the outlook for pulpwood as a secondary product to the pine would be more hopeful. The other commercial trees, whose rate of occurrence is given in the table (page 175), probably had only a scattering distribution in the original forest. The oak, cedar, balsam and hemlock occur in suffi- cient quantities—in the aggregate 100 trees of all kinds per acre—to form a valuable commercial adjunct if allowed to come to maturity. AREAS SEVERELY BURNED TWICE The areas indicated on the map (facing page 166) as burned twice aggregate 26,000 acres. In these are 1,750 acres which escaped the second fire, and hence these were classed among the areas burned once. Deducting this amount, and the 25 per cent estimated to be occupied by swamps of various kinds, there are 17,750 acres actually burned twice. The two severe fires on the Methuen areas occurred approxi- mately 25 years and 16 years ago. Patches too small to be delimited were burned eight years ago, and there are indications of numerous local ground fires. One of these marked some of the trees five years ago. The two severe fires on the Burleigh areas occurred 25 years and 8 years ago, while the fires of 16 years and 5 years ago were light, and only left their scars in some places. The largest area burned twice is found in southern and south- eastern Methuen and comprises, exclusive of swamps, 8,760 acres, but 28 per cent of this escaped the fire, so that the area actually burned is 6,300 acres. Although a relatively large proportion escaped, the fires were very severe upon the pine reproduction on the areas actually burned, since it now averages only 1.3 pine trees per acre, whereas, before the second fire, the area averaged 33 pine trees per acre. The second fire then practically obliterated the potential pine stand. The area burned twice around Bottle and Barrette lakes now contains five young pine trees per acre. Only one small unburned patch was dis- covered, and this contained young pine at the rate of 50 to the acre. 186 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TABLE Ila DIAMETER CLASSES AND THE AVERAGE PROPORTION OF OcCURRENCE IN EACH Acres SEVERELY BurNED Twice E : 4 5p S & a= =< = = e E 2 6 an 25 i § o ‘2B iS) iS) vo oes) ~ mae = ~ a. Se BES tro ae ee : &/ & hi S 4 = = Per cent... 22 if 55.5 54.7 19.3 27.8 69.3 56.2 Pere acres ohic.=- 80.1 61.7 1.6 1.6 81.3 9.1 Per cent...... 2 28.2 31.0 19.0 Zies 23.5 18.7 Per acres... .- 40.8 3522 1.6 2 27.4 3.0 Per. Geentes2.<. Sal y 1083 10.1 14.6 A725 4.6 15.8 Per Paces ec bo 1 ALS 11.4 a Ne 1.0 Sa 2.6 Percents c2os. 4 yey Den 11.0 1222 IES 4.5 Per -acre...... 4.8 2.8 1.0 yi 1.8 8 Per-ecentocss.- 5 gi We: 8 10.0 9.1 8 3.0 Per ACE sia sis 1.9 9 9 aS 9 35 Per (cent ic 2/52. 6 of 4 9.5 6.1 we 35 Per acre...... 1.0 ns 8 4 ay Be | Per cent...... 7 ao so ee. 1.8 .04 25 Per ACE vcs ss A we 6 ak Ba it Ver leent cscs <2 8 ps si 4.4 ty? .04 Be,’ Per “acre....;.- ae ait 4 ail HS -05 Per icent. 2.0: 9 si. .08 Bek 8 .02 as Per acre... ese 2 a | ae .05 ae Be / Per cent.....: 10 05 | 1.8 as me RPervacress sco A il vi - Per. -cent..sss 11 -05 5 -8 Pee er (acres se oi 05 -05 ‘- PercCentsis3 sc. 12 | Bi a) Be Per. acrec. 2s 3. ae Sie are .05 Pervcenton ss <2 13 | .02 2 Per “dere: : 32 | % | aie = Percent 220.2 14 | 24 = Ber Sacre? -ciee | an Per cent..... 16 : * ai | Per acre...... 7 2 Per cent :. sac 17 ‘2 Per 2acte.cesce a Total Per cents. |<. 20 1 181 BREERCT OF REPEATED POOREST FIRES DIAMETER CLASS OF THE SPECIES ENUMERATED IN TABLE IIB, OccuRRING ON 17,750 Yse auIT AA Si 63 as ‘ ry 6) 6 4 6 ‘ eo. e686 4 J oo4 : a Cis Cee) Gal ISG Sel Ca oo o a « PooMsseq | oH o “N r=) Se) iY) “A =| OO nM HN Hs tep9) Od mM oO HA ~ me hO Od ON RH tH AH in SONACSHOPU AAV ec gree alec)) oa) nine be cote 21.6 113.0 Wittepine 2. tierce rose cise eae eer 1.6 8.4 Red pine) gen coves opie w ot oc Oe elamiat seo eee sees | et ak Wihtte birch. 220200... t side eeseeie a see eeies 22.4 TESS W inte oak (oii s2 set cbcee dc > inaeete si spes epee = ies | 16.3 JAcUGel = 26, S52 eas geod sas soso oa aoe bode sea: 1327 | 71.4 Pea) ee See oe Se ae soe ogee oa ace 6.3 33.0 Hear males cos) teas ole bola e in vine onion opie Seekers $= 2.6 sala Years. wicle oe Se ee ele ae asin selene eet 55. 2.8 Wihitespruces) so. 5 cic sesh ies siesta es ben cis wie a 1.5 MCCA AE is ails picletoinciete epee selaieis ele nk eiciein fe sets 4 eek BSASSWOOM clo wiste ws oate Sine eee eile aie ae eee 6 2.8 Wihite;ash {77 o awe cick ee ieee ee ee ieee 63 125 ‘Lotal number of ‘trees per. acre. 62.4. 52+ ven) Pues eee 522.9 The areas burned twice in Burleigh township, after making the deductions for swamps, total 8,540 acres. The largest of these is along the east side of Eels brook, in the southern division. This lim- ited area now averages 26 young pine per acre, a high average for an area burned twice, but the lower half of the area at least had a remark- ably large stock of pine before the second burning, about eight years ago. This, as stated on page 174, was 260 trees per acre. The whole area burned twice has, on the average, two pine seed trees per acre, which, in the course of a long time, might bring back the pine, if protected from fire. The area in the south-eastern portion of Burleigh township, lying between the areas marked as burned once and three times, respectively, on the north, and the area marked as burned three times, on the south, and extending up to Jack lake, in Methuen township, is mostly on granite. It differs in composition from all the other areas in its large amount of oak, about 50 per cent of the stand being red oak and 17 per cent white oak. While the soil is rather thin, and much of the oak naturally stunted, it is probable that considerable quantities would attain commercial size if protected from fire. As a whole, the areas burned twice now support eight white pine and six red pine, a total of 14 pine trees per acre. The areas burned once contain 110 young pine trees per acre. Therefore, as a whole, the second burning reduced the amount of pine to one-eighth of that on the areas burned once. BEPECT OF REPEATED HORE ST FIRES 183 The number of poplar trees on the average acre at present—it being 8 years or 16 years since the last burning—is practically the same as after the first burning. Eighty-five per cent of these trees, however, belong to the one-inch and two-inch diameter classes, and are not over 16 years old. They are mostly sprouts, stimulated to growth by the last fire. The number of commercial trees averages six per acre, while the number of like trees on the areas burned but once averages 27 per acre. There is one-fifth of a cord of poplar now fit for pulpwood on the average acre, while the pulpwood on the areas burned but once averages one cord per acre. Trees of other species of potential com- mercial value average practically the same (100 per acre) as on the areas burned but once. AREAS SEVERELY BURNED THREE TIMES The areas severely burned three times cover 9,300 cares. Deducting the usual one-fourth of the area for swamps, there are 6,975 acres actually occupied by this type. The area in Methuen township was burned approximately 25 years, 18 years and 5 years ago, while the areas in Burleigh township were swept by fires 25 years, 16 years and 10 years ago. One of the Burleigh areas extends into Methuen, near the point at which Jack creek leaves the township. The last fire on the Methuen area was very severe. The dead trees resulting were counted on sample plots totalling eight acres. Before the fire there were 276 poplar trees; 23 pine trees and 41 oak trees per acre; after the fire there were only two living poplar trees, one pine and one oak tree per acre. The area burned three times in south-eastern Burleigh is on crystalline limestone, and the stand is open and park-like in many places, where the three generations of trees, due to the three fires, are quite easily distinguished. Continued burnings on limestone areas stimulate the development of grass beneath the trees. The soil being thin, however, the grass completely dries up in the drier portions of the year, so that such areas would be of only temporary service for grazing purposes. The area burned three times in the central portion of Burleigh is chiefly composed of low granite ridges, the tops of which, in many cases, have been burned practically clear of trees. 184 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TABLE IIIa Present Composition AND AVERAGE NuMBER OF TREES Per Acre oN 6,973 Acres SEVERELY Burnep THREE Times, BASED ON SAMPLE STRIPS TotaLtinc 34 AcRES Per cent | Per acre Trembling aspen ......--+ssecccsseccesen 35.2 96.9 Large-toothed aspen .... 222s ce eeeesececees 26.1 71.8 White pine... ... cece scccccnacracccesscoscs | 1.1 3.0 Red Pine oo isc os scien ss crechendeew eens car LS 4.2 White bireli’s is oe) oasis oc em mele cre cies An oe 24.0 65.8 Witte tak: wis cciccaewcasine teen sesaepaarnah 2 1.3 REd:Gakos ceclomw ase Soren te a miereie 5 spamaremiereies 3.9 10.7 Red maple 2... sccccwcscccccescseccssctes 5.3 14.7 Sugar maple ..... 2000 ccccccccccessecesvces — 1.4 BS AISATAI Toi atc ic oon slareleiocctetioe eI leiels rie ini anlnye 8 2.0 White spruce .......cceececcccccrcccccces +4 2.0 Cedar Fine is swaviec cmads Si aaiids tunes / 4 1.1 Total number of trees per acre........+- ona .. 27439 —— GENERAL VIEW OF AN AREA BURNED MANY TIMES Forest Growth Scattered. Note soil erosion. Commission of Conservation BURNED MANY TIMES Note the number of stumps and the absence of reproduction. j Wis Cea > § . ie EBPEECT OF REPEATED BOREST FIRES TABLE IIIs DIAMETER CLASSES AND THE AVERAGE ProporTION OF OccCURRENCE IN EACK DIAMETER CLASS OF THE SPECIES ENUMERATED IN TaBLE IIIa, OccurRING on 6,975 Acres SEVERELY Burnep Turee TIMES Percent..... Per acre Per cent Per acre.. Per cent Per acre Per cent Per acre oe Per cent Per acre Per cent Per acre Per cent Per acre Percent.. Per acre..... PERCEnt..«css Per acre.. Per cent.. Per acre.. Percent.. Per acre.. Per cent.. Per acre.. Total Percent...|../100.00} ..| .. oe atl ets aie Sas vere |e ae s 96.9 [71.8] 3.0 | 4.2 |65.8| 1.3 [10.7 |14.7 | 1.4] 2.0] 2.0 | 1.1 Per acre eee eae eee eee eee eee 18 Trembling aspen WHY NN WH OO SCH WO WH OF 185: 5 Bets} oO S ea z Ca er v Te = em ema Serpents Salas ipa | 8 = Salon ese eae Bo Ca aad Bop 2 roll =e | as ad SiN l= 9 3 | 2| 3 et patel ay Pa esate ll al a” ea = 51.7/24.0 135.2 |70.5117.4 41.5 |77.4 |91.6144.3/28.6 37.1] .7| 1.5 46.4) .2| 4.4 11.4] 1.3] .9| -5 33.5]14.0 |28.1 |21.4/34.8 |30.0 15.2 | 6.3/24.3/22.2 Piste resto Waa bal sap ae al sl a 10.3/21.0 | 7.7 | 6.0119.5 /14.6 | 4.4] ..{12.8l11.1 THA e Gee al aol. Gee |e 6 Slee 2.8118.0 | 9.1] 1.3] 4.3 | 7.7 | 1.4 8.6|22.2 Desst eka reg ao fs Peagh| ko 2) A 716.9 | 4.2 | .5; 6.6 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 2.1] 5.7/1 3.2 25) Pa | ee oes Ei ag ae i ee SSICALOU EI Sy | 2D 2 ee | 2.9|-3:2 S| cet (fet ee a le et Pee 51 9.9.1 3.5 2 1.6 St ees ne -03 05 Sy SP se dg ee eae) 1.4] 1.6 TIRE lean peo aa Jleee05 Sa inet) 4 eas 7G aS hen, 1.6 oa | eis eee bs G34 003 -05 19 F125 4.7 Gels A 5 9 .05 ete Quel 27 re ene 4 ae pies 03 is af 9 .05 2.2 9 .05 : TN Sei irre : 186 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION On the area burned three times there are, on the average, seven pine trees to the acre, three white pire and four red pine,—a reduction of one-half from the number on the areas burned twice, and approxi- mately only one-sixteenth of the number on the areas burned but once. The reduction, in terms of the reproduction, is even greater than this indicates, for 30 per cent of the trees are of such size as to show that they antedate the first fire; that is, they are the larger trees which have withstood all the fires. The trembling aspen is represented by 95 and the large-toothed aspen by 70, a total of 165 per acre, compared with 258 trees on the areas burned once and twice. Although the percentage ratio of the poplar of the one-inch and two-inch diameter class to the other diameters is practically the same as on the areas burned twice, as a matter of fact, the condition is really not as favourable as would appear, since a large proportion of the smaller material has been materially weakened as the result of the successive fires; it is crooked, deformed, and already attacked by disease. The lower illustration opposite shows two shoots springing from a root collar that has been injured by fires. The swollen portion on a similar stock was about 25 years old. It had sent forth shoots twice before, only to be burned to the ground. Shoots arising in this manner are weak and probably never make trees of commercial size. The amount of commercial pulp- wood is reduced from one-fifth of a cord on the areas burned twice to one-eighth of a cord per acre on the areas burned three times. The number of other species of potentially commercial trees, such as oak, basswood, balsam, cedar and spruce, reaches approximately 100 on the average acre on the areas burned once and twice, but the same or similar species total only 18 per acre on the areas burned three times. AREAS SEVERELY BURNED MANY TIMES Thirteen thousand acres of the region examined have been burned over many times. Making the usual deduction of one-quarter of the area for swamps, and a deduction of five per cent for patches which escaped most of the fires, there are still 9,260 acres actually included in this class. The greater portion of the area so designated has been severely burned seven times, five of which have occurred since lum- bering operations began in the vicinity. Practically all of the few old pine trees still standing show from five to seven fire scars. One of these, which little by little had been severed at the base by fires, dis- closed the fact that it had been fire-scarred when 25, 43, 55, 64, 82, 88 and 96 years old. It finally succumbed to the last fire at the age of: 100 years. This means that the tree was burned, on the average, at PERE CT OF SREPEA TE OhORES T FIRES 187 intervals of 12.5 years. These are only the recorded fires. There is much evidence that ground fires have been still more frequent. In fact, hardly a season passes that some portion of this area is not run over by ground fires. There are three classes of persons principally responsible for these fires: Cattle rangers, marsh hay makers, and berry pickers; and the most careless of these are the berry pickers. The area is commonly called the huckleberry barrens. The term “barren,” however, can be applied only to its present, not to its original condition, for it was once well covered with pine trees. The pine stumps were counted on sam- ple plots aggregating 28 acres, and those eight inches and over in diameter averaged 17 per acre. This refers only to those that still show they had been cut for lumber. Those so far decayed or so severely burned as to leave this point in doubt were not included. Considering the length of time since lumbering began on the area, and the number of times it has been burned, it is fair to conclude that many of the stumps of former merchantable trees do not now exist; hence it is reasonable to assume that this area was originally well stocked with pine. At the present time, however, judging from sample plots aggre- gating 62 acres, there are only 0.7 white pine and 2.4 red pine an acre, on the average. Regarding the trees eight inches and more in diameter as capable of producing seed, one may find at present one such white pine seed tree to each seven acres and one red pine seed tree to each four acres. In fact, the average number per acre of all kinds of trees is only 22, without doubt considerably less than the original number of commercial pine trees per acre; and of these nearly one-half (48 per cent) are not over two inches in diameter. Approximately five per cent of the area, exclusive of swamps, has escaped serious injury by fire. The average number per acre of trees of all kinds in these situations is 278, or over twelve times as many as on the adjacent areas burned many times. The pine on the patches that have not been badly burned averages 158 trees per acre, 53 white pine and 105 red pine, over 50 times as much as on the sur- rounding areas burned many times. This is an indication of what might have been, had the fires been prevented. The poplar also shows a similar increase, averaging 87 trees per acre on the unburned patches, compared with ten on the adjoining areas burned many times. The poplar large enough for pulpwood on the unburned areas at the present time averages 1.3 cords per acre; on the nearby areas burned many times, only one-forty-fifth of a cord per acre. 188 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TABLE IVa PRESENT COMPOSITION AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES PER AcrRE ON 9,260 Acres SEVERELY BurneD Many Times, BasED ON SAMPLE STRIPS ToTALING 62.3 ACRES Per cent Per acre siremblinesaSpenia nse alc olclelela's)soleleleretelaiel=teletele 38.9 8.7 Lar e-toGthed | ASPEN sv cc/ea a's ames ssiniels asm 6.0 iss Wie Pines .!2 << caia-< isda el Salaris eto n siees 3.2 0.7 GG IB yn En IORI ae DEE aa name Schae 10.7 2.4 VEG Fon® sopoockoo.cocondbo caodos opoduse: 20.7 4.6 Ae orice UE Oren eC anata soe eile ca Sas c 10.0 Bite WV IRE Gia itera ooo sfele oie crete rssetae isin Sie irene 2.0 0.5 Regi aticwae clotacretee siatele te wiataieiens ois ae em el 4.3 1.0 Ieal map aqca ogra pode cocoooaaoCOnUnTS- 3.9 0.9 Total number of trees per acre......ceeelereeccccecececcece 220d EFFECT OF REPEATED FOREST FIRES TABLE IVs 189 DIAMETER CLASSES AND THE AVERAGE PROPORTION OF OCCURRENCE IN EACH DIAMETER CLASS OF THE SPECIES ENUMERATED IN Tazsle IVa, OccuRRING on 9,260 Acres SEVERELY Burnep Many TiMEs n vo a iS} I = Per cent...... 1 Wer acres eic.0.0. Per (Cents. ese 2 Rem acre. ci... Per cent...... 3 Per wacres. «> Per Centers. \¢ 4 Per acre...... Per cent...... 5 Per acre...... Per” cent...... 6 Per acre...... Per cent... a Per acre...... Per cent...... 8 Her acres. ... Per cent...... 9 Per acre...... Per cent...... 10 IRER ACT s.cvere.si0 Per cent...... 11 IPEDMACTE Ss. «ss ‘Per cent...'.. .| 12 Per ACre ss s\s0 Per cent...... 13 AB ErACKE® cictevere Per cent..... .| 14 EPer “ACES c-<.eis Per cent...... 15 Per aCKE sc). o< Per cent...... 19 Per acre...... ‘Total Per cent..... Per acre-.... 1.0 E 4 6 = u i Seer evieeer tee fs. Wut | eel cee oe |e toe | 2 le 8 5 E See ae ogee | Soe los Sere ection PS ee il me Ben 2520.| 22-7 |4223-| 7-3: 1.35.5 6.7 | 44.4 Ape AsieietGl teOU a3) o 8 .06| - .38 28.6 | 19.0] 6.8| 9.4 | 22.2 | 32.0] 3.1| 15.0 | 39.0 DaBt ee 25ln Gale wes O2|sn140) ke 7h Ole AIR ae 20.5 | 21.4) 9.5 | 5.4 | 24:0) 22.4 | 12.5 | 23.3 | 5.6 158 (e281) oeOely = 213|, 1.11) 2.50) 0.06) azole oL04 Gig | 26.2 | # ean | 2h0.|) 5.85] 28,1 | 1657 | a8 Sarl f35/ Weel lle TO) o13|) veld tole BOL Gece aes 227) tO) 2.21.8 ile 7 ete fee isle ome Sy 2040 03), hha aoe fee SG e1Gs00 0800, \9 726, 00% p29.) 28-5 |p (are eer Osigestll eco A Wa, Olle tile 08s 304 is Asa lniGsTe | 3.2 9.4 | 5.0 a 03; .16) «14 104) .05 0.6 Peale Aero 228) | ame a tel (atl 7 05 fst 19)? Ol Okie id OA je R245 16.0. \y 0.3 1.6 03) .01) 03) 14]. 02 Dez jetee es 222) 220) |, 023 fol] .0t|* con)" <04) 01 0.2 7a 0:3 01 fli) <0 0.7 se 01 4.5| 0.7 03; .01 Dee D0 6.3 1.8 01) .04 03 ct us De 0.7 01 01 4.5 03 Tenn epee Gees ee et accel rae * Bay | 135i) cae) 20 Galera Ons 0.9 190 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION SUMMARY OF FOREST CONDITIONS The forest conditions described on the preceding pages may be summarized as follows: Partially or completely forested, 84,333 acres. Unburned mature forests. 4... oh ene ot ee ee ee 15,000 Burned areas (second growth forest) ...........eseeeecee 51,334 Unburned swamps within the burned areas .............. 16,799 Wak” Barrens’ .)s0\.15s08- scams 6 eee ee Oe eee 1,200 otal uate vin wat ade hasan eee eee nee 84,333 The areas actually burned over, with reference to the number of times. burned, may be grouped as below: UREE “BREE 5. 4 joe sleet FUR Es cea ee ee Le eee 17,349 BMEME Gt WICE. sicher ie ce here oe ee ee 17,750 Buarned three stimes 72 6 aed e ee aaa eee eee 6,975 Bured many ) ties bs das Soees sae eee ee ee : 9,260 otal «22006 eee ee a ee Ee oe 51,334 Comparing the conditions, as a whole, on the areas burned many times with those burned once, twice, and three times, we find that the pine averages three trees per acre, in contrast to 7, 14, and 110 on the areas burned thrice, twice and once, respectively; the poplar ten per acre, in comparison with 169 on the areas burned three times, and to 258 on the areas burned once and twice; the amount of pulp- wood ready to harvest, one-forty-fifth cord, in contrast to one-eighth: cord on the areas burned three times, to one-fifth cord on the areas. burned twice, and to one cord on the areas burned once. The condition of affairs in order of the number of times the area. has been burned may be summarized in tabular form, as below: TABLE V NUMERICAL PROPORTION OF REPRODUCTION OF VARIOUS SPECIES ON THE AVERAGE? ACRE IN ORDER oF THE NUMBER OF TIMES BURNED, BASED ON SAMPLE Prots Toratinc 180 Acres Burned | Burned Burned Burned once | twice thrice peer | times Whole number of trees at present...... 626 | 523 275 22 PYni eis ioreie' e's) alo:tie sls wie tenes eae as ecient LO 14 7 es IRoplar cioice << satentcistentene elias Senate 258 | 257 169 10 Other commercial species ...........+- 106 101 18 7 Cords of pulpwood now merchantable. . 1 | 4 as ds These conditions may be represented graphically by the following: diagrams: BEEN CLT. OF -RE EEA TE Dero RE ol PIRES 19} Burneo. Once, S26 Trees, Twice. 593 Trees. Three Limes. 275 Trees. Many times, | fe22 Trees. Whole number of trees of all Species, one inch and above in diameter now present, according tothe number of times burned. Burneo. Once. Wo Trees. Twice. 14 Trees. Three Times. Many Times. Young pine trees, one inch and above in diameter now Present, according tothe number of times burned Buaneo. Once. 258 Trees. Twiee. Three times 169 Trees. Many times | lo Trees. Young poplars, one inch and above in diameter now present, according to the number of times burned . Burnen. Once. 106 Trees. 