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14."
Warbard College Librarp =|
FROM
FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
COLLECTED AND EDITED WITH BRIEF INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTES BY
WALLACE NELSON STEARNS, Ph.D.
CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1908
we
+ ee,
YARD Ca; pe eG
= JUN 21.1918 Ciga,av
-_=a-~
CoPpyEiIcHT 1908 By THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
Published December 1908
Com posed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, llinois, U. 8. A.
TO JOSEPH HENRY THAYER
THIS MODEST EFFORT IS INSORIBED, NOT AS A FITTING TRIBUTE TO HiS WORTH, BUT AS A SLIGHT TOKEN OF THE LOVE AND APPPRECIATION OF ONE OF HIS PUPILS
PREFACE
The purpose of this brief collection is to present in easily accessible form the fragments of a few Palestinian writers whose literary remains are not common property.
The text is Heinichen’s, with references to those of Dindorf and Gaisford. Some authoritative example had to be adopted, and unfortunately the series now being prepared by the Berlin Academy is not sufficiently. advanced to render service at this time. For the same reason recourse is had to Klotz’s edition of Clement. Departures from these texts are recorded in the notes except in the matter of punctuation, where the texts of Dindorf and Gaisford are often followed, the punctuation of Heinichen seeming unnecessarily heavy.
The brief chapters which follow explain them- selves and the character of the helps used is suffi- ciently indicated in the notes. No effort has been made to be exhaustive; only what seemed neces- sary for clearness has been given. The problem throughout has been one of exclusion.
I wish to express my appreciation of the kind- ness of the publishers, whose skill and painstaking care have rendered invaluable service.
Vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE Br LIOGRAP HY e ® e e e e ° ° ° ® ® ® ® 1
INTRODUCTION . ... «+ + © «© © © @ 6 3 CHRONOLOGICAL TaBLE oF AuTHORS . . . facing 10 EUSEBIUS AND THE PRAEPARATIO EVANGELICA .. 10
Text, INtropucTIoNns, aND NOTES: T,.:ISTORY.“3. a Go al ok we Se ew we w TB Demetrius, 17 Eupolemus, 29 Artapanus, 42 Aristeas, 57 Malchus, 60 Thallus, 62 Anonymous, 67
II. PottosopHy. .......-...«e 46 Aristobulus, 77
III. Porrry ......+ «6 «6 «© « « « 98 Philo, 95 Theodotus, 100 Ezekiel, 106
ix
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Christ, Wilhelm = Geschichte der griechischen Littera- tur bis auf die Zeit Justinians. 4th ed. Munich, 1905,
Clement of Alexandria= Stromata. See Klotz.
Cohn, Leopold, and Wendland, Paul= Philonis Alew- andrini opera quae supersunt, 5 vols. Published Berlin, 1896-.
Eusebius: See Heinichen, and Gifford.
Gaisford, Thomas=Husebii Pamphili evangelicae praeparationis libri xv. 4 vols. Oxford, 1843. Gifford, E, H.= Husebiit Pamphili evangelicae prae- parationis libriwv. Eng.trans. 2 vols. Oxford,
1903.
Heinichen, Frederick Adolphus= Eusebii Pamphili praeparationis evangelicae libri xv. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1842-48, Also Historiae ecclesiasticae libri x, and Vita Constantini et panegyricus. 3 vols. Leip- zig, 1868-70.
Klotz, Reinhold = Titi Flavi Clementis Alexandrini operum omnium, ete. 4 vols. Leipzig, 1831-34.
Krumbacher, Karl= Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des ostriém- ischen Reiches. 2ded. Munich, 1897,
Miller, Karl=Fragmenta historicorum graecorum. Vol. III. Paris, 1883,
Niese, Benedict = Flavii Josephi opera. 6 vols. and index. Berlin, 1887-94.
Schiirer, Emil= Geschichte des jiidischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi. 3d and 4th eds, 8 vols. Leipzig, 1898-1907. Eng. trans. of Ist ed. New York, 1891.
1
2 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOCO-JEWISH WRITERS
Susemihl, Franz = Geschichte der griechischen Littera- tur in der Alexandrinerzeit. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1891-92.
Swete, Henry Barclay = The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint. 2d ed. 4 vols. Cambridge, 1896-1901.
Vigerus, Franciscus, societatis Jesu presbyter = Notae in libros Eusebii de praeparatione evangelica. With translation into Latin. See Gaisford.
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. v.= Die griechische Lit- teratur u. Sprache. Berlin u. Leipzig, 1907.
Seer oe.) ee eee . eee, «<a eee
INTRODUCTION
In passing directly from the great classical authors to the writings of the New Testament, the student is liable to misconception. Losing sight “4 of the great interval between these two remote W periods, he either makes too free use of the mate- rial from the earlier writers as illustrative of the later, or regards the New Testament as something altogether unique.
Between the classical period and the Christian
era lie centuries of literary development and lin- guistic change. Authors, secular and sacred, are | to be interpreted, as far as possible, in the light of ' contemporary literature. Then will biblical writers take their places, not as anomalies, but as members min a historical series. Further, to abide by the sianidavis of ancient Greek and disregard the large body of Graeco- Jewish writers—both the translators from other tongues and first-hand authors—is to increase the possibilities of error.
Recent critical work on the Septuagint has added infinitely to exegetical facilities, and the recent finds in Egypt have further extended our iW? critical apparatus.
{\ To the above must be added the considerable i list of writers who, oriental in spirit and manner 3
4 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
of thinking, yet found their expression through the medium of their universal tongue. Those ; whose collected works have survived need no | mention here. The purpose of the present work is to gather up from the early Christian literature / scattered fragments of writers otherwise forgotten. |
The triumph of Macedon made a_ profound impression on the ancient world. Extending from | the Adriatic to the Hyphasis and from the Jaxar- tes to Ethiopia, Macedon surpassed all earlier | empires in extent and power. Outward forms | perished with the founder, but more enduring | than these were the silent forces set in motion — which gradually permeated all classes and peoples, — Wherever Alexander passed with his armies there | followed Greek colonists. The result was a com- | promise. The Greek triumphed but he became. in a measure a captive of the civilization in which. he was placed.
The mingling of Greek and native elements produced somewhat different results in different parts of the empire.’ Thus while Polybius, and — Plutarch two and a half centuries later, reflects the current Greek as it was used in Greece and Asia Minor, a different type appeared where Greek
1Droysen, Gesch. d. Hellenismos, IV, pp. 298 ff.; Mahaffy, Prog- ress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire; Niese, Geach. d. griechi- achen u. makedonischen Staaten, I, pp. 186 ff., 199 ff.; Deissmann, in Herzog, Realencyklopddie!, VII, pp. 629 ff.; Schtrer, II, pp. 18 ff. ; Jebb, in Vincent and Dixon, Handbook to Modern Greek, Appendix.
INTRODUOTION 5
and oriental met and blended, as in Syria and gypt, though probably there were not such dia- ectic differences as would prevent a resident of “ane country from intelligently reading the litera- mre of another. That the diffusion of Greek did bt root out native tongues is apparent from the f@casional cropping-out of the native vernacular.’ The name usually given to these Graeco-orien- ial dialects is Hellenistic Greek.’ In its larger jose the term applies to the results obtained by nding Greek and native elements and dates m the Diadochi. Even in Greece changes were ping on, though there have ever been scholars, ce Diogenes of Halicarnassus and Lucian, who e stood for the revival of the ancient tongue. it linguistic changes are born of the people: the NY Fie! expert is little more than a penne in- i ence. jy Zearning and letters were quite seneceally dif- d throughout the empire. Even from the polis beyond the Jordan there came Melea- om”, Menippus, and, later, Philodemus, and Theo- orus the tutor of Tiberius.’ Then as ever, how-
~
ae he erg anne. ae ee em Sao — = rey -
i 1Ctesias (Photius, Bibl., lxxii, pp. 106 ff.), Ac., 2,9; 14, 6.
2In its narrower sense restricted to the literature produced by k-speaking Jewish populations. Cf. J. H. Moulton, Grammar- if iis oleg., chap. ii; Schfirer, III, pp. 345 ff.; Swete, Introd. to the O. T. itGreek, chap. iv.; Niese, Gesch. d. gr. u. acl Staaten, III, pp. 220 ff. ‘hhaffy, Greek Life and Thought, p. 111; Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Stechische u. lateinische Literatur u. Sprache, 2d ed., pp. 83 ff.
8Strabo, xvii, 2, 29; Schfirer, II, pp. 31 ff., esp. pp. 40ff.; Smith,
Literature, pp. 388 ff.
i Geography of the Holy Land, pp. 607 ff.; Murray, Ancient
6 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITE!
ever, men sought the great centers of lif scholars grouped themselves about academic such as Athens, Pergamum, and Alexandria.
Among these cities Alexandria was easily giving its name, indeed, to the history and lite: of the period. The city was well situated to be a metropolis. Located on the coast, adjace the Canopic branch of the Nile, with two exc harbors and roadsteads protected from the swells of the sea, Alexandria became a have all navies.’ Cyrene, Crete, and Cyprus were equidistant from Alexandria, and the mark the world were easily accessible. Throug_ emporium passed all nations and classes. the grain of Egypt found a market, and here tered the markets of the country, and in a me of the world. Here the munificence of the F mies was lavished in splendid architecture, | ries, and museums. Here gathered many o finest scholars of the period, as Callimachus, / lonius, and Theocritus, and their presence parted to the spot almost supernatural ch Alexandria sums up the Hellenism of the centuries before Christ.’
Under Attalus I (241-197 B. o.) and his Pergamum became a center of learning. Sch
1The spot wae a favorite haunt for pirates before it became ter for civilized life: Strabo, xvii, 1,6; Mahaffy, History of p. 256, map; Greek Life and Thought, chap. ix; Odyssey, iv, 35
2Christ, Gesch. d. griechischen Literatur, pp. 512 ff.; Mahaf tory of Egypt, pp. 60ff.; Pliny, N. H,, xiii, 21; Dionysius de cho, i.
INTRODUOTION q
yusied themselves with the natural sciences and vith grammatical and exegetical studies, but Pergamum did not produce an Aristarchus or in Eratosthenes.
‘ Athens continued to be a literary center. There las no commerce. Loss of political freedom Fs put an end to political ambitions. There ere left the traditions of an old university town. Hither resorted scholars who maintained in a jneasure the literary prestige of the city. Menander Mates that he declined an invitation from the iigning Ptolemy to remove to Alexandria.’
| Under Antigonus Gonatas (277-239 B. ©.) of facedonia Pella became a home for poets and phi- bsophers. Here lived Aratus and Alexander Aetolus. The Stoics Zeno and Persaius found 1ere.a welcome.
Other notable cities were Antioch on the Oron- 8, Rhodes, the adopted home of Apollonius Rhodius, and Tarsus, later the home of the apostle Paul.
- Palestine felt the impulse to literary activity. the Dispersion scattered Jews to all parts of the known world, thousands of them settling in Egypt, t in the wake of Alexander and later attracted the munificence of the Ptolemies.’? Living in ‘ foreign country, these Alexandrian Jews, and 1 Alciphron, Letters, ii, 8.
12 Josephus, Antt., XIV, vii, 2: atry 8 eis racay médAw én Kal wapeAn-
Whey cai rémov ovK gore pasiws evpety ris oixovupevyns. Cf. Mahaffy, Greek ) and Thought, chap. xxi. \
8 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITE
especially their descendants, became less a1 familiar with the language of their fath« Even the sacred books gradually became st A translation was necessary, and under patronage became a fact. The Septuagint from ca. 275 to ca, 150 8. 0." But in Pa itself literature lived. By ca. 100 B. o. th Testament canon was closed, but the Greek was a literary era. Men wrote chronicles, his sketches, poetry, and moral dissertations. of these books were included in the cano Esther, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Eccles A number of them were not accorded canc and have come down in a separate collection, historical books of Maccabees; the Wisdom Ecclesiasticus; and less pretentious efforts of Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, and brief appe to various canonical books.’
Prophecy gradually died out, and in its rose the apocalyptic writers. Of these last a m of works are yet extant: Daniel, and Psal Solomon. A number of writings of this clas from the Christian era (as Assumption of } Secrets of Enoch, Baruch, IV Ezra, XII archs).°
The closing years of the pre-Christia marked on epoch of triumphant Hellenis
1Swete, Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, chap.
21 Mace, 4:46; 9:27; 14:41; Mathews, Messianic Hope in Testament, pp. 22 f.; Schtirer, ITI, pp. 139 #f., 167 ff,
§Schtirer, ITI, pp. 136 ff.
Here
Arel
Apoll
5 entinus
| Symmachus
uetonios, H Hippolytus
Origen
Plotinus, P , Rhet. ravels, Topogr.
lsua, X
egesippus, H Hesychius (1) Porphyry, Ph . 1) Lactantius Eusebius, H 100
rarer, GJV.3, ITI, p. 444).
|
INTRODUCTION 9
Palestine. Herod the Great (87-4 B. 0.) gave full play to his Grecizing tendencies. “World culture” could not wholly break down the barrier of Jewish religion, nevertheless Judaism did not escape the touch of Hellas. It was not, however, a literary period. It was in more material forms that Herod’s tastes found expression—as in archi- tecture, administration, coinage; theaters, gym- nasia, inns, public baths; trades and industry; music and games. There must come another régime, a new factor must enter in before the voice of Judaism, for a time silent, should once more find expression.
The accompanying table shows the relative dis- Betbution of literary activity over the general weriod of the writers included in the present assay, The several names appear in each instance # about the date of the writer's floruit. Although tiny of them achieved note in more than one thd of scholarship, only one line of authorship noted in each case: in a few instances—e. g., Christian writers—such designation is not
‘or the sake of conciseness the following sym- S appear: G=Grammarian; Ge=Geographer; P=Poet; Ph= \losopher; M = Mathematician; H = Historian. Jewish writers—small caps; Christian writers — black- 2d type; Greek non-Christian writers—italics; Latin a-Christian writers— plain type; Opponents of Christi- ty marked— X )
EUSEBIUS AND THE PRAEPARATIO EVANGELICA
Eusebius (A. D. ca. 265 to ca. 340) was a pupil of the Caesarean scholar Pamphilus whom he succeeded as bishop of that see; a friend and a biographer of the emperor Constantine; and the greatest of the early church historians.
He was a voluminous writer, historical, biograph- ical, doctrinal, exegetical, and apologetic. In his time Christianity found some doughty antagonists, and against these Kusebius put up a stubborn defense.
Best known of all his apologetic writings, ar’ scarcely less so than his Church History, are tly Preparation for the Gospel and the Demonstr¢ tion of the Gospel, which two treatises really fo a comprehensive whole. The former work, in teen books, has come down to us entire; of latter, in twenty books, only the first ten and extract from the fifteenth are extant.
The Praeparatio really constitutes an introd tion to the Demonstratio, the former seeking show forth the wisdom of the Christians in tra: ferring their allegiance from the Greek philosor and their religion to the Hebrew Scriptures; latter showing from the Hebrew Scriptures the selves that the Christians could not stop even wf
10
ne
THE PRAEPARATIO EVANGELIOA 11
but must adopt a different form of worship manner of life. The former has been styled pology against the Greeks, the latter against Hebrews. 1e introduction to the fifteenth book of the »paratio gives the author’s summary of his own We give so much as pertains to the Prae- wtio itself:
.the beginning of the Praeparatio Evangelica we taken special pains in explanation and defense of epudiation of them, to set forth clearly the diverse vain speculations of all gentile folk concerning their . Which defense we have conducted judiciously with discrimination, inquiring into the myths of » peoples touching the persons of the gods. Indeed uccessors of their theologians and poets have held 1ese very stories to ridicule. 1d not only so, we have investigated their pompous inexpressible attempts at natural science'—specu- os transferred, forsooth, to heavenly realms and re- 1corners of the universe. All this I have treated in irst three books, It would not have been at all to point, however, in this treatise to enter upon any ynal discussions of the theologians themselves. must be noted that for the most part their earliest logians, possessed of no knowledge save as history xd them, rested their statements on the myths only. mce, as might be expected, there have been trans- 2d in all cities and villages mysteries and initiatory And these ceremonies agree with the tales about ‘he early thinkers of the Greeks are styled physiologers rather
scientists. Their aim was to determine from which of the ele- ithe world proceeded. See Erdmann, Geschichte der Philosophie,
12 FBAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
the ancient gods because they follow the mythical nar- ratives of these earlier writers. So that even at the present day, agreeably with the traditions of the ancients, there are accepted stories of divine marriages and pro- creations, wailings and drunken carousals of the gods; the wanderings of some, the amours of others. Some of the divinities indulge in wild orgies; others experience all manner of vicissitudes and incidents. And all this the people, as I said, practice in conformity with the | hymns and odes composed about the gods. I have, further, shown up from these same prolific sources, the declarations of the physiologers, the ribaldries of the sophists, and the garrulous statements of the philoso- phers.
In books four to six I have aired the story about the reputed oracles and the falsehoods told about their being decreed by fate. And this have I done, not relying on my own authority but in the course of my refutation making use of the “ipsissima verba” of the Greek philosophers.
Passing thence to the Hebrew oracles, I have pre- sented with equal fulness as the preceding, the argu- ments underlying their teaching on things divine; given some idea of their historic significance; and cited the testimony of the Greeks thereto. I have followed ol
with an exposé of the Greeks’ method of procedure, ho they have profited on every point from the “ barbarians, and how they provide of themselves no worthy branch of learning. I have further made a comparison of the two peoples for the period comprising the Greek oracle and the Hebrew prophets. In the next three books I have considered the view of the leading Greek philosophers as to the worth 8 the Hebrew scholars, quoting in evidence the exact language of the men cited. And what is more,
EE
THE PRAEPARATIO EVANGELICA 18
included those of the Greek philosophers who are less known among us and even among their own country- men, even such as well-known writers have not included in their treatises. To these more obscure ones I have devoted the fourteenth book of the Praeparatio.
Through the entire discussion I have maintained a standard of judgment free from bias and petty preju- dices, and in act and action, as the saying is, I have attested my definite purpose. It has been my aim by wise and well-balanced discussions to reach the conclu- sion of accepting the true and equally ancient philos- ophy of the Hebrews by comparing: it with and proving its superiority over that of the Greeks. Which very result was reached by the digest of the opinions of the Greek scholars and writers.!
The Praeparatio reveals a marvelous acquaint- ance with classical authors, of whom some would have been unknown except for Eusebius. From Plato alone, it is computed, he cites twenty-one works and from the Laws alone he makes more than fifty quotations.” Like Clement of Alexandria, Kusebius provides a rich quarry for the classicists, Scaliger speaking of the Praeparatio as ‘‘divini
; commentarii,’’ and Cave styling it “opus perfecte nobilissimum.”
The passages that concern our present task occur chiefly in the ninth book of the Praeparatio. Most of the passages considered in this volume elate to incidents in Israel’s history, but in a few instances appears Eusebius’ purpose to show the
Yr
i!
1 Praeparatio Evangelica, xv, 1-7. 2See the Praeparatio.
14 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
prior claims of the Hebrews to credit for the sev- eral branches of learning. Thus, from Eupolemus we learn that the alphabet originated in Israel and passed thence via Phoenicia to Greece. Likewise the Babylonians learned magic from one of the progenitors of the Hebrew people. And Aristo- bulus traces in Plato dependence upon Hebrew legislation.’
1See Lightfoot, in Smith and Wace’s Dictionary of Christian Biog- raphy, II, pp. 329 ff.; Harnack, Chronologie, II, pp. 106-27, esp. 119 f.; McGiffert, Nicene Fathers, I, pp. 32 ff.
I. HISTORY
DEMETRIUS
That the literary activity of Demetrius fell in the reign of Ptolemy IV, B.c. 222-205, seems evident from a fragment preserved by Clement of Alexandria.’
The Graeco-Jewish character of Demetrius’ writings shows in his labored and punctilious chronology.’ Surviving fragments of his book, [eps tav év th “lovdaia Baotddwr,® are concerned with the history of Jacob,‘ the descent of Zipporah, wife of Moses, from Abraham and Keturah,’ the waters of Marah,’ and the chronology from the captivity to the reign of Ptolemy IV. Unfortunately such
1Str., I, xxi, 141: ag’ od 52 ai dudai ai Séxa ex Sapapeias aixpadrwror yeyovacw éws IroAdepatov rerdprov éry wevtaxdara eBSouyxovTa tpia pnvas evvda, ad’ od 8@ é€ ‘lepowoAvpwy Eryn tptaxdc.a TpidxovTa OKTH MHVaS Tpets. I. e., 573-338 = 235 years. But 721 (Samaria fell)-586 (Jerusalem fell)= 135 years.
Many conjectures have been made here, for Clement’s figures are clearly wrong. The most likely place for error to creep is in the initial syllables of tpraxdova tpidxovra, Changing tpidxovra to éfjxovra, we have 586—368=218 (B.0.), which brings us in the reign of Ptolemy IV, 721—573=148 ; 218—148=70, the traditional length of the exile.
Omit éBdou7n0rrTa, the remaining difficulty, and we have 721—503 = 586 —368=218. ,
A similarly hopeless tangle occurs in Jos., B. J., VI, iv,8 The Jewish writers were not skilful chronologers.
2Josephus (Ag. Apion, i, 23) wrongly confounds him with Deme- trius of Phalerum in Attica, who, coming under the displeasure of his subjects, withdrew to Alexandria where he lived about twenty years. Ptolemy II exiled him toa province of upper Egypt where he died, B. ©., 282, a suicide.
8 Clement, I, xxi, 141. _*Eusebius, IX, xxi. 5 Jbid., IX, xxix, 1-3. 6 Ibid., IX, xxix, 15. 17
18 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
quotations as are extant have been worked over so that the excerpts have less interest except historically.
Sources: Eusebius, ix, 21, 29; Clement, i, 21, 141.
Rererences: Schiirer, III, pp. 349 ff; Susemihl, II, pp. 646 f.; Christ, p. 668; Miller, III, p. 214.
FRAGMENT 1
Jacob, fleeing Esau’s wrath, goes to Haran where he marries the daughters of his uncle Laban. He returns to Canaan with all his posses- sions and dwells there. Driven by famine, Israel goes down into Egypt whither his son Joseph has preceded him. Genealogy down to Moses.
