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TRANSACTIONS OF THE
WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE

OF SCIENCE
OF PHILADELPHIA

VOLUMEUV.

JANUARY, 1896

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST.

PHILADELPHIA

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE

OF SCIENCE

OF
PHILADELPHIA

VOL. IV.

JANUARY, 1896

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST.

PHILADELPHIA

-.As

FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

FROM THE

ALACH U A CLAYS

OF

FLORIDA

BY JOSEPH LEIDY, M.D.,LLD.

EDITED BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS

85581

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
OF PHILADELPHIA

TRUSTEES

SAMUEL WAGNER, President.

RICHARD B. WESTBROOK, Treasurer. JOSEPH WILLCOX, Secretary.

J. VAUGHAN MERRICK, JR. S. T. SKIDMORE.

HARRISON S. MORRIS. SAMUEL TOBIAS WAGNER.

FACULTY

HENRY LEFFMANN, M.D., President of the Faculty.
S. T. WAGNER, B.S.,C.E., Secretary of the Faculty.

*
HENRY LEFFMANN, M.D., Professor of Chemistry.

J. T. ROTHROCK. M.D., S. T. SKIDMORE, A.M.,

Professor of Botany. Professor of Physics.

W. B. SCOTT, A.M., ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, A.M.,

Professor of Geology. Professor of History, Literature, and

Political Economy.

S. T. WAGNER, B.S., C.E.,
Professor of Engineering.

THOMAS L. MONTGOMERY, CHARLES W. JOHNSON,

Actuary and Librarian. Curator of Museum.

PREFATORY NOTE

DR. LEIDY was one of the earliest writers on palxontological subjects
in the United States, and for forty years his contributions to vertebrate
palaeontology were both numerous and important. At the time of his death, in
1891, he was engaged in the preparation of a memoir describing the vertebrate
fossils collected, for the most part, near Archer, Florida, by Mr. J. B. Hatcher
and Dr. J. C. Neal, and this paper was placed in my hands for completion by
Major J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. The work was
unfortunately greatly delayed by various causes, especially by work in con-
nection with the World's Columbian Exposition, and has only recently been
finished. The memoir was offered to the Wagner Free Institute of Science
for publication, not only because Dr. Leidy had been president of the faculty
of that institution, but for the reason that its transactions had been very largely
devoted to papers relating to the palaeontology of Florida, Dr. Leidy having
written one of the volumes. An examination of the manuscript showed that
although Dr. Leidy had finished the study of the specimens, he had by no
means completed their description ; while it seemed probable, as pointed out
by Professor Cope,* that some of the species named by Dr. Leidy had already
been described under other names from the Western States. This suspicion
was verified by careful comparison of the Florida fossils with the types of the
species to which it was surmised they belonged, and while it is to be regretted
that it should have been necessary to treat some of Dr. Leidy's names as
synonymes, it is hoped that this may throw some additional light on the rela-
tions between the Loup Fork formation of the West and the Alachua clays of
Florida.

The changes in nomenclature, for which the present writer assumes all
responsibility, and the conclusions in regard to species maybe briefly summed
up as follows :

Rhinoceros protcrus Leidy is Apliclops fossigcr (Cope) and Rhinoceros

longipcs Leidy is Aphelops malacorliinus (Cope).

x

*I5uII. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 84. Correlation Papers — Neocene, p. 130.

vii

viii PREFATORY NOTE

Procamelus major (Leidy) appears to be a valid species, while the specific
identity of Procamelus mcdins and P. minor is not yet proven. The same may
perhaps be said of Mastodon floridanm, but until other specimens of Mastodon
serridens can be secured Mastodon floridanus should undoubtedly be con-
sidered as distinct. Hippotherium princeps, in the opinion of the writer, rests
on an abnormal tooth of Eqiius major.

With the exception of the paragraphs on the tusks the most important
part of this memoir, that relating to Mastodon floridanits, was written by Dr.
Leidy, as was also most of the description of the three species of Procamelus.
The portions treating of Rhinoceros and Hippothcrinm were prepared by the
writer, whose initials are appended to these and to other parts for which he is
responsible.

In view of the numerous and accurate illustrations prepared by Miss
Sinclair, which will furnish important and much-needed means of comparison
with other material, the descriptions have purposely been made brief.

I am indebted to Professor Cope for the privilege of examining the types
of various species in his possession, and a considerable number of specimens
of Procamelus collected by the Geological Survey of Texas.

FREDERIC A. LUCAS.

WASHINGTON, D.C.,

June 30, 1894.

INTRODUCTION

IN 1884 the then Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Professor S. F.
Baird, submitted to the author for examination a small collection of fossil
bones, which had been received from Dr. John C. Neal, of Archer, Alachua
County, Florida, and had been discovered in his vicinity in the adjoining
county. Correspondence on the subject was opened with Dr. Neal, who, with
the desired information, sent to the author some additional specimens. The
fossils proving to be of great interest, on directing the attention of the Director
of the U. S. Geological Survey, Major J. W. Powell, to their discovery, he
authorized an examination of the locality whence they were obtained. With
this object in view Mr. William H. Dall and Mr. L. C. Johnson, officers of the
Survey, in succession visited the place and procured considerable collections
of fossils, which were directly sent to the author for investigation.

The fossils were obtained from clay-beds, mostly on the plantation of J.
M. Mixon, in Levy County, ten miles south of Archer; while others were
derived from Hallowell's place, ten miles north of Archer. Brief notices of
the fossils have been given from time to time in the " Proceedings of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia," 1884, 118; 1885, 32; 1886, u,
1887, 309. Most recently Professor Marsh directed his ablest assistant, Mr.
J. B. Hatcher, to visit the locality, where, at Mixon's plantation, he made an
additional collection, which was likewise sent to the author for investigation.

The collection of fossils for the most part received on these occasions in
1885, 1887, and 1890, amounts in bulk to about the contents of half a dozen
barrels. They consist of isolated bones and teeth, with numerous fragments
of others indiscriminately mingled together. Mr. Dall remarks that the bones
are found usually mixed without order, but adds that parts of one skeleton
have several times 'been found in nearly their natural positions in relation to
one another. In collecting the fossils at Mixon's plantation, Mr. Johnson
states that trenches were cut in the bone-lead 'down to the bottom rock to a
depth of from two and a half to six feet. The bones were found thickly dis-
tributed from the surface to the bottom, but without order. Mr. Hatcher says,

INTRODUCTION

in a letter accompanying the last collection from the same locality, " the bones
are very much broken up; there are ten thousand fragments to one good
bone. They appear to have been transported by water, as no two were found
in position."

The fossils are chiefly the bones and teeth of a species of Rhinoceros, and
of a Mastodon different from the ordinary species whose remains are so
frequently found throughout the country of the United States. Others pertain
to three species of Llama, all larger than the living forms of South America,
and one of them greatly exceeding the existing Camels. A few belong to
another species of Rhinoceros, to two species of the equine genus Hippo-
therium, to a Tapir, a Mastodon, and a Megatherium. Among the remains
are none of Carnivora ; nor are there any of small animals, except the bones
and teeth of a small Crocodile or Alligator, fragments of the shell of an
Emys, and scales of a Gar-fish, with several bones of a Teleost. Among the
bones those of the limbs greatly predominate, especially the smaller ones of
the feet, which, with the crowns of teeth, are usually the best preserved
specimens. Thus, as examples, independent of broken and young bones with
separated epiphyses, of mature ones of the feet of the Rhinoceros, there are
ninety-four entire metapodials, thirty astragali, thirteen carpal scaphoids, and
seven cuboids, besides numerous specimens of the others. Of the largest
species of Llama there are nine astragali and as many patellae. There are no
considerable portions of skulls preserved and only small fragments of mandi-
bles. The fossils generally, fragments or entire specimens, of bones and teeth,
usually the crowns alone of the latter, are well preserved, not fissured or
mutilated, neither eroded nor water-worn or rolled. Further among the speci-
mens there are none that appear gnawed or conspicuously exhibit the marks
of the teeth of Carnivora.

Notwithstanding the confusion in which the fossils were found, the colloca-
tion of many bones and teeth, often from opposite sides of the body, and their
condition of preservation, would indicate that the animals in many cases under-
went dissolution on the spot. Certain specimens seem to indicate that the
fossils while embedded were subjected to great pressure, for while the more
compact and firmer specimens are well preserved, generally the pulp-cavity
of the crowns of incompletely developed molar teeth of the Mastodon and
Rhinoceros are filled with the finely crushed fangs mingled with clay. The
enveloping matrix of the latter is usually free from such an admixture, while
some skull fragments in like manner have their hollows filled with finely

INTRODUCTION XI

crushed bone mingled with clay. Two specimens considerately collected by
Mr. Hatcher illustrate the effect of pressure while they were embedded in
their clay matrix. They consisted of those portions of the skulls of the
Rhinoceros and the largest Llama, which contained all the molar teeth of both
sides preserved in their proper relative position. The skull portions were
somewhat distorted and were broken into innumerable fragments, retained in
their natural position by the clay matrix. The fangs of the teeth were like-
wise crushed, but the crowns were beautifully preserved. The specimens, care-
fully removed from their resting-place, were enveloped in moss (Tillandsia),
carefully packed, and in this condition sent to the author. On subsequent
drying the skull portions actually fell into myriads of fragments, while the
teeth are yet complete.

The texture of the fossils is variable, but mostly the bones and teeth
have undergone little change other than the loss of a proportion of the ostein
or bone-cartilage. Some are rather friable and chalk-like, but the greater
number are hard and firm and brown in color, and permeated with iron oxide.

So far as relates to the geological relations of the fossils and other
circumstances concerning them, the following account has been furnished by
Mr. William H. Dall :

" Attention was first called to these remains in 1883, by Dr. J. C. Neal, of
Archer, Alachua County, Florida, who communicated with Professor Baird,
and subsequently with the officers of the U. S. Geological Survey, Dr. Leidy,
and others.

"The localities observed by Dr. Neal were: (i) Mixon's farm, ten miles
south and one and a half miles east of the railway station at Archer ; (2)
Hallowell's place, ten miles north and two miles west of the station ; (3) pond,
about a quarter of a mile from the station. Later Dr. Neal reports another,
about two miles northwest of Mixon's, on a clay ridge in an old field. While
in Gainesville I found some mastodon bones in the hands of a druggist in that
town, evidently from a deposit of the same character, which were found on
the banks of the Santa Fe River, to the westward of Gainesville, but the exact
spot mentioned only as the point where the ' road crosses the river.' In
conversation with others, I heard that similar bones had been found one mile
north of Gainesville, in digging a ditch through stiff clay for the race of the
' old mill,' on the Newnansville road ; and also near the town in digging
another water-way known as ' Owen's ditch.' Clay Landing, on the Suwanee
River, near Fort Griffin, is another probable locality.

xu INTRODUCTION

" The bones are invariably found in a stiff and extremely tenacious clay,
which occupies depressions on the higher knolls which rise here and there
above the general level, and usually near a pond, sink, or other depression,
still lower than the patch or strip of clay. Small and delicate bones are
rare, and the remains are usually the parts best adapted to resist destruction.
They are usually mixed without order, but parts of one skeleton have several
times been found in nearly their natural positions with relation to one
another.*

" The geological relations of the deposit in every case examined were the
same. The country rock of most of Alachua County lies from two to six feet
below the present surface. It is composed of a rather soft limestone, pene-
trated in every direction by cavities that represent fossil shells, which have
been dissolved away, or, in rare instances, have been replaced by calc-spar or
chalcedony. Nodules of the latter, resembling true flint and having the same
conchoidal fracture, occur frequently, and often project from the surface where
it has been weathered. These rocks represent the Vicksburg beds of Conrad,
or the Oligocene of Heilprin, in which, however, two conformable series are
recognizable. The true Vicksburg, according to local geologists, is the rock
above described, over which is generally found another rock of similar consti-
tution, but much softer, with fossils loosely aggregated and entire, and largely
consisting of nummulites, orbitoidc^, and other foraminifera. This is locally
known as the ' rotten limestone,' but is not the same as the ' rotten lime-
stone' of Alabama and Mississippi, which is a much older rock. Heilprin
describes this ' Orbitoitic rock' as Vicksburg, but does not discriminate
between it and the first mentioned, though the latter has no nummulites in it
where I observed, and is lithologically distinguishable. Both appear to be
Oligocene. Above it he recognizes no marine deposits, nor have any been
described by geologists, as far as I know. Another rock, however, covers the
nummulitic rock in many places to a thickness of six or eight feet. This is
locally known as the 'phosphatic rock.' It occurs in place at the 'Devil's
Mill-hopper,' a remarkable sink about seven mi-les northwest from Gainesville,
on the Newnansville road. Lumps and boulders. of it occur on the higher
knolls eastward of this, but my opportunities did not admit of any attempt to
trace its limits. Information received from Mr. L. C. Johnson, of the Survey,

*See Wyman, Florida Shell Mounds, p. 81. Some of these bones were mixed with the material
used by the Indians in building their mounds.

INTRODUCTION Xlll

is to the effect that it is widely distributed westward of Gainesville, and is
often separated from the ' rotten limestone,' or nummulitic rock, by thin
beds of ferruginous sand, which sometimes come to the surface, and contain
boulders or nodules of bog-iron ore.

" The ' phosphatic rock' contains but few fossils ; an echinoderm was
found in it by Mr. Johnson, and I found a shark's tooth of small size and
uncertain genus, but belonging to the group of sharks with non-serrated
cusps to the teeth. It also contains some silicified wood occasionally showing
teredo-borings, and from its surface sometimes project heads of silicified
corals belonging to the Astraeidae. These are called ' fossil stumps' by the
people of Florida. It is unquestionably of marine origin, and consists of
silicious grains, varying from very fine sand to small water-worn pebbles,
probably derived from the -silicious parts of the older Vicksburg rocks, all
coated with a pure white form of limestone containing variable proportions of
phosphoric acid. This serves also to cement the grains together, and when
of moderate size the rock has a striking oolitic structure. From specimens ob-
tained at Hawthorne, Alachua County, Dr. Hawes obtained a mean of sixteen
per cent, of phosphoric acid. The rock is now manufactured into a fertilizer
at this place. Specimens obtained loose on the surface near Archer showed,
according to Professor F. W. Clark, of the Survey, considerably less phos-
phoric acid, and a beautifully oolitic specimen from Tampa had but a trace.
A very similar-looking rock at Enterprise, on the east side of the St. John's
River basin, also showed but little. This rock, however, seemed to have been
of aeolian origin, as it contains large numbers of land shells of recent species,
and no other fossils. It occurs on the east side of the St. John's River in
many places, covered with from two to six feet of sand and humus, and, not-
withstanding its similarity of appearance and structure, cannot be synchronous
with the phosphatic rock of the west side of the peninsula.* The latter
wherever observed by me was the uppermost rock of the country, and may
have been formed within salt-water lagoons, bordered by coral reefs ; at least
all the circumstances would fit into such an hypothesis. It is of upper Oligo-
cene age, and should be distinguished from the lower Oligocene or Vicksburg
series. A notable feature of the rock is, that where it is the substratum there
are springs and running streams ; as soon as one comes eastward from it, and

* It was in this rock that I'ourtales found the human bones which gave rise to so much discus-
sion and wide-spread error.

ot

Xiv INTRODUCTION

the nummulitic rock or Vicksburg shell rock is the substratum, there are
nothing but sinks, natural wells, shallow ponds, and subterranean streams.