101 Trees Twice. Three times Many times Other commercial Species, one inch and above indiameter now present, according to the number of Limes burned. Burneo. Once. Twice. Threekimes. Many times. Cords per acre of merchantable poplar pulpwood now present, According to the number of times burned, 192 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The area marked “oak barrens” on the map consists of about 1,200 acres. It is situated in the “ foothills’ of the Blue mountains, and consists of bare ridges and deep gullies, the latter often only a few yards across and 15 yards to 25 yards deep. The ridges are ~ covered with stunted oak trees, growing mostly in the crevices of the rocks, while the gullies are filled with poplar. Occasional stumps in the gullies indicate that pines of large size once grew there. The area has been burned several times, but it is so evidently a natural barren that it has been excluded from consideration of the burned areas. GROWTH STUDIES To secure data upon which to base an estimate of the financial losses involved in the fires, some growth studies were undertaken. In the case of the pines it was found that their rate of growth was so variable that, to secure a satisfactory statement, a larger num- ber would have had to be analyzed than time permitted and the object in view would have warranted. Moreover, reliable tables already exist for these species, and these have been used. The rate of growth of poplar has, however, been especially studied. Growth studies of poplar were made in three places: In lot 15, concession II, and lot 25, concession III, in Methuen; also in lot 2, con- cession III, in Burleigh. The area on which the trees grew was of second quality for the locality, and was selected because it represented the average condition of the region as a whole. The soil would be classed as sand, and its depth was from 8 to 12 inches. The composi- tion of the soil may be judged by the average of four samples, given below, which were taken from the areas where the growth studies were made. COMPOSITION PER CENT Fine: gtavel uo. sidvubiente Siugtens Obtns on ayes 16.3 Coarse ‘safid. <3). 33 5 4h eee ee re eee 24.5 Medium «sands. -s dsc eee eee eee ae ee 10.6 Bine sand <3 esis Soe eee ee ne ee 18.1 Very: fine said 4[is cctudeeecude slates => deen 8.2 CUAY i. 600s uc a nwetcange. ue eeemin oe padalnen Cen 13.9 SUES coco o's b'e mrviaaec ds Se PRO re odo) ste a 4.8 Organic matte? .ccneoeeee 3.6 Total (io 2 ees. tales s 30s oe abs oe ee ae 100.0 In the table given on page 193 six per cent of the trees included are the large-toothed aspen. The growth of these was figured separ- ately, but as practically no difference in the rate of growth from the trembling aspen was to be ascertained, and since for commercial purposes the two species are not distinguished, it was thought best BPC l WOW: RE PAE Dee Omeor ST oF DRE S 193 for the purposes of this report to group the two aspens together, under the designation of “ poplar.” It is difficult to tell, after the first few years, whether a tree has come from a seedling or from a root sucker, but it is probable that most of the trees on which the growth studies were made came from seedlings. TABLE VI Rate oF GrowtH or Popiar, Site Quarity I], Basep on 166 TreEEs Average diameter, inside Age bark, at ground, Average height, a inches feet 3 0.24 Sa5 4 0.39 Sel 5 0.43 323 6 0.60 7.8 9 0.80 8.0 10 0.86 9.0 11 0.98 10.4 me i Diameter class, Average height, ane Sa Meise A8© breast height feet APS ie enee cubic feet ES 1 14 21 2 20 26 8) 24 30 4 30 snot 31 5 36 1.909 36 6 39 2.352 40 7 47 Saaz 41 8 48 6.233 44 9 48 6.714 45 11 55 13.706 Bee. ue The rate of growth, as indicated in Table VI above, Growth of may seem very slow to many, for poplar is generally Poplar considered one of the most rapidly growing trees. If these trees had been taken from the best soils, the rate of growth would have been considerably faster, but they were taken from the kind of soil in which the greater majority of the trees of the region were growing and this was of second quality. There is a tendency in the popular mind, however, to over-estimate the rate of growth of trees, for the judgment is usually made from trees growing in the most favourable soil, and other conditions, not from the average condi- tions actually found in the forest, where competition for food and light is generally severe. 13—c. c. 194 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The average height growth of the 166 poplar trees employed in table VI, is 10.8 inches in a year, and the average increase in diameter is one inch in six years. It will be noted that it takes approximately 30 years’ growth to produce a poplar tree five inches in diameter, breast high, the lowest diameter at which trees are cut for pulp- wood. Further, it takes 13 years, on the average, to produce a tree one inch in diameter, 26 years for a tree three inches in diameter and 36 years for a tree six inches in diameter. Growth studies were made on a few trees of larger diameter than those given above, but they were on a much better quality of soil and so were not included. Basing the statement upon growth studies of poplar from other sources, one may say that it does not reach its most rapid growth in volume until about the fiftieth year. Since none of the trees studied had reached that age, it is assumed, in forecasting the yield at the end of the next 30 years, that the trees will grow at the rates stated above. Applying the rate of growth indicated above to the average num- ber per acre of poplar trees of the various diameter classes on the areas burned once, as given in table 1B (pages 176-177), and assuming that all were to live, it would be found that, at the end of the next 30 years, the diameters, number of trees and their contents in cubic feet would be as indicated in the table below: TABLE VII NuMBER oF Poprar TREES Per AcRE AND VOLUME TO BE EXPECTED ON THE AvERAGE AcRE AFTER THE NEXT 30 YEARS ON THE AREAS BURNED ONCE, ASSUMING ALL TREES SURVIVED Number of Diameter class, Total volume, cubic feet, trees inches bark excluded 71 5 135.0 90 6 211.6 53 ih 304.8 Dee 8 137-4 13 9 87.2 7 10 81.9 3 ati 41.1 2 12 44.0 1 13 30.0 Total 1,072.7 | A cord of peeled pulpwood contains 90 cubic feet solid. This figure, used as a converting factor, gives 11.9 cords as the estimated yield per acre. If twenty-five per cent be deducted from this, as the amount that would die in the natural course of events in the next 30 Eee er Of RE PRA DE DY BORE ST BUIRES 195 years, the average yield per acre would be 9 cords. Multiplying this by the acreage, 17,350, we get 156,150 cords as the expected total yield of pulpwood at the end of 30 years, on the areas which have been burned but once. _ Treating the poplar of the various sizes now present on the areas burned twice in the same manner, we find that the following condi- tions may be expected at the end of the next 30-year period: TABLE VIII Numeer oF Poprar TREES PER AcRE AND VOLUME 0 BE EXPECTED ON THE AveERAGE Acre AFTER THE Next 30 YEARS ON THE AREAS BuRNED TWICE, ASSUMING ALL TREES SURVIVED Diameter class, Total volume, cubic feet, Number of trees eaehes bark excluded meoOooosIo ui cS ide) ee) 76 26 8 3 1 i we | Total 594.5 Using the converting factor given above, and subtracting twenty- five per cent for the normal decay, the average yield per acre to be -expected at the end of the next 30 years, is five cords. The areas burned twice aggregate 17,750 acres, so the total expected yield on such areas becomes 88,750 cords of peeled pulpwood. Following this assumption as to rate of growth, the following con- ditions would be found at the end of the next 30 years on the areas burned three times: TABLE IX Numeer oF Poprar TREES PEr AcRE AND VOLUME TO BE EXPECTED ON THE AVERAGE AcrE AFTER THE NEXT 30 YEARS ON THE AREAS BURNED THREE Times, ASSUMING ALL TREES SURVIVED BE ROL GE ices Diameter class, | ‘Total volume, cubic feet, inches bark excluded 90 5 171.8 47 6 110.5 16 7 92.0 7 8 43.6 1 9 6.7 i 10 11.7 i 11 13.7 Total 450.0 196 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Assuming the same converting factor as previously, the 450 cubic feet given above becomes an even five cords of pulpwood on the average acre, before deduction is made for decay. Because of the deformed and diseased condition of the young growth on the areas burned three times, as described on page 186 a much larger percentage of it will die, or at least will not make commercial pulpwood, than on the areas burned once and twice; consequently, 50 per cent is deducted on this account, making the estimated yield per acre 2:5 cords. The areas burned three times aggregate 6,970 acres, so the total estimated yield of pulpwood becomes 17,425 cords. On the areas burned many times, the expected yield of poplar will be as follows: TABLE X NuMBER OF Poptar Trees PER Acre AND VOLUME TO BE EXPECTED ON THE AVERAGE AcrRE AFTER THE NEXT 30 YEARS ON THE AREAS BURNED MANY Timers, ASSUMING ALL TREES SURVIVED : ; s Diameter class, Total volume, cubic feet, Number of trees inches bark excluded 3 5 SH 3 6 7.0 2 7 11.5 1 8 6.2 1 9 6.7 Total Shek If the converting factor of 90 cubic feet to the cord be applied to the above, the average yield per acre becomes 0.4 cord. Since the trees on this area are not “crowded,” a smaller deduction may be made for the normal death rate, say, 25 per cent. On this basis, the expected yield will be 0:3 cord per acre. There are 9,260 acres in the burned-many-times areas, so the expected yield on the whole area will be around 3,000 cords. The forecasted yield of poplar 30 years from the Probable i f Yield of present date, according to the number of times the whee dea area has been burned, may be summarized as follows: ve a EFFECT OF REPEATED FOREST FIRES 197 Number of Average per Aloraleanda acres acre, cords Areas burned once........++-> 17,350 9 156, 150 y Shari WACE tateretevefeiclensts 17,750 5 88,750 a Uliy Nisvatey Bows comb Or 6,970 2ES 17,425 ~ ‘« many times...... 9,260 0.3 3,000 ARN Ells sordio.9 od loge Ano EaaOneOC DOD op umeen aden 265,325 This relationship may be expressed by the following diagram: Burneo. ———_—_—_ Once 9Cords Twice. 5Cords — Three Times Many Limes | eo Cords. The forecasted yield of poplar per acre, 30years fram the present date, according to thenumber of times burned. FINANCIAL LOSSES BY FOREST FIRES There can be little doubt that, if the public understood the cost of forest fires in terms of the future yield, more efficient methods of protection would be demanded. People do not burn, nor allow to be burned, what they value. It is in the hope of securing a better under- standing of this question that the following estimates of the financial losses due to repeated fires on the Burleigh-Methuen areas are pre- sented. Rencated In most lumbering operations, in pine stands, a certain Fires Destroy number of the larger trees, because of disease or de- Seed Trees formation, escape the axe. Seed from these trees, together with the trees too small to be of commercial value at the time of lumbering, would, if left undisturbed, in time, restock the area to pine. When young, pine is very easily killed by fire. Only in the older stages, after a thick bark is formed and the crown has raised itself out of reach, does it become to any extent resistant to light fires. Large trees readily fall a prey to the heavy fires. ‘The slash left be- hind lumbering operations is almost invariably burned accidentally, sooner or later. If seed trees are left, if the slash is burned within a year or two after lumbering, and especially if the fire comes in a year of a heavy yield of seed, the burning, by clearing the ground of debris, probably stimulates the reproduction of pine. Every fire after the 198 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION first one kills not only a large number of seedlings and young trees, but also many of the seed trees. Every severe fire reduces the num- ber of seed trees, and so reduces by so much the reproductive capacity of the area. This process goes on until, with the death of seed trees, the remaining trees become so scattered that it would take several hundred years for them to bring the area back to its original stand of pine. As an example of this, the area burned many times, as indi- cated on the accompanying map, facing page 166, where there is only one seed tree to each five acres, may be cited. This does not mean that each five-acre plot actually has a seed tree on it. As a matter of fact, in the area under discussion, there are probably several hundred acres without any seed trees. It is merely a statement of the average condition. Hature It will then be readily seen that successive fires result Feoeuenen in a progressive diminution of the future yield of pine. oO ine From the data on the preceding pages of this report, it will be seen what is the numerical diminution of the future yield of pine on the areas under consideration, namely, 110, 14, 7, and 3 trees per acre on the areas burned once, twice, thrice and many times, respectively. It should be emphasized that the data have been obtained by actual measurement. Knowing, in this way, the number of pine trees per acre in relation to the number of times burned, knowing also, at least, their minimum value at maturity, in terms of stumpage values and of timber dues, we may compute with reason- able accuracy the money losses involved in the progressive diminution of future yield owing to successive fires. This computation is pre- sented in the table below. The figures are derived from the assump- tion that each tree now present will grow to maturity and at maturity will yield 100 feet board measure. This is the yield of an ordinary pine tree from 12 inches to 13 inches in diameter, according to the Scribner rule. The stumpage value is placed at-seven dollars per thousand, the present average value, and the dues at two dollars per thousand feet board measure, the present rate, although the price of the former at least will undoubtedly be much higher by the time these young trees produce saw logs. "991] I]} JO DOWaAOFUIMOALO Joyo oY} PUR IPOS DY} UddMJoq SSUII [eNUUe JO JoqtuNnuU sy} SurjuNnod Aq ‘pozyeutxoidde Ajasopo AIA 4SvaT Je IO ‘pourTttiajop oq UD PatiNd0 FI VOM o}ep oy} puv ‘Ios JUOULIUIEd B saAveT 901} Ot} SoAMfUT YOM ory YOR SHAM, ONIAIAWAS ONINIVIY AHL WOW GHNIVIMAOSY HAV SHUT FO SHLVG AHL MOH MONS OF MNO, WHAT, V TO NOTTONS vu YONPAIISUOD JO UOISSHUMOD (OV ¢b21) pjo sawak 9g uUaymM Pe UST q FAN CeZy) obhp suvak gy/ pausng ofp sIDAaA BG] Pausg (@Qy bez) 060 sinakos) paving BeBe Cl Oba EEE ALTE D FOREST FLRES 199 TABLE XI Ping REPRODUCTION ON BurNED AREAS, WITH ESTIMATES OF THE PROSPECTIVE Future VALUE oF PRESENT Stock IF Protectep From Fire, AND THE Loss ALREADY INCURRED IN PREvIoOUSLY EXISTING PoTENTIAL VALUES, DUE To REPEATED FIRES = Sp a - on 3) b 2) 6 23 Bc eek. gear gf ben A Sera ae olan o : s = oY oe lies) SS: rs) Bye t | Bee” |eesasgsez sf € eS Varker) hpee Soh fe ot Ol c. = PACES eat sieisiicisicie «6 a1 17,350 17,750| 6,970} 9,260 SE S30 ew ater Potential value of dues if burned but Pais acs\s\s)0' 2 2) = $381,700} $390,500 $153 ,340/$203,720/$1,129,260; ...... Potential value of | dues with present | SEOEKM alates sleve alolai 381,700 49,700} 9,758 5,560 446,718) sw ws ws Loss of dues by re- | Sage Oe ee ent 143.582) 198/160) G82.542) | ss. st Loss in previously exis|ting potentijal dues, at \$2 per M/........]..20s2000e $682 ,542 Potential stumpage | value if burned but | HACE er alaje ois ic: sicioie 1,336,000} 1,366,750) 536,690] 713,000] 3,952,440} ...... Potential stumpage | value of present SEQU Kea onita a cis ofe oe 1,336,000 173,950) 34,150) 19,440} 1,563,540} = ...... Loss of stumpage val- | ues by repeated | TOS Suse bsunmoud kis Sess soc 1,192,800} 502,540) 693,560} 2,388,900] _—...... ! Loss in previously existing potential stumpage values at $7 per M.........- $2,388,900 Total loss already incurred, on account of repeated fires, in previously ex- isin potential dues and stumpage values .... 06 60.cce'ccesccceaeeees $3,071,442 Potential value of present stock, if protected from fire (dues $446,718, plus RCRA Teme ig SUL SOLU) ie nha elo 9 Iavclels wieistes ao didisld-iiviea cide a deys ciceialhc ee $2,010,258 Fee 1 Ges It will be seen from the figures in the above table that of Stumpage if the entire area had been burned but once, if it had Values become stocked with young pine in the same quantities as the present area burned once, and if it were protected from fur- ther destruction by fire, the stumpage value of this pine at maturity at present prices would be over $3,900,000. As stated on page 198, this estimate is based on the assumption that each tree thus theoreti- cally present would attain sufficient size to yield 100 feet of boards. This condition would be reached when the trees averaged between 12 200 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION and 13 inches in diameter. The numerous fires which have beer allowed to run over this area have so reduced the stock that its stumpage value at maturity will be about $1,500,000, or, in other werds, the fires have cost, in terms of pine stumpage, nearly $2,400,000, and the dues on the young pine burned would have amounted to $680,000. So the fires have destroyed more than $3,000,000 in poten- tial pine values. As a result of the fires, however, we have sufficient poplar to make, at maturity, 265,000 cords of pulpwood. Considering this to be worth one dollar a cord when ready to harvest, we have $265,000 to deduct from the cost of the fires. So the final charge against the forest fires, in terms of potential value of pine destroyed, is, approximately, $2,800,000. While the value of poplar is very much less than that of the pine, yet the successive fires have very materially lessened the potential value of its crop. Assuming the poplar to be worth one dollar a cord on the stump, for pulpwood, and that it could be harvested 30 years hence, the following data may be given in regard to the reduction of its value on the areas burned more than once: TABLE XII Yretp or Poriar 30 Years Hence on Burnep AREAS, WITH ESTIMATES OF ITS VALUE AND THE Loss IN VALUE BY REPEATED FIRES Evo | Ego | eu* | gee ales ne teh > nin => umn seh 5: Bee 3" Bais hoe OVO Ovo Opies o ~aO Sto SG O06 Fey ten & ae = 5 55 eae SEE 3 a) = pa > ‘ES M58 an JRE SB CORE ETE CCIE 17,350 17,750 6,970 9,260 51,330 Potential value of poplar 30 years hence if area burned UL OnGe sa seis ciac ieee $156,150 | $159,750 | $62,730 | $83,340 | $461,970 Potential value of the present stock 30 years hence...... 156,150 88,750 17,425 3,000 265,325 Loss'oneachiiateais.. s/o ||), islee vies 71,000 45,305 80,340), > Same Bota loss: 5 os dizn ofc balls ep arusia snk = 0:6 ninwis+ at | n'a «20ab eel enn | 196,645 | | | = | From the figures in the above tables, it will be seen that the value of poplar on the whole area is reduced only 43 per cent by repeated fires, while the reduction in the case of the pine is 60 per cent. This is due to the well-known fact that fires make conditions favourable for the reproduction of poplar. But, in spite of this, some of the areas PPE Cr OF) REP RATED BORE SI? PLRES 201 have been so often and so severely burned that the value of the poplar is less by $196,645 than if there had been only one burning. This should be charged to the fire account, so that adding it to the $2,800,000 loss of pine, we have a total loss of practically $3,000,000 from fires which have occurred in the past 25 years on 85,000 acres (including swamps and other conditions), or $35 an acre. FIRE PROTECTION Adequate protection from fire is the necessary preliminary stage to any management of the area under consideration for future re- turns. ‘There has been no lumbering on a large scale in this region for nearly 25 years. Since that time, judged by the number of fires, there has been little or no real fire protection. Deducting the swampy areas within the former pineries, it was found that, of the area actually burned, only one-third has escaped with a single burning since lumbering has been discontinued; another third has been burned twice; one-sixth has been burned three times, and one-sixth has been burned many times. The most severe and widespread fires occurred 25, 16, 8, 5, and 1 year ago, or in other words, there were three destructive fires in the past eight years and one each in the two former eight-year periods, an increase in rate of 300 per cent in the past eight years. If this rate continues, the young pine and poplar at present on the area will inevitably be destroyed. As shown on pages. 