ee alae eabyeee, hetatiat Sally tn mn nT Mea es oe teeeres Pibrary of the Museum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Founded by private subscription, in 1861. DR. L. p—E KONINCK’S LIBRARY. | OINDe Jo, in iit ONG i ’ ” ; my pl! uy : Alain va ve Ms ih a a a i A iy ; THE FOSSILS OF THE SOUTH DOWNS, &e. ati Ay = = — Lao. Vii. : ane! SRS Brady” Y ‘ aay EOP Harapet 2h Gideon Vantell det “3 Mary Ann Mantell Scudp® 2628. STRATA AT CASTLE HILL NEAR NEWHAVEN, THE FOSSILS OF THE SOUTH DOWNS; OR ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GEOLOGY OF SUSSEX. BY GIDEON MANTELL, F.L.S. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, &c. THE ENGRAVINGS EXECUTED BY MRS. MANTELL, FROM DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR. eee « Des Vinstant que je me suis consacré & la médicine, persuadé que la connoissance des corps naturels, source unique de la matitre médicale, est indispensable au médecin, qui en tire tous ses secours, et qui y retrouve tout ce qui dans J’ordre physique peut faire le bonheur, ou causer le malheur des hommes ; je n’ai cessé d’y employer les momens, dont les occupations nombreuses attachées 4 notre état, mont laissé la disposition.” "a Oryctographie de Brucelles, par F. X. Burtin. “ The mind which has been directed to the investigation of a favourite science, is unwilling to persuade itself, that its powers, however feeble, have been concentrated in vain; since the faintest rays, when collected into a focus, produce some degree of illumination.” Dr. Armstrong. LONDON: LUPTON RELFE, 13, CORNHILL. 1822. ‘ a vig Ot ; oS isle a oe & Gee ee Rad 4 ! \ Pa ee 7h ae | 3 tt FOL ( dL , i ae nity a ary penietiel ‘A ae AF, a AiR VEN ogee, Two CA WO. AARC, OAT URUED HOU EA of A707 mee 1. ae aan aE te See bes ¥ Bea re) Pe ad ': Gas | te , TH CAT POMRE AO AIVATONA ABT ae i ; wh CAE ‘asthe ’ ran: ? a . . SDUTUN SAT VE ATA WOR Ze Peele Tia ¢ it al cy Paw, Phat rex! ate . vor , ae deta a ECON = : ¥ \ - ) ; y est . oY murs Mare ; doy avis sorganaintitos. af; amp spain Bia sibhe ab ¢ techs ' Pa) ( rcpages aaa eed old oto Sup: ignbeas ne okay renathai he 3 glaniie 7A etils sHod lous I onlay i + ee fi 9h, ronal dite aiiphagttit: et ine : ee ition 4 eplctia a vet if rT a ae a nay oe S37) tae i tg cane soma ay at SN a ra Dees contr, uae ig igs TO DAVIES GILBERT, ESQ, M.P. F.R.S. and L.S. PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL, &e. &c. &c. THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED AS A TRIBUTE OF THE HIGHEST RESPECT TO HIS TALENTS, AND OF GRATITUDE FOR HIS FRIENDSHIP. Castle Place, Lewes, May 1, 1822. ate ui Bid hae 20.8 LM O8k PWASIILD, OLIV AG = Pe TEAR AAS BO: ethan “ah ah CRUE TATOOS ANE TO! MMOL =) ‘ Va Mae ee Te 4 yee . : i es i eR SA aR hi ial ea i CEMA ab AIO MMe A a aR: te ; ; is Hk DAN She aie : R 7" MOAT athaatoars F fds Sash Ske pm MN PEAS | A BA, Mite) Vi iE OE ‘ ’ diye i - ' ‘ ; » hat) a Ly are Ai i | rage Bhs vii i e , ee ; - ‘rye ty weg é t : Meee OTT E 4 ae Y An OF Taa* THOM ANY sO STURT) oy Are © ATE SMO sok SU ge iF Oy ee ee A ae toe oye usrser ea iow eae * pian vty ao) o Oe P te ; celine Waite catr any noe taunt: ; J ag | id peat bibs 1B ata arte eet sa nine nA Liane Fa ll Oe, SAR A he ihe PREFACE. Tue flattering manner in which the Prospectus of the present volume has been received, and the condescension of His Masrsty, who has been graciously pleased to honour it with his august patronage, are circum- stances which demand my most grateful acknowledgments, and are the more gratifying to my feelings, as they were wholly unexpected. It is, however, with much diffidence that I appear before the public in the characters of an artist and an author, conscious as I am, that my humble talents can offer but few pretensions to its favour, or indulgence. Having at an early period in life, imbibed a predilection for the study of natural history, and subsequently been educated in a profession inti- mately connected with that science, upon fixing my residence at Lewes, I resolved to devote my leisure moments to the investigation of the « Organic remains of a former world;” a study replete with interest and instruction. The fossils of Sussex had not then excited attention, and this con- sideration induced me to select them for the more immediate objects of examination; since in a district previously unexplored by the geologist, vill PREFACE. there was reason to hope, that some interesting and useful information might be obtained :—how far that expectation has been realized, it is for the reader to determine. In the prosecution of these researches, the physical structure of the country necessarily came under consideration, and the enquiry assumed a new and more important character. ‘The extraneous fossils were no longer regarded merely as subjects of natural history, but as memorials of revolutions which have swept over the face of the earth, in ages ante- cedent to all human record and tradition. The following pages contain the result of my labours. They have been composed under circumstances particularly unfavourable to literary pursuits; and such as those only can duly appreciate, who are aware of the numerous and anxious duties, which a country practitioner is called upon to perform. Few indeed have been the moments dedicated to this work, that have not been snatched from the hours of repose, after active and laborious exertion during the day. Another formidable obstacle has arisen from local situation, which has prevented access to a comprehensive library, and thus deprived me of the important aid to be derived from an unlimited reference to the works of others. If I allude to these circumstances, it is not from the unmanly wish of shrinking from candid and honourable criticism; but neither prudence nor policy require me to suppress any thing that can be offered in extenuation of the imperfections of this volume. PREFACE. 1X As the engravings are the first performances of a lady but little skilled in the art, I am most anxious to claim for them every indulgence. I am well aware that the partiality of a husband may render me insensible to their defects; but although they may be destitute of that neatness and uniformity, which distinguish the works of the professed artist, they will not, I trust, be found deficient in the more essential requisite of correctness. It was originally intended to have restricted these researches to the South-eastern division of Sussex; but they have insensibly extended over a wider field, and now, in a great measure, comprehend the geological phenomena of the whole county. That the sketch is incomplete, I most readily acknowledge; nor am I desirous that it should be considered in any other light than as a collection of facts illustrative of the physical structure of the district. The Essay on the Mosaic account of the Creation, was communicated, to me by a clergyman of the established church, soon after the announce- ment of the present work for publication. The vast importance of the subject, and the ability and temper with which it is discussed, render any apology for its insertion unnecessary. I will not, however, conceal the gratification it affords me, that the excellent author has chosen these humble pages as the medium of its appearance before the public; since the arguments he has adduced must effectually silence the idle clamours that have been raised against geological speculations, from their supposed tendency to scepticism. I now arrive at the most gratifying ‘part of my labours; that of returning my warmest thanks for the kind and able assistance which my b x PREFACE. scientific friends and correspondents have so liberally afforded me: but there are others to whom a deeper debt of gratitude is due; who have taken a lively interest in the success and reputation of the author, and have patronized his undertaking with a zeal and liberality far exceeding his most sanguine expectations*. To these excellent and much valued friends, I am indeed under infinite obligations ; and whatever may be the fate of this volume, the consciousness that it has procured me the ac- quaintance and esteem of characters as eminent in science, as they are estimable in private life, will more than compensate for any pains and anxiety it may have occasioned. Castle Place, Lewes, May Ist, 1822. * Among these, Mrs. Durrant, and William Baldock, Esq. of Malling House, near Lewes, merit my warmest acknowledgments. SUBSCRIBERS. HIS MAJESTY. Four Copies. The Right Hon. the Earl of Ashburnham. John Armstrong, M. D. Physician to the Fever Institution of London. John Abernethy, Esq. F.R.S. Bedford Row, London. Sir Charles Burrell, Bart. M.P. Knapp Castle, Sussex. His Excellency Count Breunner, F.M.G.S. Vienna. Walter Burrell, Esq. M. P. for the county of Sussex, West Grinsted Park. William Baldock, Esq. Malling House. ive Copies. Robert Blencowe, Jun. Esq. Rey. W. Buckland, F.R.S. M.G.S. Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at the University of Oxford. The very Rev. H. Beeke, D. D. Dean of Bristol, F.L.S. &c. Robert Barclay, Esq. Berry Hill. G. W. Braikenridge, Esq. Bristol. Rey. Sackville Bale, Withyham, Sussex. Thomas Blair, M. D. Brighton. Miss Benett, Norton House, Warminster, Wilts. W. H. Baldock, Esq. Petham House, near Canterbury. Richard Bright, Esq. H.M.G.S. Hamereen, near Bristol. Rey. Edward John Burrows, A.M. F.R. & L.S. M.G.S. London. Henry Blackman, Esq. Lewes. William Borrer, Jun. Esq. F. L.S. Henfield, Sussex. Col. Birch, Bath. The Right Hon. the Earl of Chichester, Stanmer Park. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Chichester. Lord George Cavendish, Burlington House. The Dowager Lady Crewe, Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. J. M. Cripps, Esq. M.A. F.A. & L.S. Brighton. Rev. E. D. Clarke, L.L. D. Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Cambridge. b2 Xl SUBSCRIBERS. Rev. W. D. Conybeare, F.R.S. M.G.S. Brislington, near Bristol. George Cook, D.D. M.G.S. Tortworth, Gloucestershire. E. J. Curteis, Esq. M. P. for the county of Sussex, Windmill Hill. George Courthope, Esq. Bedford Square, London. Rey. Courthope, Lewes. William J. Campion, Esq. Danny. Major Cator, Royal Artillery. Rey. J. Constable, Ringmer. Rey. P. G. Crofts, M. A. Lewes. Thomas Cooper, Esq. Lewes. Mrs. Curteis, Heronden, near Tenterden, Kent. Henry Campion, Esq. Deanery, Malling. Rev. James Capper, Wilmington. Mrs. Elizabeth Cobbold, Holywell, near Ipswich. The Rev. George Cookson, A. M. Bath. The Hon. and Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Durham, L. L.D. H.M.L.S. Mrs. Durrant, Malling House. Two Copies. Samuel Durrant, Esq. Malling House. Two Copies. Col. Downman, C.B. Royal Artillery. J. M. Durrant, Esq. Malling House. W. Delmar, Esq. Kenfield House, near Canterbury. George D’Albiac, Esq. Buckham Hill, Sussex. John Apseley Dalrymple, Esq. Gate House, Sussex. Davies, Esq. Brompton. Mr. Joseph Davey, Lewes. John Drewett, Esq. Peppering, near Arundel. Dr. Davis, Bath. The Right Hon. the Earl of Egremont, Petworth. Exeter College Library, Oxford. John Ellman, Esq. Southover, near Lewes. Owen Evans, Esq. Little Hampton, Sussex. The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Gage, Firle Place. Davies Gilbert, Esq. M.P. F.R. & L.S. M.G.S. P.G.S.C. Eastbourne. Two Copies. Mrs. Gilbert, Eastbourne. G. B. Greenough, Esq. F.R. & L.S. M.G.S. London. Mr. Gabriel Grover, Cliffe, Lewes. Miss Godlee, Lewes. Mrs. Gent, Devizes, Wilts. SUBSCRIBERS. John Hawkins, Esq. F.R.S. H.M.G.S. Bignor Park, near Petworth, Sussex. Copies. Rey. Robert Hallifax, M.G.S. Standish, near Gloucester. John Hoper, Esq. Lewes. Thomas Hodson, Iisq. M.R.C.S. Lewes. Rey. Henry Hoper, A. M. Portslade, near Brighton. Miss Harris, Petham House, near Canterbury. Rey. Thomas Poole Hooper, A.M. Thomas Humphrey, Esq. Chichester. Mrs. Thomas Harrison, Spring Gardens Terrace, London. George Harrison, Esq. Treasury Chambers, Whitehall. Rey. John Hanley, Amberley, Sussex. H. H. Henly, Esq. Sandringham Hall, near Lynn, Norfolk. Rey. T. Horsfield, Lewes. Ebenezer Johnston, Esq. Lewes. Mrs. Jackson, Lewes. Rey. H. Jenkins, A.M. Magdalen College, Oxford. Thomas Read Kemp, Esq. Lewes. Christopher Kell, Esq. Lewes. Samuel Luck Kent, Esq. Carpenter’s Hall. Charles Lyell, Jun. Esq. M.A. M.G.S. Bartley Lodge, Hants. Mr. Loder, Brighton. The Lewes Library Society. Wilson Lowry, Esq. Great Titchfield Street, London. William Mabbott, Esq. Uckfield. George Mantell, Esq. Farringdon, Berks. Mrs. Moody, Bathampton House, near Salisbury. Rey. Thomas Miller, Bockleton, Worcestershire. Mrs. Newton, Southover. The Rev. Sir H. Poole, Bart. The Hook, Chailey. J. Parkinson, Esq. M.G.S. Hoxton Square, London. Thomas Partington, Esq. Offham. Rev. J. B. Powell, Newick Parsonage. George Phillips, Esq. Lombard Street. xi Three SUBSCRIBERS. J. Watts Russell, Esq. M.P. F.R.S. Mr. Cater Rand, Lewes. John Rickman, Esq. Wellingham. F Mr. John Relfe, Gracechurch Street, London. The Library Society of Rye. Sir George Shiffner, Bart. M. P. Coombe Place. Rey. A. Sedgewick, Woodwardian Professor, F.R. and M.G.S. University of Cam- bridge. Josias Smith, Esq. Lewes. The Royal College of Surgeons, London. Thomas Smith, Esq. F.R. and L.S. M.G. S. Paper Buildings, Inner Temple, London. John Smith, Esq. Foreign Consul, Brighton. Rey. George Griffin Stonestreet, East Cowes, Isle of Wight. Mrs. Sober, Western Lodge, Brighton. G. B. Sowerby, Esq. F.L.S. King Street, Covent Garden. Szx Copies. Inigo Thomas, Esq. Ratton, Sussex. Rev. F. Tuttee, Glyndbourne, Sussex. John Tilney, Esq. London. Thomas Tourle, Esq. Landport, near Lewes. Thomas George Thomas, Esq. Ratton. Edward Verrall, Esq. Lewes. Richard Verrall, Esq. Inner Temple, London. Edmund Vallance, Esq. Brighton. G. Williams, M.D. F.L.S. Reg. Prof. Bot. and Radclivian Librarian, University of Oxford. H. Warburton, Esq. F.R. and L.S. M.G.S. London. Richard Weekes, Esq. F. L.S. Hurstperpoint. John Woollgar, Esq. M.A.S. Lewes. Mr. Nehemiah Wimble, Lewes. W. Wood, Esq. F.R. and L.S. Strand, London. Two Copies. Rey. Peter Wood, A.M. Broadwater, Sussex. G. E. Woodhouse, Esq. Oxford Street, London. Mrs. Woodhouse, Kentish Town. William Henry Williams, M. D. F.L.8. &c. Ipswich. Rev. C. P. N. Wilton, M.A. F.C. P.S. Blakeney, Gloucestershire. James Woodhouse, Esq. London. ° Arnold Wainwright, Esq. Calcot, near Reading. CONTENTS. Page . Preliminary Essay ' - - - - - = 3 1 . Geographical Description of the South-Eastern Division of Sussex = 14 . Geological Structure of the County - = = ¥ e a1 . §L Green Sand Formation = = 2 = iH oA . 1. Ivon Sand - - - = = e a 25 . 2. Tilgate Limestone, &c. - - - = ae 2 37 . 3. Weald Clay, and Sussex Marble : = = 2 z 61 . 4. Green Sand - - - - = - . “ 69 . § IL. Chalk Formation - - - - = 2 19 . 5. Blue Chalk Marl = - - = = 2 S 80 . 6. Grey Chalk Marl - - - - : Seog . ‘7. Lower Chalk : - - - 2 E = =~ Ge . 8. Upper, or Flinty Chalk = - = . z - 139 . § IL. Tertiary Formations - - = a ps - 4 . 9. Druid Sandstone . - - : 2 TEP ORS) . 10. Plastic Clay - - - - = 3 - 256 . 11. London Clay - - - = : s - 267 . §TV. Alluvial Formations - - : & - BA . 12. Diluvium - - = n 3 a - O45 . 13. Alluvium - - - = z Fe - 285 . Concluding Observations - - = = 2 - 995 . List of new Genera and Species - - = - a Dy! . Explanation of the Plates - - - - - - 309 Index - - - - = = Ee = ol ERRATA. The distance of the author from the press, and the hasty manner in which he has been compelled to inspect the proofs, have occasioned mistakes, which a more deliberate revision of the text would have prevented. Errors that are merely typographical are too obvious to re- quire notice; those which affect the sense are here subjoined. Page 15, line 28, for “first,” read Arun. 22, ——- 19, — “ Bracksley,” read Bewley. —— 23, —- 18, — “ west,” read coast. —__- 27, — 7, — “ insulated,” read insinuated. — 30, —- 3, — “ these,” read there. — 38, —- £9, — “ they,” read the strata. — 82, —— 16, — “ aucula pectinat,” read nucula pectinata. — 101, —- 5, — “the marl,” read since the marl. — 106, — 26, — “ spinous obtuse,” read obtuse spinous. — 108, —- 8, — “closel,” read closely. — 112, — 11, — “ hawe,” read has. — 141, — 31, — “ Brongniarti,’ read Hoperi. —— 164, -—— 29, — “ spongus corpus,” read spongus.—corpus — 172, —- 9, — “a state,” read the state. — 174, — 18, — “ been closed,” read be enclosed. — 178, — 15, — “ et d’eponge.” read d’eponge. 253, —— 20, — “ circumstances similar,” read similar circumstances, In the Wood cut, p. 175, the letters of reference 0. c. are misplaced: the former should stand in the place of the latter. *,* Since this Volume was committed to the press, the public have been favoured with an elegant and highly interesting work on the Trilobites and fossil Crustacea, by M. M. Brongniart and Desmarest, in which allusion is made to the specimens from the Sussex chalk ; and it is highly gratifying to me to find that the opinions of these eminent naturalists coincide with those I have advanced in the following pages. On the species which I have named Astacus Leachii, (see p. 221.) M. Desmarest offers the following remarks :—“ Le crustacé auquel apparte- naient ces pinces, avait la forme ordinaire des Macroures, et ne présentait, sur les piéces que nous avons vues’ d’autres caractéres extérieurs que ceux qui consistaient dans la présence de trois forts tubercules sur chaque coté de la carapace, qui ¢tait d’ailleurs trés-rugueuse. I] était un peu plus grand que l’Ecrevisse fluviatile.’—Crust. Foss. p. 137. The fossil crustacea of the Blue marl, (see p. 97.) this celebrated philosopher considers, with Dr. Leach, as being nearly related to the genus Corystes, (Crust. Foss. p. 125). The Scytuarus Mantelli of M. Des- marest (Crust. Foss. p. 130.) is, I believe, from Sussex, but as I have some doubts on the subject, it is not noticed in this volume. Vide Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces Fossiles, par A. Brongniart, et A. G. Desmarest. one vol. 4to. with Eleven Plates, price 10. 1s. PRELIMINARY ESSAY. ON THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION, AND THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH. (IN A LETTER TO THE AUTHOR.) Dear Sin, SounD PuILosorHuy, and revealed religion, are naturally connected with each other. However widely they may differ as to the manner in which they severally proceed, they are both professedly tending towards one common object,—the establishment of truth. Philosophy sets out in its pursuit of this object, from the lowest point,—Religion from the highest : the former begins with the last effect, the latter commences with the first cause. Hence the mutual advantages to be derived from alliance are obvious ; for where both parties are found to arrive from various directions, at the same conclusions, each will acquire an increased degree of confidence, as to their attainment of the grand object which both had in view. With these ideas respecting the general connexion which ought to subsist between philosophy and religion, you will perhaps excuse my taking the liberty of sending you a few observations, relative to their particular connexion, with respect to that department, on which you have publicly announced your intention of entering. Geology and religion are inevitably brought into contact, on the great point of the creation of the world, and it appears to me highly desirable ie 4 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. to ascertain, whether each, when rightly understood, does not declare the same thing on this interesting subject. Now I am aware that some of the commonly received opinions respecting the Mosaic account of the creation, are entirely at variance with the inferences reasonably deduced from the researches of Geology. But common opinions are often far removed from truth, and it might be particularly expected, that they would be erroneous in such a case as the present. The ordinary Christian, rarely looks to the Bible with a philosophic eye; even where the opportunity and power of close exa- mination exist, it is seldom that men inquire farther than into the authoritative evidence in favour of revelation; and finding that evidence sufficient to satisfy their minds, they at once receive the Bible as the Word of God. The same conviction which leads them to this implicit faith in the Bible, as containing a revelation of divine truth, leads them also to look to it without the smallest reference to the deductions of science. It is viewed simply as the great repository of religious instruction; and even the historical parts, are rarely considered in any other light, than as the vehicles of improvement under the form of example. Hence it happens, that we are particularly liable to error, with respect to those parts which incidentally touch upon scientific points. Even the best informed and most serious Christian, never having been accustomed to consider them scientifically, is in great danger of giving way to vulgar prejudices, and_ thus of falling into the most palpable mistakes. Our consideration of the Mosaic account of the creation, will present us with more than one instance of this description. It will probably occur to most readers that they can recollect the time when they presumed that every night and day mentioned in the first chapter of Genesis, must be strictly confined to the term of twenty-four hours ; though there can be no doubt but that Moses never intended any such thing. Critics moreover inform us, that his words ought never to have been so translated as to lead us into the suspicion, that he intended to make any declaration to this effect. PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 3 We are told that the word which is translated pay, does in fact, signify an indefinite period of time; but common sense ought to have led us to the same conclusion, in regard to the three first days. For how could Moses intend to limit the duration of the day to its present length, before, according to his own shewing, the sun had begun to divide the day from the night. But there are other prevailing errors with respect to the Mosaic account, of much greater consequence as touching the discoveries of Geology. Moses is generally understood to give a particular description of the Creation of the World out of nothing; and he is supposed to fix the date of this creation, to a period, either immediately previous to, or actually contemporary with the three first days afterwards mentioned. But surely these suppositions are wholly gratuitous. All that Moses says of the creation of gross matter is, Ist, that it was created by God ; Qdly, that this creation took place in the beginning. Nothing can be more summary than the first of these declarations, nothing can be more indefinite than the second. First, as to the manner in which the mass of the earth came into existence, we are left wholly in the dark; Moses simply declares it to be a creation; and he claims the glory of its creation for the one true God. Secondly, as to the period when this mass was made, he only says that it was in “the beginning,” a period this, which might have been a million of years before, just as well as on, or immediately previous to, the three first days. But that it could not have been on these days, appears to me plain from Moses’ own words in the second verse ; “ And the earth was without form, and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep, and the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” Moses here describes an intermediate state of our planet, between the creation in the beginning, and that of the six days; and it is especially remarkable, that he speaks of the earth and water, as being actually in existence during this inter- mediate state—“ The earth was’”—*the deep” of “ waters” also was. The force of these remarks is much increased, first, by the negative BQ 4 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. circumstance, that Moses afterwards passes on to the creation of light, atmosphere, &c. without the most distant allusion to any other creation of earth and water *. Secondly, by the positive circumstance, that in verses 6, 7, and 9, he evidently speaks of /and and water again, as already existing, and probably existing much in their present state; except only, that the water covered the earth, and the continents of the earth which lay buried beneath the water, had not their present superficial form ; “ The earth was without.form.” On these grounds, I may perhaps be allowed to infer, that the common opinions above stated are erroneous. These opinions being removed, it appears to me that the Mosaic account of the creation, tallies with the inferences deducible from the discoveries of Geology, in the most remarkable and satisfactory manner. First, it carries back the original creation of the solid mass of the earth, to an indefinitely distant period, beyond the first date given in verse 5. Geology infers the immense antiquity of the earth, from the numerous strata of which it appears to be composed, lying one above the other, and many, if not all of them, bearing strong marks of their having been gradually formed. Qdly. The Mosaic account signifies that this planet was subject to great and violent revolutions, of which it gives one remarkable instance, in the chaotic state, which immediately preceded the present creation f. Geology infers the same thing, from the forced positions of the strata, and from the various materials of which they are composed. * He describes God as saying, “ Let the light be, &c.” but he never represents him as saying, “ Let the earth or the water be,” which most undoubtedly he would have done, if he had intended to give us the same particular account of the creation of the gross matter of the planet, as he has done of what may be called the furniture with which it is at present provided. + We may consider Noah’s deluge as the second instance of the same nature, though it was carried to a less extent. It is remarkable, that St. Peter, speaking of this event, describes. it as a perishing of the world. Of any other revolution it did not come within the design of Moses to speak, as the great purpose of his account was to furnish man with a history of his own race. The New Testament however, supplies an instance of a third revolution. See the following note. PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 5 3dly. Moses, so far as he goes, countenances the opinion that the earth’s crust was formed from water, since he represents the whole earth as covered with Warrr, and the “Spirit of God moving,” or brooding, “upon the waters.” The Geologist concludes, that even the granite which forms the peaks of the highest mountains, has been deposited from water, since it is full of regular crystallizations*. The secondary strata are decidedly traced to a similar origin. 