With Compliments of

—

CHAS. MOHR.

Sn ase
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LEE LSS co etlin j

THE FORESTS OF ALABAMA

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Li €2. .4**
115 Yi ¥ 9 RS
CHARLES MOHR, OF MOBILE, ALABAMA. No aie al
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The, fifty thousand square miles which make up the area of
this State were, originally, a nearly unbroken forest—it may be said

up to the end of the first quarter of this century; with the excep- -

tion of a comparatively small area of prairie land, and grassy
Savannas in the southern portion of its centre. According to the
latest statistics +, seven-tenths of this forest are stlll existing,

amounting. to 20,630,963 acres; some of it culled of its largest:
timber growth, but the greater part in its virgin state, scarcely>

touched by the axe. One-half of the lands owned by the farmers

are yet wood lands. The heaviest timbered lands are found

in the southern part of the State within the great maritime pine
belt, where the forest area amounts to 66 per cent.; in the cen-
tral counties, situated in the prairie region and embracing the
cotton belt, it amounts to 45 per cent.; in the broken mountain-
eous part, embracing the mineral region and extending to the
waters of the Tennessee river, to nearly 70 per cent.; and in the
northern part, with the rich agricultural land in the Tennessee
valley, to 60 per cent.

According to the distribution ofthe prevailng trees, determined
by climatic influences, the nature of the soil, and the topographic
features of the country, the forests of this State present
three characteristic regions. Distinct as they are by peculiar
features, their boundaries cannot be defined. by a distinct line—
one region passing almost imperceptibly into the other.

The first, or lower, region is formed by the great pine belt of
the Gulf coast—the continuation of the immense pine forest
which extends from the eastern bank of the Mississippi to the
shores of the Atlantic ocean. It covers the southern part, unin-
terruptedly, from east to west, and extends from one hundred to

o

MEY 2
ae ra |

one hundred and fifty miles into the interior. This area is almost
exclusively occupied by coniferous trees—the undulating dry and
sandy uplands entirely by the long leaved, or yellow pine, the most
important while most valuable of our timber trees, which arrives
here at its greatest perfection. On the lands more level and with
a substratum more retentive of moisture, it is accompanied by
the pond pine, and the loblolly, or old field pine. Following the
sandy and gravelly deposits of the drift, the limits of that forma-
tion determine the northern boundary of the pine region, proper.
A growth of pine trees, however, prevails wherever the siliceous
constituents of the drift soil mingle with the outcrops of the tertiary
strata. This is the great timber region of the State. Traversed
centrally and towards the east by the numerous tributaries of the
Escambia river, a large share of its products finds an outlet in
Pensacola; westwardly the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers with
their affluents, offer an access to the sea by the port of Mobile;
while a small portion along the western boundary line of the
State by the eastern tributaries of the Esquatawba river is
attracted to the mills and wharves along the Pascagoula river.
The products of this forest of yellow pine assume, with every
year, a greater importance to the business of the Gulf ports;
and their exports from the seaport of this State, entering only
since the beginning of this decade in competition with its neigh-
bors, show a steady and rapid increase in the production and
export of sawed lumber, square timber, spars, shingles, and par-
ticularly in the receipt of naval stores. A proper idea of the
great wealth offered by this lumber region of our State, almost
exclusively derived from one single species of Pine, will be
gained from the following statements taken from the reports of
The Mobile Board of Trade, exhibiting the receipts and exports
of lumber and naval stores from that port since the year 1872 to
the present time: the exports of sawed lumber amounting in
1872, to 4,000,000 feet, increased to 7,000,000 in the following
year, to 12,000,000 in 1876, to 18,000,000 in 1877, and it can be
safely assumed that in this year (1878) the export will not fall
short of 20,000,000 feet, representing a value of at least $200,000.

The production of naval stores exhibits an equally rapid
increase. The rosin and spirits of turpentine reaching the
Mobile market from the adjacent country, in 1873, amounted to
$750,000, showing already, at that period, an increase of 50 per
cent. over the production of any former year; increasing to over
$1,000,000 in 1874; and in the year 1876, the receipts were much
greater, their value amounting to $1,200,000, involving a vastly

3

increased production by the much reduced prices of these articles
ruling during the last two years. In these sums, the quantities
required for home consumption are not included. If those, and
the quantities of sawed lumber and squared timber derived from
the pine belt within the confines of our State, and which are
exported from Pensacola, so far the chief centre of the lumber
business on this coast, are considered, the amounts given above
will certainly be doubled. Lastly, with the exhaustion of the
yellow pine forest that encircled Pensacola bay, and of those
in convenient reach upon the coast of continental Florida, a very
large quota of the saw logs are drawn from Alabama by the trib-
utaries and head waters of the Escambia and the Perdido river.

