Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Wh hl HLTH " FOREST TREES k FOREST REGIONS ofthe ¢ ‘UNITED STATES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NUMBER 217 h , i nV, ik oe -—~N ve aw a> LA ey? UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 217 Washington, D.C. January 1936 FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES By WILBUR R. Mattoon, extension forester, Division of State Cooperations, Forest Service CONTENTS Page Page mE TOW CET OTN eee Se Sa 1 | Tropical forest region... -- Meilde Rope nae eee fac) 43 Natural groups of forest trees________________ 2 Tropical forest trees_.____....._____--___ 43 Native trees in great variety_-_______________- 2 | Rocky Mountain forest region.______________ 43 Descriptive list of native forest trees_________ 4 Rocky Mountain forest trees_____._______ 45 Forest trees of the United States_____________ 4 | Pacific coast forest region____________________ 45 Eastern forest trees_--_------_-_---__-__- 5 Pacific coast forest trees_________________ 46 Western forest trees___.________________- 2A? hE OLeSts OfeAlas kanes ie ie ss te ewe 46 Forest regions of the United States_______ ne 33 | Forests of Puerto Rico_-_._..._-2___________- 48 EX tOn tO florestsa see ae 33 Horests Of Ela walieees so acts kata na ae ee 49 Timber contents of forests______________- 36 Hawaiian forest trees__--__________-_____- 51 Forest types or tree associations________ STinteneesl ate Siys sete ube infield Meare las 51 Northern forest region_______-____--_-_-____- 39 | Publications on forest trees_____________-____ 52 INortherniforestitreess. 2 22-2 39 State forest-tree guides____________._____- 52 Central hardwood forest region______________ 40 Books on forest trees___-___---___-______- 53 Central hardwood forest trees________-__- 40 Federal publications.......-.-----_--___- 53 Southern forest region. ______--____-.________ 41 Southern forest trees.......----.-----__-- 43 INTRODUCTION Trees serve us in so many different ways that we are naturally interested in knowing more about the trees of our country and the tree communities, or forests, in which we live or which we visit. More people than ever before are now getting out of doors and visiting unfamiliar sections of the country. Increasing numbers are going into the forests in search of adventure, recreation, and health. The automobile, Scout, and 4-H Club movements, and the shorter hours for labor all encourage wider travel. Many States have published popular manuals giving the names and brief descriptions of their more important or common forest trees. In the preparation of many of these the Forest Service has been a cooperator.'| The purpose of this publication is to present in simple form the names of all the tree species of continental United States with their geographic ranges and a few distinguishing charac- teristics of each, and to give brief descriptions of the various natural forest regions, together with the names of the principal trees which 1 See list of names and addresses on pp. 52 and 53. 1 837be=-36-— 1 2 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE make up each region in the United States, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawai. This publication is intended to help people get better acquainted with trees and forests. It should lead to a broader appreciation of the value and importance of trees and result in greater care of our forests and their better protection against fire. This in turn should mean a largermeasure of out-of-door pleasure and profitable recreation. NATURAL GROUPS OF FOREST TREES The cone-bearing trees, such as the pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and cypresses, are commonly grouped together and known as conifers or from a lumber standpoint as softwoods. The other group is known as hardwoods and consists of the broadleaf trees, such as the oaks, elms, ashes, maples, and hickories. These two groups are now widely recognized, and they are generally true to name. In each group, however, the woods differ widely in hardness as well as weight and strength, and some exceptions occur. For example, the long- leaf pine among the conifers or softwoods has wood that is harder than that of willow and magnolia which belong to the hardwood group. In the group of hardwood trees occur two subgroups or families, namely the palms and yuccas, whose wood and seed structure are very different from all the others. Still another strange family among the hardwoods is the cactus. Further reference to all of these natural groups from a botanical standpoint will be found under the next heading. Another natural grouping separates the evergreen trees from the deciduous trees, or those that drop their leaves in the fall. Most of the conifers, such as the pines, junipers, firs, and spruces, are ever- green in habit, that is, they hold their leaves over winter. The larches and southern cypress, however, drop their leaves in the fall and are thus deciduous, like most of the northern hardwoods. The holly, a southern hardwood which extends into the North, is evergreen. In the southern portion of the United States many hardwood trees are evergreen and shed their leaves only after the first, second, or third years. Among these are live and laurel oaks, red bay, evergreen magnolia, laurel cherry, and many small trees of the subtropical and tropical portions of Florida and Texas and parts of New Mexico, Arizona, and California. NATIVE TREES IN GREAT VARIETY The forests of the United States are composed of a large number of different kinds or species of trees, many of which are of high usefulness and value. Probably no other land of equal area lying within the Temperate Zones has so many different tree species with so great a variety of woods as this country. The botanical classification of trees is at the best somewhat com- plicated. An attempt is here made to show in a simple way the botanical grouping of our native forest trees.” The forests of continental United States are composed of a total of 810 different kinds or species of native trees,’ grouped under 199 * Only native trees will be considered in this publication. This excludes all foreign or exotic trees, many of which are commonly present and often included in popular descriptions. : ’ There are many recognized varieties and hybrids, but they are not generally included in this publica- tion. Only a few varieties of unusual importance are mentioned, together with a few that are the sole repre- sentatives of the species, Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE. 1 Res219153 A WESTERN FOREST. The forests of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast forest regions consist largely of pines, spruces, and firs, with varying amounts of cedars, junipers, hemlocks, larches, and redwoods. Many of the western forests extend to high altitudes. View in Lolo National Forest, Mont. Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2 F—236136, F—209391, F—298993, F—298999 SOME FAVORITE EASTERN HARDWOOD TREES. -1, American elm, a tree of graceful beauty and stately proportions. B, Red gum, or sweet gum, of the South grows to large size and yields mottled reddish wood extensively used for many purposes. C, Black walnut, the country’s premier tree for high-grade cabinet wood and valuable nut crops. D, White oak, a hardy, long-lived tree yielding very useful timber. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 3 genera that make up 69 families, which in turn belong to 2 broad classes of plants. Two of the families of trees, namely, those which include the conifers (pines, spruces, firs, and others) and the yews, belong to one of these classes known as gymnosperms,‘ and the other 67 families, consisting of the palms, yuccas, and hardwoods, belong to the other class known as angiosperms.° The northern white, shortleaf, longleaf, and western white pines are examples of species of the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae and of the class Gymnospermae. Popularly they belong to the coni- fers or so{twoods. The white, northern red, scarlet, and black oaks, for example, are species of the genus Quercus of the family Fagaceae and of the class Angiospermae. Popularly they belong to the broad- leaf or hardwood group. In our forests are found 13 different groups or genera of true conifers, 2 of yews and tumions, 7 of palms, 1 of yucca, and 176 of hardwoods, or a total of 199 genera. The conifers include 35 kinds or species of pines, 7 spruces, 10 firs, 4 hemlocks, 3 larches, 12 junipers, and 19 others, mostly cedars and cypresses, or a total of 90 species. There are 4 species of yews and tumions, and 21 species of palms and yuccas. The hardwoods or broadleaf trees as a group are composed of 61 native species of oaks, 18 hickories, 19 ashes, 14 cherries, 11 plums, 10 apples, 17 maples and boxelders, 7 birches, 6 elms, 15 cottonwoods or poplars, 22 willows, 178 hawthorns, 5 gums, 6 hackberries, 9 magnolias, and 297 species of other genera to which, for example, belong beech, persimmon, dogwood, mulberries, locusts, holly, and walnuts, and many others, making a total of 695 species of hardwoods. Altogether, the above makes a grand total of 810 species of native trees in the United States. Many kinds of trees attain heights of 100 feet, and a few heights of 300 to 350 feet. Many aresmallinsize. Under varying conditions of climate and soil, some occur both as trees andshrubs. Ifa woody- stemmed plant has one well-defined trunk and grows to be at least 2 inches in diameter and 8 feet in height, it is classed as a tree species. The natural home or range of trees varies greatly. Some are found widely over a vast area, such as beech, American elm, black willow, white and black oaks, shortleaf pine, and eastern red cedar. A few, including white spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar, paper birch, peachleaf and (Bebbs) willows, coralbean and buttonbush, range practically across the continent in the United States, while a few others, like the black spruce and tamarack, extend across the con- tinent, partly in the United States and partly in Canada. The wild plum, honey mesquite, hoptree, boxelder, leucaena, and nannyberry occur in both the eastern and western divisions of forest regions. The Torrey pine is confined to an area of about 40 acres in the extreme southern part of California. Southward, the number of native tree species increases. From a maximum of 60 to 80 species occurring im any one northern State along the Canadian border, the number increases to some 200 in the Middle Atlantic region (for example in North Carolina), and in Florida reaches a maximum of about 350, of which more than 100 are tropical and occur exclusively in that State. 4 Gymnosperms are plants whose seeds are borne openly on a naked scale or bract. ; 5 Angiosperms are plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary and bearing the more common kinds of flowers. There are two divisions. The yuccas and palms as a group are known as monocotyledons (having one cotyledon in the seed embryo, parallel-veined leaves, and other characteristics), and the broadleaf or hard- wood trees as dicotyledons (with two cotyledons in the seed embryo, netted veins, and annual rings of growth in the stem or trunk). 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Information concerning the native trees of the eastern and western divisions of the United States will be found respectively on pages 5 and 24. A view in the western forest division is shown in plate 1, and in plate 2 are shown some important eastern forest trees. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATIVE FOREST TREES A summary of the names of all the native tree species of continental United States with brief notes on their ranges and characteristics follows. It constitutes one of the major features of this publication. The trees are listed under two groups in order to segregate those growing in the eastern and western portions of the United States. A few species range across the continent. A few species appear without a common name, chiefly because they have not been commonly recognized in the sections where they grow. In the Forest Service both the common and scientific names of trees are passed upon by a special committee named by the chief forester, to whom its recom- mendations are referred for approval.’ The list does not generally include the names of varietal forms or of hybrids, of which there are a few hundred recognized forms (see foot- note 3), more largely among the oaks and buckeyes than any other eroups. For example, the species white oak (Quercus alba) is given, but not the varietal form Q. alba latiloba or the hybrid Q. fernowii. No introduced, or exotic, trees are included although there are many, and some have found a congenial home here and become naturalized, such as the silverleaf poplar, chinaberry, paper and white mulberries, ailanthus, paulownia, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine. The more important or abundant species or kinds of trees growing in each broad forest region will be found listed under the descriptions of the several forest regions, pages 39 to 46. FOREST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES The names of all the native tree species in the United States ® are here given. Also the distribution of each is given in broad terms, and the descriptive notes include some of the leading characteristics. The trees are grouped under two divisions, namely Eastern Forest Trees and Western Forest Trees. Unless otherwise stated the leaf arrangement on the stem is alter- nate. The order of listing the different trees is according to a natural sequence widely recognized and used by botanists. In general, it begins with the simplest or earliest group of trees and ends with the most highly developed group. For additional information concern- ing the range and characteristics, reference should be made to tree 6 Except the hawthorns or haws (Crataegus) of the eastern part of the United States. 