Anuntpies now tov "laxwB yevopevov érav éP- Sounxovra mévte huyeiv eis Xappay tHs Mecorro- taulas, aoctaXevTa v6 TAY yovewy ba THY TpOs Tov adergov xpudiav éxOpav ’Hoad, dua To evNOY|-
5 oat avtoy tratépa Soxovvta elvat tov Hoad, «al Sirws AaGBy éxeiPev yuvaina. adopynoas ovv Tov "lax@P eis Xappav tis Mecorrorauias, Tov wéev tra- Tépa xataditrovta "loaax érav éxaToy TpLaxovta érta, autor 6é dvta érav éBdounKorvta érta, Sia-
10 Tphpavtra ovv avtov éxet émra érn AaBav tov pentp@ov dvo Ouyarépas yas, Aclay Kal ‘Paynar, dvra éray aySonKkovTa tTeccapwv: Kal yevéoOar éy érta éreow dAdo avT@ Taidia LB > oydem pev érex unui Sexatw ‘PouvBiv: Kai to éra 5é TQ évar@
15 envi aydd@ Lupewv: Kal to eter SE TO Sexat@ pnut erp Aeviv ro b€ évdexdte@ Erer, unvi TeTapTa,
20
25
30
35
40
45
DEMETRIUS 19
"Tovdav. ‘Paynr te pr therovoay Cnra@oar tH aderdiy, cat rapaxoipica, te laxwB thy éavTis mavdtoxny Lerpav, To avt@ ypdvy @ xal BaddXav ovrraBeiv rov NepOarelp, ro évdexat@ éra, pnvi TéuTT@, Kal Texely TO OwdexaTe éreL, unvl SevTép~ uiov, dv wo Aelas Tad dvopacOjvar: Kal é« rhs AUTHS TOU avTovd étous Kal pnvds Swoexdrov Erepov texeiy, dv Kal avTov mpocayopevOnvat wird Aetas "Aonp. Kab Aciav radu aytt Trav wndrwov pavdpa- ydpou & ‘PouvBly eiceveyxety trapa ‘Paynr, ovAXa- Beivy év yaorpl, cal t@ ad’T@ ypdv@ THY TaLdi- oxny artis LZerdav, to Swdexare éret, unvd tplre, Kal Texeiy Tov avTov étous pnvos SwoexaTou vidV kal dvopa ait@ Oécba. “locayap. Kal mardw Aeiav T@ tpioxaidecdt@ ere, pnvi Sexdt@, viov aAXov texety, @ Gvopa ZaBovrov, kai thy avTny T@ Teco apecxaoendty ere, pnvl oyddq@, Texely viov dvona Adv. évy @ kal ‘Paynr rAaBeiv ev yaotpl TO avT@ ypdve, @ Kal Aciav Texeiv Ovyatépa Aeivar, Kal Texeiy T@ TecoapecKaoenaTe@ eres pnvi dydd@ viov, by dvopacOjvar "Iwond, Sorte yeyovdvar év Tos érra erect Tots mapa AdBav dadexa traidla. Oérovta 5€ tov "laxwmB ampos tov tratépa eis Xavadv amidvar, a€iwbévra bro AdBav adda érn ef petvat, ore TA TravTa avTov peivar év Xappav mapa AdBav érn elixoot. tropevonevp dé avT@ eis Xavadv adyyerov tov Oeod tradXedoa, Kal dxpacOat rod mratous Tov pnpod Tod "laxw{£, Tov d€ vapxnoavra éemioxalev: b0ev ov‘ écbierOa TOV KTNVOV TO ev ToIsS npots vedpov. Kal davar
20 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOCO-JEWISH WRITERS
ait@ Tov dyyeXov amd rovde pnkért "laxaf, arr’ ‘"IopanrX ovopacOncecOar, Kat érGel avrov THs Xavaay yijs eis érépay médkuy Tixipor, 50 é€yovrTa tmaidia “PovSly érav 18 pnvev Sdvoip, Lupeava eTav va’ pnvav tecodpwv, Aeviv éTav déca unvev &&, lovéav érav 0’ unvadv oxrwm, Ned- Oarelu érav oxtm pnvov déka, Tad éera@v oxto pnvev déka, "Aonp érav oxtw, ‘looaydp érav 5 oxtTwm, ZaBovrtoyv érav érra pnvav dvoiv, Aelvav érav €& unveav tecodpar, locnd érav && pnvaev Tecocdpwyv. maponnoa dé lopanr rapa “Ewpop érn Séxa, kal POaphvar tiv "Iopanrd Ovyarepa Aeivay id Suyeu tod "Eupap viod, érav ovear ao SexacE pnvav teccapov. é£adrXomevous Sé Tous "Iopayr viods, Sumedva perv dvra érov elxoon évos Hnvav tecoapwyv, Aeviv 88 érdv elxoot pnvav eE, arroxreivas Tév Te’ Eupmp cai Svyep Tov viv avrod Kat TavrTas Tos apoevas dia tHv Acivas POopav- as "laxw 8é rére elvac érav éxarov Erd. €dAOovtTa 8’ ob avrév eis Aovta ris Babir, dbavar Tov Oedv pnnett "laxwB8, adr’ *"Iopanr dvopatecOar. éxei- Bev dé erbeiv eis Xadpaba, évOev raparyevérOa eis "Edpada, tv elvat ByOreeu, Kat yervaoat abrov 70 éxed Bemaplv, cal teNeutjoa ‘Payyar, texodaav Tov Benaplv, cupBidcar 8 abry rov "laxwB érn etxoat tpia. avtdbev Sé éXOciv tov "laxwB eis MauBpl Tis XeBpav mpos "load« tov warépa. elvar dé rote "loch érav Sexaerra, kal mpabivat adtov cis Ate 15 yurror, cal ev To Seapwrnpiw peivat érn Sexatpia, bor’ elvas adtov éray tpidxovra, lax@B 88 éray
DEMETRIUS 21
éxatov Séca, dv & al teXeuTioas Tov “loade ere évl gumpooGer, érav dvta éxatov oySonxovra. Kpi- vavra 5€ t@ Baowrel tov "lwond ta évvTrma apEat so Adyurrrou érn era, év ols Kal ovvoixjnoa. ’ Aceve, Tlevrepph tov “HrsovrdXews tepéws Ovyarpl, Kal yevvnoat Mavacony nal ’Edpatp, cal rod ALpov ériyevéec0ar étn B. tov 5é *lwond arn évvda evTUYnoavTa pos Tov Tratépa py Téprpat, dia TO 85 TroLméeva auTev Te Kal Tos adeAors Elva Errovei- ducrov dé Aiyurrlos elvar 7d rrowpalvev. Sri Sé dua TovTo ovK érreprpev adtov Sednrwoxdvar. éAOdv- TWY yap avTov TOY avyyevav, hava avrois, éav KrAnOeow bd Tob Bactrdéws nal épwravrat ti dia- 90 WpdooovTat, Aéyew KTNVoTpdpous avTors elvat. d.a- mopetaOa Se, dia th rote 6 lwonid Benaply ert Tov aplorov mevratiaciova peplda edwxe, [2 duvapevov avrov rocadta KaTavad@cat Kpéa. TovTo ovy avrov Tretroinxévat Oia To ex THS Acias To TaTpl 95 AUTO yeyovdvar viovs éemra, ex Sé “Paynr TAS un- Tpos avroy dvo- d:a Tovro to Bewaply révre pepldas trapabetvat cal adrov AaBelv S00 + yevéoOat ovy eta, doas Kal Tors éx THS Aetas viors AaBeiv. woavTas dé kai él Tov Tas atords Sobdvar éxdor@ 100 SurAas, to O& Bewaply wévte nal tpiaxoclovs “pucods, Kal T@ TraTpt € GrrocTEetAaL KaTa TaUTA @orTe Tov olxoy avrod THS wnTpos elvas ivov. olKn- coat Sé avtovs év yy Xavaay, ad’ ob éxreyHvae "ABpadu ex trav €Ovav xal pererbeiy eis Xavady, 16 "ABpadp érav eixoaot trévre, loadk érav éEnnovra, "laxoB éray éxarov tpidcovra ylvecOar Ta TravrTa
22 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
érn ev yn Xavady aid. xalrt@ tplrp eres Aspov ovans ev Alyurrre, éAOeiv eis Aiyutrrov rov laxof, évta érav éxaTov tpidxovra, ‘PouBiy éray pé, 110 Lupew@va érav wd’, Aevly érav py’, "lovdav érév uB pnvav tpidv, "Aohp érav mw pnvev oxro, Ned@anreip érav pa’ pnvav C, Tad érav wa’ pnvev y’, ZaBovrwv érav pw’, Acivay érav XO’, Bemaply érav xn. tov € "Iwand dyow yevéoOar év Ai- 115 yurT@ érn AO’. elvar dé ard ToD Addap ws roid eloenOeiv eis Alyurrroy Tors Tod "lwahh curyryeves ém™ yxxd. ato 6€ Tov Kataxducpod Ews Tis "lax@B trapovoias ets Aiyurrrov érn ark - ad’ ob dé éxAeyjvar "ABpadp éx trav cOvav cai érOeiv ex 10 Xappav eis Xavadv Ews ets Alyutrrov rods srepl "laxm@B édNOeciv érn cre. “TlaxwB dé é« Xappav mpos AdBav érGeiv érav Gvta 7’, Kal yevvnca Aeviv: Aeviv dé év Alyiarrt@ éemiyevéeobae érn uf’, ad’ of éx Xavadv avrov érGeiv eis Aiyurrroy, 15 WoTe elvat avrov érav &, Kal yevvnoar Krad, TerxeuTicat “laxwB ev Alyirt@, evroynoavra tors "Iwan viols, dvra érav put, Katadsrdvta Ilwond érav ve’. Aeviv dé yevduevov érav pr redeuTAoat, KrA8 b€ dvra éra@y pw’ yervicat’ Appap 130 6v éra@v etvar 8 ev @ TerevTHTa “lwond dv A yurr@ évra pi érav: Krad bé yevopevoy éra ExaTov Ay TereuTHoa. ‘Ampau AaReEiv yuvai THY TOU Oelov Ouyatépa "lwyaBer, Kat dvta éva TaY o€ yevrvncar Aapov kal Mwonv: yevvioas 1385 Mwonv tov "Aupap dvta érav on, Kat yevouev "Aupapm érav prs” TeXeuTACAL. —Evs., ix, 21
DEMETRIUS 23
2. Xappdv: Demetrius has confounded two incidents here; the flight to Haran (Gen., chap. 29) to escape from Esau, and the migration to Egypt (Gen. 46:27).
8. da .... mpds: because of the secret personal enmity of his brother Esau. 4. Gen., chap. 28, &a ro cid... . Kat Grws KTA. 2...
cause and purpose depending on dmocra\era; GGr., 1365, 8; BMT., 197.
8. Isaac died at the age of 180 years; Gen. 35:28 (185, Jos., Antt., I, xxii); he lived until Jacob’s return from Haran (Gen. 35:27), but died soon after; Jos., Antt., I, xxii; Jacob was in Haran 20 years (Gen. 31:38). Dates and ages in the patriarchal period are at best con- jectural.
9. érév: GGr., 1085".
10. He has confounded his sources; cf. Gen. 31:38.
18. (8; cf. Gen. 32:22; Benjamin was born in Canaan, Gen. 35:18, Jos., Antt., i, xxi, 3. Cf. Il. 109 ff. below.
19. Bda\Aay: see LXX, Gen. 35:21; Bilhah, Gen.
QB. nr... érovs: GGr., 1136.
25. Gen. 30:14.
26. So Gaisford. Heinichen—PayiA- cvrAd\aBeiv xai rHv madiokyy LeApay TO aire xpovy.
86. See 9 above.
42. Cf. Gen. 32:31 ff.; Jos., Anitt., I, xx, 2.
48. wadXctou: Dindorf and Gaisford here read, waXdaioat.
48. ‘IopayA: this term appears in the Old Testament (1) as the name of an individual, Gen. 32:28; 43:8 ff.; (2) the name of an entire people, Judg. 18:1; I Kings, chap. 4, and often; (3) the Northern Kingdom; cf. I Kings 14:19, and often.
60. Gen., chap. 34: Demetrius shares with the later Jewish historians generally the characteristic punctili-
24 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
ousness in details. Cf. here on the priestly document in the Hexateuch, Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament’, p. 130.
66. Aovla rijs BabA: Gen. 35:6, LXX, 7 éorew BauiyA. Demetrius has mistaken the second name as that of a district in which Luz was situated.
67. He has Gen. 35:10 in mind here.
68. Xappafd: The translation of the Torah was natu- rally very literal. Often the translators translated and also transliterated; cf. LXX,I Sam.6:8: é& @guart Be pexOav, where the Hebrew TANS is first translated and then transliterated.
72. MayBpi: Mamre was Hebron; Gen. 35:27, where LXX reads airy éoriy XeBpav.
78. The writer’s perspective is a little vague, though he uses different sources (85:28 from P,37:2-11 from E— two of the great documents underlying the Hexateuch),
81. Gen. 41:45, 50; 46:20; Jos., Antt., II, vi,1. LXX identifies this priest with the Potiphar who purchased Joseph, Gen. 39:1, Ieredpfs; so also the Testament of Joseph, § 18: xat Ovyarépa kupiwv pov édaBov eis yuvaika.
82. Kal rov Aypwod, Krr. GGr. 1136; but see Gen, 41:19, Jos., Antt., IT, vi, 1.
87. dreupev: GMT., 689".
SS. dav, «rA.: GMT. 689, GGr., 1497, BMT., 351.
90. duarropeio Gar: i. e., Demetrius.
92. swevramAaciova: Gen. 43:34. J os., Antt., IT, vi, 6, says double, durAaciouw: polpas. emit. dpiarov: “ the meal was at noon” (Gen. 43:25), or in the evening, Jos, Antt., I], vi, 7, éwi devrvov.
95. Demetrius attempts to harmonize: to Benjamia he assigns the fivefold portion of Old Testament, fa Joseph the double given to Benjamin by Josephus. Fanciful interpretation follows. 60: Heinichen @ d Gaisford here read péay, but note, “sensus et dodo postulat évo.” So Vigerus marg.
DEMETRIUS 25
99 f. Gen. 45:21 ff.
101. Another embellishment, Gen. 45:21, silver, trace- able to LXX which reads: xpugots for Ded.
ravrd, i.e., in the same proportion.
125. Gen., chap. 48: see Driver in Hastings, Bzbl. Dictionary, II, p. 532, col 2.
125. KAaO: Kohath, I Chron. 6:1.
FRAGMENT 2
Moses, after the death of the Egyptian, fled to Midian and there married Zipporah, a descendant of Abraham and Keturah.
Anpntpios Sé mepl tis avaipésews Tod Aiyv- mrlov kat THs Siahopas TAS Tmpos TOV UNnvicayTa Tov TeXEUTHOAYTA opolws T@ THY lepav BiBXrov ypawavtt iordpnoe. uyeiy wévrouye TOV Moy
5 eis Madiay.xal cvvoixjoa exe? tp loddp Ouvyarpt
Lerpopa, nv elvar, doa otoyalecOar aro trav
ovoydreav, tav yevoudvov ex Xerrovpas, tov
"ABpadp yédvous, é« tod “TeCav rod yevoudvou
_"ABpadp é« Xerrovpas: éx dé rod "TeCav yevécOar 1 Aaday, é 5é Aaddv ‘Payounr, é« dé ‘Payounr
"loO6p wat ’ABaP, éx Sé tod "lodop Lerdapay, jv
yjpat Moony. Kal ras yeveds d¢ cupdwveiy: tov
yap Moony elvar ard ’ABpadp EBdopor, ryv Se
LSerpopav Exrnv, auvoikodvtos yap On Tod 5 Ioadn, ad’ ob Macy evar, yjuat “ABpadp thy
Xerrovpay ovra érav pp, Kal yevvnoat "Ioadp é&
aurhs Sevtepov- rov Oé "loadk, dvra érav éxarov,
yevvijca, @ote pS érav torepoyv yeyovdvat Tov
"Ioadp, ad’ of tiv Lerdwpay yeyevearoyjoba.
26 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOCO-JEWISH WRITERS
20 ovdey ody avTitiirre, TOV Moony nal rhv Lergdawpav KaTa TOUS avTOS yeyovdvar ypsvous. KaToKeiy O avtots Madiap wed, Av aro évos Tov "ABpadp maldev d6vopacOjva. dyno yap rov’ABpadp rows matoas pos avaroAds él xatoiav wépyar Sia
25 Touro O¢ Kal ’Aapay cat Mapzap eirrety év "Aonpob Moony AiOtorrida yipat yuvaixa.
—Evos., ix, 29
1. +. Atyumriov: cf. Exod. 2:11 ff. 10. ‘PayouyA, xrA.: The chronology here is confused. The Old Testament gives two traditions: (J) Reuel (E) Jethro (Reuel) Hobab (Jethro) Zipporah = Moses Hobab Zipporah= Moses
On the former cf. Num. 10:29; Judg. 1:16, 4:11. On Exod. 2:18, where LXXA reads ‘Iofép for Reuel, see Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, p. 22. On the latter cf. Exod. 3:1; 4:18, For explanation of the double name, Jethro-Reuel, see Jos., Antt., II, xii, 1. For Jewish legend see Jewish Encycl.,1X,p.48. Demetrius follows the former chronol- ogy, Josephus the latter (Antt., III, iii, 1; V, ii, 3).
11. “ABéB: Hobab here erroneously made a brother of Jethro, see above. Similarly Num. 10:29 should probably be translated Hobab ben Reuel.
18. €8douov: An error, for Demetrius’ own statement
reads: Sarah = Abraham = Keturah
veene Jokshan (Jacob) oh an (The Twelve) Reuel
(Amram) gee ro Moses | Zipporah
DEMETRIUS 27
Text should read &rov; cf. yéveas—dungdurdy above; also Il. 23 f.
28. dyouacOnva: cf. Jos., Anit., IT, xi, 1.
25. "Acnpw6—Assyria. LXX: eis ynv dvaroAGy. For Assyria LXX reads *Aggovp, Gen. 10:11. Ai@orida— yvuvaixa, cf. Jos., Antt., IT, x, 2.
FRAGMENT 3
The bitter waters (of Marah) became sweet when (Moses) at the divine command cast therein a bit of wood. Twelve springs and a palm grove were found at Elim.
"ExetOev HAGov yudpas tpeis, ws autos te 6 An- BHTPLOS Adyar, Kal cuppaovas TovTH 7 iepa BLBXos. pn éyovta 5é Ddwp exet yAvKv, AAAA TriKpov, TO Beod eitrdvros, EvVAov Te éuBareiv eis THY THyND,
5 Kal yevérOar yruKd To Ddwp. éxeiBev Sé eis "EXeiu
EAGetv Kal eipety excel Swdexa péev Trnyas vdaTor,
éEBSopunnovra Sé areréyn powixwv.
—Kwvs., ix, 29
2. This story is given in Exod. 15:22 ff.
FRAGMENT 4
The tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi were carried into captivity, not by Sennacherib, but by Nebuchadrezzar.
Anprrpios 8 pnow ev r@ Tept tev ev TH "lovdala Baciréwv rnv lotéa duAnv cad Beviapety cal Aevt py atyparwticOjvas vird TOU Levaynpelu, ad’ elvat aro THS aiypadwolas TabTns Els THY EoYaTHY
28 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
5 hy erroinaato NaBovyodovdcop é€& ‘lepovcorAvpa érn éxatoy elxoat oxT@ phvas é€. —Cueq., i, 21, 141
8. Sevaxnpe(y: king of Assyria, B. o. 705-681. Th fall of Samaria was actually consummated in the reig of Sargon II, s. o. 722-705.
5. Nebuchadrezzar: king of Babylon, B. 0. 605-56
6. érn, xrX.: i.e., from the fall of Samaria, sB. o. 721 to the first captivity of Jerusalem, 3. o. 596, in fac 125 years.
EUPOLEMUS
Eupolemus, of whom we know but little, lived in the reign of Demetrius I of Syria, B. o. 162- 150.’ He may be the Eupalemus on the embassy sent by Judas Maccabaeus to Rome, B. o. 143, to secure a league with that power.’ He was probably a Jew.’ His work on the kings in Judea (Ilepi tav év TH lovdala Baciéwv),* more readable than that of Demetrius, is marked by considerable additions to the biblical narrative. Eupolemus delights to show the superiority of Hebrew wisdom over that of Greece.
Sources: Eusebius, ix, 17, 26 (cf. Clement, i, 23, 153), 30-34 (cf. Clement, i, 21, 130), 39.
Rererenoges: Schiirer, III, pp. 351 ff.; Susemihl, II, p. 648; Christ, p. 668; Miller, III, pp. 221 ff.
FRAGMENT 1
Moses was the first wise man; he was the first to teach the Jews the use of an alphabet; from them
the Phoenicians learned it, later transmitting it to the Greeks.
1Clement, i, 21, 158: axpt rod méurrov érovs Anunrpiov, 2I Macc. 8:17: nai éméAcker "lovdas roy EvrdAepov vidy ‘Iwavvov,
3EKusebius, H. £., VI, xiii, 7, Praep. Hv., ix, 42; Jerome, De viris éllustribus, 388; Josephus, Ag. Apion, i, 23.
4Clement, i, 28, 153, 29
380 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Evardnreuos S€ dnot tov Maohy mrparov codov yeverOat, kal ypappara trapadodvat Trois lovdaiots mpa@tov, tapa 5 lovdaiwy Dolucas waparaBPeiv, "EdAnvas Sé rapa Dowlewv, vdpous re wpetov
5 ypavrat Moony trois lovdalots. —Kos., ix, 26 (= Crem., i, 23, 153)
1. Mwojv: Clement, Muvo7.
2. ypappara: Clem., ypapparuny (sc. réxvyy).
4f. Omit Clem., véuovs . . . . "Iovdatas. Not the least interesting feature of Hellenism was the blending of occidental and oriental ideas. It was not merely a con- tact of schools of thought but of widely different bents of mind. In the case of the latter there was a religious tendency, while the former showed a speculative turn. A shining example of the former is Plutarch, a. p. 50-120; of the latter are Aristobulus, B. o. ca. 160, and Philo, B. 0. 25—-a. D. 39++. Aristobulus (acc. to Eus., vii, 14, 15; xiii, 12): def yap Aap Raver THv Oeiay hwviv od pyTov Adyov, dAX’ épywv KaTarKevas, xabws Kal dua THs vonoberins Hpiv eT THV yéverw TOU Kécpov Beov Adyous ecipyxev 6 Mwoygs.
. Soxovore O€ por eprerpyag wevor médvra, KaTHKOAOVO nKévat
rourw IvOaydpas re kai Zwxparns cot TAdrwv, xrX.
FRAGMENT 2
After being governed for a time by prophets Israel has a king. David extends the kingdom, establishes friendly relations, builds an altar; and is succeeded by his son Solomon.
Evmdveuos 5€ dnow év tut wept ris “Hdtv mpopnteias, Mwonv mpodntedoa érn pw: elta "Inooby rov rod Navf vidv, érn XN Bidca & avtor
EUPOLEMUS 31
érn pt, wheal Te THY iepav oxnvny év Xnrol. pera 5 6€ TavTa wpodyrny yevéoOa, Tapounr. elra ty tov Jeo BovAnce: vrrd LapovnrA TaovAov Baoiréa aipeOnva, apEavta 5é érn Ka’ redevTHoa. celta AaBid rov rovrou viov duvactetoat, bv Katactpe- yracOat Xvpous, rovs mapa tov Evdparny oixody- 10 TaS TrotTapov, Kal tTHv Kopupaynvny cal tors év Tarabdnvy ’Acovpious cat Dolvuxas. otpatedoa 8 avtov Kal émi "[doupaious cal ’Appavitas Kat MoaBiras nal ’Irovpatous nai Nafaraious kal NaPéalous, avis Sé ériotparedoa él Lovpwva 15 Baoidéa Tupov cai Dowlens, ods nal avayxaca dédpous *lovdalois trroredciv: ampos te Ovadpny tov Aiyurrriwv Baoiréa diriav cvv0écbar. Bov- Aopevdy Te Tov AaBld oixodopjnoar (epoy TO Dew af.oiv tov Ocdv térrov ait@ Sei~ar tod Ovotac- 20 Tnplov' év0a bn ayyedov avt@ ofOjvat, éorata émdve Tov Té1rou, oF Tov Bapov idpicbar év ‘lepo- TOAUMOLS, Kal KEXEVELY AUTOV 7 LOpdaOaL TO LEpdr, dia 70 aipart avOpwrrive trepipOa Kal Trodda ern metrokeuncevat. elvar & ait@ dvopa Aravabav: 25 WpooTaeat TE AVT@ TOUTOV, Grrws TH vig emiTpeyy Thy oixodoplay, avrov 5é evtperifey Ta mpos THY KaTacKeviy avnxovtTa, ypuciov, apyipiov, YadKor, AlOous, EUNa Kvtrapicowa Kal Kédpiva. aKovoavTa dé rov AaBtd wrota vavrrnyjnoacba ev ’Airdvois so wdre THS “ApaBias, nal méuryyar peradXevTas eis thy Ovpd7 vic ov, xetwévny év ty épvOpa Oaracon, HéradrXa ypuoixd Eyoucay: Kal Td ypualov Exel- Gev petaxoploa rovs petadrXeuTAas eis THV lovdalay,
32 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Bactdebcavra bé rov AaBléd érn w Ehosmeras % ViG THY apy Tapadovvar, Svre ery 1B", ev
"Hye? rot dpxrepéns kal Tov if een | Tapadovvar avT@ Tov Te ypudoV Kal dpyupov Ke mah
xahene cat (ov cal Eira kvrapicowa kal Kédpwa. eal airov pev redeurioat, Zonopdina 88 Baas debe
40 kal yparyrat mpos Ovadphy tov Aiydérrou Bao = THY UTroyeypammevny eTioTOAHDY. id, ix, © 30
2. xpopyretou: not prophecy in the sense of predi tion; rather leadership, which in Israel implied spi vit tu ‘i ay as well as martial qualities. y
The aa N°) was primarily a spokesman; Exod. 7:1. So in Judg., chap. 5, Deborah is styled a prophetess, It is this word which is predominatingly translated in LXX xpodyjrns. For the function of the seer, presager, Hebrew uses DOP, LXX has p av redu Cf. I Sam. 28:8; 6;2 LXX. Soalso the New Testament, Acts 16:16. The prophet spoke for God and interp we ted, his will. On his ability to do this depended his fitness for leadership. '
4. pi:=110 years; Josh. 24:29.
Ynrot: cf. Josh. 18:1 ff. LXX here has Snrs ( SnAwp). Various spellings occur both in the He on and in LXX. >
6. BovAnoe: so the early Judaean narrative I § 9:15 ff. The Ephramite account dwells on the stubbo: will of the people, e. g., 8:7 ff., 10:19 ff., where the p phetic party opposes the plan.
8. rovrov viov: David was a son-in-law of Saul by marriage with Michal. évvacretoa: David was the fi to establish a dynasty.
9. mapa: “up and down the Euphrates river.” Syrian kingdom centered about Damascus. The Com
EUPOLEMUS 38
magenes dwelt between the Taurus range and the Euphrates river; in early times they were included in Syria. Gilead lay east of Jordan.
10. rovs....Tad.: the article and adjectival phrase limit both *Acovpiovs and ®oivxas. Eupolemus is de- scribing the mixed populations of his own day rather than the peoples of David’s time before Assyria was known to Israel or its influence had penetrated to the Jordanic countries.
12 f. These peoples skirt the Jordan valley on the south and east. The Nabataeans once held lands east of Moab but later removed to the east of the Sinaitic peninsula; in Old Testament, Nebaioth, Gen. 25:13.
14, émotparetoa: to make war upon. This explains the success of Solomon (ef. Fragment 4); Hiram as a tribute-paying prince had but one choice, viz., to comply with Solomon’s demands, This is one of Eupolemus’ embellishments. Hiram’s overtures seem to have been those of a neighboring ruler to a powerful king, IT Sam. 5:11; I Chron, 14:1; so also the relations of Hiram with Solomon, I Kings 5:6 ff., 9:10 ff.; ef. I Kings 10:22; II Chron. 8:17 ff.
16. Cf. Fragment 3.
19. agotv = postulare, “to have asked God to show him a place for the altar.” On the tense see GMT., 667°.
20. Cf. IIT Sam. 24:15 ff., where the site is determined by the staying of the plague.
21 ff, Cf. I Chron, 28:3.
21. Given in I Chron. 22:6; 28:6. According to II Sam. 7:6; so also Josephus. Nathan delivered the message to David. This may give a clue to the obscure line 24, eva .... Awvafav. Emending the text to read fyua da Nafdv, the meaning is clear. A scribal error combining the preposition with the substantive
84 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
prepared the way for changing pjya to dvoya, for gram- matically pyye is a verb.