199 and 200 this would involve a further loss of $2,275,000 in exist- ing potential stumpage and dues values of pine and potential stumpage values of poplar, in addition to the above $3,000,000 loss already irre- vocably incurred. It would seem worth while from a business point of view to save this $2,275,000 if possible. Hocast Officials, and the public in general, assume a rather Protection fatalistic attitude toward the occurrence of forest Can be Secured fres They are considered to be inevitable and un- avoidable phenomena, like earthquakes and tornadoes. Such an atti- tude of mind perpetuates many an economic waste, one of the greatest of which is the destruction of forest wealth, present or potential, by fire. Experience has demonstrated that forest fires can be reduced to a minimum at a reasonable rate of expenditure, compared with the value of the property involved. As an example of this, the co-opera- tive forest fire protective associations in the province of Quebec may be cited, where fairly efficient protection of large areas costs from one-quarter of a cent to one cent per acre per year. In order to accom- plish this, however, two things are necessary: (1) An earnest desire to prevent fires, through a real appreciation of the value of the pro- 202 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION perty involved, and (2), efficient, business-like administration of the protective organization when once established. It will be seen that the area under consideration lacks both of these prerequisites. The territory has been cut over several times. One-half of it has been abandoned by the limit-holders and the remainder has been so far abandoned that it is not considered of sufficient value to be patrolled by a fire ranger. The latter condition is the logical result of throw- ing the entire cost of fire protection upon the limit-holder. He has usually no financial interest in the cut-over lands, because they will eventually revert to the Crown, since he can not, as a rule, afford to wait for the young growth to reach merchantable size. As a rule he is financially interested only in the timber of present commercial value; that gets the protection, and the cut-over lands are neglected. Fire on them receives attention only when it endangers standing timber. et Under the former regulations, when the Government Protection Not paid one-half the cost of fire protection, the lessee Appreciated could justly be required to patrol the cut-over areas as well as the timber areas, but, under the present regulations, this hardly seems practicable, unless it be assumed that limits are to be held in perpetuity, and this assumption is usually not justified. In the actual working out of the new regulations, then, the cut-over lands are abandoned to the ravages of fire, both by the Government and by the lessees. That such a condition of affairs could exist is due to the fact that the actual owners of the land, or, in other words, the people, do not appreciate the value of their property. “ Waste land” is the common appellation applied to these cut-over and burned-over areas, yet the figures already given demonstrate that they are far from that. As has been pointed out, this relatively very small area contains suffi- cient young growth to be worth at maturity $2,275,000. The harvest- ing of this timber, and the many million dollars worth of material on similar areas in the province, would mean the employment of many people; with its destruction by fire, the opportunity for such prospec- tive employment is removed. The dues received by the Government help to meet public expense; the removal by forest fires of the pos- sibility of collecting such dues means that money for current public expenses must be raised in some other way, with the consequent in- crease in taxes, either direct or indirect. The people, therefore, have a direct financial interest in these cut-over lands. When they realize this, and appreciate their value, they will be efficiently protected from fire. aes Where fire protection has been most efficient, it has been chiefly. preventive. The means of prevention usually adopted are lookout” ‘uorjpnpoid ssquity ydooxe SUIJAUB IOJ pozINs ST PUL] 9 JO oT ‘VYS141jNO pel[ Py] Jou ‘ € “4 © ~ > AOD d1oYM todd ‘poadosjsop Ajas1v] Tequi1} Jo on[VA VUMV NO HLAOU*L) LSHMO ST WINGO TO HZIS ONIMOHS dINOLS LNOdHyYy STH AL AHN SUV1dOd CAAAVOS-1AL YT worsendg suo s0 wots Ree ek bh OywAsesuo) ae bs oer PREBCT OF REPEATE D® FOREST FIRES 203 towers, patrolmen, trails, telephone lines, tools and men for fighting the fire. These are all accessories to reaching and putting out the fire before it gets beyond control. Another phase of efficient protection is in preventing the occurrence of fire, by educating the frequenters of the forest to be careful in the use of fire. This is the hardest task that has to be done. Suggested Turning to the phase of efficient protection, the object Means of of which is the quick extinguishing of the fire when eect once started, and applying it to the area under consid- eration, it was found that it could be adequately protected by one look- out station on the Blue mountains, situated in the centre of the terri- tory and commanding a view of nearly every acre of the area. It should be connected by telephone with the neighbouring communities, to summon help in case of fire. A rural telephone line is already in operation on two sides of the area and most of the inhabitants live along this line. It could be tapped from the Blue mountains for a dis- tance of eight miles, and could be installed for $500, including cost of materials. The lookout man could be provided with a cottage at the foot of the mountains, not more than a half mile from the best position for the lookout station. Such a building, suitable for summer occupa- tion, could be erected at a cost of $500, making a total outlay of $1,000 for the telephone line and the cottage. This initial capital investment could readily be made from the sale of mature material now on the ground. The cost of patrol, fire-fighting and supervision need not exceed three cents per acre per year. For this sum it is possible to afford a very good degree of protection. The cost of overhead supervision per acre chargeable to fire protection would be reduced if a larger area than that discussed in this report were to be included in the proposed reserve, or if some line of scientific investigation, preferably a forest experiment station, were to be carried on, in connection with the general work of forest protection and administration. However, it will be safe to estimate the average cost of fire protection at three cents per acre per year. It has already been shown that the potential value of mete OF the existing young growth of pine and poplar is, in round figures, $2,275,000. Out of the total of 85,000 acres, only 15,000 acres are unburned mature forest (see p. 190), leaving approximately 70,000 acres which were occupied by the former pineries and have been more or less burned over. This includes un- burned swamps and oak barrens, which must be included in any _ scheme for protection, being scattered in relatively small areas. Using 204 ~ COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION this figure of 70,000 acres, then, as a basis, the potential value of the existing young growth is approximately $33 per acre. If the period of maturity be taken as 50 years hence, then three cents per acre per year, at 4 per cent interest, compounded annually, becomes $4.58 at the end of 50 years. Therefore, after a total of less than $5 per acre had been spent, including interest, distributed over a period of 50 years, the province would have a property of 70,000 acres, worth $33 per acre, a clear profit of more than $28 an acre. Wire Pea. Turning now to the second phase of efficient fire pro- vention and tection, namely, the actual prevention of the occurrence Education of fires, we come to the greatest need of fire protection propaganda, that is, a campaign of education and publicity. There is already considerable public sentiment in favour of fire protection, but . It is mostly subconscious and non-expressive. It must be aroused and made virile and aggressive. This could be best accomplished by accentuating the financial results following fire protection. The com- mon tendency is to think of the benefits resulting from fire protection as something remote—a sort of entailment in favour of future genera- tions. But it should be emphasized that the present generation would reap the benefits of protection even on cut-over lands. While the value of the yields forecasted on page 199 would hardly be attained in one generation, yet in 30 to 50 years, at the present rate of growth, if protected from fire, the area under consideration will yield over $2,000,000 worth of pine lumber and $265,000 worth of poplar for pulpwood. The harvesting of this would give employment to many members of the community in which it is located, and, if the area were ‘large enough, the employment would be permanent. This, then, is the argument from the business stand- Permanent : : ; Benefits to point: Effective fire protection leads to a stable and be Derived permanent lumber industry in the community, with consequent permanent employment of its members. Those who would not benefit directly by securing employment would serve or supply those who would so benefit. Contrast this with the present system, in which the lumberman removes all of the trees, and is steadily forced farther and farther from the markets in order to obtain merchantable timber, with the consequent increase in cost of production and trans- portation and, therefore, increased cost to the consumer. The present system leaves former timber lands open to recurring fires, greatly - retarding or, in some cases, completely preventing the natural restock- ing of the area by commercial trees. It also results in increased taxation, abandoned farms, and a stranded population, often compelled. to eke out a mere existence by hunting and fishing. BERNCT OPVR EPEAT E De PORE ST PIRES 205 Communities not infrequently offer special inducements to cer- tain industries to locate in their midst, and such industries often fur- nish, directly or indirectly, the means of livelihood for the greater portion of the inhabitants. They become such an integral part of the community that their withdrawal would be an economic calamity. A suggestion of such a thing would be fought vigorously by the citizens. If the citizens realized the value of the forest to the country as a source of permanent employment and permanent supply, they would fight against its removal just as vigorously and they would promote any means leading to its perpetuation. So the work of the propagandist of fire protection is to present to the public the relation of the forests to the industries dependent upon their products, the relation of forest industries to other industries and the relations of the forests to the public treasury. The annual value of the products of the lumber industry in Canada is surpassed only by those of agriculture and manufactures. A large, but, in reality, diminishing, portion of the revenues of the eastern provinces is ob- tained from the forests. The taxpayer should be made to appreciate the relation of all this to his pocketbook. When he does, the unre- strained destruction of forests by fires will be regarded as an economic waste not to be tolerated. RECOMMENDATIONS In devising a policy for the proper management of this watershed there should first be made a classification and segregation of the lands which are capable of agricultural use from those which should be forever given over to timber culture. As has been shown in a previous report*, many farms which had been abandoned, and others which are still farmed, are really too poor for successful farming. Nevertheless, there are areas which are capable of agricultural use. Indeed, the richest and, probably, the most potentially profitable soils have been overlooked. These could be made useful for cattle ranching and specialized farming. The area burned many times, as indicated on the accompanying map (facing page 166), is over 12,000 acres. At least one-quarter of this is composed of marshes and swamps. Many of these already have hay of such quality that cattle readily fatten on it, and many more could be made to do so without a prohibitive amount of work upon them. The more intractable portions could be fenced for grazing pur- poses, while the more easily managed areas could raise the hay to Agricultural Possibilities *Trent Watershed Survey. Commission of Conservation, 1913. 206 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION support the cattle in the winter. It is claimed, and probably with truth, that cattle can be brought to the “stocker” condition by free range in the forest. It is to be noticed, however, that in the later and drier portions of the season they do most of their grazing along the edges of the marshes, especially those along moving streams, where both food and water are accessible. Even under the most favourable conditions in the bush, cattle range over large areas in a day to find satisfying quantities of food. It is evident that they would fatten more readily if kept more closely confined in ranges, including areas of the more solid blue-joint grass-producing portions of the marshes (to avoid the danger of cattle being mired), and larger areas of the uplands. It is noticeable that white clover and blue grass grow luxuriantly along the margins of trails. It is also noticeable in cases of severe burning, where everything is killed and the litter burned down to the mineral soil, that pure stands of white clover and blue grass often cover patches several square rods in extent. It might be that pasturage could be materially increased in this way. If, by care- fully managed trials, the cattle-raising industry should prove suc- cessful, it could be made a source of considerable profit through rentals of grazing areas. Indeed, it might well prove to be more profitable to utilize these semi-barren areas for permanent pasturage than for forest purposes. Another alternative measure is the conversion of the Market Gar- : dens from marshes and swamps into market gardens. As stated Swamps above, many of them are already grass covered, and these vary in size from a few acres to those containing several hundred acres. Some would require but little drainage, others considerable. Nearly all of these marshes have streams flowing through them; they are not of the undrained peat bog type, and consequently are but slightly acid, a condition readily rectified by liming. An analysis of the soil of one of these marshes showed it to consist of decaying vegetable matter to the extent of 60 per cent of its dry weight, 25 per cent silt, 4 per cent clay, and the rest mostly of the finer grades of sand. Soils of this kind extend to the depth of three to twelve feet and if properly managed they would furnish a practically inexhaustible supply of plant food matter to garden crops. The utilization of these soils would, of course, be a matter of provincial control. The beginnings could be small, without a great initial outlay of money. It would be very desirable to establish an — experimental farm on these soils. If it were demonstrated that they could be successfully managed, then encouragement could be given settlers to take up these lands by aiding in drainage, the cost being BEEECT: Ob REPHEADED BORE ST FIRES 207 charged in the form of rent for a certain number of years, at the conclusion of which the settlers could be given title under the usual homesteading conditions. Ten acres of such soil devoted to garden crops would support a family. There are about 15,000 acres that might be eventually used for this purpose in the township of Methuen alone. The chief objection to such a plan is the present dis- tance from markets, the average distance to a through railway being 20 miles. This could be met by a co- operative motor-truck service, and when the produce once reached the railway it could be brought to such a market as Toronto, for example, in two or three hours, so the distance from the field to the market would not be over six or seven hours. It may be argued that it is hopeless to offer inducements to utilize such soils, while better soils in other parts of the country remain yet to be occupied. It would be difficult, however, to find better soils from the standpoint of fertility. Only from the standpoint of mass and contiguous distribution are others superior. It is evident that the day of intensive and specialized farming has arrived, and the soils in question offer an opportunity for one line of development in that direction. It is to the advantage of the province to keep its farming population at home. Most of the depopu- lation of the rural districts has taken place in the regions of the poorer upland farms like this one. The opening up and successful utilization of the moist lowlands would undoubtedly induce most of the young men to stay at home, and would contribute to the up-building of their own communities. Reaching the Markets Forest Polic The bulk of the land, however, was designed by nature yy; Bee ; : Should be for wood crops; it is absolute forest soil, and the prin- Devised cipal effort should be to devise a proper forest policy for the area. It seems obvious to one who has studied the problem of the cut- over and burned-over lands in the Trent watershed that they should at least be placed under some kind of control which would ensure adequate protection from repeated forest fires. From the calcula- tions on the preceding pages of this report, it is equally obvious that such protection would prove a highly profitable investment for some long-lived institution. This protection, as has been shown, would involve a relatively small outlay of funds, compared with the potential value of the young growth, since mere protection is about all that is needed on at least one-half of the area covered by this report. It has been conclusively proven by the figures on the preceding pages that 208 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION nature, in time, if not interfered with, would re-establish the pine on the cut-over pineries in commercial quantities. If man would do his part and remove the interference (forest fires), all would be well, and the former pine lands would continue to produce pine indefinitely. Three plans* have been suggested for future action Plans for Con- : olor Area on the cut-over and burned-over lands in the Trent watershed, namely, (1) municipal ownership and man- agement; (2) provincial management, and (3) co-operative manage- ment between the Dominion and the Provincial governments, the latter because of the interest which the Dominion has in the protection of the watersheds of the Trent canal. Of these three plans the first seems the most logical and desirable to the writer, if it could be inaugurated.7 . One of the chief arguments in favour of county ownership is the stimulation of local interest that would be created. Fire protection would be more effective under local management, for the in- habitants of the community would realize that they, and not some absentee landlord, would reap its benefits. On the other hand, one of the chief arguments against county ownership is that the financial backing of the enterprise would not be so strong as in the case of provincial or federal management, although the initial outlay of money need not be large, as has been shown on pp. 203-204. Moreover, most of the initial outlay, and, to some degree at least, the annual cost of protection, could be offset by the sales of merchantable material already on the area, such as is contained in the patches of hardwoods, scattered groups of pine, the elm in the swamps, and there are many places along the margins of swamps and in the gullies where 100 cords of poplar could be cut on a relatively small area. These operations would involve the establishment of a local sawmill, with its employment of local labour. Again, a local interest in the protection of the area from fire would be stimulated. At the end of 15 years the cutting of poplar on a fairly large scale could be begun and at the end of 30 years, according to the calculations on p. 200 some 328,000 cords of poplar could be harvested. By this time also, considerable young aie would have attained commercial size. *Trent Watershed Survey. Commission of Conservation, Canada, Ottawa, 1913. “Pp. 15-20. : It should be mentioned in this connection that Hastings county has already - initiated a policy, through the Counties Reforestation Act, of acquiring cut-over and burned-over lands and holding them for their future timber yields. The councillors of Peterborough county, in which the area under discussion is situ- ated, have a similar project under consideration. REPRODUCTION OF WHITE PINE AND POPLAR ON AREA BURNED ONCE Commission of Conservation GENERAL VIEW OF AN AREA BURNED TWICE Note scattering young growth of pine remaining. Contrast with reproduction on area burned once. BPEL CT OF eae EATE DD FOREST PIRES 209 Re Planting On the greater portion of the 9,000 acres burned many of Pine times, there are not enough pine seed trees to insure Necessary a restocking of the area by natural processes. Under forest management this would eventually require planting, but it would be a waste of money to do so until fire protection had been demon- strated to be effective. ‘There is no doubt that, where fire risk is re- duced to the minimum, forest planting would be profitable for a long- lived institution, but, if this area were placed in the hands of the county, planting could be delayed until the harvesting of the crop was assured, and other conditions justified it. While then, theoretically, county management would recommend itself on account of the local interest which it would create, practically, it is open to question whether the counties are financially able to burden themselves with the responsibility of caring for such lands, especially for the poorer ones, which do not promise early returns. It is doubt- ful, also, whether they could be expected to employ the technical advice which is needful, to make a success of forest management. This is a new business and requires careful planning and circumspect detail attention, which only a specially fitted manager can give. There are other practical difficulties and objections to the transfer of these lands to the counties, which, however, do not preclude the participation of the counties in the benefits, indirect as well as direct, which would come from a provincial or federal management. The next logical proposition is for the province to place these lands under management for continuity. The only objection to this is the financial one. It is realized that the province, because of more insistent demands for public expenditure in other directions, absence of sufficient public interest, or because of other reasons, may not be in a position to under- take a management which cannot furnish returns for a series of years. | Luckily, the interest of the Dominion in this watershed is paramount and, having in her Forestry Branch a technical bureau which could take charge at once and efficiently, no practical difficulty would be experienced in inaugurating a broad, comprehensive policy of manage- ment for the entire watershed. Since the province is already receiving no rent for nearly one-half of the Burleigh-Methuen area under consideration, it being abandoned timber limits, and is receiving only ground rent—less than one cent an acre yearly, for the other half, the commercial timber being all cut off— the province might without serious financial loss, when the licenses on the latter are cancelled, turn the area over to the Dominion gratis. This could be effected under a condition that the Provincial govern- ment and the counties receive a stated proportion of the net or 14—c. c. 210 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION gross receipts which may be derived from the management of these areas. Such an arrangement exists in the administration of the United States National Forests, where 25 per cent of the gross returns is turned over to the states in which the forests are situated, to aid in the maintenance of roads and schools. Perce An additional advantage that might be expected to Experimental follow the transfer of this area to the Dominion Station Forestry Branch, under any terms mutually acceptable, would be the local establishment of a forest experiment station, with one or more technically trained men, who would devote their whole time to investigating silvicultural problems. Such investigations would have for their object the securing of a thorough knowledge of the silvical characteristics and requirements of the various species of forest trees—a solid scientific basis for the silvicultural handling of existing forests, and for the establishment of new forests, to secure the most economic use of the timber and other products of the forest, and a more exact knowledge of its indirect benefits. Scientific information can be secured only in a systematic manner and by intensive methods of study. So far as forestry work is con- cerned, such information can best be secured through the establishment of forest experiment stations. This idea has already been developed extensively in other countries, including France, Germany, India and the United States. The silvicultural investigations carried on by the United States Forest Service are classed under the following headings: Forestation— General Studies Seed, production, fertility, methods of extraction, etc. Nursery practice Species, methods, and