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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION
NUMBER 217
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Miscellaneous Publication No. 217
Washington, D.C. January 1936
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
By WILBUR R. Mattoon, extension forester, Division of State Cooperations, Forest
Service CONTENTS
Page Page mE TOW CET OTN eee Se Sa 1 | Tropical forest region... -- Meilde Rope nae eee fac) 43 Natural groups of forest trees________________ 2 Tropical forest trees_.____....._____--___ 43 Native trees in great variety_-_______________- 2 | Rocky Mountain forest region.______________ 43 Descriptive list of native forest trees_________ 4 Rocky Mountain forest trees_____._______ 45 Forest trees of the United States_____________ 4 | Pacific coast forest region____________________ 45 Eastern forest trees_--_------_-_---__-__- 5 Pacific coast forest trees_________________ 46 Western forest trees___.________________- 2A? hE OLeSts OfeAlas kanes ie ie ss te ewe 46 Forest regions of the United States_______ ne 33 | Forests of Puerto Rico_-_._..._-2___________- 48 EX tOn tO florestsa see ae 33 Horests Of Ela walieees so acts kata na ae ee 49 Timber contents of forests______________- 36 Hawaiian forest trees__--__________-_____- 51 Forest types or tree associations________ STinteneesl ate Siys sete ube infield Meare las 51 Northern forest region_______-____--_-_-____- 39 | Publications on forest trees_____________-____ 52 INortherniforestitreess. 2 22-2 39 State forest-tree guides____________._____- 52 Central hardwood forest region______________ 40 Books on forest trees___-___---___-______- 53 Central hardwood forest trees________-__- 40 Federal publications.......-.-----_--___- 53
Southern forest region. ______--____-.________ 41
Southern forest trees.......----.-----__-- 43
INTRODUCTION
Trees serve us in so many different ways that we are naturally interested in knowing more about the trees of our country and the tree communities, or forests, in which we live or which we visit. More people than ever before are now getting out of doors and visiting unfamiliar sections of the country. Increasing numbers are going into the forests in search of adventure, recreation, and health. The automobile, Scout, and 4-H Club movements, and the shorter hours for labor all encourage wider travel.
Many States have published popular manuals giving the names and brief descriptions of their more important or common forest trees. In the preparation of many of these the Forest Service has been a cooperator.'| The purpose of this publication is to present in simple form the names of all the tree species of continental United States with their geographic ranges and a few distinguishing charac- teristics of each, and to give brief descriptions of the various natural forest regions, together with the names of the principal trees which
1 See list of names and addresses on pp. 52 and 53. 1 837be=-36-— 1
2 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
make up each region in the United States, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawai.
This publication is intended to help people get better acquainted with trees and forests. It should lead to a broader appreciation of the value and importance of trees and result in greater care of our forests and their better protection against fire. This in turn should mean a largermeasure of out-of-door pleasure and profitable recreation.
NATURAL GROUPS OF FOREST TREES
The cone-bearing trees, such as the pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and cypresses, are commonly grouped together and known as conifers or from a lumber standpoint as softwoods. The other group is known as hardwoods and consists of the broadleaf trees, such as the oaks, elms, ashes, maples, and hickories. These two groups are now widely recognized, and they are generally true to name. In each group, however, the woods differ widely in hardness as well as weight and strength, and some exceptions occur. For example, the long- leaf pine among the conifers or softwoods has wood that is harder than that of willow and magnolia which belong to the hardwood group. In the group of hardwood trees occur two subgroups or families, namely the palms and yuccas, whose wood and seed structure are very different from all the others. Still another strange family among the hardwoods is the cactus. Further reference to all of these natural groups from a botanical standpoint will be found under the next heading.
Another natural grouping separates the evergreen trees from the deciduous trees, or those that drop their leaves in the fall. Most of the conifers, such as the pines, junipers, firs, and spruces, are ever- green in habit, that is, they hold their leaves over winter. The larches and southern cypress, however, drop their leaves in the fall and are thus deciduous, like most of the northern hardwoods. The holly, a southern hardwood which extends into the North, is evergreen. In the southern portion of the United States many hardwood trees are evergreen and shed their leaves only after the first, second, or third years. Among these are live and laurel oaks, red bay, evergreen magnolia, laurel cherry, and many small trees of the subtropical and tropical portions of Florida and Texas and parts of New Mexico, Arizona, and California.
NATIVE TREES IN GREAT VARIETY
The forests of the United States are composed of a large number of different kinds or species of trees, many of which are of high usefulness and value. Probably no other land of equal area lying within the Temperate Zones has so many different tree species with so great a variety of woods as this country.
The botanical classification of trees is at the best somewhat com- plicated. An attempt is here made to show in a simple way the botanical grouping of our native forest trees.”
The forests of continental United States are composed of a total of 810 different kinds or species of native trees,’ grouped under 199
* Only native trees will be considered in this publication. This excludes all foreign or exotic trees, many of which are commonly present and often included in popular descriptions. : ’ There are many recognized varieties and hybrids, but they are not generally included in this publica-
tion. Only a few varieties of unusual importance are mentioned, together with a few that are the sole repre- sentatives of the species,
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE. 1
Res219153
A WESTERN FOREST.
The forests of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast forest regions consist largely of pines, spruces, and firs, with varying amounts of cedars, junipers, hemlocks, larches, and redwoods. Many of the western forests extend to high altitudes. View in Lolo National Forest, Mont.
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2
F—236136, F—209391, F—298993, F—298999
SOME FAVORITE EASTERN HARDWOOD TREES.
-1, American elm, a tree of graceful beauty and stately proportions. B, Red gum, or sweet gum, of the South grows to large size and yields mottled reddish wood extensively used for many purposes. C, Black walnut, the country’s premier tree for high-grade cabinet wood and valuable nut crops. D, White oak, a hardy, long-lived tree yielding very useful timber.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 3
genera that make up 69 families, which in turn belong to 2 broad classes of plants. Two of the families of trees, namely, those which include the conifers (pines, spruces, firs, and others) and the yews, belong to one of these classes known as gymnosperms,‘ and the other 67 families, consisting of the palms, yuccas, and hardwoods, belong to the other class known as angiosperms.°
The northern white, shortleaf, longleaf, and western white pines are examples of species of the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae and of the class Gymnospermae. Popularly they belong to the coni- fers or so{twoods. The white, northern red, scarlet, and black oaks, for example, are species of the genus Quercus of the family Fagaceae and of the class Angiospermae. Popularly they belong to the broad- leaf or hardwood group.
In our forests are found 13 different groups or genera of true conifers, 2 of yews and tumions, 7 of palms, 1 of yucca, and 176 of hardwoods, or a total of 199 genera. The conifers include 35 kinds or species of pines, 7 spruces, 10 firs, 4 hemlocks, 3 larches, 12 junipers, and 19 others, mostly cedars and cypresses, or a total of 90 species. There are 4 species of yews and tumions, and 21 species of palms and yuccas. The hardwoods or broadleaf trees as a group are composed of 61 native species of oaks, 18 hickories, 19 ashes, 14 cherries, 11 plums, 10 apples, 17 maples and boxelders, 7 birches, 6 elms, 15 cottonwoods or poplars, 22 willows, 178 hawthorns, 5 gums, 6 hackberries, 9 magnolias, and 297 species of other genera to which, for example, belong beech, persimmon, dogwood, mulberries, locusts, holly, and walnuts, and many others, making a total of 695 species of hardwoods. Altogether, the above makes a grand total of 810 species of native trees in the United States.
Many kinds of trees attain heights of 100 feet, and a few heights of 300 to 350 feet. Many aresmallinsize. Under varying conditions of climate and soil, some occur both as trees andshrubs. Ifa woody- stemmed plant has one well-defined trunk and grows to be at least 2 inches in diameter and 8 feet in height, it is classed as a tree species.
The natural home or range of trees varies greatly. Some are found widely over a vast area, such as beech, American elm, black willow, white and black oaks, shortleaf pine, and eastern red cedar. A few, including white spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar, paper birch, peachleaf and (Bebbs) willows, coralbean and buttonbush, range practically across the continent in the United States, while a few others, like the black spruce and tamarack, extend across the con- tinent, partly in the United States and partly in Canada. The wild plum, honey mesquite, hoptree, boxelder, leucaena, and nannyberry occur in both the eastern and western divisions of forest regions. The Torrey pine is confined to an area of about 40 acres in the extreme southern part of California. Southward, the number of native tree species increases. From a maximum of 60 to 80 species occurring im any one northern State along the Canadian border, the number increases to some 200 in the Middle Atlantic region (for example in North Carolina), and in Florida reaches a maximum of about 350, of which more than 100 are tropical and occur exclusively in that State.
4 Gymnosperms are plants whose seeds are borne openly on a naked scale or bract. ;
5 Angiosperms are plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary and bearing the more common kinds of flowers. There are two divisions. The yuccas and palms as a group are known as monocotyledons (having one cotyledon in the seed embryo, parallel-veined leaves, and other characteristics), and the broadleaf or hard-
wood trees as dicotyledons (with two cotyledons in the seed embryo, netted veins, and annual rings of growth in the stem or trunk).
4 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Information concerning the native trees of the eastern and western divisions of the United States will be found respectively on pages 5 and 24. A view in the western forest division is shown in plate 1, and in plate 2 are shown some important eastern forest trees.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATIVE FOREST TREES
A summary of the names of all the native tree species of continental United States with brief notes on their ranges and characteristics follows. It constitutes one of the major features of this publication. The trees are listed under two groups in order to segregate those growing in the eastern and western portions of the United States. A few species range across the continent. A few species appear without a common name, chiefly because they have not been commonly recognized in the sections where they grow. In the Forest Service both the common and scientific names of trees are passed upon by a special committee named by the chief forester, to whom its recom- mendations are referred for approval.’
The list does not generally include the names of varietal forms or of hybrids, of which there are a few hundred recognized forms (see foot- note 3), more largely among the oaks and buckeyes than any other eroups. For example, the species white oak (Quercus alba) is given, but not the varietal form Q. alba latiloba or the hybrid Q. fernowii. No introduced, or exotic, trees are included although there are many, and some have found a congenial home here and become naturalized, such as the silverleaf poplar, chinaberry, paper and white mulberries, ailanthus, paulownia, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine. The more important or abundant species or kinds of trees growing in each broad forest region will be found listed under the descriptions of the several forest regions, pages 39 to 46.
FOREST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES
The names of all the native tree species in the United States ® are here given. Also the distribution of each is given in broad terms, and the descriptive notes include some of the leading characteristics. The trees are grouped under two divisions, namely Eastern Forest Trees and Western Forest Trees.
Unless otherwise stated the leaf arrangement on the stem is alter- nate. The order of listing the different trees is according to a natural sequence widely recognized and used by botanists. In general, it begins with the simplest or earliest group of trees and ends with the most highly developed group. For additional information concern- ing the range and characteristics, reference should be made to tree
6 Except the hawthorns or haws (Crataegus) of the eastern part of the United States.
7 In the preparations of this publication, particularly the following portion on forest trees, the author claims little originality in subject matter. On the other hand, the publication represents an attempt to present in a useful form information for handy reference that has been largely obtained by others. The basis for the names and ranges of the trees is the following, with subsequent approved amendments: Sub- WORTH, G. B. CHECK LIST OF THE FOREST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES: THEIR NAMES AND RANGES. U.S. Dept. Acr. Bi isc. Cire. 92,295 pp. 1927. For much of the information about the less common trees sum- marized under the heads of Where the Tree Grows and Descriptive Notes, credit is due to various sources, including the following:
SARGENT, C.S. MANUALOF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVEOF MEXICO). Ed. 2,910 pp., illus. Boston and New York. 1922.
CoKER, W.C.,and TOTTEN, H. R. TREES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES, INCLUDING VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND NORTHERN FLORIDA. 390)pp., illus. Chapel Hill, N. C. 1934.
J eo "W.L. THE SILVA OF CALIFORNIA. 480 pp., illus, Berkeley, Calif. 1910. (Calif. Univ. Mem. Vv. 9
’ Except the hawthorns or haws (Crataegus) of the eastern half of the United States.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 5
books or popular tree guides. A list showing the States which have published tree manuals will be found on pages 52 and 53. °
EASTERN FOREST TREES
The eastern division of forests of the United States, including the northern, central hardwood, southern, and tropical forest regions (fig. 7), has a total of 600 native tree species, representing 171 different genera, 67 families, and the 2 broad classes which embrace all trees.! Popularly the different species are distributed as follows: 30 conifers, 2 yews (tumion), 11 palms, 4 yuccas, 1 cactus, 175 hawthorns, and 377 species of willows, birches, oaks, hickories, elms, maples, gums, ashes, basswoods, and other hardwoods or broadleaf trees. Seven- teen of these species are found growing also in the western forest division of trees (pp. 24 to 32), as follows: White spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar, peachleaf and Bebb’s willows, paper birch, wild plum, leucaena, pin cherry, honey mesquite, coralbean,
hoptree, boxelder, red or green ash, buttonbush, and nannyberry. An asterisk (*) after a common name indicates that it is in common use, but is not officially approved by the Forest Service.
Name of tree Where the tree grows
Descriptive notes
Northeastern and Lake States, Appalachian Mountains. Extensively planted.
Northeastern and Lake States. Extensively planted.
Northern white pine (Pinus strobus). :
Red pine,* or Norway pine (Pinus resinosa).
Southeastern States, coastal
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) _____- plain Delaware to Texas.
Northeastern and Middle At- lantic States. Uplands mostly. (A variety, pond pine (Pinus rigida serotina) (fig. 2, G) in the coastal plain from Delaware to Florida.)
Uplands, New Jersey and Pennsylvania southwest to
: Alabama.
Sand pine (Pinus clausa) __------ Florida and southern Alabama
Mountain pine (Pinus pungeus)_| Scattered in mountains, Penn-
sylvania to northern Geor-
Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) __-_--_-
Virginia pine (scrub pine)* (Pinus virginiana).
gia.
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)-| Middle Atlantic and South-
ern States, New Jersey
to Missouri, Louisiana, and Texas. Uplands.
Coast region South Carolina
Spruce pine (Pinus glabra) --_---- to Louisiana, along streams.
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)_.._| Northern States, from Maine to Minnesota. Commonon sandy soil.
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) _| Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Texas.
Coastal Plain, South Carolina
Slash pine (Pinus caribaea) ------ TO south and west to Louisiana.
Northeastern United States,
Tamarack (larch)* (Larix lari- t i northern Rocky Mountains.
cina).
Black spruce (Picea marianna)--| Northeastern and Lake States. Crosses continent in Canada.
Leaves 5 in cluster, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone cylindrical, 4 to 8 inches long (fig. 1, H). Important timber tree.
Leaves 2 in cluster, 5 to 6 inches long. Cone 2 inches long, without prickies (fig. 1, F). Important timber tree.
Leaves 3 in cluster, 6 to 9 inches long. Cone 2 to 3 inches long, with stiff sharp prickles (fig. 2, B). Important timber tree.
Leaves 3 in cluster, 3 to 7 inches long, stout, twisted. Cones short, broad, 2 to 3 inches long, with small prickles (fig. 1, D).
Leaves 2 in bundle, twisted, 2 to 3 inches long. Cone 2 to 3 inches long; very prickly.
Much like Virginia pine.
Leaves twisted, blue-green, 2 in bundle. Cone 8 inches long with stout curved spines.
Leaves 2 or 3 in clusters, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone small, about 2 inches long; fine prickle (fig. 2, F). Impor- tant timber tree.
Leaves 2 in cluster, soft, slender, 2 to 3 inches long. Cones 1 to 2 inches long, with tiny prickles (fig. 2, H).
Leaves 2 in cluster, up to 14% inches long. Cone 1 to 2 inches long, in- curved, irregular in shape.
Leaves 3 in cluster, 8 to 18 inches long. Cone prickly, 6 to 10 inches long (fig. 2, A). Important tree for timber and naval stores.
Leaves 2 or 3 in cluster, 8 to 14 inches long. Cone shiny, 3 to 5 inches long (fig.2,C). Important for timber and naval stores. Extensively planted.
Leaves 1 inch long, in clusters, falling in winter. Cone % inch long (fig.
Leaves blue-green, somewhat blunt pointed. Cone on incurved stalk, persistent for years; cone scales with rough edges. Twigs finely hairy. Important for pulpwood.
° The common and scientific names used conform to those in Miscellaneous Circular 92,19 with subsequent
amendments. 10S UDWORTH, G. B. See footnote7. 11 Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Name of tree
Red spruce (Picea rubra) --------
White spruce (Picea glauca) ---_-
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga cana- densis).
Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caro- liniana).
Southern balsam fir (Abies
fraseri).
Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) - ----
Southern cypress (Tarodiwm
distichum).
Pond cypress (Tazodiwm ad- scendens).
Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis).
Southern white cedar (Chamae- cyparis thyoides).
Dwarf juniper (Juniperus com- munis).
Drooping juniper (Jwniperus flaccida).
Red-berry juniper (Jwniperus pinchotii).
Mountain mexicana).
cedar (Juniperus
Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana).
Southern red cedar (Juniperus lucayana).
Stinking cedar (Tumion tazi- folium).
Florida yew (Tazrus floridana) - - Thatch palm (Thrinaz floridana)
Silvertop palmetto (Thrinaz mi- crocarpa).
Thatch palm (Thrinaz keyensis) -
Thatch palm (Thrinax wend- landina).
Thatch palm (Coccothrinax ju- cunda).
Cabbage palmetto (Sabal pal- metto).
Texas palmetto (Sabal terana) --- (Saw cabbage)* palm (Acoelor- raphe wrightii).
(Saw cabbage)* palm (Acoelor- raphe arborescens).
Where the tree grows
Northeastern States, high Ap- palachian Mountains to North Carolina.
Northeastern and Lake States, northern Rocky Mountains (including Black Hills). Ex- tends across the continent in Canada. (See p. 26.)
Northeastern and Lake States south to Ohio River, south in Appalachian Mountains.
Blue Ridge Mountains, Vir- ginia to Georgia.
High Appalachian Mountains, Virginia south to North Carolina.
Northeastern States south to Virginia. Great Lakes States. Crosses continent in Canada.
Atlantic Coastal Plain Dela- ware to Texas, central Mis- sissippi Basin.
Southeastern Virginia to west- ern Florida and southern Alabama.
Northeastern and Lake States, south in Appalachian Moun- tains. Canada.
Coast, Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Irregularly seattered.
Northeastern quarter of United States, across the continent to California. (See p. 28.)
Southwestern Texas__-________
Northwestern Texas, central and southern Arizona.
Southern and western Texas, southwestern Oklahoma.
Eastern half of United States_-
Gulf coast region, Georgia to ‘Texas.
Southwestern Georgia, west- ern Florida (rare and local).
Western Florida, very local_-__- Southern -Ploridat 22522522
Southern Florida (tropical) - --
Coast from North Carolina to western Florida.
Southern Lexasee wees spon hi iaaen Florida (tropi- cal).
Southwestern Florida_________
Descriptive notes
Leaves dark yellow-green. Cone fall- ing soon after ripening (fig. 1, C). Important for pulpwood.
Leaves 4-sided, 44 to 34inch long, pale blue-green, very sharp, twisting up- ward. Cone scales rounded (fig. 1, B). Important for pulpwood.
Leaves 14 inch long, apparently in flat arrangement on stem, shiny green, lighter below. Cone % inch long (fig. 1, A). Timber tree; bark for tanning leather.
Resembles above tree. Cone scales longer than broad. Planted for orna- ment.
Resembles balsam fir, except cone is covered with protruding bracts (scale- covered).
Leaves not sharp-pointed, flexible, flat- tened, 1 inch long. Cone scales fall- ing when ripe (fig. 1, G). Pulpwood ree.
Leaves 34 inch long, feather arrange- ment, fallingin autumn. Coneround, of hard scales (fig. 2, E). Timber tree.
In shallow ponds or stagnant swamps. Resembles above, except needlelike leaves, few knees.
Leaves scalelike, crowded, resinous, aromatic. Cone resembling an open- ing scaly bud.
Leaves scalelike, variable, opposite in pairs. Cone persistent, maturing in i season (fig. 2, D).
Leaves sharp, 4% inch long. Sweet aromatic berrylike fruit, ripening in 3 years.
Leaves opposite, long-pointed, spread- ing at tips. Fruit reddish brown, maturing in 1 season.
Berries red, ripening in 1 season. Leaves opposite or in threes.
Fruit 1-seeded, blue or nearly black. Branchlets and leaves small, leaves
rough. Leaves scalelike, on young shoots awl-
like. Berries bluish, ripening in 1 season (fig. 4, B). Aromatic durable wood.
Leaves tiny, usually opposite. Berries 149 inch diameter, blue, ripening in 1 season. Drooping branchlets.
Leaves 14% inches long, dull green, shiny, pointed. Purple berry. All parts of tree ill-smelling.
Leaves 4% inch long, falling after 5 to 12 years. Fruit nearly surrounded by thick cup.
Leaves fan-shaped, 2 to 3 feet in diame- ter, yellow-green, shiny above. Fruit (berry) white.
Leaves 1 to 2 feet across, fan-shaped, pale green, shiny above. Fruit (berry) white.
Leaves 3 to 4 feet in diameter, fan- shaped.
Leaves 2 to 3 feet across, fan-shaped, pale green.
Fruit berrylike, black. Leaves fan- shaped nearly round, 1% to 2 feet in diameter.
Trees up to 60 feet high and 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 6 feet long, 7 to 8 feet broad, shiny, fan-shaped. Leafbuds often eaten as food.
Generally like the above.
Leaves thin, light green,in curved teeth. Tree often with many stems forming thickets.
Leaves 2 feet in diameter, yellow-green, with slight teeth. Trunks often ly- ing on ground.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 7
FIGURE 1.—Cones and leaves of conifers which characterize the northern forest region: A, eastern hemlock (p. 6); B, white spruce (p. 6); C, red spruce (p. 6); D, pitch pine (p. 5); EH, tamarack (p. 5); FY, red (Nor- way) pine (p. 5); G, balsam fir (p. 6); H, northern white pine (p. 5); (see also p. 39).
8 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Name of tree
Royal palm (Roystonea regia) ----
Hog cabbage palm (Pseudo- phoeniz vinifera). ;
Spanish bayonet (Yucca aloi- folia).
Spanish dagger (Yucca gloriosa)-
Spanish bayonet (Yucca trecu- leana).
Spanish bayonet (Yucca faxoni- ana).
Butternut (white walnut)*
(Juglans cinerea).
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) ---
Pecan (Hicoria pecan) _---------
Bitter pecan (Hicoria terana) _--
Bitternut hickory cordiformis).
(Ticoria
Nutmeg hickory (Hicoria my- risticaeformis) .
Water hickory (Hicoria agua- tica).
Shagbark hickory (scaly bark hickory)* (Hicoria ovata).
Southern shagbark hickory (Hicoria carolinea septentrio- nalis.
Bigleaf shagbark hickory (shell- bark hickory) * (Hicoria lacini-
osa). Mockernut hickory (white or
bigbud hickory)* (Hicoria. alba). (Swamp)* pignut hickory
(Hicoria leiodermis) . Hickory (Hicoria mollissima) _--
(Sand)* pignut hickory (Hico- ria pallida).
Pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra) __
(Hammock)* hickory (Hicoria ashei).
(Red)* pignut hickory (Hicoria ovalis)
(Serub)* floridana).
hickory (Ficoria
(Black)* hickory (Jicoria buck- leyi).
Pignut hickory (black hickory) * (Ficoria villosa).
= |
Where the tree grows
Southern Florida (tropical) ----
Coast from North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (trop- ical).
South Atlantic coast----------
Coast and Rio Grande River in Texas.
Southwestern Texas, desert region.
Northeastern States and southern Appalachian Mountains.
New York west to Iowa and southward.
Mississippi Valley, Iowa to Texas.
Along rivers from Arkansas to Texas.
Eastern United States to Great Plains.
Coastal Plain region, South Carolina west to Texas.
South Atlantic and Gulf coastal region. Mississippi Valley.
Eastern United States (exclu- sive of southern coastal re- gion).
Southern Appalachian region largely on limestone soils.
Eastern United States; exclu- sive of New England.
Southeastern quarter of United States and a little northward.
Arkansas, Mississippi, Louis- jana.
Mississippi, and Texas.
Atlantic and Gulf coastal re- gion.
Louisiana,
Vermont to Michigan and south in Appalachian Moun- tains and foothills.
Florida and adjacent coastal regions.
Pennsylvania west to Illinois, south in mountains and foot- hills. Common and widely distributed, along with pig- nut hickory.
Northern and central Florida_-
Central States, Indiana to Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma.
Descriptive notes
Leaves featherlike along the rhacis (or central leaf stem), 10 feet long, no teeth or spines. Fruit blue. Ex- tensively cultivated for its beauty.
Resembles above, leaves 5 to 6 feet long. Fruit clusters bright scarlet.
Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 1 to 2 inches wide, sharply toothed along edges. (This and the next 2 trees belong to the lily family. They differ mostly in their flowers.
Leaves thin, flat. right or spreading.
Leaves rough below, concave, finely toothed, bluish-green, 3 feet long. Fruit on stem, fleshy.
Leaves 3 to 4 feet long, flat, smooth: Flowers forming narrow tube at base: Fruit shiny, orange colored.
Leaves 15 to 30 inches long, of 11 to 17 leaflets. Nut longer than thick. Velvety cushion above leaf scar Gio. 5h).
Leaves 12 to 24 inches long, of 15 to 23
Fruit mostly up-
leaflets. Nut round. Bark rich brown (fig. 4, F). High-grade cabi- net wood.
Leaves of 9 to 17 leaflets; bud scales few. Nut with thin brittle shell and sweet kernel. Many varieties grown on commercial scale throughout the South.
Leaves of 7 to 13 leaflets. Nut flattened with bitter kernel.
Leaves of 7 to 9 long-pointed leaflets. Nut broad, thin-husked, with bitter kernel.
Leaves of 7 to 9 leaflets, silvery and shiny below. Nut 4-ridged, 1% inches long.
Nut flattened, 4ridged, thin husk, bitter Kernel. Leaves of 7 to 13 leaf- ets.
Bark loosening in narrow strips. Leaves of 5 large leaflets. Nut thick- shelled, with sweet kernel.
Leaves small, mostly of 5 slender leaflets. Nut 4-angled, thin-shelled, with sweet kernel.
Leaves large, 15 to 20 inches long, mostly of 7 leaflets. Nut large, with sweet kernel.
Winter buds large. Leaves broad, of 7 to 9 leaflets, strong-scented, hairy. Nut thick-shelled, small sweet kernel.
Leaves of 7 long-pointed leaflets. Nut smooth, shell thick, small sweet kernel.
Leaves like above but velvety or hairy.
Leaves of 7 narrow, finely toothed, fragrant, long-pointed leaflets. Nut white, with sweet kernel.
Nut smooth, thick-shelled, sweet kernel, rounded or _ pear-shaped. ene: of 5 pointed leaflets (fig. 5,
Branchlets bright red-brown, smooth. Leaves variable, of 3 to 9 leaflets. Nut in tight, thin husk, with sweet kernel.
Branchlets stout, reddish. Leaves usually of 7 leaflets, with reddish leafstalks. Nut small, thin-husked, small sweet kernel.
Leaves small, usualiy of 5 leaflets. Nut % inch diameter, pointed at base.
Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, usually of
7 shiny leaflets. Nut pointed, 4-angled, with sweet kernel.
Resembling the above, but lower side midrib often fuzzy and with longer hair clusters.
HOG meges, and ores, Regions of the United States"
(Aericultures Miscellancous Publication No. 217)
TMpDiIin AMTT ERRATUM
CR ERSer ree es car R eee RED
Wietocend under Pigure 2 Should read as Tolllows:
2 EE eerens
SORES | OEEET ES
ooo COM and Lonyes Of most Of the conirers oF Hic SOM mn WOLISt reson A, Sprit pane (p. 20). Vee fio. Bia ScuLbnern eyproass (Dp. 6); C, southern white Carwin sO Tonsleat pine (p. 5); BE, loblolly pine (2) Ss, scnembicar pine (p. 5); G, slash pine (ps. 5); Pepe gama see p, 5, *pitch pine").
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS ‘OF THE U.S. g
Bie aig ee We
prin) Me Nan
FIGURE 2.—Cones and leaves of most of the conifers of the southern forest region: .4, Longleaf pine (p. 5): B, loblolly pine (p. 5); C, slash pine (p. 5); D, southern white cedar (p.6); Z, southern cypress (p. 6): F, shortleaf pine (p. 5); G, pond pipe (see p. 5, “pitch pine’’); H, spruce pine (p. 5); (see also p. 41).
3375°—36—— 2,
10
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Name of tree
Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) _-- Wax myrtle (Myrica inodora) --- Corkwood (Leitneria floridana) __
Aspen (popple)* (Populus tre- muloides).
Largetooth aspen (Populus
grandidentata) .
Swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla).
Balsam poplar (balm-of-Gilead)* (Populus balsamijera).
Eastern cottonwood (Carolina poplar) * (Populus deltoides).
Cottonwood (Populus palmeri) --
Cottonwood (Populus texana) ---
Black willow (Salix nigra) __-----
Harbinson willow (Salix harbin- sonii).
Peachleaf willow (Salix amygda-
loides).
Willow (Saliz longipes)__--_----- Shiny willow (Saliz lucida) ____--
Sandbar willow (Saliz longifolia) -
Balsam willow (Salix pyrifolia) _-
Missouri River willow (Salix missouriensis) .
Pussy willow (Saliz discolor) ____-
(Bebbs)* willow (Salizx bebbiana) -
Blue beech (water beech)* (Carpinus caroliniana) .
Hophornbeam (ironwood)* (Ostrya virginiana).
Sweet birch (black birch)*
(Betula lenta). Yellow birch (Betula lutea) _____-
River birch (red birch)* (Betu- la nigra).
Gray birch (Betula populifolia) __
Blueleaf birch (Betula coerulea) _ - Paper birch (canoe birch)* (Be- tula papyrifera).
Seaside alder (Alnus maritima) _-
Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) __
Chinquapin (Castanea asheéi)___-
Chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia } floridana).
Where the tree grows
Coastal region, New Jersey to Texas.
Florida to Louisiana--_-__---_--
Gulf coast region and lower Mississippi Valley.
Northern United States; south in Rocky Mountains. Near- ly across Canada. (See also
p. 28.)
Maine west to North Dakota, south in mountains to North Carolina.
Atlantie and Gulf coasts, cen- tral Mississippi.
Across northern United States and Canada. (Seealso p. 28.)
Eastern half of United States__
Southwestern Texas____-_____-
Northwestern Texas (Pan-
handle).
Eastern half of United States, along streams, not in swamps.
Coast, Virginia to Florida_____-
Northern United States, south in Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 29).
North Carolina to Florida_-_-_-
Northeastern quarter United States.
Eastern and Rocky Mountain regions.
Extreme northern New Eng- land.
Central Mississippi River Basin. Northeastern quarter of
United States.
Northern United States, south in Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 29.)
United States east of the Great Plains.
United States and Canada east of the Great Plains.
Maine to Michigan, Appa- lachian Mountains to Geor- gia and Alabama.
Maine to Minnesota, south in mountains to Georgia.
Southern New England, west to Minnesota, south to Tex- as. Along streams.
New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Dela- ware.
Scattered in northern New England.
New England across the north- ern States to Pacific, south in Appalaehians, (See also
p. 29. Delaware, Maryland, Okla-
oma.
Eastern half of United States. A widely ranging tree.
Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas.
Lower Atlantic and Gulf coast regions.
Coastalregion North Carolina to Louisiana.
1 An unusual case of a varietal name only.
Descriptive notes
Wax coated berries in clusters. Leaves broader at outer end, fragrant.
Leaves not toothed; little odor.
Lightest of all native woods. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, shiny. Fruit 34 inch long, podlike.
Leaves broad, finely toothed; leaf- stalks flat and long.
Leaves coarsely toothed, broad, with flattened leafstalks.
Leaves broadly oval, 4 to 7 inches long, with rounded leafstalks, finely woolly when young. Buds resinous (fig. 3, E).
Leaves dull-toothed; leafstalks rounded. Winter buds }% inch long, shiny, resinous.
Leaves triangular, coarsely toothed, fragrant, with flattened stems. Buds resinous.
Leaves finely toothed; leafstalks flat- tened.
Leaves coarsely toothed; flattened.
Leaves slender, long-pointed, finely toothed. Branchlets reddish. Larg- est of the willows.
Leaves whitish below, on short stems.
leafstalk
Leaves long, pointed (peachleaf), pale below.
Leaves lance shape, leafstems hairy. Leaves shiny above, pale below, ovate,
Leaves 4 inches long, smooth.
Leaves broad, plum shape. Branchlets hairy.
Leaves broad, shiny, and silky below.
Leaves elliptical, silvery white below.
Trunk fluted with ridges, bluish gray. Leaflike wing attached to seed.
Thin brown scaly bark. Fruit resem- bling hops, each seed in bag. Leaves doubly toothed.
Young inner bark aromatic (source of wintergreen flavoring). Fruit of all birches is of 2 kinds of catkin borne on same tree (fig. 5, H). Timber tree.
Bark peeling in yellow-brown curls.
Leaves rounded in outline. Timber tree. Bark red-brown, peeling in tough
layers. Leaves oval, 2 to 3 inches long, narrowed at base, doubly toothed.
Trunks small, dull gray bark. Twigs drooping; leaves triangular, long- pointed, shiny. Small, short-lived
tree.
Leaves dull blue-green above, yellow- green below, oval, long-pointed.
Bark pure white to light gray, sepa rating in thin sheets. Leaves thick rounded at base.
Flowers opening in fall.
Leaves toothed, flat, thin, firm. Tri- angular edible nuts (fig. 5, G).
Leaves smaller than above, shallow teeth. Burs of all chinquapins have 1 nut each. f
Leaves densely woolly beneath. Fruit spines stout.
Leaves rounded at end, narrowed at base. Bur with sparse spines,
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 1i
FIGURE 3.— Leaves, fruit or flowers, and twigs of some hardwoods occurring chiefly in the southern forest region; A, water oak (p. 12); B, live oak (p. 14); C, winged elm (p. 14); D, sweet, or red gum (p. 16); Z, pee SA (p. 10); #, swamp black gum (p. 22); G, tupelo gum (p. 22); H, overcup oak (p. 14).
ee also p. 41.
12 MISC. PUBLICATION 217. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Name of tree
Chinauapin (Castanea floridana! margareita).
(Ozark)* chinquapin (Castanea ozarkensis).
Chinquapin (Castanea alaba- MeNsis) .
Chestnut (Castanea dentata) ___-
Northern* red oak (Quercus borealis).
Pin oak (Quercus palustris) ____-
Georgia oak (Quercus georgiana)..- Texas red oak (Quercus terana) _-
Shumard red oak (Quercus shu- mardii).
Graves oak (Quercus gravesii) _- Jack oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) _- Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) _ -
Black oak (Quercus velutina) ___-
Smoothbark oak (Quercus leio- dermis). Turkey oak (Quercus catesbaet) _-
Bear oak, (scrub oak)* (Quercus ilicifolia) (Quercus nana)*.
Southern red oak (Quercus rubra).
Nuttall oak (Red River oak) (Quercus nuttallii) .2
Blackjack oak (Quercus mari- landica). Water oak (Quercus nigra) ______
(Arkansas)* water oak (Quercus arkansana). Water oak (Quercus obtusa) ___--
Willow oak (Quercus phellos) ___
Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) -
Blue-jack oak (upland willow oak)* (Quercus cinerea).
Shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria)
Myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) -
Where the tree grows
Gulf States region, Alabama to Arkansas.
Northwestern Arkansas, southwestern Missouri, eastern Oklahoma.
Northwestern Alabama______-
Northeastern States and Ap- palachian region to Florida.
Northeastern quarter of United States, southin Appalachian Mountains and cool loca- tions along streams. (Va- riety. Mazima important in southern Appalachian region). ‘
Eastern United States___-_____
Central northern Georgia____- Central and western Texas-___-
Southeastern quarter of United States.
Southwestern Texas_________-_-
Michigan to lowa and Minne- sota.
Northeastern United States. Maine to Missouri, moun- tains to Georgia.
Eastern half of United States, except Lake States region.
Missouri and northward.
Coastal plain, Virginia to Louisiana.
Northeastern United States, south in Mountains.
Southeastern United States. Abundant.
Mississippi Delta region, first and second bottoms.
Eastern United States, except New England. Southeastern United States___
Southwestern Arkansas-__-_____
Southeastern United States___
Atlantic and Gulf coastal re- gion, New York to Texas.
Coastal plain, North Carolina to Louisiana.
Coastal plain, Virginia to Texas.
Central-eastern United States_
On coast and isiands, South Carolina to Mississippi.
1 An unusual case of a varietal name only. Yat mee 2 PUTNAM, J. A., and BULL, HENRy. The Trees of the Bottomlands of the Mississippi River Delta Re-
gion. 207 pp. So. For. Expt. Sta.
Descriptive notes
Leaves shiny beneath.
Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, long-pointed, toothed. Bur large with much- prized nut. Good-sized tree.
Leaves large, nearly smooth below. Spines fuzzy.
Leaves long, coarsely toothed, pointed. Spiny bur with edible nuts. Trees mostly killed back by blight disease.
Acorn large, in flat shallow cup (fig. 5, D). Leaves mostly with 7 to 11 uniform lobes, 6 to 9 inches long, dull above, green below. High-grade timber tree. (Beginning the black oak group which has pointed leaf lobes and requires 2 seasons to mature the acorns.)
Leaves small, deeply (mostly 5) lobed, with hair clusters in axils of veins and midrib. Acorn small, in saucer- shaped cup. Branches numerous, drooping.
Leaves 38- to 5-lobed. Acorn 14 inch long, in flat cup.
Leaves 3 inches long, 5- or 7-lobed. Acorn 3% to 1 inch long in deep cup.
Leaves deeply or shallowly lobed, leafstalks slender. Acorn in shallow cup.
Similar to Texas red oak, but the leaves have sharp-pointed lobes and the acorns small cups.
Leaves shiny, deeply and roundly lobed, 3 to 5 inches long. Acorn top shaped, often striped.
Leaves with deep rounded sinuses, lobes pointed. Acorn large, often striped, in medium cup.
Leaves mostly 7-lobed, the lower ones rather full, others more deeply lobed. Acorn deeply enclosed in scaly cup. Inner bark orange.
Leaves smaller, narrower and smoother than black oak.
Leaves of fevwy prominent curved lobes. Acorn, full rounded in flat cup.
Leaves small, thick, silvery below. Small tree or shrub.
Leaves urn-shaped at base, with finger- like lobes or a 3-pointed outer end. Acorn ¥% inch long in flat cup (fig. 4, E). Important timber tree.
Bark smooth and tight, light to dark grayish-brown. Leaves dull dark green, usually 5 to 7 lobes. Acorn oblong-ovoid, 34 to 114 inches long and usually striped.
Leaves full, thick, dark green, shiny. Acorn small, in medium cup.
Leaves nearly evergreen, oblong with narrowing base, not toothed, but sometimes 3-lobed. Acorn small in shallow cup.
Leaves resembling above, but broader at outerend. Acorn 44 inch long. Leaves not lobed or toothed, widest beyond the middle, end rounded,
narrowed at base (fig. 3, A).
Leaves narrow, Willowlike, smooth, 2 to 5 inches long. Acorn small, striped lengthwise, in shallow cup.
Leaves glossy, dark green, elliptical, 3 to 4 inches long, smooth on lower surface, everegreen. Bark dark, rather smooth (black oak group).
Small tree with blue-green leaves, densely woolly below. Acorn small, striped, soft, hairy. i
Leaves without lobes, dark green, hairy below. Acornin deep, thin cup.
Leaves with broad rounded outer ends, thick, leathery, shiny, evergreen.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 13
FIGURE 4.—Leaves, fruit or flowers, and twigs of a few trees which compose the central hardwood forest re- gion: A, Post oak (p. 14); B, eastern red cedar (p. 6); C, silverbell (p. 22); D, shortleaf pine (p. 5); H, southern red oak (p. 12); Ff, black walnut (p. 8); G, white oak (p. 14); H, yellow or tulip poplar (p. 16); I, persimmon (p. 22). (See also p. 40.)
14
Name of tree
Live oak (Ouercus virginiana) ---
Shin oak (Quercus vaseyana) -----
Shin oak (Quercus mohriana) -- --
Shin oak (Quercus laceyi) --------
Shin oak ( Quercus annulata) _----
Durand white oak (Quercus durandii).
Chapman white oak (Quercus chapmanii). ; White oak (forked-leaf white
oak) * (Quercus alba). Post oak (Quercus stallata) ___---- Bastard white oak (Quercus
austrina). Bur oak ( Quercus macrocar pa) ---
Overcup oak (Quercus lyrata) __-- Swamp white oak (Quercus bi-
color).
Swamp chestnut oak (basket
oak)*, (cow: oak)* (Quercus prinus).
Chestnut oak (rock oak)* (Quercus montana). Chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii).
Dwarf chinquapin oak (scrub oak)* (Quercus prinoides).
American elm (white elm)* (Ulmus americana)
Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa) _ __-
Winged elm (wahoo)* (Ulmus alata).
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) ___-- Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia) -_- Red elm (Ulmus serotina)___----
Planer tree (water elm)* (Plan- era aquatica).
(Roughleafed)* hackberry (Cel- tis occidentalis).
Sugarberry (southern hack- berry) * (Celtis laevigata).
Palo blanco (Celtis lindheimerii) -
Hackberry (Celtis pumila georgi- ana).
(Name?) Trema mollis)________-
Red mulberry (Morus rubra) ___
Where the tree grows
South Ailantic and Gulf coasts, Virginia to Texas.
‘Western “Dexas: - = eee WesternTexas and Oklahoma - ‘Western: Pexas) = 26 = os eee Central and western Texas_-__-. Southern Gulf region, Georgia to Texas. 4 Southeastern United States
South Carolina to Florida. Eastern half of United States _ _
Central and southern United States, Massachusetts to Texas.
Southern United States, South Carolina to Mississippi. Northeastern and North Cen-
tral United States.
Atlantic and Gulf coasts, New Jersey to Texas. Near water.
Northeastern quarter of Unit- ed States. In low or cool ground.
Central and southern United States, New Jersey to Mis-
souril. Borders of streams or swamps. Northeastern and _ central
United States.
Central part of eastern United States.
Central part of eastern United States.
Eastern half of United States to the Great Plains.
Belt across northeastern States to Kansas.
Southeastern quarter of Unit- ed States.
Eastern United States________-
Mississippi, southern Arkan- sas, across central and south- ern Texas.
Kentucky south to Georgia and west into Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
Southern United States.
Most of northeastern United States.
Southeastern quarter of United States.
southerneLexass 6
Central part of southeastern United States.
Southern Florida (tropical) -__-
Eastern United States.________
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Leaves oblong, edges smooth but incurved, thick, pale, fuzzy below, evergreen (fig. 3, B). Bark grayish. Acorn borne on long stem (peduncle). (Beginning the white oak group, whose leaf lobes are rounded and whose acorns mature in 1 season.)
Leaves with small lobes, wavy mar- gins.
Leaves narrow, gray-green, Acorn in deep cup.
Leaves wavy-edged or 3-lobed. Acorn in shallow cup.
Leaves variable. cup.
Leaves widening toward apex where slightly lobed. Acorn in flat cup.
thick.
Acorn in rounded
Leaves oblong, wavy Margin. Acorn
without stem (sessile).
Leaves deeply and wavy lobed. Acorn in low flat cup (fig. 4, G).. Important timber tree.
Leaves like Maltese cross, thick,
leathery, woolly below. Acorn close to branchlet, in deep cup (fig. 4, A).
Leaves 5-lobed, shiny, smooth below. Acorn in deep cup.
Leaves deeply lobed and notched, broadest toward apex. Acorn en- closed in Mossy or scaly cup.
Leaves narrow with shallow lobes; acorn nearly enclosed in fringed cup (fiz. 3, H.
Leaves notched and lobed, whitish below. Acorn large in heavy cup.
Leaves large, coarsely notched, often silvery below. Acorn large, shiny.
Leaves coarsely notched. Acorn large, shiny, in warty cup. Bark exten- sively used for tanning leather.
Leaves oblong, sharply notched, silvery on lower side. Acorn sweet, edible (if roasted).
Leaves smaller than the above, teeth shorter.
Leaves doubly and sharply toothed, smooth above. Wings of seed with tiny hairs (fig. 5, A). Large tree with drooping branches. Extensively planted.
Branchlets often with corky wings Leaves smooth above, soft hairy below. Winged seeds hairy.
Leaves small, variable in size. Seeds winged, hairy (fig. 3, C). Young twigs oftencorky. Planted for shade and ornament in South.
Leaves rough, hairy above, soft downy below. Winged seeds, not hairy on edges. Inner bark muscilagenous.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, coarsely toothed, rough above. Flowers and fruit late.
Flowers in late summer. Seeds ripen late fall, hairy. Tree upright in habit of growth.
Leaves resembling those of elms. Fruit small nutlike.
Leaves oval, thin, broad near base, long pointed. Seed in a purple berry.
Leaves long, narrow, smooth on edges. Fruit nutlike, red or orange.
Leaves smaller than those of sugar- berry. Fruit red-brown.
Leaves 2inches long, thin, rough above. Fruit red-purple with bloom.
Leaves in 2 rows, 3 to 4 inches long.
Leaves thin, variably heart-shaped, sharply toothed. Fruit red or black.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 15
FIGURE 5.—Leaves, fruit, and twigs of hardwood trees characteristic;of the northern forest region: A, American elm (p. 14); B, white ash (p. 23); C, sugar maple (p. 20); D, northern red oak (p. 12); EE, pignut hickory (p. 8); £, butternut (p. 8); G, beech (p.10); H, sweet (or black) birch (p. 10); (see also p. 39).
16
Name of tree Where the tree grows
Osage-orange(bois d’arc)*( 7 ory-
lon pomiferum). Widely spread by planting.