4thly. While the Mosaic account leaves abundant room for the presumption, that the earth may have been inhabited, at one or more than one period, previously to the present order of things, it clearly shews that whatever beings may have existed, they were either wholly, or partly different, from those by which the earth is now tenanted. Moses declares that at the chaotic period, the earth was “void,” that is, according to Patrick, “having no beasts, or trees, or herbs, or any thing else wherewith we now behold it adorned.” Geology appears to establish the fact, that there must have been an order, or orders of created beings in existence, previously to the present; and it shews, that this order, or these orders, must have been principally different from that now on the earth +. * ‘This remark is inferred, from what M. Cuvier says in the 7th chapter of his Essay on the Theory of the Earth, but I am aware that it is open to objection: the crystallizations alluded to, might have taken place, after a state of igneous fusion. I cannot help noticing here, that while Moses leads us to infer, that the great agent in the earth’s last grand revo- lution, was water, the New Testament tells us, that the great agent in the earth’s next revolution, will be jire. Whether water, or fire, had been instrumental in operating any former revolutions, it was not the object of the Writers of the Old, or New Testament, to inform us. 'The observations of the Geologist would lead us to suppose, that each might have been in action, at different periods; and the Bible supports this supposition,—but, let it be especially observed, that it is not committed in the support of it, any farther than as regards the earth’s last, and its now approaching revolutions. + Those fossil animals which are satisfactorily identified with the present species, and which are found in situations where it is impossible to account for their appearance, from the action of any of those existing causes, which are now operating in the production of strata, may generally be carried back to the time of the deluge. The solitary instance of man in a fossil state, which is preserved in the British Museum, was obtained from a very recent formation on the island of Antigua: (see page 254 of Jame- son’s Cuvier, where it is questioned whether the man was not a Carib.) Cuvier decidedly 6 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 5thly. On the presumption that the earth was inhabited previously to the chaotic period, the Mosaic account leads us decidedly to conclude. that the whole former order of creation had perished, through want: of the due support from light and atmosphere. In declaring that the present light and atmosphere were not called into existence till the first and second days, Moses leads us necessarily to infer, that during the. period immediately previous to these days, there had been no light and atmosphere. Now it will be very difficult for the Geologist to give any explanation of certain common phenomena in his province, without having recourse to some inference, similar to that just derived from the account of Moses *. The immense accumulations of fossil animals, can hardly be attributed to any thing less, than the absolute destruction of whole orders of creation. The state also in which these animals are continually found seems to require, that they should have perished in some such manner as that which I have just inferred from the Mosaic account. In numerous in- stances, the organs of life appear to have been in the most perfect con- dition to the last. And yet they seem to have died without violence, in the most quiet manner, as it were by suspension of animation. This observation is the more remarkable, as a great proportion of these animals are aquatic, and appear to have perished thus quietly in the midst of their own element +. asserts that no fossil bones of man have been found, which can be attributed to a date prior to the revolution which preceded the deluge. ‘The following observation of the same author is worthy our particular notice, with reference to what has been advanced in this note. “The bones of species which are apparently the same with those which still exist alive, are never found except in the very latest alluvial depositions, or those which are either formed on the sides of rivers, or on the bottoms of ancient lakes and marshes now dried up, or in the sub- stance of beds of peat, or in the fissures, and caverns of certain rocks, or at small depths below the present surface, in places where they may have been overwhelmed by debris, or even buried by man.” * J] find that Cuvier (chap. 5.) endeavours to account for the extensive destruction alluded to under this head, by presuming that the animals perished in consequence of exposure to various and disagreeing fluids. Marine animals died on exposure to fresh water inundations, and fresh water animals vice versa. Surely this theory is liable to objection, particularly where it is found that several distinct marine formations, all equally filled with marine animal remains, succeed each other. + Any inundation like that of the deluge, which was not acompanied by a loss of atmo- sphere, would be utterly insufficient to account for so extensive a destruction, among tribes of PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 7 A circumstance which is easily explained on the supposition, that they died in consequence of losing the support of the atmosphere in which they had lived. ‘ 6thly. Resuming our former presumption, that the earth was in- habited previously to the chaotic period, and adding the further inference, that the whole of that former order of creation had been destroyed at that period, we are plainly taught, that all the remains of that order, were, during the same period, subjected to the various operations of the immense body of water, with which the earth was covered. This again, is exactly what Geology seems to require, from the various states in which fossil remains are found. Though some, from having probably been protected by inequalities in the earth’s surface, or from other unknown causes, are found in almost the exact state in which they were at the moment of death; others have evidently been subjected to the greatest violence. The hardest animal substances have been, as it were, ground to the smallest pieces, by the action of the waters; and then, by the subsequent stagnation of the waters, they have been suffered to settle into a mass of compact rock. Perhaps also, the confusion as to climate which is observable in the fossil creation, may be attributable to the force of the chaotic waters*. _ Let us now turn our attention to a few points, in the account which Moses gives, of the present order of things. animals, to which such a catastrophe would be but partially, and accidentally prejudicial. Of Noah’s deluge we may observe, that the water subsided gradually, allowing time for most of the water animals to escape, and leaving the orders of testacea to be almost the only sufferers. Probably the aquatic remains of this event, which may be found in various parts of the world, will, on inspection, prove to be chiefly of this description. I cannot allow the present opportunity to pass, without noticing, that the deluge (however inconsiderable it may have been in its effects, when compared with chaos, or the end of the world,) is a most important event with reference to our present subject, as it affords an instance of a revolution “sui generis ;” a revolution, in which a partial destruction of the organized creation must have taken place; and it is well worthy of remark, that this partial destruction must have affected in a more especial degree that species of animals, whose remains are found in such preponderating quantities in the bowels of the earth. ~ Cuvier at the conclusion of his essay, remarks, that it has not yet been explained why shells should be found almost every where, while fish are confined to a few places. * Vide page 12, and note. 8 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. The works of the two first days do not come within the limits of geological inquiry; yet I cannot help noticing, that though Moses speaks of an original creation of light and nines neve he does not forbid the presumption, that the earth eal enjoyed light, and atmosphere, previously to the chaotic period. In the second day’s work, moreover, an operation is described, which is exactly such, as geology seems to require, for the original deposition of strata. It is to be presumed, that the body of water with which the globe was covered, held a quantity of earth in suspension and solution. Now during the second day, or period of time, when a firmament was made, we are told that the waters were divided, and a great body of them was elevated in the form of vapour. The natural consequence of this operation, would be the deposition of a vast body of earth; I say, such would have been the natural con- sequences of this operation, for no positive inference on this point, can be drawn from the words of Moses; and much less can we infer any thing from Moses, as to the extent of the effects produced. We must presume, however, that its effects could only have been superficial, as the mass of the earth had been created before; and as geology gives us reason to conclude, that no very great deposition of strata has taken place, since the last order of creation perished. The only purpose, therefore, for which I would be understood to make the above remarks, is to shew that tendency of the Mosaic account to which I have already alluded, viz. its leading us to infer, that the last crust of the earth was formed by deposition from water. The next work described is more decidedly to our purpose, and most remarkably illustrates the observations of the geologist. On the third day Moses represents the Almighty, as willing, first, that the waters should be gathered together into one place; secondly, that the dry land should appear. Here are two operations exactly corresponding with what the geologist declares to be necessary, in order to account for the present appearance of the immediate surface of the earth. PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 9 Cuvier observes, that the present continents must have been formed by the recession of the water, and the elevation of the earth *. With respect however to the second operation mentioned by Moses, it appears to me sufficient to account for many circumstances in the earth’s form, which are most perplexing to the geologist. The elevation of our present continents above the level of the basins which contain the waters of the ocean, the irregularities which occur in the strata of which these continents are composed, their inclination, dislocation, &e. clearly shew to the geologist that they must have been subjected to very great violence; violence proceeding from some cause far more powerful than any at present known to be in ordinary operation on the earth }-. Such a cause is undoubtedly to be found, in the express will of the great Creator; and surely it cannot be thought fanciful, to suppose that when God said “ Let the dry land appear” this cause actually produced the above extraordinary effects {. This remark seems to gather much force from the observations of Cuvier, in the Essay already so often referred to. He professedly devotes a great part of the 31st chapter to the proof of the proposition, that “the present surface of the earth is not of very ancient formation.” In the beginning of his last chapter, he distinctly states, that “if there be any one circumstance thoroughly established in geology, it is that the crust of our globe has been subjected to a great and sudden revolution.” And while as to the manner of this revolution, he again speaks of the bed of the last ocean being laid dry, (according to Moses the dry land appearing at the word of God,) as to the date of this revolution, he makes this most important remark: “The epoch of this revolution cannot be * Tt is unnecessary to refer to particular passages, as M. Cuvier repeatedly alludes to both these operations in his Essay on the Theory of the Earth. “The thread of operation is here broken, the march of nature is changed, and none of the agents which she now employs are sufficient for the production of her ancient works.” Cuvier, chap. 8. + I would by no means be understood to signify, that all the irregularities in the earth’s strata, are to be traced to this single epoch, many may have occurred in the course of former revolutions of the earth. Cc 10 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. dated much further back than five or six thousand years.” A period this, strikingly corresponding with the date probably to be assigned to the third day of the Mosaic creation, which, on the presumption that the following days after the first appearance of the sun, were actually days of the present length, will be about 5820 years. This coincidence is the more valuable, as it is plain that it does not arise from any intention in M. Cuvier, to accommodate himself to the account of Moses. Indeed it is remarkable, that the only revolution for which Cuvier has recourse to the authority of the word of God, is that of the deluge, and the date of this event will bring him considerably short of the latest period, which he has himself fixed for the last great catastrophe. I cannot leave the present point without observing, that Cuvier states it as his own opinion, that even the primitive strata were more or less affected by the last revolution of which we have been speaking. In the fourth and seventh chapters, he has these striking remarks :—having before spoken of the previous revolutions, by which those primitive masses which now form the peaks of the highest mountains, were originally “ lifted up,” at the end of the seventh chapter he observes, that “these primitive masses have also suffered other revolutions posterior to the formation of the seconb4ry strata, and have perhaps given rise to, or at least have partaken of some portion of the revolutions and changes, which these latter strata have experienced.” There are actually considerable portions of the primitive strata uncovered, although placed in lower situations than many of the secondary strata, and we cannot conceive how it should have so happened, unless the primitive strata in these places had forced themselves into view after the formation of those which are secondary. Cuvier mentions other remarkable circumstances tending to establish the same point. I find from Dr. Kidd’s excellent work on Geology, that he agrees with Saussure and De Luc, in supposing that operations of a nature very similar to those above inferred from the Mosaic account, must have taken place shortly previous to the appearance of the present order of creation on the earth’s surface. Saussure was of opinion that there had been a great PRELIMINARY ESSAY. ll earthquake, or movement of the solid mass of the earth, beneath the chaotic ocean: and that this movement had been followed by a most violent irruption of the waters, after which irruption the waters gradually subsided ; for which gradual subsidence the Mosaic account affords suf- ficient room in the indefinite duration of the third day. I cannot pass over, in this place, Saussure and De Luc’s united opinions, that the human race cannot be very old. They would seem indeed, according to Dr. Kidd’s representation, to be decidedly of opinion, that the origin of the human race must be dated subsequent to the above catastrophe ; and though they do not, like Cuvier, go so far as to date that catastrophe, yet they would plainly lead us to conclude, that that catastrophe was the last which had materially affected the crust of the earth; that since it had occurred, the earth’s surface had continued much in its present state ; as even the very boulders which it had produced had not been removed, nor yet, in all cases, covered. Before I leave the consideration of the Mosaic account, I cannot forbear offering a few observations on the passage from verse 14 to 19*. Now in this passage, Moses surely cannot be understood to speak of the first creation of the sun and planets, for he had told us before, that God had made them in the beginning; Moses therefore must here be understood to signify, merely that God now gave them a fresh regulation with respect to the earth and to each other. With respect to the earth, he tells us, that they were now made to * To guard against the imputation of rashness in consequence of the observations which I have presumed to offer on this passage, let me request the reader’s very attentive perusal of the following most excellent note, extracted from the works of Bishop Beveridge, and cited by tS learned editors of the Family Bible lately published by the Society for promoting Christian nowledge. a We must distinguish betwixt God’s saying let such a thing be, and let such a thing do, so or so. By the first, he produced the thing out of nothing; by the other, he gave laws to it, then in being. As when he said, ‘ Let there be light,’ by that word, the light which was not before, began to be; but when he said, let there be light in the firmament to divide the day from the night, &c. he thereby gave laws to the light he had before made, where he would have it be, and what he would have it do. This is what we call the law of nature; that law which God has put into the nature of every thing, whereby it always keeps itself within such bounds and acts according to such rules as God has set it, and by that means shews forth the glory of his wisdom and power.” c2 12 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. serve as lights: and being lights, they became further useful, by their own and the earth’s mutual motion, to distinguish times and seasons. That Moses must be understood to speak, not of the planets them- selves, but only of their becoming lights with respect to the earth, is evident, not only from the circumstance of his having previously mentioned their creation, in the first verse, but also, from his detaching the creation of light, from what is afterwards said to be the making of the sun, moon, and stars. This latter circumstance plainly shews, that Moses understood light, to be quite independent of the heavenly bodies. Having therefore previously spoken of the separate and independent creation of the heavens and the light, we may conclude, that in the passage under consideration, he could only have intended some fresh regulation respecting them, and this regulation could only have been that which he very clearly describes. They became the great points from which light was to be communicated to the earth*. And as by the communication of light, they now first, after the period of chaos, in which darkness prevailed +, became visible from the earth, they now first, after the same period, became useful for the purpose of marking the change of day and night, summer and winter. Whether they had ever served the same purpose before this period, under any former order of things, it did not come within the intention of the Mosaic account to declare, though nothing in that account forbids such a supposition ; and it is open to the geologist to draw what inferences he can, from the presumed nature of the fossils he meets with, and from the actual situations in which he finds them. * Herschel’s conjecture that the sun’s light is only communicated, and that it arises from luminous nebule surrounding a solid and habitable orb, strikingly illustrates this part of the Mosaic account. : + What may have been the state of other planets of our system during the period of darkness with respect to the earth, it were equally uséless and unavailing to inquire; but I cannot forbear observing, that the instances, first, of the earth itself on the original creation of light, secondly, of Saturn with his ring, shew that each planet may have had light independent of the sun. { I am informed that all the fruits which have been found in a fossil state are tropical. This would seem to favour the presumption that the earth did not formerly receive light in the same way as at present. PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 13 I must now conclude with a few general remarks on the account which Moses has left us of the creation. It is plain to common sense, that he had not the most distant idea of entering into, or accommodating himself to philosophical inquiries. His first object was to claim for the God of Israel, the glory of having created the whole visible universe. His second object was, to give an account of the origin of man, and of that order of things which first began to exist at the same time with man. Such being manifestly the sole objects of Moses, all we can reasonably expect from him touching scientific points is, first, that he should say nothing directly contrary to the certain conclusions of philosophy.