The average height of the yellow pine in the virgin forest is
from sixty to seventy feet, with a diameter of 12 to 18 inches for
two-thirds of its height. Itis of slow growth, particularly at the
later periods of its life. According to the number of annual
rings, trees of the above dimensions must have reached an age
of 60 to 70 years.. The reproduction of a tree from the seed, fur-
nishing an equal supply of timber, would at this rate take about
two generations. It is a poor seeder, as the younger Michaux ob-
served. In unfruitful years, a forest of hundreds of miles may
be ransacked without finding a single cone, and these; according
to my observations, are far more frequent than fruitful ones. In
its struggle for existence in our days, the odds of a survival of
its kind amongst the arborescent vegetation that disputes its
ground are greatly against it. Taken from the flat and moist
lands, and it is replaced almost exclusively by the pond and old
field pine; the hilly, broken, dry upland, denuded of the grand
old pine forest, is with surprising rapidity covered by a dense
and scrubby growth of blackjack, turkey oak, scarlet and upland
willow oak, above which, seldom a young yellow pine raises its head,
crowned with its large white-fringed terminal bud. Full of resin-
ous juices, through all stages of its life, the young trees are not
as able to withstand the raging fires that annually devastate the
woods, as the less resinous species, and the deciduous leafed
trees ; besides that being of much slower growth, this noble tree
is doomed to extinction, if not protected by the aid of man. On
tracts sheltered from the invasion of fire, groves of young trees,
from 15 to 20 feét high, can be observed around Mobile, testify-
ing that its existence for the future can in some measure be se-
cured, if protected from these destructive influences, unneces-
sarily caused by man. The utmost efforts by an enlightened
community, should be made through active and efficient State

4

legislation, without further delay, to guard against the calamity
of a total destruction of such a magnificent estate entrusted to
the hands of our people. Besides its contributions to the mani-

fold necessities of the agriculturist, the builder, in naval architec-

ture, the construction of railroads, the arts, medicine, and the in-
numerable smaller demands of domestic economy and the varied
industries of the world, the influences of this great pine belt upon
the climatic conditions and the salubrity of this coast are even
of more far reaching importance to the interest of the commu-
nity at large, extending far outside of its confines. Rearing its
horizontally outspreading limbs high up into the atmospheric
ocean, their branches densely clothed with the long, slender
leaves, the forest of these trees present to the canopy of heaven,
for many hundred of square miles, an unbroken sheet of perpet-
ually active vegetation, whose forces at such an altitude affect a
constant attraction to the fleeting clouds, causing them to deposit
their life-giving and supporting humidity, in grateful showers
over avery large area with wonderful regularity during all
seasons. To this fact is due the delightful climate of this part of
our country, equalizing its temperature particularly in tempering
the rigors of the long summers of aregionnear thetropics. Dur-
ing the great progress in meteorological science of late years, the
fact has been established that in their exercise upon the condi-
tions of the atmosphere as regards the precipitation of its mois-
ture, the pine trees stand unrivalled amongst all other trees of
the forest. Robbed of this protection, the hills and plains of the
Gulf region, now blooming and clothed with the richest verdue,
would be arid and parched, presenting as forbidding and austere
an aspect as those of the denuded coasts of Africa along the
Mediterranean sea, devoid of productive power, and unfit for the
habitation of civilized man, smarting under the scorching rays of
the sun. The efforts of nature are ever directed to recuperation
in its aims to insure the existence of different forms of the living
organisms from generation to generation. To secure to our pos-
terity the blessings enjoyed by us by its bounty, in assisting
these efforts as dictated by her laws, is a stern duty imposed
upon us. Its discharge in the prevention of a wanton destruc-
tion of our forests, and the adoption of measures regulated by

the light of science, common sense, and the proper regard to the
future of our State, should engage the attention of every intel-

ligent and patriotic citizen, appealing particularly to the owners
of the soil. Of little importance to agriculture and industry, are
the other species of pines found in this region. Of considerably

5

smaller dimensions than the yellow pine, and of a soft and sappy
wood, they have, as timber trees, but a small value. On ae-
count of their rapid growth, they are, however, important re-
sources of fire wood, and’of a lumber of inferior quality, fit for
ordinary purposes, as the manufacture of boxes, ete.