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas. | Leaves smooth, shiny, 3 to 5 inches
long, deep green. Fruit a multiple orange with milky flesh. Twigs
thorny. Wood very durable in ground. Golden fig (Ficus aurea) -------- Southern Florida (tropical)_._| Leaves oblong, leathery, evergreen. Fruit rounded. Wild fig (Ficus brevifolia) - _-_--- a Ae 0 Stee Oe ee eee Leaves broader than above, thin. Whitewood (Schoepfia chriso- |----- 0 (9 So ee Rete te ey 2 Leaves elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long. phylloides) . Fruit small, with stone seed. Tallowwood (Ximenia .ameri-.|==---d02__.. -_-.-______-_ =. eee" Leaves oblong, shiny. Fruit round, cana). yellow. é } Seagrape (Coccolobis wvifera) - _ -_|----- 0 lp eee A AA Leaves round, 4 to 5 inches in diameter. Pigeon-plum (Coccolobis lauri- |----- OSS ae eee Leaves oval, thick. Fruit clustered. folia). , . Blolly (Torrubia longifolia) -____- TNE Oe ee es eee oe Leaves small. Fruit bright red, clus-
Evergreen magnolia (Magnolia I grandiflora). (widely planted for orna-
ment).
Sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana) -| Coastalregion, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.
Central and Southern States, Ohio to Georgia and Ar- kansas.
North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama. Rare, mostly in cul-
Cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata).
Yellow-flowered magnolia(Mag- nolia cordata).
tivation. : Bigleaf magnolia (Magnolia | Southern end of Appalachian macrophylla) . Mountains, Gulf States.
(Florida)* magnolia (Magnolia WiesternuHloridass 22 222522
Southeastern quarter of Unit- ed States.
ashei). Umbrella magnolia (umbrella- tree)* (Magnolia tripetala).
Mountain magnolia (Magnolia
Southern Appalachian Moun- fraseri).
tains, Virginia to Alabama.
Mountain magnolia (Magnolia pyramidata).
Yellow poplar (tulip poplar) ,* (tuliptree)* (Liriodendron tulipifera) .
Gulf coast region of Georgia, Florida, Alabama.
Southern New England to Michigan and Southern States.
Papaw (Asimina triloba) Eastern United States, except northern portion.
Southern Florida (tropical) _ _-
Pond-apple (Anona glabra)
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Texas.
Red bay (Persea borbonia)
Swamp bay (Persea pubescens) ._| Coast of Southern States_-____-_
Lancewood (Ocotea catesbyana)-_| Southern Florida (tropical) _ _-
Sassafras (Sassafras variifolium) _| Eastern United States___-_--_-
(Name?) (Misanteca triendra).__| Southern Florida (tropical) - _-
Caper tree (Capparis jamaicen-.|- 2s Om a es ee Sis).
(Caper tree)* (Capparis cyno- |--_-- Goss o 2 ess ee Caen phallophora).
Witch hazel (Hamamelis vir- | Eastern United States________- giniana).
(Southern) * witch hazel (Hama- melis macrophylla).
Sweet gum* or red gum (Liqui- dambar styracifiua).
Gulf coast region (Georgia to Texas), Oklahoma.
Southeastern quarter of United States.
Sycamore talis).
(Platanus occiden- | Eastern half of United States.
Moist or cool locations.
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts”
tered. Leaves thick, glossy, 5 to 8 inches long, evergreen. Fruit, head of many bright red seeds. Flowers large, white. Leaves oblong, pale green, whitish below. Seeds scarlet. Flowers white,
sweet. Leaves oblong, wavy edges. Head of scarlet seeds. Flowers greenish.
Large timber tree.
Flowers bright canary yellow. Leaves broad, rounded, thick; branchlets hairy.
Leaves 20 to 30 inches long, heart- Shaped at base. Flowers large, white, fragrant.
Resembles big leaf magnolia, but with smaller flowers, fruit, and twigs.
Leaves 14 to 22 inches long, crowded at ends of branches. Flowers ill- scented.
Leaves eared at base, 10 to 12 inches long, crowded. Flowers pale yel- low.
Leaves very narrow and eared at base, 5 to 8 inches long. Flowers white. Leaves squared, with lobe on sides.
Flowers greenish - yellow, tulip shaped. Fruit a cone of winged seed (fig. 4, H). Important timber
ree.
Leaves narrowed toward base, 8 to 10 inches long. Fruit pulpy, edible.
Leaves leathery. Fruit pear-shaped, fleshy.
Leaves evergreen, oblong, thick, bright green, orange-colored midrib. Fruit fleshy, nearly black.
Leaves elliptical, 5 inches long, ever- green.
Leaves narrowed at both ends, leath- ery, shiny, evergreen. Fruit dark blue, round.
Leaves variable in shape. Leaves, twigs, and especially inner bark on roots aromatic. Close relative of camphor-tree of Asia.
Leaves elliptical, evergreen. Fruit olive-shaped.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, rounded at ene leathery, shiny. Fruit, long pod.
Leaves sealy. Fruit pulpy.
Leaves deeply veined, with wavy mar- gin. Flowering in fall.
Leaves rounded, wavy-edged, hairy. Flowers, December to February.
Leaves star-shaped, aromatic. Fruit a spiny ball of many capsules with seeds (fig. 3, D). Large tree. Im- portant timber tree.
Bark gray, flaking off. Leaves large, broad, lobed. Balls single, hanging by slender stem over winter. Largest of all hardwood trees—up to 10 feet in diameter and 170 feet in height.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S.
7
Name of tree
Narrowleaf crab apple (Malus angustifolia).
Crab apple (Malus glaucescens) -
Crab apple (Malus glabrata) ____
Sweet crab apple (Malus coro- naria).
Crab apple (Malus bracteata) _ _-
Crab apple (Malus platycarpa) _-
Lanceleaf crab apple (Malus lancifolia).
Crab apple (Malus ioensis) - ___-
Soulard crab apple (Malus sou- lardii).
Mountain-ash (Sorbus amer- icana). Serviceberry (shadbush)*
(Amelanchier canadensis). Serviceberry (Amelanchier lae-
vis).
Hawthorn, haw, thorn, thorn apple, apple, or thorn (Cratae- gus species) (178 different spe- cies recognized in the United States).
Canada plum (Prunus nigra) --
Wild plum (hog or red plum)* (Prunus americana).
Wild plum (Prunus lanata) -----
Wild goose plum (Prunus hor- tulana).
Wild goose plum (Prunus mun- sonia).
Mexican plum (Prunus mezi-
cana). Chickasaw plum (Prunus an- gustifolia) .
Allegheny sloe (Prunus alle- ghaniensis) . Black sloe (Prunus uwmbellata) _-
(Texas sloe)* (Prunus tenui-
folia). Pin cherry (bird or wild red cherry)* (Prunus pennsyl- vanica).
Choke cherry (Prunus virginia- na).
(Georgia wild)* cherry (Prunus cuthbertii) . Black cherry (Prunus serotina).
Alabama cherry (Prunus alaba- mMmensis).
Cherry (Prunus australis)
Soi
Where the tree grows
Descriptive notes
Southeastern United States, except in mountains.
Appalachian Mountains and Plateau. Western North Carolina
Central eastern United States_
Kentucky to Missouri, south- ward. Central Appalachian region _--
Central eastern United States_ Central Mississippi Basin_----
Minnesota to ‘Texas (not
abundant).
Northeastern United States. Widely planted for orna-
ment. Eastern half of United States__
}
Maine to Wisconsin, seuth- ward.
Eastern United States, with 175 species (most numerous in Southern States); 3species in western United States.
New Fngland, west through northern tier of States to North Dakota.
Eastern United States and Rocky Mountain region to Utah and New Mexico. (See also p. 30.)
North and South Central States.
CentraliStatese ai case ake
Central Mississippi Valley, Oklahoma, and Texas. Kansas to Louisiana and
exas. Native probably in Oklahoma and Texas. Now found widely distributed through South. Connecticut south (in moun- tains) to North Carolina. Southern States__-----.-------
Cherokee County, Tex_______-
Across northern United States, southin Appalachian Moun- tains. (See also p. 30.)
Northeastern quarter of United States, south in Ap- palachian Mountains, west to northern Rockies.
Georgia, range not well known_
Eastern half of United States to the Great Plains.
Low mountains of central Ala- bama.
Conecuh County, Southern
Alabama.
Leaves oblong, bluntly: toothed, firm. Fruit round, yellow-green, fleshy. (Most of the crab apples have sharp spines on branchlets.)
Leaves toothed, coarsely notched, whitish below. Fruit pale yellow. Leaves triangular, sharply lobed,
toothed.
Leaves oval, finely toothed. Fruit yellow-green.
Leaves oval, pointed, toothed. Fruit round.
Leaves rounded ovate, finely toothed. Fruit flattened.
Leaves broadly lance-shaped, thin.
Leaves fuzzy beneath, notched and toothed.
Leaves oval, or elliptical, hairy on lower surface. Fruit 2 inches in diameter.
Leaves of 13 to 17 leaflets, sharply toothed. Fruit in cluster, bright orange-red.
Flowers white, appearing before the leaves. Leaves thin, oval, finely toothed.
Flowers appearing after the leaves. Berries pulpy, sweet.
Small trees, mostly with stiff crooked branchlets, armed with sharp spines. Leaves mostly rounded, broader toward apex, sharply toothed or slightly lobed. Flowers in showy clusters, mostly white with some rose shading. Fruit rounded apple, scarlet, orange, red, yellow, blue, or nearly black.
Leaves broadly ovate, doubly toothed. Fruit red. (All species of Prunus have bitter taste or smell, flowers in clusters, and stone in fruit.)
Leaves sharply toothed, wedge-shape at base, oval, 3 to 4 inches long. Fruit 1 inch diameter, bright red.
Leaves oval, hairy below. Plum with whitish bloom.
Leaves shiny, pointed. Fruit red or yellow.
Leaves long elliptical or lance-shape, thin, shiny. Fruit red, good quality.
Fruit purplish red; ripens late summer.
Leaves broadly lance-shaped, thin, shiny, finely toothed. Fruit red or yellow, much used for food.
Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. Fruit purple, with bloom.
Leaves broadly ovate. Fruit, various colors.
Leaves thin. Fruit oblong, with flat stone.
Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. Flowers in flat clusters (umbels). Cherry red, each on long stem. Spreads rapidly on burned-over for- est lands.
Leaves broadly oval, sharp pointed, shiny. Flowers in long clusters (ra- cemes). Cherry dark red.
Leaves smooth, firm, Fruit red.
Leaves shiny, long pointed. Flowers in long clusters (racemes). Cherry black, pleasant flavor. Timber tree.
Leaves broadly oval, thick, firm, up to 5 inches long. Fruit red or dark purple.
Leaves broadest near middle. purple.
twigs hairy.
Fruit
18
Name of tree
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
V here the tree grows
Descriptive notes
Laurel cherry (mockorange)* (Prunus caroliniana).
West Indian cherry (Prunus myrtifolia) .
South Atlantic and Gulf coast- al region.
Southern Florida (tropical) __-
Coco-plum(Chrysobalanus icaco)-}__-__ Coe eet Ste Aes ee ees
Florida catelaw (Pithecolobium unguis-cati) .
Huajillo (Wa-hil-yo) (Pithecolo- bium brevifolium).
Texas ebony (Pithecolobiwm flez- |
icaule). Wild tamarind (Lysiloma baha- mensis) .
Huisache (acacia)* (Acacia far- nesiana).
Catclaw (Acacia tortuosa) _____-_
Catclaw (Acacia wrightii)______-
Catciaw (Acacia emoriana)_____-
(Mimosa) * (Leucaena greggii) __-
(Mimosa)* (Leucaena pulveru- enia).
(Mimosa)* (Zeucaena retusa) _-__-
Honey mesquite (Prosopis glan- dulosa).
Redbud (Cercis canadensis) - ___
Texas redbud (Cercis reniformis) - Coffeetree(Gymnocladus dioicus)_
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacan- thos).
Texas honeylocust terana).
(Gleditsia Water locust (Gledistsia aquatica).
Border paloverde (Cercidium floridum) .
Coralbean (Sophora affinis) ______
Yellowwood (Cladrastis lutea) __
Black locust (yellow locust)* (Robinia pseudacacia).
Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa)-
Jamaica dogwood (Ichthyomethia piscipula).
Lignumvitae (Guajacum sanc- tum).
(Soapbush)* (Porliera angusii- folia).
(Name?) (Byrsonima lucida) ___
Hercules-club (prickly ash)* (Xanthorylum clavaherculis).
oe COL iss OE ee Se oe ees
Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.
Gulf coast of Texas___- 2 Bap Southern Florida (tropical) -__
Western! Lexas-: - 222 eee
Southern Texas (Gulf coast) __
Southern Texas and New Mexico. (See also p. 31.) Kansas to California and
southward. (See also p. 31.)
Eastern United States (south and west of New York).
aster Rexas= =a.) bn oe ee Central portion of Eastern United States.
Central portion of eastern United States (extended widely by planting).
Central Mississippi (Indiana to Texas).
Valley
Coastalregion (South Carolina to Texas), Mississippi Val- ley.
Southern Texas (mouth of Rio Grande) (small tree).
Mississippi River to California. (See also p. 31.)
Southern Appalachian Moun- tains west to Arkansas.
Appalachian Mountainregion. Widely cultivated and nat- uralized over United States.
Southern Appalachian Moun- tains.
Southern Florida (tropical tree).
Southern Florida (tropical) ____
Southermmexaste 2 ere
Southern Florida (tropical) -__.
South Atlantic and Gulf coast-
al regions, Arkansas, Okla- homa, Texas.
Leaves evergreen, thick, shiny, 2 to inches long. Fruit black, shiny, holding over winter. Planted as or- namental tree.
Leaves pointed, firm, yellow-green above, 2 to 4 inches long. Fruit orange-brown.
Leaves broad, much rounded at end.
Leaves of two pairs of leaflets, each rounded, thin. Pod 2 to 4 inches long.
Leaves doubly compound of many leaf- lets. Pods straight, 4 to 6 inches long.
Leaves very small, twice compound, broad. Pod thick, 4 to 6 inches long.
Leaves compound of many pairs of leaflets. Pod 1 inch broad, 4 to 5 inches long.
Leaves doubly compound, very small, bright green. Pods _ cylindrical. Flowers in round heads. Widely planted for its fragrant flowers.
Leaves tiny, compound. Pod slender, beadlike.
Leaves compound, tiny, on long stems.
Leaflets tiny. Pod much narrowed at
base.
Leaves doubly compound. Pods nar- Tow.
Leaves doubly compound. Pods 8 inches long.
Leaves featherlike compound of many leaflets.
Leaves generally similar to above, 9 inches long, leaflets often 2 inches long.
Leaves heart-shaped, thin. Flowers bright purplish red, in clusters. Pods pink, 2 to 3 inches long.
Leaves kidney-shaped, firm, shiny.
Leaves doubly compound, 2 to 3 feet long, of rounded pointed leaflets. Pods 8 inches long.
Leaves doubly compound ofsmallellip- tical leaflets. Pods 10 to 18 inches long, twisted, sweet pulp. Tree usually spiny.
Leaves compound of very smalileaflets. Pods small, flattened, thin, straight. Tree spiny.
Leaves single or doubly compound Pods short, with 1 to 3 seeds. TreS spiny.
Leaves tiny, twice compound. Bark bright green. Pods 2 inches long, pointed, straight.
Leaves compound, 13 to 19 leaflets. Pods beaded.
Leaves of 7 to 11 rounded leaflets, 3 to 4 inches long. Pods small, pointed, in clusters. Wood, yellow.
Leaves compound of 7 to 17 rounded leaflets. Flowers white, sweet scented. Pods 3 inches long with tiny seeds. Wood very durable.
Leaves compound. Leafstalks sticky, hairy (clammy).
Leaves of 5 to 11 rounded leaflets, drop- ping early. Pods with 4 crinkly
wings.
Leaves of 6 to 8 leaflets. Pod tiny, orange.
Leaves of 8 to 12 narrow leaflets. Flow ers purple, sweet scented.
Leaves opposite, wedge-shape, ever- green.
Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, of 6 to 18 pointed leaflets, on spiny stems. Fruit small in terminal clusters. This isnot the Devil’s-walking stick, see p. 22; sometimes called ‘‘ Her- cules club’’.
FOREST TREES
Name of tree
Where the tree grows
Wild lime tree (Xanthorylum fagara).
Satinwood (Xanthorylum fla- vum).
Hercules-club coriaceum).
(Xanthorylum
Baretta (Helietta parvifolia) _____- Hoptree (Péelea trifoliata)_______-
Torchwood (Amyris elemifera) __-
Balsam torchwood (Amyris bal- samifera). Paradise tree (Simarouwba glau-
ca). Bitterbush (Picramnia pentan-
Ta).
(Name?) (Alvaradoa amor- phoides).
Bay cedar (Suriana maritima) ---
Gumbo limbo (Bursera sima-
ruba). Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani)
Guiana plum (Drypetes lateri- flora).
Big Guiana plum (Drypetes diversifolia).
Crabwood (Gymnanthes lucida) -
Tropical parts of Florida and Texas.
Southern Florida (tropical) ___-
Texas (along the Rio Grande) _-
Eastern United States. South- ern Rocky Mountain region. (See also p. 31.)
Southern Florida (tropical) ___-
Coast of southern Florida (tropical). Southern Florida (tropical) ___-
Southern Florida (tropical) (nearly exterminated).
Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Florida Keys (tropical) --------
Manchineel (Hippomane man- |\____- La RUN Sa ATES TRUS agua cinella). (Savia)* (Savia bahamensis)_____|____- GLO ieee vate. ia aay yeaa Dara aah
American smoketree, (chittam- wood)* (Cotinus americanus).
Poisonwood (Metopium tori-
ferum).
Staghorn sumac (Rhus hirta)____.
Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina)--_-
Poison sumac (Rhus vernix) ___-
Texas pistache (Pistacia terana) -
Swamp ironwood, (leather- wood)* (Cyrilla racemiflora).
Titi (Cliftonia monophylia) _____- EVOlliva CHLETIOPACG) = S55 eae he
Dahoon (Ilex cassine) _--_-_-____-
Krugs holly* (Ilex krugiana)__._- |
Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) ___-__-_-
Winterberry (Christmas berry) * (Ilex decidua). Mountain holly (ler montana) _-
Eastern wahoo (burningbush)* (Huonymus atropurpureus).
False pore (Gyminda lati- olia ee ame?) (Rhacoma crossopeta- lum).
Kentucky to western Texas___-
Shores and hammocks of south- ern Florida (tropical).
Northeastern United States, south in mountains.
Eastern half of United States _- Much of eastern United States_
Southwestern Texas__..___--__-
Coast region, Virginia to Texas and somewhat inland.
Coast, South Carolina to Louisiana.
Southeastern United States, north along coast to Massa- chusetts.
Coast, South Carolina to
Louisiana. i Southern Florida (tropical) __- Southeastern coast region, Virginia to Texas.
Southeastern States, except in mountains.
Tree size only in Great Smoky Mountains of North Caro- lina and ‘Tennessee.
Northeastern States westward, to Montana. south in central Mississippi River Basin.
Southern Florida (tropical) - --
AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE
UWS: 19
Descriptive notes
Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, of 7 to 9 rounded leaflets. Bark bitter, pun- gent.
Leaves of 3 to 5 leaflets, evergreen.
Leaves small, leathery, compound, without terminal leaflet, evergreen. Fruit in dense terminal cluster.
Leaves opposite, small, mostly three- foliate.
Leaves three-divided, alternate on stem. Seed enclosed in thin, papery, circular wing.
Leaves usually opposite, of three leaf- lets. Fruit black.
Leaves compound of 3 to 5 leaflets. Fruit with small hard seed. Leaves of 12 rounded leaflets.
fruit.
Bark bitter, medicinal.
Stone Fruit fleshy.
Tree with bitter juice. winged.
Leaves fleshy, long, Flowers yellow.
Large tree. Smooth bark. Leaves compound.
Tree producing true mahogany wood. Leaves of 6 to 8 leaflets. Fruit hood-shaped.
Leaves pointed and narrow. Fruit red, in small clusters.
Leaves hold for 2 years, broadly ellipti- eal, thick. Fruit white, 1 inch long.
Fruit scarce, small, nearly black.
Sap very poisonous. Apple-shaped fruit with a stone.
Leaves evergreen. Flowers green, ol two kinds.
Leaves rounded, scarlet or orange. in fall. Fruit on stalks with purple hairs.
Bark exuding gum with caustic proper-
Fruit three-
wedge-shaped.
ties. Leaves compound, borne in terminal clusters. Leaves of 11 to 31 leaflets. Stems and
brancntets velvety. Fruit red, dense
ea
Leaves of 9 to 21 leaflets. Leaf stalks winged. Fruit in open head.
Leaves of 7 to 13 leaflets with scarlet
midribs. Fruit white, in open clusters in leaf axils.
Leaves compound. ‘Flowers tiny, clustered.
Leaves narrow, clustered near ends of
branches. Fruit small in long slender clusters. Forming ‘‘titi’”? swamps. Leaves
shiny. Fruit winged.
Leaves evergreen, stiff, spiny, Flow- ers of 2 kinds on separate trees. Fruit (on female tree) red berry. Christmas evergreen.
Leaves narrow, smooth on edges. Fruit small, red.
Leaves oval, pointed. Fruit brownish purple.
Leaves _ oblong-elliptical, coarsely toothed, thick, shiny, used for tea. Berries red.
Leaves dropping in _ fail. showy, orange or scarlet.
Leaves dropping in fall, rounded at base, pointed, toothed, up to 5 inches long. Fruit, red berry.
Leaves broad in middle, long pointed, toothed. Fruit 4-lobed, fleshy, purple.
Berries
Leaves opposite, rounded, thick, finely toothed. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stone
fruit.
20
Name of tree
Where the tree grows
Florida boxwood (Schaefferia
frutescens).
(Name?) (Maytenus phyllantho- ides). Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) _.
Mountain maple (Acer spica- tum).
Striped maple (moosewood)*---- (Acer pennsylvanicum).
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) - -
Black maple (Acer nigrum) __----
Whitebark maple (Acer leuco- derme).
Southern sugar maple (Acer floridanum).
Silver maple (white maple)* (Acer saccharinum). ;
Red maple (soft maple)* (Acer rubrum).
Boxelder (ashleafmaple)* (Acer negundo).
Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra) -
Georgia buckeye (Aesculus neglecta lanceolata)!. Red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) ___
Yellow buckeye (Aesculus oct- andra).
Woolly buckeye (Aesculus dis- color).
Searlet buckeye (Aesculus aus- trina).
Wingleaf soapberry (Sapindus saponaria).
Soapberry (Sapindus margina-
tus). Inkwood (Exothea paniculata) ___
White ironwood (Hypelate tri- foliata).
(Name?) (Cupania glabra)
(Varnish leaf)* microcarpa).
Bluewood (Condelia ohovata) ____
Red ironwood (Reynosia septen- trionalis).
(Dodonaea
Black ironwood (Krugiodendron ferreum).
