FOREST RESOURCES

OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

MARCH 1938

NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE

From the collection of the

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FOREST RESOURCES

OF THE

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

A REPORT
BY THE

PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION

NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 19.18

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 25 cents (paper cover)

National Resources Committee

North Interior IJuildixg

Washington

May 14, 1938.
The President,

Tlu Wliite House.
My Dear Mr. President: We have the honor to transmit herewith a report on
"Forest Resources of the Pacific Nortliwest" prepared hy the Pacific Northwest Re-
gional PLinning Connnission in cooperation with various private, State, and Federal
agencies interested in forestry in the region. It aims to avoid controversial matters,
concentrating for the present uyion the many points on which tlicre is substantial
agreement.

The report stresses the importance of establishing sustained-yield practices of
forest management in tlic area where oin- largest renniining forest resources are con-
centrated. It is significant that the Regional Planning Commission in the area with
representatives from each of the States concerned joins with the responsible Federal
agencies in urging the general adoption of these conservation policies.
Smcerely yours,

Harold L. Ickes
Secretary nf the Interior, Chairman

Harry H. Woodring, Harry L. Hopkins.

Secretary of War. Works Progress Adrninisirator.

Henry A. Wallace, Frederic A. Delano.

Secretary of Agriculture. Charles E. Merriam.

Daniel C. Roper, •

Secretary oj Commerce. Henry S. Dennisgn.

Frances Perkins, Beardsley Ruml.

Secretary of Labor.

NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE

Harold L. Ickes, Chairman
Secretary of the Interior

Frederic A. Delano
Vice Chairman

Daniel C. Roper
Secretary of Commerce

Harry H. Woodring
Secretary of War

Harry L. Hopkins
Works Progress Administrator

Charles E. Merriam

Henry A. Wallace
Secretary of Agriculture

Frances Perkins
Secretary of Labor

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Frederic A. Delano, Chairman
Charles E. Merriam Henry S. Dennison

STAFF

Beardsley Ruml

Charles W. Eliot 2d
Executive Officer

Harold Merrill
Assistant Executive Officer

R. H. Randall
State Planning Consultant

IV

FOREST RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Problems and Program for Conservation and Utilization

Contents

Page

I. Report of Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission —
The Pacific Northwest Forest Resource and a Forest

Program 1

II. Report of the Forest Advisory Committee —

A Pacific Northwest Forest Program 7

III. Staff Report—

The Pacific Northwest Forest Resource, Conditions and

Problems 19

Section 1. Conditions and Problems 21

Appendix 51

Section 2. Economic Importance of the Forest In-
dustries of the Pacific Northwest 59
Appendix 71

REPORT OF THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION

PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION

Commission

George F. Yantis,' Chairman, Region 9, National Resources Committee, Chairman.

O. R. Bean, Chaiiniiin, Orot^on State Plannina; Board.

B. H. KiZEK, Clinirnian, Washington State Phmning Council.

Will Simons, Chairman, Idaho State Planning Board.

D. P. Fabrick,- Chairnnm, Montana State Planning Board.

R. F. Bessey, Consultant, National Resources Committee.

Consulting Staff

R. F. Bessey, Consultant. J. C. Rettie' and C. A. McClure, Associate Consultants.

V. B. Stanbery, Consultant, Oregon State Planning Board.

P. Hetherton, Consultant, Wasliington State Planning Council.

J. D. Wood, Consultant, Idaho State Planning Board.

L. A. Campbell, Consultant,^ Montana State Planning Board.

Special Staflf for Forest Resource Study

Donald Bruce, Consultant (Forest). Blair Stewart, Consultant (Economics).

Representative of Cooperating Agency

R. W. Putnam, United States Forest Service.

Forest Advisory Committee

David T. Mason, Consulting Forester, Portland; Chairman.

C. J. Buck, Regional Forester, United States Forest Service, Portland; Oregon State Planning Board.

Hugo Winkenwerder," Dean, School of Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle; Chairman, Forestry Division,
Washington State Planning Council.

D. S. Jeffers, Dean, School of Forestry, University of Idaho, Moscow; Chairman, Forest Advisory Committee,

Idaho State Planning Board.
T. C. Spaulding, Dean, School of Forestry', University of Montana; Chairman, Forest Advisory Board, Montana
iState Planning Board.

Sinclair A. Wilson, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, Portland ; Chairman, Land Resources Division,

Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission.
R. F. Bessey, Consultant.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Grateful ackiiowk-dgmcnt is made to — Works Progres.s Administration, fur staff assistance pro-
Forest Advisory Committee, Pacific Nortliwest Regional vidcd through planning board staff project No. 265-6905,

Planning Commission, for preparation of the report on a Pacific 489-(3)-B.

Northwest Forest Program and for its valued advice. United States Forest Service, for cooperation throughout.

Various Federal and gtate governmental agencies; profes- including the assignment of a forester to assist in staff work

sional, conservational, protective, industrial, and business and the furnishing of the basic data on forest resources together

associations; industrial and business interests; and others — for with valuable advice and consultation by numerous members

their cooperation with the Advisory Committee in consultation of the field and Washington offices.

and provision of data. National Resources Committee, for its support of the project,

State Planning Boards of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and including the employment of special consultants.

Montana, for their support and data. Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission.

' Fiom September 14, 1937. Marshall N. Daco. was ohairnian until July 1. 1936, date nf resignation.

' Succeeded J. S. James, November 1936.

s From July 1, 1937.

< Until April 1. 1937. date of resignation.

' Represented in part by Fred Brundage, U. S. Forest Service. Portland.

« Represented by J. B. Woods, West Coast Lumberman's Association, Seattle.

VI

I. REPORT OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING

COMMISSION

Contents

I'acc

The Resource I

The Problem I

The Study 2

Findings and Recommendations 4

Recommendations 5

PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION

THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST RESOURCE

AND
A FOREST PROGRAM

The Resource

The Pacific Northwest forest resource includes most
of the remainder of the Nation's great virgin forests.
Not only is it the greatest national forest resource,
but one of the greatest national resources of any kind.

This Region (for purposes of tliis study the States of
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana) has about
93 million acres of forest land, containing about 900
billion board feet (limiber tally) of standing saw timber,
or about one-half of that remaining in the United States.
Forest land comprises over one-third of the area of the
four States, heaviest concentrations being in western
Montana, northern Idaho, western Oregon, and western
Washington. Two-thirds of the Region's timber lies
west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, where
about five-sixths of the area is forest land.

In the past c^uarter century, the national demand
upon forests of this region has increased greatly, the
percentage of the total national lumber production
furnished ha\dng risen from 15 percent to 39 percent in
the 25 years prior to 1934. The 1929 production
required the removal of nearly 16 billion feet of saw
timber from the forests of the region, a rate which,
under present forest conditions and practices, would
rather rapidly deplete the economically available
suppl}'. The average annual cut for the 9 years, 1925-
33, was well over 10 billion feet. Threats to the forest
resource from fire and disease also have grown with the
increased occupancy and use of the region and of the
forests. Depletion from these causes alone averaged
another 2% billions of board feet per annum during
the 9-3'ear period.

On the other hand, current net annual growth is onty
about 4 billion feet. However, the rate of growth is
increasing, as the virgin stands, with no current net
growth, are progressively converted into second-growth
stands. The growth capacity, with good forest man-
agement and improved protection, is probably at
least 16 billion feet annuallj', but it would be well over
a century before any such capacity could be attained.

The Problem

In general terms, the problem involved is one of
conservation and social and economic utilization of the
resources included in the country's greatest remainhig
timber reservoir.

The problem is not only that of avoiding direct losses
of existing and potential timber and in capitalized value
of continuously productive land, but also one of avoid-
ing the auxiliary effects of depletion — dislocation of
economic and social life, including great losses in direct
and indirect employment, and in industrial, commercial,
service, and recreational activities.

To illustrate, it will be necessary in the Pacific North-
west, to avoid consequences similar to those experienced
in other areas upon depletion of forest resource. It may
be assumed that the depletion of this, the last of the
greater timber stands, would be more serious in many
ways to the Nation, as well as to the region immediately
affected, than in anj^ other instance. In this region
there is a liigher rate of dependency upon the resource
and less ability to make adjustments to its loss — less
ability to replace promptly" the lost productive and
business opportunities.

It is distinctly a public problem. Private ownership
and industiy have obligations and opportiuiities in it,
but the public, as a whole, will suffer from failiu-e to
solve it, and onlj^ the public, through its governmental
organization, can reconcile conflicting interests and
provide the overall plans, leaderships, pressures, and
controls that will make solution possible.

The general solution is the apphcation of what is
generally known as sustained-yield management.

The Regional Planning Connnission does not think
of sustained yield in a narrow or technical sense, nor as
a rigid system necessarily always to be applied to every
acre, comnuuuty, or district. Rather, it considers it as
a broad principle to be applied over sizable areas to pre-
vent depletion by cutting, fire, and disease at a greater
rate than the land will i)roduce, and which will ])r()vide
continuous compensation, in reasonable form, for each
use or loss of valuable forest resources, and which will
also provide continuous income from tlie forest re-
source, therebj- nuiintaining permanent eni])loyment,
wages, and purchasing ])ower and stabilizing industrial
comnumitics.

Sustained yield should not be considered as an im-
mediately available, specific cure, but as a general
remedy which should be ai)i)lied specifically as rajiidly
as possible. The lumber industry as a rule has been
migratory, moving on to uncut stands whenever one
area was cut over, leaving behind abandoiu^d commu-

50859—38-

National Resources Committee

nities and public facilities. The end of the virgin
timber is in sight in many parts of the Region. The
idea of sustained yield is to supply local industrj' with
raw material in perpetuity in order that dependent
industries may operate continuously. Sustained yield,
therefore, is the general designation for the strategy of
a long campaign to be put into full effect promptly and
prosecuted scientifically, systematically, relentlessly,
resourcefully, and yet flexibly, over a long period of
years, to solve this problem.

Sustained yield should be recognized as including not
merely control over the rate of cutting, but such essen-
tial companion measures as the reproduction of the
forest, protection from fire and disease, reduction of
waste, and more complete utilization of the production.
Also, it shoidd be recognized as covering not only the
maintenance of the yield of timber and other wood
products and byproducts, but also the conservation of
the great multiple-use values of forest land, including
recreation, range, wildlife, soil conservation, watershed
protection, and so on.

Tliis general problem has had, for several decades,
recognition by many persons interested in forest and
general conservation. From the begmning, a few years
ago, of the present movement in public works and re-
sources planning in the United States, the subject has
had augmented attention from overall national, regional,
and State planning viewpoints. The forest problem has
been recognized from the first, by the planning boards
of this region, as one of the major questions requiring
attention.

However, it is believed that the general forest prob-
lem, with its serious thi-eat of eventual depletion, has
had far from enough public, political governmental,
and industrial recognition and action. The obtaining
of necessary broader recognition, and the demonstration
of the relationships of tliis resource to other problems
of conservation and social and economic advancement
are conceived as logical objectives of the present plan-
ning work of the State, regional, and national planning
agencies.

The Columbia Basin study, of 1935, made by the
Regional Planning Commission, gave considerable
attention to the forest resource and the forest problem.
A basic article on the forest resource, its problems and
requirements, was prepared in collaboration with the
Forest Service.' The staff report of the Columbia
Basin study - emphasized the importance of the forest
resource in the economy of the Pacific Northwest; the
prospect of its depletion and the economic significance
of such depletion. Sustained-jneld nuinagement was

' Appendix N, Columbia Basin study, The Forestry Problem in the Columbia River
Basin States, October 15, 1935 (Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission).

• Regional Planning, Part I^Pacific Northwest (National Resources Committee,
May 1936).

discussed as the logical approach to the solution of the
problem — generally substituting stabilization for present
insecurity, permanent communities for characteristic
migratory towns, permanent capital and tax structures
for vanishing financial resources, and, in short, substitut-
ing a system of "living oft"" forest income for one of
"living off" forest capital.

The Regional Planning Commission, in its general
view of the futm-e of the region included in the same
report, envisioned the possible depletion of the forest
resource as the most serious threat to normal and logical
regional progress and as the negative factor most likely,
without the establishment of sustained yield, to offset
the many favorable factors which should influence
Pacific Northwest regional development.

In its covering statement for the same study, the
National Resources Committee recorded that it was
"impressed by the present key importance of the forest
industiy in the economy of the Pacific Northwest
Region"; that this resoiu-ce is "the basic supply for the
Nation of this great raw material"; that it supports a
high percentage of the population of the region, and
that "the maintenance of the timber industry is of
crucial importance to the welfare of the region." It
also emphasized the high ratio of depletion to current
annual growth.

The Regional Planning Commission cannot stress too
strongly the seriousness of the threat of depletion, and
the urgent need for conservation of the resource. The
Commission has not been unaware of the frequently
expressed sopliistry that when one soiu-ce of energy is
exhausted another \\i.\\ be found to take its place. This
theory reduces to absiudity. Losses of basic resources,
such as those of the soil, are certain to be felt in the
long rim, as is amply proven in the history of many
great areas and civilizations. Although science and
technology may compensate in part for losses, wastes of
basic resources are concrete and the general result, if
not apparent net loss, is an actual loss through failure to
reaUze full potential gains in real wealth and human
well-being. There can be no justification for needless
waste.

In the case of the forest resource, many values to be
lost through depletion are irreplaceable. This truth
would become increasinglj^ evident as the resource were
diminished. Even more definitely irreplaceable than
those of the wood and its industrial products are the
accessory physical-geographic, economic, and social
values involved in the forests.

The Study

The present study of the forest resource of the Pacific
Northwest has grown out of the general Columbia Basin
study. The wide scope of the earlier study and the

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

very short space of time available for it prevented con-
current consideration of and agreement with findings of
its forestry section by various professional, business,
official, and public interests of the Region. In view of
the high importance of the resource, its broad economic
significance, and the complex problems involved, subse-
quent thought has indicated the desirability of a recon-
sideration of the problem in order that the former report
might be amplified where necessary and that a tlefinite
program, with a wider range of support, might be for-
mulated.

Therefore, with the approval of the National Re-
sources Committee, the Regional Planning Commission
and its Forest Advisor}' Committee have had the subject
under consideration since early in 1936. In this con-
sideration, major objectives have been reorganization of
factual material bearing upon the problem, together
with further study of the extent of economic dependency
upon the resource and of steps which must be taken to
make sustained-yield forest management practicable.
A further major objective was to ascertain prevailing
opinion among interested groups within the region and
to present for early action a program approved by the
various forest interests and the public.

The report includes three major parts. In reverse
order, they are:

Staff Report — Pacific Northwest Forest Resources.
Forest Advisory Committee Report — A Pacific

Northwest Forest Program.
Covermg Report of the Pacific Northwest Regional
Planning Commission.
The staff report is based largely on a review of several
forest reports and studies, including the (Copeland)
report on a national plan for forestry,^ the report of the
Forest Service and the National Resources Board, ^ and
the Columbia Basm reports, previously mentioned. It
is intended to set out the basic factual data, arranged
specifically for the purposes of tliis general presentation.
It is the work of the special consultants employed by
the National Resources Committee, assisted l)y a
forester assigned by the Forest Service and by members
of the Regional Planning Commission staff as aug-
mented by a Works Progress Administration project.

The regional offices and experiment stations of the
Forest Service have cooperated in furnishing data and
in consulting with the advisory committee.

The Forest Advisory Committee itself is composed
of a small group of professional men, expert in forest
mattei-s and thoroughly familiar with forest conditions
and needs in the Pacific Northwest. The membership

• A Xalional I'Innfor American Forcslrn, Doc. No. 12, T.Til Cong., 1st scss.

* FoTtH Land Resources, Requirements, l*roblems, and Policy, Part V7//otthe Sup-
plemcntiiry Rcjiort of the Lanil Planning Committee to the National Rescnrccs
Iloard, Noveiulwr 1934.

is directly representative of the forest activities of the
region's four State planning boards and inciflentally
has comprised representatives of Federal and State,
public, private, and educational interests in the forest
field.

The Committee has endeavored, throughout its
several months of work, to develop a well-balanced
program. To this end it has corresponded and con-
sulted with representatives of all major Federal, State,
private, and public interests concerned with the forest
resource in the Region. It has made everj* practicable
efl'ort to keep organizations and many individuals
informed of proposals, and to secure and meet the
suggestions and points of view of every important
interest dealing directly or mdirectly \nth forest
problems.

It has held three open meetings on the subject. At
one of these, about 75 representatives — of lumber,
logging, conservation, and protective associations; of
Federal services (Lncludmg Forest Service, Indian
Service, Park Service, Soil Conservation Service,
Biological Survey, Bureau of Entomology, Bureau of
Fisheries, Resettlement Administration, Corps of Kn-
gmeers); of State forestry departments; of forestry
schools; and of the pulp and paper industrj^, railroads,
banks, range management, agriculture, water resources,
recreation, and wildlife — constituted, in efl'ect, an aug-
mented committee for the consideration of a tentative
program.

The program has been formulated also with due re-
gard for the reconunendations of the several State
planning boards in the Region and those of the National
Forestrj' Conference of 1933 and 1934.

Efl'ort has been made to avoid controversial matters,
concentrating, for the present, upon the many points
upon which there is substantial agreement. In view
of this metliod of procedure, it may be expected that
the program of action proposed by the Committee
will have full cooperation from the many interests
involved. If exceptions should develop, it is believed
they will be of relatively small importance and can,
in most cases, be reasonably well reconciled.

Eft'ort has been made to deal primarily with the more
essential phases of the forest problem relating more
essentially to commercial timber. The program deals
quite thoroughly with matters pertaining to the use
of the forest as a source of wood supply, but, neces-
sarily, gives less detailed attention to such matters
as recreation, grazmg, and water conservation. Such
phases, while very important within the forest areas,
also extend far beyond and reepiire, in their treatment,
cooperation with still other interests and agencies.

In view of the number of critical problems existing at
the present time, and the need for prompt steps toward

National Resources Committee

wider establishment of conservation and sustained-yield
management operations, the greater emphasis in the
program has been placed upon proposals for immediate
action.

The report of the Regional Planning Commission
itself is a covering statement intended to summarize
its view of the situation, the more urgent needs,
and the findings and recommendations of the whole
study.

Findings and Recommendations

The forests are of the utmost importance to the
region, not only furnishing livelihood for a large propor-
tion of the population, but constituting important
support to busmess and service activities and to local
agricultural enterprise and providing the chief means of
payment for the products of other areas.'' Further-
more, they enter intimately into the life of the entire
population through such channels as protection of
water supplies, flood mitigation, and soil conservation.
The range livestock industry, important both locally
and nationally, depends to a great extent upon forest
land for summer range. Development of the recrea-
tional assets of the region is largely dependent upon the
continued existence of the forests, and the destiny of
this region as a forest-growing territory seems further
influenced by the fact that a major part of the 94
million acres of forest land in the region is also used
extensively for recreational purposes.

The facts that half the remaining timber supply and
40 percent of the water power resources of the United
States are located m this Region would necessarily
compel attention from a national standpoint. But the
additional facts that these resources exist in an area of
strategic importance as a gateway to future foreign and
domestic commerce, an area of considerable industrial
promise, and one significant from the standpoint of
equable and attractive living conditions, would seem
to demand that they be given permanent places in the
national develojiment plan and economic structure.

The Regional Planning Connnission believes the situ-
ation with respect to this forest resource is critical, that
the threat of loss of a resource of incalculable value is a
serious one, and that solution of the problem will be
increasingly difficult with the passage of each year in
which some substantial progress in conservation, in-
cluding protection and improved management, is not
made.

Depletion is no mere fantasy. In spite of their stra-
tegic importance, the forests are being depleted at a
dangerous rate, and the region is approaching a crisis
which promises to be as severe as it was in any of the
forest-impoverished regions of the East. The gen-
erally recognized remedy of sustained-yield forest

» See staff Report, sec. 2.

management is not being widely appUed — no definite,
widespread attempt to adjust forest cutting to forest
growth is being made. The national significance of
these trends is greater than it was in the East because
this Pacific Northwest Region marks the end of the
trail so far as virgin timber is concerned.

So far as merchantable timber and the timber indus-
try are concerned, substantial depletion may come about
in a relatively short time with respect to the national
hfetime. At the rates of production of the 1920's, this
may occur perhaps in 5 or 0 decades. Considering
only the portion of the timber economically accessible,
the time of substantial depletion is far more difficult to
estimate, but would be considerably shorter — perhaps
a nuitter of only 3 to 4 decades so far as a major timber
industry is concerned. Depletion of some large sub-
areas of the Region is proceeding at such rates that the
life of a major timber industry therein seems to be
limited in instances to a comparatively few years — say,
a single decade. In other subareas the time of depletion
may vary upward to a consitlerable period of time.

Some species, such as the very valuable Idaho white
pine, may be substantially gone, at present rates of cut,
in a matter of only 2 decades. The Port Orford cedar,
of still higher quality and unit value, but much more
limited as to quantity and annual cut, will be about
gone in little more than a decade if ciuTent rates jjrevail.

The danger of resource depletion should be of deep
concern to the public and the industry ; it warrants the
keenest concern of governmental and private interests.
If depletion is not arrested, serious economic disloca-
tions within parts of the Region, the Region as a whole,
and the entire Nation are involved. Within the Re-
gion, substantial depletion of the resource would be a
calamity which might be only partially and belatedly
ofl'set, if offset at all, by development and growth of
new means of economic subsistence.

Sustamed-yield management, as broadly defined,
seems to present the complete general answer to the
forest problem. If forest land is managed so as to
produce its maximum yield and if total consumption of
forest products balances this yield, the maximum of
community benefits is bound to result. With sustained
yield the varied forest uses are develop.ed and co-
ordinated under a broad system — the timber industry
tends toward stabilization; recreational facilities and
development are assiu'ed of continuation; wilderness
areas are perpetuated ; wildlife is managed to prevent
undue losses; livestock grazing is maintained; industry
and communities receive protection of water supplies;
and potential losses from erosion and flood are sub-
stantially reduced.

One maj' possibly be misled, through a merely casual
reading of the report, into a feeling of security by the
rather imposing totals of remaining public timber.

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

The watershed, soil protective, and scenic vahies of
tliis tiinhor may be very great, but much of its ])resc.nt
inchistriiil vahie is questionable on account of relative
quahty and inaccessibility. Supporting an uncomfort-
able conclusion of relative insecurity is the fact that not
even all publicly owned timber is yet being handled on a
sustained-yield basis.

Although onty 33 percent of the forest land and 43
percent of the timber of the Region are privately owned,
it is clear that the initial stages of the battle for sus-
tained timber management will be won or lost on what
are now privatelj^ owned lands. The privately owned
land includes the major portion of commercially ac-
cessible timber, the best timber-growing sties, and
therefore, the land which, under sustained-j'ield man-
agement, can in the long run best compete with timber-
growing sections of the world.

Bearing in mind the strategic importance of tlie
I)rivately owned forests, there may be found in them a
number of conditions inimical to the attainment of sus-
tained yield. The widest divergence from sustained-
yield method exists in this ownership bracket. In the
first place, there are lacks of long-time planning and of
continuit}^ of management policy. Contributing to
lack of adequate plans and policies are fear of the future
in connection with the long period of j^ears required to
grow forest crops, the fact that pride of ownership in
well-managed forest land is not yet widely awakened,
and the fact that the responsibilities of private owners
to use their properties for the greatest good in the long
run are not clearly established in the scheme of forest
operations. Generally, the industry is not set up, nor
are its ownerships blocked up, for permanent or long-
term operation. Much of the private investment and
financing is based upon quick lifjuidation of capital.
This basis is accepted by ta.x-levying agencies \-.hose
I)olicies add still further to the pressure for rapiil
depletion. There is an absolute need of legal and
economic measures to encoiu'age the development
of the more desirable private ownershi]i policies and
l)ractices.

The pressure for liquidation results in overproduction,
cut-throat competition, practices of haste and waste
which may not be desired by the oi)ei'ator, but which
seem to be forced on him b,y economic conditions.
Moreover, from the standpoint of eventual remedy,
there is inadequate protection — with hundreds of
thousands of acres of future potential timber crops being
destroyed by fire and disease in the average year.

The public, nationally and locidly, has a tremendous
stake in the forest resource. Tiicrefore the public must
expect to take the lead m this vital program for estab-
lishment of sustained-yield [xilicics and the energy with
which it pursues its task will deternuiu' the future of
Northwest forests. The better stabilization of forests,

forest industries and communities directly dejjendent
upon forests will be accompanied by improved stability
of States and counties, of agriculture, of service activ-
ities such as railroads and supply houses, of financial
institutions, of cities and ports, and of all the cultural
and educational institutions. On the other hand,
experience has shown that depletion will have widely
disastrous effects.

This emphasis upon the public interest does not imply
our lack of recognition of the responsibilities of the pri-
vate ownerships in the forests and forest industries. On
the contrary, the public interest in the perpetuation of
the forests is considered so great that private ownership
must, increasingly, carry with it clear cut sense of trust
or stewardship for a national resource. After all is
said and done, we are all compelled to recognize the
age-old principle that private ownership, as an institu-
tion, is dependent on the use of property for the put)lic
good in the long run, and if private ownerslup is unable
to meet this standard, public action of one form or
another becomes necessary. Further progress toward
such an attitude, and consequently toward improved
control of the conservation and utilization of the forest
resources, is a matter for action by the industry and the
private owners of forest land, as rapidly as legislative,
economic, and technical progress will permit, as well as
by the public.

The whole situation clearly warrants the promj)t
application of fundamental changes by which the timber
industrj^ and its dependent comminiities will stop the
unsound practice of consuming forest capital. This
calls for an understanding appraisal of the problems of
private forest land owners, to the end that fairness may
be practiced and the burdens equitably distributed,
bringing about a prompt shift from jiresent undesirable
practices to the urgently desired ones.

Recommendalions. — The Regional Phuuiing Com-
mission commends the accompanying staff report to
wide consideration as an assembly, arrangement and
interpretation of factual information pertinent to this
study of the forest resource and to a program of neeiled
action.

The Regional Rlanning Conmiission endorees, ami
recommends — for consideration on the part of the
Federal (iovernment and its several branches and
departments, the State governments, forest-land owners
and operators, the forest and related industries, various
economic and social groups, and the general public —
the report and recommendations of its Forest Advisory
Cormiiittee.

A forest program for tlic Pacific Northwest, wiiich is
the subject of this connnittcc icpiut, nuist inevitably
be an extremely significant part of any plan for the
social and economic future of the count rj- as a whole.

For greater emphasis, the Regional Planning Com-

6

National Resources Committee

mispioji invites especial attention to the following con-
sideraticins:

The program has pointed strongly toward stabilizing
communities and industries. The necessity for sus-
tained-yield management as an essential for stabilized
communities and industry is pointed out. But it is
also recognized that the present condition of forest
resources does not make sustained-yield management
universally applicable within the region. Further-
more, important economic obstacles need to be over-
come so as to facilitate extended application of this
method, esiJccially, insofar as possible, to make the
ownership and management of forest land on a sus-
tained-yield basis attractive to private enterprise.

The program recognizes the desirability of a distribu-
tion of responsibility for action between private owners,
the State and Federal Government. The program defi-
nitely recommends that private forest owners continue
to progress in the development and application of the
Forest Practice Rules developed under the Lumber
Code, which provide (a) for forest protection, (6) for
conservation of immature trees and young growth from
unnecessary logging damage, (c) for restocking the land
after logging, {d) for technical study of forest properties
and operations with the object of developing forest
plans and practices most suitable to local conditions,
and with the object of applying selective logging m
forest types which permit, and also of applying the
principle of sustained yield wherever practicable.

There is recognition of the fact that public action is
required in the removal of imreasonable economic obsta-
cles in order that private owners may be enabled to per-
form their part. Admittedly, only the public can remove
some of these obstacles. The States shoidd do all they
can in the program, and substantial and direct support-
ing Federal action is required to meet public responsi-
bility beyond the States' power. It is also recognized
by the Conunission that there is a responsibility resting
on the private owners of forest lands to utilize the
advantages, accruing by virtue of removal of these
obstacles through public action, to further the practice
of sustained-yield management.

Simimarizcd, the proposed urgent legislative and ad-
ministrative program for placing forest land imder sus-
tained-yield management includes:

(1) Provision for putting all publicly owned land on
a sustained -yield basis.

(2) Provision for the organization and operation of
cooperative sustained-yield units which include both
public and private land under contracts providing
adequate protection of public interests involved.

(3) Provision for long-term public credits at low in-
terest rates, for timber operators working on a sustained -
yield basis.

(4) An increase of public fire protection appropria-
tions sufficient to insure adccpiatc fire protection.

(5) An authorization and apprt)priation of sufficient
public fimds adequately to combat, in cooperation with
private owners, the ravages of timber-destroying
insects and diseases.

(6) Authorization and provision of funds for public
acquisition of both tind)ered and cut-over private lands
where such accpiisition is necessary for effective sus-
tained-yield forest practice.

(7) A change in the taxation system so as to relieve
timber properties from pressure for innnediate liquida-
tion and at the same time provide funds for the adequate
conduct of local tax-supported units.

(8) Increased pidjlic appropriations for research in de-
termining more effective methods of forest management
and more complete utilization of wood and wood waste.

(9) Classification and zoning of land suitable chiefly
for forest uses.

(10) Provide all practicable safeguards in public legis-
lation, policy and adnunistration to bring about full use
of public contributions in the promotion of sound forest
practices, including sustained-yield management.

Several immediate, outstanding objectives will be
evident in the proposals of the report: Checking of
present trends of destruction by fire and disease; prepa-
ration of lands for future production; improvement and
extension of practices of sound forestry ; and setting up
of sustained-yield operating units.

One of the essential measures for the attainment of
these objectives is further provision for public acquisi-
tion of forest land. Every attempt should be made to
induce private timber operators to adopt sustained-yield
practice. However, as the report points out, it is not
reasonable to expect these operators, in all cases, even
with the inducement of low taxes and interest, to carry
sufficient timber land to make sustained-yield operation
practicable. The report in effect recognizes that past
public land disjjosal policy has ])laced more forest land
in private ownership than private owners are now able
and willing to manage for continuous production upon
a basis approaching a sustained yield. It also recog-
nizes that there are broad areas of land, cut over or in
second growth, immanaged and likely to be abandoned
by their private owners. It also pomts out that, under
the present pattern of ownership, private and public
forest lands are in many places intermingled to such an
extent that independent sustained-yield management is
impractical. It suggests, therefore, an attack upon tliis
problem by the public along two principal lines: (1 ) Ac-
quisition by the public of substantial holdings of mature
and second-growth stands; and (2) the management of
some public and private lands, as cooperative sustained-
yield units, under a contractual relationship.

11. REPORT OF FOREST ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Contents

Page

Introduction 8

Services Rendered by Forests 8

Economic Dependency Upon the Forests 9

The Regional Forest Situation 10

Services of the Forest Other Tlmn Timber Production 14

Distribution of Responsibility 15

Recommended Program of Action 16

A PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL FOREST PROGRAM

PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL FOREST PROGRAM

Introduction

In response to the request of the Pacific Northwest
Regional Planning Commission, its forest conmiittee '
has prepared this forest program for the region. In
order that the program might be made as sound, fair,
and well-balanced as practicable before final recom-
mendation to the Commission, the committee, after a
series of meetings and much work on its own part,
sought the advice and constructive criticism (a) of many
well-informed persons of all points of view directly and
indirectlj' interested in the problems involved, and (6)
of the principal interested public and private organiza-
tions.

Tliis statement is not a full, detailed discussion of the
facts of and the remedies for the forest situation of the
region; on the contrary it is intended to outline, as
briefly as practicable, the more important facts drawn
from the immense mass of material available. This
statement is supplemented with a much more complete
statement of the basic facts of the situation. The pro-
gram of action recommended is carefully coordinated
with thought developed in the region and with the pro-
gram reconuneuded by the National Forestry Confer-
ence of 1934. At that time, a large group of competent
men, representing all angles of public and industry point
of view, developed, after months of study, a well-bal-
anced national program.

It is emphasized that this regional program is not an
efi'ort to impose a plan upon the several States of the
region. Rather it is the result of united study by men
from each of the States, giving due consideration to
national, regional. State, industry, antl other relation-
ships and suggesting to the Nation, to the several
States of the region, to industry and to other groups
for careful study and suitable action the more important
things wliich require attention. Joint effort by the
people and States of the region will aid powerfully in
securing needed federal action. Mutual regional study
is an important aid in concentrating attention and action
within each of the States upon matters of really prime
importance. The regional program merely suggests; it
is hoped that Nation, States, timber-land owners, and
others will study and act appropriately.

■ The forest committee consists ot David T. Mason, Portland, Greg., chairman; and
of C. J. Buck, Forest Service, Portland, Greg.; Dean D. S. Jellers, University of
Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; Dean T. C Spaulding, University of Montana, Missoula,
Mont.; and Dean Hugo Winkenwerder, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
The four last named are the chairmen of the forest advisory committees of the State
Planning Boards of the respective States of the region. Mr. Buck was repre-
sented in part by F. Brundage, and Dean Winkenwerder by J. B. Woods, in this
work.

8

Services Rendered by Forests

Regional forest resources perform certaui services,
some essential, others extremely important to the eco-
nomic and social welfare of the people of the region, and
in less degree to the people of the whole United States.
These services woidd be most perfectly performed if the
forest resources were under "sustained-3neld forest man-
agement." The following statement incUcates the
natiu-e of such management as well as the nature of the
services which forests can render continuously if prop-
erly managed.

The most important service is the stabilization of
communities dependent upon the forests. Such com-
munities can be maintained only through sustained-
yield forest management. A local community, con-
sisting of many economic elements, such as labor,
farms, stores, garages, banks, railroads, etc., is often
completely or mainly dependent for its existence upon
the economic activity coimected with the harvesting,
manufacture, and transportation of forest products.
Such a community can have stable life only if the forest
land upon which it depends is so managed that the
forest is protected, reproduced, and harvested at a
sufficiently moderate annual rate to permit new growth
to replace what is cut, thus gi^^Ilg a continuous, perma-
nent output of forest products. This is sustained-yield
forest management, which has as a major purpose
community maintenance through timber cutting ad-
justed to forest resources and growth capacity. No
other kind of forest management provides for com-
munity and forest industries' stability.

The regional and national forest products supply
can be pro^•ided for consumption most efficiently
through sustained-yield management, since such man-
agement avoids many forms of waste and extra
expense involved in the migratory forest industry and
which are inevitable without such management.

In this region, the water resources are among the
most important ; the beneficent influence of forest cover
in regulating and conserving stream flow and water
supply is generally recognized. Forests are effective in
conserving soil, preventing its erosion and consecjuent
silting of reservoirs and stream channels. Forests
ameliorate chmate. Forests afford protection and siut-
able habitat for many game animals and for other wild
life. Forests are among the most important places of
recreation. Much of the forest land, east of the Cas-
cades, furnishes forage for domestic livestock without
damage to the forest.

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

Each of these "services" furnished by the forest is
important. They vary in rehitive importance from
place to phice; but all together they are of high impor-
tance. A forest imder sustained-yield management for
timber production, automatically and with relatively
little special adjustment, provides a sustained yield of
the other important services. Tliis is the so-called
multiple use forest, continuous^ supplying wood,
water, grazing, recreation, soil control, climatic in-
fluence, and vvildhfe refuge. Consequentlj' the forest
under sustained-yield management, furnishing regularly
these many ser%'ices, is doing its utmost in a well-
balanced way to supply the needs of man. Even
forests for which sustained-yield timber management is
not now practicable may be managed for a sustained
yield of the other important ser\aces.

Although sustained-yield forest management is highly
important to Region and Nation, comparatively little
of the present timber supply is being harvested
from forests under such management. In some parts
of the Region the supply of merchantable timber is
wholly or nearly exhausted with consequent reduction
of logging and sawmill operations. In other localities
sawmill capacity and operations greatly exceed forest
capacity, so that such operations must greatly diminish
within a few years. In other places mill capacity does
not exceed forest capacity, but the application of sus-
tained-yield management is retarded or impeded by
serious economic obstacles. Such obstacles, discussed
in some detail later, should be removed so that such
management may begin promptly where timber re-
sources permit. "\Alierc timber resoiuTes are now in-
sufficient, there should be adequate provision for forest
reproduction and for forest protection so that eventu-
ally, even though after manj^ years, there may be
established a stable forest industry with production in
balance with forest capacity.

The continued existence of the forests of the region
requires forest protection. The restoration of forests
damaged by fire, cutting or other cause requires forest
reproduction, for which protection is essential. The
maintenance of communities and industries dependent
upon the use of the forests requires sustained-yield
management, for which protection and reproduction
are absolutely essential. The reader should keep
clearly in mind that protection, reproduction, and sus-
tained yield are not themselves objectives, but are
merely the means by which certain purposes may be
achieved.

Economic Dependency Upon the Forests

Nearly every one realizes that the forests play an
important part in the economy of the region; but few
realize how extremely important that part is. A
thorough analysis of the situation should be made in

order to determine rather accurately the degree of
dej)endence of the people of the region upon the various
services rendered by the forests.

The best investigation of tlus kind previously avail-
able, for Oregon, is based on the 1929 Census. In it
the gainfully employed are divided into two great
classes: the "basic industry" class, and the "service
industry" class. The "basic industries" are defined
as those the products of which are mostly exported
from the State. The "service industries" are those
which exist upon services rendered to both basic in-
dustries and other service industries and to the people.
The service industries include retail and wholesale
distribution, professional, domestic, and personal serv-
ice, all forms of transportation and comnumication,
building, public ser\dce utilities, hotels, amusements,
banking, etc. The basic industries include agriculture,
forest industries, textiles, fishing, mining, etc. It is
shown that in Oregon 60 percent of the gainfully em-
ployed are in the service industries while 40 percent
are in the basic industries. Of those in the basic
industries, 53 percent are in agriculture and 34 percent
in the forest industries, thus leaving only about 13
percent in all other basic industries. It is probable
that further analysis will show that the forest indus-
tries are "basic" to a higher degree than agricidture,
as a result of their sliipping out of the State a higher
proportion of their total product. Furthermore, it
appears that the forest industries are a better "market"
than is agriculture for the services of the service indus-
tries and also for the services of other basic industries.
This is ])robable because agriculturists are generally
much more nearly self-sub.sisting than are the em-
ployees of the forest industries, and, also, because the
forest industries require unusual service in certain
important fields- -fur example, about two-thirtls of both
the rail and water-borne tonnage originating in Oregon
and Washington consists of forest products.