seasons for artificial forestieen Sites—limits upon the growth of each species fixed by site condi- tions Introduction of exotics Species Forest Influences Upon Climate, Stream Flow, Erosion, etc. Management— General systems and their technical basis Methods of cutting Brush disposal Natural reproduction Thinnings Valuation—immature growth, merchantable timber, soil for forest production Be CL Ob REE bb AChE Dn Or ST sh TR ES 211 Mensuration Protection from— Fire Grazing Disease Insects Animals Snow Regional Studies of Types and Forest Conditions Silvical Studies— ‘ Distribution of forest trees and types Forest types—description, basis of tree associations, etc. Special studies. Tree Studies— Growth, yield, silvical characteristics, methods of management, etc: Utilization Studies While the Dominion Forestry Branch could not be expected to undertake all the above lines of investigation immediately, the list will indicate the wide range of possibilities. Aside from the conduct of actual planting operations on a limited scale, by the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and by various private interests in these and other provinces, but little systematic attempt has been made in eastern Canada to solve the class of forest problems indicated above. If forestry is to be placed on a permanent basis in Canada, a great deal of scientific investigation must be carried on, as in other countries, and the Dominion Forestry Branch is the most logical organization in Canada to undertake and prosecute such work. Forest experiment stations are needed at a number of points throughout the Dominion, where the results secured will apply to different conditions and have a wide general application. It is believed that the portion of the Trent watershed, discussed in this report, would be eminently suitabie for the establishment of a forest experiment station, since the region is typical of very large areas of lands in eastern Canada, chiefly or only valuable for the permanent production of timber. Thus, the transfer of this area to the Dominion Forestry Branch, on any terms that might be agreed upon, would not only help to protect the large investment of the Dominion Government in the Trent canal, by furnishing ade- quate fire protection, but would also tend to greatly advance the general cause of forestry in eastern Canada, by facilitating the conduct of scientific investigations, and the establishment of a demonstration area for the elaboration of the various methods of handling forest properties. PART *V The Reproduction of Commercial Species in the Southern Coastal Forests of British Columbia* BY ° C.D; Howe. i a,0) OBJECT OF THE WORK AND THE CONCLUSIONS IN BRIEF | Ege the casual observer, employing the usual methods of travel in the southern coastal region of British Columbia, would doubt- less be impressed by the abundance of forest reproduction, especially that of Douglas fir. He sees young trees, often in dense stands, on all sides. If he reflects upon the significance of what he sees he gets the impression that there is nothing to fear in regard to the establishment of future commercial forests. However, for the most part, he sees this reproduction only along the margin of green forests, adjacent to cleared fields, highways and burned areas, where the conditions for the re-establishment of the forest are the very best. Are the conditions the same throughout the logged-over and burned-over areas? ‘That is, are these very extensive areas in an adequate manner reproducing the forest which has been removed? The investigations, described on the following pages, were made in order to answer this question. The results are based not upon general impressions, so often misleading even to a careful observer, but upon a painstaking enumeration of the young trees on measured areas laid out in such a manner as to include all kinds of conditions. As the result of such investigations, the question stated above may be answered thus: On about one-half of the area logged and burned in the past 20 years, the forest reproduction is not sufficiently abundant to insure the re-establishment of the commercial forest. The other half, however, is well stocked with young trees, and, if not burned, a forest yielding saw-logs is assured. *The investigations reported in the following pages were carried on by the Commission of Conservation in co-operation with the Forest Branch of British Columbia. The writer is deeply indebted to the Chief Forester and members of his staff for their hearty co-operation and aid in facilitating the work. 212 A GROUND FIRE BURNING THE SLASH The shade of the debris and under vegetation is removed, the mineral soil is exposed and sufficient seed trees are left. Conditions favourable for the reproduction of Douglas fir. Pins eptintes myaie or es A + ‘a THE PROBABLE CONDITION OF THE AREA SHOWN ABOVE AFTER TWELVE YEARS The area represented here was logged and burned twelve years ago and it now contains : 5,000 young fir trees, 1,300 cedar and 400 hemlock per acre. Rep BODY CT VONTOR, COMMERCIAL rT SPECIES 213 The barrenness, from the standpoint of young trees, on one-half of the logged area is due to the occurrence of repeated fires. One burning stimulates the reproduction of Douglas fir. In fact, it is regarded as necessary for the establishment of dense stands; but a second burning is very disastrous, because it kills both the seed trees and the young growth following the first fire. There is nothing left with which to start another crop of trees on the area. Judging by the age of the fire scars on the older trees, and by the age of the stands following the first fire, the writer found that during the past 20 years four widespread fires occurred. That is, a severe fire occurred once in five years, the last one being four yearsago. From 20 years to 100 years ago the average interval between widespread fires was 27 years, while from 100 years to 360 years ago severe and widespread fires took place at intervals of 86 years. Therefore, the rate of the occurrence of fires has increased enormously in the past few years. Practically all of these fires were upon the logged-over areas, and so endangered or killed the forest reproduction. The significance of the increasing number of fires lies in the fact that the future supply of saw-logs must come from the logged-over areas. It takes, under average conditions, from 75 years to 100 years to make even the smallest trees now being used for saw-logs. The largest trees are from 400 to 900 years old. Adequate fire protection for the young growth on the logged-over areas should be installed at once. NATURE OF THE INVESTIGATIONS The following report upon the re-establishment of the forest after logging and after burning is the result of work on the eastern coast of Vancouver island as far north as Union bay and on the mainland coast as far north as Powell river. The investigations extend inland about five miles in each case, so that the total area explored covered about 1,000 square miles. After areas of second growth of various ages had been located by a general exploration, the number of young trees on them was counted by means of strips 33 feet (one-half chain) wide and their ages determined. The length of the strips depended upon the density and uniformity of the stand, being shortest in the more dense and more uniform stands. With the exception of the stands less than 10 years old, however, all the strips were at least 20 rods (5 chains) long, and some of them were two miles in length, the aver- age being about one-fourth mile (20 chains). From these sample strips, the number of trees on an acre was calculated and the results are given in the tables below. The total area of such sample strips on which the young trees were counted was over 43 acres. Besides this. sample strips of like nature, amounting to 28 acres, were made in the 214 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION cut-over areas to determine the number of seed trees remaining after the logging operations. At the same time, studies were made on the influence upon the re-establishment of the commercial species of vari- ous agencies, such as logging without burning, logging with burning, and the presence of underbrush. After a brief description of the mature forests in the southern coastal forests of British Columbia, the following report passes to a description of the young forests (the forest reproduction) dominated by fir, hemlock or cedar (pp. 218-222). The section of the report following this deals with the agencies which accelerate or retard the establishment of young forests. The last topic is discussed under such headings as logging without burning, logging with burning and the under-vegetation (pp. 222-229). The recommendations based upon the results of the investigations are presented in the final section (pp. 229-231). The statements in regard to the ages of the older trees are to be considered only as approximate. The age is determined by counting the annual growth rings on the stumps, so an addition must be made for the time taken by the young tree to reach stump height. This period varies according to the favour of the growth conditions in which the seedling found itself; it may have grown in height very slowly or very rapidly. For example, some seedlings in very dense stands on poor soil were found to make an average height growth of three inches a year for the first ten years, while, on the other hand, seedlings in the best soil conditions grew at the rate of over a foot a year in the same time. From the measurement of several hundred seedlings in various conditions of density and soil, the rate of six inches a year for the first ten years was taken as the average height growth, and the age of a tree to the height of the stump was calculated on this basis. The young trees, whose ages were to be determined, were cut flush with the ground, so the results in this case are quite accurate. There are chances of error in determining the age of fire scars, as it may happen that a growth layer is not laid down in some years on the side of the tree where the rings were counted. MATURE FORESTS In the coastal region of British Columbia, included in this report, from sea level to an elevation of approximately 2,000 feet, Douglas fir is the predominant tree species in the mature forest, both as to numbers, since it comprises from 70 to 80 per cent of the stands, and as to growth conditions, since it overtops its associates in the forest, and furnishes the greater portion of the lumber. If, however, the RESO DwCGlTONSOL COMME RELAL) SPECIES 215 immature and non-commercial trees were included in a tree census, the Western hemlock, for reasons to be stated later, would be found to outrank the fir in mere numbers. The largest fir trees, from four to eight feet in diameter, and 200 to 300 feet high, occur in the deep sandy loam soils of the first bench lands above the lakes, streams and along the innumerable re-entrant arms of the sea. According to the writer’s observations, they occur at present only in scattered groves, or relatively small patches, or scat- tered among trees of much smaller size. They are usually in situations well protected from fire, and this is doubtless the reason they have been spared. The medium-sized trees, from one and one-half to four feet in diameter, and from 150 to 200 feet high, are found on the stony loams and the sands of the second bench lands of the inland waters and of the old sea terraces of the coast. They are also found on soils of similar nature on the numerous glacial sand plains at the mouth of the mountain valleys. These medium-sized fir trees, in addition, extend up the lower slopes of the mountains to an elevation between 600 and 800 feet. ‘The situations in which the medium-sized trees grow are very extensive, and they furnish by far the greater portion of the fir saw-logs. Above an altitude of 600 to 800 feet the mature fir trees as a whole are small, from ten to thirteen inches in diameter, and from 75 to 125 feet high. Some medium-sized trees, however, may run up the ravines to the higher elevations. The soil is thin and very rocky, although, when not burned, the rocks are hidden by a luxuriant growth of mosses, ferns and small, woody undergrowth. The stands are dense and have every appearance of being “growth bound.” This type of fir forest is quite extensive. Small mature trees also occupy the numerous gravel plains at lower elevations. Western hemlock is the commonest associate of the Douglas fir in the coastal region under consideration, but it rarely, if ever, attains the proportions of the fir. Away from the immediate coast, it grows in rather more moist situations than the fir, or is more abundant and of larger size when it shares with the fir the better soil conditions. It is found in good development particularly along streams and on north- facing stream slopes, on flats at the head of lakes, in gullies and depres- sions in the sand plains. Hemlock occurs in suppressed condition, often in dense thickets, beneath nearly all of the mature fir stands whatever the kind of soil they may occupy, so that if these small trees be counted, the hemlock very often surpasses the fir in numbers, although the fir dominates the stand. The hemlock evidently recovers from its suppression when released by the death of the over-topping fir, for a break in the crown cover of the fir is usually occupied by 216 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION hemlock, so that even in the pure stands of fir there are scattered small groups of mature hemlock. At the higher elevations, the hemlock gradually displaces the fir in the forest. Western cedar is much less common than the hemlock as an asso- ciate of the Douglas fir, but in its best situations it more nearly ap- proaches the fir in size; in fact it sometimes surpasses the fir in diam- eter, but not in height. The largest cedars are found on moist flats along lakes, sea and streams. Cedar, however, like the hemlock, may be found in almost any soil condition, but it apparently does not reach large size on indifferent soils except on the immediate slopes of the shores. Balsam, Sitka spruce and western white pine, so far as observed, occur only scatteringly in the Douglas fir forests. The balsam is the most common of the three. One is impressed by the occurrence of a large number of stands of mature fir in which the trees are nearly all of the same age. The stands of medium-sized trees, for example, were prevailingly 315, 170 and 124 years old. In fact, representatives of these age classes were found on every area studied, whether on the island or on the main- land. The uniformity of age, however, was not so pronounced among the largest and oldest trees. The largest tree observed was seven feet in diameter and was 910 years old. Fire scars disclosed the fact that the tree was burned 856 and 335 years ago. The large trees, about six feet in diameter, at Chemainus, were 540 years old. Those near Cowichan lake and Gibson landing were 425 years old, with an average diameter of five feet. In both places they showed fire scars 230 years old. At Powell river they were 356 years old, and averaged four feet in diameter, while at Union bay they were 460 years old and six feet in diameter. Younger stands, 70 and 100 years old, were also frequent on all of the areas investigated. These are the ages of most of the fir trees left after the logging operations at Shawnigan lake, Chemainus and Union bay, and also of the trees now standing on the logged-over areas on the north side of Burrard inlet, at Gibson landing and Powell river. Judging by what we know of the method of re-establishing fir forests after the more recent fires, we are fairly safe in assuming that these mature Douglas fir forests were established as the result of fire. Moreover, all the five younger age classes mentioned above correspond with the ages of fire scars on the neighbouring older trees. This point may be made clear by describing the condition of affairs at Powell river, where a careful study of the history of the forest on a square mile was made. The majority of trees logged on the area would be approximately 315 years old if standing to-day. The fire scars on the EE EOD U Cl LOMO COMME RCLAT, SPECIES 217 veterans were 316 and 70 years old. The scattered veterans were 356 years old, and they doubtless represent the remnants of the stand burned 316 years ago. One finds some trees 155 years old, but it is evident that they established themselves beneath an old stand, for they were suppressed for the first 55 years, being only two inches in diam- eter at that time. Something happened 100 years ago to release them, for they began to grow rapidly a few years after that date. It may have been the fire recorded by the scars 100 years ago on adjacent trees, although the stumps of the 155-year-old trees do not show fire scars of that date. Nearby stands, however, are 100 years old, and the effect of the fire recorded 70 years ago is to be found in adjacent. stands of that age. YOUNG FORESTS Under the heading of young forests are included all those areas where the young trees of the commercial species are in the process. of reproducing a forest. A new forest may be in process of re-estab- lishment beneath an old forest or upon areas wholly or partially cleared by fire or by logging or by both. Practically all of the repro- duction of Douglas fir forests is taking place on areas cleared by fire alone or by logging and fire combined. A new hemlock forest, how- ever, may be established beneath an old fir forest. This is because young hemlock trees can endure shade, while young fir trees will not grow well if shaded by the crown cover of larger trees. The object in this section of the report is to show the decrease in the number of trees per acre as the stands grow older. The death rate is greater, the greater the density of the stand, yet the denser- the young stand, the better will be the quality of the lumber produced by the surviving trees. As the shade is so dense that the side branches are killed off early in the life of the tree, the wood laid down on the stem after this is free from knots, hence the quality of the lumber is improved. Crowding also forces the young trees to grow more rapidly in height and more uniformly in thickness, with the final result: of more logs to a tree and less taper in a log. Dense young stands are necessary to produce the largest quantity of the best quality of commercial timber. For this reason the agencies which bring about dense stands should be encouraged and those which tend to retard or destroy their development should be eliminated. For convenience of presentation, the description of the forest repro- duction will be given under three sub-titles, namely, that in which Douglas fir predominates, that in which hemlock is the most abundant, and that in which cedar is the most numerous. 218 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Douglas Fic The table below gives the average density per acre of Predominant the young Douglas fir forests grouped into age classes of ten-year intervals. The actual age of these stands will be found under the section upon the influence of fires on forest reproduction. TABLE I NUMBER OF YouNG TrEES PER Acre, Accorpinc To Ack sy Drcapges, BAsep Upon 32 AcrES OF SAMPLE STRIPS | Age, by decades pe eemlock Cedar | Balsam bile Aig Ress cthantO years. esas ees 53,300 1,000 | 3,300 | 45 if 57,600 10 "to 20 years Voces ca. 32 ee s 3,900 | - 270| 470] .30 5 4,670 20 tr SO Gems arenes ae as sok e 1A Se 220 > Faz 20 5 1,510 30 10°40 years). ui. 60050506 ae 410} 270) .100} °10 as 790 | PERCENTAGES OF Younc TrEeES Per Acre, Accorpinc To DrcapEs, AS ABOVE Douglas al | White Age, by decades i FSR | Cedar, | Balsam, | pine, Pernt ercent | Percent | Per cent Per eat | | | Less: than 10-years <2 .3 38s 3 93.0 23093) 5.0 eet tees NU to 20 wedks.. 2. zens buscar of 83.4 Si 10.0 057°) Je OF 2040 GOXVEAES'c 12 osiw'es Carel rec.c- 72.6 14.6 ib ier. is 0.3 30 toA0 Wears ccc. cslcak oceans 52.0 34.0 12.6 1:3 =32 One frequently finds small patches of fir in which the number of trees on an acre was much higher than given in the table above. For example, four-year-old stands sometimes ran as high as 322,000 little trees upon an acre, and even in the 16- and 18-year-old stands the number per acre frequently reached 30,000. The figures in the table; however, give a good idea of the general condition of the reproduction, including the poor as well as the good. The table above clearly shows the natural thinning-out that takes place as the trees increase in age and size. In the case of the 57,600, less than 10 years old on an average acre, each little tree occupies less than a square foot of soil. If all of these trees lived until they were a foot in diameter, the result would be a solid block of wood upon an acre. We know that trees do not grow that way. There is not room enough for them all, so the weak die and the strong survive. As shown by the table, in this case 91 per cent of the trees had died by the end of the nineteenth year, 97 per cent at the end of 29 years, and 98 per cent A STAND OF DOUGLAS FIR ABOUT 100 YEARS OLD Fire scars on adjacent older trees are of that age, so this stand evidently followed the fire. It has not been burned since. THIs AREA HAS BEEN BURNED TWICE The young growth is scattered and patchy in distribution. The dead saplings indicate that it was once well covered with young trees. Mh ROD UU Cr VON Or COMMERCIAL SPECIES - 219 were dead at the beginning of the fortieth year, or, in other words, only one in fifty of the original trees was alive, that is, if we assume that the forest between 30 and 40 years old started in the same manner as ihe present stands less than 10 years old. Stated in another way, the death rate per acre was 5,000 yearly during the second decade; 300 yearly during the third, and 70 trees per acre yearly during the fourth decade. It will be seen that the death rate was still more pronounced in the case of the fir alone, since less than one in a hundred of the original trees was alive at the end of the fourth decade. By referring to the percentage table above, one will see that the proportion of the hemlock gradually increases as the stands grow older. This shows that the hemlock can endure crowding and shading better than the fir. The tendency of the hemlock to crowd out the fir as the forest gets older seems to be a general rule in the coastal forests of British Columbia. This is particularly true in the better soil conditions, and, as stated in the preceding section, (p. 216), the hemlock is beneath the stands of fir on the poorer soils, ready to take the place of the fir as soon as it is removed, that is, if the natural con- ditions are not too violently disturbed. In travelling through the southern coastal region of British Colum- bia one is impressed by the vigorous reproduction of Douglas fir, yet the occurrence of well-stocked stands of young fir is scattering and patchy in nature. The mature forests which will arise from these young stands will not be as continuous and uniformly distributed as the present mature forest, and consequently the forest area of the future will not yield as much saw-log material. This prediction is based on the fact that large areas of young forests are being periodic- ally burned, and, when the young growth is killed by fire, little or no young growth of commercial trees comes in to take its place. The reasons for this will be discussed in the section on the influence of fire upon forest reproduction. Stands in which hemlock predominated, covering large areas, were much less frequent than those in which fir predominated. Young hemlock stands were plenti- ful, but they occur in relatively small groups, usually on the better soils of depressions and flats. Hemlock Predominant 220 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TABLE II NuMBER oF Younc TrEES Per Acre, Accorpinc To AcE By DrecaprEs, Basep Upon: 11 Acres oF SAMPLE STRIPS Age, by decades Hemlock Douglas fir Cedar Total trees ess than lO: yearss ese niee ere 44,900 5,000 4,900 | 54,800 AO GOZO Wears oc <2 so ccisie ees 7,770 400 170 8,340 20-10, SO VEats.