25. Grws émitpéy: the sequence here is that of Hel- lenistic Greek, BMT., 200, rather than of classical usage, GMT., 355.
28. dxovcavra: “on hearing,” i. e., Nathan’s message. David accepted the terms and hastened to fulfil his part.
29. év "Aiddvos (Heinichen, *Axdvos): situated at the northern extremity of the Aelanitic Gulf. Arabic, Eloth. eis and éy from the same original word évs, GGr., § 1208, gradually approximated in meaning, not by the loss of the distinction but by increasing license in their use, Buttm., Grammar of New Testament Greek, 287.
81. Otpdy: probably Ophir, the location of which is still in dispute. With the preceding cf. II Chron. 8:17 ff.
85. 8: this datum is not from biblical sources but from the rabbis. But cf. Jos., Antt., VIII, vii, 8: “reigned eighty years, and lived ninety-four.” “Hy¢ci: Eupolemus is in error here; Abiathar must have been highpriest. Eli was succeeded by Ahitub, Ahijah (I Sam. 14:3), Ahimelech (I Sam. 21:7), Abiathar (I Sam. 23:6; 30:7)in the order given. With the last named the line of Ithamar, of which Eli was the first, came to an end (I Kings 2:27).
Aaron
Bleazar Ithamar
Phinehas Eli
Ahitub Ahijah Ahimelech Abiathar the next, Zadok, is descended from Eleazar.
EUPOLEMUS 35
FRAGMENT 3
Solomon, building his temple, sends to Egypt for workmen. King Vaphres complies with the request.
Bacirevs LZoropov Ovadpyn Bacirei Aiytrrou dir@ taTpix®@ xalpeuv. Tivwoké pe trapernddra thy Bactrelay Tapa AaBié rod trarpés 81a rod Oeod rod peyiorou Kal 5 EMLTETAYXOTOS OL OiKodouHoaL tepoyv T@ Deg, bs Tov ovpavov Kal thy yhy éxticev’ Gua bé cor ypayra, arooteiAal wo. THY Tapa cov AawY, of TapacTy- a 3 , \ covrat woe wéypt TOU éemiTeddoat Travta KaTa THY xpetav, xabdre émitéraxtat, 10 Bactreds Ovadpis LZoropav BacireEt beyadrA@ yalpev.
"Apa T@ avayvavar THY Tapa Gov émiaTOAH?, ogpddpa éyapny, cal Aapmpav hucpav nyayov, éyo te kal 9 Svvayis pov aca, érl T@ TaperAndpevar
15 oe TY Bacirelay Tapa xpynoTod avopos Kal dedo- 4 e \ 7 o \ \ ? Kiuacpévov wird THALKovTOU Deod. epl dé av ypades po. mrepl Tov Kata Tots Naous Tovs Trap’ ea > , , Ul 3 \ e Hui, awéoTadKa oor pupiddas oKT@, OV Kal Ta wANOn €& dv eior, Siacecadynkda cou éx pév TOD 20 LeBpiOlrov vouovd pupious, ex dé tod Mevdnoiov kal LeRevyntov ducpuplovs, Bovorpirov, Acovto- monrltov Kat "AOpiBitov ava pupiovs. ppdvticov 5é kal ta déovtra avtrois Kal Ta adda Srrws EvTAKTH, ty 2 aA > \ 207 e A > XN Kad lva arroxatacrabaouy eis THY idiav, @S av ard 25 THS Xpelas yevouevys. —Evs., ix, 31, f.
36 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOCO-JEWISH WRITERS
Clem. Alex. (i, 21, 180) certifies to this corre- spondence.
1. Otadpy: Apries (Hophra, Jer. 44:30), 588-69, was a contemporary of Zedekiah, king of Judah. He is here confounded with Sheshonk I (945-924), contemporary of Solomon (cf. I Kings 11:40), whose daughter Sol- omon married (I Kings 3:1). This does not necessarily imply vassalage on the part of Solomon as Breasted assumes, History of Egypt, p.529. Cf. Jos., Anét#., VIII, ii, 7; Herod., ii, 161; Diod. Sic., i, 168.
2. xaipav: “greeting.” Cf. Acts 23:26; Jas. 1:1, and often.
8. yivwoxé pe: i. e., “I beg to inform you” (GMT,, 915°).
7. Aaov: GGr., 1091.
8. péxpe tr. reAcoa: “until all things are finished,” GMT., 800; Gr., 1546; HA., 959; BMT., 406.
14. Svvayus: cf. ITI Macc. 6:16: 6 Bacrets ov rots Onpios Kai ravti ro THs Suvdpews pvdypare xara Tov treo Spouov rapiyev, here used of the royal retinue; in our passage, an army of workmen.
18. Cf. the numbers in I Kings 5:13 ff.; IT Chron. 2:17 ff.; Jos., Anét., VITI, ii, 9.
19 ff. On the government of the empire at this time see Breasted, History of Egypt, pp. 528 ff.
22. dpovrisov, xrr.: “Provide for their needs and otherwise care for them; (see to it) that they obey; and (see to it) that they be returned to their own country.” 6érws.... wa: GGr., 13872; HA., 885; BMT., 205.
24. ws dv: “since they have come to you because of your need,” i. e., to meet your need. See Soph., Lez., 8. U., ws, 1.
25. yevouevys: yevouevor, SO Vigerus, marg., and Hei- nichen, note.
EUPOLEMUS 87
FRAGMENT 4
To Suron of Tyre Solomon announces his acces- sion and his purpose to build a temple.
Baciret’s Loronpav Lovpwwu re PBaciret Tvpov nal Yiedavos nal Dowlens Piro TWATPLK@ yYalpeuv.
Tivwond pe rapernddta tHv Bacidelayv Tapa 5 AaBié rod ratpés da rod Beod tod peylorou, émi-
TeTAYSTOS OL OiKOdopHaaL Lepdv T@ Dew, bs Tdv ov-
pavov kal thy yqv extricer dpa dé Kai ool yparrat,
arooTeiNal or THY Tapa cov AawY, of cUpTTapa-
OTHTOVTAL Hiv péypt TOD émiTendoat THY TOD Beod 10 xpelav, Kadri pou émitéraxtrat. yéypada 8é cal
eis THV TadiAalav cal Lapapirw cal MoaPitw
kal ’Apavirw kal Taradirw, yopnyeicOar avrois
Ta déovra éx THS Ywpas KaTa pHVva, Képous olrov
puptous: 6 b€ Kdpos éorly apraBav &&- Kal oivov
15 Kdpous pupious’ 6 Se Kdpos Tov olvouv éotl pwérpa
déxa. 7d 6 EXatoy nal Ta Addra YopnynOnoerat
avrois éx THs “lovdaias, tepeta Se eis xpewharylav
ex THS “ApaBias. —Evs., ix, 33
The correspondence in this and the following sections is based on the Old Testament narrative, I Kings 5:1 ff.; II Chron. 2:3 ff. Cf. Jos., Antt., VIII, ii. The letters in the preceding section are built up from these. Cf. the orations in Thucydides.
1. Sovpwu: Jos., Elpwuos; LXX, Xeapdp, Hiram, whose reign overlapped those of David and Solomon. Cf. Jos., Anit., VIII, ii, 6-9. Hdt., vii, 98, gives the form Sipwpos, and even in the Old Testament and Josephus the vocali-
“. ee 1 ET aes, cat, * oe oes — = Sets ae ee even ee ATE FT The == = eh ond _ _— * 227 wwe = = ma = Sz 2
—— —e wee - fe. = -~_ 8 -— aie - _ °?
Soe veD Pir Lis rlermecieoom mi
- = - > = \
4=™ nue | B.vE.) Serves ites is 7 ~ |e. -— gece
bem ics; i eae iitoett) yom oe yon A a a ae a ee SCYAGE Fy time. O25. FIs AT) Sew Or, coer OAL‘. TES Dir.é.s7 TEM De de ypabs We, MES, Whe EWS “US BIS TIS Ta wee égraind Fo: Trem: 62. Bi 087 eT acs pupil VA OU SNTERTULE To. ATETTANCA Cero, Tops be pyres, Noveatas. €e tis SUVS TS Mad, is liv hy asrray CpuThTYs TOL UTG TOY Glpapoy rays WUE Uy LTEKTOVIAY, von ynoEerat CoO Kai Fours neh U6 ToV CLOVTOV Kal ATOOTEANOLEVOY coe T
EUPOLEMUS 39
Sav, Kaas Toinces émiotelNas ToS KATA TéTrOV 15 érdpxols, Srrws yopnyhrat ta Séovra. —Eus., ix, 34 15. drws ....: “that the necessary expenses may be defrayed,” BMT., 197.
FRAGMENT 6
Jeremiah, sent to prophesy to the people, is cast into prison. The king of the Babylonians, hearing of the prophecy, stirs up war, storms and loots Jerusalem.
a
’"Enrl rovrous Kal ris ‘lepeuiou mpodnrelas rod Tlovvioropos pynunv tremroinpeévov, Has atrocw- Tihcat TavTnY Wavtwv dv ein TapadoywTaTov. Kel- a8 rolvuv Kal adrn.
5 Eira ’lwvayeip: él rovtov mpodnrtevoar lepe- play Tov mpopyrnv. Tovroy vir6 Tod Oeod atrocta- Agra Katarafeiv. trovs *Jovdaious Puvcralovtas elO@AW YpUT@, @ elvat Gvoua BdaXr. Todtov Se avrois THY wéAXOVeaY atuylav Syr@ca. Tov &e
10 Iwvayely Covra avrov émiBaréoba Kkataxadoat: tov dé davat trois EvAos TovTos BaBurAwvios oporroinoey Kal oxaryew tas tod Thypidos Kad Evdparov diopuyas aiyparoriobdvras, tov dé Tov Bafvrovilwy Bacihéa axovcavta NaBovyodovdcop
15 TA UTrd TOU ‘lepeulouv mpoyavtevOdyta Trapakadéoat "AotiBapny tov Mydov Baciréa ovoetpateve adTo. maparaBdvra 5é€ BaB8varwviouvs cal Mndous kal cuvayaydvTa welav pév oxTwoxaidena, (riéwv Se pupiddas dddexa Kal relay Gpyata uupla, TpaTov
40 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
% wey THY Lawapeitiy KatactTpéWwacbac cal Tarsraiav kal [xvOdTodw Kai Tos év TH Tadaditide oiKodv- ras lovdaious adOis 6 ra lepocdAvpa TaparaBeir, cai Tov lovdalv Baciiéa lwvayelu Swyphoar. Tov dé ypucdv Tov év T@ lep@ Kal apyupoyv Kal yadxov
25 exreEavtas, eis BaSvra@va arrooteihat, yepis THs KiS@rov Kai Tay év avTH TAaKa@Y. TavTHV Sé TOV ‘lepewlay xatacyeiv,” —Evs., ix, 39
8. av ein: GMT., 235,
5. Heinichen reads rightly, Twaxeiu, but the MSS favorthegiven reading; see Gaisford. Jehoiakim reigned 609-597, II Kings, chap. 24; Jer., chap. 36.
mpopyretou: cf. fragment 2, note 2.
7. xatadaPeiv: cf. Jer. 11:13; 17:2 ff.
8. Baad: originally a worship of local deities, a cult that rose in connection with agriculture. These divinities were thought to care for the fertility of their several districts. Gradually their jurisdiction was construed to extend to animal fruitfulness also. The rites were often cruel and revolting. Cf. Jer. 19:5; I Kings 18:28. From Hos. 2:17 there seem to have been different names. Cf Smith, Religion of the Semites, p. 94; I Kings 16:82; Jos., Antt., viii, 13,1; II Kings 21:3; 23:10 ff. Eupole- mus seems here to confound incidents in the reigns of Manasseh and Jehoiakim. The Baal referred to by Eupolemus is probably Molech, II Kings 23:10, the Molech cult being probably of Canaanitish, perhaps Phoenician, origin. So far as is known, there was n0 cidwAov ypvoow erected to Molech; the thing referred to may have been one of the objects mentioned in IT Chron. 34:4 ff. See Moore in Encyclopedia Biblica, ITI, coll. 3183 ff,; Smith, Religion of the Semites, Lecture TI]; Guthe, Kurzes Bibel-Worterbuch, s. v. “Baal,”
EUPOLEMUS 4]
9 f. Cf. Jer., chap. 36.
10. The fate of the prophet’s book would seem here to be transferred to his person. The rabbis declare that the prophet was in danger of his life. See also Jos., Antt,, X, vii, 21; Jer. 36:11 ff.; cf. 26:20 ff.
15. wpopavtevOévra: not rpodyreiav; see above.
14 ff. The reason for this invasion (Nebuchadrezzar made three into Judaea, 601, 596 [II Kings 24:1 f.], 586 [II Kings 25:1 ff.]) was the revolt of Jehoiakim (II Kings 24:1) though Jeremiah was treated kindly by the Baby- lonians (Jos., Antt., X, ix, 1).
16. “AcriBapyv: Eupolemus is in error here. Nebu- chadrezzar’s (604-562) Median contemporaries were Cyaxares (635-595) and Astyages (594-550), Justi, Geschichte des alten Persiens, pp. 11-14. The lists of Herodotus and Ctesias are more or less artificial. Len- ormant suggested that Astibaras was a lesser king and contemporary of Sargon (722-705) and Sennacherib (705-681), kings of Assyria.
20 f. The first two names are of divisions of the country formerly occupied by Israel: Seythopolis is a town on the border, sometimes included in one, some- times in the other. Gilead lay east of Jordan.
23. €wypjou: IT Chron. 36:9.
25. xwpis rys x.Bwrov:; There is a tradition that the, ark was never carried away but was hidden somewhere in the temple. Once a priest detected the concealment from the unevenness of the paving-stones under which the ark was hidden; attempting to tell a fellow-priest
_ he was stricken with death. Another story ascribes the
concealment of the ark to King Josiah, The ark prob-
_ ably disappeared in one of the raids when the temple
|
was looted, probably not later than the date of the exile,
ARTAPANUS
Artapanus, fragments of whose [epi "Iovdaiav have come down to us, based his work on the Old Testament narratives but embellished his writings with many fanciful additions. His tendency is to exalt his nation: he makes even the Egyptians debtors to Israel. That he lived in Egypt we should infer from the fact that he ascribes to the temple service at Heliopolis age and corresponding sanctity.
Sources: Eusebius, ix, 18, 23, 27; Clement, i, 23, 154.
Rererences: Schiirer, III, pp. 354 ff.; Christ., p. 668; Miller, ITT, pp. 212 ff.
FRAGMENT 1 An account of the names of the Hebrew people, and of Babel. Through Abraham the knowledge of astrology came to Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Egyptians.
"Aprdavos 5é pnaow év trois "lovdaixots, Tous pev "lovdalous dvoydlerOar “Epyuov8, 8 elvar peb- epunvevOev kata thy “EAAdda dovav *Tovdaior kareicOa 5é adtods “ESpalous amd ’A Bpadpou.
5 Touro b€ dyot travoixia édOeiv eis Airyurrrov apis tov tov Aiyurrriwv Baciéa DapeOadvny «ab riv aotpodoylav avrov diddEac- pelvavta bé érn exci elxoct, Tahu eis TOs Kata Luplay amaAXayhval
42
ARTAPANUS 48
Torous' Tay dé TovT@ cuvEeAOdvTwY TOAKOUS eV 10 Adyorrtm Kxatapeiva. bia tiv evdarpoviay ris yopas, —Evs., ix, 18
2. ‘Epyuwov8: this may stand for the Hebrew DuN (= Epz-, though the aspirate (“) would lead us to expect "TIT (=-ov6),=Syrian Jews. Cf. Hdt.,i., 11: «ai Supoict reli 6 Nexws cup Bartov év Maydorw évixnoe. But Necho fought here with Josiah, king of Judah (IT Kings 23:29). See Heinichen’s note, where, however, there is a misprint; better Gaisford.
4. A more generally accepted derivation is from an earlier ancestor, Eber, Gen. 10:21, and see Hastings, Bible Dictionary, II, pp. 325 ff. After the fall of Sa- maria, 721, the name of the tribe of Judah was applied to the Southern Kingdom, of which this tribe was the strongest factor.
5. wavorxia: “with all his household.”
6. DapePoryv: Artapanus shares the indefinite knowl- edge of the later historians. The word Pharaoh, ori- ginally a term applied to the royal palace with its buildings and grounds, was later used as a title of office; Jos., Antt., VIII, vi, 2: .... BapadGar éxAnOyoav dard tov per’ avrovs év Tois peraty ypovors dpgavros BactAEws Papac- Oov ri mpornyopiav Aa Bovres, dvaryraiov yard pny ciel, iva THY dyvouv avtav adéAw kal rompow Tov dvouaros pave- pay tiv airiay, ort Papaw Kxai Aiyurriovs Baci\éa onpaive. Eyen Josephus has not given all the truth; ef. II Kings 23:29; Jer. 44:30, and elsewhere. The word came finally to be egarded as a personal name, cf. Exod. 5:4. From Egypt the word passed into Hebrow: thence to
_ Greek, and thence to Arabic. In this circuitous route
many errors could arise. Thus even Herodotus, ii, 111,
speaks of Dépwr(s), king of Egypt (Ramses II). When Egypt became a Persian province, B. o. 525, the title
44 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
declined with the office. With the weakening of Persia came a faint revival, two dynasties representing about sixty years (Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, pp. 438 ff.). With the coming of the Greeks the Ptolemies gave their name to the office and title. As he lived three centuries or more after these events, and was occu- pied with the magnificence of Ptolemaic Egypt, the errors of Artapanus, if perplexing, are still explicable.
arrpodoyiav: Jewish writers generally, ascribe to Abra- ham almost supernatural wisdom and sagacity (cf, Jos., Antt., I, viii, 1), but repudiate the practice of idolatrous rites in connection with astrology; cf. Philo, De Abra- hamo, 17: rexpypwv be évapyéoraroy ris drocxias, qv dx’ agTpovopias Kat THs XaAdaiLovens dofys 7 dudvoua €oreiAaro, xrd, (Jubilees, xi), This finds frequent expression in the rabbinical] literature.
8. Svpiav: here as Heinichen: at communi Syrorum nomine prophani scriptores Judaeos saepe designant.
FRAGMENT 2
Joseph sold into Egypt, comes into control of affairs, and by his wisdom and tact wins the love of the people. The coming of Joseph is followed later by a Syrian migration.
"Apramavos bé dnow év tw Trepi “lovdaler, Tov
"A Bpadp lwohd amdyovor yevér Oar, vidv dé "Laxe-
Bou: cuvéce € Kat dpovyce wapa Tos aos
Sueveyxdvra, Uo Tav adeddav emiSovAevOnvat '
5 Mpoedomevoy Se THY éemictcTtacw, SenOAvar Tov actvyetdvar "ApaSav, eis thy Aiyurrov avror diaxoploa, Tous d€ TO evTUyXaVoMEvOY ToLHoal elvas yap Tois Tav "ApaSav Bacireis arroyovoy
ABTAPANUS 45
"lopanar, viods tod "ABpadp, "Ioad« 5é aderdgors. 10 €AOdvra Sé avtov eis THY Alyurrroyv Kal cvorabdvta t@ Baorel Siocentiy this Ans yevéoOar yowpas. Kal wpdétepoy ataxtas Tov AiyuTrriwy yewpopour- tov, dia To THY yopav adialperoy elyat, Kai TOY éXacodvoy vTré TOY KpEcooveY adiKoupevay, TOv- 15 TOY Wp@Tov Thy Te yHv Siereiy Kal Gpots Svacnp?- vacOat Kai Thy TOAAY YEepoevomevny yewpynotwov amorencoat Kal Tivas T@Y apoupay Tois lepedoty amokAnp@cat. Tovrov dé kal pérpa evpeiy Kal peyarws avtrov wre tav Aiqurriov da Taira aya- 20 1nOjvar. yaya. 8 avrov ‘“HdsovroAlrou tepéws "Aceved Ouyatdpa, é& hs yevvnoat wraidas. peta dé ratra trapayevéoOar mpos avtov tév Te TaTépa xal-rovs aderpovs xouilovtas moAdnv Urrapév, Kal KaroiucOjva. év ty mode Kaioadv, xal Tous 25 Lupous mAecovacay ev ty Alytrr@. Tovrous dd gnot kai To ev "AOas xal ro év ‘HALovmrdAe Lepov KatacKevacat Tous “Epyov ovopalopevous. pera d€ radta rerevtjoat tov "Twond cal tov Baoiréa tov Aiyurrriwy. tov ovv "Iwond Kxpatodyra THs so Alyurrou roy éray émTa aiTov, yevouevoy KaTa THY gopayv amrerov, trapabdcOa nai ths Aiydmrou deotrérny yevérOat. — Evs., ix, 23 For the Old Testament narrative see Gen., chaps. 37-47. 5. émotvoracw: Cf. Gen. 27:29. SenPijvor: LS., déw, B., IT, 2: “They disposed of him to neighboring Arabs;”’ cf. Gen., chap. 37.
20. See under Demetrius, Fragment 1, 81, note. On the name of Joseph’s wife (Gen. 41:45), see Kohler in
46 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Jewish Encyclopedia, II, p. 172. The rabbis, not sat- isfied that Joseph should have married an Egyptian, made her the daughter of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob.
24. Kaiav: in Fragment 3, Kéooav: probably a dif- ference in spelling rather than a different town, as some think. vpovs: see Fragment 1, 1. 8. The writer's geography is that of his own times rather than of the earlier period.
26. "Adws: Hebrew TS, in Ezek. 30:17 ys: Jer. 50:13 (LX X) gives “HA/ov roAews Tovs é€v"Ov. "A@ws may come from the form Aven. The significance of the city for the Jews began with the temple of Onias, B. 0. 160. Jos., Jewish War, vii, 10; Antt., XIII, iii; Herod, ii, 137. See Graetz, History of the Jews, I, pp. 508 ff. Artapanus manifests an interest in the teccapiie at Heli- opolis whose rivalry with Jerusalem was regarded unfavorably by the Palestinian Jews.
27. Eppsové: see Fragment 1, n. 2.
FRAGMENT 3
Moses was a man of surpassing beauty and wis- dom. Called to perform signs before the king, he surpasses all the magic of the Egyptians. He leads the ‘‘Jews” across the Red Sea into Arabia.