" The phosphatic rock resists fire well, is easily sawed or hewn when fresh,
becomes hard by exposure, and is employed for the construction of chimneys.
From a considerable area, between the localities where it has been found in
place and the central depression, or relics of the great ancient central lake of
Florida, it has been denuded. The same agency which wore it away made
gullies, ravines, or channels in which clay was deposited. In this clay, which
in its turn exists now only in patches, generally in depressions but occasionally
as short ridges, the fossil bones have alone been found. There are no inverte-
brate remains with them. The aspect of the bones, etc., suggests that the
animals might have been mired in the mud on the borders of lakes or ponds,
and this would explain the association of the forms so far recognized.

" Ashes and burnt clay were found under some of the bones at Hallowell's,
but there was — after a most careful inspection — no evidence to indicate any
human agency in this. The fire was probably due to lightning, an every-day
occurrence in Florida at the present time. The longitudinal splitting of the
long bones, sometimes ascribed to human action, in mounds and recent bone-
heaps, may often be the result of the penetration of roots into the interior of
hollow bones, which split with the growth of the root, which may afterwards
decay and leave no sign of its presence. I account for some split bones in the
collection made at Hallowell's in this way."

MASTODON

Mastodon floridamis

AMONG the most abundant fossils of the Florida collection are the remains
of a species of Mastodon different from the familiar one, distinguished
as the American Mastodon, M. aiticricaiuts, whose remains are so widely dis-
tributed throughout the region of the United States. The Florida species in
the character of its dentition seems to have been more nearly related with the
Mastodon angnslidcns of Europe than with our common American Mastodon.

The remains under investigation consist of many islolated molar teeth
and bones, together with numerous fragments of others, mostly of very young
or comparatively young animals, of half a dozen or more different individuals.
Among thirty- five specimens of molar teeth and considerable fragments of
many others, there are half a dozen last molars and the anterior portion of
four others, none of which are worn except several slightly in the summit of
one or two of the anterior lobes. In the collection there are several fragments
of maxillae with teeth, and there are four detached exoccipitals with their
condyles of two young individuals. Of the larger bones of the limbs there
are a number of fragments, mostly of young animals, and with detached
epiphyses. Thus, in the collection there is the proximal extremity of a mature
femur and five detached cpiphysial heads of other femora. The most complete
specimens preserved are a number of the bones of the feet, especially those of
the carpus and tarsus, many of which are co-ordinate of several individuals.

The specimens of molar teeth in the collection illustrate nearly the com-
plete series, and they present different conditions of age, some being unworn
and others more or less worn.

The molar series of the genus Mastodon has been until recently com-
monly regarded as consisting of three milk or deciduous teeth, with a single
premolar as a vertical successor to the second milk tooth, and behind these
three adult, true or permanent molars.*

* Owen, Odontography, 1845, 615 ; Falconer, Palaeontological Memoirs, 1868, vol. i , 98.

M. Larlet, in the Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 1859, 489, plate xiv., represents
the molar dentition of Mastodon anguslidens as consisting of three milk molars, of which the posterior
two are succeeded vertically by two premolars, and which behind in the adult are succeeded by three

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ID

MASTODON

Commonly in the description of the molar teeth of Mastodon they seem
to be viewed as rather being of a perissodactyl than an artiodactyl character,
the constituent pairs of lobes of the crown being described as cross ridges or
crests. Professor Owen speaks of the Mastodon as being at the Tapiroid or
Dinotherian extremity of the Proboscidian series, manifested by modifications
of the teeth most meriting to be held generically distinct from those of exist-
ing Elephants, the grinding surface of the molars instead of being cleft with
numerous plates is divided into wedge-shaped transverse ridges, and the sum-
mits of these are divided into smaller cones, more or less resembling the teats
of a cow, whence the generic name. The molars of Mastodon, in structure,
bear more resemblance to those of a Hippopotamus than to those of a Tapir
or Dinotherium. The crown exhibits a distinctly paired lobular constitution,
as in the artiodactyla generally. According to the usual plan in the latter,
the upper and lower teeth are similarly related.

The molars of the common American Mastodon, M. aincricanns, whose
remains are so widely distributed through North America, exemplify among
the many recognized species the simplest constitution. Selecting as types the
intermediate molars of the series, the crown is composed of three successive
pairs of pyramidal lobes, separated by deep angular valleys and embraced by
a basal ridge. The lobes of each pair are extended and conjoined by a medial
offset variably distinct, longer and wider in the outer lobes of the upper molars
and inner lobes of the lower molars. Together at the summit they form an
acute, tubercular ridge or crest, with a wide notch ending in a median vertical
cleft, which defines the inner from the outer lobes. The inner lobes of the
upper and the outer lobes of the lower molars are wider at base than the
others, are more inclined laterally, and are proportionately narrower at the
summit. Medially in front and behind they present a conspicuous ridge or
buttress, extending from the summit to the base of the lobes. In the valleys
the contiguous buttresses conjoin, producing a slight obstruction in their
course, and at the front and back of the crown they end in or unite with the
contiguous basal ridge. In the outer lobes of the upper and inner lobes of

true molars. The first and second milk molars and the later premolars have the crown composed of
two pairs of lobes, while all the others except the last ones have three pairs of lobes.

H. von Meyer, in the Palaeontographica, 1870, represents the molar dentition of the same species
as consisting of the same kinds and number of teeth, but regards the later premolars as vertically
succeeding the anterior two deciduous molars, to the first of which he ascribes two pairs of lobes to
the crown, while to the second, as well as the third, he ascribes three pairs of lobes.

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MASTODON

the lower teeth, the lateral surface is more defined from those fore and aft
than in the others by variably prominent borders, which seem to correspond
with the more medial buttresses of the latter. A similar but feebler ridge is
not (infrequent in front and behind the medial offset of the same lobes.

Ordinarily the crown of the last molar of the American Mastodon is
composed of four pairs of lobes like those of the molars in advance, with a
fifth pair variably developed or more or less rudimental, and rarely absent.
Commonly the anterior two or three pairs of lobes are nearly equal, while the
others are successively reduced. In the various specimens observed the
inner lobes of the upper and outer lobes of the lower molars have their
buttresses variably produced ; sometimes narrow and simple, at others thicker
and rugose, and again they may be so stout as to approximate the condition
in Mastodon cordillcrum. The medial offsets of the lobes are variably distinct
and tuberculate. The fifth pair of lobes, smaller than the preceding, are
exceedingly variable. Usually they appear as a pair of large but unequal
conical eminences, simple or subdivided transversely, or fore and aft; some-
times there is but a single one and rarely none.

The condition of the enamel in M. americanus is very variable. Mostly
on the lateral surfaces of the crown it is comparatively even, but striated
or finely wrinkled transversely. In the valleys usually it is less even, often is
more or less rugose, and not unfrequcntly is more or less coarsely wrinkled
longitudinally, and this condition in a variable degree may extend laterally.
The chief differences observed in the teeth of M. floridanns from those of
M. americanus consist in the rather more conical than pyramidal form of the
constituent lobes of the crown, but especially in the great proportionate
development of the fore and aft buttress-like ridges of the outer lobes of
the lower teeth, and of the inner lobes of the upper teeth. In the valleys
crossing the crown, in the former, the contiguous buttresses conjoin and
obstruct their course for more than half their depth in the unworn teeth,
whereas in M. americanus they scarcely interrupt them. The foremost buttress
at the front of the crown, from the summit of the lobe to which it pertains,
curves in advance of the contiguous lobe as a conspicuous tubercular ridge
united with the basal ridge. At the back of the crown a buttress is unde-
veloped and is substituted in the first and second true molars by a conspicuous
pyramidal and strongly tubercular production of the basal ridge. Further,
the intermediate extensions in the pairs of lobes are in general more distinct
as portions of these, and are more tubercular than in M. americanus. Ac-

2

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

18

MASTODON

cessory tubercles, more or less well marked, spring from the base of the non-
buttressed lobes, contiguous to the buttresses of the other lobes, and to a
variable degree contribute to obstruct the middle of the transverse valleys of
the crown.

In the worn condition of the molar teeth of M. floridanns, the exposed
dentinal areas of the specially buttressed lobes assume a more decidedly
trilobate and quadrilobate form than in J/. amcricanus, as seen in plate ii.
figs, i and 2, and as is also the case in the South American Mastodons. In
the opposite or non-buttressed lobes, the exposed enamel islets assume in
general a transversely elongated elliptical form.

Professor Cope has described the molar tooth of a Mastodon from Texas,
which he refers to a previously undescribed species with the name of Tetra-
belodon serridens. In speaking of M. floridanns he remarks that its molars
present the same tubercular crests of the T. serridens, and no important
character appears to separate it from the latter. Though the tooth of M.
serridens bears a general resemblance to the corresponding molars of M.
floridaiuts, as do those of M. angnstidcns and some other species, it is
sufficiently different to render it probable that it pertains to a distinct species.
Professor Cope says it is peculiar among American species in its acute, elevated,
entire crests, with tuberculo-serrate edges. If by entire crests is meant that
they continue at a level across the crown, the condition will not apply to those
of M. floridanus, in which the constituent lobes, together forming the crests,
are separated by variably deep notches. In comparing the tooth with those
of M. titricensis, Professor Cope says it differs in having well-developed longi-
tudinal crests at the inner half of the external half of the crests, which consist
of two tubercles on the posterior sides of the crest and one on the anterior
sides of the next succeeding crests. In the molars of M. floridanns the cor-
responding longitudinal crests are usually divided into a greater number of
tubercles. Further, in Professor Cope's illustration of the tooth, accompanying
the description, the outer back lobe is represented with a conspicuous ridge,
sweeping in a bold curve from its summit backward and inward behind the con-
tiguous inner lobe. Such is not the case in any of the molars of M. floridanns,
in which, generally, the posterior offset of the last outer lobe of the lower
teeth, last inner lobe of the upper teeth, is not produced as in the lobes in
advance, and is always isolated from the conspicuous tubercular process pro-
jecting from the basal ridge at the back of the crown.

The upper first and second true and the last deciduous molars of M.

FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

MASTODON

floridamcs are constructed on the same pattern. They possess three fangs ;
and the crown, which is nearly a third wider fore and aft than transversely, is
composed of three pairs of transversely-united conical lobes, springing from
a broad base and separated by deep angular valleys, which accommodate the
summits of the lobes of the opposed teeth. The summits together of each
pair of lobes form a crest, with a wide and variably deep notch terminating in
a median vertical cleft which defines the inner from the outer lobe. The bor-
der of the crest is subdivided usually into five or six mammillary eminences.
The inner and outer lobes conjoin by medial offsets, mostly distinct, and they
are characteristically different.

The inner lobes have comparatively small medial offsets, sometimes
scarcely developed or obsolete, and usually producing at the summit but a
single eminence, contiguous to the main one. Fore and aft they expand in
stout buttresses, of which those contiguous unite and divide the intermediate
valleys across their middle for more than half their depth. Inwardly the but-
tresses are defined by deep furrows from the main body of the lobes. Their
free border extends from the summit of the lobes in rows of mammillary
eminences. The anterior buttress of the first inner lobe is extended by an
equally stout ridge in advance of the position of the contiguous outer lobe.
In the third inner lobe the posterior buttress is feebly produced or is altogether
absent.

In the outer lobes the medial offsets, defined by variably strong furrows
fore and aft, are nearly as large as the main portion of the lobes, and at the
summit are usually divided into a pair of eminences, and not unfrequently
more. Rudiments of buttresses, corresponding with those of the inner lobes,
appear as variable tubercles in the intermediate valleys, springing from the
medial offsets.

At the back of the crown is a wide, flattened, pyramidal talon, springing
from or embraced by the adjacent basal ridge, and variably divided into a row
of unequal nipple-shaped eminences, of which the larger are mostly inward.

A variable tubercular basal ridge embraces the crown. Thickest in front
of the latter at its inner half, it is usually next best developed along the inner
side of the crown, forming conspicuous eminences at the entrance of the
valleys. Externally it is less marked and often obsolete, except as variably
developed eminences at the entrance of the valleys. It sometimes also
appears more or less distinct from the talon of the crown.

In the wear to which the upper molars are subjected, the inner lobes sue-

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
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MASTODON

cessively precede the contiguous outer lobes. As the summits of the inner
lobes are worn, the abrasion proceeds from the main eminence to those of the
medial offset and buttresses. When much worn, the exposed dentinal surfaces,
considerably hollowed, assume a broad, shield-shaped, and mostly a more or
less quadrilobate outline. As the summits of the outer lobes are worn, usually
two or three islets of dentine first appear, and subsequently, in enlarging, run
together, forming a tranversely, in general, elliptical area.

The lower first and second true and the third deciduous molars are like
the corresponding upper teeth, composed on the same pattern. They possess
two fangs and have a narrower crown, which is likewise composed of three
pairs of similar lobes, but the corresponding ones are reversed in position ;
that is to say, the inner lobes are homologous with the outer ones of the upper
molars and vice versa.

The crown of the lower molars is also of less uniform width than in the
upper ones, being more narrowed forward. The greater narrowing of the
crown seems due to a flattening laterally in the inner lobes and to a less
degree of development of their medial offsets than in their homologues, the
outer lobes of the upper teeth. The offsets usually form but a single eminence
adjacent to the main one at the summit of the inner lobes.

The talon of the crown is considerably thicker than in the upper molars,
and usually supports an unequal pair of conspicuous conical eminences which
look like reduced lobes.

The basal ridge is commonly best developed at the front and along the
outer side of the crown.

Among the most interesting and important remains discovered of M.
floridanus are two specimens obtained by Mr. Hatcher in 1890. These con-
sist of portions of the opposite sides of the upper jaw of a young animal,
both of which contain the third milk molars and the successional premolars.
The third milk molar occupies its functional position, and is considerably worn
across all the constituent lobes of the crown. The first true molar was par-
tially protruded, and is only slightly abraded from use on the summit of the
anterior lobes of the crown. The first successional premolar has protruded
in advance of the third milk molar, but has barely reached its functional posi-
tion. Within the jaw, contained in its appropriate cavity, is the completely
developed enamel-cap of the crown of the second successional premolar,
situated above and internal to the position of the third milk molar. The teeth
appear to have protruded a little irregularly in time on the two sides of the

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MASTODON

jaw. Thus, the third milk molar of the right side is rather more worn than
that of the left side; the first right premolar is worn at the summit of the
largest or first outer lobe, while the left slightly larger tooth is entirely
unworn ; and the left first true molar is most abraded at the summit of the
first outer lobe and slightly on the contiguous inner lobe, while in the left
tooth less abrasion appears only on the first outer lobe.

Plate iv. fig. 10 represents the first premolar and the succeeding third
milk molar of the left side ; plate ii. fig. 2 represents the first true molar of
the right side, better preserved than the other; and plate iv. figs. 9 and 11
represents the second premolar from the same specimen.

