AGRiC, DEPT, >

OF THE

THE

FORMATION

OF

PURE-BRED FLOCKS

AND

THEIR SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.

(2nd IMPROVED EDITION.)

BY

ALFRED MANSELL.

BERKHAMSTED :

WILLIAM COOPER AND NEPHEWS,

1901.

r - /

AGRIC, DEPLr

PREFACE.

fHE flattering reception which was so generously accorded to
the First Edition of this little Brochure, (some 20,000 copies
of which have gone into circulation,) has encouraged me,
not only to venture upon a re-issue, but to round up my subject,
so to speak, by the addition of various other points essential to
the successful formation and maintenance of a stud flock.

During the past few years the subject has assumed a greatly
added importance to the British Flockmaster.

Old markets have expanded in their demands for our stud
sheep ; new markets have arisen on every hand, and will continue
to do so for many years to come ; and it is now an universal
axiom, that wherever British Sheep are kept, whether for crossing
or otherwise — and this practically covers the sheep -farming
world, — the old Country must be periodically resorted to if the
character and type of their sheep is to be maintained.

What this means to our Flockmasters at home can be gathered
from the following figures, which, I unhesitatingly say, will show
considerable expansion in the near future : —

The Total No. Valued at Average Value.

Exported in £ £ s. d.

1894 was 4,638 39,522 8 10 5

1895 „ 6,266 59,670 8 ii 6

1896 „ 9,512 107,507 ii 6 o

1897 „ 11,569 141,712 12 4 ii

The attention we give to the maintenance and purity of our
flocks will, to a great extent, be the measure of our development
in this profitable industry.

Good management practically assures remunerative results;
and, in this direction, too much attention cannot be given, even to
the smallest details, as success or failure largely depend upon an
intelligent use of the means at our disposal.

That the sheep has a golden hoof is a truism, and the Author
hopes that a perusal of the following pages will contribute in some
small degree towards the practical realization of this important
fact.

ALFRED MANSELL.
Shrewsbury.

January, igo2.

342257

PURE-BRED SHEEP.

Formation of Flock and Subsequent Successful
Management.

MAIN FACTORS.

BREEDER to be successful must be an enthusiast, and
take special means to obtain the best information as to the
attributes and characteristics of the breed adopted.

THE MOST SUITABLE BREED.

The first consideration is, which breed is the best adapted to
the locality and the particular farm where the flock is to be kept,
and in arriving at a decision many important points must be
looked at, such as the nature of the soil, the quality of the
pastures, the climate and altitude, and the breed of sheep most
likely to find customers in the district.

For example, on rich lowing land it would be wise to select a
breed not too much given to lameness, (foot-rot,) whereas on a
high banky, poor farm it would be unwise to introduce a large
class of sheep, but on the contrary the smaller breeds, or those
descended from mountain breeds would be most suitable.

Sometimes it will be found a wise course to be the only
breeder of a particular breed of sheep in a neighbourhood, and
thus escape the severe competition experienced for that particular
breed in its great stronghold. This later consideration is worth
more attention than is usually given to it, as a comparatively
unknown breeder in a locality where his particular breed is not
the breed of the district can generally sell a considerable number
of rams at good prices for crossing purposes, whilst a market for

6 PURE-BRED SHEEP.

the very best can always be found amongst the flockmasters who
keep that particular breed.

There is, undoubtedly, great scope for good judgment in
selecting the breed or description which will give the best return,
taking into consideration the soil and situation where they are to
be kept.

FOUNDATION OF FLOCK.

Even after having definitely decided which breed to take in
hand, it is not wise to be in a hurry. An opportunity should be
taken of seeing all the best flocks of the particular breed at
home, and we feel sure all breeders are not only willing, but glad
to see anyone on such an errand, and would give him every
opportunity of seeing their flocks and accord him a hearty
welcome.

Seeing a flock at home is much more satisfactory, as one then
sees whether general merit is present or absent. Buying ewes
specially prepared and well trimmed at a market or auction is apt
to deceive the eye of even the expert in such matters, and most
inexperienced young men are apt to select what fills the eye at
the moment. Again, some breeders are so anxious to make top
price at any particular Auction or Fair, that for years they have
been selling their best young ewes, with the natural consequences
that their flocks have greatly gone back. Is this the class of
flock to buy from when making a start ? We unhesitatingly say
no, and we would rather buy culls from a flock carefully bred for
a long series of years than the best from one who sacrificed his
best ewes annually on the alter of vanity.

If any difficulty be experienced in getting the names and
addresses of the best breeders we would advise a perusal of the
awards at the R.A.S.E. for the last 10 years, and a careful study
of the existing flock books of the respective breeds, from which an
intelligent reader will be able to gather which flocks are principally
resorted to for sires, thus stamping them as flocks of high repute.
As sometimes it happens that some of the best flocks are never
exhibited, it is politic to take other means besides those alluded

FOUNDATION OF FLOCK. 7

to, to secure the names of these breeders, which no doubt the
secretaries of the various societies would readily furnish.

Armed with the names and addresses required, we would
recommend a careful look through each flock ; and if not qualified
to form an opinion as to their respective merits, the services of
an expert whose judgment and integrity may be relied upon,
should be secured. Having thus decided which flocks on the
whole exhibit the best characteristics of the breed, and are un-
doubtedly old established and well-bred, we would suggest the
following course as the one most likely to prove successful.

Instead of buying 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 50 ewes from several
breeders, and so getting together a homogeneous lot with
different character, type, and breeding, we strongly advise
selecting the whole from one, two, or three breeders at the most,
or where the flock is limited to 80 or loo, two breeders ought to
supply the lot ; but of course in cases where big flocks are
established more breeders must be resorted to. It will, however,
be sound policy to begin with a small flock of undeniable breeding
and merit, rather than with a larger one of inferior animals.

The great object should be to procure an uniform, even-
matching lot of ewes and by the constant use of sires calculated
to rectify and improve the imperfection of the ewes, a high
standard of excellence will result.

By founding a flock with judicious selections from the best
breeders the greatest point is achieved, viz., a sure and certain
basis upon which to build up a flock of the highest class. Many
breeders have never been able to eliminate the results of a bad
start with the ewe foundation, despite the fact that they have
used high-class rams for many years. The bad points that existed
in the ewes have appeared again and again ; one generation will
be free from them, and still they may reappear with vexatious
persistence the next. Too much importance cannot be attached
to making a correct start.

Probably the reader may say " sound advice," but how is it to
be done ? Will breeders sell selected sheep at a reasonable price
by private treaty, or is it necessary to attend their annual sales ?

8 PURE-BRED SHEEP.

Some breeders prefer to sell by private treaty, whilst others prefer
to have annual sales. Whether the foundation sheep are bought
by private treaty or at the public sales, the right sort must be
selected, even if an apparently high price has to be paid. We
say " apparently," because the best specimens of a breed rarely
prove to be dear in the long run, whilst second-rate ewes are not
cheap at any price, and are a constant source of disappointment
and loss. High individual merit, soundness of constitution, and a
thrifty condition in the sheep purchased are points of great
importance. Where the pluck and means to buy the best are
absent, the idea of establishing a flock of pure-bred sheep should
not be entertained, as disappointment would assuredly result.

EAR MARKING.

Every ewe in the flock should have a destinctive number from
I up to 100, 200 or 500, as the case might be, and her pedigree
should be clearly written in a Private Flock Book, in which her
subsequent mating and breeding can be entered.

The following extract from the Preface to the Private Flock
Book issued by Messrs. Alfred Mansell & Co., (Post free 135.,)
a book on which much thought has been given and which is
strongly recommended to all flock owners, describes the various
methods of ear marking in vogue : —

" The system of ' notching ' the ears is a very old and universal
"one. Small notches are cut out of the ear by means of a fine
" pointed nipper, of which the following is an engraving : —

EAR MARKING. 9

" The place of each notch has a peculiar number. An illustration
is given of a very good system of notching the ears, which
practically explains itself. When the figures required are above
5 or 50, two cuts are made, e.g., for 79 cut 50 and 20 on the off
ear, and 5 and 4 on the near ear.

A hole in centre of both ears denotes 300.

" One disadvantage of notching is that every breeder does not
" use the same system. One breeder may have a system by
" which he makes, say, nine cuts in each ear, and another may not
"adopt the same numerical order as described above. This
" method gives an absolutely permanent mark, but this is rather
" inconvenient when you buy sheep from another breeder which
" have been already ' notched,' or when the annual selection of
" yearling ewes is added to the flock.

" A newer system, and one which is growing steadily in favour,
" both in this Country and elsewhere, is the ' Ear Tag' system.
" The ear tag is simply a narrow strip or ribbon of metal, silver
' coated, which bears a distinctive number, and may also have the
" initials or name of the breeder. A hole (similar to the ones used
"for 100 or 200 in the notching system) is punched in the lower
" portion of the ear near the head, the ear tag inserted, and the
"ends closed together. Until recently this method had two
" drawbacks, one of which was that the ends of the tag chafed the
" ear of the sheep, and caused festering, and the other was that
" unless the ends of the ear tags were closed exactly even they
" were liable to drop out. This, however, is now remedied, as my
" firm, (Alfred Mansell & Co.) have recently put on the market
" what is termed the ' Lock ' Ear Tag, an illustration of which is
" now given.