"Aprdmavos 5é dnow ev tH Tept “lovdalen,
"ABpadyu TeXeuTHcavToS, Kal TOD viod avToU Mep-
Wacbevad, ouolws 5€ cal rod Bacihéws tay Ai
yurriov, tiv Suvacrelay trapadaBeiy Tov vidy
sautov [laApavwdnv. todrov dé trois “lovdalos patrws rporpeper Oat, cal rp@tov pev THY Keooay oixodomijcat, TO Te em’ av’Tn tepov Kabidpicacbat, elra tov ev ‘HAvoviréNe: vaov KatacKevdcat, Tov-
ARTAPANUS 47
tov dé yerynoat Ouyatépa Méppuv, Hv Xevedpy rive 10 KaTeyyunoa, Tov vrép Méuduy rérwv Bacirevovte. ToAXovs yap Tore THS AlyUrrov Bacidevev. Tav- Tv O€ oteipav UIrdpyoucay vroBaréabat TLvds TOV "lovdaiwy tradlov, rodro S& Ma@voov dvoudoat: bro 8é Trav “EAAnver avtrov avdpwbdvta Movaaiov 15 MpocayopevOjvar, yevéoOar 5é tov Mavaoy rod- tov ‘Opdéws diddcxarov, avdpwhévra 8 avrov TOAAA Tos avOpwrros evypnota Tapadotvar. Kal yap iota Kai pnyavdas pos Tas ALOoPecias, nal ta Aiyorrma Sida, nal ra Epyava ta bdpevtiKa 20 Kal Trodemixa, Kal THY dirocodlay éFeupety: Ere Se THY TodLW els AC” vopors SierXely Kal éExadoT@ TAY vouayv atrotaeat tov Oeov cepOnoecOat, Ta TE iepa ypaupara Trois iepedow > elvar dé Kal aidovpous xa Kuvas kal iBes- atroveiwa: S€ nal Tols tepedouy 25 €Ealperoy yapav. tadta dé maya Troijoar yap Tov THy povapyiav BeBalav to Xevedpyn dSiadvaAa- Eat, mpdrepov yap adiaraxrous byras Tous byAovs, more pev exBdrXev, rote 5é cabiotavew Bactrels, Kal TroAXaKIS pev TOUS avTods, évidnus b€ AdXovS. so 61d Ttadta ovy Troy Movooy 1rd Tov byAwY ayarn- Ojvat Kal bard Tov iepéwy icoPdov Tinqs KaTakiw- Oévta tpoaayopevOjvar ‘Epyhy d:a thy Tov lepav ypapparwv épunvelav. tov dé Xevedphv opwvra THY apetyyv ToD Mico P0ovijca avt@ Kal Snreiv 35 aurov én’ evrAGy@ aitla Twi avedeiv, Kal dn ToTE tov AiOidrayv émictpatevoapdvov try Alyurrr@ Tov Xevepphy wrroraBdvra eipynndvar xarpov evOe- Tov, TWéuyat tov Movoov én’ abtous otpatnyov
48 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
peta Suvdpews. 7o 58 TOY cuyyever av’T@ cuCTH- 40 cat TAHO0S, trortaBdvta padias a’rovy bia THv TY oTpatiaTtav acbdveay bro TOY ToAEuion avaipeOnoecbar. tov 5¢ Mavoov érXOdvra emi Tov ‘Eppotrorl(tny avowalouevov voyov, éyovta trepl déxa pupiddas yewpyav, avTod KataeTpatorre- 45 Oedoat. tméurra 6€ atpatnyods Tovs mpoxabedov- pévous THs yopas, ods 4b) mreoKexTelv eripavas Kata Tas payas* ANéyew b¢ dnow “Hdsovrodéras yeverOat Tov mdéAEwov TodToY ern déka, TOS OV mept Tov Mevoor dia TO pwéyeOos THS oTpaTLas TO- 50 Auv ev ToUT@ KTicat TO TOM Kai THY Biv év adTH xabiep@aat, dia To Tav’tny Ta SXamTovTa Cea Tors avOpwrous avaipeiv, tpocayopedoat Se avtny “Ep- pov modu, odtw 8) Tods Ai@lomas, xaliep évras Todeuious, erépEa: Tov Maucov Oere Kal Thy 35 TeptTouny Tov aldolwv map’ éxetvou pabeiv- ov udvov O€ TOUTOUS, AAA Kal Tos iepels AtravTas. tov d€ Xevedpiv, vOevTos TOU TodEuou, Adym jpev avrov amodcEacOa, épyw dé émuBoudevery, arap- ehduwevov yoov avTod Tovs dyAous Tods wey éart Ta 60 Optra TH AtOrorrias Téuras rpopudakhs Yaptv, Tois de mpootatar Tov év Aids mode vaov é& orris Ai Gov xarecxevacpmevoy Kabaipeiv, Erepov 6€ ALOuvov KaTacKevacat TO mAnolov dpos AaTOUHoaYTaS- tata. b€ eri Tis oixodomias émictatny Nayépwra. 65 Tov Oe ehOovTa peta Mwicov eis Méudw, ruOdcbar map’ avTou ei Tt AKO €otiv evypnaTov Tois avOpa- Tos Tov d€ pdvat yévos Tav Body, dia TO TAY HY umd rovTay apotcba. Tov dé Xevedphy, mporayo-
ARTAPANUS 49
pevoavta Tavpoy Amcy, cedevoas lepoy avToU Tors 70 6yXous KaMSpicacbat, Kal Ta Coa Ta KaDLEepwOevTa iro Tov Ma@iaou Kerevew exei hdpovtas Parte, Kataxpurrew OéXovtTa Ta TOU Ma@icou érivorpata. atvokevwodvtwy 6é avtov tav Aiyurtiav, opxw- poTiaa Tovs dirovs pr éeEayyetAar TH Maio 5 THY emiovMcTapevny avT@ émiBovAryv, Kal mpo- BarécOat tovs avaipicovtas aitév. pndevos & vTaKxovcavTos, dverdicat Tov Xevedpiv XavebaOnr, TOV wadioTa Tpocayopevopuevoy Ur’ avTov. Tov dé overdo. bevta vrocyérbat thy eriOecw, KaBdvTa so Kaipdv. wd S€ TodTOV Tov Kaipdv Tis Méppidos TeheuTnoaans, UTocyéerOar Tov Xevehpnv TH TE Moic@ cal 7@ Xaveboby To cdma, @oTe Svaxopi- aavras eis Tous Umep Alyurtov torovs Oda, vrovaPSevra tov Ma@voov tro tov XavebwO avai- 85 peOjcecGar. tropevopevar dé avTm@y, THY eTriBov- Anv T@ Movow tev cuvedorwy éeEayyeidai Tiva. Tov 0€ duAda CONTA avToY THY wev Méppiy Barat, TOV d¢ rotapdv Kal tiv év éxelv@ mddv Mepdnv tpoc- ayopeioat. Ttivacba dé THY Méppww tavTnv w7ro 9 TOV éyyepiov ovK EXatTov i} Thy "low. "Aapwva dé Tov TOV Ma@ioov aderpor Ta Tepi Thy émiBouvrry ervyvovTa, cupBovredoa TO AdEAPO Huy civ els THY "ApaBiav: tov 6€ rwewbdvra, awd Mépwhews tov Neikov duardevcavta, amadAdocecOar eis THY % ApaBiav. tov dé Xavebw@Onv rvOdpevov tro Mai- gov TH Puy) evedpevery ws avaipnacovTa, iddvTa dé épyopuevoy orracacba THY wdyaipav em’ avo. tov 6€ M@vcov mpoxatatayncavtTa THv Te yveipa
50 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
KatTacyev avTov Kal oracapevoy Td Eihos hoved- 10 cat TOY XavebwoOnv. Svexdpavar dé eis Thy Apa- Biav xal “PayounrAp To TaY TéeTeV apyovTL cup, Bioiv, AaBdvta tiv éxelvou Ovyarépa. Tov be ‘PayourAov BovrAecOar otpateve él rods Aiyu- mtious, catayev Bovdopevoy Tov Mevacor Kai Thy 1065 Suvactelay tH Te Ovyatpl Kal T@ yauSpe@ KaTa- oxevdoa. Tov dé Mavoor aroxoddoa, croyato- pevov Tav opodirAwrv, Tov S€ “PayoujAov dvaxo- AvovTa atpatevery ois “Apayi, mpoorakat Anotrevery tiv Alyurrov. wma b€ Tov avTov 110 xpdvov Kab Tov Xeveppiy mparov dmrdvrwv avOpa- rev éepavtidcavra petardrAdEa, TovT@ Sé TO maGer mrepireceiv Sia Td Tods *lovdaious mpooratat awédvas audievvvebat, épeav 8 éoOTa br aprre- yeoOa, bras dvtes érionwor xoXdbwvtar wr’ 15 avTov. Tov dé Mevacor etyerOar to Oe@, Hy torte Tos aos Tatoa, Tav KaxoTvaGemv., tacKo- pévov & avrod, aidudias dnoiv éx THs yas mip avabOjvat, cal todto KdeoOat, unte DANS pare ad- Ans Tivos EvAelas ovans év TO TOT@. Tov be 120 Ma@voor Seicavta 1d yeyovos detyev: hovay 8 avTt@ Oeiay eirreiv otpatevew én’ Aiyurrrov, Kal Tous ‘lovdaious dsacw@oavta eis THY apyaiay aya- yeiv matpioa. Tov S€ Oappicavta Sivapw more play érayew Siayvava tois Aiyurrrios. mparov 125 68 mpos "Adpwra tov aderdov érOeiv, Tov be Baciréa tev Aiyurrriov ruOdmevov tiv Tod Mai- gov Tapovolayv KadXéoat mpos avrov Kal ruvOdve ca ef’ 3 tt HKow- Tov Se pdvar, rpoordéa aito
‘ABTAPANUS 51
Tov TIS oixoupdyns Seomdrnv arordcat Tors "lov- 130 Safous. ov dé wuOduevoy eis dudaxhy avrov xa- OcipEar. vunros 8 éariyevoudvns, tas te Oudpas Taoas avtopdtws avoyOjvar tod Seopwrnpiov, Kat Tov durdxwy ods pev TerXeuTHCaL, Tivas Se iro Tov brrvou TrapeOnvat, Ta Te StrAa KaTEayhvat. 135 €£eAOovra S¢ tov Mauoov éri ta Bactrea éreiv: evpdvra Oe dvepypevas Tas Ouvpas eicednOeiv, xal ev- Odde Trav duAdKxwy Trapepevwy Tov Bactrda e€eryei- pas. Tov Oe éxrrayevta érl TO yeyovdTt KeXeDoaL TO Maio ro rod réuypavros airov Oeod citreiy dvopa, 140 StayAevdeavra avtdv. tov dé mpooxtavra mpes TO os eimrely, AxovcavTa 5é tov Baoirda receiv adwvov, SiaxpatnOdvra 8é tre tod Maitoou mad avaBiaoar, ypawavta 8é rotvopa eis SéATOV xkatacppayloacba trav Sé tepdwy tov éxpavrl 145 CavTa TA éy TH TrivaKid: yeypappeva peTa oTrac Lov tov Biov éxrNprdvev> eimeiy te tov Bactdéa onpeidy Tt avT@ Trotnoar: Tov 5¢ Ma@voov jv elye paBdov éxBardvra Shiv trojoa: mronbévrav Se Tavrov, émiraBcpevov tis ovpas averdoOar xal 150 WaALy paBdov trovjoas: wpoedOdvra Se puxpov Tov NeiAov tn pabd@m matafar: rov dé trotapov To- AvYouy yevouevoyv KaTaKAUCay ErAnv THY Alyumrrov. amo tére 5¢ xal THY KaTaBaow avtov yiverOat. cuvayaryov Sé ro téwp amoléocat Kal ta Trotdpwa 155 SuapGei pas Cpa, tous Te Xaovs dia tH Shpav Pbei- pecOa. tov dé Bactréa, TovTwy yevoudvwv Tav Tepadtwv, davat peta va TOS Aaovs aTroAvcEY, day atroxatactyoy Tov Totapdv. Tov 5¢ Mavoov
52 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Tahki Ty paBdo maratavta To téwp cvoTeiXar TO
160 peta, TovTov Se yevoudvov, tov Bactréa Tors iepeis tods drép Méuduy earécat kal ddvas avbtous avaipnoev Kal Ta iepa xatacKael, €ay jan Kal auTol Tepatouvpyjowar. Tods b€ ToTe Oia TivwY payyaverv Kal éraodav Spdxovta rothoat Kal Tov
165 ToTapov peTayp@car. Tov dé Baciida Ppovnpa- Tisbévra ert TH yeyovert, racy Tiwapla Kai KohacE xataixiCew tos *lovdalous. rov 6¢é Me@rcov raira opavTa adda Te oOnuEla ToinoaL, Kal TrataéavTa Thy yy th paBdm Codv tT mTnvoy aveivar Avpal-
70 verOa: Tos Aiyurrious, mavta te éFehx@O vat Ta cwpara, Ttav é latpav pn Svvapevay iaoba TOUS KALVOVTAS, OUT@ Tai averews TUXEV TOS ‘lovdatous radu Te Tov Ma@voov Batpayov Sia THs paBdou aveivar, pos 6€ tovrows axploas wal oxvi- 15 bas, 1a todro b€ Kai rods Aiyumrious Thy paBdov avaTiGévar els wav tepov, omolws d€ Kal TH “Iovdu, dua TO THY yiv elvac “low, Tatopévny 6€ TH paBdy Ta Tépata aveivat. Tod dé Baciréws ére adpovou- pévou, Tov Mavoov yadratav te wal ceecpods bua 180 VUKTOS aTroTeAdo al, WaTE TOS TOY GELaLOV mevyor- Tas amo THs yahdlyns avaipeioat, TOUS Te THY xaralav éxxdivovtas iro Tey ceopav dradbei- pecOar. cuptreceiv O€ TOTE TAS meV OiKkias mWdoas TOY TE Vaw@Y TOUS TAElgTOUS. TENEUTALOY TOLAUTALS 185 cuppopais wepitecdvta Tov.Baciréa Tovs “lovédai- ous amrodtoa. Tors dé ypnoauevous mapa Tav Ai- yurti@v moda pev éxrr@pata, ove ortyor be imaTio“ov, GAXnV Te TayTANOH yalav, SraBavras
ABRTAPANUS 58
Tovs kata THY "ApaBlay Trorapors, kat SuaBavras 190 (xavoy tétrov én tiv épvOpdv tpitalovs édOeiv Odraccav. xal Meudiras pév ody Aéyey Eutrerpov évra TOV Mavooy Tis yopas THY apTrwTW THpPT- cavra Sia Enpas THs Oardoons To AROS TrEeparo- oat’ ‘HXsoutronriras bé Aéyev emrixatadpapeiy Tov 193 Bacitda peta qoddts Suvduews, Gua Kal Trois Kabepwpevors Spos, Sia TO THy Brapkw Tors "lovdatous trav Atyurrriwv ypnoapevors Svaxopitey. T@ 5€ Maio Oelav hoviyv yevéoOa, marafa THY Oaraccay Th paBdSm: tov 5é Mavooy axovcavra 200 €rOryeiy TH paBdp rod BdaTos, Kal odTw TO MEV vapa Siacrhvas, tiv 62 Sbvapw Sia Enpas od0d qopeverOar. LuvepBavrov 5é trav Aiqurriov Kal diwxdvrwv, gynol mip avurois ek tav Eumpoobev éxrAdprvar, thy S€ Odracoay mands THY oddv ém- 205 KAvoaL, Tors Sé Aiyumrious bird te Tod trupos Kal Tis TwAnpmupisos cwavras SiapOaphvar, tors Se "lovdatous Siaguyovras tov Kivduvov, Tpidxovra ern év TH épnum Statphpar, Bpéyovros avrois Tod Oeod Kpiuvov, Suorov édXvpm, ylove TrapamAnoioy THY 210 ypeav. yeyovdvac Sé dynot tov Ma@uvooy paxpor, Tuppakh, TONY, KOoLHATHV, akEiwyatikdy. TavTa dé mpaEas rept érn oydSonxovta éevvda, —Eos., ix, 27
2. Meuwpacberd0: i. e., Isaac. The origin of the name is as yet only conjectural.
5. TlaApaveOyv: the little knowledge we have of the period, Dynasties 13-17, is derived largely from a frag- ment from Manetho preserved in Jos., Ag. Apion., i,
54 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
14f.; cf. Petrie, History of Egypt, I, pp.16 ff. The Old Testament narrative is brevity itself, Gen. 50:22 ff;
Exod., chaps. 18 ff. SoJos., Antt., IT, ix, 1. Sco Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, chaps. v, vi. The Pharaoh of the oppression, Exod. 1:8, is generally thought to be Ramses IT (1292-1225). If the Merneptah inscription represents Israel as back in Canaan, then Merneptah (1225-1215) was the oppressor of the Hebrews. See Miller, Encyclopaedia Biblica, III, col, 3688.
6. Keoodv: Fragment 2, |. 23; Heinichen en the land Goshen has been here mistaken for a city. Exod. 9:26 (LXX) Téoen.
8. vaov: the usual distinction, LS., s. v., II, hardly holds here.
9. Méppw: Thermuthis in Jos., Antt., II, ix, 5. See 1, 87 below.—Xevedp7: raév trip Méudw réorwv probably refers to the southern district of Egypt, i. e., about Thebes. See Philo, Life of Moses, i, 20, 118; 1. 158 below. Breasted, History of Egypt, pp. 221 ff.: there were in the Hyksos period and later, kings by the name of Sekenenre.
14. Movoaiov: pre-Homeric seer and priest.
16. *Opdéws: received his lyre from Apollo, his instruc- tion from the Muses. _
17 ff. Cf. Jos., Antt., II, x; II, ix, 7, and Acts 7:20 ff.; ef. below, ll. 210 ff.
18. pnyavas x. r. \Hoecias: “hurling engines,”
21. vopovs: this division dated back to the old king- dom (Breasted, op. cit., p. 79).
28. On animal worship see Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, pp. 157 ff. On Egyptian reli- gions, see Diimichen, Geschichte des alten Aegyptens, ITI, chap. iii.
25. yapw tov... . dvddéa: “to preserve the king- dom safe for Chenefren.” See LS., 8. v. yapis, VI, 1.
- 29. dvudxis = éviore, Sophocles, Lexicon, 8. U.
ARTAPANUS 55
85. Cf. Jos., Antt., IT, x.
89. ovyyévwv: so Gaisford and Dindorf.
45. mpoxabedoupevous: for rpoxabefeav; expressing pur- pose, GMT., 840.
51. “For the reason that this destroys the creatures that injure men,” Jos., Anét., II, x, 2.
52. This city Saba (Jos., Aniét., II, x) was called by Cambyses Meroe.
68. rd mAjowwv dpos: “the neighboring mountain.”
64. Naxépwrra: only the name of this official is now known; so in |. 76.
66. @ ru: LS., p. 413, col. 1, bottom; “whatever other thing is useful for men.”
77. XaveOwOyv: some MSS omit final -y.
82. 1d capa Saxopioayras: so Gaisford, Dindorf.
118. Cf. Exod., chap. 3.
128. xo: GGr., 1480, MT., 665°. dri, Hein. drwy.
mpoordga: kore mpoordccev; so Gaisford and Din- dorf.
182. On Moses in Hellenistic literature, see Kéhler in Jewish Encyclopedia, IX, 56 f.
189. See probable basis of this story, Exod. 3:13 ff.
148. See Exod. 7:8 ff.
158. Artapanus must be giving here what was cur- rent folklore among the Jewish population.
168. reparovpyjowo.: Gaisford and Dindorf.
164. On Egyptian magic see Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, Lecture IV.
168. The writer seems to be following vaguely Exod. 7:17 ff.
Exodus Artapanus Ezekiel (p. 181) alya al pa. Barpaxo C@ov ti rrqvov oxvides Bdrpaxos
Kuvopvia dxpides
56 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Exodus Artapanus Ezekiel (p. 181) Odvaros peyas oKvides ann xaAala xaAala cacpot dxpides oKOTOS WPwToToKoL
Cf. also Philo, Life of Moses, chap. xvii. 185. See Exod. 12:31. 186. Exod. 12:35 f.
191 ff. Memphis and Heliopolis represent lower and middle Egypt. The latter legend (ll. 191 ff.) we should expect from Heliopolis; from early times down a sacred, priestly city. See Philo, Life of Moses, I, 20, 115; 21,
120; Ezek., Fragment 9.
200. 6d483w: Dindorf and Gaisford (many codd.) add, xat Sucrives: possibly a repetition of d&acrjva: in suc-
ceeding line. 205. The basis is probably Exod. 14:20. 210. Exod. 16:13 ff.
ARISTEAS
’ Of Aristeas, of whose book Iep? "Iovdalwv a single fragment has been preserved, almost nothing is known. The likeness of his name to that of the author of the letter on the Septuagint is regarded as only accidental. His book shows dependence on the Greek Job; his era is probably to be placed in the second century B. 0.
Sources: Eusebius, ix, 25.
Rererences: Susemihl, II, p. 651; Schtirer, III, pp. 356 f.; Christ, p. 668; Miller, ITI, p. 220.
FRAGMENT 1
Job, a rich countryman of Uz, lost his wealth through misfortunes and himself was afflicted with boils. Friends could not comfort him. But at last he was made richer than ever.
"Apictatas 5¢€ dnow ev t@ wept “lovdaiwy, rov "Hoad ynpyavra Bacaodpas vidv év ’Edav yevvicat vidv. Kxatouuely dé TovTov év tH Avolrids yopa, émrt rots Spos THs "Idovpatas nal ’ApaBilas. ye-
5 véecOar §& avtov Sixatov Kat mrodvKTHVOY. KTH cacQat yap avrov mpdBata pev értaxioytda, Kapnrous O€ tptoxyirias, Cevryn Boy wrevtaxocia, dvous Onrelas vouadas trevtaxoclas. elye dé xal yewpylas ixavas. tovrov dé Tov "Ia mporepov
10’IwBap dvouatfecOar. aeipalovra 8 avrov Tov 57
58 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Geov évpeivar, peyddaus b€ mepiBareiv avrov atv xfais, mparov wey yap avtov rods Té dvous Kal Bods bird Anorav aedabfva, eira Ta TpdBata md Tov mrupds €x TOD ovpavod meadvToS KaTaKa‘- 15 Vat cov TOiS TroLMéeot, eT’ Ov Tord bé Kal TAS Kapnrous trod AnoTo@y aredabhvat elra ta Téxva avTov arrobaveiv, mecovans Tis oiKkias, avOnpepov 6é aitod Kal To c@pa éEXxaoa. havrws é avToU diaxeiévov, edOeiv els émloxeyrw “EXipav Tov 2 Oatpavirwv Baciréa cai Badrdad trav Davyaiwv TUupavvov xal Lwdhap tov Mavvalov Bacidéa, €rXGeiv S2 eal ’EXody rov Bapayindr Tov ZwBirny. Tapaxadoupéver be, ddvar Kal ywpls mapaxd7- ces eupeveiv abrov év re tH edoeBela Kal Trois 25 Sewwois, tov Te Gedy, ayac0évra Thy einpuylav av- Tov, THIS Te vooov avTov aToAvcal, Kal TOoAAODY xUpLoV imdptewy TOLHOAL. —Evs., ix, 25 2. Bacodpas: So reads LXX applicable to Job (pos- sibly, as Freudenthal, notes by, or built up on, Aristeas); see Swete, Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, pp. 256 f.: really Job’s native place, rather than mother, a leading city of Edom; cf. Isa. 34:6; Jer. 49:13; Amos 1:12. The Old Testament (Gen. 36:1 ff .) gives the names of Esau’s wives as Adah, Oholibamah, and Base-
math (26:34, Judith and Basemath) with which Jos., Antt,, I, xviii, 4; II,i, 2, agrees. A later tradition adds Dinah, daughter of Jacob.
8. vicv: Heinichen suggests the reading lwB, Hsawm ex Bassara coniuge Jobum in Idumaea filium genu- isse, Others would delete the vidy in 1. 3.
8. Avoiridi: LXX, appendix to Job, reads Ate i, e., the land of Ausis, Greek for Uz, LKX Job 1:1,
ARISTEAS 59
10. IoBép: Greek appendix to Job, IwBd8. Job is here also confounded with Jobab, king of Edom (Gen. 36:33), and a great-grandson of Esau (Gen. 36:1 ff.).
19. So also the Greek appendix to Job:
’"Edepas rv Hoad vidy, Oacuavay Baccreds, Baddad 6 Zavyxalwy répayvos, Zwhdp 6 Mevalwy Bacrcreds,
MALCHUS
Malchus (Cleodemus?) a Jewish (possibly Samaritan) writer left a treatise, [Iept "Iovdaiun, of which a fragment has survived. To an unusual degree this writer mingled Greek and Jewish tra- ditions.
Socroes: Eus., ix, 20; Jos., Antt., I, xv.
Rererences: Schiirer, III, pp. 357 f.; Susemihl, II, p. 652; Miller, ITI, p. 214.
FRAGMENT 1
To Abraham and Keturah many sons were born; Assyria was named for one, Africa for others. From Hercules and a granddaughter of Abraham were descended the Sophanians. ~
Knreddnuos S€ dno o mpopyrns, 6 Kal Madyas, ictopov ta trept “lovdalwy, xabas. cat Maas toTdépnkev 6 vowoberns avtwy, dt éx Xerrovpas
"A Bpaau éeyévovto traides ixavol> Neyer 5é avrav
5 Kal Ta Ovdmata, ovouatwy Tpeis, "Adéep, ’Acovp,
"Adpav. xalamro Acovp péev thv "Acouplap, ao
5é trav dvo, ’Adpa te nal ’Adép, rédv te "Adpav
cal THY yopav Adpixad dvopacOjvat. Ttovrous bé
‘Hpaxret ovotpatedoa ert ArBuny cat’ Avraiov: 10 ynuavta Sé thv ’Adpa Ouyarépa ‘Hpaxrda yevvi-
oat viov €& avtns Arcdwpov. tovrou bé yevéo Oa
Lopwvav, af’ ob tovs BapBapous Dodas A¢yer Oar.
—Ewvs., ix, 20 60
MALOCHUS 61
1. 6 xat ModAyas: cf. Acts 13:9, Ctesias (ed. Baehr), p. 76, §48 (Journal of Biblical Literature, XIX, Pt. I, p. 53). 7
6. For the descendants of Abraham and Keturah see Gen. 25:1 ff., where the line is—
Abraham 7 Keturah | | | Ae i | Zimran ai i Medan Midian Ishbak Shuah
Sheba Dedan i | Ephah Epher Hanoch Abida Eldaah
Asehiarim Letushim Pca
Jos., Antt., I, xv, gives this passage with slight varia- tions: MdAxos .. . . Mwvons icropyoey ... . Karovpas ‘“ABpdpw .... Iadépav Sovpyy ‘Tadpdv. dard Sovpov pev tiv Acovpiav xexAnjoba .... lappa .... Iadépov.... "Edpay. rovrous yap... . yhuavra te THY Adpdvov.... AiSwpov. .... Sodwva .... Sddaxas.
8. "Adpixa: derived from Punic Frigi.
9. ’Avrafov: Apollodorus, ii, 5, tells the story of Antaeus, son of Poseidon and Ge, a giant who dwelt in Libya. His marriage with a daughter of Aphra is based on Hercules’ travels through Africa. The attempt of the Grecizing Jew is clear here to bridge over the gap between Jew and Greek, to make Judaism more accept- able to the western world.
THALLUS
There have been preserved by Eusebius, The- ophilus (bishop of Antioch, a. p. 169-ca. 181; Eus., H. E., iv, 20), and Georgius Syncellus (Krum- bacher, pp. 339 ff.) fragments of a writer, Thallus, a Syrian—probably a Samaritan. Thallus com- piled a chronology covering the period from the sack of Troy to his own time. He was probably a younger contemporary of Josephus, though not to be confounded with a supposed Thallus in Jos,, Antt., XVIII, vi, 4 (where the Greek codd. read EdXos the Latin codd., Thallus. The emendation @arros is rejected by Niese, doubted by Schiirer). The character of his work, of which there were at least three books (Eus., Chronicae), shows Thal- lus to have been a Grecizing Samaritan (cf. Ter- tullian, Apology, 19; Lactantius, i, 23).
Sources: Theophilus, Ad Autolycum, iii, 29.
Rererences: Schiirer, III, pp, 368 ff.; Christ, p. 705; Miller, ITI, pp. 517 ff. On Syncellus see Krumbacher, pp. 339 ff. |
FRAGMENT 1
Forty-one kings ruled Assyria from Belus I until the time of Sardanapalus, as attested by many notable historians.