— Secondly, that he should furnish some few hints in aid of such conclusions. It appears to me that he has answered both these expectations; and in answering them, he has given a strong proof that he wrote under the direction of wisdom superior to his own. When alluding thus to the divine authority of Moses, it will be necessary that I should guard against a misapprehension of my meaning. I would by no means intimate, that the writings of Moses need any support from reasonings, such as those into which we have been led. The authoritative and moral evidence to which I have referred in a former part of this letter as sufficient to satisfy the generality of inquirers, is the great, and only true ground, on which the authority of Moses always has rested, and always must rest. But while on this ground, I firmly believe that “ God spake by Moses,’ I am glad to find that evidence which brings me to the same point, and which comes even home to my senses, has been furnished by the researches of geology. IT am, Yours, &ce. 14 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE mie GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION OF SUSSEX. Sussex is a maritime county, bordered on the west by Hampshire, on the north by Surrey, on the east and north-east by Kent, and on the south by the British Channel*. The strata of which it is composed, form three principal groups, each possessing characters that materially affect the geographical features of the county, and present a striking instance of the intimate relation that exists between the physical appearance of the surface of the earth, and its geological structure. The popular division of this tract into the Downs, Weaup, and Forrst-Riper, may therefore be considered as sufficiently correct and comprehensive for our present purpose, since it is descriptive of the external characters of the district, and is agreeable to the natural arrangement of the strata. The Downs} are a chain of hills covered with a fine verdant turf, possessing in a striking degree that smoothness and regularity of outline, for which the mountain masses of the chalk formation, are so remarkable. Commencing with the bold promontory of Beachy-Head, they traverse the county in a direction nearly east and west, and pass into Hampshire near * “ Northernmost point Black-Corner, N. lat. 51° 9'.—48' long. W. of Greenwich. Southernmost . . Selsey Bill, N. lat. 50° 43/—47' W. long. Easternmost . . Kent Wail, N. lat. 50° 56’—49' E. long. Westernmost . . Stansted Park, N. lat. 50° 53/—58' W. long. Dallawayps History of the Western Division of the County of Sussex, 4to. 1815, vol. i.p. 5. + “Though I have now travelled the Sussex Downs upwards of thirty years, yet I still investigate that chain of majestic mountains with fresh admiration, year by year. ‘This range, which runs from Chichester east as far as Eastbourne, is about sixty miles in length, and is called the ae Downs, properly speaking, only round Lewes.” Natural History of Selbourne, 1802, p. 276. SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION OF SUSSEX. 15 Compton. Their length is between fifty and sixty miles, their greatest breadth seven miles, and their mean altitude about five hundred feet above the level of the sea. ‘Their northern escarpment is in general steep and abrupt, but on the south they descend by a gentle declivity, and unite almost imperceptibly with the low lands of the coast. From Beachy-Head to Brighton, they present an immediate barrier to the sea, forming a bold and precipitous line of coast; but proceeding westerly, they extend inland in an oblique direction, and occupy the centre of Western Sussex. From this circumstance, a considerable difference exists in the geological relations of the eastern and western divisions of the county; the latter being characterized by a range of chalk hills in the centre, with a maritime district formed of clay and gravel on the south, and a weald composed of sand and clay on the north. Throughout its whole extent this chain exhibits decisive manifestations of the action of water; not only are the ridges and summits of the hills rounded and even, but their surface is every where furrowed by coombes, or narrow undulating ravines ; these uniting terminate in vallies, that inter- sect the downs in a direction nearly north and south, and form extensive outlets for the rivers that flow from the interior of the country into the British Channel. The course of the smaller excavations or coombes is exceedingly various, but their general bearing is east and west; they gradually increase in breadth as they descend, and their opposite sides have corresponding angles and sinuosities ; this appearance however is not observable in the principal vallies. The chalk hills of Sussex are separated into five distinct masses, by the following rivers ; viz. the Arun, the Adur, the Ouse, and the Cuckmere. The first is situated in Western Sussex: it rises in the forest of St. Leonard, near Horsham, and taking its course to the westward for a few miles, turns suddenly to the south, passes through the chalk near Arundel, and falls into the sea to the west of Little Hampton. The Adur constitutes the western boundary of the South Downs, properly so called; like the former, it has its origin in St. Leonard’s 16 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE forest, and passing by Steyning and Bramber, enters the British Channel at New Shoreham. The Ouse, which is the principal river in the south-eastern part of the county, rises by two branches; the one has its source in St. Leonard’s forest, and the other in the forest of Worth, north of Cuckfield. The river formed by the confluence of these streams pursues a tortuous course to the southward, and passing to the east of Lewes, which it separates from the adjacent town of the Cliff, flows through the flat alluvial tract of Lewes Levels, and discharges itself into the sea at Newhaven harbour. The Cuckmere has its source near Warbleton, and being augmented by numerous tributary streams, in its course by Hellingly, Arlington, Alfriston, &c., falls into the British Channel at the haven which bears its name. By these rivers the drainage of the country is effected, and it is worthy of observation, that they invariably flow from an older over a newer country ; or, in other words, that the strata forming the district from whence they take their rise, are of anterior formation to the chalk vallies by which they empty themselves into the ocean. The Weraup * of Sussex, is an extensive vale that occupies the centre of the south-eastern part of the county, and running parallel with the Downs, forms their northern boundary. It was anciently an immense forest, (called by the earlier colonists Coid Andred, by the Romans, Silva Anderida, and by the Saxons Andreadswald,) which even in the time of Bede, was a mere retreat for deer and swine; the greater part is now in an excellent state of cultivation. It consists of various beds of clay, sand, and limestone, and is comparatively of low elevation: its breadth is from 5 to 10 miles, and its length from 30 to 40 miles; it is estimated to contain 425,000 acres. ‘The surface is intersected by numerous vallies, which generally occur at the outcrop or basseting edges of the strata, and form channels for the numerous streams that are tributary to the rivers in * “ Opposite to the South Downs on the north are the Surrey hills falling abruptly south- ward, and sloping gradually to the north, and between these two lines of hills, is the Weald of Sussex and Surrey.” Young's Agricultural Survey. SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION OF SUSSEX. 17 their vicinity. The whole tract rises with a gradual sweep from the foot of the Downs, and unites with the higher lands of the forest ridge. The Forest-ripce constitutes the north-eastern extremity of the county. It is composed of the more elevated portions of the sand formation, and from the rocky and abrupt termination of its ridges, which are for the most part either crested with forests, or overgrown with underwood, forms a tract of country remarkable for its romantic and picturesque scenery. The principal heights in this range are Wych Cross, Brightling Down, Dane’s Hill, Fairlight Down, and Crowborough Beacon; the last mentioned is the highest and most central eminence, and is 804 feet above the level of the sea. “The climate in the western part of the maritime division is very warm, and highly favourable to the powers of vegetation. The Downs fronting the south-west are bleak, being exposed to violent winds, which are impregnated with saline particles, occasioned by the spray beaten against the sea-beach; and this influence affects the animals as well as vegetables indigenous to the hills. In the Weald the due circulation of air is greatly impeded by the forests and thick hedges, and the climate is ' in consequence cold and damp *.” Such are the geographical features of the masses which compose the county of Sussex; but as our present investigation has a more immediate reference to the south-eastern division, it will be necessary to point out with greater precision the course and position of the chalk hills of that district, and more especially of those in the vicinity of Lewes and Brighton. The South Downs are that portion of the Sussex range which hes between Eastbourne and Shoreham. They are twenty-six miles long, about seven miles in breadth, and are divided by the intervention of rivers into four groups. The easternmost rises with a gentle slope near Eastbourne, proceeds inland as far as Folkington, and is separated from the middle division by * Dallaway's Western Sussex, page 6. 18 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE the Cuckmere. The southern escarpment composes a rocky and preci- pitous range of cliffs, extending eastward along the coast from the embouchure of Cuckmere river to Beachy Head, where it rises to the altitude of 564 feet. The middle group is bounded on the east by the line of separation above mentioned, on the west by Lewes levels, and on the south by cliffs which reach from Cuckmere haven to Seaford point, from whence to Newhaven harbour it is skirted by a low marshy coast; the northern margin is formed by the elevated ridge of Firle hills. The western division embraces the most considerable extent of Down in the county. The Adur forms the natural limits of this chain on the , west, and the Ouse on the east; the southern slope is washed by the British Channel, except towards the south-west, where a flat maritime district, extending from near Brighton to Shoreham harbour, intervenes and separates it from the sea-shore. The ridge by which it is bounded on the north, presents a steep escarpment to the Weald, and is the highest land in the county, Ditchling beacon, the centre of this line, being 864 feet above the level of the sea. Eastward of the beacon lies Plumpton plain, an elevated platform commanding an extensive view of the rich scenery of the Weald on the one hand, and of the Downs and British Channel on the other. Ray mentions the prospect from this spot as equal to any he had seen in the finest parts of Europe, extending 80 miles towards the sea, and 40 miles inland to Surrey *. Brighton and Lewes, two of the principal towns in the county, are situated in this division of the South Downs. The former lies nearly in the centre of the southern edge, on the margin of an extensive bay, comprehended between Beachy Head and Selsey Bill, and is sheltered by a range of hilis on the east, north, and north-east: the peculiarities of its site, and the structure of the cliffs in its vicinity, will be hereafter particularized. Lewes is delightfully situated on the eastern extremity of this range ; * White's Nat. Hist. of Selbourne, 1802, page 276. SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION OF SUSSEX. 19 it lies 50° 52’ north latitude, and is distant 50 miles south from London. The Downs form an amphitheatre of hills to the east and west of the town; but the northern and southern slopes are skirted by the Levels. The ciirF HILLS constitute the last division of the South Downs; they are a small insulated group, separated from the central and western chains by the intervention of Lewes Levels. The edge of this range runs parallel with the read from Southerham to Glynd and Glyndbourne, passes near Ringmer in its course westward, and terminates at Old Malling near the banks of the Ouse. The south-eastern angle is formed by Mount Caburn, and the western escarpment is deeply indented by the steep valley of the Coombe. “ The soil of the Downs is subject to considerable variation. On the summit it is usually very shallow; the substratum is chalk, and over that a layer of chalk rubble, with a slight covering of vegetable mould. Along the more elevated ridges there is sometimes merely a covering of flints, upon which the turf grows spontaneously. Advancing down the hills the soil becomes deeper, and at the bottom is constantly found to be of very sufficient depth for ploughing: here the loam is excellent,’ generally ten or twelve inches thick, and the chalk rather broken, and mixed with loam in the interstices*.” Some parts of the South Downs are converted into arable, but in general they are reserved for pasturage, and support a breed of sheep equal, if not superior, to any in the kingdom f. Lewes LEVELS, which have already been mentioned as intervening * Young's Agricultural Survey of Sussex, 8vo. page 5. + The sheep fed on the South Downs amount to nearly 200,000; and as there are no natural springs on the chalk hills, the flocks are supplied with water from large circular ponds, made on the summits of the Downs; the bottoms of these excavations are covered with a layer of ochraceous clay, to prevent the water from percolating through the chalk, and they are seldom known to fail even in the hottest summers. The late Mr. White considered this circumstance as very remarkable, and has particularly noticed it, in his interesting volume on the Natural History of Selbourne. “To a thinking mind few phenomena are more strange than the state of little ponds on the summits of chalk hills, many of which are never dry in the most trying droughts of summer: on chalk hills, I say, because in many rocky and gravelly soils, springs usually break out pretty high on the sides of elevated grounds and mountains ; but ‘no person acquainted with chalky districts will allow that they ever saw waters of so pervious a stratum as chalk, all lie on one dead level, as well-diggers have assured me again and again. “ Now we have many such little round ponds in this district, and one in particular on one id) 20 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. between the western and central divisions of the South Downs, form a marshy alluvial plain, through which the Ouse winds its way to the British Channel. This tract consists of silt, clay, and peat, and is nearly ten miles long; its breadth varying from half a mile to two miles and a half. Towards the north-western confines of this plain, are two remarkable oval mounds or hillocks of chalk marl, situated at a short distance from each other, near the borough of Southover. ‘They bear the name of Rhies, a provincial term derived from the Saxon hryg, a heap, or longitudinal projection*, and are about seventy feet high, and from two to three furlongs in length. The sketches comprised in Tablet IT. will, it is presumed, assist in illustrating the relative position of the several chains of hills by which this district is traversed, and remove any obscurity that may occur in the preceding description. No 1. presents an outline of the southern aspect of the country in the vicinity of Lewes, taken from a mill near the town; it shews the Firle and Newhaven hills, the extensive tract of marsh land that fills up the interval between them, and the Rhies, which are situate in the midst of the Levels. The view from the eastern brow of Mount Harry, No. 2, exhibits the relative situation of Beachy Head, Firle and Newhaven hills, and several other ranges of Downs, that either have been already noticed, or to which we may have occasion to refer in the course of these investigations. No. 3. is a profile of Cliff Hills; it exposes a partial section of the strata, and points out the situation of several of the principal chalk-pits in the vicinity of Lewes. sheep down, three hundred feet above my house; which though never above three feet deep in the middle, and not more than thirty feet in diameter, and containing perhaps not more than two or three hundred hogsheads of water, yet never is known to fail, though it affords drink for $ or 400 sheep, and for at least 20 head of large cattle beside.” White’s Nat. Hist. of Selbourne, p. 206. What however appears to me more extraordinary is the fact, that soon after a new pond has been made, and has received a partial supply of water from a few passing showers, it becomes inhabited by various kinds of fresh-water plants and shell-fish, and even frogs and lizards; although it may be remote from any other pond, and at an elevation of four or five hundred feet above the level of the surrounding country. * History of Lewes, 8vo. 1795, page 416. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SUSSEX. 21 Il. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SUSSEX. Tue investigation of the geological structure of this district is attended with considerable difficulty. The displacement and disintegration which some of the strata have sustained; the excess of soil and vegetation with which in many places their basseting edges are covered at the line of junction ; and the absence of sections in those situations where the re- lative position of the rocks is involved in obscurity, present numerous, and, in some instances, insuperable obstacles, to accurate examination. Under such circumstances, induction and analogy must supply the place of actual observation ; but the relative position of the principal masses having been correctly ascertained, whatever errors may have originated from the causes alluded to, are of minor importance; since they chiefly relate to the geographical extent of the strata, and cannot affect the geological deductions that may be drawn from these researches. For the information of the general reader, it may be necessary to ob- serve, that in Sussex, as in every other part of England, the strata main- tain a certain order of superposition, and that however great the displace- ment or interruption they may have sustained, this order is never inverted. To illustrate this remark, we may observe, that the blue chalk marl, which separates the grey chalk marl from the green sand at Hamsey, Ringmer, and Laughton, is altogether wanting at Eastbourne, and several other places; but in these instance the grey chalk marl reposes immediately upon the green sand, the relative position of the masses remaining unaltered, by the absence of the intervening deposit. The following arrangement of the strata of the south-eastern division of Sussex, is that which, after much reflection, I have been led to consider as agreeable to their natural order of succession. 22 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SUSSEX. Order of Superposition of the Strata of the South-eastern Division of Sussex, (commencing with the lowest and most ancient Formation. ) SECONDARY FORMATIONS. Formations. Principal Divisions. Subdivisions. Localities. Fairlight Down, Dane’s Hill, Bright- Sand and sandstone, aoe | ling Down, (alt. 646 feet) Crow- layers and concretions of iron- borough Beacon, (804 feet alt.) stone. Wytch Cross, Uckfield, Ashburn- ham, Ashdown Forest, &c. Shelly limestone, alternating hac Archer's Wood, near Ash- i. Iron Sand. < beds of blue shale and clay. eee Rotherfield, Framfield, Coal and lignite. Bexhill, Newick, Waldron. Sandstone, limestone, and lime- ‘ ii. Tilgate Beds. stone slate, reposing on blue Cee woe Cuckfield, Til- clay. eae J ({ Blue and lead-coloured clay pass- pee A PaAstp sit yvealaaneoae manne nntonasel Throughout the Weald of Sussex. FORMATIONS. Tree Clay. | Petworth, oriSuiscex marble: cea West Grinsted, Ditchling Common, Plumpton, Laughton. Containing thick beds and con- cretions of chert, with veins of Haslemere, Bracksley Heath, Black- down Hill, Tilvester Hill. chalcedony. White sand, and sandstone. On the Broyle, near Ringmer. : Red sand, and sandstone. Ditchling, Norlington, &c. iy. Green Sand. Greer eat Broyle, Ringmer Park, Beech Wood, near Offham. Passing into iron sand, and con- { Parham Park, Danny, near Hurst- taining concretions of ironstone, perpoint. Alternating with and passing into) », s O 10 6. Weald clay - - - 9 0 7. Sussex marble - - c O 10 Spring of excellent water. - 26 1 Total depth. Short Gate. A well thirty feet deep in the Weald clay, passed through two beds of Sussex marble. | Broyle Place. In an adjoining field, blocks of the limestone are fre- quently exposed by the ploughs. Laughton. In digging the foundation of the mansion lately erected by Colonel Downman, of the Royal Artillery, a fine bed of Sussex marble was discovered at the depth of ten feet. It is a very compact variety, * These localities were communicated by Richard Weekes, Esq. F.L.S.&c. of Hurstperpoint. WEALD, OR OAK TREE CLAY. 67 and is separated by thin layers of marl into slabs, from six to twelve inches thick. A spring of excellent water issues from beneath the limestone beds, in a well thirty feet deep. In concluding this account of the Sussex marble, it may be proper to remark, that it appeared unnecessary to specify every variation in its tex_ ture or colour, since these differences are merely accidental, and do not affect the geological history of the substance under examination. Oreanic Remains. The fossils of the Weald clay, consist only of the shells contained in the beds of limestone, and these do not present much variety. They are referable but to one genus, and consist of the following species : 1. Vivipara fluviorum ? Tab. xvij. fig. 5, 6. 2. ——-—\ extensa. Mun. Conch. tab. xxxi. fig. 2. From the apparent resemblance of these shells to the recent helices, (Helix vivipara, et H. tentaculata, of Linné) the limestone in which they are imbedded, has been supposed to be of fresh water origin. The correct- ness of such an opinion is, however, very questionable, since the characters of the fossils are not sufficiently defined, to admit of accurate comparison with their assumed prototypes *. The analogy between these strata, and the upper beds of the Purbeck, is so striking, that some eminent geologists have been induced to con- sider the Sussex marble as belonging to that series of deposits. But the testaceze of the Purbeck limestone, although corresponding in many * Mr. G. Sowerby has favoured me with the following remarks on the specimens repre- sented in tab. xvij. figs. 5, 6 « J will briefly state the reasons which induce me to think the specimens in question are not of fresh water origin, and consequently not paludine. After a careful examination, 1 can- not perceive the least appearance of that kind of erosion, so characteristic of fresh water tes- taceze, and which, though not constant, is in most cases observable in a greater or less degree. The substance of these shells is also considerably thicker than in any species of paludina ; in- deed for size, their thickness is very considerable. * These fossils must not be confounded with the vivipare or paludine, so common in the marl that lies over the fresh water beds at Headen-hill, in the Isle of Wight, and which are distinctly eroded, very thin, and of undoubted fresh water origin. “The only recent shells that resemble the fossils you have submitted to my examination, are a small species of twrbo, (of Linné) approaching in its characters to turbo littoreus.” K 2 68 WEALD, OR OAK TREE CLAY. respects with the vivipare of the Sussex marble, are of a more slender and elegant form, and certainly belong to a distinct genus. In short, after repeated examinations of the Weald clay with its imbedded lime- stone, in various parts of its course through Sussex, I have no hesita- tion in stating my conviction, that it is perfectly distinct from the Pur- beck, and is separated from it by the iron sand formation, as represented in the annexed diagram : Pee Maun la gst AL a. b. a eT ay lb i a. Weald clay, and Sussex marble. b. Iron sand. c. Purbeck limestone. GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. 