The subject of the economic inqiortance of the forest
mdustries and of the Region's economic dependence
on them is developed further in th(> staff report.

Based on 1929 protluction of forest products and
1930 population, it appears that the forest industries
are of about the same relative importance in Wash-
ington as in Oregon. In Idaho the forest inilustries
are about half as important relatively as in Oregon or
Wasliington, and in Montana about one-sixth as im-
portant. Nevertheless, even in Idaho and Montana
the forest industries are among the most important.

Forests render many services besides that of timber
supply, but no at(cnq)t will be nuide here to express
in an}' definite way tlio extent of economic dependency
arising from such servicers. However, it will readily
be recognized that tlie forests are also of outstanding
importance in these other fields.

10

National Resources Committee

The Regional Forest Situation

The four States i)f the Region have 93 niiHioii acres
of forest hind, or 37 percent of their hind area. The
percentage of land in forest m the several States is:
Montana, 22; Idaho, 42; Oregon, 46; Washington, 55.
The forest lands are heavily concentrated in western
Montana, northern Idaho, western Oregon, and western
Wasldngton ; about five-sixths of the area west of the
summit of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington
is forest land. In the respective States, the iDcrcentage
of the forest land privately owned is: Montana, 20;
Idaho, 20; Oregon, 41 ; and AVashington, 46.

There are about 900 billion board feet (lumber tally)
of standing saw timber in the forests of the region.
This is 48 percent of all of the saw timber in the United
States and is 55 percent of the coimtry's softwood saw
timber. (One billion board feet is the ecjuivalent of
40,000 average freight carloads of lumber.) More than
two-thirds of the timber in the region is west of the
summit of the Cascades. The ciuantity of timber in
the region is distributed among the several States in the
indicated percentages: Montana, 6; Idaho, 11; Oregon,
48 ; and Washington, 35.

Of the total quantity of timber in the region, 42 per-
cent is in the national forests, 6 percent is the revested
Federal timber in western Oregon, and 2 percent is
other Federal timber — a total of 50 percent Federal.
Five percent of the timber is owned by the States,
counties, and municipalities. Three percent is the prop-
erty of the Indians, but managed for them by the
Federal government. The remaining 42 percent of
the timber is ])rivately owned. The percentage of the
timber in private ownership in the several States is:
Montana, 26; Idaho, 28; Oregon, 44; and Wash-
ington, 48.

Before the coming of the white man the ((uantity of
timber in the forests of the region was kept roughly
constant by great natural constructive and destructive
forces; the growth (which takes place each year in each
living tree) being offset by destructive agencies, the
chief of which were fire, insects, and diseases. Since
the white settlement of the Region, this balance has
been seriously distm-bed, especially in recent decades,
by increasing^ rapid cutting of timber followed by
partial but on the whole insnfficient reproduction.

During tlie past 3 decades especially, increasing
human occupancy and use of the forests have gi-eatly
increased the number of fires, and the increasing areas
of cut-over land have created more hazardous condi-
tions. Fire protective organizations have been devel-
oped and greatly improved, but, in many parts of the
Region at least, these organizations are still insuffi-
ciently financed and manned to reduce average annual
fire losses to a reasonable fisriu-e.

For the region as a whole, insects are a less serious
jjrobleni than fire, although in some localities — esjjc-
cially in eastern Oregon — insects do more damage than
fire. Much less progress has been made toward solu-
tion of the insect problem than of the fire problem.

Tree chseases constitute a serious threat to the
forests. They are less spectacular but more insidious
than fire. The white pine blister i-ust for several years
has been so strongly estabhshed in northern Idaho
that it threatens destruction of such of the white pine
in that and adjoining States as has not yet been pro-
tected. It has recently become established in the
sugar pine and western white pine stands of southern
Oregon and is spreading southward into the extensive
sugar pine stands of California. This threat to all the
white pine and sugar pine stands of the Western States
is being met with energetic action which must be
vigorously continued because of the rapidity of the
spread of infection and the necessity of completing
the work of protection of the stands before the jiine
becomes generally infected.

Other fungous diseases, by rotting the wood inside
standing trees, destroy annually substantial quantities
of forest material. This damage, mostly hidden until
individual trees are felled for utilization, is so difficult
to combat that little can be done, practically, in the
case of virgin timber.

The early settlers cut a little timber for their simple
needs. But after 1849, the growing California and for-
eign markets absorbed more and more of the forest
products of the Region. Durmg the present century
the greatly reduced production of lumber in the Lake
States and the South, due to approaching exhaustion of
virgin timber supplies in those regions, has caused the
great lumber consuming regions of the country to rely
more and more heavily upon the Pacific Northwest
Region as the important source of supply. The com-
pletion of the Panama Canal has further accentuated
the demand upon the forests of this Region. In 1909
the Pacific Northwest supplied 15 percent of the total
national lumber production. By 1929 this figure had
risen to 36 percent, and in 1934 the trend was still up-
ward, placing the figure at 39 percent.

It is estimated that the 1929 production of lumber
and other forest products required the removal of about
15.6 billion feet of saw timber from the regional forests.
During the depression production was greatly dimin-
ished, but vdtli the return of prosperity it is expected
that the annual cut will return to predepression pro-
portions.

Based (1) on existing stands of old growth and second
growth timber, (2) on moderately good forest manage-
ment (substantially better than that at present), (3)
on expected growth, and (4) on estimated losses with

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

11

reasonably improved forest jjrotection, it is estimated
that the forests of the Region liavc the capacity to pro-
duce continuously in the future about 16 billion feet of
timber yearly.

The national forests and the Inilian forests are by
declared policy managed on a sustained-yield basis. ^
The other forest land in the Region, both public and
private, with rare exceptions, is not managed on a sus-
tained-yield basis, but usually on the basis of nnirket-
ing the merchantable timber as rapidly as practicable.

It should be noted that the 000 billion feet of timber
in the Region is not all equally available for manufac-
ture. Some of it is located in the National parks and
in State parks where there is to be no cutting. Proba-
bly about one-half is so remotely located or is of such
low quality as to be economically inaccessible at the
present or even at the reasonably good predepression
market prices. However, it is anticipated that future
transportation and economic changes will eventually
make available much, but not nearly all, of this cur-
rently inaccessible timber.

A large proportion of the most accessible timber is in
private owTiership, and consequently most of the pres-
ent timber cutting is on private forest land; for ex-
ample, about 90 percent of the 1929 cut came from
private forests. Since the future productivity of for-
ests will be greatly affected by the manner in which
logging operations are carried on, the manner of logging
private timber is, at present, far more important than
the manner of logging public timber.

lender the lumber code, a conference of experts, some
representing public agencies and some representing
j)rivate timber owners and operators, recommended a
program of action for private operators with the object
of securing better and reasonably good forest practice
in logging operations. This conference also recom-
mended a program of public action to remove unreason-
able economic obstacles and to create more favorable
economic conditions for the practice of forestry on
private lands. At the same time this conference defi-
nitely recognized and emphasized that the public pro-
gram must move hand in hand with the program of
industrial action in order that really satisfactory results
might be attained. The industry has made, both dur-
ing and since the code, moderately good progress in
applying its program, but the public program has made
relatively far less progress, even though the dual pro-
gram is of far greater importance to the public than
to the industry. Public fire protection contributions

* Latterly the ('oiifiress has declared a policy of sustained-yield management for
the revested lands of the Oregon and California Railroad and reconveyed Coos Bay
Wagon Road grant lands in the Stale of Oregon.

through Civilian Conservation Corps, etc., have been
substantial, but far more is needed. Federal legislative
programs have been slow; State programs, on the whole,
have been somewhat better.

Within the Region the thousands of private owners
have about $700,000,000 invested in timber. Much of
this timl)er is held b}' nonoperating owners. Probably
more than half of the private tunber has not changed
ownershii) within the past 25 years. In addition to the
timber, the forest industries, all private!}- owned, have
about $.500,000,000 invested in logging railways and
equipment, sawmills, pulp and paper mills, and other
woodworking plants. This heavy investment, with
relatively small return or none at all, is pressuig strongly
for liquidation and for larger volume of annual output.

On the standing timber alone the annual tax bill to
the many thousand private forest owners is roughly
$10,000,000. This bill is so heavy that it tends to force
premature cutting, and in many instances has, together
with other causes, forced tax delinquency. Tax de-
linquent forest land which has passed into the owner-
ship of the counties is a serious and rapidly expanduig
problem. The forest tax problem is highly complicated
and difficult, being involved with the tax problem as a
whole.

Forest fire protection is costing the private forest
owners about $1,000,000 per j'ear. Actual losses
through fire and insects are a heavy burden. Potential
but unknown future losses of this character are a still
heavier psychological burden upon the private owners.

Debt on nonoperating tunber properties as well as on
operating forest industry enterprises is substantial.

Competition among the many hundred lumber manu-
facturers in the Region is intense and often is destructive
to a reasonable price level.

Operating returns in predepression yeai's were very
moderate relative to the investment. Depression losses
have been extremely heavy.

The burden of unproductive investment, taxes, inter-
est on debt, i)rotection costs, tire and financial losses,
have for years exerted great pressure for tiuil)er liqui-
dation. This pressure has resulted in excessive lumber
production, which in turn, coupled with intense com-
petition, has depressed prices obtainable for the juod-
uct. Depressed lumber prices have led to the leavifig
in the woods of much material which woukl have been
marketable if prices had been higher — thus bringing
about unnecessary waste of the natural resources.
Since lumber is the chief product which is exported
from the region, depressed prices have meant that the
people of the region are less able to buy goods imported
into the region. Depressed prices have resulted in

12

National Resources Committee

reduced funds with which to meet pay rolls and conse-
quent lower wages, althougli wages are liigher in the
forest industries of this region than anywhere else.
Depressed prices have reduced the forest industries'
ability to buy su])plies and services, to make improve-
ments, to intensify utilization and refinement of prod-
ucts, to develop by-product industries, to practice
better forestry. Depressed prices have also lowered
the income of most of the people of the Region, so
many of whom are directly or indirectly, wholly or
partly, dependent upon the forest industry. Overpro-
duction and depressed prices for the linnber products
of this region have tended to hinder the practice of
forestry throughout the United States.

.Sustained-yield forest management, although essen-
tial to continued community support, is at present an
ideal far from attainment in this Region. Yet, it is
not an idle dream, since it has been applied for genera-
tions in older countries where the necessity for sound
forest management was recognized sooner than in
America. The principle has been applied to the
management of the national forests within the region
for many years. It is being applied on some private
lands here, is in the process of being initiated on others,
and should eventually be appUed to most of them.

Sustained yield in practical procedure must be
applied to moderate-sized forest units, and mill capacity
in the long run must be adjusted to this. In many
places in tlie region sawmills have cut all the available
timber and have disappeared; while in other places the
present sawmill capacity is greatly in excess of the
sustained-yield capacity of the remaining available
forest land. In such places, sustained yield is not
likely to become practicable until, after many years
of little or no forest operations, new forests have grown
to constitute a new source of supply for new mills
which may then be established. However, there are
many places in the region where it is possible to estab-
lish a balance between the sustainetl-yield capacity of
the local forest and the already existing local mills, or
the mills which may be built in the future. Early
application of the principle will, of course, be crude,
but nevertheless effective. With passing years, prac-
tices will be improved as reproduction and protection
methods become more effective, and as a better distribu-
tion of forest age classes is secured. It will at best
require several human generations to attain reasonably
good, general application of the principle in every part
of the region, but this does not preclude substantial
progress being made in many localities in the immediate
future.

It should be emphasized that sustained-yield man-
agement requires, as a mininnun, (1) that the forest be
reproduced after cutting operations, (2) that the forest

be protected before, during, and after cutting opera-
tions, (3) that the average amiual cut be adjusted to
the sustained-yield capacity of the forest, and (4) that
there be stable forest ownership. Furthermore, it
should be kept in mind that the better the condition
in which the forest is left after cutting and the more
effective the protection, the greater the sustained-yield
capacity.

Transition from the present rather general liquida-
tion policy to one of sustamed yield is especially difficult
in this Region because generally there is relatively too
much nongrowing, high value, old growth timber, and
too little young forest growing rapidly in quantity,
quality, and value. Sustained yield will be easier to
maintain after a good distribution of age classes has
been secured, thus creating a low-investment, currently
productive forest. Wliile the application of the prin-
ciple is difficult, it is essential. Fortunately, it is not
necessary to do everything perfectly at once, but rather
to know the goal and to proceed step by step in that
direction as rapidly as possible. In order that the
Region may benefit by such management, proper
economic conditions should be created promptly by
public and private action: (1) to encourage the appli-
cation of sustained yield where it is practicable, (2)
to discourage development of mill capacity in excess of
forest capacity, and (3) elsewhere, through protection
and provision for reseeding, to secure the best feasible
forest management short of sustained yield so that
eventually it may become practicable.

Fortunately for some communities, as in north-
western Washington, where sawmill operations have
greatly reduced forest resources, there have developed
other forest-using industries, such as pulp and paper,
which support a given number of people on less forest
resources than required by the lumber industry. It is
highly important that, where practicalile and to the
extent that the forest can permanently support them,
there be established special wood-using industries which
will refine wood products more highly than at present,
and which will utilize material not now merchantable.
This will make the forest more fully productive, more
profitable, and will at the same time employ more
people per acre of forest.

Private timber management generally, as well as
much public timber management, is based on the idea
of early liquidation, and, as previously indicated, there
are powerful pressures tending to force such liquida-
tion. These pressures must be lessened in order to
secure conditions favorable for sound forest manage-
ment. Unreasonable forest land tax burdens are
generally recognized as an extremely serious hin-
drance to good forest management. But forest taxa-
tion is a highly complicated subject which cannot be

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

13

dealt with uniformly throughout the Region because
of difl'erences in State constitutions, m State tax sys-
tems and machinery, and in State forest and other
conditions.

Forest protection should be greatly improved so as
to reduce losses and fears of losses. Because the public
is responsible for the starting of many fires, and because
the public derives from forests many benefits which do
not accrue to the private owner, the public, both
Federal and State, in order to do its fair share, should
pay a much larger portion of the cost of forest pro-
tection than at present. Federal forest lands are ad-
ministered by many bureaus mcluding the Forest
Service, Indian Service, Resettlement Administration,
Park Service, Land Office, and others. Funds have
not always been provided for forest fire protection of
some of these Federal lands. Consecpiently, other
fire protection agencies have been forced to pay for
protection of these unprotected Federal lands in
order that their own adjacent forest land be protected.
The forested land in the unreserved public domain is
an outstanding example. Recent acquisitions of forest
lands and proposed acquisitions by the Farm Seciuity
Administration (Resettlement Administration) further
emphasize the necessity for adequate protection of all
federally owned forest land. Similarly, all State, county,
and municipal forest lands should be adequately pro-
tected.

It is generally considered impracticable by most of
the industry under present conditions to own more than
20 years' supply of timber; most of them own much
less. But sustained-yield management requires a tim-
ber supplj' wliicli will last long enough to permit new
growth to replace what is cut, and, according to local
conditions, this mav require from 40 to 80 years' supply
of ol<l-growth timber, or far more than many operators
now feel can be successfully carried by them. It is
desirable, insofar as possible, to bring about conditions
which will make it practical and economical for more
of the industry and nonoperator owners to continue to
own tiniberland and manage it on a sustained-yield
basis. Nevertheless, there will be many instances
where private owner-operators will not be able to carrj-
sufficient land for this purpose. This condition, and
the large amount of i)ublicly owned forest land in nuiny
of the prospective sustained-yield units, points to the
desirability of coopci-ation between private and public
owners in setting up and managing such units. Such
cooperation will require careful planning and long-term
contracts between the several parties to secure the
necessary continuity of policy. The managers of public
forest lands, such as the national forest lands, the re-
vested grant lands. State forest lands, etc., should l)c
autiiorized by law to enter into such contracts, which,

of course, should provide ample safeguards for protec-
tion of the public interest.

A large program of public forest acquisition should
be untlertaken in order to make such cooperative sus-
tained-yield units more widely practicable through
establishment of a reasonable balance between public
and private forest ownership within each unit. This
program should have as its main purpose the acquisi-
tion of forest land of such amount, character, and loca-
tion as will efi'ectively contribute to the development
of such cooperative units. In appljang this policy,
emphasis should be placed upon the acquisition of well-
developed but mimature second-growth timber. This
timber will be sorely needed to support industry in
future years, and its present cutting brings into market
an undesirable low grade of material, and thereby pre-
vents the marketing of an equal quantity of over-
mature, deteriorating timber greatly in need of cutting.
(At present in western Oregon and western Washington,
there is being cut about one-half billion feet ainiually
of such innnature, rapidly growing Douglas fir.)

In addition, the pubhc acquisition program should
take over forest land unsuited to private management.
This would include substantial areas so seriously de-
nuded of forest growth by fire or cutting that expensive
restoration work is rec[uired if they are again to become
productive forest lands.

The purposes here indicated may be aided by a wide
application and more liberal use of the authority which
the Forest Service now has to make exchanges. The
large public acquisitions here contemplated raise addi-
tional tax problems; but wise forest land use in the
public interest should be the major objective, together
with such equitable redistribution of the tax burden as
may be necessary.

One means of encouraging long-time private forest
management would be thi'ough action by the Federal
Government to organize "forest credits" in about the
same way farm credits are organized, thus making
capital available at the minimum practicable interest
rates. It is highly desirable, also, that the public en-
courage systems of insuring forest growth against loss
from fire, at rates which may be attractive to private
operators aiul owners. The Federal forest credits pro-
j)osal includes provision for insui'ance, aiijilicable to
forests contained witliin sustained-yield units. Inas-
much as protection organizations function over large
areas and represent cooperative arrangenu'nts a]i])]ying
to mixed ownerships, and inasmuch as broader coverage
may well cheapen the rates and increase the security,
it appears desirable tiiat insurance be extended to other
forest areas, properly protected.

Action along these several lines would greatly facili-
tate the a|)pii(atioii of sustaiiu>d-yicld management to

14

National Resources Committee

private forest lands. There is some, and probably there
will be more, application of such management without
taking any of these steps; but the more fully such steps
are taken the greater the encouragement and the more
prompt the application. Each possible unit has many
features which make it a special problem in itself,
different from all others. There can be no set formula
for developing such units, but obviously the more
favorable the conditions the more readily and promptly
any given unit will be developed. Once reasonably
favorable conditions are established, operators and
forest owners will be able to progress toward the desired
end; some will move rapidly, others slowly, and with
actual developments will come a change in attitude
which will make such enterprises still more practicable.

Services of the Forest Other Than Timber Production

The foregoing lays great emphasis upon production of
timber. This is partly because this particular service
of the forest is most hnportant in giving direct and in-
direct support to the economic fabric of the Region.
The forest advisory committee considers that the pri-
mary problem with which it has to deal is the forest as
a producer of wood. The committee clearly recognizes
that there are several other highly important "services"
which also require attention. These other services
include (1) the regulation of stream flow and water
supply, (2) the conservation and up-building of soil,
(3) opportunities for recreation, (4) the grazing use, and
(5) the protection of wildlife. In the case of each of
these "other services" it is pointed out (1) that the
problem extends into areas far beyond the boundaries
of the forests (and consequently beyond the boundaries
of the functions of the committee), and (2) that if the
forest land is given sound technical management for
timber production, such management will incidentally
go far toward enabling the forest to render effectively
each of the "other services." With this in mind, the
forest committee has felt that it should limit its atten-
tion maiidy to the forest land and the timber production
problem, but that it should also be careful to make its
suggestions such that they will aid in the solution of
the problems relating to the "other services."

Water Conservation

Undou])tcdly, the regulation of stream flow and
water sujiph' is one of the foremost problems of the
Region. Forests which are well managed for the pro-
duction of thnber will incidentally perform their func-
tion as conservers of water. In some inaccessible areas
and in some areas of extremely slow thnber growth,
forests are of little or no value for timber production,
but are valuable for water-shed protection, and also
for others of the "other services." The water conser-
vation jiroblem is also of imiiortance outside forest

boundaries. The problem of water conservation de-
serves careful investigation by the regional forest exper-
iment stations acting in cooj)eration with water supply
engineers and others engaged in this field.

Soil Conservation

Forests well managed for the production of timber
are higldy effective in conserving soil and in building
up its fertility. One of the best means of stopping soil
erosion is by tree planting on lands suitable for forest
growth, and this means is being used extensively by the
Soil Conservation Service in connection with farms.
The policy should be extended to all lands chiefly valu-
able for forest production and actually managed for that
purpose wherever such cooperation is desired by the
owner.

Recreation

Within the region, millions of recreationists spend
scores of millions of dollars yearly. This higlily im-
portant activity has increased rapidly in recent years
and evidently is destined for much fiu'ther increase.
The recreational opportunities of the Region have large
spiritual values for our own people and in addition
constitute one of our most important economic re-
sources. The forest itself makes up a large share of the
recreational resources. Sound technical management
of the forest will maintain and enhance to a high degree
the recreational values of the forest. But in addition,
recreationists need camp sites, summer home sites,
roadside forests to maintain lughway beauty, wilderness
areas, etc. All of these additional requirements can
be provided at relatively small additional expense; they
are largely matters for the attention of recreation
experts workuag m close cooperation mth forest man-
agers. Recreation is so important that the States
should provide liberally for it, especially for the mainte-
nance of such values as those in roadside beauty.

The present mining laws, as affectmg the national
forests, allow areas of high recreational value to be en-
tered and in some cases patented even where the mineral
values are far less than the demonstrable recreational
values. Suiiilarly, other hnportant forest uses are some-
tunes adversely affected in much the same way. With-
out in any way preventing the development of bona fide
mining discoveries, action is needed to segregate the
subsurface rights from the surface rights, thus prevent-
ing loss to the public of valuable recreational lands and
other forest uses through perversion of the present
liberal mining law.

Grazing

The livestock industry, with its investment of about
$700,000,000 in about 15 million head of livestock, lands,
equipment, etc., is one of the important economic groups

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

15

of the Region. Much of the summer range is found
within the forests. Overgrazing is harmful to forest
reproduction, to watershed vahies, to soil conservation,
to recreation, and to wildlife conservation, as well as to
the livestock industry itself. But wisely regulated
grazing helps to reduce the fire hazard in the forests, and
is not harmfid to forest reproduction or to the "other
services." Growing trees tend to limit livestock range
while cutting of trees, in many localities, tends tem-
porarily at least to increase range. Most forest lands
are more valuable for timber production than for forage,
though some undoubtedly are more valuable for grazing.
This suggests the need for zoning, especially in the Doug-
las fir region. Sound technical management and close
cooj)eration between forest and range managers and re-
search men are required to reconcile and adjust properly
the forest and range needs and secure the best net
results.

Wildlife

The forest well managed for timber production, with
but slight additional adjustment, serves well in the pro-
tection of wildlife. Here again the experts in the two
fields must cooperate closely ui order to secure satis-
factory and well-balanced results for each.

It must be clearly recognized that the different kinds
of service rendered by the forest vary greatly in relative
importance in diiTerent parts of the region. Actually,
the grazing use may be more important than the tunber
or any other use in some localities, the recreational use
may be the most important in others, and so on. All
of these services are so important that strong effort
should be made to balance the uses, coordinatmg each
with the others. This approach avoids devoting the
forest exclusively to any one use, aiming rather at the
greatest total benefit from all of the services combined,
and thus secures in fact the "multiple-use forest."

Research

Within the region, some progress has been made
through research toward securmg scientific information
needed for sound technical management of forest lands.
However, it must be recognized that much more work
still remains to be done to establish an adequate scien-
tific basis. The fiekl of needed research is a broad one,
including es])ecially work in the protection of forests
from insects, diseases, and fire; emphatically, work in the
economics of forest ownership, loggijig, markets, utiliza-
tion of low grade and waste material; and also work in
silviculture, forest soils, stream How relationships, and
range management. Especially in the forests of western
()i-egon and western Washington, present-day logging,
because of economic conditions, necessarily leaves be-
hind great quantities of wood not now marketable; de-
velopment of profitable uses for such material will l)e a

great aid toward sound forest management and stable
industry.

The only research laboratory of the organized lumber
industry of the United States is maintained by the
Western Pine Association in Portland, Oreg. The
forest industries shoidd undertake more aggressively
to solve their more pressing research problems. And
the State forest schools should be enabled to help sub-
stantially m this field. But, after all, the dependence
must be mainly upon wood utilization research con-
ducted by the United States Forest Service within
the region and especially at its Madison, Wis., labora-
tory. To secure efficient application of available re-
search funds to the most pressing problems, and to
secure prompt application of results of research, there
is need for closer cooperation between industry and
State and Forest Service forest research workers.

Distribution of Responsibility

The program herein outlined is planned to rely, in
securing a reasonably prompt and adequate solution
of our forest problem, upon private forest ownership,
management, and operation to the maxunum extent
practicable, with public action to the extent necessary
(a) to remove unreasonable economic obstacles and to
create reasonably favorable conditions for soiuid private
forest management, (6) to acquire forest land of such
character and location as to contribute effectively to
the development of "cooperative sustained-yield units,"
and (c) to acquire forest lands of such character as to
be impracticable for private ownersliip and manage-
ment. The private owner should do and should be
encouraged to do as much as practicable; of that which
the private owner cannot do the State shoidd do all
that it can; the Federal Government should do what
caimot be done by the other two. It is uupossible to
say now what will be the ultunate ownership proportion
of each, for at best a number of years will be required
for the realization of the program recommended, and
during that time there will be substantial changes in
economic contlitions and in the mental attitude of the
several agencies. Let a jouit cooperative program start
promptly and vigorously, and continue until there is
satisfactory forest management on a stable ownership
basis.

It shoukl be stated with great emphasis and all siiouhl
clearlj' recogiuze (o) that the tax burden is controlled by
public action, (b) that onl\- a very small percentage of
fires are started bj' forest owners or their employees, (c)
that the public as a whole, rather than the private forest
owner as such, benefits from the comnnmity mainte-
nance, recreation, conservation of soil, water and wild-
life values of the forest. Consequently, the public
should promptly remove unreasonable obstacles and
liberally aid the private owner in protecting his forest

16

National Resources Committee

land. In the case of forest land already badly denuded
by fire or other causes, and at the same time of such
character as to be impracticable for private forest
ownership, the public should imdertake the work of
protection and restoration. In the matter of fire pro-
tection especially, there is most urgent need for vigorous
enforcement of the present reasonably good laws which
are supported by strong public sentunent. No matter
who may eventually own the forest land, it must be
adequately protected in order that natiu-al growth may
not be destroyed, and that the public may receive the
man}' benefits which far outweigh the cost of protection.

Cooperation

The successful maldng and carrying out of plans
depends upon cooperation. During the past 3 years,
public agencies responsible for forestry matters and
forest industries have developed far better cooperation
than ever before. These groups have developed mu-
tually approved programs of public and industry action.
In order to secure effective application of these programs.

it is essential as the next step that hearty cooperation
between public forest agencies and the forest industries
be maintained and strengthened. But it is also essen-
tial that similar cooperation be established between (a)
these two groups on the one hand and (b) other eco-
nomic and social groups and the general public on the
other, and that such cooperation be put in effect
promptly.

Time to Act

It takes many years to grow saw-timber trees.
Timber resources must be planned and prepared many
years ahead in order to secure continuous operations
and permanent commimities. Already many com-
munities in the region have faded away and it is already
too late to make others permanent. But there is still
time to provide permanently for many other com-
munities. The rapid passage of tune and the swift
progress of forest operations makes it extremely im-
portant that there be prompt consideration of and
action upon this program.

RECOMMENDED PROGRAM OF ACTION

The following recommendations state briefly the
action which should be taken by the Federal Govern-
ment, by the several States, by the industry, and by
the general public.

Recommended Federal Action

Legislation

1 . Authorize establishment of Cooperative Sustained-
Yield Units consistmg of national forest, other Federal,
State, and/or private forest lands, under contracts (a)
requiring of private and other cooperators suitable
provision for forest protection, forest reproduction, and
cutting with due regard for the sustained-yield capacity
of the forest, and (6) otherwise suitably protecting the
public interest.

2. Establish new branch of Faim Credit Administra-
tion to organize "Forest Credits" in order that funds
ma}' be available at a minunmn practicable mterest
rate for these private forest owners engaging in sus-
tained-yield forest management.

3. Amend Clarke-McNary Act (which provides Fed-
eral funds to be used in cooperation with State and
private funds in protecting State and private forest
land from fire) by (a) extendmg scope to include insect
and disease protection, erosion control, and flood pre-
vention; (6) increasing annual fire protection authoriza-
tion and providing a new authorization for forest insect
and disease protection; the estimated needs of the

Pacific Northwest region are $850,000 and $190,000,
annually, for fire protection and for insect and disease
protection, respectively; the corresponding national
needs would be approxuuately $5,000,000 (an increase
from $2,500,000) and approxunately $1,000,000,
respectively.

4. Authorize, for a period of 10 years, an annual
appropriation, to be available until expended, for the
acquisition of forest land for national forests. Due
consideration should be given in maldng such purchases
to the encouragement of management of private lands
for sustained production and to the development of
Cooperative Sustained-Yield Units through the acquisi-
tion of lands of such character and location as will con-
tribute to the establishment of such units. The needs
of the Pacific Northwest Region alone for this purpose
are estimated as at least $9,000,000 per annum.

5. Amend present law (under which 25 percent of all
national forest receipts are paid to the counties for their
school and road fund) so that more suitable methods
may be devised, if practicable, for making contribu-
tions to counties in lieu of an economically sound and
equitable tax income not obtainable because of land in
Federal ownership. This course is required in view of
(a) relatively delaj^ed utilization of most national forest
timber and (b) proposed substantial increases in
national forest areas.

G. Amend McNary-McSweeney Act by increasing
total authorization for the Forest Survey, authorizing

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

17

anuual apijrupriatioiis of sums necessary to complete
this survey at an early date, and providing an additional
appropriation annuallj' for its maintenance. It is
estimated that an annual expenditure of $150,000 is
required for 2 years to complete the Forest Survey in
the Pacific Northwest Region, while $55,000 is needed
annually for its maintenance. Nationally, increase of
total authorization from $3,000,000 to about $6,000,000,
and an annual appropriation for maintenance of about
$250,000, would be involved.

7. Amend Clarke-McNary Act (as it relates to United
States' acceptance of donations of forest lands) by per-
mitting United States to pay taxes due on such lands.
Also amend National Forest Land Exchange Act
(which permits exchange of national forest land and/or
timber for other forest land within national forest
boundaries) by extending area within which such
other land nia.y be located to include all lands within 6
miles of the boundaries of the national forests as they
now exist.

S. Amend existing Revested Land Grant legislation
to provide (a) for sustained-yield forest management,
(including authorization to participate in Cooperative
Sustained-Yield Units), and (6) for homestead settle-
ment only upon lands applied for and found to be
desirable primarily for agricultural use.'

9. Authorize presidential proclamation of suitable
unreserved public domain lands as national forests.

10. Legislation to provide adecjuate fire protection
for all forest lands in Federal ownership.

11. Ameiul existing law to provide larger funds for
(a) research in forest products, silviculture, forest soils,
stream flow, range management, and especially in
economic fields, including conununity stabilization; the
estimated needs of the Pacific Northwest region for this
increased research are $745,000 per annum; and for (b)
extension work in connection with utilization of farm
woodlots and small timber ownerships; the estimated
needs of the region for this purpose are $65,000 per
annum.

12. Legislation similar to No. 1, above, authorizing
participation of Indian forest lands in Cooperative Sus-
tained-Yield Units.

13. Legislation authorizing the Secretary of Agricul-
ture to develop and make available for public use and
enjoyment the recreational, educational, and related
values of the national forests compatible uith the pur-
pose for which they \\ere originally created and with
the proper management and conservation of their scenic
and wildlife resources.

14. Legislation for all national forest lands separating
subsurface mineral rights from surface rights in order
to protect public recreation and other forest uses.

' The Congress has passed such legujlation since preparation of tliis program.

15. Legislation which will authorize the Secretary of
Agriculture to prohibit entiy on, and regulate occupancy
and use of, national forest lands located in watersheds
used as a source of municipal water supjjly.

16. Legislation making the Ci\'ilian Conservation
Corps (C C C) a permanent organization.

Federal Policy

1. It is recommended that the Federal Ciovernment
promptly, so far as desirable, and so far as practicable
under existing legislation, extend the sustained-yield
management of the forest lands iinder its control to
participation in Cooperative Sustained- Yield Units.

2. It is recommended that fuU use be made of existing
national forest exchange legislation, without limiting
the applications to 10 percent of the national forest
receipts, to encourage private owners, whose cut-over
lands are likely to be accpiircd, to leave such lands in
suitable condition for forest management, and to en-
courage lea^'ing residual stands.

3. In making plans for forest acquisition and for
forest management, especially of sustained-yield units,
it is urged that in each State all agencies managing
public lands cooperate with each other and with private
owners in order that there may be suitable coordination
of effort.

4. In the administration of Federal lands of all
categories it should be the poUcy to safeguard the
aesthetic and recreational values of the natin-al forest
on areas of outstanding or predominant value for these
purposes, such as the immediate borders of principal
liighways, recreational centers, lake shores, and so on.

5. Continuation of ])rograms for classification of land
as to its best long-time use to indicate (a) submarginal
agricultural lands in predominately forest areas which
should be retired from agricultural use, with provision
of opportunity for relocation of the settlers now on such
lands, and to indicate (6) areas in which further agri-
cultural settlement should or should not be encouraged.

6. Continue the policy followed during the past few
years in the initial control of the white pine blister rust
on piivate as well as public lands.

7. Establish in the region a larger number of CCC
forest camps as consistent with the importance of the
regional forest resource.

Recommended State Legislation

1. Adequate appropriations for protection of State,
count}^ and private forest land from fire, insects, and
disease.

2. Legislation autliorizing management of State and
county forest land as part of Coopcrativ^e Sustained-
Yield Units.

3. Substantial ai)i)r()i)riations for the purchase of
forest land (a) which will facilitate the establislmient of

18

National Resources Committee

Cooperative Sustaiiu-il-Yield Units, or (6) wliicli in
oriviitc ownei-slii]) will not receive suitable nianii<j:enient.

4. Loijislation enabling the States of the Region
untler tlie terms of the Federal "Fulnier Act" to enter
into agreement with the United States for the purchase,
management and development of State forests.

5. Amendment of taxation system to extent neces-
sary to remove unreasonable obstacles to sound man-
agement of private forests, including action designed
to encourage sustained-yield forest management.

6. Legislation providmg for the transfer of county
foreclosed tax-delinquent nonagricultural forest lands
to the State to be numaged as State forests. (Similar
to Washington Act.)

7. Legislation, authorizing the zoning of rural lands,
whereby lands primarily valuable for forest purposes
may be so designated, and nonconforming uses therein
restricted and regulated in a nuumer designed to pro-
mote sound forest practice, public health, safety and
general welfare.

8. Legislation authorizing States, counties or other
minor political subdivisions to exchange lands with
other owners with purpose of consolidating their forest
holdings.

9. Legislation authorizing the States (a) to a<lminis-
ter forest areas primarily or preeminently valuable for
aesthetic or recreational use, such as the borders of
principal highways, river and lake shores, and recrea-
tional centers, so as to safeguard these values, and (6)
to acquire such lands by exchange, purchase, donation
or otherwise.

10. Legislation directing that all State-owned lands
chiefly valuable for the production of forest crops be
protected and managed for contuiuous forest produc-
tivity; antl, where necessary, that legislatures seek to
obtain from the Congress such amendment of grant
acts or other pertinent statutes as nuiy permit such
State legislation or action.

Recommended Action to be Taken by Private
Forest Land Owners and Operators, and by
Forest Industries

1. Improve and coutiiuip to apply and to nuike
progress in the skill of ajjplication of the "Forest Prac-
tice Rules" developed by the industry under Article X
and Schedule C of the Lumber Code. The Forest
Practice Rules provide in detail for measures {a) to
secure fire protection during and immediately following
logging [with specific provision for (1) spark arresters,
(2) connnunication system, (3) patrol, (4) fire fighting
equipment, prevention of (5) friction fires and (6)

blasting fires, (7) smoking in the woods, (8) organized
prevention, detection and sujjpression of fires, (9)
forecasts of dangerous fire weather, (10) falling of
snags, disposal of (11) especially hazardous inflammable
debris and (12) ordinary logging debris, (13) fighting
logging fires, and (14) correlation of the logging opera-
tion protection system with the general protection
system]; (6) to secure extension and coordination of
cooperation in protection against fire, insects and dis-
ease; (c) to secure the conservation of immature trees
and young growth from unnecessary logging damage;
and ((/) to secure the restocking of the land after logging
(wdth specific provision for adeciuate seed supply from
seed trees, partial cutting, areas of uncut timber, direct
seeding or for planting).

2. With technical guidance, carefully study individ-
ual forest properties and operations with the objects,
(a) of developing forest plans and practices most suit-
able to the local contlitions, {b) of applying selective
logging in forest types which permit, and also of apply-
ing the ])rinciples of "sustained yield" under circum-
stances which make it practicable, and (c) of developing
a sound land ownership policy and thus to increase the
area under stable management. Li drawing contracts
for the sale of timber, m cases in which the land is
reserved from sale, include clauses providing for the
application of the "Forest Practice Rules."