Tavrny (i. 6., Trav ’"ApdBov Bacirelav) ’Acov- plov pa’ dedéEavto Bacidels. . . . « a0 TOU Tpw- 62
THALLUS 63
Tov avt@v BrAov éws tod wa Maxocxodépov Tov kal Sapdavarraddov, ws supdwvodar moAXol Tav semionuwv iatopixav, IloAvBios Kwai Accdwpos, Kedadiov te cai Kaotwp nai @dddos Kai érepor. —Synceiius, Chronographia, p. 92B (Miller)
8. MaxooxoAdpov: another name for Ashur-bani-pal (i. e., Ashur is the creator of a son). On rod xai, cf. under Malchus, p. 56,
The Greeks regarded Sardanapalus as a type of the luxurious, effeminate king, and this may be a com- pound of some such words as padaxds, yaAapos, whence, in time, Ma(Aa)xoo-yaAapos.
FRAGMENT 2
According to the history of Thallus Bél flour- ished 322 years before the Trojan War.
Kata yap THY Odddov iotopiav o BHXos mporyeve-
aTepos evpicxetar Tov ‘Ihcaxovu Trodepou Ereot TKA. —Tueroruitus, Ad Autolycum, iii, 29 FRAGMENT 3
According to Diodorus Siculus and other writers Cyrus began to reign in the first year of the fifty- fifth Olympiad.
Kipos Ilepoay éSacidevev, & érer "OdXvprids nXOn ve, ws €x TOV BiBrALoOnkav Avodmpov Kai Tav @adrod nai Kaoropos ioropwy, éts dé TlokvBlov Kal Dréyortas ear. evpeiv. —Evs., x, 10 1. €BaciAevev: Gaisford and Dindorf here read the
aorist.
2. On: ingressive aorist: Gildersleeve, Syntax, 239, GGr, 1260.
64 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
FRAGMENT 4
Belus aided the Titans in their war against Zeus and his allies. The defeated Ogyges fled to Tarshish, his country.
ByXovu tov ’Acouplwy Bacidevoavros Kai Kpdvou Tov Tiravos @dAXos péuvyntrar, ddoxeov Tov Byrov memroveunkevat avv Tots Tirdot mpos tov Aia xat Tos avy avT@ Beors ANeyoudvous, 20a dnaiv, Kat 5” Oryuyos nrrnbels purer eis Taprnaadv. tére pev THS KoOpas éxeluns axTIs crAnOelons, viv Se’ ArtiKhs Tpoaayopevomervns, Hs “Oryuyos tore HpEe° nal Tas Aoutras 6€ ywpas Kal odes, ad’ ov Tas mpocovuplas ExYov, ovK avayKatoy nyovpea KaTareyely, UANOTA
10 Tpos a€ TOY émLeTapEvoY TAS taTopias.
—Tueopuitus, Ad Autolycum, iii, 29
1. ByAov: a traditional king of Assyria, father of Ninus, date not determined.
5. Taprnoodv: Thallus has evidently fallen into error. If, as Cheyne thinks, Tiras (Gen. 10:2) is the same as Tarshish (Gen. 10:4; cf. Mitchell, World before Abraham, p. 237), or even if Tartessus be not the same as Tarshish in Spain, as LS., s. v.. we may have a clue. Thallus may have confounded Ogyges, reputed first king of Thebes (Ogygia) and Gyges, king of Lydia, s. o. ca. 680. Further, Tyrrhenus, son of the Lydian king Atys, is said to have led a Pelasgian colony from Lydia into Italy, or, as some believe, the shores of Europe west of Greece.
6. ’"Arrixns: The Boeotian story is here blended with that of Attica. Similar deluge stories appear in the
THALLUS 65
traditions of the two states. It is not a question of historical data but of tracing the writer’s error.
8. wrpovovupias = mpocovu(o)uacias.
FRAGMENT 5
From the time of Ogyges until the first Olym- piad was 1,020 years, which period is touched upon by many historians.
ard ’Orytyou tov map’ éxelvors avtdyOovos muotevOevros, eh ob yéeyovey Oo éyas Kal patos éy ty ’Artixn xataxdvao nos, Popwrvéws ’Apyetov Bacirevovtos, ws ‘Axovoldaos toropel, péype smporns ‘Odupmiddos, omdbev “EXdAnves axpuBovv TOUS YpPdvoUS evopuTAY, Eryn TUvaryeTat YbALA ElKOoL, ws Kal Tois mrpoeipnudvois cupdwvel Kal Tots EES SayOjoerar. taita yap "AOnvalwy ioropodrtes, “EdAavixds te Kal Diddyopos o tas ’AtOiSas, of re 10TA Lvpia Kaotwp cai @ardos, nal ta mravrwv Aiddwpos 6 tas BeBr0Onnas, ’ArdEavdpds te 6 TloAviotrap, cal tives THV Kal’ nuads axptBdartepov éuvnoOnocay Kal Tov ’Artix@y atravrw@v. el Tis OV éy Tois xtrlous elxoow Eteow émrionwos totopla 15 TUYYaVEL, KATA TO KYpHoLwoy exreynoETAL. —Ewvs., x, 10 1. ’Oyvyou: 776 + 1020 = 1796 years B. oc. The son of Boeotus was the first ruler of Thebes, hence Thebes was also called Ogygia. 2. éd’ ov: “time within which,” GGr, 1136; Kihner, Gram., 419, 2, 6. %. Dindorf here reads, noting Justin Martyr, chap. ix: of ra °AO., but Vigerus om.. “A@yvaiwy; and Gaisford
66 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
approves, ‘EAAdmxos: Greek chronicler, florutt s. oc, 450; was the first to introduce systematic chronological arrangement into the traditional periods of Greek history. PiAsyopos: Athenian, author of a history of Athens to B. 0. 262; put to death by Antigonus Gonatas, B. o. 260.
5 rds: Heinichen and Gaisford read of ras.
"Ar@iéas: the title of Philochorus’ book.
10. Kdorwp: chronicler of Rhodes: his history extends from the time of Belus to B. o. 60.
11. Adwpos: Diodorus Siculus lived in the time of Augustus, author of BrBdAobjxn ‘Toropixy covering the period from before the Trojan war to the end of Caesar’s war in Gaul,
*"AXéavopos: from Pergamus; prisoner of war in time of Sulla, afterward freed. He was a voluminous writer on historical and scientific subjects. For his varied learning called Polyhistor (Christ, 609),
FRAGMENT 6
Throughout all the world occurred a terrifying darkness (by some thought to have been an eclipse), the rocks were rent by an earthquake, and most of Judaea and the rest of the world was over- thrown.
xa’ Sdov Tod Kdopou aKdTos emrnyero poBepa- TATOV, CeLTU@ TE ai wéeTpar SveppryyvuvTo Kal Ta TorAd lovdalas Kai Ths ovis ys KaTeppibOn, TOUTO TO oKOTOS Exderriv TOD HAlov @dAXos aro- sKarei év tpity tav ‘loropiav, ws euot Soxet adoyos. —Synceitus, Chronographia, p. 322¢
2. ra woAAd: see LS., s. v., II, 3, d.
ANONYMOUS
Through Polyhistor two fragments have come down. The shorter one is anonymous ("Ev Tois ‘adecordros); the longer passage professes to be from Eupolemus, but this involves certain difficul- ties. (1) Eupolemus (Fragment 1) makes Moses the pioneer in the teaching of wisdom (prov cddov) ; according to this fragment this honor must be ascribed to Abraham (cf. 17ff.). (2) A Jewish writer, like Eupolemus, would hardly accord to Abraham divine honors at Gerizim, “Apyaprfiv, 6 elvat peOepunvevdpevov dpos inyictov, nor would he style Gerizim dpos inpicrov, It is more natural to look for a Samaritan writer. Because of its simi- larity to the preceding fragment some, as Freu- denthal, have regarded this a longer recension of the same original. This is plausible, although the smaller fragment seems too brief to afford a con- clusion. Of both fragments perhaps the best we can say is that both are anonymous.
Sources: Eusebius, ix, 17, 18.
Rererences: Schirer, III, pp. 358 f.; Susemihl, p. 652; Maller, III, pp. 211 f.
FRAGMENT 1 An unknown writer traces Abraham’s lineage to the giants. To him is ascribed the beginning of astrology among the Phoenicians and Egyptians. 67
68 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
év 5€ adeomdros etpopev tov "ABpadm avaoé povra eis rods yiyavras, TovTous 5é oixodvTas év Ty
Bafvrwvia da tiv dcdBeaav bro Tov Oedy avai-
peOjvat, dv éva Bhrov éxdevyovra tov Oavarov év
5 BaBvAo@u Katoujoat, Tipyov Te KaTacKevacarTa év auto diartac Bar, dy 81) air Tov KaTacKevdcavTos
ByAov BiAov ovopacOjvar. tov dé” A Spapoy rip
aotporoyiKny émotnuny tradevOdvra mpa@rtoy ev
EXBetv ets Dowvienv cal ros Dolwxas aorporoylav 10 didaEat, dorepov dé eis Altyurrov mraparyevésOu.
—Eus., ix, 18
1. év 8 ddeordras: in an anonymous work. LS., II, and reff.; Soph., Lex. s. v.; Jos., Ag. Apion, i, 16, 31. Tous yiyavras: probably not a reference to the semi- human peoples of Gen. 6:4, but a collective term for the early inhabitants of Palestine. See Num. 13:22; Deut. 3:11; I Sam. 17:4; II Sam. 21:16; I Chron. 20:4. It is not necessary here to bring in the fanciful notions of the apocalyptic writers; cf., e. g., Enoch 7:2. Cf. Baruch 83:26 ff. Jewish tradition extended their habitat into Mesopotamia; cf. Jewish Encyclopedia, V,656. There is doubtless a blending of the Greek mythological ideas.
4. ByAov: a traditional king of Assyria, father of Ninus, date indeterminable. See here Tiele, Bab.-as- syr. Gesch., p. 518.
7. A different version is given in Gen. 11:9. The native name was Bab-ili(u), Tiele, Bab.-assyr. Gesch., p. 72, Gate of God.
7 ff. See Jos., Antt., I, viii, 2.
FRAGMENT 2
Abrahan, a native of Ur, moves westward, settles in Palestine, engages in war, receives gifts from
ANONYMOUS 69
native princes, and teaches the people astrology. The rival theories of the Babylonians and Greeks are outlined.
EvmrdXepos Se év to 1rept "lovdalov ris *Accuplas gyol, rédwv BaBvrava mpa@rov pev cticOjAvat Urr6 tav Siacwbdvray é« Tod Kataxdrvopod, elvar dé auTous yiyavtas, otxodopety 5é Tov toTopovpevov
5 Wupyov, tecdvros S€ TovTOU UTrd THS TOU Oeov évep- yelas, Tods yiyavras Swacrraphvar wal’ Grnv thv yhv. Sexdry dé yeved, pyolv, év mdédeu THs BaBv- Awvias Kapapivy, hv twas Néyev mdr Ovpény, elvac Sé peOepynvevoperny Xadrdalwv mor, év
10 Tpioxaioenaty yevérbar "ABpaadm ryevea, evyeveia wal copia wavras trrepBeBnkdta, by 6) Kal THv dotporoylav nal Xadrdaixny evpeiv, emi ré Thy evoéBeav opunoavta, evaperticat T@ Dew. Tov- tov 5é¢ Sia Ta wpoctaypata Tov Oeod eis Dowixny
15 €AOdvTa KaToKnoa. Kal TpoTras HAlov Kal ceANVNS kat ta adda wavra SibaEavta tovs Poluxas, evapeotica: T@ Baovrei avta@v. dortepov dé’ Appe- vlous émotpatedoa trois Dolmk: venoavrwv dé Kal aixparoricapdvwr tov aderdidobdv avrod,
2 Tov "ABpadp peta oixerav BonOnoavta, éyxpath yevécOa, THY alyparwticapdvav Kal TeV TrOXE- ploy aixyparorica téva Kal yuvaixas. mpésBewv dé mapayevondvwy mpos avtrov, Sres ypnuata AaBov atrorAvTpwoy TadTa, pH MmpoerdoOar Tos
25 Suctuxoiow erepBaivev, AAA TAS Tpodas da- Bdvra’ taév veavioxwy, atrodobvat Ta aiypaddwta, EcucOjval te avtov bird TédEws tepov, "Apyapeliv,
70 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
6 elvat peepunvevouevoy dpos inylerov, mapa &é Tod MerAxyioedéx iepéms dvros Tod Peod Kal Bacihei- 30 ovTos AaPeivy Sw@pa. Atwod S€ yevowevov, Tov "ABpaauw aradrAayiva eis Alyurroy mavoixia KaKel KaToLKElY, THY Te yuVaika avTod Tov Bacidéa tov Aiyurrloy ya, pavros avrTov adeApry elwat. wepiacdtepov & iatdpnoev, Ott ovK HdvVaTO avTH a5 curyyevér Oar, kal bre cuvéBn POelper Par avrod Nady Kal Tov olxoy. edyteis b€, avTov KaXécarTos, TovTO pavat, wy Elvat YApav THY yuvaixa, Tov be Bacthéa tov Aiyurriov obras érivyvavat, ort yu) ww Tov "ABpaap, Kal arodotvat avTiy T@ avopi. io SvEnocavta dé tov "ABpadu év “HdsovaeXer rois Alyutrriwy iepedo., Tordd peradidakar abrods Kal THY agtpodoylav Kal Ta AOLTTa TOVTOY aUTOIS Eicn- yicacOa, ddpevov BaBvrwrious tadra Kai abrov evpnkévat, Tiv Sé€ epeoiy avTwy eis “Evwmy ava- 45 Téwrrey, Kal TOUTOY evpynKeval TP@TOV THY agTpo- Aoylav, ov« Aiyurrious. BaBSvrwvious yap Néyew mpartov yeverBar Birov, dy elvat ypovor* x TOv- tou d€ yevéobar BiAov cal Xavadv, rodroy 6 Tov Xavaav yevvica Tov watépa Tov Dowix@yv. Tov- 50 Tou d¢ Xodp viov yevéerOa, bv tro Tav “EAA jvor Neyer Oar” AcBoror, watépa dé AtOiWrwv, adergov 5¢ ro Meatpaciu, watépa Alyumriov, “EXAnvas 5é eye tov ’AtNavTa evpnKévat aoTrpodoylar elvat O€ Tov ’AtAdvTa Tov av’Tov Kal “Ev@y. Tov 55 bé “Evay yevécOar vidv Ma@otcadav, by mavta &” ayyérXov Beod yrevat, kal mas ovT@s emruyva- vat, —Evs., ix, 17
ANONYMOUS 71
1. EizroAewos: on the error of ascribing this passage to Eupolemus, see Schiirer, ITT, p. 351.
rns “Acovpias: for similar anachronisms see Jonah 3:6; Dan. 1:4; 2:2; 5:2 ff. The lapse of time renders our writer’s perspective vague. See the Old Testament account, Gen., chap. 11.
4. yiyavras: see Fragment 1, |. 2.
5. awecovros: but see Gen. 11:7 f. Various stories are told of the disasters attendant upon the erection of this tower. Some of the builders were changed into animals, demons, ghosts, etc. (Gk. Apoc. of Baruch., chap. ii). According to Jos., Antt., I, iv, 3, the gods sent storms of wind and overthrew the tower and gave to everyone his separate language (oi 8 @Qeoi dveuous émimrempavres dvérpefay Tov mipyov); so Sibylline Oracles, According to the Talmud (Sanhedrin) and other sources one-third of the tower was destroyed by fire, one-third sank into the ground, and one-third remained standing. ‘Toone standing on the ruins, tall palm trees look like grass- hoppers.” These towers were characteristic of the Baby- lonian cities, and form a fitting focus for such folklore.
8. Oipfv: Ur, Gen. 11:31. On the term Chaldee see Mitchell, World before Abraham, p. 278; Gen. 11:31 f. belong i in P, Driver, Introduction, p.14. LXX here, €k rijs ywpas tay Xaddaiwy, for Hebrew Ur of the Chaldees. Cf, Acts 7:4, é« yijs XaA8aiwy. Chaldaea proper lay to the south of Babylonia, adjoining the sea, hence the name in the Assyrian records of “the sea- land.” With the rise of the second Babylonian empire under a Chaldaean dynasty the term became more ex- a asin the Old Testament, Gen. 11:28, where the
phrase is regarded as a later harmonizing; also i in Jer. chaps, 24 ff. On the importance of Ur see Rogers, Hist. Bab, and Assy.,1, pp. 371 f. 290. The name, Kayapivn, may have some vague connection with that of the ancient Cimmerians, or, as Winckler, with Arabic gamar, moon.
72 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
10. Cf, Gen. 11:10 ff.
12. See Artapanus, Fragment 1. Cf. Artapanus’ descriptions of the wisdom and beauty of Joseph and of Moses.
17. Probably a version of Gen., chap. 14. "Apyevious: possibly a reference to the Scythians, who some time between 628 and 610 8. c., swept down from their homes north of the Black Sea and devastated the Mediter- ranean countries as far as Egypt. Cf. Hdt., i, 103f,; Jos., Antt., I, x, 1, calls them Assyrians.
18 ff. Cf. Fragment 1,
28. dws... . drodutpdoy: BMT., 197; Btnm., Gr., p. 233.
27. “Apyapgiy (2°53 “7 ): Gerizim, at the capital of the Northern Kingdom.
28. A historical deduction rather than a philological derivation. A Jewish writer would have reserved this description for Jerusalem.
29. Gen. 14:18.
31. Gen., chap. 20. Gerar is south of Gaza.
40. The journey is extended to permit the weaving in of a legend.
43. "Eve: Gen. 5:18-24. Enoch, an antecedent of Abraham, is a name on which legends differ. Some ascribe to him inconsistent piety; others exalt and glorify his name. In Jubilees, chap. 4, he is the in- ventor of printing; so also pseudo-Jonathan, He is the author of several apocalyptic books (see Charles), These legends indicate national rivalries over the creation and development of the arts (cf. ]. 61), and the Hellenizing tendency in the blending of oriental and Greek ideas. Cf. a similar disposition in the Commentaries of Julius Caesar, vi, 17.
48. On the origin of these Palestinian peoples cf. Smith, Old Testament History, chap. v; Keane, Anthro- pology, pp. 391 ff.; Man Past and Present, pp..490 ff.
ANONYMOUS 13
51. "AgBodrov: cf. Greek, daBodos, daBory, i. e., “the dark one.”—Xavadv: Gen. 9:18. Xovw=Ham; LXX, Xap, Gen. 10:6. Meorpaeiy: Mizraim, Gen. 10:6, 138.
55. Ma@ovivor\jav: Gen. 5:21 f.; LXX, Ma@ovodra. There are here three claimants for the honor of estab- lishing the sciences:
BABYLONIAN GREEK Bél = Cronus Atlas = Enoch
venven Methusaleh
pisen lotane Ham = Asbolus Mizraim Ethiopians Egyptians JEWISH Enoch TO 12 generations (Gen., chaps. 5, 10, 11) Abraham
All of which plans show the touch of the Hellenizing Samaritan.
Il, PHILOSOPHY
ARISTOBULUS
Aristobulus was an Alexandrian Jew whose flo- ruit fell in the reign of Ptolemy Philometor, B. 0. 170-150 (cf. Clem. Alex., Str., i, 22, 150; Eus., Praep. Ev., ix, 6 Eus., H. £., is in error on this point). He is possibly the Aristobulus men- tioned in II Macc. 1:10: «at ot év tp ’lovdaia Kal 9 ‘yepovola xal "lovdas ’ApictoBovAp SdidacKxddr@ Irorepaiov tod Baciréws, dvr dé are Tod THY ypI- oTav tepéwy yevous, Kal tois év Aiyimr@ lovdalas, yalpew Kal tyatvev; cf. Eus., Praep. Hv., viii, 9 end). Clement styles him a peripatetic (Str., i, 15, 72). He was a voluminous writer (v, 14, 97), and in his book(s) shows an acquaintance with the Greek philosophers. But he reveals his Jew- ish spirit in his jealous claims for the antiquity of Hebrew thought.
Aristobulus has been styled the forerunner of Philo. His purpose seems to have been to show to the Greeks that the Mosaic law rightly understood would be seen to embody the best of what Greek (peripatetic, Clem. Alex., Str., v, 14, 97) philos- ophy taught.
Sourcss: Eusebius, viii, 10; xiii, 12; Clem., i, 22, 150; Eus., H. E., vii, 32, 17 f.
RererEnoges: Schirer, III, pp. 384 ff.; Susemihl, IT, pp. 629 ff.; Christ, p. 668.
77
78 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
FRAGMENT 1
Plato evidently studied and made use of our legislation. Before his time our laws had become known, although the translation of the entire code dates from the time of Philadelphus.
Pavepoy bri KatnKoXovOncerv 6 WiXatwv ty Kal? Huds vopolecla, kai havepds éeate meprerpyacmevos &xacta tay év avrn. Sinpyjvevtar yap mpo Anpnrplov rot Dadnpéws bi’ érépwr mpo rijs ’AneE-
5 dvdpov xai Ilepoay érixparicews, Ta TE KaTA THY éEaywynv tHv €€ Aéyirrrou trav ‘EBpalov, que tépwy dé TwodTaV, Kal 4 TdV yeyovdT@y amrdyTar avrois émipavera Kal Kpatnas THS yoOpas Kal Tis SANs vomoberlas éreEnynors, ws evdnrov elvat Tov
10 mpoeipnpevoy dirdcodov eiknpevas TorAra. yeyove yap Todupabys, kabas cat Ilu@aydpas oka Ta Tap’ nuiv weteveyKas eis THY éavTod Soyparortrotiay kateyopicev, 4 8 SAn Epunvela trav bia Tod vomouv TavTwy emt Tod mpocayopevievTos Didader- 15 fou Baciddws, cov bé mpoyovov, mpoceveyxapevou pelCova girotipiav, Anuntplov rod Dadnpéws Tpaywarevoamevou Ta Tepi TOUTMY, Elva perakd riva eirray eridépe Aeyor Aci yap AapBavev tiv Oelav paviy ov pyror 20 Adyov, AA’ Epywv katacKevas, Kabws cal bia TIS vouobecias tuiv dAnv THY yéverty TOD Koopmou Geod Adyous elpnxev 0 Macs. cuveyds yap dnow 颒 éxdatou ‘xal elev o eds, eal éyevero.’ Soxovet dé ou mrepieipyacuevan TavtTa xarnkorovOnxévat
ARISTOBULUS' 19
5 tour IlvOaydpas te nal Zwxparys wal drarov, Adyovtes axovery hwvans Oeod, THY KatacKevHY TOV drwv cuvPewpodvres axpiBas tro Geov yeryovuiav Kal cvvexouévny advarelrrws. ere dé xal ’Opdervs €y TroLnpact TOY KATA TOV LepoY AdYyOY aUT@ AEyo-
#0 pevoy odtas éxtiOerar wep) Tod Svaxpateiobar Oeia Suvdpe. Ta mdvta Kal yevnta brdpyev, Kal én mavtwv elvat tov Oedv. Ayer 8 ovTAS.
3 : ; : cages olwa: SedeiyOar, Stu Sid travrov éorly » dtvayis Tod Oeod. Kxabas Sé 87 cernudyKapev 40 TepLapoovrTes Tov Sia THY Trocnuatov Ala cai Ziva- TO yap THS Svavolas avrov eri Gedy avarréprerat: Sudtrep ovTws Huiv elpntat. ovK aTreoiKdTwWS Ov Tos émiCntoupevors mrpoevnvéyueOa tadra. aot yap Tois dirocddois opororyeirar, Gre Set mrepi Oeod 4s Starnes oolas éyav, 6 uddicta TwapaKxeneveTat Karas 7 Kal’ nas alpeois, 4 Sé Tod vépou KaTa- oKxevy Taca TOU KAO’ Huds Trepl evoeBelas TéTaKTAL kal Sicatocivns Kal éyxpateias Kal TOY olTTaDV aya0av Trav kata arnOeav. —Evs., xiii, 12; Crem., i, 22, 150
8. denpyyvevras (perfect): “For it had been translated by others before the time of,” etc.
4. Demetrius, a native of Phalerum in Attica, was born of a family in humble circumstances but by his talents attained to positions of honor and responsibility.
80 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Appointed governor of Athens by Cassander, B. o. 317, he for six years enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the Athenians, who, it is said, raised 360 statues in his honor. Driven from Athens, 306, after the successes of Demetrius Poliorcetes, he went to Alexandria where he resided for twenty years. The founding of the museum and library was in accord with his advice to Ptolemy Soter.
5. The order here is not chronological, the Persian supremacy beginning with Cyrus, 538, and being com- plete with the conquest of Egypt, 525, by Cambyses.
9. as... . dvar: result, GGr,, 1449 ff,
11. Pythagoras was a native of Samos, a pupil of the theologian Pherecydes, possibly of Anaximander, Tra- dition makes him a traveler in Phoenicia, Egypt, and Babylon, in which last he was initiated into oriental theological mysteries and further instructed in geometry, His teaching career is associated with Crotona in Magna Graecia where he founded a brotherhood, ca, 520 z. o.
18. 4 8 dAn: GGr., 979. “But the translation of the entire legal code (rv . . . . wavrwv) dates from the time (éri rov), as is attributed (xpocayopevfévros), of King Philadelphus, thy (i. e., Philometor: Clem., Str., 1, 22, 150— ApurroBovhos d€ €v TO TPWTW Tw mpos TOY dtAOprTOpA; ef. Eus., ix, 6) ancestor, who achieved (thereby) greater distinction. Demetrius Phalereus treats of the facts on these points.” The word véyos refers to the Books of Moses, i. e., the Pentateuch,
18. This introductory sentence is from Eusebius.
21. dAny, xrA.: “throughout the entire (account of the) creation of the world.”