(s celesrcs aise = 6 ees 6,170 180 100 | 6,450 BUT AU Veatssscisis seater lonie ee 3.900 100 160 4,160 PERCENTAGE OF YOUNG TREES Per Acre, AccorpINc To DrcaDEs, AS ABOVE , Hemlock, | Douglas fir, | Cedar, Age, by decades Percent | Per cent Per cent Bess than AO syearsiactise ee eee 39 Algoma Eastern railway oes.0225-8 ase soe laos aes as pee ee ee 10, 42 information ré fire situation oOn..............0ssce«s+s> supe eee ee 39 Algonquin Park, addition of 811 square miles to.......................... 93 clearing ‘up debris in. of. 0. 02). 2. =. . Sed cec egies eee ee 50 reduction of fire hazard in...0:../. 2.53 .s.-+0.s 3 Jason eons een ee 89 Amount of lumber supplied by British Columbia to Prairie Provinces...... 234 Anaconda Copper Mining Co... 52.2... 22. 062022 200d tee eee Bee ee 148 brush ‘disposal’on lands Of. 2200.2... 2:5 00s seer een eee 148 Andrews, L. R., District Forester, B.C.,. report by..:.....<-->-.- 25-2 123 Appendix—Regulations governing granting of yearly licenses to cut timber on: Dominion “lands: 6.5 6.5 0.60 622.2.01. es beekeese es eee eee 275 Appointments to forest service, qualifications for.................0.-eee0e- 83 Arctic: ocean;: referred 0:2: . <6 200 55 0.662 2 dens oe eeee eee 233 Areas burned once referred to on map........¢...52%+ 22 -oe =e 178 Areas burned twice, high average of young pine per acre.................. 182 Area burned three times, average pine trees to acre...........- Re Beg oe = 186 Areas burned many times, trees fire-scarred seven times................ ... 186 Area covered by investigations in British Columbia........................ 213 Areas severely brried wnce..:. 2250.0 5 ac ce eas oct c~ ooe ese ee ee 174 Areas severely burned twice, referred to on map................-... Reis 3H 179 Areas severely burned three times, area covered......................204- 183 Areas severely burned many times, extent of..............-...-.2--++.0-+: 186 Areas of-forest reserves in Manitoba. -:........see eee 10; 43 no fires on in 1913......06<6 6 cue nne vin one vce sie neh nie ane 39 Authority to enter upon lands, railways request..........-.-----++++eeeees 65 Average growth of poplar trees. ... 0.2.26. 00 sesed-pascceere ris Hee ee eee 194 BABINE LAKE, reference to conditions On.........-. eee see eee eee eeeeee 110 Banff, discovery of hot mineral springs near...........-...-e0see eens eeeee 257 Barlow, Alfred _E., referred t0.............0cccccecrceseeseoss+ scene 171 Barrette lake, area burned twice around...............--+.-eeee erences 179 Basis of forest classification: .......-2-..2200.seecev- sees sdnnt pn 103 Basis used in classification of timber..............222--eecccccccccceceess 169 Bass lake, referred 0... 2.0 cc ese cnc ccece cs vecn semen ss cae 172 Battleford, referred £0. 022. 0000 snes sceceeas0s 500 ecb asses gene eae 251 PAGE Bayo Oimte railway -o).-- 22s cnalss se ayer erin ee es Hic oe eee 10, 13 edesriver: Teferenee COene 5.2.5 se o-oo uci ste leet terete male he a 55 110 Reaper Ellis fOreSE 1eSCEVGs 3 -.cce ooo siet hous ae beeterereiegie eRe cies ewe 240 Beier TIVeE Telerred treme. soo acc yoo Hem ca seine ce seeisictetieielme nc sete se = 251 Bella Coola river, watershed Of............ccccecscccsern cesses cteceecces 104 Benedict, R. E., Assistant Forester, B.C. Forest Branch..............-.--- 101 Berry-pickers responsible for fires........-.---.+e sees eect erence eee eens 187 Best quality of commercial timber, conditions for............-..+.+-+-+55- ZN Better protection of reproduction of fir...........--.- sees eee e eee eee eens 229 Bitterroot forest, Montana, referred-to............ 0... 0e. cee eee eee EER ree 255 Petite espOSal flechette aes = Sele lis 2 oa one ee ae ewe eee cielo weteins 148 micieeearest. Mont ataiese me: ee eee a eae ce tas neisteb eid ee ois el='s cleo 255 Black hills, yellow pine brush piled and burned................--.--eeeees 152 epemodctiritatis.. FereEred tO .-2t tris nb a ten ns ls ge teh eee Seinen es 171 RAE EERE ye ETC ee ye oy eR oe a oS oe Sh tard Sitace Hein algele Pa aetee ee 192 froiatite Station Suseested sft 6.52 5~ ic sas cane hs Otis eye eset ni oe 203 PEPearmnitig Of Chem set toe use ae nels a Oat nena OA Ad metas ee See eee 174 Blumer, J. C., cost of study of forest resources by.........------++-+-0-05 76 ReREESEA CALI IS IMC ed oo ote ee eee an ete ated ciee eaten sian Ae Polen tera ne 75 work in Saskatchewan discontinued by...........2..-ee sete cece eeees 84 Board of Railway Commissioners, referred to..............-.++.. 710,275 140 MIasMN COE IAS NCELOT LON. tc10 45 aS nae Nee oe eas late es seo diehen eos - Mincr@iperatine) OMCER Of... 422 ete elicits re Se selene nese ows e eee wees 4 co-operative arrangements with.............2.-- cece ee eee te eee cece ee i co-operation in experiments with coal................-.---eee eee eee 95 ea-opesation with local assOClatHOnS... 220 <20-5 00a cee Ss ee bee oO 96 Fire Inspection Department of, referred to..:.....-2-+.++.-+2---.. Pas eVan ee icone rorective Department :OL. > scs case ate nese ese nes eas 1 Government railways should be subject to regulations of.............. 83 peisdiction Over failways. 650: 43. i tewact den ariledalawe eens oe gaa a ae 1 ly coding DiSSyrrta 16) 1) esi ie ee eee SR RR Peco A er aL ace arma 72 exiways not under jurisdiction of +. .<. 0.00250 2s6 she tee oe eee ee eee 14 hb SendeT JUTISdiction OL... -..2:5 lel Alen an eee ee 10, 250 PSH Ol LELERTEO £0 «1 via'oie o5.0 )e'niay => oo 2 MeO lane miners Obnre shea e eeee 252 Soap peuconsratmlated on results. |... 0 <2. Wee eens lia eee 97 aaa eee BUTRMRN IV TCE AAT en alc Yo 10 bcs at GRutate he x sLoeks een lta nate eorateiavene Palate are aN 239 Bactaminiceliaiie railroads so cies ae inc dous.0c ote wba oe eke dae Parse ey eeteete Sal OneeS appointment of commissioner of fire claims by..........-....--..-.-- 3 eee eed eRe MT Ee SETI E MANETS PNY 2 cic, Siniz vse oo ocho «SS aeciw cerstaialnrarslerayem eam e © heme 3 Bottle lake, areas burned twice around,.............0ccceececeessescceecs 179 ewe crer aterest fre CONGIMIONS: Of -))2.05 626 kc cls eet eee eee eee ee 243 Hom oeemaiireutimber largely pine... 2... 202 ca. ae oe ve cleo Bees a 244 Bracken fern, undergrowth of.......-.- 2... ee eee eect eee eee e ener eee e es 228 Peeidery TOLCTLEM: EO eae eas awk eo sivew ese ae's wa vielen tanner eee 238 Brazeau forest, experienced large forest fires............ 0. cece cece eee eeee 244 PRA river, TELeLred Oe ners ite alee cides Re ws Se awe ec maes Simeerene 242 Semiareriver, referred, £0. cn. - songecle cv oucstice seen ees. e en Se 109 British Columbia, amount of timber supplied to Prairie provinces......... 234 279 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION British Columbia (Continued) uae approval of power speeders by Forest Branch of............-..+-2.-2.. 36 area covered by investigation... . 2.066 sc0 cee de open olan 213 burning slash from road construction M............cse. i12.usb eee 89 cedars ‘are. short-lived; ‘reasons f0f..- 2.22% 2 clacime cee e260 an eee 221 climatic and soil conditions referred to: .. -..--.0-02¢ <0. - -4--e ee 112 climatic conditions Of¢..006. yess. ied see eee ie ee eee 102 coastal regions of, travel in the’. ..:.2.... 5... tse eee 2h ee 212 co-operation in fire inspection: im... iJ. 52. .0<2he2)s i deck oer a. tee 16 depressed lumber market -conditions of: ....... 2.2.51 -2.5--eaeee eee 229 disposal of logging ‘slash in. ......2... 2.5 } oa. 2. 22-nee 101 disposal of timber in Railway Belt of, referred to..................... 260 Douglas fir predominant... 2... 25..20: 2132... dee eee 218 dies on spruce in... 0 Gee esd ee ioe 26 ee ee 262 establishment of game preserve in, suggested..................-..2.. 84 estimate of available agricultural land ‘in... .. 12.22. 2.27- 522 eee 112 fire season of 1914 itt... 3. 00s bens wes steele lod be ete A 38 fire tax tate Gm. 0.22.2 e loeb. stab dee see eae eee eee 263 Forest Act of: 25. 222..05 Ss speak wee eos ae ee ee Se 46, 253 Forest Branch of (See British Columbia Forest Branch) forest conditions on Dominion lands in..)......)..4:.22 40. eee 246 forests of northern coasts of, referred to..................-. prasad: if 104 forest problem of, considered broadly... :...-- 2: 22% 2.ss. 22m sete eee 112 forest regions. of, ‘referred tol... 5... 3.5 200 Ce: 4 on eee 102 forest reproduction not sufficiently abundant..................-.-+-+-- 212 game preserve in, interference with development.................-+.. 96 Goveraiment forest policy... .... 02045 ses - di hs oss ole 114 Government of province of, referred. to..:..........55..295 eee < ground rent of Dontinion lands in... ... ...\..2..22.: 423.52 eee 263 ground rent of Provincial lands) in. .::.- 4... .....> eee =e eee 263 hemlock predominant, areas in which. ..-......si/..>-s50)- eee 219 inventory of forest resources commenced.............-.00.0eeeeeeeens 75 inventoty of forest resources im... . .- 4-00.00. 2a ote 84 inventory of timber supplies, referred to. .......<.-2..2ssspe sateen 83 inventory should be completed: ....-.<.... 25.02. de.s0. th ioe cee 97 legislation of, referetice to.+..2.. 05. 01/542. a0. Jesse 303 eee 253 letter to operators on coast re brush disposal.............-----+.+-055 115 low cost. of collecting data in.....020. 0202 pec nee cB ues ole tale 85 lamber industry of, referred foc... 220/26 124 45 1 ie dee ee 234 mature- forests Of... . 02 JciS sent eee = ah oe eln tes oa ee 214 most important forest problemmvot;. . . 2:02. 22.250 o tee ieee 112 new and additions to forest reserves recommended in................++ 78 objection to game. preserve Its. ...2eue 2. oo. coe, Jos eek 1 ee 96 over-production of lumber in........¢-....---¢20.2+.0+ 050 0s 0 | Railway’ Belt 403. . 5c. Savk Geet sees + 02 « chien 182 best reproduction of: pine! ins... < -h) 2 ners coe ee es 2 174 growth ‘studies /ita 3.5.6 2250 5 Oh ce Se i oe 192 portion: of, examined). ../ 52%. sie. na 20: ge ciios ars bea beeen er 171 province receives no rent for one-half area..............--0eeeeeseene 209 Swanip aceas Of.. 22.4524 Joe ect wieeeeods shee ee eee eee eee 173 two severe fires in, referred to... 620... so. 51s suc v teh a eee ee 179 Burleigh-Methuen area, Ont., detailed statement of....................55.. 166 financial losses, due to repeated fires on area.............+..00eeeee cee 197 plans for control of area. < i202.05. 24 Os oes Ohta ae ie ee 208 Burned-over lands, practical plan suggested.i:.. 3... 1. . Sani sete 167 Burning of logging slash reduces fire hazard..-.......:..:9. sae 87 Burning of logging slash favours reproduction of Douglas fir.............. 87 Burning of slash required... . 2.5 << 2s cin. J. gels owe ae 89 Burning slash from road construction in British Columbia................. 89 Burrard inlet, ages of ‘trees found at..........:..2. csc skeen ee 216 GALGARY and Fernie railway... «6062056 ios 0 hae co 10 Calsary, Crown timber agency. ate... 4.200 selva oes tee 81, 234, 256 Distriet Inspector ates vias 20 oe ses 622 oa oe 3 eee ea er 259 California, ‘investigations in, referred to... 222. 2.2.0 2h eee 164 slash%burning in coniferous forests of. ..).\.......- 20s s«.+ eee 229 Cameron, D. Roy, District Inspector of Forest Reserves, report by........ 129 Campaign of education and ptblicity, need of.......o: .2... 7sse eee 204 Camp Fire Club of America, Game preserve supported by................. 96 Canada and Gulf -Terminal railway... .2. 2. 0< 265 45 pets ee 14 Canada, forest resources much over-estimated........ 22... ess «eee 84 Canadian Coal and Coke Co., expert employed by..................+.e0ee> 95 Canadian Forestry Association urges merit system of appointments........ 91 Canadian industries, use of local coal supplies by....................00000. 95 Canadian ‘Northern Ontario railway. ist.4../..--ek ose eee oe ee 11, 13,420 Canadian Northern railway, referred to............ 2, 3, 10;:12;,13, 20. 2aniest areas under permit along, examined in 1914.......................00- 129 Guarantee Acted) oo i eke Bn ale oie at ee ie eee 14, 20 letter of instruction from Railway Commission re patrols............. 21 lines come under Railway Commission’s jurisdiction.................. 88 objections to provisions of order No. 16,570. 3.0. ..2..cses2nae see 3 special organizations for fire-protection.... 05.2.0. io. sss eee 2 Canadian Northern. Pacific railway..............0..0:0000+ sthis) ses 14 comes under Board’s jurisdiction..: 20... 0.60.00 0% 6 010 00 scien 88 rei cisgt (ust) it) a 127: Canadian Northern Quebec railway..............cceeeceevccecccenqhh, 13, 20 Canadian Northern Saskatchewan railway........ 2.2.5 «scdsGee ee eee 14 Canadian Northern Western railway... 2). 0.7. ..d sts dik eee eee 14 INDEX PAGE Canadian Pacific Forestry Branch, detailed information collected by, POPOL OMS CO rr erste atte te iasne is Sagas RE De Ee oie sa obese 6 wid bs 85 Canadian Pacific railway, referred to.............. ZS lene 13)) 145 20% 242 binldinglot\ referred to. : v3 hake do ee ov as Gealls 232 cizctlareNos 8 tolofmicers and employeess.. so. 4.420 seen eee eee eens 70 co-operation in British Columbia investigation by..................... 97 co-operation in disposal of inflammable debris........ Paes rs hire 50 Crowsnest branch, of, reterred, €O%.2.0 a. ci tle oe ae ee ee 242 Expericnte-with power Speeders: DY.o.. Po. vsh ok ocs eG ee bokeh On tae 38 PRO MINSOE CLOTS Hap pPOMEC ADV «sce. eo aoa os See dae tnis heen as eee ee me 2 Paces rorection: Along: Hastern Lines Of. 0.0... Seon. chee oe 67 Be Gt yee ey TATAC hi Oily: aa Sens Me ety eee ek NM ES Ue oa ls 2 fertenessiied tor SUperintenadents: Of cis 2 hs es a hos soe bales 69 objections to provisions of order No. 16,570 of Board................. 3 Special orpanization for fire. protection... 2.5.62. )...2.54e5eee nee eco 2 ESM LOT RAW WAN gids oom ne tse a oat ds ed Seeds Su ROE aE 15 Petierane Gilt shoresrallway sya. \\c es see bio cca os Oe Sevan See ees 15 Sappgo.Mountaimm france. feterred tO<:.. 6.0. oo lee coed ets eh ee eee 102 Cartwright, A. D., Secretary, Board of Railway Commissioners........... 9 Cattle ranching and specialized farming, lands suitable for................ 205 Mapmestoneers responsible for fires... ....:f..+i esis oe ose cneceesncsekceece 187 Givemuall, 2: Z., District-borester, B.C; report: by... 2.02.2. .02 locos cess 125 Cedar, best reproduction of under protection of alder.................... ge aed ee Mem CmE STC RECUR EO Seen ysis) Gk viene auke oonc cei flab dsees ve 236 Lenina! (Cama i sey 7 iy ao ee Re OE 14 PIRI OMOLNAT RO gy he oy cere natu) Meir Meg Diy ew Mes eel 39 MEER Aly OL ARTO NT AN WAY 3555 foe Seo NSO eee Se a ee 11) ae) PL OuIMAIOM 7:2 Hire “SittiationiAn,xtosa: tease ree ae ey en ee ae 39 Beaten aiway. Company Of. Canada sess 2s ke oe ee bl, ws BIORMEC GPO OIE LOLS C rh os, Ras Ay alas Cate ee car ae ch eam 39 Pestirie te VOLmONe: FAUWAV o.nohas Sakai oe ee ea uae ae HS AS Chalikes, |. B. supgestion of, referred to......... 1 oe Aen eee oe oe 172 Clearwater forest, suffered less than others...........----..-0eeee eee eee eee 244 Clearwater river, classes of timber along.................20-eeeeeee eee eee 106 district burned OVE? <<.cc sa eaeeeee 45 Coal deposits, estimates. Of... 3... 20 ee cijn2 o> oe 2 = emer oe 243 Coal; experiments with. ....<...<6 05-2550 02s 0 eres one een ene en 95 Coal lands, area of, in Crowsnest region...........- 26-2 esse cece eee ees 246 Coast Fire Protection district... 2.0... .5s~<2..- 20208 * (apa se eee 253 Coast range, referred: t0.,2-- =). «201 u's oo0 40-6 a oe eee 102, 246 yearly rental of provincial timber land west of..........-.-.-.---+-+- 263 Coastal regions of British Columbia, Douglas fir predominant......-....... 214 Goour -d’ Alene forest, Tdahios. oicpcc op c.c's'< 2 23 Ss 2 nye ae oe ble Re 255 Colorado, climate of, referred to.........-. 26-0. -0 eee ee eee ree cece renee 108 Sokesk: COMUMIOUS Mil. cc us neces ce es ola oem'e = some Reet 152 Columbia national forest, referred to...-....-... 5.20.0.) - 5s oe pone eee 225 Columbia River watershed, referred to........-6....- 2 eee eee eee eee eee 106 Columbia valley, forest growth restriction.........--..----.+-+ee eee ee sees 102 plans for burning slash areas of..........--- +--+ +--+ eee seen eee eee ees 131 Commercial species in B.C., according to number of times burned (diagram) 191 Commissioners, Board of Railway. (See Board of Railway Commissioners.) Commissioner, Dominion Parks Branch, appointment of.................. 259 Commission of Conservation, referred to............--. eee eee e eer ee eee eee < estimates for.continuation of work: .<..3.5:-...«: 5+. v2 ee see 77 financial situation of, as to forestry work..................+++ee+eee> 76 game preserve recommended by.......-----.-.-- 0-22 eee e seen trees 96 influence to secure forest reserves...............- 78 investigation carried on by, referred to..........- 2... 2.20 serene reese 212 reports of Committee on Forests of..............--5-+-++--2eee-es 72, 84 Committee on Forests, practical solution of Trent Watershed question, recommended by « x ais < c+ veatnd ng ose sate ne MS oop ooh 94 recommendations at 1913 annual meeting.............20.- eee eee eee eee 82 report of, at annual meeting 1913..........- 66-0. se eee eee teen eee teens 72 report of, at annual meeting 1914..........-.-0 25. e eee eee teen eens 84 resolutions Of, 1914. ....200.cenecrccecccenece dd ews ceca tiene se 97 Comparison of cost in methods of brush disposal..........-.-+-+-+++ sees: 150 Compensating advantages of brush disposal to operator................-+ 155 Competition with United States mills...........-+..--++: MPP. oe 115 Composition of the sOil...........cscecececcceteeescrteceecre er ae INDEX PAGE Moucentrate ‘protection upom youne srowtliy: 4072 sees ees ts et ee 230 Ponditions of permiuits: to owners of mills. .o: 322s eek ess 267 Conditions under which new forest establishes itself...................... 217 Conservative management of Dominion forests..............-....002000005 274 Contrelor lose operations, importance’ of; ).)... 0225 0: eee Se ee - 263 Controllo£f Burleigh-Methuen area; plans\for..-...2. 05.022 eee 208 MendiattMINAREWHOLESE TESCLV Gere sexo ajc sic vices s)e aise es ev ig poe Bee 246 Co-operation in fire inspection in British Columbia........................ 16 Co-operation in investigation by British Columbia Forest Branch.......... 97 Wo-OpPekAatOleiniire PLOLECHON. ./1c asia gisele tie se eee es ee ee oe Soe pee ee 88 Co-operation in reproduction study by British Columbia Forest Branch... 86 Me MCS MOHeSCCUTES-SGOU LESUIES s2)c5): tec g soon et lov oe Paw eel atee oteueee 89 fe-aperation to conduct experimients with coals....:.......55..+20222+--2-% 95 Co-operation with British Columbia Forest Branch........../............ 1 SEMEL CH ALLAN ACINCNES tc maoes C= s fr shew ae ee SUS A ee oe eee eee f BIFSHRCOluimibiael OLeste Tan Clips totam ene See sea eae ene 1 Manin on PHOLeSURYE LANCE artis ee ee toe gee nse tae eae meee 1 Womihnionte alks™ DEANCHL- Paes ace ee en oe Le Wee ee ala Pied Se 1 CIV SECIS WICKES bo Ire STE Sa A eae te bas See eT eee Ree 1 CID ek Coe ee ee ie ee ee eee AL eRe irk pd ee 1 Ove TTS Go sid AR ee RAD A ORE a a AR A Oe ERAS SE ea eA 1 Co-operative arrangements with Board of Railway Commissioners........ 1 Co-operative fire-protection, area covered by two associations.............. 95 PSOraMonior Upper, Ottawa proposed’... ...2.5...28) 5.02. .-0005 Lee. 96 APMIS CO EALCG OTE TOHECCULOnen ie Hise aes Pek es ee puee ee ewe. 96 organization of Lower Ottawa association.............-....20-.-0e0eee 95 mic Maurice Forest Protective Association y+. 52.6 2225 2 222 Pl 95 Co-operative motor-truck service for reaching markets..................... 207 Cords per acre of merchantable poplar pulpwood now present, according to fe umber orstines purned: (diagram ))< 25" one oe oes ee 191 Monmuonantelaken elenred: TOutc. usc rset AS eee Ny ene PSE oe ee ee 236 “LOSE TE ERTS OS ea 00 | ee a Oe ee aera Anni PANn Memtemaagaen. Rbicee es | 148 Cost of top-lopptng, analysis of factors entering into....................... 141 comparison with cost of fire protection.............. SA ee th 146 PREGTIULS OH UTTTR EST R110) a ra ei aie Mik Reming ent aE 5 140 Pe eOSPIE PIMEINE GE e icta es ots noida 25.5 52 24's GRRE he Se Oe pee 143, 146 MMMBnEEmIIVeE MOUe s-Telerned 40:.5 522: ..s 2-5. .s es Dados babes Naess ees 95 amaiics metorestation Act,referred to... .2.. 050.0) vi. sie ae ee el 167, 208 County management of forest areas, advisability of..............2.......... 209 Barmy OWHEESHID |ALETINEHES7C. © oo occc bs onc cee! ensdidoeseseseececs bales 208 Cover of moss usually follows surface fires beneath old stands............. 223 CUI PISEE CT >| CSE GSE Sra Yo oe a oe a ey RR 8 De a ee 216 _ Cox timber sale, epidemic from cull logs and slash..................-....... 165 ox, W. T., Minnesota State Porester, report byss. 202.22. 0)0522. 2 a0. 157 Craig, Roland D., work in British Columbia, referred to.................... 84 Cranbrook district, data re cost of slash burning.......................... 122 RESINES SCCULCE Mascot aU P ES NOT ts re Ho SLE 121 Growdiae frees improves: lumber... 0.0)... 6). eo oo ae oe ee 217 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Crown lands. inflammable debris thereon... 2... 3:0... 03228 oe ee 89 Crown timber agents, referred 40.2 <4. S.. nc vtnawacsask 81, 216, 234, 253, 256 GEIES9 OES 6% 65s Fo os a'v.s = cinleshe pera nimale metenae te clarsray at lee aa nn 256 Crowsnest: B.C., cost of brush disposal ja... ¢+..