The first premolar tooth has an ovoid crown, widest behind, and is
situated obliquely in its position in relation with the line of the teeth behind.
The fore and aft diameter inclines inward and forward from that of the suc-
ceeding second milk molar with which it is in contact. The tooth of the left
side is slightly the larger, and as before indicated, is entirely unworn ; which
seems the more remarkable from the apparent greater completeness of its
investion, for the right tooth yet occupies a larger excavation, left by its pre-
decessor, the first milk tooth.

In the third milk molar, plate iv. fig. 10, the summits of all the constituent
lobes of the crown are worn away so as to expose conspicuous dentinal tracts.
The inner lobes are most worn and exhibit broad shield-shaped dentinal
excavations, which are variably trilobate medially, according to the extent of
the offsets of the lobes in this position. The dentinal tracts of the outer lobes
are much smaller and are most extended transversely. Their shape conforms
to the wear of a double eminence. On the first outer lobe are islets side by
side ; on the second the tract is transversely elliptical and constricted at the
middle, and on the third lobe it is transverse elliptical and bent. In the
opposite tooth all three outer tracts are more worn, are transversely elliptical
and constricted at the middle. The tooth has a strong basal ridge internally
but somewhat interrupted at the middle of the corresponding lobes.

The first true molar, plate ii. fig. 2, is typical of the usual form and con-
struction of all the molars of the species from the first to the last, except the
premolars. The inner constituent lobes of the crown arc all medially extended
both fore and aft in stout tubercular buttresses, of which those contiguous
unite in the intermediate transverse valleys, while that in front of the crown is
the most robust and is continued in advance of the contiguous outer lobe, and
that at the back of the crown is more isolated than the rest. The outer lobes,

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22

MASTODON

with stronger medial offsets directed to the inner lobes, display but little dis-
position comparatively to form tubercular offsets in front and behind.

Of several other specimens of teeth associated with those just described,
I feel more uncertain as to their exact relative position.

Plate iv. fig. 3 represents the crown of what I suspect to be an upper
second milk molar of the right side. It appears to have been composed of
two pairs of lobes and an additional third inner lobe. It is partially worn so
as to display exposed dentinal areas on the paired lobes, and is imperfect at
the fore inner part. It is fore and aft quadrate oval, and appears to have been
inserted by a pair of fangs.

In comparison with the other teeth above described, this one is somewhat
peculiar in the proportionately more distinctly tubercular condition of the
crown and in the strongly longitudinal wrinkled state of the constituent lobes.
The lateral surfaces of the lobes are prominently convex and comparatively
even, but those in front and behind are ridged longitudinally.

The first inner lobe is continuous with the remains of a stout process,
similar to that in the back molar teeth, extending in advance of the contiguous
inner lobe, and at its back part with another stout process, which appears as a
development of the basal ridge at the outer part of the crown, extending to
the third inner lobe. Its summit is worn away so as to display a broad
dentinal area, which appears to have extended on both processes just indicated.
The second inner lobe, also considerably worn away at the summit, is devoid
of a posterior buttress, except as a tubercle at the bottom of the correspond-
ing valley. The third inner lobe, more prominent than the former, is unworn,
conical, with a nipple-like summit, and is provided with three conspicuous
offsets, as anterior, medial, and posterior buttresses. The outer lobes, partially
divided, each into a pair of sublobes, are strongly marked in front and behind
with buttress-like ridges or tubercular offsets. The summit of the first outer
lobe is worn so as to display a considerable reniform dentinal area, that of the
second displays a pair of small dentinal islets. Back of the second outer lobe
the crown is occupied by a group of conspicuous tubercles, springing from the
basal ridge and apparently representing a third outer lobe. A conspicuous
process of the basal ridge also occupies the interval externally between the
outer lobes of the crown, to the fore part of which descends a strong ridge
from the first outer lobe. The transverse diameter of the tooth behind is 40
mm., the height of the crown at the third inner lobe 27 mm.

The imperfect second left lower milk molar, shown in plate iv. fig. 4,

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appears to have consisted of two pairs of lobes and a single posterior lobe,
or talon. There are several irregularly placed tubercles on the outer side
between the first and second pairs of lobes, and the cingulum is raised into a
conical, crescentic eminence on the inner side, opposite the valley dividing the
lobes. The tooth is well worn, and exhibits irregular areas of dentine. This
tooth was implanted by two very long roots.
Its measurements are as follows :

Width across posterior lobes ...... 27 mm.

Height of crown on outer side . . . . . . 13 "

Depth of remaining portion of root . . . . • 37 "

The third right lower milk molar, plate iv. fig. 5, consists of three pairs
of lobes and a posterior pair of cones. The cingulum, which everywhere
shows a tendency to rise into little cones, is well developed on the outer side,
and in front sends up a considerable prominence. The outer lobes are con-
nected by the usual fore and aft buttresses, while much smaller buttresses are
developed on the first and second outer lobes. The posterior lobes are very
little abraded ; the anterior end of the crown shows considerable wear from
the impact of the preceding tooth.

Subjoined are measurements of this tooth :

Length .......... 73 mm.

Width across anterior pair of lobes . . . . . 32 "

Width across posterior pair of lobes . . . . 45 "

Height of inner anterior lobe . . . . . . 26 "

Height of inner posterior lobe . . . . . . 32 "

Plate iv. fig. 1 2 represents the crown, imperfect at the fore part, of what I
suspect to be an upper third milk molar of the left side. It nearly resembles
in constitution the complete specimen of the last upper premolar, but is con-
siderably smaller. All the lobes are worn at their summits in the usual
proportion, most in the anterior pair and least in the third inner one.

The inner lobes are divided by furrows, each into a pair of sublobes, and
these exhibit in front and behind variable buttress-like ridges. The outer
lobes have the usual three offsets appearing as anterior, posterior, and medial
buttresses. The summits of the second and third outer lobes exhibit broad
elliptical dentinal areas with three small medial processes. The second inner
lobe exhibits a transverse figure-of-eight dentinal area, while the succeeding
inner lobe is only sufficiently worn to exhibit minute dentinal islets on its sub-
lobes. At the back of the crown a thick pyramidal process of the basal ridge

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
24

MASTODON

extends from the outer lobe to the base of the inner one, resembling the
extension of the anterior buttress of the first outer lobe in the lower back-
molars. Tubercular processes, elements of the basal ridge, occupy the en-
trance of the valleys of the crown.

The transverse diameter of the crown at the middle pair of lobes is 48 mm.

Plate iv. figs, i , 2,6, and 7 represents the first lower premolars of both
sides, and though apparently from the same individual present some differences.

The left tooth, imperfect at the fore part and in the figure restored from
the other specimen, has a fore and aft irregular ovoidal crown, slightly con-
stricted at the middle and narrower in front. It is composed of four lobes, of
which the anterior, nearly equal, are the higher and of greater fore and aft
breadth, while the posterior are unequal, and together of greater width trans-
versely. The anterior lobes appear as laterally compressed cones, separated
by a deep groove behind, but scarcely distinct in front. Of the posterior
lobes, which are conical, the outer is nearly twice the size of the other, and in
the specimen its summit is worn so as to exhibit an exposed dentinal tract in
the form of the figure 8. At the back of the crown is a tritubercular heel in
which the inner tubercle is double the size of the outer ones.

In the right tooth, at the base of the anterior lobes in front of the crown
is a ledge, an element of a basal ridge, which was apparently absent in the
former tooth. The postero-external lobe is much more worn, exhibiting a
broad dentinal area. The contiguous inner lobe of the left tooth in this one,
in which the part is imperfect, appears to have been substituted by a thick,
somewhat tubercular ridge, extending from the antero-internal lobe to the back
of the crown. The teeth have a pair of fore and aft connate fangs.

Their measurements are as follows :

Right tooth . Left tooth.

Fore and aft diameter of the crown . . 28 mm. 28 mm.

Transverse diameter of the crown in front . 15 " 14. 3 "

Transverse diameter of the crown behind . 16.3" 17 "

The first lower premolars described resemble the corresponding teeth of
Mastodon angustidens, but are considerably smaller and exhibit slight details
of difference.

The crown of the first premolar has a prominent convex base, from which
project four unequal conical lobes, closely united, and together enclosing a
central pit. The constituent lobes may be viewed as having an arrangement
in transverse pairs, but from their less proportionate development the condition

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MASTODON

appears not so distinct as in the other teeth. The lobes of each transverse
pair conjoin through a medial tubercular offset springing from each lobe, and
though the offset to the second inner lobe is not evident in the left tooth
figured, it is distinct in the right tooth. The first outer lobe of the tooth is
the largest, and independent of its medial tubercular offset is simply conical.
The contiguous inner lobe is more extended fore and aft, and independent of
its medial offset is divided into a row of four eminences, which decline forward
and are thence continued in a tuberculated ridge curving in advance of the
outer lobe. Of the posterior pair of lobes the outer is the larger and the
simpler, while the inner, the smallest of the crown, independent of its medial
offset, is divided into three eminences, and is continued behind by a tuber-
ciliated ridge to the base of the contiguous outer lobe.

In the right tooth the inner lobes are less developed, less distinct from
each other, and together appear more as a strongly tuberculated ridge em-
bracing the inner semicircumferencc of the crown.

The measurements of the first premolar are as follows :

Right tooth. Left tooth.

Fore and aft diameter of the crown . . 36 mm. 37 mm.

Greatest width transversely . . . 30.5" 32 "

Depth at the first outer lobe ... 24. 5 "

The crown of the second upper premolar, plate vi. figs. 3 and 4, is quad-
rate, fore and aft widest outwardly, and transversely widest opposite the
anterior lobes. The constituent lobes partake of the character of those of the
back molar teeth. As in the first premolar, the anterior lobes are the largest
and the postero-internal lobe is the smallest. Deep notches separate the
anterior from the posterior lobes, and a less deep notch separates the anterior
pair. The antero-internal lobe forms a tubercular ridge, extending from the
lobe behind and curving outwardly in advance of the position of the antero-
external lobe. The summits of the anterior lobes are divided into three and
four eminences. The posterior lobes together form a transverse ridge, sub-
divided into half a dozen eminences. They are conjoined behind by a ridge,
and together enclose a considerable pit. The deep transverse valley of the
crown exhibits a conspicuous central tubercle.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown ..... 45 mm.
Transverse diameter at base of the anterior lobes . . 41 "
Transverse diameter at base of the posterior lobes . . 35 "

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

MASTODON

Plate iv. fig. 8 represents a first upper premolar of the left side, scarcely
worn. The crown is fore and aft oval in outline, and is of much greater
transverse width than that of the lower tooth. It also exhibits four con-
stituent lobes, with a strong basal ridge. Of the anterior pair, the outer
lobe is much the larger and most prominent, is conical, and is partially
divided in front, but more behind, and feebly at the summit into two sub-
lobes. At the base, in front of the lateral sublobe, is a strong tubercle
springing from the basal ridge. The contiguous inner lobe is continous in
front, with a stout tubercular ridge curving outward to the tubercle at the
base of the outer lobe. The posterior pair of lobes, smaller than anterior,
are nearly equal, and widely separated, but conjoined by a small tubercular
offset from each. A stout tubercular heel occupies the back of the crown
intermediate to the adjacent lobes. A tubercular process of the basal ridge
also occupies the outer part of the crown, both in front and behind the first
outer lobe, or principal one of the tooth. Another tubercle, at the inner side
of the crown, is placed in advance of the posterior lobe, and by an offset
joins the anterior lobe.

The tooth appears to have been invested by a pair of fore and aft connate
fangs, of which the posterior was much the stouter.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown ... -33 mm-

Transverse diameter of the crown . . 27 "

Depth at the principal or first outer lobe . . . . 19 "

Plate iii. fig. 2 represents the triturating surface of a lower first true
molar of the left side, and plate iii. fig. I represents an outer view of the
corresponding tooth of the right side in a fragment of the jaw, both from the
same individual. These teeth nearly accord in character with the back molars,
the crown being composed of three pairs of lobes of the same kind, with a
strong basal ridge. The crown is a little worn, so as to expose small dentinal
areas on the summits of the anterior pair of lobes and on the median outer
lobe. A minute islet is also exposed on the anterior abutment or sublobe of
the first outer lobe. The enamel is worn in an inclined plane on the anterior
buttress of the third outer lobe, but not on its summit nor that of the contigu-
ous inner lobe. In this tooth the offsets of the lobes are mostly distinctly
marked as sublobas. The basal ridge is well produced at the outer part of
the crown, and behind it is produced into a medial pair of conspicuous conical

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MASTODON

tubercles or sublobes. Internally considerable tubercles, as isolated elements
of the basal ridge, occupy the entrance of the valleys. The fore part of the
basal ridge appears remarkably worn from pressure of the tooth in advance.
A small quantity of cementum occupies the bottom of the valleys and the
deeper depressions of the surface of the tooth.

The measurements of the teeth arc as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown . . . . 91 mm.

Transverse diameter of the crown in front . . . 45 "

Transverse diameter of the crown behind . . . . 52 "

Height of crown obliquely at the third outer lobe . . 51 "

Height of crown obliquely at the third inner lobe . . 44 "

Plate ii. fig. i represents the triturating surface of the crown of a much
worn lower first true molar of the left side. The tooth nearly accords in con-
stitution with the former, but is somewhat wider transversely, and elements of
the basal ridge are not so conspicuous internally. The distinction between
the anterior lobes has been destroyed by wear, and the enamelled structure at
the front of the crown has entirely disappeared. On the second pair of lobes
the dentinal tracts arc united by a small isthmus, but on the posterior pair
they are still separated by a double boundary of enamel. Dentinal islets have
"also appeared on the basal tubercles at the back of the crown.

The measurements of the tooth arc as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown ..... 80 mm.
Transverse diameter of the crown behind . . . • 57 "

Two specimens from the bone-bed of Mixon's plantation in the collection
of 1890 consist of the front and back portions of the crowns of the last lower
molars, apparently from the same individual, but different from the former.
Represented in plate iii. fig. 4 and plate v. fig. i, they serve to give the char-
acter of the entire tooth. Like the other specimens of last molars described,
the present one had nearly assumed its functional position, as from use at
the fore part the summits of the anterior two pairs of lobes are but slightly
abraded. The tooth is most like the corresponding ones last described, but is
still narrower in its proportions. The medial offsets of the outer lobes are less
developed, while those of the inner lobes are better developed and more
distinct. The basal ridge is completely absent, both externally and internally.
A considerable quantity of cementum occupies the recesses of the crown.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
2S

MASTODON

Estimated diameter fore and aft of the crown . . . 190 mm.

Transverse diameter at base of first pair of lobes . . 69 "

Transverse diameter at base of second pair of lobes . . 73 "

Transverse diameter at base of third pair of lobes . . 72 "

Transverse diameter at base of fourth pair of lobes . . 66 "

Height of first outer lobe . . . . . . 66 "

Height of third outer lobe .- . . . • . . 70 "

Height of fourth outer lobe . . . . . . 67 "

Height of fifth outer lobe ... . 57 "

Among the characteristic specimens of the Mastodon from Mixon's plan-
tation are three, two of which, the isolated crown of a right upper molar
tooth and a fragment of the left maxilla, with another molar, were received
in the earlier collection, while the third specimen, a larger fragment of the
opposite maxilla, with the corresponding tooth to that of the former one, was
received in the collection of 1890. The three specimens appear to have
belonged to the same animal, an individual of medium age and comparatively
of small size. The isolated molar I at first viewed as a first true molar, but
its correlation with the specimen last observed leads me to regard it as the
second of the series, and those in the jaw fragments as the first in the same
series.