69 VIII. § 1. 4. Green or CuioritE Sanp. Syn. Phillips’ Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology, p. 199.—Smith’s Strata, p. 12.—Professor Buckland’s Order of Superposition of the British Islands. Tue term green sand, in its limited sense, is employed to designate certain strata of siliceous sand and sandstone, which compose the upper division of the “Green Sand Formation,” and are interposed between the Weald clay and the lower beds of the chalk. A considerable portion of the sand “contains little round masses of a green substance, having a near resemblance to chlorite, and which sometimes are so abundant as to give a green tinge to the aggregate of which they form a part: from this circumstance, the deposit has also been distinguished by the name of “ Chlorite Sand.” 'This substance, however, has not been chemically examined, and very probably may prove to be a suboxide of iron *.” In its course through Sussex, the green sand varies so much in its ex- ternal appearance, physical characters, and mineral contents, that its out- crop is traced with difficulty. The strata comprised in this division, admit of the following synoptical arrangement, viz. Thick beds and concretions of chert, (provincially termed whinstone,) s with veins of chalcedony. White sand and sandstone. GREEN SAND. Red sand. = Green sand. Passing into iron sand, and containing concretions of ironstone. Alternating with, and passing into soft grey sandstone. * Phillips’ Outlines. 70 GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. Such are the principal members of this deposit, that occur in Sussex. The lowermost beds first appear in the western part of the county at Haslemere, Blackdown hill, &c., where the layers and concretions of chert that characterize this division, are provincially termed IVhinstone. These are succeeded by the ferruginous sand of Parham, which continues with but little interruption to Hurstperpoint, and there gradually passes into the red and white sand and sandstone of Ditchling. Proceeding in an easterly direction, the sand assumes its characteristic appearance, and at Westmeston, Cooksbridge, Wellingham, Ringmer, the Broyle, &c. per- fectly resembles the chlorite sand of Wiltshire. Approaching Eastbourne, it passes into soft grey sand and sandstone, and is there terminated by the ocean. The outcrop of the green sand thus briefly sketched, forms an incon- siderable tract of country, of variable breadth, extending from Eastbourne, to the western extremity of the county, and lying parallel with the northern escarpment of the Downs. The subdivisions of this deposit in Sussex are not sufficiently important to require a separate description, and we shall therefore proceed to in- vestigate the phenomena they present to our notice, without adhering to geognostic arrangement. The beds and concretions of chert, occur principally in the western division of the county. This substance is a variety of hornstone; it occurs massive, is of a greyish yellow or greenish colour, has a conchoidal frac- ture, and a glimmering lustre. To my excellent friend, John Hawkins, Esq. F. R.S. &c. of Bignor Park, I am indebted for the following account of its characters and position. “This stone is a compact mass of quartz, but not homogeneous, for it contains iron, and perhaps some other substance. It occurs in great abundance in the beds of our building stone, a ragged sandstone, which constitutes a chain of hills running E. and W. on the north side of the Arun and Rother: the strata there have a regular dip to the south, and basset out on the north. At Petworth and on the top of the high hill to the eastward, this hard stone is dug in great quantities for repairing the GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. 71 roads*, and I know not in any country a better material. It is usually disposed in irregular beds in the sandstone, but occasionally forms veins, which intersect the strata; I call the beds irregular, because they vary much in breadth and appear not to continue far. “The Wuinstone+} shows a transition into the sandstone, and they are certainly of contemporaneous formation. In some situations near Petworth, great lenticular masses of this substance are imbedded in the friable sandstone, and these follow the same sedimentary line as the beds of sandstone, although separated from each other by very wide intervals: they are therefore unquestionably in situ. These masses frequently measure eight or ten feet by two or three, and are invariably surrounded by a more friable and ochraceous sandstone than the rest of the strata.” The Whinstone is sometimes traversed by veins of chalcedony, and it also contains cavities lined with mammillated concretions of the same substance {. At Parham, near the village of Storrington, and in the adjoining parish of Rackham, the sand is highly ferruginous, and contains irregular con- cretions of ironstone. These beds, which are peculiarly interesting from the abundance and variety of their organic remains, were first noticed by my brother, through whose kindness I have obtained a fine series of specimens. In Parham Park, the seat of Lord De-la-Zouche, the sand appears immediately beneath the turf, disposed in the following manner : 1. Surface soil, consisting of sand and vegetable earth; in some parts of a deep brown colour, approaching to black. 2. A thin layer of ferruginous sand, with small nodular masses of ironstone. * Tt was also noticed on Bexley Heath, and on the sides of Blackdown Hill, by Mr. Lyell. A + Whinstone, the name by which the chert is distinguished in Western Sussex, is probably of Saxon origin ; it is unknown in the south-eastern part of the county. + This circumstance was communicated to me by the Rey. C. P. N. Wilton, M.A. &c. of Blakeney, Gloucestershire. 72 GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. 3. Brown sand, with nodular concretions of sand, enveloping traces of zoophytes. 4. Yellowish brown friable sandstone, which hardens by exposure to the air; it contains numerous casts and impressions of bivalves and univalves. 5. Indurated sandstone of a deep brown colour, enclosing irregular nodules of ironstone. 6. Sand and sandstone to an indeterminate depth. The fossils discovered in these strata, consist of the casts and im- pressions of many kinds of univalves and bivalves; and these occur in the greatest perfection in the more compact masses of the sandstone. Of the shells themselves not the slightest vestige remains, the cavities they formerly occupied being still empty: a circumstance that proves their destruction must have been effected by some chemical agent, subsequently to the consolidation of the sand, which now so beautifully retains their forms and markings. By a careful comparison of the casts with the corresponding im- pressions, the following have been identified. Orceanic REMAINS FROM ParuHam Park. 1. Fragment of an Echino-spatangus. 2. A small species of Patella, of an oval shape, conical, depressed ; the casts of the interior of the shell only have been discovered. 3. Rostellaria Parkinsoni. Org. Rem. vol. 3. tab. V. fig. 11. It is evidently of the same species as the siliceous rostellarite of Devonshire, figured by Mr. Parkinson, and is readily distinguished by its alated outer lip with one spur-like process: the wreaths are from six to seven in number, and are slightly costated longitudinally. 4. Natica? A cast one inch long, the outer whorl being seven-tenths of the whole: volutions four or five. It very closely resembles the nerite, figured by Faujas St. Fond. Hist. Nat. de la Mont. de St. Pierre, Pl. xxvii. fig. 2. 5. Fragments of a species of Dentalium, 1°5 inch long, and 0:3 inch in diameter, at the largest extremity. GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. 73 6. Mytilus. Casts of a small species, with acuminated beaks, the anterior side truncated and slightly curved ; a few concentric markings, probably the lines of growth, are perceptible. 7. Modiola imbricata? Min. Conch. tab. 212. figs. 1,3. The form of the casts so closely corresponds with that of the figures referred to, that I have but little hesitation in considering them as the remains of the same species, although the imbricated external surface has not been noticed in the Parham specimens. 8. Tellina. The casts of a small flat species ; these are very numerous. 9. Cucullea. A few excellent casts in which the transverse teeth of the hinge (the characteristic mark of this genus) are very distinctly shewn; the impression of the external surface has not been observed. Some of the specimens are of the size and form of C. decussaéa (Min. Conch. tab. 206. figs. 3 and 4.), and in all probability belong to that species; an impression of the markings of the interval between the beaks, resembles those of C. oblongata, (Min. Conch. tab. 206. figs. 1 and 2.) 10. Trigonia clavellata. Min. Conch. tab. 87. The casts of this species are from three to four inches long, and exhibit the structure of the hinge and the situation of the muscular impression. The markings of the external surface, upon which its specific characters depend, are also beautifully preserved. 11. Trigonia aliformis. Min. Conch. tab. 215. The casts of this _species are very bold and sharp, and seldom exceed an inch in width; the impressions of the external surface are not uncommon. 12. Venus. The casts of a shell of this genus are very numerous ; it is an inch long, the width a little exceeding the length; the external impressions have not been observed. 13. Crassatella? The cast of a species allied to this genus. 14. Venericardia planicosta? Min. Conch. tab. 50. Several remark- ably perfect casts of a venericardia, allied to this species, have been obtained from the more compact masses of the ironstone; they differ ‘however from V. planicosta in their width exceeding their length, and in having but one muscular impression, which is placed near the posterior L 74 GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. margin. The appearance is too constant to be the result of accident, but it is difficult to explain the cause of this deviation from the usual structure of the shells of this genus. The specimens are from four to five inches and a half wide, and weigh from ‘one, to one and a half pounds. 15. Mya intermedia. Min. Conch. tab. 76. fig. 1. The casts are very elegant, and correspond in every respect with the specimens of this species that occur in the sandstone of Bognor: the impression of the hinge tooth is very manifest. It is a circumstance worthy of remark, that this shell should have been an inhabitant of the waters that deposited the green sand below the chalk, and of those which formed the sandstone of the London clay. 16. Pecten quinquecostata. Min. Conch. tab. 56. The lower or convex valve only has been observed; its form is precisely similar to the chalk specimens. 17. Perna. Impressions of the hinge of a species of this genus are preserved in some of the masses of ironstone in my cabinet; and a few casts of the shell were discovered in the sand by my brother. The largest specimen of the hinge is about three inches long, and exhibits six casts of the pits or depressions of the original; they resemble P. aviculoides, Min. Conch. tab. 66. in their general contour, but probably belong to a distinct species. 18. 'Terebratula ovata. Min.Conch. tab. 15. fig. 3. It is of an ovate form, rather depressed, smooth, and obscurely pentangular. This species also occurs in the green sand of Wilts. /19. Terebratula; a small striated species, in too imperfect a state to admit of determination. Proceeding towards the eastern division of the county, the sand is observed holding its course in a line parallel with the northern escarp- ment of the Downs, at Henfield, Hurstperpoint, Stonepound, Keymer, &c. In the pleasure grounds of W. J. Campion, Esq. of Danny, near GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. 75 Hurstperpoint, it forms several banks of low elevation, but the sections which they present are inconsiderable and uninteresting. On the south side of the turnpike gate at Stone-pound, the sand is of a reddish brown colour, mottled with yellow; on the north it lies beneath an alluvial deposit of, 1. Loam and ochraceous clay, about three or four feet. 2. Blue clay, containing a large proportion of sand, five feet. 3. Yellowish grey sand, from eight to ten feet. 4. Reddish brown sand; these strata dip to the south. The little town of Ditchling, situated near the foot of the Downs, stands upon a low mound or hillock of this deposit. Here the sand is of various shades of red and yellow, interspersed with white ; and is inclined to the south, dipping beneath the blue chalk marl, which bassets out from under the chalk hills in the vicinity of the town. South of Beechwood Green*, the sand rises to the surface, and forms a bank about eight feet high; in this spot it perfectly resembles the chlorite sand of Wiltshire. Near Cooksbridge, in sinking the well attached to the residence of Mr. Warren Lee, chlorite sand was also found at the depth of forty-five feet, beneath the blue chalk marl. Other localities of this bed occur in the vicinity of Lewes, of which the following are the most remarkable, and will serve to convey some idea of its course through this part of the county. Locaxitizs oF THE Green Sanp NEAR LEWES. At Wellingham, near the seat of Mr. John Rickman, covered with a layer of diluvial clay and pebbles. Near the mansion of the late Wm. Green, Esq. beneath the blue chalk marl at the depth of thirty feet. At the Park-house, in the parish of Ringmer, the well is sunk in chlo- rite sand, forty feet deep. * On the road side near Allchin’s cottage. - i, @ 76 GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. At Norlington, in the same parish :—here the sand is of a red colour, and constitutes a low bank, near the house of Mr. New. In a field east of Ringmer barracks, chlorite sand appears immediately beneath the turf, and also on the road-side near the fourth mile-stone. At Willingdon, two miles N.W. of Eastbourne, the green sand is covered with a thick bed of diluvial sand, which occurs immediately beneath the surface, and varies from a light grey to a bituminous colour. This bed abounds with rounded fragments of fossil wood, that occur in great profusion in a bank on the road-side, near the residence of Mr. Putland. The specimens are incrusted with a covering of grey sand containing small pebbles of quartz, and internally are of a light reddish brown, clouded with darker shades of the same colour. The wood is calcareous, and bears a good polish, the transverse sections, displaying in a distinct and beautiful manner the radial insertions and annular mark- ings, which denote the annual growth of the tree. In some instances, the wood is studded with the remains of a small species of Fistulana*, of a pyriform shape, about 0:3 inch long, bearing some resemblance to F. lagenula, or F. ampullaria, of Lamarck; the bivalve part of the shell has not been detected, but is in all probability enveloped in the indurated sandstone with which the tubes are filled. This species of Fistulana appears to be new, and may be distinguished by the name of F. pyriformis. The sand here described, extends to Arlington, Selmeston, &c.; and in a bank on the south side of the road, leading from Selmeston Fair Place, to Chilver Bridge, fossil wood of the same kind as that of Wil- lingdon, has been noticed by Mr. Wm. Figg, jun. At Chilley, near Pevensey, a bed of sandstone very strongly impreg- nated with bitumen, occurs beneath a thick layer of marsh land, or silt. It was discovered a few years since, by Mr, Cater Rand, of Lewes, while superintending the execution of some improvements in the drainage of * Fistulana. An equivalved bivalve, gaping, nearly toothless shell, included in a club- formed testaceous tube, open at the smaller extremity. Org. Rem. vol. iii. p. 199. GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. ig Pevensey Levels*. This substance is of a dark chocolate colour, is easily scraped with the knife, and emits a strong bituminous odour. Exposed. to the action of the hydro-oxygen blow-pipe it burns with a bright flame, and fuses into a steel grey enamel }. On the coast near Southbourne, the sand bassets out from beneath the chalk marl, and forms a low crumbling cliff, which extends but a short distance to the north, and then disappears beneath the alluvium of Pevensey Levels. This sand is of a grey colour, and is thickly interspersed with particles of the green substance previously described; it also contains specks of mica. Where in contact with the superincumbent bed of chalk marl, it becomes intermixed with that deposit, and some of the fossils peculiar to each, are associated together at the line of junction. In a hasty visit to this spot, in the summer of 1818, I collected several species of Inocera- mus, Pecten, Plicatula, Terebratula, Nautilites, Ammonites, Cirrus, a few Spongite, and other zoophytes. Few of these, however, are decidedly analagous to the species which occur in the green sand of Wiltshire: but partake more of the characters of the chalk marl fossils; indeed it is ob- vious, that the strata in this place are not exposed to a sufficient depth, to allow of our obtaining the usual productions of the former. From what has been previously remarked, the general agreement between the fossils of the green, grey, and ferruginous sands of Sussex, and those of the chlorite sand of Wiltshire and Devonshire, is however sufficiently established. The Trigonie, Cucullee, Rostellaria, Pectinites, Terebratule, &c. are common to each county, but the mode in which these remains are preserved differs remarkably. In Wiltshire, the shells have undergone but little change; in Devonshire, they are converted into chal- ¥ This bed was worked by the Romans, who employed it in the construction of part of Pevensey Castle. In the alluvial clay near Chilley, Mr. Rand discovered the remains of a Balista, and a considerable number of enormous balls of bituminous sandstone; the latter were in all probability intended to supply the engine, which (as is well known) was employed for hurling large stones. + A specimen analysed by my brother, contained 15-4 per cent of bitumen. 78 GREEN OR CHLORITE SAND. cedony; in Sussex, with but few exceptions, they are entirely destroyed, their casts and impressions being the only indications of their former existence. Orcanic ReEmaIns. As these have been described in the preceding pages, it is only ne- cessary to subjoin a brief catalogue. . Wood; in the sand of Willingdon, Selmeston, &c. . Patella *. . Rostellaria Parkinsoni. Natica ? Dentalium. Mytilus. Modiola imbricata. Tellina. . Cucullea decussata. Trigonia clavellata. - aliformis. . Venus. . Crassatella. . Venericardia planicosta? . Mya intermedia. . Pecten quinquecostata. . Perna. . Terebratula ovata. a small striated species. . Fistulana pyriformis; in the fossil wood of Willingdon, &e. . Echino-spatangus. * This and the following, with the exception of Fistulana pyriformis, are from Parham Park. CHALK FORMATION. 79 IX. § II. CHALK FORMATION. Comprising 5. Blue chalk marl, or Galt. 6. Grey chalk marl. 7. Lower chalk. 8. Upper, or flinty chalk. Tus formation constitutes one of the most striking features in the geology of Sussex. It forms four principal divisions, distinguished from each other by their chemical characters, and mineralogical productions. The uppermost consists of chalk, with numerous parallel beds and layers of flint. The next is the lower chalk, containing but very few flints, and in most localities being wholly destitute of them. The third is the grey chalk marl, composed of chalk, and a considerable proportion of argillaceous earth. The lowermost is the blue chalk marl, or galt, that intervenes between the grey marl and the green sand, and in some parts of its course, passes into a compact limestone. The flinty chalk forms the summit, and the chalk without flints the central mass of the South Downs; the base of this range being composed of the grey marl, which is denuded in the deep vallies of the chalk, and in many places unites the insulated portions of that formation. The blue chalk marl rises from beneath the grey marl, and forms a narrow fillet of stiff land, on the northern edge of the Downs. ? The relative situation of these deposits is shewn in the section an- nexed to the map; and in the plan of the stratification of the south- eastern part of Sussex, tab. 111. fig. 1. 2 According to the plan adopted in this work, we shall commence our investigation with the lowermost deposit, the blue chalk marl. 80 BLUE CHALK MARL. X. § Il 5. BLUE-CHALK MARL.. Syn.—Micaceous brick earth. Smith's Strata, p. 13. Galt of Cambridgeshire. Geological Transactions, Vol. 5. p. 114. Folkestone marl. Phillips’ Outlines. Malm rock. Hawkins’ Memoir. History of Sussex, Vol. 2. p. 114. Tus deposit consists of a stiff marl of a greyish blue, brown, or ferru- ginous colour. It contains nodular masses of indurated marl, and thin layers of a reddish brown schistose limestone. In western Sussex the beds afford good building stone. The blue marl reposes upon the green sand, its basseting edge inter- vening between the outcrop of the latter, and the northern escarpment of the chalk hills. 'The denuded surface of this bed forms a soil remarkable for its tenacity, and which, in many parts of Sussex and Surrey, is di- stinguished by the provincial term, “ black land:” it is thus described by Mr. Young: “ At the northern extremity of the Downs, and usually ex- tending the same length, is a slip of very rich and stiff arable land, but of very inconsiderable breadth; it runs for some distance into the vale before it meets the clay. The soil of this narrow slip is an excessively stiff cal- careous loam, on a clay bottom; it adheres so much to the share, and is so very difficult to plough, that it is not an unusual sight to observe ten or a dozen stout oxen, and sometimes more, at work upon it. It is a soil that must rank amongst the finest in this, or any other country, being pure clay and calcareous earth*.” It generally occupies low situations, and * Young's Agricultural Survey of Sussex. BLUE CHALK MARL. 81 where uncultivated is covered by rushes and other plants, that affect a moist and clayey soil. This deposit seldom exceeds 100 feet in thickness. It may be traced with but little difficulty, from near Laughton Place, six miles N. E. from Lewes, through Ringmer, Hamsey, Offham, Plumpton, near Ditchling, Clayton, New Timber, &c. to Beeding. West of the Adur, its place is occupied by a compact argillaceous limestone, provincially called Malm Rock; and which, from the observations of Mr. Hawkins, there can be no doubt is a contemporaneous formation. This malm rock continues along the foot of the Downs, near Sullington, Storrington, Amberley, Bignor, &e. to Petersfield in Hampshire. On the south-eastern margin of the county, the blue marl disappears, and the grey marl reposes immediately upon the green sand; this cir- cumstance is clearly shewn by the section of the cliffs near Eastbourne. The identity of this bed with the blue marl! of Folkestone*, the galt of Cambridgeshire, and the malm of Surrey}, cannot for a moment be doubted; not only is there a perfect agreement in their physical characters, but also in their geological position, and organic remains. The marl of Folkestone is said, by Mr. Phillips, to contain 30 per cent. of carbonate of lime; and that of Ringmer, upon being submitted to the action of acids, indicated a like proportion. In the absence of natural sections, an exa- mination of the wells sunk in different parts of its course, are the only means we possess of obtaining a knowledge of the structure, and organic remains of this deposit. Availing myself of this source of information, I * The blue marl of Folkestone has been ably described by Mr. W. Phillips. Folkestone is built upon the green sand, and the cliffs on the east of the town are from 80 to 90 feet high, the upper part of which, for a considerable distance from their termination at Copt Point, consists of the blue marl. Crystallized sulphate of lime occurs in this bed, and numerous re- mains of shells with their pearly lustre still preserved. There can be no doubt that this deposit is altogether analogous to that, underlying the chalk at Malling in Kent, in Cambridgeshire and Oxfordshire, and which, in the latter counties, is provincially termed Galt. (Geological Transactions, Vol. 5, page 37.) 