-k f>..5- sueeh aoe ae eee 255 Crowsnest. River valley, forest study io. 422..0. 22. se: 4 225 nn eee eee 243 best spruce forests originally occurred. in...-..2../001..:224.<¢s eee 244 Crow river, Ont.,-referred 0; 60.52.25 5 Jeee: 226 ochre eek ae ee ee 171 Cultivated lands; fire-guarding of: a: 5.24.'-06" 22. ek Go ee ee 54 Cumberland ‘Railway and ‘Goal iCow...2. 73.0.2) =... -ckae eee eee ll, 14 information re fire sittiation on). $. 540. ic... <1 een een ee - en eee 40 Cut-over lands, transfer to Dominion Government suggested.............. 168 Catting; regulations, referred to... F. 02.05.) soe nese ehaoe ame oe 263 DAMAGE claims, no jurisdiction by. Board.’...... 2.) .2. 01.4. see ee 65 Dangerous condition of settlers’ lands in Ontario... 2.545.524 eee eee 68 Data obtained by actual measurement...) 52:7... 2. sick’ se eee ae ee 198 Dauphin, permits issued by timber office at, referred to.................... 267 Debris, requirements of regulations re disposal of....................+-00- 231 Deer fiver; watershed Of . 2.6.4... ess oss Ueinwe ss Boney be 104, 105 Deer river, referred tO. ©... 2.500. on. cs bode 4 oe gee 171 Decrease in number of trees per acre as stands grow older................ 217 Dense stands of sDouglas*fir, catises Ot... ¢-<- +4220: sec ee eee 225 Denver, ‘Colorado; district forester at; statement by... ...-.- ++ ee eee 152 Department of Indian Affairs, clearing of debris by...............-.....--- 50 disposal of slashings in Shawanaga reserve, Ont., by..................-- 90 Departmentiof Interior, referred to. 0... ... 20-6. sndt ss. e oe ee oe 231 action re future timber supply in. west. =. ..... os oe 234 erection. of, in. 1873, referred to.......7. .<. 25... 5... an eee 256 Department of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario, clearing up in Algonquin PATE: ob cle obec eeeced alavecy vo Sb rane nel slat Steins British Columbia. . .3.0..<..<.c0.seescese ces 112 ecpmate of spruce saw-timber in Alberta......:.:5cc-eccvedsescecenesses 86 FACULTY OF FORESTRY, University of Toronto, referred to 86, 91, 168 Federal government has a national responsibility..................0.ee000- 274 ImmenatiLea: cents charged. Pyna. 12s or ess. ond oc ovine Nea seueeeneceevecee 248 AROUEC CU ORATIES, 1055-5001. «xte-ae, sais Se eeM a chico ole Cos a ena eee ae 246 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Fernow, Dr., reference to report made by.........-..00-2eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 73 report on Trent watershed, under direction Of...........---.eeeeeeeee 79 Ferris, E. W., State Forester of Washington, quoted..................+-+- 160 Field inspection work in Alberta... ccc. 40s e eee ct acces scene seen 252 Field officials point out requirements. «2.22. 6665 ee vee ee nen os on ne eee 257 = Financial loss on small-area burned: 2.2... oss coc ce oe Seles site eer 167 Financial losses by forest fires. 22052522208 cabot ows «50.00 000 vino seen 197 Financial losses due to repeated fires on Burleigh-Methuen area........... 197 Finlay river, BC., reference t0....2.¢01222< J ca'vbey one whlais’e ain 0 ae een 111 Fir trees, areas where they occur, aS tO SiZ€..........cccercsccscnsscevess 215 Fire Commissioner of Manitoba,-referred to: .....2...%3-.--+>~ - oes 73 Fire Commissioner of Saskatchewan, referred t0...........0.-cceeeececeee 73 Fire dangers, reports ON. 0)... << sande see eens cw oe es oes alee an eee 117 Bire-gnard -coustt Geto... 50 see oe eee oo eee "ss weds ooo 50 by railways 1913-1914 (table) .s.20. 22026. oo. < so 301 se pee 66 draft of requirements re, issued to railways........--.0+scsecccenusess 51 in Alberta .25 os cise cscs ceawisied oc ous opin gielsmoasye eee 66 instructions of Board: ré. .. 2.02 2 ot aa eo 1 complaints Of railWaySs 76.20% 02 6506 0s cee snow n'a is slur 0 a ie 64 in Stubble, difficulties Of si... 06.525 6+.0+ 500 ees 9 oo eee ne 55 letter of Board to railways ré...:éc2sc.. 666000. so cues eciaee ee eee +58 points in which requirements for vary...........+.>. ss: oss 63 regulations, synopsis of variations........:.. 02 +=+s+ssssae seen 54 reports, summary Of. 6.006 20.06 06565005 = +00 ss om me 3 eee een 38 requirements under Railway Act... ....-.....:2..03esssaeapeneeeeeee 58 results have been satisfactory... sc).\52 2. « «cls <0: vie + eee 64 resulis during season of 1914...20..52..0500005>06 sue see eee 58 summary of construction (table) ........... 22.0, «2es oni eee 66 Fire-guard inspection, Alberta. . 0.22. . 000 osc qacen «6 n0 om «ined 3 ee vy. Saskatche watt) é...05 0c ciec.000.0 va ssrdie.vnteieen 00 516 clolsisia Cle a ee 17 Fire-guards, damage to property by railway employees................++.-- 7 instructions for construction Of. 0.0.50 veesscess00ves sae eeee ee 6 ploughing: OF aos ioediee'e-ale'n ob ise + oidis's » o'0oble «pele © a pelea 6 : procedure on owner refusing consent......-5.....-+05 05++55=seNeee 7 upon -cultivated land. 6.0 ccae oo +c pwec cles o's 0 oe sln cb wus ste oto er ‘i Fire hazard, reduction of railway... ..s.-<-<0.0600s02s-+ sh oclen een 89 Fires, estimated loss on 85,000 acres in 1913............20+.+=00 70s 167 Fires in forest sections originating within 300 feet of track, season 1913 (table). oisie nica lecte co Veins wae ewe a wmse s weciatae kie’s on jieoiad ee 41 number of fires. reported... ,. 5. .0000.ce0cs00s0ececs ess 5 een 41 causes of fires... ..-.0s.ceevesesceeccecedasvss so nena 41 acres burned over by fires outside right-of-way.............-..eeeeseee 41 value of property destroyed... . ..sisss5,>1cees> ob oe emee snes ee eae 41 INDEX PAGE Fires in forest sections, originating within 300 feet of track, season 1914 CES 5) ace CA ees PS RR OR SMR. ides oP Pt or eet 42 ATU CTL OL OTISS wats, See eee arn oe ict at cuere tea aeteAe Ecce ERO eine 42 MiIbEr Oloratlway: fires Hy. CAUSES «> «sais: einen cue wie eee Seba amine Retbers 42 number. ox other: than ratlway, fires) Dy, GaltSes .j2-%. 4.12 ch- oe eee ees 42 RiMMDETAOLsIheSOl UnKilO Wil. CAUSE. aisle ees os es leer oe Te eee 42 ACLE SMD ULC CONC Ira, cyaneiarr vetersreaissctatoisterelere islet S vereusrelare aie dua sowe stint tel parser 42 walde ot property destroyed, by CaliseS. 06.2 sses OR see ow we eines wrens 43 value ot property, destroyed. classifieds): ii... = 2 scies oboe soins, 00s athe 43 Rem ISAC TTS ERI AIO Pe Laid OMS yetiene ever siosctereyes hate! ao) cveve are Pinks oi wiereps eteieis Salonga 118 Fire inspection, adequate inspection staff essential................. RUT ee 74 Pa OPCLATION Witity lOc | ASSOCLAAOS anes sia sche ov < cites ie sl eslawl sles en we glee 96 Fire Inspection Department of Board of Railway Commissioners........ 2, 252 anertispection, districts, british Columbia: « ......... cece bee becedbeanee ces 16 “EL Coo RSENS CIR) ce et PE eo tt oR nee 16 Bare RCS ELVES res, oa Ue a Neha eae Oe ee SS AD 17 Manitoba, saskatchewan and: Albertacins o.02sciis sos sete sila s care ee cows 17, 1 CUTERT STS Vaal Beg LI eRe ac ee ee hn aoe a ee eae Soh a 17 "CTHDIAT SY Ams aie Oe Bet SRE As PUR iets eae oar SRR gay See See 18 (QYSVIVES Ss eee eae ee emcee geet ead ate Mites ana nn ere Me eT eel 18 “CES? TESST TS SHITELE IE Se Sn ees naan, ea On Em aN tO De 19 DSIGKS 2. SIO a a tsetig Sito gE ctra IGE rN ae em 19 Pmemaws are inadeqtate in Prairie provinces........2.0.000eeeecerseune cece 251 Bree terisiation for prevention of prairie fireS.......0..000ceccreeccccececeee 252 Biremlinessvalite Ors tO) FeAUCE MITE TISk: sc c.c1s snes Dee co eve cals deve eudeueees ed 147 Fire patrols, instructions to Canadian Northern Ontario railway........... 35 RCM ReEVEIIEOTT AIC CCLICATIONs.ofo- a scp a nistcie hae ene oes one platens wis aw outs tak 204 Men Leuite Special tramiig, and’ experience... «02s .5..12 5 sone oo akee lis 82 MinBuemuprisi disposal, sttidy ‘OF :.oo./4 Geese wees oh saw os Gow se ee 80 Bice protection, by United States railway limes......0555..20o00s eecesedes+0 3 Pome rictcian. PACihiC LallWAY s -avasae eee eee 38 Bire’season of 1914 in’ Albertas...0 « secls nels cnjeic side opis s ein wie.c o 2 oe 38 Fire season of 1914 in British Columbian. <2... cic.cwcecse nw pes ool ee 16 Fire season of 1914 worst since 1910: . 255 ine. oe. o cen cerc es secs eee 84 Fire tax rate in British. Columbia: tied 00026 nce cnee ewan soos pee 46, 263 Fires, light ground, stimulate reproduction of hemlock...............+. » | Bee Fires on right-of-way, imstructions ré............eeeeeeee ee eeceeeceenceee 8 Fires, repeated, destroy valuable specieS............ceeeee cece cece seeeeees 87 Fires, total loss from repeated fires, 1912............2ecceeseevecrceeceee 166 Fiscal. regulations. ;. «202: + + tons ane ape aps =~ ame nes eee pele eae ie 262 Flathead river, headwaters of, referred to...........--2.ecceeeeceecsaseee OO Foothills of Blue mountains, Ont... 5.2% 525-60. i006 en spss som cle oo 192 Forecasted yield of poplar (diagram) ............2esssccescecccescccewcss 197 Forest Act, British Columbia... 2. .226.02, 5-02. S20% pete ee eee 46, 47, 117, 253 conditions for disposal of slash under.............«-cvcccscdovennress 46 regulations re use of fire in industrial operations........-...++-..--+--- 118 Forest Board, British Columbia Provincial, referred to.............--.-5. 47 Forest Branch, B.C. (See British Columbia Forest Branch). Forest conditions in Burleigh-Methuen, Ont................2-ceseeeeeeeee 173 Forest conditions, on Dominion Lands in Alberta............. er 241 ®pritish Columbia oc: ...5-s-00es sarees. 0vnaseds oes <02e= cee 246 Maeitoba ss onic oonhc 2 awd dae'elvts bo wane wane nee 228 Forest staff under Civil Sepyice Commissions aera) 92 mee eiene 80 Forestation, subdivisions of, studied.....-- pice Pala Meas tiene. Seniesa ein la nie 1S 210 Forested regions, west PE SDIGIeeS Eee o eam cocaine eee 233 re on timber. O0s.-----seaieserm ee re ern 233 Forestry Branch, Dominion (see Dominion Forestry Branch). Forestry Branch of Canadian Pacific Ry., information furnished by..------ 75 inventory of timber supplies, co-operation in, referred tO......-- dyke aN 83 Forestry Branches, organization urged in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 83 Forestry is business of handling timber lands in improved way..---------- 274 Forestry on Dominion Lands, by J. H. White, M.A., B.Sc. Peta euieee 231 Forestry on Dominion lands, anomalous situation in administration Oleaaase 91 ee wine ee iy A 270 Forestry on Dominion PnbE Ober thse ewe cc f7 Pines fe wee ero ee 80 Forestry practice, Repliencale features O82 3.2 snes 0 civ nae De 92 Forestry Quarterly, quoted Rested Maes lcs sions 2.0 Saat One ne CN a es 147 Forestry, a well-developed science and PLOLESSION.: rise ee ee 97 Forests of northern coast of British Columbia, referred tO.....--+++++ eet 104 Forests, report of PE etre ROTTER see nis foie ncemslenns Ren eS PT Tie peri Connenierest mesetve.gsceerse is eee Aree et te 240 Portia cer, reference (ase. een art es meee 110 Four-fifths of Canada is suited to tree growth only...--0--9s-se25 072 or ro” 274 Fourth Annual Report of State Forester of Minnesota, quoted.....----++++- 157 France, forest experiment statioms im, referred tO. .-22-----+ semen ress: 210 293 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE #raser River basin, classes. of tiniber on atea./.c. ..: «2.608 «be epee 110 plans.for burning slash areadvob cc eee Satie ert ay sos «ade oa eee 131 precipitation records -not dependables. ....2) 62.045 sce su ses oe 110 seventy-five per-cent of area burned. 2); ...2..6: v.agoc 2c. be 111 Fraser river, classes of ‘timber along :,.2........... 90.40 s. 5 eee 106 Douglas fir in pine stands slongeec. 122000454... a2. 2h 2 ee 109 Free permits, conditions sof. > i. ci.an Wake oo leew aces 290 bande oe 269 Fredericton and Grand -Lake Coal and. Railway ‘Co. ....:.,:....00.eseeeee 15 Future. production: of pine. 72. oy ci fot @eaen dace sds cs cee be eee 198 GAME PRESERVES, establishment:-of, -urged.........4..:-20< wees 84 Game preserves in Alberta, ¢.236 255 fee os «2. ss eee ce ca 96 Game preserve in British Columbia, interference with development........ 96 Game preserve, results limited without co-operation of British Columbia.... 96 Game Preservation, report of ‘Committee on. . 0:0. co. c als eve eee eee 96 Game preserve, representations to British Columbia re.................... 99 Gatineau river, referred: tO. .......3 00200. «seeeece is de scgnlss cee ee 95 General description of Burleigh-Methuen territory, Peterborough Co., Ont. 171 General order No: 107 ..... 0. cei os seen bec beetle 5 ne eee eee 4 penalty for neglect to obey... 0... .00s22002s tucsossles sep eee 71 standard. screens: prescribed: by.+ ...45 «en sda ress ean Eero 4 cic 45 General Superintendents of Canadian Pacific Ry., letter to................ 69 Geological Survey, estimates of coal deposits by. .......02. .o%.0eeee eee 243 Geological Survey Report, referred. t0..:.. 0.6... o0ccds was s sss de eee Al Geology of the Haliburton and Bancroft Areas, referred to............... WA Germany, forest experiment stations in, referred to..................-.00- 210 Gibson: Janding, :referfed -t0.. 5.24.0 ¢< 0.5 Gee weeds mas ee eee eee 216 Gilmour, J. D., District: Forester, B.C., report by. .: 3.0 02.2 26s 121 Glacier National Park, Montana, referred to................-- 84, 96, 248, 259 Glacier, precipitation: at... 0% 2. s)ee0 cm 2 aib's «siee a elec er 247 Gladwin, W. C., assistant provincial fire inspector, B.C. ................-.. 36 Glengarry g@nd. Stormont railway. o.oo. 26h ons a0 bls vee else 11-13 Gold. mountain range, teferred:it0e2262 f..)/.66. 00. 05 akan ee 102, 261 climatic conditions. Of. 62/0 cciediag de caite occ gow cus Us 1 ee 247 Goodeve, A. S.,, Commissioners, i012 05.002.. 0.254% centeteus wits oie “ Good reproduction’ is not uniiorm~: +-ce. se. eee ee e nee aetee 228 Goose lake, seferred: to... 6.6 /S ksi o> wise cc cape ato ahavs seashore 236 Government is financially interested.:. /... 4... 2 Rs.cnqs)scss oe pe ee 273 Government forest policy of British Columbia......2. 1... 2. a. aoe 114 Government of province of British Columbia.../...... <2 ..caeee eee - Government paid one-half cost of fire protection................0eceeceees 202 Government railways—recommendations of Committee on Forests, re...... 82 Government railways, further action necessary On...........-.-seceeeeees 74 Government railways, resolution re being made subject to Railway Com- MISSION: sar. Soros Fo dsp x elaine SRI we cite Sie ee en 83, 88, 98. Grain-Growers’ Associations, submission of draft order to................ 51 conference With 5.0... ssioctvae n0lesis ssid + one Jee 55 Grand rapids, referred.toOi2.62.02.00 d.'5s oslcvd eens es ap nlces Sena ane 251 | PAGE feel) Drink rallWwayevse seo ane ec oer oe see ge” 11) i320 co-operation in clearing up inflammable debris....----+++++resrrert 50 co-operative work in Ajleouguin, park s0--e- sericea erie coment” 89 Grand Trunk Pacific railway....-+--+seeereettrte este 2iialzets, 20.242 areas under permit along, examined in 1914.....----.s0++eseereece's 129 Perricriom- on. rererted: to... cm.< = eset esters crests TE 230 Guarantee Act, Canadian Northern Gal ey aera eae olla tain Ore 14, 20 lines come under jurisdiction of Board under terms of.....------+-+°> 88 Guarding timber berths from fire, provision re cost Of See aeisaeeieie 262 Gutches, G. A., District Inspector of Forest Reserves, report by..--.------- 135 PI BAN ATE VAY wins rae sae niet ie nee ee a 14 Holitax and Southwestern railway.....--2.+-02-rer essere coors errr 11, 14 comes under Board’s FUGISGICHONc ase ee gett ay a eas 88 Handling mature timber, continuance of present methods means exhaustion 273 Hastings county, policy ELIE Ate Ue DW Ghee che caters tian ie ctsin ora piimeig cetera 208 Hemlock in British Columbia becomes predominant species...----.-++++++- 103 minecios secdlings per ACTE.--..-rans+eesvereecm arte e reste 220 predominant, area Fer Tise Hentai sam eels eee eee ener 219 Herchmer, F. K., District Inspector of Forests, report by...--+-----+++++ 187 Highwood River valley, area Prittede lit caescs Ae sel Sieroter qa re als 243 best spruce originally PACH T EAU IIS te coo occa ici »lniej= ema enge = eer 244 Pian wescered tot reese a cnren aaah tes ea cee eso ti Peers es 225 Hopping, Ralph, article by, RTO ede rer eine sain) aore.-. esi eae rare 163 fidsou’s Bay Company, referred tO. 2-4. «2... cores eres sort rene ee 232 Palits Of meterrcd! forays sees pons serene See 256 Piricois bay, Teferredh (Os agate nae m re ateseerics eons cr sme” 233, 251 Fe ite €O aia Pa ees as cine et NR ERE 242 maydeon Bay junction, referred to-. 740+ 0-.-<-227cee treme meer ern e ee 251 Hydraulic Summit, reference to Kettle Valley railway across....--.-++---: 123 295 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Howe, De C. D., Ph.D., cost.of detailed study by... -....22.4.sesueeeeee 76 report on Trent Watershed" by... .22.5 0.5. 000525052 50 fee oe 79 reproduction study in’ British Columbia<::...1. 2. =... 01-22 27 oe ee eee 86 The Effect of Repeated Forest Fires upon the Reproduction of Com- mercial Species in Peterborough county, Ontario, by..............+. 166 Huckleberry barrens, referred t0....0320.025..0s¢ss0c0ceur es ssc enn 187 originally ‘well stocked: with pine).52-).5: 0.00. 0e. ce oe eee oe eee 187 IDAHO, climate: referred to. 3 sas ac oe clon. esse ee oon oe ee 108 cost of ‘brush: disposalins.< 5 o25 5 eee es oe nce eee tee ae 255 Imports of lumber into Alberta and Saskatchewan................eeee000: 115 Imposition: of diameter. limit, reason for......2..6..0c... 2 eee en eee 264 Incongruity of uniform cutting fegulations...........:...00.s00eeee nee 264 Increase in fire hazard through combustible material....................4. 102 India, conditions -in, referred! t0 .2c.o0.0. ooh.» os 20 cise owe eee eee 164 forest experiment stations in, referred to.......2....ss00000+ssseneeen 210 Indian Affairs, department of, clearing up by.........:2.:-.ssss-s0ss poe 50 Indian Forest Memoirs, quoted from:.......2i..<.iv..0cseees see eee 164 Indian Head, Sask., establishment of nursery at........2 os:+.0. uae cee 258 Indirect benefits of the forests... ....wsd us sis ccdlese oss > oats ele 2 eee 168 Individual timber sale policy should be adopted.................02eceeeeee 274 Inflammable debris, legislation required to guard against........ Sats Sealers 49 Influence of density upon growth. ......200c0000 000 caves eedee ce aoe eee 230 Influence of forest cover upon stream-flow.............ccccccsccctecsccees 167 Information furnished by British Columbia Forest Branch................. 75 Information supplied by district inspector for Alberta................--+4%. 243 Inspections by district foresters, procedure to be covered in reports........ 120 Inspection, of fire protective appliances............ ove s:dediscuiss oh eee =e of protection work by railway companies...............6)4.0eseneeee 252 staff, efficiency and sufficiency Of 15 .)......0 0-026 sso eee neler 2° work, British Columbia. .2. i, 0so5 220 nese oe a'e ces okh eee 16 Instructions to railway employees, satisfactory compliance by companies.. 44 Insufficient protection provided in eastern Canada..................+e0e0e: 39 Intercolonial. railway. . ./.ss/\ss'ss Osos be aecs vie we a slwe 00h. a Slee eee 14, 15 much inflammable material on right-of-way...............ccceeeeeeees 74 special instructions to employees, referred to...........22.eceeeeccccees 88 International railway of New Brunswick... . 26060005 «+0ses0 000s en ae 15 absorbed into Government Railway System.................cesceeeeees 88 fire patrols and thorough cleaning up required...................-0005 88 right-of-way clearing, attention needed... . 0.05... sss so sae eee 98 Interior, wet belt region. 1... 5. sscwes sce sis v's vie aus cide «pie bei tae ae 106 classes of timber fotnd O86 .jj05 oeics+cminsin as dele Se ee 106 comparison with Coast fir regiOn . wns <.000 0s deal ulcm ccs s see eee 107 suffered severely from fire... .sccceess oe sctcleHnu duce avusu seen 107 Interprovincial and James Bay railway... ....20s00ssss0dc05 000 een 4 Inventory, of forest resources of British Columbia..................+2-05- 84. of British Columbia commenced)... ........0. 0% < ss sc le cle see 75 of British Columbia should be compiled................2220eee0ee 97 of Saskatchewan, «0.06 206 0% sc ecs sss oa wis sv elgieraceige isle see an 84 INDEX PAGE: Inventory of timber supplies of British Columbia, referred to.......-..---- 83 Inverness Railway and Coal Co.’s railway..........2-ees esters eters 15 Mavestications by pls) Castner. j2aie lire an eisisrrelselenerit «<1. 81, 216, 234, 253 Gasposalvot tuner Avy TeLeKTed tOi poe «a/c ieee slats = sine olen ee 260 BSAC PIAS PE CLOT Ab. 2 = elec intelero Sraieie aronle elctar elm) cjaietelninl> 27S nels elementals cee 259 regulations governing yearly licenses.........--. +e sees eeeee eee rr eeee 260 PealgasSsGIStiict, LEPOPL Ol: v.02. 62 ones anes Benes ecew ieee cee niece cnseee ee 125 Soegailensi: DSRNA eO)0 ls oie SO One DDR OOS SOE do nn neaeOi aN eiric san caeicr 125 brush piled but not burned on...........5. 22s cee e eee cee eee ects ein eee 127 detailsion cost of broadcast burnings... ..5-20.+- 5622-0 renee eee 126 Kananaskis River valley, area largely burned............----ee ee eee eee eeee 243 Merssuahoe lake, referred tOvnec2 c-s yeet cule vee hanes ese eens Bees esses Ale MA groups of pine in area west Of.......6..00.eeeece reece cess ester reees 175 Keewatin, early regulations governing permits in.........-..--+.-..-2.+e0- 266 Kelowna district, B.C., irrigated lands under fruit in...........---+--.++--- 123 Ree eater EOLEN EAML WAY isia: Ste cicteccibiv wctetsvo tints Sas eb ace aie wits wie Starare tow ote ome 15 Kettle valley, forest growth restriction..............+-eeeeeeeees se aration 102 considetable merchantable timber in..............02.ccseeceeeecceeees 108 Menlemnialley TAM Ways «nc cs cw csinnic cs asec iscces cree aeces sets aunece TEa2S 20 CASES HIOMMOT eTCHEETEE CO iy, ste tac eps sere ernie cee os oinye lena n)nieyermiere yn einin| «is mania 123 eszeclilents ieee. ceed) ile oboce sos oe deauoomoUdebobon conn conccodcaDe > 38 MARTA GCMONIATIOS SATAN WAN: Sas cc o.g olole/cix'n s crn'slure e's wale. Seis ole Sele ewe ele wanes Tee si Koch, Elers, United States Forest Service, report by............+-.--2+0:: 147 Pere lem iy LELCETEU. CO ccc w vie np oct «tins oa S oes ese tn eines che waieaic tens 163 Kootenay and Alberta railway..............-..:- seat Saale Genie Merete Lil Kootenay lakes, pine on slopes surrounding..........+-...sse eee cece reese 106 Kootenay valley, forest growth restriction..............0+e eee eee eee eee 102 considerable merchantable timber OccUrs.........0. 