Next to the yellow pine in importance, follows the Cypress—
Taxadium destichum. It grows in great abundance on the per-
petually overflowed banks of, and in the marshes skirting, the °
rivers in the tide water region, as well as the deep inundated
Swamps in the pine region from which issue the feeders of the
inumerable creeks that water the pine belt. Here, it reaches
gigantic dimensions—trunks from a hundred and more feet in
height, and from twenty-five to forty feet in circumference above
the conical base, are frequently met with in the forest swamps of
the Tensaw river. Logs, of three to four feet in diameter, are
oftén floated down to the shingle yards and saw mills of Mobile.
Its lumber finds a variety of application. It is mostly sawed into
planks for exportation, lately in increasing quantities; much of it
is used in the manufacture of doors, window-Sashes, and other
cabinet work, and in that of shingles. For posts, it is scarcely
rivaled, resisting the action of water for ages.

The Juniper,— Cupressus thyoides, is gaining, of late years, with
the manufacture of woodenware, the attention which by the ex-
cellent qualities of its wood, it deserves.. This fine tree is found
in great perfection on the low land skirting our great rivers, and
in the large forest swamps of the low pine barrens, preferring a
partially inundated soil. Soft, light, easily worked, of a fine
erain admitting of high’ finish and pleasing hue, when well
seasoned its wood offers the finest material, particularly for the
manufacture of hollowware. This industry, lately established in
Mobile, is capable of great development, as by the inexhaustible
supply of timber within easy reach, such goods can be made
cheaper here than in any other part of the United States.

The Live Oak— Quercus virens, has ceased to be a source of
timber here. The excellent ‘qualities of its wood, particularly
fitting it for ship bullding, has, like everywhere else on the Gulf
coast, led to a rapid destruction of the stately groves that ex-
tended along our seashore. Itis only by the effort of the own-
ers of the land who have a love for that which is grand and lovely
in nature, that these beautiful and noble trees will be preserved,
and not cease to form one of the most pleasing features in the
landscape of our coast.

The black jack, turkey oak, spanish oak, upland willow oak,

6

and a more or less scrubby growth of black and red oaks, with a _
sprinkling of hickory, form the second growth on the denuded
dry pine land. These furnish the supply of hard fire-wood. The
growth of these trees on the poor looking lands is indeed sur-
prising, forming, after fifteen or twenty years, when protected
from fire, fine large groves. The water ash, growing with the
sweet bay and juniper, in the low, inundated swamps, must be
mentioned as one of the trees furnishing much of the fire wood.
The light, yet tenaceous, wood of the sweet bay, is much used for
broom handles. The grand and sober monotony that charac-
terizes the pine forest, finds a pleasant relief in the thickets and
glades of evergreen shrubs and various smaller trees which fringe
the water courses and swamps. The red bay, sweet bay, small
gum tree, wax myrtle, with a dense growth of the ti-ti, inter-
spersed by dahoons, hollys, and red maple, intertwined by a va-
riety of climbers and vines, thorny, like those belonging to the
different kinds of smilax, adorned with flowers, as the yellow jes-
samine, the graceful wistaria, and peculiar crossvine, form impreg-
nable thickets, the home of the wild cat, the panther, and the
bear. The lands above high water, in the maratime plains of the
pine region, with a soil richer in vegetable mould, are the home
of the lofty magnolias, the live oak, water oak, associated with
the pond pine. These are called hammock lands. They harbor
an undergrowth of shrubbery unsurpassed in variety and beauty.
There the sweet illicium, and the calycanthus, or spice shrub, are
found, with rich blooming andromedas, blueberries, azalias, and
the gorgeously blooming kalmia, or sheepslaurel. There the fra-
grant storax shrubs, the delicate halesia and fringe tree, with the
cyrilla, stuartia and clethra, unfold their snowy flowers, with
many others, delighting the eye, by the richness of their bloom,
from the earliest beginning of the spring to the end of the sum-
mer, offering a lasting feast to the bee, which for the largest part
of the year is here found to gather the sweet treasures, distilled
in the flowery cups. Asa honey producing country, this district
can be scarcely rivaled. |