IO PURE-BRED SHEEP.

" The ' Lock ' joins the ends together, and thus removes the
" cause of festering-, and also makes it impossible for the tag to
" drop out. This tag is being sold at the same price as the
"ordinary ear tags were, and therefore, should be a boon to
" breeders of pedigree live stock. Instructions for fixing are
" supplied with the Lock Ear Tags. Attention is called to the
" following extract respecting the Lock Ear Tags, which appeared
" in The Field, dated 25th November, 1899 : —

" EAR TAGS FOR LIVE STOCK.

"A simple and serviceable Ear Tag for the marking of sheep, cattle, and pigs,
"has been designed and patented by Messrs. ALFRED MANSELL & Co., of
" Shrewsbury. This new form of ear tag differs mainly from others on the
" market in that the ends of the band that pierces the ear are locked together,
" making a complete ring, and thereby reducing the risk, common in older
"patterns, of losing the tag and of causing festering. From the sample that has
" reached us we can believe that the new tag is likely to meet with the approval of
" Breeders."

" Both of the systems explained above have numerous advocates,
" but mention may be made as to one or two points in which we
" think the ear tag shows its superiority. In the first place, as
" mentioned before, it is possible, and indeed the custom, to have
" the breeders' name or initial stamped on the ear tag, and thus
" in the event of a sheep straying the tag provides an easy and
"certain means of identification. Of course in notching this
" cannot be done. Another, and perhaps the greatest reason,
" why the ear tag is making such rapid strides is its simplicity.
11 In notching, if you have a large number of sheep to mark, and
" only a short time at your disposal, you are apt to hurry over
" your work and be careless, and sometimes it is impossible to tell
"which place you intended to notch as you have cut exactly
" between the two positions. Nothing could be simpler than the
" ear tag, for, as before stated, the number is distinctly and
" clearly stamped in the metal. As its name implies, the ' Lock'
" Ear Tag, when properly fixed, forms a complete ring, which it is

EAR MARKING. II

practically impossible to unfasten and remove without resorting
" to considerable force."

Another method which is used, but still not so much as the
notch or ear tag, is that of "tattooing." (see Illustration.)

The required number is tattooed in Indian ink or other pre-
paration in the ear of the sheep by means of a special instrument
called the "Tattooer." Tattooing, if done with care, answers well
with some breeds but not all. A clean inside white to the ear
seems indispensable, as if the ear is black the readings are very
difficult to decipher. Specially well-prepared Indian Ink is
necessary, and if plenty of ink is used and the figures well driven
home on such an ear as previously described a satisfactory
numbering is obtained. It would also be wise to make mistakes
absolutely impossible by duplicating the numbers by means of the
notching system above described.

The methods here described are all for permanent marking ;
those for temporary marking being chiefly paints of different
colours and in various positions.

The following illustrations supply an excellent plan for
numbering the ewes with dots of different coloured paints to
indicate numbers. If this plan is adopted the shepherd can dot
the lambs to correspond with the ewes, and every week or
fortnight they can be properly ear-marked according to the
breeders usual custom of marking.

I

l6 PURE-BRED SHEEP.

SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.

Possessed of the ewes, what is- the best course to pursue ?
Should attention be given to improving the ewe flock, or should
an effort be made to acquire a reputation as a ram breeder by
extensive showing ? We unhesitatingly say the first few years
should be devoted to improving the ewes, an object which, though
equally important, is more easily achieved and far less costly
than ram breeding, inasmuch as sires suitable for getting good
ewes never command such high figures as those likely to beget
high-class rams. Again, once possessed of a good ewe flock
exhibiting uniformity of character and type, the greatest difficulty
has been overcome, and, by judicious mating, a long and
successful show and sale yard career may be counted upon.

SHEPHERD.

He ought to be a careful, patient, kind, and cautious man. His
care must be unceasing, his watchfulness incessant, and his
industry in providing every requisite of food, shelter, and
individual conveniences in each case must be unlimited. In fact,
the importance of a good shepherd cannot be over-rated ; not one
of those men who can only trim and get sheep up for show, for
which he receives wages which many a highly educated clerk
would be glad to get ; but a sensible steady man who is fond of
his calling and puts his whole energies into his work, one who
understands the treatment and feeding of sheep, and who has a
general knowledge of their common ailments, and believes that in
such matters as Foot-rot, Husk or Hoose, Maggots, &c.,
prevention is better than cure. Regularity of feeding is of the
highest importance in the well-being of the flock.

Of late years shepherds have commanded high wages, but if
possible, it would be better to pay less in wages and more by
actual results, even if the payment on the whole were greater. It
practically gives the shepherd a direct interest in his calling, and
is really a system of co-operation.

SELECTION OF SIRES. 1 7

The payments by result might include : —

(i.) A bounty on each lamb at weaning time.
(2.) A bonus if he does not lose more than 2 or 3 per cent, of
ewes in lambing, or 4 per cent, in the year.

(3.) A percentage on the amount realised in sales during each
year.

SELECTION OF SIRES.

Having obtained the ewes on the lines laid down, it would be
well to look carefully through the whole flock and endeavour to
find out the weak points, as undoubtedly they will be present,
however careful the selection has been. In choosing a ram, care
should be taken to secure one that is strong in the points where
the ewes are weak, but the breeder must not overlook the fact
that it is absolutely imperative to secure an animal with a
vigorous robust constitution, good chest development, well sprung
ribs, wide loin, straight spine, good underline, strong bone with
legs well placed at each corner, or as near to this ideal as possible-
In no case let fashion lead the breeder to forget that the ultimate
object in breeding sheep is to produce mutton and wool at a
minimum of cost that will sell readily at top prices. Experience
has proved that where this course is followed, the weak points of
the dams are usually much less marked in their offspring, and, if
it is persevered in, are in time often entirely. got rid of. As the
object is first to get a thoroughly good ewe flock the sires should
be chosen with that view, and therefore a very masculine ram is
not so necessary, if possessing good character and type, with
plenty of size and length, but of course it is absolutely essential
that the ram should possess all the true characteristics of its breed
and be practically unassailable, except perhaps for a slight
inclination to feminine character about its head. By the use of
this type of ram for a few years a first-class flock of ewes should
be the outcome, and then none but the highest-class rams
possessing strong masculine character should be used. It is not
so necessary to obtain size in the sire, provided the animal is
masculine, and big, so to speak, in his points. Many really small
rams have proved themselves remarkable getters both as to

1 8 PURE-BRED SHEEP.

quality and size, and it would be an easy matter to trace several
Royal Winners which have been sired by, comparatively
speaking, small rams. Some breeders recommend that one ram
should be selected annually with the object of beg-etting- ewes to
keep up the flock, and this sug-gestion is certainly deserving- of
serious consideration. At any rate it is of primary importance
that the ewes should be kept up to a high standard, and this is
one way of doing so. As before stated, the size should, if possible,
be secured in the ewe flock, and the stamp or impress through
the sire.

In breeds where bright cherry skins are valued, this fact must
not be forgotten in the selection of the sires ; and, at the present
time, when such great things are expected from Foreign Buyers,
it is important to give special attention to the wool, and endeavour
to breed, so as to obtain, in the whole flock, an even and uniform
class of wool, of extra quality. If a Foreigner visits a farm to
select 20, 30, or 50 rams, as the case may be, he will insist on
taking sheep with fleeces of uniform fineness and staple, and,
even for the home market, uniformity in the wool products must
be to the advantage of the breeder.

Rams from old-established flocks are recommended, as they
are undoubtedly the most reliable and the most impressive. This
is accounted for, no doubt, by the greater strength of blood,
inherited by a long course of careful, and probably, close breeding.

When ram lambs are used it is even more desirable to resort
to breeders of renown, as lambs from newly formed flocks
usually show to better advantage in the early stages of their life
than from old established ones. This is explained, probably, by
the fact that they possess better digestions, and therefore develop
earlier, not having been so closely bred as the older flocks.
For the foregoing reasons, and the fact that, to place young
animals in the order of merit requires great judgment and fore-
thought, the use of ram lambs cannot in most breeds be too
strongly condemned, although in others, notably the Hampshire,

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RAM. 19

the system of using- ram lambs appears to answer. In many
breeds the adoption of this practice would result in a rapid
deterioration of the flock.

LINE TO ADOPT IN THE IMPORTATION OF SIRES.

During the first few years after the foundation of a flock, the
selection of sires is not so difficult, provided judgment is used, and
adequate means are available ; but afterwards it becomes a matter
of great importance. In the course of time, fresh blood is wanted.
What is to be done? Shall a direct cross, so far as blood is
concerned, be looked for; or shall line breeding, with a slight
outcross, be decided upon ? The writer, from such experience as
he has had, inclines to the latter opinion, but the true breeder will
probably not adhere to any one method too strictly, but be guided
by circumstances, but at the same time it is much more easy to
decide as to what steps to take, than to find the animal suited to
our requirements.