1 + At the foot of the chalk hills near Godstone and Bletchingley, the blue marl rises from beneath the grey marl; and I have collected from these localities precisely the same species of ammonites, belemnites, nuculz, &c. as those which occur at Ringmer and Laughton. M 82 BLUE CHALK MARL. have succeeded in collecting a most interesting series of fossils, many of which are peculiar to this bed, and are engraved in the plates annexed to this volume. It may be proper in this place to remark, that some eminent geologists appear to have confounded the blue chalk marl with the Weald clay; but the former invariably occurs above the green sand, and the latter below it. These beds are also remarkably distinguished from each other by their organic remains; the blue chalk marl abounding in belemnites and am- monites, while the clay (as previously remarked) is destitute of fossils, and its limestone contains shells of the genus vivipara only. The following sections have been exposed by the sinking of wells in the vicinity of Lewes, and will serve to illustrate the characters and re- lations of this deposit. WELLS SUNK IN THE BLUE CHALK MARL. Laughton Place. Blue marl, 60 feet. The marl thrown out in deepen- ing this well, contained Rostellaria Parkinsoni, aucula pectinat, N. similis, Ammonites splendens, A. lautus Belemnites Lister, &c. ; the last-mentioned fossil occurs in profusion in every locality of this bed; and at Laughton, is exposed on the surface of the ploughed lands. Cottage in Moor Lane, parish of Ringmer. Blue marl, 50 feet. The lower beds were intermixed with a considerable proportion of green sand, and contained similar fossils to the preceding. Ringmer Green. The wells vary from 30 to 90 feet in the marl, but good water never occurs until the bed is sunk through, and the green sand appears. In almost every part of this parish the marl encloses hamites, ammonites, belemnites, innocerami, nucule, &e.; three species of crustacea, an elegant species of turbinolia, and crystals of sulphate of lime. Norlington Green, in the parish of Ringmer. Blue marl, 50 feet. The mar! was not sunk through, and consequently no water appeared. There is no stratum in the south-eastern part of Sussex, that contains such an abundance and variety of organic remains, as the marl in this locality. | From the depth of 15 to 50 feet the shells occur in prodigious quan- BLUE CHALK MARL. 83 tities, the greater part having their nacreous covering preserved in the most beautiful manner. In addition to those previously mentioned, I have collected several species of crustacea, scales and vertebrz of fishes, teeth of the squalus mustelus, &c.; crystallized sulphate of lime, or selenites, was also very abundant. In this well, at the depth of 20 feet, a layer of red marl, a few inches thick, was discoyered, and another occurred 10 feet lower; this marl is sufficiently soft for marking on paper, and much resembles the red chalk used by artists, but is less pure and of a darker colour; meandering lines filled with a whitish earth, their outline bearing some resemblance to the linear leaves of graminiverous plants, were distributed through the mass. I have observed layers of red marl with precisely similar ap- pearances, in the blue marl (or malm as it is there termed) of Bletchingley, in Surrey. Cottage near the residence of the late Wm. Green, Esq. in the parish of Ringmer. This well gave the following section : 1. Yellow ochraceous loam, 2 - - - 5 feet. 2. Blue marl, containing ammonites, inocerami, hamites, &c. and crystallized sulphate of lime, - = = - 15 feet. 3. Dark blue marl, inclining to black, - = = = 10 feet. Small crystals of sulphate of lime were disseminated through the upper part of this bed ; and in the lower, nodular masses of indurated marl, containing an intermixture of green sand, with small grains of quartz. These masses are permeated by veins of splendid pyrites, and their external surface is studded with groups of cubo-octaédral crystals of the same substance. 4. Green chlorite sand, = . es = a = 4 feet. Total thickness, 34 feet. At this depth a spring of excellent water suddenly appeared, and rose to the height of 10 feet. Cottage of Mr. Warren Lee, near Cooksbridge. M 2 84 BLUE CHALK MARL. Blue marl, containing hamites, ammonites, nucule, &e. - 95 feet. Marl, with a great proportion of chlorite sand without organic remains, = = = = 2 és 4 £ = 45 feet. 140 feet. Chiltington, on the estate of John Marten Cripps, Esq. M.A. Blue marl, containing nucule, inocerami, ammonites, &c. 90 feet. Near New Timber (communicated by Richard Weeks, jun. Esq. F. L.8. of Hurstperpoint). 1. Grey chalk marl, gradually passing into the next bed, - 20 feet. 2. Blue chalk marl, enclosing immense numbers of ammonites, inocerami, nucule, &e. = - - = = s : 70 feet. 90 feet. It is unnecessary to multiply examples; the sections above described exhibit every material variation observable in the characters of this deposit, in the south-eastern part of Sussex; we shall now pass to the in- vestigation of the limestone beds that occur in the western division. Maum Rock or WESTERN SUSSEX. The Malm Rock has been already mentioned, as occupying the same geological position as the blue marl. It is a compact argillaceous lime- stone, of a blueish grey colour, the lower beds being hard and durable, and affording a good material for building*. “ The grey chalk passes in- sensibly into the malm rock, which forms a basement to the chalk hills of more than half a mile in breadth, and constitutes the substratum of a good corn soil. It may be traced with but little interruption from Sul- lington, near Storrington, to Petersfield.” * My friend J. Hawkins, Esq. favoured me with a series of specimens, shewing the gra- dual transition of the grey marl into the malm rock. BLUE CHALK MARL. 85 « A belt of blue clay appears on the north, the geological relation of which to the preceding has not been ascertained. It invariably accom- panies the malm rock in the direction here pointed out, and is succeeded by a narrow and parallel deposit of ferruginous sand%*, slightly indurated, the surface of which, if we may draw any inference from some insulated beds of gravel that occur on the highest points, must once have pre- sented an uniform extent of table land}.” Orcanic REMAINS. The fossils of the blue chalk marl, like those of other argillaceous strata, are remarkable for their beauty, the pearly covering of the shells being in most instances preserved. 1. Vegetables. Wood is stated by Mr. Phillips to occur at Folkestone; but I have not observed any decided remains of vegetables in the blue marl of this part of Sussex. ; In the malm rock near Amberley, the Rev. J. Hanley has recently dis- covered the remains of a large tree, in which the ligneous structure of the original is very distinctly exhibited {. 2. Turbinolia Konigi, tab. xix. fig. 22 and 24. Inversely conical, aperture circular, divided by numerous perpendicular lamellze, radiating from the axis to the circumference; axis simple; margin crenulated ; external surface longitudinally striated ; striz from 25 to 30, distinct, prominent ; base convex. This elegant little coral is from 0-4 to 0°5 inch in diameter, and about 0-3 inch high; the lamelle are numerous, generally exceeding 50; the strize on the external surface are distinct, proceeding from the base to the margin, where they unite with the lamelle alternately. This fossil occurs in every locality of the blue marl near Lewes, and appears to be one of its most characteristic productions. It has also been * This bed belongs to the green sand, and has been already described in the account of the strata at Parham Park. + Extract of a letter from J. Hawkins, Esq. Bignor Park. + On the authority of J. Hawkins, Esq. F. R.S. 86 BLUE CHALK MARL. found at Godstone in Surrey, Malling in Kent, and in Cambridgeshire. I have named it in honour of Charles Konig, Esq. of the British Museum, whose attainments in mineralogical science, can only be equalled by his zealous exertions for the prosperity of the national institution to which he is attached. Fig. 22, the upper surface ; fig. 24, the base. 3. Turbinolia. A small species, inversely conical, compressed, aper- ture oval; the lamellz numerous, distinct; axis void ; the external surface covered with minute longitudinal striz, which unite with the lamelle at the margin. A few imperfect specimens only have been discovered. 4, Echino spatangus; this specimen resembles the echinite from De- vizes, figured by Mr. Smith, as peculiar to the brick earth. (Smith’s strata, Brick earth, fig. 3.) 5. Fragments of a ventricose univalve, its genuine characters not distinguishable. | 6. Cirrus plicatus. (Min. Conch. Vol. 2, tab. 141. fig. 3.) A conical univalve, transversely striated; having the umbilicus pli- cated. Occurs occasionally at Ringmer. 7. Rostellaria carinata. Tab. xix. fig. 10, 11, 12. 14. Turreted, spirally striated; whorls, eight or nine; ornamented with a row of tubercles; body of the lower volution strongly carinated above the middle, and terminating in a spinous process on the outer lip. The casts of this shell are composed of indurated marl of a glossy black colour, and but rarely occur in a perfect state. In some specimens portions of the shell are still visible, and these shew that the original was covered with minute transverse striz; the tubercles on the shell are more elongated than in the casts, assuming the form of ribs. This species occurs at Laughton, Ringmer, Norlington, &c. Tab. xix. fig. 10, casts of the spire attached to a block of marl. Fig. 11. A fragment of the summit of the spire covered with the shell; this elegant specimen exhibits the spiral striz, and the elongated tubercular projections. “BLUE CHALK MARL. 37 Vig. 12. A cast in argillaceous ironstone ; the front of the lower whorl is seen in this specimen, but the outer lip is wanting. Fig. 14. exposes the lower wreath with its carinated ridge, and spinous process. 8. Ampullaria canaliculata. 'Tab. xix. fig. 13. Ventricose, whorls, three or four; transversely and obliquely striated ; the striz decussating each other; spire short, turns of the spire separated by a deep channel. 9. Natica ? Tab. xix. fig. 31, 32. These shells are from Norlington, but are too imperfect to admit of accurate determination. 10. Dentalium sériatum. Tab. xix. fig. 4. (Min. Conch. tab. Ixx. 4.) Slightly arched, longitudinally striated; striz ten or eleven, aperture circular. Is of frequent occurrence at Folkestone, but is very rare in Sussex. 11. Dentalium. ‘Tab. xix. fig. 28. This specimen is longitudinally striated, and much compressed; it is in too mutilated a state to allow of specific distinction. 12. Dentalium ellipticum. Tab. xix. fig. 21, 25. (Min. Conch. tab. Ixx. 6, 7.) Nearly straight, slightly compressed, aperture circular, external edge elliptical. The substance of the shell being thinner laterally, than on the an- terior and posterior margins, the external outline of the tube is of an elliptical form, although the aperture is perfectly circular. The annular markings occasioned by the lines of increase are very numerous, and render the surface uneven. The shell is changed into a white pulve- rulent carbonate of lime; casts of the interior, having a black polished surface, are not uncommon. Mr. Sowerby remarks, “ that they are beau- tiful oblong cones, which remain after the shell is decomposed, and have often puzzled collectors, from the difficulty of ascertaining their origin.” Tab. xix. fig. 21. A specimen in which the shell is preserved. Fig. 25. A cast of indurated marl. 88 BLUE CHALK MARL. 13. Nautilus inequalis. Tab. xxi. fig. 14, 15. (Min. Conch. tab. xi. 2, 3.) Involute, spheroidal, umbilicate, aperture obovate; septa entire, slightly concave, the inner septa deeper than the outer; siphuncle placed near the inner margin. The specific name of this elegant shell is taken from the remarkable structure of its septa, which diminish in depth as they approach the aper- ture; while, in every other species, they increase in size with the age of the animal. Tab. xxi. fig. 14. Front view ofa cast from Norlington. -- fig. 15. Lateral view of the same specimen. This cast is com- posed of indurated marl, impregnated with iron; remains of the shell changed into carbonate of lime, form the curved lines which mark the division of the chambers. 14. Belemnites Listerz. Tab. xix. fig. 17, 18, 23. —_——_—______ minimus; Lister. Hist. Anim. Anglia, p. 228, fig. 32. Subfusiform, cylindrical, with one slight longitudinal sulcus; apex pointed ; siphunculus central, extending through the alveolus to the apex of the spathose part. The form of this beautiful little belemnite varies considerably ; some of the specimens are fusiform, others gently taper towards the apex; some are perfectly cylindrical, and others contract suddenly. Their constituent substance is a spathose crystallized carbonate of lime, of a radiated structure, varying from a dark brown to a light amber colour; many of the specimens are nearly opaque, but the greater part are pellucid. The largest example in my collection is 0-2 inch in diameter, and 1-3 inch in length. Upon the application of a slight force in the direction of the sulcus, they separate longitudinally, and expose sections of the chambered structure of the shell, with the siphunculus ex- tending through the spathose substance to the apex. These fossils occur in profusion in every locality of the blue marl in Sussex; and also in Surrey, Kent, and Cambridgeshire. The same species is found at Stut- gard *. * Geological Transactions, vol. v. p. 58. BLUE CHALK MARL. 89 The specimens delineated are from Ringmer. AMMONITES. The ammonites of this deposit, are equal in elegance and beauty to any hitherto known. When first collected, they retain in general a considerable portion of the original shell, with its nacreous covering heightened by the changes it has undergone in the mineral kingdom. They are very iridescent, and in many instances derive a golden lustre from an impregnation with sulphuret of iron, that renders their appearance remarkably splendid *. Their cavities are filled with pyrites, indurated marl, and argillaceous ironstone, and from the excellent state in which the septa are preserved, their foliaceous structure is shown in numerous examples. In the Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle, mention is made of a bed of clay, in the vicinity of Moscow, where ammonites occur under similar cir- cumstances, and apparently in the same state of preservation +. 15. Ammonites splendens. Tab. xxi. figs. 13, 17. Involute, depressed, carene flat, with carinated margins; volutions three or four, deeply inserted, flat, transversely radiated ; radii depressed, curved towards the aperture ; a row of distant elongated tubercles on the inner margin; aperture sagittate ; dissepiments foliaceous ; siphunculus internal. The external volutions rapidly increase in breadth, the inner ones being three-fourths concealed. Two or three radii arise from each tu- * The pyrites upon which the beauty of these fossils principally depends, undergoes de- composition upon exposure to the air, even for a short period; a circumstance that occasions the destruction of nine-tenths of the specimens, after they have lain in the cabinet of the col- lector but a few weeks. I have employed various means for their preservation, but without success ; varnishes, gum water, albumen, &c. destroy their lustre, and give them an unpleasant appearance. + “ J’en ai vu d’immenses quantités des ammonites dans les couches d’argile qui forment le rivage de la Moscoua, prés de Moscou, a cing ou six pieds seulement au-dessous de la surface du sol. Elles sont toutes d’une grandeur médiocre et n’excédent pas cing 4 six pouces de diamétre ; elles sont de Pespéce qui est articulée et décorée d’arborisations. Rien n’est si beau que ces cornes d’ammon dans Iinstant ou on les retire de leur gite; elles sont révetues d’une couche pyriteuse couleur d’or et gorge de pigeon; mais dés qu’elles ont pris Yair, elles s’ef- fleurissent et tombent en miettes. Elles sont mélées des beaucoup de bélemnites, qui sont également d’une volume médiocre. Dict. d Hist. Nat. p. 332. tome vi. N 90 BLUE CHALK MARL. bercle, and proceed with an elegant curve from the inner to the outer margin, where they terminate in angular projections, and form the cre- nulated margin of the keel. The septa are sinuate, and very foliaceous. The siphunculus is placed near the inner margin. The aperture is nearly equal in length to half the diameter of the shell, and is deeply indented by the inner whorls. The remains of this truly splendid ammonite are common at Ringmer and Laughton, the specimens varying from half an inch to two inches in diameter. Small specimens are sometimes found with the carene rounded, and the wreaths nearly destitute of radii, in which state they might easily be mistaken for a distinct species. Tab. xxi. fig. 13. A portion of the outer volution covered with the shell. — Fig. 17. A cast in pyritous marl, exhibiting the sinuous septa; small crystals of sulphate of lime are contained in cavities on the opposite side of this specimen, and pseudomorphous iron pyrites is disseminated throughout the mass. 16. Ammonites auritus. Min. Conch. tab. 134, vol. ii. “ Compressed, with obscure radiating undulations, tuberculated at their origin ; inner whorls exposed ; back deeply channelled, bordered by large, alternating, compressed tubercles.” Fragments of this species occur at Ringmer; but none have been discovered sufficiently perfect for representation. 17. Ammonites planus. 'Tab. xxi. fig. 3. Involute, depressed, volutions deeply inserted, obscurely marked with curved striz ; carene flat, with crenulated borders ; aperture sagittate ; dis- sepiments sinuate. The surface of the volutions is nearly smooth, the striz being in- distinct, and in some specimens imperceptible (as in the figure). The inner wreaths are three-fourths concealed ; the situation of the siphunculus is unknown. This species is nearly allied to A. splendens, but differs from it, in being destitute of tubercles on the inner margin of the volutions, and in the absence of the radiated markings, with which the surface of the former species is adorned. BLUE CHALK MARL. oi The specimen represented (tab. xxi. fig. 3) is from Ringmer ; the shell is nearly entire, and most beautifully iridescent. 18. Ammonites Jautus. Tab. xxi. fig. 11. (Geolog. Trans. vol. v. p. 58.) Involute, depressed, volutions inserted, transversely radiated, radii strongly curved, arising in pairs from a row of oblique ridges on the inner margin, and terminating with intermediate rays on the outer edge : carene deeply channelled, bordered by alternating compressed tubercles; dissepiments very foliaceous. The volutions are three or four in number, and two-thirds concealed. The rays arise in pairs from the ridges of the inner edge, and being joined by one or two intermediate ones, proceed with an elegant sweep to the outer margin, where they terminate in obtuse flattened tubercles, ge- nerally three or four to each tubercle. The carene is deeply channelled, the edges serrato-tuberculate, the tubercles being disposed alternately. The aperture is obscurely sagittate, and equal in length to half the dia- meter of the shell. The situation of the stphunuclus is unknown. This species resembles A. auritus (of Sowerby), but is distinguished by its prominent curved rays, by the ridges on the inner volution being less tubercular, and the inner volutions two-thirds concealed. It occurs at Laughton, Ringmer, and Norlington. The figure is from a specimen in which the shell is entire. 19. Ammonites biplicatus. Tab. xxii. fig. 6. Depressed, slightly umbilicate; volutions inserted, transversely radiated ; rays prominent, curved, bifurcated, arising from a row of oblong projections on the inner edge of the volutions, and terminating in tubercles on the outer margin ; carene flat, bordered by alternating, compressed tubercles. The volutions are three or four, the tubercles on the inner margin distinct, each giving origin to a pair of rays that terminate in a tuber- cular projection on the edge of the keel. The inner volutions are two- thirds concealed, the inner row of tubercles alone being visible. The carene is nearly flat between the tuberculated margins by which it is bordered. The aperture is obtusely sagittate, and its length rather less than half the diameter of the shell. N2 92 BLUE CHALK MARL. This species is thicker than A. /autus, and differs from it in the flat- ness of the keel, and in having but two rays to each tubercle; it may be distinguished from A. auritus, by the insertion of the wreaths. Tab. xxii. fig. 6. A cast of indurated marl, partially covered with the remains of the shell. 20. Ammonites tuberculatus. Involute, umbilicate, umbilicus expanded; volutions rounded, inner whorls nearly two-thirds exposed ; inner margin oblique, smooth, a row of strong tubercles in the centre of each volution, united by oblique trans- verse ridges to a corresponding row on the outer margin ; carene broad, bordered by opposite diverging tubercles ; aperture obovate. A strongly marked shell, composed of three or four volutions, orna- mented with remarkably prominent oblong tubercles, which, in some in- stances, are 0-4 inch high; these are placed obliquely, and united by ridges that arise in pairs from the inner row. The inner volutions are partly inserted, the outer row of tubercles being concealed. ‘The middle of the carene has a deep narrow sulcus or groove, and is bordered by the marginal set of tubercles. The umbilicus is in the form of a broad in- verted cone. This species differs from the last, in the situation and size of its tubercles, and in their being united by single ridges, which are not curved; in the volutions being more exposed, the carene sulcated, and the marginal tu- bercles opposed to each other, instead of alternating ; this circumstance also separates it from A. auritus. The septa are very foliaceous. It occurs at Ringmer™*. HamitTeEs. Fragments of the straight part of the shells of this genus, are very common in every locality of the blue marl ; some of them possess a pearly * Mr. Parkinson describes three other species of ammonites from the blue marl of Folkestone, viz. A. serratus, A. pansus, and A. ornatus. Fragments occur in this neighbour- hood which, in all probability, belong to some of these; but they are too imperfect to allow of their characters being distinguished with cer tainty. BLUE CHALK MARL. 93 lustre, equal in beauty to the ammonites, and others show the foliaceous sutures of the dissepiments ; in this state they are the Baculites of some authors. The hooked part of the shell is very rare, but I have had the good fortune to discover a few specimens, that exhibit the form of the original in a more perfect manner, than in any examples previously noticed. 