Yellow buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana).
Soldierwood (Colubrina nata).
recli-
Nakedwood (Colubrina cubensis)
Nakedwood (Colubrina arbores- cens).
(Smooth)* basswood (Tilia gla- bra).
Southern Florida (tropical) _-_-
Great Lake States and south to Georgia and Oklahoma.
Northeastern United States, south in mountains.
Northeastern United States, south in mountains.
Eastern United States to Kan- sas and Oklahoma.
Centers in region from Ohio to Iowa.
Lower Appalachian Moun- tains to Arkansas and north- ern Louisiana.
Southeastern Virginia to east- ern Texas.
Eastern United States, espe- cially in central Mississippi
Basin. Eastern United States___-___--
Eastern half of United States, northern Rocky Mountain. (See also p. 31).
Pennsylvania south and west to Missouri and Texas.
North Carolina to western Florida.
Southeastern United States___
Pennsylvania to Hlinois, south mostly in mountains.
Georgia to Missouri and Texas. Southern-central United States- Southern Florida (tropical) -__-
Georgia; Mlorida== =
Southern Florida (tropical) ___-
lords, Keys. =
Southern Florida (tropical) ___- Long Pine Key, Fla. (tropical) -
WiestermLexass === se = ae Southern Florida (tropical) - _-
Southeastern United States____
Southern Florida (tropical) ___-
Maine to Michigan and south to Ohio River, west to Ne- braska.
1 An unusual case of a varietal name only.
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Leaves alternate, 2 inches long by 1 inch broad, narrow at base. Rounded fruit with stone.
Leaves leathery. capsule.
Leaves opposite, of 3 leaflets, 2 leaf bracts at base of stem. Fruit pod with bony seeds.
Leaves opposite, 8-lobed, coarsely toothed, red leaf stems. Flowers (racemes) and keys (fruit) in long clusters.
Leaves opposite, drooping,
Fruit, +angled, red
rounded,
3-lobed atapex. Bark,striped, green- ish, smooth. Leaves opposite, pale and smooth below, 5-lobed, rounded sinuses.
Keysripen late (fig.5, C). Treeyields sweet sap.
Leaves opposite, dull green (black), yellow downy below, thick, droop- ing.
Leaves opposite, small, 3-lobed, light yellow-green, and densely downy beneath.
Leaves opposite, with 3 rounded lobes, dark green, pale or fuzzy below, strongly veined.
Leaves opposite, deeply lobed, toothed, silvery below. Flowers beforeleaves. Keys fall early.
Leaves opposite, small, 3- or 5-lobed on red stems. Flowers red, opening before the leaves. Keys fall early.
Leaves opposite, thin, mostly com- pound of 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. Greenish
wigs.
Leaves of 5 leaflets, on slender stems, opposite. Flowers yellow. Fruit with prickles.
Leaves opposite, of 5 leaflets. Flowers red or yellow. No prickles on fruit.
Leaves opposite. Flowers red. No prickles on fruit.
Leaves opposite, 5 to 7 leaflets, sharply toothed. Flowers yellow (rarely red). Fruit without prickles.
Leaves woolly beneath, opposite. Flowers rose and yellow.
Flowers scarlet. Leaves opposite.
Leaves of 4 to 9 leaflets rounded at ends, brown leaf stem winged. 1-seeded, round fruit.
Leaflets, 7 to 183. No wings on leaf stem. Fruit yellow.
Leaves of 4 leaflets, each 4 to 5 inches long, dark green. Fruit, 1-sided, dark orange.
3 leaflets, 1 to 2 inches long, rounded at ends. Round fruit withround stone.
Leaves of 6 to 12 toothed leafiets.
Leaves wedge-shape, sticky. Fruit a capsule.
Branches spine-tipped. Leavessmall.
Leaves opposite, thick, dark green, notched end. Dark, edible purple “plum. ”
Leaves bright green, shiny, opposite, peristent, 1 inch across. Fruit round, black, 1 seed.
Leaves elliptical, slightly toothed, dark yellow-green, strongly veined. Round, black fruit.
Leaves thin, smooth, yellow-green, 2 to 3inches long. Fruit 3-lobed, red- orange. Smooth trunk.
Leaves thick, dull green, densely fuzzy.
Leaves thick and leathery, reddish, fuzzy beneath.
Leaves coarsely toothed, smooth except tufts of hairs on upper surface.
Flower stalks smooth.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S.
Name of tree
Basswood (Tilia porracea) _____--
(W hite-fruited) basswood (Tilia leucocarpa).
Basswood (Tilia venulosa) _____-
Basswood (Tilia littoralis)______-
Basswood (Tilia crenoserrata) _ _-
Basswood (Tilia australis) (Southern) *
jloridana). Basswood (Tilia cocksii)________-
basswood (Tilia
(Hairy)* basswood (Tilia ne- glecta).
(Carolina)* basswood caroliniana).
(Tilia
(Texas)* basswood (Tilia Tez- Baccasod (Tilia phanera)__----- Basswood (Tilia eburnea) - -_---- Basswood (Tilia lata)__.-_----_-
White basswood (Tilia hetero- phylla) .
White basswood (Tilia monti- cola).
(Georgia)* basswood ( Tilia geor- giana).
Loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasian- thus).
Frankiinia alta-
maha).
(Franklinia
Cinnamon bark (Canella winter- ana).
Papaya (Clarica papaya)______--
Tree cactus* deeringit).
(Cephalocereus
Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) -
Gurgeon stopper (Hugenia buzi- folia).
White stopper (Hugenia azil- laris).
Red stopper (Hugenia rhombea) - Red stopper (Hugenia confusa) _-
Naked stopper (Hugenia di- |____- Co Kove ean eh ee CINE i crana).
Stopper (Hugenia simpsonii)_---|_-__- COLAC See Swe ei Nhe TES
Stopper (Hugenia longipes) _----.|_-_-_ OE NSS ee ori eee fa 2)
Stopper (Hugenia bahamensis) ---|__.-- Leer eae a a at ah
White spicewood (Calypiran- |__--- Go Beas aR esse ahaa thes pallens).
Spicewood (Calyptranthes zuzy- |_____ GOEL ane hee Oe gium).
(Name ?) (Tetrazygia bicolor)...-|----_ GO Ree ae SOG
Black olive tree (Bucida buceras) _|_____ (6 (opr Se ea Ry COT Ua
Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta)_|_____ (ove YA raNR epee Bs ION A Any ena eo
Where the tree grows
21
Descriptive notes
iWiestern Hlorida sas 2aes eee
Alabama to Arkansas and Texas.
Southwestern North Carolina
Southeastern Georgia__________
Southwestern and Florida.
Northeastern Alabama___-____-
North Carolina south and west to Oklahoma and Texas.
Southwestern Louisiana-__-_----
Georgia
New England south, in moun- tains to Mississippi, west to Missouri.
North Carolina, Georgia, and west to Texas.
Southeastern Texas_____-_----
South-central Texas_________--
Western North Carolina to Florida.
Northwestern Alabama_ ___-__-
Pennsylvania to Missouri and south into Gulf States.
Appalachian Mountains (meeting of Virginia, North Carolina, and ‘Tennessee).
South Carolina to Florida. Arkansas.
South Atlantic and Gulf coas- tal region.
Altamaha River, Ga. (orig- inally), but now known only in cultivation.
Southern Florida (tropical) -_-_--
Eastern coast of southern Flor- ida (tropical).
Southern Florida (tropical) ___
Coast of lower Florida penin- sula (tropical).
Southern Florida (tropical) ___
ast coast of Florida (tropi- cal). Florida Keys (tropical) ______-
Southern Florida (tropical) -_ _ _
Leaves fuzzy below, oblique at base.
Leaves coarsely toothed, not hairy tufted. Flower stalk densely hairy.
Branchlets bright red and stout.
Leaves finely toothed. Branchlets slender.
Leaves roundedly toothed, smooth on lower surface.
Leaves smooth below, thin.
Leaves thin, coarsely toothed. Sum- mer twigs not pubescent.
Leaves blue-green, shiny below early Summer.
Leaves with short fine hairs on lower surface.
in
Leaves square at base, sparsely hairy below, smooth above. Branchlets smooth.
Leaves, heart-shaped base. lets smooth.
Leaves rounded, deeply heart-shaped at base.
Leaves obliquely squared at base. Branchlets hairy.
Leaves oval, long-pointed, heart-shape at base. Branchlets reddish.
Leaves densely woolly below, squared or heart-shape at base. Branchlets slender.
Leaves white, woolly below, squared at base. Branchlets stout.
Branch-
Leeves pale, woolly below. Branch- lets fine, hairy. Winter buds hairy.
Leaves thick, shiny, smooth, 4 to 5 inches long, narrow at base, persist- ent on branch. Related to the tea plant of Asia.
Leaves 5 inches long, oblong, narrowed
at base, shiny. Flowers showy white, 3 inches across. Planted for ornament.
Leaves elliptical, rounded at ends, thick, shiny. Inner bark, the cin- namon of commerce.
Leaves very large, much lobed; 3 to 5 inches long, edible. Cultivated for fruit.
No leaves. Branches usually 10-ribbed, spiny. Flowers inconspicuous, dark red.
Leaves opposite, thick, evergreen, ellip- tical, 4 inches long. Fruit, a berry germinating on the tree.
Leaves opposite, rounded at end, thick, 1 inch long. Flower clusters (race- mes) in leaf axil.
Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, narrow, blunt pointed.
Leaves opposite. (fascicles).
Leaves opposite, long pointed. Flow- ers as above.
Leaves opposite. open clusters.
Flowers in bunches
Flowers 3-flowered,
Leaves larger than above. Doubly 3-flowered. Leaves opposite, evergreen. Flowers
white, fragrant.
Leaves rounded. Fruit black. Flow- ers Sweet.
Leaves opposite, long pointed, 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers minute, in compound clusters (panicles).
Leaves opposite, elliptical, rounded; branchlets smooth. Flowers small, in sparse clusters (cymes).
Leaves opposite. Flowers white.
Leaves in whorls, 2 to 3 inches long, rounded at ends. Flowers in spikes.
Flowers in heads. Fruit in cones.
showy,
22
Name of tree
White buttonwood (Laguncu- laria racemosa).
Devil’s walking stick (Hercules club)* (Aralia spinosa).
Black gum (sour gum)* (Nyssa sylvatica).
Swamp black gum (Nyssa bi-
flora). Sour tupelo gum (Nyssa ogeche) -
Tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica) -- -
Dogwood (flowering dogwood) * (Cornus florida).
Blue dogwood SOM alterni- folia).
Roughleaf dogwood (Cornus asperifolia).
(Name ?) (Elliottia racemosa) __-
Great rhodendron (Rhododen- dron maximum).
Catawba rhododendron (Rhodo- dendron catawbiense).
Mountain-laurel (Kalmia lati- folia).
Sourwood (Orydendrum arbor- eum).
(Name?) (Lyonia ferruginea) ___-
W here the tree grows
Southern Florida (tropical) - _-
Most of eastern half of United States.
Coastal acid swamps, Mary- land to Texas.
Coastal region South Caro- lina to Florida (not abun- dant).
Coastal fresh water or ‘‘deep”’ swamps, Virginia to Texas, up Mississippi River. Not found in stagnant swamps.
Eastern half of United States__
Northeastern States and Ap- palachian Mountains.
Eastern United States.___--__
Southeastern Georgia___------ New England, Ohio, south in the Appalachian Mountains.
Appalachian Mountains, Vir- ginia south to Georgia and Alabama.
New England to Indiana and south to Gulf.
Appalachian Mountains, west to Louisiana.
South Atlantic coast______--_-
Tree huckieberry (Vaccinium | Coast, Virginia to Texas,
arboreum). moe mae is in Mississippi River Bas
Marlberry (Icacorea paniculata)_| Southern Florida (tropical) ___-
(Name?) (Rapanea guianensis)__|_____ COS t a Be ace Bs oe PERSE
Joewood (Jaquinia keyensis)_____|_____ (6 Co ei ee ete 5s 8 a ES ke
Satinleaf (Chrysophyllum olivi- |____- dof eae weer er ees forme).
Mastic (Siderorylon foetidissi- |_____ Gon er AR Ener ee mum).
Bustic (Dipholis salicifolia)______|_____ Ore eS ee ee
Tough buckthorn tenaz).
Gum elastic (Bumelia lanugi- nosa).
(Bumelia
Buckthorn (Bumiclia monticola) - Buckthorn (Bumelia lycoides) __- peated plum (Bumelia angusti-
Ww id dilly (Mimusops parvi- folia).
Persimmon (Diospyros virgin- iana).
Black persimmon texana). Sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria) _-
(Diospyros
Silverbell, (Lily-of-the-valley tree) * (Halesia carolina).
Mountain silverbell monticola).
(Halesia
Little silverbell (Halesia parvi- flora).
South Atlantic coast, south- western Georgia.
Coastal region Georgia to Texas, Mississippi Basin.
Southern and western Texas- - Southeastern States._...-_-.-. Southern Florida (tropical) _ -_- Florida Keys (tropical)______-_-
Eastern United States, except northern portion.
Southern and southwestern Texas.
Delaware to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas.
Southern Appalachian Moun- tain region.
Southern Appalachian Moun-
tains, west to Oklahoma. Southern Georgia, northern Florida, Alabama.
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Leaves opposite, shorts, rounded, thick, leathery. Flowers minute, borne on hairy clusters (spikes).
Spiny, aromatic tree or shrub. Leaves doubly compound, 3 to 4 feet long at end of branches.
Leaves oblong, broadest above the middle, thick. Fruit small, stone slightly marked (ribbed).
Leaves narrower than those of black gum (1 inch wide). Fruit small, ae ape acer marked (ribbed)
Fruit red (plum), large (1 inch long),
single. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long.
Fruit large (1 inch), purple (plum), single on long stem. Leaves broadly elliptical, 5 to 7 inches long (fig. 3, G)
Leaves opposite, oval, pointed. Flow- ers small, in dense head with showy white bracts. Fruit red.
Leaves alternate (otherwise similar to Cornus florida). Flowers small, with- out showy scales.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in loose heads, not showy. Fruit white.
Flowers with 4 petals, in long clusters.
Leaves thick, evergreen, 4 to 12 inches long, clustered at ends of branches. Flowers showy in large clusters.
Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, broad, thick. Calyx lobes of flowers sharp pointed.
Leaves elliptical, thick, evergreen, 3 inches long. Flowers in clusters (corymbs), showy.
Leaves elliptical, finely toothed. Flow- ers bell-shaped in long compound clusters (panicles).
Flower clusters in leaf axils.
Leaves elliptical, thin, 2 inches long. Flowers in open clusters (racemes).
Leaves thick with numerous resin dots. Blackberries in clusters.
Leaves oblong. Fruit round.
Leaves sometimes opposite. terminal.
Leaves soft, hairy below, 2 to 3 inches long. Fruit oval, fleshy, purple.
Leaves elliptical, thin. Flowers mi- nute.
Leaves narrow, shiny. Flowers mi- nute.
Leaves thin, oblong, silky below. Fruit round, sweet, edible
Leaves with soft brown hairs curved backwards Fruit oblong, in leaf a
Leaves thick, shiny. Branchlets often ending in stout spines.
Leaves thin, oblong. fleshy.
Leaves leathery, 1 inch long, evergreen. Fruit small with sweet flesh.
Leaves clustered at branch ends, notched.
Leaves oval (widest below middle), firm. Fruit fleshy, edible, stone seed (fig. 4, I). Close relative of Ebony tree of the Tropics.
Leaves rounded at end, narrow at base, linechlong. Fruit black.
Leaves pointed, good for browse. Fruit smal, in close clusters.
Flowers about % inch long, in small clusters (fascicles). Fruit 4-winged. Leaves elliptical (fig. 4, C).
Fruit as above. Flowers 2 inches long in fascicles. Leaves 8 to 11 inches long.
Fruit club-shaped, 1 inch long. Flow- ers minute, in fascicles. Leaves 3 inches long.
Flower
Fruit oblong,
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S.
Name of tree
Two-wing silverbell diptera). Snowbell (Styraz grandifolia)___-
(Falesia
Blue ash (Frazinus quadrangu- lata).
Black ash (Frazinus nigra)_____-
Water ash (Frazinus caroliniana) (Gulf)* water ash (Frazinus paucifiora).
White ash (Frazinus americana) -
Biltmore white ash (Frazinus biltmoreana). Texas ash (Frazinus terensis) ----
Mexican ash (Frazinus berlandi- eriana).
Red ash (Frazinus pennsylva- nica).
Green ash (frazinus pennsylva- nica lanceolata).
Pumpkin ash (Frazinus pro- funda).
Swamp privet (Forestiera acu- minata).
Fringetree (Chionanthus virgini-
ca). Devilwood (Osmanthus ameri- canus) .
(Florida) * devilwood (Osman- thus floridana).
Geiger-tree (Cordia sebestena)- --
Strongback (Bourreria ovata) -- --
Anaqua (Hhretia elliptica) -------
Fiddlewood (Citharezylon fruiti- cosum).
Blackwood (Avicennia nitida) _ --
Potato tree (Solanum verbasci- jfolium).
Common catalpa (Catalpa big- nonioides) .
Hardy catalpa (Catalpa speci- osa).
Black calabash-tree (Hnallagma cucurbitina). Fever tree (Pinckneya pubens) ---
Princewood (Hzostema caribae- wm).
Where the tree grows
Coastal plain of Georgia west to eastern Texas.
South Atlantic and Gulf coast region.
Michigan to Iowa, south to Tennessee and Oklahoma.
Northeastern United States. (Cold swamps, along streams and lakes).
South Atlantic and Gulf coast region. Deep swamps and river bottoms.
Southern Georgia, Florida. Deep swamps and river bot- toms.
Eastern half of United States _
Central portion of eastern United States.
Texas, except southern portion- WesternmuDexas oat) i
Most of the eastern United States. (See variety below.)
Eastern United States; west in the Rocky Mountains. (Im- portant variety of the above species.) (See also p. 32.)
Seattered, mostly east of the Mississippi River.
Central portion of eastern half of United States. ?
Pennsylvania south to Florida
and west to Texas. South Atlanticand Gulfcoasts_
Southern Mlorida-22) ah 2 as
Southern Florida (tropical) ----
Southern and western Texas_ - Southern Florida (tropical) ---- Gulf coast to Louisiana-------- Southern Florida (tropical) ----
Central portion of Southern States.
Central Mississippi Basin. Widely planted for its straight trunk.
23
Descriptive notes
Fruit 2-winged. Flowers in clusters (racemes). Leaves 3 to 5 inches long.
Leaves broadly oval, 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers white, in terminal clusters (racemes).
Branchlets square; leaves opposite, o {5 to llleaflets onshort stems. Flowers without calyx, perfect.
Leaves opposite, of 7 to 11 leaflets with- out stems (sessile). Branchlets round. Flowers without calyx, polygamous.
Leaves opposite, leaflets 5 or 7 on stems. Flowers with calyx, 2 kinds on sepa- rate trees. Fruit often 3-winged.
Leaves opposite, leaflets 3 or 5, more pointed than above. Flowers like above. Fruit 2-winged.
Leaves opposite, of 5 to 9 leaflets each, broadly oval, usually smooth and whitish below (fig. 5, B). Flowers of 2 kinds on separate trees. Impor- tant timber tree.
Leaves and branchlets fuzzy, 7 to 9 leaflets, whitish below. Leaves op- posite. Wing of fruit mostly ter- minal.
Leaves opposite, mostly of 5 rounded leaflets.
Leaves opposite, of 3 or 5 long, narrow leaflets. Wing extending halfway on fruit body.
Leaves opposite, of 7 or 9 tapering, long-stemmed leaflets, slightly fuzzy (also branchlets), green below. Wing extending part way up the fruit body. Flowers (2 kinds) on separate trees. Important timber tree.
Same as above except smooth leaflets and branchlets. Very difficult to distinguish from red ash. A very common ash. Important timber tree.
Leaves large, opposite, of mostly 7 leaflets, soft fuzzy below and on stem.
Leaves opposite, elliptical, 2 to 4 inches long. Flowers without petals, small.
Leaves opposite, thick, smooth, oblong. Flowers of 4 drooping white petals.
Resembling fringetree, except flowers small, tube shaped, and leaves ever- green.
Differs from Osmanthus americanus in hairy flower clusters and _ larger yellow-green fruit.
Leaves 5 inches long. Flowers orange color.
Leaves oval. orange-red.
Leaves oblong, downy below. Flowers tiny.
Leaves opposite, 3 to 4 inches long,
narrow. Flowers in long cluster.
Leaves opposite, leathery, evergreen, 6 inches long.
Leaves rank smelling, oval, 5 to 7 inches long. Small flowers. Yellow berries.
Leaves opposite, broadly heart-shape, 4 to 6 inches long. Flowers in crowded clusters. Pods _ slender, thin-walled.
Flowers white. Fruit
River |Leaves opposite, longer pointed than
those of common catalpa. Flowers in few-flowered clusters. Pods thick-walled, relatively large in di-
ameter.
Southern Florida (tropical)___| Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, thick, shiny. Fruit fleshy. \
South Atlantic coast (rare) ---- Teaves opposite. Fruit 2-celled cap- sule.
Southern Florida (tropical)_...| Flowers long, tubular. Heavy, hand some wood.
24
Name of tree
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus oc- cidentalis) .
Seven-year apple (Genipa clusii- iF
W bere the tree grows
Eastern United States, across southern New Mexico and Arizona to California. (See also p. 32.)
Southern Florida (tropical) -_--
olia). (Name?) (Hamelia patens)__----|----- CO ee ee NE Se Velvetseed (Guettarda elliptica) __|----- GO. es ae eee
Roughleaf velvetseed (Guettarda scabra).
Balsamo (Psychotria nervosa) ___-
(Name?) (Psychotria wndata) ._--
Florida elder (Sambucus simp- sonii).
Nannyberry ago).
(Viburnum lent-
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifol- ium).
Rusty blackhaw (Viburnum ru- fidulum).
(Name?) (Viburnum obovatum) -
Groundsel tree (Baccharis hali- mifolia) .
Northeastern Florida_-_____-__- Southern Florida (tropical) -__-
Hastern Florida: = .--22+-2--=2
Northeastern United States west into northern Rocky aa (See also p. 32:
Connecticut to Georgia, nar- rowing belt to Kansas.
Virginia to Florida west to Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
Central Atlantic States_______-
Atlantic and Gulf coasts (salty flats and marshes).
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Broadly elliptical leaves, opposite, on stout stems. Flowers in round heads or balls.
Leaves bunched near ends of branches. Flowers small, white, clustered.
Dry pulpy. Leaves opposite.
Leaves opposite, broadly oval, thin.
Leaves opposite, leathery, stiff, hairy and harsh to touch.
Leaves opposite, oval to lance-shape.
Leaves opposite, thin, elliptical. Fruit bright red.
Leaves opposite, of 5 leaflets. Shiny black berries in clusters (cymes). Leaves opposite, on winged leaf stems.
Winter buds long pointed.
Leaves opposite, smooth leaf stems, flowers on short stalks. Winter buds blunt pointed.