7 In the preparations of this publication, particularly the following portion on forest trees, the author claims little originality in subject matter. On the other hand, the publication represents an attempt to present in a useful form information for handy reference that has been largely obtained by others. The basis for the names and ranges of the trees is the following, with subsequent approved amendments: Sub- WORTH, G. B. CHECK LIST OF THE FOREST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES: THEIR NAMES AND RANGES. U.S. Dept. Acr. Bi isc. Cire. 92,295 pp. 1927. For much of the information about the less common trees sum- marized under the heads of Where the Tree Grows and Descriptive Notes, credit is due to various sources, including the following: SARGENT, C.S. MANUALOF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVEOF MEXICO). Ed. 2,910 pp., illus. Boston and New York. 1922. CoKER, W.C.,and TOTTEN, H. R. TREES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES, INCLUDING VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND NORTHERN FLORIDA. 390)pp., illus. Chapel Hill, N. C. 1934. J eo "W.L. THE SILVA OF CALIFORNIA. 480 pp., illus, Berkeley, Calif. 1910. (Calif. Univ. Mem. Vv. 9 ’ Except the hawthorns or haws (Crataegus) of the eastern half of the United States. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 5 books or popular tree guides. A list showing the States which have published tree manuals will be found on pages 52 and 53. ° EASTERN FOREST TREES The eastern division of forests of the United States, including the northern, central hardwood, southern, and tropical forest regions (fig. 7), has a total of 600 native tree species, representing 171 different genera, 67 families, and the 2 broad classes which embrace all trees.! Popularly the different species are distributed as follows: 30 conifers, 2 yews (tumion), 11 palms, 4 yuccas, 1 cactus, 175 hawthorns, and 377 species of willows, birches, oaks, hickories, elms, maples, gums, ashes, basswoods, and other hardwoods or broadleaf trees. Seven- teen of these species are found growing also in the western forest division of trees (pp. 24 to 32), as follows: White spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar, peachleaf and Bebb’s willows, paper birch, wild plum, leucaena, pin cherry, honey mesquite, coralbean, hoptree, boxelder, red or green ash, buttonbush, and nannyberry. An asterisk (*) after a common name indicates that it is in common use, but is not officially approved by the Forest Service. Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes Northeastern and Lake States, Appalachian Mountains. Extensively planted. Northeastern and Lake States. Extensively planted. Northern white pine (Pinus strobus). : Red pine,* or Norway pine (Pinus resinosa). Southeastern States, coastal Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) _____- plain Delaware to Texas. Northeastern and Middle At- lantic States. Uplands mostly. (A variety, pond pine (Pinus rigida serotina) (fig. 2, G) in the coastal plain from Delaware to Florida.) Uplands, New Jersey and Pennsylvania southwest to : Alabama. Sand pine (Pinus clausa) __------ Florida and southern Alabama Mountain pine (Pinus pungeus)_| Scattered in mountains, Penn- sylvania to northern Geor- Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) __-_--_- Virginia pine (scrub pine)* (Pinus virginiana). gia. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)-| Middle Atlantic and South- ern States, New Jersey to Missouri, Louisiana, and Texas. Uplands. Coast region South Carolina Spruce pine (Pinus glabra) --_---- to Louisiana, along streams. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)_.._| Northern States, from Maine to Minnesota. Commonon sandy soil. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) _| Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Texas. Coastal Plain, South Carolina Slash pine (Pinus caribaea) ------ TO south and west to Louisiana. Northeastern United States, Tamarack (larch)* (Larix lari- t i northern Rocky Mountains. cina). Black spruce (Picea marianna)--| Northeastern and Lake States. Crosses continent in Canada. Leaves 5 in cluster, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone cylindrical, 4 to 8 inches long (fig. 1, H). Important timber tree. Leaves 2 in cluster, 5 to 6 inches long. Cone 2 inches long, without prickies (fig. 1, F). Important timber tree. Leaves 3 in cluster, 6 to 9 inches long. Cone 2 to 3 inches long, with stiff sharp prickles (fig. 2, B). Important timber tree. Leaves 3 in cluster, 3 to 7 inches long, stout, twisted. Cones short, broad, 2 to 3 inches long, with small prickles (fig. 1, D). Leaves 2 in bundle, twisted, 2 to 3 inches long. Cone 2 to 3 inches long; very prickly. Much like Virginia pine. Leaves twisted, blue-green, 2 in bundle. Cone 8 inches long with stout curved spines. Leaves 2 or 3 in clusters, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone small, about 2 inches long; fine prickle (fig. 2, F). Impor- tant timber tree. Leaves 2 in cluster, soft, slender, 2 to 3 inches long. Cones 1 to 2 inches long, with tiny prickles (fig. 2, H). Leaves 2 in cluster, up to 14% inches long. Cone 1 to 2 inches long, in- curved, irregular in shape. Leaves 3 in cluster, 8 to 18 inches long. Cone prickly, 6 to 10 inches long (fig. 2, A). Important tree for timber and naval stores. Leaves 2 or 3 in cluster, 8 to 14 inches long. Cone shiny, 3 to 5 inches long (fig.2,C). Important for timber and naval stores. Extensively planted. Leaves 1 inch long, in clusters, falling in winter. Cone % inch long (fig. Leaves blue-green, somewhat blunt pointed. Cone on incurved stalk, persistent for years; cone scales with rough edges. Twigs finely hairy. Important for pulpwood. ° The common and scientific names used conform to those in Miscellaneous Circular 92,19 with subsequent amendments. 10S UDWORTH, G. B. See footnote7. 11 Gymnosperms and angiosperms. MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Name of tree Red spruce (Picea rubra) -------- White spruce (Picea glauca) ---_- Eastern hemlock (Tsuga cana- densis). Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caro- liniana). Southern balsam fir (Abies fraseri). Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) - ---- Southern cypress (Tarodiwm distichum). Pond cypress (Tazodiwm ad- scendens). Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Southern white cedar (Chamae- cyparis thyoides). Dwarf juniper (Juniperus com- munis). Drooping juniper (Jwniperus flaccida). Red-berry juniper (Jwniperus pinchotii). Mountain mexicana). cedar (Juniperus Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Southern red cedar (Juniperus lucayana). Stinking cedar (Tumion tazi- folium). Florida yew (Tazrus floridana) - - Thatch palm (Thrinaz floridana) Silvertop palmetto (Thrinaz mi- crocarpa). Thatch palm (Thrinaz keyensis) - Thatch palm (Thrinax wend- landina). Thatch palm (Coccothrinax ju- cunda). Cabbage palmetto (Sabal pal- metto). Texas palmetto (Sabal terana) --- (Saw cabbage)* palm (Acoelor- raphe wrightii). (Saw cabbage)* palm (Acoelor- raphe arborescens). Where the tree grows Northeastern States, high Ap- palachian Mountains to North Carolina. Northeastern and Lake States, northern Rocky Mountains (including Black Hills). Ex- tends across the continent in Canada. (See p. 26.) Northeastern and Lake States south to Ohio River, south in Appalachian Mountains. Blue Ridge Mountains, Vir- ginia to Georgia. High Appalachian Mountains, Virginia south to North Carolina. Northeastern States south to Virginia. Great Lakes States. Crosses continent in Canada. Atlantic Coastal Plain Dela- ware to Texas, central Mis- sissippi Basin. Southeastern Virginia to west- ern Florida and southern Alabama. Northeastern and Lake States, south in Appalachian Moun- tains. Canada. Coast, Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Irregularly seattered. Northeastern quarter of United States, across the continent to California. (See p. 28.) Southwestern Texas__-________ Northwestern Texas, central and southern Arizona. Southern and western Texas, southwestern Oklahoma. Eastern half of United States_- Gulf coast region, Georgia to ‘Texas. Southwestern Georgia, west- ern Florida (rare and local). Western Florida, very local_-__- Southern -Ploridat 22522522 Southern Florida (tropical) - -- Coast from North Carolina to western Florida. Southern Lexasee wees spon hi iaaen Florida (tropi- cal). Southwestern Florida_________ Descriptive notes Leaves dark yellow-green. Cone fall- ing soon after ripening (fig. 1, C). Important for pulpwood. Leaves 4-sided, 44 to 34inch long, pale blue-green, very sharp, twisting up- ward. Cone scales rounded (fig. 1, B). Important for pulpwood. Leaves 14 inch long, apparently in flat arrangement on stem, shiny green, lighter below. Cone % inch long (fig. 1, A). Timber tree; bark for tanning leather. Resembles above tree. Cone scales longer than broad. Planted for orna- ment. Resembles balsam fir, except cone is covered with protruding bracts (scale- covered). Leaves not sharp-pointed, flexible, flat- tened, 1 inch long. Cone scales fall- ing when ripe (fig. 1, G). Pulpwood ree. Leaves 34 inch long, feather arrange- ment, fallingin autumn. Coneround, of hard scales (fig. 2, E). Timber tree. In shallow ponds or stagnant swamps. Resembles above, except needlelike leaves, few knees. Leaves scalelike, crowded, resinous, aromatic. Cone resembling an open- ing scaly bud. Leaves scalelike, variable, opposite in pairs. Cone persistent, maturing in i season (fig. 2, D). Leaves sharp, 4% inch long. Sweet aromatic berrylike fruit, ripening in 3 years. Leaves opposite, long-pointed, spread- ing at tips. Fruit reddish brown, maturing in 1 season. Berries red, ripening in 1 season. Leaves opposite or in threes. Fruit 1-seeded, blue or nearly black. Branchlets and leaves small, leaves rough. Leaves scalelike, on young shoots awl- like. Berries bluish, ripening in 1 season (fig. 4, B). Aromatic durable wood. Leaves tiny, usually opposite. Berries 149 inch diameter, blue, ripening in 1 season. Drooping branchlets. Leaves 14% inches long, dull green, shiny, pointed. Purple berry. All parts of tree ill-smelling. Leaves 4% inch long, falling after 5 to 12 years. Fruit nearly surrounded by thick cup. Leaves fan-shaped, 2 to 3 feet in diame- ter, yellow-green, shiny above. Fruit (berry) white. Leaves 1 to 2 feet across, fan-shaped, pale green, shiny above. Fruit (berry) white. Leaves 3 to 4 feet in diameter, fan- shaped. Leaves 2 to 3 feet across, fan-shaped, pale green. Fruit berrylike, black. Leaves fan- shaped nearly round, 1% to 2 feet in diameter. Trees up to 60 feet high and 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 6 feet long, 7 to 8 feet broad, shiny, fan-shaped. Leafbuds often eaten as food. Generally like the above. Leaves thin, light green,in curved teeth. Tree often with many stems forming thickets. Leaves 2 feet in diameter, yellow-green, with slight teeth. Trunks often ly- ing on ground. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 7 FIGURE 1.—Cones and leaves of conifers which characterize the northern forest region: A, eastern hemlock (p. 6); B, white spruce (p. 6); C, red spruce (p. 6); D, pitch pine (p. 5); EH, tamarack (p. 5); FY, red (Nor- way) pine (p. 5); G, balsam fir (p. 6); H, northern white pine (p. 5); (see also p. 39). 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Name of tree Royal palm (Roystonea regia) ---- Hog cabbage palm (Pseudo- phoeniz vinifera). ; Spanish bayonet (Yucca aloi- folia). Spanish dagger (Yucca gloriosa)- Spanish bayonet (Yucca trecu- leana). Spanish bayonet (Yucca faxoni- ana). Butternut (white walnut)* (Juglans cinerea). Black walnut (Juglans nigra) --- Pecan (Hicoria pecan) _--------- Bitter pecan (Hicoria terana) _-- Bitternut hickory cordiformis). (Ticoria Nutmeg hickory (Hicoria my- risticaeformis) . Water hickory (Hicoria agua- tica). Shagbark hickory (scaly bark hickory)* (Hicoria ovata). Southern shagbark hickory (Hicoria carolinea septentrio- nalis. Bigleaf shagbark hickory (shell- bark hickory) * (Hicoria lacini- osa). Mockernut hickory (white or bigbud hickory)* (Hicoria. alba). (Swamp)* pignut hickory (Hicoria leiodermis) . Hickory (Hicoria mollissima) _-- (Sand)* pignut hickory (Hico- ria pallida). Pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra) __ (Hammock)* hickory (Hicoria ashei). (Red)* pignut hickory (Hicoria ovalis) (Serub)* floridana). hickory (Ficoria (Black)* hickory (Jicoria buck- leyi). Pignut hickory (black hickory) * (Ficoria villosa). = | Where the tree grows Southern Florida (tropical) ---- Coast from North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (trop- ical). South Atlantic coast---------- Coast and Rio Grande River in Texas. Southwestern Texas, desert region. Northeastern States and southern Appalachian Mountains. New York west to Iowa and southward. Mississippi Valley, Iowa to Texas. Along rivers from Arkansas to Texas. Eastern United States to Great Plains. Coastal Plain region, South Carolina west to Texas. South Atlantic and Gulf coastal region. Mississippi Valley. Eastern United States (exclu- sive of southern coastal re- gion). Southern Appalachian region largely on limestone soils. Eastern United States; exclu- sive of New England. Southeastern quarter of United States and a little northward. Arkansas, Mississippi, Louis- jana. Mississippi, and Texas. Atlantic and Gulf coastal re- gion. Louisiana, Vermont to Michigan and south in Appalachian Moun- tains and foothills. Florida and adjacent coastal regions. Pennsylvania west to Illinois, south in mountains and foot- hills. Common and widely distributed, along with pig- nut hickory. Northern and central Florida_- Central States, Indiana to Louisiana and eastern Texas. Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma. Descriptive notes Leaves featherlike along the rhacis (or central leaf stem), 10 feet long, no teeth or spines. Fruit blue. Ex- tensively cultivated for its beauty. Resembles above, leaves 5 to 6 feet long. Fruit clusters bright scarlet. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 1 to 2 inches wide, sharply toothed along edges. (This and the next 2 trees belong to the lily family. They differ mostly in their flowers. Leaves thin, flat. right or spreading. Leaves rough below, concave, finely toothed, bluish-green, 3 feet long. Fruit on stem, fleshy. Leaves 3 to 4 feet long, flat, smooth: Flowers forming narrow tube at base: Fruit shiny, orange colored. Leaves 15 to 30 inches long, of 11 to 17 leaflets. Nut longer than thick. Velvety cushion above leaf scar Gio. 5h). Leaves 12 to 24 inches long, of 15 to 23 Fruit mostly up- leaflets. Nut round. Bark rich brown (fig. 4, F). High-grade cabi- net wood. Leaves of 9 to 17 leaflets; bud scales few. Nut with thin brittle shell and sweet kernel. Many varieties grown on commercial scale throughout the South. Leaves of 7 to 13 leaflets. Nut flattened with bitter kernel. Leaves of 7 to 9 long-pointed leaflets. Nut broad, thin-husked, with bitter kernel. Leaves of 7 to 9 leaflets, silvery and shiny below. Nut 4-ridged, 1% inches long. Nut flattened, 4ridged, thin husk, bitter Kernel. Leaves of 7 to 13 leaf- ets. Bark loosening in narrow strips. Leaves of 5 large leaflets. Nut thick- shelled, with sweet kernel. Leaves small, mostly of 5 slender leaflets. Nut 4-angled, thin-shelled, with sweet kernel. Leaves large, 15 to 20 inches long, mostly of 7 leaflets. Nut large, with sweet kernel. Winter buds large. Leaves broad, of 7 to 9 leaflets, strong-scented, hairy. Nut thick-shelled, small sweet kernel. Leaves of 7 long-pointed leaflets. Nut smooth, shell thick, small sweet kernel. Leaves like above but velvety or hairy. Leaves of 7 narrow, finely toothed, fragrant, long-pointed leaflets. Nut white, with sweet kernel. Nut smooth, thick-shelled, sweet kernel, rounded or _ pear-shaped. ene: of 5 pointed leaflets (fig. 5, Branchlets bright red-brown, smooth. Leaves variable, of 3 to 9 leaflets. Nut in tight, thin husk, with sweet kernel. Branchlets stout, reddish. Leaves usually of 7 leaflets, with reddish leafstalks. Nut small, thin-husked, small sweet kernel. Leaves small, usualiy of 5 leaflets. Nut % inch diameter, pointed at base. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, usually of 7 shiny leaflets. Nut pointed, 4-angled, with sweet kernel. Resembling the above, but lower side midrib often fuzzy and with longer hair clusters. HOG meges, and ores, Regions of the United States" (Aericultures Miscellancous Publication No. 217) TMpDiIin AMTT ERRATUM CR ERSer ree es car R eee RED Wietocend under Pigure 2 Should read as Tolllows: 2 EE eerens SORES | OEEET ES ooo COM and Lonyes Of most Of the conirers oF Hic SOM mn WOLISt reson A, Sprit pane (p. 20). Vee fio. Bia ScuLbnern eyproass (Dp. 6); C, southern white Carwin sO Tonsleat pine (p. 5); BE, loblolly pine (2) Ss, scnembicar pine (p. 5); G, slash pine (ps. 5); Pepe gama see p, 5, *pitch pine"). FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS ‘OF THE U.S. g Bie aig ee We prin) Me Nan FIGURE 2.—Cones and leaves of most of the conifers of the southern forest region: .4, Longleaf pine (p. 5): B, loblolly pine (p. 5); C, slash pine (p. 5); D, southern white cedar (p.6); Z, southern cypress (p. 6): F, shortleaf pine (p. 5); G, pond pipe (see p. 5, “pitch pine’’); H, spruce pine (p. 5); (see also p. 41). 3375°—36—— 2, 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Name of tree Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) _-- Wax myrtle (Myrica inodora) --- Corkwood (Leitneria floridana) __ Aspen (popple)* (Populus tre- muloides). Largetooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) . Swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla). Balsam poplar (balm-of-Gilead)* (Populus balsamijera). Eastern cottonwood (Carolina poplar) * (Populus deltoides). Cottonwood (Populus palmeri) -- Cottonwood (Populus texana) --- Black willow (Salix nigra) __----- Harbinson willow (Salix harbin- sonii). Peachleaf willow (Salix amygda- loides). Willow (Saliz longipes)__--_----- Shiny willow (Saliz lucida) ____-- Sandbar willow (Saliz longifolia) - Balsam willow (Salix pyrifolia) _- Missouri River willow (Salix missouriensis) . Pussy willow (Saliz discolor) ____- (Bebbs)* willow (Salizx bebbiana) - Blue beech (water beech)* (Carpinus caroliniana) . Hophornbeam (ironwood)* (Ostrya virginiana). Sweet birch (black birch)* (Betula lenta). Yellow birch (Betula lutea) _____- River birch (red birch)* (Betu- la nigra). Gray birch (Betula populifolia) __ Blueleaf birch (Betula coerulea) _ - Paper birch (canoe birch)* (Be- tula papyrifera). Seaside alder (Alnus maritima) _- Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) __ Chinquapin (Castanea asheéi)___- Chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia } floridana). Where the tree grows Coastal region, New Jersey to Texas. Florida to Louisiana--_-__---_-- Gulf coast region and lower Mississippi Valley. Northern United States; south in Rocky Mountains. Near- ly across Canada. (See also p. 28.) Maine west to North Dakota, south in mountains to North Carolina. Atlantie and Gulf coasts, cen- tral Mississippi. Across northern United States and Canada. (Seealso p. 28.) Eastern half of United States__ Southwestern Texas____-_____- Northwestern Texas (Pan- handle). Eastern half of United States, along streams, not in swamps. Coast, Virginia to Florida_____- Northern United States, south in Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 29). North Carolina to Florida_-_-_- Northeastern quarter United States. Eastern and Rocky Mountain regions. Extreme northern New Eng- land. Central Mississippi River Basin. Northeastern quarter of United States. Northern United States, south in Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 29.) United States east of the Great Plains. United States and Canada east of the Great Plains. Maine to Michigan, Appa- lachian Mountains to Geor- gia and Alabama. Maine to Minnesota, south in mountains to Georgia. Southern New England, west to Minnesota, south to Tex- as. Along streams. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Dela- ware. Scattered in northern New England. New England across the north- ern States to Pacific, south in Appalaehians, (See also p. 29. Delaware, Maryland, Okla- oma. Eastern half of United States. A widely ranging tree. Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Lower Atlantic and Gulf coast regions. Coastalregion North Carolina to Louisiana. 1 An unusual case of a varietal name only. Descriptive notes Wax coated berries in clusters. Leaves broader at outer end, fragrant. Leaves not toothed; little odor. Lightest of all native woods. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, shiny. Fruit 34 inch long, podlike. Leaves broad, finely toothed; leaf- stalks flat and long. Leaves coarsely toothed, broad, with flattened leafstalks. Leaves broadly oval, 4 to 7 inches long, with rounded leafstalks, finely woolly when young. Buds resinous (fig. 3, E). Leaves dull-toothed; leafstalks rounded. Winter buds }% inch long, shiny, resinous. Leaves triangular, coarsely toothed, fragrant, with flattened stems. Buds resinous. Leaves finely toothed; leafstalks flat- tened. Leaves coarsely toothed; flattened. Leaves slender, long-pointed, finely toothed. Branchlets reddish. Larg- est of the willows. Leaves whitish below, on short stems. leafstalk Leaves long, pointed (peachleaf), pale below. Leaves lance shape, leafstems hairy. Leaves shiny above, pale below, ovate, Leaves 4 inches long, smooth. Leaves broad, plum shape. Branchlets hairy. Leaves broad, shiny, and silky below. Leaves elliptical, silvery white below. Trunk fluted with ridges, bluish gray. Leaflike wing attached to seed. Thin brown scaly bark. Fruit resem- bling hops, each seed in bag. Leaves doubly toothed. Young inner bark aromatic (source of wintergreen flavoring). Fruit of all birches is of 2 kinds of catkin borne on same tree (fig. 5, H). Timber tree. Bark peeling in yellow-brown curls. Leaves rounded in outline. Timber tree. Bark red-brown, peeling in tough layers. Leaves oval, 2 to 3 inches long, narrowed at base, doubly toothed. Trunks small, dull gray bark. Twigs drooping; leaves triangular, long- pointed, shiny. Small, short-lived tree. Leaves dull blue-green above, yellow- green below, oval, long-pointed. Bark pure white to light gray, sepa rating in thin sheets. Leaves thick rounded at base. Flowers opening in fall. Leaves toothed, flat, thin, firm. Tri- angular edible nuts (fig. 5, G). Leaves smaller than above, shallow teeth. Burs of all chinquapins have 1 nut each. f Leaves densely woolly beneath. Fruit spines stout. Leaves rounded at end, narrowed at base. Bur with sparse spines, FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 1i FIGURE 3.— Leaves, fruit or flowers, and twigs of some hardwoods occurring chiefly in the southern forest region; A, water oak (p. 12); B, live oak (p. 14); C, winged elm (p. 14); D, sweet, or red gum (p. 16); Z, pee SA (p. 10); #, swamp black gum (p. 22); G, tupelo gum (p. 22); H, overcup oak (p. 14). ee also p. 41. 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 217. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Name of tree Chinauapin (Castanea floridana! margareita). (Ozark)* chinquapin (Castanea ozarkensis). Chinquapin (Castanea alaba- MeNsis) . Chestnut (Castanea dentata) ___- Northern* red oak (Quercus borealis). Pin oak (Quercus palustris) ____- Georgia oak (Quercus georgiana)..- Texas red oak (Quercus terana) _- Shumard red oak (Quercus shu- mardii). Graves oak (Quercus gravesii) _- Jack oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) _- Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) _ - Black oak (Quercus velutina) ___- Smoothbark oak (Quercus leio- dermis). Turkey oak (Quercus catesbaet) _- Bear oak, (scrub oak)* (Quercus ilicifolia) (Quercus nana)*. Southern red oak (Quercus rubra). Nuttall oak (Red River oak) (Quercus nuttallii) .2 Blackjack oak (Quercus mari- landica). Water oak (Quercus nigra) ______ (Arkansas)* water oak (Quercus arkansana). Water oak (Quercus obtusa) ___-- Willow oak (Quercus phellos) ___ Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) - Blue-jack oak (upland willow oak)* (Quercus cinerea). Shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria) Myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) - Where the tree grows Gulf States region, Alabama to Arkansas. Northwestern Arkansas, southwestern Missouri, eastern Oklahoma. Northwestern Alabama______- Northeastern States and Ap- palachian region to Florida. Northeastern quarter of United States, southin Appalachian Mountains and cool loca- tions along streams. (Va- riety. Mazima important in southern Appalachian region). ‘ Eastern United States___-_____ Central northern Georgia____- Central and western Texas-___- Southeastern quarter of United States. Southwestern Texas_________-_- Michigan to lowa and Minne- sota. Northeastern United States. Maine to Missouri, moun- tains to Georgia. Eastern half of United States, except Lake States region. Missouri and northward. Coastal plain, Virginia to Louisiana. Northeastern United States, south in Mountains. Southeastern United States. Abundant. Mississippi Delta region, first and second bottoms. Eastern United States, except New England. Southeastern United States___ Southwestern Arkansas-__-_____ Southeastern United States___ Atlantic and Gulf coastal re- gion, New York to Texas. Coastal plain, North Carolina to Louisiana. Coastal plain, Virginia to Texas. Central-eastern United States_ On coast and isiands, South Carolina to Mississippi. 1 An unusual case of a varietal name only. Yat mee 2 PUTNAM, J. A., and BULL, HENRy. The Trees of the Bottomlands of the Mississippi River Delta Re- gion. 207 pp. So. For. Expt. Sta. Descriptive notes Leaves shiny beneath. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, long-pointed, toothed. Bur large with much- prized nut. Good-sized tree. Leaves large, nearly smooth below. Spines fuzzy. Leaves long, coarsely toothed, pointed. Spiny bur with edible nuts. Trees mostly killed back by blight disease. Acorn large, in flat shallow cup (fig. 5, D). Leaves mostly with 7 to 11 uniform lobes, 6 to 9 inches long, dull above, green below. High-grade timber tree. (Beginning the black oak group which has pointed leaf lobes and requires 2 seasons to mature the acorns.) Leaves small, deeply (mostly 5) lobed, with hair clusters in axils of veins and midrib. Acorn small, in saucer- shaped cup. Branches numerous, drooping. Leaves 38- to 5-lobed. Acorn 14 inch long, in flat cup. Leaves 3 inches long, 5- or 7-lobed. Acorn 3% to 1 inch long in deep cup. Leaves deeply or shallowly lobed, leafstalks slender. Acorn in shallow cup. Similar to Texas red oak, but the leaves have sharp-pointed lobes and the acorns small cups. Leaves shiny, deeply and roundly lobed, 3 to 5 inches long. Acorn top shaped, often striped. Leaves with deep rounded sinuses, lobes pointed. Acorn large, often striped, in medium cup. Leaves mostly 7-lobed, the lower ones rather full, others more deeply lobed. Acorn deeply enclosed in scaly cup. Inner bark orange. Leaves smaller, narrower and smoother than black oak. Leaves of fevwy prominent curved lobes. Acorn, full rounded in flat cup. Leaves small, thick, silvery below. Small tree or shrub. Leaves urn-shaped at base, with finger- like lobes or a 3-pointed outer end. Acorn ¥% inch long in flat cup (fig. 4, E). Important timber tree. Bark smooth and tight, light to dark grayish-brown. Leaves dull dark green, usually 5 to 7 lobes. Acorn oblong-ovoid, 34 to 114 inches long and usually striped. Leaves full, thick, dark green, shiny. Acorn small, in medium cup. Leaves nearly evergreen, oblong with narrowing base, not toothed, but sometimes 3-lobed. Acorn small in shallow cup. Leaves resembling above, but broader at outerend. Acorn 44 inch long. Leaves not lobed or toothed, widest beyond the middle, end rounded, narrowed at base (fig. 3, A). Leaves narrow, Willowlike, smooth, 2 to 5 inches long. Acorn small, striped lengthwise, in shallow cup. Leaves glossy, dark green, elliptical, 3 to 4 inches long, smooth on lower surface, everegreen. Bark dark, rather smooth (black oak group). Small tree with blue-green leaves, densely woolly below. Acorn small, striped, soft, hairy. i Leaves without lobes, dark green, hairy below. Acornin deep, thin cup. Leaves with broad rounded outer ends, thick, leathery, shiny, evergreen. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 13 FIGURE 4.—Leaves, fruit or flowers, and twigs of a few trees which compose the central hardwood forest re- gion: A, Post oak (p. 14); B, eastern red cedar (p. 6); C, silverbell (p. 22); D, shortleaf pine (p. 5); H, southern red oak (p. 12); Ff, black walnut (p. 8); G, white oak (p. 14); H, yellow or tulip poplar (p. 16); I, persimmon (p. 22). (See also p. 40.) 14 Name of tree Live oak (Ouercus virginiana) --- Shin oak (Quercus vaseyana) ----- Shin oak (Quercus mohriana) -- -- Shin oak (Quercus laceyi) -------- Shin oak ( Quercus annulata) _---- Durand white oak (Quercus durandii). Chapman white oak (Quercus chapmanii). ; White oak (forked-leaf white oak) * (Quercus alba). Post oak (Quercus stallata) ___---- Bastard white oak (Quercus austrina). Bur oak ( Quercus macrocar pa) --- Overcup oak (Quercus lyrata) __-- Swamp white oak (Quercus bi- color). Swamp chestnut oak (basket oak)*, (cow: oak)* (Quercus prinus). Chestnut oak (rock oak)* (Quercus montana). Chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii). Dwarf chinquapin oak (scrub oak)* (Quercus prinoides). American elm (white elm)* (Ulmus americana) Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa) _ __- Winged elm (wahoo)* (Ulmus alata). Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) ___-- Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia) -_- Red elm (Ulmus serotina)___---- Planer tree (water elm)* (Plan- era aquatica). (Roughleafed)* hackberry (Cel- tis occidentalis). Sugarberry (southern hack- berry) * (Celtis laevigata). Palo blanco (Celtis lindheimerii) - Hackberry (Celtis pumila georgi- ana). (Name?) Trema mollis)________- Red mulberry (Morus rubra) ___ Where the tree grows South Ailantic and Gulf coasts, Virginia to Texas. ‘Western “Dexas: - = eee WesternTexas and Oklahoma - ‘Western: Pexas) = 26 = os eee Central and western Texas_-__-. Southern Gulf region, Georgia to Texas. 4 Southeastern United States South Carolina to Florida. Eastern half of United States _ _ Central and southern United States, Massachusetts to Texas. Southern United States, South Carolina to Mississippi. Northeastern and North Cen- tral United States. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, New Jersey to Texas. Near water. Northeastern quarter of Unit- ed States. In low or cool ground. Central and southern United States, New Jersey to Mis- souril. Borders of streams or swamps. Northeastern and _ central United States. Central part of eastern United States. Central part of eastern United States. Eastern half of United States to the Great Plains. Belt across northeastern States to Kansas. Southeastern quarter of Unit- ed States. Eastern United States________- Mississippi, southern Arkan- sas, across central and south- ern Texas. Kentucky south to Georgia and west into Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Southern United States. Most of northeastern United States. Southeastern quarter of United States. southerneLexass 6 Central part of southeastern United States. Southern Florida (tropical) -__- Eastern United States.________ MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Descriptive notes Leaves oblong, edges smooth but incurved, thick, pale, fuzzy below, evergreen (fig. 3, B). Bark grayish. Acorn borne on long stem (peduncle). (Beginning the white oak group, whose leaf lobes are rounded and whose acorns mature in 1 season.) Leaves with small lobes, wavy mar- gins. Leaves narrow, gray-green, Acorn in deep cup. Leaves wavy-edged or 3-lobed. Acorn in shallow cup. Leaves variable. cup. Leaves widening toward apex where slightly lobed. Acorn in flat cup. thick. Acorn in rounded Leaves oblong, wavy Margin. Acorn without stem (sessile). Leaves deeply and wavy lobed. Acorn in low flat cup (fig. 4, G).. Important timber tree. Leaves like Maltese cross, thick, leathery, woolly below. Acorn close to branchlet, in deep cup (fig. 4, A). Leaves 5-lobed, shiny, smooth below. Acorn in deep cup. Leaves deeply lobed and notched, broadest toward apex. Acorn en- closed in Mossy or scaly cup. Leaves narrow with shallow lobes; acorn nearly enclosed in fringed cup (fiz. 3, H. Leaves notched and lobed, whitish below. Acorn large in heavy cup. Leaves large, coarsely notched, often silvery below. Acorn large, shiny. Leaves coarsely notched. Acorn large, shiny, in warty cup. Bark exten- sively used for tanning leather. Leaves oblong, sharply notched, silvery on lower side. Acorn sweet, edible (if roasted). Leaves smaller than the above, teeth shorter. Leaves doubly and sharply toothed, smooth above. Wings of seed with tiny hairs (fig. 5, A). Large tree with drooping branches. Extensively planted. Branchlets often with corky wings Leaves smooth above, soft hairy below. Winged seeds hairy. Leaves small, variable in size. Seeds winged, hairy (fig. 3, C). Young twigs oftencorky. Planted for shade and ornament in South. Leaves rough, hairy above, soft downy below. Winged seeds, not hairy on edges. Inner bark muscilagenous. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, coarsely toothed, rough above. Flowers and fruit late. Flowers in late summer. Seeds ripen late fall, hairy. Tree upright in habit of growth. Leaves resembling those of elms. Fruit small nutlike. Leaves oval, thin, broad near base, long pointed. Seed in a purple berry. Leaves long, narrow, smooth on edges. Fruit nutlike, red or orange. Leaves smaller than those of sugar- berry. Fruit red-brown. Leaves 2inches long, thin, rough above. Fruit red-purple with bloom. Leaves in 2 rows, 3 to 4 inches long. Leaves thin, variably heart-shaped, sharply toothed. Fruit red or black. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 15 FIGURE 5.—Leaves, fruit, and twigs of hardwood trees characteristic;of the northern forest region: A, American elm (p. 14); B, white ash (p. 23); C, sugar maple (p. 20); D, northern red oak (p. 12); EE, pignut hickory (p. 8); £, butternut (p. 8); G, beech (p.10); H, sweet (or black) birch (p. 10); (see also p. 39). 16 Name of tree Where the tree grows Osage-orange(bois d’arc)*( 7 ory- lon pomiferum). Widely spread by planting. MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Descriptive notes Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas. | Leaves smooth, shiny, 3 to 5 inches long, deep green. Fruit a multiple orange with milky flesh. Twigs thorny. Wood very durable in ground. Golden fig (Ficus aurea) -------- Southern Florida (tropical)_._| Leaves oblong, leathery, evergreen. Fruit rounded. Wild fig (Ficus brevifolia) - _-_--- a Ae 0 Stee Oe ee eee Leaves broader than above, thin. Whitewood (Schoepfia chriso- |----- 0 (9 So ee Rete te ey 2 Leaves elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long. phylloides) . Fruit small, with stone seed. Tallowwood (Ximenia .ameri-.|==---d02__.. -_-.-______-_ =. eee" Leaves oblong, shiny. Fruit round, cana). yellow. é } Seagrape (Coccolobis wvifera) - _ -_|----- 0 lp eee A AA Leaves round, 4 to 5 inches in diameter. Pigeon-plum (Coccolobis lauri- |----- OSS ae eee Leaves oval, thick. Fruit clustered. folia). , . Blolly (Torrubia longifolia) -____- TNE Oe ee es eee oe Leaves small. Fruit bright red, clus- Evergreen magnolia (Magnolia I grandiflora). (widely planted for orna- ment). Sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana) -| Coastalregion, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Central and Southern States, Ohio to Georgia and Ar- kansas. North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama. Rare, mostly in cul- Cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata). Yellow-flowered magnolia(Mag- nolia cordata). tivation. : Bigleaf magnolia (Magnolia | Southern end of Appalachian macrophylla) . Mountains, Gulf States. (Florida)* magnolia (Magnolia WiesternuHloridass 22 222522 Southeastern quarter of Unit- ed States. ashei). Umbrella magnolia (umbrella- tree)* (Magnolia tripetala). Mountain magnolia (Magnolia Southern Appalachian Moun- fraseri). tains, Virginia to Alabama. Mountain magnolia (Magnolia pyramidata). Yellow poplar (tulip poplar) ,* (tuliptree)* (Liriodendron tulipifera) . Gulf coast region of Georgia, Florida, Alabama. Southern New England to Michigan and Southern States. Papaw (Asimina triloba) Eastern United States, except northern portion. Southern Florida (tropical) _ _- Pond-apple (Anona glabra) South Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Texas. Red bay (Persea borbonia) Swamp bay (Persea pubescens) ._| Coast of Southern States_-____-_ Lancewood (Ocotea catesbyana)-_| Southern Florida (tropical) _ _- Sassafras (Sassafras variifolium) _| Eastern United States___-_--_- (Name?) (Misanteca triendra).__| Southern Florida (tropical) - _- Caper tree (Capparis jamaicen-.|- 2s Om a es ee Sis). (Caper tree)* (Capparis cyno- |--_-- Goss o 2 ess ee Caen phallophora). Witch hazel (Hamamelis vir- | Eastern United States________- giniana). (Southern) * witch hazel (Hama- melis macrophylla). Sweet gum* or red gum (Liqui- dambar styracifiua). Gulf coast region (Georgia to Texas), Oklahoma. Southeastern quarter of United States. Sycamore talis). (Platanus occiden- | Eastern half of United States. Moist or cool locations. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts” tered. Leaves thick, glossy, 5 to 8 inches long, evergreen. Fruit, head of many bright red seeds. Flowers large, white. Leaves oblong, pale green, whitish below. Seeds scarlet. Flowers white, sweet. Leaves oblong, wavy edges. Head of scarlet seeds. Flowers greenish. Large timber tree. Flowers bright canary yellow. Leaves broad, rounded, thick; branchlets hairy. Leaves 20 to 30 inches long, heart- Shaped at base. Flowers large, white, fragrant. Resembles big leaf magnolia, but with smaller flowers, fruit, and twigs. Leaves 14 to 22 inches long, crowded at ends of branches. Flowers ill- scented. Leaves eared at base, 10 to 12 inches long, crowded. Flowers pale yel- low. Leaves very narrow and eared at base, 5 to 8 inches long. Flowers white. Leaves squared, with lobe on sides. Flowers greenish - yellow, tulip shaped. Fruit a cone of winged seed (fig. 4, H). Important timber ree. Leaves narrowed toward base, 8 to 10 inches long. Fruit pulpy, edible. Leaves leathery. Fruit pear-shaped, fleshy. Leaves evergreen, oblong, thick, bright green, orange-colored midrib. Fruit fleshy, nearly black. Leaves elliptical, 5 inches long, ever- green. Leaves narrowed at both ends, leath- ery, shiny, evergreen. Fruit dark blue, round. Leaves variable in shape. Leaves, twigs, and especially inner bark on roots aromatic. Close relative of camphor-tree of Asia. Leaves elliptical, evergreen. Fruit olive-shaped. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, rounded at ene leathery, shiny. Fruit, long pod. Leaves sealy. Fruit pulpy. Leaves deeply veined, with wavy mar- gin. Flowering in fall. Leaves rounded, wavy-edged, hairy. Flowers, December to February. Leaves star-shaped, aromatic. Fruit a spiny ball of many capsules with seeds (fig. 3, D). Large tree. Im- portant timber tree. Bark gray, flaking off. Leaves large, broad, lobed. Balls single, hanging by slender stem over winter. Largest of all hardwood trees—up to 10 feet in diameter and 170 feet in height. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 7 Name of tree Narrowleaf crab apple (Malus angustifolia). Crab apple (Malus glaucescens) - Crab apple (Malus glabrata) ____ Sweet crab apple (Malus coro- naria). Crab apple (Malus bracteata) _ _- Crab apple (Malus platycarpa) _- Lanceleaf crab apple (Malus lancifolia). Crab apple (Malus ioensis) - ___- Soulard crab apple (Malus sou- lardii). Mountain-ash (Sorbus amer- icana). Serviceberry (shadbush)* (Amelanchier canadensis). Serviceberry (Amelanchier lae- vis). Hawthorn, haw, thorn, thorn apple, apple, or thorn (Cratae- gus species) (178 different spe- cies recognized in the United States). Canada plum (Prunus nigra) -- Wild plum (hog or red plum)* (Prunus americana). Wild plum (Prunus lanata) ----- Wild goose plum (Prunus hor- tulana). Wild goose plum (Prunus mun- sonia). Mexican plum (Prunus mezi- cana). Chickasaw plum (Prunus an- gustifolia) . Allegheny sloe (Prunus alle- ghaniensis) . Black sloe (Prunus uwmbellata) _- (Texas sloe)* (Prunus tenui- folia). Pin cherry (bird or wild red cherry)* (Prunus pennsyl- vanica). Choke cherry (Prunus virginia- na). (Georgia wild)* cherry (Prunus cuthbertii) . Black cherry (Prunus serotina). Alabama cherry (Prunus alaba- mMmensis). Cherry (Prunus australis) Soi Where the tree grows Descriptive notes Southeastern United States, except in mountains. Appalachian Mountains and Plateau. Western North Carolina Central eastern United States_ Kentucky to Missouri, south- ward. Central Appalachian region _-- Central eastern United States_ Central Mississippi Basin_---- Minnesota to ‘Texas (not abundant). Northeastern United States. Widely planted for orna- ment. Eastern half of United States__ } Maine to Wisconsin, seuth- ward. Eastern United States, with 175 species (most numerous in Southern States); 3species in western United States. New Fngland, west through northern tier of States to North Dakota. Eastern United States and Rocky Mountain region to Utah and New Mexico. (See also p. 30.) North and South Central States. CentraliStatese ai case ake Central Mississippi Valley, Oklahoma, and Texas. Kansas to Louisiana and exas. Native probably in Oklahoma and Texas. Now found widely distributed through South. Connecticut south (in moun- tains) to North Carolina. Southern States__-----.