21. Hamites attenuatus. Tab. xix. figs. 29, 30. Cylindrical, suddenly attenuated immediately beyond the curve; annular undulations numerous, obtuse. “The larger limb is suddenly contracted near the curvature ; and the lesser one is consequently very slender in proportion.” The undulations are obscure at the back*. Mr. Sowerby, in the specific description, states that it is slightly compressed ; but this circumstance is evidently the result of accident, the true form of the original being per- fectly cylindrical. This species occurs at Laughton, Ringmer, and Nor- lington, and has also been discovered in Kent and Surrey. Figs. 29 and 30 are delineations of two remarkably interesting spe- cimens, the smaller limbs in both instances being nearly perfect, and exhibiting an excellent type of the structure of the shells of this curious genus. They were found at the depth of thirty feet, in the well attached to the cottage of Mr. Warren Lee, near Cooksbridge, and are partly im- bedded in the blue marl. The lesser limbs are flattened by compression, and the interstices between the annular costz are partially filled with the surrounding matrix. The shelly covering is beautifully iridescent. 22. Hamites maximus. Min. Conch. tab. |sii. fig. 1. « Slightly depressed ? undulations even, rounded, disappearing at the back, curvature gradual +.” Fragments of this species have been found at Ringmer, Norlington, &c. 23. Hamites intermedius. Tab. xxiii. fig. 12. (Min. Conch. tab. xii. 2,3.) Slightly depressed, costated, costz annular, oblique, obtuse ; curvature rounding. * Min. Conch. vol. i. p. 137. + Ibid. vol. i. p. 138. 94 BLUE CHALK MARL. Numerous fragments of this species occur at Ringmer, Norlington, and Laughton. The specimen delineated, tab. xxiii. fig. 12, is probably a variety, since the costze are larger and less numerous than usual; the foliaceous septa are seen in the upper part of this specimen. 24. Nucula pectinata. Tab. xix. figs. 5, 6. 9. (Min. Conch. tab. 192, 6, 7.) Transversely elliptical, elongated, convex, longitudinally striated ; striz diverging from the beaks to the margin, decussated by fine trans- verse lines ; posterior side truncated ; lunette depressed, cordiform ; margin ‘serrated. . - The surface of this#elegant shell is marked with longitudinal striae, crossed by transverse lines, and sepatated by fine sulci ; the latter are but obscurely shewn in perfect specimens, but are very conspicuous in those that are worn. In the adult shell the lines of growth are numerous and distinct. The constituent substance of these fossils is a light fawn-coloured carbonate of lime ; their cavities being filled with argillaceous ironstone, which forms bold casts when the shell is decomposed. The lunette at the truncated extremity is large, and characteristic of the species. The situation of the teeth of the hinge, and the muscular impressions, are shewn in the casts. This shell occurs in almost every locality of the blue marl, to which it is considered to be peculiar. Tab. xix. fig. 5. A cast exhibiting the impression of the hinge, the serrated margin, and the eminences formed by the deep muscular im- pressions. Figs. 6 and 9, are different views of a perfect shell. 25. Nucula ovata. Tab. xix. figs. 26 and 27. Transversely ovate, rather depressed, obscurely striated transversely ; lunette slightly impressed, cordate, elongated ; margin entire. This species of nucula is of a transverse oval form, and its surface is nearly smooth ; the striae being very minute. The lunette is cordiform, very shallow, and elongated. BLUE CHALK MARL. 95 Tab. xix. fig. 26. A specimen covered with the shell, the anterior side broken off. — fig. 27. A cast of indurated marl, from Laughton Place. 26. Inoceramus concentricus. Tab. xix. fig. 19. (Geolog. Trans. vol. v. tab. 1. fig. 4.) Subcordiform, longitudinally, concentrically suleated; beaks converging, recurved ; lower valve gibbous, produced ; margin entire. This shell was first described by Mr. Parkinson, in the Geological Transactions: it had however been long known as a production of the blue marl, but the imperfect state in which the specimens usually occurred, prevented its characters from being previously ascertained. It is a small species, of the curious genus formed by Mr. Sowerby, for the reception of the large fibrous bivalve of the chalk. The specimens seldom exceed 1-2 inch in length. The shell is nearly cordiform, and marked by gentle concentric grooves, the eminences between them being rounded. The lower valve is gibbous, and produced at the beak nearly one-fifth of its longest diameter ; the upper valve is smaller and more expanded. The beaks are approximate, and slightly recurved. It occurs in every known locality of the blue marl. Tab. xix. fig. 19, is a remarkably perfect specimen, still retaining a considerable portion of the shell. fig. 15, represents the produced part of the beaks detached from the body of the shell ; examples of this kind are not unfrequent. 27. Inoceramus sulcatus. Tab. xix. fig. 16. (Geolog. Trans. vol. v. pl. 1. fig. 5.) Subcordiform longitudinally ; with deep, radiating, oblique, longitu- dinal sulci; beaks recurved, lower valve produced, margin undulated. In the position of the beaks, and general form of the valves, this species corresponds with the former ; from which, however, it is remarkably distinguished by its longitudinal furrows. These commence at the beak, and radiate with an oblique curve towards the margin, enlarging as they proceed. The ridges that separate the sulci are rounded, and are from seven to nine on each valve. Mr. Parkinson observes, “that on the 96 BLUE CHALK MARL. surface of the casts, are seen small and close transverse ruge.” The specimens seldom exceed 1-5 inch in length, and are found in every locality of the blue marl. The figure is from an argillaceous cast, in which the pearly covering of the shell is preserved. 28. Inoceramus Tab. xix. fig. 20. Other species of this genus, occur at Ringmer and Norlington, but in too mutilated a state to admit of description. The beautiful specimen delineated, fig. 20, tab. xix. is remarkable for possessing the fibrous structure observable in the Inocerami of the chalk ; and for retaining its crenulated hinge; this shell is probably a variety of I. concentricus. 29 and 30. Tab. xix. figs. ’7 and 8, represent two argillaceous casts of bivalves from Norlington, the genera of which cannot be correctly ascer- tained. ‘The former is a front view of a cordiform bivalve, perhaps related to the Isocardie ; the latter probably belongs to the genus Arca: they are both solitary examples. CRUSTACEA. ‘he remains of this order of animals, are so exceedingly rare in the blue marl, that with the exception of a few fragments, the delineations in tab. xxix. comprise every specimen that has occurred in Sussex. To the kindness and liberality of William Elford Leach, M. D. of the British Museum, who did me the favour to compare them with the recent species, to which they are most nearly related, I am indebted for the following identification of their genera. 31. Tab. xxix. figs. 7, 8. 14. “A species of a new genus of the family Leucosiade *, nearly related to the genus Arcania.” Dr. Leach. In these specimens the shell or crust of the thorax alone remains. It is of a suborbicular form, rather inflated, obscurely trilobate, with twelve or thirteen aculeated tubercles; the margin is dentated. * The recent Leucosiade have two or four small quadriarticulate antennz inserted between the eyes. The tailis naked; they have eight legs, all furnished with claws; and two chelate hand claws. Rees’ Cycloped. Art. Cancer. BLUE CHALK MARL. 97 From Norlington Green. Fig. 8, the upper, and fig. 7, the under surface of the same specimen. Fig. 14 is a younger example of this species. 32. Tab. XXIX. figs. 9, 10. “ A species of a genus of the family Corystide*, allied to a new Indian genus in the cabinet of Dr. Leach.” The shell is oblong, ovate, depressed; the surface covered with minute granule, the margin bidentated near the front. No vestige of the legs: antenne, or claws, remain. From Ringmer. Fig. 9, the under, and fig. 10, the upper surface of the same individual. 33. Tab. X XIX. figs. 11,12. “A species of the genus Etyus, of the family Canceride.” Dr. Leach. Transversely obovate, obscurely trilobate; the surface covered with irregular papille. From Ringmer. Fig. 11, the under, and fig. 12, the upper surface of the same example. 34. Tab. XXIX. figs. 13, 15, 16. « These belong to a genus of the family Corystide, intimately related to Corystes.” Dr. Leach. This species is longitudinally obovate, convex, with a tuberculated dorsal ridge, having a row of three tubercles on each side. The shell is truncated posteriorly, and the margin laterally tridentated. The abdomen is composed of six or seven arcuate segments, and there are three or four legs on each side. Fig. 13. An imperfect specimen of the thorax. Figs. 15, 16. Different views of the same fossil. In the former, the abdomen is seen folded beneath the thorax, and there are rudiments of legs, on each side. The latter shews the upper surface with the tuber- * The Corystide have four antenne; the external pair approximate, setaceous, ciliated, and very long. ‘The eyes remote and pedunculated. The shell is oval, and longer than wide ; the tail folded under the body when the animal is in a state of repose. They have ten legs; the anterior pair chelate, the others terminating in an acute elongated nail or claw. Vide Lamarci:, Animaux sans Vertebres, tome V. 233. Oo 98 BLUE CHALK MARL. culated dorsal ridge; the commencement of the abdomen appears at the base. 35. “ Fragments of the abdomen of two kinds of Astacide.” Dr. Leach. ' These are too imperfect to require any observation. Remains oF FIsHEs. These occur so rarely, that the following are the only examples in my possession. 36. Scales of some unknown fish. 37. A small vertebra. 38. A tricuspid tooth; resembling those of Squalus mustelus. Orcanic Rematns or THE Matm Rock or WeEsTERN Sussex. I am unable to give any satisfactory account of the fossils of this bed ; and none are enumerated in Mr. Hawkins’ catalogue of the organic re- mains of that division of the county. My friend, Mr. Chassereau of Brighton, discovered the culm or stem of some arundinaceous plant in the limestone, near the Roman villa, at Big- nor; and also the impression of a coriaceous nut, perhaps of a species of areca. In the same locality, white linear markings, resembling those of the red marl at Norlington, are very numerous between the laminz of the malm rock ; are these the remains of alge? of fuci? or of corallines ? Near Amberley Castle, Mr. Chassereau observed ammonites and ino- cerami; and Mr. Hawkins has lately informed me, that some fine crabs have been found in the grey limestone of that parish. The fossil tree, discovered by Mr. Hanley, has already been noticed. GREY CHALK MARL. 99 XI. § I. 6. GREY CHALK MARL. Tus deposit constitutes the foundation of the chalk hills, its outerop forming a fillet, or zone, round their base, and connecting the detached parts of the range with each other. The texture of the marl is commonly soft and friable, but indurated blocks occur, which possess the hardness of limestone. It is of a light grey colour, inclining to brown, and frequently possesses a ferruginous tinge derived from oxide of iron. It principally consists of carbonate of lime and alumine, with an intermixture of silica, a very small proportion of iron, and perhaps of oxide of manganese. Where denuded, the surface of this deposit composes a fertile tract of arable land, including some of the best farms in the county. In the range of low cliffs near Eastbourne, the grey marl is seen rising from beneath the chalk, and reposing on the grey sand, with which it is intermingled at the line of junction. Its separation from the super- incumbent bed of chalk without flints, is well defined, and may be traced with but little difficulty. From this spot it extends with scarcely any in- terruption, to Shoreham river, its outcrop being interposed between the foot of the Downs, and the basseting edge of the blue marl. In western Sussex it occupies the same relative position, the lower chalk passing insensibly into the grey marl, and the latter into the malm rock. In its course through this tract of country, it forms a few hillocks or mounds of low elevation, which are remarkable only for the abundance 02 100 GREY CHALK MARL. and variety of their fossil remains. I shall proceed to notice a few of the more interesting localities. . A low bank at Middleham, in the parish of Ringmer, near the seat of the Rev. J. Constable, contains hamites, turrilites, nautilites, ammonites, and inocerami. The largest turrilite hitherto discovered was collected near this spot, and is figured in Min. Conchology, tab. xxiv. Stoneham, near Lewes; from a marl bank in a field adjoining the turn- pike-gate, I have collected the same kinds of fossils as at Middleham ; also rostellarie, auricule, scaphites, &e. Hamsey Marl Pits. The hillock, of which these pits present a vertical section, is insulated by the river Ouse. The quarries are situated on the north side of the church, and are about 25 feet high. The strata are slightly inclined, and vary from a few inches, to a foot or more in thick- ness; the indurated layers, are separated by intervening seams of a soft loose marl, of a dark colour. The face of the rock is traversed by innumer- able crevices, which, in some instances, are parallel with the stratification, and in others assume a vertical, or transverse direction. The lowermost strata are of a blueish grey colour, indicating a transi- tion to the blue marl, into which the grey marl passes, at the depth of a few yards. These quarries contain sulphuret of iron, and spicular crystals of carbonate of lime; the former often composes the constituent substance of the fossils, the latter occurs in groups, lining the fissures and cavities in the marl. The organic remains found in these pits are very numerous, and present considerable interest. ‘They consist of several species of ammonites, nautili, turrilites, scaphites, hamites, the teeth and vertebrze of sharks; the supposed fir cones of Cherry Hinton, &e. -Offham Pit. This excavation lies on the road-side, between Offham and Cooksbridge; it produces ammonites, nautili, turrilites, scaphites, &c. Clayton, near Hurstperpoint. A marl pit at this place, has afforded to the researches of Mr. Weekes, turrilites, hamites, ammonites, scaphites, &e. In other localities of the marl, the fossils are less abundant than in GREY CHALK MARL. 101 those above enumerated, and the turrilites, hamites, and scaphites, but very rarely occur. On the surface, a narrow belt of this deposit appears to encircle Lewes Levels, separating the latter from the edge of the chalk hills; this want of continuity, however, does not extend beneath the surface: the mar] is invariably found upon sinking through the alluvial clay, of which the Levels are composed. Protrusions of the marl through the clay occur in some situations, and these form islands when the levels are inundated, a circumstance that, previously to the improved state of the navigation of the Ouse, was of very frequent occurrence. The principal elevations of this kind are the two extended ridges called the Rhies, which have been already described; these, in all probability, owe their form to the action of eddies, or opposing currents. MInERALs. The mineralogical productions of the grey marl are few, and offer but little variety; they consist of various modifications of sulphuret of iron, and crystallized carbonate of lime. 1. Crystallized carbonate of lime. This mineral is frequently semi-diaphanous, varying in colour from a lightish grey to a gallstone yellow. It occurs in inconsiderable veins, and occasionally in groups of crystals, lining the cavities of the marl; the usual form of the crystal is that of an acute rhomboid; of this kind some in- teresting specimens have lately been discovered at Hamsey. > 2. Sulphuret of iron, or iron pyrites. This substance, from the decomposition of its surface, is generally of a yellowish rusty brown colour externally. It occurs in a variety of irre- gular fantastic shapes, and oftentimes bears the impression of organic bodies, forming casts of terebratule, pectenites, madreporites, and the inner volutions of scaphites. Small spherical masses with an elongated stem, their surface beset with obscure pyramidal crystals, and exposing a bril- liant radiated structure internally, are not uncommon. One specimen in my possession contains within a cavity, small crystals of sulphate of lime. 102 GREY CHALK MARL. Crystals of pyrites terminating in the quadrangular pyramid of an oc- tohedron, and disposed in irregular groups, are often imbedded in the casts of ammonites, and other fossil remains; and the marl pits at Hamsey, contain masses of this mineral bearing the form of a species of Eschara, somewhat resembling E. foliacea. 3. Oxide of iron, in the state of a reddish brown powder, is frequent in cavities of the marl, and has probably been produced by the decomposition of iron pyrites; the greater part of the marl fossils have acquired a fer- ruginous colour from this mineral. 4. Clay slate. The occurrence of this substance in the marl is clearly accidental, having been derived from some regular bed of argillaceous slate of anterior formation to the chalk marl. The only examples hitherto dis- covered, were imbedded in the marl at Southerham Corner; the largest is about two inches square, and nearly half an inch thick: the edges are sharp, and the specimen appears to have suffered but little from attrition. Orceanic Remains. The grey chalk marl in its course through Sussex, is well characterized by its organic remains, which differ both in their nature, and in the mode of their preservation, from those either of the superincumbent bed of lower chalk, or of the blue marl upon which it reposes. - Numerous species of ammonites, nautili, and inocerami, are the most common productions of the pits near Lewes, which also contain turri- lites, seaphites, hamites, &c. These remains of testacea very rarely exhibit any vestige of their original shelly covering, but consist of casts of indu- rated argillaceous limestone, of an ochraceous or a ferruginous colour, more or less distorted by compression. 1. Wood. The existence of fossil wood in the chalk formation has been much questioned by some geologists, but the fact is indisputable, as numerous examples in my collection satisfactorily prove. It is of a dark brown colour inclining to black, and when first collected, very distinctly GREY CHALK MARL. 103 exhibits its ligneous structure. It is exceedingly friable, and falls into a carbonaceous powder upon exposure to the air. The specimens found at Hamsey, seldom exceed a few inches either in length or breadth; they are of a compressed cylindrical form, and appear to be the remains of branches, or stems of small trees. Locality. Hamsey. 2. Aments or cones of unknown vegetables?? Tab. IX. figs. 4, 5. i SS Ile Woodward's Catalogue, Part 2, p. 22. 6.72. “ Three cones, seeming to be of the larix.” Org. Rem. Vol. 1. Pl. 6. figs. 16, 17. These are the supposed “ fossil juli of the larch,’ for which the chalk pits of Cherry Hinton have been so long celebrated. Since the time of Woodward, these bodies have excited considerable attention, and yet their nature is still involved in obscurity; in fact, their appearance is so equi- vocal, that some naturalists have been induced to consider them as the remains of animals, rather than of vegetables. Dr. Parsons thought they bore a greater resemblance to the roots of a plant, than to the parts of fructification. A. B. Lambert, Esq. V.P.L.S. to whom I shewed a very perfect specimen, was immediately struck with its affinity to the cone of a species of pinus. Mr. Parkinson supposes, “ that the appearance of these fossils cer- tainly supports the idea of their having been either aments or cones of some tree not now known, at least to the European botanist; whilst, on the other hand, the situation in which they occur, renders this supposition highly problematical. Instead of being associated with other fossil ve- getables, or in matrices which have originated in the decomposition of vegetable matter, they have only been found in chalk, which has pro- ceeded chiefly from aqueous deposition ; and in part from the decomposi- tion of animal, but certainly not of vegetable matter*.” * Organic Remains, Vol. 1. p. 44’7. 104 GREY CHALK MARL. Professor Hailstone informs us, that two perfect specimens in the Woodwardian collection, place their vegetable origin beyond all doubt, and in corroboration of this opinion, mentions, that in the quarry at Cherry Hinton, he had discovered the impression of a branch of some vegetable of the fir tribe, with the linear leaves surrounding it*. On the other hand, Mr. Konig of the British Museum, who did me the favour to examine several Hamsey specimens, remarks, that “ these bodies, although possessing a distant resemblance to the juli of the larch, in all probability do not belong to the vegetable kingdom; for when exposed to the action of muriatic acid, they emit the peculiar smell, which is so strikingly manifested, in dissolving the madreporitic remains of fetid limestone; the putrid exhalation being almost intolerable.” As these fossils occur in an excellent state of preservation in the marl pits at Hamsey, I had indulged the hope of being able to discover a spe- cimen, that might illustrate their origin, and point out their real nature. But although by the kind assistance of my brother, more than fifty of these bodies have been submitted to my examination, I can add but little to what is already known concerning them. The remains in question are of a reddish brown colour, from 0-5 inch to two inches long, of a cylindrical form, and gently tapering towards the apex, which is obtuse. They are more or less compressed, and have a scaly, cor- rugated surface. Their constituent substance is precisely of the same nature as that of the vertebra, and other bones, found in the chalk formation; some examples have scales of fishes attached to them. In structure they differ most essentially from any strobilus or cone, for instead of an imbricated sur- face, formed by scales containing seed, and proceeding from one common axis, as in the juli of the larch, their scaly appearance is produced by the undulating margin of the substance of which they are composed; the latter being irregularly coiled in a spiral manner, round an oval cavity or receptacle. This appearance is very obvious in tab. ix. fig. 4,in which the marl is seen projecting through the interstices of the volutions; at the * Geological Transactions, Vol. 3. p. 250. GREY CHALK MARL. 105 base of fig. 5, the termination of the last ceil is distinctly exhibited. Fig. 7, is the longitudinal section of a fragment with the cavity or recep- tacle filled with marl: in some specimens this is wanting, the fossil being solid throughout. Fig. 8 is one of the most perfect examples that has been found in Sussex. The base is thicker, and of a darker colour, than the body of the fossil, and has much the appearance of a calyx. In another specimen, a depression in the centre of the base resembles the attachment of a stem. Fig, 11 is remarkably large, but has suffered considerably from compression. Locality. Hamsey. 3. Linear markings, the impressions of leaves? from Hamsey. These resemble the chalk specimens delineated in tab. ix. figs. 2, 12, and have been supposed to be the foliage of a species of larch, of which _the aments or cones, above described, were the fruit. This opinion is how- ever problematical. ZOOPHYTES. The zoophytes of the chalk marl are neither numerous, nor important. They consist for the most part, of fragments of unknown genera, in which the characters of the original are too imperfectly developed, to allow of accurate determination :—a few of the more perfect specimens are here enumerated. 