Here the difficulty lies ; but on it so much depends, that the
enthusiast in the art of breeding, should try his utmost to secure
the animal best suited to his flock, and sooner or later, success
will follow his efforts.

Lastly — do not be in a hurry to dispose of the rams in service
until they have been really proved, as sometimes lambs with little
promise develop into grand sheep, and perhaps in the meantime
their sire has been passed on, or handed over to the butcher.
Success in breeding is so largely dependent on the sire, that
extraordinary means should be taken to secure the best, and
when once this has been obtained and proved, it should be made
extensive use of.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RAM.

We quote from an article by PROFESSOR CURTISS, Iowa, on
" Raising Sheep for Mutton," the following pointed observations
on what constitutes a good mutton sheep : — " First let there be
pronounced masculinity in the male and femininity in the female.

20 PURE-BRED SHEEP.

Sheep should be neither sexless nor characterless. They should
bear the stamp and character of the breed they represent. This
breed character is a mark of good blood, and it should be manifest
in no unmistakable manner. The sire should be impressive,
resolute, and of noble bearing. He should be distinctly the head
of the flock in every sense of the word. To meet these require-
ments he must have good constitutional and vital powers. With-
out these no animal is fit to head a herd or flock. In selecting a
sire look first at the head. If deficient there look no further, but
reject at once. Insist on a head that faces you boldly, with a wide
face, a clear, prominent eye, and a robust character throughout.
The head should be joined to a well- filled, round, muscular neck,
wide at the poll and back of the ears, and gradually enlarging in
all lines to a strong full junction at the shoulders, as seen from tip,
sides, or bottom. This should be accompanied by a wide chest,
a prominent, well-filled brisket, and a full heart girth, giving
straight, even lines from the shoulders back. A depression either
in front of or behind the shoulder, whether at the top, side, or
bottom line, is an indication of weakness. The back should be
strong, wide, and well-meated from shoulder point to tail. The
hindquarters should be full and well let down in leg and flank.
The legs should be placed wide apart and stand straight. Sickle-
shaped hocks and weak, sloping pasterns afford sufficient reason
for condemning an otherwise good sheep."

MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

The following extract from a paper read by MR. ANDREW
E. MANSELL, before The London Farmer's Club, on April 2gth,
1901, is well worth reproducing, and puts in a nutshell much of
the advice embraced in this Pamphlet: —

MANAGEMENT.

" I could say a great deal upon this subject, but if I could say
all I knew, it would be very little compared with what I have to
learn. It is well to remember that the very best animals can
easily be spoilt if badly managed. I would like to say, however,
to all arable farmers, give this branch of your business all the
care and thought you can, for sheep are the best crop you can
produce, and by proper management, sheep are the best means
of growing all farm crops, and on some land the only way of
securing crops. I would also add, give them plenty of attention,
put on an extra hand if required, and you will be repaid the
expense over and over again. Don't neglect them at harvest, or
at any other time, and be most careful to avoid foot-rot. If well
attended to, and properly managed, you can largely increase the
number of your sheep, only remembering, that sheep, but
especially lambs, won't thrive on stale pastures, the more change
they have the better. If you wish to keep them thickly on the
ground, and have them healthy and free from injurious parasites,
you must grow crops for them, and keep them as much as
possible on the arable land."

DATE FOR PUTTING RAM TO EWES.

One of the chief points to be considered before putting the
ewes to the ram is, when will the farm be able to keep the lambs
growing and thriving, without a check? In a pedigree flock, it

22 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

is desirable to have the lambs as early in the year as possible ;
because, for showing purposes, an early-dropped lamb has a
considerable advantage over a March or April lamb. The com-
petition now-a-days is so keen that the breeder who shows lambs,
to be successful, must have them dropped early, and then he
must leave no stone unturned to fully develop them. At the
same time it is of equal importance that lambs should suffer no
check, but continue to thrive during their whole career, if suc-
cessful results are to be obtained. If the Spring keep is likely
to be short, and the farm rather cold and exposed, it might be
advisable to put a limited number of the ewes to the ram early,
so that lambs for showing purposes may be secured, and to put
the bulk of the ewes to the ram at a somewhat later date. If
this course be adopted the ewes most likely to breed well should
be selected for the purpose.

MATING.

All the rams, for service should be branded in pitch with a
distinctive number — say I to 100, or any smaller or greater num-
ber according to the rams in service — and their breeding, &c.,
entered against that number. The ear-markings (tattoo, nip, or
ear-tag) of each ewe drawn to No. i ram should be entered in
a small memo, book ; and so on until the respective numbers of
each ewe are taken, with the number of the ram each is served
by.

If any changes are subsequently made, a note must be taken of
the same, and at the end of the season when the ewes are all
served, the mating can be entered up in the private flock book.

The utmost care should be given to mating, because it is rarely,
if ever, that we get perfection in any one animal, and it is only
by judiciously mating a ewe which is deficient in some points,
with a sire strongly developed in those particular points, that we
can hope to arrive at approximate perfection ; if both sire and
dam are deficient in the same points, they will only be
accentuated in the offspring1.

MATING. 23

If possible, in mating, profit by experience ; that is to say, call
to mind or actually see the result of previous mating, go daily
amongst your sheep and get to know them thoroughly and in-
dividually, as you will find this will assist you greatly at the
mating season. This is such a complex question that the best
of judges are deceived ; and some of the best stock in the
Kingdom has been bred from animals that might easily have
been passed over by experienced judges in the show-yard.

Again, it is often the case that an undersized ewe or other
female produces large-framed stock.

When the ewes are first put to the ram, flushing, (i.e., placing
them on a fresh,) or folding on rape, mustard, kale, or other green
bite, is considered a good practice, usually resulting in an early
and prolific crop of lambs, and it is sometimes practicable and
possible to select the poorest ewes and give them the first run on
it.

As a rule, a lambing time confined to a few weeks is the most
prolific and best in every sense, and if flushing, carried out with
judgment, can attain this end it undoubtedly is a wise course to
pursue.

Stubbles, provided the shed corn is not excessive, are excellent
runs for ewes at this time of year, and enable the breeder to make
up several sections of his flock and the flushing can be carried
out, with a daily allowance of Cabbage, Kale, or White Turnips,
carted on the field.

It is sometimes dangerous to give a sudden change, and so care
should be exercised for the first few days, and the ewes only
allowed to remain some three or four hours on the green fold.
This will minimise, and eventually overcome the danger. If any
of the ewes are very low in condition, they should, if possible, be
treated more liberally than the rest of the flock, and even helped
with a little trough food for the first week or two when the rutting
season comes on. The great point for success in breeding is to

24 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

have both the ewes and rams in a healthy and thriving condition,
and to get as small a percentage of barren ewes as possible.
Ewes must not be too fat or too lean, but of the two extremes the
latter is preferable. After the ewes have been served many
experienced breeders recommend that they should at once be
placed on the barest of pastures with a teaser, as by adopting
this course they are less likely to return to the ram.

As to whether a ram should be allowed to run with the ewes
or the latter should be hand-ridden, and a teaser used, one must
be guided by circumstances. If the ram has been prepared for
show, is excessively fat or inactive, or a valuable one, a teaser
would undoubtedly be desirable, as the ram with this help would
serve many more ewes, and probably much more effectually,
than if allowed to do all the work in the field. In reference
to the teaser — a good-looking one should always be used, as
several authentic cases can be quoted, where bad results have
followed the use of an ugly ram for this purpose.

In working a teaser, instead of a bag tied so as to cover the
penis and extended along the belly, it is far better to tie the bag
in such a manner that it forms a curtain so to speak in front of
the penis, and effectually prevents all mischief, in a much
cleaner and more desirable manner.

Some breeders recommend that when a ewe is taken from the
teaser to the hand-ridden ram, some short time should elapse
before the ewe is placed in the stocks, and there is good reason to
support this practice.

A ram, as a rule, should not be used extensively the first
year — that is, until his lambs have been seen — because should he
prove a bad getter the flock would suffer greatly ; and secondly,
after seeing what his first get develop into, it is an easier matter
to draw ewes likely to nick well with him the next season. There
are exceptions to all rules, and in the case of a very superior ram
from a flock which one has known for years and which can be
thoroughly trusted, a deep dip may be made the first season with
an almost absolute certainty that good will result.

TREATMENT OF IN-LAMB EWES. 25

TONIC FOR RAM,

Common Salt, I lb.,

Powdered Gentian, I lb.,

Carbonate of Iron, i lb.,

mix well together and give one tea-spoonful night and morning
in damped food.

STIMULANT FOR RAM,

Recommended by MR. LEENEY, in R.A.S.E. Journal.
Cantharides in fine powder, 5 grains,
Elecampane, I oz.,

Saccharated Carbonate of Iron, I oz.,
Bean Meal, 10 ozs.,
mix and divide into 10 doses and give one three times a week.