Where the limestones and the marls of the tertiary and cre-
taceous formation begin to prevail, free from the cover of sandy
drift soil, the second forest region of the State is entered. Here
the evergreens give way to the largely preponderating trees with
deciduous leaves, and the pine is confined to the poor ridges and
thinnest soils. The forest growth is originally interrupted by
more or less extensive savannas. The post oak covers, in exten-
sive tracts, the stiffer calcareous soils, White oaks, the overcup

7

oak, and the willow oak, with ash trees, elms, walnuts and hickories,
cover the richer black lands, composing fine woods, full of useful
timber of large dimensions. As a timber region for export, it .
has yet no importance, only a limited quantity of oak staves
reach the seaboard by the Mobile and Tombigbee rivers. The
richest agricultural districts of the State are embraced in these
regions. At its northern limits it borders upon a deposit of
drift, which traverses the State from northwest to southeast,
4 to 5 miles wide at its southern, reaching gradually towards its
northern end a width of 30 to 35 miles. Like the great coast pine
belt, it is covered with an almost continuous forest of the yellow
pine, whose products so far serve only to supply the demand of
the surrounding country. |
Beyond this drift belt, in the. eastern half of the State, the
generous red Jands of the metamorphic region are covered, where
not deprived of it by cultivation, with magnificent oak forests.
_* Here, at an altitude of from 800 to 1,200 feet above the level of the
Gulf, the types of a Southern vegetation are missing, but the
occurrence of the water and willow oak, the overcup and spanish
oak, as well as the frequency of large yellow pines, which cover
the crests of the elevated rocky mountain ranges, and the more
barren hills with a rocky, siliceous soil, still impress on this re-
gion, a Southern character. The latter tree is replaced, gradually,
towards the north, by the short leaved pine, Pinus mitis, which fur-
nishes, in the upper district, a great part of the lumber of excellent
quality. The more sterile and broken mountainous country, east
and west, embracing the mineral lands of the State, is covered
with dense forests of black and red oaks, the smooth hickory,
sparsely intermixed with scrub pines. In the more elevated
ranges, the mountain chestnut oaks, and the chestnut tree, prevail,
the latter rapidly dying out. The numerous fertile valleys are har-
boring fine woods, composed of trees delighting in a richer soil.
The third and most northern sylvan region of the State begins
with the limestone formation of the Tennessee valley. Species
of the woody vegetation, characteristic of the lower latitudes,
are no more seen, or when met with, as dwarfed stragglers. The
maples, the tall hickories, the stately elms, walnuts, wild cherry,
hackberries, nettle trees, with shady groves of beach, make up
the forest growth, bearing the same character as the forest flora
of the western declivity of the Appalacian Mountains, south of
the Ohio river. The Southern magnolias are represented here by
the umbrella tree, the cucumber tree, and the mighty white pop-
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THEMGRA Sons.

FORAGE PLANTS OF ALABAMA,

INDIGENEOUS, NATURALIZED, AND CULTIVATED.

BY

CHARLES MOHR, MOBILE, ALABAMA.

——— ws

The great grazing capabilities of the richer lands in the inte- |

rior of this State, are fully established and appreciated. A less
favorable opinion in that respect prevails regarding its Southern
portion, where stock raising, and the methodic manufacture of the
products of the dairy have been deemed not successful. Inthe light
of the experiences of late years, such ideas are rapidly disappear-
ing, and the attention of the farmer in the lower region is now
earnestly directed to this fundamental basis of his enduring pros-
perity. If we miss here the meadow in the strict sense of the
word, which forms such a striking feature in the system of agri-
culture, carried on in Northern latitudes, the South has in its
spontaneous grasses, and in several cultivated species from the
- warmer regions of the Old World, resources of the same kind,
in no respect inferior. Considering that many of these plants
arrive at their maturity at a much earlier part of the season,
making room for successive crops, that others continue to vege-
tate for several months longer, under the influences of a pro-
longed warm season, permitting of repeated cuttings, while some
grow during a great part of the winter months, the production
of fat and flesh producing materials, in the shape of green forage,
hay, and in the pasture, must, by equal care and attention, reach
here, larger proportions than in ‘higher latitudes, where, for
nearly one half the year, this work, in the great laboratory of
nature, in consequence of earlier and later frosts, is stopped.

All doubts about these capabilities, even of the sub-tropical
belt, and the lighter sandy soils throughout the pine region, will
be dispelled by the sight of the rich verdure of a Bermuda grass
pasture, or the waving fields of crab grass covering the ground
after the removal of the corn, or earlier root crops, producing

a

17

with but little extra expense for moderate fertilizing, rich feeding
grounds, and tons of sweet odorous hay of the highest quality.
If many of the most valuable gregarious meadow grasses of the
North do not thrive with us under the influences of longer sum-
mers, and perhaps a drier atmosphere, our farmers find in the cul-
ture of the larger but not less palatable and nutritious grasses
introduced from the warmer zones, ample substitutes. The ex-
periments made in these respects have lead to highly encourage-
ing results, of which the intelligent husbandman, with every
year, is more availing himself. Of these, having come only of
late years intovuse, I will mention the following:

Panicum jumentorum, Guinea grass, a native of Africa, most
extensively cultivated throughout the tropics. Itis planted with
us in the beginning of April; admits the first cutting dur-
ing the last week of May; it makes very large bunches, and
is to be cut before extending to the height of about 18 inches.
In that stage it is very sweet, tender, and easily cured as hay.
In moderately fertilized land and favorable seasons, it can be cut
every 5 or 6 weeks, yielding by its throwing out numerous
stolons, (stools) increased crops, until killed down by frost.
The roots are easily protected during the winter, by a good coy-
ering with ground, like the ratoons of sugar cane, and allowing of
a manifold division afford the best means of propagation. These
root cuttings are set out in March or the beginning of April.
Similar in habit, and affording crops of the same nature, is the
Sorghum halleppense, improperly also called Guinea grass. It

is a perennial, and where it has taken hold with its large, fleshy,
creeping root stocks, is hard to get rid of. Extensive trials with
this grass have been made in this State, where it is called John-
son grass, and it has proven to yield crops of great abundance, as
it can be mowed about a half dozen times during the season.

Pennicilaria spicata, the cat tail millet, also of African deriva-
tion, has been successfully cultivated throughout this State. It
yields large crops when well manured, and affords as many cut-
tings, of a rich forage, but its curing is much more difficult, con-
sequently, as a hay crop, it will be dismissed for the Guinea
grass.

Setaria Italica, the millet or Bengal grass, with large nod-
ding compound spikes, and Setaria Germanica, a smaller form of
it, cultivated as Hungarian grass, with smaller, slender, mostly
purple spikes, frequently cultivated and easily cured; yielding
early in the season heavy crops of good hay.

The number of native grasses in the State is large, embracing

18

certainly half of the number of species indigenous to the Eastern,
United States. I have observed and collected in Southern and
Central Alabama 132 species, belonging to 53 genera, including
those few derived from other parts of the world which have
gained a firm foothold in our flora, propagating their kind spon-
taneously. Of course these grasses differ much in value: many
are entirely worthless, others of more or less value, if compared
with those of the highest merits on account of their richness in
life-sustaining and blood or fat-producing qualities. Scientifically,
it has never been demonstrated which, in that regard, are to, be
placed at the head of the list, as no analyses of any of them have
been made. It is indeed a most meritorious work in which, at
present, the Department of Agriculture, in Washington, is en-
gaged in instituting a line of analytical researches at its
laboratories to supply this greatly desired information. Samples
of the grasses from this section, deemed the most important on
account of their frequency, distribution, and habit, have been, by
request, forwarded to the Department to be analyzed. In the
following lines the grasses considered as more or less valuable
are mentioned to attract the attention of those interested, which,
by a mere mention of names in the catalogue, can not be achieved

Hydrochloa Carolinensis, Bauv. A soft, tender, short grass,
creeping on the muddy banks of the creeks in the pine woods,
floating in patches in their more gently flowing waters. It is per-
ennial, and vegetates all winter, when it is particularly sought
for by cattle.

Alopecurus pratensis, L. and A., geniculatus, L., the meadow
foxtails of Europe where they are esteemed as valuable meadow
grasses, are sparsely naturalized with us. .

Agrostis alba, B. Fiorine or white bent grass, naturalized from
Europe, is frequent in low fields and cultivated grounds. It is
perennial and the densely tufted stems surrounded by the
long, narrow tender leaves, bear spreading panicles of pale
flowers. It will stand our summers well and prove for this
section what the red top is for the North.

Muehlenbergia Mexicana, Tr., and M. diffusa, are perennial,
more or less decumbent grasses, with slender stems and short,
narrow, soft leaves, growing in damp woods and thickets, and are
much liked by cattle and horses.