Leaves opposite. Winter buds and stems of early leaves reddish, fuzzy.
Leaves thick, shiny. Flowers white. Leaves broadly wedge-shape, resinous. Flowers on female (pistillate) tree
showy white. Flowers and fruit in much crowded clusters. Leaves not resinous.
Coast region. North Caro- lina to Florida.
(Groundsel tree)* (Baccharis
glomeruliflora).
WESTERN FOREST TREES
The western division of trees of the United States, including the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast forest regions (fig 7), has a total of 227 native tree species, representing 76 genera, 33 families, and the 2 broad classes which embrace all trees.” Popularly the different spe- cies are distributed as follows: 62 conifers, 2 yews (tumion), 1 palm, 5 yuccas, 4 cacti, 3 hawthorns, and 150 species of willows, alders, poplars or cottonwoods, oaks, legumes (mesquites, beans, locusts, etc.), myrtles, and other hardwoods or broadleaf trees.
Seventeen of the above 227 tree species grow also in the eastern division of trees and, therefore, are described under both regions. These include the white spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar (Balm-of-Gilead), peachleaf and Bebbs willows, paper birch, coral- bean, and buttonbush, which extend across the United States, and the wild plum, pin cherry, honey mesquite, hoptree, leucaena, boxelder, red or green ash, and nannyberry which extend westward into the Rocky Mountains.
An asterisk (*) after a common name indicates that it 1s used, but is not officially approved by the Forest Service.
Name of tree W here the tree grows Descriptive notes
Western white (Pinus monticola).
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, west- ern Montana, south in Sierra Ne- vada Mountains in California.
pine Leaves 5 in cluster, blue-green, 2 to 4 inches long. Cone slender, 5 to 11 inches long (fig. 6, C). Important timber tree.
Leaves 5 in cluster, 3 to 4 inches long. Cone 10 to 20 inches tong (fig. 6, E). Important timber tree.
Leaves 5 in cluster, 2 to 3 inches long. Cone stout, from 3 to 9 inches long.
Sugar pine (Pinus lamber- tiana).
Western Oregon, in mountains of California nearly to Mexico.
Rocky Mountains, Canada _ to Mexico. Sierra Nevada Moun- tains of California.
Limber pine (Pinus flezi- lis).
12 G@ymunosperms and angiosperms.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 29
FIGURE 6.—Cones and leaves of important timber trees of the western part of the United States: A, Pon- derosa pine (p. 26); B, Englemann spruce (p. 26); C, western white pine (p. 24); D, western red cedar (p. 27); E, sugar pine (p. 24); F, Douglas fir (p. 27); G, coast redwood (p. 27); H, western hemlock (p. 27). (See also pp. 43 and 45.)
3375°—36——4
26
Name of tree
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT.
OF AGRICULTURE
| |
Where the tree grows
Descriptive notes
W hitebark albicaulis).
pine (Pinus
Mexican white pine (Pi- nus strobiformis).
Parry pinon (Pinus parry- ana).
Mexican pinon (Pinus cembroides) .
Pinon (nut pine)* (Pinus edulis).
Singleleaf pinon (Pinus monophylla).
Foxtail pine (Pinus bal- fouriana).
Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata).
Torry pine (Pinus torrey- ana).
Arizona pine (Pinus ari- zonica).
Ponderosa pine (western
yellow pine)* (Pinus ponderosa. Apache pine (Arizona
longleaf pine)* (Pinus apacheca).
Jefirey pine (Pinus jeff- réyi).
Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla).
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) .
Digger pine (Pinus sabi- niana).
Coulter pine (Pinus coul- teri).
Monterey pine (Pinus
radiata).
Knob-cone pine (Pinus attenuata).
Bishop pine (Pinus muri- cata).
Western larch (Lariz occi- dentalis) .
Alpine larch (Zariz lyallii) -
White spruce (Picea glauca). The common western variety is Alber- liana.
Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii).
Blue spruce (Picea pun- gens).
Sitka spruce (Picea sit- chensis).
Weeping spruce (Picea breweriana).
Northern Rocky Mountains, east- ern Washington to California.
Western Texas to southeastern Ari- zona.
Southern’ Californig_ 2.27 eee
Central and southern Arizona, western Texas.
Dry foothills of southern Rocky Mountain region, Utah to Cali- fornia.
Utah, northern Arizona, central and southern California.
High mountains of northern and central California.
High southern Rocky Mountains, Utah to southern California.
San Diego County and Santa Rosa Island, Calif. Range very limited.
Southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona.
Mountains of western United States. Often forms extensive pure stands in southern Rockies.
Central and southwestern New Mexico, southern Arizona.
Southern Oregon south through California.
Mountains of Arizona, southwest- ern New Mexico.
Mountains of western United States; most abundant in north- ern Rockies.
Foothills of Sierra Nevada Moun- tains in central California.
Mountains of southern California (seattering).
Narrow strip of coast in central California.
Dry mountain slopes, Oregon and California. Coast mountains of California____--_-
Mountains of northwestern United States.
High northern Rocky Mountains_--
Northern Rocky Mountain region, including the Black Hills (S. Dak.) and Washington. Alaska. (See also p. 6.)
Extensive over Rocky Mountain region; Washington and Oregon.
Central Rocky Mountains-_________-
Coast region of northern California to Washington. Alaska.
High mountains near timber line ex- treme northern California and southwestern Oregon.
Bark usually thin. Leaves 5in cluster 1 to 3 inches long, persisting for 5 to 8 years. Small tree.
Leaves 5 in cluster, slender, 4 to 6 inches long. Cone scales turning backward.
Leaves usually 4 in cluster. small, irregular. Small tree.
Leaves 2 or 3 in cluster, 1 to 2 inches long. Cone much like above. Small reo.
Leaves mostly 2in cluster, 1 to 2inches long. Cone1to2incheslong. Seeds large, edible.
Leaves occurring singly (occasionally 2), 1 to 2inches long. Cone irregular. Seeds edible. Sprawling tree.
Leaves in fives, thick, stiff, dark green, linch long. Cone with thick scales.
Leaves in fives, 1 to 2 inches long. Cone with long slender prickles.
Leaves in fives, clustered at ends of branches, 9 to 12 inches long. Cone with thick scales.
Leaves in threes to fives, stout, 5 to 7 inches long. Cone about 2 inches long.
Leaves in clusters of 3, tufted, 5 to 10 inches long. Cone on short stem (if any), 3 to 6 inches long, with prickles (fig. 6, A). Important tim- ber tree.
Leaves very long (8 to 15 inches), dark green, stout. Cone one-sided.
Cone
Leaves 5 to 9 inches long, in threes, stiff. Cone 6 to 15 inches long, with large seeds.
Leaves in threes, slender, gray-green. Cone small, ripening in 3 years.
Leaves in twos, 1 to 3 inches long. Cone remaining closed for several years. Tree used for crossties and poles.
Leaves in threes, blue-green, drooping, 8 to 12 inches long. Cone large, sharp, spiny, with edible seeds or nuts
Leaves in threes, thick, dark blue- green, 7 to 10 inches long. Cone is largest of all native pines, 10 to 14 inches long, with strong curved spines.
Leaves mostly in threes. Cone often remaining closed on trees for many years.
Leaves pale green, 3 in bundle. 1-sided at the base.
Leaves in twos, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone spiny, often staying closed for
Cone
years.
Leaves 1 inch long, closely crowded, falling in winter. Cone with bracts extending beyond seales. Important for timber and crossties.
Resembling above except leaves 4- angled.
Leaves 4-sided, pale blue-green, sharp. Cone scale rounded.
Leaves 4-Sided, 1 inch long. Cone brown, shiny, with thin notched seales (fig. 6, B). Pulpwood and timber tree.
Leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, curved, blue-green.
Leaves flattened, sharp. Cone with
scales notched towardends. Impor- tant timber tree. Leaves flattened, blunt. Branchlets
hairy, light brown..
FOREST
Name of tree
Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).
Mountain hemlock (7'suga mertensiana).
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tarifolia) .
Bigeone spruce (Pseudo- tsuga macrocarpa).
Alpine fir (Abies lasio- carpa).
Corkbark fir (Abies ari- zonica).
Lowland white fir (Abies grandis).
White fir (Abies concolor) -
Silver fir (Abies amabilis) -
Noble fir (Abies nobilis) __-
California red fir (Abies magnifica).
Bristlecone _ fir venusta).
Sierra redwood,* or big tree (Sequoia washingto- niana), (S. gigantea)*.
(Abies
Coast redwood,* or red- wood (Sequoia sem- pervirens).
Incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens).
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata).
Monterey cypress (Cu- pressus macrocarpa).
Sargent cypress (Cwpres- sus sargentii).
Gowen cypress (Cupres- SUS govenianda).
Macnab cypress (Cupres- sus macnabiana).
Tecate cypress (Cupressus guadaloupensis).
Arizona cypress (Cupres- sus arizonica).
Smooth cypress (Cupres- sus glabra).
Alaska cedar (yellow or Sitka eypress)* (Chamaecyparis noot- katensis).
TREES AND
Where the tree grows
FOREST REGIONS OF
27
THE U.S.
Descriptive notes
Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountains.
High altitudes northwestern United States.
Western United States (except Nev- ada). Largest size and most
, abundant in coast forests of west- ern Washington and Oregon.
Mountain slopes of southern Cali- fornia.
High Rocky Mountains; west into Oregon and Washington. Alaska.
Highest mountain tops of Arizona and New Mexico.
Northern Rocky Mountains, coast forest south to California.
Central and southern Rockies, southwestern Oregon to southern California. Of all firs, it grows in warmest and dryest climate.
Coast forest of Washington and Oregon, Cascade Mountains.
Coast mountains, Washington to California; Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon.
Sierra Nevada Mountains of Cali- fornia, Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon.
Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, Calif.
Western slopes of Sierra Nevada Mountains in central eastern Cali- fornia.
Low mountains of Pacific coast, from southern Oregon to Mon- terey County, Calif.
Oregon (Mount Hood) through the mountains of California.
Coast of Washington, Oregon, north- ern California; inland to Montana. Alaska.
Coast of southern California____..__ Coast region of middle California___.
Peudooing and Monterey Counties,
alif.
Southwestern Oregon and north- western California.
San Diego County, Calif____________
Mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico. : Mountains of southern Arizona_-_-__-
Oregon and Washington___________-
Leaves fiat, blunt, shiny, twisted on branch to form two rows. Cone 1 inch long, without stem (fig. 6, H). Important timber tree.
Leaves rounded or grooved above, curved. Cone with short bracts.
Leaves straight, flat, rounded near end, soft, flexible, about 1 inch long. Cone 2 to 4 inches long with bracts extended between the scales (fig. 6, F). Up to 380 feet in height. Im- portant timber tree.
Resembling the above, but cone 4 to 6 inches long.
Leaves flat and grooved above, pale green, 1 inch long. Cone purple. Bark hard. Note that cones on all true firs stand erect on branches.
Bark soft corky, ashy white. Leaves and cones resembling above.
Leaves flat, dark green, shiny above. Cone green. Pulpwood tree.
Same as above, except leaves pale blue- green or whitish, and often 2 to 3 inches long. Cone 3 to 4 inches long, purple. Pulpwood tree.
Leaves fiat, dark green, shiny, pointing forward on sterile branches. Cone deep purple, with broad scales. Pulpwood tree.
Leaves often 4-sided, blue-green, smooth. Cone purple, bracts much longer than cone scales, green. Pulp- wood tree.
Leaves on sterile branches, 4-sided. Cone purplish brown, slender tips o- bracts same length as scales. Pulpf wood tree.
Cone bracts many times longer than cone scales.
Leaves tiny, scalelike. Cone 2 to 3 inches long, much larger than those of coast redwood, ripening in 2 years. Bark very thick. Up to 320 feet in height and 35 feet in diameter. Trees mostly protected from cutting.
Leaves small, 144 inch long, thin, flat, spreading in 2 ranks. Cone small, about 1 inch long, ripening in 1 year (fig. 6, G). Up to 364 feet in height and about 25 feet in diameter. Im- portant timber tree. <A tree logged in Humboldt County, Calif., scaled 361,366 board feet of lumber.
Resinous, aromatic tree with scaly bark. Leaves variable, up to 44 inch long; cone 4% inch long, maturing in i season. Wood used for making pencils.
Leaves and fruit smaller than those of incense cedar (fig. 6, D). Soft, red, dish-brown wood, used for lumber and shingles.
Leaves scalelike, dark green, “4 to 4% inch Jong, dull pointed.
Leaves sealelike, dark green, glandular- pitted.
Leaves dark green, sharp pointed. Cones 4% inch diameter; seed dark.
Cone \% to 1 inch in diameter, often with whitish bloom.
Leaves pale bluish-green. Bark se shiny. Branchlets bright red.
Leaves scalelike, pale bluish-green. Bark separating into narrow fibers.
Differing slightly from the above.
Bark thin. Branchlets stout. Leaves bluish-green, scalelike. Wood fra- grant. Important timber tree.
28
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Name of tree
Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawso- niana).
Dwarf juniper (Juniperus communis).
California juniper (Juni- perus californica).
Utah juniper (Juniperus utahensis).
Alligator juniper (Jwni- perus pachyphloea).
Western juniper (Juni- perus occidentalis).
One-seeded juniper (cedro)* (Juniperus monosperma). ®
Rocky Mountain red cedar (Juniperus sco- pulorum).
California nutmeg (Tumion californicum).
Pacific yew (Tarus brevi- folia).
California palm (Wash- ingtonia filamentosa).
Mohave yucca mohavensis). Spanish bayonet (Yucca torreyi).
Spanish bayonet (Yucca schottii).
Joshua tree (Yucca brevi- folia).
(Yucca
Soapweed (Yucca elata) __-
Little walnut (Juglans rupestris.
California walnut (Jug- lans californica).
Hinds walnut (Juglans hindsii).
Pacific wax myrtle (Myr- ica californica).
Aspen (quaking aspen)* (Populus tremuloides) (varieties: Vancowver- jana and Aurea).
Balsam poplar (Balm-of- Gilead)* (Populus bal- samifera).
Black cottonwood (Popu- lus trichocarpa).
Lanceleaf cottonwood (Populus acuminata).
Narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia).
Arizona cottonwood (Pop- ulus arizonica).
Cottonwood (Populus sar- gentii).
(Fremont)* cottonwood (Populus fremontii) .
(W islizenus)* cottonwood (Populus wizlizenii). MacDougal cottonwood
(Populus macdougalii).
Dudley willow (Salix gooddingii). Peachleaf willow (Saliz
amyqdaloides). Red willow (Salix /aevi-
gata). Willow (Salix bonplandi- ana towmeyi). Western black (Salix lasiandra).
willow
W here the tree grows
Coast, southern Oregon and north- ern California.
Across northern United States. Rocky Mountain and northern Pacific regions. (See also p. 6.)
Mountains and foothills of central and southern California.
Desert regions, Wyoming to New Mexico.
Desert ranges Texas west to Arizona_
Cascades and Sierra Nevada Moun- tains.
Extensive areas over foothills of Rocky Mountains.
Rocky: Mountains] 2 ee
Coast and Sierra Nevada Moun- tains of California.
Pacifie coast region east to northern Montana. Alaska.
Southern: Cahformias-2- se
Northwestern Arizona across Mo- have Desert to Pacific coast. Western Texas to Arizona__-__------
SoOuthernvATiz0n ase ee
Southwestern Utah through Mo- have Desert to California.
Texas to southern Arizona____------ Texas, New Mexico, Arizona_-------
Southern California, coast region__--- Central California, coast region_-__-
Coast region, California to Washing- ton.
Northeastern and all western United States. (See also p. 10.)
Across northern United States. (See also p. 10.)
California Mountains and foothills_- Rocky Mountains and foothills____-
Rocky Mountains and foothills____-
Southern New Mexico and Arizona_- Rocky Mountain foothills to Plains_-
States west of the Rocky Mountains_
Texas, New Mexico, western Colo- rado.
Southern Arizona, California.
Western Texas to California, north in State.
Northern United States, south in Rocky Mountains. (Seep. 10.)
Arizona, Utah, California_.__._.__-_-
southeastern
Arizona and New Merxico_-_-__--__-_--
Central Rocky Mountains. Pacific
coast.
Descriptive notes
Bark thick. Branchlets slender. Wood fragrant and easily worked. Im- portant timber tree.
Leaves short, % inch long. Sweet aromatic berries, ripening in 3 sea- sons.
Berries reddish brown, ripening in l season. Leaves in clusters of 3.
Bark falling in strips. Berry large, ripening in 1 season. Leaves op- posite.
Bark in nearly square plates. large, ripening in 2 seasons.
Berries dark blue, small, maturing in 1season. Bark thin. Leaves rough. Heavy branches. Tree up to 10 feet in diameter and 60 feet in height.
Berry small, 1l-seeded. Branchlets and leaves very small; leaves rough. Berries ripening in 1 season.
Berries ripening in 2 seasons. Wood red, fragrant, resembling eastern red cedar.
Leaves over 1 inch long, shiny. Fruit dark purple, 1 inch long. All of tree pungent and aromatic.
Leaves less than 1 inch long, holding on for 5 to 12 years. Fruit nearly enclosed in thick cup.
Leafstalks armed with spines. Fruit berrylike. Leaves fan-shaped, Widely planted for ornament.
Flower part (style) short.
Berry
Leaves smooth, 1 to 2 feet long.
Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, 1 to 2inches wide, concave, smooth, light green.
Leaves stiff, blue-green, sharply toothed, pointed, crowded in dense clusters.
Flower stalks 3 to 7 feet long.
Leaves small, of 9 to 23 leaflets. Nuts grooved, up to 1 inch in diameter. Leaves 8 inches long, of 11 to 15 leaflets. Nuts less than 1 inch in diameter. Leaves compound. Nuts up to 2
inches diameter.
Leaves sharply toothed, narrow at base, shiny. Fruit waxy, dark purple.
Leaves broad, finely toothed, leaf- stalks flat and long.
Leaves dull-toothed, leafstalks round. Winter buds 1% inch long, shiny, resinous.
Leaves broad, wedge-shaped at base, whitish below. Buds resinous.
Leaves long-pointed, narrow, 3 inches long, on long stalks. Buds resinous.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, narrow, taper- ing, sharp pointed. Buds very resinous.
Leaves with flattened stalks, thick, coarsely toothed.
Resembles the above species.
Leaves coarsely toothed, 2 to 244 inches long and broad. Leafstems flat- tened.
Leaves broadly delta-shape (triangu- lar), coarsely toothed, thick, firm.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, square at base, toothed. Branchlets fuzzy.
Branchlets yellow-green. Fruit hairy.
Leaves long, pointed (peachleaf), pale below. Fruit (capsules) on long stalks.
Fruit (capsule) short stalked.
Leaves whitish below, stems with
glands.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S.
Name of tree
29
W here the tree grows
Descriptive notes
Sandbar willow (Salix sessilijolia) . Narrowleaf willow (Saliz exigua).
Yewleaf willow (Saliz tazifolia).
White willow (Salix lasio- lepis). (Diamond)* willow (Saliz
mackenzieana). (Bebbs)* willow (Salix bebbiana).
Seouler willow (Salix scowleriana).
Willow (Saliz hookeriana)_
Silky willow (Salix sitch- ensis).
Western hop-hornbeam (Ostrya knowltonii).
Paper birch (Betula papy- rifera).
Red birch (Betula fonti- nalis).
Sitka alder (Alnus sinu- ata).
Red alder (Alnus rubra)__ Mountain alder (Alnus
tenuifolia).
Whitealder (Alnus rhom- bifolia).
Mexican alder (Alnus oblongifolia).
Golden chinquapin (Cas- tanopsis chrysophylla).
‘Tan oak (Lithocarpus den- siflora).
California black oak.
(Quercus kelloggii).
Whiteleaf oak (Quercus hypoleuca).
Highland live oak (Quer- cus wislizenit).
Coast live oak (Quercus pricei).
Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia).
Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis).
Huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia).
Island live oak (Quercus tomentella).
Emory oak (Quercus emoryi). California scrub oak
(Quercus dumosa). Netleaf oak (Quercus retic- ulata).
Toumey oak towmey?).
Arizona white oak (Quer- cus arizonica).
Mexican blue oak(Quercus oblongifolia).
Evergreen white oak (Quercus engelmannii).
California blue oak (Quer- cus douglasii).
(Quercus
Western Washington and Oregon
Western United States
California, southern Arizona__-______
Northern Rocky Mountains, Cali- fornia.
Northern United States, south in Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 10.)
Western United States______________
Oregon and Washington____________ RAcifici Coast Statese ans ae ae cee
Colorado River in Arizona and Utah_
Northern United States, across the continent. (See also p. 10.)
Rocky Mountains, Pacific coast____-
Northwestern coast States, Mon- tana. Alaska.
Idaho and Pacific States_____._____- Arizona, southern New Mexico- ---_-
Pacific coast region, south to south- ern California.
California into southern Oregon_-___.
Western Oregon, through moun- tains of California.
Western Texas to Arizona_..._______-
California, lower mountain slopes and foothills. Coast of Monterey County, Calif.._-
Coastal mountains and valleys of California.
Southern Oregon, California, south- ern Arizona.
High Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.
Islands off coast of southern Cali- fornia.
Mountains, western Texas to south- ern Arizona.
California, Sierra Nevada and Coast Mountains.
Southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona.
Southeastern Arizona_-_-_------------
Southern New Mexico and Arizona-
Western Texas to southern Arizona -
Southern California, belt along the coast.
Southern half of California, mountains.
low
Stamens 2. Leaves small, with stems.
Leaves white, silky below.
Leaves 1 inch long.
Leaves slightly toothed, pale below. Leaves 4 inches long, narrow pointed.
Leaves elliptical, silvery white below.
Leaves broadest beyond middle.
Leaves broadly oval, fuzzy beneath. Leaves densely silky below.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, broad, rounded, sharply toothed. Fruit hoplike.
Bark pure white to light gray, sepa- rating into thin sheets. Leaves thick, rounded at base.
Bark firm, shiny. Leaves small.
Flowers opening with or after the leaves. All alders have two kinds of flowers (aments) on same tree.
Flowers opening before leaves.
Flowering as above. Leaves thin.
Leaves broadly oval, rounded at ends. Leaves oblong and pointed.
Leaves. thick, evergreen. prickly golden burr, seasons.
Acorn set in flat, hairy cup. Leaves toothed, evergreen, heavily veined. Acorn ripening in 2 seasons.
Acorn in deep thin cup. (Beginning of the black oak group whose leaves have pointed lobes, if any, and whose acorns require 2 seasons to mature.)
Leaves hairy below, narrow, acorn in fuzzy cup.
Leaves thick, shiny, dark green. Acorn deeply enclosed in cup.
Leaves similar to above. saucer-shaped cup.
Leaves evergreen, thick, with sharp teeth, dull green, 1 to 3 inches long.
Leaves long, thick, leathery, ever- green. Acorns 2 inches long, in densely hairy cup.
Leaves small, with smooth margins. Acorn cup mossy. (Often low shrub).
Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, broadly ellip- tical, toothed, thick, hairy below, evergreen.