------- Cherokee County, Tex_______- Across northern United States, southin Appalachian Moun- tains. (See also p. 30.) Northeastern quarter of United States, south in Ap- palachian Mountains, west to northern Rockies. Georgia, range not well known_ Eastern half of United States to the Great Plains. Low mountains of central Ala- bama. Conecuh County, Southern Alabama. Leaves oblong, bluntly: toothed, firm. Fruit round, yellow-green, fleshy. (Most of the crab apples have sharp spines on branchlets.) Leaves toothed, coarsely notched, whitish below. Fruit pale yellow. Leaves triangular, sharply lobed, toothed. Leaves oval, finely toothed. Fruit yellow-green. Leaves oval, pointed, toothed. Fruit round. Leaves rounded ovate, finely toothed. Fruit flattened. Leaves broadly lance-shaped, thin. Leaves fuzzy beneath, notched and toothed. Leaves oval, or elliptical, hairy on lower surface. Fruit 2 inches in diameter. Leaves of 13 to 17 leaflets, sharply toothed. Fruit in cluster, bright orange-red. Flowers white, appearing before the leaves. Leaves thin, oval, finely toothed. Flowers appearing after the leaves. Berries pulpy, sweet. Small trees, mostly with stiff crooked branchlets, armed with sharp spines. Leaves mostly rounded, broader toward apex, sharply toothed or slightly lobed. Flowers in showy clusters, mostly white with some rose shading. Fruit rounded apple, scarlet, orange, red, yellow, blue, or nearly black. Leaves broadly ovate, doubly toothed. Fruit red. (All species of Prunus have bitter taste or smell, flowers in clusters, and stone in fruit.) Leaves sharply toothed, wedge-shape at base, oval, 3 to 4 inches long. Fruit 1 inch diameter, bright red. Leaves oval, hairy below. Plum with whitish bloom. Leaves shiny, pointed. Fruit red or yellow. Leaves long elliptical or lance-shape, thin, shiny. Fruit red, good quality. Fruit purplish red; ripens late summer. Leaves broadly lance-shaped, thin, shiny, finely toothed. Fruit red or yellow, much used for food. Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. Fruit purple, with bloom. Leaves broadly ovate. Fruit, various colors. Leaves thin. Fruit oblong, with flat stone. Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. Flowers in flat clusters (umbels). Cherry red, each on long stem. Spreads rapidly on burned-over for- est lands. Leaves broadly oval, sharp pointed, shiny. Flowers in long clusters (ra- cemes). Cherry dark red. Leaves smooth, firm, Fruit red. Leaves shiny, long pointed. Flowers in long clusters (racemes). Cherry black, pleasant flavor. Timber tree. Leaves broadly oval, thick, firm, up to 5 inches long. Fruit red or dark purple. Leaves broadest near middle. purple. twigs hairy. Fruit 18 Name of tree MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE V here the tree grows Descriptive notes Laurel cherry (mockorange)* (Prunus caroliniana). West Indian cherry (Prunus myrtifolia) . South Atlantic and Gulf coast- al region. Southern Florida (tropical) __- Coco-plum(Chrysobalanus icaco)-}__-__ Coe eet Ste Aes ee ees Florida catelaw (Pithecolobium unguis-cati) . Huajillo (Wa-hil-yo) (Pithecolo- bium brevifolium). Texas ebony (Pithecolobiwm flez- | icaule). Wild tamarind (Lysiloma baha- mensis) . Huisache (acacia)* (Acacia far- nesiana). Catclaw (Acacia tortuosa) _____-_ Catclaw (Acacia wrightii)______- Catciaw (Acacia emoriana)_____- (Mimosa) * (Leucaena greggii) __- (Mimosa)* (Leucaena pulveru- enia). (Mimosa)* (Zeucaena retusa) _-__- Honey mesquite (Prosopis glan- dulosa). Redbud (Cercis canadensis) - ___ Texas redbud (Cercis reniformis) - Coffeetree(Gymnocladus dioicus)_ Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacan- thos). Texas honeylocust terana). (Gleditsia Water locust (Gledistsia aquatica). Border paloverde (Cercidium floridum) . Coralbean (Sophora affinis) ______ Yellowwood (Cladrastis lutea) __ Black locust (yellow locust)* (Robinia pseudacacia). Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa)- Jamaica dogwood (Ichthyomethia piscipula). Lignumvitae (Guajacum sanc- tum). (Soapbush)* (Porliera angusii- folia). (Name?) (Byrsonima lucida) ___ Hercules-club (prickly ash)* (Xanthorylum clavaherculis). oe COL iss OE ee Se oe ees Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Gulf coast of Texas___- 2 Bap Southern Florida (tropical) -__ Western! Lexas-: - 222 eee Southern Texas (Gulf coast) __ Southern Texas and New Mexico. (See also p. 31.) Kansas to California and southward. (See also p. 31.) Eastern United States (south and west of New York). aster Rexas= =a.) bn oe ee Central portion of Eastern United States. Central portion of eastern United States (extended widely by planting). Central Mississippi (Indiana to Texas). Valley Coastalregion (South Carolina to Texas), Mississippi Val- ley. Southern Texas (mouth of Rio Grande) (small tree). Mississippi River to California. (See also p. 31.) Southern Appalachian Moun- tains west to Arkansas. Appalachian Mountainregion. Widely cultivated and nat- uralized over United States. Southern Appalachian Moun- tains. Southern Florida (tropical tree). Southern Florida (tropical) ____ Southermmexaste 2 ere Southern Florida (tropical) -__. South Atlantic and Gulf coast- al regions, Arkansas, Okla- homa, Texas. Leaves evergreen, thick, shiny, 2 to inches long. Fruit black, shiny, holding over winter. Planted as or- namental tree. Leaves pointed, firm, yellow-green above, 2 to 4 inches long. Fruit orange-brown. Leaves broad, much rounded at end. Leaves of two pairs of leaflets, each rounded, thin. Pod 2 to 4 inches long. Leaves doubly compound of many leaf- lets. Pods straight, 4 to 6 inches long. Leaves very small, twice compound, broad. Pod thick, 4 to 6 inches long. Leaves compound of many pairs of leaflets. Pod 1 inch broad, 4 to 5 inches long. Leaves doubly compound, very small, bright green. Pods _ cylindrical. Flowers in round heads. Widely planted for its fragrant flowers. Leaves tiny, compound. Pod slender, beadlike. Leaves compound, tiny, on long stems. Leaflets tiny. Pod much narrowed at base. Leaves doubly compound. Pods nar- Tow. Leaves doubly compound. Pods 8 inches long. Leaves featherlike compound of many leaflets. Leaves generally similar to above, 9 inches long, leaflets often 2 inches long. Leaves heart-shaped, thin. Flowers bright purplish red, in clusters. Pods pink, 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves kidney-shaped, firm, shiny. Leaves doubly compound, 2 to 3 feet long, of rounded pointed leaflets. Pods 8 inches long. Leaves doubly compound ofsmallellip- tical leaflets. Pods 10 to 18 inches long, twisted, sweet pulp. Tree usually spiny. Leaves compound of very smalileaflets. Pods small, flattened, thin, straight. Tree spiny. Leaves single or doubly compound Pods short, with 1 to 3 seeds. TreS spiny. Leaves tiny, twice compound. Bark bright green. Pods 2 inches long, pointed, straight. Leaves compound, 13 to 19 leaflets. Pods beaded. Leaves of 7 to 11 rounded leaflets, 3 to 4 inches long. Pods small, pointed, in clusters. Wood, yellow. Leaves compound of 7 to 17 rounded leaflets. Flowers white, sweet scented. Pods 3 inches long with tiny seeds. Wood very durable. Leaves compound. Leafstalks sticky, hairy (clammy). Leaves of 5 to 11 rounded leaflets, drop- ping early. Pods with 4 crinkly wings. Leaves of 6 to 8 leaflets. Pod tiny, orange. Leaves of 8 to 12 narrow leaflets. Flow ers purple, sweet scented. Leaves opposite, wedge-shape, ever- green. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, of 6 to 18 pointed leaflets, on spiny stems. Fruit small in terminal clusters. This isnot the Devil’s-walking stick, see p. 22; sometimes called ‘‘ Her- cules club’’. FOREST TREES Name of tree Where the tree grows Wild lime tree (Xanthorylum fagara). Satinwood (Xanthorylum fla- vum). Hercules-club coriaceum). (Xanthorylum Baretta (Helietta parvifolia) _____- Hoptree (Péelea trifoliata)_______- Torchwood (Amyris elemifera) __- Balsam torchwood (Amyris bal- samifera). Paradise tree (Simarouwba glau- ca). Bitterbush (Picramnia pentan- Ta). (Name?) (Alvaradoa amor- phoides). Bay cedar (Suriana maritima) --- Gumbo limbo (Bursera sima- ruba). Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani) Guiana plum (Drypetes lateri- flora). Big Guiana plum (Drypetes diversifolia). Crabwood (Gymnanthes lucida) - Tropical parts of Florida and Texas. Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Texas (along the Rio Grande) _- Eastern United States. South- ern Rocky Mountain region. (See also p. 31.) Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Coast of southern Florida (tropical). Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Southern Florida (tropical) (nearly exterminated). Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Florida Keys (tropical) -------- Manchineel (Hippomane man- |\____- La RUN Sa ATES TRUS agua cinella). (Savia)* (Savia bahamensis)_____|____- GLO ieee vate. ia aay yeaa Dara aah American smoketree, (chittam- wood)* (Cotinus americanus). Poisonwood (Metopium tori- ferum). Staghorn sumac (Rhus hirta)____. Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina)--_- Poison sumac (Rhus vernix) ___- Texas pistache (Pistacia terana) - Swamp ironwood, (leather- wood)* (Cyrilla racemiflora). Titi (Cliftonia monophylia) _____- EVOlliva CHLETIOPACG) = S55 eae he Dahoon (Ilex cassine) _--_-_-____- Krugs holly* (Ilex krugiana)__._- | Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) ___-__-_- Winterberry (Christmas berry) * (Ilex decidua). Mountain holly (ler montana) _- Eastern wahoo (burningbush)* (Huonymus atropurpureus). False pore (Gyminda lati- olia ee ame?) (Rhacoma crossopeta- lum). Kentucky to western Texas___- Shores and hammocks of south- ern Florida (tropical). Northeastern United States, south in mountains. Eastern half of United States _- Much of eastern United States_ Southwestern Texas__..___--__- Coast region, Virginia to Texas and somewhat inland. Coast, South Carolina to Louisiana. Southeastern United States, north along coast to Massa- chusetts. Coast, South Carolina to Louisiana. i Southern Florida (tropical) __- Southeastern coast region, Virginia to Texas. Southeastern States, except in mountains. Tree size only in Great Smoky Mountains of North Caro- lina and ‘Tennessee. Northeastern States westward, to Montana. south in central Mississippi River Basin. Southern Florida (tropical) - -- AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE UWS: 19 Descriptive notes Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, of 7 to 9 rounded leaflets. Bark bitter, pun- gent. Leaves of 3 to 5 leaflets, evergreen. Leaves small, leathery, compound, without terminal leaflet, evergreen. Fruit in dense terminal cluster. Leaves opposite, small, mostly three- foliate. Leaves three-divided, alternate on stem. Seed enclosed in thin, papery, circular wing. Leaves usually opposite, of three leaf- lets. Fruit black. Leaves compound of 3 to 5 leaflets. Fruit with small hard seed. Leaves of 12 rounded leaflets. fruit. Bark bitter, medicinal. Stone Fruit fleshy. Tree with bitter juice. winged. Leaves fleshy, long, Flowers yellow. Large tree. Smooth bark. Leaves compound. Tree producing true mahogany wood. Leaves of 6 to 8 leaflets. Fruit hood-shaped. Leaves pointed and narrow. Fruit red, in small clusters. Leaves hold for 2 years, broadly ellipti- eal, thick. Fruit white, 1 inch long. Fruit scarce, small, nearly black. Sap very poisonous. Apple-shaped fruit with a stone. Leaves evergreen. Flowers green, ol two kinds. Leaves rounded, scarlet or orange. in fall. Fruit on stalks with purple hairs. Bark exuding gum with caustic proper- Fruit three- wedge-shaped. ties. Leaves compound, borne in terminal clusters. Leaves of 11 to 31 leaflets. Stems and brancntets velvety. Fruit red, dense ea Leaves of 9 to 21 leaflets. Leaf stalks winged. Fruit in open head. Leaves of 7 to 13 leaflets with scarlet midribs. Fruit white, in open clusters in leaf axils. Leaves compound. ‘Flowers tiny, clustered. Leaves narrow, clustered near ends of branches. Fruit small in long slender clusters. Forming ‘‘titi’”? swamps. Leaves shiny. Fruit winged. Leaves evergreen, stiff, spiny, Flow- ers of 2 kinds on separate trees. Fruit (on female tree) red berry. Christmas evergreen. Leaves narrow, smooth on edges. Fruit small, red. Leaves oval, pointed. Fruit brownish purple. Leaves _ oblong-elliptical, coarsely toothed, thick, shiny, used for tea. Berries red. Leaves dropping in _ fail. showy, orange or scarlet. Leaves dropping in fall, rounded at base, pointed, toothed, up to 5 inches long. Fruit, red berry. Leaves broad in middle, long pointed, toothed. Fruit 4-lobed, fleshy, purple. Berries Leaves opposite, rounded, thick, finely toothed. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stone fruit. 20 Name of tree Where the tree grows Florida boxwood (Schaefferia frutescens). (Name?) (Maytenus phyllantho- ides). Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) _. Mountain maple (Acer spica- tum). Striped maple (moosewood)*---- (Acer pennsylvanicum). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) - - Black maple (Acer nigrum) __---- Whitebark maple (Acer leuco- derme). Southern sugar maple (Acer floridanum). Silver maple (white maple)* (Acer saccharinum). ; Red maple (soft maple)* (Acer rubrum). Boxelder (ashleafmaple)* (Acer negundo). Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra) - Georgia buckeye (Aesculus neglecta lanceolata)!. Red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) ___ Yellow buckeye (Aesculus oct- andra). Woolly buckeye (Aesculus dis- color). Searlet buckeye (Aesculus aus- trina). Wingleaf soapberry (Sapindus saponaria). Soapberry (Sapindus margina- tus). Inkwood (Exothea paniculata) ___ White ironwood (Hypelate tri- foliata). (Name?) (Cupania glabra) (Varnish leaf)* microcarpa). Bluewood (Condelia ohovata) ____ Red ironwood (Reynosia septen- trionalis). (Dodonaea Black ironwood (Krugiodendron ferreum). Yellow buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana). Soldierwood (Colubrina nata). recli- Nakedwood (Colubrina cubensis) Nakedwood (Colubrina arbores- cens). (Smooth)* basswood (Tilia gla- bra). Southern Florida (tropical) _-_- Great Lake States and south to Georgia and Oklahoma. Northeastern United States, south in mountains. Northeastern United States, south in mountains. Eastern United States to Kan- sas and Oklahoma. Centers in region from Ohio to Iowa. Lower Appalachian Moun- tains to Arkansas and north- ern Louisiana. Southeastern Virginia to east- ern Texas. Eastern United States, espe- cially in central Mississippi Basin. Eastern United States___-___-- Eastern half of United States, northern Rocky Mountain. (See also p. 31). Pennsylvania south and west to Missouri and Texas. North Carolina to western Florida. Southeastern United States___ Pennsylvania to Hlinois, south mostly in mountains. Georgia to Missouri and Texas. Southern-central United States- Southern Florida (tropical) -__- Georgia; Mlorida== = Southern Florida (tropical) ___- lords, Keys. = Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Long Pine Key, Fla. (tropical) - WiestermLexass === se = ae Southern Florida (tropical) - _- Southeastern United States____ Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Maine to Michigan and south to Ohio River, west to Ne- braska. 1 An unusual case of a varietal name only. MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Descriptive notes Leaves alternate, 2 inches long by 1 inch broad, narrow at base. Rounded fruit with stone. Leaves leathery. capsule. Leaves opposite, of 3 leaflets, 2 leaf bracts at base of stem. Fruit pod with bony seeds. Leaves opposite, 8-lobed, coarsely toothed, red leaf stems. Flowers (racemes) and keys (fruit) in long clusters. Leaves opposite, drooping, Fruit, +angled, red rounded, 3-lobed atapex. Bark,striped, green- ish, smooth. Leaves opposite, pale and smooth below, 5-lobed, rounded sinuses. Keysripen late (fig.5, C). Treeyields sweet sap. Leaves opposite, dull green (black), yellow downy below, thick, droop- ing. Leaves opposite, small, 3-lobed, light yellow-green, and densely downy beneath. Leaves opposite, with 3 rounded lobes, dark green, pale or fuzzy below, strongly veined. Leaves opposite, deeply lobed, toothed, silvery below. Flowers beforeleaves. Keys fall early. Leaves opposite, small, 3- or 5-lobed on red stems. Flowers red, opening before the leaves. Keys fall early. Leaves opposite, thin, mostly com- pound of 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. Greenish wigs. Leaves of 5 leaflets, on slender stems, opposite. Flowers yellow. Fruit with prickles. Leaves opposite, of 5 leaflets. Flowers red or yellow. No prickles on fruit. Leaves opposite. Flowers red. No prickles on fruit. Leaves opposite, 5 to 7 leaflets, sharply toothed. Flowers yellow (rarely red). Fruit without prickles. Leaves woolly beneath, opposite. Flowers rose and yellow. Flowers scarlet. Leaves opposite. Leaves of 4 to 9 leaflets rounded at ends, brown leaf stem winged. 1-seeded, round fruit. Leaflets, 7 to 183. No wings on leaf stem. Fruit yellow. Leaves of 4 leaflets, each 4 to 5 inches long, dark green. Fruit, 1-sided, dark orange. 3 leaflets, 1 to 2 inches long, rounded at ends. Round fruit withround stone. Leaves of 6 to 12 toothed leafiets. Leaves wedge-shape, sticky. Fruit a capsule. Branches spine-tipped. Leavessmall. Leaves opposite, thick, dark green, notched end. Dark, edible purple “plum. ” Leaves bright green, shiny, opposite, peristent, 1 inch across. Fruit round, black, 1 seed. Leaves elliptical, slightly toothed, dark yellow-green, strongly veined. Round, black fruit. Leaves thin, smooth, yellow-green, 2 to 3inches long. Fruit 3-lobed, red- orange. Smooth trunk. Leaves thick, dull green, densely fuzzy. Leaves thick and leathery, reddish, fuzzy beneath. Leaves coarsely toothed, smooth except tufts of hairs on upper surface. Flower stalks smooth. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. Name of tree Basswood (Tilia porracea) _____-- (W hite-fruited) basswood (Tilia leucocarpa). Basswood (Tilia venulosa) _____- Basswood (Tilia littoralis)______- Basswood (Tilia crenoserrata) _ _- Basswood (Tilia australis) (Southern) * jloridana). Basswood (Tilia cocksii)________- basswood (Tilia (Hairy)* basswood (Tilia ne- glecta). (Carolina)* basswood caroliniana). (Tilia (Texas)* basswood (Tilia Tez- Baccasod (Tilia phanera)__----- Basswood (Tilia eburnea) - -_---- Basswood (Tilia lata)__.-_----_- White basswood (Tilia hetero- phylla) . White basswood (Tilia monti- cola). (Georgia)* basswood ( Tilia geor- giana). Loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasian- thus). Frankiinia alta- maha). (Franklinia Cinnamon bark (Canella winter- ana). Papaya (Clarica papaya)______-- Tree cactus* deeringit). (Cephalocereus Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) - Gurgeon stopper (Hugenia buzi- folia). White stopper (Hugenia azil- laris). Red stopper (Hugenia rhombea) - Red stopper (Hugenia confusa) _- Naked stopper (Hugenia di- |____- Co Kove ean eh ee CINE i crana). Stopper (Hugenia simpsonii)_---|_-__- COLAC See Swe ei Nhe TES Stopper (Hugenia longipes) _----.|_-_-_ OE NSS ee ori eee fa 2) Stopper (Hugenia bahamensis) ---|__.-- Leer eae a a at ah White spicewood (Calypiran- |__--- Go Beas aR esse ahaa thes pallens). Spicewood (Calyptranthes zuzy- |_____ GOEL ane hee Oe gium). (Name ?) (Tetrazygia bicolor)...-|----_ GO Ree ae SOG Black olive tree (Bucida buceras) _|_____ (6 (opr Se ea Ry COT Ua Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta)_|_____ (ove YA raNR epee Bs ION A Any ena eo Where the tree grows 21 Descriptive notes iWiestern Hlorida sas 2aes eee Alabama to Arkansas and Texas. Southwestern North Carolina Southeastern Georgia__________ Southwestern and Florida. Northeastern Alabama___-____- North Carolina south and west to Oklahoma and Texas. Southwestern Louisiana-__-_---- Georgia New England south, in moun- tains to Mississippi, west to Missouri. North Carolina, Georgia, and west to Texas. Southeastern Texas_____-_---- South-central Texas_________-- Western North Carolina to Florida. Northwestern Alabama_ ___-__- Pennsylvania to Missouri and south into Gulf States. Appalachian Mountains (meeting of Virginia, North Carolina, and ‘Tennessee). South Carolina to Florida. Arkansas. South Atlantic and Gulf coas- tal region. Altamaha River, Ga. (orig- inally), but now known only in cultivation. Southern Florida (tropical) -_-_-- Eastern coast of southern Flor- ida (tropical). Southern Florida (tropical) ___ Coast of lower Florida penin- sula (tropical). Southern Florida (tropical) ___ ast coast of Florida (tropi- cal). Florida Keys (tropical) ______- Southern Florida (tropical) -_ _ _ Leaves fuzzy below, oblique at base. Leaves coarsely toothed, not hairy tufted. Flower stalk densely hairy. Branchlets bright red and stout. Leaves finely toothed. Branchlets slender. Leaves roundedly toothed, smooth on lower surface. Leaves smooth below, thin. Leaves thin, coarsely toothed. Sum- mer twigs not pubescent. Leaves blue-green, shiny below early Summer. Leaves with short fine hairs on lower surface. in Leaves square at base, sparsely hairy below, smooth above. Branchlets smooth. Leaves, heart-shaped base. lets smooth. Leaves rounded, deeply heart-shaped at base. Leaves obliquely squared at base. Branchlets hairy. Leaves oval, long-pointed, heart-shape at base. Branchlets reddish. Leaves densely woolly below, squared or heart-shape at base. Branchlets slender. Leaves white, woolly below, squared at base. Branchlets stout. Branch- Leeves pale, woolly below. Branch- lets fine, hairy. Winter buds hairy. Leaves thick, shiny, smooth, 4 to 5 inches long, narrow at base, persist- ent on branch. Related to the tea plant of Asia. Leaves 5 inches long, oblong, narrowed at base, shiny. Flowers showy white, 3 inches across. Planted for ornament. Leaves elliptical, rounded at ends, thick, shiny. Inner bark, the cin- namon of commerce. Leaves very large, much lobed; 3 to 5 inches long, edible. Cultivated for fruit. No leaves. Branches usually 10-ribbed, spiny. Flowers inconspicuous, dark red. Leaves opposite, thick, evergreen, ellip- tical, 4 inches long. Fruit, a berry germinating on the tree. Leaves opposite, rounded at end, thick, 1 inch long. Flower clusters (race- mes) in leaf axil. Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, narrow, blunt pointed. Leaves opposite. (fascicles). Leaves opposite, long pointed. Flow- ers as above. Leaves opposite. open clusters. Flowers in bunches Flowers 3-flowered, Leaves larger than above. Doubly 3-flowered. Leaves opposite, evergreen. Flowers white, fragrant. Leaves rounded. Fruit black. Flow- ers Sweet. Leaves opposite, long pointed, 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers minute, in compound clusters (panicles). Leaves opposite, elliptical, rounded; branchlets smooth. Flowers small, in sparse clusters (cymes). Leaves opposite. Flowers white. Leaves in whorls, 2 to 3 inches long, rounded at ends. Flowers in spikes. Flowers in heads. Fruit in cones. showy, 22 Name of tree White buttonwood (Laguncu- laria racemosa). Devil’s walking stick (Hercules club)* (Aralia spinosa). Black gum (sour gum)* (Nyssa sylvatica). Swamp black gum (Nyssa bi- flora). Sour tupelo gum (Nyssa ogeche) - Tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica) -- - Dogwood (flowering dogwood) * (Cornus florida). Blue dogwood SOM alterni- folia). Roughleaf dogwood (Cornus asperifolia). (Name ?) (Elliottia racemosa) __- Great rhodendron (Rhododen- dron maximum). Catawba rhododendron (Rhodo- dendron catawbiense). Mountain-laurel (Kalmia lati- folia). Sourwood (Orydendrum arbor- eum). (Name?) (Lyonia ferruginea) ___- W here the tree grows Southern Florida (tropical) - _- Most of eastern half of United States. Coastal acid swamps, Mary- land to Texas. Coastal region South Caro- lina to Florida (not abun- dant). Coastal fresh water or ‘‘deep”’ swamps, Virginia to Texas, up Mississippi River. Not found in stagnant swamps. Eastern half of United States__ Northeastern States and Ap- palachian Mountains. Eastern United States.___--__ Southeastern Georgia___------ New England, Ohio, south in the Appalachian Mountains. Appalachian Mountains, Vir- ginia south to Georgia and Alabama. New England to Indiana and south to Gulf. Appalachian Mountains, west to Louisiana. South Atlantic coast______--_- Tree huckieberry (Vaccinium | Coast, Virginia to Texas, arboreum). moe mae is in Mississippi River Bas Marlberry (Icacorea paniculata)_| Southern Florida (tropical) ___- (Name?) (Rapanea guianensis)__|_____ COS t a Be ace Bs oe PERSE Joewood (Jaquinia keyensis)_____|_____ (6 Co ei ee ete 5s 8 a ES ke Satinleaf (Chrysophyllum olivi- |____- dof eae weer er ees forme). Mastic (Siderorylon foetidissi- |_____ Gon er AR Ener ee mum). Bustic (Dipholis salicifolia)______|_____ Ore eS ee ee Tough buckthorn tenaz). Gum elastic (Bumelia lanugi- nosa). (Bumelia Buckthorn (Bumiclia monticola) - Buckthorn (Bumelia lycoides) __- peated plum (Bumelia angusti- Ww id dilly (Mimusops parvi- folia). Persimmon (Diospyros virgin- iana). Black persimmon texana). Sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria) _- (Diospyros Silverbell, (Lily-of-the-valley tree) * (Halesia carolina). Mountain silverbell monticola). (Halesia Little silverbell (Halesia parvi- flora). South Atlantic coast, south- western Georgia. Coastal region Georgia to Texas, Mississippi Basin. Southern and western Texas- - Southeastern States._...-_-.-. Southern Florida (tropical) _ -_- Florida Keys (tropical)______-_- Eastern United States, except northern portion. Southern and southwestern Texas. Delaware to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. Southern Appalachian Moun- tain region. Southern Appalachian Moun- tains, west to Oklahoma. Southern Georgia, northern Florida, Alabama. MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Descriptive notes Leaves opposite, shorts, rounded, thick, leathery. Flowers minute, borne on hairy clusters (spikes). Spiny, aromatic tree or shrub. Leaves doubly compound, 3 to 4 feet long at end of branches. Leaves oblong, broadest above the middle, thick. Fruit small, stone slightly marked (ribbed). Leaves narrower than those of black gum (1 inch wide). Fruit small, ae ape acer marked (ribbed) Fruit red (plum), large (1 inch long), single. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long. Fruit large (1 inch), purple (plum), single on long stem. Leaves broadly elliptical, 5 to 7 inches long (fig. 3, G) Leaves opposite, oval, pointed. Flow- ers small, in dense head with showy white bracts. Fruit red. Leaves alternate (otherwise similar to Cornus florida). Flowers small, with- out showy scales. Leaves opposite. Flowers in loose heads, not showy. Fruit white. Flowers with 4 petals, in long clusters. Leaves thick, evergreen, 4 to 12 inches long, clustered at ends of branches. Flowers showy in large clusters. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, broad, thick. Calyx lobes of flowers sharp pointed. Leaves elliptical, thick, evergreen, 3 inches long. Flowers in clusters (corymbs), showy. Leaves elliptical, finely toothed. Flow- ers bell-shaped in long compound clusters (panicles). Flower clusters in leaf axils. Leaves elliptical, thin, 2 inches long. Flowers in open clusters (racemes). Leaves thick with numerous resin dots. Blackberries in clusters. Leaves oblong. Fruit round. Leaves sometimes opposite. terminal. Leaves soft, hairy below, 2 to 3 inches long. Fruit oval, fleshy, purple. Leaves elliptical, thin. Flowers mi- nute. Leaves narrow, shiny. Flowers mi- nute. Leaves thin, oblong, silky below. Fruit round, sweet, edible Leaves with soft brown hairs curved backwards Fruit oblong, in leaf a Leaves thick, shiny. Branchlets often ending in stout spines. Leaves thin, oblong. fleshy. Leaves leathery, 1 inch long, evergreen. Fruit small with sweet flesh. Leaves clustered at branch ends, notched. Leaves oval (widest below middle), firm. Fruit fleshy, edible, stone seed (fig. 4, I). Close relative of Ebony tree of the Tropics. Leaves rounded at end, narrow at base, linechlong. Fruit black. Leaves pointed, good for browse. Fruit smal, in close clusters. Flowers about % inch long, in small clusters (fascicles). Fruit 4-winged. Leaves elliptical (fig. 4, C). Fruit as above. Flowers 2 inches long in fascicles. Leaves 8 to 11 inches long. Fruit club-shaped, 1 inch long. Flow- ers minute, in fascicles. Leaves 3 inches long. Flower Fruit oblong, FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. Name of tree Two-wing silverbell diptera). Snowbell (Styraz grandifolia)___- (Falesia Blue ash (Frazinus quadrangu- lata). Black ash (Frazinus nigra)_____- Water ash (Frazinus caroliniana) (Gulf)* water ash (Frazinus paucifiora). White ash (Frazinus americana) - Biltmore white ash (Frazinus biltmoreana). Texas ash (Frazinus terensis) ---- Mexican ash (Frazinus berlandi- eriana). Red ash (Frazinus pennsylva- nica). Green ash (frazinus pennsylva- nica lanceolata). Pumpkin ash (Frazinus pro- funda). Swamp privet (Forestiera acu- minata). Fringetree (Chionanthus virgini- ca). Devilwood (Osmanthus ameri- canus) . (Florida) * devilwood (Osman- thus floridana). Geiger-tree (Cordia sebestena)- -- Strongback (Bourreria ovata) -- -- Anaqua (Hhretia elliptica) ------- Fiddlewood (Citharezylon fruiti- cosum). Blackwood (Avicennia nitida) _ -- Potato tree (Solanum verbasci- jfolium). Common catalpa (Catalpa big- nonioides) . Hardy catalpa (Catalpa speci- osa). Black calabash-tree (Hnallagma cucurbitina). Fever tree (Pinckneya pubens) --- Princewood (Hzostema caribae- wm). Where the tree grows Coastal plain of Georgia west to eastern Texas. South Atlantic and Gulf coast region. Michigan to Iowa, south to Tennessee and Oklahoma. Northeastern United States. (Cold swamps, along streams and lakes). South Atlantic and Gulf coast region. Deep swamps and river bottoms. Southern Georgia, Florida. Deep swamps and river bot- toms. Eastern half of United States _ Central portion of eastern United States. Texas, except southern portion- WesternmuDexas oat) i Most of the eastern United States. (See variety below.) Eastern United States; west in the Rocky Mountains. (Im- portant variety of the above species.) (See also p. 32.) Seattered, mostly east of the Mississippi River. Central portion of eastern half of United States. ? Pennsylvania south to Florida and west to Texas. South Atlanticand Gulfcoasts_ Southern Mlorida-22) ah 2 as Southern Florida (tropical) ---- Southern and western Texas_ - Southern Florida (tropical) ---- Gulf coast to Louisiana-------- Southern Florida (tropical) ---- Central portion of Southern States. Central Mississippi Basin. Widely planted for its straight trunk. 23 Descriptive notes Fruit 2-winged. Flowers in clusters (racemes). Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Leaves broadly oval, 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers white, in terminal clusters (racemes). Branchlets square; leaves opposite, o {5 to llleaflets onshort stems. Flowers without calyx, perfect. Leaves opposite, of 7 to 11 leaflets with- out stems (sessile). Branchlets round. Flowers without calyx, polygamous. Leaves opposite, leaflets 5 or 7 on stems. Flowers with calyx, 2 kinds on sepa- rate trees. Fruit often 3-winged. Leaves opposite, leaflets 3 or 5, more pointed than above. Flowers like above. Fruit 2-winged. Leaves opposite, of 5 to 9 leaflets each, broadly oval, usually smooth and whitish below (fig. 5, B). Flowers of 2 kinds on separate trees. Impor- tant timber tree. Leaves and branchlets fuzzy, 7 to 9 leaflets, whitish below. Leaves op- posite. Wing of fruit mostly ter- minal. Leaves opposite, mostly of 5 rounded leaflets. Leaves opposite, of 3 or 5 long, narrow leaflets. Wing extending halfway on fruit body. Leaves opposite, of 7 or 9 tapering, long-stemmed leaflets, slightly fuzzy (also branchlets), green below. Wing extending part way up the fruit body. Flowers (2 kinds) on separate trees. Important timber tree. Same as above except smooth leaflets and branchlets. Very difficult to distinguish from red ash. A very common ash. Important timber tree. Leaves large, opposite, of mostly 7 leaflets, soft fuzzy below and on stem. Leaves opposite, elliptical, 2 to 4 inches long. Flowers without petals, small. Leaves opposite, thick, smooth, oblong. Flowers of 4 drooping white petals. Resembling fringetree, except flowers small, tube shaped, and leaves ever- green. Differs from Osmanthus americanus in hairy flower clusters and _ larger yellow-green fruit. Leaves 5 inches long. Flowers orange color. Leaves oval. orange-red. Leaves oblong, downy below. Flowers tiny. Leaves opposite, 3 to 4 inches long, narrow. Flowers in long cluster. Leaves opposite, leathery, evergreen, 6 inches long. Leaves rank smelling, oval, 5 to 7 inches long. Small flowers. Yellow berries. Leaves opposite, broadly heart-shape, 4 to 6 inches long. Flowers in crowded clusters. Pods _ slender, thin-walled. Flowers white. Fruit River |Leaves opposite, longer pointed than those of common catalpa. Flowers in few-flowered clusters. Pods thick-walled, relatively large in di- ameter. Southern Florida (tropical)___| Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, thick, shiny. Fruit fleshy. \ South Atlantic coast (rare) ---- Teaves opposite. Fruit 2-celled cap- sule. Southern Florida (tropical)_...| Flowers long, tubular. Heavy, hand some wood. 24 Name of tree Buttonbush (Cephalanthus oc- cidentalis) . Seven-year apple (Genipa clusii- iF W bere the tree grows Eastern United States, across southern New Mexico and Arizona to California. (See also p. 32.) Southern Florida (tropical) -_-- olia). (Name?) (Hamelia patens)__----|----- CO ee ee NE Se Velvetseed (Guettarda elliptica) __|----- GO. es ae eee Roughleaf velvetseed (Guettarda scabra). Balsamo (Psychotria nervosa) ___- (Name?) (Psychotria wndata) ._-- Florida elder (Sambucus simp- sonii). Nannyberry ago). (Viburnum lent- Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifol- ium). Rusty blackhaw (Viburnum ru- fidulum). (Name?) (Viburnum obovatum) - Groundsel tree (Baccharis hali- mifolia) . Northeastern Florida_-_____-__- Southern Florida (tropical) -__- Hastern Florida: = .--22+-2--=2 Northeastern United States west into northern Rocky aa (See also p. 32: Connecticut to Georgia, nar- rowing belt to Kansas. Virginia to Florida west to Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Central Atlantic States_______- Atlantic and Gulf coasts (salty flats and marshes). MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Descriptive notes Broadly elliptical leaves, opposite, on stout stems. Flowers in round heads or balls. Leaves bunched near ends of branches. Flowers small, white, clustered. Dry pulpy. Leaves opposite. Leaves opposite, broadly oval, thin. Leaves opposite, leathery, stiff, hairy and harsh to touch. Leaves opposite, oval to lance-shape. Leaves opposite, thin, elliptical. Fruit bright red. Leaves opposite, of 5 leaflets. Shiny black berries in clusters (cymes). Leaves opposite, on winged leaf stems. Winter buds long pointed. Leaves opposite, smooth leaf stems, flowers on short stalks. Winter buds blunt pointed. Leaves opposite. Winter buds and stems of early leaves reddish, fuzzy. Leaves thick, shiny. Flowers white. Leaves broadly wedge-shape, resinous. Flowers on female (pistillate) tree showy white. Flowers and fruit in much crowded clusters. Leaves not resinous. Coast region. North Caro- lina to Florida. (Groundsel tree)* (Baccharis glomeruliflora). WESTERN FOREST TREES The western division of trees of the United States, including the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast forest regions (fig 7), has a total of 227 native tree species, representing 76 genera, 33 families, and the 2 broad classes which embrace all trees.” Popularly the different spe- cies are distributed as follows: 62 conifers, 2 yews (tumion), 1 palm, 5 yuccas, 4 cacti, 3 hawthorns, and 150 species of willows, alders, poplars or cottonwoods, oaks, legumes (mesquites, beans, locusts, etc.), myrtles, and other hardwoods or broadleaf trees. Seventeen of the above 227 tree species grow also in the eastern division of trees and, therefore, are described under both regions. These include the white spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar (Balm-of-Gilead), peachleaf and Bebbs willows, paper birch, coral- bean, and buttonbush, which extend across the United States, and the wild plum, pin cherry, honey mesquite, hoptree, leucaena, boxelder, red or green ash, and nannyberry which extend westward into the Rocky Mountains. An asterisk (*) after a common name indicates that it 1s used, but is not officially approved by the Forest Service. Name of tree W here the tree grows Descriptive notes Western white (Pinus monticola). Washington, Oregon, Idaho, west- ern Montana, south in Sierra Ne- vada Mountains in California. pine Leaves 5 in cluster, blue-green, 2 to 4 inches long. Cone slender, 5 to 11 inches long (fig. 6, C). Important timber tree. Leaves 5 in cluster, 3 to 4 inches long. Cone 10 to 20 inches tong (fig. 6, E). Important timber tree. Leaves 5 in cluster, 2 to 3 inches long. Cone stout, from 3 to 9 inches long. Sugar pine (Pinus lamber- tiana). Western Oregon, in mountains of California nearly to Mexico. Rocky Mountains, Canada _ to Mexico. Sierra Nevada Moun- tains of California. Limber pine (Pinus flezi- lis). 12 G@ymunosperms and angiosperms. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 29 FIGURE 6.—Cones and leaves of important timber trees of the western part of the United States: A, Pon- derosa pine (p. 26); B, Englemann spruce (p. 26); C, western white pine (p. 24); D, western red cedar (p. 27); E, sugar pine (p. 24); F, Douglas fir (p. 27); G, coast redwood (p. 27); H, western hemlock (p. 27). (See also pp. 43 and 45.) 3375°—36——4 26 Name of tree MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE | | Where the tree grows Descriptive notes W hitebark albicaulis). pine (Pinus Mexican white pine (Pi- nus strobiformis). Parry pinon (Pinus parry- ana). Mexican pinon (Pinus cembroides) . Pinon (nut pine)* (Pinus edulis). Singleleaf pinon (Pinus monophylla). Foxtail pine (Pinus bal- fouriana). Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata). Torry pine (Pinus torrey- ana). Arizona pine (Pinus ari- zonica). Ponderosa pine (western yellow pine)* (Pinus ponderosa. Apache pine (Arizona longleaf pine)* (Pinus apacheca). Jefirey pine (Pinus jeff- réyi). Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla). Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) . Digger pine (Pinus sabi- niana). Coulter pine (Pinus coul- teri). Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). Knob-cone pine (Pinus attenuata). Bishop pine (Pinus muri- cata). Western larch (Lariz occi- dentalis) . Alpine larch (Zariz lyallii) - White spruce (Picea glauca). The common western variety is Alber- liana. Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii). Blue spruce (Picea pun- gens). Sitka spruce (Picea sit- chensis). Weeping spruce (Picea breweriana). Northern Rocky Mountains, east- ern Washington to California. Western Texas to southeastern Ari- zona. Southern’ Californig_ 2.27 eee Central and southern Arizona, western Texas. Dry foothills of southern Rocky Mountain region, Utah to Cali- fornia. Utah, northern Arizona, central and southern California. High mountains of northern and central California. High southern Rocky Mountains, Utah to southern California. San Diego County and Santa Rosa Island, Calif. Range very limited. Southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona. Mountains of western United States. Often forms extensive pure stands in southern Rockies. Central and southwestern New Mexico, southern Arizona. Southern Oregon south through California. Mountains of Arizona, southwest- ern New Mexico. Mountains of western United States; most abundant in north- ern Rockies. Foothills of Sierra Nevada Moun- tains in central California. Mountains of southern California (seattering). Narrow strip of coast in central California. Dry mountain slopes, Oregon and California. Coast mountains of California____--_- Mountains of northwestern United States. High northern Rocky Mountains_-- Northern Rocky Mountain region, including the Black Hills (S. Dak.) and Washington. Alaska. (See also p. 6.) Extensive over Rocky Mountain region; Washington and Oregon. Central Rocky Mountains-_________- Coast region of northern California to Washington. Alaska. High mountains near timber line ex- treme northern California and southwestern Oregon. Bark usually thin. Leaves 5in cluster 1 to 3 inches long, persisting for 5 to 8 years. Small tree. Leaves 5 in cluster, slender, 4 to 6 inches long. Cone scales turning backward. Leaves usually 4 in cluster. small, irregular. Small tree. Leaves 2 or 3 in cluster, 1 to 2 inches long. Cone much like above. Small reo. Leaves mostly 2in cluster, 1 to 2inches long. Cone1to2incheslong. Seeds large, edible. Leaves occurring singly (occasionally 2), 1 to 2inches long. Cone irregular. Seeds edible. Sprawling tree. Leaves in fives, thick, stiff, dark green, linch long. Cone with thick scales. Leaves in fives, 1 to 2 inches long. Cone with long slender prickles. Leaves in fives, clustered at ends of branches, 9 to 12 inches long. Cone with thick scales. Leaves in threes to fives, stout, 5 to 7 inches long. Cone about 2 inches long. Leaves in clusters of 3, tufted, 5 to 10 inches long. Cone on short stem (if any), 3 to 6 inches long, with prickles (fig. 6, A). Important tim- ber tree. Leaves very long (8 to 15 inches), dark green, stout. Cone one-sided. Cone Leaves 5 to 9 inches long, in threes, stiff. Cone 6 to 15 inches long, with large seeds. Leaves in threes, slender, gray-green. Cone small, ripening in 3 years. Leaves in twos, 1 to 3 inches long. Cone remaining closed for several years. Tree used for crossties and poles. Leaves in threes, blue-green, drooping, 8 to 12 inches long. Cone large, sharp, spiny, with edible seeds or nuts Leaves in threes, thick, dark blue- green, 7 to 10 inches long. Cone is largest of all native pines, 10 to 14 inches long, with strong curved spines. Leaves mostly in threes. Cone often remaining closed on trees for many years. Leaves pale green, 3 in bundle. 