Plate ii. fig. 6 represents the crown of the upper second true molar. It
is complete, and is only a little worn on the summit and anterior extension of
the first internal lobe. It may be regarded as typical of the intermediate
molars of the series in the species.

The crown is composed of three pairs of lobes, embraced by a basal
ridge and separated by transverse valleys, which are divided along 'the middle
of the tooth by strong tubercular offsets of the inner lobes. In each trans-
verse pair of lobes they are separated by an angular notch, which becomes
successively deeper from the first to the last. The inner lobes are the larger,
and are conical, with the lateral surface continuous fore and aft and promi-
nently convex, and medially expanding in front and behind in strong buttress-
like ridges. These extend from the summit, are divided into tubercular
eminences, and in the valleys conjoin so as to obstruct their course, but leave
angular notches between the summits of the lobes. A tubercular offset,
variably produced from the medial surface of the inner lobe, is directed to the
contiguous outer lobe. It is best marked in the first inner lobe and least in
the last one. In the last inner lobe also the posterior buttress-like ridge is but

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MASTODON

feebly developed. The outer lobes are conical and are medially extended by
an offset, which is variably prominent and divided into tubercular eminences,
and is separated by a notch from the contiguous inner lobe.

At the front of the crown a stout tubercular process springs from the
basal ridge and appears like an extension of the anterior buttress of the inner
lobe in advance of the position of the outer lobe. At the back of the crown
is a similar process divided into tubercular eminences, more medial in position
and disconnected from the inner lobe. The basal ridge is well developed
internally, and is thickest where it embraces the first inner lobe, continuous
forward and outward. Internally it is thin, interrupted at the base of the
middle lobe, and produced into conspicuous eminences at the entrance of the
valleys. A considerable quantity of irregular cementum occupies the bottom
of the principal valleys and other recesses of the crown.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown . . . . .122 mm.

Transverse diameter at fore part . . . . • 75 "

Transverse diameter at back part . . . . . 78 "

Height at anterior-internal lobe, obliquely . . 52 "

Height at posterior-internal lobe, obliquely . . . . 58 "

Plate ii. fig. 4 represents the first true molar contained in the right jaw
fragment. The tooth is entire, but worn to such an extent that all the con-
stituent lobes display considerable dentinal areas. The crown conforms in
structure with that of the second molar above described. The exposed
dentinal areas are concave, while their enamel borders are convex. Those of
the first and second inner lobes are the broadest, and are quadrilobate, with
the inner division much the larger. That of the third inner lobe has nearly
half the outline of the former. The dentinal areas of the outer lobes, much
the smaller, are transversely elliptical.

The basal ridge is well produced internally, but only in slight eminences
at the entrances of the valleys externally. In front of the crown it exhibits
the same conspicuous eminence as in the posterior molars, continuous with
the anterior buttress of the inner lobe, and extending in advance of the con-
tiguous outer lobe. At the back of the crown is a conspicuous pyramidal
eminence springing from the basal ridge, and most prominent opposite the
middle of the inner lobe.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
3°

MASTODON

Fore and aft diameter of the crown . . . . . 97 mm.
Transverse diameter of the crown at fore part . . . 60 "
Transverse diameter of the crown at back part . . . 67 "

The tooth of the left side, also preserved entire, essentially accords with
that just described. The jaw fragment retains the alveoli of the premolar in
advance, which thence would appear to have been a two-fanged tooth. It also
retains the fore part of the alveoli of the succeeding true molar, which co-ordi-
nates with the isolated tooth above described.

In the collection from Mixon's plantation of 1890 are five isolated speci-
mens, the crowns of molar teeth, which appear to have belonged to the same
animal, — a young one, from the jaws of which the teeth had not yet protruded.
They are entirely unabraded from wear, and are nearly destitute of cementum.
They consist of the fourth upper molar of both sides, the corresponding lower
left molar incomplete, and both lower third molars, of which the right one is
imperfect.

The upper first true molar, that of the left side being represented in plate
ii. fig. I, nearly accords in form and construction with that of plate ii. fig. 6,
previously described. It is smaller, and the lobes of each transverse pair are
less deeply separated by angular notches from the greater proportionate de-
velopment of their medial offsets.

The first lower molar, of the same side, represented in plate ii. fig. 3,
resembles the former, narrowed transversely and with its homologous lobes
reversed in position, and with its posterior talon proportionately more de-
veloped and appearing as a conspicuous pair of unequal conical eminences.

The fourth lower molar, incomplete in its anterior two outer lobes, is an
enlarged representative of the tooth preceding it, just described.

The measurements of the teeth are as follows :

Fore and aft length of the crown of the upper fourth molar. 106 mm.

Transverse breadth at base of the anterior lobes . . 65 "

Transverse breadth at base of the posterior lobes . . 68 "

Height of middle external lobe 53 "

Fore and aft length of the crown of the lower third molar . 97 "

Transverse breadth at base of the anterior lobes . . 46 "

Transverse breadth at base of the posterior lobes . . 56 "

Height of middle internal lobe . . . . . 44 "

Among the characteristic specimens of the Florida Mastodon under
examination from Mixon's plantation are five isolated molar teeth, which,

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MASTODON

from their general appearance of age and other conditions, are so correlated as
to render it probable that they belonged to the same animal, an individual of
adult age. The teeth consist of the series of upper true molars of the right
side, and those of the left side except the last one. The crown of the right
second true molar is broken away at its back part, but that of the correspond-
ing left tooth is complete. The crown of the last molar is also complete, and
those of the first molars nearly so. The latter are well worn, but the last
molars had just commenced to protrude, and in the specimen preserved is
only slightly abraded from use on the summit of the first outer lobe.

The first molars, represented in plate ii. figs, i and 2, differ a little in size
and the condition of wear, the left being slightly the larger. The constituent
lobes of the crown are worn away nearly to their bases, the inner ones to the
greatest extent. The exposed dentinal areas are strongly depressed, the
broader ones of the inner lobes even to a greater depth than the bottom of the
valleys of the tooth.

In the right tooth the dentinal areas of the anterior pair of lobes con-
join by a narrow isthmus, in the middle lobes are separated by a little neck,
but in the posterior lobes arc still separated by a double wall of enamel. In
the left tooth the worn condition in a manner seems reversed ; in the anterior
lobes the dentinal areas being separated as in the posterior lobes of the former
tooth ; in the middle lobes they are united by a narrow isthmus, and in the
posterior lobes are completely united, leaving only an enamel islet as a rem-
nant of the original separation. Contrary to the usual course of wear of the
teeth of the Mastodon, these look more worn behind than in front.

The measurements of the two teeth are as follows :

Right tooth. Left tooth.

Fore and aft diameter of the crown . . 107 mm. 1 13 mm.

Transverse diameter at base of anterior lobes . 75 " 73 "

Transverse diameter at base of posterior lobes . 70 " 70 "

The second true molars, of which the left one is represented in plate i.
fig. 2, are typical of the molar teeth in general of the species. Conforming to
the first molars, their crown is composed of three pairs of lobes springing from
an expanded base and embraced by a tubercular basal ridge. The inner lobes
are closely united through their contiguous buttresses, which completely
divided the transverse valleys of the crown. The anterior buttress of the
first inner lobe is prolonged in the usual manner by an equally stout ridge
extending in advance of the contiguous outer lobe. There is no buttress to

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

MASTODON

the last inner lobe. The intermediate buttresses exhibit more or less disposi-
tion to extension in the valleys as tubercular ridges between the outer lobes.
The disposition is really more strongly marked in the right tooth. At the
back of the crown is a broad pyramidal talon springing from the basal ridge,
and divided into a row of mammillary eminences. The basal ridge is well
developed internally, and is continuous with the thicker portions in front and
behind the crown. The first and second outer lobes are subdivided into two,
and the outer portion of the second is again divided at its summit. The third
outer lobe towards the summit divides into three eminences.

In these teeth all the lobes are worn except the last outer one. The right
tooth is more worn than the left one. The pairs of lobes are worn across in
inclined planes nearly to a level, sloping in front and behind on the anterior
two pairs of lobes, but in front only on the posterior pair. Shield-shaped
areas of dentine are displayed on the anterior two inner lobes. In the left
tooth, as seen in fig. 2, elliptical areas of dentine are displayed on the inner
subdivisions of the anterior two outer lobes. In the right tooth the first outer
lobe displays a pair of elliptical dentinal areas, and the second outer lobe a
transverse row of three smaller areas. An elliptical islet of dentine occupies
the extension of the anterior buttress of the crown in both teeth. The enamel
of the summit of the last inner lobe is worn in an inclined plane forward, but
the dentine is not exposed. The contiguous outer lobe exhibits no trace of
wear. A moderate layer of cementum, pretty evenly deposited, occupies the
deeper recesses of these teeth.

The measurements of the teeth are as follows :

Right tooth. Left tooth.

Fore and aft diameter of .the crown . . 148 mm.

Transverse diameter at base of anterior lobes . 95 mm. 92 "

Transverse diameter at base of middle lobes . 88 " 89 "

Transverse diameter at base of posterior lobes 88 ' '

Height of the last outer lobe, unworn . . 66 "

The crown of the upper right last molar tooth, represented in plate v. fig.
2, is complete, but the fangs are broken away. The tooth had barely pro-
truded at its fore part, and is abraded from use only on the summit of the
first external lobe. The front of the crown at its base exhibits the result of
pressure or friction of the adjacent second true molar. The crown is com-
posed of four pairs of lobes, springing from a broad base, with a conspicuous
tubercular talon. It is widest opposite the first pair of lobes, slightly narrow
at the next pair, then more abruptly at the third, and is more gradually

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MASTODON

reduced to the rounded talon. Fore and aft it is nearly straight, but is slightly
bent, with the concavity inward. The anterior two 'pairs of lobes are nearly
equal, the succeeding pair is slightly reduced, and the fourth pair is reduced
about one-fourth. The inner lobes expand medially fore and aft into stout
buttresses, of which the contiguous ones conjoin in the valleys of the crown
and obstruct the middle of their course for more than half the depth. The
summits of the inner lobes, prolonged on their buttresses, are subdivided into
rows of tubercles. The anterior buttress of the first inner lobe is continuous,
with an equally strong tubercular ridge in advance of the position of the con-
tiguous outer lobe, producing a conspicuous feature of the front of the crown.
The posterior two inner lobes have their posterior buttresses nearly obsolete.

The outer lobes of the crown, narrower than the inner ones, are medially
extended towards the latter rather than fore and aft, though in these positions
tubercles springing from their base and occupying the valleys are rudiments of
the buttresses of the inner lobes. The summits of the outer lobes are divided
into transverse rows of rounded tubercles. The summits of the pairs of lobes
are separated by angular notches, and deeper angular notches separate the sum-
mits of the inner lobes. In the second and fourth pairs of lobes the notches
are rendered shallower, from the development of a medial tubercular offset from
the contiguous inner lobe. The first outer lobe displays three eminences at its
summit ; the succeeding outer lobes, transverse rows of four eminences.

The talon of the crown is a strong semicircular projection of the base,
from which springs a row of half a dozen unequal nipple-shaped eminences.
The basal ridge, especially thick at the inner front part of the crown, extends
interruptedly along the inner side and behind the talon, and is more conspicu-
ously marked at the entrance of the valleys. Considerable irregular cementum
occupies the deeper recesses of the crown.

The measurements of the specimen are as follows :

Diameter of the crown fore and aft . . . . .193 mm.

Diameter of the crown transversely at the anterior lobes . 97 "

Diameter of the crown transversely at the second lobes . 94 "

Diameter of the crown transversely at the third lobes . . 87 "

Diameter of the crown transversely at the fourth lobes . 80 "

Height of the first inner lobe . . . . . . 82 "

Height of the second inner lobe . . . . . 80 "

Height of the third inner lobe . . . . . • 73 "

Height of the fourth inner lobe . . . . . . 65 "

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

MASTODON

Among the specimens of teeth of the Florida Mastodon from the bone-
bed of Mixon's plantation are three isolated ones, which have the appearance
of having belonged to the same individual. They consist of the crown of the
right upper last molar, which has lost small portions from the first outer con-
stituent lobe and talon, the greater portion of the crown of the corresponding
left tooth comprising the three anterior pairs of constituent lobes, and the
nearly complete crown of the right lower last molar. They are entirely
unworn, almost devoid of cementum, and appear as if they had not yet pro-
truded from the jaws to assume their functional position.

The crown of the upper last molars, of which the more complete right
one is represented in plate vii. fig. 2, is larger and more robust than the speci-
men previously described, but otherwise has nearly the same form and pro-
portions. The four pairs of constituent lobes have essentially the same
arrangement, but their offsets in general appear better developed or more
distinct. .The inner lobes appear more deeply constricted inwardly, where
they give off their buttresses. The outer lobes are more or less deeply
divided in front and behind by grooves, which are scarcely apparent in the
former tooth. Their inner offsets are better developed and more prominent,
and at the summit are divided into a pair of conspicuous eminences instead of
three smaller ones as in the former specimen. The summits of the first, third,
and fourth pairs of lobes are well separated by angular notches. In the
second pair of lobes from the more equal development of their medial offsets,
together they form a transverse ridge of five eminences. In the third inner
lobe the posterior buttress seems directed medially to join the contiguous
outer lobe. In the fourth inner lobe a strong medial offset exists, which
appears to be absent in the former tooth.

The talon consists of a pair of large but unequal conical eminences
springing from the base of the crown, and giving each a tubercular offset
forward. The basal ridge is more strongly developed in these specimens than
any others of the Mastodon which have been brought to our notice. It is
very thick and coarsely tubercular, extending from the inner part of the front
of the crown along the inner side uninterruptedly to the talon. At the outer
side of the crown it is thinner but continuous, and forms conspicuous eminences
at the entrance of the valleys.

In the portion preserved of the left tooth the characters are essentially
the same, but the second and third outer lobes are less well developed, and
the surface irregularly rugged, apparently an anomalous condition.

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MASTODON

The measurements of the complete specimen are as follows :

Diameter of the crown fore and aft . . . . 205 mm.

Diameter of the crown transversely at the anterior lobes . 107 "

Diameter of the crown transversely at the second lobes . 104 "

Diameter of the crown transversely at the third lobes . . 99 "

Diameter of the crown transversely at the fourth lobes . 94 "

Height of the first inner lobe . . . . . . 85 "

Height of the second inner lobe .. . . . . 87 "

Height of the third inner lobe . . . . . . 82 "

Height of the fourth inner lobe . . . . . . 70 "

Accompanying the teeth last described, and perhaps belonging to the
same animal, is a portion of the crown of a lower right second molar, repre-
sented in plate iii. fig. 5. It consists of the posterior two pairs of constituent
lobes with the talon. The lobes are worn at their summits, and the forward
pair exhibit considerable exposed dentinal tracts, of which the larger outer
one is quadrilobate, the inner transversely pyriform. The lobes accord with
their homologues of the corresponding upper tooth, but the last outer one
has its posterior buttress better developed than in its homologue. The talon
is much larger, and consists of a conspicuous pair of conical eminences, of
which the "outer is the larger, and by an offset conjoins the buttress of the
lobe in advance. The crown as usual is narrower than that of the upper
tooth, and like it has considerable cementum. The transverse diameter of
the crown at the posterior lobes is 79 mm.