Leaves very shiny, flat, stiff. Acorns shiny black, much used for food. (Beginning of white oak group, whose leaves have rounded lobes, if any, and whose acorns require only 1 season to mature.)
Leaves mostly 1 inch long, with shallow lobes. Acorn broad, in deep cup.
Leaves coarsely and deeply veined, yellow fuzzy below. Acorn on long stems.
Leaves tiny.
Nut in ripe in 2
Acorn with
Acorn in thin cup.
Leaves broad, thick, firm, biue-green. Acorn striped, in deep cup. Leaves ellipitcal, blue-green.
small, in shallow cup. Leaves resembling the above, or with coarse teeth on edge. Leaves blue-green, mostly 2 to 5 inches long, deeply notched or lobed. Acorn proad above base. Good-sized tree.
Acorn
30
Name of tree
lobata).
Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana).
Rocky Mountain white
Valley white oak (Quercus oak (Quercus utahensis). |
Rocky mountain white oak (Quercus lepto- phyla).
Wavyleaf shin oak (Quer- cus undulata).
Palo blanco (Celtis reti- culata).
Douglas hackberry (Celtis | douglasii).
(Western)* mulberry (Morus microphylla).
California-laurel (Umbel- lularia californica).
California sycamore (Pla- tanus racemosa).
Arizona sycamore (Pla- tanus wrightii).
(Name?) (Vauquelinia californica).
Santa Cruz ironwood (Lyonothamnus flori- bundus).
Oregon crab apple (Malus | fusca).
Pacific mountain-ash (Sorbus siichensis).
Alpine mountain-ash (Sorbus occidentalis).
Christmasberry (Hetero- meles arbutifolia).
Pacific serviceberry (Ame- lanchier florida).
Willow thorn (Crataegus saligna).
Black hawthorn (Cratac- gus douglasii).
Thorn* laris).
(Crataegus rivu-
Bigleaf-mountain mahog- any (Cercocarpus tras- kiae).
Curlleaf mountain-ma- hogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius).
Birchleaf mountain-ma- hogany (Cercocarpus betuloides).
Alderleaf mountain-ma- hogany (Cercocarpus alnifolius).
Hairy mountain-mahog- any (Cercocarpus pauci- dentatus).
Cliffrose (Cowania stans- buriana).
Wild plum (hog or red
plum)* (Prunus ameri- cana).
Pacific plum (Prunus sub- cordata).
Bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata).
Pin cherry (Prunus penn- sylvanica) (variety sazi- montana).
MISC. PUBLICATION 217,
Where the tree grows
Western and southern California____
Pacific coast region south to middle California.
Central and southern Rocky Moun- tain region.
Colorado and New Mexico---_-------
Colorado, New Mexico, and a little northward.
Arizona,
Oklahoma and Texas to southern Arizona.
Rocky Mountain region, Canada to Mexico.
Texas, southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona.
Oregon and through foothills of Cali- fornia.
Southern half of California_________- Arizona, southwestern New Mexico_ Southern New Mexico and Arizona -_
Islands off coast of southern Cali- fornia.
Worthern California, western Oregon,
and Washington. Alaska. California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho. Alaska.
Near timber line in northern Rocky Mountains. Alaska. Southern half of California__________
Rocky Mountains to north Pacific coast region. Alaska.
Colorado, in mountains, and foothills.
valleys,
Pacific coast region south to Califor- nia. Northern Rocky Mountains to Wyoming.
Rocky; Mountains! 22 ee tae
Santa Catalina Island, Calif------_--
Northern Rocky Mountains south to Colorado. Eastern and southern California.
Coast mountains of California______-
Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz Islands.
Western Texas, New Mexico, Ari- zona.
Colorado, Utah, and South__-_---_-
Eastern United States, central and southern Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 17.)
Central Oregon to California -_--_-__-
Rocky Mountains and westward----
Across northern United States,
northern Rocky Mountains to Colorado. (See also p. 17.)
USS) DEPP:
OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Leaves deeply lobed. Acorn conical, long, in rather deep cup
Leaves 4 to 6inches long, ‘iced smooth above, hairy below.
Leaves 3 to 7 inches long, regularly lobed. Acorn with half-round cup. Common, abundant oak.
Leaves resembling above, but smooth below. Acorns small. Large spread- ing tree.
Leaves lyre-shaped, lobed. Acorn set in shallow scaly or warty cup. Small tree.
Leaves green on lower surface. orange-red.
Leaves ovate, heart-shaped at base, coarsely toothed, rough above.
Leaves small, rounded, coarsely toothed. Fruit nearly black, sweet.
Leaves long, elliptical, 2 to 5 inches, evergreen. Fruit rounded, 1 inch long, in clusters.
Fruit balls in string of 3 to 5. Leaves with 3 to 5 pointed lobes.
Leaves with 5to7 deep lobes. Fruit balls in string 6 to 8 inches long.
Leaves narrow, toothed, hairy beneath.
Berry
Leaves willowlike, or deeply divided (pinnae), about 4 to 8 inches long.
Leaves broadly oval, sharply toothed. ae oblong, yellow-green to nearly
Leaflets shiny, thin, narrow. Fruit
Flowers fragrant. purplish.
Leaves elliptical, sharply but finely toothed, shiny, evergreen. Scarlet berries in clusters.
Leaves rounded, coarsely toothed above middle. Small clusters of blue berries.
Leaves oval or squared, 1 to 2 inches long, finely toothed. Fruit very shiny blue-black. Small tree.
Leaves thick, shiny, squared, notched, and finely toothed. Many short stout spines. Clusters of black berries. Small tree.
Leaves without lobes, thinner than
Berries pear shape,
above, pointed, dull green. Spines few. Leaves rounded, coarsely toothed
toward end, woolly below. Flowers in cluster. Flowers singly on stem. (All mahoganies have long silky threads to the seeds.) Small tree. Leaves small, narrow, up to 1 inch long, pointed at both ends. Small tree.
Leaves small, 1 inch long, finely toothed, wider beyond middle.— Flowers in cluster. Small tree.
Leaves oval, long toothed, smooth below. Flowers on long stems in cluster. Small tree.
Leaves ] inchlong, broader toward end, smooth or slightly toothed. Flowers singly. Small tree.
Long feathery thread from each seed.
Leaves oval, sharply toothed, 3 to 4 incheslong. Fruit linchin diameter, bright red. Usually only a shrub in this region.
Leaves broadly ovate. yellow.
Fruit small, bright red, shiny, bitter.
Fruit red or
Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. Flowers in clusters (umbels), cherries red, each on long stem, spreads rapid- ly on burned-over forest lands.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S.
Name of tree
Where the tree grows
Western choke cherry (Prunus demissa).
Black choke cherry (Pru- nus melanocarpa).
Southwestern black cherry (Prunus virens).
Hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) .
Catalina cherry (Prunus lyonii).
(Name?) (Lysiloma wat- soni).
Catclaw (una-de-gato)* (Acacia greggii).
(Mimosa)* (Leucaena re-
tusa). Mesquite (Prosopis juli- flora).
Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa).
Velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina).
Screwbean (Strombocarpa odorata
California redbud (Cercis occidentalis).
Jerusalem-thorn (Parkin- sonia aculeata).
Littleleafhorsebean (Par- kinsonia microphylla) .
Paloverde (Cercidium tor- reyanum).
Mescalbean (Sophora se- cundiflora) .
Coralbean (Sophora affinis).
(Name?) (Hysenhardtia polystachia).
Indigo bush (Dalea spi- nosa).
New Mexican locust (Ro- binia neo-mezicana).
Tesota (Olneya tesota) ____-
Hoptree (Pielea trifoliata) -
(Name?) (Bursera micro-
phylla).
Mahogany sumach (Rhus integrifolia) .
Laure! sumach (Rhus (laurina).
Canotia (Canotia hola- cantha) .
Bigleaf maple (Acer ma- crophyllum).
Vine maple (Acer circina- tum).
Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) .
Douglas maple (Acer dowglasii).
Southwestern maple (Acer brachypterum).
Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum).
Boxelder (Acer negundo var. violaceum).
Inland boxelder (Acer in- terius) .
California boxelder (Acer californicum) .
Southwestern New Mexico, south- ern California. Southern Rocky Mountains______-___
Western Texas, New Mexico, Ari- zona.
Coast mountains of southern Cali- fornia.
Coast Islands, including Santa Cata- lina, Calif. Southern Arizona__------------____-
Western Texas, southern New Mex- ico, Arizona.
Southern parts of Texas and New Mexico. (See also p. 18.)
Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, California.
Kansas to California and southward. (See also p. 18.)
Southerm+Arizona 2222s 2
Western Texas to California, Utah, Nevada.
Coast ranges and lower slopes of Sierras, Calif., Utah
MOEXAS HATZ OMA eee seta wernt ae eta
Southern parts of Arizona and Cali- fornia.
Southern parts of Arizona and Cali- fornia.
Southern parts of Texas and New Mexico.
Southern California east to Missis- sippi River. (See p. 18.)
Western Texas to Arizona-_-___-----_-
Deserts of Arizona, California. --_____
Southern Rocky Mountain region-_-_-_
Deserts of Arizona, California_____--
Eastern United States, southern ay Mountains. (See also p. 19.
Arizona, southern California--_-.____- Coast region of southern California_-
Arizona, southern California_-_-____-
Coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Alaska. iPacitic: Coast, FELIOMNe see sue ae eae
Plains and western mountains-_---_-
Northern Rocky Mountain and northern Pacific regions. Alaska. Southern New Mexico- -------------
Rocky Mountains, from Montana and Idaho to Mexico.
Eastern half of United States; this variety in northern Rocky Moun- tains. (See also p. 20.)
Rocky Mountain region ( Mexico).
Canada to
Southern half of eastern California- -
dl
Descriptive notes
Leaves often heart-shaped at base, and fine-hairy below.
eaves thicker and fruit darker than above.
Leaves small, elliptical, finely toothed. Fruit purplish black, in long clusters.
Leaves broadly oval, coarsely and sharply toothed, leathery. Fruit dark purple.
Leaves thick, shiny, slightly toothed. Fruit purple to nearly black.
Leaves small of leaflets, densely hairy. Flowers in round head. Pods 1 inch wide.
Leaves small, of 1 to 3 pairs of leaf clusters (pinnae). Pods flat, twisted, 2 to 4 inches long.
Leaves featherlike compound of many leaflets.
Leaves doubly compound (mostly 2 pinnae) each with 12 to 22 leaflets. Pods flattened, in small clusters, remaining closed.
Leaves generally similar to above, 9 inches long, leaflets often 2 inches long.
Leaves similarly compound, 5 to 6 inches long, finely hairy.
Leaves smaller than above. Pods small, spirally twisted or screwed.
Leaves broad, rounded, heart-shaped at base. Flowers rose color.
Leaflets 50 to 60, small. Spiny stems.
Leaves tiny, of few pairs of leaflets. Flowers pale yellow. Leaves 1 inch long, of few tiny leaflets. Branches with yellow-green bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, of 7 to 9 rounded leaflets. Pods narrowed be- tween seeds.
Leaves of 13 to 19 leaflets. bearded.
Leaves of 20 to 46 leaflets, terminal.
Pods
Branches spiny. Leaves soon drop-
ping. Leaves of 15 to 21 broad leaflets.
Flowers rose to white. Pods 3 inches long.
Leaves tiny, compound. Flowers purple.
Leaves 3-divided, alternate on stem. Seed enclosed in thin, papery, cir-
cular wing. : Leaves of tiny leaflets. Fruit 3-angled. Leaves not compound, edges prickly.
Thick fruit in terminal clusters. Leaves not compound, evergreen, aro- matic. Tree leafless. Twigs ending in spines. Leaves opposite, 10 inches across, on
long stems, 3 large and 2 small lobes. Low tree, almost vinelike, in thickets, leaves opposite, rounded, with 7 to 9 lobes. Leaves opposite, rounded, 3-lobed or parted, toothed.
Leaves 3-lobed. Keys with erect, broad wings. Leaves hairy, small. Keys short.
Leaves opposite, thick, firm, green, shiny above, fuzzy below, 3-lobed. Leaves opposite, thin, mostly com- pound of 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. Twigs
greenish.
Leaves compound, opposite, thick, not densely hairy. Young twigs smooth. Keys spreading. Hardiest boxelder and widely planted.
Leaves thick, opposite, mostly com- pound, densely hairy below. Young twigs velvety. Keys parallel.
32
Name of tree
California buckeye (Aesculus californica) .
Western soapberry (Sap- indus drummondii).
Mexican-buckeye (Un- gnadia speciosa). Hollyleaf buckthorn
(Rhamnus crocea). Cascara (Rhamnus pur- shiana).
Island myrtle (Ceanothus arboreus) .
Blue myrtle (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Spiny myrtle (Ceanothus
spinosus).
Flannelbush (Fremonto- dendron californicum). Allthorn (Koeberlinia spi-
nosa). Giant cactus (Carnegiea gigantea).
Cholla (Opuntia fulgida) __-
Tasajo (Opuntia spinosior)
Cholla (Opuntia versicolor)
Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii).
Tasseltree (Garrya ellip- tica).
Pacific madrone (man- zanita)* (Arbutus men- ziesii) .
Texas madrone (Arbutus terana).
Arizona madrone (Arbu- tus arizonica).
Fragrant ash (Frazinus cuspidata).
Littleleaf ash (Frazinus greggii).
Singleleaf ash (Frazinus anomala).
Ash (Frazinus lowellii) ___- Ash (Frazinus standleyi)__-
Red ash (Frazinus penn- sylvuanica) (Green ash var. lanceolata).
Velvet ash (Frazrinus velutina) .
Toumey ash (Fraxinus toumeyi).
Leatherleaf ash (Frazinus coriacea).
Oregon ash (fFrazinus oregona).
Anacahuita (Cordia bois- sieri) .
Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis).
Buttonbush (Cephalan- thus occidentalis).
Blueberry elder(Sambucus coerulea).
Velvet elder (Sambucus velutina). Redberry elder (Sambucus callicarpa). Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago).
Where the tree grows
Southern half of California, in mountains.
Southern Rocky Mountain region and eastward.
Eastern Texas to New Mexico---_-__-_-
Southern mountain ranges of Ari- zona and California.
Western Rocky Mountain and Pa- cific Coast States.
Islands off coast of southern Califor- nia.
Entire eastern California, southern Arizona. . Southern Texas west to Arizona_____-
COR oe Wee. oe eee ee
Pacific coast, Washington to south- ern California.
Coast, Oregon and California
Pacific coast region, inland in eastern California. Western Texas
Southwestern Texas and adjacent New Mexico.
Western Texas
Western Colorado, Utah, and south- ward.
INortherm=ATIZ0na@ ess) ee Western New Mexico, Arizona
Eastern half of United States, Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 23.)
Southern New Mexico, Arizona
Arizona and New Mexico
Utah, Nevada, California. Pacific coast region of Washington,
Oregon, California. Texas and southern New Mexico-_-__-
and southeastern
Western Texas to southern Califor-
nia. ;
Eastern United States, across New Mexico and Arizona to California. (See also p. 24.)
Western United States, east to the Great Plains.
High mountains of eastern Califor- nia, Nevada.
Northern California through Oregon and Washington.
Northeastern United States west into northern Rocky Mountains. (See also p. 24.)
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Descriptive notes
Leaves of 4 to 7 leaflets, opposite. Flowers white or pale red. Winter buds resinous.
Leaflets 8 to 18, dropping in fall, leaf stem not winged. Fruit black.
Leaflets 7,shiny, dark green, pointed.
Leaves rounded, 1 inch across, sharp spiny teeth, dark yellow beneath. Leaves 5 inches long, broadly elliptical, strongly veined. Fruit black, round with 2 or 3 coffee berry seeds. Bark
medicinal.
Leaves 3-ribbed, broad, fuzzy. Flow- ers pale blue, in dense clusters. Fruit 3-lobed.
Leaves narrowed at base, 3-ribbed, smooth.
Branchletsspiny-pointed. Leaves with midrib.
Leaves thick, 3-lobed, red on lower sur- face. Flowers yellow.
Almost leafless, spiny. Bark green.
Tree cactus, with spines and bristles but no leaves. Flowers large, white.
Cactus. Leaves pale green. Flowers pink.
Cactus. Spines white. Flowers yellow.
Cactus. Spines brown. Flowers green.
Leaves opposite. Flower head en- closed by showy white bracts. Fruit red.
Leaves opposite, leathery, woolly be- neath.
Leaves oblong, thick, 3 to 5 inches long. Bark reddish brown.
Leaves narrow oval, thick, firm.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, narrow, pointed, firm. Bark ashy gray.
Leaves opposite (like all ashes), com- pound of narrow leaflets. Flowers with pistil and stamens (perfect).
Leaves opposite, rounded at end. Flowers with calyx, no corolla.
Leaves opposite, not compound (sim- ple). Flowers polygamous, with calyx, no corolla.
Leaves opposite, small, mostly of 5 leaflets. Branchlets 4-sided.
Leaves opposite, of 5 or 7 leaflets, smooth above.
Leaves opposite, of 7 or 9 smooth pointed, long - stemmed leaflets. Branchlets smooth.
Leaflets 3 or 5, small, broadly oval. Branchlets hairy.
Leaves of 5 to 7 narrow, pointed, toothed leaflets.
Leaflets thicker and coarsely toothed. Branchlets nearly smooth.
Leaflets mostly 5 or 7, closely attached (sessil), finely hairy, broadly oblong.
Leaves broadly oval, 4 to 5 inches long. Flowers white. Fruit partly en- closed.
Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, narrow, opposite or alternate. Pods slender.
Broadly elliptical and opposite leaves, on stout stems. Flowers in round heads or balls.
Leaves opposite, of 5 to 9 leaflets. Berries with blue bloom, sweet, juicy.
Leaves opposite, leaflets soft hairy below.
Flowers and fruit in oval (not flat) clusters. Berries red.
Leaves opposite, on winged leaf stems. Winter buds long-pointed.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. 8. 33
FOREST REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
Different kinds or species of trees are found in natural association
or mixtures and prevail in different portions of the United States. This is largely the result of varying conditions of temperature and rainfall or snowfall, and secondarily, of soil conditions. There are 6 natural forest regions in continental United States, 2 each in Alaska and Hawaii, and 3 in Puerto Rico. _ Most of the trees of a given forest region are different from those im the others, yet a considerable number are found in at least 2 and a few in 3 regions, especially in the eastern part of the United States where the large regions intergrade gradually. This difference in the predominance of various species is rather marked in the 2 forest regions of the western portion of the United States, divided partly at least by the extensive and nearly treeless interior basin extending from south- east Washington south to Mexico.
The 4 forest regions of the eastern half of the United States are the northern, central hardwood, southern, and tropical; the 2 of the western portion, the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast. These are shown in figure 7. The forests of Alaska divide themselves into the coast and interior forest regions; those of Puerto Rico into mangrove swamp, wet, and dry forests; and those of Hawaii into the wet and dry forests, as shown respectively in figures 8, 9, and 10.
EXTENT OF FORESTS
The original forests of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and the island possessions, are estimated to have covered a total area of about 820,000,000 acres, or nearly one-half (42 percent) of the total land area. Reduced mainly by clearing land, there now remains a little over one-half (60 percent) of this or a total forest area estimated at 495,000,000 acres. The bulk of this is classed as commercial forest land, which means land that is in timber or capable of producing it from young growth.”
About three-fourths of the forest-producing land area of the United States lies east of the Great Plains. This land contains only about one-tenth of the remaining virgin timber, but a very large quantity of second-growth or young timber. The other one-fourth of the forest land, with nine-tenths of the total virgin timber but little second growth, is located in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions.
The change in the past from forest to cleared land has obviously taken place in the most fertile and accessible regions. In the Central and South Atlantic States less than one-half of the original land still remains in timber growth. In the Rocky Mountain States the re- duction in area has been only slight. New England, a hundred years ago, had much cleared land in farms, of which a considerable amount has since gone back to forest, so that the present forest area is about 70 percent of the original. This same process has tended to increase slightly the area of forest land elsewhere in the United States.
13 This and the next topic are based upon data in the following publication: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE. A NATIONAL PLAN FOR AMERICAN FORESTRY. Letter from the Sec-
retary of Agriculture in response to S. Res. 175 . . . the report of the Forest Service of the Agriculture Department on the forest problem of the United States. 2 v., illus. 1933. (73d Cong., Ist sess., S. Doe. 12.)
MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
34
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these regions are found many different forest types each composed of different groups tinental United States, including the names of the principal trees of each region, will be
FIGURE 7.— Forest regions of the United States. The 6 natural forest regions from east to west are
30
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S.
| REGIONS
ntral hardwood, southern, tropical, Rocky Mount
of the various
communities. Descriptions
ation or
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natur pages 39 to 46, inclusive.
rthern, ce
36 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Of the total commercial forest land of 495,000,000 acres in area, about 189,000,000 acres are bearing timber of saw-timber S1Zes, of which about 99, 000,000 acres are in virgin timber and 90,000 000 in second-growth timber; 121,000,000 acres in smaller timber suitable for ties, ~pulpwood, or fuel wood: 102,000,000 acres of young growth, and 83, 000,000 acres with inadequate stands of young trees. In addition, there are some 100 000,000 acres of noncommercial forest land of low grade, chiefly bearing scrubby erowth. Or to picture the present condition in a slightly different way: Of every 100 acres of the original forest land with virgin timber only about 20 acres still remain; 80 acres have been cut or destroyed by fire. Out of every 100 acres of present forest land (of all classes), 38 have trees of saw- log sizes, 24 have only small timber of cordwood sizes (pulpwood, fuel w ood, etc.), 21 acres are restocking fairly well with young growth, and 17 acres have little or no forest erowth of any kind.
TIMBER CONTENTS OF FORESTS
A brief consideration of the amount of the standing timber re- sources of the United States may be of interest. The total wood supplies of all kinds found in our forests, including that suitable for saw timber, pulpwood, crossties, poles, piling, posts, and fuel wood, is estimated at 487 billion cubic feet. Of this, 229 billion cubic feet, is saw-timber material and the remainder cordwood material. This may not mean much, but a billion cubic feet of wood makes a solid stack 100 feet high, 100 feet wide, and 19 miles long. The bulk of our timber consists of softwoods (pines, spruces, firs, etc.), with only about 27 percent, or 129 billion cubic feet, of hardwoods."
SAW TIMBER
The present forest, it is estimated, has one-third as much saw timber as was contained in the original or virgin forest of the United States. Much of this represents new growth on lands formerly cut over in lumbering. The estimates show a stand of 1,346 billion board feet of old-growth or virgin saw timber and 322 billion feet of second growth. Of these amounts, 1,486 billion board feet are soft- woods, such as pines, spruces and firs, and 182 billion board feet hardwoods. The saw timber is very irregularly distributed over the country. For its area, New England has considerable saw timber. The southeastern portion of the United States has approximately one-half the total second-growth saw timber. The bulk of the re- maining old-growth timber is in the Western States.