4. Small turbinated bodies, having a pedicle, the surface covered with circular pores or cells, irregularly disposed. These, bear some analogy to the compound porpital madreporite, but their openings do not appear to possess a stellular structure. Their constituent substance is an earthy oxide of iron. | Localities. Hamsey marl-pits, Stoneham, &c. 5. Aleyonium ? pyriformis. A pyriform body, composed of argillaceous limestone, about two inches long, the surface presenting a spongeous appearance:—resembling in form P 106 GREY CHALK MARL. the alcyonitic flints figured by Mr. Parkinson, Org. Remains, vol. ii, tab. ix. figs. 4, 6, 12. This fossil may be referred to. the genus alcyonium, with less hesita- tion than many of the mineralized zoophytes, to which that name is usually applied. Localities. Hamsey, South Bourne, near Beachy Head. 6. A cylindrical ramose zoophyte, about 0-4 inch in diameter, branches short, distinct, decussatedly opposite *; terminations obtuse, with a central depression. The only specimen hitherto discovered possesses the structure here described, but more perfect examples are necessary to determine its cha- racters. It approaches in some respects to Aleyonium mammillosum, and A. ocellatum of Ellis +. Localities. A marl bank near Malling Gate. 7. Millepora.—— — ? Tab. xv. fig. 10. A ramose, subcylindrical zoophyte; branches distinct, opposite ; ter- minations truncated, bilobed, with rounded entire margins, the centres oblong and depressed; cells irregularly rhomboidal, arranged in parallel rows. The cells are but imperfectly shown, and it is scarcely possible to de- termine their original form with any degree of accuracy. Locality. Marl bank at Stoneham; near the Rev. J. Constable’s, Middleham. 8. Millepora Gilbertz. Foliaceous, flexuous, terminating in projections with oblong openings; each having an spinous obtuse process: surface covered with minute circular pores, irregularly disposed. A very elegant milleporite, composed of crystallized carbonate of lime; not unfrequent in the localities hereafter mentioned. The short spinous * 7. €. arranged crosswise, in four rows. + Ellis’ Zoophytes, one volume, 4to. 1786, tab, i, figs. 4 and 5. GREY CHALK MARL. 107 projection, which proceeds from the margin of the terminations, appears to constitute its specific character. I have named this species in honour of Davies Gilbert, Esq. M. P. V.P.R.S., &c. of Eastbourne, a gentleman universally respected for his public talents, and beloved for the suavity of his manners, and the excel- lence of his private character. Localities. In the cliff near Southerham, and Beachy Head. 9. A flexuous zoophyte, occurring in masses of an oval form, from two to five inches in length. These fossils bear some affinity to the preceding, but those in my pos- session do not exhibit any traces of pores, or cells. They have been supposed to belong to the genus Spongia, but more illustrative examples are required to establish the conjecture. Their constituent substance is calcareous spar. Localities. In'the beds of marl that form a junction with the grey sand, at Southbourne. 10. Portions of a foliaceous zoophyte, allied to the genus Flustra, the surface covered with small, ovate, symmetrical openings, disposed in meshes. Localities. Stoneham, Middleham. ECHINITES. The echinites of the grey marl have their characters but imperfectly defined, and are extricated from the surrounding matrix with great dif- ficulty. Their crustaceous coverings are invariably converted into a brittle crystallized carbonate of lime, and their cavities filled with marl; they are generally distorted by compression, 11. Cidaris. Tab. xvii. fig. 1. Circular, depressed, with ten porous ambulacra, and as many -aree. The surface is covered with twenty rows of small, elegant, perforated papillz, set on tubercular projections, the margins of which are cre- nulated. This fossil appears to be a variety of Echinocidaris savatilis. 1 108 GREY CHALK MARL. Localities. Hamsey, Offham. 12. Echinospatagus cordiformis (of Breyn.) An oblong, cordiform echinite, exceedingly common in the chalk, but of rare occurrence in the marl. Localities. Hamsey, Middleham, Eastbourne. 13. Echinospatagus radiatus ? Organic Remains, vol. iii. tab. iii. figs. 4 and 5. An ovate galeated echinite, very closel allied to the species re- ferred to. Localities. Hamsey, Middleham. 14. Echinital spines. Slender muricated spines, the cucwmerine of Parkinson, are occa- sionally found at Hamsey; and I have one specimen of a palisadoe spine from the same place, which possesses a spathose structure. TESTACEA. Univalves. 15. Voluta ambigua, tab. xviii. fig. 8. Although the specimen here figured is merely a cast of the venter, or lower volution of the shell, its characters are sufficiently obvious to identify it with V. ambigua of the London clay. It is attached to a por- tion of Ammonites varzans. Locality. _Middleham. 16. Buccinum, tab. xvii. fig. 13. The cast of the last wreath of a ventricose univalve, belonging to this genus, is the only example that has come under my notice. Locality. Hamsey. 17. Rostellaria Parkinsoni, tab. xviii. figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10. Subfusiform, wreaths seven or eight, convex, with longitudinal ribs, and numerous transverse strize ; outer lip dilated, armed with one styloid process, beneath which is a broad truncated expansion. ‘This species occurs in the green sand of Devonshire, and is figured in the third volume of “Organic Remains,” plate 5, fig. 11. As it has not received a specific a GREY CHALK MARL. 109 appellation, I have named it after my excellent friend James Parkinson, Esq. M.G.S. &c. of Hoxton Square, the learned author of the “ Organic Remains of a former World.” The specimens figured, although differing from each other in certain particulars, are evidently casts of the same species; the differences ob- servable arising partly from compression, and from the markings of the original shell being more strongly impressed in some examples, than in others. In figures 1 and 5, which are different views of the same specimen, the wreaths are nearly smooth, with the exception of a few imperfect costae. Figures 2 and 4, are nearly flat from compression, and the ribs almost effaced, but the surface is covered with transverse striz. The collection of the Geological Society.contains a large specimen of this kind. Fig. 6. . — oD Ss a 6 a SUS SEX The figures both in the plan and section, refer to the same deposits; the section is in the direction of a line drawn from the south of Sussex, to the north of Kent. Explanation of the Plan, and Section. 1. Tertiary formations; Plastic clay of Newhaven. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. 297 2. 2. Chalk, constituting the South Downs of Sussex, the Surrey hills, and the North Downs of Kent. 3.3. Grey and Blue chalk marl; at Ringmer, near Lewes, on the north of the South Downs; at Bletchingley in Surrey, and Folkstone in Kent, on the south side of the North Downs. 4.4. Green sand, and cherty sandstone; at Eastbourne, south of Lewes, Ditchling, Haslemere, &c. in Sussex ; near Godalming, Reigate, Nutfield, &c. in Surrey ; Folkstone, and Hythe, in Kent. 5.5. Weald clay, containing Sussex marble; Wealds of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent. The localities of the limestone in Sussex, are well known; in Surrey, it occurs at Red-hill, near Reigate; and in Kent, at Bethersden. 6.6. Iron sand, with beds of bivalve limestone; forming the central range of hills on the boundary line of Kent, and Sussex. 7. 'Tilgate limestone, &c. The plan shews the appearance of the strata on the surface, and the manner in which the various formations are disposed in regular succession within the area encircled by the chalk hills, arranging themselves round the central mass of Iron sand. Hence in the section from Newhaven to the Forest ridge, the deposits form a descending series, and are inclined towards the south; thus we have 1. the Plastic clay, 2. the Chalk, 3. the Blue chalk marl, 4. the Green sand, 5. the Weald clay, and 6. the Iron sand. But proceeding from the Forest ridge to Dover, they are passed over in an ascending order, and dip in a contrary direction; the Iron -sand being the first, which is succeeded by the Weald clay, Green sand, Blue chalk marl, and Chalk. Such is the geographical distribution of the strata in Surrey, Kent, and Sussex ; and it is worthy of remark, that the formations on the op- posite coast of France, are disposed in a similar manner, appearing like a continuation of the English beds. The escarpment of the French chalk describes a semicircle of about twelve miles radius, ranging around Bou- Jogne as a centre; the southern extremity, on the coast near Etaples, QQ 298 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. corresponding with the termination of the Sussex Downs, at Beachy head; and the northern point at Calais, with that of the Kentish hills, at Dover. The included area contains beds of Green and Iron sand, but the greater part of the coast is composed of .a calcareo-argillaceous formation, which underlies the sand last mentioned, and is considered by Professor Buckland as identical with the Oxford clay*. This occurrence of the more ancient deposits, within a zone of chalk hills, is a problem exceedingly difficult of solution. From the appearance of the strata, as shewn in the plan and section, one might be almost led to suppose that the chalk, at some remote period, was continuous over the whole extent of country that now forms the counties alluded to, and that by some unknown catastrophe the central mass of chalk had been swept away, and the underlying deposits forced into their present situation. I do not, however, mean to insinuate, that such has actually been the case, but that the mode in which the strata are disposed presents such an appearance ; for although (as an eminent geologist} has remarked), the truncated form of the escarpment of the chalk, evidently shews it to have once extended much farther than at present, still it would be highly rash to assume, that at any period it actually covered the whole space in which the inferior strata are denuded. We shall now proceed to take a rapid sketch of the geological features of the several formations previously described, that their most important characters may be placed in a conspicuous point of view. 1. The Iron sand (p. 24), requires but a brief notice. It has been shewn to consist of various strata of sand and sandstone, including beds of ironstone (p. 28), shelly limestone (p. 30), and coal (p. 34). The lime- stone bears a considerable resemblance to the upper beds of the Purbeck, and is supposed to form the base, upon which the iron sand rests; yet there is reason to conclude that in some instances (p. 33), these deposits alternate. The shells enclosed in the limestone are wholly bivalve ; some * Vide Phillips’ Geological Outlines, p.155. + Rev. W. D. Conybeare, Phillips’ Outlines, p. 144, CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. 299 resemble a species of Tellina, or Nucula, and others are supposed to belong to the genus Cyréné; but whether they are of fresh water, or of marine origin, has not been satisfactorily determined. The beds of Coal appear to be of very limited extent, and not likely to be sufficiently productive for economical purposes; their occurrence in such a situation, is, however, highly interesting to the geologist, and proves how much the existence of a deposit may depend upon local causes. The organic remains are but few; traces of lignite or charred wood occur in the Iron sand; impressions of ferns, in the coal shale; and the casts and remains of bivalves, in the limestone. 2. Tilgate Limestone, &c. (p. 37). The strata designated by this name, are fully described in the body of the work; in this place it is only necessary to recapitulate the more important points. These deposits consist of thin beds of limestone and sandstone, which repose on Blue clay, and correspond in so many particulars with the Purbeck, that there is every reason to conclude they belong to that formation, and form a protrusion through the Iron sand by which they are surrounded (vide p- 58). They contain the remains of four or five species of vegetables, bearing a distant resemblance to recent tropical plants; nine or ten kinds of univalves and bivalves; several genera and species of fishes; three species of Turtle; and one or more gigantic animals of the lizard tribe, besides the bones, teeth, &c. of unknown animals, and perhaps of birds ? The remains of turtles, fishes, lizards, &e. occur in the Purbeck lime- stone, and the latter also corresponds in its chemical characters with that of Tilgate; it therefore appears unnecessary to renew the discussion on their supposed identity; and I shall only remark, that the fossils collected since the former part of this volume was written, serve to confirm the opinion therein advanced. 3. The Weald clay (p. 61), is characterized by the Sussex TAR, which has commonly been supposed to be of fresh water origin, from the presumption, that the univalves it contains, are related to the recent Helix vivipara. But if the observations of Mr. G. B. Sowerby (vide Qar 300 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. p- 67), are correct, (and his opinions on the subject are entitled to con- siderable deference), the hypothesis is untenable, since he believes that the shells in question possess neither the form nor structure of fresh water shells, but bear a close resemblance to a species of marine Turbo, allied to T. littoreus. 4. The Green sand (p. 69), with its beds and concretions of cherty sandstone, exhibits considerable variety, both in colour, and in the nature of its materials ; it is, however, clearly identified with the Chlorite sand of Wiltshire by its organic remains, consisting of more than twenty kinds of fossil shells, most of which also occur in the same deposit in Devonshire and Wiltshire (p. 78). In some instances, the sandstone is strongly impregnated with bitumen (p. 76) ; in others, it contains fragments of petrified wood (p. 76) *. . 5. The Blue chalk marl or Galt (p. 80), is a remarkable division of the chalk formation; and although not always present, yet wherever it . does occur, maintains a striking uniformity, both in its mineralogical characters, and organic remains. It contains two or three species of Turbinolia; more than thirty kinds of testaceee, which in most instances retain their shelly coverings in a beautiful state of preservation; five species of crustacea; and the scales, teeth, and vertebree of fishes. Many of these fossils are peculiar to this deposit; namely, Turbinolia Konigii, Cirrus plicatus, Rostellaria carinata, Nautilus iequalis, Ammonites splendens, Hamites attenuatus, Nucula pectinata, Inoceramus concentricus, I. sulcatus, &e. and the crustacea. The “Malin Rock” of western Sussex (p. 84), is evidently a con- tinuation of the same bed, but somewhat altered in its characters by the influence of local causes. 6. The Grey chalk marl (p. 99), is co-extensive with the chalk, appearing throughout the county, on the inner edge of the escarpment of the Downs. Its organic remains are very numerous: those discovered * Ihave lately obtained several examples of fossil wood, from the Blue marl of Folkstone ; and these so closely resemble the specimens found at Willingdon (described at page 76), thatit is not improbable the latter may also belong to the lower beds of that formation. 2 a CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. 301 in the vicinity of Lewes consist of wood, supposed Juli of the Larch, im- pressions of leaves, seven kinds of Zoophytes, several species of Echinites, upwards of fifty species of univalves and bivalves, and the remains of fishes, and crustacea. Of these, the Scaphites, Turrilites, Hamites, and the supposed Juli, are the most remarkable. 7. The Upper and Lower chalk (pp. 139 and 143), form the South Downs; their characters are too well known to require farther notice. They contain wood; impressions of supposed vegetable bodies; nearly thirty different kinds of Zoophytes ; Star fish ; fifteen species of Echinites ; fifty species of univalves and bivalves ; four species of crustacea ; eighteen or more kinds of fishes; and the remains of a species of Monitor. The strata comprised in the preceding sketch have manifestly, with but few exceptions, been formed by gradual deposition at the bottom of tranquil seas; the zoophytes and shell-fish having in all probability been enveloped, while living in their native beds. It is also evident, that these formations took place at periods sufficiently remote from each other, to allow of the consolidation of the inferior beds, before the upper ones were deposited; the line of separation being always distinctly marked, and the inhabitants of each formation, essentially differing from those contained in the strata either above, or below it. 8. The Tertiary formations have been described (p. 250), as lying in a basin, or hollow of the chalk; hence it is cbvious, that the latter must have suffered considerable destruction subsequently to its consolidation ; and the immense quantity of rolled chalk flints that occur in the Plastic and London clay, not only confirms that supposition, but also tends to prove that a considerable period must have intervened between the deposition of the chalk, and that of the strata under consideration. The beds comprehended in this division are the Druid sandstone, Plastic clay, and the London clay, and Sandstone. The Druid sandstone (p. 253), appears to have anciently extended over a considerable portion of the English chalk, but now only occurs in the state of large boulders, which in most instances lie bare on the surface of the Downs. It is supposed that this sandstone did not form a. 302 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. continuous bed*, but was originally imbedded in sand, like the masses of “Whin stone” in western Sussex (vide p. 71). It is destitute of organic remains. The Plastic clay (p. 256), consists of various beds of marl, sand, clay, and gravel; the lowermost constituting a ferruginous breccia, which lies immediately on the chalk. Castle hill, near Newhaven, and Chimting Castle east of Seaford, are the principal localities of these deposits in Sussex. This formation contains aluminite, crystallized sulphate of lime, surturbrand, wood, the impression of the foliage of a species of Platanus, fruit of the Palm? shells of the genera Cerithium, Helix, Mactra, Unio, Cytherea, Cyclas, and Ostrea; a shell which is supposed to be a fresh water bivalve (p. 264), and the teeth of a species of Shark. The analogues of these beds appear on the opposite coast near Dieppe, where strata of sand, sandstone, and Plastic clay, are seen lying upon the chalk (p. 266) #-. The London clay (p. 267), is confined to the south-western part of the county. At Bracklesham it abounds in fossil shells, which exactly correspond with those of Hordwell in Hampshire, and Grignon near Paris; nearly forty species have been discovered. The Limestone constitutes several groups of rocks, near Bognor and Selsea, (p. 271), and appears to be decidedly analogous to the calcaire grossier of Paris. It contains nearly twenty shells, peculiar to that deposit. These Tertiary formations closely correspond with the lower beds of the Paris basin, and are without doubt detached portions of a series of strata, deposited under similar circumstances in that excavation of the English chalk, which geologists distinguish by the name of the Isle of Wight basin. * Phillips’ Outlines, p. 14. + That Great Britain was formerly united to the continent can scarcely be questioned ; ‘indeed, as Mr. Phillips observes, “the many remarkable points of agreement between the opposite coasts of France and England, render the supposition too reasonable to be ranked among mere hypotheses ; their separation was, in all probability, occasioned by an irruption of the sea, which washed away the connecting mass.” Vide Geological Transactions, Vol. v. p. 51. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. 303 Here then we have undeniable proofs of another deposition of regular strata, formed by a sea in a state of tranquillity, having been broken up and almost annihilated by some sudden and powerful catastrophe. 9. The Diluvian accumulations of sand, gravel, clay, pebbles, &c. (p. 275) promiscuously distributed over the surface of the country, and occa- sionally including the remains of Elephants, and other land quadrupeds, (p. 283), afford also conclusive evidence, that some general irruption of water has taken place subsequently to the deposition of the most recent of the regular strata. To the same cause may likewise be ascribed, the present form and appearance of the surface of the earth, the rounded outlines of our hills, and the vallies, coombes, and sinuosities, by which they are intersected. For if there be any one fact thoroughly established by geological in- vestigations, it is the circumstance, that our globe has been overwhelmed at a comparatively recent period, by the waters of a transient deluge*. From the facts that have been presented to our notice, the following inferences naturally arise: 1stly. That the strata composing the county of Sussex, have been formed at different periods, by successive depositions at the bottom of tranquil seas +. 2dly. That the waters which deposited these formations were in- habited by shell-fish, zoophytes, fishes, &c., the greater part of which were not only essentially distinct from any that are known in a recent state, but many of them are confined to certain deposits. 3dly. That one of these formations (the Tilgate beds) contain the re- * Vide Cuvier's Theory of the Earth, (translated by Jameson), p. 171. Mr. Greenough’s Critical Examination of the First Principles of Geology, p. 155. Professor Buckland on the Quartz Rock, §c. Geological Transactions, Vol. v. p. 544. + The absence of all traces of land animals and vegetables in these beds, does not however appear to warrant the inference, that the former were not then in existence. For if we suppose that after the deposition of the Iron sand, the sea retired, and the surface of that formation be- came clothed with vegetation, and inhabited by animals; may it not be presumed, that if the ap- proach of the next ocean was gradual, the advance and retrocession of its waves might destroy all traces of the land and its productions, before the water covered the surface to a sufficient depth, to allow of the tranquil deposition of the Weald clay? This remark equally applies to the other secondary formations. 304 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. mains of shells, fishes, Palms, arborescent ferns, Turtles, gigantic Lizards, and unknown quadrupeds; an assemblage of organic remains, for which it is difficult to account, unless we suppose, that the bed in which they are enclosed was deposited by a river, or lake of fresh water. Athly. That the chalk subsequently to its consolidation has suffered extensive destruction; the upper beds having been swept away, and ex- tensive basins formed on its surface. 5thly. That the excavations, or basins of the chalk, have been filled up by a series of depositions, possessing very different characters to any that preceded them; and which in some places (Isle of Wight, Paris, &c.) consist of alternations of marine, and fresh water deposits. 6thly. 'That these newer depositions have also been broken up, and in a great measure destroyed, by an irruption of water in a state of violent commotion; a catastrophe to whose powerful agency the present form of the surface of the earth, and the accumulations of beds of gravel, SH, &e. are to be attributed. 