Two isolated specimens of teeth in the collection are the fifth upper
molars, apparently from the same individual. They are both imperfect, but so
far as they are preserved they nearly accord in size and other respects with
the corresponding teeth above described. The more complete tooth displays
all the constituent lobes of its crown, worn to such an extent as to have
dentinal areas exposed upon their summits. On the first and second inner
lobes the exposed dentinal areas are shield-shape and conspicuously quadrilo-
bate. The contiguous outer lobes exhibit transverse elliptical areas. The
third inner lobe shows a narrow elliptical islet, extending from the summit of
the former along its anterior buttress. The contiguous outer lobe, the least
worn, shows a transverse row of three small dentinal islets. In this tooth the
posterior buttress of the last inner lobe is more developed than usual. The
fore and aft measurement of the crown is 130 mm.; the transverse diameter
of the fore part of the other specimen is 88 mm.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

T.6

MASTODON

Among the remains of the Florida Mastodon from Mixon's plantation, in
the collection of 1890, are four isolated specimens of teeth, which from their
general appearance are supposed to have pertained to the same animal, an indi-
vidual of nearly the same age as those to which the previously described speci-
mens belonged. They consist of the upper first and second true molars of the left
side, and the second one of the right side, and the lower left second true molar.

The first and second upper molars, as represented in those of the left side
in plate i. fig. 4, pretty closely resemble the corresponding teeth already de-
scribed, both in construction and condition of wear, but are not quite so large.
In the first molar the constituent lobes of the crown are well worn away, and
the broad dentinal surfaces they display are on a level with the bottom of the
inner valleys. The dentinal areas of the anterior lobes of the crown are con-
joined by an isthmus, while the others are still separated by narrow necks of
enamel. Strong processes of the basal ridge unite the bases of the contiguous
inner lobes of the crown.

In the second molars, that of the right side is most worn, and to such a
degree that dentinal areas are exposed on all the constituent lobes of the crown,
while in the left one they are not exposed on the posterior pair of lobes, and
of these the outer one is scarcely worn. In these teeth the inner lobes of the
crown rather more conspicuously embrace the outer ones than in the same teeth
previously described, and the internal basal ridge is more coarsely tubercular.

The measurements of the teeth are as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown of the first molar . . 103 mm.

Transverse diameter at base of anterior lobes . . . 65 "

Transverse diameter at base of posterior lobes ... 65

Fore and aft diameter of the crown of the second molar . 136 "

Transverse diameter at base of anterior lobes . . . 84 "

Transverse diameter at base of posterior lobes . . . 86 "

The second lower true molar tooth, represented in plate i. fig. i , has the
crown shorter fore and aft than the corresponding upper tooth, is also nar-
rower transversely, and is of less uniform breadth, being narrowed forward.
It is, further, more worn, as considerable dentinal areas are exposed on the
summit of the last outer lobe and its anterior buttress, and minute ones on the
contiguous inner lobe. The outer constituent lobes of the crown are closely

o

like their homologues of the upper molars, but the inner lobes appear propor-
tionately less wide transversely. The talon forms a conspicuous pair of large
conical eminences at the back of the crown.

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MASTODON

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

Diameter fore and aft of the crown ..... 126 mm.
Diameter transversely at base of the anterior lobes .' . 64 "
Diameter transversely at base of the posterior lobes . 78 "

The crown of the right last lower molar tooth, represented in plate vi. fig.
I, is complete except that it is injured on the summits of the second pair of
constituent lobes. It is longer fore and aft, narrower transversely, and of
more uniform breadth in this direction than that of the upper molars. It is
slightly bent in the length, with the convexity inward and a less degree of
concavity outward. Like the upper molars, it is composed of four pairs of
lobes, springing from a broad base and with a larger talon, assuming more
the appearance of an additional pair of reduced lobes. The inner lobes are of
less transverse breadth than their homologues, the outer ones of the upper
teeth, due mainly to reduction in the medial offsets, which in this tooth exhibit
but a single eminence at the summit, instead of a pair as in the upper teeth.
The outer lobes are almost identical with their homologues of the latter, but
the posterior buttresses of the posterior pair are better developed. The inner
lobes are flattened internally, and the corresponding lateral faces are more
abruptly defined from those in front and behind than in the upper molars.
This condition of the inner lobes gives the inner surface of the crown a
flattened appearance not present in the corresponding or outer surface of the
upper molars. The outer lobes are almost identical with their homologues of
the latter, but in the third and fourth the posterior buttresses are better
developed.

FYom the talon springs a pair of conical eminences, much larger than
those in the accompanying upper molar, and bounded behind by a strong
tuberous base. The pair of eminences are about half the size of the lobes in
advance, and are related to them as a fifth reduced pair. A strong basal ridge
extends from the front of the crown along the outer side to the talon, but
interrupted or thinning away at the base of the first outer lobe.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

Diameter fore and aft of the crown . . . . 225 mm.

Transverse diameter at base of first pair of lobes . 86 "

Transverse diameter at base of second pair of lobes . . 88 "

Transverse diameter at base of third pair of lobes . . 88 "

Transverse diameter at base of fourth pair of lobes . . 84 "

Height of first external lobe . .... . 69 "

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

MASTODON

Height of second external lobe ...... 88 mm.

Height of third external lobe . . . . . . 78 "

Height of fourth external lobe . . . . . . 74 "

Height of fifth external lobe . . . . . . 52 "

Associated with the specimens just described were four others, the isolated
crowns of last molar teeth, which, from their general appearance on first
inspection, were regarded as having pertained to the same individual animal,
but further examination renders this reference doubtful. They are so far
different from the last molars already described as to make it uncertain
whether they are the upper with the lower true ones or whether they are all
of the latter character. Even viewed in the former light it would still be
questionable whether they had belonged to the same individual, for the wear-
ing to which they have been subjected, though slight, yet shows some differ-
ence in extent in what would appear to be the upper and lower teeth. Two of
the specimens are evidently the crowns of lower molars, and more especially
seem to have belonged to the same individual, as the more anterior ones above
described. The others contrasted with the former might be considered to
have pertained to the corresponding upper teeth, but compared with the pre-
viously described last molars, differing from both upper and lower ones, on
the whole most resemble the latter in proportions and in the development of
the talon. For convenience of description, as their true position seems un-
certain, they will be regarded as upper molars.

The crowns of the lower molars are nearly complete, though the left one
is much fractured and otherwise mutilated. Of the others, the left one is com-
plete, while the other consists of the greater portion comprising the anterior
three pairs of constituent lobes. All the specimens are remarkable for the un-
usual quantity of cementum which invests them and fills their deeper recesses,
greatly exceeding that in most of the Mastodon teeth under examination.

The complete crown of the supposed upper molar, represented in plate vii.
fig. I, has more the proportions of the last lower molar previously described
than of the undoubted upper ones. It is fore and aft longer, and its talon
much more fully developed, even exceeding in this respect that of the lower
molar. The four pairs of constituent lobes accord rather with those of the
undoubted upper molars than with those of the latter. The incomplete crown
of the right molar, consisting of its anterior portion, viewed alone, would
have been unhesitatingly accepted as pertaining to the upper tooth. The
outer lobes of the crown in these teeth are all devoid of medial tubercular

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MASTODON

offsets, which are present in more or less of the last molars previously de-
scribed, both upper and lower. The extension of the buttress of the first
internal lobe at the front of the crown is conspicuously more robust than in
the former specimens, but the basal ridge along the inner side of the crown is
less well developed.

The talon is a stout mass, the segment of a sphere, with a group of three
conical eminences, of which the intermediate one is the largest and extends
behind the others.

The enamel is abraded from wear only on the extreme summit of the
first inner lobe, but appears polished from friction on the contiguous outer
lobe, extending upon its anterior buttress. The front of the crown exhibits a
slight abrasion due to contact with the contiguous tooth.

The measurements of the' tooth are as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of the crown ..... 220 mm.

Transverse diameter at base of first pair of lobes . • 95 "

Transverse diameter at base of second pair of lobes . . 92 "

Transverse diameter at base of third pair of lobes . . 89 "

Transverse diameter at base of fourth pair of lobes . . 88 "

Height of first inner lobe ....... 63 "

Height of second inner lobe ... . . 69 "

Height of third inner lobe . . . . . . 64 "

Height of fourth inner lobe . . . . . • 59 "

Of the last lower molars, above mentioned, the more complete crown of
the right one is represented in plate vi. fig. 2. Like the specimens just de-
scribed, they had recently protruded, but they are slightly more worn, the
right more than the left one. In the former the enamel is abraded on the
summits of both lobes of the second pair, but to a less extent on those of
the first pair, extending on the anterior buttress of the first outer one. In the
left tooth the enamel is abraded on the summit of the second outer lobe and
in a less degree on those of the anterior pairs of lobes extending on the
anterior buttress of the outer one. Both teeth are also worn in front of the
crown over a considerable extent of surface, due to contact with the fifth
molars. This wearing in front closely accords with that at the back of the
crown of the specimen of a fifth lower molar, previously described, as also do
the comparatively small worn surfaces on the front of the upper molars above
described, with similar ones on the fifth upper molars, rendering it probable
that all the eight molars last described belonged to the same individual,

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
AO

MASTODON

The lower molars under examination are fore and aft slightly shorter, as
well as transversely narrower, than in the supposed upper molars, a condition
in the former respect which is not usual in known species of Mastodon.

In comparison with the specimen of the last lower molar previously de-
scribed, it is smaller, being fore and aft slightly shorter, as well as transversely
narrower, a condition in the former respect not usual in known species of
Mastodon. The crown is less flattened internally, and it is devoid of the basal
ridge externally. The internal constituent lobes are more conical or less
angular, and the medial offsets of both internal and external lobes are less well
developed, while their summits are more convergent.

The talon is formed of a transverse pair of conical lobes, with a posterior
intermediate smaller conical eminence. The former are larger than in the
first-described lower last molar, and more closely crowd on the lobes in
advance.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows :

Diameter of the crown fore and aft . . . . -215 mm.

Diameter transversely at base of the first pair of lobes . 84 "

Diameter transversely at base of the second pair of lobes . 84 "

Diameter transversely at base of the third pair of lobes . 80 "

Diameter transversely at base of the fourth pair of lobes . 75 "

Height of first outer lobe . . . . 70 "

Height of second outer lobe 82 "

Height of third outer lobe . . . . . 75 "

Height of fourth outer lobe . . . . . 68 "

Height of fifth outer lobe . . . . 52 "

Five fragments representing four different tusks are present, three of them
showing a well-marked enamel band, while the others appear to have lost this
feature by weathering. In addition to the enamel band, two of the fragments
have small patches of cement adjoining, which seem to indicate that the entire
tusk where not covered with enamel was coated with a layer of cement. The
enamel is longitudinally coarsely striated, and shows numerous minute pits,
which are thickest in the smallest tusk.

The measurements of the tusks are as follows :

Transverse diameter . . .66 mm. 39 mm.

Vertical 5' " 32 "

Width of enamel band 48 " 29 "

RHINOCEROS
Aphelops fossiger

THE occurrence of rhinoceros remains in Florida was noted by Dr. Leidy in
the " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"
for 1884, page 118, and in the Proceedings for 1885, pages 32 and 33, he
described a species which he named Rhinoceros protcrus, basing it upon a last
upper molar. Subsequently a large number of teeth and bones were received
from Florida belonging to the same species. Unfortunately, no portion what-
ever of the skull was preserved, but a comparison of the teeth and bones with
the type of Aphelops fossiger (Cope), and with other Western material, shows
that at most Rhinoceros protcrus can be considered only as a subspecies of
Aphelops fossiger, which may be distinguished as follows: similar to A. fossiger,
but with slightly smaller molars, having thinner crests ; a better development
of the cingulum on pm. %• and 4-, bones of the feet averaging a little heavier
and more rugose. Dental formula, i. \, c. $-, pm. f , m. f . The cutting surface
of the upper incisor, plate ix. fig. 4, ascribed to this subspecies by Dr. Leidy,
is elongate, rounded from front to back, and somewhat rounded on the side.
The lower incisor, plate xii. fig. I, is long, with a short, triangular, enamel-
covered point. The lower canine, plate xii. figs. 2, 3, and 4, is long and much
curved, with the convexity inward, the cutting portion wearing to a long,
smooth, chisel-like point. The young unworn canine shows a long, triangular,
sharp-cutting edge.

An anticrochet is developed on all upper teeth back of the second pre-
molar. The inner angles of protoloph and metaloph are united by the back-
wardly directed crochet in pm. 2, 3, 4, the crochet becoming free on the first
molar. Professor Osborn, " Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.," xx. part iii. pages 92 and
93, states that the anticrochet is absent in pm. 4 of fossiger, but the specimens
in hand show that this may or may not be the case. The fourth premolar
of one specimen, plate ix. fig. 3, from Florida, bears a rudimentary crista,
while in one example of fossiger the corresponding tooth has the crista well
developed and uniting with the metaloph to form a small fossette. In other
examples of both protcrus and fossiger the crista is absent, so that the presence

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
42

RHINOCEROS

or absence of this portion of the tooth would seem in itself a character of
comparatively little value.*

The inner, pinched-up, basal portions of the protoloph and metaloph, the
foreshadowing of the pillar, are slightly narrower in proterus than in fossiger,
and the cingulum is usually better developed on pm. 3 and 4. As a rule, too,
the crests approach each other more closely in the Florida specimens than
they do in fossiger, so that the pits produced by the wear of the teeth appear
earlier and endure longer. This is best seen in the third upper molar of
fossiger, which has a comparatively large anterior fossette, but the character is
not constant, and different teeth vary much. In one specimen of fossiger in
particular, plate viii. fig. 14, the fossette is abnormally large, there is a rudimen-
tary crista, and the metaloph is directed backward as in the first and second
molars.

The following table gives the measurements of the molar teeth of protcrus
and fossiger, the first row of figures giving the antero-posterior diameter, the
second row the transverse :

ti

I. I.

M

II.

M.

III.

f)u*

Proterus

. TS/X

.60 mm.

.61

X

.65 mm.

.66

X

.54 mm.

Proterus

•5'

x

•55 "

.58

X

60 "

.60

X

.51 "

Proterus

•63

X

.68 "

Fossiger,

135° •

.68

X

.69 "

•75

X .

69 <•

•55

X

45 "

Fossiger,

1349 •

.66

x

.69 -

.76

X .

68 ••

•75

X

.56 "

Fossiger,

1348 .

.58

X

.72 "

.68

X .

74 ••

.67

X

,68 "

Fossiger,

'347 •

•38

x

.72 "

•55

X .

77 "

.68

X

.70 "

Type

•49

x

.66 •<

.66

X .