Four-fifths of the present total stand of saw timber lies west of the Great Plains, leaving only one-fifth for the eastern half of the United States. The bulk of the western timber consists of Douglas fir, ponderosa (western yellow) pine, lowland white, noble and silver firs, western hemlock, western red cedar, Sitka and Engelmann spruces, redwood and sugar pine. The eastern saw-timber stand (354 billion board feet) consists largely of the southern yellow pines, northern spruces, and balsam fir, southern cypress, oaks (over a dozen species), birches, beech, and maples, gums, yellow (or tulip) poplar, ashes, and hickories.
The national forests contain about one-third of the standing saw timber and the lumbermen own nearly one-half of the total. Farmers
14 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE. See footnote 13.
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, F-238124
F—39308
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SOME NORTHERN HARDWOOD TREES.
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D, Sugar maple,
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hagbark hickory.
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A, Basswood.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. OW
own about one-twelfth of the saw timber and one-third of the cord- wood timber. About 88,000,000 acres of commercial forest land are in public ownership mostly in the national forests, 10,600,000 in State, county, or town ownership, while 150,000,000 acres are owned by farmers and 247,000,000 acres by other private individuals or lumber concerns.
CORDWOOD
A vast amount of timber less than saw-timber size is now growing in our forests. A portion is found in saw-timber trees, while the ereater amount is on forest lands where the trees have not yet reached saw-timber sizes. The total amount is estimated at nearly 2,400,- 000,000 cords. The annual cut of cordwood material for all purposes, including fuel wood and pulpwood, is probably about 80,000,000 cords. The total supply of wood suitable for paper pulpwood is estimated at 1,800 million cords, or about one-third of the total quantity of wood of all kinds and sizes in continental United States. Nearly one-half is in the southeastern part of the country, one-fifth in the Pacific-coast region, one-tenth in New England, and the rest in the central and Rocky Mountain regions.
FOREST DRAIN AND GROWTH
The total amount of timber being cut or destroyed is estimated at 16 billion cubic feet yearly. Of the drain on forests as a whole, about 5 percent is due to fire, 6 percent to insects, disease, drought, or wind, and 86 percent to cutting for use. The yearly drain of standing saw timber by cutting for lumber and by other losses amounts to a total of 59 billion board feet, or six times the amount of growth of that class of timber.”®
The yearly growth of timber of all kinds or species in the United States (continental area) has been estimated at a little over 7 billion cubic feet. Of this a little over one-half is softwoods (pines, spruces, firs, etc.). The yearly growth of saw timber is estimated at a total of 9.7 billion board feet. Of this two-thirds is softwoods and one-third hardwoods. More than one-half of the total growth of all timber, including saw timber, is taking place on somewhat more than 100 million acres of forest land in the southeastern portion of the United States (southern and a portion of the central hardwood forest regions). The western forest region is making a small growth because of the larger percentage of old growth timber and young timber.
Thus the forest timber supplies of the United States are being seriously depleted. The total yearly drain on saw timber amounts to about six times the estimated yearly growth, and about twice for all kinds of wood in trees including saw timber and all smaller material.
FOREST TYPES OR TREE ASSOCIATIONS
Within each of the forest regions are found various natural groups or associations of different species of trees. They occur over areas varying widely in extent from a few acres to millions of acres. Such groups or tree associations are known as “forest types.
15 The relation between cubic feet of wood in trees and board feet of saw timber varies greatly with the size and shape of the trees. In round figures, the present estimates are based upon 1,000 cubic feet of
wood in trees yielding about 4,000 board feet of saw timber and 3,000 cords of wood. Saw-timber trees often yield 5,000 board feet ofsaw timber for each 1,000 cubic feet of wood in the tree.
38 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Forest types may be compared to the make-up of various associ- ations of people within a large city where, over rather extensive areas, one or different races predominate, either as a single race or, as often happens, two or more compatible races that are able to cooperate or supplement each other in making the best of existing conditions. The forest types that prevail over extensive areas have been defined and named by the one or more dominating kind or species of trees and have come to be well known. Such, for example, are the spruce- fir and the birch-beech-maple types within the northern forest region, and the Douglas fir and sugar pme-ponderosa pine types of the Pacific coast forest region as shown below.
Forest types composing each of the six forest regions of continental United States ®
Northern: Acres Pines? 4 AS 2 ben hg nN oo fs 8 oe eee ge ae 14, 487, 000 Spruces and firs 255028 20 SR ee. ee eee ee 29, 908, 000 AS pew 2 Oe a 2 Os EC ae ieee oe 21, 688, 000 Birch-beech-maples) 26 2 2) a a ie ee ae 17, 118, 000
Wotale 20k hes she oe) ee nga, ee 83, 201, 000
Central hardwood:
Oaks-hickoniesis 2s. Sts ah! Ne ee eee 44, 342, 000 @aks=piness — a4 suet ee Se eee 35, 575, 000 Oaks-chestnut-yellow poplar! /). 444. 2. | 228 ee eee 52, 459, 000
WObale 2.2 2s. eee ee See 2 ee Le ee ee 132, 376, 000
Southern:
Southern: pines (8 species) 22.4) t= shai ia ae ee 126, 027, 000 Cypress-southern. hardwoods ) (391d, 212 Tus yaw eee 23, 412, 000 otal. Siesta. oS oe ee ee oe ee ee 149, 439, 000
Tropical:
Mixed hardwoods :(tropical): = +. )) See ae ee eet 400, 000 Wotal ie 20 2 2U Shoo ae eee eee ee 400, 000
Rocky Mountain:
Ponderosaipine. 2022252 ee a eee ht eee eee 21, 811, 000 Western: white pine-western larch __- ..22 <2 3 2) Bae ee 12, 984, 000 edsepole pine: #23 ee Ee ee eS ee eee 16, 541, 000 pprucessirp! be oe ee ee a ee ee 11, 563, 000
C6 2 Cea ae ea Age ce Ree RE eee RAT ce ee ema ea 62, 899, 000
Pacific coast:
Douglas: firs Sis fe Oh Eh a ee ee ee 27, 687, 000 Ponderosa: pine | 2i2es2 eh ies es 8 TL ee 25, 070, 000 Sugar pine-ponderosa: pine! =<). 2 eles ey eee 10, 183, 000 Western white pine-western larch._________--____-___----- 669, 000 ppruces-firs<: 2) 2 As R08: aor) eee es 1, 582, 000 Coast redwood-bigtree____________- 5 MES eee 1, 544, 000
otal is: 2 Ae ae BM ES) a ea lpatn 66, 685, 000
United States. 2. 2.420 2 ee eee ee eee Oe ee
16 Does not include Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii (figs. 8,9,and 10). (See fig. 7.)
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 39 NORTHERN FOREST REGION
The northern forest region covers most of New England and New York, extends southward over the Allegheny Plateau and Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, and in the Lake States includes most of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota (fig. 7). It was the first land in the United States to be logged and it now contains only insignificant areas of virgin timber. Cutting is going on mostly in small-sized timber which produces small dimension lumber (used for boxes and many forms of novelties), pulpwood, and fuel wood. The area of all types in forest or woods is roundly estimated at 83,201,000 acres divided into 17,118,000 acres of birch-beech-maple type, 14,487,000 of pine type, 21,688,000 acres of aspen type, and 29,908,000 acres of spruce-fir type. The reestablishment of forests on denuded or abandoned agricultural land is progressing rapidly either naturally or by planting in this region, especially on low-grade farm lands in New York and Michigan, where public and private agencies are working aggressively. Forest protection is well developed, and the use of forests for game and recreational purposes is important.
The northern forest region is characterized by the predominance of northern white pine, eastern hemlock, red and white spruces, gray, paper, sweet, and yellow birches, beech, sugar maple, basswoods, and northern red and scarlet oaks (pls. 3 and 4). Kach of these species varies in abundance in different parts of the region, and most of them are absent in some places. For example, northern white pine is relatively abundant in the southern parts of Maine and New Hamp- shire, red or Norway pine in northern Minnesota, red spruce in upper Maine, New Hampshire, and New York, and white spruce in the northern portions of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The southern extension of the region is characterized by an abundance of oaks of various kinds, chestnut, black gum, yellow poplar, cucumber tree, black locust, and southern balsam fir. Once chestnut formed more than one-half of the total stand, but the blight has reduced the species to a remnant in the extreme southern portion. Vast quanti- ties of chestnut wood and bark have been used for tannin extract (acid wood) and the straight trees for poles.
The more abundant or valuable trees composing the two divisions of the northern forest region in their relative importance beginning with the highest are as follows:
NORTHERN FOREST TREES
Northern portion—Continued.
Northern portion: Aspen (popple) and _ largetooth
Red, black, and white spruces.
Balsam fir.
White, red (Norway), jack, and pitch pines.
Hemlock.
Sugar and red maples.
Beech.
Northern red, white, black, and scarlet oaks.
Yellow, paper, black, and gray birches.
aspen. Basswoods. Black cherry. American, rock, and slippery elms. White and black ashes. Shagbark and pignut hickories. Butternut. Northern white cedar. Tamarack.
At) MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
NORTHERN FOREST TREES—Continued
Southern portion (Appalachian region): | Southern portion (Appalachian
White, northern red, chestnut, region)—Continued. black, and scarlet oaks. Southern balsam fir. Chestnut. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar). Hemlock. Cucumber magnolia. White, shortleaf, pitch, and Vir- Black walnut and butternut. ginia (scrub) pines. Black cherry. Black, yellow, and river birches. Pignut, mockernut, and red hick- Basswood. ories. Sugar and red maples. Black locust. Beech. Black gum. Red spruce. Buckeye.
CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST REGION
The hardwood trees as a group reach their maximum number of different species, and for many of them the highest number of individ- ual trees in a given species, in the central hardwood forest region. As shown in figure 7, the region covers a large amount of the central portion of the eastern half of the United States. Its area is approxi- mately 132,376,000 acres, or about 27 percent of the total forest area of the country. Excluding the southern Appalachian Mountain country, it extends from Connecticut westward to southern Min- nesota and south through the piedmont area and the Cumberland Plateau to the northern parts of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma and central Texas.
In the northern portion of the range, chestnut was formerly the most abundant tree. The region is strongly characterized by the variety and abundance of different oaks and hickories, and, on the better sous, yellow or tulip poplar and the tree ‘‘aristocrat’’—the black wal- nut (pl. 5).
Generally distributed over the region are white and black oaks, mockernut and pignut hickories, American elm, red maple, and sycamore. ‘The northern red and scarlet oaks of the northern division of the region give way in the southern division to the southern red, post, and willow oaks. Chestnut (formerly very abundant), shag- bark hickory, sugar maple, and rock elm practically drop out, while shortleaf pine greatly increases in abundance, dogwood and eastern red cedar become commercially important, and Osage-orange and persimmon appear frequently. The Texas extension of the region comprises vast areas of small-sized trees of post, southern red, and blackjack oaks, mesquite, and a number of different junipers or cedars.
The principal kinds of trees that make up the two divisions of the central hardwood forest region, in the relative order of their impor-
tance, are: CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST TREES
Northern portion: | Northern portion—Continued.
White, black, northern red, scar- Beech. let, bur, chestnut, and chin- Pitch, shortleaf, and Virginia pines. quapin oaks. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar).
Shagbark, mockernut, pignut, and Sycamore. bitternut hickories. Chestnut.
White, blue, green, and red ashes. Black walnut.
American, rock, and slippery elms. Cottonwood.
Red and silver maples. Black locust.
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PLATE 6
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
S, TUPELO
S
OUTHERN CYPRE
S
GUM, AND OTHER SWAMP HARDWOODS.
In the southern forest region one-third of the forest area consists of a mixture of red or sweet gum, water oak,
‘um, and southern cypress.
o >
swamp black gum, swamp cottonwood, tupelo
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 4]
CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST TREES—Continued
Northern portion—Continued.
Roughleaf hackberry. Black cherry. Basswood.
Ohio buckeye. Eastern red cedar.
Southern portion:
White, post, southern red, black- jack, Shumard red, chestnut, swamp chestnut, and pin oaks.
Red (or sweet) and black gums.
Mockernut, pignut, southern shag- bark, and bigleaf shagbark hick-
Southern portion—Continued.
Sycamore.
Black walnut.
Silver and red maples. Beech.
Dogwood. Persimmon.
Swamp and eastern cottonwoods. Willows.
Eastern red cedar. Osage-orange.
Holly.
‘ Tex rtion: ories. exas portlo
Shortleaf and Virginia(scrub) pines. Post, southern red, and blackjack Green, white, and blue ashes. oaks.
Yellow poplar (tulip poplar). Mountain and other cedars, and Winged, American, and red elms. mesquite.
The forests of the region furnish large quantities of high-grade hardwood lumber which has constituted the raw material for wood- manufacturing industries in many States, especially Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and North Carolina. Memphis, Tenn., has for many years been the largest center for hardwood lumber in the country.
Much high-grade hardwood lumber is shipped from this region to other parts of the United States or to foreign countries. White and red oaks, tulip or yellow poplar for many uses; black locust, red cedar, and chestnut for fence posts, grape stakes, and poles; black walnut for radio cabinets and other kinds of furniture; and ash for athletic and sporting goods and implement handles. Much of the cut of all elasses of timber, including saw logs, crossties, piling, poles, and pulp- wood, has been obtained from farm woods.
This is a region of great agricultural areas with woodlands forming from 10 to 15 percent of the total lands in farms in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, 30 percent in Tennessee, and 40 percent in Arkansas (based upon 1930 United States census). Lumber companies and others have large holdings in the rough and more inaccessible parts of the region.
Three types, or natural associations, of important tree species prevail in the region, with the following approximate acreages in each type: Oak-hickory type, about 44,342,000 acres, oak-chestnut- yellow poplar type, 52,459,000 acres, and the oak-pine type, 35,575,000 acres. This makes a total area of 132,376,000 acres of forest land in the region.
SOUTHERN FOREST REGION
The yellow pine forests of the Southeastern States afford the only remaining important source of large timber production in the eastern half of the United States. Interspersed with the pine-bearing lands are extensive river and creek bottom lands and swamps in which are growing stands of mixed hardwoods and southern cypress. The region covers the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from eastern Maryland to eastern Texas, including portions of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma (fig. 7). The natural conditions are a soil of relatively low agricultural value, abundant rainfall, long growing season, and many species of trees of high commercial importance. ‘The area is the largest of the natural forest regions, with a total of 149,439,000
42 MISC., PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
acres, made up of 126,027,000 acres of southern pines and 23,412,000 acres of wet-land hardwoods and cypress (pl. 6). It embraces about 30 percent of the total forest lands of the country.
Four species of pines, namely, shortleaf, loblolly, longleaf, and slash, make up the bulk of the stands (pl. 7). These are mentioned in the order of their prevalence in passing from north to south across the region. Shortleaf pine is found over an extensive region from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its best growth isin the broad piedmont or hilly area between the mountains and the Coastal Plain. Loblolly pine grows exten- sively over the upper Coastal Plain. Mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines occur over a vast area in large timber holdings and on hundreds of thousands of farms. Over two-thirds of the total naval stores (spirits of turpentine and rosin) of the world is derived from the crude gum or resin of longleaf and slash pines growing in the south- eastern part of the United States. The bulk of production centers in southern Georgia and northern Florida. During the past few years, the amount produced yearly has averaged about 600,000 casks of turpentine (50 gallons each) and about 2,000,000 barrels of rosin (500 pounds each), together valued at about $17,000,000.
Three other pines make a slight addition to the total amount; namely, the pond pine (a close relative of the pitch pine of the East) in the acid lands and swamps of the Atlantic Coastal Plain; the sand pine of the sand barrens of Florida; and the spruce pine, a tree which, although it is not a white pine, somewhat resembles the northern white pine in appearance of the bark, color of the foliage, and softness of the wood.
The southern pines yield the bulk of the total timber cut from the region (lumber and other timber products), which has ranged mostly from 6 to 12 billion board feet of lumber and 1% million cords of pulpwood yearly, besides large quantities of railroad ties, piling, and fuel wood (pl. 8). About half of this, it is estimated, was cut from stands of second-growth or comparatively young trees. The lumber ane of the South alone is about one-third of the total for the United
tates.
The lowland and swamp hardwoods, southern cypress, and an inter- mittent fringe of southern white cedar cover about one-third of the total area of the southern forest region. The prevailing hardwood trees are red (or sweet) gum, swamp black gum, and tupelo gum, willow oak, water oak, cottonwoods, willows, magnolias, and bays. The red (or sweet) gum occurs over an extensive area, grows rapidly, and holds a high position with respect to quantity cut annualiy and total value. The large size of the tree and the interlocked fiber of the wood make it one of the leading veneer woods of the country. Only a relatively small amount of the once abundant and highly use- ful cypress is left; when logged it does not come back abundantly as do the pines.
The prevailing trees, which compose the forests of the two divisions of the Southern region, follow in the order of their relative importance:
PLATE 7
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
F-—214142
F—230974, F—2€9920, F--266872,
FOUR TIMBER PINES OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST.
C, Slash pine. D, Loblolly pine.
B, Shortleaf pine,
A, Longleaf pine.
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 8
P| wees Pun A tam 0 Ser As <
a
<= <=
fad ! a
PePOE Ts. Oh el
on <entiatel MLB
F—19967A, F—165320 FOREST INDUSTRIES IN THE SOUTHERN FOREST REGION.
A, The yearly cut of southern pines exceeds that of any other species or group, amounting to more than 3 billion feet of lumber, 115 million cords of pulpwood, and many other products. 3B, Longleaf and slash
pines yield crude resin from which turpentine and rosin are obtained. Two-thirds of the world’s pro- duction come from these trees in the southern forest region.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 43
SOUTHERN FOREST TREES
Pinelands:
Longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly, and slash pines.
Southern red, turkey, black, post, laurel, and willow oaks.
Red gum (sweetgum).
Winged, American, and cedar elms.
Black, red, sand, and pignut hick- ories.
Hardwood bottoms and swamps——Con.
Pecan, water, swamp pignut, and hammock hickories.
Beech.
River birch.
Water, green, pumpkin, and white ashes.
Red and silver maples.
Cottonwood and willows.
Eastern and southern red cedars. Sycamore.
Pond and sand pines. Sugarberry (southern hackberry). Hardwood bottoms and swamps: Honeylocust.
Red or sweet, tupelo, and swamp Holly.
black gums. Water, laurel, live, overcup, Texas red, and swamp chestnut oaks. Southern cypress.
Red, white, and sweet bays. Evergreen magnolia.
Pond and spruce pines. Southern white cedar.
TROPICAL FOREST REGION
Two fringes of forest, made up chiefly of tropical tree species, occur along the coast in extreme southern Florida and in extreme southern coastal Texas. The total area involved is probably not over 400,000 acres and the stand of trees varies greatly in density. Many kinds of hardwood trees, most of which are small and bear evergreen leaves and pulpy berries or stone fruit, make up the stand. <A few are of some commercial or economic importance, like mastic or “‘ wild olive”’, and the mangrove, whose impenetrable thickets hold the muddy banks, causing land to be built up, and form a protection against tropical hurricanes. The trees represent the northernmost extension of their natural ranges, which mostly include some or all of the West Indies, Bahamas, Central America, and South America. They have probably sprung from seeds washed ashore during storms or distributed by birds.
The principal trees in this forest region are:
TROPICAL FOREST TREES
Mangrove. Gumbo limbo.
Royal and thatch palms. Poisonwood.
Florida yew. Inkwood.
Wild fig. Buttonwood.
Pigeon plum. Mastic (‘‘wild olive’’). Blolly. Jamaica dogwood.
Wild tamarind. ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST REGION
Spread over a vast extent of mountains and high plateaus in the central-western part of the United States, the Rocky Mountain forest region reaches from Canada to Mexico, a length of about 1,300 miles, and from the Great Plains west to the great basin of Nevada and eastern parts of Oregon and Washington, a breadth of ‘800 miles. It embraces over 40 isolated forest areas or patches, some of large size like that in western Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington, and another in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.
44 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S: DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Many are relatively small timbered tracts, lying on the ridges and higher mountain plateaus, interspersed with great treeless stretches and sometimes widely scattered in large arid districts, as in parts of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. As a result, the timber is locally in good demand and valuable for development, as well as for shipping to other points.
The change in forest cover as one ascends a mountain slope may be illustrated by the successive belts in the southern Colorado-New Mexico forest area. First, at altitudes ranging from 5,000 feet on moister situations to 6,000 feet on drier slopes occurs a belt of one- seeded, alligator, or Utah junipers and pinon, or nut pine; above it ponderosa (western yellow) pine which forms extensive forests over the highly dissected Colorado plateau; with Douglas fir and white fir mingling in the stand in the upper part of the belt, and often so pre- dominating as to form pure stands at 8,000 feet; and finally Engel- mann spruce over an extensive horizontal belt terminating at the upper portion at altitudes of 9,000 to 11,000 feet in a belt of alpine fir.
In the northern Montana-Idaho portion of the Rocky Mountain region, forest growth begins at elevations of 3,000 to 4,000 feet and, depending very much upon the exposure and soil moisture, ex- tends upward to 6,500 to 7,000 feet. Limber and western white pine blend at 4,500 feet. The maximum commercial forest growth occurs at about 5,000 feet with limber pine on the dry southern exposures and on the moister or northern slopes Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. Another important tree in the central portion of the region is lodgepole pine, a tall slender tree which grows in dense stands, deriving its name from its use by Indians in making lodges or tepees.
The total area of the many separate divisions or blocks of the Rocky Mountain region amounts to about 62,899,000 acres, or about 13 percent of the total forest land in the United States. The most extensive type is the ponderosa (western yellow) pine, occupying 21,811,000 acres, or about 35 percent of the region. The lodgepole pine type covers about 26 percent or 16,541,000 acres, the western white pine-western larch type about 21 percent or 12,984,000 acres, and the Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce (with some others) about 18 percent or 11,563,000 acres.
The present condition of the Rocky Mountain region is to a very large degree the result of extensive fires set by prospectors in search for outcroppings of gold, silver, or copper ores, over much of the period since the early fifties, and those set by other early pioneers and by tourists who came later. In an earlier day, the Spaniards and their descendants regularly burned over the mountains to get rid of the forest and in its place provide forage for their goats and sheep. Lumbering has been carried on, on a varying scale, as markets have been available during the past 60 years or so, both locally and over the treeless agricultural region to the east.
An idea of the composition of the forest in the various parts of the Rocky Mountain region can be gained from the grouping of the trees in the order of their relative importance for each of the northern, central, and southern portions, as follows:
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Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
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ST OF CONIFERS OF THE NORTHERN PORTION OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN
MIXED FORE
AND PACIFIC COAST FOREST REGIONS.
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FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S.
45
ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST TREES
Northern portion: Northern Idaho Montana: Lodgepole pine. Douglas fir. Western larch. Engelmann spruce. Ponderosa pine. Western white pine. Western red cedar. Lowland white and alpine
and western
firs.
Western and mountain hem- locks.
Whitebark pine.
Balsam poplar (Balm-of- Gilead).