3. Make provision, so far as practicable, either on
their own resources or in cooperation with Federal and
State agencies, for the protection of their forest hold-
ings against jireventable losses from insects and plant
diseases.

4. Conduct research in manufacture anrl utilization
to lend stability to their industries, to improve tech-
niques and to increase the usefulness and distribution of
their products. Conduct an aggressive trade promo-
tion campaign to maintain and extend wood use in
competition with substitutes.

5. Aid in securing the State and Federal legislation
recommended in this program; carry on sustained
efforts to inform the public about the problems involved
ai^d about practicable solutions.

Recommended Action to be Taken by Others

{a) Economic or social groujjs (not directly engaged
in forest operations) including the following: Railroads,
agriculture, banks, mines, labor, service clubs, chambers
of commerce, grazing, recreation, wildlife, conservation
of forests, soil and water, etc., etc.

(6) Members of the general public.

1. Study this program carefidly, and, for the common
good, assist in putting it into effect.

III. STAFF REPORT

Contents

Page

Section 1. Conditions and Probk'nis 21

Appendix — Tables . 51

Section 2. Economic Importance of tlie Forest Industries of the

Pacific Northwest 59

Appendix — Tables 71

FOREST RESOURCE, CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS

HI

SECTION 1. CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS

Contents

Area Covered by Report

Importance ot the Region to the Nation

Forest Area of the Region

Importance of the Forest Industries to the Region

Annual Production of Forest Products

Life of the Forest Industries if the Supply is Treated as an Ex-
haustible Resource

Growth and Losses from Fire, Insects, and Other Causes

Policies of Forest Land Owners

Obstacles to Sustained- Yield Management

Uses of Forests Other than for the Production of Commercial
Timber

Present Activities which are Improving Forest Situation

A Regional Program

Appendix — Tables A to O

Page

23
23
24
26
27

32
33
37
40

43
46
49
51

21

22

National Resources Committee

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SECTION 1. CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS

By Donald Bruce '

The Area Covered by This Report

The forests of the Cohinibia River Retrion, or the
Pacific Northwest, contain about half of the standmg
timber remaining in the United States. They are of
great importance to tlie Nation as a source of sujjply of
hnnber and otlier forest products. They are of even
greater importance to the four States vvhicli appro.xi-
mately constitute tliis Region, as a vast natural re-
source on which their economic prosperity depends.

The boundaries of the four States, Montana, Idaho,
Oregon, and Wasliiiigton, do not, of course, corres])ond
with the divides wliich bound the Columbia Drainage
Basin. The headwaters of the Columbia River system
extend for short distances into the States lying immedi-
ately to the south, and there is a major extension north
into British Columbia. Convcrscl3^, a considerable
portion of the four States is drained by other rivers; the
most important examples are that part of Montana east
of the Continental Divide, and the coastal regions of
Washington anil Oregon.

Most of the available statistics bearing on the forest
problems of this Region have been compiled by States,
and it is practically impossible to break them down by
watersheds. For this reason, and because any adequate
solution of the problems connected with these forests
will unquestioiial)ly require State legislation, the data
presented in this report ^\ill apph' to a Region consisting
of the group of four States.

\Miile these four States have much in common, the
forest situation is far from uniform. The Douglas fir
region, which lies west of the Cascades in Oregon and
Washington, is com])letely different in climate, aTid,
consequently, in chai-acter of timber, from the puic
regions to the east. Even within the pine region there
are striking dilferences between States and between
eastern and western Montana. To present the facts
clearly, it has, therefore, been necessary to recognize
just as completely as the available statistics permit, the
following subdivisions:

Pine region. — Eastern Montana; western Montana;
Idaho; eastern Oregon; eastern Washington.

Fir m;M</i. Western Oregon; western Washington.

' Many ofliccr;^ of llie Forc-':t Service in Repion.^; I, IV, ami VI, and ofllu' BDineh nt
Resnireii of that Serviee have aided greatly in the preparation of this report. U, W,
Putnam, of Region VI, assigned to the stuiiy l)y the Forest Service, h:is made impor-
tant and direct contribution. Representatives of trade a.ssocintions and State otTicials
have t)cen equally helpful. To all of these, and to many members of the stall of the
Pacific Northwest R(>gional Planning Comniis^ion, who also assisted, sincere th:mks
are ollcrcil.

The Importance of the Columbia Basin
States to the Nation

Figure 1 shows in graphic form the relation of the four
Columbia Basin States to the Nation as a whole in area,
in population, and in timber resources. It will be seen
that the four States constitute 13 percent of tlie area
of the United States, yet support but 3 percent of its
population. They contain only a little more than
their share of the Nation's forest land, or 15 percent, but
on this land stands 55 percent of the Nation's remaining
timber. From this timber reserve is produced annually
about 47 percent of the softwood lumber ctmsumed by
the 48 States, but the 4 States themselves, on account
of their scanty population, consume only IG percent of
the Nation's total.

RELATION OF COLUMBIA BASIN STATES
TO UNITED STATES

AREA

13 PER CENT

o

FOREST AREA

15 PER CENT

POPULATION

3 PER CENT

TIMBER VOLUME

55 PER CENT

SOFTWOOD SOFTWOOD

LUMBER PRODUCTION LUMBER CONSUMPTION

47 PER CENT 16 PER CENT

(>

FliMKK 1

o

2.3

24

National Resources Committee

This dominant position in the hanbcr inthistiy is a
development of relatively recent years. About 30
years ago, when the Nation was consuming more lumber
than ever before or since, this Region's contribution was
but 13 percent of the total. The gradual exhaustion of
eastern timber supplies has made increasing demands
on the forests of the Pacific Northwest. Today, they
stand between the Nation and a seiious shortage of
forest products. Therefore, the wise haudluig of this
great natiu-al resource is a matter of national concern.

The Forest Area of the Region

For several years the Research Branch of the Forest
Service has been making a sm'vey of the forest resom'ces
of the Nation. Work in the Douglas fir region has been
finished ; that in the pine region of eastern Oregon and
Washington, and the northern part of Idaho is also
rapidly approaching completion; but, as yet, southern
Idaho and Montana are practicalh' untouched. The
figures available for areas of forest land for volumes of
timber, are, therefore, of varying reliability, and any
regional totals arc inevitably a summation of reasonably
precise figures and of approximations which can be little
more than intelligent guesses.

According to these figures, 38 percent of the Region is
forest land, including not only the area bearing mer-

FOREST LAND

IN

COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

y///////A'('///M

63

10

31

17

30

y////////////A:i//////////////.

|^^^^:^^fe'^^^^^^^^^^^J

EASTERN
MONTANA

WESTERN
MONTANA

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

EASTERN
OREGON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON
WESTERN
OREGON

30 40 50 60 70 eO
PERCENTSGE OF SUBDIVISION AHEA

^

FOREST LAND

ALL OTHER LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS ENTIRE LAND AREA
OF REGION- 251 MILLION ACRES

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT AREAS OF LAND
ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE AREAS IN MILLIONS OF ACRES

FhilRF. '1

chantablc or second growth tbnber, but also all burned-
over or cut-over land which has not been converted to
agricultural use, and the high mountain slopes on which
grow forests of no present or prospective industrial
value.

The proportion of the land area whicli is thus classi-
fied as forest laml varies widely within the Region.
It is nmch heavier in the fir region than in the pine, the
percentages being 84 and 30 percent, respectively.
There is little difference between western ^Vasliington
and western Oregon, but the subdivisions of the pine
region are cpiite diverse in this respect. The lowest
figure is for eastern Montana (12.5 percent) while the
highest is for Idaho (42 percent).

Figure 2 presents the facts in graphic form. The
large square which forms this graph represents the
entire land area of the Region. This is divided by
horizontal lines into seven rectangles which have areas
proportional to the land areas of the seven subdivisions
of the Region. The arrangement is roughly geographic,
eastern Montana being at the top and western Oregon
and Washington at the bottom. Each of these rec-
tangles is again subdivided, the cross-hatched left-hand
end representing the forest land while the unhatched
portion represents all other land.

The seven shaded rectangles, then, represent by their
area the forest land in each subdivision. Their lengths,
measured horizontally, represent the proportion of each
subregion which is forest land. This can be read in
percentage by means of the scale below the graph.
Since the diverse shapes of the rectangles make visual
comparisons of their areas somewhat difficult, the area
which each represents has been entered therem in fig-
ures which are to be read as millions of acres.

The statistics represented by tliis and subsequent
figures are also presented in tabular form in the ap-
pendix.

The forest land has been classified into five types, as
follows:

Land bearing mature saw timber (softwood).

Land bearing second growth (softwood).

Land which is unstocked as a result of cutting or

fii'e.
Land bearing hardwood.
Land bearing noncommercial stands.

Figure 3 shows this classification witliin each subdivision
of the Region. Tliis graph is similar in construction to
figure 2. The main square now represents only the
forest land, that is, the shaded area of figure 2. The
rectangles representing the seven subdivisions, conse-
quently, have changed in proportionate area, as can
best be seen by comparing on the two gi-aphs; first,
eastern Montana, at the top, which has become rela-
tively small, and second, western Oregon, at the hot-

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

25

torn, which has more than doubled in rehitive im-
portance. Each of the seven rectangles is now sub-
divided into five types, arranged in the order already
stated, from left to right. The areas of the small rec-
tangles are agam entered in millions of acres.

Nearly half of the forest land bears merchantable
timber, over a quarter bears second growth tunber
which will become merchantable later on, less than a
tenth of the land is unstocked and more than a tenth is
definitely and permanently noncommercial in character;
the hardwood land is negligible. But these proportions
apply to the Region as a whole without being reflected
in any of the subdivisions. Only in Oregon does
mature saw tunber predominate. Montana and Idaho
have more than their share of second growth, while
more than half of the unstocked land is concentrated
in the two subdivisions that compose the fir region.
The largest proportions of noncommercial land are
found in Montana and Idaho, while the small area of
hartlwoods is entirely west of the Cascades.

The Volume of Timber in the Region

On this forest land stand over 900 billion board feet of
tunber (lumber tally)- of many different species.
Douglas fir is by far the most important species from
the standpoint of volume, nearly half of the timber
being of tliis species. Ponderosa pine, the basis for
the lumber industry of eastern Oregon and Washington,
is a poor second with about 15 percent of the total.
But a fraction of a percent behind it comes hemlock,
which has always been considered, somewhat unjustly,
as inferior for lumber manufacture, but which is unques-
tionably an excellent pulpwood (pulpwood being the
raw material from which wood pidp is manufactured).
Grouped together under the heading "pulpwood
species" are a number of species of fir, etc., which are
of value chiefly as pulpwood, but tliis classification has
been used only m the case of the region west of the
Cascades where there is a thriving wood-pulp industry;
these species account for some 6 percent of the total.
The valuable Idaho white pine is almost insignificant
in its volume, being only 2.5 percent. Classed as
"miscellaneous" are a great number of species, many of
which have little commercial value, except possibly
for local use.

Nearly half of the timber is ui the State of Oregon,
and over two-thirds of it is in the Douglas fir region of
Oregon and Washington. These proportions are widely
difl"erent from those of forested area already .shown in
figure 1, and these dift'erences reflect the fact that the
stands per acre are far greater in the western subdivi-
sions. Washington has about a third of the tunber;

* Volumes of staD(Jing timber are commonly cited In l)o:ir(i feet, log scale, while
luml>er production .statistics are in board feet, lumber tally. The two units of meas-
ure dilTer by from 10 iwrcent to 30 percent, depending on species and size. For sim-
plicity, all figures in this report are od a lumber tally basis.

Idaho, about a tenth; while Montana has only 6 percent,
most of it west of the Continental Divide.

These interrelations can be more readily grasped,
however, by an inspection of figure 4, which is similar
to figures 2 and 3 in its construction. The major
square now represents the 935 billion feet of timber in
the entire Region, the horizontal lines divide this volimie
in proportion to its distribution between the regional
subdivisions, while the interior rectangles show, by
their hatchings, the proportions of the different species.
The predominance of the Douglas fir and its concentra-
tion in western Oregon and Washington are obvious at a
glance, as well as its association with hemlock and other
pulp species. Western Washington, however, has a
much greater proportion of the pulpwood and less of the
Douglas fir, due in part to heavy cutting of the latter.
The bulk of the ponderosa pine is in eastern Oregon,
where it makes up over three quarters of the entire
stand. Idaho white pine is concentrated in Idaho
(actually m the northern part of this vState), but is a
very small part of the stand. The "miscellaneous
species" of low value account for about half of the
tunber in western Montana, and 90 percent in eastern
Montana.

TYPES OF FOREST LAND

IN
COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T^

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100

PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION'S FOREST LAND AREA

^^SAWTIMBER
KXXX] SECOND GROWTH

HARDWOOD
NONCOMMERCIAL

^^^ UNSTOCKED CUTOVER
OR BURN

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS FOREST LAND OF REGION
OR 95 MILLION ACRES

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT AREAS OF FOREST
TYPES ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE

AREAS IN MILLIONS OF ACRES

50859—38-

26

Natinnal EfRovrces Committee

VOLUME OF TIMBER BY SPECIES

IN

COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

5 70-.

it'

■25 ■

,-,■.■12

15 ,

22

26

20

79

^^-

114

40

267

28

36

22

-1 1' ■ ■ r ' ■ I \ r-^n

20 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90
PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION VOLUME

/

EASTERN
MONTANA
VESTERN
-MONTANA

IDAHO

FASTERN
—WASHINGTON

EASTERN

OREGON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
OREGON

1D0UGLAS FIR

jHEMLOCK

PULP SPECIES

PONDEROSA PINE

IDAHO WHITE PINE

MISCELLANEOUS

^

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS TIMBER VOLUME OF
REGION OR 935 BILLION FEET LUMBER TALLY

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT VOLUMES OF
SPECIES ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE VOLUMES IN BILLIONS OF FEET

Fir.lLE 4.

Importance of the Forest Industries
to the Region

The forest resource furnishes tlie raw materials for
lumber, pulp and paper and many other wood-using
mdustries. These are of vital importance to the
Region. Wliile only 10 percent of the Region's gain-
fully employed are on the pay rolls of these industries,
they constitute 56 percent of all manufacturing employ-
ment. Yet both these figures are misleading. In
addition to those directly employed, forest industries
support indirectly and in varying degrees a large num-
ber of allied or service industries. For example, in
many a sawmill town a major proportion of the mer-
chants and professional people depend substantially
on the sawmill pay roll, while nearby farmers find an
increased market for their produce because the sawmill
workers are there.

The interrelationships between forest industries and
other economic activities of the Pacific Northwest are
so complex that an accurate and comprehensive

appraisal of their importance is impossible. However,
in a few striking instances reasonably exact information
has been analyzed and can be cited.^

This analysis shows that the Region is far from being
a self-sustaining economic unit. It is dependent on the
remainder of the United States and on other nations
for a great many commodities which cannot be raised
or economically manufactured within the Region.
If these commodities are to be imported, they must, ot
course, be paid for with credits derived from exports.
Of the total net exports of the four States, 71 percent
(by weight) are forest products. Expressed on a
value basis, the corresponding figure is 41 percent, a
difl'erence which reflects the fact that forest products
are, on the average, less valuable per ton than are
many farm aiul mineral products.

The forest industries are of great importance to the
railroads, as is illustrated by the fact that about 63

s From sec. 2 of this report, Economic Imparlance of the Forest Industries of the Pacific
Northuesl. by Blair Stewart.

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST INDUSTRIES
TO COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

DIRECT EMPLOYMENT

10 PER CENT

DIRECT EMPLOYMENT

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ONLY
56 PER CENT

NET EXPORTSaONS) NET EXPORTS (value)

71 PER CENT 41 PER CENT

FREIGHT TONNAGE HORSE POWER INSTALLED

ORIGINATING IN REGION manufacturing industries only

63 PER CENT 64 PER CENT

Figure 5.

Forcut Rf.tources of the Pacific Northwest

27

percent of all freight tonnage originating in the four
States consists of lumber and other timber products.
As a further evidence of the importance of forest
industries, G4 percent (by rated capacity) of the power
ecjuipment mstalled in manufacturing plants of the
Region is used by them.
These facts are graphically illustrated by figure 5.

The Annual Production of Forest Products

The forest industries on which the regional prosperity
is so largely based are cutting each j'car a very large
quantity of timber and are converting it into lumber,
woodpulp, shingles, railroad ties, veneer, and many
other commodities. The quantities thus cut have
varied widely from year to year. The most accurate
statistics are available for lumber and for pulpwood,
which are also the most important products in volume
and total value.

The annual production of these two commodities
since 18G9, the first date for which good figures can be
found, is shown in figure 6. The early figures for
lumber are at 10-year intervals, but the record is

Figure fl.

Figure 7.

complete starting with 1904. In the case of pulpwood,
only scattered figures are e.xtant until 1916, when the
continuous record begins. Although pulpwood is
commonly measured m cords, the figures have been
converted into board feet (at 2 cords per thousand
board feet) to make apparent the relative importance
of the raw materials used.

A glance at this chart will disclose the complete lack
of any stability in the annual production of lumber.
There was a rapidly rising trend up to 1929, accom-
panied by wide fluctuations from year to year, but
during the depression the production shrank to the
levels of two and a half decades earlier. Pulpwood use
began later, but its increase has been much steadier.
Effect of the depression on (juantity of pulpwood pro-
duced was relatively slight, and by 1934 new high
figures were being rejiortetl. Nevertheless, the total
quantities of wood used for pulp are even j-et very
small as compared to lumber.

The distribution of hunhcr production between the
four States of the Region is shown in figure 7. Wash-
ington has been in the leading position contiimously

28

National Resources Committee

since the, regional lumber industry became important,
but in the last few years Oregon has been closing the
gap between these two States. Montana built up its
industry early, but has made no substantial increases
in the past 2 decades. Idaho started late, rapidly
overtook and passed Montana, but has shown no such
capacity for expansion as have Oregon and Washington;
the obvious e.xplanation for this will be seen by referring
back to figure 4.

Figure 8 shows the percentage of the regional produc-
tion in each State. In relative terms, Washington and
Montana have been declining for the past 3 or 4
decades, and Idaho for the last 20 years, while Oregon
alone has been increasing. The basic reasons for this
can be found in figure 4, for it will be remembered that
Oregon has about half of the timber in the Region but
has never contributed that proportion of the production.

Fluctuations within each State, however, are ample
evidence that the primary control of the regional pro-
duction is not the quantity of timber available. The
limiting factors have been, primarily, the national
demand for softwood lumber, the Region's comi^etitive
position with reference to eastern forest areas, and its

;:jirE!5S3i?

opportunities for export trade. It is pertinent to
examine in this connection the statistics of national
consumption.

These are shown in figure 9, in which it will be seen
that the Nation's consumption of softwood lumber in-
creased very rapidly from the first date for which
statistics are available until about 1904, but that since
then it has declined, although with violent fluctuations
which coincide with periods of national prosperity and
depression. The Nation's consumption of pulpwood,
however, has increased steadily with only minor fluc-
tuations, and shows no indication of having yet reached
its peak.

International trade in lumber has been of relatively
smaU importance to the United States as a whole. For
the past decade and a half, the total softwood export,
have been about 8 percent of the national production,
and this has been offset by imports amounting to about
5 percent, making the net exports only about 3 pcrcents

The situation is radically different in the case of
pulpwood. This is the raw material for the paper in-
dustry, and comes into competition directly with
Canadian pidpwood, and mdirectly with imports of

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js

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vAmum

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FiGUEE 8.

Figure 9.

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

both pulp and paper itself, eoining from both Canada
and northern Europe. For many years, over half of
(lie |)aper requiiemcnts of the ITnited States have been
imported in one form or another. Our exports have
been negligible in proportion.

Since the Nation's population has been steadily in-
creasing, the decline in lumber consumption must have
been tiie result of an even greater decrease in the per
capita consumption. Figure 10 shows the facts. It
will be seen that until 1904 both population and per
capita consumption were rising, which explains the
remarkable increase in lumber consumption of the
Nation. But beginning in 1904, the trend of per capita
consumption was sharply reversed, and its fall was even
more rapid than had been its rise. This fall was, it is
true, interrupted by a moderate gain during the post-
war period of business activity, but the depression
brought it down to levels never before reached during
the periods for which statistics are available.

Meanwhile, the per capita pulpwood consumption
has been showing a moderate but fairly steady in-
crease, with the depression causing only a slight inter-
ruption. The gain in this material, however, is as yet

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VA

CAPITA GCWSUM

Et::±r "Oift— ^

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29

inconsiderable as compared to the loss in lumber.

The production of this Region has been strongly
influenced by the national consumption, but has not
followed the same trend. Its proportion of the national
consumption has greatly increased as a conserpience of
the partial exhaustion of the tind)er supplj' in some
of the eastern competing regions. This increase is
shown by figure 11. In 1900 the four Northwestern
States were producing only about 10 percent of the soft-
wood lumber used by the Nation, but during the follow-
ing three decades this proportion increased fairly
steadily to over half. During the depression, the eastern
producing regions were able to supply a greater propor-
tion of the reduced demand, and their competitive
advantage of low freight charges to the points of con-
smnption cut down the western share of the meager
business, and the 1930 peak has not since been equalled.

In the same figure are shown the available pulpwood
statistics. During the last 10 years, the relative im-
portance of the Region in the production of pulpwood
has been rising very rapidly, and with only a minor
interruption during the depression. It is still, however,
low as compared with lumber.

'r,i}r-v-n^:mi

=1UJF5:H

]93

f[i^ = ?CfS5a.:5S>Ef = ^:::Fj^;

iiii

m-

^m

wi

^)F

fiir-

U-w't

idci

tn

r.^vAi;

¥:««t4r

ir-

f<^lMFUl^

muVfiri"-

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W:

r:.

liii

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Figure 10.

Figure U.

30

National Resources Committee

Future demands on the Region ean be better antici-
pated if production statistics by species are studied.
Each species has qualities which make it particularly
suitable for certain markets, and the demands of these
markets may not necessarily follow the trends of
national consumption as a whole. Each species pro-
duced in the region must encounter the competition of
certain eastern species of similar technical cjualities, and
variations in this competition are to be expected.

Figure 12 shows the annual regional production by
major species. Figure 13 shows the proportion of the
Nation's consumption which each of these figures rep-
resents. The most important species, by far, is Douglas
fir and its importance increased steadily up to 1930;
this increase can be attributed to a decrease in the com-
petition of southern pine, a wood which has similar
uses. Since 1930, the rising trend seems to have been
arrested, although, of course, no definite conclusions
should be drawn from this appearance. Second in im-
portance is ponderosa pme. This species, also, has been
gaining in importance, and its proportionate gain has
been even greater than that of Douglas fir. Its percent-
age has been nearly quadrupled in the last 25 years,

while that of Douglas fir has been about doubled. There
is less appearance of a leveling ofl" of its rising trend
since 1930. Except in very recent years, hemlock has
been third in importance, at times approaching ponder-
osa pine very closely. Since 1930, it has lost ground
and has dropped to fourth place. Its former position
has been taken by Idaho white pine, which has shown
a fairly substantial rise. The miscellaneous species have
not changed much in importance in recent years, al-
though their relative peak was during the World War,
when spruce was in great demand.

Although international trade in lumber has been
nationally unimportant, the tidewater sawmills of the
Douglas fir industry have supplied a substantial part
of the export business. To them, this business has
been of importance, but they have been in direct com-
petition with similar sawmills in British Columbia,
which have even sold some lumber in this country.
Artificial barriers in the form of tariffs have been raised
and lowered. At present, export lumber is very limited
in quantity, and certain quotas of Canadian lumber
are admitted to the United States. Without risldng
a prediction as to the future, it is at least evident that

iimnn:

l^EHU;!;!!):

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.'AlVMl

'AWlST^E

m<vm?iw

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Forest Rcsovrces of the Pacific Northwest

for many years the regional efl'orts to enter world trade
will be in the face of severe competition frona Canadian
manufacturers.

The statistics thus far presented have been for lumber
and pulpwood ovXy. There are many other uses for
wliich timber is being cut. Most of them are of minor
importance, and no adequate records of the quantities
arc kept. In recent years, the estimated production
in the four States of these other forms of wood use was
as follows:

Million
feel

Shingles 374

Fuelwood (from saw timber) 601

Veneer 198

Piling : 35

Poles 33

Fence posts 31

Mine timbers 24

Mine stalls, etc 8

Hewed ties 9

Excelsior 2

Total 1,315

Most of this material is cut from trees of saw timber
size, and is, therefore, withdrawn from the quantities

FOREST GROWTH
IN
OREGON AND WASHINGTON

31

already stated. Its total is about 14 percent of the
quantity now used for lumber in these States. In
addition, there is a lesser amount of material taken in
trees of less than saw log size.

The figures wluch have been presented on all forms
of material drawn from the regional forest resource
obviously suggest no certain estimate of the future
demands thereon. The significant facts are that the
Nation's per capita consumption of lumber has been
decreasing for the past 3 decades much more rapidly
than the population has been increasing, that the
declining demand for lumber has been partially offset
by an increasing demand for pulpwood and that this
Region has been able to secure an increasing share of
the Nation's wood-product business. These three
trends are all strong, but they are conflicting in their
efifect.

The high point in per capita consumption coincided
with the era of great agricvdtural development. Lum-
ber was an ideal material for farm buildings and was
used lavishly for that purpose. After the great
agricultural sections of the country had been built up,
this demand fell ofl' sharply. At about the same time,

OWNERSHIP OF FOREST LAND

IN

COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

15
14

POTENTIAL GROWTH

13

1?

II

10

9

/

AN
8

TICIPAI
CUT

ED

tf

^ RE

GION

7

4

^1

6

J

#

*

5

/'

i

4

i

§

3 /■

^

(a

fZ

0

>j

3

ED

POTENTIAL GROWTH 1

. ANTICIPA
2 CUT J

,T r.RC

WTH

1

°-I—

KricT

■mTTc"""!" "

PINE REGION
1

1

120 160

YEARS
FIQURE 14.

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

20 30 40 50 60 70 SO 90 100

PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION AREA

^^^//^ NATIONAL FORESTS
I I NATIONAL PARKS

^^^ REVESTED LAND
^^^ INDIAN LAND

STATE LAND

COUNTY LAND

OTHER PUBLIC
LAND

PRIVATE LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS FOREST LAND OF
REGION OR 95 MILLION ACRES

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT AREAS IN
OWNERSHIPS ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE AREAS IN MILLIONS OF ACRES

FlOVRE IS.

32

National Resources Committee

many substitutes for lumber began to be marketed
aggressively; concrete sidewalks replacing boardwalks,
wire fences, stucco houses, composition roofing, fibe
boxes, are but a few examples. Research intended to
promote the use of wood unearthed some new uses,
but in such fields as wood preservation contributed to
reduce the annual consumption by prolonging the
Ufe of the material used. Meanwhile, lumber was
becoming more expensive to the consumer on account
of the exhaustion of the nearby forests and the increased
freight which he had to pay.

Wiile these reasons explain the sudden decline in per
capita consumption, they hardly clarify the future.
European experience is a sufficient proof that per capita
consumption is not approaclung a vanishing point.
Sooner or later it \vill become stabilized, although prob-
ably at a low level as compared with our past. At
just what level, it is, of course, impossible to say.

Some of the substitution for lumber has been of other
forest products. The increasing pulp demand has
already been mentioned and in the case of composition
boards, such as firtex, fiber boxes, etc., wood fiber in
one form is merely being replaced by the same material
in another form. The tendency in this direction has
led to speculations as to whether lumber may not ulti-
mately be replaced rather completely by synthetic
materials which have wood fiber as a base. This
Region has a substantial proportion of woods suitable
for sulphite pulp of the highest grade, and should not
suffer from any transition wliich may be anticipated for
many years to come. Veneer is another instance of
the substitution of wood in a somewhat different form
for lumber, and the Douglas fir region is rapidly develop-
ing a veneer industry.

The extent to which this Region can secure an increas-
ing share in the country's wood-product business de-
pends primarily on the future of eastern forest regions,
particularly the Southeastern States. A comprehen-
sive Federal survey of the forest resources of this
southern-pine territory is now under way. Until it
has been completed, only guesses are possible as to the
future lumber production of these species, past esti-
mates having been notably discordant.

As a hypothesis, it does not seem unrealistic to assume
that for some time to come the total softwood lumber
consumption of the United States -will approximate the
average of the past 15 years, a period wliich includes
all of the post-war boom as well as the depression;
tliis quantity is, in round numbers, 23 billion feet. The
share of this business wliich may be anticipated by this
Region may perhaps be assumed as an average of the
proportions secured during the past 5 years, the shorter
period being obviously necessitated by the trends
exliibited in figure 11. If these two hypotheses are
followed out to their conclusions, with an adjustment

in the case of Douglas fii- between Oregon and Wash-
ington which is obviously necessitated by the latest
statistics, the following figures are reached as the antici-
pated softwood lumber demands on this Region. They
are presented here because some basis is necessary for
the calculations which are to follow rather than in any
spirit of prophecy.

riypoihelical future softwood lumber production of Region, in
millions of feci

Species

Idaho

Mon-
tana

Oregon

Wash-
ington

Total

Douplfis fir .

60

50

3,500
90

1,300
20
190

3, 500
400
440
110
250

7,100

550

Ponderosa pine -

ieo

480
50

140
20
90

2,040

Idaho white pine and sugar pine...
Miscellaneous

630
580

Total

740

300

6,100

4,760

10,900

To these figures must be added the uses of timber
other than lumber. On account of the rising use of
pulpwood, it seems conservative to assume an annual
cut of this material of a billion feet, board measure.
The minor uses, already discussed, can be assumed as
remaining approximately at then- recent level. With
these additions, the hypothetical future production of
the Region becomes as follows :

Hypothetical future production of lumber and other forest products
in millions of feet

Species

Idaho

Mon-
tana

Oregon

Washing-
ton

Total

90

70

3,700
340

1,320

20

260

3,800

1,200

460

110

660

7,660

1,540

190
480
110

170
20
160

2,140

Idaho white and sugar pine

630
1,190

Total

870

420

5, 640

6,230

13, 160

The Life of the Forest Industries If the Supply
Is Treated as an Exhaustible Resource

The calculation of the expected life of the forest
industries of the Region, by dividing the volume of
timber shown in figure 4 by the rate of (lei)letion indi-
cated in the preceding schedule, is grossly misleading.
The 71 years which is ob tamed in this manner seems
more a matter for ultimate concern than immediate
alarm, but such calculation ignores many essential
factors. Among these are the unmerchantable charac-
ter of much of the timber through low quality or in-
accessible location, and the fact that a substantial pro-
portion of it is in government ownership and not avail-
able for unlimited exploitation.

Even similar crude calcidations, made by States and
by species within each State, show clearly why any such
average figure as 7 1 years is meaningless. The apparent
life for the four States is: Idaho, 117 years; Montana,
135 years; Oregon, 93 years; and Washington, 47 years.
By species, similar calculations indicate an apparent

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

33

life of Douglas fir (in the fir region) of 51 years ; hemlock
and pulp species, 118 years; pouderosa pine, 66 years;
Idaho white pine, 30 years; and miscellaneous, 156
years. Furthermore, while the apparent life of the
timber industries of Idaho is 117 years, that of Idaho's
white pine is only 30 years, and this most valuable
species is the backbone of the lumber industry in that
State. It cannot be assumed that, as soon as this is
gone, an equal quantitj" of the less desirable species can
be marketed.

A life of 71 j'cars, then, is impossible unless it be
assiuucd that industry can migrate freely from place to
place and can market all species with equal ease. This
assumption is, of course, denied by the present con-
centration of the industry' in certain States (see fig. 8)
and its specialization on certain species (see fig. 13).
Just how much migration and just how much species
interchange will later be practicable is a matter for con-
jecture. If a real national timber famine develops, the
consuming public will doubtless waive many of its
present prejudices in favor of the better woods and will
pay the additional cost of Imnber manufacture in the
more expensive territory. If eastern competition re-
mains an important factor, the Region's less desirable
species and more costly locations will be seriously
liandicapi)cd.

Some shifting, however, is inevitable. The hj'po-
thetical life of the Douglas fir industry in Washington is
30 years, and in Oregon is 72 years. This contrast
assures an important continuation of the migration
from the former to the latter, even though the expansion
of the i)ulp industry in western Washington may main-
tain many of its existing communities. The uses of
Idaho wliite and ponderosa pine are sufficiently alike
to make it believable that when the cut of the former is
reduced the cut of the latter, in other States, will take
up the slack, although California's sugar pine is a more
logical successor. Some of the species classed as miscel-
laneous, because of their present status in marketing,
proiluce lumber of very satisfactory character, and at
least some transfer of the regional industry to them can
be anticipated.

What the foregoing figures really show, however, is
that within about 25 to 30 years certain unportant parts
of tlic Region's hunber intlustry wdl be devoid of raw
materials unless the annual depletion is sharply reduced
tx'forc that time has expire<l. Thereafter, the regional
in<histry can be maintaineil for another 20 or 30 years
only by much migration and considerable substitution.

But even these figures are far too optimistic. There
is a great variation in the accessibility of the Region's
timber. The proportion of this timber which can be
brought to market only at substantially higher costs is
not precisely known, but well-informed opinion seems
to agree that about half of it (probably mucli le.ss in

Montana and Idaho) can enter production only if
lumber prices are materially increased. If competition
from eastern forest regions and from substitutes for
lumber will not permit such an increase, then the periods
of time mentioned in the last paragraph nuist be cut
roughly in half.

Nor will the migration of the industry await the end of
these periods. It has, in fact, already begun. Witliin
the forests of a given species in each State, manj' saw-
mills have already cut all the standing timber economi-
cally accessible to their locations. Grays Harbor's
many mills produced over 17 billion feet of lumber in the
past 25 years, but now have only about 1 1 billion feet
of standing timber of the lumber species avaOable for
future cutting, a considerable part of which is inac-
cessible. For several years prior to the depression,
these mills were producing close to IJo billion feet a
year, but if this rate were to be continued from now on,
the entire supply would be exhausted in about 7 years.
Many sawmills have been dismantled, an<l their cut has
been absorbed by Oregon producers. Fortuiuitely, the
available supply of pulpwood in tliis case is large antl
a pulp mill (wliich requires more labor per unit of raw
material than does a sawmill) has nuiintaincd employ-
ment for the population; consequently, the migration
is, in this case, one of industry rather than of people.
In the region of Pend Oreille Lake, the origmal stand of
SYi billion feet of pine was reduced by 1935 to 2)2
billion feet, much of which was decidedly inferior, and
several mills have already been shut down for lack of
further timber, or because the remaining timber which
was available was so inferior or inaccessible as to
prevent profitable operation. These are but two of
the many instances which might be cited.

Growth and Losses from Fire,
Insects and Other Causes

The periods of time mentioned in the last section
were calculated without regard to the fact that trees
are living things which continuously increase in volume
until they die. The growth of an individual ti'ce seems
slow. The annual increase in volume of the stand on
an acre of land is not impressive. But the vast area of
forest land in the Region can be put to use in raising
verj' large crops of timber.

The forest industries are operating on tinilx-r wiiicii
grew without care or attention and was found virtu.-dly
in its present condition l)y the first white settlers.
Had these white settlers arrived a centurj' earlier, they
would have found almost exactly the same vohnne of
timber. This means that whatever growth iiad been
added during that century had been neutralized by
losses from fire, insects, disease and other enemies of
the trees. As a l)road generalization, it may be said
that in any stand of virgin tind)er, growth and losses

50859—38-

34

National Resources Committee

are essentially in equilibrium for large areas and long
periods of time.

The settlement of the country and the development
of its forest industries have upset this equilibrium. To
the natural losses have been added the trees felled by
the lumberjacks' saws; fires have increased in number
but have been fought by organized protective systems,
and overmature forests have been partially replaced by
thrifty young stands. Up to the present, use has far
exceeded growth, minus natural losses, so that the
forest capital of the Region has been heavily reduced.

The net growth is, however, increasing rapidly. This
is an inevitable outcome of the progressive cutting of
the overmature timber, in which there is no net growth,
and the establishment in its place, with the aid of
organized fire protection, of thrifty second-growth
stands. There is little reliable information even on
the present rate of growth of the Region, either gross or
net, and many guesses published in recent years have
been ambiguous. A study of growth is one of the
projects of the Federal Forest Sm-vey, now in progress,
but to date only the Douglas fir region of western
Oregon and Washington has been completed.

OWNERSHIP OF MATURE CONIFEROUS
TIMBER LAND
IN COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

\vyy'//////A.7y/////////A^3Wi^

EASTERN
.MONTANA

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

^ WESTERN
; WASHINGTON

WESTERN
OREGON

^

20 30 40 50 60 70 60
PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION AREA

90 100

NATIONAL FORESTS
J NATIONAL PARKS
I REVESTED LAND

INDIAN LAND

STATE LAND

COUNTY LAND

OTHER PUBLIC
LAND

PRIVATE LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS MATURE CONIFEROUS
TIMBER LAND OF REGION OR 43 MILLION ACRES

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT AREAS IN
OWNERSHIPS ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE AREAS IN MILLIONS OF ACRES

FlQHKE 16.

In this Douglas fir region, the current growth per
year is found to be only 2.G billion feet * a year (1.6 in
Oregon and 1.0 in Washington). This is not the gross
growth, for it ignores the growth accruing on the vast
areas of mature timber, it being assumed that in these
stands growth is completely neutralized by losses from
disease, insects and other causes. On the other hand,
it is not the net growth, for no allowance has been
made for losses by fire occurring in the stands of grow-
ing age nor for the wipmg out of mature stands by
fire. While statistics on fire losses have been kept for
a number of years, it is impossible to calculate a re-
liable average loss per annum; the assumed frequency
of such catastrophes as the Tillamook burn, which de-
stroyed some 1 1 billion feet in a few days, overshadows
the average losses of more normal years. Allowing for
a considerable salvage of Douglas fir from burned areas,
a deduction of 700 million feet per annum seems not
unreasonable, leaving the net growth at 1.9 billion
feet (1.1 in Oregon and 0.8 in Washington).