68 ••

•73

X

.65 »

The antero-posterior measurement depends greatly on the amount of
wear which the tooth has undergone and also on the curvature of the tooth, a
little more curve adding materially to the measurement. The measurements
given above are all taken in a straight line along the widest portions of the
teeth. The measurements of teeth of Aphelops fossiger are of interest, as the
skulls represent individuals of very different ages. In 1350 the third molar
is exposed for a height of .30 mm., in 1349 it is fully through but unworn, in

*In the American Naturalist for March, 1894, page 241, Mr. Hatcher describes the dentition of
a specimen of Aphelops fossiger, suggesting that it may prove to be a new species, but unless other
specimens exactly similar should be found, I should consider it merely a case of individual variation.
Furthermore, the numerous specimens examined show that the crista and crochet are by no means
constant in their development, and that too much stress should not be laid on them as characters.

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4"?

RHINOCEROS

1348 the third molar is in use, while 1347 is a very old animal in which the
teeth are worn down nearly to the roots. As indicated by this series, there is
a gradual decrease in length and increase in width of the third molar. The
premolars and molars are well shown on plate viii.

The number of lower teeth in the collection is much less than that of
the upper grinders, and they do not appear to have been so consociated with
these as to render it possible to state to which of the two species under con-
sideration they belonged. Those shown in plate x. figs, i, 2, 8, 9, and 10,
probably from their size, belong to A. protcnis, and well represent the change
in appearance brought about by wear.

The only well-preserved portion of the vertebral column is an axis, lack-
ing the posterior epiphysis, but a few other more or less imperfect cervicals
are also present. The general character of this axis, like that of fossiger, is
stout and rugose. The articular surface of this and one other axis is continu-
ous from side to side ; in a third specimen there is a narrow interval between
the articular surface of the odontoid and of the lateral facets.

Measurements are as follows :

Proterus. Fossige .

Width across articular facets . .147 mm. . 147 mm.

Depth of articular facets . . .36 " .45mm. .42 "

\Vidthacrosspostzygapophyses . .86 " .86 " .112 "

Diameter of neural canal . . .36 " .34 " .39 "

SCAPULA. — The glenoid portion is all that is present of the scapula, and
there is nothing to distinguish it from the corresponding portion of the scapula
of fossiger. The glenoid fossa measures .80 mm. long and .60 mm. wide.

HUMERUS. — The only humerus approaching completeness, plate xiv. fig. 6,
lacks the tuberosities. It is somewhat slender, and the deltoid ridge is not- so
pronounced as in a corresponding bone of fossiger, but the burner! of both are
remarkable for the great and abrupt projection of the epicondyle.

Proterus. Fossiger.

Length between articulations . . .305 mm. .308 mm.

Width across epicondyle . . . .127 " .138 "

ULNA. — The ulna is represented by one complete specimen, -plate xiv. fig.
5, the olecranal portion of another, and the distal extremities of three. Two
of these last are much larger and more massive than the other, and consider-
ably exceed in size the specimen figured.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
44

RHINOCEROS

Measurements are as follows :

Proterus. Fossiger.

Length over all .... .300 mm. .310 mm. .350111111.

Upper part of articular surface to

outside of olecranon . . .126 mm. .121 " .115 " .143 "

Depth of olecranon at middle . .79 " .84 " .78 " .87 "

These evidently do not belong to I?, loiigifcs of Leidy, from the fact that
this species more nearly resembles R. unicornis in build, and the distal end of
the ulna should be wider than these specimens.

RADIUS. — There are no characters by which the radii of protcrus (of which
we have four complete examples) and fossigcr can be separated, both being
short, massive, and considerably dilated at either extremity. The larger of
the two radii, whose measurements are given below, is figured on plate xiv. fig.
7, and .was ascribed with a query to R. longipes by Dr. Leidy. For reasons
given under the description of that species, it probably belongs to the species
under consideration.

Proterus. Fossiger.

Length .... .270111111. .212 mm. .290111111. .250 mm.

Proximal width . .88 " .85 " .98 " .85 "

Distal width . . . .93 " .83 " .102 " .83 "

FEMUR. — The femur is represented by the proximal portion of two speci-
mens, the distal ends of five, and the median part of the shaft of one. Its
length, as indicated by these fragments, was about the same as that of fossiger,
or about 40 to 42 cm. The great trochanter is low and wide, the lesser tro-
chanter is represented by a ridge, while the third trochanter is very small in
one specimen and large in another, although by no means like the third tro-
chanter of R. unicornis. In a specimen of fossiger lacking the proximal
epiphysis, the third trochanter is practically obsolete. The fragments indicate
that the inner, upper portion of the shaft was thinner in protcrus than in fossigcr,
but this may be an individual peculiarity of the bones of one or the other of
the specimens. The distal portions of the femora are like the other bones,
very variable.

Their measurements are as follows :

Proterus. Fossiger.

Greatest width . . . . .115 mm. .122 mm. .123111111.

Greatest width of articular surface . .90 " .96 .102

Greatest antero-posterior width . . .126 " .135 .143

3ITT

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RHINOCEROS

TIBIA. — The short, massive tibia, plate xv. fig. 5, is represented by five
complete examples and portions of several others. These are all adult, and
very closely resemble the tibiae of fossiger. The external condylar articulation
is, as a rule, not quite so pointed anteriorly and not so triangular in shape as
the corresponding part of the tibia of fossiger, but this is a point of little value.
It is apparently not uncommon for the fibula to ankylose with the tibia in
fossiger, but no specimen of proterns presents this peculiarity.

Subjoined are measurements of several tibiae :

Measurements of the calcaneum are as follows :

Proterus. Fossiger.

Extreme length . . .202111111. .220111111. .247111111. .220111111. .250 mm. .270111111.
Width, posterior part of

proximal end . .100 " .115 " .105 " .103 " .112 "

Width, anterior face of

distal end . . .73 " .78 " ' .80 " .78 " .78 " .82 "

TARSUS. — The calcaneum, plate xi. figs, i and 2, is noteworthy for the
roundness of the calcaneal projection, the vertical and transverse measure-
ments of the body of the bone differing but little, whereas in R. uniforms the
vertical measurement much exceeds the transverse.

The astragalus, plate xiii. fig. 4, is wide and low, the tibial groove shallow,
the cuboid articulation wide; these conditions being the reverse of those found

o

in R. tinicoriiis. There is nothing to distinguish the two bones just described
from the corresponding bones of fossiger.

The various facets of both astragalus and calcaneum exhibit a wonderful
amount of variation, and two specimens could readily be selected which might
well be considered as belonging to two distinct species, were not every inter-
mediate condition present. For distinctive purposes the shape and, to a great
extent, the arrangement of these facets must be considered worthless.

Aphelops malacorhinus

Rhinoceros longipes was described by Dr. Leidy in the " Proceedings of the
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences" for 1890, page 183, where descriptions and
measurements are given of a lower canine and second and fourth metacarpal,
and it is noted that other bones and teeth were contained in the collections

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46

RHINOCEROS

from Florida. A comparison of the teeth and some of the bones with those
of the type of Aphelops malacorhinus in the collection of Professor Cope
shows the identity of the two species, and that Rhinoceros longipcs is merely a
synonyme of A. malacorhinus. Remains of this species, as in Western deposits,
are much less abundant than those of A. fossigcr, and comparatively few teeth
are included in the collections from Florida.

The differences between the molars of A. malacorhinus and A. fossiger
are well marked, and consist in the greater simplicity of structure of the molar
of A. malacorliinus, the smaller size of the fossettes, and consequent closer
approximation of the various crests. (See plate x. figs. 1 1 to 16.) There is no
constriction of the inner part of either protoloph or metaloph into a separate
column, these two crests, when viewed from the inner side, appearing as two
simple cones united for some distance above their bases. The cingulum is
much developed, and exhibits a tendency to give off little conical projections
on the inner edge. The surface of the enamel is quite smooth, lacking the
vertical striations present m fossiger and its subspecies protcrus.

Strictly speaking, the molars bear no anticrochet, although there is a slight
angularity of the protoloph where the anticrochet would be produced, but the
crochet is well developed, and there is a tendency towards the production of
a crista which may, as in plate x. fig. 1 1, unite with the crochet. In the type
of A. malacorhinus there is no anticrochet on either pm. 3 or 4. The differ-
ences between the teeth of A. malacoi-hinus and A. fossiger are just such as
prevail between those of the African R. bicornis and the Asiatic R. nnicornis.

The canine ascribed to this species, plate xi. fig. II, is very large and
heavy, straighter than the canine of A. fossiger, more rounded in section, and
more pointed anteriorly.

There are no vertebrae in the collection which appear to belong to this
species.

HUMERUS. — The distal end of the humerus, plate xvi. fig. 7, is not only
much larger than any specimen of this bone belonging to A. fossiger, but
lacks the great and abrupt projection of the external condyle. The posterior
projection of the internal condyle is also less pronounced than in fossiger, and
the humerus more nearly resembles that of R. nnicornis. The supinator ridge
is not pronounced, and the shaft of the bone is rounder than in fossiger.

RADIUS. — Two radii were ascribed to R. longipes by Dr. Leidy, but the
specific identity of one, plate xiv. fig. I, was justly queried, for while larger
than any of the Florida specimens of protems, it is no larger and no more

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47

RHINOCEROS

rugose than some radii of A. fossiger from Kansas. The articular proximal
portion, plate xiv. fig. 2, which is all that is preserved of the second radius,
indicates an animal generally larger than fossiger, and, if one may use the
term, less pronounced in structure. It articulates perfectly with the distal end
of the right humerus shown in plate xvi. fig. 7, and may have belonged to the
same animal.

CARPUS. — The scaphoid, plate xiii. fig. 8, is more massive and its radial
articular face more triangular in outline than the corresponding bone in an
immature specimen of R. unicornis. The unciform, which has its posterior
projection broken off, is slightly smaller, but a little more heavily built than in
the same specimen of unicornis, and it, as well as the fourth metacarpal, exhibits
articulations for the rudimentary fifth metacarpal.

METACARPALS. — The second metacarpal is decidedly lighter than that of
unicornis, while the fourth metacarpal is practically of the same size in the
two animals. Plate xiii. figs. 6 and 7.

FEMUR. — Only the distal portion of a femur, plate xvi. fig. 8, is present,
and this has a portion chipped off the outer condyle. It is distinguishable
from the distal end of the femur of A. fossiger only by its superior size, while
in turn it is smaller than the corresponding portion of the femur of Indian
rhinoceros. It agrees in size with part of a femur of A. nialacorliinus in the
possession of Professor Cope.

TIBIA. — The distal end of the tibia, plate xvi. fig. 5, is wide and trans-
versely flattened, the inner face is also flattened, while the outer is very sharp,
the general character of the bone being square and angular. The transverse
diameter is much greater than the antero-posterior diameter, which is not the
case in the tibia of fossiger, while the tibia of malacorliinns was also much
longer than that of the other species.

Rather curiously in the present specimen, the distal end of the fibula is
ankylosed with the tibia, which, as previously noted, often occurs in Western
specimens ol fossiger, but has not yet been found in the Florida representatives
of that species.

The astragalus, plate xvi. fig. 6, is slightly wider than high, with the tibial
groove deeply cut and the cubo-navicular articulation rather narrow fore and
aft, contrasting in these points with A. fossiger and resembling R. unicornis.

The calcaneum, plate xi. figs. 3 and 4, is remarkable for its shortness
and depth, again differing from fossiger and agreeing with R. unicornis. It is
interesting to note that the long metatarsals of malacorJiinus are associated

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RHINOCEROS

with so short a calcaneum, while the metatarsals of fossiger, which mark the
extreme of shortness in the group, are joined with a comparatively long cal-
caneum. The inner facet for the astragalus is deeper than wide, and its long
axis forms an angle of 40° to 45° with the outer face of the calcaneum. In
fossiger the inner astragaline facet is longer than deep, and its long axis forms
an angle of about 90° with a line drawn vertically to the outer face of the cal-
caneum. The cuboid facet looks almost directly downward, while in fossiger
it looks sharply inward.

Malacorhinus. Unicornis. Fossiger.

/~ ~\ /" •*

Extreme length . . .122 mm. .113 mm. .135 mm. .126 mm. .116 mm.

Width go " .83 " .85 " .74 " .62 "

Depth of process . .63 " .76 " .75 " .45 " .37

Width of process . .50 " .50 " .57 " .35 " .35 "

H I P P O T H E R I U M

Hippotherium princeps

THIS species was founded on a right upper molar, represented in plate
xix. fig. 12. This specimen in size and extent of folding of the enamel
so closely resembles a corresponding tooth of Equns major that it was at first
assigned to that species by Dr. Leidy, the name Hippothcrinin princeps being
applied to it upon Professor Cope pointing out that the anterior inner pillar was
free. This is the sole distinction observable between this tooth and a corre-
sponding tooth of E. major, while the pillar is, in transverse section, alike in
the two, being convex on the outer aspect and concave on the inner free edge,
the general appearance being, roughly speaking, heart-shaped. Among the
few teeth of E. major in the collection of the United States National Museum
is one in which the isthmus connecting the anterior pillar with the adjacent
lake is extremely narrow, so narrow in fact as to be almost obsolete.

In view of this, and considering the great discrepancy in size that prevails
between this tooth of H. princeps and those of the other known species of the
genus, it would seem best for the present to consider H. princeps a dubious
species, and should no other specimens be found, the tooth may be regarded
as an abnormal tooth of E. major, showing a reversion in character.

F. A. L.

Hippotherium gratum (H. ingenuum Leidy)

Is represented by two upper molars, an astragalus, and a single phalanx.

One of the molars is from a young individual and quite unworn, the
upper part of the tooth tapering inward. The other molar, plate xix. fig. 10, is
from an animal of moderate age, and shows the enamel folds very prettily.
The anterior internal pillar is, in cross-section, a pretty regular ellipse, and is
situated opposite the centre of the tooth. The posterior inner pillar is, in the
present state of the tooth at least, poorly defined, being marked off from the

4 49

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50

H1PPOTHERIUM

posterior crescent by a slight notch only. The free borders of the lakes have
each a single infolding of enamel, while their apposcd borders are folded into
several narrow but not greatly complicated sinuses.

Fore and aft diameter of tooth ...... 18111111.

Transverse diameter of tooth ... . . . . 17 "

The astragalus, plate xviii. fig. 15, is characterized by the prominence of
the trochlear keels, but, except in size, does not differ otherwise from the
astragalus of the horse.

Greatest height of astragalus on inner face .... 36 nun.
Width of astragalus across navicular face . . . . 28 "

The proximal phalanx, plate xviii. fig. 16, ascribed to this species seems
from its length and slenderness to belong to a hind leg. Its posterior upper
face is deeply and widely excavated for the tendon.

Greatest length of phalanx ...... 58 mm.

Greatest proximal width . . . . . . . 24 "

Greatest distal width ........ 20 "

F. A. L.

HippotJierium plicatile

Five molars and a number of bones of the extremities, mostly incom-
plete, are assigned to this 'species. A right upper molar, plate xix. fig. 2,
probably the third, has the anterior internal pillar quite regularly elliptical in
section, and the posterior pillar well marked off by infoldings of enamel.
The adjacent borders of the lakes have numerous infoldings of enamel, giving
a very complicated pattern, while their free borders are slightly wavy with
the usual re-entrant fold, and the inner border of the anterior lake comprises
several large and numerous small folds.

Fore and aft diameter of tooth ...... 20 mm.