Eastern Oregon, central Idaho, and eastern Washington: Ponderosa pine. Douglas fir. Lodgepole pine. Western larch. Engelmann spruce. Western red cedar. Western hemlock. White, lowland white, alpine firs. Western white pine. Oaks and junipers (in Oregon). Central Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota: Lodgepole pine. Douglas fir. Ponderosa pine. Engelmann spruce.
and
Central Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota—-Continued. Alpine fir. Limber pine. Aspen and cottonwood. Rocky Mountain red cedar. White spruce. Central portion (Colorado, Utah, and Nevada): Lodgepole pine. Engelmann and blue spruces. Alpine and white firs. Douglas fir. Ponderosa pine. Aspens and cottonwoods. Pinon and singleleaf pinon. Rocky Mountain red cedar and Utah juniper. Bristlecone and limber pines. Mountain mahogany. Southern portion (New Mexico and Arizona): Ponderosa, pine. Douglas fir. White, alpine, and corkbark firs. Engelmann and blue spruces. Pinon and Mexican pinon. One-seeded and alligator junipers and Rocky Mountain red cedar. Aspen and cottonwoods. Limber, Mexican white, and Ari- zona pines. Oaks, walnut, boxelder. Arizona and smooth cypresses.
sycamore, alder,
PACIFIC COAST FOREST REGION
Stands of very large firs, pines, hemlock, and cedars characterize the Pacific coast forest region. These are dense in the coastal forests of Washington and Oregon. In the extreme southern portion, in southern California, the timbered lands are surrounded with margins of a dense growth of dwarf broadleaf trees known as ‘‘chaparral.”’
The big trees, or Sierra redwoods, of the Sierra Nevada mountains in central-eastern California, reach enormous heights of over 300 feet and diameters up to 40 feet, and single trees contain up to 360,000 board feet of lumber. Another large tree is the coast redwood of the low coastal mountain ranges of central and northern California. One such coast redwood measuring 364 feet in height is reported to be the tallest living tree in the United States. The western red cedar, Douglas fir, and sugar pine of California all grow to heights of over 200 feet with diameters up to 12 to 15 feet (pl. 9). The western red cedar averages the largest of this group. Douglas fir, somewhat smaller, and sugar pine, with its thin rather smooth bark, range mostly from 6 to 9 feet in diameter. About four-fifths of the total standing saw timber of the country is found west of the Great,
46 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Plains in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast forest regions. The Pacific region, with about one-seventh of the total forest area of the country, contains more than one-half (62 percent) of the total saw timber of the United States, or about 1,042 billion board feet.
One-half of the total standing softwood saw timber (pines, spruces, firs, etc.) in the United States is contained in the two trees, Douglas fir and ponderosa pine, both important in the two western forest regions. Four-fifths of the total Douglas fir (530 billion board feet) is growing in two States, Oregon and Washington, of the Pacific coast region. Ponderosa pine, which ranks second in this country, occurs to the extent of 70 percent of its total amount in the same forest region.
The Pacific coast forest region contains a total of 66,685,000 acres, or about 13 percent, of the total forest area in the country. A forest type dominated by Douglas fir (pl. 10) contains about 27,687,000 acres, and another in which ponderosa (western yellow) pine pre- dominates, 25,070,000 acres. The type consisting mostly of sugar pine and ponderosa pine has 10,183,000 acres, western white pine and western larch an area of about 669,000 acres, spruce and fir about 1,532,000 acres, and the coast redwood and the big tree jointly 1,544,000 acres.
Lumbering operations going forward on a large scale are in fact almost pure engineering. Many of the different trees produce extremely large cuts of clear, useful lumber, much of which is now being delivered by ships to many world ports, some via the Panama Canal to the more important eastern harbors, where it is distributed and. sold widely in competition with local lumber.
The important or more common trees in the two natural divisions of the region are:
PACIFIC COAST FOREST TREES
Northern portion (western Washington | Southern portion (California):
and western Oregon): Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines. Douglas fir. Sugar pine. Western hemlock. Redwood and bigtree. Lowland white, noble, and silver White, red, lowland white, and firs. Shasta red firs. Western red cedar. Incense cedar. Sitka and Engelmann spruces. Douglas fir. Western white pine. Lodgepole pine. Port Orford and Alaska cedars. Knobcone and digger pines. Western and Lyall larches. Bigcone spruce. Lodgepole pine. Monterey and Gowen cypresses. Mountain hemlock. Western and California junipers. Oaks, ash, maples, birches, alders, Singleleaf pinon. cottonwood, madrone. Oaks, buckeye, laurel, alder, madrone.
FORESTS OF ALASKA
Along the southeastern coast of Alaska for more than 1,000 miles stretches a gradually narrowing belt of dense forest made up of trees of good sizes and commercial species. This is the most northern extension of the mixed coniferous forest found in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. About three-fourths of the total stand of timber consists of western hemlock and the remainder mostly of Sitka spruce, with small amounts of western red cedar and Alaska
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FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. AT
cedar. Mountain hemlock and lodgepole pine are rarely found. Cottonwood, alders, and willows represent the so-called “hardwood” group. The spruce overtops the other species, and below the main stand of hemlock and some cedar occurs a dense understory of small trees, blueberry, devilsclub, and other shrubs, with a thick forest carpet of moss overlying the ground (pls. 11 and 12).
The total stand of timber is estimated at about 81 billion board feet, of which 78 billion is located within the Tongass National Forest,
Ope LUD IULE SLL IOL AA
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COAST FOREST INTERIOR FOREST
MILES 300
FIGURE 8.—Location and extent of the prevailing forest regions in Alaska.
in the extreme southeastern portion. The latter timber stand covers an area of about 3,000,000 acres, which means an average volume of timber of about 26,000 board feet per acre.
As much as 30,000 to 40,000 board feet per acre occur on many extensive areas, with average maximum stands of 50,000 board feet on small tracts. ‘The merchantable trees range mostly in size from 2 to 4 feet in diameter and from 90 to 140 feet in height, and the bulk of them occur within 2% miles of tidewater. This commercial forest belt extends from sea level upward to an elevation of about 1,500 feet, above which it gradually gives way to dwarfed trees and low undergrowth. Further up the coast is the Chugach National
48 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Forest, and the combined area of the two national forests is 21,000,000 acres.
A very different type, known as the “‘interior’’ forest, lies mostly within the drainage basins of the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers. It is composed of small-sized trees of spruces, birches, and aspens and other poplars which form dense stands over large areas. White spruce is the only tree growing to saw-timber size. Trees which occur in Alaska, but not in continental United States and therefore not listed on pages 5 to 32, include the bigleaf willow (Salix ampli- folia), feltleaf willow (S. alaxensis), Kenai birch (Betula kenaica), Alaska white birch (B. neoalaskana), and Alaska red birch (B. east- woodae). This type of forest prevails over a vast area estimated at some 80,000,000 acres (fig. 8).
The prevailing trees of the two forest regions are:
Coast forest: Interior forest: Western hemlock (important). White (important) and black Sitka spruce (important). spruce. Western red cedar. Alaska white (important) and Alaska cedar (yellow cedar). Kenai birches. Mountain hemlock. Black cottonwood. Lodgepole pine. Balsam poplar (Balm-of-Gilead). Black cottonwood. Aspen. Red and Sitka alders. Willows. Willows. Tamarack.
FORESTS OF PUERTO RICO
The forests of Puerto Rico are tropical and may be divided roughly into wet forest, dry forest, and mangrove swamps, as shown in figure 9. These wet and dry forests are separated by the central mountain range, which causes a heavy rainfall on the north-facing slopes and a great shortage in precipitation on the south side in the southern portion of the island. Forest vegetation culminates in density and luxuriance of growth in the tropical rain forests of the northern and central portions of the island (pl. 13). In the southern portion, the lower mountain slopes, foothills, and coast lands are sparsely covered with an open growth of short-bodied deciduous trees and shrubs. The original forests of the island have largely disappeared through clearing land for agriculture, heavy overcutting of timber, close erazing, and burning. The second-growth forest, although irregular in occurrence, consists of a great variety of species and forest types.
The total forest area is reported to be about 100,000 acres, or about 5 percent of the total land surface, which originally was all in forest erowth. This is only one-fifteenth of an acre of forest land for each inhabitant. Saw timber occurs on about 30,000 acres. The Caribbean National Forest, with an area of about 14,000 acres and reaching a climax in forest tree growth at an elevation of 2,000 feet, is being managed on a conservative basis by the Forest Service. There are some 37,000 acres of mangrove swamp of which about 15,000 acres are in insular forest for protection of the coast. The principal forest industry is burning charcoal. The island has no forest products for export; on the other hand, it imports large quantities of lumber and wood products. Only about 10,000 acres of virgin saw-timber forest remain, located on the bottomlands and slopes of the mountains of the national forest, and all rather difficult of access.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 49
In the order of their relative importance or abundance the principal trees are as follows:
Wet forest: Wet forest—Continued.
Roble (Tabebuia several species). Granadillo (Buchenavia capitata).
Moca (cabbage bark) (Andira Laurel sabino (laurel) (Magnolia inermis) . splendens).
Guaraguao (muskwood) (Guarea Capa blanco (Petitia domingensis). guara). Capé& prieto (Spanish elm) (Cer-
Guava (Inga inga). dana allio dora).
Guama (/nga laurina). Algarrobo (Hymenaea courbaril).
Tabonuco (incense tree) (Dacry- Ausubo (bullet wood) (Manilkara
odes excelsa). Palma de Sierra (mountain palm) (Huterpe globosa).
PER TO
nitida).
ee
Goer Gy <a
F ee ne MANGROVE VA NEM EOREST Pe ES alr BEE SWAMP DRY FOREST
FIGURE 9.—The natural forest regions of Puerto Rico are the wet forest, dry forest, and mangrove swamps.
Dry forest: Dry forest—Continued Ucar (Bucida buceras). Albarillo (wild quinine) (Ezostema Almacigo (West Indian birch) caribewm).
(Bursera simaruba).
Jobo (hog plum) (Spondias mom- bin). Moca (cabbage bark) (Andira Nedeeue swamps:
inermis) . Mangle (mangrove): Guacima (West Indian elm) (Gua- (Rhizophora mangle).
zuma ulmifolra). (Conocar pus erectus). Tea (candlewood) (Amyris elemi- (Avicennia nitida).
fera). (Laguncularia racemosa).
FORESTS OF HAWAT
The native forests of Hawaii are tropical in character and consist of wet and dry types (fig. 10). They are found mostly between ele- vations of 1,500 and 6,000 feet above sea level. The timber forests grow on the coastal plain and lower mountain slopes in districts of very heavy rainfall, and are naturally dense and junglelike. Above them, and extending far up the mountain slopes (to 8,000 feet), is a forest cover of low trees or shrubs of little value for timber, but of high importance for protection against soil erosion and rapid run-off of rain water. No Temperate Zone trees occur naturally, which results in large areas at high elevations without trees of any kind. Below 1,500 feet elevation, where the rainfall is light, the tree growth consists mostly of mesquite (known as “algaraba’’) which was intro- duced from southwestern United States as far back as 1828 and
50 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
extensively planted for wood and forage for livestock. Various spe- cies of eucalyptus, native of Australia, have also been planted and now furnish timber.
The total forest area is a little over a million acres (1,031,840), or about three times as much as the forested land of Delaware or two- thirds as much as that of Connecticut. This is an average of 4 acres to each inhabitant, as compared with 2 acres per capita in continental United States. The forests occur on 7 of the 8 islands making up the Territory and comprise one-quarter of the total land surface. Four-fifths of the forest lands, or about 800,000 acres, have been created as reserves, of which about 560,000 acres are in Government ownership and the balance privately owned. Two-thirds of the total is on the Island of Hawaii, while the remainder is mostly on Kauai and Maui. The present forests are very greatly depleted, largely
NHHAU
FIGURE 10.—The forests of Hawaii are of the wet pnd: dry types or regions. Forests occur on 7 of the & islands.
because of extensive browsing of goats, hogs, and cattle and severe unchecked fires. Prior to 100 years ago the overflow of lava from volcanoes was the only source of destruction to timber. The forests of today do not yield sufficient products for the people, and timber has to be imported.
The forests are composed mainly of five distinct types: Pure erowths of ohia lehua, koa, mamane, and kukui, and mixed forests composed largely of the above and koa, koaia, kopiko, kolea, naio, pua, and other trees.
The ohia lehua tree is found extensively in pure stands or with some mixture of other trees, in dense junglelike growth over districts of very heavy rainfall, such as northeastern mountain slopes and tops up to 6,000 feet, as shown in plate 14. This type comprises about three-fourths of the native forest. The tree at its best reaches heights up to 100 feet and trunk diameters up to 4 feet. Koa, known as Hawaian mahogany, also forms pure stands and occurs widely in mixture with other species. Asitis a high-grade cabinet wood used
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 13
F—255106 VIRGIN TROPICAL FOREST ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES IN PUERTO RICO.
The mountain or Sierra palms here shown are in the Caribbean National Forest.
PLATE 14
Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
ss
—
F—7064
RESTS OF HAWAII.
DEEP IN THE FO
The
ght.
i
1; those shown here are 90 feet in he
«
About three-fourths of the trees in the islands are ohia lehu
ge ferns, shrubs, and vines.
se growth of lar
ch a den
trail has been cleared throu
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. 8S. 51
at home and exported, it has been extensively cut. Kukui is an abundant tree, deriving its English name ‘“‘candlenut” from the oil in the nut, which the natives formerly used for illumination. One or more native species of the true sandalwood, known as “‘iliahi’’, have been cut and exported to such an extent that the trees are relatively very scarce.
The first four trees listed below are of much importance in the forest, while the others mentioned are only a few of the 200 or more native species on the islands:
HAWAHWAN FOREST TREES
Ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) Pua (Osmanthus sandwicensis)
Koa (mahogany) (Acacia koa) A’e (Xanthozylum kauaiense)
Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) Lama (Maba sandwicensis)
Kukui (candlenut) (Aleurites triloba) Alaa (Siderozylon auahiense)
Koaia (Acacia koaia) lliahi (sandalwood) (Santalum frey-
Kopiko (Straussia oncocarpa) conetianum)
Kolea (Suttonia spathulata) Algaraba (mesquite) (Prosopis juliflora)
Naio (false sandalwood) (Myoporum (native of southwestern United States sandwicenst) and extensively planted)
TREE LABELS
Tree names are of interest to adults but probably even more so to young people. A suitable label on a tree performs a useful service by furnishing ready information to the curious passer-by. Inquiries are frequently received by this Department as to desirable methods of labeling specimen trees. The following method is suggested as simple, attractive, and inexpensive.
The common and scientific names, and if desired also the natural home or range of the tree, are embossed on pieces of aluminum ‘‘tape.’’ These are then fastened with zine or brass brads to small wooden blocks cut from ordinary inch boards. Redwood and south- ern cypress stand weathering and hold paint well. The blocks should be beveled deeply on the 4 face edges and 2 holes bored 1 above and 1 below the center for taking nails. This allows for considerable erowth of the tree without damage to the labels. The blocks are painted black on all sides. A good way might be to dip them in thin paint or dark creosote stain. The dipping can be done quickly by hooking a wire into a hole of one or more of the blocks. If creosote is used it is suggested that the blocks be strung on a wire or cord and soaked for 12 hours. Only galvanized nails should be used, as com- mon nails will cause rust stains. For holding the blocks, tenpenny or twelvepenny nails are suggested, depending on the thickness of the bark, and for fastening the strips on the blocks, brass or galvanized brads. Two suggested designs of tree labels are shown in figure 11.
The size and shape of the blocks will vary with the number of metal strips used or the amount of wording. A narrow margin is suggested since small blocks are more economical, less subject to weather check- ing, and less attractive as targets. In putting up the labels the nails should not be driven in to the head. This will allow for some growth of the tree without injuring the blocks. A height of 5 to 6 feet up the tree is probably about right for easy reading and for the desired pro- tection.
yd MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
PUBLICATIONS ON FOREST TREES STATE FOREST-TREE GUIDES
Many States have published popular forest-tree guides, handbooks, or pamphlets describing all or the more abundant native trees. Some include the more common exotic or foreign trees. These guides are very helpful in identifying trees. In the preparation of the text and illustrations of many of them the Forest Service has been a cooperator. The distribution is made wholly by the States, either free or at a nominal cost. Recently a few States have been financially unable to continue distribution, or at least to keep up stock at all times. The names and addresses of the State agencies to whom requests should be sent are indicated by asterisks (*) in the list printed below. Many
|
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rin
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(APPUXITRUS UNCTICH a) 2)
na
FIGURE 11,—Tree labels made of aluminum strips fastened on painted wooden blocks.
of the other State agencies have tree lists or other information avail- able upon request.
Alabama.—*State Forester, Commission of Forestry, Montgomery.
Alaska.—*The Regional Forester, Juneau.
Arkansas.—State Forester, Arkansas Forestry Commission, Little Rock. *Di- rector, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Fayetteville.
California.—Chief Forester, Department of Natural Resources, Sacramento.
Connecticut.—*State Forester, Park and Forest Commission, Hartford.
Delaware.—State Forester, State Forestry Department, Dover. *Superin- tendent, Department of Education, Dover.
District of Columbia.—*Secretary, American Forestry Association, 1713 K
Street NW., Washington, D. C Florida.—*State Forester, Board of Forestry, Tallahassee. Georgia.—State Forester, Department of Forestry and Geological Development,
Atlanta. *Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Athens.
Idaho.—State Forester, State of Idaho, Moscow. Illinois.—*State Forester, State Department of Conservation, Springfield.
FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 53
Indiana.—State Forester, Department of Conservation, Indianapolis.
Ilowa.—* Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Ames.
Kansas.—State Forester, State Board of Administration, Hays. “*Secretary,
State Board of Agriculture, Topeka.
Kentucky.—*State Forester, State Forest Service, Frankfort.
Louisiana.—*State Forester, Department of Conservation, New Orleans.
Maine.—*Forest Commissioner, State Forest Service, Augusta.
Maryland.—*State Forester, Department of Forestry, Baltimore.
Massachusetts.—*State Forester, Department of Conservation, Boston.
Michigan.—Head, Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, East Lansing.
Minnesota.—Director, Department of Conservation, St. Paul. *Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, St. Paul.
Mississippi.—State Forester, Commission of Forestry, Jackson. *Director, Extension Service, State College, Miss.
Missouri.—Acting State Forester, Department of Fish and Game, Jefferson City.
Montana.—State Forester, Forestry Department, Missoula. A
Nebraska.—Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Lincoln.
New Hampshire.—State Forester, State Forestry Department, Concord.
New Joerg rate Forester, Department of Conservation and Development,
renton.
New York.—Director, Lands and Forests, Albany. “*Director, Extension Service, State College of Agriculture, Ithaca. *Dean, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse.
North Carolina.—*State Forester, Department of Conservation and Develop- ment, Raleigh.
North Dakota.—State Forester, State School of Forestry, Bottineau.
Ohio.—*State Forester, Department of Forestry, Wooster.
Oklahoma.—*State Forester, Oklahoma Forest Commission, Oklahoma City.
Oregon.—State Forester, State Board of Forestry, Salem.
Pennsylvania.—*Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg.
South Carolina.—State Forester, State Forestry Commission, Columbia.
*Director, Extension Service, Clemson College.
South Dakota.—Commissioner, Department of Schools and Public Lands, Custer.
Tennessee.—*State Forester, Division of Forestry, Department of Agriculture, Nashville.
Texas.—*State Forester, Texas Forest Service, College Station.
Vermont.—*Commissioner of Forestry, State Forest Service, Montpelier.
Virginia.—*State Forester, State Forest Service, University.
Washington.—State Forest. Supervisor, Department of Conservation, Olympia.
West Virginia.—*State Forester, Conservation Commission, Charleston.
Wisconsin.—* Director, State Conservation Commission, Madison.
BOOKS ON FOREST TREES
Many books have been published giving popular or technical botanical descriptions of forest trees or native forest shrubs For information concerning these it is suggested that inquiries be addressed to any of the various State forestry agencies mentioned above or, if desired, to the Forest Service, United States Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C.
FEDERAL PUBLICATIONS
A Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States, Their Names and Ranges (Miscellaneous Circular 92,” gives the names of all the known tree species and many of the recognized varieties and hybrids, and their known ranges. They are botanically grouped by genera, families, and classes, but no descriptions of trees are given. Other publications deal with a few individual species and various phases of forest management, including planting, thinning, cutting, and utili- zation of the products. A list may be requested from the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
17 This publication is no long er available for distribution, but may be found in the larger libraries.
54 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Motion pictures, film strips, and colored lantern slide sets (accom- panied by lecture notes) dealing with many phases of forestry are available for use by responsible public or private agencies, including schools, 4-H clubs, Scouts, and other educational or civic clubs The conditions are that borrowers pay transportation charges, assume responsibility for damage due to carelessness, and return or forward the borrowed material promptly upon request. Applica- tions should be sent as far as possible in advance, to the Forest Service, or to the Extension Service, United States Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C.
ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEN THIS PUBLICATION WAS LAST PRINTED
Secretary of Agriculture._...._____________ Henry A. WaALLAcE.
Under Secretary ss ul ie RE xo RD) Ce WG WakEEe
AIS SUSECIUL IS CCRELOLY Al Ju an aN NL Aa INT TC LON) TS ONG
Director of Extension Work______________- C. W. WARBURTON.
DiGeCtor Of OEESOTIMEL. Wa Keren) ie MNRAS a ID W. W. SrocKBERGER. Dinectorofeimpormation 20 30 nie __ M.S. E1seENHOWER.
Dinectorop Finance 2k ue Wie one ine W. A. Jump.
SOLUCULO Tine aaarora tame s Oli kemel/N) NN aa Ou sral Mis _._. Mastin G. Waite.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration..__.. CurstErR C. Davis, Administrator. Bureau of Agricultural Economics... ____ .- A. G. Buack, Chief.
Bureau of Agricultural Engineering. ______- S. H. McCrory, Chief. Burcawion Anvmatwindusiry 62 oo ei JouHn R. Mouter, Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey_______.__.-__- Ira N. GABRIELSON, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils_________.___ H. G. Knieut, Chief.
Buneau of Dairy Indusiry: 20.0 00.) OL EB. Reep, Chief.
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Lez A. Strone, Chief.
Office of Experiment Stations_____________- James T. JARDINE, Chief.
Food and Drug Administration_._________- WaLterR G. CAMPBELL, Chief. ORESH SCNUECE meee i Mone ils his SAN OG FERDINAND A. Siucox, Chief. Grain F utunes Administration 92. J. W. T. DuveEu, Chief.
Bureau of Home Economics___.-________-- Louise STANLEY, Chief.
EOP ON POPE SLES OI Ce IC era CLARIBEL R. Barnett, Librarian. BUReCOOpmialaniy hia wstryie Mie es Nt Wil FREDERICK D. Ricuey, Chief. BURentnoneintOlie Odds.) 8. atl Ue ssh Tuomas H. MacDonatp, Chief. ath Conservator Service) on NS a ae H. H. Bennett, Chief.
UY GORLNGP JEU AOI 1s He SMR STAN Pag GE AL Wiuuis R. Greae, Chief.
This publication is a contribution from
URORES busS Cr U UC cpa se ee A) Ahad NAS ey FERDINAND A. Siucox, Chief. Division of Information,...-...-.-----. Gro. A. DutTuin, Acting Chief. 55
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - - Price 15 cents
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