Cynodon Dactylon., Per. Bermuda grass, perhaps introduced,
widespread over the maritime regions, thriving in the arid barren
driftsands on the seashore, covering them by its long creeping ~
stems, whose deeply penetrating roots impart firmness to a soil

*9

which else would ever remain devoid of vegetation. It is
esteemed as one of the most valuable of our grasses either in
the pasture or cured as hay. As there has been much written
about its merits they need here no further mention.

Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth., annual, two to three feet high,
with broad, somewhat hairy leaves; the small flowers are borne
in numerous slender spikes almost horizontally attached to the
main stem, forming an elongated raceme; abundant in cultivated
grounds; a soft, good grass.

Eatonia obtusata and mucronata. Vernal, perennial, slender
grasses, growing in small tufts in dry grounds, on roadsides,
borders of woods, etc.

Arundinaria gigantea: Cane: The largest of our grasses,
reaching the dimensions of a small tree; in some respects one of
the most important of our truly native grasses. It covers along
the low borders of our rivers large tracts, called cane-breaks, as
well as the rich forest swamps bordering upon them in the low
_ country, affording throughout all seasons of the year an
abundance of highly nutritious food.

Arundinaria tecta: Smaller cane; reed; does not attain the
dimensions of the last; ripens its farinaceous, large, early drop-
ping seedsin February and March; after that, thriving new branches
covered with a very rich foliage of the richest verdure; prefers
the better soils not subject to inundation, and forms the es-
teemed range of the so-called hammock lands; fire destroys it
rapidly.

Festuca unioloides: Drooping fescue. A _ slender, perennial,
growing in the more central districts, from where it was sent to
me for determination by parties who speak highly of it.

Uniola latifolia: A fine perennial two to three feet, with
long, flat leaves, bearing the flat spikelets on slender drooping
stalks in a loose panicle; is frequent towards the centre of the
State, growing in large tufts, and judging from its foliage a grass
of good quality.

Bromus WSchraderi: Only of late years found spreading in
different parts of the State; annual; makes its appearance in
February; grows in tufts, its numerous leafy stems growing from
two to three feet high; ripens the seed in May; affords in the
earlier months of spring a much relished nutritious food, as well
as a good hay.

Holcus lanatus: Velvet grass: This of late has attracted some
attention, fully merited, as it grows with great rapidity during the
early spring season, and is ready for mowing in the beginning of

20

May; affords large crops of fine, sweet hay; fields with crops of
this grass raised near Mobile, present a splendid, luxuriant ap-
pearance; is worth a place in the front of our pasture or hay
grasses; has been absurdly called Mesquite grass and said to
come from Texas; is a native of Europe and there regarded as a
valuable perennial meadow grass. |

Arrhenatherum avenaceum: Oat grass: A fine perennial, much
of the aspect of oats, with a stem two to three feet in height,
with broadly linear leaves. Samples received this season from
Mississippi, taken from lots cut for hay, present the appearance |
of a thrifty, luxuriant, largely yielding hay grass, well adapted for
our soils and climate. |

Phalaris intermedia: An annual native, peculiar to the lower
region of the South; its tall, somewhat stout stems, bear broad .
leaves and flowers in a dense cylindric terminal spike, two to
four inches long, and from one-half to three-fourths of an inch
thick, resembling the heads of timothy. It is asserted that stock
of all kinds is very fond of it, either green, or cured as hay;
is common along our seashore in gravelly soils intermixed with
some vegetable mould.

Panicum (Digitaria) sanguinale: Crab grass: This annual,
thoroughly naturalized from Europe, is too well known to need
further description here, and its merits as one of the chief hay
crops of the South, in regard to quality and quantity, are suffi-
ciently appreciated by all interested, to be spoken of any further,
here.

Panicum (Digitaria) filiformis: Is the native form of crab
grass: Is common in the coast region of the Atlantic slope and
the Gulf: Its stem is erect, bearing its florets in erect, slender
spikes: Very common, but hard and dry, and not much relished
by cattle.