This figure is insignificant when compared to the

' Lumber tally.

OWNERS-HIP OF SECOND GROWTH
TIMBER LAND
IN COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

EASTERN
MONTANA

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
OREGON

-r

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION AREA

^

NATIONAL FORESTS

STATE LAND

l-'^^:^^^]

COUNTY LAND

OTHER PUBLIC
LAND

1 1

PRIVATE LAND

m^

NATIONAL PARKS

REVESTED LAND

INDIAN LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS SECOND GROWTH TIMBER.
LAND OF REGION OR 28 MILLION ACRES

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT AREAS IN
OWNERSHIPS ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE AREAS IN MILLIONS OF ACRES
J ir.URE 17.

Forest Resources of (he Pacific Northwest

35

anticipated cut of 8 billion feet. This is partly because
over half of the coniniercial timber area is still covered
b}' mature stands with no net growth, and partly be-
cause many of the growing stands are still too young to
bear trees of merchantable size, so that tlicir growth
cannot yet be expresseil in board feet.

The potential growth in the fir region is estimated at
14.5 billion feet if the future stands can eventually he
logged as closely as are similar stands in the older
eastern forest regions today. These figures are net,
since a substantial reduction factor (25 percent) has
been applied to the theoretical figures.

This figure is well above the anticipated demand, but
the potential growth is an abstraction which can be at-
tained, if at all, only after centuries of forestry. How
rapidly current growth will increase and how closely it
wUl ultimately approach potential growth depends on
the forestry measures practiced h\ the land owners. If
it can be raised to the level of the cut by the time the
l)resent stands are exhausted, this cut can be continued
indefinitely.

On the basis of past performance, 82 percent of the
land, from which mature timber is harvested, eventually
is restocked with second growth, and these second
growth stands are more lightly stocked by an average
of 16 percent than was assumed in the potential growth
calculation. If the figure for potential growth is ap-
propriately reduced for these two reasons, the intlicated
figure attainable without recourse to measures other than
those in eflect in the past, is 10 billion feet, 54 percent
in Oregon and 46 percent in Washington. These
figures are net, since young stands are relatively im-
mune to insects and disease, and since it has been
assumed that 18 percent of the forest area will remain
continuously unstocked, an ample allowance for fire.

If it is assumed that tliis figure can be attained in 75
years (somewhat later than the 51 years which is the
life of th(^ present supply at the hypothetical rate of cut
because immediately after that time there will be a
somewhat too great proportion of the younger age
classes which are not j'ct showing any growth in board
feet) the situation can be shown diagrammatically as
in figure 14. It will be seen that the current growth at
50 years will be somewhat sliort of the anticipated
demand, which, apparently, will have to be curtaileil
i)y a moderate percentage and for a short time. There
are no insuperable difficulties in avoiding even this
curtailment.

Within the Region, however, growth is entirely inad-
etjuate to jn-event the migration which has been referred
to umler the preceding section. The mature Douglas
fir in Washington would be completely cut, at the hypo-
thetical rate of production, in 25 years, und within that
time the Washington growth rate cannot reach its ulti-
mate rate; too many of the second growth stands will

OWNERSHIP OF UNSTOCKED CUTOVER
OR BURN TIMBER LAND
IN COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

EASTERN
WASHINGTON
EASTERN
OREGON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PERCENT4GE OF SUBDIVISION AREA

y/y/\ NATIONAL FORESTS
I I NATIONAL PARKS

^^^ REVESTED LAND
^^^ INDIAN LAND

90 100
STATE LAND f':i:>^:;j
COUNTY LAND H|H

OTHER PUBLIC
LAND

PRIVATE LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS UNSTOCKED CUTOVER
OR BURN TIMBER LAND OF REGION OR 7 MILLION
ACRES

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT AREAS IN
OWNERSHIPS ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE AREAS IN HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ACRES
Figure is.

still be far too young to be harvested. Within each
State, many of the producing areas are exaggerateil
examples of the same situation.

Within the fir region as a whole, moreover, the cutting
of the virgin timber at the postulated rate caimot con-
tinue for 51 years unless the consuming public can be
induced to pay considerablj' increased prices to com-
pensate for the greater costs which may be necessary
to produce lumber from the more inaccessible stands.
If it is true that only about half of the timber can be
profitably marketed at present price levels, it is con-
ceivable that the commercially available timber will be
exhausted in as little as 20 years. P'igure 14 shows that
by the end of this period the anticipated current growth
will have attained a level of only about half of the antic-
ipated cut, so that a drastic curtailment would be
necessary. The anticipated cut can be maintained,
then, only if all the mature timber can be harvested
and then only by nuijor migrations of the industry from
one part of the Region to another. Actually, some
future curtailment seems inevitable and its severity
will depend on whether or not future losses are reduced
and future growth rates are improved.

36

National Resources Committee

In the ponderosa pine region of eastern Oregon and
Washington, Httle exact mformation on growth is yet
available. The following figures, while based on the
best information which could be found, are no more
than rough approxunations.

Ponderosa pine stands are dissimilar to the fir stands
in many ways, of which three are important in the
present discussion. Their growth is very much slower.
Mature pine stands, in contrast to fir stands which are
approximately even-aged, always contain a consider-
able proportion of young trees. When such stands are
logged, many of the yoimg trees ordmarily are cut
along with the old, leaving the cut-over land in a con-
dition of very slow growth for many years thereafter.

Pine stands are relatively resistant to fire, but are
very susceptible to attacks of the dendroctonus beetle.
This pest is a native of the pine forests and has always
been a persistent, though mconspicuous, killer of over-
mature trees. About 20 years ago, its attacks suddenly
became abnormally severe, and in some recent years it
has destroyed more timber than has been cut. This
unprecedentedly severe epidemic is apparently near-
ing its end, and entomologists are hopeful that the
future will see only local outbreaks. It is logical to

OWNERSHIP OF TIMBER
IN COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION TIMBER

STATE LAND

^^2 NATIONAL FORESTS

NATIONAL PARKS

REVESTED LAND

INDIAN LAND

COUNTY LAND

OTHER PUBLIC
LAND

PRIVATE LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS TIMBER OF REGION
935 BILLION FEET

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT TIMBER OWNERSHIP
ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE BILLIONS OF FEET

fUilllE lil.

expect a net growth in vii'gin timber for several decades,
since this timber has been heavily thinned of its least
vigorous trees, but figures are not available as to the
rate of this growth.

If this possible growth is ignored, the current growth
(on the second growth stands) is only about 200 million
feet. Tliis growth is being offset by losses caused by
beetles and fire, so that the net current growth today is
negligible. As time goes on, the entire mature area will
be converted into second growth stands and, gradually,
the trees m these stands will attain an age at which
their growth can be expressed in board feet.

The net potential growth of the pme territory is esti-
mated to be 2.7 billion feet. The current annual
growth that will ultimately be attained merely through
a continuation of present cutting methods and of fire
protection is estimated at 1.8 billion feet. The attain-
ment of this ultimate current growth will be long de-
layed, both because of the condition in which the cut
lands are now being left and because of the slow growth
of the species. It is estimated that this growth level
will be reached in about 175 years. Figure 14 shows
diagrammatically the expected course of events. It
will be seen that if the anticipated demand is met com-
pletely as long as timber is available, the existing stands
will be gone m about 50 years, and that by that time
the current growth will amoimt to only about % billion
feet, so that a drastic curtailment is inevitable.

Ponderosa pine is much more nearly uniform in
accessibility than is fir, and so these periods need less
discount for maccessibility. Still, in many localities
the situation with regard to depletion is already acute.

There is little precise mformation j'et available on
growth in the State of Idaho. Favorable factors are
that while the southern section of this State is somewhat
similar to the pine region of eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington, the northern "Panhandle" is a region of fairly
heavy ramfall and rapid timber growth. There are
also large areas of fast-growing second growth Idaho
white pine, but many of these are of merchantable size,
and are beuig rapidly cut. Another luifavorable fact
is that during dry summers, which are of frequent oc-
currence, fire protection is exceptionally difficult. The
white pine is, moreover, menaced by a parasitic plant
causing the white pine blister rust. This is most deadlj'
to the very young trees, and while it is not, perhaps, a
serious menace to the existing stand of mature timber
(which will probably be cut before the rust damages it
very severely) it will, if not checked, almost eliminate
the valuable white pine from future forests.

The present net current growth of the entire State is
about 1.6 billion feet. The potential growth is about
4.3 billion feet. The level to which the current growth
will probably rise without any marked change in present
practices is about 3 billion foet, but this figure will not

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

37

be reached for centuries. The ilchiy will he greater
than in Oroti'on and Washington heciuisc, in Idaho,
present logginj;; is idniost exclusively conlined to the
Idaho white pine and ponderosa pine tyi)es; at the rate
of cut j)ostuIated in the preceduij;; section, the c.\p(>cted
life of the miscellaneous species in Idaho would he over
300 years.

The situation in noi'thorn Idaho is ohviously serious.
The life of the Idaho white pine at the hypothetical rate
of cut is only 30 3'ears, and this period is based on com-
plete utilization of the badly scattered and inaccessible
remnants of the original stand. The growing capacity
of the lands on wliich Idaho white pine can grow is
adt'<[uate to su])|}ort the present industry, but tliere will,
apparently, inevitably be a period in the near future
during which lumber operations must be heavily
curtailed.

Montana is, in general, a region of slow growth. A
principal enemy of the forests of this State is the moun-
tain pine beetle, which at times decimates large areas of
overmature lodgepole pine. Since lodgepole pine is cut
only in small quantities for local use, the economic loss
from this pest is as yet of irunor importance.

The present current growth of tlie forests of this
State is only 0.2 billion feet, while the potential growth
is about 2.1 billion feet. The timber is being cut so
slowly that the current growth will rise very gradually
to an ultimate level of about 1.5 billion feet. This is
far above the hj^pothetical cut, so that shortages of
timber probably will be entirely local in their importance.

The foregoing discussion of net growth has diverted
attention from the extent of the losses from fire and
other destructive agencies. It has already been ex-
plained that reliable annual averages, suitable for pur-
poses of prediction, are impossible to obtain. However,
accoriiiiig to Forest Service estimates, the annual losses
of the past decade from all causes have approximated
3K billion feet.

To recapitulate, the nc't current growth of the Region
as a whole, after deduction of all losses, is about 3.7
billion feet, or slightly over one-fourth of the assumed
demand. This current growth will rise more or less
rapidly to somewhat over 16 billion feet, a figure wluch
is somewhat over the assumed demand, but this rise will
not be rapid enough to prevent man}' local shortages of
timber and many industrial migrations. The potential
growth of the Region is over 23 billion feet, or nearly
twice as much as the foreseen need, so that intensive
forestry on the poorest and least accessible lands is of
speculative advisability. If, however, the Region's
timber requirements are to be produced on the best half
of the land (best in fertility and accessibility) so as to
maintain the most favorable position for competition
with eastern tind)er i)roducing regions, intensive forestr}-
must be practiced on these lands.

Policies of Forest Land Owners

If forest land is so managed that the forest is pro-
tected, reproduced, and harvested at an annual rate
that will |)ermit a continuous, permanent outj)ut of
forest products, it is said to be under "sustained-yield
management." It is not necessary that each and every
annual cut be identical in amount, for fluctuations hi
market demand must, of course, be followed. It is not
necessary to restrict the cut to the current growth, if the
anticipated future growth is adequate to prevent a
future shortage.

The most obvious ailvantages of sustained-yield
management are that it assures a continuous supplj^
of forest products to the consuming jiublic of the Nation,
that it assures the Region a continuous quantity of
export commodities which will permit the purchase and
importation of other needed commodities and that it
will perpetuate the conununitics budt around the wood-
using industries, thus permitting a more substantial
development and a higher standard of living.

There arc many difficulties in the path of establishing
this form of management on an area of previously

OWNERSHIP OF MORE VALUABLE

SPECIES OF TIMBER
IN COLUMBIA BASIN STATES

EASTERN
WASHINGTON

WESTERN
WASHINGTON

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 90 100

PERCENTAGE OF SUBDIVISION TIMBER

^^ NATIONAL FORESTS STATE LAND ^^^

^^^ NATIONAL PARKS COUNTY LAND l^H

REVESTED LAND

INDIAN LAND

OTHER PUBLIC
LAND

PRIVATE LAND

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS MORE VALUABLE SPECIES
OF TIMBER IN REGION — 576 B ILLION FEET

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT TIMBER OWNERSHIP
ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE BILLIONS OF FEET

Figure 20.

38

Nalional Resources Committee

1 — >■

z

°li I Q5bi

II

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

39

unmanagcd forest, and during the inevitable transition
period, the policies of the owners are nll-iinjjortant.

The forest resource of this Region is in niiiny owner-
ships, and the policies of these owners are diverse.
Figures 15 fo 20 show by States the ownership of all
forest land, of the mature timber land, of the second
growth timber land, of the unstocked cut-over or
burned timber land, of the timber volume, and of the
timber volume of the more valuable species. These
figures are similar in construction to figures 2 to 4,
which have already been presented.

Recapitulating this information for the entire four
States, we have table I. In each and every category,
over SO percent of the forest resource is either in the
national forests or in private ownership. None of the
six other forms of public ownership or control is very
important, for the Region as a whole, although in cer-
tain localities they may, of course, be dominant. The
national forests occupy over half of the area, and almost
the same proportion of the mature timber land and of
the second growth. About a third of each of these clas-
sifications is in private ownership. The better timber,
however, is concentrated in private hands so that on a
volume basis the two are about equal. In terms of the
more valuable species which form the basis of the
])rcsent lumber induslrv, the private ownership is
found to hold nearly half, while the national forests
have a little over a third, and this third is generally
less accessible, much of it being noncommercial under
present economic conditions.

Table I. — Percentage of forest resource in different ownersliips

Forest
area

Mature

timber

land

area

Second

growth

area

Non-
stocked

cut or
burned

land

area

Volume

Volume
of more
valua-
ble
species

National forest _ _ _

51.8
1.5

2.3
4.2
3.2
1.3
3.5
32.2

51.8
1.1

3.4
5.7
4.0
0.7
2.0
31.3

51.5
0.4

1.3
2.8
2.9
2.0
3.0
36.1

28.6
0.6

3.6
1.0
3.4
3.5
2.1
67.3

41.9
1.1

5.7
2.9
4.7
0.6
1.0
42.1

35.5

0.5

Revested Oregon and

8.0

3.5

State

3.6

0.6

other public

0.8

Private

47.5

Total..-

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Source: U. S. Forei^t Service.

The national forests are in the main under sustained-
yield management, although some areas, relatively
small in total quantity involved, are reserved from all
cutting for recreational purposes. Silvicultural prac-
tices are required by all timber sale contracts, and a
comprehensive system of fire protection is in effect.

The national parks are managed for recreation only
and are permanently withdrawn from commercial
lumbering. They contain but 1 percent of the Region's
timber.

The revested Oregon and California and Coos Bay
Wagon Road land grants are only about 2 percent of
the entire forest area, but contain 8 percent of the timber
volume of the more valuable species. Being concen-
trated in the fir region of western Oregon, they form a
very important clement in the forest resource of that
subregion. These lands are administered by the
Interior Department under specific legislation which
contemplates prompt liquidation rather than any form
of continued forest management.^ Timber is sold
under competitive bids. Forty-acre subdivisions with
a light stand of timber are classified as agricultural
regardless of terrain, and were open to homestead entry
until about 2 years ago when thej^ were withdrawn
from entry pending some change in policy. This
timber is protected from fire, but no efforts are made to
secure a new stand of timber after cutting.

The Indian reservations have been managed by the
Indian Service for the benefit of the Indians. Fire
protection and forest regeneration have been capably
handled. Sustained yield has been recognized as an
objective, but since receipts from timber sales are dis-
tributed among tlie Indians, they naturally exert con-
stant pressure for immediate revenue.

The State-owned forest lands are handled under
somewhat varying policies in the four States of the
Region.

In Oregon most of the original grant was sold many
years ago. The remaining forest land has since been
consolidated by exchange with the national forests into
a State forest which is principally small second growth
as yet not ready for harvesting. Sustained-yield man-
agement must, therefore, be in the distant future.

In Washington most of the original land grant is still
in State ownership, but much of it has been consolidated
by exchanges with the national forests. A substantial
block has been designated by the legislature as a sus-
tained-yield forest, but it lies in an as yet undeveloped
territory on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula
and no definite management plan has yet been per-
fected. Outside of this forest there is a tendency to
liquidate timber values as rapidly as market conditions
permit, on account of the provisions of existing legisla-
tion. On the other hand, some 200,000 acres of cut-
over land, which had passed into county ownership
tlirough tax delinquency, has been taken over by the
State for management on a sustamed-yield basis.

Idaho and Montana have retained most of their
original land grants, and have partial^ consolidated
them by exchanges with the national forests. Timber
is sold therefrom without definite. plans for sustained-
yield management and with a tendency to liquidate
as rapidly as the stumpage market permits. State

• Since preparation of this report the Congress and the Interior Department have
adopted policies ot sustained-yield management tor these lands.

40

National Resources Committee

appropriations do not permit a wholly adequate fire or
blister rust protection, but slash disposal and forest
regeneration are reasonably well cared for in timber sale
contracts.

The county ownership of about 1,200,000 acres ap-
pears insignificant, but is far more important than the
figures imply. It includes the land to which title has
been taken by the counties through tax foreclosure.
Exact figures on the areas are unobtainable, because
foreclosures are constantly changing the situation.
County ownership is important and increasing in west-
ern Washington and Oregon, in northern Idaho and
the adjacent parts of eastern Washington. In
a number of counties within these sections, county
ownership has more than doubled within the past 5
years. Fiu-thermore, there is about sLx times as much
tax delinquent land as has already passed into county
ownership, and much of this is long delinquent. The
comities have no plans for forest management and often
inadequate protection is provided. ^Vliere the lumber
industry is well developed, the lands which revert to
the counties are largely cut-over, with or without a
crop of young trees already started thereon, but in some
of the more inaccessible sections of southern Oregon
large areas of merchantable timber are being abandoned
bj' private owners.

Under "other public ownership" are the moderately
large areas of public domain, on which there is little
timber of anj^ value and a few small areas of land owned
by cities for water supply purposes. The former are
comi)letely uncared for, while the latter are managed
primarily oi- exclusively for their watershed value.

That great part of the forest resource which is pri-
vately owned is divided between a very great nxunber of
corporations and individuals. This industry is handi-
capped by a frequent inabihty to take concerted action.
Any uniformity in the policies of the various owners of
timber must be attributed to the pressure of uniform
economic conditions. Lumber Associations represent
most of the operators, but a nuich smaller proportion
of the standing timber, and their sphere of activity is
circumscribed by the Sherman Act. The general policy
of the private owners is to liquidate their investments
as rapidly as possible, rather than to manage their
properties on a sustained-yield basis. Good systems of
fire protection have been organized through a number
of fire-protective associations, but their objective being
primarily to protect mature timber and logging equip-
ment, there is a tendency to relax the intensiveness of
protective measm-es on cut-over lands where futiu-e
timber crops must be raised.

Some companies have spent much money for the pro-
tection of their timber from insects and other enemies,
but this type of effort has been less universal than fire
protection. Since the days of the Lumber Code, forest

practice rules which are designed to leave the cut-land
in fairly good condition for further growth have been
very generally followed. Much of this cut-land, how-
ever, seems to be headed back into public ownersliip,
through tax delinquency, and into a form of public
ownership where it will have no better care than before.
Sustained-yield forest management is, therefore, now
in effect on only a little over half of the forest area —
largely that in public ownership — and this half is the
poorest half in density of stand and in quality and
accessibility of the timber. The most im])ortant part
of the Region's forest resource — largely that in private
ownersliip — is being managed under a policy of liquida-
tion as rapidly as the market will i)ermit.

Obstacles to Sustained- Yield Management

It must not be inferred that the private timber owner
is refraining from sustained-yield forest management
because he is opposed to the long-time welfare of the
region. Could he see his way clear to adopt it, he
would naturally be delighted to thus insure the futm-e of
his industry. But, in general, the obstacles seem to
him to far outweigh the benefits, and in many cases to
be insuperable.

CONVENTIONALIZED REPRESENTATION
OF TREND OF STUMPAGE PRICES IN REGION

3 9

/^

^

\ 1

i

/

\,

i

= ?

/

V

5

■^

^

' — ^

/

ACTUAL PR

ICES PAID

-J

^

0

-PRICES PAID IN TERMS OF OTHER WHOLESALE "
COMMODITIES

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

41

To understand them, it is necessary to know sonic-
thing abont the background of tlio industry. Its
principal profits have been derived from appreciation
in vahie of the timber owned. Sales of stumpage
(standing timber) have been so divei-se in conditions of
sale, and in (]uality and accessibility of the timber in-
volved that average stumi>age prices have but httle
meaning. The ui)per part of figure 21, however, which
is a comi^osite derived from a number of sources, gives
a substantially correct, though conventionalized, pic-
ture of the variation in values since the beginning of
large-scale lumber operations in the Kegion. There was
a rapid rise during the first decade of tins centiuy,
followed by a marked flattening. There followed a
second rise dming the World War, which, however, was
associated with the general rise of all commodity prices.
Throughout this period the tradition arose that stump-
age prices never declmed. The depression exposed the
fallacy of this generalization, for the fall which ensued
was drastic, although it is true that the movements
were small and that relatively little of the best timber
was thrown onto the market. Prices now seem to have
stabihzed, at least temporarily, at levels that are only
a little higher than those of 20 j'ears ago.

The variations in the levels of the upper portion of
figure 21 are in part a consequence of variations in the
purchasing power of the dollar. In this figure, more-
over, the relative importance of the two periods of rise
is not obvious, the percentage gain during the first
period being far greater. Therefore, the lower part of
figure 21, which is derived from the ujjper, is an ecpially
conventionalized curve in which (a) the actual stump-
age values have been adjusted for the trend of wholesale
commoditj' prices, and (6) a logarithmic vertical scale
has been used which makes the sloj)e of the line exactly
proportional to the rate of mcrease. It will be seen
that, broadly speaking, the first decade of the century
saw an increase in relative stumpage price of some 10
percent per annum; the second, an increase of only
about 2 percent per annum, while subsequently, there
has been practically no increase at all.

Most of the stumpage now in private ownership
passed into that status within a very few years after the
beginning of the century, and fortunes were made in the
next few years through rising stumpage prices. The
appreciation which was inevitable in a developing
region was artificially stimulated bj' a general, but un-
founded, fear of a timber famine within 2 or 3 decades.
The purchase of timber was, therefore, considered one
of the safest of long-time investments.

With the decline of lumber consumption b}^ the
Nation, it gradually became evident that not only was
there no danger of an early timber famine, but that
assets frozen in a largo supply of timber could be
thawed out only at a very moderate rate. The rise

in stumpage prices was checked, stumpage buyers
became less numeroiis, stumpage ownei-s began to seek
liquidation through the manufacture and sale of lumber.
Too many sawmills were built, and potential overpro-
duction of lumber maintained a buyei-s' market. Un-
satisfactory profits in lumber manufacture tended to
prevent further stumpage price increases.

There is some exaggeration in the foregoing picture,
because the average stumpage sold today is inferior in
quality or accessibility as compared with that sold
30 years ago. Nevertheless, it is not surprising that
investors no longer look on timber as a desirable specu-
lative investment. If mature timber is liquidated
today, the money received therefor can be invested in
some other enterprise which will, presumably, earn at
least a moderate interest rate. Unless stum])age values
increase at comparable rates, it is obviously better to
liquidate as soon as possible. But, today, the proba-
bility of any such rise in stumpage values seems small.
The urge for immediate liquidation is correspondingly
great.

Taxation

The way in which standing timber is taxed contributes
largely to this urge. In the early days, timber taxes
were very low, but as the coimtry developed and the
financial needs of local governmental agencies increased,
taxes increased with them. By 1928, the Forest Service
tax inquiry found that the average tax rates per thousand
for the fir region were 2.5 cents for Oregon and 3.9 cents
for Washington. For the pine regions of these same
States, the averages were 2.2 cents and 3.2 cents,
respectively. These do not seem, at fii-st glance, exor-
bitant rates on stumj)age worth about $3 per thousand,
but the rate has been increasing; it nearly trebled in
the 12 years preceding 1928. It is true that this was
partially a consequence of the rise in stumpage prices,
but it is also a result of the higher costs of government,
and of the reduction of the tax base in many counties
through the approaching exhaustion of standing tind>er.
There are wide variations between counties, even
within a single State. Where lumbering has already
substantiallv depleted the tax base, rates are more than
double those already cited. Further increases tlierefore
seem probable.

A very large proportion of the forest resource is
owned by nonoperators. Taxes are current cash ex-
penditures, and owners of this class have no current
revenues from their forest holdings from which to
derive the necessary moneys. It may be easier to
become reconciled to a disappointing future yirofitthan
to continue annual payments of even relatively small
magnitude.

Even among opera tiug owners, the application of the
present system of property taxation definitely handi-

42

National Resources Committee

caps any long-life operation, and particularly, of course,
an operation with sufficient mature timber to permit
the immediate adoption of sustained-yield manage-
ment. For purposes of illustration: if two operations
are compared, identical in every way except in the
quantity of timber owned, that which has but 5 years'
supply of timber will pay (at 3 cents per thousand on
the standing timber) 15 cents per thousand on the an-
nual cut, whDe that which has .50 years' supply will pay
$1.50. Yet these two plants must sell their lumber in
the same competitive market.

To offset this, the plant with the longer life may prop-
erly charge depreciation on its plant facilities at a lesser
rate. It has generally been considered by operators
that about 15 to 20 years' supply represents the best
compromise. But on such a supply, sustained yield is
impossible.

It may be difficult to prove that the forest resource
as a whole is paying more than its just share of taxa-
tion, but it is obvious that the distribution of the burden
\\'ithin the industry is completely at variance with
ability to pay. Since this ability is greatest in the case
of rapidly liquidating operators, the present tax system
distinctly discourages sustained-yield management and
even simpler forms of conservative use.

Diversity of Ownership

No amount of pressure can force liquidation at a rate
faster than the consuming public will buy the forest
products. It has already been shown that a reasonable
hypothesis as to future demands indicates that very
considerable delays in the process of liquidation are in-
evitable. The present worth of the last of the virgin
timber to be liquidated is obviously insignificant, and
possibly negative. Private owners as a whole have
assumed this handicap and can only escape it by letting
a substantial part of their holdings revert to public
ownership through tax foreclosure. Even this method
would be largely ineffective because tax delinquency
may merely load taxes more heavily on the timber land
which is retained.

Wiile the rate of liquidation is fixed primarily by the
consumer demand rather than by the pressure for liqui-
dation, just which owners are to profit, relatively, by
fairly prompt liquidation and which are to lose through
excessive delay is a problem which defies exact solution.
Physical facts exert a strong influence, it is true; inac-
cessible timber of low qviality cannot be forced onto
the present market with any return to stumpage at all.
But there are many borderline cases, and in these cases
aggressiveness and operating efficiency may outweigh
physical and economic handicaps. Attempted over-
production naturally results.

If the bulk of the forest resource were owned by a
single owner, a reasonable solution might be hoped for.

Actually, it is owned by countless individuals and cor-
porations, often in very small lots. The situation
differs radically in different parts of the Region, and
comprehensive ownership figures are not available. It
is known, however, that there are at least half a dozen
counties in Oregon and Washington in which over half
of the forest land is owned in lots of less than a thousand
acres. There are some 25,000 timber owners in Oregon
and 15,000 in Wasliington. Even the largest owner-
ships throughout the Region are widely scattered. In
most of the logical sustained-yield units in the Region,
diversity of private ownership results in conflicting
interests which are difficult to reconcile.

Low Returns on Industrial Investment

The lumlier industry, which is the major forest indus-
try of the Region, has not made large profits except
those which have already been mentioned as resulting
from the rise in stumpage values during the early years
of this century. From 1916 to 1933, inclusive, the
average profit ratio (ratio of net income to gross in-
come) of the lumber industry of the United States was
only 62 percent of that of all other manufacturing
industries.'' In a single representative year, the lumber
industry of the Slates of this Region had a profit ratio
which was oidy G2 percent of that of the lumber industry
of the Nation as a whole. This indicates that the
Region's hnnber industry has been on the average less
than 40 percent as profitable as the other manufactming
industries of the country.

Wliile it may be true that the low profits are a direct
result of the rush to liquidate and the consequent main-
tenance of a buyers' market for lumber, the fact remains
that the lumber industry is not in a good immediate
financial position to assume the additional burdens that
maj^ be necessary in connection with sustained-yield
management. In addition, there is small incentive to
perpetuate an industrj- which has been no more attrac-
tive financially.

Fortunately, the rapidly developing pulp industry
seems to be on a sounder basis. No precise figures are
available, but the profit ratio of the allied paper industry
has been slightly higher than the average for all manu-
facturing industry, and in this advantageous condition
the pulp industry seems to share. This industry, then,
has greater incentives for self-perpetuation and is in a
financial position which facilitates the necessary
measures.

Conflict Between Sustained-
Yield Objectives

It has been seen that the maximum prolongation of
the present production can be accomplished only by a
considerable migration of the industry within the

« W. L. Crum, Corporate Earning Power, pp. 327-338; and Corporate Earning Power
in the Current Depression, Bu-siness Research Studies No. 10, Harvard Graduate
School of Business .\dministration, p. 16.

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

43

Region. From the standpoint of the consuming pubUc,
this is of no consequence; its interest is in the main-
tenance of the annual stipply of forest products, regard-
less of source. From the standpoint of the local pro-
ducing communities, this migration is harmful; these
communities are often left with no supporting industries,
unless some substitute industry such as that based on
wood pulp can be found.

The Douglas fir lumber industry at its present rates
of depletion has but a relatively short life left in the
State of Washington. If the regional production is to
be maintained, it will be necessary after a few more
years to move the industry in large measure into
Oregon, and then overcut that State. Later on, when
Oregon's timber is exhausted, the growth in Washing-
ton during the period of suspended operations will
permit a remigration back into this State. This
pendulumlike s\dng back and forth between States —
and, of course, within States as well — wall supply the
consumer as adequately as is possible, but will mean
a minimum of communitj- stability.

On the other hand, if sustained-yield units were
immediately developed in Oregon, wherever physically
possible, there would be a minimtnn of overcutting of
the Oregon resource, and a maximum of local stability
in that State, but the Region's production would have
to be sharply curtailed, in spite of a stimulation of
overcutting in Washington. Later on, when the
temporarily depleted areas had recuperated, there
would be an opportunity for expansion. The max-
imum stabilization of local communities woidd have
been accomplished at the expense of a fluctuation in
the regional production.

Distribution or Benefits and Burdens
of Sustained-Yield Management

Finally, the heavy burdens of jiutting private forests
under sustained-yield management are, under existing
conditions, largely concentrated on the private owner;
while the immediate benefits, particularly during the
transition period, seem to accrue for the most part to
the public. The owner is, of course, a part of this
public, and thereby shares in the general welfare.
But Ills sharp therein, whatever it may be, is usually
insufficient to induce him to undertake all of the burdens
necessary to bring about a system of management
of which the public is a chief beneficiary. Public
agencies may contend that private ownership of a
great natural resource entails definite respon.sibilities
to the public for its proper management. Private
owners may accept this principle, but many of them
seem to feel that when the public collects taxes on a
basis which urges prompt liquidation, it has relinquished
its claim upon them.

The Risks in Prolonged Timber Holding

Despite good fire protection, it has been seen that
there are occasional conflagrations which sweep vast
areas with liighly destructive effects. Epidemic attacks
of insects and disease may cause heavy losses. The
longer the timber is held, the greater is the chance for
loss. The normal business procediu-e would be to
insure against these losses, but timber insurance is not
yet available in this Region.

Equally disturbing are the uncertainties in the
economic future of the regional forest industries. The
declining trend of national lumber consumption leaves
a doubt as to whether future demand may not have
been overestimated. The possibility that eastern
forest areas may come back into production and,
through their proximity to hea\-y concentrations of
population, win back some part of their former pro-
portion of the Nation's hnnber business cannot be
ignored .

These possibilities all impel an early liquidation of
mature timber. The additional fact that the present
competitive situation of the Region's lumber industry
is based on the large proportion of select grades of
lumber wliich comes from centuries-old timber, and
that second growth stands cannot maintain this
advantage, is a discouraging element in calculations
involving sustained-yield management.

The seriousness of this future decline in quality can
be somewhat reduced by the application of the system
of selective logging wherever it is practicable. In this
system, only a portion of the stand is removed at the
first cutting, and many fairly large trees are left as a
part of the growing stock. ^Micn the land is recut after
a lapse of years there ^^^ll obviously be a greater range
of tree sizes available, and a greater diversity of lumber
grades obtainable than would be the case if an even-
aged second-growth stand, grown after an original clean
cut, were being harvested.

Tliis system of cutting also permits the liquidation of
a major portion of the value in a timber stanil in a
shorter period of time, leaving for growth the trees which
have little or no present value. Unfortunately, this
system has serious draw-backs under many conditions
which are interfering with its widespread adoption. It
is being experimented with by many operators.

A Program to Remove or Minimize
Obstacles to Sustained Yield

The immediately preceding pages deal witli the
hazards and difficulties involved in the ai)])licati()n of
sustained yield to private forests; these difficulties must
be clearly recognized before intelligent plans may be
made for their removal. In ])art II of this report are
made specific recommendations for the removal of

44

National Resources Committee

obstacles and for the creation of conditions more favor-
able to the application of this form of management on
private lands. There are substantial advantages therein
for the private owner, as well as for the public. These
advantages, when the obstacles have been removed,
and when more favorable conditions have been created,
will strongly promote the application of sustained yield.

Uses of Forests Other Than for

the Production of Commercial Timber

There are many other uses of forest lands besides
those connected with production of lumber and other
forms of wood. The lumber, pulp, and other allied
industries are of primary importance to the Region as
a whole, but there are manj^ localities within the Region
where they are imimportant and in which such other
benefits as grazing, recreation, etc., may be of far greater
consequence. In still other parts, two or more of the
various possible uses may be of more or less equal
imi)ortance.

Grazing

Beneath the more open forests of the pine region grow
many grasses and other species of forage plants. This
forage makes these forest lands of great importance to
the hvestock industry.

This is one of the most important industries of the
Pacific Northwest. There are about 3,300,000 cattle
and 8,200,000 sheep in the four States. The aggregate
value of all the Hvestock is over $200,000,000. The
quality of this stock is generally excellent. The well-
bred herds of range cattle produce beef animals of liigh
grade and the Region's mutton lambs are recognized by
buyers as the best the coimtry jjroduces.

The range livestock industry produced an annual
income in 1930 (the last year for wluch estimates are
available) of $84,000,000. In many counties it was the
primary source of income, and in certain comities it
amounted to as much as 55 percent of the total gross
agricultural income.

The area devoted to grazing is 170 million acres for
the four States, or 68 percent of the total area of the
Region. It is concentrated in the pine region of eastern
Oregon and Washington, of southern Idaho, and of
eastern Montana. In eastern Oregon and Washington
87 percent of the entire area is grazed by livestock.

The smnmer range of the livestock is within or imme-
diately adjacent to the forests. As these are at the
higher altitudes, the forage is buried in snow during the
winter, early spring, and late fall. Spring and fall
grazing must, therefore, be found at lower altitudes,
while winter feed must be provided on aftermath and
other pasture lands in the valleys. The aggregate area
of the summer range is 78 million acres, or about 47
percent of the grazing area, while the spring and fall
range is 44 percent and the winter range about 9 per-

cent. The ability of any given locality to produce range
livestock efficiently is dependent in large measure upon
the availability of these different seasonal classes of
range. Quite often, especially in eastern Oregon, most
efficient production is limited by shortage of forest
summer range.

The lease of grazing privileges provides, in nuiny
localities, a supplemental income to the timber-land
owner which is often sufficient to pay the current taxes
and a part of the other carrying charges. In a measure,
therefore, it relieves the pressure foi' early liquidation of
timber values.

Wliile the growing of timber and the grazing of range
livestock can be carried on simultaiu^ously and har-
moniously on the same forest land, dense forests contain
less forage than do the more open stands. Where
foi'cst range controls the extent of the livestock industry,
carefid planning is necessary to harmonize the interests
of the two industries, and to secure the maximum com-
bined benefits to the public welfare.

Watershed Protection

Most of the streams of the Region have their sources
in forest land. The effects of forest cover on stream
flow are so complex that accurate predictions of the
results of a removal of forest cover are impossible. It
is clear, however, that radical changes in the amount
and kind of vegetation on the catchment basms of the
streams will disturb the run-off either in total quantity,
in height of flood water, in distribution of flow through
the year, in quantity of silt carried, or in some com-
binations of these.

A substantial part of the Region has a semiarid
climate. In 1930, after some 50 years of development,
nearly 5 million acres had been put under iirigation
projects with over $200,000,000 invested in irrigation
works. Large additional developments are contem-
plated. Any disturbances in the flow of the streams
furnishing water to these lands may cause heavy econ-
omic losses.

Other parts of the Region have a very heavy annual
precipitation. Steep stream gradients and the mag-
nificent possibilities of the Columbia River itself, which
are now being partially developed through the Bonne-
ville and Grand Coulee Dams, make the Region excep-
tionally rich in water-power possibilities. Well-regu-
lated streams, carrying a minimum quantity of the silt,
which eventually may destroj^ expensive water storage
facilities, are highly important.

Most of the cities and towns of the Region derive
their water for domestic use from streams originating on
forest lands, and are justly proud of its quality.