23. “But both Pythagoras and Socrates and Plato seem to me punctiliously to have followed this when they say they hear the voice of a god.” For a similar claim to priority, voiced also by Clem. Alex., see Eus., Praep. Ev., x, 2.
ARISTOBULUS 81
82. Two extended quotations follow, the first from Orpheus, the other from Aratus.
46. aipecis: see Fragment 2, |. 7, note.
47. waca: GGr., 979.
In the Praeparatio Fragment 2 follows the above passage with only these introductory words between: tovros éfys pel’ Erepu émA€yet. .
FRAGMENT 2
God gave man the Sabbath as a period for rest, and this interval of rest is not a sign that God has ceased to do, but that he has thus established a perpetual order.
*Eyopuevas 8 éotiv ws 0 Geos Tov Gov Kécpov KateckevaKe, Kal Sédwxev avdtravow piv, dia TO Kkaxorrabor elvat Tract tiv Biorny, thy EBdounv hue pav, 7) 9%) Kal mpwtn gvoias dv réyouto words
5 yeveots, EV @ TA TavTa curOewpeitar., petadepotto 8 ay To avo Kai érri Tis copias. To yap Tay Pas éorw €& auTis. Kai Tives eipyKxact TOV EK TIS aipécews Ovtes THs €« Tov Ilepirarou, Xapmrijpos avTny éxew Takiv. axorovOodvtes yap airy cvveyas 10 @Tapayo. KatacTHcovTat di’ dou Tod Biov. aadée- ortepov O€ Kal KaANLOY THY HueTépwy TpOyoveY TIS elrre DOAOp@v avTHv mpd ovpavod Kal ys Uirdpyecy. To 5¢ other éort TO mpoeipnucvm. 7d dé dvaca- povpevoy Sia THs vowoleclas atrotemavKdva TOV 15 Gedy ev avty, TOUTO OvY, ws TLVEes UTroAauBavover, pnneére troveiy Te Tov Oeov KabéotynKev, aAr’ él TO
KaTamreTravKevat THY Tae avTa@Y OUTwS eis TaYTA
Tov xpdvov tetaydvar. aonualver yap ws év &§
82 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOO-JEWISH WRITERS
Huéepars errolnoe Tév Te ovpavov Kal THY HY Kai 0 TavTa Ta év avTois, iva Tovs ypdvous dnaocy Kal Thy Taki mpoelrn ti Tivos mporepel. Tatas yap, olrws avTa cuvéye: Kal ov peratroel. Staweraddyxe & yuiv avrny évvomoy, évexev onpeiov tod rept neds €BdSduov Adyou KabeotaTos, év @ yvaow 25 éyouev avOpwrivev Kai Oelwy tpaypatwv. i éSdoudbwv Sé nai was 0 Kdopmos KUKNEiTAL TOY Cworyovoupever Kal Tav duouévov amrdvrav, Tod dé caSBarov aitiy mpocaryopeverOar Sieppnveverat avarravots ovca. diacadpei dé cal “Opnpos xai 30 ‘Halodos, pereeAnddtes ex Trav hpetépav BiBr/Lov, iepav elvat. ‘Hoiodos pev obras: mpaTtov évy TeTpas Te Kal €Bdoun lepov Tap. Kal waduv réyer éBdouarn 8 abOis Napmrpov paos Herioro.
35 "Opnpos 8€ otras Ayer:
éBdoparyn 6 Arata KatnAvOe, iepov Tuap. Kal Taku: éBdopnov juap env, kai TO TeréXeoTO GaravTa. Kal. 40 €Bdouary &1) of Aizromev pdov é€ "Ayépovros, TovTo 6) onualvar, ws aro THS KaTa Wruyny Anns kal xaxias év T@ Kata adnOevav EBdoum Oyo KuTadidverar Ta Mpoeipnueva, Kal yvaow adn- Gelas AauBdvopev, xabas mpoelpnrar. Aivos b€ 45 Pyow ovTaS
éBdouary by of rereAcopéva TavTa TéTvKTAL.
ARISTOBULUS
Kal wad éBdopn «iv dyabois Kai EBdoun éori yeveOAn. éBdoun ev rpwroure Kai €Bddun éori rer«Kn. 50 KaL éxra O¢ wavra TéeTUKTaL €v Opava doTepoevTi, év xuxAouwt havevr’ émredAopevors EviavTois. Ta perv ov "ApioroBovrov toaita, oroia Sé wal KArperte rept ths avras eipntar trrobdcews, 55 yvoins dv ova TovTwYr. —Evs., xiii, 12
2. “And because life is toilsome for all, he has given usthe seventh day asa period of rest, which jirst (Sabbath) would naturally be called the creation of light and in this light (lit. in which [light]) all things are con- templated.”
4f. ay A\eyorro . . . . peradeporro av: GGr., 1327 f.
8. alpevews: a party or following, not here a schism. Cf. Josephus in his description of the Jewish religio- political parties, Antt., XIII, v., 9; XX, ix, 1; Jewish War, II, viii, 14.
Tlepiurarov: Aristotle.
12. Cf. 1 Kings 4: 29; II Chron. 1: 7-13; see Prov. 3; 19.
15. rovro ody, : so Dindorf and Gaisford. Vigerus, id non, quomodo a plerisque, accipiendum est. Heini- chen’s text is difficult, rodro, oiy ws, xrA.
16. “But in ceasing to have established their order thus for all time.”
20. iva... . dyrdoy: GGr., 1365; so (tva) xpoeiry.
21. ri rivos mporepd: “What precedes what,” i. e., cause and effect.
28. @exev: generally follows its noun, GGr., 1220, 6.
27. 7d¢caBBarov: so Gaisford and Dindorf. Vigerus: illum autem sabbatum, hoc est requietem appellamus. Heinichen reads, 7a, xr. See Gaisford’s note: Scrip-
84 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOO-JEWISH WRITERS
seratne fortasse, ra 8) caBBarov abriy rpoaayopever Oat, 0
40,46. The text here is Heinichen’s, but the readings of Pappy and Dindorf seem better,
40. éBdoparn & jot AGropev poov éf “Ayépovros. Vigerus, ssc gt ubi orta dies, Acherontis liquimus undas.
46. €Bésoudarn 8 not rereAcopeva wayra rérvkra. Vigerus: soptima jamque "dies, qua cuncta exacta, rubebat. Gaisford and Dindorf read here, é8depuary, but that is hardly possible.
It is here not so much a question of a critical text of Hesiod and the other poets as of the text used by Eusebius, or, if possible, that used by Aristobulus. In the transition to the East scribal errors must have crept in, and quotations doubtless were frequently made from memory.
51-52. Gaisford and Dindorf quote these two lines separately and connect with x«ai:. Vigerus supports Heinichen’s text, as do some of the MSS,
FRAGMENT 3
Those who see the letter only perceive nothing of surpassing excellence, but those who have discernment of spiritual things must acknowledge their indebtedness to our lawgiver. The language of our laws when rightly interpreted will be found to embody deep philosophical meanings. These laws are to be regarded in a perfectly natural way, not given a mystical meaning.
TIAnv ixavas eipnudvey mpos Ta mpoKxelpeva tntipata, érepovncas kat od, Bactred, didre on- palverat Sia Tov veuov Tod Tap’ npiv Kat yelpes kal Bpaxyiwv xal mpdcwrov nal wédes Kal trepira-
ARISTOBULUS 85
5 Tos éml ras Oelas Suvadpyews: & revFerat Adyou Ka- Onxovros Kai ovn avridoEnce: Tots mrpoeipnpdvors bp’ hav ovddv. tapaxadrdoa Sé ce BovrAopar mpos To hvowxas AapBdvew ras éxdoxdas Kal Thy adppofovaay évvotay rept Oeod Kpateiv nal 2 éx-
10 TWimrey eis TO pvO@dES Kal avVOpwerriVoY KaTdoTHLA. moAAayas yap 5 Bovrerat Adyeww Oo vopmobérns nuav Moons, éf’ érépwy mpaypnatwv Adyous Trotov- pevos, Adyw O€ TOY KaTAa THY émipdveayv, Pvoikas Siabdcas amayyéAre wal peyarwv mpayydrev
15 KaTacKevas. ols ue oby wdpeoti TO KANAS VvoELY Gavualovor thy mepl avrov codlay Kal To Oeiov avedpa, Kal? 8 Kal mpodyrys avaxexnpuxta. Ov Eloy ob Tpoepnucvor Pirdcogor Kal mreloves ETEpoL Kaltomtat rap’ avrod peyarXas apoppas etAnderes,
2 «a06 Kat Oavpalovra. ois dé pn petéyovor Sv- VaLEWS Kal TUVETEWS, ANAA TH YpaTrT@ Lovoy Tpos- Keypevos, ov aivera. peyareidy tt Stacadav. dp£ouat Sé AapBdvev Kal? &cacrov onpatvdpevov xa?’ Goov av @ Suvards. et Se wr TevEoMa TAXD-
25 Bods, unde trelow, 1 TO vopobery mpocarrys Thy Groyiav, Arr’ enol tw wy Suvapdvp SarpeioOar Ta éxelvp vevonudva. yeipes pev ovy voodvrat mpodnArAws Kal éf’ nua Kowdtepov. Grav yap bu- vapes €EatroorédAys ov Bactrers dv, Bovddpevds 71
0 KaTepydcacOa, Adyopev, peydAnv yeipa Eyer Oo Baorrers, hepondvwy tav axovoytar eri rhv Siva- pay nv eyes. émrionpalvera dé rovro nab dia ris vopobeclas nudyv Adyav 6 Mwots odras “ev yepi xpataia éEnjyaryey 6 Beds oe €& Alyvrrrov.” katmaduw
86 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOO-JEWISH WRITERS
35 ‘arog TeXo, Hyoiv 6 Heos, THY yeipa wou, Kal TaTakw Tovs Aiyumrrious.” xal éri rod Trav xtnvav Pavarou pnoi To Dapaw 6 Maas: ‘idod yeip xupiov état év Tois xtHver! cov Kal ev Tact Tos év TOTS Trediols Gavaros péyas.” adore ai yeipes él Suvapews vo-
«0 odvrat Geod. Kai yap €or vojoa: THY Tacay ioyiv Tav avOpwrewv kai Tas évepyelas ev Tais yepalv elvat. Sudrrep Kad@s 0 vomobérns él TO meyadeiov weTevnvoxe, Adywv Tas ouvTEdElas yetpas elvat Geod. aoracw 5 Bela nada dv Aéyouro Kata 7d
45 MeyaXeiov 7 TOU Kdcpou KaTacKEUH. Kal yap eri wdvrev 6 Geos, kal wav’ broréraxrat, Kal oTacw elrAndev date TOds aVOpwmrous KaTakapBavew axl- vntaelvat TavTa. Néyw dé TO ToLOVTOY, wS OVOETTOTE yéyovev ovpavos yh, yi & ovpavas, ovd’ HALOS Ge-
50 AVN AGuTrOVeA OVE GEARVN Ward HALOS, ovoe rotapol Oadkacca, ovdé Oddacoa ToTapol. Kai wai eri Tov Cowy Oo avTds eat Adyos. ov yap a&vOperos éxtat Onpiov ode Onplov avOpa7os. xal éml trav Aouraev 8 tadrav irdpyea hurav te Kal
55 él Tay dhAwv apeTaBAnTa ev earl, Tas avTds 8 év avrois TpoTras AauBave Kal POopas. 1 aTaois ody % Oela kata Tadra dv Aéyouro, wdvTwy boxe wévev TO Oe@. Réyerat 5é xatdBacis eri To dpos Geta yeyovevar Sia THs ypadys Tov vemou, nal’ by
6 évouobdre Katpov, iva mdvtes Oewphawar tiv évép- yea Tov Oeod. KxataBacis yap aitn capys éore Kai trepl TOUTwY OV OUTws av TIS EENnynTaLTO, Bov- Aduevos cvvTnpeiv Tov Tept Beod Adyou. SyAodrat Yap ws To dpos éxaleTo trupl, Kabas pyow 1 vopo-
ABISTOBULUS 87
65 Geola, dua 76 Tov Oeov KataBeBynxevar cartriyyov te hwvas kal To Tip preydpevov avuTroo Tatas elvat. Tov yap travTos wANnOous pupiddwy ovK EXaTTOV éxatov ywpis tav adnry(ikowv éxxrnoralopevwy kuxrdbev tod dpous, ovx EXaccoy Nuepav TrévTE
10 OVaNS THS Teptodou TEpt avTO, KATA TravrTa TOTrOV THS Opdoews Taow avtois Kuxddbev, ws hoav mapeuBeRrnKoTes, TO TIP hreyduevoy EOewpetro- @oTe THY KaTaBaciW by TOTTLKHY Elva TravTAYoD yap o Oeds dot. addrAG THY TOD Trupos SivVapLY
75 Tapa TavrTa Oavydovoy vrdpyovaay Ova TO TravTa avartoKerp, ovx av Gerke Hreyopevny avuTrocTaTws, pndev éEavaricxovaay, e wy TO Tapa Tov Oeod duvapixoy adty Tpoceln. TaV yap puopevwr év TH dpe éxelvm éEavadioxopevor ododpas ovdev é€a-
80 vadAwoev, GAN’ everve TOV ATavTWY 4 YACN TrUPOS aOtxros, cartrlyywov te doval sodpdrepoyv ovvn- KovOVTO GUY TH TOU TupOs aoTpamrndSov expdvaet, (7) TpoKelevav Opydvwy ToovTwy pndeé TOD Pwvn- gavTos, adda bela KatTacKevy yiwopevwy TravTwv.
gs @oTe aoades elvar Sia Tavta Thy KaTaBacw THY Delay yeyovdvat, 51a To Tovs cuvopavtas expavTiKas éxaota KaTadapBavev, wnte TO TP KEKAVKOS, OS mpoetpntat, undev unre TAS TOV cartTriyyov gwvas dc’ avOpwrlvns évepyetas 7) KatacKevns opydvey
90 yivecOa, tov dé Oeov dvev tivds Secxvivat THV éav- Tov Oia TWavT@v peyadeLorTnTa. —Evs., viii, 10
In the chapter immediately preceding (Praep. Ev., viii, 9) we find an introduction to this excerpt: ot xal 7 Sevrépa t&v MaxxaBaiwy év dpxy ths BiBAov pynpoveve, év
88 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
re mpos [IroXeuatov rov Baorten ovyypdppate Tovrov xai airés S&acadd rév trpdrov. The book of II Macc. here mentioned —a letter from Jews in Palestine to their countrymen in Egypt—is a summary of the persecu- tions and events in the time and following the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes.
1. “Despite (the fact that) there has been sufficient discussion with reference to the questions before us, you also, O King, have mentioned that (&0rc= dri, LS., 8. v., IT) it is shown through our law.”
2. onpaivera: better, -ovra.
4. wepiraros: “walking about,” cf. Gen. 3:8; LXX: Kai Hxovoay THY Pwvyv Kupiov tod Oeov weptrarowTos év Te wapadeiow TO Serivov.
5. Suvvdpews: Operation.
7. “I wish to urge you to understand these interpre- tations in a natural way, and the mind by reasoning (lit., arranging harmoniously) to lay hold of God, and not to fall into the fabulous and the anthropomorphic (LS., dvOpwmwwos, end) style.”
15. “It is possible for those who observe to perceive clearly the wisdom that marks him and the divine spirit whereby he has been declared a prophet.”
20. “But to those who do not share the power and comprehension but cling to the letter only, he (Moses) does not seem to be giving information on anything
great.” 24. av d: GGr., 1434, MT., 529. a... . revfoua.... weiow: GMT., 445.
26. ““Nay, but on me who am unable to determine (i. e., aright) the thoughts of that man.”
28. duvdyes: “forces,” or messengers to carry out orders. eéfamrooréAAys: GGr., 1434.
80. yxeipa: cf. Ecclus. (LXX) 25:26: ef px wopeverau Kata x€ipd gov a6 TOY capKGv gov ardrene adTyv, Where the word occurs in a figurative though different sense.
ARISTOBULUS 89
88. Exod. 3:19 f. (LXX): éyw 8 of8a dre ob wrponoera ipas Papaw Bacrrers Aiyvarrou ropevOivas, éav py META XELPOS Kparaas* Kal éxreivas Ti xeipa matdéw Tovs Alyunrious, xtH.
87. Cf. Exod. 9:3: iSod yelp Kvpiov éréora éy roils xryveoiv gov Tots év Tots wediows, év TE ToIs Lamots Kal év ToIs brolvyiots Kai Tats xapyAos Kat Bovoiv cai rpoBdros Odvaros peyas opddpa..
89. éxi Suvvapews: “in the sense of the power of God.”
40. gor. not éori, “it is possible to perceive,” Hein- ichen, ydp éort.
44. dy Néyoro: GGr., 1328, MT., 239. |
47. GGr., 1449 ff.
51. Od\acoa: so many MSS; Heinichen, Oddaccat.
59. deta: GGr., 927.
60. tva Oewpjowor: dependent on Aé€yerar, GGr., 1365.
64. wvpi: Heinichen’s woAv lacks authority.
vopobecia: 80 the MSS. Heinichen and Gaisford read
vomoberns. 66. eva, i. e., dua 7d evar, correlated by re with 76 xara Be Bnxévac.
67 f. Exod. 19:16-25; Jos., Antt., III, v. On the number cf. Exod. 12:37; Jos., Anét., II, xv, 1.
78. romuxyyv: local.
76. GMT., 462. Dindorf reads: dy age, GMT., 508. “But he could not have shown the power of the fire, surpassing every wonder, burning with irresistible fierceness, without utterly destroying everyone (present), had not the power of God been present in it.”
80. wupds: limit of dOixros.
91. wavrév: so the MSS despite Heinichen’s zavrds.
FRAGMENT 4
The proper date for the Passover is when the sun is at the spring equinox, the moon at the autumnal.
90 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
ovTo. Ta Cnrovmeva Kata THY E&odoy émrtAvorvTes fact dev ta SiaBarhpia Ovew éerions aravtas HeTa ionpeplay eapivav, wecovvTos Tov mpwTov Bnvos: todto 6é evpicxecOai, TO TP@TOV TyApa 5 TOU HALAKOD, 7) HS Tives aVTaV Ovopacay, Cwoddpov «UK OU iefudurros HAlov, 0 8€ ‘AptordBounos Tpoo- TlOnow, @S en ef dvchyient y TOV Sia Serypiow €opr7 pi) pdvov Tov HALov TO lonweptvov Scamropeve- o8a Tuna, Kal cednvnv b€. Tov yap ionmepwav 10 THNnaT@Y GvTwy dvo, TOU pév eapivou, TOU Sé peETO- Tepwov, cai Siapetpotvr@r adAnAa, Soleions te ris rév BuaBarnplov judpas 7h Teooapeoxar Sexdry ToD unvos med” éxtrépar, coriferas pev 7 weArVN Ti évavriav Kal Siduetpov Te ipl ordow. 15 bomep ovv éfeaorwv ev Tais APIECE S oper, écor- Tat 88 6 6 wey Kata TO éapwwov ionmepivor, 6 HALOS, 2 THe, m 8 €& avdynns xara 76 $Owormpivor
.
lonuepurv, Hh oehjvn. | © —Evs., H. E., vii, 32, 17f. ey ; otro: writers mentioned by Eusebius in the pre- ‘ ceding paragraph, of whom Aristobulus was one, 7a 8uaBariipia-méoxa. The historical basis of I baster is is found in the old Jewish Passover festival, in its, origin either a a harvest festival (Exod. 23:14-16 BE) or a. memorial occasion (Exod. 34:18 J), Driver, Introd., pp. 31f. ‘The: two features were merged (Deut. 16:1 ff.), though they appear to have been successive events of the festival season (Ley. 23:5). The date was the evening of the fourteenth and the morning of the fif- teenth of the first month (Hebrew Abib; later Nisan, Neh, 2:1; Esth. 3: 7), though the Passover season lasted seven days—the fourteenth to the twenty-first (Ley.
ARISTOBULUS 91
23:5; Ezek. 45:21 ff.). For the first observance in Palestine see Josh. 5:10.
In accord with Jewish chronology the church in Asia Minor observed the fourteenth day of Nisan, no matter on what day of the week it fell. The Roman church observed a Friday, the day of the week on which Jesus died, after the March full moon,
In the Nicene Council, a. p. 325, the western custom was made the law of the church. Hirsch in Jewish Encyclopedia, IX, 548 ff.; Benzinger in Hneyclopedia Biblica, II, coll. 3589 ff.; Moulton in Hastings’ Bible Dictionary, Il, 684 ff.; Smith, Religion of the Semites, p. 406; Hensley in Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 1, 586 ff.; Moeller, History of the Christian Church, I, 277 f., 514.
7. According to Aristobulus here two points are essential, the spring equinox and a full moon, to pro- duce which both sun and moon must “cross the line,” being exactly opposite each other, at the spring and fall equinoxes respectively, i. e., six months and one- half of the zodiacal circle apart.
Equinoctial precession, observed by Hipparchus, s. o. 160-120, renders the vernal] equinox a variable datum. But until the fall of Jerusalem the Jews reckoned the fourteenth day of Nisan on the first full moon after the spring equinox but failed to observe it in their reckon- ing of the months. The Protopaschites of the early church, who followed the Jewish system, consequently varied from the rest of the church often by an interval of a month.
Aristobulus proposes to relieve the difficulty by
employing two diametrically opposite points instead of one.
III, POETRY
PHILO
A writer of Epic poetry, Philo (B. o. 2d cent.) is mentioned by Josephus (Ag. Apion, i, 23), and by Eusebius (Praep. Ev., ix, 42): 6 pévro Parnpers Anuntpios cai Dirwy o mrpecRurepos Kal Eurédepos. According to Clement of Alexandria (i, 21, 141) his work (Ilept ra ‘IepovadAupa) included some account of the kingdom and its rulers. He was doubtless a Jew, being included along with Democritus and Eupolemus.
Of his book three brief fragments remain. Judging from these Philo’s style was difficult and obscure, and though poetic in form did not con- form to metrical rules (‘‘Klaglich gebaute Hexa- meter.”—Susemihl).
Sourcgs: Eusebius, ix, 20, 24,27; Clement, i, 21, 141; Josephus, Ag. Apion, i, 23.
Rererenoss: Schiirer, III, pp. 371 f.; Susemihl, IT, pp. 654 f.; Christ, pp. 699 ff.
FRAGMENT 1 Abraham, about to offer up Isaac, is prevented by the wonderful appearance of a ram. @not dé wept tovtov cal Dirwv ev to TPaT@ Tov wept Ta ‘lepooddupa, ekAvov dpxeyovoist TO pupiov ws more Oeopois "ABpadp xAvronxés tréprepov dppare Serpaov
5 mrappacs, rANUPUpE, LEyavxyTotot Aoyio pois, 95
86 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOO-JEWISH WRITERS
35 ‘amrooTeNw, bnaly o beds, THY yelpa wou, Kal maTratw rovs Aiyurrious.” Kai éri rod Tav etnvav Gavdrou pnci T@ Papa@ 6 Mwo7s: ‘‘idod yeip xupiov éota év Tois KTHver i wou Kal év Tact TOIS ev TOIS Trediols Odvaros wéyas.” ore ai yeipes él duvapews vo-
40 obvTat Oeod. Kal yap ott vontat THY TWacay ioyov Tav avOpwrev Kal tas évepyelas ev tais yepoly elvat. Oudmrep Kada@s o vopoberns él TO meyadeiov peTevnvoxye, Aéywv Tas cuvTedelas yeipas elvat Geod. ordaow dé ela Kadr@s av AeyorTo KaTa TO
45 Meyadelov 7) TOU KécmoU KaTacKeUH. Kal yap emi Tavtwy 6 Geos, Kal wavd’ inrotétaxTat, Kal oTdow elAndev> aote Todls avOpwmrrous KaTadapBavew axi- vnta elvat taita. Aéyw Sé Td ToLOvTOY, ws ovdETrOTE yéyovev ovpavos yi, yi 8 odpavds, od’ HrL05 ce-
50 Ayn Adyrrovea ovde oeArVN Tad HALOS, ovdE motamol Oddacca, ovde GarXacoa ToTapoi. «kal Twdduv éri Trav Edw o avTds éoTs AdYyOS. ov yap avOpwrros Extra Onplov ovdé Onplov dvOpwrros. Kal
éni trav AowTraOy Sé TavTov trdpye puTa@y Te Kal
55 él TOV dAA@v: aueTadSrAnTa ev earl, Tas avTas 8 év avrois tpomas AawSdve nal POopas. 4 oTacts ow 7 Oela Kata TadTa ay NeyoiTO, TavT@Y UTroKel- pévav T@ Oem. Réyerar O€ KataBacis emi TO dpos ela yeyovevat bia THs ypadys Tod vewov, eal?’ dv
60 évouobere: Karpov, iva mavres Oewpnowor Tip évep- yeav Tod Geod. xatdBacis yap atrn cays éote Kal Tept TovT@Y ov oTMwS dv Tis eEnynaatTo, Bov- Admevos cuvTypEly TOV Trepl Deod Aoyor. SnAoVTaL yap as To épos éxaleto trupl, Kabas pyoww vop"o-
ABISTOBULUS 87
65 Jeoia, Sia TO Tov Gedy KataBeBnxévar cartriyyov Te hovas Kal To Tip hreyopevov avuTroaTaTwS Elvat. TOU yap TravTos mANnOovs pupiddwy ovK éXaTTOV éxatov yopls trav adnrikov éxxAnoralopevor kuxrAdGev tov dpous, ovK EXacooy HuEepav TrévTE
10 oans THS Tepiddou epi avTO, KATA TavTa TOTTOV THS opdoews TWaow avrois Kuxrd\dbev, WS Roav mapeuBeRrAnKoTes, TO TIP hrEyduevoy eOewpetto- @ote THY KaTaBacw mr TomiKny Elva: TavTayov yap 6 Beds dori. AdXAA THY Tov Trupos SUVapmLY
75 Tapa wavTa Oavydowoy vrdpyovcay dia TO Tavra avartoxery, ovx av ake Preyouevnyv avuTrocraTws, pndev éEavarloxovaay, ef wn TO Tapa Tov Oeod Suvamixoy adty mpoceln. Tay yap puopevwn ev TO dpe. exeivp éEavadicxopevayv apodpas ovdev é£a-
80 Vadwoev, GAN’ eperve TOY ATraVTwY % XACN TrUpOS aOtxTos, carmriyywov te dwval cpodpdtepoy auvn- KOvOVTO GUY TH TOU TrUpOS aaTpamnooy expavaet, 17) TpoKeLevay opyavoyv ToovTwV pndé TOD dwv7- cavros, AAA Oela KatacKevy yivouevwy TavTwv.