0. cece cece teen eens 108 MNGi of techiierlisupexvISlaiies acca ards 3202 Fone wa ote wes rnla, oii wel mie eielnie = se 82 eect and Nort Herierailwave an srice siiilna ee. hereto ns we ve we oele a = Ties fake Huron and Northern Ontario railway... ..2.0..60005 0c cece ee neces eee 14 Lake States, experience of, referred to........--.0000eeesee rete cere eee eeee 273 297 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Large and medium trees not seriously injured by one fire..............0++- 222 dath: number manufactured. oo ..w sss oe seks vie hoe sy nies pes cee eee 234 Laurentian mountains, serious fires ON...........sseee0e Per i 67 Matirentian region; rekerred: tO. «2.05 sci « rcioele cis te lelcre alee eteete tele erie ace ee Laurentian Co., experimental work by, referred: to....2..0%..+-~ >.< sete 139 investigation: on lands’ Of j.:.605 a0 3<.e0so& «iene dem g ec nists On oom te 140 Leaving of seed trees, provision fOfsci. 25.50.05 Wass oe nens nase eeee icbaee 262 Leavitt, Clyde, Chapter on “ The Railway Fire Situation” by............ 1 introduction to Chapter on “ Brush Disposal” by...........eeeeeceeeee 100 letters re_fire euarding. . cde cedicks ie. ted s cles wvso ner aep eee 51; Gs letters of instruction to Canadian Northern railway re fire patrols..... 20 referred to re broadcast burning... <2... 0:0 .ieu's costes os ae eee 229 reports of Committee on Forests by... .: .'.....200000cswes eee ee eee Se Legislation of British Columbia, reference -to.. .. ....ic0sescs00 sea seewenate 253 esser Slave lake; reterréd to! oo 2 se hace o ec cs. sae ee see eee ee eee 242, 245 jesser ‘Slave Lake forest reserve, Alberta. ..... 2.50 s+ eee eee 237, 245 timber, conditions Of1......¢eccen sos cist ben oes dulce aoe eee 246 varieties of timber On... 0.2.2.0 ccc ev ace see oU disease ee en 245 Letters prescribing: patrols; «. sac. sinc esas cee someone leet ee eee Fine soe Letter to operators on coast re brush disposal. :.: 22... .eslcles ee eee ieee 115 Licensed timber berths, regulations re cutting...............--0e. Heed Sey 92 enforcement of cutting regulations of. .......5.00.c0ssas.s sen eee ame 98 License is a yearly one, understanding ré.. .. 2.65. cise. oes an eee 262 License ‘to dispose of lumbering slash.......0.5..0.ci205000 +s ese 265 Thicense reetilations: Presents... . fais 0s sae ene 88 Little Red Deer, headwaters of, track overrun by fire..............--20005 243 Livingstone range, referred. t0.!.). 65 os. osteo ocd eee ws a on'uenie abe ene 243 Local organizations needed. o.:5.5 2 vase. +s ce see cis.) ae ieloe chee 68 Locomotive. fitel. .., ..i..5'si vcs ve cc ealcdaeacnuces ov evisu 20 0p corde 44 use OF ‘oil as, Stich... ic). 52 5 bees cle ole Sie so abcd atele s slclele © als see at use of certain classes of western Coal? . 2.52200. as. 2 oon oo tern a4 complaints re danger from use of. ......5020..50c0s+ 0 abe reeeeeeeen 44 Mines Branch, co-operation in investigation of by..............eeee- . 44 Commission of Conservation, co-operation in investigation of by...... 44 Locomotives, fire protection, equipment for... ......5050565smeeeeeee x ee independent examination “Of... .... 1... meaees'e sts 6 cc asinine 5 instructions for “Operating. . ... 6eyses ss acue bcis'oes 00 spas oa sen 5 vise. Of lignite Dy-2c.5.5 s% esa’ oc sa sra.c w'n «ere vies ties a 10'01m, chelsea cee 5 use Of off, fuel. Dyas css 0 os0d vine c 0a 0 abi nis vc min-ms)e we wns sis nile 7 Lodgepole pine, conditions of reproduction.............eeeeeees <= «igen eee Loggitie without Durtng Jes soca Sonpansens sade erieoe ie 4a nielalocdll + - 2a Logging with Durning, <6 05s ci.os ca tp kes sk desepeae Dee seen so's,o nee 222 298 INDEX PAGE Sra OMtOrest ue MantAta COnattOns, Ilo./oc). os ate aie late es. co sce ee 149 contract with Mann Lumber Co. in, conditions of.................-04. 150 ona akechorest fesenve; FELECTeG tO talsnns stacears no Renee ek cee caee ess 248 eapicouts Nati (COSL-OF ‘CORALC SON. pats sine eciaeye aun wee wreisla ta Sm eileen sible e's 203 aoekoutestation suesested. tor Blue mountain... 6. oes 2. eee eens oe 203 BECP MIRE AT ERE ODIECECOE sxe eter ini aie cool Sr ge SL as El oan Miao on ae ae 254 omaouptiilwalie ons omimionslandsee-cerssi cine cesses ceietacloein ioe 255 Sie ECE SETIDASE ValiteSin(g ovdisier ec Sie aniavs qugsvcin a hone. 2 ue oo enn cae 199 Mreuiigierenana NMeGintic rallwaynonaa- >, ccehncic ealcieisiowe vies he ne Dewan tines 14 Pemmcost or collecting data ‘in British Columbia... .0.05..0. 00020600. ee oes 85 Low rentals charged by Federal government, results of.................... 263 Mowers Ottawa Forest, Protective Association... : 0.0.00. s00s..sse.tecseceeve 95 ENHEE) SOSWORMEL Enea DN amr eRe OE Bio-6 Bao AC oricL AO EGOS Ao Rae rR Oe oo ae Eater 95 ‘Lumber, amount consumed by Prairie provinces..............2...00+cc0e 234 Amount mantitractired: trom licensed ‘berths. ..2.....5...-056.ee.6< 234, 235 amount manutactured trom permit berths...2.....+00.eses seen. es 234, 235 amount manufactured under permit by homestead settlers............. 235 SEEM Lan O Rei tiNT LS COP TAMIA ccs ct veicuevars ie icuaia lass niererc ake eae ola ein Uictaona beareeralee 234 MuUmMberaOteportaple malls operatina@ns asses vee somes chee eee ete ee ee 234 ‘Lumber cut on Dominion lands; distribution of (table)..................... 234 ‘Lumber dues on Dominion licensed berths practically stationary........... 262 PP sinter TVATIULACLUITE Cit OM. COPS «sec alociete cc seid. gleiece ss doele ne cio sealers. lets 268 Si imbet industry, OL be fairie sPrOvVANCeS. su cnc cws bos acess se bac coe edoveceos 234 Gil LRAPIETES Te SCOSGINT Ven) oye Taher elton Onn ie tes nee eae 234 Pama, in Alberta, resulations @0Overming: .... 60.05. 00k eee eae ec cece 264 Lumbering methods leave insufficient seed trees.......... 022.0 cee cece eee 264 rmperine. £esults Of present, System) Obs. 65 92! eweucoiec dcsere chs ove eas Sane ole 204 Lumberman must be rewarded for his foresight..........0..2.5cccceeec00% 273 ‘Lusk, D. W., investigation on lands of Laurentide Co., by................ 140 Pewee. b., Chief Commissioner; teferfed tOs: vce «.cse cate dco. see ehws 72 MiaePayden, C., District Forester, B.C.,-report by..........2. se: pes 127 opiniton-.e: brusin pilinsy and top-loppine... . =. - elo. , s.o5)iees 2. os ta dee 266 escarpment running’ through =... 0... see ee > oc cece eee eee 233 estimate of spruce Saw-timber dite syeme'se seis eis ic 6 slelnw oroins os 5) 170: Map, classifiéation of species, referred f0..2 4.66 sidwc.ccs ao yee eee ee 103 Maritime Railway, Coal and Power Company railway..................++- 15 Market gardens from Swamps...» «<...<20.0 5 ’ «\sisivie./aceele tee Marmora Railway and Mining Co.....2. 0.6 «020s dy neces (ued ee cae De 11-13 Marshall, G. E., supervisor of Minnesota forests, quoted.................. Loz Marsh hay makers responsible for, fires... .<(45 ccc sve. 5+ sm sine eee 187 Massachusetts, laws re slash disposal in, referred to............s.ssseeeeee 49° Mature forests of British Columbia... 2. «0s 0 sso.e0 ses 2.00/60 oe 214 Mature timber largely pine north of Bow river............-+.sssscseeesees 244 McInnes Lumber Co., slash burning on limits Of..:.... 4...+:0: s.en ae 121 Medicine Bow forest, cost of burning’ On... 02. ss c00ce 0s ns 0e en 154. Mensuration, study of fre forestry.....0-\ccsscecn ccs vite 0 ee semen 211 Methuen township, area burned but once in....5.2./...2o... 2s 174. . area burned three times imf......... eae oes 00 seule cvlge do ete +a en 183° ATEa EXAMINE I... 0/50. bse ss were oes tleie wrote vive alehete tLe 016 hele) eee tee eae 168 best pine reproduction on lowland: «5 ....0< 5+ ste cercietehstelate cine enna 174 INDEX Methuen township (Continued) PAGE cential atidy caster POKMIONS* Oleic snc cate ao eee eens. os dvs ows 171 good farm: lands. in southern -portion Of. :.-j2.......02.0 032005 c else seen vee 173 SLOW LM ASEUGIES= Elects aval Give erate voles iota faue emetic hove ele aialalocstaleval ante eReieio 03 2 192 Swanipiaheds OL tse tor market GarGenS. is.'2. clerwcla owe ava lw cotelekeiato cole 207 tworsevetre-tnes on referred: tO. sac esos s ccs wan neers cen = cee meee ones os 179 Miichican, apriish' disposal “CONGILIONS. 1M. .2s. 0g ac deeds - oe cede meee eeuee nes 152 MOLEMEEIEPeMINS UA Ok, LEPOLt Olly ac. a ie)sia coc sxccveie are lets lave are settee eteele 162 ne satieC elie TAUTOAG: i.) oiiaetac ow o's ule coc es ode yee gs + see meee ahs i, 3 Millar, W. N., District Inspector of Forest Reserves, report by............ 132 Mills, James, Commissioner, Railway Commission...............0..eeeee 4 Minister of Lands, British Columbia, referred to...........0..eecesceccecs 47 Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario, referred to................ 48 Mayeoracr removal of fire dangersch ts cas. ccseiles ss Ua oc cice neve» Sectors 48 Minister of Public Works, British Columbia, order issued by.............. 132 Manmesota, brush disposal conditions ain. . 0)... 22g be eos c ce cease ne ee ans 152 EMS OPM IMIS ite CISPOSAL Mec 6) nu cake’ > = aside atk) a Bk le Rhee har ale Senos 255 MISERMCHONS SLOT GISPOSING 1 Ol SlaSht es. cse)cci-1cesre s tecisieisls +l ccieislaie es aeere 158 lawshneasiash.disposal-in, refterted tOrs00. fds este as fos ve soe a eee 49 Este HOLest “Mervice,, WOFK“OL; ss aeecd «cate rec odlews we ee een e'a emis 157 Statement of Supervisor Marshall) ré:sa2. acacccaeccs a2 ete oe coe ees 152 Makeawoniciil bHiISh GispoOsal is sos2a406 6 dss edn ees au a eee Ss ge eat Ge 157 Mithemere clomaneay DUGMed Nea. cre eas towcess oe eee wae tiss ete Seebesiomens 244 Massion=creek, reference to watershed: Of. ...0.. 600.0. c0ce0et orescence ncess 123 Miicsissacteronest) reserve, addition tOs.62ci4 5.22 ocedesccces case tlece dives es = 93 Pre roc mOrdeh Ehees Attacked: DYicee sence vont as died once deae de eleeede 241 arch Ne LT eGs MOLEC «ro cine ceca e So ciacciete ee ed tied aid ooh ah Gt eodlee 164 Modern administration, working for continuity of crop................... 273 Miouctonsand: buctouche tailway;s.ssscacge<0 css oo ses ba heen oekete Seek Lie 14 MDA ATOMIC SITE: SILUIATIONN OM sec cceise oe os seen oes toe ha cuba Pa ee 39 ict atee NUE ATELECEEG tO) fae.co seat kt ka a eee oa) Soe eee Lt eA Migntanaaclimate Of relerneGctO cass cdsaree noel ate noe ee ee Be ee 108 HRGESES Ue ee cores vaSsee ie oh ois oe MRE eee eis oe whare eteiewa lets aE ears Vi aS Mn TMA TC TCDLCU EO.s cru cee to argon ore & sae a relelaye ard obeyed ales sti ee ae aise oes 251 Moose Jaw, permits issued by timber office at.................22 00.00 e eee 267 Moose lake, referred to............... eee Dero eoaoe seein a nti 236 Minosem VlolnbainehOTrestneServes ce ccwcdcs aac een ote on netianvee le ae oie lel oe 240 AGN OLN MN Osea etey ca aeons teks acoyee ra ieiule: isis ohtiess ota s'aid Acdiea a's SS rare aca Alenovelmmebacee cays 257 Mornissevs ernie. and. Michel railways... .o..c << een eee Wee es wie dae olelee 14 MearenaaLST ISCsOs fOr fre: PLOLECHION . ¢5 205-5. voice sini scx wales lg ele oh eog Homme 68 imme se OAtS, PEESELVALION, OF cic e nce Doce ence ence vee siete at aeeeueme 96 MU liaianipeeUty SHEED es PECSCLVALION (Ol sic icca sale > 2. 2'ne)e.0 itis w Sits msl miclaln alent sje tee’ s 2 96 Municipal Council may file statement re fire danger...............--..+--- 48 Murray, H. B., District Forester, supplemental statement by............... 129 Murray, Sir George, reference to report Of........--...seeeeeeeeeeeeees 80, 91 Muskoka district, Ontario, referred tO..........0-e cece cece cece eee ec eeene 39 HAO LImatiol TelativiewtO Aire si dthstepecicer es ,niclres cise ohae.nue wyniinleyelelai@ siete. ayes 90 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE NASS RIVER. watershed Of.-.u50552.-20ten nee eos eee 104, 105, 111 Nation, xiver, referred to.ssc..055i045052aele oenceunie one oe ee 95, 110 National Forests. in Washington and Oregon.....:../...22- so-so see 159 National Transcontinental railway. o,..<2:0%ciscsse0550 wep eee eee 14, 15 special: fire patrol established on. :...0..0). «5 .o2s0ceeen sees ee ee eee 74 Nature of investigation in British Colaumbia.....¢..-.50-+c. -2o0+. eee 213 Natural reproduction of forest through control of cutting................. 80 Necessity of burning slash and under-veretation. . 2.04... yo.0 se 229 Nechako river, reference to drainage system Of..............ccccecevceccs 110 Nevada, cost of brush: disposal 1.050522 feu acs stein ces co cel pe 255 New and additions to forest reserves in Alberta recommended............. 78 New and additions to forest reserves in British Columbia recommended.... 78 New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island railway...................06:- 15 New Brunswick Coal and Railway Co: railways 3.26 5 01s doe eee 1) et4 New Brunswick, action re provincially chartered railways recommended... 83 diameter limit for ictitting “ina. 65.5... cie02s tre ce oid ne ce Ment oe 264 CUES - OL SPLICE ANNs 6. ois. siete pedis 060 ooo sia-oere al vio choyacorere tate ote te arto ree 262 enforcement of legislation required in....)....ss.022s0c0sseueeeeee 74 fire protection along C.P.R. lines im... 2. <2 cs00 00 velco 67 fire season. of 1914 “nwo o.0c ses cares eteosie isos dele acca eee eee 38 fire: situatiOnanl.aic.,.%.s aa eeo2s Cue eee cee TEPER eee eee ree 67 forest fire protective organization Of. 0c: «is 01 «veces Jaen od oe eee eee 1 has: tio: forestry: Organization ss oc cs:25 z weiolareaieee a Soe diese eee eee 97 inventory of timber supplies, co-operation should be encouraged...... 83 fatlways subject to Boardsins <0... vo... b< 506 hs oe ects oe 14 should be urged to appoint provincial forester............. 2 cece eeeeees 97 standing timber on Crown timber lands of....:.........<-05 eee 76 steam railways not subject to Board in..........J.5. sess see 15 New Brunswick Department of Crown Lands, officials appointed fire iS PECEOES 122. s2¢20n celerews Feu sisS Sx sistas dea ce amie nls sleep aan 73 New England, experience of, referred to... 22.0 0s.0:..0.cc< +02) dee 273 New Hampshire, laws re slash disposal in, referred to.............0....4.. 49 New Jersey, laws re slash disposal in, referred to..............ccseeecceeee 49 New Westminster, Crown timber agent at..................6. 81, 234, 253, 256 New York, state law of, re top-lopping, referred to............+.eeeeeeeeee 100 Nipissing Indian reserve, clearing up in..... 2. 2 6s. Js0% s0e's 5s see ae 50 Nisbet forest. reserves: 0... 5 cece «'e wv eetele siciels's v diecls e/e'e-ep eg actos ener 240 Nisbet reserve, Saskatchewan, operations ON.........cccsesscscseseese cise 135 Non-agricultural lands, setting aside of, for timber production............ 83 withholding from settlement of. >... 05.<...t0scus sex cnopes ese 83 Nérth rivér, referred tO. on soc osc nnnigt es snes bhs nae ata nina nn 171 North Saskatchewan river, referred tO...........c.ceeseeees 240, 241, 242, 243 North Shore railway ccs isieciss = ci alone Us 0 disie wie se D rarsioiw ale wish ee 15 North Thompson River watershed, referred t0.........c.eeceesccscesccees 106 Douglas fir in pure stands along........'...000s«cewsesns sa eu ne 109 Northern Coast region, climatic conditions Of...........sceseseeeececeees 104 Northern Forest Protective Association, work Of...........ceeeeeseeeeeees 162 302 a 7 ; PAGE Noxtherntt Mnterior TePiOns os,07./015 2 assis 0) v/a’ ccaie eens ole Se ss sxarerts ovens 111 Siirimnae eanthisonG CH Agar sons GOL Open OAD ASe AcO6 coool oo eee 111 SOSTETANE Mee Sette oS) Oi Ce eRe Ree en eos) oa 111 Northern New Brunswick and Seaboard railway..........-.2-.seeeeeeees 15 Mactwermupeninsmla of WMichipan, TEPOtt ON. di... 05 2c wns 3's cle raiela ieleiaieteiera sa S= 162 MipsrnWece MectitOnics -fCteLied > t@y ccs cidels oa wiakls «done en oes aad teenie Eee 256: annual destLuctonumoratimber tnroushout, .s 22. an. s/s sya sia sidcee Se © 257 boundary of application of regulations shifted eastward............... 261 Hispesdicte LMmper—t, LeLETred Oc... eo 2)c2% vies wens ois Pp sine vie sie bie eee 260 Prey FeoMAtGnS SOVEFINE PELMIES 111. . sweetie cee eins oes e mae Ba em see 266 PE PeAMOMS -SOVEENINIG VeAT iy. NCEHSESs oo fo wicis-s dete in daleie Dewi nels nan es 260- ceeAAHOMS Fe Misposal Of timber, Felerred, tO..<.... sic rien 05 dale does aweeeles 261 BEECH ANIL Stl LS CU M1 A iene Larne es taints aisid ala aiatein pininiarep oon te 257, Notes on situation in United States: Some suggestions on brush disposal.. 147 Nova Scotia, action re provincially chartered railways recommended....... 83 active co-operation in fire protection still pending....................-. 88 COZOPELATIONSLAelAVe Wr ciaie ste vrcvornlelerersiesctsia seve) wisvare's) aye’ (ofata si aves erayaic-aielcietareaeeeers il, Emlorcement Ol lePISlatiOn, FeEGUITEMs 112. ss os 2a sissies = atlases aiste Cee are 74 RERSEASOMMO LTO LAS te oe eyesexato cnn cds satalavos ohare ever ica asstis aie’ orate eae ohelero oeantevege 38 PASEAOSIOLESELY OF CAaniZatiOn <2 Joc sccc tier wi vicieie > w/dasiad oe mele sista oe ctonde 97 provincial forester, proposed appointment referred to...............2- 88 uRRCERCMSINECE (20 pO OAUG AID rs -2tls: ocix' sim alnicigrawcais obi aco brs vise u intel Re aalciete 14. should be urged to appoint provincial forester................0.c00eeee 97 MeAmTaiways MOL SUbsect £0. BOatd itt... 2 os ene oe aslnsi ecru caves 15 Number of poplar trees per acre and volume to be expected on the average acre after the next 30 years on the areas burned once (Table VII).. 194. Baasteasenuiicd-Lwice” Olanle VEN Dien 22 )c 3 5ecc anes sates oisle ccna oepce 195 entatcas purtied three times: (Table DX) 2 o..2 5 «cc oib.e we Sate sss ct eis sie as 195 on areas burned many times (Table X)............-c200eccneccsccsccs 196 Number of times area burned, how determined..................000ecceeee 169° Number of trees on sample strips burned after logging.................05: 224 NigaipersoL trees: per acre, referred. tO. «2... sno ener Sa coes eR tot) 178 Numerical proportion of reproduction of various species on the average acre in order of the number of times burned (Table V).................. 190 EE SIS AREA OM nichts 685.0 aisiesicrn co Sak SE oA een DO Be ee 192 Oatomleaiceesetilement. TeLEEred tOs's o...c.6-6./s/oare'mac's os owed dae ez suews hues ees 172 Objection to game preserve in British Columbia........................00- 96 Officials of British Columbia Forest Branch appointed fire inspectors........ 73 Mr-piinine cusities, no fires. caused bys... ~~... 2 eecn ccc eke scat ecvae ese 44 Oil-burning engines, installed by Grand Trunk Pacific railway.............. 44 Oil-burning engines, used on Canadian Pacific railway.................... 44 Onidan Chivimestone) fiver, Telerled 0... 4.2 ene 262 enforcement of legislation required ifl........00-s.0cseeossoswnss eae 74 fire inspection organization incomplete... .. . 0-2. 2. sees ntes pee 39 fire protection along lines of Canadian Pacific railway in............ 67 fire season Of 1914 sittiggccs5 cca ek oes dele ccwis 0 6 010 wiclepa eaten 38 forest fire protective organization Of. «2s ..2 0. .cs eee nes ernst 1 eround rent per mile. fo2 26 anads eae = oe cnisieenee avast +o wieie el eeehemn ea 263 inventory of timber supplies, co-operation invited............--..eeee 83 licensee bears the whole cost of fire protection in..............eeeeeees 263 north-western, lumber supplied to Prairie provinces by.............. Bees. planting operations on limited scale by... 22.0. .02.s0000+e00nmueeniee 211 present revenue from woods and forests in............eeeeeeeeeeeeees 92 provision for disposal of road slash, referred to...........seeeeeeseeens 89 railways subject to Railway Commission im.........2-.ceesscecceeectes 13 settlement of section of, serious consequences Of...............eseeees 79 steam railways not subject to Railway Commission in...............+. 14 undesirable conditions, people living under..............0.eeeeeeeeeeee 79 Ontario Department of Lands, Forests and Mines, officials appointed fire {FISDECEOLS sucess avis Soc dia cre'sa)ginw w Hl sia cin W niwie atu e's a ha Slee 73 Ontario Government, has only nucleus of forestry organization........... 97 urged to further extend forest reserve area..........0+2eee-seeee eee 98 Operating Department of Railway Commission, referred to................ 73 Operations in Alberta from which slash results...........-..-.+eeeeeeees 133 Operations on licensed timber berths, provisions of license................. 231 Operators complain of added responsibility by brush disposal............. 155 Operators convinced of value of burning slash............-.++.+eeeeeeeeee 115 Order No. 16,570, Board Railway Commissioners.............--2e+e0-: 31) 72 Orders 3,245 and 15,995, Board Railway Commissioners..............-+++ 51 Oregon, coast regions of, referred t0.......-.0+. sc seeeeeeceencecresrecees 103 laws ré slash disposal in, referred f0...7......s0s0s0sccmse scenes 49 national forest timber sales, disposal of slash on...............+--+005 159 Organization, fire-protective. << <.:6¢ «cee sacs sce e ose one» ss» am re 15 Original pine forests will never be duplicated.........-...+. ee seeeee ee eeees 178 Ottawa and. Néw York: railway. fineccsci ee cess caleee. . o> ness denn 11-13 Otter creek, referred tO... 0.6660 cmc ens cuee en ees ee ensse ee os eae = 171 Outside reserves, forest protection of lands.............2sseceeeeeeeeeeeee 250 Over-production of lumber in British Columbia...............+-++se+eeees 229 Owners of mills may be granted permits...........ssscceeevecenscencese 267 Owners to permit fire-guarding, refusal Of.............eeeceeee eee eenenes 65 PACIFIC coast, forests of, referred tO..........cesccseessen0c0us seem 102 Pacific Great Eastern railway.......2...00ccccccewnencescecsss ese 14 . Paid permits, conditions Of............02.ssssceneenssseveet oes semen 269 Palmer Bros. & Hemming, brush piling by, referred to..............-- seve 128 Park areas within reserves under separate administration <. rier eiee 268. 304 Y : 3 IN DE X PAGE ems tanch, Oomintomrrerersed tO... cic cscs «cites el ape sleet oo 0 oe ee 1 GLEALIOINW OF TELETLECIMLON o sicvarelevorele ste: sie etevorsin clei attets tc eetelsl ataiersPeetnlace = ogee 259 Guspasalvor-slash within> onyold licemses ss... Ysmaisle os vie atl e ateles ie « 270 Held orsanization suiticient,to handle work.).).%2 . cii\.. «see sens so: 81 MPISMNEEIOM IN EMLOFCING. TESUIATIONS ./< Usic sieve wince os o'e suis wis ws lee oe sete oles 81 Pariamentmotecanada lecislative authonity Of+...0-..-.s4s5s2 ese s 4 eaecniperiver, reference to drainage basin, Of..... 6.00652 sec c mec cee ee wae. 110 PEMERETIC CME OMs alll Cra Olege ye eye ers cietaue evctcue acim et wva"e olslo aisles, ccayeneiecars ote eeatels 111 ecaicimlisiis en robested: watersheds... 90. cane cts oy eos elec beeen es cles see Ld eee MR inciMehC ene ce. 10... 