There is little conflict between the interests of the
water users and of the consumers of the wood products
of the forests, even in the parts of the Region where both

Forest Resources 0/ the Pacific Northwest

45

uses are highly important. Those city watersheds, from
which it may seem advisable to bar all commercial cut-
ting, occupy in the aggregate an infinitesimal part of the
forest area. From the standpoint of irrigation and water
power, logging operations ma}' have a transiently detri-
mental effect, but imder sustauied-yield forest manage-
ment, the area logged in any 1 year is but a very small
percentage of the whole unit which is imder manage-
ment, and care is taken that the vegetative cover be
promptly restored. Under a policy of rapid li(jiiidation,
the disturbance of the forest cover may be more highly
concentrated and prolonged. However, the most serious
effects are imdoubtetllj^ caused by fire. In general, then,
adequate protection of watershed values is a byproduct
of forest manngement.

Recreation

The forest lands of the Region are also of high impor-
tance as recreational areas. In their very nature, forests
are favorite resorts not only of the Inmter and tlie fisher-
man, but of the nature lover who is mcrelj' seeking a
beautiful spot for camping or picnicking. The regional
forests are exceptionally attractive in their diversity.
The open, parklike stands of ponderosa pine contrast
sharply with the dense, dark forests of Douglas fir and
with the broken and diversified timber of the higher
mountains. The rugged mountaui peaks of the Region
characteristically have their lower slopes covered with
forests, within which are innumerable swift streams and
quiet lakes.

The value of the forests for recreational use cannot be
expressed in commercial terms, although there is, un-
doubtedly, a large economic return to the Region. They
are the playground of the Region, although their beau-
ties are enjoj'ed by large niunbers who come each year
from every State of the Union.

Certain areas of outstanding scenic beauty have been
set aside as national parks. These are Glacier National
Park in Montana; Ramier, in Washington; and Crater
Lake, in Oregon. These parks have been intensively
develoiied for tourist use, with excellent hotels and other
facilities. They are visited annually by some 700,000
people, and this number is rapidly hicreasing from year
to year.

Other areas of unusual beauty or interest have been
set aside as national monuments and many of these are
foresteil. The only large national monument within the
four States is that which includes the central nniss of the
Olympic Mountains, in Washington. Commercial de-
velopment is carefully regulated on such an area in order
that its scenic beauty may be unharmed.

Still other areas, within the national forests, have been
set aside as primitive areas. The aggregate area so set
aside is about 7,000,000 acres.

By no means all of the beautiful portions of the

Region's forests, however, have been thus set aside as
parks, monuments, or primitive areas. Throughout
the four States the forest land contains countless spots
which, through their charm, attract milhons of recrea-
tionists. The Forest Service has developed a great
many of these areas along lines which correlate enjoy-
ment of hunting, fishing, and the scenery itself, along
with the commercial uses. Sites for summer homes or
resorts can be leased at reasonable rates, and camp
grounds and picnic grounds have been prepared for the
convenience of the visitor. Estimates by the Forest
Service indicate that there are over 3 million visitors
to the Region's national forests each year, classified as
follows :

Summer home permittees and their guests 100, 000

Hotel and resort guests 375, 000

Campers 710, 000

Picnickers 1, 100, 000

Other 1, 100,000

Total 3, 385, 000

This is on the national forests alone, which, it will be
remembered, include only about half of the forest area
of the Region. If statistics were available for the
private land, their inclusion would greatly increase the
foregoing figures.

The segregation of exceptional areas for exclusively
recreational use suggests that there is some conflict
between this and commercial lumbering, and grazing.
It is easy to exaggerate this conflict. The immediate
effect of the logging operation is to make the land
unsightly, but under proper forestry practices, the
unsightly condition lasts but a few years. Particularly
if sustained-yield management is put into effect, the
proportion of the area cut in any year is exceedingly
small and the proportion which is unsightly at any
given tune will be unimportant.

Fish and Game

Much of the recreational use of the Region's forest
land is in connection with the opportunities for hunting
and fishing which these lands afford. Judging by the
number of game licenses issued, about 1 out of every
10 of the inhabitants of the 4 States participates in
these sports, many vsirietics of which are to be found
at their best on forest land.

While accurate figures on the wildlife ijopulation of
all the area are obviously unobtainable, rough estimates
have been compiled for the national forests. For the
Region, these estimates arc as follows:

Deer - -- 275,000

Elk -- 58,000

Moose - 2, 000

Goats.-.- 13, 000

Sheep i. 000

Kear - 24. OOP

Total--- - 37C>, 000

46

National Resources Committee

In addition to this "big game," there are said to be
some 320,000 fur-bearing animals such as weasel, martin,
mink, beaver, etc. These numbers are for the national
forests only, and if figures were available for the other
half of the forest land, their addition would, of course,
greatly increase the totals.

An interesting fact in this connection is that the big
game seems to be increasing in numbers. The above
figures are about 20 percent liigher than the correspond-
ing figures of 5 years before. Contributing to this
increase are the very extensive game refuges of various
sorts, which occupy an area of over 14 million acres.
In the national parks, also, hunting is entirely prohibited

While there are local shortages of game, due to
overlmntLng or illegal huntmg, there are other areas
in which the game refuges have resulted in an over-
production. Forest lands, are, after all, merely the
natural summer range of such aniuals as deer and elk;
their natural winter range has much of it long since
been fenced for agriculture or pasturage. It is, gener-
ally, the capacity of the remammg whiter range which
limits the population of these animals, although this
fact is usually not understood by the general public.

Because of this fact, there is little conflict between
the interests of the sportsman and of the other users
of the forests. Hunting and fishmg are a highly desir-
able byproduct of timber growing.

Present Activities Which Are Improving
Forest Situation

It has been seen that the present condition of the
Region's vast forest resource is unsatisfactory. The
lumber industrj-, on which local prosperity is so largely
based, camiot long be continued on its present scale.
It has failed to make satisfactory profits in the past.
It must make uneconomic migrations within the
Region in the future, although in western Washington
expansion of the pulp and paper industry probably will
maintam many of the existing communities. Oidy
about half of the forest land is beuig managed with
regard to the future welfare of the public. The owner-
ship and tax situation is a deterrent to any such man-
agement on most of the remaining half.

Much is already being done to unprove the situation.
Along certain lines accomplishment is already sub-
stantial, while along others a beginning has hardly been
made.

The Progress of Forestry

For some three decades technically trained foresters
have been working on the problems of this Region.
In the early days these technicians were almost exclu-
sively in Federal governmental positions, principally
in the United States Forest Service, but today a sub-

stantial number are to be found in State services, edu-
cational institutions, and in industry. The Region
has forestry branches m four colleges or universities,
one in each State, so that increasing numbers of trained
forestere are available. Many more are drawn from
educational institutions outside of the Region.

Not only has the work of this body of technical men
resulted in substantial progress along hues, some of
which will presently be described, but it has made the
public increasingly aware of the importance of forestry
to the Pacific Northwest. WhUe a quarter of a centurj'
ago forestry was an almost miknown word to the aver-
age citizen, today he recognizes its general importance,
although he may know little of its technique.

The followmg may be cited as leading examples of
Imes along wliich forestry technique and education has
made substantial contributions, or has, in some cases,
merely started along constructive lines.

Increasing the Growth Rate

With the exception of the revested Oregon and Cali-
fornia lands, most of the public timber has for many
years been cut in such a manner as to leave the forests
in good condition for future growth. At the time the
Lumber Code was formulated (mider the National
Industrial Recovery Act of 1933), the lumber uidustry
assumed the obligation to take whatever steps were
practicable along the same line. "Forest practice
rules" were adopted and made a part of the Code (art.
X). These difl'ered with the forest conditions en-
countered, but their uniform purpose was to leave
enough trees to serve as a source of seed or a nucleus
for a second tuuber crop, and also to dispose of the
slash resulting from logging in such a manner as to
facilitate the protection of this future crop. These
rules have been contuiued voluntaiily through activities
of lumber trade associations. In Idaho the legislature
has made compliance with these rules mandatory withhi
all forest protective districts. Neither the rules them-
selves nor the compUance therewith are perfect, but
they represent a substantial accomphshment, although
the growth rate which can be expected under them
leaves sometliing to be desired.

Even on the best managed public forests, there is a
chance for betterment. The United States Forest
Service is conductuig silvicultural mvestigations and
studymg growth rates, and from this research much is
to be expected.

It has been shown that no very large proportion of
the Region's forest area is unstocked with young trees
as the result of cuttmg or bum, but the total unstocked
acreage is large, and in some localities this type of
land is important in its proportions, and exceptionally
accessible to natural uidustrial centers. On account of
the ownership situation, little is as yet being done to

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

47

rehabilitate these lands, although the State of Wash-
ington has a nursery for plantmg on State-owned lands,
and a little reforestation has been done by some private
owners.

Much of the unstocked or poorly stocked land is the
result of the use of high-powered steam machinerj' in
logging. In the early days of the lumber hidustry,
logs were pulled to tidewater by bull teams, and since
only the best trees were felled, a considerable stand
was left which, in most cases, adequately and promptly
restocked the land. After steam donkey engines and
skidders came into use, vast areas were stripped of their
timber, even the unmerchantable trees being knocked
down m the course of logging. Under such conditions,
particularly if the logguig was followed by repeated
fires, the establishment of an adequate number of seed-
lings on the land is slow and uncertam. With the
advent of the crawler type of tractor has come a form
of logging more like that of the daj's of the bull team,
for considerable numbers of small and defective trees
are left standing, and a prompt and adequate restocking
of the land can be expected. This type of logging
involves problems in brush disposal which are as yet
not satisfactorily solved, and is generally considered
inefficient in many situations. But it promises sub-
stantial improvement in increasing the regional growth
rate.

The same type of equipment is even more commonly
employed m the pine region. Here, the change is less
marked, as steam machmery was never extensively
used. The combination of tractors and trucks, how-
ever, by reducing the investment m railroad building,
encourages selective logging and tlie leaving of heavier
growing stocks on cut-over lands.

Decreasing the Losses

Fire protection has been, in general, reasonably well
handled for many years. The national forests, Indian
reservations, and national parks, in particidar, have
developed excellent sj'stems for prevention, detection,
and control. Many private associations have an
equally good record. Even the best systems occasion-
ally break down, however, under exceptionally severe
weather conditions. Some publicly owned timber is
inadequately protected or not protected at all, and the
private owners do not work with equal efficiency
throughout the Region. In particular, those privately
owned cut-over lands which are presumably on their
way back into public ownership through tax delin-
quency may be poorly protected. Idaho, Oregon,
and Washington have legislation compelling fire pro-
tection, but enforcement often is so difficult that
inadequate results are obtained.

About two-thirds of all forest fires are man-caused.
Those that result from logging operations are usually

taken care of with efficiency, and a substantial pro-
portion of the fires that cause the most trouble are due
to negligence by the general pubUc rather than by the
land owner. The Federal Government has recog-
nized that fire prevention on privately owned lands is
largely a matter of public responsibilitj' and of national
concern, and, through the Clarke-McNary Act, contrib-
utes to the protection of private lands on which the
owners are already expending substantial sums. The
total current national appropriation for this purpose
is, however, only $1,655,000 a year. In addition, the
Federal Government is contributing materially to fire
protection on State and private lands through the
Civilian Conservation Corps. Truck and horse trails,
lookout houses and towers, telephone fines, fire breaks,
and many other types of protective improvements have
been built by this organization, which aid hi prompt
detection and action on fires; and in addition it has
contributed many thousands of hom-s on the fire line
m the actual suppression of fires. The lumber industry
in the four States of the Region is spending about a
million dollars annuaUy for fire protection. In addi-
tion, on privately owned lands, the timber owners in
recent years have spent about $530,000 a year through
the protective associations and special State fire-patrol
levies, as compared with $280,000 of direct expenditure
by the Federal Government and only $160,000 by the
States.

Improved efficiency in the expenditures of these
sums is being sought through research into such mat-
ters as the weather conditions mdicating exceptional
hazard, the inflammability of various natural fuels,
and the technique of fire detection and suppression.
Such research has been carried on by the Forest Service
and is being continued.

Less successful have been the efforts to combat the
attacks of the several species of insects, particularly
the dendroctonus beetles, which have killed billions of
feet of timber in the past decade. Efforts of owners
have been more sporadic and less well coordiuated
than in the case of fire. Teclmical advice on insect
control has been given by the United States Bureau of
Entomology anil Plant Quarantine.

A vigorous defense has been organized against the
white pine blister rust, the most serious disease men-
acuig the Region's forests at the present time, within
the white pine territory of northern Idaho and ad-
joming portions of Washington and Montana where
its menace is greatest. About 60 percent of the area
endangered has been given a first treatment through
the eradication of the wild currant and gooseberrj'
plants which are the alternate hosts of the disease. The
Civilian Conservation Corps has done much to aid in
combatting this disease, but cannot adeiiuately cover
all that needs to be done. Technical direction is

48

National Resources Committee

supplied bj' the United States Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine. As the disease threatens the
future welfare of the Region rather than that of the
private owners of mature timber, its control, even on
private lands, is a matter of public concern.

Decreasing the Waste in Lumbering

The Forest Products Laboratory of the United States
Forest Service at Madison, Wis., is the central investi-
gative agency which is studying the better utilization
of wood. The experiment stations, the Imnber asso-
ciations, and the State educational institutions are
worldng along similar lines. AVliile some progress has
been made, the volumetric waste remains very high.
Recent investigations, ui fact, have tended to mcrease
it by showing that in the past some material had been
removed from the forests at a loss. The present trend
in logging methods, however, may faciUtate leaving the
submargmal material in the form of growing trees rather
than of debris.

Development of New Industries to
Replace or Supplement Existing Industry

The rapid growth of the regional pulp industry near
tidewater has already been mentioned. Particularly
when associated with the paper industry, this is espe-
cially welcome because of its relatively high ratio of
labor to raw material. Pulp of the highest grade, such
as that suitable for rayon and cellophane, is being made
from hemlock pulpwood. The rapidly increasing use
of rayon and other new products based on ceUidose
suggests that this growth of industry can be continued.

Many other new uses for wood and its constituent
materials are being developed in the laboratories of
governmental agencies and of industrial organizations.
There is promise of growth of other important indus-
tries, based upon waste wood and upon lignin and dis-
tillates, as well as cellulose. While such uses are in
their infancy as commercial ventures, they also repre-
sent potential progress toward continuing forest indus-
tries in localities where they cannot be continued at
their present level if based on lumbering alone.

Controlling Overproduction

The Lumber Code made production control manda-
tory upon the industry. In spite of many administra-
tive difficulties, compliance was nearly universal within
this region. When the N. I. R. A. was declared un-
constitutional, even voluntary control was considered
a possible violation of the Sherman Antitrust Law.
The trade associations have collected and distributed
information on such matters as stocks on hand, ship-
ments, and anticipated future demand which give the
mdividual operator a better basis for determining his
rate of cut, but the result leaves much to be desired.

Sustained yield exerts an effective control on that
part of the timber supply which is under this form of
management. Too much of the cut comes from timber
which is not thus managed to make this control of much
present help to the industry.

Tax Reform

In three of the four States, some progress has been
made in connection with the taxation of young, growing
tmiber.

In Idaho, by agreement between the owner and the
State Board of Forestry, land classified as reforestation
land is assessed at not to exceed $1 per acre. In addi-
tion to the annual tax on this basis, the owner pays a
12}^ percent jaeld tax when the young crop of timber
has matured and is cut. About 130,000 acres have
been thus classified. By recent legislation, trees left
uncut under the forest practice rules are exempt from
taxation, but must be left standing for 15 years.

In Oregon, lands classified by the State tax commis-
sion as reforestation lands pay an annual fee per acre of
5 cents in the fir region and 4 cents in the pine. An
additional yield tax of 12}^ percent is paid when the
timber is finally cut. About a million acres have been
thus classified.

In Washington, lands classified as reforestation lands
are assessed at $1 per acre if in the fir region and at
50 cents per acre if in the pine region. In addition to
the annual tax thus determined, a yield tax of 12,'^ per-
cent must be paid on all timber cut 12 years or more
after the time of classification, and according to a
sliding scale of lesser percentages if the timber is cut
more promptly. About 200,000 acres have been thus
classified. In addition, the possibility of classification
has in many counties reduced excessive valuations on
cutover lands.

Various proposals have been introduced into the
State legislatures for a revision of the tax system as
applied to mature timber, but none has been adopted.

Stabilization of Ownership

In the State of Washington alone has substantial
progress been made in managing tax-foreclosed forest
lands. This State may insist that such lands be turned
over to the State Forester for management. The
revenues are then turned back to the counties, after a
deduction of the costs of management and of an addi-
tional 10 percent wliich goes into the State forest de-
velopment fund. Tills right has been exercised only
where there is no objection on the part of the counties,
but nevertheless about 200,000 acres have already been
put under State control.

Oregon has a somewhat similar law authorizing
management by the State, provided, however, that the
counties must ofl^er the land and the State accept it.

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

49

In Orefion, the State is to pay the county an annual 5
cents |)or acre phis 12,'2 percent of the final yield, the
remaintler of the revenues going to the State irreducible
school fund. Although this law has been in effect since
1031, no action has been taken thereunder, partly
through county inertia and partly because of lack of
State api^ropriations.

Idaho has legislation as yet too recent to have been
put into effect, which provides for a classification of
lands to determine which are chiefly valuable for State
forests. The county commissioners are authorized
either to give county-owned lands to the State, or to
sell them to the State for the amount of delinquent
taxes due. Net revenues are to be shared equally be-
tween the State and the counties.

There is as yet no similar law in Montana.

Federal aid has been extended to the States in solving
this problem. Under the Fulmer Act, the United
States may buy land and turn it over to the State for
administration. The State must then pay all current
administration costs, and pay the United States 50
percent of the gross income derived therefrom, until
eventiudly title is secured by completely repaying the
Federal outlay. Furthermore, where the State acquires
tax delinquent land, the Federal Government may pay
half of the cost of administration. In order to receive
this aid, the State must (a) have authority to manage
State forests, (6) have a macliinery for taking over tax-
foreclosed lands, and (c) have a satisfactory State
forester. All purchases under this act must be ap-
proved by the National Forest Reservation Commis-
sion. Idaho has qualified imder this act by appropriate
legislation. No Federal appropriation under this act
has been made, and hence, no accomplishment has as
yet been possible.

For many years, the Forest Service has been making
exchanges of timber land within the national forests
and in some localities (through special legislation)
adjacent thereto for the purpose of concentrating
ownership. It has also exchanged timber (to be cut
under the usual regulations) for cutovcr land, thus
increasing the national forest area. These latter ex-
changes are restricted in quantity by the limitation
of the cut from the national forests, under sustained
yield, and by the unwillingness of the Forest Service
seriously to reduce its contribution to county support
(25 percent of the gross revenues from the national
forests).

The National Forest Reservation Commission is
also administering a policy of outright purchase of

merchantable timber, wherever such purchases will
contribute to the establishment of sustained-yield
units, or, in some regions, serve as demonstration
forests. The total appropriations have been small
as compared with the magnitude of the task, and have
been largely expended in the eastern States. Only
one such purchase, involving about 6,600 acres, has
as yet been made within this Region.

Inauguration of Sustained-Yield Management

Because of diversified ownership, sustained-yield
management must in most cases be a cooperative
affair. In a very few instances, public timber so
dominates tlie situation that the Forest Service can
assure this type of management more or less regardless
of the attitude of the operator, who is, in this circum-
stance, favorably disposed. In cases where the natural
management units are almost exclusively in private
ownership, the reasons already stated have prevented
any action. In the majority of instances, however,
there is a division of ownership between private cor-
porations and public interests which greatly improves
the opportunity. 'W'liile some progress has been made
in a few of these cases, there is as yet little actual
accomplishment. Progress has at times been blocked
as much by a lack, on the part of some of the public
agencies, either of a proper policy or .of authority to
enter into the necessary agreements, as it has been by
the handicaps of the private owners.

A Regional Program

The foregoing section of the staff report does not
attempt to formulate a program, but is limited to a
bare statement of the more significant facts of the
forest situation of the Pacific Northwest.

Any factual statement may lead to diverse con-
clusions by those who read it. The discouraging nature
of some of the facts of this report may engender an
attitude of defeatism in the minds of some, but to the
majority they will be a challenge to prompt and aggres-
sive action.

Based on these facts as to conditions in this Rcgi<Mi,
the Forest Advisory Committee of the Pacific North-
west Regional Planning Commission, in consultation
with representatives of the major public and private
interests in the resource, has formulated a construc-
tive program.'

' Part II, Report of Forest Advisory Committee, Pacific Nortltwett Regional Foretl

Program.

SECTION 1. APPENDIX — TABLES

Contents

Table Page

A. Areas of Forest Land in Columbia Basin States 52

B. Types of Forest Land in Columbia Basin States 52

C. Volume of Timber in Columbia Basin States 52

D. Annual Production of Softwood Lumber and Pulpwood by
Four States of Region 53

E. Softwood Lumber Production of Region by States and Years 53

F. National Consumption of Softwood Lumber and Pulpwood 54

G. Proportion of National Consumption of Softwood Lumber

and of Pulpwood Supplied by Regional Production 54

H. Annual Regional Production of Softwood Lumber by Species 54
L Percentage of National Softwood Lumber Consumption

Supplied by Region in Certain Species 54

J. Ownership of Forest Land 54

K. Ownership of Mature Conifer Timber Land 54

L. Ownership of Second Growth Timber Land 54

M. Ownership of Unstocked, Cut-over or Burned 54

N. Ownership of Timber 55

O. Ownership of Timber of More Valuable Species 55

•31

52

Table A. — Areas of forcsl land in Columbia Basin Stales
[Areas in millions of acres]

National Resources Committee
Table B. — Types of forest land in Columbia Basin Stales — Con.

Location

Total
land area

Forest
total area

Percentage
of total
which is

forest land

Matio -

53.3

22.6

42.2

Montana;

Eastern _ - _

71.6
21.9

8.9
11.7

12.5

53.4

Total -

93.5

20.7

22.1

Oregon:

Eastern - - .

42.3
18.9

12.6
15.6

29.5

Western ..

82 6

Total

61.2

28.1

45,9

Washington:

Eastern ....

27.1
15.7

10.0
13.4

36.9

Western

85.3

Total

42.8

23.4

54.6

Subtotal:
Fir region

34.6
216.3

29.0
65.7

83.9

30.4

250.8

94.7

37.8

Source: U, S. Forest Service.

Table B. — Types of forest land in Columbia Basin Slates
[Areas in thousands of acres]

Saw
timber

Second'
growth

Non-
stocked
cut-
over
and

burn

Hard-
wood

Subtotals

Location

Com-
mercial

Non-
com-
mercial

Grand
total

Idaho;

8,232
36.6

8,083
36.0

1,425
6.3

17, 740
78.9

4,750
21.1

22, 490

Percent

100.0

Montana:
Eastern:
Area

2,489
27.8

3,214
35.9

150
1.7

5,853
65.4

3,093
34.6

8,946

Percent

100.0

Saw
timber

Second!
growth

Non-
stocked

cut-
nver

and
burn

Hard-
wood

Subtotals

Location

Com-
mercial

Non-
com-
mercial

Grand
total

Montana— Continued.

Western:
Area

4,870
41.5

3, 982
.■!3. 9

57S
4.9

9.431
80.3

2,310
19.7

11,741

Percent . -

100.0

Total:

Area

Percent...

7.359
35.6

7,196
34.8

729
3.6

16, 284
73.9

15, 403
20.1

20,687
100.0

Oregon:
Eastern;

Area .-

8,414
67.4

8,701
56.8

2,241
17.9

3,560
22 9

214
1.7

2,028
13.0

400
2.6

10, 869
87.0

14, 689
94.3

1,620
13.0

888
5.7

12,495
100.0

Western;

15, 577

Percent

100.0

Total:

Area -

Percent-. -

17,115
61.0

5,801
20.7

2,242
8.0

400
1.4

25, 658
91.0

2, 614
9.0

28,072
100.0

Washington:
Eastern;

4,715
47.0

5,827
43.4

3.504
34.9

3,489
26.0

253
2.5

2,333
17.4

363
2.6

8,472
84.4

12,002
89.4

1, ,561
15.6

1,423
10.6

10, 033

Percent

100.0

Western:

13,425

Percent

100.0

Total:

Area

Percent.. -

10. 542
44.9

6,993
29.8

2,586
11.0

353
1.5

20,474
87.3

2,984
12 7

23,458
100.0

Subtotal:

Fir region;

14.538
50.1

28,720
43.7

7,049
24.3

21. 024
32.0

4,361
15.0

2,621
4.0

753
2.6

26, 691
92.0

52, 365
79.7

2,311
8.0

13, 340
20.3

29,002

Percent

100.0

Pine region:
Area

65, 705

100.0

Grand total;

Area

Percent...

43, 248
45.7

28,073
29.6

6,982
7.4

753
0.8

79,056
S3. 5

16, 651
16.5

94, 707
100.0

I Division between saw timber and second growth is based on an average diameter
of 12 inches in the pine and 20 inches in the fir region.

Source: U. S. Forest Service,

Table C. — Volume of timber in Columbia Basin States
(Volumes in millions of board feet, lumber tally]

Location

Douglas fir

Ponderosa
pine

Hemlock

Pulpwood
species

Cedar

Western
white and
sugar pine

Sitka
spruce

Miscella-
neous coni-
fers

Hardwood

Total

Percent
of total

Idaho _

24, 898

21,669

■14.567

4.887

14, 272

21,034

101.927

10.9

Montana;

1,350
9,091

13.548
43,345

1.5

Western

1922

569

1,391

4.6

Total

12,651

10, 441

922

669

1,391

30,919

56,893

6.1

Oregon:

7,800
266, 742

79, 339
6.566

387
5,606

14, 172
273

101,698
346, 096

10.9

28,275

21,637

8,812

6,701

3,585

37.0

Total

274, 642

84,904

28, 276

21, 637

8,812

6,993

5,701

14,445

3,586

447, 794

47,9

Washington:
Eastern

11, 610
114,313

20,090
116

1,010
1,722

13,910
37

46,620
282, 041

5.0

Western

91, 969

40, 213

24,836

7,738

1,098

30.1

Total

125, 923

20,206

91,969

40,213

24,835

2,732

7,738

13,947

1.098

328, 661

35.1

Subtotal;
Fir region

381,055
56, 959

5,681
131, 539

120,244
15, 489

61,760

33,647
5,456

7,328
17,060

13, 439

310
80,635

4,683

628, 137
307,138

67.2

32.8

438, 014
46.8

137, 220
14.7

135, 733
14.6

61, 750
6.6

39, 103
4.2

24,388
2.6

13. 439

1.4

80,945
8.7

4,683
0.5

935,275
100.0

100.0

• Includes white fir.
Source: U. S. Forest Service.

I

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

Table D. — Annual production of softwood lumber and pulpwood

by four Slates of region

(Quantities in millions o( board feet]

Year

Lumber

Pulp-
wood

Year

Lumber

Pulp-
wood

1869

21S
373
1,742
2,475
3,915
5,531
6,642
6,261
5,202
6,705
7,237
6,850
6,986
7,691
6,834
6,323
7,938
7,880
8,432

1919

1920

8,588
10,208
6,605
10,013
12, 131
11,289
12,763
13.314
12,615
13,019
13, 465
10,263
7.170
4,209
5,707
6,036
7,393
9,393

155

1S79

167

1S89

1921

172

1S99

83

1922

173

19W

1923 -

198

1905

I9?4

218

1906

1925 -

225

1907

19?6

269

1908

1927

356

1909

52
55
60

1928

480

1910

1929

648

1911

1930

675

1912

1931

1932

673

1913

476

1914

1933

660

1915

1934

763

1916 . .

130
131

120

1935

975

1917

1936 (estimated)...

1,050

1918 -.

Source: U. S. Forest Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, and Lumber Trade
Associations,

Table E. — Softwood lumber production of region by Slates and years
[Quantities in millions of board feet]

Year

1879

1889

1899

1904

1905

1906.

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911.

1912

1913

1914

1915-'.

1916...-

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921.

19-22

1923

1924...

1925

1926

1927

192S

1929

1930

1931

1932 .

1933

1934

1935

1936 (estimated)

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

2

13

74

18

21

175

31

93

461

65

254

732

211

230

9S3

184

176

1,256

416

324

1,598

511

344

1,631

515

311

1,403

640

308

1,890

746

319

2,080

765

22f

1,796

712

272

1,9(M

652

358

2,090

763

318

1,809

769

324

1.505

845

384

2,216

749

347

2,480

802

335

2.695

765

287

2, 575

969

408

3,307

.'i42

214

2,018

860

310

3,029

1,072

435

3,991

1,017

357

3,711

1,140

392

4,250

947

379

4, .107

923

396

4,034

977

388

4,401

1,029

389

4,772

840

297

3.635

500

158

2,617

248

111

1,595

316

125

2,235

457

172

2,301

609

234

3,126

658

202

4,109

Wash-
ington

129

159

1,157

1.423

2,486

3,915
4,304
3,775
2,913
3,861

4,092
4,001
4,098
4,590
3,944

3,726
4,491
4,304
4,000
4,961

6,524
3,831
5,850
6,706
6,306

7,059
7.581
7,355
7.338

7,275

5.491
3,894
2,255
3,091
3,046

3,424
4,304

Source: V. S. Forest Service and Lumber Traile .Associations.

Table F. — Xalional consmnplion of softwood lumber and pulp-
wood
[Quantities in millions of board feet)

Year

Lumber

Pulpwood

Total

1869 _

9,397
13,392
19.875
25,443
34.030

1879

1889

1899

993

26,436

1906

53

Table F. — National consumption of softwood lumber and pulp-
wood— Continued

Year

Lumber

Pulpwood

Total

1909

32,977
32,800
31,500
33,200
32,378

30,500
29,300
31,100
28,200
25,300

27,266
27,277
22,961
28.773
32,511

29.917
32,094
31,000
28,301
28,781

27,104
19,439
14. 862
9.846
12,232

11.907
15.730
19,000

2,001
2,047
2,164

34,998
34,847
33,664

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

2,235

32,735

1915

1916

2,614
2, 740
2,625

2,739
3,057
2,279
2,774
2,930

2,884
3,046
3,383
3.375
3,580

3,822
3,598
3,361
2.817
3,272

3,398
3,814
4,400

33,714
30,940
27,925

30,005
30.334
25,240
31 547

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923...

35.447

32,831
35, 140
34,383
31 736

1924

1925

1926

1927 .

1928...

32,301

30,926
23,037

1929 -

1930

1931.

1932 . - . - .

12 603

1933 .-

15,504

15,305
19,544
23,400

1934

1935. ...

1936 (estimated)

Source: U. S. Forest Service. U. S. Department of Commerce, and Trade Associa-
tions.

Table G. — Proportion of national consumption of softwood
lumber and of pulpwood supplied by regional production

[Quantities

in millions of board feet]

Softwood lumber

Pulpwood

Year

National
consump-
tion

Regional
produc-
tion

Per-
cent

National
consump-
tion

Regional
produc-
tion

Per-
cent

1869 _.

9,397
13. 392
19. 875
25.443
34,030

32,997
32,800
31,500
33,200
32,378

30,500
29,300
31,100
28,200
25,300

27,206
27,277
22,961
28,773
32,511

29.917
32.094
31,000
28.361
28,781

27, IW
19,439
14,862
9,816
12,232

11,907
15. 730
19,000

218

373

1,742

2,475

6,642

6.705
7.237
0.850
6.980
7,091

6,834
6,323
7,938
7,880
8.432

8,588
10,208

0,005
10,013
12, 131

11.289
12. 703
13.314
12. 015
13,019

13.465
10,263
7,170
4,209
5,767

0,036
7,393
9,393

2.3
2.8
8.8
9.7
19.5

20.3
22.1
21.7
21.0
23.8

22.4
21.6
25.5
27.9
33.3

31. 5
37.4
28.8
34.8
37.3

37.7
39.8
42.9
44.5
45.2

49,7
52.8
48.2
42.7
47.1

50.7
47.0
49.4

1879

1889....

1899

993

83

8 4

1900...

1909

2.001
2.047
2.164

52
55
60

1910

2. 7

1911

2 8

1912....

1913

1914

1915

1916

2,614
2,740
2,035

2,739
3,057
2.279
2,774
2.936

2,884
3, (MO
3,383
3,375
3.580

3.822
3. .198
3.301
2, 817
3,272

3.398

' 3. 814

4.400

130
131
120

155
167
172
173
198

218
225
2«9
356
480

648
675
673
476
660

763

975

1.050

5 0

1917

1918

4 6

1919

1920

1921

7 6

1922

6 2

1923

6 7

1924

7 0

1925.

1920

8 0

1927

1928

13 4

1929

17 0

1930

1931

20 0

1932

1933

20 2

1934

22.5

1935.

1936 (estimated)

23.9

■ Estimated .

Source: U. S. Forest Service. U. S. Department of Commerce, and Trade .\;»ocia-
tions.

54

National Resources Committee

Table H. — Anniial regional production of softwood lumber by

species
[Quantities in millions of board feet]

Table J. — Ownersip of forest land
[Areas in thousands of acres]

Year

Douglas
fir

Ponder*
osa pine

Idaho
white
pine

Hemlock

Miscel-
laneous

1869

166

264

1,181

1,721

2,866

4,218
4,830
4,591
3,569
4,750

5,090
4,929
5,062
5,421
4,610

3,990

5.258
5,185
5,585
5,746

6,784
4.500
6.629
7.983
7,216

7,918
8,572
8,175
8,229
8,465

6,292
4,624
2,820
3,888
3,949
4.648
5.984

44

82
360
435
639

488
773
802
702
837

883
689
604
708
681

659

965

1,152

1,138

1,062

1.450
788
1,259
1.649
1,555

1,976
1,956
1,621
1,795
2,026

1,649
1,178
734
1,036
1,101
1,571
1,968

1

2

5

12

22

119
117
112
154
213

250
327
364
342
330

420

382
261
286
303

343

277
420
483
482

498
462
528
546
561

553
417
236
304
386
501
554

7

25

1889

196

1899 ---

307

1904 .-.

22

96
104
73

77
129

172
148
200
284
264

370
337
368
344
342

584
398
674
873
944

1,235
1.351
1,416
1,547
1,461

1,065
671
198
258
242
249
184

366

1905

610

1906 --

818

1907 -

680

1908 -

700

1909

776

1910

842

1911

757

1912 --- -

756

1913

936

1914 -

939

1915 -

884

1916

996

1917 -

914

1,079

1919 -

1,135

1920 - .

1,047

1921

642

1922 . -

1.031

1.143

1924

1,092

1925 -

1,136

1926 -

973

1927

875

902

1929

952

1930

704

380

1932 -

221

1933

281

1934

358

424

1936 (estimated)

703

Source: U. S. Forest Service and Trade Associations.

Table I. — Percentage of national softwood lumber consumption

supplied by region in certain species

[Quantities in millions of board feet]

Year

Douglas
fir

Ponder-
asa pine

Hemlnok

Idaho
white
pine

Miscel-
laneous

1869

1.8
2.0
6.0
6,7
14.4

15.5
15.6
15.2
16.7
15.1

13.6
16.9
18.4
22.0
2L1

24.9
19.6
23.0
24.5
24.1

24.7
27.6
28.8
28.6
31.3

32.4

30.4
28.6
31.7
33.2

29.5
31.5

0.5
.6
1.8
1.7
2.5

2.7
2.2
1.8
2.2
2.2

2.2
3.1
4.1
4.6
3.9

5.3
3.4
4.4
5.1
5.2

6.2
6.3
5.7
6.2
7.5

8.5
7.9
7.4
8.5
9.2

10.0
10.7

0.1

.2

1889

LO

1.2

1909

0.4

.5
.5
.6
.9
.9

1.3
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3

2.1
2.0
2.3
2.7
3.1

3.9
4.3
5.0
5.4
5.4

5.5
4.5
2.0
2. 1
2.0

L6
1.0

0.6

.8
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1

1.4
1.2
.9
1.1
1.1

1.3
1.2
1.5

1.6
1.6

1.6
1.5
1.9
1.9
2.1

2.9
2.8
2.4
2.6
3.2

3.2
2.9

2.3

1910 - -

2.5

1911

2.4

1912

2.2

1913 -- --

2.9

1914

3.1

1915

3.0

1916

3.2

1917 - .

3.3

1918

4.3

1919 --

4.2

1920 --

3.8

1921

2.8

1922

3.6

1923 - - -

3.5

1924 ..

3.7

1925 - - -

3.5

1926

3.1

1927 -- --

3.0

1928

3.2

1929 -

3.5

1930

3.6

1931 --- -

2.6

1932

2.2

1933 ---

2.3

1934

3.0

1935

2.6

3.7

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

Washington

Total

East-
em

West-
ern

East-
em

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

cent

National forest-
National parks..

15,942
17

6,247
371

7,192
510

6,137

134

47

1,162

44

76

828

4,067

5,365

4,056

4,133
417

49,072
1,449
2,162
3,995
3,033
1,194
3,280

30. 522

5L8
1 5

Revested land . .

2,115

17

114

377

304

7,285

2 3

Indian land

State land -

County land

Other public

Private

48

962

111

906

4,604

22,490
23.8

826
51
10

281
1,160

424
388
40
310
2,877

1,275
621
327
494

3,260

243
8.53
2.13
157
7,369

4.2
3.2
1.3
3.5
32 2

Total

Percent

8,946
9.4

11,741
12.4

12, 496
13.2

15, 577
16.4

10,033
10.6

13, 425
14.2

94. 707
100.0

100.0

Source: U. S. Forest Service.

Table K. — Ownership of mature conifer timber land
[Areas in thousands of acres]

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

Washington

Total

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

cent

National forest..
National parks..