TREATMENT OF SHOW EWES.

DOUBTFUL BREEDERS.

As soon as the Agricultural Societies' meetings are over the
best course is to turn the show ewes out, at first for a few hours
in the cool of the day, and then later on they can be left out
altogether. Possibly before turning out some gentle aperient
medicine might be given with benefit, and this with exercise
obtained in the field and the different food usually brings them
into a breeding state. Of course, if the ewes are housed until all
the Summer Shows are over, the probability is they will not
breed.

Should these fat ewes and others perhaps with patchy rumps
turn several times, a ram lamb must be resorted to as a last
resource, but in any case these ewes will want more liberal treat-
ment during the succeeding Autumn and Winter months.

TREATMENT OF IN-LAMB EWES.

During the period the ewes are with the ram it is desirable to
keep them in as thriving a condition as possible, but for a month
or two afterwards sound old pastures or second year's seeds
provide all that is required, and as winter approaches a few roots
may be given daily with a little hay, either in racks where no

26 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

crushing would result, or else in small heaps on the field. A full
supply of roots to in-lamb ewes must never be given or probably
bad results will follow. Allowing the breeding ewes to follow up
the feeding sheep and clean up the old stumps of turnips is a
very bad practice, fraught with much danger to the ewes and
their progeny.

Some month or six weeks before lambing, a little trough food
is sound economy, as the lambs are much healthier and the ewes
much stronger and less likely to succumb to a difficult lambing
time. The best linseed cake or whole oats are an excellent food,
so also is a mixture of boiled linseed, crushed oats and bran, with
pulp and cut stuff. In practice this strengthening and emollient
mixture greatly assists a safe and easy parturition. It is of great
importance that no crushing should take place at the troughs,
therefore ample trough accommodation must be provided.

By a simple process of marking with paint, say on the left or
right hip, the ewes which are to lamb first, and continuing
different markings for each succeeding period, the shepherd will
be able so to arrange it as never to crowd the lambing fold, and
so minimise the risk of abortion by crushing.

The first batch of ewes to lamb should be placed in a small
field as near the lambing fold as possible, preferably in a field on
a naturally dry and healthy spot as much sheltered as possible,
which should consist of an enclosure of hurdles, with pens on two
or more sides of the same, well stuffed with straw, and thatched
or covered with hedge brushing, or any other rubbish easy to
hand. Arrange the fold so as to be open to the South, and
protect as much as possible against North and East winds.

The enclosure (not including the small pens) to be perfect,
should have a sparred raised floor in sections, so as to be easily
lifted, made of creosoted wood, which can be brushed and kept
clean daily with very little labour. A floor of this description
ensures cleanliness and healthy suroundings, and the ewes are
not so apt to contract foot-rot, which is otherwise very likely to
recur in these closely confined and very often dirty wet folds.

ASSISTANCE IN LAMBING. 21

NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS IN THE LAMBING FOLD.

Should any ewe die, abort, or strain, after lambing-, it should at
once be removed to a safe distance, and the woodwork and pen it
occupied must be thoroughly disinfected with carbolic acid or
other disinfectant, and all the litter, &c., burnt. It is also wise to
have in the lambing- fold a tub of live lime, with an empty tub
and shovel alongside. All cleansings, &c., should at once be
placed in the tub and a shovelful of fresh lime thrown over it.
By this simple process the lambing fold is kept quite free from
unpleasant smells, and the possibility of contagion from unhealthy
matter is greatly minimised. These may appear, to some, un-
necessary measures to adopt, but those who have noted the
disastrous results brought about by carelessness, or want of
knowledge, on the part of shepherds, will readily see the
desirability of carrying out these suggestions.

Much of the so-called bad or good luck is usually traceable to
the treatment the ewes have received during the pregnant period ;
and a high rate of mortality amongst ewes and lambs is often the
result of an excessive supply of turnips, or of the ewes being
depastured on cold wet soil, or perhaps folded on heavy turnip
lands with water up to their bellies.

ASSISTANCE IN LAMBING.

As a general rule it is better not to interfere too soon. The
experienced shepherd will know when to assist nature. In all
cases where help is given, the shepherd should freely use
carbolized oil on his hands and arms before operating, and in
bad cases, and when a ewe has been assisted with decomposing
lambs, the carbolic oil should be poured into the vagina by raising
the hind legs of the ewe and allowing it to flow in. The shepherd
should always be very careful, in all such cases, and when disease
is rampant, to wash his hands, &c., with carbolic soap after each
operation, and freely use disinfectants about his clothes, in fact he
should never go from a bad case to assist a healthy ewe, without
taking every possible precaution to prevent contagion. All the
surroundings — such as litter, and food, of any case where disease

28 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

was apparent, should be removed and burnt, and the pen
thoroughly disinfected without delay. A barrel with a hinged lid,
with some nice dry hay in it, is a capital place to put a sick or
weakly lamb in ; and is really much more effective than placing
it in a warm room, or near a fire.

For a very weak lamb, a large flat India Rubber Bag filled
with hot water is far preferable to fire warmth, and in the
hands of experienced shepherds, has been very successful in
saving life.

TREATMENT AND FEEDING OF EWES AND LAMBS.

It is of great importance to get the ewes and lambs from the
fold as soon as possible (except in cases where lambs are very
weak, and these must have special care,) because sheep, and
especially highly-bred ones, will not stand confinement. The
twin ewes and lambs should of course have the best pastures, but,
at the same time, the single lambs must not be [allowed to suffer.
In cases of twins, the ewes can be put on generous diet, as there
will be no fear of their getting too fat, and so far as artificial
food is concerned, nothing beats a mixture of beans or peas in
small quantities, malt-dust, malt, good linseed cake, crushed oats,
dried grains and bran ; or to save trouble, a prepared lamb food,
which meets every requirement.

A lamb trough, with a corn hopper above, that keeps up
automatically a constant supply as consumption proceeds, a
protruding roof to keep rain out of the trough, boarded sides
extending from each end, and lamb creeps in front — the whole
forming a small enclosure, are very useful ; and, whether for
feeding or showing purposes, they greatly aid the Breeder in
keeping the lambs in a thriving condition. It should be placed
on four wheels, one at each angle, so as to be easily moved ; and,
if the boarded sides have roof wings, so much the better, as the
enclosure will then afford considerable shelter in rough weather.

If any of the permanent pastures are really fresh, we would
recommend these for the first few days, because, should the seeds
get bare and a change to old pastures become absolutely

A CAUTION TO SHEPHERDS. 2Q

necessary, both lambs and ewes generally fall back, whereas by
depasturing- the old turf first and following with the seeds, an
improvement is rapidly seen, as the ewes milk better. A few
swedes, cabbage, or mangolds, and good clover-hay in racks is of
great assistance, and keeps up the flow of milk, so essential to the
well-being of the lambs. In the case of the ewes with single
lambs it is advisible, if possible, to let the lambs run forward on
to green rye, kale, cabbage, or even to young seeds, where the
corn troughs can be placed. This is easily accomplished with
lamb hurdles, and prevents the ewes getting too fat for breeding
purposes. If it can be spared, a little good clover-hay in racks
may however be given them. As much change of pasture as
possible is recommended, and if that they are taken to is not so
good as that they have left, they should be assisted with an
increased supply of roots or other succulent food. A change
apparently for the worse generally proves better than no change
at all.

LAMB SHELTERS, &c.

A circular enclosure of flake hurdles, with a lamb hurdle open
to the South, affords capital protection for lambs from the cold
North and East winds ; so also do treacle, sugar, or other large
barrels with one end knocked out, placed about the field and
open to a warm quarter, These barrels can easily be turned
daily against the wind, and lambs will make extensive use of
them. Warmth to a young- animal is equal to so much food.
Heaps of soil or rubbish, with one or more loads of fresh lime
spread over them, may be advantageously placed in each field
for the lambs to gambol about on, and the lime will be found to
prevent the same becoming unduly tainted and unhealthy.

A CAUTION TO SHEPHERDS.

It is often the practice to burl the ewe, i.e., cut away the wool
on the inside thighs and round the tail, and trim the wool round
the udder before sending the ewes to a distant field. It no doubt
is right in theory, but practical men say it is wrong, for should
cold East winds prevail gargetted udders will be the result with

30 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

the loss of several ewes. Just take away any quite loose wool
near the teats, which may possibly get into the lamb's mouth and
so cause death by swallowing, but do not interfere with Nature's
protection to the udder until warm weather is assured.

MARKING THE LAMBS.

When the lambs are a few days old — say at the end of every
week, all the new comers should be ear-marked according to
the plan the Breeder decides to adopt.

A very simple plan is to number the lambs with the same
numbers as their dams, which enables one to extract the Pedigree
by a reference to the mating column in the Private Flock Book,
and if tattooing is adopted the several letters of the alphabet
could be used to indicate the year of birth. For example a lamb
from No. I ewe could be tattoed " I A," to indicate a lamb from
ewe No. I in 1898, and in 1899 a lamb from the same ewe should
be marked " I B." Of course the letters to denote the years
should be recorded in the Flock Book.