85 @oTe cages elvar dia TadTa THY KaTadBacw THV Oelav yeyovdvat, 51a To Tos cuvopavtTas expavTLKas éxaota KaTadapBave, untTe TO TOP KEKAUKOS, OS Ipoeipnrat, pnoev UATE TAS TOV TaArATiyyov dovas db’ avOpwrivns éevepyetas 4) KaTacKevns opyavev
9 ylverOat, Tov S€ Oedv avev tivds Serxvivar THY éav- Tov Oia TdvTwv peyanedTynTAa. —Evs., viii, 10
In the chapter immediately preceding (Praep. Ev., vili, 9) we find an introduction to this excerpt: ob xai 7 Sevrépa tov MaxxaBaiwy év dpyy tis BiBAov pynuoveve, év
98 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
FRAGMENT 3 The overflowing spring within the walls of Jerusalem is described,
Poi dé 6 Pidwv ev tois wepi “leporodtpav Kphrnv elvar, Tavrny dé év pev TO yetwavt Enpalve- ofa, ev d€ T@ Oper wANpovTOa. Reyer Se ev TH TpaTy oUT@S
) vn opevos ry ehirepbe 76 Gap Bnéorrarov dAAo dpxnOpov oiv dowd, peyrrrotxovo Aoerpois
pevwaros éumrirdnor Babiv pdoov éaveions, kal ra Fs. ols mddw troBas meph ris wAnpe- ews errideyer
10 peta yap tyupdevvor, év derious vuperotow l¢uevov, rodvynfis, dpetvous dep ripyoow orpwparar, kai gpa wéby Kexovipeva, KprvyS TnAchay deixvvow tréprare. bau Bea adv. xal ta rovros axdrovba. elra mdduv Tepl Tis 15 TOD apxrepeos xpnvns kal THS aroxeteioews Sree ow obras alrd 8 dp’ éxmriovor da xfovds t8poxdourr oeakjves,
(ea
kal boa dra obras Srerar. Tooadra pev dh Ta 20 and tov "AdeEdvdpov tot Todvieropos. —Eus., ix, 37
In the preceding chapter (36) Eusebius has quoted from a Syrian authority a description of Jerusalem, closing: trdpyew 8€ Kal myyiv &v TH xwply, tdwp BSaypidis dvaBAifovcav. The quotation is too brief to form a basis on which to reach conclusions, but the text is corrupt, perhaps hopelessly so. Vigerus, followed by Maller
PHILO 99
and quoted by Heinichen, emends |. 6 to read: 8€pxy Opoty ory doda peyiorov xovoAoerpois, translating: Desuper allabens nova tum miracula vidi... . qui fons (Heinichen, qua fons) wberrimus undas egerit, atque sinus implet ductusque profundos.
The measure is dactyllic hexameter, ]. 6 being the only defective verse.
10. deréous: an adjective used substantively, “with wintry rains.”
év=“ with,” as Heb. 5.
11, Miller and Dindorf read here, tirép mipyowty dpoor. Vigerus suggests here, twa/=“from mountain heights.”
THEODOTUS
Living in the same period, probably a contem- porary of Philo, Theodotus wrote a poem on Sichem, the chief city of Samaria, the country where once stood the Northern Kingdom, Israel. As he calls Sichem a sacred city (tepov dou), Theodotus was probably a Samaritan. Indeed his poem may have been a reply to Philo’s eulogy on the southern capital. His subject could not have been Ilepi ‘lovda/wv as Eusebius (iv, 22 init.) and Christ, p. 529. The basis of the work is to be found in Gen., chap. 24. The style, metric and all, is better than that of Philo. The writer shows the tendency of the time to embellish the narrative, adding touches here and there. Frequent traces may be seen of the influence of Greek life and culture, history and mythology.
Sources: Eusebius ix, 22.
Rererencses: Schiirer, III, pp. 372 f.; Miller, II, pp. 207 ff.; Susemihl, IT, pp. 655 f.
FRAGMENT 1
Shechem is a fortified city in a beautiful loca- tion between two mountains. Here ruled Emor and his son Souchem; hither came Jacob.
Ta 6é Slepad dnor Ocddotos év T@ rept lovdalov aro Xixipiov tov ‘Eppov rAaBety tHY dvopaciar 100
THEODOTUS 101
Tovroyv yap Kal Ktloa THY Wed, KeoOa 8 avTny
dnow év tH Tept "lovdalwy obtas:
4 8 dp’ eq dyaly re Kat alywopos Kat tdpyrA, ovde ae Zxxev 690s Sodkiyy wddw cicadixér Oar dypoder, ovd€ tore Opia. Aaxvqjevra Trovovow
ef abrijs dé par’ a dyxe by’ olpen daiver’ Epupvas moins TE ahinowre Kal DAys. rav Oe peonyv drpamiros Térpyt’, dpan, avrA@ms, év 8’ éErépwht 9 8 lepn Suxiuwv xatadaiverat, iepov dorv, vépbev bd pily Sedunpévov. audi d& retxos Awosv trrdpeav, td § pape airvOev Epxos.
i]
datepoy O¢ dyow avtny tio ‘EBpaiwy Kxataoxe- Ojvat, SvvacrevovTos "Eupop: Tov yap "Eppop vidcv yevvnoas Luyeu. gyat Se
10 évOévde, Séve, rowpevdbev wodw FAVE? “TaxwB evpeiav Xuximwv ert 8 dvdpdor rotow éryow dpxos Epwp ovv radi Suxeu, par’ drypée Pore. —Ews., ix, 22
2. SodAcxy: “nor was it a long journey to get into the city from the country,” i. e., either in point of distance or of time.
doxev: fr. eid.
5. rav: “but between the” two mountains.
10. srowpevdbev = roiuvnfev: “Thence, O stranger, came Jacob from the flock to the city, broad Shechem; but over these townspeople Emor was ruler with his son Souchem, men full of mischief.”
12. dare: fr. dws: cf. App. Rhod., Arg. i, 1: "Apxopevos oéo, BoiBe, radaryevéewy krAea Gurov Myyoopat, xrX.
Dionys. Areop., ix.: marépa rav purav, A€Eye, Tov abropas dvra,, Kat Sypuovpyov, Kal ouvTypyTiKod TGV dwrav, raTnp yap
102 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
dori, 6 mapdywv Kai Typov Ta é& abrod otrw Kal 6 Oeds, rarnp Tov pwTdv, os Kal wacys KTiceds éote Syuovpyds. So the poet Ezekiel; Eus., Praep. Ev., ix, 29, makes a similar use of the word: ara yevvaidy twa.
FRAGMENT 2
Jacob goes to Syria where he marries the daughter of his cousin Laban. Eleven famous sons and one beautiful daughter are born.
els 8’ ‘TaxwB Supinv xryvorpodov txro, kal evpt pedOpov Evdpyrao Xarev rorapod Kedddovros nAvoOe yap, KaxetOe Aurwv Spipeiav everv avroxacvyvyrow. mrpoppwv virédexro Sdpovde
5 AdBayv, ds y’ of nv pév dvefids, GAA Tér’ olos qvaccey Supins, veryevés atuo. AeAoyYXs.- To 88 yapov Kovpys pev twréoxeTo Kol KaTévevoev GrAoTAaTHS, Ov pnv TEAC EW ereuaiero mayTay, GAAG SéAov ToAUeveeE Kai cis NEXOS avept eure
10 Aciay, 7 of éqv mpoyeveorépy. ovd€ puv Eumrns aber, GA’ évonoe kaxoppadinv, kai édexro maid’ érépyny, dpdoty & éuiyn obv Spaipoow For. to © vieis éyevovto vow renvupevo aivas évdexa, kal xovpn Aciva mepixadrts éxovoa
15 €ldos, éxirperrov dé S€uas Kat duvpova Oupdv.
—Evws., ix, 22
1. txro: plup. fr. ixvéouac.
5. of: GGr., 1173; cf. 1.10. ofos: = podvos.
6. venyevés aiya Aedoyxas: “having come by divine will upon a newly found (lit. born) blood relationship.”
Svupins: GGr., 1164.
7. xatévevoe GrrAoTarns: “and promised him equip- ment. Truly he did not plan to fulfil at all, but, rather, plotted treachery.”
THEODOTUS 103
10. “Nevertheless it did not escape him; nay, he saw through the deceit, and took another daughter — married them both, sisters.”
15. érirperrov: fr. émrpépu, “comely.”
FRAGMENT 38
Gentile marriages are forbidden; the rite of circumcision; Shechem’s treachery.
gnol dé aepl rod Seiy mepitéuverOar avtouvs 6 *laxoB8 ov yap 51 Oepurov ye 768’ “EBpaiowe réruxrat, yap.Bpots Grobe eis ye vuotds dyeuev rrori 8Gpa- GAN’ Goris yeveds eLevxerar evar Spoins. elra vrroBas repl THS TepLTOMAS, ds 300? és matpys efyyaye Siov “A Bpaap,
5 avros dm’ ovpavdbev KéXer’ dvépa mayTi ovv oikw odpr’ aroovAjoas réaOns dro Kai p’ érédeooe: dorepés St réruxrat, eel Oeds avros eeurre.
mwopev0eyros ovy eis THY 1rédLV TOU Eupmop Kal Tors
UroTraccopevous TapaKkanovvros tepitépverOa, eva tov laxwP vidy To évopa Dupedva Stayv@var Tov Te "Eppop kal tov Luyep avereiv, thv bBpw THs ader- gis pn BovrAnOdvra wroritinas éveyneivy radra 6é Siayvovta Aevly to GdeAb@ KowacacOa RAaBevTa & avrov cvyxataivov él thy mpakw mapopyjnoca, AdyLov mpodepopevov Tov Oeov averely hapevoy Trois "ABpadp atroydvas Séka &0vn dace. dyot dé obras Oo Lupewy pos tov Aeviy
et yap eye pvOov ye wervopevos eiut Deoio-
Secev ydp wor’ épnoe Séx’ €Ovea raolv A Bpadp.
104 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
tov 5é Oedv avtois tovroy Tov vobv éuBanety, dia 70 Tovs év Linlpos aceBeis elvar. nat dé 10 Brawre Oeds Sixipwv olxpropas, ov yap daros
els avrovs doris Ke pOAy KadOs, OvdE pey EoOAds:
ovde Sixas edixaLov dva modi ovde Oguoras,
Aotyu. & dpwpea rotow pepeAnpeva epya.
—Evs., ix, 22 7 f. “It is not in keeping with the will of God that this has become the lot of the Hebrews, to take into the homes sons-in-law and daughters-in-law from a strange people.” Note repetition of relation expressed by dif- ferent prepositions of similar meaning—els ... . ori = mpos).
FRAGMENT 4
Emor and Shechem both die by the hand of Simeon and Levi.
Tov ouv Aetiw nal tov Supewva eis THY ody Kabwrriopevous eOeiv, cal mpata pev Tovs évruy- Xavovtas avaipeiv, érevta Se nal tov Eumop cal tov Luyeu govedoa. Adyar Se mepl THs avapécews QUTO@V OUTS © as Tore Sy Supewv piv Epwp dpovoe én’ adrov, WAHEE TE of Keharrv, Serpyy & rev év xepi Aouy. Acie 8 ert oraipovoay, ére wovos GAAOs Gpwpe. Toppa S€ Kai Acviv pévos doyeros, ArAaBe xairns dTTOMEVOY yowvwv Svyiw., domera papyyvavra. qAace O€ KAniba péonv: 80 dé Eidos d€d onAvdyxva dia orépvev, Aime 88 Yuyy Seuas edOus.
qr
mulopévous 5é Kal Tovs érépous adeAhors THY mpakw avtav émiBonOjaa, Kal tTHyv méduv éxtropOjaa, Kal THY aderpHY avappvcapevous pEeTA TOY alyparoTov els THY TaTp@av érravALy Siaxowioat. —Evs., ix, 22
THEODOTUS 105
1. "Esp: Construed with some word in the lines pre- ceding, perhaps some verb of seeing: “When, then, Simeon (saw) Emor, he rushed upon him.”
2. ot: a limit of riAjée.
8. dpwpe: fr. dpvumu, LS., 8.v..4=7v. “For there was another task.”
4. “In the meanwhile Levi had rushed on, impelled by ungovernable rage. Shechem (who was) clinging to his knees and uttering fierce, defiant words, Levi seized by the hair.”
6. ‘He smote him squarely on the shoulder and the keen sword pierced through his chest into the vitals.”
7. owAddyxva, 8¢. eis, but cf. LS., dv, I, 8.
EZEKIEL
Of Ezekiel (ca. 110) we know but little, other than that he was (and, so far as we know, the only one) a Jewish writer of tragedies. His dramatic work, based on the Old Testament narratives, is comparable with the scriptural dramas of the Middle Ages. Clement of Alexandria cites him as: 6 ’Efexinnos 6 rav lovdacay tpayodiav trountns and Eusebius as ’Efexrprdos 0 trav tparypoiav troinTns. He doubtless wrote a number of tragedies, though we know of but one, The Exodus ("Efaywyn).
From the surviving fragments it is difficult to tell how much of the Old Testament his work covered: the first extant passage begins with a monologue describing the migration to Egypt. Ezekiel embellishes his narrative with added details. His verse, iambic trimeter, at times doubtful because of uncertainty of text, is gen- erally smooth, though faulty lines occur, e. g.:
ov ev Trpos Huey, 6 Oe | AaBav odbev wadpa.
Like other writers of his time, Ezekiel is a stylist; he preserves form at the expense of nat- uralness and spontaneity.
In name, theme, manner of treatment, and spirit Ezekiel is clearly a Jew.
106
EZEKIEL 107
Sources: Eusebius, ix, 28, 29; Clement, i, 23, 155. Rererences: Schiirer, III, pp. 373 ff.; Christ, p. 561; Susemihl, pp. 658 f.
FRAGMENT 1
Pharaoh commands that the Hebrew male children be put to death. Moses concealed by his mother is discovered by the princess who provides for the care of the child.
dd’ ov & TaxwB ynv Aurav Xavavaiav KaTnr®’ éywv Alyvrroy émraxis déka Yuyds ctv aire, Kdreyéevvnvey Todt Aadv Kax@s mpdccovta Kai TeOALypEvor, 5 és dypt Tovrwy T&v xpdvuv KaKovpevov KaxOv tm’ avipay Kai Suvacteias xEpos. doy yap PUav yevvay Gus yvénuerny, SdAov Kal? Hud roAty éunyavyicaro Baoirets Papaw, rots pev év wALVOEdpaow 10 oixodopias re Bdpecw aixiLwv Bporors, moves 7’ eripyou opav éxare Svopdpuv. érata Knpiooe pev EBpaiwy yéve, TapTEVika pire rotapov és Badippoov. évrai0a untnp 7 TeKovo’ éxpuTTTé pe 15 rpeis pyvas, as packer. ov AaOovaoa Se breEeOnxe, Kdopov audileiod pot, wap’ axpa rrotapov, Adovoy eis dos Sac. Mapiap 8 ddeAd7y pov xardrrevev 1é\as * xazreta Ovydrnp BactrAéws aBpats 60d 20 xatndOe Aovtpois Padptvat Td éov Séuas veov idovoa & Kai AaBoto’ avetrero, éyvw & “EBpaiov dvra: kai rA€yer Tdde Mapuap ddeAp7 mpocdpapotca Bacrieis, Gres rpoddy vou waidt THd’ Evpw Taxd 25 éx r@v EBpaiwv; 7 8 éréorevoev Kopny *
108 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
porovoa. 8’ ere pntpi. Kot wapqv Tax airy Te piyrnp Kdd\aBev p’ és dyxddas. dirrev 5¢ Ovydrnp Baciréws * rovrov, yives, Tpopere, Kayo puoOov drodicw ober. 80 dvopa 5¢ Mwony dvdpuole, rod yap bypas dvetiev worapias dx’ yovos. — Eus., ix, 28; Cuem., i, 23, 155
4. xaxas mpaooovra: “faring ill”; cf. LS., rpdoow, IV.
5. rovrwy t. xpovwv: Dindorf here reads acc. sing. dype here is to be construed adverbially. Cf. LS., s. v., I, 2.
6. “ill-treated by a-wicked people and a still worse dynasty.”
10. Cf. Exod. 1:11 ff.
11. &arz. Clement and Dindorf, here é&yr. The Ionic forms are more natural to these writers than the corresponding Doric and Attic, as attest such occur- rences as, Theodotus: xovpy, dpaiy, iepy, wroins, Aasy, euarns, VELITyEVvEes, OUpen, "Eidpyrovo, abroxacvyvyrovo, Goto, avépu(-€pa), TONY, KAniOa, Tolcw; paiver’, Aizrev, 50, TroAvrevoe, KéXET’; AraBe, AraOe; env and éoxer, carey, dyeuev; Philo: aivo- yovo.o, Onxroio, ‘ABpado.o, epapayoo, ebréxvowo, Atyvrrovo, TOIT, apxeydovorst, Opovat, Opdvorst, peyavyyToio. yxEipEeror; roinoey, peis; and Ezekiel: @v, éoxev, éryor, rocaiv; gore’, Onxapev.
17. dxpa: in one of the marshes draining into the Nile— eis é\os dacv (Clem., Baév). LXX (Exod. 2:3): eis TO €Xos rapa Tov rotapdv. The Greek was the text of the Old Testament current in Palestine in this period. For dxpa some MSS read 6y6@nv, i.e. “along the dike.” LXX: kal xarerxdrevev 9 ddeAGN abrod paxpdley pabeiy Ti TO aroBnoopevov aite.
19. dBpas: LXX (Exod. 2:5) dBpa airys mapezo-
pevovro.
EZEKIEL
20. dadpiva, xrdX. Dindorf here: xatnAGe Aovrpois xpara Paidpivat veov idotea & evOds nai Aa Bove’ dvedcro, with which reading agrees Clem. As early as Clement and Eusebius there must have been considerable varia- tions in the text of Ezekiel’s poem. 24, Cf. LXX (Exod. 2:7): GéXes xakeow cor yuvaixa tpopevovoay éx tay “EBpaiwy, kai OnAawea cou Td rasdiov; 29. wcbiv .... cev: “T will pay your wage.” The compound form does not necessarily mean here, to pay in full, as LS., dro, C, 4: the later writers preferred the longer word to the simple form.
FRAGMENT 2
Moses concealed by his mother is discovered by the king’s daughter and rescued from the river.
He becomes a fugitive and wanders to Europe.
érret 6€ KaLpos VyTinv mapyAGE pot, iy pe pyrnp Bacrhidos rpos ddpara, dravra pvbevoaca cai Adfard pou yévos watpwov Kal Geot Swpypara. éws pev OUY TOY TaLboS ELYoMEY XpOVOV, tpodator Bacikxaiot Kat maderpacty dav?’ tmurxvell’, as dro ordayyvwv éov. eret O€ tAnpys KOATrOS HEpOv Tapyy, eEnAfov otkwy Bactixwv * mpos épya yap Oupos pw? avwye Kai Teyvarpa Baoiews. bp@ dé mpatov avépas év yepav voum, Tov pev yevos EBpaiov, tov & Aiytrniov. idwv 8 épijous Kal mapovTa pydeva, éppvodpnv ddeAdov, rov 8’ éxrew’ éyu.
5 éxpuya 8 dupw Tovrov, wore pay eiowetv repov Tw’ Was Karoyupvecar povoy. TH ‘mavpiov O¢ radu, idwy advdpas ovo.
110 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
padiora 8 avrovs ovyyevels Kaxoupévous, Aéyw “ri ruwras doGevérrepov ober ;” 20 68 dre: “iHpiv ris 0” dréoredre Kpitav n’ mordrny évrad0a; py reves ov pe, worep Tov éxGés dvdpa;” xai deicas éyw Aca: “ras eyévero cupgaves dd 5” kat mavra Baowe tadr’ amnyyedey TaxV; 2% (nrd 8 Dapaw ryv eunv yoxnv AaBeir - éyw 8 dxovous éxroduy peBicrapat, cai viv wAavapar ynv én’ ddXoréppova. elra tepl trav rov ‘Payounr Ouyardpwy odtws ém- Bade, ép@ dé ravras éxra wapOévous Twas.
— Kus., ix, 28; Ciem., i, 23, 155
8. dravra pvOevoaca, xrr.: “making up a marvelous story she told me of ancient family and of gifts divinely bestowed.”
pot: here, as in 1. 1 above, Dindorf reads, with greater difficulty, ne. So Clement, though Klotz adds that the more common reading is poz.
6. Cf. Acts 7:22.
7. ds .... €ov: “as though (one born) from the royal (lit., her own, i.e., the princess’, implied from above) womb.”
8. “When the fulness of time was past.”
9. mpds.... Baotrews: bracket, Dindorf; om. Clem., mpos épya yap (1.9)... . A€yw (1. 19). Bacrsnov: here ends Clement’s quotation.
10. @pos: “anger,” LS., 8. v., 4. dvwye: old epic perfect with present sense, “anger urged me on.”
12. rov & (see also 1. 14): Dindorf here, avd’. yéyw6’.
18. xaxovpevous: Dindorf here, zarovpevovs.
19 ff. ré rumras . . . ovpdavés rode: quoted by Clement.
EZEKIEL 111
21. uy xreveis ov pe: py, interrogative adverb, as in LXX, Exod. 2:14: py dveretv pe ot Oé\as, where the Greek is a close rendering of ss4.
Soa a di Mis
FRAGMENT 38
Sepphora, in reply to Moses’ question, declares this to be the land of Libya, her father’s domain. AtBin pev i yp waa KrAnCeran, Seve, oixover 8 aityv diAa ravToiwyv yevav, Aidiomes dvdpes pédaves: dpxwv & éori ys els, kal TUpavvos Kal OTparynAdTns MOvos. 5 dpyxe St wrdAews THaode Kai kpive. Bporovs tepevs, ds €or’ Euod Te Kal TOUTWY TaTHp. celta Trepl Tov Troticpov Tov OpeupaTwv SiedOwr, rept Tov THS Lemopwpas ém¢Barra yapov, 8’ aporBalov Tapacaywv tov te Xovp Kal tHv Lerdapay Aeyovtas: Spws kareurelv xXpy oe, Serpudpa, rade Eévp: maryp pe rod’ Edwxev edvérw.”’
5 —Evs., ix, 28 1. raca: GGr., 979. 2. didAa .... wavroiwv: “clans of all sorts of nation-
alities.” 7 f{. Dindorf preserves a dialogue from this point, assigning the first line to Sepphora, the second to Moses.
FRAGMENT 4
A vision of Moses. It is declared to be an oracle, éddxouy Spay Kat’ axpa. rou Opovov pwéyav tw’ elvas péxpis otpavov BeByxéra, 2 e Lol a as évy @ xabjobar pora yevvaiov Twa
112 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
buddy’ Exovra, cal péya. oxipetpov xepl
5 chovipy pidurray Befut 8€ por evevere, kayW mpdobev éorabyy Opdvov. eaakaed dé pot gapedwxerv, Kal eis Opdvov péyav p’ elrev nabijobas. Baorruxov 5€ por €dwxe
Kal abros éxiy €x Opovev ywpiLerat
ey 8 écveidoy yav aracay Eynurdor, xdvepOe yaias nafvmrepbev olpavod, Kal pot Te wARnGos doTépwr mpos youvara enint’, ey be éfis mavrTas éfnptOuncapyy, kdpoi mapiyyey ds wapeuBody Bporav.
15 elr’ éudboBnbeis ELaviorapar €€ irvov.
o 5é trevOepos avTod Tov dvetpov émucpiver oTwS
& €eive, kaAOv wou Tour’ éorjunvev Geos.
Cuinv 8’ drav cou tatra ovpBaivy Tore.
dpa ye peyav tw’ eLavarrnoes Opovov,
kairos BpaBeioas Kai Kabyynon Bporav.
ro b¢ oe TeHeaaOa yiv GAnv oiKxovperny,
ra 0 umevepOev Kai Ta vrép ovpavov Geod,
owe Ta 7’ GvTa Ta TE mpoTOU Ta OB vETEpoY. —Euws., ix, 29
1 f. Dindorf’s text here gives a smoother hexameter
line, but adds too many details: éS0€ dpous kar’ dxpa Suwalov Opovov peyav ti’ evae mexpis otpavod mruyos
mov: “somewhere;” Dindorf’s Swadov, connecting the vision with the place of giving the Law, seems an after- thought.