The Panics proper, are represented in our flora by a great
number of species, forming a large part of our gramineous veg-
etation: They are mostly perennials, growing in the most dif-
ferent soils, and some of the gregarious species covering large
tracts of ground, are a prominent feature of our range: In the
young and tender state, all afford, more or less, valuable nutri-
ment: The larger species, with but few exceptions, soon get
harsh and dry, and arrived at maturity, are mostly unpalatable ;
the genus (Panicum) is known by its nearly globose spikelets
bearing one perfect floret: The more or less slender flower stalks
are disposed in panicles, on the main stem: Seeds are all mealy
and nutritious, and the smaller, more delicate species, are, on

21

that account, even when dry, not without value: Some ofthe most
valuable grasses imported from the tropics of the Old World,
_ and cultivated in the warmer zones of this continent, belong to
this genus: One of our native species rivalling these in sweet-
ness and nutritious qualities, in my opinion, is the

Panicum proliferum, a large succulent, annual grass, putting
forth its numerous tender branches throughout the latter part of
the summer; it grows 3 to 4 feet or more in height, stands cut-
ting well, and cattle and horses are very fond of it.

Panioun Grus Galli: Also an annual, 2 to 3 feet high, bearing
its hispidly awned flowers, in dense one-sided panicles, composed
of numerous crowded spikes; is found growing luxuriantly, par-
ticularly in the low lands of the coast; is greedily eaten by
horses and cattle, and makes fine hay of good quality.

Andropogon Scoparius: Broomsedge: One of our most
common grasses, covering old fields, fencerows, and extensively
growing in the dry sandy soils of the pine woods: Much des-
pised as this grass is as a troublesome, unsightly weed, it has its -
good qualities, which entitle itto a more charitable consideration :
In the dry pine woods, it contributes while green and tender, a
large share to the sustenance of the stock: From a statement in
the Report of the Department of Agriculture, (1874), I perceive
that in the great plains of the West, it is regarded as one of the
very best of the forage resources of that great grazing country.
East of the Mississippi, it has always been looked upon as
worthless.

Of native forage plants belonging to other natural families, we
possess a few valuable Leguminose, plants of the pea tribe, par-
ticularly of the genus Desmodium.

Desmodium acuminatum, and D. nudiflorum, common all over
the States east of the Mississippi, and much esteemed as
nutritious, milk-producing plants, are frequent in rich, shady
woods through this State. Other species, peculiar to its southern
section, are said to be valuable, and are even cultivated in Florida,
but they are more or less hard and dry, the stiff stems but scantily
clothed with leaves. The Desmodiums are known under the name
of Tick trifoil, or tick-seeds, from the flat-jointed hispid seedpots
that attach themself to the hair and,\fleece of animals and the
clothing.

The Lespedeza striata, Japanese Clover, belongs to this family;
introduced from Eastern Asia, it has, during the last decade, over-
spread the Southern States from the Atlantic shores to the banks
of the Mississippi. Cattle and horses are eating it. Of its value

22

as a nutritive food, I can not speak. The analysis to be soon ex-
pected from the National Department of Agriculture will soon
decide upon its merits.

Several species of Vetches or tares, Vicia, deserve attention.
The European tare, Vicia sativa, is almost naturalized in many
parts of this State, thriving luxuriantly; its rich flowering vines
reach three to four feet in height, early in April on the coast;
much cultivated in Europe.as a favorite green crop for milk cows;
is entitled to more attention from our diary men than it has re-
ceived.

Along: the seaboard of this State, the so-called Mexican clover,
Richardsonia scabra, is found spreading extensively; it covers the
sandy upland soils completely with its succulent prostrate leafy
stems bearing the small white funnel-form flowers, in terminal
heads, and whorls in the axils of the leaves. In regard to its nu-
tritive value, itis scarcely inferior to clover; horses, cattle and
sheep are fond of it, particularly of the hay. A detailed account,
with an analysis of the plant by the Department, is found in the
Report of 1874. As a green manure, it is of the greatest benefit
to the farmer in the lower pine region.

Very valuable as affording rich, nutritious pasture ground, in
the earliest parts of spring, is the Spurge, or Spergula arvensis, a
low annual with prostrate diffuse, succulent, jointed stems, bear-
ing whorls of small, narrow, linear leaves, and the small, greenish
white flowers attached to slender stalks. This plant seeds
abundantly in April; with the appearance of the warm seasons
it dries up and disappears completely, re-appearing during the
sunny days in the latter part of the winter, and not liable to be
after that injured by frost; is held in high repute in the low
countries of Western Europe by the diary men, and the butter
produced from the milk of cows feeding on this earliest of all
pasture plants enjoys a particular reputation for its fine flavor as
Spurge butter.

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