Instead of at once marking the lambs permanently, it is perhaps
better to have them marked every few days to correspond with
their dams, with iron numbers dipped in red or blue paint to
which a certain amount of Linseed Oil and Turpentine is added,
and which dries rapidly and remains readable for a considerable
period. This the shepherd can easily do with a little assistance,
and later on the requisite permanent numbering can be carried
out by the breeder. The simpler plan is however explained on
page ii, and the Illustrations of same on pages 12, 13, 14, 15.

It is best to commence with the No. I in both sexes. This
style of numbering does away with the necessity of a memo-
randum book, to keep a record until properly entered up.

CASTRATION OF LAMBS.

This, in the case of a pedigree flock, is not recommended, as
lambs alter so much, that possibly one of the best may be
sacrificed to the butcher, whereas, if the ram lambs are kept in a

DIPPING. 31

thriving condition throughout the Summer and Autumn, the
selection can be safely made, and' some two months' extra
pushing will make the culls ready for the butcher.

DIPPING.

As soon as practicable — say, when the ewes are shorn, and
before they are weaned — all the lambs should be dipped ; and to
thoroughly eradicate ticks, the ewes should be dipped also, but in
their case the process should be repeated in Autumn. The object
of dipping is to destroy the parasites in the fleece ; to kill off
any young insects which may afterwards hatch out ; and to
protect the sheep from subsequent attacks.

Experience has taught us that sheep thrive much better when
their skins are clean ; and it has been clearly proved that a
good Dip increases the quantity and improves the quality of the
wool. It is absolutely impossible for lambs infested with ticks
or other parasites, to thrive properly, owing to the constant
irritation set up. In trying to get relief, lambs often nibble at
the fleece and swallow small portions of wool, with fatal results.
A good and regular system of dipping the entire flock is money
well expended. Hence most leading flockmasters dip twice'in the
season ; once as indicated, and again in the autumn.

The modes of dipping are various. For small flocks the
hand-bath is in general use ; but the swim-bath is by far the best
when flocks are large enough for its adoption ; as this system gives
much less trouble, saves labour and expense, and the operation
is far more effectual.

As to the kind of Dip, opinions differ. If, in addition to
cleansing the fleece, it is required to preserve the flock from
fresh attack — surely a matter of paramount importance — a
"poisonous" Dip must be selected. Amongst these Cooper's is
of course supreme, as it is most carefully prepared by qualified
men of large experience, whose sole aim during the last sixty years
has been to produce a first-class Dip.

32 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

WEANING.

Weaning-, If not conducted with care, and with proper fore-
thought, will inevitably lead to a derangement of the system of
the lambs.

In some cases, at a very early period, the lambs are separated
from their mothers, and at once placed on seeds, which are
perhaps burnt up and totally unsuitable to the tender stomachs
of the lambs. The sudden transition from the milk of the ewe
to the dry summer food, is beyond the power of their digestive
organs. The new food is not properly assimilated, consequently,
general derangement of the stomach and system immediately
follows, of which the small threadlike worms that are found in
the lungs are but the indication. This is attended with fever and
loss of appetite, parasitic worms, as already alluded to, are
engendered in the vessels of the throat and lungs, and soon
terminate the life of the animal.

To prevent these evil results, the food supplied at weaning time
should be of a highly nutritious quality, and such as can be easily
assimilated, and if the weather is hot and dry, a plentiful supply
of clean water should at all times be available.

The date of weaning depends on the particular breed of sheep
and the locality, and the breeder must be guided by circum-
stances ; but in alt cases it is important to put the lambs, when
weaned, on a good pasture, or amplify their food as suggested
later on. Early weaning is in most cases to be recommended for
the following reasons : — Keep is usually scarce at this season, and
this affords an opportunity of giving the lambs the best pastures,
and putting all the ewes into one field, instead of being all about
the farm robbing the lambs. As a matter of fact, ewes, after
weaning, should have a poor pasture. In some districts, weaning
is so late, that aftermath clovers are available ; but in the majority
of cases this will not be so, and if cabbage, mustard, or other
green crop be to hand, so much the better, as the object is to
minimise the loss of the milk as much as possible. A little corn

SHOULD LAMBS BE SHORN OR NOT. 33

should be given, but it must not be of a heating or too stimulating
nature ; probably, nothing, for safety, surpasses extra good
linseed cake with crushed oats and bran. The lambs must be
divided according to sex ; and should, as soon as vetches, common
turnips, and mustard, can be got in succession, be put on the
arable land and pushed forward in a healthy natural way,
avoiding an undue proportion of artificial food. As the harvest is
cleared, the young seeds afford a good change for the lambs ; from
which they should be removed at night to the arable land. Close
folding, if possible, should be avoided, as it tends to fatten and not
to develop muscle and strength, which should be the object in a
breeding flock. By this is meant, that the hurdles should not
follow close upon the sheep, but that the sheep should be allowed
to roam at large over the field.

The experience of breeders during the last decade seems to
point to keeping the lambs from the period of weaning, right
through the Autumn, on arable lands, eating a variety of green
foods — turnips and young clovers, and not on old pastures, where,
without doubt, the larvae is oicked up.

To carry this out, the breeder must exercise a little forethought,
and arrange for a succession of tares, cabbage, kale, rape, and
other suitable foods. This can be easily done by planting so
much Winter tares and rye in the Autumn ; following up with
Spring tares, early Enfield Market cabbage, — planted in February
or March, according to the weather; the drilling of the early
Enfield cabbage, early sheep fold and ox cabbage at intervals
during the Spring and Summer months ; assisted with white
turnips, rape, kale, rabbi, in suitable quantities. A large flock
can be kept in this manner, and with care and systematic
drenching losses can be reduced to a minimum.

SHOULD LAMBS BE SHORN OR NOT.

Most breeders recommend shearing as giving greater immunity
from the fly in summer ; and also preventing the clinging of
the soil to the belly when on turnips, but it should not take place

34 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

until June, or the lambs may suffer a severe check from the
exposure to cold.

HUSK OR HOOSE AND PARASITIC TROUBLES.

It is probably well within the mark to state that two-thirds of
the disease and mortality in our flocks are of parasitic origin,
and that despite the vast strides made in sanitary science, and our
larger acquaintance with the life history and habits of ovine
parasites, diseases of this class are much more common than
three or four decades ago.

That some Flockmasters, by intelligent observation, together
with good veterinary advice, have greatly minimized the loss by
disease is an undoubted fact ; but amongst the great majority of
flocks, parasitic diseases are still accountable for numerous deaths.

Prevention is better than cure, and to endeavour to secure
immunity from this most fatal complaint, it is an excellent plan
to drench the whole of the lambs several times with one of the
well-known patent remedies, or with the following, which costs less
and is to all intents and purposes as good, viz : —

i oz. Asafetida,
, g oz. Turpentine,

I oz. Linseed Oil,

given in half a gill of milk or thin gruel two days consecutively
upon an empty stomach.

Should the breeder neglect these precautions and get disease
amongst his lambs, the writer will be glad to give the name of an
article which has proved itself to be far above the average as a
cure, but it is no part of this work to place one man's remedy in
front of others.

STOMACH WORMS.

A remedy successfully used in the United States, at the Ohio
Experiment Station, and the Wisconsin Experiment Station,
and also by private individuals, is Benzine, or Gasoline, or Creoline.
The lambs should be fasted for some hours previously, and two

STOMACH WORMS. 35

drams of Benzine should be mixed with either three ounces of
New Milk or luke-warm Linseed Tea. This is the proper dose
for each lamb, and should be administered on three successive
mornings. On the fourth morning it is recommended that each
lamb should receive a three-ounce drench of raw Linseed Oil.
Extreme care is required in drenching, as it is very easy to strangle
a lamb. Jt should be noted that if Creoline is used the drench
must only be one dram.

Summary of Report Issued by the Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station: Bulletin nj, April, 1900: —

" Meteorological conditions are not wholly responsible for the
appearance of the stomach worms, though wet seasons and low
wet pastures may aid their development.

" Good authorities claim that infection comes through grass taken
from pastures where sheep have fed and dunged, and that the egg
is there left in the manure and taken in while the host is pasturing.
The experiment detailed in this bulletin confirms that opinion.

"Characteristic symptoms are hardly to be separated from
conditions due to similar trouble caused by other parasites of the
lungs and alimentary canal.

" Benzine, when given with care, is one of the best remedies
known, and from the evidence thus far gathered, reaches and
destroys the parasite.

" Gasoline is quite as good for the purpose as benzine, and sweet
milk may be substituted for flaxseed tea.

" One tablespoonful of gasoline and four ounces of sweet milk
•well shaken together, is a good dose for sheep weighing anywhere
from 60 to IOO pounds. The quantity of milk may be reduced
or increased slightly without detrimental results.

" Each sheep or lamb should be set on his rump and so held that
he will not struggle, while the dose is given as a drench, and his
head should not be thrown farther back than the natural position
while standing.