3. dara: here a royal personage is referred to; from das, not from dias. Cf. Apollonius Rhodius, Arg., i, 1 ff.: dpxopevos oéo, Dot Be, radavyevewvy kA€a Hwtav pvyco- pat, of Ldvrowo xara ordua wat dua wérpas, xrA. Cf. also Dion. Areop., ix.
EZEKIEL 113
7 ff. Heinichen emends:
oxyTrov d€ wo mapedwxey «’ eis Opdvov peyav pw’ erev xabjobor, BacrArxov S€ por Sidov dadnpa, KavTOS €k Opovov yapi€erat:
éyw 8 eiceidov ynv dracav éyxv«dor,
x’ dvepbe yaias Kaé vrepbev otpavov-
kal pot te tTAnOos dorépwv mpos yovvara émmr’. eyw de wavras npiOunoapnv’
KajL0l Tapyyev ws mapeuPorAx1) Bporav-
cir’ enoBybeis efavicrapat vrvov.
From this Dindorf’s text varies: mapédwxe,—xeis—p’ elrev—Kabnobor-—8’ Edwxé poor— xwpicerar.—Kavepfe—xdgv- mepbev — ovpavod, — érurr’, — Bporav. — euoBybeis — égarr- oray’ €€ trvov. Heinichen supports his emendation: partim nonnulla manuscr. ope, partim conjectura, sanari ac restitut possunt.
14. wapenBor% Bporav: “a camp of men,” a warlike scene. Moses was called to the task of organizing and training a horde into the semblance of a nation. To the Jewish writers, who delighted in the glorification of their ancient heroes, the career of Moses as deliverer, lawgiver, and leader was a favorite theme. “He spoke to his parents on the day of his birth and prophesied when only three years of age.” “When only three years of age while seated at the king’s table in the presence of the royal retinue, Moses took the crown from Pharaoh’s head and put it on his own,” etc. See Kéh- ler in Jewish Encyclopedia, IX, p. 57.
16. éeive: better as Dindorf, feve; see Heinichen, note,
18. dpa: better, dpa.
20. cerebedcba: o’ elobedoba preferred by Heinichen. See his note.
22. mporov=mpo Tov; 8Cc. ypovov= “ere this.”
114 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
FRAGMENT 5
From the burning bush God speaks to Moses and calls him to deliver Israel. Aaron is to be his spokesman before Pharaoh.
mept S€ THs Katouéevns Bdrou Kal THS arrocTtanis avrov THs mpos Papaw adv mapecaye di” apor- Balwy tov Mochy ro Oem Siareydpevov, dyot dé 6 Moojs. da: ri pow onpetov éx Baro rd6d«, Tepaotiov Te Kat Bporois drurrov ov ddvw Baros pev xaieras roAAW Trupl, avrov 5 xAwpov way péva 7d BAaordvov. 5 ri dn; mpoeAOwv dyouar Tepdoriov peywrrov: ov yap wiotw dvOpwmros pepe. elra 6 Oeds alT@ Tpocomnre °
éxinxes, & dépiore, wh mpoveyyioys Mooj, mpiv 4 Tav Gav wodav toa Beis dyia. yap 7 yi, drod épeoryxas were °
10 6 & éx Barov cor Oeios éxAdprre Adyos ° Odpancov, ® mai, Kot Adywv dxov’ énov * iSeiv yap Op Tv éunv dynyxavov Ovyrov yeyOra. tov Adywv 8 Keri oor éudy dxoveyv, Tov eat’ éyAvOa.
15 éyw Oeds cov, dy A€yas, yervytopur, "ABpadp re x’ ‘Ioadx x’ “IaxaBov rpirov. pynobets 8 éxeivwy Kai ér’ évav Swpnpdtur, mapep. caoat Aadv ‘EBpaiwy éuov, iSwv Kdxwow Kal rdvov SovAwy éuov.
20 dAN? épre kal onpotve Tois éyots Adyots, amparov pev avtois racw EBpaios 6,09, érata BaciXei, Ta tr’ éuod TeTaypEva, Grws ov Aadv Tov éyov EEdyos xDovds.
EZEKIEL 115
celta wroBds tia aporBaia avtos 6 Mwons Adye
oix evAoyos répuKa, yAGcoa 8 éori pov 25 dvuadhpacros, icxvopwvos, dere wy Adyous épors yevérOar Bactréws évavriov. elta mpos tadta 6 Geos abt@ amoxplverat
"Adpwra méupov cov Kaotyvytov TaD, @ mavra Aas Taf éuod Aceypéva, xavTds AaAnoe Bacréws évavriov, 30 ov pev mpods Hpav, 6 St AaBov rev rapa. —Evs., ix, 29
1. ré5e;: So Heinichen, but repetition of the inter- rogation mark is unnecessary.
2. Dindorf, dmoria for dx. dv.
8. ddvw: the suddenness is startling, dyoua: GMT., 65, but cf. LXX (Exod. 3:3), dopa: 7d dpapa rd péya rovro: the picture here is rather Hebrew than Greek.
7. deporte: translate, “noble servant.” Note the changing salutation: dépore, Mwoy, . . . . rat.
8 Cf. LXX (Exod. 3:5 ff.) 6 3¢ dev My eyyioys dde - Adoat TO brddynpa ex Tv wodGy Gov, 6 yap Toros ev @ av éornkas yn ayia éoriv.
9. Dindorf’s reading, js od yys, is impossible. éedé- ornxas: legendum videtur éornxas, Vigerus. wé\a: not éori; not a passing sacredness; this spot might well have become a shrine, LS., zéAa, II.
12. “For it is impossible for one a mortal to behold me, but to thee it is permitted (even) to hear my words, for which (very) thing I am come.” |
16. Exod. 3:6. |
17. “Mindful of them and of my gifts yet to be bestowed. I am here to save my people, [of] the Hebrews.”
28. éfdyos: depending on onpave, GMT., 322.
116 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
80. jv: an awkward use of plural, but in a way the measure of the line is preserved.
FRAGMENT 6 A dialogue. Moses’ faith in his call is strengthened by a series of miraculous happenings.
mepi dé ris paBdov Kal Tov GAAwv TepaTwr oUTw 5.’ apnotBalov etpnxe, ®. ri & év xepoiv aoiv rovr’ éyas; Acfov rayv. M. fa Bdov rerpamrdduy cai Bporay xoAdorpuuy. ©. pidpov mpos oddas, al droydpyrov Tax dpdxwy yap tera: hoBepds, wore Gavpaca. M. tod BéBdayrar, ob 3é pot wol? Dees yevor ws poBepos, ws mréhupos * olreipov ov pe, méppir’ idwv, méeAy b€ Toparos TpEner. @. pndev PoBnbis; xeipa 8 éxreivas AaPe ovpav, maAw 6@ paBdos éooel’ Horep Fv. 0 évOes 58 yelp’ «is KdAzrov, Srey Te. idod 7d TayxGev, yeyovey domwepel yLov - évOes wad 8’ els xdArov, éorat » womrep Tv. —Evs., ix, 29
The dialogue form is Dindorf’s and does not appear in Heinichen’s text.
1. Cf. Exod. 4:2 f.; Térotre éorw 1d év rH xeupl cov; 6 8e elev ‘PaBdos.
2. xoddorpuv = kohacrys.
4. dpaxwv: LXX, éqdis. The words are apparently used synonymously even in Homer, but the mythical dpaxov better befits the poet; ef. ll. 6 f.
5. Dindorf for od dé wor of’ reads déor06’, improving the line.
9. Somep: Heinichen, jrep.
11 f. Carrying out Dindorf’s scheme, |. 11 should be assigned to Moses, ]. 12 to Theos,
EZEKIEL 117
FRAGMENT 7
The plagues and the inauguration of the Passover.
Taira 8 dnow ottw xal ’Elexiqros ev ry "EEaywyn Aéyov, Tepl ev Tov onpelwv Tov Bedv Tapecaywv NéEyovTa oUTWS
év THde paBdw mavTa Tomnoes KaxKd.. TpOTov pev ala wOTapLoV PunceErat, myyai TE TaGAL Kal VodTwWY CVoTHpATA ° Barpdxwv re rAnG0s kal oxviras éuBaro xOovi. 5 érera Tedpay ols Kapuvaiav orepa, dvaBAvoea S5é éy Bporois EAxyn mpd. kuvopuu. 8 ne, cat Bporovs Atyurriwy moAXous Kakdoe* peta 5¢ Tavr’ error mad Aowwos, Gavodtvra: 8 ols éverre xapdia 10 oxAnpa: mxpav® dé odpavdv: xdAala viv avy mupi receirat Kai vexpovs Oyoe Bporovs Kap7oi T’ GAOvVTaAL, TeTPATOOWY TE THpATA, * axoros 5¢ Onow Tpeis ed’ Huépas GAas, dxpidas Te wémapw, Kat répg Ta Bowpara 15 dmavr’ dvaXwcovet Kal Kapirov xAdnv. éxi race Tovrots TéKv’ arroxt ev® Bporoy mpwrdyova, ratcw 0 UBpw avOpwrwy Kaxov. Papaw 5¢ Bacrreds zreicer’ ovdey dy A€yu, mAnV TéeKVOV aUTOD mpwroyovov ee. vEKpor 20 Kai Tore HoByGeis Aadv exrréuper TaXV * apos Tobe Aekas racw ‘EBpaios spor, 6 pels 00’ tulvy rpOtos éviavTod wéXve* év To 8 dwdgw Aadv eis GAAnv xOeva, eis qv tréotyy TaTpaow EBpaiwy yévovs. 25 Ades 5€ Aa@ wavri: pyvos ov A€yw dyopuyvia, To waoxa Gicavras Dep TH mpooGe vuxti, aipate padtoa Oipas,
118 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Grws waperAOy onpa Savis dyyeros. ipeis St vuxros drra. SaicerOe Kpéa.
8 oovdy 5t Bacreds éxBard mporavt’ dxAov. Gray 5¢ pédAnr’ dwrorpexayv, Sdow dp Aaw, Yv”a Te rapa yuvaixos Apperar oKevn Koopov Te rdvO’, dv dvOpwiros hépet, xpvody Te Kai dpyupov, 75€ kai oroAas, iva
8 dv?’ dv erpagav pucbdv drodacw Bporois. Gray 8) és tov x@pov cic édOn8’, crus ad’ norep Hots épvyer’ Aiyvrrov dro, éxra Siodouropotvres Wuepav Gdov, mwavres TocaUTas Huepas eros KaTA
40 dup’ WeoGe, cai Oe~ AaTpevcere,
Ta xpwrdroKa (oa Ovovres Gea, do” 7’ dy réxwou rapBévor wpwTus TéKva. Tépoenixa, Savolyovra pyTpas pnt épwv. — Eus., ix, 29
1. év: “with this rod,” preposition expressing instru- ment, as LXX, for Hebrew 3; cf. Collins and Cowley, Hebrew Grammar, 399, 6. ~
4. oxvimas: So LXX (Exod. 8:16 ff.). Hebrew, 035,
“gnats;” cf. Ps. 105:31 (Heb.). oxvip also signifies a plant louse and scholars differ as to whether this plague was one of lice or gnats (fleas; cf. the proverb, 4 oxviy év xépq). It is claimed by some that the use of the word in the Talmud favors the meaning “lice;” but, contra, it is claimed by others that the word, 833, may also be translated simply, “vermin.” The description in Exod. 8:16 ff. seems to be of something akin to the gnat, pos- sibly the sandfly.
12. Dindorf inserts a comma after éAotvra, properly dividing the line. Ezekiel follows the narrative of Exodus closely:
EZEKIEL 119
Exopus EZEKIEL (7:17) atpa alpa. (8:2) Bdrpaxor Barpaxor (8:16) oxvides oxvizres (8:24) xvvopvie KUVOpUUe. (9:4) @dvaros péyas Aotpos (9:18 ff.) xdAaLa, rip xarala ory rupi (10:12) dxpides oxoros (3 days) (10:24) oxdros (3 days) dxpides (11:5) rpwrordxot a PwToyovor
22. 6 pets 60°: Exod. 12:1 f.
26. & xounvia: dividing the month in two, i. e., by the changes of the Moon; cf. Exod. 12:1 ff. :
29. drra: Exod, 12:9: dra rupi.
80. zporavr’: Exod. 11:1: ot mavri éxBar@ tyas éxBody.
82. Cf. Exod. 11:1-3.
83. Better as Dindorf, oxevy.
86 ff. For the institution of the Passover as a fixed feast, see Exod. 12:14-20. For the first observance after entering Canaan, see Josh. 5:10 ff.
89f. “For just so many days (i. e., seven) at this season ye shall eat unleavened bread,” etc.
FRAGMENT 8
How this (Passover) season is to be observed. The Exodus is to mark a new date from which to reckon time.
Kal Tad Trept THS auTHsS TavTns EopThs pnaly érreFepyatomevov axpiBdatepov eipnévar dvipa@v ‘EBpaiwy rode. Tov pnvos AaBe Kata ovyyeveias mpoBara Kai pooxouvs Bowv dpwpa, Sexdty. Kat prraxOyrw péxpe
120 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Terpas émAdpupe dexadt, Kal mpos éoréepav Oicavres, G7 Ta TavTa cv Tots Evdobey odrw dayerbe ratra: mepuelwopevor, kai xotAa rooviv trodednjabe, kai xepi Baxrnpiav éyovres. év orovdy Te yap Bacteds keAeioa mavras éxBadeiv yGovds, KexAnoerat 6¢ was, stay Ovonre, def deriv AaBovras yepoiv toowrov Kopns, eis alpo, Bailar kat Ovyctv crabpav dvoiv, omws maptAGy Gavaros EGpaiwy dro. rairny 8 éopriv dearorn Typycere,
15 ép@’ jpépas dlupa. Kai ob BpwOncera {ipyn. KaxOv yap Tovd drad\\ayy Kai Tovde paves éLodov dudot Meds: dpx7) 6€ pnvav Kat ypovwy ovTos méXeL.
—Evs., ix, 29
1ff. LXX reads, Exod. 12:3ff.; *ri dexary rod pyvos
rovrov AaBerwoav exagtos mpoBatov Kar’ oixov’s waTpiwr, éxagTos mpoBatov Kar’ oixiav. “mpdBarov téAaov dpoev eviavovov éorat tyiv. “Kat dora div duarernpypevov ews THS TETTOPETKALOEKATYS TOU pnVOs TOVTOV, Kal opasovaw avTo wav To wAnOos cuwvaywyns vidv ‘IopaiA mpos éomrépav. Anpwovrat dé Tot alyaros, kai Oycovew eri trav dve0 crab yor Kal émt THv PAw év Tois olKos év ols €ay haywow avra év avrots. “Kal dayovTa: Ta Kpea TH VUKTL Ta’Ty GmTa Tupl, Kat dupa éri mxpidwy gdovra. *ovx dderbe dx’ aitav dpov ovde yunpevov ev VoaTt GAA’ 7 Orta wupi, Kehadnv gv Tols root Kai Tois évdorbios. " ovrws d¢ payerGe avro- ai dadves Yuiov mepielwopevat, Kal Ta Urodjpata év Tois Tooiv Uuay, Kal al Baxrnpia év rais yepoiv tay, kal ere aird pera orovdys: nacya, €oTw Kvypiw.
9. éxBadev: “to go out,” LS., s. v., X.
10. xexAjoera: “ Everyone shall be summoned,” f. p. mid.; on its use passively vide Gildersleve, Syntaa,
EZEKIEL 121
281, and on the imperative sense vide ibid., 282; cf. LS., s. v. pass., fut,
11f. Dindorf here reads d¢ .... AaBovres, i. €., Bayar is construed as aor. mid. imper. Heinichen’s reading is better: “When you sacrifice, the thing for you do is to take in your hands a bunch of hyssop branches (foliage), dip it into (the) blood, and strike (the) two door-posts that death may pass by away from the Hebrews.”
12. For afwa Dindorf reads ea: impossible.
14, LXX reads, Exod. 12:15: dard rijs jucpas ris tpwrns éws THS Nuepas THS EBdouns.
16. dwad\A\ayyoera: “There shall be release from these ills.” Heinichen in the text reads dra\Aayi eooerat, as also Vigerus, who translates:
quippe tot finem malis hoc mense statnens pandit egressum deus.
18. ypovwv: “seasons,” i. e., reckoned time. Cf. Rev. 10:6: ypdvos ovxérs éorrat. ‘
FRAGMENT 9 The Egyptians overtake the Hebrew fugitives at the shore of the Red Sea, which opens to allow the Hebrews to pass but sweeps the Egyptians to
their doom. The fugitives are wonderfully pro- tected.
@nol dé wal "Elexijros ev to Spayats TO eri- ypahopeve "EEaywyi, rapeadyor ayyeXov Aéyorta Thy Te TOV ‘“ESpaiwv diadecw xal thy tov Aiyurrriov dlopav ovTas
ds yap atv dxAw 760" aptippnoer Sépov Bacieds Papaw, pupiwv ordwv pera, immov TE TAaTYS GpaTwY TETpAacpwY.
Kal MpPooTaTaicL Kal TapaTTaTaLS Opod,
122 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
5 qv waot ppixtos avdpav éxreraypevwv 6xXos. meLor pev éy perourt Kat padayytxot, deexdpouys Exovres dppacw Térovs: immeis 8’ erage, rovs pev €€ evwvipuv, éx deftv S€ twas Aiyurriov orparod.
10 tov wdvra 8 apiOpov npopnv éyw: OTpaTov pupiddes Hoav éxarov evdvdpov Deus. éret 3’ “EBpaiwy npiv qvrncey otparos, of pev map’ dxtiyv wAnoiov BeBAnpévor €pv0pas Oardoons joav 7Opoicpevor:
15 of pév réxvowe vyriots SiSovv Bopay,
Gpov Te Kai Sdpapoww, Eprrovo, Kore" KTIVN TE WOAAG, Kai Sdpwv arrocKevy. avrot 8 dvomAot wavres eis paxnv x€pos, iddvres 7uas, nAdAaxay evdaxpuv
20 dwvnv, wpds aldépa r’ eorabyoay aOpdo, Ocdv ratpwov. mwodds 8 hv avdpay dyxAos. npas 88 xdppa wavras elyev ev pepe. éral? um’ avrovs Ojnxapev mapepBor7Vv, BeadLepavris xAnlerat rods Bporois.
25 eet d¢ Teray qAtos Suvcpats rpoo7jy, errérxopev, OéXovres SpOpiov payny, meroWores Naoict Kal ppikrois dmAots. érata Ociwv dpxerat Tepactiny Gavpaor’ idécba. nal ris e€aihyys peyas
80 orvAos vepudys €oTdAy mpd yas peyas. mapepBorns Huav re at “EBpaiwy pecos. Kared? 6 ‘Keivwv Hyepov Muoys, AaBwv paBsov Oeov, ty Sy wpiv Aiyvrrw Kaka. onpeia Kal Tepat’ eLeunyavycaro,
35 éruy’ epvopas vara Kal Erxivey mevov
Babos Oaracans. of S¢ cvpmavtes ceva
wpovoay dkels dApupas Ov arparod.
npets 8 ex’ airys wxoperOa cvvTopus, kat’ ixvos 7’ abtav' vuKros eioedvoapev
Bondpopotvres: dpparwv & ddpvw tpoxot
s
EZEKIEL
ovk €otpedovTo, déopior 8’ Ss Hppocav. am’ oupavov d¢ heyyos ws mupos meya wopy rt yyivy ws pev cixafety, raphy abrois dpuyds 6 beds. ws 8 7dy repay joay Oaddcons, xdpa 8 eppoiPde péya oiveyyus pov, kal Tis NAdAag’ idwv. peiywpev oixor tpdcbey wiirrov yEpos, Tois pev yap err’ dpuwyds, piv 8’ dOAios GAeBpov pda" Kal cvvexrAdabn wopos
50 épvOpas Gadaoons kui orparov duwAece.
—Evs., ix, 29
Introd. dyyedov: cf. Exod. 14:19: c&jpev 6 dyyedos rod Geo x.T.X.
1 ff. Cf. Exod, 14:15 ff,
2. Bacirets Papaw: due to the late date of the writer. “Pharaoh” was the official title of the Egyptian rulers, who were kings only to such peoples as so designated their own rulers, i. e,, those under Seleucid rule.
pupiov: “with countless host.”
4. “And with outriders, too, on front and flank.”
9. rwas: Dindorf, rdvras, impossible.
11. orparot: Dindorf transfers to end of 1, 10,
Aews: “there were a million in (lit., of) this well-nigh countless army.” Dindorf here reads Aew, i. e., “the men of this huge army rounded a million” (A«w ?).
12. jpiv: Dindorf, ovsds. There isa break here; the description from now on is of an observer from the side of the Egyptians. “But when the army of the Hebrews faced us, some of them pushed out along the shore and stood huddled close to the Red Sea.”
18. yepds: so alsol.47. GGr.,1141. Dindorf’s yepds is difficult of construction; GGr., 1058.
19. “They raised a plaintive ery to the God of their fathers, as they stood huddled together, exposed to the open air.”
124 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAEOO-JEWISH WRITERS
21. dyAos: expresses the disorganized, defenseless, condition of the people; cf. orpards in Il. 12, 9.
28 f. The Egyptians encamped over against (vo) the Hebrews, near a city called Beelzephon.
25. Tirdv: Titan was the sun-god, Helios, according to the later poets. The Latin poets made Titan a son of Hyperion, e. g., Aeneid, iv, 119:
ubi primos crastinus ortus extulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem.
29. Gavpacr’: attracted to accusative, as if the subject of infinitive limited, instead of being qualified by it.
80. weyas: The homoioteleuton, ll. 29 f., would lead one to suspect the text, but editors agree.
84. éLeunyavycaro: “wrought;” better than Dindorf, egeunoaro.
89. coedicapev: Dindorf, eicexipoaper.
40 ff. Exod. 14:25: xat cvvédyoer rots afovas roy dpya- TWY GUTOV, Kal Hyayev avTOvS mera Bias.
42. Exod. 14:20f.: LXX varies from the original, kal dee vie for FOWITMN ANN, i.e, AR is represented in LXXx text “by BujABev
48. eixafav: “as it would seem,” s. v., ITI.
47. Exod. 14:25: xai efrav (Alex., aor.; Blass, Gram- matik der neutestamentlichen Grischiath 21, 3) of Alyirrw. Biywpev dro mpoowrov ‘IopayA: 6 yap Kuptos woXeuel wept airav mpos Alyumriovs.
ipicrov xepds: “the hand of the Most High.”
49. pda: fr. goSw, which also takes an aspirate and is sometimes so written in manuscripts. LS., épdw, init.
FRAGMENT 10 Guided by the flaming column they come to a valley where are twelve springs and seventy palms, A wondrous bird appears, which lords it over the feathered kind.
EZEKIEL 125
Tept ToUTwWY Kal Tov havevTos opvéov "ECextAAros év 17 Eéaywyn rapecaye tia Aéyovta T@ Macy rept uev Tov hovixwy Kal Tov dodeKa TnyYaV OUTWS
kparicte Mwoy, mpdoxes, olov evpopev
TOTOV, Wpos a’TH THE y’ EvaEl vary.
eorw yap, Ws Tov Kat ov Tvyxdves Spav,
éxel. 1dbev S88 deyyos eFerappe viv,
Kal evppocivys onpeiov ws TTDAOS TUpds.
évrav0a Aepov’ evpopey KardacxKioy,
bypds Te AuBadas : SayrANs xGpos Babis, BS 3 , dwoe 9 2 a ,
Tyas APvoecwv kK’ €K plas TeTpas.
orerexy © épupva woAra howvixwv wéAE ” , € \ \ 9 id
10 éyxapzra, Sexaxis Erra, Kal érippuros meépuxe xAoln Opéppacw xoptdcpara.
we
eira vmroBas Trepl Tov havévros opvédov dueEepyerar:
erepov dé pos Toiad’ eidopey Ldov §évov, Oavpacrov, olov ovdérw wpaké TIs. SurAovv yap hv 7d pijKos derov oyedov,
15 mrepotot rouiAourw Hoe xpapact. oTnOos péev avrov ropdhupou édaivero, oKéAn 8 puArdxpwra, Kat Kar’ abyéva Kpokwrivos paoAdXdotow evrperilero,
Kapa Oe KoTTois Hpepors mrapehepés,
20 Kat pyrivy pev Ty KOpy mpocéBAeTeE KUKA@: Kdpn St KoKKkos Os épaivero. guvnv 5 ravrwv elyev exrpereotaryy. Bacrreds 8 ravrwv dpvéwy éhaivero, ws hv vonoa. mavta yap Ta wryv’ Spov
25 OmoOev avrov daduavr’ érécovro, airos 6& mpdcbev, Tatipos Os youpovpevos, éBave xparrvov Byua Baordfwv odds.
—Ews., ix, 29
126 FRAGMENTS FROM GRAECO-JEWISH WRITERS
Introd. epi rovrwv: i.e., the waters and palms in Elim. Cf. Exod. 15:27; Num. 33:9, previously men- tioned in the poem.
1. ™pooxes, 8C. TOV voUV.
2. mpos, xrA.: “hard by this breezy vale”: airy is redundant in the English translation.
8. rov: “perchance.”
5. For etdpoowns Dindorf reads evppovnv.
12. érepov, xrX.: “another we saw besides these, a strange creature, wonderful, such as no one yet has beheld.”
19, xérros: Heinichen, xorjs, and Dindorf, xorrois, are impossible readings.
20 f. xopy = the pupil of the eye; LS., s. v., IIT.
27. “It marched along with steady stride.”
ag?
,