5,812

1,734
30

2,606
267

4,692

3,491

1,841

2,220
189

22, 395

486

1,465

2,471

1,724

299

869

13.639

43,248
100.0

51.8
1 1

31

860

8

11

159

2,653

1,434
10
23
116
83

3,544

3.4

Indian land

State land

County land

Other public

Private

16

545

20

232

1,607

387

20

8

95

215

168

260

23

85

1,472

904
349
81
177
1,363

136
519
40
38
2,685

5.7
4.0

2'0
31.3

Total

Percent

8,232
19.0

2, 489
5.7

4,870
11.3

8,414
19.5

8.701
20.1

4,715
10.9

5,827
13.5

100.0

Source: U. S. Forest Service.

Table L. — Ownership of second growth timber land
[Areas in thousands of acres]

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

Washington

Total

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
em

West-
ern

cent

National forest. .

5,607

2,768
6

2,656
95

1,070

857

1,016

683
13

14,456
114
371

779
818
M8
829
10, 159

51.5
.4

Revested land

7

212

4

15

69

864

364
4

70

120

137

2,009

1.3

Indian land

State land

County land

Other public

Private

24
249

72

254

1,977

84

17

2

93

244

144
101
17
36
1,034

292

208

200

156

1,631

19
169
122

84
2,400

2.8
2.9
2.0
3.0
36.1

Total

Percent.-

8,083
28.8

3,214
11.4

3,982
14.2

2,241
8.0

3,561
13.0

3,503
12.5

3,490
12.4

28.074
100.0

100.0

Source: U. S. Forest Service.

Table M. — Ownership of unstocked, cut-over or burn
[Areas in thousands of acres]

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

Washington

Total

Per-
cent

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

National forest..
National parks-.

742

116
2

427
19

S3

401

50

206
18

1,995

39

250

73

239

242

146

3,998

28.5
0.6

4
9
--

6
139

246

2

11

110

62

1,206

3.6

Indian land

State land-

County land

1

60

18

31

573

3
2

5
9

15

17
28
20
123

38
140

83

27

1.821

1.0
3.4
3.5

Other public--.

7
20

3
116

2.1

57.3

Total

Percent

1,425
20.4

150

2.1

579
8.3

214

3.1

2.028
29.0

253
5. 1

2,333
33.4

6.982
100.0

100.0

Source: U. S. Forest Service and Trade Associations.

Source: U. S. Forest Service.

Forest Resourcct of the Pacific Northwest

Table N. — Ownership of limber
[Quantities in millions of board feet, lumber tally]

55

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

Washington

Total

Per-
cent

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

National forest..

61,223

10,093
198

23,444
2,228

49,030
664
397

12,049

184

187

1,192

37,995

129,489

20,0.30

98,005
7,353

391, 974
10,441
53, 152
27,400
43, 745
5,103
8,959
394, 495

41.9
1.1

52, 755

294

853

2,873

2,049

157,783

5.7

Indian land

State land

Counlv land

106
9,629

1,098
112

1,241
2,780

7,800
3,560
620
1,960
11,990

4,758

26,627

1,423

1,585

142, 230

2.9
4.7
0.5

Other public

Private.

1,358
29,011

400
1,000

415
13,286

1.0
42.2

Total

Percent -

101,927
10.9

13,501
1.4

43, 392
4.6

101,098
10.9

346. 090
37.0

46,020
5.0

282,0)1
30.2

935. 275
100.0

100.0

•

Source: U. S. Forest Service.

Table O. — Ownership of limber of more valuable species
(Quantities in millions of board feet, lumber tallyl

Idaho

Mon-
tana

Oregon

Washington

Total

Per-
cent

East-
ern

West-
ern

East-
ern

West-
ern

National forest .

18,421

4,5.34
200

35,737
186
196

10, 767
144
148
977

31, 184

97,889

6,670

41,135
2,628

204,386
3,014
46, 2.52
20.353
20.687
3,557
4,635
273, 471

35 5
0.5

Revested land

46, 056

263

770

2,305

1,562

132,411

8.0

Indian land

State land

72
3,993

i,52«
845

5,300

2,200

380

800

5,750

2.425

12,735

724

6:«)

86,610

3.5
3.6
0.0

Other public ...
Private...

579
12,876

87
4,640

0.8
47.4

Total

Percent

35,941
6.2

11,832
2.1

79,339
13.8

281.256
48.8

21,100
3.7

146,887
25.5

576,355
100.0

100. 0

> Douglas fir, cedar and spruce in the Hr region, and Idaho white and ponderosa
pine in the pine region are included.

Source: U. S. Forest Service.

SECTION 2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
INDUSTRIES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Contents

Page

Employment in the Forest Industries of the Pacific Northwest 59

Wages and Salaries Paid by Forest Products Industries Gl

The Importance of Forest Industries in the External Trade of the

Pacific Northwest (Jl

Importance of Forest Industries to the Railroads of the Pacific

Northwest 66

Importance of Forest Products Industries to Inland Water Trans-
portation in tiie Pacific Northwest 68

Importance of Forest Products Industries to the Electric Power

Industry 68

Importance of Forest Products Industries to Pacific Northwest

Communities 69

Appendix — Tables A to U 71

50859—38 5 57

58

National Resources Committee

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<1:

SECTION 2. ECONOxMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
INDUSTRIES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

By Blair Stewart '

There can be no question as to the iniportance of tlic
forest industries in the economy of the Pacific North-
west. It is not easy, liowever, to indicate with any
precision the degree of that importance. A (juantitative
I expression of the significance of the forest industries can
be secured only if some measurable characteristic is
accepted as a proper test. No completely satisfactory
single measure has been found, and it has thus been
necessary to consider a number of diflerent tests, and to
present a picture which is a mosaic, the pieces of which
are drawn from different sources.

It is none the less a realistic picture, and from it
certain significant, if broad, conclusions can be drawn.
Forest industries provide the Region's pay rolls as does
no other single line of endeavor. One out of every ten
persons gainfully emplo^yed is engaged duecth' in a
forest industry. The proportion is larger when males
only are considered, and this gives added significance to
forest industries, because men on the average have more
dependents than women.

Among manufacturing industries in the Region, the
production of forest products is of overwhelmuig im-
portance. They employ half of the workers engaged in
manufacturing,and the pi'oportion wovdd be still higher if
those industries which are directly dependent upon forest
industries were included in the forest industries group.

In a complex industrial civilization, it is essential that
every region have products to send to other areas to
l)ay for the wide variety of products which make pos-
sible tlie complex consumption patterns characteristic
of the American standaril of living. For the Pacific
Northwest, the forest industries perform tliis function
in an outstanding manner. Forest jiroducts provide
more than 40 percent of the balance secured by the
shipment of goods from the Pacific Northwest.

The activities dependent upon the forest resource of
the Pacific Northwest provide employment for mam-
service industries. Transportation may be taken as
an example: 03 percent of the freight tonnage origmat-
ing on railroads in the Pacific Northwest consists of
forest products. Inland navigation is even more com-
pletely dependent on movement of forest ])roducts,
ahnost 87 percent of the tonnage of inland water car-

I The statistical wr)rk for this section was supervised by Franlc J. Hone, and many
fstions were made by him and other memtwrscif the stall of the Pacific Northwest
I'inal Planning Comnii.ssion. The .'ftate planning boards of Maho, Montana,

*-'on, and Washington a:f:sisted in the a.sseintily of data. Acknowledgment is made.

I', of the a.ssistance of various governmental agencies, including the utilities com-

issions of the four I'aciftc Northwest States.

riers of the Pacific Northwest being nuide up of such
commodities. Forest products' manufacturing plants
are also very important customers of electric power in-
dustry— consuming over 40 percent of the power pur-
chased by manufacturing plants in the Region.

The rise ami fall of communities in the Pacific North-
west is to be explained in almost eveiy case in terms of
the exploitation and tlejjletion of the forest resource.

The basis on which the above statements regarding
the economic importance of the forest mdustries of the
Pacific Northwest is set forth in more detail in what
follows. An attempt is made also to indicate some of
the implications of these broad statements.

Employment in the Forest Industries
of the Pacific Northwest

At first glance the number of persons engaged in an
industry seems a valid measure of its economic im-
portance, and certainlj' no discussion of the problem
would be complete if this infomiation were not included.
One person out of every ten gainfully employed in the
Pacific Northwest is directly engaged in some forest
industry.^ In Oregon and Washington the proportion
is approximately 1 in 8, in Idaho about 1 in 14 or
15, and in Montana only about 1 in 42 or 43. Employ-
ment figures by industries are shown in table A, which
may be found in the Appendix to this section. Suice
many of the manufacturing and mechanical industries
are in reality service activities, agricultin-e and forest
])roducts stand out as the overwhelmuigly important
basic activities.

If men only are considered, the relative unporttince
of the forest industries is still gretiter. The proportions
of all gainfully emplo\-ed males working in forest
products' industries were as follows in 1930: Idaho,
1 in 12.0; Montana, 1 in 37. (i; Ort'gon, 1 in G.7;
Washington, I in 0.7; Pacific Nortiiwest, 1 in 8.2.
More detailed information on employment of males by
industry is given in table B (in Apj^endix to Section 2).

The dependence of population of the Pacific North-
west on forest industries for employment varies greatly
witliin the Region, and witliin tiie States. Tiiis is
strikingly shown in Figure 1, which shows tlie per-
centivge of all gainfully employed males who were
('m[)lnyed ill the forest |)roducts' industries in li130.
It mav be seen that the entire area west of tlie Cascaile

■ Baseii on 19.10 Censu.'! subtracting classes A and B linemployed from total "gain-
fill workers."

59

60

National Resources Committee

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

61

Mountains, in both Oregon and Washington, is very
heavily dependent on forestiy; in five western Wash-
ington counties and one western Oregon county more
than 40 percent of the gainfully employed males work
in forest industries. East of the Cascades, the im-
portant producing areas stand out clearh', the counties
most exclusively devoted to lumbering being Deschutes
in Oregon and Clearwater in Idaho. Deschutes and
Klamath are the two eastern Oregon counties most
largely dependent upon lumbering, while a group of
counties in northern Idaho, northeastern Washington
and northwestern Montana is very heavilj^ dependent
upon forest industries. The only counties of southern
Idaho in which lumbering is of large importance are
Gem, Valley, and Boise.

There is an evident connection between the location
of forest industries and Regional population distribu-
tion. This is shown by a comparison between the map
showing the proportion of the gainfully employed
engaged in forest products' industries (fig. 1) and the
map showing the density of population by counties
(fig. 2). It indicates that there is a general tendency
for areas of dense population to fall in districts where
lumbering is the outstanding activity. The most
striking exceptions to this general rule are in southern
Idaho, in Montana, and in eastern Washington; areas
supporting considerable populations largely by agri-
culture or mining rather than lumbering. It is an
interesting fact that every city in the Pacific Northwest
with a population of over 20,000, with the exception of
Butte and Great Falls, Mont., Yakima, Wash., and
Boise, Idaho, is located in a region where lumbering is
the outstanding economic activity.

T.4BLE 1. — Relative employmenl ' 6^ various forest products'
industries, Pacific Northwest Stales, 1930

Forestry (including logging)

Saw and planing mills

Other wood working and furniture industry.

Total, forest products' industries

Idaho

Number

6,193
} 16,534

Percent

48.4
51.6

Montana

Number

2,448
'2,287

4,735

Percent

61.7
48.3

100.0

Forestry (including logging)..

Saw and planing mills

Other wood working and furniture

industry

Paper and allied indu-strie^

Total, forest products'industries.

Oregon

Num-
ber

16, 557
23, (M8

4,049
3, US

46,769

Per-
cent

35.4
49.3

8.6
6.7

100.0

Washington

Num-
ber

26,764
36,465

6,553
6,5.59

76,341

Per-
cent

35.0
47.8

8.6
8.6

100. 0

Pacific
Northwest

Num-
ber

50,962

■177,936

9,674

138, 572

Per-
cent

36. S
56.2
7.0

100.0

' Gaioful workers less unemployed. (Unemployed includes: Class A, persons out
of a job, able to work and looking for a Job; cla.^ B, iiersons having jobs, but on lay-off
without pay, excluding those sick or voluntarily idle.)

' Saw and planing mills and other wood working and furniture combined.

Source; Census of 1930, Unemployment, volume I.

The amount of employment provided by different
forest product industries is shown in table I. In Idaho
and Montana approximately one man is engaged in
forestry and logging for each person employed in planing
mills or other woodworking factories. In Oregon and
Washington, on the other hand, while approximately
half those engaged in forest products' industries work in
saw and planing mills, only 35 percent of the total are
engaged in forestry and logging, and roughly 15 percent
of the gainful workers are employed in other wood-
working and furniture industries, and in the paper and
allied industries. The figures are very similar for
Oregon and Washington, except that the paperjndustry
is relatively less important in Oregon than in Wash-
ington. It is difficult to explain the difi'erences between
the pine and Douglas fir regions in these data which
seem to indicate that relatively fewer persons are en-
gaged in the woods than in the mills in the Douglas
fir region.

Wages and Salaries Paid by
Forest Products Industries

Another measure of the importance of forest indus-
tries is found in wages and salaries paid. Table II
compares the average number of employees and total
salaries and wages paid in forest industries in 1929 with
employees, wages and salaries in all other manufac-
turing industries. The figures given here for number of
employees difl^er from those given in table A (Appcntlix
2), because they record average employment through-
out the year rather than the number gainfully emploj'cd.
Furthermore, the classification of "manufacturing" is
more restricted than that of "manufacturing and
mechanical industries" used in table A. The most
important item included in the latter classification and
not in the former is the building industry.

From table II it may be seen that forest industries
employ more than half of the persons engaged in
manufacture, and ])ay wages and salaries almost
exactly proportional to the numbers employed. In
other words, the manufacture of forest products is
more important in the Pacific Northwest than all
other manufacturing put together.

The Importance of Forest Industries in the
External Trade of the Pacific Northwest

The data presented above considerably understate
the importance of forests in the economy of the Pacific
Northwest. There can be no doubt that if the present
forests were to vanish or lose entirely their value,
more than 1 person in 10 in the Pacific Northwest
would be out of a job, and manufacturing employment
and pay rolls would shrink to much less than half
their present volume. This would result from the

62

National Resources Committee

fact that basic industries such as those based on the
exploitation of our forest resources support a complex
superstructure of service industries. Unfortunately,
there seems to be no satisfactory way of determining
just what this superstructure contains. There are
undoubtedly businesses not included in the forest
industries' classification above, which find their market
entirely in the forest industries. There are other
concerns wliich do a large share of their business with
forest industries. Then, there are those who supply
these directly dependent businesses with goods and
services, and so on indefinitely. A similar chain is
made up of those supplying the emploj^ees of forest
industries with goods and services. Information is
not available for satisfactory estimates of the potential
effects of the disappearance of the forest industries,
and it is impossible, therefore, to give any short and
convenient answer to the question of their importance
to the economic life of the Region.

One way by which some appreciation of the signifi-
cance of the forests to the Pacific Northwest may be

TONNAGE OF NET EXPORTS
FROM THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES IN 1929

IDAHO

MONTANA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

T
10 20 30 40 50 GO 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF COMHODITy GROUPS

1 FOREST PRODUCTS

^AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS

lANIMALS AND
PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURES

MISCELLANEOUS

COPPER, LEAD, ZINC.
WASHINGTON-COPPER
ONLY

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS TONNAGE OF TOTALS OF
NET EXPORTS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES -
21.3 MILLION TONS

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT TONNAGE OF NET
EXPORTS OF EACH STATE ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND
NUMERALS ARE TONNAGE IN MILLIONS OF TONS
RECTANGLES WITHOUT NUMERALS REPRESENT A TONNAGE
LESS THAN .05 MILLION TONS

Figure 3.

Table II. — Average number of emplnyees and total salaries and
wages paid in forest industries and all other manufacturing,
1929

Employees

Salaries and wages

Forest in-
dustries

All other
manufac-
turing

Forest industries

K\\ other manu-
facturing

Num-
ber

Per-
cent

Num-
ber

Per-
cent

Dollars

Per-
cent

Dollars

Per-
cent

Idaho

11.917
3,925
43,144
74, 893
133, 879

70.0
22.9
58.4
58.2
5fi.6

5,106
13,210
30,721
53, 847
102, 884

30 0
77. 1
41.6
41. S
43.5

17, 660, 60S
5, 439, 788

63, 096. .566
112,284, .581
198, 477, 513

69.3
IS. 5
59.4
.57.1
55. 5

7, 827, 209
24,029,719
43, 144, 973
84, 290. 893
1.59, 292, 794

.30 7

Montana

Orepon

81.5
40.6

WashinRton

Pacific Northwest., _

42.9
44.5

Source: Census of Manufactures, 1929.

secured is to consider their contribution to the process
of securing goods and services from other areas. The
Pacific Northwest is far from self-sufficient. It parti-
cipates in a process of geographical division of labor in
which products from other areas, and markets in other
regions, are indispensable to the maintenance of life in
the modern manner. The clothes worn in the Region,
the cars driven, the citrus fruits eaten — in fact a large

ESTIMATED VALUE OF NET EXPORTS

FROM THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES IN 1929

IDAHO

MONTANA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

10 20 30 40 50 SO 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF COMMODITY GROUPS

^

FOREST PRODUCTS

AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURES

lANIMALS AND
J PRODUCTS

MISCELLANEOUS

COPPER, LEAD.ZINC
WASHINGTON- COPPER
ONLY

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS VALUES OF TOTALS OF
NET EXPORTS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES —
853.5 MILLION DOLLARS

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT VALUE OF NET
EXPORTS OF EACH STATE ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE VALUES IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS
Figure 4.

Forest Resources 0/ the Pacific Northwest

63

majority of the goods consumed — come from otlicr
States or other coimtries. The industries which pro-
vide materials to be sold in these other regions thus
come to have a special significance. It is because of
them that it is possible to support a population in the
Pacific Northwest at the standard of living to which
it has become accustomed. As a consequence, a
measure of the contributions of difl'erent industries to
the export trade of the Region provides a most useful
gage of economic importance. Export trade in this
instance means export to other areas in the United
States as well as to foreign countries.

Tonnage of Net Exports From
the Pacific Northwest States

Unfortunately, the information on internal move-
ments of commodities is not adequate for a complete
and accurate statement of the movement of goods from
an area such as the Pacific Northwest. It is possible,
however, to make a study of the net movement (by
weight) of particular commodities into and out of each
State, and thus to get a somewhat impressionistic
picture of the relative importance of different com-
modities in the trade of the individual States, and so
of the Region as a whole.

A study of the net tonnage movement by commodi-
ties, for the Pacific Northwest States, was made for the
year 1929. The results are shown by broad com-
modity groupings in Appendix 2, table C, and in
figure 3.' In tonnage terms, the net movement of
forest products was overwhelmingly more important
than that of any other group of products. Over 70
percent of the net tonnage exports of the Pacific
Northwest were made up of forest products; the per-
centage being as high as S9 percent for Oregon, <S0
percent for Washington, and 4S percent for Idaho.
Only for Montana was the tonnage movement of forest
products unimportant as compared with other exported
commodities. However, it must be remembered that
Montana is divided geographically into two highly
different sections. The eastern and larger part belongs
physically and economically to the Great Plains, and
contains little forest area. Forest industries are largely
confined to the western portion. But, in Montana as
a whole, forest products comprised less than 9 percent
of the net tonnage. Altogether, it is clear that the
movement of forest products out of the Region is one
of the most important tasks of the transportation
systems of the area.

Value of Net Exports from
the Pacific Northwest States

The tonnage figures given above are probably sufTi-
ciently accurate for present purposes, although the

' For net tonnage movement by commodities see Appendix 2, table O.

nature of the inforiiiatioii, particularly that on coast-
wise and intercoastal movements, is such that accuracy
in the strictest sense is not possible. Statements
must be even more approximate when the value of the
export movement is being considered. The value of a
ton of a particular commodity imported will not be the
same as that of a ton of the export movement of the
same commodity, but in arriving at the net movement
(by weight) it has been necessary to balance the out-
going against incoming tonnage. To the distortion
caused by this procedure, there is added the difficulty
of securing satisfactory value figures to apply to the
net tonnage figures. Considerable care has been taken
to discover a price per ton that seemed to be a good
statement of the value of the goods exported. It is
probable that the errors in the value figures for the
commodity groupings are not in excess of 20 percent.
In general, the important differences are so clear that
the conclusions would not be greatly different even if
the errors were as much as 20 percent.

Since the value per ton of forest products averages
less than that of other products exported, the value of
net exports of forest products is proportionately some-
what less impressive than the net tonnage of exports.
Nevertheless, forest products stand out clearly as the
most important source for the Region of income wdth
which to buy the products of other areas. (See fig. 4,
and Appendix 2, table D.)* Forest products contribute
practically 64 percent of the value of all net exports
from Oregon, and .54 percent for Washington; and for
the Pacific Northwest as a whole they amount to about
41 percent of the value of all net exports. The per-
centage for Idaho is only 16; and for Montana, only about
2 percent. For reasons previously explaiiuMl, the relative
dependence of the different States on the export of forest
products is thus seen to vary considerably, Oregon being
the most dependent upon forest industries, and Montana,
as a whole, being very slightly dependent upon them.

Agriculture is second to forest industries as a source
of net exports. Agricultural and animal products com-
bined provided almost exactly the same proportion as
forest products of total net exports for the Region as a
whole. These two groups were very much less important
than forest products in Oregon and Washington, but
much more important in Montana and Idaho. More
than 75 percent of the value of the net exports of Mon-
tana were represented by agricultural and animal prod-
ucts, while the corresponding figure is approximately
64 percent for Itlaho.

These values of net export figures are designed to
give some indication of the basic importance of different
resources when providing export balances for the
Region. In general, they do give such a picture, al-

< For estimated value of net exports by commodities see Apiwndix 2. table O.

64

National Resources Committee

though the importance of manufacturing is probably
overstated, because, in some instances, the raw mate-
rials are imported from outside the Region. In such a
circumstance, the net import of raw material should be
balanced against the net export of finished products to
secure the export balance made available by any par-
ticular activity. In a minor sense, this applies even to
forest products. Washington, for example, which had
net exports of over $200,000,000 in the forest-products
group, imported approximately $500,000 worth of logs.
In the manufacturing group, Oregon, which is a wheat-
surplus producing State, nevertheless had net imports
of wheat worth something more than $400,000, and
net exports of flour valued at approximately $15,500,-
000. While a large proportion of the value of the net
export of flour can be attributed to the natural resources
of Oregon, the true net export balance provided by the
production and milling of wheat would be approximately
$400,000 less than the amount included as the net
export value of flour.

A more striking case is to be found in Washington,
where refined copper and manufactured copper and

bronze exports amounted to over $30,000,000. These
were based, however, on an estimated net import of
copper ores and concentrates valued at almost $18,-
000,000. The net export balance provided by this
manufacturing industry, therefore, was closer to
$10,000,000 than the $30,000,000 which was included
in the net exports of manufactures from Washington.
The situation in Washington may be contrasted with
that of Montana where processing of copper, lead, and
zinc ores is so great that Montana had very small ex-
ports of products of mines. The mining products ap-
peared very largely as manufactures. In fact, $29,000,-
000 of the net exports of the manufactured products
from Montana was made up of refined copper, lead, or
zinc, and their products. On the chart the classifica-
tion "refined copper, lead, or zinc" has been given a
different shading for Idaho, Montana, and Washington
to distinguish it from other manufactured products.
The more highly processed copper, brass, and bronze
has not been so included, since manufacture of these
products would involve unknown quantities of imports
of other materials.

TONNAGE OF NET IMPORTS
OF
PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES, 1929

ESTIMATED VALUE OF NET IMPORTS

OF
PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES, 1929

IDAHO

OREGON

WASHINGTON

T r

10 20 30 to 50 GO 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF COMMODITY GROUPS

^

FOREST PRODUCTS

3 AGRICULTURAL
3 PRODUCTS

ANIMALS AND
PRODUCTS

MINE
PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURES AND
MISCELLANEOUS

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS TONNAGE OF TOTALS
OF NET IMPORTS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES
— 13,396 THOUSAND TONS

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT TONNAGE OF NET
IMPORTS OF EACH STATE ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

numerals are tonnage in thousands of tons
Figure 5

OREGON

WASHINGTON

20 30 40 50 60 70 60

PERCENTAGE OF COMMODITY GROUPS

FOREST PRODUCTS

AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS

ANIMALS AND
PRODUCTS

MINE
PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURES AND
MISCELLANEOUS

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS ESTIMATED VALUE OF TOTALS OF
NET IMPORTS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES— 708
MILLION DOLLARS

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT VALUE OF NET IMPORTS OF
EACH STATE ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE VALUES IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

Figure 6.

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

65

If time were available for a sufficiently elaborate
study, it might be possible to make necessary corrections
of this type and thus secure figures which rellect more
accurately the basic importance of the different indus-
tries. For purposes of this report, however, such re-
finement does not seem to be necessary.

In summary, it may be said that in building up export
surpluses the Pacific Northwest has its eggs almost
entirely in two baskets: Forest products and agricultural
and animal products. These two baskets are almost
equally important for the Region as a whole, but not
for indivi(kial States. The percentages of total net
exports represented by these two classifications may be
shown by States, as follows:

Idaho

Montana

Oregon

Wash-
ington

Agricultural and animal products

Forest products

63.8
16.2

75.5
2.0

23.6
63.9

28.4
53.9

Total

80.0

77.5

87.5

82.3

The total dependence upon these two activities is great-
est in Oregon (87.5 percent), and least for Montana

(77.5 percent). Forest products are 2.7 times as im-
portant as agriculture for Oregon by this tost, and 1 .9
as imiJortant for Washington.

In Idaho, agricultural and animal products very
greatly outrank forest products, while in Montana the
latter group is almost totally eclipsed by the former.

Goods Purchasedby Pacific Northwest Exports

The types of commodities purchased by the Pacilic
Northwest States, with the balances built up so largely
by exports of forest and agricultural products, are
shown in figures 5 and G (AppendLx 2, tables E and ¥)}
The most unportant broad category of commodities
shipped into the Region is manufactured goods, which
come from more highly mdustrialized areas. The value
of net imports of manufactures totals 77 percent of the
value of all net imports for the Region. The uiward
movement of manufactui-es is relatively most important
in Idaho (87.2 percent), and least important in Montana
(64.5 percent). The smallness of the Montana figure
is largely explained by the movement of mine products
into the state for processing.

5 For tonnage and estimated value of net imports by commodities see .\ppendix 2,
table O.

FiauKE 7.

CS701 38-6

66

National Resources Committee

Importance of Forest Industries

to the Railroads of the Pacific Northwest

A coiR'eivable extension of the analysis of the im-
portance of an industry as a source of exports from the
Region is to divide all workers into those engaged in
export, or basic industries, and those engaged in service
occupations. The number of persons dependent upon
a particidar export industry might then be conceived
of as those directly supported bj^ the industry, plus a
proportion of the service population determined by the
relation between the total ser\'ice population and the
total basic industry popidation. The difficulty with
this approach is that export industries are also service
industries, supphdng their products to the local popula-
tion as well as to the outside world. In niany cases it
is impossible to secm-e an acceptable estimate of the
relative importance to a basic industry of the export
and local markets. Tlais difficulty may be illustrated
by the case of agriculture. In 1930, there were over
330,000 persons gainfully employed in agriculture in
the Pacific Northwest. How many of these were
engaged in producing agricultural products for consump-

FREIGHT ORIGINATING ON RAILROADS
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
IN 1929

NORTHERN
PACIFIC

GREAT
NORTHERN

UNION
PACIFIC

SOUTHERN
PACIFIC

C.M.STR
a PACIFIC

zspas.

ALL OTHER
RAILROADS

^

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF COMMODITY CROUPS

FOREST PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURES S
MISCELLANEOUS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

ANIMALS AND
PRODUCTS

MINE
PRODUCTS

LESS THAN
CAR LOADS

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS TONNAGE OF FREIGHT ORIGINATING
IN THE REGION- 53.6 MILLION TONS

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT TONNAGE OF FREIGHT
CARRIED BY RAILROADS ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE TONNAGE IN MILLIONS OF TONS

RECTANGLES WITHOUT NUMERALS R EPRESENT A TONNAGE
LESS THAN .05 MILLION TONS

Flcil'KE 9.

tion within the Region, and how many were producing
goods to be consumed in other areas? Or how may a
farmer be classified who produces wheat and cattle,
products exported from the Pacific Northwest, although
extensively consumed here also; and corn, barley, and
rye, commodities imported into the area? Data are
not available to answer these questions.

It is possible, however, to secure some idea of the
importance of a basic industry to a closely related serv-
ice industry by estimating the proportion of the busi-
ness of the service industry which comes directly from
the basic industry. This can be done most readily in
the case of transportation agencies. It illustrates the
way in which the activities of one industry affect an-
other business. The influence of a basic industry is
communicated to other businesses in an ever-widening
circle, but with continually diminishing force. The
effects of the basic industry on other activities thus
reach out in an almost infinite series, the siuu of which
cannot be determined. The attempt to add to those
directly engaged in the forest industries, for example
those engaged in supplying serNaces and commodities
to forest industries, plus those engaged in furnishing

intEJlittf:

m\

rr

i it S Tlii i "
" ■ I Hff!

\\\m"

i_

i

m\

\'.\^Mi

',nw

m.

jEE^

<f<1dN &^9

1=l«?3fff=:

EARM

WW

- "

Si:

M

*f p ft

4-n.

F^n^i

Ml.

v.vv

.'mw^^-

331t3:

',%

Forest Resources of the Pacific N^orth^^•esf

67

tliese suppliers with services and conuuodities, plus
* * * could go on indefinitely. \Vliilc each step
woukl add to the measure of importance of the forest
industry, it would also add to the questionableness of
the conclusions. It is possible, however, to speak with
confidence of the importance of the forest industries
to an immediately related serWce, such as that of
transporting the products of forests. Such a presenta-
tion will understate, rather than overstate, the im-
portance of the basic industry considered.

Importance for Railroad Traffic

Forest products are responsible for more of the
freight tonnage originatuig in the Pacific Northwest
than all other commodities combined. This may be
seen from figures 7 and 8 (and Appendix 2, table T)
which show the tonnage of different categories of
freight originating in the Region." More than 63 percent
of the revenue freight originating in the Pacific North-
west consisted of forest products. The highest relative
importance was in Oregon, where 79 percent of the
freight originating consisted of products of forests.
In Washington the percentage was 69, while in Idaho
it was 50, and in Montana 21. The significance of
these products to particular railroads may be seen in
figure 9, data for which are to be fouiul in Appendi.x 2,
table K. It may be seen that the movement of forest
products is most important for the Southern Pacific
Railway. Of the tonnage originating on the Southern
Pacific lines in the Pacific Northwest, 83.7 percent con-
sisted of forest products, and this constituted 12.5
percent of the traffic originatuig on the Southern
Pacific system. Of traffic originating on the Canadian
Pacific, in the four Pacific Northwest States, 76.8
])ercent was forest products, although this tonnage
accouiilcil for only 2 jicrcent of the total movement
on the Canadian Pacific as a whole. In terms of the
entire .system, the forest products orignating in the
Pacific Northwest were most important for the North-
ern Pacific. Of the tonnage originating in the Pacific
Northwest on this railroad, 59 percent was forest
products, and 42 percent of the tomiage originating
anywhere on the Northern Pacific system was made
up of forest products originating in the Pacific North-
west. In summary for the railroads serving the
Pacific Northwest, 63 percent of the tonnage originatinr
in this ai'ca was forest ])roducts, ant! almost 16 jx'rcent
of the traffic originating on the entii'e systems of these
niilroads was contributed by forest ]iroducts in (liis
Region.

" The (lassifl'-'ation of co!nino<lities used is tliat followed in the annual report forms
prepared hy the Interstate Commerce Comnii.s.'ijon. and used by the railroacls in
report inp to the public utility commissions of the various States, except that the
fillowinti commodities, classed a.s Manufactures and ^^scellaneous, have been en-
te'ed as Forest Products: furniture, other than metal; newsprint paper; printing
paper, n. o. s.; pai>er bags and wrapping pai)er; paperboard, pulpboard and wall-
board (paper); and building woodwork (millwork).

Importance for Railroad Revenues

Wlien we turn to the estimates of revenue earned
in hiuiling various classes of commodities, the picture
is somewhat changed. These estimates were made by
computing the average revenue earned per ton by
each railroiul on each commodity hauled. It was then
assumed that the revenue earned by the railroad on
products originating in the Pacific Northwest was the
average amount earned on that commodity on tlie
entire system. In some cases this may have led to
considerable error since the average length of hiiiil
for Pacific Northwest products might be greater or
less than the average for the sj'stem as n whole. It
seems likely, however, that when the results are
combined by commodity classes, the total error is not
large, and there is some reason to believe that revenues
from forest products are underestimated rather than
overestimated.

The tonnage of forest products was greater than that
of any other commodity group. In every State but
Montana, where products of mines and agricultural
products were both more important than forest prod-

ESTIMATED REVENUE EARNED BY RAILROADS
ON FREIGHT ORIGINATING
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
IN 1929

10 20 30 to 50 60 70 80

PERCENTAGE OF COMMODITY GROUPS

NORTHERN
PACIFIC

GREAT
NORTHERN

UNION
PACIFIC

SOUTHERN
PACIFIC

C M STP
a PACIFIC

SPSS.
ALL OTHER
RAILROADS

^

FOREST PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURES 8
MISCELLANEOUS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

I ANIMALS AND
I PRODUCTS

LESS THAN
CAR LOADS

AREA OF SQUARE REPRESENTS ENTIRE REVENUE EARNED
BY RAILROADS ON FREIGHT ORIGINATING IN THE REGION
128,2 MILLION DOLLARS

AREAS OF RECTANGLES REPRESENT REVENUE EARNED
BY RAILROADS ON FREIGHT ACCORDING TO ABOVE LEGEND

NUMERALS ARE REVENUE IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

Kh. IKK II.

68

National Resources Committee

ucts, the revenue earned shows the same picture,
although the relative importance of agricultural products
is considerably increased. The same is true of the
manufactures and miscellaneous and the less than
carload classifications. Perhaps the most striking
dift'erence in relative miportance is to be found in
agricultural products in Washington. Although agri-
cultural products constituted only 11 percent of the
tonnage in Washington, they contributed an estimated
27 percent of the total revenue earned on traffic
originating in that State. This is largely to be ex-
plamed by the relatively high freights paid by fruit
products, which constitute a rather high proportion of
the total tonnage of agricultural products moved in
the State of Washington. The general picture for
revenue earned may be seen from figures 7 and 10
(and Appendix 2, table J).

From figure 11 (and Appendix 2, table L) it is possible
to get an impression of the relative importance of differ-
ent commodity groups in the revenue earned on traffic
originathig on the difterent railroads. Forest products
are most important for the Southern Pacific Railroad,
contributing 68.4 p.ercent of the total revenue earned on
tonnage originating in the Pacific Northwest. The

HORSEPOWER Irated capacity^ OF POWER
EQUIPMENT IN-FORESfpRObucts
«- --I MAMUf ACTtmitJ© 1N©tiSTfttES

IN PAClEid KORTHWEST
1929

- " ' r'^

=-J3

: A

.:h^

i-r-:-i

:^:;=

v:- '■' ' " ?

--III

S

-I-

:1

S

corresponding percentages for the other roads were:
The Milwaukee, 58.4; Canadian Pacific, 58.2; the
Northern Pacific, 39.0; Great Northern, 26.3; and the
ITnion Pacific, 22.3. For railroads whose operations
were confined to the Pacific Northwest, the total
revenue earned on forest products was 56.6. The aver-
age for the Pacific Northwest was approximately 40
percent. The strongest competitor to forest products
as a source of revenue for the railroads was agricultural
products, which, in terms of revenue, are more important
than forest products onlv for the Great Northern and
Union Pacific railroads. For all the railroads combined,
agricultural products originating in the Pacific North-
west provided about 26 percent of the revenue earned
on all trafiic originathig in this Region.'

The relation of the forest products' industries to rail-
road transportation may be summarized as follows: No
other group of commodities is so important to the rail-
road industry as forest products. They provide more
than six-tenths of the tonnage origmating in the Region,
and four-tenths of the revenue earned on such tonnage.
Without the forest mdustries, the traffic and revenue
situations of all the railroads would be vastly changed,
and on some railroads the remahiing traffic would be so
snuill that the maintenance of transportation by rail
could probably not be economically justified.

Importance of Forest Products' Industries to Inland
Water Transportation in the Pacific Northwest

Internal movement of goods hj water is another form
t)f transportation greatly dependent upon the forest
industries in the Pacific Northwest. Estimates of this
internal movement by classes of commodities in 1929
are shown in table III. Forest products constituted
almost 87 percent of the tonnage of hiland water car-
riers in the Pacific Northwest, movement of other com-
modities bemg of relatively little importance.

Importance of Forest Products' Industries to the
Electric Power Industry

An incidental measure of the importance of a manu-
facturing industry is to be found in the power equipment
used in its operations. The accompanying chart, figure
12 (and Appendix 2, table U), compares the rated capac-
ity of power equipment in forest products' manufactur-
ing plants with the capacity installed in all other man-
ufacturing establishments in 1929. Except in Montana,
forest products' manufacture utilizes more power equip-
ment than all other manufacturing industries combined.
The z-elative importance of forest products' industries
by this measure is greatest in Oregon, where almost 77
percent of the rated capacity of power equipment in
manufacturing is found in plants processing forest

" Detailed statements of tonnage originating in each state, and revenue earned on
such traffic by railroads and commodity groups, are to be found in Appendix 2, tables
M to T, inclusive.

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

69

products. For the other States, the percentages were:
Washington, 71; Idaho, 63; and Montana, 10.

Table III. — Total tonnage of various products carried in inland
navigation on rivers, harbors, and canals in Pacific Northwest,
1929

[Id thousand short tonsi

Products

Tons

Percent

FOREST PRODHCTS

Logs, and piling, rafted and floated

26, 502

1,393

69S

180

1,080

77 2

Lumber, shingles and millwork. .