1-sided at the base. Leaves in twos, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone spiny, often staying closed for Cone years. Leaves 1 inch long, closely crowded, falling in winter. Cone with bracts extending beyond seales. Important for timber and crossties. Resembling above except leaves 4- angled. Leaves 4-sided, pale blue-green, sharp. Cone scale rounded. Leaves 4-Sided, 1 inch long. Cone brown, shiny, with thin notched seales (fig. 6, B). Pulpwood and timber tree. Leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, curved, blue-green. Leaves flattened, sharp. Cone with scales notched towardends. Impor- tant timber tree. Leaves flattened, blunt. Branchlets hairy, light brown.. FOREST Name of tree Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Mountain hemlock (7'suga mertensiana). Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tarifolia) . Bigeone spruce (Pseudo- tsuga macrocarpa). Alpine fir (Abies lasio- carpa). Corkbark fir (Abies ari- zonica). Lowland white fir (Abies grandis). White fir (Abies concolor) - Silver fir (Abies amabilis) - Noble fir (Abies nobilis) __- California red fir (Abies magnifica). Bristlecone _ fir venusta). Sierra redwood,* or big tree (Sequoia washingto- niana), (S. gigantea)*. (Abies Coast redwood,* or red- wood (Sequoia sem- pervirens). Incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Monterey cypress (Cu- pressus macrocarpa). Sargent cypress (Cwpres- sus sargentii). Gowen cypress (Cupres- SUS govenianda). Macnab cypress (Cupres- sus macnabiana). Tecate cypress (Cupressus guadaloupensis). Arizona cypress (Cupres- sus arizonica). Smooth cypress (Cupres- sus glabra). Alaska cedar (yellow or Sitka eypress)* (Chamaecyparis noot- katensis). TREES AND Where the tree grows FOREST REGIONS OF 27 THE U.S. Descriptive notes Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountains. High altitudes northwestern United States. Western United States (except Nev- ada). Largest size and most , abundant in coast forests of west- ern Washington and Oregon. Mountain slopes of southern Cali- fornia. High Rocky Mountains; west into Oregon and Washington. Alaska. Highest mountain tops of Arizona and New Mexico. Northern Rocky Mountains, coast forest south to California. Central and southern Rockies, southwestern Oregon to southern California. Of all firs, it grows in warmest and dryest climate. Coast forest of Washington and Oregon, Cascade Mountains. Coast mountains, Washington to California; Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. Sierra Nevada Mountains of Cali- fornia, Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon. Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, Calif. Western slopes of Sierra Nevada Mountains in central eastern Cali- fornia. Low mountains of Pacific coast, from southern Oregon to Mon- terey County, Calif. Oregon (Mount Hood) through the mountains of California. Coast of Washington, Oregon, north- ern California; inland to Montana. Alaska. Coast of southern California____..__ Coast region of middle California___. Peudooing and Monterey Counties, alif. Southwestern Oregon and north- western California. San Diego County, Calif____________ Mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico. : Mountains of southern Arizona_-_-__- Oregon and Washington___________- Leaves fiat, blunt, shiny, twisted on branch to form two rows. Cone 1 inch long, without stem (fig. 6, H). Important timber tree. Leaves rounded or grooved above, curved. Cone with short bracts. Leaves straight, flat, rounded near end, soft, flexible, about 1 inch long. Cone 2 to 4 inches long with bracts extended between the scales (fig. 6, F). Up to 380 feet in height. Im- portant timber tree. Resembling the above, but cone 4 to 6 inches long. Leaves flat and grooved above, pale green, 1 inch long. Cone purple. Bark hard. Note that cones on all true firs stand erect on branches. Bark soft corky, ashy white. Leaves and cones resembling above. Leaves flat, dark green, shiny above. Cone green. Pulpwood tree. Same as above, except leaves pale blue- green or whitish, and often 2 to 3 inches long. Cone 3 to 4 inches long, purple. Pulpwood tree. Leaves fiat, dark green, shiny, pointing forward on sterile branches. Cone deep purple, with broad scales. Pulpwood tree. Leaves often 4-sided, blue-green, smooth. Cone purple, bracts much longer than cone scales, green. Pulp- wood tree. Leaves on sterile branches, 4-sided. Cone purplish brown, slender tips o- bracts same length as scales. Pulpf wood tree. Cone bracts many times longer than cone scales. Leaves tiny, scalelike. Cone 2 to 3 inches long, much larger than those of coast redwood, ripening in 2 years. Bark very thick. Up to 320 feet in height and 35 feet in diameter. Trees mostly protected from cutting. Leaves small, 144 inch long, thin, flat, spreading in 2 ranks. Cone small, about 1 inch long, ripening in 1 year (fig. 6, G). Up to 364 feet in height and about 25 feet in diameter. Im- portant timber tree. swamp black gum, swamp cottonwood, tupelo FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 4] CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST TREES—Continued Northern portion—Continued. Roughleaf hackberry. Black cherry. Basswood. Ohio buckeye. Eastern red cedar. Southern portion: White, post, southern red, black- jack, Shumard red, chestnut, swamp chestnut, and pin oaks. Red (or sweet) and black gums. Mockernut, pignut, southern shag- bark, and bigleaf shagbark hick- Southern portion—Continued. Sycamore. Black walnut. Silver and red maples. Beech. Dogwood. Persimmon. Swamp and eastern cottonwoods. Willows. Eastern red cedar. Osage-orange. Holly. ‘ Tex rtion: ories. exas portlo Shortleaf and Virginia(scrub) pines. Post, southern red, and blackjack Green, white, and blue ashes. oaks. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar). Mountain and other cedars, and Winged, American, and red elms. mesquite. The forests of the region furnish large quantities of high-grade hardwood lumber which has constituted the raw material for wood- manufacturing industries in many States, especially Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and North Carolina. Memphis, Tenn., has for many years been the largest center for hardwood lumber in the country. Much high-grade hardwood lumber is shipped from this region to other parts of the United States or to foreign countries. White and red oaks, tulip or yellow poplar for many uses; black locust, red cedar, and chestnut for fence posts, grape stakes, and poles; black walnut for radio cabinets and other kinds of furniture; and ash for athletic and sporting goods and implement handles. Much of the cut of all elasses of timber, including saw logs, crossties, piling, poles, and pulp- wood, has been obtained from farm woods. This is a region of great agricultural areas with woodlands forming from 10 to 15 percent of the total lands in farms in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, 30 percent in Tennessee, and 40 percent in Arkansas (based upon 1930 United States census). Lumber companies and others have large holdings in the rough and more inaccessible parts of the region. Three types, or natural associations, of important tree species prevail in the region, with the following approximate acreages in each type: Oak-hickory type, about 44,342,000 acres, oak-chestnut- yellow poplar type, 52,459,000 acres, and the oak-pine type, 35,575,000 acres. This makes a total area of 132,376,000 acres of forest land in the region. SOUTHERN FOREST REGION The yellow pine forests of the Southeastern States afford the only remaining important source of large timber production in the eastern half of the United States. Interspersed with the pine-bearing lands are extensive river and creek bottom lands and swamps in which are growing stands of mixed hardwoods and southern cypress. The region covers the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from eastern Maryland to eastern Texas, including portions of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma (fig. 7). The natural conditions are a soil of relatively low agricultural value, abundant rainfall, long growing season, and many species of trees of high commercial importance. ‘The area is the largest of the natural forest regions, with a total of 149,439,000 42 MISC., PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE acres, made up of 126,027,000 acres of southern pines and 23,412,000 acres of wet-land hardwoods and cypress (pl. 6). It embraces about 30 percent of the total forest lands of the country. Four species of pines, namely, shortleaf, loblolly, longleaf, and slash, make up the bulk of the stands (pl. 7). These are mentioned in the order of their prevalence in passing from north to south across the region. Shortleaf pine is found over an extensive region from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its best growth isin the broad piedmont or hilly area between the mountains and the Coastal Plain. Loblolly pine grows exten- sively over the upper Coastal Plain. Mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines occur over a vast area in large timber holdings and on hundreds of thousands of farms. Over two-thirds of the total naval stores (spirits of turpentine and rosin) of the world is derived from the crude gum or resin of longleaf and slash pines growing in the south- eastern part of the United States. The bulk of production centers in southern Georgia and northern Florida. During the past few years, the amount produced yearly has averaged about 600,000 casks of turpentine (50 gallons each) and about 2,000,000 barrels of rosin (500 pounds each), together valued at about $17,000,000. Three other pines make a slight addition to the total amount; namely, the pond pine (a close relative of the pitch pine of the East) in the acid lands and swamps of the Atlantic Coastal Plain; the sand pine of the sand barrens of Florida; and the spruce pine, a tree which, although it is not a white pine, somewhat resembles the northern white pine in appearance of the bark, color of the foliage, and softness of the wood. The southern pines yield the bulk of the total timber cut from the region (lumber and other timber products), which has ranged mostly from 6 to 12 billion board feet of lumber and 1% million cords of pulpwood yearly, besides large quantities of railroad ties, piling, and fuel wood (pl. 8). About half of this, it is estimated, was cut from stands of second-growth or comparatively young trees. The lumber ane of the South alone is about one-third of the total for the United tates. The lowland and swamp hardwoods, southern cypress, and an inter- mittent fringe of southern white cedar cover about one-third of the total area of the southern forest region. The prevailing hardwood trees are red (or sweet) gum, swamp black gum, and tupelo gum, willow oak, water oak, cottonwoods, willows, magnolias, and bays. The red (or sweet) gum occurs over an extensive area, grows rapidly, and holds a high position with respect to quantity cut annualiy and total value. The large size of the tree and the interlocked fiber of the wood make it one of the leading veneer woods of the country. Only a relatively small amount of the once abundant and highly use- ful cypress is left; when logged it does not come back abundantly as do the pines. The prevailing trees, which compose the forests of the two divisions of the Southern region, follow in the order of their relative importance: PLATE 7 Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture F-—214142 F—230974, F—2€9920, F--266872, FOUR TIMBER PINES OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST. C, Slash pine. D, Loblolly pine. B, Shortleaf pine, A, Longleaf pine. Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 8 P| wees Pun A tam 0 Ser As < a <= <= fad ! a PePOE Ts. Oh el on 7 < < ; ma = ry / oe he Ls ; } wt c ‘As “* L - ; A - ¥ ; ‘ PS: ee : ' " win ERs J - ‘ LY ‘ Like i$ , é bp 3k 6 of ” s 4 7 ee a aA re Shee A is A ae a We: 4 + pe « a i i‘ HNL y f - b F 4 _ ry < ~ ‘ rf 1 { 71 7 Hos ak ; shi ca \ , ee hs cy iy i f f ; 4ag0 peter eta 7 re j 7 rr! 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