Transverse diameter of tooth . . . . . . 23 "

The radius, plate xix. figs. 3 and 4, resembles that of the horse, on a
smaller scale. The ulna is complete and, except for a distance of 45 mm. at
its proximal portion, united with the radius ; the distal articulation is marked
off from that of the radius by a shallow groove.

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HIPPOTHERIUM

Length of radius .... ... 245 mm.

Proximal articular breadth . • 57 "

Distal articular breadth, including ulna . . . . 46 "

The metacarpal, shown in plate xix. fig. 9, is long, slender, and round,
with roughened surfaces for the contact of digits II. and IV. continued down
the posterior face for the greater part of its length, with a well-defined ridge
between them. The trochlear keel rurft completely around the distal articular
surface, which terminates anteriorly in a considerable hollow.

Length of metacarpal . . . . • . 230 mm.

Width of proximal articular face . • • • 35 "

Width of distal articular face ... . . 31 "

The distal end of a tibia, plate xix. fig. 5, presents no peculiarities, and
measures as follows :

Greatest width 56 mm.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter on internal face . • 37 "
Greatest antero-posterior diameter on external face . . 28 "

The astragalus, plate xviii. fig. 14, has the proximal and distal internal
tuberosities well developed, even more so than in the horse, differing in this
respect from the astragalus of H. isosensum described by Professor Cope.
On a larger scale it resembles the astragalus of H. gratum, previously de-
scribed.

Its measurements are :

Height of internal face ....... 49 mm.

Breadth of cubo-navicular face . . . . . • 37 "

Two fragments of metatarsals belonging, if not to the same individual, to
two of the same size, indicate the length of this bone to have been about
235 mm. The proximal end, plate xix. fig. 7, is cut out for the second and
fourth digits, and the articular faces for these metatarsals extend the entire
length of the bone. They are more widely separated, except at their proximal
ends, than the second and fourth metacarpals, and instead of a ridge are
divided by a shallow groove. The trochlear ridge runs completely around
the distal articular face, being carried well up behind, where it is also the
most prominent. This articulation terminates anteriorly in a veiy shallow
depression, instead of in a very deep one, as is the case with the distal articular
face of the metacarpal. The width of the distal articular face is 30 mm.

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52

HIPPOTHER1UM

Two proximal phalanges which, from the differences in their proportions,
evidently belong one to the fore the other to the hind leg, are proportionately
heavier and more rugose than the corresponding bones of the horse, differing
in this respect entirely from the phalanx ascribed to H. gratitui.

The measurements of these phalanges, the anterior of which is shown in
plate xix. fig. 8, are as follows :

Length of anterior phalanx . .... 51 mm.

Breadth at proximal end . . . . . . . 34 "

Breadth at distal end 27 "

Length of posterior phalanx . . . A . 56 "

Breadth at proximal end . . . . • \- • 33 "

Breadth at distal end . . . . . . . . 27 "

The metapodials and phalanges of this species are proportionately longer
and more slender than the corresponding bones in H. occidentale.

F. A. L.

PROCAMELUS

IN the " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"
for 1886, on page 12, Dr. Leidy gave the names of Aitchenia major,
mcdius, and minimus, to fossils from Archer County, Florida, indicating three
species of cameloid animals. No characters were given save the length and
breadth of the astragalus.

The largest of these three species belongs to the genus Procamelns, and
would therefore stand as Procamclus major Leidy, and it is quite probable that
the two other species also belong in the same genus, although in the absence
of teeth this cannot be positively asserted.

The entire dental series of P. major is not present, there being no speci-
mens of the first premolars, upper incisors, or second lower premolars, and it
.is by no means easy to determine whether certain curved caniniform teeth are
canines or first premolars. The dentition, however, may be characterized as
follows : i. \, c. \, pm. \ , m. -|. The second and third molars are very similar
to those of P. robustus, the first molars, second and third premolars much
larger. Thus, taking the teeth which are actually present, plate xvii. figs.
6-10, the combined lengths of lower pm. 3 and 4 and m. 1,2, and 3 is 155
mm. in P. major and 145 mm. in P. robustus. The length of the lower tooth
line, composed of pm. 2 and m. I, 2, and 3, in Camelus dromedarius and C.
bactrianus is respectively 142 and 152 mm. There is more of a ridge on the
posterior internal edge of the first pillar of m. 3 in /'. major than in P. robustus,
while the middle pillar is externally less symmetrical, its posterior portion
tending to form an angle. The same differences also exist between this tooth
and the corresponding tooth of Camelus. The posterior extremity of m. ¥ is
more rounded in P. major than in P. robustus, and the outer edge of the third
pillar is convex instead of concave as in Camelus. The last lower premolar is
about the size of that of C. bactrianus and a little larger than that of C. drome-
darius. The upper premolars and molars of P. major, plate xvii. figs. 1-5,
have a well-developed cingulum, and this in some cases bears a good-sized
tubercle opposite the furrow dividing the two pillars of the molars.

The identity of the species to which the names Atichenia medius and
minimus are applied cannot be regarded as definitely settled, for there are no

53

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54

PROCAMELUS

teeth present assignable to either species, although two small caniniform teeth
are included in the collection which seem to belong to the smallest species.
Among some Florida fossils belonging to Mr. S. A. Robinson, of Orlando, is
a second right upper molar, plate xvii. fig. 18, which may belong to A. mcdhts.
It is unworn, very much smaller than the second molar of P. major, and
almost identical in size with the same tooth of P. occidcntalis. It agrees
almost exactly with the corresponding tooth of P. gracilis, shown in plate
Ixxvi. fig. 2, vol. iv., " U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the lOOth Merid-
ian." The species is there called P. occidcntalis , but in the " Report of the
Geological Survey of Texas" for 1892 Professor Cope points out that it is
really P. gracilis.

The astragali ascribed to A. Minimus agree in size with those of P. gracilis
from Texas, and there is a possibility that the two species may prove to be
identical, although the length and proportions of the metatarsus and phalan-
ges seem to indicate that A. minimus was a little the larger of the two and
stood somewhat higher on its legs.

The appended descriptions, with the exception of the section pertaining
to the phalanges, had been prepared by Dr. Leidy.

F. A. L.

Among the fossil remains from Mixon's bone-bed, collected at different
times, are many bones, with fragments of others and teeth, mostly isolated
specimens, of extinct species of Llama. Many astragali, numbers of calcanei,
phalanges, patellae, and articular ends of the larger limb-bones, from their
relative proportions, indicate apparently at least three distinct species. The
specimens referred to each of these also show variations in size, in some cases
to such a degree as to render their reference less certain. The largest species
was considerably larger than the Camel, the second species was somewhat
smaller than that animal, and the third one was little more than half the size
of the first, but yet considerably larger than the existing Llama.

A series of the largest specimens of the fossil astragali, plate xviii. figs.
1,5, and 7, in comparison with those at our command, pertaining to the Camel,
Llama, and Huanaco, exhibit the following measurements :

P. major. P. medius. P. minimus. Camel. Llama. Huanaco.

Length of astraga-
lus internally . 100 mm. 67 mm. 56mm. 75mm. 43mm. 39mm.

Width of astragalus

distally . 65 " 46 " 35 " 50 " 28 " 25 "

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PROCAMEI.US

The associated teeth, mostly isolated specimens, in size are nearly all
correlated with the bones of the larger species, but in comparison with those of
the Camel, while they generally seem too small for the largest extinct Llama,
they on the other hand seem too large for the second-sized species indicated
by the bones.

A number of well-preserved molar teeth though detached from one
another have every appearance of having belonged to the same individual,
and these indicate the continuous series, below as well as above, to have been
five in number. The true molars are like those of the Camel, and approximate
them in size, while the premolars are larger, with the first of the series better
developed, and in both jaws equally permanent with the rest.

The comparative measurements of the teeth with those of a Camel are as
follows :

Fossil teeth. Recent Camel.

Diameters. Upper. Lower. Upper. Lower.

Fore and aft, last molar . 40 mm. 50 mm. 40 mm. 49 mm.

Transverse, last molar . . • 33 " 23 " 25 " 21 "

Fore and aft, second molar . - 37 " 36 " 39 " 37 "

Transverse, second molar . . 32 " 23 " 28 " 22 "

Fore and aft, first molar . • 33 " 32 " 3° " 37 "

Transverse, first molar . . 31 " 21 " 27 " 21 "

Fore and aft, last premolar . . 25 " 22 " 22 " 21 "

Transverse, last premolar . . 25 " 14 " 22 " 12 "

Fore and aft, penultimate premolar 23 " 17 " 17 "

Transverse, penultimate premolar 16 " 14 " 9 "

The fossil molar teeth just indicated give together continuous series a
little longer than in the Camel, though they seem hardly large enough to
belong to the largest species of Avchenia indicated by the largest associated
bones, and yet too large for the second-sized species indicated by other bones,
so that it is uncertain whether they belong to either of these or to a third
species of intermediate size.

A last upper molar tooth moderately worn and two teeth from another
individual, consisting of a much-worn first upper molar and the outer portion
of the preceding premolar, are larger than the corresponding teeth of the
former lot, and more probably belong to the largest species, P. major, indicated
by the accompanying bones.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
56

PROCAMELUS

The measurements of the specimens are as follows :

Fore and aft diameter of last molar . . .46 mm.

Transverse diameter of last molar . . . • 37 "

Fore and aft diameter of first molar . . . . • 33 "

Transverse diameter of first molar . . . . • 33 "

Fore and aft diameter of last premolar . . . . 28 "

An isolated last upper molar, little worn and well preserved, plate xvii.
fig. 17, submitted to my examination by Dr. J. C. Neal, previously to find-
ing the former specimens, is smaller than either of the above corresponding
teeth and probably represents the second-sized species, A. incdius, indicated
by the bones. Its fore and aft diameter is 36 mm., its transverse diameter
27 mm.

Some additional specimens, a last upper molar, a last premolar, plate xvii.
fig. 12, and fragments of several other upper molars, accord in proportions
with the first described lot of teeth.

The fossil molar teeth while resembling those of the Camel in construc-
tion seem to have the crowns proportionately somewhat less long, of rather
greater breadth transversely, with the inner sides of the upper teeth and the
outer sides of the lower ones less vertical or more sloping, and the opposite
sides of the same teeth rather more prominently folded.

The upper penultimate premolar, or the first tooth of the continuous
molar series, has a better developed crown than in that of the Camel, and it is
inserted like the succeeding premolar by three well-produced fangs. The
crown is wider fore and aft than in the Camel and shows a greater disposition
to form an inner lobe, which in the fossil tooth appears as a thick, crescentic
fold deeply notched at the middle.

The corresponding lower premolar is a reduced form of that behind it,
and is inserted by a pair of well-produced fangs in closer apposition. The
fore part of the crown is not reflected inward as in the last premolar, but is
directed forward and presents an acute border in the same position. The
worn triturating surface of the last lower premolar exhibits an elliptical
enamel-pit, which is absent in the preceding tooth from the corresponding
inner fold not having penetrated the crown so deeply.

SCAPULA. — Of five specimens of the glenoid extremity of the scapula in
the collection, two pertain to A. major and three to A. minimus. They accord
with the corresponding portion of the same bone in the Llama.

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PROCAMELUS

Their comparative measurements are as follows :

P. minimus. P. major. Llama.

Depth from coracoid process to

lower border of glenoid fossa . 65 mm. 127 mm. 55 mm.

Height of glenoid fossa . 45 •' 85 " 38 "

Transverse breadth . 41 " 75 " 33 "

HUMERUS. — A mutilated proximal end of the humerus of P. major accords
in anatomical character with the corresponding portion of the same bone in
the Llama.

Its comparative measurements arc as follows :

P. major. A. llama.

Breadth fore and aft of the head . . .105 mm. 43 mm.
Breadth from side to side . . . 90 " 43 "

Of six specimens of the distal extremity of the humerus in the collection
three belong to P. miniums and three to /'. major. They likewise accord with
the corresponding portion of the same bone in the Llama.

Their comparative measurements are as follows :

P. minimus. P. major. A. llama.

Breadth of the distal articulation 50 mm. 95-102 mm. 42 mm.

RADIUS AND ULNA. — Plate xv. figs. 9 and 10. Ten specimens in the col-
lections from Mixon's plantation are extremities of forearm bones, which
closely accord in anatomical character with corresponding portions of the
same bones in the living Llama. From their proportionate sixes four pertain
to P. minimus, one to /•*. medins, and the remainder to P. major. Of the first,
two are mutilated proximal extremities, the others the complete distal extremi-
ties, of which one is represented in plate xvi. fig. 3. The second is a distal
extremity, represented in plate xv. fig. 10. The last consist of a mutilated
upper extremity, two complete distal extremities, of which one is represented
in plate xv. fig. 9, and the detached epiphyses of two others of the latter.

The comparative measurements of specimens of th.e distal extremities of
the bones are as follows :

P. minimus. P. medius. P. major. Llama.

Extreme breadth . . . 59 mm. 54mm. 76mm. 122 mm. 45mm.
Extreme fore and aft diameter 40 " 37 " 52 " 77 " 31 "
Breadth of the carpal articu-
lation . . . . 48 " 43 " 69 " 100 " 35 "

CARPUS. — Of the bones of the carpus referable to the species of Auchenia

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

PROCAMELUS

in the collections from Mixon's plantation, there are fifty-four isolated speci-
mens. Of these, forty-six are referable to A. major, consisting of eleven
scaphoids, five lunars, seven cuneiforms, four pisiforms, one trapezoid, ten
magnums, and seven unciforms. One is a magnum of P. uicdius, and the rest
pertain to P. minimus, consisting of two scaphoids, one lunar, one cuneiform,
two pisiforms, and one magnum. The bones accord pretty closely in anatomi-
cal character with those of the living Llama. All of them, however, are distinct
or separate, from which we may infer that they permanently continued in- this
state, whereas in the Llama ordinarily we find the scaphoid and lunar and the
magnum and trapezoid co-ossified.

METACARPALS. — Three specimens in the collection from Mixon's are
upper extremities of metacarpals, representing the three species of Procanichis.
The best preserved specimen, about seven inches in length, pertains to P.
minimus, and is represented in plate xvi. fig. I. All accord in anatomical
character with the corresponding part of the same bones in the living Llama.

Measurements of the specimens are as follows :

P. minimus. P. medins. P. major.

Breadth transversely ... 48 mm. 64 mm. 86 mm.
Breadth fore and aft internally . 34 " 40 " 55 "

Breadth fore and aft externaly . 36 " 44 " 58 "

PATELLA. — Fourteen patellae in the collections from Mixon's plantation
present the anatomical character of the bone in the living Llama. Four of
them are proportioned in size with tlie P. minimus, two with the P. mcdius,
and eight with the P. major.

Comparative measurements of specimens are as follows:

P. minimus. P. medius. P. major. Llama.

Extreme length . 63mm. 61 mm. 89 mm. 122 mm. 117 mm. 104 mm. 55mm.

Extreme breadth . 33 " 32 " 48 " 58 " 56 " 49 " 26 "

Thickness . . 27 " 29 " 43 " 59 " 55 " 44 " 22 "
Length of articular •

surface . . 55 " 60 " 80 " 98 " 102 " 100 " 45 "
Breadth of articular

surface . . 30 " 30 " 38 •• 50 " 53 " 44 " 22 ••

TARSUS. — Of smaller bones of the tarsus referable to Procanichis in the
collections from Mixon's there are twenty-six isolated specimens. Of these,
twenty pertain to P. major, consisting of nine cuboids, of which seven are of
the left side, five naviculars, four ecto-cuneiforms, and two meso-cuneiforms.