4 I

Pu]p wood

5

Total, _

29,843

OTHER PRODUCTS

Animal and animal products

48

S.'i

4,2fiU

3«

I

Products of mines and mines manufactures

Unclassified and miscellaneous

2

Total ._.

4.494

13.1

Total all commodities

34. 347

Source: Annual Report of Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1930.

The predominance of forest manufactures is most
striking in the comparison of rated capacity of prime
movers (power developed within the plant). The total
for the entire Region, in 1929, was 643,936 horsepower
in forest products' manufacturing plants, and only
69,505 for all other manufacturing concerns. By this
measure, the importance of forest products is nine times
that of other manufacturing. This great disproportion
in capacity of prime movers may be explained by the
common practice of lumber mills of using waste
materials for power generation.

Even on the basis of capacity of motors driven by
purchased energy, power in forest products' manufac-
turing is important; although it outranks all other man-
ufacturing by this measure onh^ in Oregon. For the
four States, the percentages of rated capacity of all
motors driven by purchased energy found in forest
products' manufacturing plants are: 59 for Oregon, 48
for Idaho, 47 for Washington, and only 3 for Montana.
For the entire Region, 41 percent of motors using
purchased power in manufacturing plants were found
in the forest products' industries. Except in Montana,
the total purchases of electricity by forest products'
manufacturing plants are probably not much less than
the ])urchases of all other manufacturing industries
combined. The process of reducing wood to useful
products is one of the important sources of demand for
the output of electric generating and distributing
sj'stems in the Pacific Northwest.

Importance of Forest Products Industries
to Pacific Northwest Cominunities

One further method b}' which the economic impor-
tance of forest industries might be studied would be to
observe the effects on economic life of communities of
the rise and fall of forest industries. Particularly
where the forest industry lUsajJiicars, the effect on eco-
nomic and social conditions in the locality may give a
good picture of the importance of the industry. Some
attempt has been made in this study to approach the
problem from tliis direction, and it has been discovered
that there arc at least 76 instances in which towns
devoted to wood products industries have completely
disappeared. Another list of 77 towns was comjiilcd
of mill towns in which decline in population has been
associated with the abandonment of mil's.

To secure an accurate picture, however, of the im-
portance of the mills in the lives of these towns and of
other communities would require a series of case studies.
Such studies, if properly conducted, could, in all likeli-
hood, reveal far more a])out the full effects of the rise
and fall in the rate of cxploitafioii of our lumber re-
source than can be secured b}- any other means. Figures
of numbers gainfidly employed, of significance in tlie
export balance of the Region, and of importance to
transportation agencies, emphasize the importance of
the forest resource in the economy of the Pacific North-
west. They provide, however, entirely inadefpiate
bases for judgment as to the effects of depletion of this
resource on the livelihood of the people. Where
forests are treated as exhaustible resources, many of the
communities started are doomed to be short-hved. It is
impossible under such conditions to pro'S'ide the types
of social services, housing, and other facilities necessary
for a satisfactory social environment. There is also
some reason to believe that with the passing of an in-
dustry, population does not decline as rapidly as em-
ployment, and tends to linger on at a reduced standard
of living.

The cost involved in this process of buikhng up and
then abandoning temporary communities is veiy dilli-
cult to determine. There can be no question, however
that they arc very real and tliat the economic impor-
tance of the forest industries to the ])opulation of the
Pacific Northwest can be greatly increased if a forest
program can be developed which will make possible
stable populations in stable communities.

SECTION 2 APPENDIX TABLES

Tables Page

A. Employment by Industries in Pacific Northwest, 1930 72

B. Employment of Males bj- Industries, 1030 72

C. Tonnage of Totals of Net Exports from Pacific Northwest

States, by Commodity Groups, 1929 74

D. Estimated Value of Totals of Net Exports of Pacific North-

west States, bj' Commodity Groups, 1929 74

E. Tonnage of Totals of Net Imports of Pacific Northwest States,

by Commodity Groups, 1929 74

F. Estimated Value of Totals of Net Imports of Pacific North-

west States, by Conmiodity Groups, 1929 74

G. Tonnage and Estimated Value of Net Exports and Net Im-

ports of Pacific Northwest States, by Commodities, 1929 75

H. Commodities and Types of Prices Used in Determining

Values of Imports and Exports by Commodity Groups 78

I. Revenue Freight Originating on Railroads in Pacific North-
west, by Commodity Groups, 1929 81

J. Revenue Earned on Freight Originating in Pacific Northwest,

by Commodity Groups, 1929 81

K. Freight Originating in Pacific Northwest, by Railroads and

Commodity Groups, 1929 82

L. Estimated Revenue Earned by Railroads on Freight Origi-
nating in Pacific Northwest, by Railroads and Commodity
Groups, 1929 82

M. Freight Originating on Railroads in Ichilio, })y Railroads and

Commodity Groups, 1929 83

N. Estimated Revenue Earned by Railroads in Idaho, by Rail-
roads and Commodity Groups, 1929 83

O. Freight Originating on Railroads in Montana, by Railroads

and Commodity Groups, 1929 S3

P. Estmiated Revenue Earned by Railroads on Freight Origi-
nating in Montana, by Railroads and Commodity Groups,
1929 84

Q. Freight Originating on Railroads in Oregon, by Railroads and

Commodity Groups, 1929 84

R. Estimated Revenue Earned by Railroads on Freight Origi-
nating in Oregon, bj' Railroads and Commoditj' Groups,
1929 84

S. Freight Originating on Railroads in Washington, by Rail-
roads and Commoditj' Groups, 1929 85

T. Estimated Revenue Earned by Railroads on Freight Origi-
nating in Washington, by Railroads and Commodity
Groups, 1929 85

U. Horsepower of Power Equipment in Forest Products Manu-
facturing Industries in Pacific Northwest, 1929 86

72

National Resources Committee

Table A. — Employinenl by imliistrics in Pacific Xnrlhwest in

1930

Industry group

Agriculture.-

Fishing.

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical industries-

except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) 3 ,

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total

Industry group

Agriculture

Fishing..

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical industries-

except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) 3

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total

Idaho

Gainful
workers

Number

65, 561

I 26

6,514

15,484
11,928
14,034
18, 947

2,575
12, 127
10, 132

4,395

162, 223

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B '

Number

648

1,196
1.201
586
527
32
192
511
1,316

Gainful workers

minus classes

A and B '

Number Percent

64,301

'26

5,866

14,288
10, 727
13,448
18, 420
2,543
11,935
9,621
3,579

154,754

41.6
0
3.8

8.7
11.9
1.6
7. 7
6.3
2.3

100.0

Montana

Gainful
workers

Number

79, 678

2 31

17, 655

24,403
S, 526
23, 379
24,303
4,469
15, 802
16, 202
5,023

216, 471

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B '

Number

3,977

2,754
791

1,476
858
120
305
970

1,790

15, 007

Gainful workers

minus classes

A and B '

Number Percent

77,712

!31

13, 678

21, 649
4,735
21, 903
23,445
4,349
15, 497
15, 232
3.233

201, 464

38.6
0
6.8

10.8
2.3
10.8
11.6
2.2
7.7
7.6
1.6

100.0

Industry group

.\griculture

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical industries-

except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) 3 —

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not siiecified

Total

Oregon

Gainful
workers

Number

82, 031
2,081
2,644

66,587
52, 171
44,670
67, 893
8,143
34, 175
37,029
12, 256

409,680

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B

Number

2,475

254
446

5,700
5,402
3,078
2,739
203
1,115
2,575
4,770

28,72?

Gainful workers

minus classes

X and B '

Number

79,556
1,827

60,887
46, 769
41, 592
65, 154

7.940
33,060
34,454

7,486

380,953

Percent

20.9
.5
.6

16.0
12.3
10.9
17.1
2.0
8.7
9.0
2.0

100.0

Washington

Industry group

Gainful
workers

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B ■

Gainful workers

minus classes

A and B 1

Number

Number

Number

Percent

104,294
6,694

2,390
888

101,904
4,806

16.5

Ffshing .-

.8

".VBLE A. — Employment by industries in Pacific Northwest in
iSSO— Continued

Industry group

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical industries-

except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) '

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total .-

Industry group

.\griculture _

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical industries-

except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation —

Trade -

Public service (n. e. c.) 3

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total

Washington

Gainful
workers

Number

6,862

120, 572
84, 897
72,768

115,788
19, 517
51,686
60, 191
22,644

664,813

Unem-
ployed
clas.ses
A and B

Number

1,224

12, 116
8,556
4,621
4,384
296
1,503
3,796
6,663

46,437

Gainful workers

minus cla.sses

A and B ■

Number

6,638

108, 466
76, 341
68, 147

111,404
19, 221
50.083
56,395
16, 981

618, 376

Percent

0.9

17.5
12.4
11.0
18.0
3.1
8.1
9.1
2.6

100.0

Pacific Northwest

Gainful
workers

Number

331, 564

7,832

35, 645

227, 046
154, 522
154,851
226, 931

34,704
113, 690
123. 554

44,818

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B '

Number

8,091
1,142
6.295

21, 766
15,9.50
9.761
8,608
651
3,115
7,852
14, 539

97, 640

Gainful workers

minus classes

A and B '

Number

223, 473
6,690
27, 380

205, 280
138, 572
145,090
218, 423

34, 083
110, 575
116, 702

30, 279

Percent

23.8
.5
2.0

15.1
10.3
10.7
16.1
2.5
8.2
8.6
2.2

lOOO

' Class A Unemployed, "Persons out of a job, able to work, and looking for a job."
Class B Unemployed, "Persons having jobs, but on lay-off without pay, excluding
those sick or voluntarily idle."

^ Census of 1930, Occupation Statistics.

3 Not elsewhere classified.

Source: Census of 1930, Unemployment, Volume I.

T.4BLE B. — Employment of males by industries in the Pacific
Northwest in 1930

Industry group

Agriculture

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical industries-

except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade .-

Public service (n. e. c.) ^

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total 139,872

Idaho

Gainful
workers

Number

64,121

26

6,454

13, 927
11.784
12. 857
14.909
2.076
6.663
3,614
4,541

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B I

Number

647

1,051

1,191

656

326

31

82

162

1,249

6,611

Gainful
workers
minus
classes
A and B i

Number

62,904

26
5,807

12, 876
10. 593
12.301
14.584
2.045
5,681
3,352
3,292

133, 361

Percent
net

work-
ers

47.1
0
4.4

9.7
7.9
9.3
10.9
1.5
4.2
2.5
2.6

100.0

I Class A unemployed, "Persons out of a job, able to work, and looking for a job."
Cla,ss B unemployed. "Persons having jobs, but fin layoff without pay, excluding
those sick or voluntarily idle."

* Not elsewhere classified.

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

73

Table B. — Employment of males hij industries in the Pneific
Northwest in 1930 — Continued

Industry group

Agriculture

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical indus-
tries—except forest products -,

Forest products industries

Transportation-

Trade _

Public service {n. e. c.) ' ---

Professional service

Domestic and personal...

Industry not specified

77,523

30

17,540

22,602
5,445
21, 767
18, 965
3.755
6,545
5,357
4,588

Total 184, 117

Montana

Gainful
workers

Number

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B I

N'limber

1,927

3,973

2,651

787
1,439
608
112
143
371
1,690

13,701

Gainful
workers
minus
classes
A and B 1

Number

75, 596

30

13,567

19,951
4,658
20,328
18, 357
3,643
6, 402
4,986
2,898

170,416

Percent
net

work-
ers

44.4

0
8.0

11.7
2.7
11.9
10.8
2.1
3.8
2.9
1.7

100.0

Industry group

Agriculture

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical induS'

tries— except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) '

Professional service

Domestic and personal.

Iudu.stry not specified

Total

Oregon

Gainful
workers

Number

78, 869
2,074
2,607

66. 729
50. 470
40.503
50,667
6,896
16,547
12,953
10,944

328, 359

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B i

Number

2,294
254
442

7, 170

5, 219

2,947

1,915

173

464

8&1

4,467

26,209

Gainful
workers
minus
classes
A and B '

Number

76, 675
1,820
2,165

49, 559
45,251
37, 556
48, 762

6,723
16, 183
12,089

6,477

302,150

Percent
net

work-
ers

25.3

16.4
15.0
12.4
16.2
2.2
5.0
4.0
2.2

100.0

' Class A unemployed, "Persons out of a job, able to work, and looking for a job."
Class B unemployed. "Persons having jobs, but on layolT without pay, excluding
those sick or voluntarily idle."

' Not elsewhere classified.

Tabi.k B. — limploi/ment of males by inthistries in tin Parijic
Northwest in 1930 — Continued

Industry group

Agriculture

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical indus-
tries— except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) '

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total ., 537,716

Washington

Gainful
workers

Number

99,523
5,631
6,768

106, 788
82,297
66, 1,56
86, 401
17,688
24. 766
22,117
19, 581

Unem-
ployed
classes
A and B I

Number

2,278

884
1,221

11,128
8.361
4.460
2,850
261
745
1,380
6,016

39, 582

Gainful
workers
minus
clas.ses
A and B >

Number

97, 247
4,747
5,547

95, 660
73. 936
61.696
83.551
17, 427
24,021
20,737
13, 565

498, 134

Percent
net

work-
ers

19.5
1.0
1. 1

19.2
14.8
12.4
16.8
3.6
4.8
4.2
2.7

100.0

Industry group

Agriculture

Fishing

Extraction of minerals

Manufacturing and mechanical indus-
tries— except forest products

Forest products industries

Transportation

Trade

Public service (n. e. c.) '

Professional service

Domestic and personal

Industry not specified

Total

Pacific Northwest

Gainful
workers

Number

320,036

7,761

33, 369

200. 046
149, 998
141,283
170, 942
30,416
52, 621
43,941
39,654

1,190,064

T'nem.

ployed

classes

A and B '

Number

7,714
1,138
6,283

22,000
15, 55S
9.402
5,698
577
1.434
2,777
13,422

86,003

Gainful
workers
minus
classes
A and B i

Number

312,322

6. 62:)

27, 086

178. 046
134,438
131.881
166. 244
29.838
51, 187
41,164
26,232

1,104,061

Percent
net

work-
ers

28.3

.6

2.5

16.1
12.2
11.9
15.0
2.7
4.6
3.7
2.4

100.0

' Class A unemployed. "Persons out of a job, able to work, and looking for a job."
Class B unemployed. "Persons having jobs, but on layofl without pay, excluding
those sick or vuluul;irily idle."

Source: Census of 1930, Unemployment, Volume I.

74

National Resources Committee

Table C. — Tonnage of totals of net exports of Pacific Northwest Slates by commodili/ groups, 1929

[In thousand short tons]

Location

Apriciil-

tural
products

Percent

Animals

and
products

Percent

Mine
products

Percent

Forest
products

Percent

Manufac-
tures and
miscella-
neous

Percent

Total

Percent

1,176

1,303

396

1.455

34.5
65.3
6.8
14.5

155

253

74

64

4.5

12.7

1.3

.7

305

28

3

52

9.0
1.4
(')
.5

1,630

171

6,229

8,036

47.9
8.6
89.2
80.2

140
240
157
412

4.1
12.0
2.7
4.1

3,406

1,995

5,859

10, 018

100

100

100

100

4.330

20.3

546

2.6

388

1.8

15, 066

70.8

949

4.5

21, 278

100

' Less than 0.5 percent.

Table D. — Estimated value of totals of net exports of Pacific Northivest States by commodity groups, 1929

(In thousand dollars]

Location

Agricul-
tural
products

Percent

Animals

and
products

Percent

Mine
products

Percent

Forest
products

Percent

Manufac-
tures and
miscella-
neous

Percent

Total

Percent

49, 436
52, 351
24,846
80,012

33.5
36.3
13.1
21.5

44, 698
56,483
19. 780
25, 601

30.3
39.2
10.5
6.9

18, 713
332
192
471

12.7
.2
.1
.1

23, 876

2,829

120, 982

200,845

16.2

2.0

63.9

53.9

10,866
32.164
23,560
65, 435

7.3
22.3
12.4
17.6

147. 589
144. 159
189. 360
372. 364

100

Montana

100

100

100

Total -

206,645

24.2

146. 562

17.2

19, 708

2.3

348, 532

40.8

132, 025

15.5

853, 472

1

100

Sources: I. C. C. Freight Commodity Statistics, 1929. Railroad Reports to State Public Utilities Commissioners. 1929. Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1929, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1930. Harbor Reports of Tacoma and Seattle, Wash., and Portland, Oreg., 1930.
Further sources for value figures, listed in -\ppendi.x No. 2, table H.

Table E. — Tonnage of totals of net iyyrports of Pacific Northwest States by Commodity groups, 1929

[In thousand short tons]

Location

Agricul-
tural
products

Percent

Animals

and
products

Percent

Mine
products

Percent

Forest
products

Percent

Manufac-
tures and
miscella-
neous

Percent

Total

Percent

Idaho

39
83
235
296

2.6
.5.1
6.6
4.4

'i

18
99

0.1
.2
.5

1.5

931
1, 072

625
1,316

62.3
65. 1
17.5
19.7

133
738

0.5

.9

3.4

11. 1

516

473

2,579

4,226

34.5
28.7
72.0
63.3

1.495
1.646
3,680
6, 675

100

100

100

100

Total

653

4.9

122

.9

3,944

29.4

883

6.6

7,794

58.2

13, 396

100

Table F. — Estimated vahie of totals of net itnports of Pacific Northwest States by connnodity groups, 1929

[In thousand dollars]

Location

Agricul-
tural
products

Percent

Animals

and
products

Percent

Mine
products

Percent

Forest
products

Percent

Manufac-
tures and
miscella-
neous

Percent

Total

Percent

Id;iho--

2.714
5,532
17, 062
17.649

3.7
5.2
8.8
5.3

635

938

5,858

23,743

0.9

.9

3.0

7.1

5,230
29,283

7.517
33, 340

7.0
27.6

3.9
10.0

923
1.950

348
7,092

1.2

1.8

.2

2.1

64,770
68, 543
163, 202
251,998

87.2
M.5
84.1
75.5

74, 272
106, 246
193, 987
333. 822

ICO

Montana

100
100

Washington __ .

100

TotaL..

42,957

6.1

31, 174

4.4

75, 370

10.6

10.313

1.5

548, 513

77.4

708. 327

100

Sources: I. C. C. Freight Commodity Statistics. 1929. Railroad Reports to State Public Utilities Commissioners, 1929. Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1929, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1930. Harbor Reports of Tacoma and Seattle, Wash., and Portland, Oreg., 1930.
Further sources for value figures listed in Appendix No, 2, table H.

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

75

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National Resources Committee

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75

28

133

2,059

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Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

77

1,025
351
1,365
8, .129
2.902

7,781

""727
122
993
219
26
87

451

12,961
16,006

127.985

8.387

12. 272

234

111

"6,' 230

380

67

5.036

9,963

4,704

15. 935

5,219

427

91

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134, 156

to

15, 372
3,183

21,421
79, 120
33, 190

106,022

""m.'mi

13,618

54,168

13, 781

1, 705

7,834

34, 220
23,808
48,428

218,889
9, 616

208.484
1.497
5,112

"'27li62

6,202

415

36, 704

7, 725

16, 374
9,615

30,600
2,339

■"i8,'663

■"48,'488
699, 849

s

t^

759
20,008

29,891
14,872

98

382
1,572

3

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1

30,408
51,041

70, 181
210,448

1,175

1,866
12,423

2,"295

^

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107

""835
5,366
1,079

2,055
300

"i,'99i

13

617
25

8

339
2,518
2,498

54. 010

3. 568

11,366

135

8

"3,' 288

122

21

2,325

9,160

2,155

6,823

2,249

238

271

1,362

9

""963
54,733

S

1.601

49, 773
12,094

27,996
12,010

"■■23,'i67
110

■■■'i,'i8i

33, 965
1,511

757

28, 622
4,593
7,850

89, 273

4,091

191, 226

886

607

■"iVioi

1,676
129

17. 487
7,095
7,544
4. ,149

13. 145
1.300
1.327
6. 941
1,988

■"i4,'368
244, 726

s

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39, 677

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912

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256

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638
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8,297
8,164

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18, 603

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13

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19
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25. 078
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5,029

485

418

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26,230

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298

2.338

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396

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c5

Kails, fastenings, frogs, and switches

Kailway car wneels, axles, and trucks..

Cast-iron pipes and fittings

Iron and steel pipes and fittings, n. 0. s..
Iron and steel: Nail and wire not woven. .
Iron and steel: Hated fifth class in

I. C. 0, ollicial classification, n. o. s.

(also tin and terne platoj

Scrap iron and scrap steel

Copper: Ingot, pig. or slab

Copper, brass, and bronze: Bar, sheet,

and pipe

Lead and zinc: Ingot, pig. or bar

Aluminum: InRot. piR. or slab

Cement. Portland (buildinR)

Urick, common

Urick, n. o. s. and building tile

Sewer pipe and draintile (not metal)

Artificial stone, n. o. s -

I.imc, common (cpiick or slaked)

Plaster (stucco or wall) and dry kalso-

ininc

Tractor.s anci parts

ARriciiltiiral implementsand parts, n.o.s.
AutoMiuhiles and autotrucks and parts

n. " s

.\nliiinoliiie and autotruck tires

Kerlili/ers. n. o. s.

Alcohol, denatured or wood

Sulphuric acid

E.\ plosives, n. o. s

Uosin

Turpentine.

Soap and washing compounds

IJry goods and wearing apparel, n. 0. s..
Hagging and bags, burlap, gunny or jute.

Tobacco, manufactured products

Glass: I'lat; bottles, jars; and jelly glasses.

Cottonseed oil

Linseeci oil__

Vegetable oils, n. o. s

Ice

Prepared roofing materials (not forest)..
Manufactures and miscellaneous, n. 0. s.

Total manufactures !*nd miscella-
neous

532
533
634
535
536
537

638
540

641

545

548
560
552
563
554
566
567
658

660
662
667

568
570
571
572
573
575
576
577
578
580
585
.190
591
.192
593
694
.196
697
698
599

1 1

gc.-

■Ha

C ..

Et

ds
-'•<

six

o .
O -

to 2

78

National Resources Committee

Table H. — Commodities and types of prices used in deterviininq
values of imports and exports by commodity groups

Table H. — Commodities and types of prices used in determining
values of imports and exports by commodity groups — Continued

No.

Ill
112
113

111
119
120

131
140
l/iO

160

163
164

165
167

Commodities and prices

GROUP I. PRODUCTS OF AGRKJULTUKE

Wheat. Farm prices— Idaho, Montana, Ore-
gon, and Washinj^ton.

Corn. Weighted average farm price 12 Mid-
western States, plus freight and marketing.

Oats. Farm prices— Idaho, Montana, Oregon,
and Washington.

Barley and rye. W^eighted average farm
prices — Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Wash-
ington.

Rice, blue rose, clean. Average wholesale
price— Xew Orleans, plus freight.

Buckwheat. United States estimated farm
price.

Flour, wheat. Average price, f. o. b. mills-
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Meal, corn. United States average wholesale
price, f. 0. b. mill, plus freight from Midwest
points.

Rye flour. United States average wholesale
price, f. 0. b. mill.

Corn breakfast foods ready to eat, oat meal,
flaked and rolled oats, wheat breakfast foods
to be cooked, wheat breakfast foods ready to
eat, and cereal foods, n. e. s. Weighted aver-
age United States wholesale price, plus freight
from Midwest points.

Mi.xed dairy and poultry feeds, prepared and
mixed feeds and other feeds, including screen-
ings. Weighted average prices, f. o. b. mills-
Idaho, Montana. Oregon, and Washington.

All hay. Farm prices— Idaho, Montana, Ore-
gon, and Washington.

Straw. Wholesale prices in Idaho, Montana,
Oregon, and Washington. (Average whole-
sale prices in large cities in respective States.)

Tobacco, leaf. Average United States whole-
sale price, plus freight from Kentucky and
Virginia.

Cotton, middling and linters. Wholesale
prices— Xew Orleans, plus freight.

Cottonseed. Weighted average United States
farm price, plus freight from Memphis and
marketing costs.

Cottonseed meal, prime. Wholesale price-
Memphis, plus freight.

Citrus fruits. Weighted average farm price-
oranges, 7 States; grapefruit. 4 States; and
lemons and limes, 1 State; plus freight and
marketing.

Apples. Farm prices— Idaho, Montana, Ore-
gon, and Washington.

Strawberries and cranberries. Oregon and
Washington — weighted average farm price
respective States; Idaho and Montana-
average Oregon, Washington, and Utah farm
prices, plus freight and marketing.

Grapes. California farm price, plus freight and
marketing.

Peaches. Idahoand Washington— farm prices
respective States; Montana and Oregon-
average California, Idaho, and Washington
farm prices, plus freight and marketing.

Watermelons. Weighted average farm prices
for early and late California's, plus freight
and marketing.

Cherries, pears, and prunes. Idaho, Oregon,
and Washington— weighted average farm
prices respective States; Montana— average
Idaho, Oregon, and Washington farm prices,
plus freight and marketing.

Bananas. Foreign import value, plus freight
and marketing.

Figs and olives, California, and pineapples,
Florida. Weighted average farm prices, plus
freight and marketing.

Sources for prices

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929, Bu-
reau of Agricultural Eco-
nomics, U. S. Department
of Agriculture.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Yearbook, 1930. U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.
Do.

Census of Manufcictures,
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Census of Distribution. 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.
Do.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Census of Manufactures,
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929.
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics. U. S, Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Trade associations.

Yearbook. 1930. U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production. 1929. Bu-
re-:iu of Agricultural Eco-
nomics. U. S. Department
of .\2riculture.

Statistical Abstract, 19.30,
U. S. Department of (Com-
merce.

Crops and Markets, 1930. TT.
S. Department of .Agri-
culture.

Farm Value, Gross Income
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929.
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics. U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Crops and Markets, 1930,
U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

Crops and Markets. 1929,
U. S. Department of .Vgri-
culture.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Farm \'alue. Gross Income,
and Cash Income F'rom
Farm Production, 1929,
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

170

171
172

186

189
190

193

Commodities and prices

GROUP 1. PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURE— COntd.

Potatoes, white. Farm prices— Idaho, Mon-
tana, Oregon, and Washington.

Cabbage. Average CaUfornia, Colorado.
Texas, and Utah farm prices, plus freight and
marketing.

Onions. Idaho, Oregon, and Washington-
farm prices respective States; Montana —
average Idaho. Oregon, and Washington
farm prices, plus freight and marketing.

Tomatoes (market). Idaho and Montana-
average California and Utah farm prices, plus
freight and marketing; Oregon and Wash-
ington—California farm price plus freight
and marketing.

Idaho— celery and lettuce. Weighted average
farm price.

Washington— asparagus, lettuce, spinach, snap
beans, and cucumbers. Weighted average
farm price.

Montana and Oregon— asparagus (Washing-
ton), snap beans (California, Texas, and
Washingtoni, cauliflower (California and
Utah), carrots (California and Texas), celery
(California, Idaho, and Utah), cucumbers
(California and Texas), eggplant (Texas),
green peas (Cahfornia), lettuce (California,
Idaho. Washington , and Texas) , peppers
(Cahfornia and Texas), and spinach (Cali-
fornia, Washington, and Texas). Weighted
average farm prices, plus freight and market-
ing.

Idaho and Oregon- dried prunes. Farm
prices respective States.

Washington— figs and raisins, California.
Farm prices plus freight and marketing.

Montana— Dried prunes (Idaho and Oregon)
and figs and raisins (California). Average
farm price, plus freight and marketing.

Beans, dry. Idaho and Montana— farm price
respective States; Oregon and Washington-
average Idaho and Montana farm prices, plus
freight and marketing.

Sweetpotatoes and beets. Weighted average
United States farm prices, plus freight and
marketing.

Peanuts. Wholesale price, Norfolk, Va., plus
freight and marketing.

Flaxseed. Montana— farm price. Idaho and
Washington— Montana farm price, plus
freight and marketing; Oregon— weighted
average Montana farm price, plus freight and
marketing; and foreign import value, plus
duty.

Bugar beets. Idaho and Montana — farm prices
respective States: Oregon and Washington-
average Idaho and Montana farm prices, plus
freight and marketing.

Copra meal, linseed meal and cake, soybean
meal and cake, and other oil cake. Wash-
ington—weighted average foreign import
value; Idaho and Montana — weighted aver-
age United States wholesale price, plus
freight from Pacific coast.

Idaho— weighted average farm price red and
alsike cloverseed. alfalfa seed, and popcorn.

Montana— weighted average farm price em-
mer and spelt, sweet cloverseed, and alfalfa
seed.

Oregon — weighted average United States farm
prices of grain sorghums, emmer and spelt,
sweet sorghum, hemp, red cloverseed, alsike
cloverseed, alfalfa seed, timothy seed, sweet
cloverseed, soybeans, and cowpeas. plus
freight and marketing, and foreign import
values of spices, seeds. cotTee beans, tea, and
other foreign vegetables, n. e. s.

Washington— weighted ax'erage foreign import
values of spices, seeds, mushrooms, coffee
beans, tea, currants, dates, citron peel, ginger
root, nuts, and other vegetables, n. e. s.

Sources for prices

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production. 1929,
Bureau of .Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of -Agriculture.
Do.

Crops and Markets, 1929,
U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929.
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture; and
Crops and Markets, 1929
and 1930, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929,
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics. U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Crops and Markets, 1929,
U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Farm Value. Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production. 1929,
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture; and
Foreign Commerce and
Navigation, 1929, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce. U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929,
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Foreign Commerce and Nav-
igation, 1929, Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic
Commerce; and Statistical
Abstract, 1930, U. S. De-
oartment of Commerce.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929,
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, and Crops and
Markets, 1929, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture,
and Foreign Commerce
and Navigation, 1929, Bu-
reau of Foreign and Domes-
tic Commerce, U. S. De-
partment of Commerce.

Forest Resources oj the Pacific Northwest

79

Table H. — Commodities and types of prices used in determining
values of imports and exports by commodity groups — Continued

Table H. — Commodities and types of prices used in determining
values of imports and exports by commodity groups — Continued

Commodities and prices

GROUl' n. ANIMALS AND ANIMAL I'ROUUCTS

Horses and mules. Weighted average farm
prices — Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Wash-
ington.

Cattle and calves. Idaho, Montana, and
Oregon— weighted average farm prices re-
spective States; Washington- average Idaho,
Montana, and Oregon farm prices, plus
freight and marketing.

Sheep and lambs. Weighted average farm
prices— Idaho, IMoutana, Oregon, and Wash-
ington.

Hogs. Idaho and Montana— farm prices re-
spective States; Oregon and Washington—
average Idaho and Montana farm prices,
plus freight and marketing.

Fresh veal, lamb, mutton, steer carcasses, and
pork loins, hams, and shoulders. Weighted
average wholesale price, Chicago plus freight .

Beef— pickled and other cured; pork pickled,
dry-salted, and dry-cured, smoked and not
smoked, and cook hams. Weighted average
United States wholesale price, plus freight
from Chicago.

Sausage; meat puddings; headcheese; sausage
casings, hug, beef, and other; lard; neutral
lard, lard compounds, oleo oil and stock; and
stearin (oleo and other). Weighted average
United States wholesale price, plus freight
from Chicago.

Chickens, live. Farm prices— Idaho, Mon-
tana, Oregon, and Washington.

Chickens, dressed. Farm prices— Idaho.
Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Eggs. Farm prices— Idaho, Montana, Ore-
gon, and Washington.

Butler. Average wholesale price. San Fran-
cisco; Idaho and Montana— San Francisco
price, minus freight; Oregon and \\'ashing-
ton— San Francisco price, plus freight.

Cheese. Average wholesale price, San Fran-
cisco; Idaho, Montana, and Oregon— San
Francisco price, minus freight; Washington-
San Francisco, price plus freight.

Oleomargarine, standard, uucolored. Whole-
sale price, Chicago; Montana and Oregon-
Chicago price, minus freight; Washington^
Chicago price, plus freight.

Wool, unwashed. Estimated farm prices-
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Hides, country. Estimated United States
farm price.

Fish oils. Oregon and Washington—average
United States wholesale price; Montana-
average United st:iies wholesale price, plus
freight from Pucilic coas;.

Idaho, Montana, and Oregon— hutterfat; fish;
bones, hoofs, and horns, unmanufactured;
milk and cream; honey; gelatin; glue; bees-
wax; feather, crude; rabbits and other game;
hair, hog, and other; animal furs; neats'-foot
oil; and other animal oils; Idaho and Mon-
tana—weighted average United States whole-
sale price; Oregon— United States price, plus
freight.

"Washington -milk and cream; fresh salmon
and other fish; shellfish; salted, pickled,
smoked or dry-cured fish; egg yolks, frozen,
canned, or dried; gelatin; glue; animal furs,
bones, hoofs and horns; feathers, crude; ani-
mal hair; honey, beeswax, sponges; antl meat
extracts and bullion cubes. Weighted aver-
age Washington expcjrt price.

GROITI' m. PKODfCTS OF MINES

Anthracite coal—lump an<l broken, egg. stove,
chestnut, and pea. Weighted average
United States price, f. o. b. mine, plus freight
(rail and water) from eastern States.

Bituminous coal-Wyoming and Utah. Aver-
age price, f. o. b. mine, plus freight.

Coke--byprotluct and beeiiive. \\'eighted
average United States price, f. o. b. ovens,
plus freight.

Iron ore. Mine values— Montana and Wash-
ington.

Commodities and prices

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929,
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Yearbook, 1930, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Do.

Farm Value, Gross Income,
and Cash Income From
Farm Production, 1929.
Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Do.

Do.

Yearbook, 1930, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Crops and Markets, 1929.
U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

Yearbook, 1930. U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Census of ^Manufactures.
1929; Census of Distribu-
tion, 192*t; Statistical Ab-
stract, 1930; and Foreign
Comfnerce and Xaviga-
tion, 1929, Bureau of For-
eign and Domestic Com-
merce, U. S. Department
of Commerce.

Mineral Resources, 1929.
Bureau of Mines, U. S.
Department of Commerce.

Do.

Do.

Do.

330

340

3(10

380
390

39-J
39'. 1

110
413

GROUP in. PitODUCTa OF MINES— continued

Ores and concentrates— copper, lead, zinc,
gold, and silver; Idaho— mine value less
freight to smelters in Montana and Utah;
Oregon—mine value less freight to smelters
in Washington and Utah; Montana— mine
value Idaho ores and concentrates; Washing-
ton—weighted average mine value Ahiska.
Oregon, and foreign ores and concentrates.

Building sand, paving sand, grinding and pol-
ishmg sand, fire or furnace sand, engine sand,
filter sand, and other sands; and building
gravel, paving gravel, and railroad ballast
gravel. Weighted average mine and quarry
prices— Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Wash-
ington.

Crushed stone — weighted average granite, ba-
salt, limestone, sandstone, and miscellaneous
varieties of concrete and road metal and rail-
road ballast. Mine and quarry prices -
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Stone, rough and finishea, N. O. S. Weighte<i
average United States price— building stone,
monumental stone, paving blocks curbing,
flagging, rubble, riprap, furnace flux, refrac-
tory stone, agricultural limestone, manufac-
turing limestone and marble, and other usts
of stone, n. e. s., f. o. b. mines and quarries.

Petroleum, crude. Idaho — average price
Rocky IMountain fields; Montana— average
price Wyoming fields, plus freight; Oregon
and Washington— average price California
and Texas fields, plus height.

Asphalt, bulk. United States price, f. o. b.
refinery and mine, plus freight.

Salt. Evaporated, in brine, and rock salt.
Weighted average United Slates price, f. o. b.
mine or refinery, plus freight.

Phosphate rock, crude. Idaho and Montana —
mine prices, respective States; Oregon and
Washington— average price Western States,
plus freight from mines.

Sulphur, crude. United States mine price
plus freight.

Products of mines, N. O. S. Fluorspar, for-
eign and domestic; oilstones, whetstones,
hones, scythestones, and rubbing stones;
pumice and pumicite; emery ; feldspar, crude;
clay— kaolin or China, ball slip, tire, stone-
ware, and miscellaneous clays; pyrites, as-
bestos, barite, crude; talc and soapstone,
crude; mica— sheet and scrap; gypsum, for-
eign and domestic; dolomite; calcium chlo-
ride; grindstone and pulpstone; abrasive gar-
net; tripoli, crude; quartz, crude; ami graph-
ite, foreign.

Idaho and Montana— weighted average United
States mine prices; Oregon and Wtishing-
ton— weighted average United States mine
prices and foreign prices, plus freight.

GROUP IV. PRODUCTS OF FORE.STS

Logs, spruce, Douglas fir. i>ine, cedar, hem-
lock, and other softwoods. Weighted aver-
age prices in the woods— Idaho, Montana.
Oregon, and Washington.

Posts, poles, and pilings. Weighted average
prices in the woods— Idaho, Montana, Ore-
gon, and Washington.

Wood (fuel). Weighted average prices in the
woods — Idaho. Montana, Oregon, and
Washington.

Railroad ties, hewed, sawed, and creosoted.
Weighted average prices at the point of pro-
duction—Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and
Wa-shington.

Pulpwood. Average prices, f. o. b. mills-
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

Lumber, shingles, and lath. Weighted aver-
age prices, f. o. b. mills— Idaho, Montana.
Oregon, ami Washington.

Moulding sash, millwork. and doors. Weight-
ed average prices, f. o. b. mills.

Sources for prices

Mineral Resources, 1929.
Bureau of Mines, U. S.
Department of Commerce.

Do.

Mineral Resources, 1929, Bu-
reau of Mines, U. S. De-
partment of Commerce.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Census of Manufactures.
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Do.

Census of Manufactures,
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce; trade associa-
tions; and Foreign Com-
merce and Navigation,
19"21t. Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Census of Manufactures,
1929. U. S. Department of
Commerce.
Do.