36 MANAGEMENT OF FLOCK.

" Treatment should never be given on full stomach, but only
after 12 to 18 hours fasting, and neither water nor feed should be
given inside of two hours after giving the medicine.

" Treatment should be given three days consecutively, then
repeated one week or ten days later for the same number of days.

" The monthly gains made by our lambs, after giving gasoline in
the recent experiment, together with other evidence, indicate that
no practical injury has been done to the digestive system or to
the general constitution of the animal.

" This single experiment indicates that lambs kept from pasture
will not suffer from this parasite, and may be made the equal in
size and constitution of lambs running with mothers all the time."

STURDY, FROM TAPE WORM IN DOGS.

A NECESSARY PRECAUTION.

Dogs infested with Tape Worms very frequently act as the
medium in the infectation of the flock with Sturdy or Gid,
known in some districts as Goggles, Blobworl, Punt, Turnside,
Turnsick, and therefore every care should be taken to guard
against this source of trouble. All dogs on the farm should
periodically be dosed with Areca nut or other suitable medicine,
to be followed some 10 hours after with a dose of Castor Oil. By
this simple practise the worms are expelled, and the danger of
infestation greatly minimised. Of course the dogs should be shut
up until the medicine has thoroughly acted ; and though, at the
outset, these precautions may appear unnecessary, many cases
could be given where valuable young sheep have been lost in
great numbers.

MR. JOHN GAMGEE, lecturing at the New Veterinary College,
Edinburgh, in 1859, said — "I have found that wherever lambs
can be kept without dogs, ' sturdy ' is unknown ; but in moun-
tain districts, and where dogs are indispensable, the malady
decimates the flocks."

STURDY, FROM TAPE WORM IN DOGS. 37

The following remarks upon the disease and its treatment are
from "The Diseases of Sheep," by WM. COOPER & NEPHEWS: —

" The disease is due to the presence of the tapeworm in the
"brain of the sheep. Segments of the tapeworm, containing
" mature eggs, are picked up while grazing. The locality of the
" parasite can frequently be determined by pressing on the skull,
" which becomes softened over the spot where it is lodged. Here
" the skull may be incised with a trephine (an instrument made
" for the purpose,) and the parasite either removed bodily or its
"cyst perforated and the fluid allowed to escape. The wound is
"then closed by the application of a bandage or of tarred tow,
" and recovery follows if too much brain substance has not been
" destroyed."

SELECTING SHEEP FOR AQRICUL
TURAL SHOWS.

At the end of October, or early in November, some 10 or 12
ram lambs, and about the same number of ewe lambs (if re-
quired,) should be selected, with a view of giving them a little
more care and attention than the rest, for exhibition purposes.
This requires a great amount of care and discrimination on the
part of the breeder. In the first place, we would recommend that
double the required number be drawn out, the lambs from ewes
which have previously bred exceptionally well, being specially
noted. After this they must all undergo a careful scrutiny, and
all that have defects which would bar their winning, must be
discarded at once, as it would only be time and trouble thrown
away to prepare and feed for show an animal that could not be
successful. What is a defect which cannot be passed over in a
show ring must be left to the judgment of the breeder; but it is
quite clear to any observant person that many breeders never
exhibit their best sheep. They either do not take the care in
selecting that they should do; or, what perhaps is very probable,
they delegate the same to the bailiff or shepherd.

The young sheep intended for exhibition should be allowed to
run out daily until about March, on an old turf for preference, and
at night should be housed. But should the winter prove very
mild they are really better not housed at all until March. They
should also receive a liberal allowance of such succulent food as
the farm will allow, — such as turnips, kale, cabbage ; £ Ib. to I Ib.
of artificial food, consisting of crushed oats, best linseed cake,
and bran, and as much good clover-hay as they will consume,
Neither beans, peas, lentils, or any other highly nitrogenous food

SELECTING SHEEP FOR AGRICULTURAL SHOWS. 39

are considered desirable, as they heat the body and tend to
produce gouty acids and to derange the system ; and if given in
excess, the results will soon be seen in ricketty legs and a
shrunken appearance of the barrel. A small quantity of malt is
sometimes used ; but it must be given with great care, and it is
perhaps best left out of the dietary of breeding animals. One
of the difficulties to be overcome is to impress upon the shepherd
the fact that sheep grow and thrive better upon plenty of green
food, and good clover or sanfoin hay, with a moderate allowance
of corn, than with corn ad lib and a short supply of nature's own
food. How many breeders have had a good pen of ewes or a
valuable ram completely ruined by the injudicious use of too much
trough food. All young or inexperienced shepherds make this
great mistake ; and the watchful eye of the master should be ever
on the alert to counteract the tendency of the shepherd to use
artificials too freely. The most successful feeders of show sheep
are invariably warm advocates for a variety of green food ; using,
comparatively speaking, little else.

As soon as March comes in, the sheep intended for exhibition
should be shorn ; but it will be far better for all concerned when
the Royal and other Societies abandon the rule as to shearing,
and leave the whole question in the hands of the Judges. It is
advisible to postpone shearing somewhat (at any rate, in the
case of Down breeds,) as it is too early to house aged sheep,
and they could not stand the inclement weather usually prevailing
at this period of the year if shorn. On no account wash the
sheep intended for exhibition before shearing, as it may, at such
an early period, cause death by chill.

The sheep should, after shearing, have their feet carefully
looked to and pared; and again undergo a close examination,
with a view of finding if there are any that are too faulty for show
purposes. If they all pass muster, they must be divided into
small lots and pushed on (with judgment) as rapidly as possible;
as the summer meetings will soon be here, and no time must be lost.
Not more than three of the best rams should be put together,—
they are still better alone, — and the ewes say in two lots. Sheep

..0 - ,8t

42 SELECTING SHEEP FOR AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.

thrive and do better in small lots; and in the case of rams, it is
absolutely essential to divide them as much as circumstances will
allow.

Rams are not so likely to fight in lots of three as when two are
penned together, but as before stated the best animals should, if
possible, have pens to themselves.

The sheep shed (vide engraving) should be placed on a dry
spot, and a good system of drainage is as essential. It will be
observed that the turnip house is placed in the centre of the shed,
and that the sheep can be fed right and left by means of the
gangway. In practice, it will not be found advisable to put the
show ewes and rams in the same shed ; and generally, another
building may be so arranged as to accommodate the ewes.

A wooden sparred floor, made of creosoted timber, in sections,
and therefore easily put down and taken up, and raised some
6 or 8 inches above the ground, is recommended. By placing a
good layer of peat moss under this floor, the whole of the urine is
absorbed, and the shed kept sweet and healthy. These floors are
great litter economisers, owing to the perfect drainage ensured ;
and, as a natural consequence, the sheep have always a comfort-
able, dry, bed, and are not so liable to contract Foot Rot.

Exercise is, however, essential, even after the sheep have been
shorn and housed, and the shepherd should be made to under-
stand that the chances of success are greater if the sheep have
gentle exercise daily to the extent of one or two miles. It
develops muscle and strength, keeps them well on their legs,
gives them an increased appetite, and promotes health ; all which
results in a thrifty growth, and firmness of flesh not to be seen in
the ungainly obese creatures often sent for exhibition. Exercising
the show animals is pleasant occupation for the proprietor ; and if
he be accompanied occasionally by a friend, so much the better ;
as the animals get used to strangers, and become docile and
quiet. In some cases, the master rarely goes near his sheep ; and
when he does do so, a few days before the commencement of the
show season, he is rather annoyed at finding them scared and

PREPARING LAMBS FOR SHOW. 43

frightened as soon as he presents himself. The most successful
men the writer has been brought in contact with, play and
faddle with their animals, and notice their daily growth ; and if
they are not doing as they would wish, change the diet somewhat,
or perhaps administer some corrective medicine.

SHOW SHEEP IN APRIL, MAY, JUNE, &c.

Roots have become scarce by now, but there is generally a fair
supply of mangolds, and these should be mellowed by exposure
to the sun. And it is even safer to finger them a day before they
are wanted. Mangolds may be safely given to the feeding ewes ;
but with rams there is considerable danger, if the weather is
very cold, and if the mangolds have not been well mellowed, they
are apt to produce the water complaint. So many valuable sheep
have, indeed, been lost by their use, that many breeders discard
them for their best sheep, and substitute a hardy white Swede,
(a native of Cotswold Hills,) supplemented with an early cut
of rye, grass, and clover, (pushed on with nitrate of soda,) kale,
winter vetches, cabbage, rye, &c., &c The great aim should
be to get a succession of green crops to follow : and though,
undoubtedly, they are costly to secure, it is of paramount im-
portance that there be no stint, as animals feeding for exhibition
should not suffer a check.

Lucerne on suitable soil is an excellent green crop to grow for
young sheep. It comes to cut fairly early, and, with liberal
manuring, quite 4 cwts. can be had in the year ; while in a period
of drought it has many advantages, owing to the depth to which
the roots go down into the soil.

PREPARING LAMBS FOR SHOW.