7thly. That it is only among these last and newest deposits, the wrecks of ancient formations, that the remains of the Elephant, Deer, Horse, and other land quadrupeds, have hitherto been discovered. Lastly, That the present effects of the ocean appear to be wholly inadequate to produce changes like those which have formerly taken place. Hence it appears, that in the lapse of ages, the sea alternately encroaches on, and retreats from the land, and the districts it formerly occupied become the habitation of terrestrial animals and vegetables ; but other revolutions succeed, the sea returns to its ancient bed, and the countries from which it retires, are again fitted for the reception of their former inhabitants. Thus, as an elegant writer* has remarked, to discover order and intel- ligence in scenes of apparent wildness and confusion, is the pleasing task of the geological enquirer, who recognizes in the changes which are con- tinually taking place on the surface of the globe, a series of awful but * Dr. Paris. Q CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. 305 necessary operations, by which the harmony, beauty, and integrity of the universe are maintained and perpetuated ; and which must be regarded, not as symptoms of frailty or decay, but as wise provisions of the Supreme Cause, to ensure that circle of changes so essential to animal and vegetable existence. Mysterious round! what skill, what force divine Deep felt in these appear! Were every falt’ring tongue of man, Almighty Father! silent in thy praise, Thy works themselves would raise a general voice, Even in the depths of solitary wilds, By human foot untrod, proclaim thy power. ] j - ’ ; Be GE ie aa in % i ra i os 4s a i a rs AOERA Vi rans hens : He any "a : Safety pyre, bre $e i = Be) ae 14 ee a ' ‘ . te eR , Alaa Bigs baecchicpsiad * ..: 7 A i ¢ ee ‘oe A 7 ; uk fa Pgiarils dei delve Ubdie aaphtes ‘svat wig ae sak tend Ltswesatet a geal) bi e sale te ' " f el ; de rer a ’ & * f ; C Z / : iW ¥ a " : = 2 : , | is | = eae ‘ipa’ Ma sungod yr ; : Na ; oa | ¥i it) ay fualis { ' Ra sa Varma ani. dees get lucent) coe . f : z bs : v etHine qe vstiton te hilt 1 ibedh £ q ¥q re es, ; ity: mbit Jie file 24h ‘ 307 A Catalogue of the Organic Remaims described in this Volume, to which Generic and SpecificeNames have been appropriated by the Author. ZooPuytes. Aleyonium pyriformis. Choanites, (a new genus, the name suggested by Mr. Konig). Jflexuosus. Konigii. subrotundus. Madrepora centralis. Marsupites, (a new genus). Milleri. Millepora Gilbertz. Spongus, (a new genus, formed by Mr. Konig)- labyrinthicus. Townsendi. Spongia ramosa. Turbinolia Konigiz. Ventriculites, (a new genus). - alcyonoides. ———— Benettie. — gquadrangularis. — radiatus. Ecutnites. Cidaris Konigiz. Conulus subrotundus. Spatangus planus. rostratus. TESTACES. Univalves. Ammonites dzplicatus. — catinus. — cinctus. complanatus. curvatus. falcatus. Lewesiensis. —_— Ammonites navicularis. peramplus. Sussexiensis. — tuberculatus. Woollgari. Ampullaria canaliculata. Belemnites Listerz. Cirrus granulatus. perspectivus. Hamites alternatus. baculoides. ellipticus. Rostellaria carinata. Parkinson. Scaphites, costatus. striatus. Solarium canaliculatum. Trochus linearis. Turrilites undulatus. Vermicularia Bognoriensis. Sowerbzz. Bivalves. Cardium asperulum. — decussatum. Dianchora obliqua. Fistulana pyriformis. Inoceramus Brongniarti. Cripsit. latus. striatus. tenuis. undulatus. Websteri. Nucula ovata. Pecten nitida. laminosa. —— triplicata. RRQ 308 Plagiostoma aspera. Hoperi. Terebratula Martini. squamosa. striatula. subplicata. sulcata. Venus Ringmeriensis. Brightoniensis. CRusTACEA. Astacus Leachiz. FisHes. Amia? Leweszensis. Esox Lewesiensis. Murezna Lewesiensis. Salmo Leweszensis. 309 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. TABLET I. Geological map of the south-eastern part of Sussex. TABLET IL. Fig. 1. View from a mill, west of Lewes, exhibiting a profile of the chalk hills to the south of the town, and the situation of the “ R/ies” in the levels, see page 20. Fig. 2. View from the eastern brow of Mount Harry, west of Lewes; shewing the general form of the chalk hills in the south-eastern part of Sussex. Fig. 3. Profile of Cliff Hills, near Lewes ; with a section. TABLET III. Fig. 1. Plan of the stratification of the county of Sussex. The Tilgate beds are not introduced, as their position was unknown when this plate was engraved. ‘The “dimestone in clay” resting on the ferruginous sand, refers to the Framfield limestone; but its situation is incorrect, for subsequent observations have shewn that it alternates with the iron-sand *. Fig. 2. Section from Lewes to the Black Boys. The situation of the limestone near Eason’s green, is hypothetical ; see the remark on fig. 1. Fig. 3. Section of the iron sand, and limestone beds, in the parish of Framfield; the strata have not been perforated to a sufficient depth to shew their relative position, p. 32. TABLET IV. Fig. 1. Vertical section of Brighton cliffs, p. 277. Fig. 2. Cliffs east of Brighton, p. 279. Fig. 3, Fissures in the chalk at Falmer, filled with clay, and the detritus of the breccia of the Plastic clay, p. 151. * Limestone, similar to that of Framfield, and Ashburnham, and enclosing the same kind of testacer, may be observed alternating with Iron sand, in a quarry near Winchelsea. ~ 310 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. TABLET V. Fig. 1. Strata between Brighton and Rottingdean, p. 281. Fig. 2. Strata to the west of Rottingdean, p. 282. Fig. 3. The landing-place at Rottingdean, p. 282. TABLET VI. (The frontispiece). Natural section of the Plastic clay beds at Castle Hill, west of Newhaven, p. 257. No. 1. Diluvium, consisting of sand and pebbles. 2. Bed of oyster shells. 3. Blue clay containing broken bivalves, chiefly of the genera Cytherea and Cyrene. 4, Blue clay, enclosing immense quantities of univalves of the genus Cerithium ; and sharks’ teeth. . Reddish brown marl, containing remains of shells and vegetables; see the spe- cimens delineated in 'Tab. viii. Or 6. A seam of surturbrand ox lignite. 7. Blue clay, including crystals of sulphate of lime, &c. 8. Sand. 9. Breccia of green sand and pebbles. 0. Ochraceous clay, containing hydrate and subsulphate of Alumine. 1. The summit of the chalk cliffs. TABLET VII. View of the chalk pit at Southerham, near Lewes, shewing the dip of the Lower chalk, p. 140. For this sketch I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Warren Lee. TABLET VIII. Specimens of ved marl from the Plastic clay beds at Castle Hill, containing the remains and impressions of the foliage of unknown vegetables, allied to the Platanus orientalis ; and casts of shells of the genera Cerithium, Cyclas, and Unio, p. 262. TABLET IX. Supposed vegetable bodies from the Chalk and Chalk Marl. Fig. 1. The remains of a winged seed? in chalk, p. 158. Figs. 2. 12. Linear markings, resembling the foliage of a species of Pinus, p. 157. Figs. 3. 6. 9. 10. Unknown fossil bodies from the chalk, generally supposed to be the remains of aments or cones, p. 158. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 311 Figs. 4. 5. 7. 8. 11. Supposed aments or cones of a species of Larch, from Hamsey; p- 103. TABLET X. Flints of various shapes, deriving their forms from Ventriculites radiatus, p. 170. TABLET XI. Two specimens of Ventriculites radiatus, in which the lower part of the funnel-like cavity is filled with flint; the upper portion being expanded on the chalk, p. 171. TABLET XII. Fig. 1. Annular flint formed in a Ventriculite, p. 172. Fig. 2. A Ventriculite in chalk, exhibiting the external surface, and the ramifications of the radical processes, p. 172. TABLET XIII. Fig. 1. A flint deriving its form from Ventriculites radiatus, p. 173. Figs. 2. 3. 5. Chalk specimens of the stirps, or inferior part of Ventriculites radiatus, p- 173. Fig. 4. A Ventriculite with the inferior portion enclosed in flint, and the upper part exposed on the chalk, p. 173. Fig. 6. Magnified representation of part of the external integument of fig. 2. TABLET XIV. Specimens of Ventriculites radiatus expanded on the chalk, p. 173. Fig. 1. The internal surface studded with numerous perforated papillz. Fig. 2. The external surface. TABLET XV. Fig. 1. Choanites flexuosus, p. 179. Fig. 2. ———— subrotundus, p. 179. ig. 3. Ventriculites Benettia, p. 177. Fig. 4. Section of a fossil zoophyte related to the Alcyonia, p. 162. Fig. 5. Turbinated alcyonite, p. 161. Fig. 6. Ventriculites quadrangularis, p. 177. Fig. 7. Spongus labyrinthicus, p. 165. Fig. 8. Siliceous cast of a branched coral, from the centre of a flint, p. 163. 312 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 9. Siliceous specimen of Spongus Townsendi, p. 164. Fig. 10. Fossil coral, supposed to belong to the genus Millepora; from the chalk marl, p- 106. Fig. 11. Spongia vamosa, p. 162. TABLET XVI Fig. 1. A Belemnite from the chalk at Brighton, p. 201. Figs. 2. 4. Madrepora centralis, p. 159. Figs. 3. 12. Entrochites ; or portions of the column of Apiocrinites ellipticus, p. 182. Fig. 5. Hamites armatus, p. 121. Fig. 6. Marsupites Mzilerz, shewing the pectoral plates in situ, p. 183. Fig. 7. The semilunar depression on the upper margin of the scapula in M. Miller7. Fig. 8. The outer surface of the clavicle of M. Millerz. Fig. 9. Clavicle and humerus of M. Millerz. Fig. 10. Octaédral sulphuret of iron, from the Upper chalk, near Lewes, p. 155. Fig. 11. A group of crystals of sulphuret of iron, from the Lower chalk, near Lewes, p. 140° _ Figs. 15, 14. Detached plates of Marsupites Millerz, p. 185. Fig. 15. Marsupites M7lleri, p. 184. Fig. 16. Singular form of sulphuret of iron, from the chalk at Steyning, p. 153. Fig. 17, 18. Siliceous specimens of a Zoophyte of a pyriform shape, the nature of which is unknown, p. 162. Fig. 19. Choanites Konigiz, p. 179. Fig. 20. Vertical section of the same. Fig. 21. Transverse section of the same. Figs. 22, 23, 24. Different views of a species of Lunulites? p. 180. TABLET XVII. Fig. 1. A species of Cidaris, allied to C. saxatilis; from the grey chalk marl, p- 107. Fig. 2. Siliceous cast of Cidaris corol/aris, p. 199. Fig. 3. Cerithium melanoides, from the Plastic clay, p. 263. Fig. 4. ———— funatum, p. 263. Figs. 5,6. Detached specimens of the univalves contained in the Sussex marble; and described by, Mr. Sowerby under the name of Vivipara fluviorum, p. 67. Fig. 7. A polished slab of Sussex marble, p. 64. Fig. 8. Conulus albogalerus, p. 190. Fig. 9. Spatangus planus, p. 192. Fig. 10. rostratus, p. 192. _ Figs. 11. 14. Echinital spines, belonging to Cidaris claviger, p. 194. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 313 Fig. 12. Spines referable to Cidaris sceptrifera, p. 194. Fig. 13. Spine of Cidaris papillata, p. 194. Fig. 15. Conulus subrotundus, p. 191. albogalerus; the acute variety, p. 190. Fig. 17. Front view of Spatangus rostratus. Fig. 18. The base of Conulus subrotundus. Fig. 19. —————— albogalerus, var. acuta. Fig. 20. The base of fig. 8. Fig. 21. The base of Spatangus planus. Figs. 22, 28. Different views of a species of Spatangus from Brighton; allied to S. prunella, p. 193. TABLET XVII. Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10. Views of various specimens of Rostellaria Parkinson, from the chalk marl, p. 108. Fig. 3. Cast of Auricula s¢mulata, p. 111. Fig. 7. Trochus agglutinans ? p. 109. Fig. 8. Voluta ambigua, attached to a fragment of an Ammonite, p. 108. Fig. 9. Trochus, related to T. agglutinans, p. 109. Fig. 11. Cast of a species of Ampullaria, p. 111. Fig. 12. Cirrus perspectivus, p. 194. Fig. 13. Portion of an unknown species of Buccinum, p. 108. Figs. 14,15. Vermicularia Sowerbiz, p. 111. Fig. 16. A distorted specimen of Trochus linearis, p. 110. Fig. 17. Trochus linearis, p. 110. Figs. 18, 22. Different views of Cirrus depressus, p. 195. Figs. 19, 20. A species of Helix, from the Plastic clay at Castle Hill, p. 263. Fig. 21. View of the base and umbilicus of Cirrus perspectivus. Fig. 23. A species of Teredo, p. 207. Fig, 24. Vermicularia wmbonata, p. 111. TABLET XIX. The whole of the fossils represented in this plate, with the exception of figs. 1, 2, 3, and 34, are from the Blue chalk marl, near Lewes. Fig. 1. Cast of a species of Pecten or Plagiostoma, p. 129. Figs. 2, 3. Auricula incrassata, from the Grey chalk marl, p. 110. Fig. 4. Dentalium striatum, p. 87. Fig. 5. Cast of Nucula pectinata, p. 94. Figs. 6, 9. Perfect specimens of Nucula pectinata. 314 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Figs. ‘7, 8. Casts of unknown bivalves, p. 96. Figs. 10, 11, 12, 14. Various specimens of Rostellaria carinata, p. 86. Fig. 13. Ampullaria canaliculata, p. 87. Fig. 15. The beaked part of the lower valve of Inoceramus concentricus, p. 99. Fig. 16, Inoceramus sulcatus, p. 95. Figs. 17, 18. Belemnites Listeri, p. 88. Fig. 19. Inoceramus concentricus, p. 95. Fig. 20. A specimen of Inoceramus, shewing the crenulated hinge, p. 96. Fig. 21. Dentalium ellzpticum, p. 87. Fig. 22. The upper surface of Turbinolia Konzg7z, p. 85. Fig. 23. Variety of Belemnites Listeri, p. 88. Fig. 24. View of the base of Turbinolia Konzgiz, p. 85. Fig. 25. Cast of the interior of Dentalium ellipticum, p. 87. Figs. 26, 27. Nucula ovata, p. 94. Fig. 28. An unknown species of Dentalium, p. 87. Figs. 29, 30. Hamites attenuatus, p. 93. Figs. 31, 32. Probably a species of Natica, p. 87. Fig. 33. Cast of a species of Arca? or Nucula? Fig. 34. Auricula incrassata, p. 110. TABLET XX. Fig. 1. Nautilus elegans, from the Grey chalk marl at Middleham, p. 112. Fig. 2. Ammonites Sussexiensis, from Hamsey, p. 114. = TABLET XXI. Nautili, and Ammonites, from the chalk, and chalk marl, near Lewes. Figs. 1, 4, 8. Casts of Nautilus elegans, in a young state, p. 113. Figs. 2, 5, 7. Varieties of Ammonites varians, p. 115. Fig. 3. Ammonites planus, from the Blue marl, p. 90. Fig. 6. Ammonites falcatus, p. 1177. Fig. 9. Costated variety of Ammonites Mantelli, p. 113. Fig. 10. Ammonites Sussexiensis, p. 114. Fig. 11. - lautus, from the Blue marl, p. 91. Fig. 12. A portion of Ammonites falcatus, shewing the ambit, p. 118. Fig. 13. Fragment of Ammonites splendens, p. 89. Figs. 14, 15. Nautilus znequalzs, p. 88. Fig. 16. Ammonites Woollgari, p. 197. Fig. 17. A cast of A. splendens, p. 89. Fig. 18. Ammonites curvatus, p. 118. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 315 TABLET XXII. Ammonites, and Scaphites, from the chalk and chalk marl, near Lewes. Fig. 1. Ammonites Mantelli, p. 113. Fig. 2. ————— Lewesiensis, p. 199. Figs. 3, 4, 9, 11, 13. Various specimens of re SUES, p- 119. Fig. 5. Ammonites cdtinus, p. 198. a °“ Fig. 6. ————— biplicatus, from the Blue sii p- 91. Fig. 7. ————— Woollgari, ina young state, p. 197. Figs. 8, 12. Scaphites costatus, p. 120. Fig. 10. Ammonites catinus, p. 198. Figs. 14, 15. Different views of a pyritous cast of the inner volutions of Scaphites strzatus, p. 119. Fig. 16. Section of a cast of Scaphites striatus. TABLET XXIII. Hamites, and Turrilites, from the chalk marl in the vicinity of Lewes. Figs. 1, 2. Hamites plicatilis, p. 121. Fig. 3. View of the foliaceous structure of the septa in Hamites armatus, p. 121. Fig. 4. Hamites armatus, from the grey marl at Hamsey. Fig. 5. Fragment of a large Hamite, p. 12]. Figs. 6,7. Hamites baculoides, p. 123. Figs. 8, 13. Portions of Hamites attenuatus, p. 122. Fig. 9. Hamites ellipticus, p. 122. Figs. 10, 11. Hamites alternatus, p. 122. Fig. 12. Hamites intermedius; from the Blue marl, p. 93. Figs. 14, 16. Turrilites undulatus, p. 124. Fig. 15. ————— costatus, p. 123. TABLET XXIV. Turrilites from the Grey chalk marl, near Lewes. Figs. 1, 4, 5. Turrilites costatus, p. 123. Fig. 2. View of the base of a wreath of Turrilites tuberculatus, p. 124. Fig. 3. A variety of T. tuberculatus, p. 124. Fig. 6. Perspective view of a specimen of T. zuberculatus. Fig. 7. Turrilites twberculatus, from Middleham; exposing the situation of the siphun- - culus, p. 124, Fig. 8. A very fine specimen of Turrilites undulatus, from Hamsey, shewing the rounded termination of the columella, p. 124. ssQ 316 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, TABLET XXV. Fig. 1. Dianchora odliqua, p. 206. Fig. 2. Cytherea scutellaria ? from the Plastic clay, p. 263. Fig. 3. Cardium decussatum, p. 126. Fig. 4, Ostrea, p. 206. Fig. 5. Venus? Ringmeriensis, p. 126. Fig. 6. Pecten; the species unknown, p. 203. Figs. 7, 8, 12. Different views of Terebratula striatula, from Hamsey, p. 131. Fig. 9. Pecten triplicata, p. 128. Fig. 10. quinquecostata, p. 128. Fig. 11. Beaveri, p. 127. Fig. 13. Lower jaw of Esox Lewesiensis, in a young state, p. 238. Fig. 14. Pecten; the species unknown, p. 203. Fig. 15. Plagiostoma Brightoniensis, p. 204. TABLET XXVI. Figs. 1, 4, 9. Pecten nitida, p. 202. Figs. 2, 3, 15. Plagiostoma Hoperi, p. 204. Figs. 5, 6, 11. Terebratula subplicata, p. 211. Fig. 7. Pecten, from Hamsey mar! pit, p. 129. Figs. 8. 22. Pecten /aminosa, p. 128. Fig. 10. Plagiostoma spznosa, p. 203. Fig. 12. Dianchora obliqua, p. 206. Figs. 13, 16, 17. Plicatula spznosa, p. 129. Fig. 14. Lower valve of Pecten guinquecostata, p. 201. Fig. 18. Plagiostoma? aspera, p. 129. Fig. 19. Inner surface of the flat valve of pecten quinquecostata, p. 201. Fig. 20. Pecten quinquecostata, p. 201. Fig. 21. Inner surface of the flat, or adherent valve, of Dianchora Jata, p. 220. TABLET XXVII. Fig. 1. Inoceramus Lamarckii, p. 214. Fig. 2. ———_——. Websteri, p. 216. Fig. 3. Variety of I. mytilloides, p. 215. Fig. 4. Fragment of the hinge of I. Cuvierz, p. 213. 4 Fig. 5. Inoceramus striatus, p. 217. 6 undulatus, p. 217. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 317 Fig. 7. Siliceous casts of cells formed in the shell of an Inoceramus by some parasitical animal, p. 218. ig. 8. Inoceramus Brongniarti, p. 214. . 9. —————,, the species not determined, p. 217. . 10. ——_————_ latus, p. 216. . 11. ———_——_ Cripsii, p. 133. cole feolnerleee| gq’ dq” 0 0g” TABLET XXVIII. Fig. 1. Inoceramus Cuvier, p. 213. Fig. 2. ——————_ mzyftilloides, p. 215. Fig. 3. ——————, probably a variety of I. Brongniarti, p. 214. Fig. 4. Upper and under valve of I. Cuvieri, p. 213. TABLET XXIX. Remains of various species of Crustacea. Figs. 1, 4. Chelate hand-claw of Astacus Leachii, p. 221. Fig, 2. Cast of the thorax of a species of Cancer, p. 223. Fig. 3. Chelate hand-claw of a species of Cancer, p. 223. Fig. 5. A block of chalk, containing part of a claw, leg, and several detached spines, of Astacus Leachii ; in the upper part of this specimen the remains of a fish are imbedded, p. 222. Fig. 6. The tongue of Amia Lewesiensis, p. 241. The following are from the Blue chalk marl, near Lewes. Figs. 7, 8, 14. A species of Cancer allied to the genus arcania, p. 96. Figs. 9, 10. A species belonging to the family Corystzde, p. 97. Figs. 11, 12. A species of Etyus, p. 97. Figs. 13, 15, 16. Species of Corystes, p. 97. TABLET XXX. Fig. 1. The tail and part of the abdomen of Astacus Leachiz, p. 222. Fig. 2. The two chelate hand-claws of A. Leachiz, p. 221. Fig. 3. The chelate hand-claw of an unknown species of Astacus, p. 223. TABLET XXXL. Fig. 1. On the left of this specimen is a portion of the thorax of Astacus Leachii, and on the right, a claw deprived of one of its pincers, p. 222. Fig. 2. Cast of the thorax of A. Leachii, p. 223. Fig. 3. The thorax of the same, flattened by compression. Fig. 4. The most perfect specimen of Astacus Leachii hitherto discovered. 318 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. a. The head. 6. The thorax. c. One of the long setaceous antenne. d. The squamous peduncle of the same. e. One of the anterior legs, with its didactylous termination. Ff. The hand-claws, and pincers. TABLET XXXII. Teeth of various kinds of fishes from the chalk formation, near Lewes. Fig. 1. Tooth of Squalus cornubicus, p. 226. Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6,9, 11. Teeth of Squalus mustelus, p. 226. Figs. 4, 7, 8, 10, 26, 28. ———___——. zygena, p. 227. Figs. 12, 14, 15, 16. ————————. galeus, p. 227. Fig. 13. Tooth of an unknown species of Squalus, p. 227. Figs. 17, 21, 27. Teeth of an unknown fish, allied to the genus Diodon, p. 231. Figs. 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29. Teeth of fishes allied to the genus Diodon, p. 231. Fig. 22. Tooth of a species of Squalus, p. 227. TABLET XXXIII. Fig. 1. Tooth of an animal of the Lizard tribe, p. 246. Figs. 2, 3, 4. Teeth of Esox Leweszensis, p. 238. Figs. 5, 6. Spines of a species of Balistes, p. 229. Fig. 7. Tooth of an unknown fish, p. 228. Fig. 8. Tooth resembling the incisors of Anarhicas lupus. Fig. 9. Tooth of a species of Squalus, p. 227. Fig. 10. Vertebra of a species of Squalus, p. 225. Fig. 11. Part of the valve of a species of Balanus, p. 220. Fig. 12. The head of Salmo Leweszensis, p. 236. Fig. 13. A posterior dorsal vertebra of the Fossil Monitor of Maestricht, p. 242. TABLET XXXIV. Figs. 1. 3. Scales of an unknown fish, p. 237. Fig. 2. A scale with its process of attachment, p. 237. Fig. 4. Leg of an unknown crustaceous animal, p. 224. ae 5. Lozenge-shaped scales, p. 237. Fig. 6. A detached scale of Salmo Lewesiensis, p. 237. . Fig. 7. Part of the head of Amia? Lewesiensis, with the tongue remaining in situ, p. 241. Fig. 8. A portion of the dorsal fin of a fish, allied to the Balistes, p. 931. Fig. 9. Fragment of a claw of Astacus Leachiz, flattened by compression, p. 223. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 319 Fig. 10. Imperfect specimen of a fish from Hamsey, p. 133. Fig. 11. Part of the body of Murzena Lewesiensis, exhibiting traces of a fin, p. 232. TABLET XXXV. Specimens of Zeus Leweszensis, in chalk. Fig. 1. Part of the body, exhibiting several vertebre and ribs. Fig. 2. This specimen is the counterpart of the fossil represented in Tab. XXXVI. it shews the anal fin, the termination of the lower jaw, &c. p- 284. TABLET XXXVI. The most perfect example of Zeus Leweszensis hitherto discovered ; it exhibits part of the opercula branchialia, the dorsal, and anal fin, and the tail, p- 234. TABLET XXXVIL. A fine specimen of the body of Amia? Lewesiensis. a. The anterior dorsal fin. b. The posterior dorsal fin. c. One of the ventral fins, vide p. 240. TABLET XXXVIII. A specimen of Amia Lewesiensis, exhibiting its internal structure, p. 240. a. The inferior margin of the orbit. b. The maxilla, with two teeth in the upper jaw. c. The impression of one of the opercula branchialia. d. One of the ventral fins. e.e.e. The air bladder, TABLET XXXIX. A dorsal fin, or radius, of a fish allied to the genus Balistes, from the Upper chalk, near Lewes, p. 229. TABLET XL. Fig. 1. The body of Salmo Lewesiensis, p. 235. Fig. 2. The usual appearance of the specimens of Mureena Lewesiensis, p. 232. Fig. 3. Dorsal fin of a fish allied to the Balistes, p. 230. . airs TABLET XLL Fig. 1. The lower jaw, containing twelve teeth, of Esox Leweséensis, p. 237. 320 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 2. Front view of the anterior teeth of the above. Fig. 3. Two posterior caudal vertebra of the Fossil Monitor of Maestricht, p. 242. TABLET XLII. The lower jaw, (containing twelve teeth), incisor teeth, one of the vertebra, and a bone of some unknown marine animal, p. 241. *> It was the intention of the Author to have subjoined a systematical catalogue of the fossils described in this volume, with copious references to other works, and a list of synonymes ; but he has been compelled to abandon the design, having already exceeded the limits assigned him by his publisher. 59S IS YMouLjOG-g $6 Obef HUEDLBOYNT PUL, aounysyp porLo7nLoy Jo a7oo$- ip (E 1 apwyaug Ua 9 $ _ pen uty YG OSS 5S ROAD PPL, 2120 TT) Pung waly QMO UG Ee DOU 4¥TOUD UOQUULOT- 4 OY VT) AOD-ONSOLT eal UNIAN "FAS" “YSLoIY TO 3PO PUM TL ; "Y ustia ee oa 7 PAV OY as ; ae i Dap ay) JO [aay | SaTRE PY] : ’ 124 4 VILA X f C UsLwog pulyy . UWOYOUIP PAT z DH 2/)SD) PapSueyy apuny tee ee iil = ny? ON STA (PONY WOIQLa, *4| is TA Es NS fo 20nd PL a ee ee ee , | att | a | iD F | Lab. LT. Sketch fivin eae Smarts Mell, . 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