Census of Manufactures,
1929, U. S. Dei)artment of
Commerce; trade associa-
tions; and Foreign Com-
merce and Navigation,
1929, Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, U.S.
Deparlment of Commerce.

80

National Resources Committee

Table H. — Commodities a7id types of prices used in determining
values of imports and exports by commodity groups — Continued

Table H. — Commodities and types of prices used in detennining
values of imports and exports by commodity ^rowps^Continued

No.

470

Commodities and prices

506

509

GROUP IV. PRODUCTS OF FORESTS— Continued

Box, crate, and cooperage materials. Idaho
Oregon, and Washington— weighted aver-
age prices, f. o. b. mills; Montana— average
Idabo, Oregon, and Washington mill prices
plus freight.

Veneer and plywood. Idaho, Oregon, and
Washington— weighted average price, f. o. b.
mills.

Furniture, wood. Average wholesale price
Pacific Northwest.

Wood plup, sulphite, sulphate, and other.
Oregon and Washington — prices, f. o. b.
mills.

Newprint paper. Oregon and Washington-
price, f. 0. b. milLs; Idaho and Montana-
average Oregon and Washington mill prices,
plus freight.

Paper bags and wrapping paper. Oregon and
Washington— price, f. o. b. mills; Idaho and
Montana— average Oregon and Washington
mill prices, plus freight.

Paperboard, wallboard (paper), and pulp-
board. Oregon and Washington— average
wholesale prices, f. o. b. mills; Idaho and
Montana— average Oregon and Washington
wholesale prices plus freight.

Book paper, not coated (printing); cover
paper; greaseproof and waterproof paper;
wrapping paper; surface-coated paper; tissue
crepe paper; toilet paper; paper towels
and napkins; blotting paper; wallpaper;
writing paper; and other paper and paper
products. Oregon and Washington—
w^eighted average wholesale price, f. o. b.
mills; Idaho and Montana— average Oregon
and Washington wholesale prices, plus
freight.

Tar and pitch, other gums and resins, pine oil,
other essential oils, boat oars, wiigon stocks,
hoe, shovel, and rake handles, striking tool
handles; and other woodenware. Weighted
average wholesale prices— Idaho, Montana,
Oregon, and Washington.

GROUP V. MANUFACTURES AND
MISCELLANEOUS

Illuminating oils, gasoline, naphtha, benzine,
and tops. Weighted average price, f. o. b.
refinery. Idaho — average for refineries in
California, Montana, Oklahoma, Texas,
and Wyoming, plus freight; Montana-
average State refinery price; Oregon and
Washington— average for refineries in Cali-
fornia, Oklahoma, and Texas, plus freight.

Fuel oil, average price, f. o. b. refineries.
Idaho— average for refineries in Wyoming
and Montana; Montana— average State re-
finery price. Oregon and Washington-
average for refineries in California, Okla-
homa, and Texas, plus freight.

Lubricating oil and greases. Average price,
f. o. b. refineries. Idaho and Montana-
average for refineries in California, Okla-
homa, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wyoming,
plus freight; Oregon and Washington— aver-
age for refineries in California, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, and Texas, plus freight.

Paraffin wax and mineral spirits. Oregon and
Washington— average United States whole-
sale prices; Idaho and Montana— average
United States wholesale price plus freight
from Pacific coast.

Canned fruits, vegetables, milk (powdered,
condensed, and evaporated), buttenuilk
(powdered and evaporated), clams, salmon,
and other fish. Oregon and Washington-
weighted average prices, f. o. b. canneries;
Idaho and Montana- average Oregon and
Washington wholesale prices, plus freight.

Sugar, beet and cane. Idaho and Montana-
average United States wholesale price for
beet sugar; Oregon and Washington-
weighted averages of United States whole-
sale prices for beet and cane sugar.

Corn sirup and zuixtures of corn and other
sirups, cane sirup, cane-refiners sirup, and
edible molasses. Weighted average United
States wholesale price, plus freight from
Midwest points.

Beet molasses and beet pulp. Montana-
weighted average United States price, f. o. b.
refinery. Idaho, Oregon, and Washington-
weighted average United States price, plus
freight.

Pig hon, basic and Bessemer. Wholesale
price, Pittsburgh, plus freight.

Sources for prices

Trade associations; Foreign
Commerce and Naviga-
tion. 1929, Bureau of For-
eign and Domestic Com-
merce, U. S. Department
of Commerce.

Trade associations.

Do.

Census of Manufactures,
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.
Do.

Do.

Trade associations.

Trade associations; Foreign
Commerce and Navigation
1929, Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Census of Manufactures,
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Do.

Wholesale prices, 1929. Bu-
reau of Labor Statistics,
U. S. Department of Labor.

Census of Manufactures,
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Do.

Engineering and Mining
Journal.

No.

538

540

545

548

550

Commodities and prices

GROUP v. MANUFACTURES AND

MISCELLANEOUS— continued

Wholesale price,

554

558

Open hearth steel billets.
Pittsburgh, plus freight.

Steel rails; rail joints and fastenings, tie plates,
etc., and railroad spikes; and switches, frogs,
and crossings. Weighted average United
States price, f. o. b. mill, plus freight from
Pittsburgh.

Car and locomotive wheels and axles, rolled or
forged. Weighted average United States
price, f. 0. b. mill, plus freight from Pitts-
burgh.

Cast-iron pipe and fittings— Bell and spigot
pipe; flanged pipe, culvert pipe; soil and
plumber's pipe and fittings; and cast-iron
fittings for water, gas, steam, and other pur-
poses. Weighted averaged United States
price, f. 0. b. mills, plus freight from Pitts-
burgh.

Wrought iron-steel pipes, tubes, and fittings
(wrought, welded, and seamless). Weighted
average United States price, f. o. b. mill, plus
freight from Pittsburgh.

Plain wire; barbed wire; wire nails; wire tacks;
and wire staples. Weighted average United
States price, f. o. b. mill, plus freight from
Pittsburgh.

Iron and steel — blooms, billets, and staves;
sheet and tin-plate bars; muck and scrap
bars; structural shapes, light and heavy (not
assembled or fabricated); concrete-reinforc-
ing bars; open-hearth or Bessemer steel bars;
electric-steel bars; iron bars; wire rods; bolt
and nut rods, and spike and chain rods; cru-
cible plate steel and saw plates; boiler and
other plate; sheets (No. 13 and thinner, not
coated)— automobile body, black, and plain;
skelp; cotton ties; hot rolled strips f(.r cold
rolling; other hoops, bands, and sirii's; pLiIe
and armor, ordnance; rolled and forced iron
and steel products, n. e. s.; cold rolled strip
steel; cold finished steel bars; and tin and
terne plate. Weighted average United
States price, f. o. b. mill, plus freight from
Pittsburgh.

Scrap iron and scrap steel. Weighted average
United States price, f. o. b. mill; plus freight
from Pittsburgh.

Copper, electrolytic, refinery. Idaho and
Montana— refinery price; Oregon and Wash-
ington—refinery price plus freight.

Brass and bronze bars; and brass, bronze, and
copper cods, tubing (seamless) pipe, and
castings. Idaho and Montana— weighted
average United States price, f. o. b. mill;
Oregon and Washington— weighted average
United States price, plus freight from Butte.

Lead, common, and zinc, prime, western, at
East St- Louis. Idaho and Montana-
weighted average price at St. Louis less
freight; Oregon and Washington— St. Louis
price, plus freight.

Aluminum (No. 1 virgin 98-99 percent). New
York. Montana— New York price; Oregon
and Washington— New York price, plus
freight.

Cement, Portland. Average United States
price, f. 0. b. plants, plus freight.

Brick, common. Average United States price,
f. 0. b. yards, plus freight.

Vitrified, face, enameled, fire, silica, magnesite,
and chrome bricks; and floor, ceramic, mo-
saic, enameled, faience, and wall tiles.
Weighted average United States price, f. o. b.
yards, plus freight.

Clay sewer pipe and drain tile; concrete drain
tile and sewer pipes, plain (4-inch to 24-
inch) and reinforced (24-inch to lOS-inch).
Weighted average United States price, f . o. b.
yards, plus freight.

Corundum (aluminous abrasives) and con-
crete products (brick, cast stone, cistern, and
manhole blocks, silo blocks, staves and
slabs, monuments and grave markers, burial
vaults, and precast paving materials).
Weighted average United States price, f. o. b.
plants, plus freight.

Quick and hydrated lime. Weighted average
United States price, f. o. b. kilns, plus
freight.

Gypsum plaster, neat plaster (unfibered),
sanded plaster, fibered plaster, gaging and
finish plaster, plaster of paris, magnesite
stucco, portland-cement stucco, and other
plasters. Weighted average United States
price, f. 0. b. plants, plus freight.

Sources for prices

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Engineering and Mining
Journal.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Engineering and Mining
Journal.

Do.

Wholesale prices, 1929, Bu-
reau of Labor Statistics,
U. S. Department of Labor.
Do.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

81

Table H. — Commodities and types of prices used in determining
values of imports and exports by commodity groups — Continued

Table H. (Commodities and types of prices used in determining
values of imports and exports by commodity groups — Continued

No.

560
562
567
568
570

572

573

677

578

Commodities and prices

GROUP V. MANUFACTURES AND

MISCELLANEOUS— continued

Tractors and parts. Average price, f. o. b.
factory, plus freight.

Agricultural implements and part*?. Average
price, f. o. b. factory, plus freight.

Automobiles and autotrucks, and parts. Aver-
age price, f. o. b. factory, plus freight.

Automobile and autotruck tire^s. Average
price, f. 0. b. factory, plus freight.

Nitrate-s, superphosphates, fish meal, bone-
meal, and other fertilizers. Oregon and
"Washington— weighted average value of
foreign and domestic imports; Idaho — aver-
age Oregon and Washington value, plus
freight from Pacific coast; Montana— United
States price at point of production.

Alcohol, denatured. Wholesale prices in
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington
(average of wholesale prices in large cities in
respective States).

Sulphuric acid, 66°, New York. Washing-
ton—New York price; Idaho, Montana,
and Oregon — New York price, plus freight
from Du Pont, Wash.

Dynamite. Average 40- and 60percent gela-
tin. Wholesale prices in carload lots at
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; Butte, Mont.; Port-
land, Oreg.; and Seattle, Wash.

Pigments (white lead, lead oxide, zinc oxide,
lithopone, iron oxides, other mineral colors,
chrome yellow, chrome orange, prussian
blue, ultramarine, vermilion, other fine
colors, mortar colors, whiting, other dry
colors, and pulp colors, sold moistl, paints
(in paste form, water paints, and kalsomine,
and mixed ready for use), varnishes, japans,
lacquers, fillers, putty, bleached shellac, and
stains. Weighted average United States
wholesale price, plus freight from Chicago.

Rosin, Savannah, Qa., plus freight. __

Turpentine. Average, Savannah, Ga., plus
freight.

Soap— toilet; foot, ships; laundry and other
hard soaps; granulated and powdered;
liquid; soft; paste; shaving; special soap arti-
cles; stock or base; and soap, n. e. s.
Weighted average United States wholesale
price plus freight.

Cotton woven gofids; cotton yarns; cotton
thread; cotton twine; batting, wadding, and
mattress felts; cotton card laps, sliver and
roving; and cotton waste produced for sale;
silk and rayon bniad goods; silk threads and
yarns; rayon threads and yarns; woolen and
worsted goods; woolen and cotton blankets;

Sources for prices

Manufacturers' associations.
Do.

Do.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce; Foreign Commerce
and Navigation, 1929, Bu-
reau of Foreign and Do-
mestic Commerce, U. S.
Department of Commerce
Wholesale Prices, 1929,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
U. S. Department of
Labor.

Trade associations.

Statistical Abstract, 1930,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Manufacturers' associations.

Census of Distribution, 1929.
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Wholesale Prices, 1929, Bu-
reau of Labor Statistic^,
U. S. Department of
Labor.
Do,

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.

Do.

No.

585

590

591
592
593
594

598
599

Commodities and prices

GROUP V. MANUFACTURES AND

MiscKLLANEous— eonlinued

wool upholsteries and draperies; wool yarns;
wool ciird rolls, batts, anci batting; wool tops
and snubbings; wool noils and waste; and
wearing apmrel of cotton, wool, rayon, and
silk. Weighted average United States whole-
sale price, plus freight from New England
States.
Bagging and bags, burlap or jute. Oregon
and Washington —weighted average value
of foreign ami domestic imiK>rts; Idaho and
Montana— average Oregon and Washington
value, plus freight from Pacific coast.

Cigarettes; chewing tobacco, plug and other;
smoking tobacco, including cigar cuttings;
and other tobacco manufactures. Idaho and
Montana— value of manufactures in respec-
tive States; Oregon and Washington-
weighted average Uniti'd S|;il(^sf;icti>ry price,
plus freight from Kentucky and \"ir^inia.

Plate glass, wintiow glass, buttles, jars, and
jelly glasses. Average price, f. o. b. factory,
plus freight.

Cottonseed oil. Average United States price,
f. o. b. refinery, plus freight from Kansas
City.

Linseed oil. Average United States price,
f. o. b. refinery, plus freight from Kansas
City.

Coconut oil, soybean oil, vegetable soup stock
and other vegetable fats. Oregon and
Washington— weighted average foreign and
domestic import value; Montana and
Idaho— average Oregon and Washington
import value, plus freight from Pacific coast.

Ice. Manufacturers' prices in Idaho, Mon-
tana, Oregon, and Washington.

Crushed slag. Montana and Washington-
average United States price, f. o. b. mill;
Idaho— United States price, plus freight
from Montana.

Sheathing, felts, asbestos-filled and asbestos
paper. Weighted average United States
price, f. o. b. mill, plus freight.

Manufactures and miscellaneous, n. o. s.
(including railroad I. c. 1. freight). Aver-
age of Pacific Northwest export and import
manufactures, items 500-598, inclusive.

Sources for prices

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce; Foreign Commerce
and Navigation, 1929, Bu-
reau of Foreign and Do-
mestic Commerce, U. S.
Department of Commerce;
Wholesale prices, 1929,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U. S. Department of Labor.

Manufacturers' associations;
Census of Distribution,
1929. U. S. Department of
Commerce; Wholesale
prices, 1929, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, U. S. De-
partment of Labor.

Manufacturers' associations.

Census of Distribution, 1929,
U. S. Department of Com-
merce.
Do.

Foreign Commerce and Nav-
igation, 1929, Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce; Whole-
sale prices, 1929, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor.

Census of Manufactures
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce; manufacturers,
associations.

Census of Manufactures
1929, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Census of Distribution. 1929
U. S. Department of Com
merce.

Items 500-598, inclusive.

Note.— Freight ami marketingcostsof commodities are estimated. Freight based
on blanket rate from the point of production to Pacific Northwest. Marketing costs
based on estimates from trade sources.

Table I. — Revenue freight originating on railroads in Pacific Northwest by cominodity groups. 1929

[In thousand short tons]

Location

Agricul-
tural
products

Percent

Animals

and
products

Percent

Mine
products

Percent

Forest
products

Percent

Manufac-
tures and
miscel-
laneous

Percent

Less t han
carload

Percent

Total

Percen t

Idaho

Montana -

I.8S8

2.084

939

2,795

26.4

30.0

6. .5

11.1

237
339

188
168

3.4
4.9
1.3
.7

1,085

2,040

430

2,384

15.4

29.3

3.0

9.4

3,538

1,481

11,367

17,520

50.3
21.3
79.2
69.3

2.W

862

1.246

2.139

3.6
12.4
8.7
8.5

61
146
192
259

0.9
2.1
1.3
1.0

7,033

6,952

14, 361

25,264

100
100
100

Washington

100

Pacific Northwest-

7.676

14.3

932

1.7

6,939

11.1

33, 905

63.3

4,501

8.4

658

1.2

53,610

100

Table J. — Freight revenue earned on freight originating in Pacific Northwest by commodity groups^ 1929

[In thousand dollars]

Location

Agricul-
tural
products

Percent

Animals

and
products

Percent

Mine
products

Percent

Forest
products

Percent

Manufac-
tures and
miscel-
laneous

Percent

Less than
carload

Percent

Total

Percent

Idaho.-

8,-611
7,032
3,822
16,887

36.6
33.3
13.2
26.9

1,226
2,323
1,102
1,837

8.0
11. 0
3.8
2.9

1,076

2,693

419

3,287

7.0

12.8

1.4

5.2

5,767

3,109

14.908

27,110

37.7
14.8
51.4
43.3

890
3.847
6.049
9,785

8.8
18.2
20.8
15.6

744
2,097
2.724
3,809

4.9
9.9
9.4
6.1

1,S 315
21,100
29.024
62,716

100

Montana ..

100

100

Washington . .

100

Pacific Northwest..

33,352

26.0

6,489

8.1

7,476

6.8

50,894

39.7

20,571

16.1

9.373

7.3

128. lliS

100

Sources: I. O. C. Freight Commodity Statistics, 1929. Railroad Reports to State Public Utilities Commissioners, 1929.

82

National Resources Committee

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ystera

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Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

83

Table M. — Freight originating on railroads ' in Idaho fur the year 1920, b;/ conivioditi/ groups and railroads

[In short tons]

Railroad

Oregon Short Line

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific.

N'orthern Pacific

Oregon- \\'ashingion Railroad & Navigation.

Great Northern

Camas Prairie _

AVashington. Idaho <t Montana

Spokane International

Intermoiintain _ _.

Pacific & Idaho Northern.

(lilniore & Pittsburgh

Other roads '

Total 1,858,426

Agricul-
tural
products

l,5fi0,
9.
139,
53,
13,
8,
11,

Per-
cent

fiO.8

1.1

17.4

5.2

8.1

1.7

2.3

2.0

.2

44.6

2,5.0

42.2

26.4

Animals

and
products

Per-
cent

209, 775

8.1

2,589

.3

8,559

1.1

1,739

.2

241

.1

522

.1

262

.1

406

.1

2,077

1. 1

6,017

21.8

4,520

39.4

396

.9

237, 103

3.4

Mine
products

176, 163

122

384,487

491, 405

51

845

53

2C,617

2,804

4,670

3,706

1,084,923

Per-
cent

6.8

(')

48.0

47.8

(')

.2

«

6.7

1.4

17.0

32.3

Forest
products

451, 128
837, 353
250,298
392,098
147, 873
486, 245
478, 918
273, 738
190,041
3,498
20
26,398

Per-
cent

17.3
97.8
31.3
38.2
90.8
96.9
97.2
89.5
90.6
12.7
.2
56.6

50.3

Manufac-

tures and

Per-

miscellane-

cent

ous

138, 137

S.3

5, 034

.6

14, 709

1.8

85,492

8.3

746

.5

1,669

.3

l,fiM

.3

4,481

1.5

785

.4

363

1.3

39

.3

135

.3

253,254

3.6

Less

than

carloads

45, 857

1,624

3,140

3,186

829

3,820

505

775

618

703

324

17

61,298

Per-
cent

1.7
.2
.4

.3

.5

.8

.1

.2

.3

2.6

2.8

(>)

Total

2,602,040

856, .509

800,725

1,027,303

162,883

501,888

492. 784

306, 081

196, 706

27, .5.53

11.466

46, 674

7,032,612

Per-
cent

ICO
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

I For all railroads reporting tonnage by commodities or commodity groups.

s Less than 0.05 percent.

' Boise & Western; Craig Mountain; Nez Perce A- Idaho.

Sources: Heports of railroads to the Public I'lilities Commissioner o( the State of Idaho.

Table K. — Estimated revenue earned by railioads ' in Idaho for the year 1929, by commodity groups and railroads

(In thousand dollars)

Railroad

Oregon Short Line

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific

Northern Pacific .,.

Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation

Great Northern

Camas Prairie

Washington. Idaho & Montana.

Spokane International.

Intermountain

Pacific & Idaho Northern

Gilmore & Pittsburgh...

Total ;

Agricul-
tural
products

Per-
cent

4,724

69.3

34

2.0

526

21.9

178

11.7

57

10.0

15

4.3

14

4.6

11

4.2

1

.6

40

57.7

11

26.6

6,611

36.6

Animals

and
products

Per-
cent

1,086

1.3.6

18

1.0

65

2.7

11

.7

2

.3

2

.5

(')

.1

1

.4

5

3.9

18

26.1

19

43.3

1,226

8.0

Mine
products

,5i
2!
C)

,552
291

Per-
cent

2.6

.1

23.0

19.1

(')
.4
0)
4.1
1.4
3.2
17.4

■.0

Forest

Per-

products

cent

886

11.1

1,612

94.8

1,149

47.8

712

46.7

498

86.7

293

84.7

290

93.7

209

84.2

112

89.7

7

9.9

(')

.3

6,767

37.7

Manufac-

tures and

Per-

miscel-

cent

laneous

600

6.3

17

1.0

61

2.5

282

18.6

5

.9

8

2.2

2

.8

11

4.4

2

1.6

1

2.1

(')

.3

890

5.8

Less

than

carloads

668
18
51
49
12
27
2
7
4
1
5

Per-
cent

7.1
1.1
2.1
3.2
2.1
7.9
.8
2.7
2.9
1.0
12.1

Total

7,976

1,699

2,404

1, .52)

,575

346

309

248

125

70

43

15,315

Per-
cent

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

100

' For all railroads reporting revenue by commodities or commodity groups.

' Less than ibOf,.

> Less than 0.05 percent.

Sources; Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State of Idaho.

Table O. — Freight originating on railroads ' in Montana for the year 1929, by commodity groups and railroads

[In short tons]

Railroad

Great Northern

Northern Pacific-

Chicago, Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific.

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy

Montana, Wyoming & Southern.

Oregon Short Line

Milwaukee, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie..

Gilmore & Pittsburgh

Other roads 3

Total.

Agricul-
tural
products

1, 028, 203
550, 271
358,116
81, 274
11,363
4,740
26, 078

24,448

2, 084, 493

Per-
cent

36.1
30.9
22.3
72.0
2.4
7.4
91.8

78.6

Animals

and
products

Per-
cent

119,644

4.2

108, 896

6.1

62, 801

3.9

18, ,564

16.4

210

W

21, 465

33.8

1,888

6.6

194

32.3

5,239

16.8

338,901

4.9

Mine

Per-

products

cent

775, 996

27.3

199.897

11.2

679, 017

36.0

3,339

3.0

466,048

97.6

15,296

24.1

15

.1

265

44.1

36

.1

2,039,909

29.3

Forest
products

459, 273

620. 076

387, 989

405

12,S30

109

18

1, 480, 800

Per-
cent

16.1

34.9

24. 1

.4

20.4
18." i'

Manu-
factures
and mis-
cella-
neous

401,

250.

201,

3,

4,

862, 240

Per-
cent

14.1
14.1
12.5

3. 1

(')

6.7
.5

2.3

Less
than
car-
loads

1,330
1,668
1,363
i, 799

600
1,847

288
33

635

145,613

Per-
cent

2.2
2.8
1.2
5.1
.1
7.6
1.0
5.5
2.1

Total

2, 847, 962

1, 780. 017

1, 609, 129

HZ 909

478, 313

63.517

28,406

601

31, 102

6,951,956

Per-
cent

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

I For all railroads reporting tonnage by commodities or commodity groups.

' I.e-ss than 0.05 jiercenl.

' White Sulphur Springs & Yellowstone; Montana Western.

Sources: Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State of Montana.

84

National Resources Committee

Table P. — Estimated revenue earned by railroads ' on freight originating in Montana for the year 1929, by commodity groups and railroads

[In thousand dollars)

Railroad

Agricul-
tural
products

Per-
cent

Animals

and
products

Per-
cent

Mine
products

Per-
cent

Forest
products

Per-
cent

Manu-
factures
and mis-
cella-
neous

Per-
cent

Less
than

car-
loads

Per-
cent

Total

Per-
cent

4,049

1,562

1,142

198

4

13

63

38.9
27.0
29.1
53. S
1.5
6.9
83.2

889

848

389

97

2

88

9

1

8.5
14.7

9.9
26.6
.5
39.4
12.0
38.0

1,079

394

901

3

•m

17

1

10.4

6.8

22.9

.7

97.7

7.6

. 1

24.7

1,323

1,106

645

1

12.7

19.1

16.4

.3

2, 136

1,049

638

12

11
1

20.5
18.2
16.2

3.2

(')

5.0
.7

936

822

218

57

1

60

3

1

9.0
14.2

.5.5

15.5

.3

27.0

4.0
23.4

10,411

5,781

3,933

368

306

223

76

2

100

100

ChicLigo Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific

100

100

100

Oretjon Short Line

34

15.1

100

Milwaukee. St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie

100

«

13.9

100

Total --- -

7,032

33.3

2,323

11.0

2,693

12.8

3,109

14.8

3,847

18.2

2,097

9.9

21, 100

100

" For all railroads reporting revenue by commodities or commodity groups.

3 Less than $500.

a Less than 0.05 percent.

Sources: Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State of Montana.

Table Q.- — Freight originating on railroads ' /n Oregon for the year 1929, by commodity groups and railroads

[In short tons]

Railroad

Southern Pacific

Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation

Spokane, Portland &. Seattle

Northern Pacific

Oreat Northern

Oregon Trunk

Oregon, California & Eastern

Sumpter Valley _

Oregon Short Line

Valley & Siletz

Other roads'- -.

Total

Agricul-
tural
products

Per-
cent

217,637

3.1

619, 817

28.2

25,889

4.6

101,048

62.6

4.416

3.8

12,869

6.7

10,907

1.3

1,472

.9

16,332

32.7

166

.1

27,992

.9

938, 544

6.5

Animals

and
products

50,291
72, 702
7,404
3.184
8.964
4,203
3,881
3, .560
27,461

5,875

187, 525

Per-
cent

0.7
4.0
1.3
2.0
7.6
2.2
.5
2.3
65.0

1.3

Mine
products

256, 634

70, 719

17,389

1,449

1, 225

1,057

4,693

634

910

100

75, 238

430, 048 3. 0

Per-
cent

3.7

3.8

3.1
.9

1.0
.6
.6
.4

1.8

(')

2.3

Forest
products

5, 850.
768,
231,
8,
59,
171.
786,
150.

240,
3, 099,

Per-
cent

83.7
41.7
41.4
6.2
50.2
89.5
96.5
95.0

99! 0

9.5.9

Manu-
factures
and mis-
cellane-
ous

542,

352,

245,

37.

33,

1.

7,

1,

269
940
479
648
616
411
710
459
2,063
692
21, 268

Per-
cent

7.8

19.2

43.8

23.3

28.4

.7

.9

.9

4.1

.3

.7

11,366,824 79.2 1,246,454 8.7 191,994 1.3 14,361,389

than
car-
loads

72, 249

58, 121

32, 571

9,944

10, 557

588

1,330

730

2,859

1,372

1,675

Per-
cent

I.O

3.1

5.8

6.1

9.0

.3

.2

.6

5.7

.6

«

Total

989, 562
842. 580
560, 189
161,731
117,887
192.065
815. 1.50
158.071
49.971
243. 095
231,098

Per-
cent

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

1 For all railroads reporting tonnage by commodities or commodity groups.

2 Less than 0.05 percent.

s Astoria Southern; Big Creek <t Telocaset; California & Oreson Coast; Carlton & Coast; City of Prinevillo; Condon, Kinzua & Southern; Coos Bay Lumber Co.; Gales
Creek & Wilson Kiver; (ireat Southern; K-P Lumber Co.; Mount HooiI; Oregon, Pacific & Eastern; Portland & Southwestern; Union; Willamette Valley & Coast.

Sources: Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State of Oregon.

Table R. — Estimated revenue earned by railroads ' on freight originating in Oregon for the year 1929, by commodity groups and railroads

(In thousand dollars]

Railroad

Agricul-
tural
products

Per-
cent

Animals

and
products

Per-
cent

Mine
products

Per-
cent

Fore^st
products

Per.
cent

Manu-
factures
and mis-
cellane-
ous

Per-
cent

I.,ess
than car-
loads

Per-
cent

Total

Per-
cent

1.292

1,958

85

347

26

26

9

6

71

7.6

27.2

4.5

44.1

3.4

7.7

3.3

2.5

31.0

.2

343

435

56

36

86

14

9

11

111

2.0
6.0
3.0
4.6

11.1
4.2
3.2
4.6

48.7

310
66
33
2
2
1
2
2
1

1.8
.9

1.8
.3
.3
.3
.7
.7
.4
.1

11.668

1,487

469

.53

306

284

232

211

1

198

68.4
20.6
24.9
6.7
39.4
85.7
81.3
87.3
.5
93.9

2,378

2,378

867

187

199

2

24

3

9

2

13.9

33.0

46.0

23.8

25.7

.7

8.3

1.4

3.9

1.0

1.078

888

373

161

156

5

9

9

35

10

6.3
12.3
19.8
20.5
20.1
1.4
3.2
3.5
16.5
4.8

17.069
7.212
1,883
787
776
331
286
242
229
211

100

Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation ..

100

Spokane. Portland & Seattle

100

Northern Pacific .. - . _ . -

100

100

Oregon Trunk _

100

100

Sumpter V^alley

100

Oregon Short Line.

100

V'alley & Siletz

100

Total.- - -

3,822

13.2

1,102

3.8

419

1.4

14,908

51.4

6,049

20.8

2,724

9.4

29,024

100

' For all railroads reporting revenue by commodities or commodity groups.
' Less than $500.

Sources; Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State of Oregon.

Forest Resources of the Pacific Northwest

Table S. — Freight originating on railroads ' in Washington for the year 1SS9, by commodity groups and railroads

[In short tons]

85

Bailroad

Agricul-
tural
products

Per-
cent

Ani-
mals and
prod-
ucts

Per-
cent

Mine
products

Per-
cent

Forest
products

Per-
cent

Manufac-
tures and
miscella-
neous

Per-
cent

Less
than
car-
loads

Per-
cent

Total

Per-
cent

1,225,977

096,095

184,616

609,141

63,930

863

237

13.1
17.0
6.2
21.3
18.9
.1

w

65,807
45,527
22,606
24,297
9,170

0.7

1.1

.6

.9

2.7

1,018,068
441,654
191, 164
118,400
31,587
61,379
506,896

10.9
10.8
5.4
4.2
9.3
4.1
82.2

6, 260, 176

1,957,642

2,887,900

1,881,564

200,138

1,402,526

62, 312

525, 823

1, 162, 703

390,291

32,941

25

765,372

67.0

47.8
81.0
65.9
69.0
94.0

8.5
99.4
98.4
99.6
60.6

2,7
97.7

673, 606

880,425

246,724

183,944

30, 217

25,634

55,937

2,996

11,134

1,607

17,008

31

9,563

7.2

21.5

6.9

6.4

8.9

1.7

9.1

.6

.9

.4

26.1

3.3

1.2

105, 478

74, 103

31,459

37,239

4,160

1.162

1,347

358

1.1
1.8
.9
1.3
1.2
.1
.2
.1

9,349,012
4,095,446
3, 564, 369
2, 8.54, ,585

339,203
1,491,554

616, 729

529, 176
1,182,032

392, 213

65,082

931

783,281

100

Great Northern.. . ....

100

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific

lOO

Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation

Spokane, Portland & Seattle

100
100

Longview, Portland & Northern..

lUO

Pacific Coast.

100

Port Angeles-Western

100

Peninsular Railway

8,195
207

5,431

20

927

.7

.1

8.3

2.2

.1

100

Cowlitz, Chehalis & Cascade

14

7,126

311

6,380

11.0

33.4

.8

194

2,616
466
429

(')
3.9
50.0
.1

100

Spokane International

60

78

620

.1

8.4

.1

100

100

Other roads ^ _

100

Total..

2,794,680

11.0

168, 065

.7

2, 383, 928

9.4

17,619,417

69.4

2, 138, 615

8.6

258,911

1.0

25,263,616

100

' For all railroads reporting tonnage carried by commodities or commodity groups.
' Less than 0.05 percent.

' Deer Park; Hartford Eastern; Kelso Eastern; Klickitat Log & Lumber; Newaukum Valley; Port Townsend & Puget Sound; Port Townsend Southern; Puget Sound &
Cascade: WatervUle; Washington Western; Puget Sound & Baker River.

Sources: Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State of Washington.

Table T. — Estimated revenue by railroads ' on freight originating in Washington for the year 1929, by commodity groups and railroads

[In thousand dollars]

Railroad

Agricul-
tural
products

Per-
cent

Animals

and
products

Per-
cent

Mine
products

Per-
cent

Forest
products

Per-
cent

Manufac-
tures and
miscella-
neous

Per-
cent

Less than
carloads

Per.
cent

Total

Per-
cent

Northern Pacific - _ . . .. .

6, 655
6,879

632
2,514

180
1
(')

25.6
35.5
8.0
39.0
19.2
.1

872
552
228
144
40

3.4
2.8
2.9
2.2
4.3

1,539
866
209
161
152
31
327

5.9
4.5
2.7
2.6

10.2
4.5

76.6

11,320

6.0.56

5. (38

2,146

406

614

42

309

307

231

40

43.6
31.3
71.4
33.3
43.4
88.8
9.8
95.9
98.7
98.7
38.9
.9

3,882

3,919

832

916

111

42

53

10

3

2

15

(')

14.9
20.3
10.5
14.2
11.9

6.0
12.4

3.1

.9

.8

14.5

2.0

1,710

1,090

354

569

48

4

5

3

6.6
5.6
4.5
8.8
5,1
.6
1.1
1.0

25, 979

19, 361

7,893

6,450

937

692

427

322

311

234

104

5

100

100

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific

100

100

Spokane, Portland & Seattle...

100

HH)

Pacific Coast

100

Port Angeles-Western. ._ . ... .

10(1

Peninsular Railway

1

.4
.1

1.2
.6

100

Cowlitz, Chehalis & Cascade

25
1

24.5
23.4

1
22
3

.4
20.7
67.2

100

Spokane International

.2
6.0

100

100

Total

16,887

26.9

1,837

2.9

3,287

6.2

27, 109

43.3

9,785

15.6

3,809

6.1

62,715

100

' For all railroads reporting revenue by commodities or commodity group.

' Less than $600.

' Less than 0.05 percent.

Sources: Reports of railroads to the Public Utilities Commissioner of the State ol Washington.

86

National Resources Committee

Table U. — Horsepower {rated

capacity) of power equipment in forest products manufacturing

'nduslries

in Pacific

Northwest, 1929

states

Boxes,
wooden,
except
cigar
bo.xes

Cooper-
age

Furniture,
including
store and

office
fixtures

Lumber

and timber

products

n. e. c'

Paper and

pulp (wood

and other

fiber)

Planing
mills prod-
ucts includ-
ing general

millwork

Wood
preserv-
ing

Wood,

tturned and

shaped and

other

wooden

goods,

n. e. c'

All forest
products

All other

All manu-
facturing
industries

IDAHO

Prime movers:

39,468
78,68

25, 925
46.61

65,393
.61.81

14, 817
41.22

2,841
1.76

17,658
8.93

142, 242
68. 52

63, 416
30.09

205,658
49.17

321,744
76.66

71,690
18.14

393,434
48.28

518,271
72.64

163, 872
19.90

682, 143
44.39

24
0.04

153
0.28

177
0. 17

958
2.66

1,668
1.03

2,626
1.32

925
0.45

11,417
5.42

12,342
2.95

4,621
1.10

20,649
5.22

25,270
3.10

6,528
0.91

33,887
4.12

40, 415
2.63

720
1.42

425
0.76

1,145
1.08

40, 212
80.16

26,503
47.65

66, 715
63.06

15, 775
43.88

4,509
2.79

20,284
10.25

197, 565
95.17

123, 493
58.60

321,058
76.75

390, 384
93.01

185, 236
46.88

575. 620
70.64

643, 936
90.26

339,741
41.26

983, 677
W.Ol

9,951
19.84

29.121
52.35

39.072
36.94

20,172
56.12

157.325
97.21

177, 497
89.75

10,034
4.83

87,232
41.40

97, 266
23.25

29,348
6.99

209,923
63.12

239,271
29.36

69, 505
9.74

483,601
58.74

553,106
35.99

50,163

100.00

Motor driven by purchased energy:

55, 624

100.00

All power equipment:

105, 787

100.00

MONTANA

Prime movers:

35,947

100.00

Motor driven by purchased energy:

161,834

100.00

All power t-quipment:

197,781

100. 00

OREGON

Prime movers:

525
0.25

1,982
0.94

2,507
0.60

1,586
0.38

1,820
0.40

3,40fi
0.42

2,111
0.30

3,802
0.46

5,913
0.38

1,271
0.61

4,681
2.22

5,952
1.42

520
0.12

4,626
1.17

5,146
0.63

1,791
0.26

9,307
1.13

11,098
0.72

50,322
24.24

40,684
19.31

91,006
21.75

59,068
14.07

82,534
20.89

141,602
17.38

109, 390
15.33

123,218
14.97

232,608
15.14

2,180
1.05

702
0.33

2,882
0.69

1,320
0.31

1,529
0.39

2,849
0.35

4,220
0.59

2,656
0.32

6,876
0.45

100
0.05

531
0.25

631
0.15

200
0.05

1,129
0.29

1,329
0.16

300
0.04

1,660
0.20

1,960
0.13

207,599

100.00

Motor driven by purchased energy:

80
0.04

80
0.02

1,325
0.32

1,259
0.32

2,584
0.32

1,325
0.19

1,339
0.16

2,664
0.17

210, 725

100.00

418,324

100.00

WASHINGTON

Prime movers:

419.732

100.00

Motor driven by purchased energy:

395, 159

100.00

All power equipment:

814, 891

100.00

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Prime movers:

Horsepower _

713,441

100.00

Motor driven by purchased energy:

823,342

100.00

All power equipment;

1, 536, 783

100.00

* N, e. c.=not elsewhere classified.
Source: Census of Manufactures, 1929.

O