These should be chosen with care, examining each lamb
minutely as to wool, skin, and other points characteristic of the
breed ; and, as a rule, early well-grown lambs have much the
best chance. Let the lambs selected be dipped at once, repeating
the operation a month or six weeks later. Give them as much

44 SELECTING SHEEP FOR AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.

room as possible on land which has not been fed with sheep ;
housing- them at night, and supplying them with green food, and
about £ Ib. of linseed cake, oats, and bran, mixed, (no beans or
peas). As the year advances, house in the heat and glare of
the day, and allow them recourse to a field for a few hours in
the evening. As the show-time approaches, it may, perhaps, be
advisable to trough feed entirely, and only allow them out for
the sake of exercise ; as they are apt to fall away when from
home, if not so treated, and unaccustomed to confinement.
Attention should, from time to time, be given to the lambs' feet ;
for should foot-rot ensue, they rapidly lose both flesh and bloom.

BEFORE THE SHOW.

Having brought the sheep of the respective classes as near to
perfection as possible, as regards growth and condition, much
will still depend upon the way in which they are placed before
the judges ; and here the skilful master, bailiff, or shepherd, has
the advantage of the tyro. Every care should be taken in
matching the ewes and lambs for each pen. A prize is often
thrown away by putting together animals of different sizes and
types ; and in the case of rams, those which handle well and are
in the pink of condition, may perhaps run a better race than much
superior animals not so forward.

Again, it would be bad policy to send the best animals away
from home the week or so preceding the Royal or other important
meetings, where the breed musters in great numbers and the
prizes are more valued. Such a step would be placing the sheep
at a disadvantage, as they would undoubtedly lose much of their
bloom.

ADVICE AS TO SELECTION.

If the exhibitor feels convinced he cannot show to win, he
should not select the biggest to represent him, but rather those
which are the truest to character and type, and likely to attract
the attention of breeders ; because, by so doing, he will probably
ensure their attendance at his sale, with perhaps more re-

TREATMENT OF YOUNG SHEEP. 45

munerative results than the mere money value of a prize.
Undoubtedly, many men have injured their reputation by ex-
hibiting animals not true to character, when perhaps their flock
in its entirety was a very good one.

TREATMENT OF THE MAIN PORTION OF THE
YOUNG SHEEP.

The young rams and ewes, not for exhibition, should be kept
on turnips, kale, &c., on the arable land, until it is wanted for
barley sowing (folded, or otherwise, according to the nature of
the farm,) and then on turf or seeds until about May, when it
is desirable to shear them. Should the weather be very cold it is
better to house them entirely for a few days, until they get less
liable to contract a chill. Mangolds are apt to cause mischief in
freshly shorn animals, unless the weather be warm ; so perhaps it
is safer to leave them out of the dietary for a short time.

For the majority of the rams, it is better to allow them, say in
May and June, to spend the day time in the field, and afterwards
to remain out at night as well, housing in the day if the weather is
very hot. This treatment tends to growth and muscular strength
instead of fat, and rams brought up in this way usually prove
prolific sires.

Some two months or so, (not longer) before the annual sale, the
outlying rams may be housed, but the wisest course is to house
the rams during the intense heat of the day ; supplementing their
food with cabbage, kale, and such other food as the farm affords,
and letting the rams run out at night. This system is more likely
to ensure strong vigorous animals than if the rams were housed
entirely and made unduly fat.

The shearling ewes for sale should be placed on as good a
pasture as the farm affords ; and treated in such a manner as to
promote a swelling of the frame rather than a making of flesh.
For this purpose, green foods — such as vetches, rape, cabbage,
with a small addition of corn, — some six weeks before selling, are
the best.

46 SELECTING SHEEP FOR AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.

PREPARING FOR SALE.

The cull rams should have gone to the butcher early in January,
and now, mid-May or so, a further batch must go. It is far
better to keep for the sale none but good animals, because 30, 40,
50, or more, really first-class sheep, will make as much, or more,
than double the number of indifferent ones ; and this weeding out
of the weak ones will help to keep the demand on a level with
supply. Thus, in addition to securing better prices, the breeder
will put the money realised by the drafts into his pocket some
three months earlier than if they had been kept for stock pur-
poses. Again, if only the best are sold as sires, the results
obtained by their use redounds to the credit of the breeder ; and
he soon reaps the benefit of the course adopted, by the increased
demand for his rams.

If breeders would well consider this, gluts would rarely occur,
and the sheep stock of the country would be much improved.

The same treatment should be adopted with the ewes ; and no
ewe should be sold with a pedigree, unless she is passable and
likely to breed well. It must be suicidal to a breeder to dis-
seminate animals that will not do him credit ; and it is far better
to sacrifice a few at butchers' prices, than to secure a few shillings
extra by allowing cull sheep to be sold for breeding purposes. If
the ewes are sold in pens, carefully draw them to match, and do
not marry one or two of the inferior ones with some of the best of
the flock. This would probably be the means of losing a good
customer for the best sheep.

MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING FLOCK,
AND DRAFTING.

The lambs from each ewe should be carefully noted by the
shepherd, (and master if practicable,) so that when the drafting
comes (usually June or July,) it can be seen which ewes are
breeding satisfactorily, and what class of ram suits them best ;
because, possibly, some of the most promising lambs may be the

SELECTION OF SHEARLING EWES.

1 /

OF THE

•I-LEGEQF
CMWBU*

offspring- of ewes that would otherwise be discarded. In a
pedigree flock, a regular system of drafting at a certain age
cannot be followed with advantage; for, in some cases, it is wise to
keep a ewe — a good ram breeder — as long as she will continue to
breed; while others which produce nothing good as yearlings, or
two-shears, may safely be put aside.

At the same time, the breeder should try and draft upon a plan
which keeps the flock from degenerating into a lot of old ewes; for
should a dispersion for some cause or other be necessary, a young
stock will be sure to realise good prices, as compared with one
which has lost its bloom, no matter how good the previous record
of these aged ewes may have been.

As to the number of ewes which should be drafted annually,
one must be guided by circumstances. Should the young ewes
be exceptionally good, and by one or more sires which you have a
high opinion of, it will be politic to draft from the breeding flock
more largely than usual. If, on the other hand, the shearling
ewes are not to your liking, it may be well to add none to the
breeding flock, and dispose of the young ewes in their entirety,
when they usually sell exceptionally well. These matters must
be left to the judgment of the breeder ; but all such details are of
great importance, and whether they receive due attention or not,
means success or failure.

As before stated, it is sound policy so to manage the flock that
it shall not deteriorate into a lot of old worn out ewes ; and with
due care this can be avoided. A well bred and good young flock
must always have a far larger commercial value than one in
which several of its members have passed the prime.

SELECTION OF SHEARLING EWES
TO ADD TO FLOCK.

The selection of the shearling ewes to add to the flock is a
matter of great importance ; and every breeder who is wise, will
not fail to give it his personal attention. To begin with, we
would recommend that the selection should be made, in the first

48 SELECTING SHEEP FOR AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.

instance, before shearing, when one has a better opportunity of
judging of the quality and staple of the fleece ; and then, finally,
the selected ones should be carefully examined a month or so
after shearing, when, probably, some which had a pleasing
appearance, and looked well-developed, deep-grown sheep in the
wool, may strip somewhat ugly in feature, and prove leggy and
shallow. Of course, more ewes must be marked than are actually
wanted ; and it will also be well to look carefully through the dis-
carded ones, to see that no really good animal has been rejected.
The marking is easily done with a touch of paint, and each sheep
can be re-marked as soon as it is shorn. Appearance and
exemption from defects must not be the sole guide in selection ;
as ewes from well-known good breeders should always be
retained, unless there is some cogent reason to the contrary.

The Breeder should spare no trouble in the selection of ewes
to add to the flock ; and the ultimate choice should receive con-
firmation by repeated observations, guided to a certain extent by
the individual breeding in each case.

Even with all the care, thought, and knowledge, the Breeder
possesses of his own flock, he will, without a doubt, make several
mistakes ; hence the great importance of adopting any and every
means to ensure a right selection.

FOOT ROT AND ITS PREVENTION.

No flock can thrive where this is present ; and as, undoubtedly
it is contagious, it is wise to submit all bought sheep (which
should be few,) to a thorough disinfecting before being allowed
to mix wiih the general flock. Generally speaking, it may be said
that foot-rot is the outcome of laziness, and with due care it should
rarely be present to any large extent.

The plan adopted by MR. DAVID BUTTAR, of Corston, Coupar
Angus, Forfar, N.B., for dealing with foot-rot, and strongly
recommended, is as follows : —

" Pass the whole flock, twice during the year, though a solution
of arsenic, which is thus prepared : — Boil 2 Ib. of arsenic with

FOOT ROT AND ITS PREVENTION. 49

2 lb. of potash (pearl ash,) in I gallon of water over a slow fire for
half-an-hour. Keep stirring, and at any signs of boiling over
pour in a little cold water; then add 5 gallons of cold water.
Put this solution to the depth of i in. to i£ in. (just sufficient to
cover the hoofs of the sheep,) in a strong, well-made, water-
tight trough 12 ft. long by 18 in. wide, and about 6 in. deep, with
narrow strips of wood nailed across the bottom to prevent the
sheep from slipping. The trough must be set and fixed perfectly
level alongside a wall or other fence in some out-of-the-way place.
It should be provided with a good water-proof lid, secured by a
padlock, so as to prevent the possibility of danger from any
poison which might be left in the trough. There should also be
a wooden fence on the other side of the trough, extended some-
what at the entrance end, to guide the sheep into it, as indicated
in the diagram."