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The others pertain to P. minimus and consist of three cuboids, all of the right
side, two naviculars, and an ecto-cuneiform. In anatomical character they
accord with the same bones in the living Llama.

ASTRAGALUS. — In the collection from the bone-bed of Mixon's plantation
are sixteen isolated astragali, approximating in anatomical character those of
the living Llama, and, judging from their proportionate size, pertaining to the
three extinct species indicated. Five of the specimens most approaching in
size those of the Llama, but larger, are probably referable to P. minimus ; two
are nearly complete, the others mutilated, and one of the former is represented
in plate xviii. fig. 7. They differ among themselves in size and slightly also
in other points. From the astragalus of the living Llama they differ most in
the rather more grooved condition of the posterior calcanean articular surface
and in the complete separation of this from the outer one by a conspicuous
irregular grooved tract.

The measurements of the specimens in comparison with an astragalus of
the recent Llama are as follows :

Astragalus. P. minimus. A. llama.

Length externally . . 49111111. 54mm. 56mm. 43mm.

Length internally . • 45 " 51 mm. 51 mm. 51 " 39 "

Breadth of tibial trochlea . 28 " 33 " 35 " 33 <• 26 "

Breadth of distal extremity 33 " 34 " 28 "

According to Gervais, the astragalus of A. castelnaudii, from Tarija, South
America, measured 42 mm. in length, therefore considerably smaller than in
P. minimus and approximating that of the recent A. llama.

Two astragali, according with the former in anatomical character, but
considerably larger, and approximating in size those of the Camel, are refer-
able to the second associated species, the P. mcdius. One of the specimens is
represented in plate xviii. fig. 5. They are about the size of the astragalus
described by Gervais and referred to A. weddcllii, from Tarija, South America.

The measurements of the specimens in comparison with the astragalus of
the latter and of the Camel are as follows :

Astragalus. A. mcdius. A. weddellii. Camel.

Length externally . 67 mm. 66 mm. 65 mm. 75 mm.

Length internally . .61" 61 " 67 "

Breadth of tibial trochlea . 38 " 42 " 43 ••

Breadth of distal extremity . 45 " 50 "

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The remaining nine astragali are referable to the largest associate species,
the P. major. The specimens differ among themselves slightly in size and
other points. One of them is represented in plate xviii. fig. I. They are
much larger than in the Camel, and they strikingly differ in the separation of
the calcanean articular surfaces by the conspicuous groove or step, variable in
character in the different specimens.

The measurements are as follows :

Astragalus of P. major. i. 2. 3. 4. 5-

Length externally . .100 mm. 98 mm. 102 mm. 98 mm.
Length internally . • 93 " 92 " 94 " 9^ nlnl-

Breadth of tibial trochlea . 60 " 58 " 59 " 59 "

Breadth of distal extremity 66 " 64 " 71 " 67 "

Astragalus of P. major.

Length externally
Length internally
Breadth of tibial trochlea
Breadth of distal extremity .

100 mm. 101 mm. 96 mm. 98 mm.

96 " 95 " 89 " 89 "

59 " 61 " 58 " 67 "

66 " 67 " 63 " 66 "

METATARSALS. — Of five specimens of upper extremities of metatarsals in
the collections from Mixon's referable to Procamdus, three belonged to P.
minimus, the others to P. major. The former are all of the right side, and
therefore belong to as many individuals. The best preserved specimen per-
taining to this species is represented in plate xvi. fig. I. It is a foot in
length, and when complete was about fifteen inches, indicating a proportion-
ately longer foot than in the living Llama. The specimens all accord in
anatomical character with the corresponding part of the same bones in the
latter.

Measurements of the specimens are as follows :

Breadth transversely
Breadth fore and aft internally
Breadth fore and aft externally

P. minimus.

41 mm.

38 "

37 "

P. major.

81 mm.
62 "
62 "

PHALANGES. — Plate xviii. figs. 2 to 6 and 8 to 10. A number of phalanges
are present belonging to the species named Procamdus major, several ascriba-
ble to P. minimus, but only one entire phalanx and the proximal portion of a
second of P. medius. These phalanges are all of the Llama type, the proxi-
mal phalanges being longer, more slender, and much less expanded at the
distal end than in the camel. In this respect, however, P. major is somewhat

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intermediate, the phalanges having a little more resemblance to those of the
camel than the corresponding bones of P. medius or miniums. The median
phalanges are not thin and flattened as in Camelits, but are stout, while the
terminal phalanges are also stouter than in the Camel. P. minimus is remark-
able for the length of the proximal phalanges, which in this respect exceed
those of the existing Auchenia llama, although the articular surfaces of the two
are of nearly the same size. Two phalanges from the forefoot of P. minimus,
one of which is shown in plate xvi. fig. 8, are a little more than one-fourth
longer than the corresponding bones of P. gracilis, shown in plate Ixxix. fig. 7
of Vol. IV., " Report of the U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the looth
Meridian," and there called Procameliis occidentalis. Compared with Holo-
meniscus hestermis and H. sitlcatus the proximal phalanges of P. major are
shorter and heavier.

There are not sufficient specimens present to show whether or not there is
the same discrepancy in size between the phalanges of the fore and hind feet
that is found in existing camels and llamas.

PLATE I.

All figures three-fourths natural size.

Mastodon floritianus.

Fig. i . Second lower left true molar.

Fig. 2. Second upper left true molar.

Fig. 3. Third lower left premolar.

Fig. 4. First and second upper left true molars.

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PLATE I.

PLATE II.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Mastodon floridanns.

Fig. i . First upper left true molar.

I Associated with molar shown in plate i. fig. 2.

Fig. 2. First upper right true molar. ]

Fig. 3. First lower left true molar. From same individual as fig. 5.

Fig. 4. First upper right true molar. From same individual as fig. 6.

Fig. 5. First upper left true molar. From same individual as fig. 3.

Fig. 6. Second upper right true molar. From same individual as fig 4.

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PLATE II.

PLATE III.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Mastodon floridaims.

Fig. i. First lower right true molar. Outer view. From same individual as fig. 2.

Fig. 2. First lower left true molar. From same individual as fig. i.

Fig. 3. Mastodon from Nicaragua. Anterior portion of a lower right true molar.

Fig. 4. Mastodon Floridanus. Posterior portion of last lower left true molar.

Fig. 5. Posterior portion of lower right second true molar.

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PLATE III.

PLATE IV.

All figures natural size.

Mastodon floridanus.

Fig. i . First lower right premolar.

Fig. 2. First lower right premolar. Outer view.

Fig. 3. Second upper right milk molar, posterior portion.

Fig. 4. Second lower left milk molar.

Fig. 5. Third lower right milk molar.

Fig. 6. First lower left premolar.

Fig 7. First lower left premolar. Outer view.

Fig. 8. First upper left premolar.

Fig. 9. Second upper right premolar.

Fig. 10. Portion of left maxilla of a young animal, showing the third milk molar

and first premolar.

Fig. 1 1 . Second upper right premolar. Outer view.

Fig. 12. Third upper left milk molar, posterior portion.

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PLATE IV.

PLATE V.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Mastodon Jforidanus.

Fig. i. Last lower right true molar, anterior portion.

Fig. 2. Last upper right true molar.

Fig. 3. First upper right true molar.

Fig. 4. Last lower left true molar.

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PLATE V.

PLATE VI.

Figures three-fourths natural size.
Mastodon foridanus.

Fig. i. Last lower right true molar.

Fig. 2. Last lower right true molar. Outer aspect.

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PLATE VI.

PLATE VII.

Figures three-fourths natural size.
Mastodon flvridanits.

Fig. i . Upper right last true molar.
Fig. 2. Upper left last true molar.

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PLATE VII.

PLATE VIII.

All figures natural size.

Aphelops fossiger.

Figs, i and 2. First upper left premolar.

Figs. 3 and 4. First upper right premolar.

Fig. 5. Second upper right milk molar.

Figs. 6 to 12. Series of teeth from the upper right side of one individual. 6 to 9,

premolars; 10 to 12, molars.

Fig. 13. Second upper left milk molar. Rhinoceros mmdianus.
Fig. 14. First or second upper right molar.

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PLATE VIII.

PLATE IX.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Aphelops fossiger.

Fig. i. First upper left molar.

Fig. 2. Fourth upper left premolar, unworn.

Fig. 3. Fourth upper left premolar.

Fig. 4. Upper incisor.

Fig. 5. Third upper right milk molar.

Fig. 6. Second upper left molar.

Fig. 7. Second upper left molar.

Fig. 8. Second upper right molar, unworn.

Fig. 9. Second upper left milk molar, little worn.

Fig. 10. Second upper right milk molar, much worn.

Fig. 1 1 . Third upper left milk molar, little worn.

Fig. 12. Third upper left milk molar.

Fig. 1 3. Third upper left molar.

Fig. 14. Third upper left molar.

Fig. 15. Second upper left molar, abnormal.

Fig. 1 6. Fourth upper left milk molar.

Fig. 17. Third upper left premolar.

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PLATE IX.

PLATE X.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Aphelops.

Figs. I and 2. Lower left molars.

Figs. 3 and 4. Second lower right premolar.

Figs. 5 and 6. First lower right premolar.

Figs. 7 and 8. Second lower left molar, little worn.

Figs. 9 and 10. Lower left molar.

Aphelops malacorhinus.

Fig. 1 1 . First upper left molar.

Fig. 12. Second upper right premolar.

Fig. 13. Third upper left premolar.

Fig. 14. Fourth upper left premolar.

Fig. 15. First upper left molar.

Fig. 1 6. Second upper left molar.

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PLATE X.

PLATE XI.
All figures one-half natural size.

Aphelops fossiger.
Figs, i and 2. Right calcaneum.

Aphelops inalacorftimis.
Figs. 3 and 4. Right calcaneum.

Apliclops fossiger.

Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Second, third, and fourth right metacarpals.
Figs. 8, 9, and 10. Second, third, and fourth right metatarsals.

Aphelops malacorhinus.
Fig. 1 1 . Left lower tusk.

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PLATE XI.

PLATE XII.

All figures three-fourths natural size except figure 2, which is three-eighths.

Aphelops fossiger.
Fig. i. Lower left inner incisor.
Fig. 2. Lower left outer tusk. Inner view.
Fig. 3. Lower left outer tusk. Back view of anterior portion.
Fig. 4. Anterior portion of an unworn lower tusk.

Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Proximal, median, and ungual phalanges of second digit of forefoot.
Fig. 8. Upper view of figure 7.

Figs. 9, 10, and 1 1. Proximal, median, and ungual phalanges of third digit of forefoot.
Fig. 12. Upper view of figure n.
Fig. 13. Ungual phalanx of second digit of hind foot.
Fig. 14. Ungual phalanx of third digit of hind foot.

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PLATE XII.

PLATE XIII.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Aphelops fossiger.

Figs, i, 2, and 3. Second, third, and fourth left metacarpals.
Fig. 4. Left astragalus.
Fig. 5. Left scaphoid.

Aphelops malacorhinus,
Fig. 6. Second left metacarpal.
Fig. 7. Fourth left metacarpal.
Fig. 8. Left scaphoid.

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PLATE XIII.

PLATE XIV.

All figures three-eighths natural size.
Aphclops fossiger.

Fig. i. Right radius.

Fig. 3. Right humerus, distal end.

Fig. 4. Right humerus, distal end.

Fig. 5. Right ulna.

Fig. 6. Right humerus.

Fig. 7. Right radius.

Aphclops malacorhinus.
Fig. 2. Right radius, proximal end.

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PLATE XIV.

PLATE XV.

All figures three-eighths natural size.
Aphelops fossiger.

Figs. I, 2, and 3. Portions of left femur.

Fig. 4. Left patella. Posterior aspect.

Fig. 5. Left tibia.

Fig. 6. Left fibula.

Figs. 7 and 8. Right astragali.

FYocamelus major.
Fig. 9. Left radius and ulna. Distal extremity.

Procamelus medius.
Fig. 10. Left radius and ulna. Distal extremity.

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PLATE XV.

PLATE XVI.
All figures three-eighths natural size.

Procamehts minimus.

Fig. i . Right metatarsal. Proximal extremity.
Fig. 2. Right metacarpal. Proximal extremity.
Fig. 3. Left radius and ulna. Distal extremity.
Fig. 4. Right humerus. Distal extremity.

Aphelops malacorhinus.

Fig. 5. Left tibia and fibula. Distal portion.

Fig. 6. Right astragalus.

Fig. 7. Right humerus. Distal portion.

Fig. 8. Right femur. Distal extremity.

Fig. 9. Right radius. Posterior aspect.

Fig. 10. Right patella. Posterior aspect.

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PLATE XVI.

10

PLATE XVII.
All figures natural size.

Procamcliis major.

Figs, i to 5. Third and fourth upper right premolars, and first, second, and third

molars. Probably from one individual.
Figs. 6 to 10. Third and fourth lower right premolars, and first, second, and third

molars. Probably from one individual.
Fig. ii. First, second, and third deciduous molars, and first true molar of a young

animal.

Fig. 12. Fourth upper right premolar.
Fig. 13. First lower left incisor.

Fig. 14. Second lower right incisor of a young animal. Ventral aspect.
Fig. 15. Lower left canine of a young animal.
Fig. 16. Upper left canine.

Procainclus mediits.

Fig. 17. Third upper right molar.
Fig. 1 8. Second upper right molar.

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PLATE XVII.

PLATE XVIII.

All figures three-fourths natural size.
Procamclus major.

Fig. i . Right astragalus. Posterior view.

Figs. 2, 3, and 4. Proximal, median, and ungual phalanges.

Procamclus medius.

Fig. 5. Right astragalus. Posterior view.
Fig. 6. Proximal phalanx.

Procamelus minimus.

Fig. 7. Right astragalus. Posterior view.
Figs. 8, 9, and 10. Proximal, median, and ungual phalanges.

Hippotherium plii v t life.
Fig. n. Proximal phalanx.
Fig. 12. Left metatarsal. Proximal end.
Fig. 13. Left metacarpal. Proximal end.
Fig. 14. Left astragalus.

Hippotherium gratunt.
Fig. 15. Left astragalus.
Fig. 1 6. Proximal phalanx.

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PLATE XVIII.

15

PLATE XIX.
Hippothcriuin plicatile.

Figs, i and 2. Upper right molar. Natural size.

Fig. 3. Right radius. Half natural size.

Fig. 4. Left radius and ulna. Distal extremity. Half natural size.

Fig. 5. Right tibia. Distal extremity. Half natural size.

Fig. 6. Metacarpal. Half natural size.

Fig. 7. Left metatarsal. Proximal extremity. Half natural size.

Fig. 8. Proximal anterior phalanx. Half natural size.

Hippotlierhnn grain in.
Figs. 9 and 10. Upper left molar. Natural size.

]'~</uus major.
Fig. 1 1 . Third upper left molar. Natural size.

Hippothermin princeps.
Figs. 12 and 13. Third upper right molar. Natural size.

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PLATE XIX.

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