4s). act au meee Mtoe tsrecee a Sais als hak Uae le £11), -242 eIcemiMivctmpl Oc renenencetOn is..c -ces ois e cies wea Sees Heese au ee Sines With ZUPES, Ola 8 ob SNe dE ae CRP AS DERE SODAIACOaeE Ee Perera tR es 232, 246 ERIE COUN. (TETCHTEM LOK sncs ccs coals sels sleisie teeta eee babs ve tle oes 251 Semepcereirinitaries, TeleThed LO. d.ccsce css cee oie vam wobec ee weees be cease 241 SATA AIMTO UN tAINIS) TELETEEG. (LOl ccrslzis.csace cis worn enya eg te elit em see verse els one vie 233 Re MU RAIICLER CGAL WAV cco ciels aiares!sictoywleyeis oereige vec heise esac wares «Olam ee 11-13 BeanagenE NeMeiHES CO" De GETlVed a. oid oc ces cates sda we dicete oo te Gears dees 204 eeEaraeteelG TOLCE, COMPOSE Ol oi. casc5 cee s asic dese Jeet ee rece cee eee ae 259 Perit tor burning, non-existence of in Ontario. ..2...5. 2.0... c sce ee ee dee 68 memati system, very widely made use Of............508- 20.0 ce ened ec daeee ee con 267 Permits allowing removal of dead or fallen timber in parks............... 270 Bemus omeside reserves, early regulations 7é..25........ 0. cee cece ce eens 266 Beguetiation-of the forest, provisions to ensure.....,.6....... 06. eset eee 232 ENOL ICOUTLY LELerred tO)... cscs ecco ess tence codec eee eeocetien 167, 168 PEORCC HEMI Clee CONSIGETALION ecprisie sens soerereccla oo) cieicte ais vies Weel t a cee eee 208 Betis. Supt. of State Forests, New. York,. quoted: .....202%.. 0.6.02. 162 Eimlipsnice; hailway and Quarry Co, railway. 57s. 005.. .oe2 20s ese nh ee 15 aaa COMUUIOMS «.c.0-c\.0' noises dhe ie cicevine Qe'deble een seeves oun vee sed 171 Piche, G. C.,.Chief, Quebec Forest Service, quoted........... 00.0022 6 000000 139 Prem ite. \MOiiitain, TESION. <<: . ofooscee ees cles oe tee ees vee he cee 174 paver MTEC VUNG Oss i'm c, (evar, 2siannjore ous ane Sars) «els ea Win ara eeeaeto y eaee ee ae 167 Meer eSeUIIMARe VANIC Olt. soto, es Da clnes alu dieeeeet Pawesagdee ade 167 Ewemaiction on burned areas (Table XI)... 2 ves. ee. eek ed eee ee eee 199 PAGES MEMES Pape SINC oi rmieiclcaste choos SiScalsieo a sloeald aneveateinva stateia esd Soler irs aie teres 240 NES an VeCAIC Gi OPE aly 0 c)oa 5 wa la/exi'sisacant teie'aletelgudls ce ihe calsle Wee leseee es 169 Biansmtomecontro! of -burletoh-Methuen areas... 2-2... 2s ceo. -a 77 Protection of forests; studies in. ..2:..... «+ «sc «soe saree ieee ene eee PALI Protection of: watersheds: . .. 0. 26cs2s sass oes pielee 1 ctaelsee ate 93 Protective associations, efficient work by..:. >.>. 22. ..s=+¢eeeee eee 68 permits to burn issued by... 2. 60.02) c00s <0 cc ble cst © orate te 68 Provincial Forest Board of British Columbia, referred to............. Lis es power to declare inflammable material public nuisance................. 117. Provincial Forester, appointment of, Nova Scotia.............sseeeceeees 1 Provincial Government of Quebec, co-operation of local associations with.. 96 Provincial Government’s regulations re reduction of fire hazard............ 98 Provincially-chartered railways (See also Railways not subject to Board).. 74 Provision for clearitig up-old slashings.....5;...s<0ss «26s he 232 Provisions affecting lumbering, should be enforced..................-ee eee 84 Public nuisance, power to declare inflammable material a.................. 47 Public Utilities Commission, Quebec........ ..22. sicssa. 0 os eee ce ee 20 Public Works Department of British Columbia, referred to............... 132 Publicity as to the value of young growth............0:5..00++ smu 230 Pulpwood, amount of material suitable for, small..........: 4.ca sen 167 amount of, on area burned twice... 2% 245.0005. ose 50's © «eee 183 amount -of, on area burned three times. ./..... 1... scl eee 186 amount of, on unburned areaS:.<........ E eer 253 Revelstoke district 10245 25s sscgges'ss o 65 65+ = pine cenins ae elle 253 Salmon “Arm disttict: 6262 7 ic secs be nails ee hogs yc ser 253 short. seasons for slash burning with safety..:...2---..- 0-1 131 squatting exists throughout... (2 .0s05602 000+ «cmos <'eialil ee 249 subdivisions of outside reserves......~.5.-6+2-- . +0 « 00 alc lel pe 253 tracts of country available for forest lands................02see= eee 78 Railway Belt Forest reserves. ...; 20... 20.00. 00s o0 ne + ons sin 248 Glacier. park. reserve... 0.605 <6 ise ae ves = pee nine +12 0b 3 oe 248 Yoho park reserve... 20.056. os sees ne ne p< as 2m oon etwlate nn ate 248 Long Lake resetve:.s .<605 226 a2 See eos see Pe eres - 248 four additional reserves formed in 1913. .2:.2. 4502.5 «cee eee 248 Railway Bélt in British Columbia... 0.0.0... 505 <.-+: 02050" ea >a seeeee 129, 232 Railway Commission. (See Board of Railway Commissioners.) Railway Commissioners, Board of...........+...2-4e500cee= sce cnesseeuee 1-10 Railway companies co-operating. 2.2... 20 ce ecin renee cess one e eee 253 Canadian Northern Quebec railway... :1..4:-- 226-0. 5e0=- oe 35 Canadian Northern railway. ... 0.206200 4+ess¢sacen inet = ee Zi; S39 Canadian Pacific railway (Eastern lines) ....:.....+00--sc0sss0sduepeee 34 Canadian Pacific railway (Western lines) .............0.02-ecseceaewrs 25 Edmonton, Dunvegan & British Columbia railway...........-. ioecneetets 33 Esquimalt and Nanaimo railway........0...000>-0s:+ oleae 32 Graad-U rank eatlway: was oneness eee gaccenenvese? sms teens 35. Grand Trank Pacific railway-se. coc: ne 00 0a eo ne ns > 5 in eee 29 Great Northern railway (British Columbia) .......... 4.22 Jss+se-eesees 31 Kettle Valley railway... .... 220022 .00cse veers eon gieee e = n 32 Temiscouata railway... 00csseceqs esse ses ou0 suisied ne «sie oleae 35 Victoria and Sidney railway... ...% 200. ses 200 sesh s.0s Hie 33 Railway fire patrols, referred tO.......2..:-seceeeceeceeeeeceeennseceeeens 19 relieving railway company from maintaining patrols...............++.- 21 Railway fire protection Work. .2.0..sc00vsssesctucdebess sons semen eae rf Pete | handicaps from outside rights-of-way..........--...eee eee e eee e eens 89 Railway fire regulations by Board, referred to.........+.-.0-eeeeeeseeeeees 87 Railway Fire Situation, by Clyde Leavitt............-.-- see eee eee eect eeee 1 Railway Lands Branch, referred to..........0ceeeee eee cece cece cer eseeees 233 Railways, Application of, to amend Order No. 16,570........-.+++.se+0+- 4 Railways in British Columbia subject to Railway Commission........-.... 12 Railways in Canada not subject to Railway Commission.........--.- Sons Le 308 : 3 INDEX Railways (Continued) PAGE fire protection situation’ partly cleared up.....'..: 262.522 52a. ese ese ed 88 Hymne Ato) INACESEAINY Cig soe5 soo Gesdc - Seeeadpoudde quand ao gonuoonar 74 penalty. 100 jcontiavening TesiWlatiOnS Acre semen ne ~ a ss hewn ce oem 8, 9 BLecCATLIONS tAKEN Dy “WALMITL TESCL VES. ca enntrel ne cntaln slo'e'e'e vale Pe elo = - 25 Steam, not subject to Railway Commission.........0.--..-.022-e0000s 14 subject to Railway Commission, by provinces..............+-+++eeee- 12 Subject to Railway Commission in Alberta.-.......- 22-2. 0-.20s00002->> 12 under jurisdiction of Railway Commission..................-- Ae ee eer 10 Rapid erosion of the soil on ridges... . 2.6 6. eile ee dee eee eee ee ete ees 172 Rareot =towth of poplar (lable VIL)... 2... 22 foe vc te et hee wee se meee 193 enchine the markets, plans f0F. 2.55. .2.4. 60sec ere cece ale sees ees roenes 207 Heese on stimpace dues for small logs... 2.2.2 ele gat nee see bea cence 139 Recommendations ve forest conditions in British Columbia................ 228 Recurrence of forest fires in British Columbia................----....---+0- 213 eaeWcer towmrTelerred, tOns sere te nae | cam cite Fe elclereate SG «sie wie eo erbie eke or onai 251 ed eer river, forest fire conditions near... 2... 20. ete ee ee see cee eee 243 Peaeniver mai watershed Ole isc if <2scee sate at es eee tae es some ~ a nl aee 77 eer volley. cleyvation Of v2. cease Sto antes - See antec « ere eee wide masini 233 Reduction of fire hazard in Algonquin park....................... See ertls 89 Reinectinimeiceliway lite aZzaLd, .. .2oe st so cece sas veto nie sence am acicle wie aie 89 Reé-establishment of pine trees retarded by fires......0.......20000seeeeceee 168 PRAISES ae ONG ETE REULET (COs 2.5) Fane w.cie/ete nie bd (oiom ao aiale Sa tia ao Hae Seite lees 167 Refusal of land owners to permit fire-guarding............ Bk Eanes Memes 65 Regional studies of types and forest conditions.........-..-.... e+. eeeeeee 211 Peannatypes im. Railway Belt. 0... 20.5.2 552s bt cece eee tinea tee beeen. 247 fearaildbed purnimte, Of Slash. 2.2... 2 ioe sone nics coe weitie tele eee eee nee 228 Regulations governing lumbering in Alberta........5..----- +e. este esses 264 Regulations, no policy calling for enforcement of............-...-++-2-0-: 231 Regulations of Board of Railway Commissioners, referred to............. 252 meneatrot slasit do reduce fire hazard: 9.22.12... isc conetee ss etna LF mepeated fires. destroy Seed trees... 1.26 52+ ieee He eee he ee 3G Bes Se 197 Repeated fires destroy valuable species.......5--2---e eee cece eee eee eee 87 eS mantic OF Pie NECESSALY +0204. .2 65 cece eee atte ee ee esse eee dee esas 209 Report on forest resources of British Columbia, referred to..............-- 85 Report on slash disposal in Alberta... 2... 2. 2t eee ee ee tee de ceca Ys re@EESEOUPMGeCOAUGETS. 5.4022. 55 52 Soess esate lee Seth w eset geet he ee eae 117 Representations to British Columbia re game preserve........-..-----2.-.5. 99 Reproduction of Commercial Species in the Southern Coastal Forests of Benicn Columbia, by C.D) Howe, PH Di.2 20. cS oan sees eee VAV, Reproduction Study in British Columbia..............-- 2.20 eee e seen eee 86. Requirements of regulations re disposal of debris.......-.....-.--.-+-+055 231 Recolutions ot Committee-on orests, L914. 2c ccc nb eee cee sien See cles 97 Becnlts ot Ole substantiated ioses<6 ogseot noe ences eterna eess po ee: 166. RE eGinIES OF MEO TCCEIO MIE gy Aeon eee ha voh ncn P Regtenale aaa oiatd viet oto he ogre Results of present system of lumbering...........--.-+-+--++--+ Bote cat 204 Results secured by Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railway.............--. 3 Beenclistoke referred stom ranch eon pote ee ce eee et awe Se ese 261 mEcueprotectiCns districts. +. : osc 3.2 ee eee 131 Riding Mountain reserve, referred to. . 2... .200..0-0es cae eee ee 233 creation of, referred’ to... 2. .c oe Bete en eee eee eee 257 description Of 1/305 o70 vend eo puns he pes he ley ee Seine eee ee 237 material cut in, under settlers’ permits. ....>....2-....5 0. 6+ => eee eee 238 Sef aside aS ‘TESEFVE-.5.- soccen boas nue aac vew pee bolts oe ee 236 varieties of ‘timber. on) 2; 25. ceases « id 5 onde cee eee 237 Right-of-way clearing... 0.5 .¢.enens cou bile dot bap cee ose eee 1, 45 important factor in railway fire hazard... : 2522.04. c.ss%- 0420 ee eee 45 constant attention reqttired:..s...).... s+ Gass sanwose sx eee eee 45 neglect of, and CAUSES..<. .i52 052s ¢=0>20.+.0.cenies vidas oe eee ee ee 45 Right-of-way, clearing outside of: 7... . 02.0020 canscu. bs ose eee eee eee 46 conditions for burning: 0m. .s 22 ist.<: dnc dort. Ree eee ee Saad fires on, due to careless sectionmen’...... ..2<.2 ssn. see eee 45 fires on, resulting from cigars and cigarettes....2+..-.22-- ese eee 45 importance of rendering nearly fireproof... :....+2.....3+<1-26ssb eee 45 tobe kept free of combustible matter... ............5. 422.5 aoe 7 Rocky -Mountain and Plateau region.............20 oe eee 108 poor soil fertility and low supply of moisture....................---42- 109 situation and climatic conditions. .......... 22-2. 7.-:+ aces eeee eee 108 Rocky Mountain Forest Reserve, referred to.............-.+...- 237, 241, 259 description: OF 22.055 64: o bie ce Ha cco vine ciclo Ayes nino. ote SRO ee eee 242 forests; subdivision” Of: . 3. .0- sas 2. scons :dampdes boot eee ee eee 242 immature timber stands OM) i505 32s sate woke ok siecle cles Oe ee 245 in “Alberta, referred tos ec2 oo. 5. oe tincanin cee a weiss de oe ee eer 242 mattize, stands of timber in...........>..2.. +2 dassemeus see eee 244 park subdivisions Of... 2. 6... 2.6250 sels «0h cis Ooo eo pe pa 242 subdivision of area included in........ 22.52. .s50222 ssc see 242 subdivision of, referred. 10: 5.2. 556.2+. bases =ve «86s cee eee 259 Rocky Mountain House, referred to...... 2... os 'o.nic. ona teiaie sitio eieintnia’s s)chajefeiajei a> 75, 84 hecaal Ste" bie NOES a AOR IE ee OO RI DO ET In eer ore REO ceror tre teas 239, 242 tecber culls out aya aimowine SENedl CobeponcasauecDobnougDHoodoon4OOdT 234 mayor portion yet owned by Dominion. ........20.00ie. eee nes eee ees 270 new forest reserves and additions to, recommended in.............. 78, 79 FARIA TEE ORES ES OAS eee oc Lila a: Casi imis acl oc evelle inchs adehotaln sie b mperciele ayaeeee Mier otakenaaes 242 Paap Aa ASE BAC Teal SER WECL UIN a cates pss covet Gene cal nyc) ous. conte o) ate ho) = el nile a) Ble m Sieh nc oh oe erie 239 Meastess uot uVentory and area COVEFEG: «sei % 2 ele cien/e nto oe ee Seal 85 Province of, formed..........-.... esc e eee eee tent eee cence eee ee ees 256 BERNE SISSENCCE Cop OAte Mita otic Sats. niclels avs wialode:diclsjeio let wibla a thusivins 7am 12 rangers working. under ancient legislation..............--.+2+ +2220 +02- 271 restilations re white spruce-aspen-: type.......---.--..- sewers eee e ee ee 264 ESOT COLGWONU OPELALONS) Uoj...)5 5.2.2.0 --0c0ls-sie eve nie wield ie ess sis so oe eels Gites TOLESL Of) SELETLEd £0. 22% occ 2 ae es oe neler ee not as esas ee ee ess 241 spruce resources much overestimated.........-...----e cece eee ee eee 85 steam railway not subject to Railway Commission in.................-. 14 study of forest conditions on public domain of................-...--+. 80 varieties of timber on forest reserves Of............ 05.00. ee ees eee eee 240 width of agricultural plain in, referred to........-. 052.2 --+0+ 22 ee222e 233 eieichewal river, referred to....scienvies. ae Fyke eb guise 240, 251 PRESEASON noe cab ocpia ada Mareinee A mone We, Saskatchewan valley, area burned in.........-..0..0c-sc ec reece cesceree 243 Schomberg and Aurora railway........-0ccscee eee e eee eee tenet e tenses Airs Smee tee re MUNIN SEIS ALIOUS ie occ «osc cou = vo niv-siovasble «= o\ 0 sidiwselora joes a ayetnle tele mielsceemictes 96 Scott, D’Arcy, Assistant Chief Commissioner.........-.--.--2-- eee eee eee 4 Bedtanensiine:, Teferred: £0. . ..6s Hees eke ein ones s ninie wisle inne nie ble sities eleles os 198 ‘Second burning kills young forest......... 6005s cece eee cere treet eee eee ee 224 Secretary of State for Canada, Northwest Territories placed under........ 256 Seed carried by the wind, example Of.............eeee eee e cece eee cence 226 Seeds of Douglas fir and hemlock retain vitality for years................-. 225 Seed trees, repeated fires destroy.........0.ceeeer eect eect ete ener eee ees 197 Selkirk mountains, climatic conditions Of.......-.. 0.0. eee e erent eee 247 Seriousness of fire damage realized............ cece te eee eee e tere eeeeees 257 Settlers granted permits to cut for own US€.....-....-. eee e eee eter rere ees 267 Settlers’ land, dangerous condition Of...........-0- eee e eee eee ee eee eens 68 Settlers’ permits in Alberta, conditions attached to.........-+-.++.+++++5-- 133 311 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Severe fires reduce number. of seed trees. 4322 42.u snus see ae 198 Shawanaga Indian reserve, clearing up in... ...... 2. + 2..e08 «-taseeen Oe 50 disposal of old slashings along Canadian Pacific railway line in........ 90 Shawniganlake, ages of trees, found .at.:. <<... <.« Jwssijde~ ate hae ee “iZl6 Shingles, ‘number manufactured. ..3,.2 -0cdsejncs s Hecmaeanod eee 234 shaswap lake, referred sf 01.004 « anisine cies acy niche enacts ieee eee 247 Sicanious,. country near, referred te@.... 2. .+.2..<.0202+Gee 94 ownership ‘of land ins... cs cc0c ce sicce dees ee cots selene se 0 aneinieen 80 placing under Dominion Forestry Branch suggested............-++-++-. 94 protection and recuperation of ..........<.siseuse aes ones cee seew eee 83 INDEX Trent Watershed (Continued) PAGE protection of cut-over lands not considered worth while............... 79 Se eath eOELE CALC CMBR SMM iy soe (tsa cka. 6. ele aac so S:8' kd alesabein wie. aE Ss oar 79 suggested government conference re protection of..................... 80 suggested basis for taking over by Dominion........................... 95 Sev Cr OLES! PEOMOUTONG Ob. \e5c/Sptsicie\s a aie's a 'slatt cise dsc vce cW@oudea ck 166 value of watershed protection as demonstration....................... 94 Mire TH IPCC SUCH OIE VEY yale cies cis ae ews oo oto dec esol cc ave cbs wednees os 79 SEDDEE Cie WEU Sa Sal WOee BAe AS Rane er eee. - oa en mn 171 Prent Watershed Survey, referred’ to... ...5 020 cGurees eee ee se 166, 171, 205, 208 Meeepass, provision tor dealing witht...) 2.6% $2. Beee sc selci cee ee cd ccbe eee 262 Healoepamished by dottble dues. ..... 22. cidkoues oss dees cleedeecusces 265 oie Vinuntain reserve, sesregated.... ..... ssctisiesih ssc bdo ons osice bedecceon 236 ee ietinaIO PTET ELEC) LOM nee ai i, kee iss PERE: cles wea te ciolake Spcrdaie 257 Be SESID ESO ere el ieee iG Se AE eh RNS os aac, @ fal atone eh aa 239 Mees found within burns of various ages. [s..0os 5.02.2. ceece ec dsaeedowole 169 PMOPR-VEGETATION, burning to remove........:.0c..+-secsceecdece 229 TESST Scie Sc Te SE mee ne a ee ee ae 226 LUSULASLIE SE Sn B71 2 8 Co ren cer peek ec eS De 221 ean ee OME EL ECW UL O WEN neil sich Guiniei ae ate Bide x aaelo seen Sees 221 Unfavourable conditions for regeneration of forest...............000cce00- 102 CeCe” Ea: TREAGT 620 arc a tly OR ie ee a 203 Seas ITEME MCE SIBLING cA Bg ct) ere rcteesr ene avai laid Giciale clavate’ dog arate s aucea vee anee 216 imecada states. COMIPATEG - Witit~ CanlaGas sc F505 ce ccc decdacdvccenecsdbness 3 EGuUIHOHS 11, tsed. AS DASIS- fOr TEPOLE vccc we icc. oz o acs coc un eed oo ae ede 100 Sear NS Teel AALS eRe UO CE CEIOIN TEN, soces re asd -ascye)'s.0 = ses oui elaetare cos Ske boa > aval seaaiehe 96 Mae MO Te DEUTSCHES DOSAN: Mliiois =a Ses eras 5 yaad wiol sata ss lok ieee Sebi Sateen 255 RaieAMOUAl-WOrk if WASteLil- StAteS cc pci + no = Sis cold v deeds enedek oa 95 BORESEESEEVACE OL, “IIL VESEIZALIOIG - DYiSo ace aiereicfaa'S'tmid o 4 elbid staldi< ade Sue ommeele 210 SOLeSHMe=pPeriment Stations1n; .Teferred tO. sic. 2 hws c.oences oS aao eee 210 lumber supplied to Prairie provinces, referred to............. Foon 234 Mawonal forests, administration -Of nis. < ods oe ae eee. oa hae 210 NEDSS AISCUPLOLECEION IY. ers, 5.5 ae ais a 20/aey Aateayl- nie oa Se ee ee ee 3 Spee aotiuIper toy Teferred tOs.ice'.'s has vine vee we ese toe oe ae Dene 15 timber administration affords example. 7.......222-..02++02.0s2n.aee es. PAE) Pipe SdleecONntCacts, KELELLed. €O% cos oc. oc. ocactoes cd seed anvnvadueobeees 271 ance States Forest Service, referred’ tO. .....065.s)sh scare ese csbewssacoe 147 Pema: sinidsnto handle. planting i .:s2:.0s.s0kscdewa see « bana use Bwees 151 piliierand burnms Slash on. timber sales Of :cs:./0200cr2-+d- cence bes 147 Re UES ESE CULE a Dye uN ELEREEE:. COn cb bp cisilecteles «.o:ers + atdlead a aeets lnsnibgane pee 159 Siarementoby, Wisttict Porester: District No;.. 6.2.0. aodes 2b soos ened 159 epee Ottawa: ASSOctation Proposed, fOL csc 6. ss cak suse ee ee docs Sele dccces 96 PraMmPERSUITCLEdeSeVELC LY: GIy ccc. 2 cc; as ditralciee sale ees mana We ms Oo obs eee ox 67 tahecOsts OrsDiriushncisposal Insc sees ects ok oe ween a nb Sag ic ee ee 255 Mea ett oni SECs ally LOLESELY sc ialsie ace nas esp oblevarn w aa’ bwin ava iele aho.<,3'0-n eo Rea was Zale VALUE of forest as source of permanent employment................... 205 erimenar protection not appreciatedec: .\. 2 ois «clesscda.cctn dimes atincepeacses 202 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE. Vancouver, timber regulations tor districts... = 2 ¢ o>.2ceeeeeenee 136 Van Sickle. settlement, referred ‘to. 2... 12 3. cc. sme me ce 08 oe ee 172 Variation in rate of growth, studies of, required: ..........5.222--sc0eceee 230 Varieties of trees on area investigated in British Columbia................. 216 Various methods of disposing of slash... .....25..csscece+ seek <2 eee 254 Velocipede vs. power speeder patrols:.... 2.2060. scscs.00s ssabes see eeeeeee 35 Vernon district, burning of debris to protect equipment.................... -123 CONGHIONS. U1 14s Geo oS Saeed de an S55 Sn coin sac ahaa ee ne 123 details of cost of burning of .debtis.< 25.2222 so Ss. 2%. os ee eee 125 highly inflammable nature of watershed...............2--22-2cceeeeees 123 methods adopted. in. burning. debris::...522 2. 220... - cian 22a eee 124 Victoria: and ‘Sidney -caithway cc «:.5. 22-05 s02c05-0. ob bes see thee 233 MWAIISCLOLE Wires Opinion of 76 brush, disposal. .ccc 2... - ssc er ot hose ccn ce es 136 Wilson, Ellwood, Inspection on lands of Laurentide Co., by.............. 140 mesic. Mi. Forest. Inspector, C.P.R., report by:... 25322. hci tee ede te 7 Swvanniperosis lake, sale of timber berths On....- 220... 20650-c eee. eet esees 259 Mnguines Nan. Crown. timber agent af. .... sere es 162 Maomine, brush disposal conditions in...........-5-2.2..0:-% ge OP 152 Forest Service takes charge of brush disposal.............-.5.+++.000- 155 ewe second, tent on lands situated west Of.......5.00. 0002. 50+ 5-208 ee 262 PME EEGC EH AROS LOT. ISETACE saa scald «sais ows eve ee = ots os de oe ee 260 MMelowhead bass, climatic conditions Of............ seuss sce oe oe altace 108 Melowapine terion, classes of timber im ared....<...2c0cncsccs sce secews coe 107 “Yield of poplar 30 years hence on burned areas with estimates of its value and the loss in value by repeated fires (Table XITI)................. 200 Bumiine atk BOLest feserve, TELETFEd. tOcs = o2acs vers cscs te secre sm aes eneenes 248 arian ies OAC ICEOT A ALO Ayia cite a. 5:5 ib oie oo Si oie gore e Kis o wrelola gw wrote w wpieie es 15 Minna forests of British Colunibia.. 5... caer. ie as ace Hedin ce bisiemaln ee ose 217 Young pine trees, one inch and above in diameter now present, according to the number of times burned (diagram)............----eeeeeeeerrees 191 ‘Young poplars, one inch and above in diameter, now present, according to the number of times burned (diagram).............---ceeeeeeeeees 191 Yukon Territory, railways subject to Board in.............-..---+2eeeeees 12 317 —" mer . i | ‘ wei - ‘ j . , . ve > - - 7 ’ » : 7 = : . > , Fa i - , “44 4 : - = - i a 4 a ' 7 ee . / ; & = f oy : : ae * tT te A he . te ; we She Ds SS eae i Pout) - - ae 4 wT A > 5 » : ne ; xe pe veusns . ‘ as + i> : : A ; Ms a $ i Ree & KS < ‘ x aus Pee a see Gee | PLEASE DO ) NOT REMOVE ‘CARDS 08 UPS FROM THIS F POC ck ce a net PT ne. A SALE IN er ek ee ee omepelaer 8 910 4) Wall SOd 4THS AV 39 = Ss NVM MAIASNAAQG.