Trough .

Pen

Gate

Pen N?2.

Gale

Ga&\

Before the sheep are driven through the trough, their feet should
be well pared; then walk them gently through and let them
remain in Pen No. 2 for half-an hour or so before taking them
back to their pasture.

If sheep are badly attacked, we would recommend drawing out
all the affected ones and passing them through the trough a
second time, after remaining for half-an-hour in the pen. Should
this not cure them, repeat the process in a fortnight or three
weeks time.

If a flock is very seriously affected it is really better to dress
each foot separately and hold the same in an iron pot in which
has been placed a certain quantity of the Arsenic and Potash

50 SELECTING SHEEP FOR AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.

Solution. By this means you ensure thorough treatment ; and, if
persevered in, a complete eradication of the disease is the result.

Having got free from foot-rot, the passing of the flock through
the solution twice a-year will completely prevent any new attack-
Before adopting this plan Mr. Buttar states his sheep were
scarcely ever free from the disease.

Mr. R. E. TURNBULL used the following recipe for the extensive
flocks on the Earl of Carlisle's home farm : —

Dissolve I Ib. of arsenic, 3 Ib. washing soda, and I pint of pure
carbolic acid, in 12 gallons of water.

Have a trough — say 16 ft. long, 10 in. wide at the bottom, 14 in.
wide at the top, I ft. in depth. Place the trough alongside a wall,
and fix hurdles on the side of the trough opposite the wall. Make
a pen at one end of the trough in which to collect the sheep to be
treated. See that the sheep walk slowly through the trough, and
let them pass through twice a-week till cured.

A simple and effective remedy is to walk the sheep through a
trough containing a solution of Cooper's Dipping Powder, one
packet to two gallons of water.

MAGGOTS.

The old adage "prevention is better than cure," applies with
special force to this, in many cases, the shepherd's most trouble-
some enemy. If you can only make the fleece distasteful to the
fly you will have no maggots.

A general summer dipping a month after shearing will prac-
tically free the flock from attack for the rest of the season. Of
course, wounds and abrasures, and wet or manure-stained places
on the hinder parts, will lay the animal open to risk, but such
can be readily attended to.

Where this dipping has been neglected, animals struck with
maggots should in the early stage be dipped with Cooper's Dip.
If the maggots are very bad they should be removed by hand,

MUTTON FLOCKS. 51

and the affected parts dressed with a mixture of carbolic acid one
part, water thirty parts.

MUTTON FLOCKS.

Although the advice here given is written primarily for Stud
Flocks, much of the same care and thought could profitably be
bestowed on the management of ordinary flocks, but in most cases
many more sheep could be run on the same holding, the turn-over
being much quicker with mutton flocks than those kept for stud
purposes, as with a proper system of growing successive crops
during the Spring, Summer and Autumn months the lambs
should all go to the butcher at 9 to 12 months old. Large joints
the public do not want, whilst there is an unlimited demand for
young, well matured, home grown mutton.

The concluding pages contain the opinions of some of our
leading sheep-breeders on many questions vital to the farmer.
There is of necessity great difference of opinion upon details of
management, but much of this is explained by the varied con-
ditions under which the several breeds of sheep are reared.

52

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doubtful rams are

r must be handled.

then change them
cover most of his

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good strong lambs from

se a good many rams,
I should say yearlings
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is sufficient hand-ridden ; I have k

advocate. At 2 years old.

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(2) No experience.

A strong active ram will serve abo
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40 to 50 ewes in field. Have not r
rather older rams. Have had vei

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to ioo. A shearling or 2-shear.

ram will serve 50 ewes effectually ir

necessary serving. I have put a i
results. I consider a ram to get t

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a ram is rutting ewes.

n with a ewe a few months at a time.

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succession, ivhat is the b

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Sell her.
A hopeless case. I never tr
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up to lambing. They run
their condition, but no roots
y food and only a moderate qu

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^rass is kept clean and fresh for them in Winter. As
not large, feed is given, so that they may come to lamb

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a few roots in the Winter, and hay if the grass gets too
ler very bad, give them some trough food.

ones kept for showing. In snow-storms they are fed

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i in the lambing season to induce him to do
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the sort.

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74

an animal, the produce of parents
ne gets better than he looks, and
ve my sheep all nearly related, and
n to every ewe, so many each year,
ised him to any grand-daughters
breeding seems to cause loss of

itution are bred from, their produce

nrelated to them. In-breeding is
nally necessary in order to produce

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QUESTION.-CW

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ram lambs not considered good enough for stock purpoi

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STION.— When do yo

I don't castrate any la

June.
I castrate the cull ram

Don't castrate any.

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hland farmers require rams and they
ams are kept for this purpose, and

»r mutton. The custom is, however,
o cull the ram lambs.

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No. 13 QUESTI

nfortunately for the reputation of our bre

a ram for breeding purposes. A greal
will not give a fair ram price, conseque

generally bring 305. or 405. more than
a mistake, and it would be in the interi

» November, as by then they are showing

never castrate any lambs,
i the end of May.

bout May, but we generally keep most a;
their first Winter.

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castrated at that age, but a good numb
run until September. A selection is 1
claming with medicine— a safe system,

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81

rom the ewe lambs, and the ram lambs get the
lover, and aftermath ; vetches are grown for them,

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o get them on Turnips early. The ewe and wether
of pasture is a great thing.

h divided into two lots. Wether lambs run with the
green crop available, vetches for preference, then

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run of the best pastures, such as sanfoi

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lambs are put in the clover, and have

we can spare them. Directly harvest

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and then on turnips. The great thing
lambs are treated just the same. Cha

ewe and ram lambs are separated, and
former. The lambs are put upon the 1

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artificial food, commencing with 2 ozs.
6 months, not afterwards.

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81

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either on old seeds or vetches until Jul
corn and cake. Ewe lambs the same,
short, then not more than | Ib. per hea

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purposes.
Ram lambs are generally
arrive.

The sheep intended for sh
In October.
In December.

December, and sometime?
First week in March.

I house about three weeks
In February or March.

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In November.

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At weaning time.

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After the lambs are w

Before shearing, and 1

At 5 years old.
During Autumn mont

September.
July or August.

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Largest Exporters of Pedigree Live Stock in Great Britain.

Livestock

MANSELL & Co.,
Shrewsbury. . .

and
Auctioneers.

PARTNERS:— ALFRED MANSELL and G. G. BLANTERN.

TO HOME AND FOREIGN BREEDERS.

ALFRED MANSELL & Co., having an extensive connection amongst Breeders
of all kinds of the best breeds of British Live Stock, can undertake to supply Buyers
on the most favorable terms, and superintend the shipment to all parts of the World.

ANIMALS FOR EXHIBITION, BREEDING, FEEDING, or
DAIRY PURPOSES SUPPLIED, or Purchasers assisted

In buying.

Over 8,000 Shropshire and other Sheep Exported within
the last 8 years,

Also a large number of HORSES, CATTLE, and PIGS of all breeds.

QUOTATIONS for Shipping and Insurance given to all Ports, free of charge.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP SALES

Held for the Leading Breeders. Lists forwarded free.

Monthly SALES OP STORE STOCK held in Shrewsbury Cattle Market.
1000 Cattle and 50O Sheep, at each Sale.

Dates on application. Testimonials from eminent Agriculturists on application.

Estates, Farms, Country Residences, Hunting & Shooting Boxes, &c.,
to be Let or Sold.

REGISTER published Monthly, forwarded gratis. Owner please send full particulars
of properties for disposal.

NO CHARGE UNLESS BUSINESS RESULTS.

Mansell's Patent Lock Ear Tags. Mansell's Private Herd Book.
Mansell's Private Flock Book. The " New Century " Live Weight Tables.

Particulars on application.
MODERATE TERMS FOR BUYING.

ALFRED MANSELL & r^., —

Secretaries to the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Association,

COLLEGE HILL, SHREWSBURY.

Telegrams :— " Pedigree, Shrewsbury," (At Code used.) National Telephone, No. 21

COOPER'S DIP

Is used upon
ONE-THIRD of the SHEEP of the

ENTIRE WORLD.

Why?

BECAUSE it PAYS !

2J

Government Report

upon Cooper's Dip.

"COOPER'S DlP.

This article has been examined so
frequently that to record any fur-
ther results is scarcely necessary,
except to shew its constancy of
composition.'*

<From the Official <Blue ©oo/c
of ^&ape^ Colony.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

342257

CD

TH

2:

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY